THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES ORDNANCE GAZETTEER OF SCOTLAND: A SUBVEY OF SCOTTISH TOPOGRAPHY, EDITED BY FKANCIS H. GROOME, ASSISTA_NT EDITOR OF ' THE GLOBE EXCYCLOI'JIDIA. VOLUME I. EDINBURGH: THOMAS C. JACK, GRANGE RUBLISHING WORKS. LONDON: 45 LUDGATE HILL GLASGOW: 48 GORDON STREKT. ABERDEEN: 2G BROAD STREET. 18 84. V, I 742144 old Aberdeen iu the ITth century. From Slezer's Theatrum Scotia; (1693). Alluwuy .Mill, Ayr.-,liiiu (Hoburt liurii>5 first Scliuol). Edinburgh. Castle iu 171j, from the North-East. Frum au old piint. Holyrood House, Edinburgh, in 1740. From an old jiriut. Miln-Zj Ruins on lona, Argylcsliire. Inverlochy Castle, Inverness-shire. From M'Culloch's celebrated picture. Ill Grant Castle, Inverness-shire. From a photograph. Glciicuc, Artjylcshu-c. IV -jflij ^iWfeQ .... Mauchliue, Ayrshire. Mount Oliphant, AjTshirc. Dalcross Castle, Nairnshire. From a photogi-aph. Dunyveg Castle, Islay, Argylcshire. From an original drawing. Uornoch, Sutherluudsliire. Dunbhme, Perthshiru, ubuut tlio limu u£ ihu UcbcUiuii. J'lom Slczcr's ThaUruM ScuUa (lliDS). VII Blair Castle, rertlishire. P Old C'ulloden Huuse, Invemess-shire. From an original drawiu^'. Prince Charles lodged here the night before the memorable battle oil the 10th April 17-1(5. VIII JOHN BARTHOLOMEW EDINBURGH ORDNANCE GAZETTEER OF SCOTLAND. A AN or AVEN (Gael. ahJminn, 'river'), a rivulet of A the Eastern Grampians, rises on the NW side jfj^ of I\Iount Battock, at an altitude of 1700 feet, near the meeting-point of Aberdeen, Kincardine, and Forfar shires. Thence it runs about 10 miles ENE mostly along the boundary between Aberdeen and Kin- cardine shires, to a confluence with the Feugh, 4 miles SAV of Banchory. It flows in a rocky bed, is subject to great freshets, and is open to the public, but affords no very good sport. — Orel. Sur., sh. 66, 1871. Abbey, a precinct in Canongate parish, Edinburgh- shire, adjacent to the foot of the lines of street eastward from the centre of the Old Town of Edinburgh. It contains HoljTood Palace and Abbey, and includes the Queen's Park. First enclosed by James V. , it has, from ancient times, been a sanctuary for insolvent debtors, a bailie for it being appointed by commission from the Duke of Hamilton, and sitting in a small court-house on the first Saturday of every month. Its population has d\vindled since the alteration of the law respecting debtors, and it now has few inhabitants except in con- nection mth Holyrood. The objects of interest, parti- cularly the palace, the abbey, and their adjuncts, are described under Edinbukgh. Abbey, a quoad sacra parish, formed in 1875 out of South Leith and Greenside parishes, Edinburghshire. Its church, on London Road, close to Abbeyhill station, and 1 mile ENE of Edinburgh Post Office, is a Gothic structure, built (1875-76) at a cost of £8000, with 855 sittings, and tower and spire. Behind it is Abbeyhill school (1S81); and not far off are London Road U.P. church (1875 ; 950 sittings), a very good Early English edifice, also with tower and spire, and Abbeyhill Epis- copal mission church (1880 ; 300 sittings) and school. Pop. (ISSl) 4132. Abbey, a village of Clackmannanshire, on the left bank of the river Forth, 1^ mile ENE of Stirling. It is, in some respects, in the parish of Stirling ; in others, in that of Logie ; and it takes its name from the neigh- bouring abbey of Cameuskenneth. It communicates, liy ferry-lioat, with the Stirling bank of the Forth, and has a public school, which, with accommodation for 48 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 38, and a grant of £31, 10s. Pop. (1881) 217. Abbey, a small village, with the site of a Cistercian nunnery, in Haddington parish, Haddingtonshire, on the left bank of the river Tyne, 1^ mile ENE of Had- dington town. The nunnery, foimded in 1178 by Ada, mother of Malcolm IV., was the meeting-place, in 1548, of the parliament that arranged Queen Mary's marriage to the Dauphin. At tlie Dissolution it had 18 nuns, and .an income of £310 ; but no traces of it now remain. Abbey, a quoad sacra parish in Arbroath and St Vigeans parishes, Forfarshire, around the ruins of Ar- broath Abl>ey, in the town of Arbroath. Constituted in 1869, it had a population in 1871 of 2338 witliiu Arbroath parish, and 1742 within St Vigeans, and is in the presbytery of Arbroath and synod of Angus and Mearns. Tlie church, erected in 1787 as a chapel of ease, at a cost of about £2000, contained 1281 sittings, but was enlarged by 80 more in 1879. Two schools under the Arbroath burgh school-board bear the names of Abbey and Abbey Church. The former, in May 1880, had an attendance of 230; the latter, closed during the day in December 1879, had then 119 evening scholars. Abbey, a parish of NE Renfrewshire, including part of the town of Paisley while completely suiTounding the burgh parishes, and itself called sometimes Abbey Paisley. It also contains the town of Johnstone, the Dovecothall portion of Barrhead, and the villages of Elderslie, Thorn, Quarrelton, Inkerman, Hurlct, and Nitshill. It is bomidcd N by Renfrew parish, NE by Govan in Lanarkshire, E by Eastwood, SE and S by Neilston, W by Lochwinnoch, and NW by KUbarchan. Very irregular in outline, it has an extreme length from E to W of 7^ miles ; its width varies between 3 and 4^ miles; and its area is 16,179 acres, of which 2| are foreshore and 252^ water. The White Cakt winds about 5 miles westward, partly along the eastward boundary, and partly through the interior, to Paisley, thence striking 1^ mile northward into Renfrew parish on its way to the Clyde ; at Crookston it is joined by the LEViiRN, which from Barrhead traces nmch of the south-eastern and eastern border. The whole of the north-w-estern border, from Milliken Park to Blackstone House, a distance of 4f miles, is marked by the Black Caiit ; and all three streams are fed by several burns. N W of Paisley is a mineral spring ; and to the S W are the Stanely and Rowbank reservoirs, large artificial sheets of water. The northern part of the parish is almost a perfect level, consisting chiefly of reclaimed moss, and near Boghead being oidy 13 feet above the sea; but southward one passes through ' a rough and undulating country, witli masses of grey crag interspersed with whinny knolls,' to Stanely Moor and the Braes of Gleniffer — the scene of Tannahill's songs, — whose highest point within the Abbey bounds is Scrgeantlaw (749 feet). Lesser elevations, from N to S, are Mosspark (159 feet), Carriagehill (147), Dikcbarhill (IGS), Windyhill (312), Bent (637), and Hartficld (723). The soil on the arable lands has great diversity of character, being in some places a vegetable mould derived from moss ; in others, especially along the streams, a rich alluvial loam. Gene- rally, however, it is shallow, either clayey or sandy, and overlying a substratum of gravel or till, which, naturally retentive of moisture, has been greatly improved by art. The rocks of these low tracts belong to the Carboniferous Limestone scries; those of the hills are various kinds of trap. In 1879, 8 collieries and 6 ironstone mines were in operation ; and greenstone, sandstone, limestone, aluminous schist, fireclay, and potter's-clay are also ex- tensively worked. Tiie chief antiquity is Cr.ooKSTON C vsiLK, and other ruins are Stanely Castle, Stewarts Raiss Tower, and Blackball House. Hawkhead (Earl ABBEY of Glasgow) and Cardonald are ancient mansions ; while Johnstone Castle, Ferguslie, Househill, Ralston, Barshaw, and Egypt Park are all of modern erection. Twenty- three proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 82 of between £100 and £500, 135 of between £50 and £100, and 263 of between £20 and £50. This parish is in the presbytery of Paisley and synod of Glas- gow and AjT, and it contains the quoad sacra parishes of Elderslie and Johnstone, with almost the whole of Levern. The charge since 1641 has been collegiate; and there are two ministers, the first of whom has an income of £621, and the second of £512. The parish church is that of the ancient abbey, described vmder Paisley, where, as also under Eldeuslie, Johnstone, and Barrhead, other places of worship of various de- nominations will be noticed. The landward school- board consists of 9 members ; and 9 schools under it, with total accommodation for 2294 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 1558, and gi-auts amounting to £1394, 3s. 6d. Abbey parish has its own poor-law ad- ministration, and possesses a poorhouse and a lunatic asylum for itself, with respective accommodation for 555 and 98 inmates. It is traversed by reaches of the Caledonian and of the Glasgow and South-AVestern rail- way, and by the Johnstone and Glasgow Canal. Valua- tion of lands and heritages (1881) £79,885, 12s. 6d. Pop. of quoad sacra parish (1871) 17,489; of landward district, 11,988. Pop. of civil parish (1801) 14,153, (1861) 29,6S7, (1871) 30,587, (1881) 34,392, of whom 17,470 were within the burgh. — Ord. Sur., sh. 30, 1866. Abbey, a burn and a small headland in Rer\s-ick parish, Kirkcudbrightshire. The burn rises near Doon Hill, and runs about 6 miles southward, past Dundi-enuan Abbey, to the Solway Firth, at the small harbour of BiU'nfoot. The headland flanks the "W side of that harbour, 3^ miles E of the entrance of Kirkcudbright Bay. Abbey, a hill in Abbey St Bathans parish, Berwick- shire, 6 miles NNW of Dunse. It is one of the Lammer- mvdrs, has a length of about 2 miles, rises to an altitude of 913 feet, and consists of two parts, called Inner and Outer. Abbey BathaJis. See Abbey St Bathans. Abbey Craig, an abrupt eminence in Logic parish, Stirlingshire, on the N side of the Forth, 1| mile ENE of Stirling. It rises from a plain of carboniferous rocks ; consists at first of sandstones, shales, clay, ii'onstone, and coarse limestone ; afterwards becomes a mass of greenstone, similar to that of Stirling Castle and Craig- forth Rocks ; and culminates at a height of 362 feet above the level of the sea. Its limestone has dra-mi some attention ; and its greenstone, in considerable quantit}', has been worked into excellent mill-stones. Its form is picturesque ; its surface is largely clothed ■with shrubbery, and traced with winding walks ; and its summit commands a magnificent view of the basin of the Forth. It bears marks of an entrenchment formed by the Romans, and renewed by Cromwell ; it yielded, about the year 1790, a number of bronze spear-heads ; and it was the station of the victorious army of Sir "William "Wallace in the battle of Stirling, 11 Sept. 1297. A monument to "Wallace now crowns a tabular spot adjacent to a precipitous stoop at its W end. It was founded 24 June 1861, but not completed till Sept. 1869, suffering inteiTuption in its progress from defi- ciency of funds, and eventually costing about £18,000. Designed by J. T. Roehead of Glasgow, it has the form of a Scottish baronial tower, surmounted by an architectural cro%vn, measures 36 feet square at the base, and, rising to the height of 220 feet from the ground, is more con- spicuous than beautiful. The top may be gained, with- out any fee, by a winding staircase, and commands a noble bird's-eye view. Abbeygreen, a small town in Lesmaliagow parish, Lanarksliiro, on the left bank of the river Kcthan, 3 furlongs W of Lesmaliagow station, and 6 miles SW of Lanark. Beautifully situated in a pleasant vale, it takes its name from the priory of Lesmahagow, and is itself often called Lesmahagow. It stands nearly in the centre of that parish, and contains its post office, with ABBEY WELL money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, under Lanark. There are besides branches of the Royal Bank and British Linen Co. Bank, fom* insurance offices, the parish church (1804), a Free and a U. P. church. Two public schools, boys' and female in- dustrial, with respective accommodation for 257 and 268 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 151 and 163, and grants of £52, 3s. 2d. and £165, 6s. 6d. Business fairs are held on the second or the third "Wed- nesday in Jlay and August, and on the first three Wednesdays of December, and hiring-fairs on the second "Wednesday of JLirch and October. Pop. (1861) 1136, (1871) 1448, (1851)1297. Abbeyhill, an old subm-b of Edinburgh, adjacent to the N side of Holyrood gardens, and on the North British railway at the deflection of the northern branch from the main fine, about 1 mile E of the centre of Edinbm'gh. It consists chiefly of the old sti'cet, containing one or two houses M-hich may have been residences of the courtiers of HohTOod ; and in 1732 it was the death-place of the first Duchess of Gordon. The railway passes it partly on viaducts and partly on embankments. The new thorough- fare from Holyrood to Regent Road, formed for giving better access to Edinburgh than by the old Canongate route, is spanned by one of the ^'iaducts. A station of the name of Abbeyhill is on the northern branch of the railway, in the northern neighbourhood of the old suburb, adjacent to the new subm-b on the line of London Road. Abbey Land, the name borne by some houses in the tovm of Turriff, Aberdeenshire, that mark the site of an almshouse, founded in 1272 by Alexander ComjTi, Earl of Buchan, and endowed in 1329 by King Robert Bruce. It maintained a warden, 6 chaplains, and 13 poor hus- bandmen of Buchan. Abbey St Bathans, a hamlet and a parish in the Lam- mermuir district of Berivickshire, took its name partly from a Cistercian nunnerj", party from Baithene, Coluraba's cousin and successor at lona. The hamlet lies in a pleasant haugh on the river "WHiitadder, here spanned h\ a suspen- sion bridge, and is 4i miles "WS"\V of Grants House station, and 7 miles NN'W of its post-to^\-n, Duuse. The nunnery of St Mary was founded towards the close of the 12th century by Ada, Countess of Dunbar, was a cell of South Berwick, and had an income of £47, but is now re- presented only by the E and "W walls of its chapel, which, ori^nally 58 by 26 feet, was greatly cmiailed and modern- ised about the end of last century. In its altered con- dition it serves as the parish church, and contains 140 sittings. A school, ■with accommodation for 7 2 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 62, and a gi-ant of £66, 12s. The parish has an extreme length of nearly 6 miles and a breadth of 4, but is broken up by Longformacus and Cockbumspath into three sections of respectively 304 5i, 1685, and 97i acres. The surface includes Abbe}' Hiir(913 feet), Bafnside Hill (865), the Camp (803), and several other lower eminences, yet comprises a good aggregate of fertile and well-cultivated lowland ; and while the upper grounds are mostly bare or heathy, the lower slopes are often finely wooded up to a consider- able height. The prevailing rocks are Silurian, and a copper-mine was opened in 1828, but soon abandoned. The "Whitaddee, \vinding from \\ to E, is here a beau- tiful stream, over 30 feet wide, and here it receives the Jilonynut "\Vater and the "Weir and Eller burns. All abound in trout, and Sloor Cottage is a favourite anglers' haunt. Godscroft, on the Mon}Tiut, was the demesne of David Hume (1560-1630), historian of the house of Angus; while Abbey House is a modern erection, the property of Jolin Turnbull, Esq., who owns in the shire 4842 acres, valued at £2526 per annum ; and one other proprietor holds an annual value of over £500, two hold each between £100 and £500, and one holds less than £100. The parish is in the presbytery of Dunse and synod of Merse and Te\not ; its minister's income is £195. Valuation (1881) £2634. Pop. (1801) 138, (1831) 122, (1871) 195, (1881) 250.— Orrf. Sur., sh. 33, 34, 1863-64. Abbe)rto^wn. See Aiktii. Abbey Well, a fo^untain a little to the E of the parish ABBOTRULE church of Uequhaet, Elginshire. It is the sole memo- rial of a Benedictine priory founded by Da%'id I. in 1124. Abbotrule (Lat. EidaHcrcvci, 'Rule Hervey,' in 1165), a quondam parish of Roxburghshire, divided equally in 1777 between the parishes of Hobkirk and Southdean. It extended about 3 miles along the E bank of the upper part of Rule "Water; and its church, annexed to Jed- burgh by David I. , stiU stands in ruins 2 mQes XE of Hobkirk {Orig. Paroch. Scot., i. 349). The estate of Abbotrule, comprising 2348 acres, was exposed to sale in 1818 at an upset price of £35,000, and now belongs to D. Henderson, Esq. Abbotsford, the mansion erected by Sir "Walter Scott in Melrose parish, Roxburghshire. It stands on the right side of the river Tweed, opposite Abbotsford-Ferry station, and 2 miles "W of Melrose. Sir Walter pm-- chased its site, together with about 100 surrounding acres, in 1811 ; he purchased an adjoining tract, up to Cauldshiels Loch, in 1813; and in 1817 he made his most extensive purchase, the lands of Toftfield. His original purchase was a plain, coarse, unimproved farm, called Cartley Hole ; but it contained a reputed haunt of Thomas the Rhymer ; contained also some memorials of the battle of Melrose, and commanded a view across the Tweed of a prominent extant portion of the Cale- donian Catrail; and it therefore suited his antiquarian taste. His first care was to find a euphonious name for it, in room of Cartley Hole; and, with allusion to a shallow in the Tweed, which the abbots of Melrose had used for clri\'ing across their cattle, he called it Abbots- ford. His next care was to build a residence : his next to improve the land. He first buUt a pretty cottage, and removed to it from Ashiesteel in May 1812 ; next, between 1817 and 1821, he built the present 'huge baronial pUe,' whose internal fittings were not com- pleted tUl 1824 ; and he, all the while, carried forward the improving and planting of the land. The mansion stands on a terrace of a steepish bank, between the Tweed and the public road from Melrose to Selkirk. The grounds comprise a tract of meadow at the bank foot, but are chiefly a broad, low hUl upward to the southern boundary. Their present features of garden and park, of walk and wood, are much admired, and were all of Sir "\\'alter's own creating. The mansion's precincts comprise umbrageous shrubberies, curious out- houses, a cast-iron balcony walk, a tuiTeted wall, a screen wall of Gothic arched iron fretwork, a front court of about h acre in area, and a lofty arched entrance gateway. The mansion itself defies all the rules of architecture, and has singular features and extraordinary proportions, yet looks both beautiful and picturesque, and is truly ' a romance in stone and lime. ' It presents bold gables, salient sections, projecting windows, hang- ing turrets, and surmounting towers, in such numbers and in such diversity of style and composition and omature, as to bewilder the eye of any ordinary observer. Many of its designs and parts are copies of famous old architectural objects, as a gateway from Linlithgow Palace, a portal from Ediaburgh Old Tolbooth, a roof from Roslin Chapel, a mantelpiece from Melrose Abbey, oak-work from Holyrood Palace, and sculptured stones from ancient houses in various parts of Scotland; so that they make the mansion also a sort of architectural museum. The entrance-hall is a magnificent apartment, about 40 feet long, floored with mosaic of black and white marble, panelled with richly-carved oak from Dunfermliue Palace, and tastefully hung with pieces of ancient armour. A narrow arched room extends across the house, gives communication from the entiance-hall to the dining-room and the cLrawing-room, and contains a rich collection of ancient small weapons and defensive arms. The dining-room has a richly-carved black oak roof, a large projecting window, Gothic furniture, and a fine collection of pictures, and is the apartment in which Sir "Walter died. The drawing-room is cased with cedar, and contains beautiful antique ebony chairs, presented by George IV. , and several chastely-carved cabinets. The library is entered from the drawing-room ; measures 60 feet by 50 ; is roofed with richly-carved oak, after ancient ABBOTSHALL models; and contains about 20,000 volumes in carved oak cases, an ebony wiiting-desk presented by George III. , two carved elbow chairs presented by the Pope, a silver urn presented by Lord BjTon, Chantrey's bust of Sir "Walter, and a copy of the Stratford bust of Shakespeare. The study, in which Sir "Walter wrote, is a small, plain, sombre room, entered from the library; and, after Sir "Walter's death, was fitted up as an oratory. A closet is attached to the study, and contains, ^^-ithin a glass-case on a table, the clothes which Sir "Walter wore as a mem- ber of the Celtic Society, the forest accoutrements which he used to carry in his strolls through his grounds, and the hat, coat, vest, and trousers which he wore irnnle- diately before his death. ' XYi I where are now the flashing eye That fired at Flodden field, Tliat saw, in fancy, onsets fierce. And clashing spear and shield, — The eager and untiring step That sought for Border lore, To make old Scotland's heroes known On every peopled shore, — The graphic pen that drew at once The traits so archly shown In Bertram's faithful pedagogue. And haughty Marmion, — The hand that equally could paint. With each proportion fair, The stem, the ^vild Meg Merrilees, And lovely Lady Clare, — The glowing dreams of bright romance That shot across his brow, — Where is his daring chivalry, AMiere are his visions now?' The mansion passed to Mr J. Hope Scott, who married Sir "Walter's granddaughter, and added a Roman Catholic domestic chapel ; from him it passed, also by marriage, to the Hon. Jos. Constable ilaxwell-Scott. See Lockhart's Life of Scott (1837-39); AVashington Irving's Abbotsford (1835); Nathaniel Hawthorne's English Note-Books (1870); and Jas. F. Hunnewell's i«?K?s o/^co<< (1871). Abbotshall, a coast parish, S. Fifeshire, containing the Linkto-\vn or southern suburb of Kirkcaldy (incor- porated with that burgh in 1876), and bounded "W, N"W, and N bv Auchterderran, E by Kirkcaldy and for 4 imle by the Firth of Forth, S by Kinghom, and S"W by Auch- tertool. Irregular in outline, it has a varying length from E to "W of 7 furlongs and 3f mUes, an extierae breadth from N to S of 3 miles, and an area of 4220 acres, of which nearly 60 are foreshore and 25 water. The sur- face, low and level near the coast, rises gently, westward and north-westward, to 283 feet beyond Balwearie, 400 near Raith House, 399 near Chapel, 500 near Torbain, and 484 beyond Lambswell, in the furthest west. Streams there are none of any size, only Tiel Bum, tiacing the southern boimdary, and another, its affluent, feeding the beautiful lake before Raith House, that, covering 21 acres, was formed in 1812. The rocks are partly eruptive, partly belong to the Limestone Carboniferous system ; and sandstone and limestone, the latter abounding in fossils, are quarried extensively, but no coalpit was working in 1879. The soU towaVds the shore is fertOe, though licfht, growing good turnips and barley ; further inland is^mostly dark or clay loam, well adapted for wheat and beans and other heavy crops ; and further still is chiefly of inferior quality, on a cold, tilly subsoil. About four- fifths of the whole area are in tillage, and one-sixth more is under wood. Balweakie Tower is the principal an- tiquitv, only a large yew tree marking the site of the hall or pleasaunce of the abbots of Dunfermline, \ mile W of the church, from which the parish received its name. Raith Hill, too, crowned by a conspicuous square tower, has Yielded some ancient urns and rudo atone coflins. "W'illiam Adam, architect (flo. 1728), and General Sir Ronald C. Ferguson (1773-1841), were natives, the Fergusons ha%-ing held the Raith estate since 1707, and the Melvilles before them since 1296 and eariier. Raith House, If mile "W of Kirkcaldy, is a good old mansion, originally built by George, first Earl of Melville, in 1694, with modern Ionic portico and ■ft-ings, and with finely-wooded grounds and park- The present proprietor owns 7135 acres in the shire, ABBOTSHAUGH valued at £13,919 (minerals, £1582) per annum; and Mr Da%'idson of Bogie House, a castellated mansion 22 miles "WX W of the town, o^^•ns 398 acres, valued at £817. Five other proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 15 of between £100 and £500, 12 of from £50 to £100, and 65 of from £20 to £50. In the pres- bj-tery of Kirkcaldy and synod of Fife, Abbotshall was disjoined from Kirkcaldy in 1620, but has itself given off a southern portion [vrith. 1084 inhabitants in 1871) to the quoad sacra parish of Invertiel ; its minister's income is £327. The parish church (rebuilt 1788 ; 825 sittings) stands \ mile W of Kirkcaldy, and there is also a Free church ; whilst a public school at Chapel village, 21 miles NW, with accommodation for 144 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 110, and a grant of £98, 8s. Valuation of landward portion (1881) £10,341. Total pop. (1821) 3267, (1851) 5030, (1871) 5785, 674 of them in landward portion; for 1881 see Kirkcaldy. —Ord. Sur., sh. 40, 1867. Abbotshaugh, a quondam abbey, now quite obliterated, near Grangemouth, in Falkirk parish, Stirlingshire. The grange or home farm of it gave name to the Grange Burn, and through that to Grangemouth. Abbot's Isle, a small green island in the bay of Stone- field, on the S side, and towards the foot, of Loch Etive, ;Muckaim parish, Argyllshire. Abbotsrule. See Abbotrule. Abbot's Tower, an ancient ivy-clad square ruin, over 40 feet high, stands about ^ mile ENE of Sweetheart Abbey in Newabbe}^ parish, Kirkcudbrightshire. Abbot's Walls, the ruins of a summer residence of the abbots of Arbroath, in Nigg parish, Kincardineshii-e, on the haugh opposite Aberdeen. Abb's Head, St, a bold rocky promontorj' in Colding- ham parish, Ber-nickshire, 4 miles NNW of Eyemouth. It presents a wall-like front to the German Ocean nearly 200 feet high ; rises to an extreme height of 310 feet ; has three summits — Kirkhill on the E, Harelaw in the middle, Fowlis on the W ; and is separated from the mainland by a vale or gidly, anciently spanned by a bridge. The neighbouring rocks are Silurian, strangely contorted ; but St Abb's itself is porph3Titic trap, a portion of which, smoothed, grooved, and serrated by glacial action, was laid bare for the inspection of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club in 1866, and has been left exposed. On Harelaw is a lighthouse, erected in 1861, and showing a flashing light every 10 seconds, ■^-isible at the distance of 21 nautical miles ; and at Petti- cowick, its landing-place, where the precipice is 300 feet high, occurs a beautiful example of the junction of the trap and Silurian rocks. Numerous caves pierce the cliffs, are inaccessible by land, and can be approached by sea only at low water and in the calmest weather, and were formerly haunts of smugglers. This headland was named after St Ebba, daughter of King Ethelfrid, and half-sister of Oswald and Oswy, kings of Northum- l)ria, who about the middle of the 7th century founded upon its 'nabs' the monastery of Urhs Colitdi (Sax. Coldingaham), and as its abbess ruled until her death, 25 Aug. 683. It was a double monastery, containing distinct communities of men and women, who lived under her single government ; and the neck of land on ■which it stood was cut oft' and rendered impregnable by a high wall and a deep trench ; but the building itself was probably very hurnlde, with walls of wood and clay, and thatch of straw. Hither St Cuthbert came in 661 on a visit to Ebba, and spent the best part of the night in prayer and vigils, entering the sea till the water reached to his arms and neck, while seals came nestling to his side. Here, too, in 671, Ethelrcda, foundress of Ely, received the veil from St Wilfrid ; and liere the monk Adamnan foretold the impending doom of 'fire from heaven' that burned the house for its sins in 679. Rebuilt for women only, it was sacked by the Danes in 870, when the nuns, to preserve their honour, cut oft' tlieir noses and lips. The trench and some grassy mounds are all that now mark its site, a ruined chapel on the Kirk- hill dating only from the 14tli centurj^ See art. Ebba in vol. ii. of Smith's Diet. Christ. BioQ. (Lond. 1880). ABER Abden, an estate, with a plain old mansion, in King- horn parish, Fife. It long was the property of the Cro^^^l, and had a royal residence, the remains of which were removed only in the present century. A rock opposite the mansion exhibits rapid gradual transition from sandstone to quartz. Abdie (13th c. Ebed.yn — i.e. ahthen or ahdr.n, 'abbey lands'), a parish of NE Fife, on the Firth of Tay, con- tains the Mount Pleasant suburb of Newburgh, its post-town and station, and also the villages of Lin- dores and Grange of Lindores. Till 1633 it included the present parish of Newburgh, by which and by Dunbog it is cut into three distinct portions. The middle and largest of these is 4 miles long by 3; the smallest, 3 furlongs to the W, and on the Perthshire border, measures li by f mile ; and the third, 1 mile to the E, has an- equal length and breadth of 1^ mile. Their total area is 6537i acres, of which 1585^ are foreshore and 135 water. "The surface is charmingly diversified by hills belonging to the Ochil range, the chief elevations from AV toE being Lumbenny (889 feet), Golden Hill (600), Braeside (563), Woodmill Mains (656), the Mains of Lindores (580), and Norman's Law (558). Some of these hills are clothed or cro^raed with plantations, birt much of the highest ground is mere hill-pasture, dotted -nith heath and gorse. On their ascents, a deep black soil alternates with a light and gi-avelly one of very inferior quality ; along the Tay lies a rich alluvium, like that of the Carse of Go^vi'ie, and fields have been here reclaimed from the Firth within the last 50 years. Devonian rocks form part of the basement, and include a limestone and red sandstone, which formerly were worked. Trap rocks also occur, and are quarried at three points for building and paving purposes. The largest sheet of water is Lindores Loch, near the centre of the parish, which, nearly 4 miles in circumference, is fed by the Priest's Burn, and sends off the Den rivulet to the Tay. The pike and perch, wdth which this loch abounded, were netted out in August 1880, Avith a view to stocking it Avitli trout. At its foot is the site of a castle, called Macduff; and 'Wallace's Camp,' \ mile from the Firth, preserves the memory of the A'ictory of Black Irnsyde, said to have been gained over Ajmaer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, in 1298. Earlier antiquities than these are a barrow known as Watchman's Tower, the hill-fort of Duumore on Norman's Law, and a stronghold on the picturesque craig of Clachard, whose six westward ram- parts are from 5 to 6 feet high. The roofless church of St Magridin, ou the loch's western margin, was conse- crated in 1242, and contains a 14th-century foliated tombstone ; a female recumbent efiigy ; and, in the Den- miln Aisle (1661), some monuments of the Balfours of Denmiln Castle, which, now in ruins, was the seat of that family from 1452 to 1710. As such it was the birthplace of Sir James Balfour (1603-57), herald, an- nalist, and antiquary, and of his brother. Sir Andrew (1630-94), physician and founder of Edinburgh's first botanical garden. Modern mansions are Inchrye Ab- bey, a castellated building, and Lindores House; 4 proprietors holding each an annual value of £1000 and upwards, 1 of £500, 2 of £400, 2 of between £200 and £300, etc. The eastern portion of Abdie, with 107 inhabitants, is annexed for church, school, and registra- tion purposes to Dunbog ; the remainder constitutes an ecclesiastical parish, in the presbytery of Cupar and synod of Fife. The church is a plain edifice, seating 550, and erected in 1827 at a cost of £1200; the minis- ter's income is £404. There is also a Free church for Abdie and Newburgh jointly ; and at Grange of Lindores is a school, which, ■with accommodation for 152 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 87, and a grant of £72, 2s. Valuation(1881)£10,439, 5s. 2d. Pop. of civil parish (1801) 725, (1841) 1508, (1871) 1164 ; oiq. s. parish (1871) 1057, (1881) 862. See Alex. l,a.mg, Lindores Abbcij and Keivhcrgh CEd'mh. 1876).— Ord .S'wr., sh. 48, 186S. Aber, a hamlet in Kilmaronock parish, Dumbarton- shire, on the SE shore of Loch Lomond, 24 miles NNE of Kilmaronock station. An islet in the loch, 1 mile N of the hamlet, bears the same name. ABERARDER Aberarder, a hamlet and an estate in Daviot and Dun- lichity parish, Inverness-shire, on the river Nairn, 15 miles S by W of Inverness, imder which it has a post office. Aberarder, a glen on the left side of the valley of the Dee, in Aberdeenshire, between Cratliie and Invercaidd. It strikes laterally from the Dee Valley, and aflbrds a fine vista view to Benavon (3843 feet), a conspicuous summit of the Cairngorm mountains. Aberargie or Aberdargie, a village in the W of Aber- nethy parish, Perthshire, at the mouth of Glenfarg, 4 miles ESE of Bridge of Earn, under which it has a post office. Aberbrothwick. See Arbroath. Abercaimey, the seat of Charles Home Drummond Moray, Esq. , in Fowlis-Wester parish, Perthshire, stands 1^ m'ile NNW of a station of its owa name on the Caledonian, which station is 4^ miles E of Crieff. The present mansion — a splendid Gothic edifice — was building in 1842, when on 12 Sept. the Queen 'got out a moment to look at it ; ' and it was enlarged in 1873. The surrounding estate has belonged to the Jlorays since 1299, when Sir John JMoray de Drumsargard wedded Mary, sole daughter of ilalise. Earl of Stratherne ; its present holder owns 24,980 acres in the shire, of £14,311, 9s. annual value. Conspicuous in the beautiful grounds ai'e a Spanish chestnut, a sycamore, and a bare gaunt ash tree, 90 feet high, and girthing 20 at 3 feet from the ground. Aberchalder, a locality on the Caledonian Canal, in Inverness-shire, and on the river Oich, 5 miles SW of Fort Augustus. A regulating lock is on the canal here, to secure adjacent navigable minimum depth of 20 feet. Aberchalder House was the place where Prince Charles Edward mustered 2000 men (26 Aug. 1745) before com- mencing his march toward the low country. Aberchalder Wester, an estate conjoint with Aberar- der, in Daviot and Dunlichity parish, Inverness-shire. Aberchirder (Gael, abhir-chiar-dur, 'confluence of the dark brown water'), a village in Marnoch parish, Banftshire, 5^ miles SSE of Cornhill station, 7 W by N of Turriff, and QJ SW of Bauft'. It has a post office under the last ^vitll money order, savings' bank, and telegi'aph dex^artments, a branch of the North of Scot- land Bank, and an hotel ; and contains, besides, an Established mission church (200 attendants ; minister's salary £51), a handsome Free church (built on occasion of the Disruption contest in Marnoch), a U. P. church, a Baptist chapel, St Marnan's Episcopal church (1824 ; enlarged and restored, 1875-76 ; 130 attendants), and a Eoman Catholic station, served monthly from Portsoy. A public and an Episcopal school, with respective accom- modation for 400 and 74 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 207 and 68, and grants of £132, 13s. 2d. and £25, 4s. The name Aberchirder, originally borne by the whole parish, referred probably to the moss-burn of Auchintoul's confluence with the Deveron. Pop. (1861) 1273, (1871) 1312, (1881) 1358. Abercorn, a village and a coast parish of Linlithgow- shire. Lying \ mile inland, near the confluence of the Cornie and Midhope Burns, the village, — a pretty little place, nestling among trees and gardens on the verge of a high bank, — is 3f miles W of its post-town South Queensfeny, and 3 NNWof Winchburgh station. Here stood most probably the monastery of Aebbercurnig or Eoriercorn, founded about 675 under St Wilfrid as a central point for the administration of the northern part of his diocese, which included the province of the Picts, held in subjection by the Angles of Northumbria. Trumuini made this monastery the seat of his bishopric, the earliest in Scotland, from 681 to 685, when the Picts' victory at Dunnichen forced him to flee to "Whitby (Skene, Celt. Scot.,i. 262-268, and ii. 224). And here still stands the ancient parish church, refitted in 1579, and thoroughly repaired in 1838, with a NoiTnan doorway turned into a window, a broken cross, and a stone coffin lid, but minus a carved pew-back that found its way to the Edinburgh Antiquarian Museum in 1876. The parish contains also the hamlets of Philipston, 2h ABERCROMBIE miles SW of Abercorn village, and Society, on the coast, l^ mile E by N. It is bounded N for 3| miles by the Firth of Forth (here 2^ miles wide), E by Dalmeny, SE by Kirkliston, S by the Auldcathie portion of Dalmeny and by Ecclesmaehan, SW by Linlithgow, and W by Carriden, from which it is parted by the Black Burn. It has a length from E to W of from 3^ to 4i miles, an extreme breadth from N to S of 2f miles, and an area of 5265 acres, of which 29J are water. Low swelling hills diversify the surface, but nowhere rise much above 300 feet ; the streams are small, even for rividets. Yet ' the scenery,' says Mr Thomas Farrall, ' is strikingly pic- turesque, the seaboard being richly wooded, the fields highly cultivated and of gi'eat fertility. The castellated mansion of Hopetoun enjoys a commanding prospect, having on one side the blue sea, and on the other green fields, with the Pentland Hills in the background. The soil in this quarter is variable but fertile ; the sub- stratum is still more changeable, consisting of patches of till, gravel, sand, limestone, and sandstone. So early as the 17th century wheat was grown, rents being paid in considerable part by this commodity. What draining was required was mainly accomplished before 1800, and a large extent of land was planted and ornamented with clumps and belts of trees' (Traits. Highl. and Ag. Soc, 1877). To this need only be added that sandstone, whinstone, and limestone are extensively worked, but that a small colliery is now disused. The Anglo-Norman knight. Sir William de Graham, ancestor of the Dulces of Montrose, received from David I. (1124-53) the lands of Abercorn, which came by marriage to Sir Keginald Mure, chamberlain of Scotland in 1329. In 1454 the Castle was taken by James II. from the ninth and last Earl of Douglas, and its only vestige is a low green mound, fronting the church and manse ; whereas I\Iid- hope Tower, bearing a coronet and the initials J. L[iving. stone], stands almost perfect, f mile SW. At present there are titularly connected with this parish Sir Bruce Max- well Seton of Abercorn, eighth baronet since 1663, and the Didce of Abercorn, eldest surviving male heir of the Hamilton line, who takes from it his title of Baron (1603) and Earl (1606) in the peerage of Scotland, of Marquess (1790) in that of Great Britain, and of Duke (1868) in that of Ireland. The mansions are Hopetoun House, h mile E of the village, and BiNNS House, 2 miles WSW ; the property is divided between the Earl of Hopetoun and Sir Robert-Alexander-Osborne Dalyell. Abercorn is traversed in the south for 2^ miles by the North British railway, and for li mile by the Union Canal. It is in the presliytery of Linlithgowshire and synod of Lothian and Tweeddale ; the minister's income is £392. There is also a Free church ; and a public and a girls* school (Gen. As.), with respective accommodation for 197 and 63 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 80 and 41, and grants of £71, 14s. and £36, 2s. 6ch Valuation (1881) £8164, 15s. Pop. (1801) 814, (1821) 1044, (1871) 933, (1881) 86i>.—Ord. Sin:, sh. 32, 1S57. Abercrombie (Gael, 'curved confluence'), or St Monans, a coast parish of SE Fife, containing the ham- let of Abercrombie, and, 1^ mile SSE, the fishing vil- lage and burgh of barony of St Monans. The latter has a station on the North British, 2f miles WSW of Anstruther, and 16 E by N of Thornton junction, and a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and tele- graph departments. It contains, besides, the parish church, a Free chm-ch, gas-works, and a town-hall ; and is governed by a provost, 2 bailies, a treasurer, and 9 councillors. A good harbour, partly natural, and partly formed by a strong pier constructed in 1865, accom- modates three or four trading vessels, and about 100 large fishing-boats belonging to the port, but is seldom frequented by strangers ; and the herring fishery, a principal emplopuent of the villagers, is now re- stricted to the neighbouring waters, no longer extend- ing to the Caithness coast. Pop. (1851) 1241, (1871) 1648, (1881) 1918. The parish is bounded W, NW, and NE by Cambee, E by Pittenweem, SE by the Firth of Forth (here 91 miles wide, to North Berwick Links), and SAV by Elia 5 ABEEDALGIE and Kilconquhar. It has an extreme length from NXW to SSE of 1| mile, a width, of from 1 to If mile, and an area of 12S2 acres, of which 79 are foreshore. Eising abruptly from a low rocky beach, the surface shows some diversities, but on the whole is flat, and nowhere much exceeds 100 feet of elevation. Dueel Bum traces the north-eastern boundary, and Inwoary or St Monans Burn follows the south-western, to within 5 furlongs of its influx to the Firth at the western extremity of St Jlonans village. The rocks belong to the Carboniferous formation, and coal, limestone, and ironstone have all been worked ; the soil is chiefly a light friable loam, with very little claj-, and of great fertility. Balcaskie Park extends over the NE corner of the parish, and in it stands the ruined church of Abercrombie, disused for upwards of two centmies, but still tlie Anstruthers' bur)-ing-place. On the coast, at the SW angle, is the ruinous mansion of Kewark, where General David Leslie, first Lord Xewark, resided till his death in 16S2 ; and another family connected with the parish was that of the Sandilands, Lords Abercrombie from 1647 to 16S1. At present 2 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 or upwards, 2 of between £100 and £500, 3 of from £50 to £100, and 22 of from £20 to £50. In- cluding the barony of St Monans since 1646, Aber- crombie is in the presbytery of St Andrews and synod of Fife ; its minister's income is £271. According to the legend of St Adrian (given under Isle of May), Monanus, born in Pannonia, a province of Hungary, preached the gospel at Inverry or Abercrombie, and after his martj-rdom was there enshrined. Skene, how- ever, identifpng Jilonanus with Moinenn, Bishop of Clonfert (d. 571), holds that his relics were brought about 845 from Ireland to Fife, and deposited in a church erected to his honour {Celt. Scot., ii. 311-317). Legend again relates how Da^id II., praying before St Monans' tomb, was freed miraculously of a barbed arrow, and for thanks - ofl"ering founded about 1362 the statelier cruciform church, which a century later James III. bestowed on the Dominicans. Standing at the bum's mouth, and built in the Second Pointed style, this church was partly destroyed by the English in 1544, and now retains only its stunted central tower, crowned by a low octagonal spire, its transept, and its choir ; the last measirres 53 by 224 feet, and 'renovated and improved' in 1772 and 1828, serves as the parish church, being seated for 528 worshippers. Featui-es of special interest are the sedilia, a good pointed doonvay, and the reticiilated pattern of some of the windows. Of a public and a General Assembly school, only the former was open in 1879, having then accommodation for 2S5 children, an average attendance of 251, and a grant of £191, lis. Valuation (1881) £6073, 3s. Pop. (1801) 852, (1831) 1110, (1861) 1498, (1871) 1761, (1881) 2054. —Ord. Sur., sh. 41, 1857. Aberdalgie {Ahirdalgyn in 1150, Gael, abhir-dail- chinn, 'confluence at the end of the field'), a parish in the Stratheam district of Perthshire, whose SW angle is f mile NE of Forte\-iot station, while its church stands 1^ mile NW of Forgandenny station, immedi- ately beyond its SE border, these stations on the Cale- donian being respectively 6| and 3? miles SW of its post-town, Perth. Including, since 1618, the ancient parish of DtTPLix, it is bounded NW and N by Tibber- more, NE by East-Kirk, Perth, E by a detached portion of Forteviot, S by Forgandenny, and SW and W by Forteviot. It has an extreme length from N to S of Z\ miles, a width of 2^ miles, and an area of 4220 acres, of which 55 are water. The Earn, here a beautiful sal- mon river, roughly traces all the southern boundary ; from it the surface rises to 438 feet near the middle of the parish, thence sinking again towards the Almond, but having elevations of 367 and 222 feet on the north- western, and of 362 feet near the north-eastern boundary. The rocks belong to the Devonian system, and freestone is worked in several quarries ; the soil is cold and tilly in the N, in the S a rich loam or clay. The Earl of Kinnoull owns most of the property, and his park around Dupplin Castle occupies the south-western quar- 6 ABERDEEN ter of the parish, plantations covering much of the re- mainder. Near the church, but on the opposite side of a rivulet, from whose confluence -with the Earn the parish received its name, is Aberdalgie House, the only other mansion. This parish is in the presbytery of Perth and sj-nod of Perth and Stirling ; the living is worth £221. The church was built in 1773, and a vault at its E end is the burying-place of the Kinnoull famil)'. The public school, with accommodation for 49 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 23, and a grant of £45, 4s. 2d. Valuation (1881) £4656, 19s. lOd. Pop. (1831) 434, (1861) 295, (1871) 342, (1881) 297. —Ord. Sur., sh. 48, 1868. Aberdargie. See Aberaegie. Aberdeen, the 'Granite City,' capital of Aberdeen- shire, scat of a university, and chief town and seaport in the North of Scotland, lies in lat. 57° 9' N, and long. 2" 6' W, on the left bank of the Dee, at its entrance into the German Ocean. It is both a royal and a parlia- mentary burgh, the latter comprising all the district between the rivers Dee and Don for 3 miles inland — viz., the whole of St Nicholas or City parish (794 acres), part of Old ilachar parish (5115 acres), and part of Ban- chory-Devenick parish (33 acres), and thus ha%ing a total area of 5942 acres ; whilst the royal burgh, occupy- ing the SE angle of the parliamentary, includes, like it, the whole of St Nicholas, but only 376 acres of Old Machar, and measuring IJ mile from N to S by 2| miles from E to W ; has a total area of 1170 acres. Aberdeen is 98 miles NNE of Edinburgh as the crow flies. 111 by road, and 115^ by rail {via Tay Bridge ; 135^ via Perth and Stirling). By the North British or the Caledonian it further is 42 miles N by E of Montrose, 73f NNE of Dundee, 89f NE by N of Perth, 152| NE of Glasgow, 513 NNW of Loudon ; by the Great North of Scotland it is 43^ mUes E by N of Ballater, 29i ESE of ALford, 44:^ S by W of Peterhead, 47? S of Fraserburgh, 53i SE of Keith, 80| SE of Elgin, 108^ ESE of Inver- ness, and 202i SE of Thurso. By sea it has regular steam communication southwards with Dundee, Edinburgh, Newcastle, Stockton, H\ill, and London, northwards with Wick, Thurso, Orkney, Shetland, the Hebrides, and Liverpool. The city proper stands on four eminences — Castle Hill (80 feet), School Hill (65), Woolman Hill (58), and Port Hill (100), and the highest points within the parliamentary burgh are Caimcry (446 feet), Woodhill (340), and Stocket Hill (320). Naturally bleak and tame, its environs have little of the picturesqueness that distinguishes those of Inverness, Perth, Stirling, and Edinburgh ; but they contain a few good features which have been highly improved by art. The approach by sea lies along a bleak, sandy coast, with low rocks and long reefs in the foregroimd, and a tame unfeatured sur- face in the rear, and becomes interesting only at the point of sudden ingress among the crowded shipping of the harbour. The land approach from the south is sin- gularly repulsive, traversing a broad, low, moorish out- skirt of the Grampians, till it bursts at once on a near view of the Dee and the city. The contrast, by either of these approaches, between the near and distant scenes, is very striking, and never fails to make a strong im- pression upon strangers. Both the city and its sur- roundings, as first beheld, are very beautiful. Nor do the main thoroughfares, when entered, disappoint the first impression, but rather confirm and deepen it. Union Street especially, with its continuation Castle Street, appears enchanting ; and every travelled visitor vdW readily say with the author of The Land We Live III, that ' it possesses all the stability, cleanliness, and architectural beauties of the London west end streets, with the gaiety and brilliancy of the Parisian atmosphere. ' Walks, in various directions, through the city, disclose great diversity of structure and character, and three walks of 4 or 5 miles each among the environs are highly interesting. The first of the three goes to Old Aberdeen, up the Don past Grandholm, and through Woodside, and returns to the city by the Inverness road ; the second leads by the Lunatic Asylum to ABERDEEN Stocket Hill, ■where the best general vie-vr of the city and the surrounding country is obtained, proceeds thence to the great granite quarries of Rubisla-«', and returns by the Skene turnpike road ; and the third goes south- westward to the Old Bridge of Dee, passes dovm. the right bank of the river to Girdleness Lighthouse, and crosses by the ferry to Footdee. The city's alignment, structure, and extent are greatly different now from what they were of old. It now has noble streets in all directions, specially a main one from E to W, two others from S to N, and numerous fine parallel or intersecting ones, together with spacious and imposing outlets ; but, till near the end of last century, Aberdeen was all an assemblage of narrow, ill- built, badly arranged thoroughfares, without any good openings into the country. It probably began with a few rude huts, near the spot where Trinity Church now stands ; it next seems to have occupied the neighbour- hood of the Castle and the Green, and gradually extended in the direction of Shiprow, Exchequer Row, and the S side of Castlegate. But in 1336 it was almost totally destroyed by an English army under Edward III. ; and it then rose from its ruins, like a phcenLx from the flames, and spread over the eminences of Castle Hill, Port Hill, St Catherine's Hill, and Woolman HUl. Then it was that the city took the name of New Aber- deen, as it is still sometimes called ; but it took it, not in contradistinction to the kirk town of Old Machar, now called Old Aberdeen, but to its own old town destroyed by the English. Yet even the new town, with the ex- ception of its public buildings, was rude, irregularly arranged, and unsubstantial. Stone houses, so late as 1545, were possessed exclusively by' grandees ; and even down to 1741 wooden houses formed the W side of Broadgate. A large fenny mai-sh, the Loch, occu- pied, till the latter part of last century, much of the site to the W of Gallowgate, and the very best streets, till then, were narrow, uneven, and paved with cobble- stones ; the parts most favourable to drainage and ven- tilation were crowded with buildings, and abominably filthy ; and the thoroughfares leading to the Dee and to the Xorth, were steep, rough, narrow, and malodorous. But about the end of last century, a great change began, that rapidly gave the city grand new features, and at the same time set its finest old ones in advantageous lights. First, a street was opened from Broad Street to North Street, so as to form an improved outlet to the North. Next, Marischal Street was opened from Castle Street to the Quay ; and, though rather inconveniently steep, it is interesting, both as still a great thoroughfare from the heart of the city to the harbour, and as the first Aberdeen street that was paved with dressed stones. Next, a new and important exit to the NW was formed by opening George Street through the middle of the Loch, to communicate with a new turnpike road to Inverury. Next, two grand new exits were made, from the micldle of the town at Castle Street by respectively Union Street to the W, and King Street to the N, and these were estimated by the engineer to cost the Town Coimcil about £42,000, but soon actually cost them £171,280, and then involved them in bankruptcy. And both contemporaneously with these improvements and subsequently to them, onward till ISSl, other great improvements, of various kinds and aggregately very costly, have been made, and will be mentioned in our notices of public buildings, public works, and the har- bour. Yet the very improvements, or at least the open- ings for the new streets, and the clearing for some public buildings together with the forming of railways, have produced the evils of placing grandeur and meanness side by side, and of greatly augmenting the density of the poorer population. No fewer than some 60 narrow lanes and about 168 courts or closes, of an average breadth of at most 7 feet, still exist ; are mostly situated in the immediate or near vicinity of fine new streets ; and occasion the average distribution of the inhabitants of St Nicholas to stand at so high a ratio as 16 '8 to each house, and of the royal burgh as 14 '8. Some closes, such as Smith's and Peacock's, adjacent to the east end ABERDEEN of L'^nion Street, exliibit the lower grades of civilisation only a few steps apart from the higher ; and other places, such as the courts branching from Gallowgate, are about the dingiest and most unwholesome to be found any- where in a British town. Nevertheless, the death-rate per 1000 diminished from 22-5 during 1867-72, to 217 dming 1873-78, being thus below the average of the other large Scotch towns ; and in 1879 it further sank to 20 '9, whilst in zymotic diseases the deaths averaged 31 per 10,000, the lowest figures since the Registration Act came into force. The mean temperature is 45° 8', the average yearly rainfall 31 "65 inches. The city extends about 2 miles southward, from Kitty- brewster to Ferryhill, and about 2^ miles westward from Footdee to Skene Road ; and measures about 7^ miles in circumference ; but it is thoroughly compact over only aboiit 1 by 1+ mile. The modem sti-eets run so nearly in parallels or at right angles to one another, as to show readily the incongruities at their junctions with the old thoroughfares, and some of them have been constructed in a way of incongruity with themselves, a poor street being placed between two rich ones, as Gordon Street between Dee and Bon Accord Streets. The general appearance, however, is redeemed, partly by the cha- racter of the building material, partly by the large aggregate of gardens, and chiefly by the spaciousness and elegance of the main streets. The edifices, both public and private, are for the most part constructed of a very fine granite from the neighbouring quames ; and those of the principal modern streets are so clean, so massive, so uniformly surfaced, and reflect the light so clearly from the glittering mica of the granite, as to look, on a sunny day, as if they had just been hewn and polished from the rocks upon which they stand. Gardens are attached to many of the houses even in the compacter parts of the city, and to almost all in the suburbs, so that, even in the absence of any such spacious gardens as intersect the New Town of Edinburgh, they produce an efi'ect of airiness and well-being. The view along Union Street, westward, is one of the fijiest in any city in the world, suggesting to the imagination the tombs of Thebes, the Cyclopean walls, or the marble temples of ancient Greece, and at the same time having beauties of its own. This street is 1077 yards long, or, with its eastward and westward continuations— Castle Street and Union Place — 1516 yards, with a breadth of 70 feet. Spacious, straight, and lined on both sides -with elegant buildings, public and private, it runs on a higher level than the portions of the tovm on its southern flank, so as to command a pleasant prospect over them to the S side of the Dee. By Union Bridge it is carried over two of the old streets, as well as over the ravine of the Den Burn, which formerly caused vast inconvenience to traflic. A main line of streets, 1597 yards long, and called successively St Nicholas Street, George Street, and North Broaclford, strikes northward to the country from Union Street, at a point 320 yards E of the bridge, and, for the most part, is finely edificed. Market Street strikes southward, at a point nearly opposite St Nicholas Street ; is 200 yai"ds long, spacious, and moderately steep ; leads direct to the station and the harbour ; and, since 1864, has been considerably re-edificed with houses of a superior character. Broad Street (425 yards) runs nearly parallel to St Nicholas Street, strik- ing off at the mergence of Union Street into Castle Street ; is adorned by ]\Iarischal College ; and passes, at its N end, into line with Gallowgate (600 yards). Castle Street expands from the E end of Union Street, forms a quadrangle about 203 yards long and 43 wide, takes its name from an ancient fortress which stood on a rising ground at its E end, is rich in public ornamental struc- tures, and forms one of the most striking market-places and centres of business in the world. King Street goes northward from the eastern part of Castle Street ; is 1186 yards long, and spacious ; contains several handsome public buildings ; and presents, on the whole, an aspect little inferior to that of Union Street. Rubislaw Terrace, one of several new streets in the extreme W, is much superior to anything of its class in the aristocratic ABERDEEN ABERDEEN quarter of almost any town in Scotland ; and the other modern streets, whilst challenging no special notice, may be described in the aggregate as equal at least to the second and third class streets of most stone-built towns in Britain. Few houses, or parts of houses, remain to show the Aberdeen st3''le of domestic architecture in former centuries ; yet enough are standing to interest both the architect and the antiquary. The vestige of a tower, said to have belonged to the Knights Templars, stands in Bothwell Court, adjacent to Justice Street. A house ^vith projecting circular staircase and antiqi;e lintel, said to have been the parsonage of St Nicholas, stands in School Hill. A building, called AVallace Tower, having in a uiche a rude and very ancient effigy of AYallace, and said to have been occupied as an hostelry, stands in Nether Kirkgate ; and another old tenement, known as Mar's Castle, with a diminutive crow-stepped and corbelled gable, circular staircase, and small square openings for windows, stands in Gallowgate, and bears date 149i. The four have strong generic likeness to one another, and challenge more attention from antiquaries than many old buildings elsewhere of higher note. Every remaining specimen of the domestic architecture of the later part of last century is entirely commonplace, but No. 64 Broad Street possesses interest as the place where Lord BjTon passed his earliest boyhood (1790-9S) under his mother's care ; Thackeray visited it when lectiu'ing in Alierdeen on The Four Georges. The plain old to\ra-house was built in 1730, and the court-house adjoining in 1818 ; but in 1S65 it was re- solved to occupy their site with a new suite of county and municipal buildings, which, commenced iu 1867 at an estimated cost of £69,000, were completed at a cost of £80,000 and upwards. Designed by Messrs Peddle & Kin- near, of Edinburgh, in the Scottish Baronial style of the 16th centmy, ^vith French and Belgian features, they form a four-storied, Kemnay granite pile 6-i feet high, presenting one frontage to Castle Street of 225, and one to Broad Street of 109 feet ; along both fa9ades runs a basement arcade of columns, at 12 feet intervals, sup- porting elliptical arches, and surmounted by a second and smaller arcaded range. At the sti-eets' junction stands the magnificent clock-tower, 28 feet square and 72 feet high, with corner pepper-box turrets 36 feet more ; and, over all, a lantern gablet, culminating in a vane at the height of 190 feet. In June 1880 it was decided to hang a fine peal of bells in this tower, which almost dwarfs an older one to the E — sole relic of the former town-house — although its lead-covered spire has a height of 120 feet. Within are the vestibule and the grand staircase (35 feet square) ; the Great Hall (74 by 35 feet, and 50 high), with five lofty traceried windows, oak panelling, and open timber roof; the richly-deco- rated town-hall, in the clock-tower (41 by 25J feet, and 15 high), ^^'ith three old crystal lustres ; the court- house behind (50^ by 37 feet, and 36^ high), etc. : spe- cial adornments are Provost Davidson's armour, Steell's marble statue of the late Provost Blaikie, a marble bust of John Phillip, and portraits by him of the Queen and Prince Consort, of Queen Anne by Kneller, of Provost Hadden, the late Earl of Aberdeen, and others. — The new Post Office, at the foot of Market Street, was erected (1873-76) at a cost of £16,000, and is a simple but eflec- tive edifice of Kemnay granite, 100 feet square and 40 high, in the Renaissance style. — The Jlarket Hall, Mar- ket Street, was built by a joint-stock company (1840-42), at a cost of £28,000. It is divided into a basement story and a galleried main fioor, wliich, 315 feet long, 106 broad, and 45 high, has a Gothic roof of open timber- work, and itself is divided by two ranges of massive pillars into three alleys, like the nave and aisles of a church. On 29 April 1882 (the fortieth anniversary of its opening) it was comidetely destroyed by fire, but has risen anew from its ashes very slightly altered from its former self. — The neiglibouriiig Corn Exchange, in Hadden Street, measuring 70 by 40 feet, and 30 high, with open roof, was built for £1000 in 1854, and except on Fri- days .serves as a public newsroom. — Close to the 8E comer of Union Bridge is the Trades Hall, a fine Elizabethan 8 granite structure, erected in 1847 at a cost exceeding £7000, and containing an antique set of carved oak chairs (1574), portraits by Jameson, and the shields of the seven incorporated trades — hammermen (1519), bakers (1398), Wrights and coopers (1527), tailors (1511), shoemakers (1484 and 1520), weavers (1449), and fleshers (1534)— whose curious inscriptions form the subject of a mono- graph (1863) by Mr Lewis Smith. — The Society of Advo- cates, chartered in 1774, 1799, and 1862, and numbering 124 members, has a handsome new hall, behind and connected A\'ith the County Buildings ; in it is the valu- able law library of 5000 volumes, established in 1786. — The Medico-Chirurgical Society (1789), with 30 mem- bers, has also its hall, in King Street, wliich, built (1818-20) at a cost of £2000, is entered by an Ionic portico, and contains a large meeting-room, laljoratory, library of 4000 volumes, portraits by Vandyke and T. Jliles, etc. — Westward of Union Bridge, the Music Hall Buildings, o-umed by a limited company (1858), comprise the assembly rooms, erected in 1820 at a cost of £14,500, with portico of six Ionic columns, 30 feet high, and ball, supper, billiard, and other saloons, to which, at a cost of £5000, was added the music hall behind, opened by the Prince Consort on 12tli September 1859, with a very fine organ and accommodation for 2000 persons. — The new Theatre and Opera House, in Guild Street, was built in 1872 at a cost of £8400, seats 1650 spectators, and has a frontage of 75, a mean depth of 90, and a height of 50 feet— The Masonic Hall (1871-76), in Exchange Street, cost £2806, and has a lodge-room, 50 by 32 feet, and 20 high, ^\^th three stained windows ; the St Kath- erine's Halls, with an organ, were opened in 1880, in connection with Shiprow Cafe. — The Public Baths and Swimming Pond (1851-69) are in Crooked Lane ; and at the junction of Bridge Place and Windmill Brae is the five-storied Hj'dropathic and TiU'kish Bath establish- ment (1880), with a tower 80 feet high, six plvmge baths, and a cafe. Of 39 inns and hotels, 5 of them temperance, the chief are the Imperial, Palace, Douglas, Lemon-tree, City, Forsyth's, Adelphi, Waveiiey, and Dufi'us' Temperance ; clubs are the Koyal Northern (1854), the City, the Aberdeen Club (1862), and the New Club (1867). Aberdeen has two native Banks, the Town and County (1825), and the North of Scotland (1836). The former in October 1880 had 1021 partners, 51 branches, a paid-up capital of £252,000, a reserve fund of £126,000, and de- posits and credit balances amounting to £1,912,603 ; the latter, with 2136partnersand 60 branches, had £394,500 of paid-up capital, £203,441 of reserve fund, and £2,678,172 of deposits and credit balances. The Town and Coimty has splendid new premises (1863) near the junction of Union and St Nicholas Streets, which, Roman Classic in style, cost £14,000 ; as also did the North of Scotland Bank (1839), at the corner of Castle and King Streets, whose Corinthian capitols exhibit a delicate minuteness never before attained in granite. There are, besides, the National Security Savings' Bank of Aberdeen (1845), and branches of the following banks, with dates of their establishment : — The Bank of Scotland (1780), the Com- mercial Bank (1811), the National Bank (1833), the British Linen Co. (1833), the Royal Bank (1862), and the Union Bank (1849), with M'hich was incorporated the Aberdeen Bank (1767). The Scottish Provincial and Northern Assurance Companies were further estab- lished here in 1825 and 1836, the one with 20,000 £50 shares, the other with 30,000 £100 shares ; and there are 4 navigation companies and about 80 insurance agencies. The Royal Infirmary, on the western slope of Wool- man Hill, was founded in 1740, enlarged in 1753, 1760, and 1820, and wholly rebuilt (1833-40) at a cost of £17,000. A Grecian three-storied edifice, with domed centre and two projecting wings, it is 160 feet long, 112 broad, and 50 high, and, containing 20 large lofty wards with 11 smaller apartments, can accommodate 300 patients. Epidemic wards were built on tlie links in 1872 at a cost of £2500, and Loch-head House, with 3 acres of ground, was purchased in 1S73 for £2250, to serve as a convalescent hospital. In 1879 the total ABERDEEN number of patients treated was 1713 at the infirmary, and 172 at the convalescent hospital, besides 2981 out- patients ; and the income for ISSO was £6263, the expen- diture £6288. The managing committee is elected from a body composed at present of 21 ex officio and 202 life managers, 16 managers by annual subscription, and 46 from presbyteries and churches. Under the same man- agement, but with a separate account, the Koyal Lunatic Asylum stands amid grounds of 45 acres, well wooded and tastefully laid out, 1 mile NNW of the corner of Union and St Nicholas Streets. The original building of 1800 cost £3480, and that of 1819 £18,135, of which £10,000 was bequeathed by John Forbes of Newe. Ad- ditions have been made from time to time, the latest in 1880 ; but the most important was the erection in 1862 of Elmhill House for higher-class patients at a cost of £10,866, this being a handsome building in the Italian villa style, designed by AVilliam Ramage, whilst the architect of both asylum and infirmary was Archibald Simpson. During 1800-80 the asylum ad- mitted 5682 patients, of whom 1040 died, and 4103 were dismissed as either cured or incurable ; and on 31 Dec. 1880 the number of pauper inmates was 361, of private inmates 173, the income for the year ending Avitli the preceding Jlarch being £18,391, the expen- diture £15,861. — St Xicliolas Poorhouse, Nelson Street, \vith 382 inmates in April 1881, is a Tudor structure, built in 1849 at a cost of £9300, and enlarged in 1869 at a cost of £3350 more. — Other benevolent establishments are the Dispensary, Lying-in, and Vaccine Institution, Guestrow (1823 ; enlarged and refitted, 1881), which in 1880 dealt with 3327 cases ; the Blind Asylum, Huntly Street (1843) ; the Deaf and Dumb Institution, Belmont Street (1819) ; the Sick Children's Hospital, Castle Ter- race (1877) ; the Hospital for Orphan and Destitute Female Children, Huntly Street (1849); the Female Orphan Asylum, Albjm Place (1840) ; the House of Refuge and Night Shelter, George Street (1836) ; a Mag- dalene Asj'lum, Seabank (1S64) ; a Hospital for Incur- ables, etc. Returns under the Endowed Institutions Act (1869) showed that the city's endowed charities in Sept. 1870 had a total value of £115,068, including upwards of £46,000 belonging to the Guildry, and yielding an annual revenue of £4289. The East Prison, immediately behind the court-house, is the only gaol of Aberdeen, the West Prison having been discontinued since 1863 ; and the East itself is shortly to be transferred to a different site. Built in 1831, and enlarged in 1868, it contains 95 cells, and was described as ' bad in situation, \dt\\ small dark cells, imperfect ventilation, and insufiicient accommodation,' in the In- spector's Report for the year ending 31 March 1879. In the twelvemonth folloA\ing, 1426 criminal and 58 civil prisoners were confined ■within it, and its gross expenditure was £1564. — During the same year Oldmill Reformatory (1857), 1^ miles W of the town, was occu- pied on an average by 148 boj's, and Mount Street Re- formatory (1862) by 25 girls, their respective receipts being £2645 and £578. — The Infantry Barracks, on the crest of the Castle Hill, stand on the site of a castle erected as early as 1264, and, as built in 1796 at a cost of £16,000, formed a plain -wdnged oblong of three stories, but were greatly enlarged by the block added (1880- 81) at a further cost of £11,000, with a frontage to Justice Street of 138i feet.— The King Street Militia Barracks were erected in 1863 at a cost of £10,000 in the old Scottish Castellated style ; the Rifle and the Artillery Volunteers have drUl-halls in Blackfriars and Queen Streets. Aberdeen has 62 places of worship, belonging to 14 different denominations. Its parishes — East, West, North, South, Greyfriars, and St Clement's — formed, up to 1828, the single parish of St Nicholas, and still in certain secular respects are one. There are also 8 quoad sacra parishes ; and the churches of all 14, with pop. for 1881, communicants for 1878, and ministers' stipends, those marked ■u'ith asterisks being largely supplemented by the congregations, are: — East (Union Street, 4207, 1629, £300^*), West (Union Street, 6328, 928, £300"^), ABERDEEN North (King Street, 8855, 2346, £300), South (Belmont Street, 2895, 1572, £250*), Greyfriars (Broad Street, 6387, 1185, £250), St Clement's (Footdee, 7693, 1893, £250), Gilcomston (Summer Street, 12,616, 1456, £400), John Knox's (Llounthooly, 6656, 850, £327), Holburn (AVellington Place, 12,634, 972, £380), Ferryhill (4941, 242, £250), Rubislaw (Queen's Cross, 3194, £508), Trinity (Marischal Street, 3090, 213, £250), Rosemount (Caroline Place, 8263, 322, £425), and St George's- in-the-AVest (John Street, 4452, £200).— The East and West Churches stand in a graveyard of nearly 2 acres, which is separated from Union Street by an Ionic facade, erected (1830) at a cost of £1460, and measuring 147^ feet in length by 32J- in height, with 12 granite columns, each consisting of a single block, and with a central archway. These churches occupy the site of the collegiate St Nicholas, which, as built between 1200 and 1507, had a nine-bayed nave (117 feet by 66), a transept (100 by 20), and a seven-bayed choir (81 by 64), with a trigonal apse over the crypt of Our Lady of Pity. At the crossing a tower rose, with its oaken spire, octa- gonal and picturesque, to a height of 120 feet ; and in it hung three great harmonious bells, of which one, 'Lowrie,' bore date 1352, and was recast in Flanders about 1633. After the Reformation the roodscreen gave place to a wall, and St Nicholas thus was divided into two churches, the western consisting of the former nave, the eastern of the choir, and the Romanesque transept between (known as Drum's and Collison's aisles) serving as vestibule. The West Church, having become dilapi- dated, was rebuilt (1751-55) from designs by James Gibbs, architect of the Radclifle Library at Oxford and of the Cambridge Senate House ; ' but as if,' says Hill Burton, ' emphatically to show that the fruits of his genius were entirely to be withdrawn from his o^ra countrymen, the only building in Scotland kno«Ti to have been planned by him, this church in his native city, combines whatever could be derived of gloomy and cumbrous from the character of the Gothic architecture, with whatever could be found of cold and rigid in the details of the Classic. ' The East Church, too, was bar- barously demolished, and rebuilt(1834-37)inGothicstjde; but on 9 Oct. 1874, its roof and interior were destroyed by fire, along -v^-ith the spire and its peal of bells, in- creased by 5 in 1859. The total loss was estimated at £30,000, the West Church also being much damaged by water ; but all has been since restored, and at a cost of £8500 a fine granite tower and spire erected (1878-80), 190 feet high. The churchyard contains the graves of Principal Guild, Blackwell, Beattie, and Campbell ; in the West Church are marble monuments by Bacon and Westmacott, the effigy of Provost Da's-idson, who fell at Harlawin 1411, a curious brass portrait-panel of Dr Dun- can Liddel, executed at Antwerp in 1622, from a dra-\^-ing by Jameson probably, and the tombstone of Provost Menzies (d. 1641); whilst, in the southern transept, a small brass to Sir Alexander Ir\i.ne of Drum is dated 1400 {Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., 1876, p. 450).— The North Church, built in 1826 at a cost of £10,500, is a Grecian edifice, modelled apparently after St Pancras in London, measures 120 by 64 feet, and has an imposing Ionic portico, 32 feet high, and a circular tower of 150 feet. — South Church, Gothic, ^\\t\l massive gables and a tower, was built in 1831.— Greyfriars or College Church fonned part of St Mary's Observantine friary (1450-1560), and, consisting of a plain old Gothic hall with a modern E aisle, is interesting as the only pre-Reformation church ■within the municipal burgh ; Jameson, the painter, is buried in its cliurchvard. —St Clement's, founded about 1498 for Footdee fisher-folk, was repaired in 1631, and since has been U\\cq rebuilt, in 1787 and 1828, on the last occasion ' in the Gothic stjde, with an elegant belfry, 45 feet high;' an organ was placed in it in 1874. —Trinity Church was built in 1822 ; John Knox's in 1833 ; Rubislaw, an ornate freestone edifice, in 1876 ; Rosemount in 1878 ; St George's in 1879, etc. At the Disruption in 1843 every Aberdeen minister and 10,000 lay adherents went out from the Establish- ment ; and now within the burgh there are the following 9 ABERDEEN Free cli arches, vrith. their communicants in 1880, and ministers' incomes : — Bon Accord (Union Terrace, 710, £314), East (Belmont Street, 791, £481), Ferryhill (Rotunda Place, 210, £362), Gaelic (Gaelic Lane, 159, £190 and manse), Gallowgate (202, £182), Gilcomston (Union Street, 742, £502), Greyfriars (George Street, 480), High (Belmont Street, 674, £417), Holburn (Hard- gate, 534, £306), John Knox's (Gerrard Street, 79S), Mariners' (Commerce Street, 239), Melville (Correction "Wynd, 618, £312), North (West North Street, 551), Rutherford (Loanhead Terrace, 432), Ruthrieston (176, £203 and manse), St Clement's (Prince Regent Street, 591, £384), South (Belmont Street, 1197, £532 and manse). Trinity (Crown Street, 733, £445), Union (Ship- row, 342, £210), West (Union Street, 958, £532 and manse), and Causewayend. Of these 21 churches, Mel- ville, the Gaelic, and Union were built for the Estab- lishment in 1772, 1795, and 1822; East, South, and High (1844) form an imposing cruciform pile. Lancet Gothic in style, ■\^ith a fine brick spire 174 feet high ; and the West Church (1869), a Gothic ^structure in Morayshire sandstone, has a spire of 175 feet, and cost £12,856. Gilcomston Church has also a hand- some spire ; and another, 150 feet high, adorns a new Free church, bmlt at Queen's Cross (1880-81) at a cost of £7000. Six U.P. churches, with members in 1879 and mini- sters' incomes, are — Belmont Street (466, £350), Char- lotte Street (597, £300), George Street (437, £310), Nelson Street (137, £199), St Nicholas Lane (374, £300), and St Paul Street (403, £290). For the George Street congregation a new church has been built (1880-81) in Garden Place at a cost of £11,500. There are also 5 Congregational churches, in Belmont Street, Black- friars Street, Frederick Street, Park Street, and Shiprow (1878) ; an Associate Synod church, in Skene Terrace ; 2 Evangelical Union churches, in John and St Paul Streets ; 2 Baptist churches, English in Crown Terrace, Scotch in Academy Street ; a Wesleyan Methodist chapel, in Crown Terrace ; a Free Methodist chapel, in Dee Street ; a Unitarian chapel (1840), in George Street ; and a Quakers' meeting-house, in Diamond Street. The English Episcopalians have had a chapel here since 1721, transferred to St James's, King Street, in 1866 ; and the Scottish Episcopalians possess 5 churches, with aggregate congregations of some 3000 souls. St An- drew's, King Street, Perpendicular in style, as buUt in 1817, consisted of an aisled nave (90 by 65 feet), with a marble statue by Flaxman of Bishop John Skinner ; in 1880 a beautiful chancel (40 by 28 feet, and 45 high) was added at a cost of over £3000, from designs by Mr G. E. Street, R.A.— St John's (1849-51), in St John's Place, is an Early Middle Pointed structure, comprising chancel, four-bayed nave, and S aisle. — St ilary's (1862), in Garden Place, is Germanised Early First Pointed in style, with strong Romanesque features, and consists of nave (09 by 36 feet, and 60 high) and chancel (51 by 22 feet, and 53 high), with trigonal apse, organ chamber, sacristy, crypt, and a fleche 112 feet high. — St Paul's (1865), in Gallowgate, is Second Pointed, and measures 120 by 60 feet ; St Margaret's, Seamont Place, was opened as a mission church in 1870, and consecrated in 1879. There are two Episcopal sisterhoods — St Mar- garet's (1864) and the Society of Reparation (1870), the latter with orphanage attached ; and three Episcopal schools, St Andrew's, St John's, and St Margaret's, with total accommodation for 708 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 548, and grants amounting to £336, 15s. 6d. The Catholic cathedral of St JLary's of the Assump- tion, Huntly Street, was bmlt of white granite in 1S60 in Second Pointed style, has 1200 sittings, and consists of an aisled nave (156 by 73 feet, and 72 high), into which in 1879 were introduced a chancel arch and a rood- screen, with colossal Crucifix and figures of the Virgin and St John, whilst along the nave are canopied life-size statues of the Twelve Apostles. A large rose window over the new High Altar (1881) is filled, like all the other win- dows, with rich stained glass ; at the W end is a very 10 ABERDEEN fine painting of the 'Visitation ;' and the Baptistry con- tains a beautiful font of polished granite. By 1880 about £15,000 had been already expended on the cathe- dral and its graceful spire, which, completed in 1877, is 200 feet high, and contains a peal of 9 good bells, the largest of them over 30 cwt. Attached to St Mary's is a Franciscan convent, the nuns having charge of a day and boarding school \s-ith SO, and of St Joseph's and St Peter's schools in Constitution Street, ■with 336 scholars in June 1880, as also of two small orphanages ; Nazareth House, on the W side of the city, is a home for the aged and infirm, and for sick and abandoned children, and had then 150 inmates. lilarischal CoUege stands in a court, entered by an old arched gateway from the E side of Broad Street, near its mergence into Gallowgate. The original buildings were those of a Franciscan friary, suppressed at the Reformation. A new edifice, retaining the portions of the old buildings that were not destroyed by fire in 1639, was erected in 1676, and an extension sujierseding those portions was built in 1740-41. But the whole was unsubstantial and in constant need of repair ; and in 1837-41 it was replaced on the same site by a very extensive and most imposing pile, designed by Archi- bald Simpson, and erected at a cost of £30,000, includ- ing a royal gi-ant of £15,000. The new structure, consisting of durable white granite, and in a bold but simple style of collegiate Gothic, forms three sides of a quadrangle (117 by 105 feet), rises to the height of two lofty stories, and presents uniform and striking ranges of mullioned windows. A square tower springs from the side of the quadrangle, and terminates in four ornamental turrets, at a height of 100 feet from the groimd ; and open arcades, 48 feet long and 16 wide, extend from both sides of the principal entrance. The public school, 74 feet long and 34 wide, is on the ground floor ; whilst the hall, 71 feet long, 34 wide, and 32 high, and the library and the museum, each 73 feet long, 34 wide, and 32 high, are all on the upper floor, have ornamental ceilings painted in imitation of oak, and are reached by a lofty staircase, with a massive stone balustrade and a gi-oined ceiling. The public hall contains portraits of the fifth Earl Marischal, Bishop Burnet, Dr Arthur Johnston, Sir Pavd Menzies, Andrew Cant, Sir Robert Gordon, and other worthies, several of them by the celebrated Jameson. There are 17 class rooms, and a number of other apartments. A granite obelisk, to the memory of Sir James M'Grigor, Bart., was erected (1860) in the centre of the quadrangle, and consists of base 16 feet square and 6 high, pedestal 9 feet square and 11 high, plinth 7 feet square and 3 high, and shaft from 5 to 3^ feet square and 52 high, having thus a total height of 72 feet. But both this monument and the dinginess of the approach from Broad Street mar the eS"ect of the college biuldings. The college was founded in 1593, by George Keith, fifth Earl Marischal. His charter endowed it with the gi-ound and property of the Franciscan, Dominican, and Cannelite friars of Aberdeen, and appointed it to have a principal, 3 regents, 6 alumni, an economist, and a cook. The principal was to be an adept in sacred literature, and to be able to give anatomical and physio- logical prelections ; and the first regent was to teach ethics and mathematics, the second logic, and the third Latin and Greek, The candidates for the chairs were to be nominated by the earl himself and his heirs, and to be examined and admitted by the faculty of King's College, and by the ministers of Aberdeen, Deer, and Fetteresso. The constitution was confirmed imme- diately by the General Assembly, and a few months afterwards by Parliament. A new charter was given in 1623, by William, Earl ^Marischal, and a new confirma- tion made in 1661 by Charles IL All the deeds declared that the masters, members, students, and bur- sars should be subject to the jurisdiction of the burgh magistrates. An additional regent was appointed ■vs-ithin a few years of the foundation : a professorship of mathematics was founded in 1613, a professorship of di'i-inity was added in 1616, and 7 other professorships ABERDEEN were founded at different subsequent periods. The senatus, in 1753, directed that the students, after passing through the Latin and Greek classes, sliould be instructed first, in natural and civil history, geography, chronology, and the elements of mathematics ; next, in natm-al philosophy ; and afterwards, in moral philosophy. A few alterations were subsequently made, and these ad- justed the aggregate classes into the four facilities of arts, divinity, law, and medicine. But the college, under the University Act of 1858, was united with King's College into one university, with a new constitu- tion, and now it is devoted entirely to the law and medicine classes of the united university. The library, in 1827, contained 11,000 volumes ; and, subsequently to that j'ear, received the valuable classical collection of the late Dr James Melviu, and was otherwise considerably en- riched. The Free Church College (1843) occupies a handsome Tudor edifice, with a square tower and an octagonal turret, erected in Alford Place in 1850, at a cost of £2025 ; pos- sesses 11 scholarships and a library of 17,000 volumes ; and in ISSO had a principal, 3 other professors, a lec- tui-er, and 30 students. — The Church of Scotland and Free Church Female Training Colleges, in 1879, had respectively 72 and 68 students, and incomes of £2796 and £2087 ; for the former, new buildings were opened in George Street in 1878 ; for the latter, in Charlotte Sti'eet, in 1880. — The Mechanics' Institution, founded in 1824, and reorganised ten years later, has a hall, with class rooms and a library of 14,000 volumes, in a building erected in Market Street in 1846 for £3500 ; and schools of science and art have been conjoined there- with since 1853. The Grammar School, dating from about 1262, shows a list of 26 rectors from 1418 to 1881 and of other clas- sical masters from 1623. The representative secondary school of the North of Scotland, it attracts advanced pupils from the best primary schools, and has close con- nection, by charter and constitution, ■uith the univer- sity. Its teachers, till 1863, were only a rector and 3 classical masters, but number now a rector and 10 under-masters. The building, from 1757 till 1863, was a plain structure, on School Hill, erected at a cost of £400, on part of the gi'ounds of the Dominican Friary, forming three sides of a square, and containing a public hall with four class rooms; and this building it was proposed, in 1880, to fit up as a permanent art gallery and museum. The present Grammar School BuUdings, in Skene Street West, were erected in 1861-63 at a cost of £16,605, in the Scottish Baronial style, and contain a rector's room, 52 feet by 30, class rooms, each 40 feet by 28, with accommodation for 1215 boys, a public hall, a library, etc. They were vested in the magistrates and town council and in certain representatives of subscribers ; but by the Edu- cation Act of 1872 passed to the supervision of the burgh school-board. The curriculum extends over five j'ears, and the number of scholars was 350 at the end of 1880, when the endo-\vment amounted to £668 per annum, including 33 bursaries, founded between 1629 and 1866, and ranging from £20 for four years to £3 for five years. Gordon's Hospital, of similar character to Heriot's Hospital in Edinburgh, was founded in 1730 by the miser Robert Gordon (1665-1732), a Danzig merchant, who bequeathed it £10,300. Chartered in 1772, and further endowed by Alexander Simpson of Collyhill in 1816, it maintains and educates sons or grandsons of deceased burgesses of gmld and of indigent to^^'nsfolk generally. It admits boys of from nine to eleven years of age, and, retaining them till fifteen, educates them in English, writing, arithmetic, book-keeping, geography, mathematics, natural philosophy, drawing, music, French, and Latin, afterwards apprenticing them to proper trades. It is governed by the magistrates, town council, and 4 ministers of Aberdeen; and had 11 masters and 200 pupils in the year ending with Oct. 1880, when its income was £6291, and its expenditure £6759. Its biulding, Grecian in style, stands in grounds stretch- ABERDEEN ing northward from School Hill, comprises a centre, erected in 1739 at a cost of £3300, and two wings, ^rith neat connecting colonnades, erected in 1834 at a cost of £14,000 more ; presents a frontage to the S, overlook- ing a lawn ; and gives one of the finest views in the city, A marble statue of the founder surmounts the S entrance, and his full-length portrait hangs in the large hall. The Boys' and Girls' Hospital, founded in 1739, and incorporated in 1852, was in 1871 transferred from Upper Kirkgate and Gallowgate to new buildings in King Street Road. Governed by the Lord Provost, 3 lite trustees, and 12 trustees elected annually, it admits poor children of St Nicholas parish, from eight to eleven years of age, and keeping them till fourteen, teaches them reading, writing, arithmetic, gi'ammar, geographj', music, and drawing, as also, if girls, sewing, knitting, and household work. In 1880 it had 100 pupils, 60 of whom were boys ; and its funds and property amounted at 31 Dec. 1879 to £55,712, the revenue for the year being £2218, and the expenditure £2122. Composed of 13 members, the Burgh School-Board, in the year ending "Whitsunday 1880, had an in- come of £19,029 (school fees, £6651 ; Government grants, £4846 ; school rate, £7101, etc.), and expended £18,777, including £12,451 for teachers' salaries. On 31 Oct. 1880, it reported 72 elementary schools, with gross accommodation for 16,595 and an average attendance of 13,087 children, viz., 12 hospital and industrial schools (accom. 2613; and attendance 994); 16 academies and ladies' schools (2274 and 1025) ; 15 private adventure or dame schools (558 and 549) ; 11 non-public but State-aided schools (3850 and 3450) ; and 18 public schools (6800 and 7069). The board's own schools, with average attendance, number of children examined, and Government grant in 1880, are — Albion Street (346, 279, £280, 17s.) ; Causewayend (759, 586, £692); Commerce Street (537, 404, £479, 6s.); Davidson's (170, 114, £149, 12s. 4d.); Dr Broom's (323, 255, £284, 10s.); Ferryhill (465, 352, £418, 15s.); Marywell Street (328, 242, £284, 19s.); Middle (744, 610, £693, 9s.) ; Northfield (435, 338, £379, Os. 6d.) ; Port- Hill (579, 510, £397, 16s. 6d.) ; Princes Street (208, 148, £162, 13s.) ; St Andrew's Street (290, 220, £264, 17s.) ; St Clement Street (450, 337, £420, 3s.) ; St Paul Street (491, 367, £429, 12s. 6d.) ; Skene Street (409, 329, £376, 17s.) ; and Trinity (141, 97, £112, 8s.). Aberdeen till lately had no public gardens, a want the more felt from the scarcity of any large open spaces within the city ; but the Victoria Park in 1872, and the Union Ten-ace Gardens in 1879, were laid out at a cost respectively of £4248 and £5110. The former Ipng on the NW outskirts of the town, near the Lunatic Asj-lum, is 13 acres in extent, measuring some 400 by 225 yards, and at its centre has a handsome granite fountain, presented by the master masons and workers of Aberdeen ; whUst Union Terrace Gardens, with well-gi'own elm and ash trees, planted in 1775, had served for some years as a convenient 'toom,' and extending northwards from Union Bridge alongthe W side of the Denburn Valley, here spanned now by another bridge leading to School Hill, have an utmost length and breadth of about 250 and 50 yards. In July 1880, too, it was intimated that Miss Duthie of Ruthrieston contemplated the fonuation of a carriage drive along the river, from the reclaimed ground to Bridge of Dee, as also, at a cost of £30,000, of a public park of 47 acres at Arthurseat, near AUenvale Cemetery, its fii'st sod being cut on 27 Aug. 1881. Aber- deen's best recreation ground, however, -vrill always re- main the Links, a stretch of velvety sward and broken sandhills (the highest. Broad Hill, 94 feet), which, 410 acres in area, extends for 2 miles along the fine level sands. Here are the battery, lifeboat house, bathing station, and golf club house ; and here, too, cricket and football are played, cattle shows and wapenshaws held, as well as the autumn horse races, revived in 1876. The Cross, at the upper end of Castle Street, is a Renaissance, open-arched, hexagonal structure of free- stone, adorned with medallions of the seven Jameses. From its centre springs a column with Corinthian 11 ABERDEEN capitol, sunnounted by a unicorn that bears an escutcheon charged •with the Scottish lion, the basement being 21 feet in diameter and 18 high, the cohimn 12i feet more. The workmanship of John Slontgomery, mason of Old Rayne, it first was erected, in 16S6, before the Tolbooth, near the site of the Flesh and Fish Crosses, and was transferred to its present position in 1842. — The monument (1S36) of George, filth Duke of Gordon, Scott's ' Cock of the North,' stands 30 yards lower down, and consists of a granite statue and pedestal, the one Hi, the other lOJ feet high, and the latter flanked by two heavy pieces of ordnance, taken at Sebastopol in 1855. — At the NW corner of Union Bridge, in a cii'cular recess, is Baron Marochetti's bronze seated statue of the Prince Consort, in field-marshal's uniform, the jack -boots very prominent. The figure is 6J feet high, its pedestal of polished Peterhead granite 8 ; and it was unveiled in presence of Her Majesty, 13 Oct. 1863. — A statue of the Queen herself, by the late Alexander Brodie, of Aberdeen, wasplacedinlS66atthe junction of Union and St Nicholas Streets. Of white Sicilian marble, and 8i feet high, it stands on a pedestal of polished Peterhead granite, 104 feet more. — A colossal bronze statue of Sir William "Wallace, 'returning defiant answer to the English am- bassadors before the battle of Stirling Bi'idge,' is also soon to be erected, Castle Street having been chosen for its site in June ISSO, and Mr John Steill, of Edinbm'gh, having left £4000 for the purpose. The only noticeable bridge within the city is Telford's Union Bridge, in the line of Union Street, over the Den- bum (now the railway) Valley. Besides three blind arches, one on the W and two on the E, it has an open arch of 132 feet span, with parapets 52 feet above the ground below, is 70 feet wide, \vith carriage-way of 21, and was constructed (1800-3) at a cost of £13,342. — Dee Bridge, li mile SW of Union Place, was till recent time the only great thoroughfare over the Dee from Aberdeen to the south, and, though rurally situated, is connected with the city by a chain of suburbs, and is under the management of the town council. It originated in a bequestof £20,000, left by Bishop Elphiustone, to builda bridge across the Dee near Aberdeen. He died 25 Oct. 1514 ; and his successor, Bishop Gavin Dunbar, carried out the intention of the legacy, and finished the bridge in 1527. Consisting of 7 arches, each of 50 feet span, this bridge eventually fell into decay, was restored (1718-21) out of funds belonging to itself, and was widened (1841-42) from 14-i to 26 feet, and other\\ise gi'eatly improved, at a cost of £7250. — Wellington Suspension Bridge, spanning the Dee at Craiglug in the vicinity of Ferryhill, li mile below Dee Bridge, was erected in 1831 at a cost of £10,000, and is 220 feet long by 22 wide. — The Railway Viaduct (1848), on the Aberdeen section of the Caledonian, crosses the Dee transversely, 3 furlongs above the Suspension Bridge, and designed by Messrs Locke & Errington, consists of 7 iron- girder arches, each about 50 feet in span, with two land arches at its northern end. — Victoria Bridge, over the Dee's new channel, in a line with Market Street and Cross Quay, is a granite five-arch structure, opened on 2 July 1S81, having cost £25,000.— The Auld Brigo' Bal- gownie, built about 1320, either by Bishop Cheyne or by King Robert Bruce, crosses the Don, 2 J miles N by AV of Castle Street. A single Gothic arch, narrow and steep, of 67 feet span and 34i high above the black deep salmon pool below, it is commemorated by B}Ton in Don Juan, where a note records how a dread prediction made him pause to cross it, and yet lean over it with a childish delight. For he was his mother's only son, and the prophecy runs : — ' Brig o' Balgownie, black's j-our wa' (or, though wight be your wa'), Wi' a wife's ae son, and a uieer's ae foal, Down ye shall fa' ! ' In 1605 Sir Alexander Hay left lands of a yearly value of £2, 8s. 5id. to keep the Auld Brig in repair ; its ac- cumulated funds amounted (1872) to £23,153, though out of those funds in 1825 was built the new Bridge of Don, 500 yards lower down, for £17,100. With five 12 ABERDEEN semicircular arches, each about 86 feet in span, this last is 26i feet wide and 41 high. The Aberdeen railway, amalgamated (1866) with the Caledonian, was opened for traffic up to Guild Street terminus in 1848 ; and the Great North of Scotland was opened from Himtly to Kittybrewstcr in 1854, and thence extended, two years afterwards, to Waterloo terminus. The break — 700 j^ards of crowded quays — between these termini had proved a great hindrance to intercommunication, when, in 1864, the two com- panies were empowered to construct the Denburn Val- ley line, on a cajutal of £190,000, of which the Great North of Scotland subscribed £125,000. The junction railway runs If mile north-north-westward from Guild Street to Kittybrewstcr, being carried beneath Union Bridge, and through two short tunnels under Woolman Hill and Maberley Street ; and the Great North Com- pany abandoned their Waterloo branch, except for goods traffic, on the opening (1867) of the new Joint Guild Street station, which, over 500 feet long by 100 wide, is one of the finest stations in Scotland, its lofty iron-girder roof being modelled after that of Victoria station, Pimlico. — Street tramways, 2 miles, 54 chains long, on the line of Union, King, St Nicholas, and George Streets, were opened in 1874, and extended to Mannofield in 1880, their aggregate cost of construction being £18,791, whilst, in the year ending Jime 1879, the passengers numbered 957,115, and the receipts amounted to £5080, tho expenditure to £3959. From a cistern, formed about 1766 at the head of Broad Street, and fed by the Fountainhall and other streams, 187,200 gallons of water were daily obtained ; but this supply proving insufficient, the police commis- sioners resolved in 1830 to sujiplement it from the Dee. A pump-house was accordingly erected near the N end of the Bridge of Dee ; but its two engines, each of 50 horse-power, could daily raise through a 15-inch main no more than 1,000,000 gallons to a gi'anite reservoir at the W end of Union Street, which, vd\.\\ storage capacity of 94,728 gallons, stood 40 feet higher than the street itself, and 130 higher than the pumping- station. This fresh supply, too, proving quite inade- quate, the commissioners next resolved, in 1862, to supersede pumping by gravitation, and to that end pro- cured powers to abstract between 2,500,000 and 6,000,000 gallons daily from the Dee at Cairnton, 23 miles up the river, and 224 feet above the level of the sea. Similar to those of Glasgow, and rivalled in Scotland by them alone, the new Aberdeen waterworks were planned by the late James Simpson, C.E. , of London. An aque- duct from Cairnton intake passes, by tunnel, through half a mile of rock, and thence goes half a mile further to Invercanny reservoir, in which 10,000,000 gallons can be stored, and from which the main aqueduct, 18 miles long, leads to the reservoir at Brae of Pitfodels. This, li mile WSW of Union Place, and 162 feet above sea-level, can hold 6,000,000 gallons ; and a high-ser- vice reservoir on Hillhead of Pitfodels (420 feet) con- tains about 500,000 more. Commenced in the spring of 1864, the waterworks were opened by the Queen on Oct. 16, 1866 ; their cost, which was estimated at £103,999, had reached £161,524 in 1872. During the three months April to June 1880, the daily water con- sumption was 4,378,780 gallons, 4,144,000 being from the low-service, and 234,780 from the high-service reser- voir ; while, for the twelvemonth ending vnfh the Sep- tember following, the water account showed an income of £13,023, and an outlay of £11,426. Aberdeen has good natural drainage facilities, but has been slow to turn them to account. In 1865 there were but two or three common sewers in the new principal streets, besides the Denburn, the Holbm-n on the S, the Powis or Tyle Bum on the N, and a few tinier rills. Furnishing water-power to numerous works, these streams threw up the filth that they received ; the Den- burn, too, though often in summer almost dry, and though the outlet, Avithin 600 yards, of between 40 and 50 minor sewers, was disposed in cascades, and carried along an ornamental channel. Small wonder to ABERDEEN ABERDEEN find it described as 'highly polluted,' as 'bringing down to its mouth at the harbour a thick and fetid slime that exhales, at lo\v -water, great volumes of poisonous gas ; ' nay, even in the best quarters of the city some houses were solely drained into back -garden cesspools, iluch has been done since then ; the Denburn in its lower course having been covered over, and £62,695 expended during 1867-72 on the purchase of old, and the construction of new, sewers within the municipal bounds. In 1875, however, these works were described by Mr Alexander Smith, C.E. , as far from perfect, 'the main sewers having been laid in zones, almost on dead- level intercepting sewers with reversible outfalls, in- stead of being laid in a position to take advantage of the natural outfalls.' By one of the four main sewers 44 acres of the Spital lands were successfully irrigated in 1871 ; and in 1876 it was proposed thus to utilise all the sewage of the low-l}'ing parts of the city, 624 acres being required for the purpose. Two schemes were laid before the to^vn council, the cost of one being £31,221, of the other £29,540. In 1880 a surplus of £130 re- mained on the sewerage account, and of £336 on that of the public health. — The earliest Gas Light Company (1824) had their works near the present site of Guild Street station, whilst a new company (1840) had theirs at the Sandilands, just off the links ; and on these companies' amalgamation, the former premises were sold to the Scottish North Eastern. In 1871 the Sandilands works themselves were acquired by the corporation at a totalcost of £120,809. For ages a mere expanse of open water, the harbour, so far back as the 14th century, seems to have been pro- tected by a bulwark, repaired or rebuilt in 1484. A stone pier on "the S side of the channel was formed between 1607 and 1610, in which latter year a great stone, called Knock Maitland or Craig Metellan, was removed from the harbour's entry ' by the renowned art and Industrie of that ingenious and vertuous citizen, David Anderson of Finzcauch, from his skill in mechanics popularly kno-nii as Davie do a' thing.' The eastward extension of the wharf, whereby a fine meadow of ground was re- claimed, was carried on slowly (1623-59), and before 1661 a shipbuilding dock had been constructed at Foot- dee ; but, all improvements notwithstanding, navigation continued difficult and perilous, owing to a bar of sand, on which at low tide was scarcely 2 feet of water. To remedy this evil, the magistrates in 1770 procured a plan from Smeaton, in accordance wherewith the new N pier was built (1775-81) at a cost of £18,000. Curv- ing slightly northwards, it had a length of 1200 feet, a height of from 16 to 30 feet, and a breadth of from 20 to 36 feet at the base, of from 12 to 24 at the top, its dimen- sions increasing seawards. By Telford this pier was ex- tended (1810-16) to a further length of almost 900 feet, at a cost of £66,000; and to protect it, a southern breakwater, nearly 800 feet long, was finished in 1815, at a cost of £14,000 more. The next great undertaking was the construction (1840-48) of the Victoria Dock, 28 acres in extent — 7J above Regent Bridge, — with 2053 yards of wharfage, and tide-locks 80 feet wide, the depth of water on whose sill is 21 feet at ordinary spring tides. This left about 18 acres of tidal harbour, and so things stood till Dec. 1869, when' was commenced the southward diversion of the Dee from the Suspension Bridge downwards. The new channel, curving a little over a mile, and at its bottom 170 feet wide, was com- pleted at a cost of £51,585 in 1872, the total sum ex- pended on harbour improvements up to that date since 1810 amounting to £1,509,638. Other works under the Act of 1868 have been the building of a new S breakwater of concrete, 1050 feet long and 47 high, at a cost of £76,443 (1870-73) ; a further extension of the N pier by 500 feet, at a cost of £44,000 (1874-77) ; and the filling up of the Dee's old bed, on which, in a line ■nith the dock-gates, it is now (1881) proposed to form a graving-dock, 559 by 74 feet, as also gradually to re- arrange the docks at a total cost of £72,000, by build- ing a new end to the Victoria Dock, \x\i\\ bridge and railway across, removing Regent Bridge and approaches, lowering the dock-sill, pro^-iding a caisson bridge, etc. Girdleness Lighthouse, with two fixed lights, 115 and 185 feet above mean tide, was built in 1833 to the S of the harbour entrance, which, widened now to 400 yards, leads out of Aberdeen Bay, a safe enough anchorage this with offshore winds, though not with a NE, E, or SE wind. Valued at £13,874 in 1881, the har- bour is managed by 19 commissioners chosen from the town council, and by 12 other elected commis- sioners. The aggregate tonnage registered as belonging to the port was 310 in 1G56, 4964 in 1788, 17,131 in 1810, 34,235 in 1821, 30,460 in 1831, 38,979 in 1841, 50,985 in 1851, 74.232 in 1S61, 99,936 in 1871, 119,184 in 1879, and 118,182 on 31 Dec. 1880, viz.,— 158 sail- ing vessels of 92,217, and 53 steamships of 25,965 tons. The harbour revenue, again, was £7215 in 1811, £9161 in 1821, £12,239 in 1831, £18,657 in 1841, £20,190 in 1851, £28,4.36 in 1861, £32,292 in 1871, and £43,645 in 1879, when the expenditure was £36,634. Both lists show almost constant growth ; as like^^-ise does the fol- lo■^^"ing table, giving the aggregate tonnage of vessels that entered and cleared from and to foreign ports and coastwise, in cargoes, and also — for the three last years — in ballast : — Entered. Cleared. 1845 1856 1869 1874 1879 ISSO British. For'gn. Total. British. For'gn. Total. 269,731 283,831 339,299 431,110 486,581 452,132 8,781 10,072 32,815 45,908 34,566 51,907 278,512 293,903 372,114 477,018 521,147 534,039 211,117 209,956 202,630 433,781 479,218 471,044 3,639 2,286 13,512 42,971 33,175 48,419 214,756 212 242 216|i42 476,752 512,393 519,463 Of the total, 2325 vessels of 534,039 tons, that entered in 1880, 1203 of 368,355 tons were steamers, 134 of 12,825 tons were in ballast, and 1969 of 439,451 tons were coasters ; whilst the total, 2122 of 512,393 tons, of those that cleared included 1177 steamers of 357,777 tons, 1066 vessels in ballast of 222,419 tons, and 2078 coasters of 467,306 tons. The trade is mainly, then, a coasting, and more an import than an export one ; and coal is a chief article of import, 277,356 tons having been received coastwise here in 1879. Other imports are lime, flax, hemp, jute, wool, timber, oats, wheat, maize, flour, salt, iron, bones, guano, etc. ; exports are flax and cotton fabrics, woollen cloths, grain, oatmeal, cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, pork, butter, eggs, salmon, preserved meats, granite, and Scotch pine timber. The amount of customs in 1862 was £92,963; in 1868, £80,415; in 1869, £77,447; in 1879, £98,632. Shii>building was carried on as early as the 15th cen- tury, and in the days of wooden ships, the Aberdeen ' clipper bow,' of i\Iessrs Hall's invention, won for itself a wide repute. Its fame endures, but iron since 1839 has by degrees been superseding wood, in spite of re- moteness from coal and iron fields. During 1832-36 there were built here 38 vessels of 6016 tons, and during 1875-79 48 of 28,817 tons, of which 22 of 9595 tons were steamers ; in 18S0 the number was 7 of 5849 tons, all of them iron steamships. Aberdeen is head of the fishery district between Montrose and Peterhead, in which, during 1878, there were cured 93,344 barrels of white herrings, besides 51,800 cod, ling, and hake, taken by 374 boats of 3158 tons, the persons employed being 1006 fishermen and boys, 53 fish-curers, 194 coopers, and 3970 others ; and the ag- gregate value of boats, nets, and lines, being estimated at £34,261. For 1880 the herring catch was returned as 77,975 crans, against 76,125 in 1877, 63,740 in 1878, and 36,000 in 1879. The manufactures of Aberdeen are at once extensive and varied, its industrial establishments in 1881 includ- ing 3 comb, 1 cotton, 3 linen, 10 woollen and wincey, 1 carpet, 2 tape, 3 soap and candle, 3 tobacco and snuff, and 3 pipe factories ; 2 paper mills ; the Kubislaw bleachfields ; 8 breweries ; 4 distilleries ; 4 chemical works ; 16 engineering, iron-founding, boiler, and agri- 13 ABERDEEN cultural implement works ; 4 saw, 2 file, 6 gun, and 4 brush factories ; 25 mills and meal stores ; 5 tan- ning or currj-ing works ; 12 rope, twine, and sail factories ; 2 brickfields, etc. , with — last but not least — the yards of 53 granite polishers and 6 stone mer- chants. — The hosiery trade of Scotland began in Aber- deen, with which the African Company (1695) con- tracted for woollen stockings ; and at the time when Pennant wrote (1771), 69,333 dozen pairs of stockings were yearly produced here, these being worth about 30s. per dozen, and being chiefly exported to Holland, for dispersion thence through Germany. But the trade has since dwindled into insignificance. — The linen manufacture, introduced about 1745, soon grew so large as to pay some £5000 a-year in wages ; and now, in the articles of thread, sailcloth, osnaburgs, brown linens, and sacking, employs between 2000 and 3000 hands. The thread manufacture was introduced at a later date than the spinning ; was soon carried to great perfection ; and emploj'ed 600 men, 2000 women, and 100 boys in 1795, when the sailcloth manufacture was commenced. — Several large flax-spinning factories were established on the Don, near Old Aberdeen, about 1800. — The woollen manufactm-e, in the beginning of last century, comprised chiefly coarse slight cloths, called plaidens and fingi'oms. These were made by the farmers and cottagers from the wool of their own sheep, by the citizens from wool supplied by country hill- farms, and were mostly exported to Hamburg. "Woollen factories were established in the city about 1748 ; are still there of considerable extent ; and belong to the same proprietors as factories at Garlogie and Don, with these consiuning about 2,000,000 lbs. of wool per annum, and emplopng upwards of 1400 hands. The carpet manufactm'e has an annual value of about £50,000, the tweed manufacture (at Grandholm em- ploying nearly 600 hands) of more than £120,000, and the wincey manufacture of at least £250,000. The aggi-egate woollen trade employs at least 600 hand- looms, 230 power-looms, and 3000 or more persons ; and annually produces upwards of 3,000,000 yards of fabrics. — Banner Mill is now the only cotton factory, but is so extensive as to employ above 650 hands. — The meat-preserving trade of Scotland was commenced at Aberdeen in 1822 ; made slow progi'ess for a time, till it overcame prejudice and created a market ; began by preserving salmon for exportation, and proceeded to the preserving of meats, game, soups, and vegetables ; is now carried on in several establishments ; employs up- wards of 500 persons, produces preserved provisions to the annual value of about £221,000 ; supplies a large i:)roportion of the meat stores to ships sailing from Glasgow, Liverpool, and London ; and has extensive connection with India, China, and Australia. Salmon, caught chiefly in the Dee and Don, appears to have been exported from as early as 1281, and was shipped to the Continent towards the end of the 17th century, at the rate of about 360 barrels yearly, of 250 lbs. each. The quantity sent to London, during the seven years 1822-28, amounted to 42,654 boxes, and during the eight years 1829-36 to 65,260 boxes ; but later years have \vitnessed a decline. Dried whitings and haddocks, sometimes called Aberdeen haddocks from their being shipped at Aberdeen, oftener called Tin don or Finnan haddocks from a village about 6 miles to the S where they were originally dried for the market, are a considerable article of commerce coastwise as far as to London. Beef and miitton also are largely prepared for exportation ; and, together with live stock, are forwarded to the southern markets to the value of about £1,000,000 a-year. — Steam-engines, anchors, chains, cables, and all kinds of machinery are manu- factured in extensive ironworks at Ferry hill, Footdee, and other localities. — Rope-making, paper-making, soap- making, comb-making, and leather manufacture also are carried on. — The granite trade has been associated •with Aberdeen for fully 300 years ; and now it makes a very great figure. Eli'ective quarrying was not begun till about 1750, nor the exporting tUl 1764 ; whilst the 14 ABERDEEN use of machinery in quarrying dates only from about 1795, the dressing of the gi-anite into regular cubes from 1800, and the polishing of granite for manufacture into monuments, columns, fountains, etc. , from 1818. But now the trade in dressed blocks for paving, bridges, wharves, docks, and lighthouses, and so forth, is gigantic ; while that in polished granite, or in numer- ous and diversified ornamental articles of polished granite, at once exercises remarkable artistic skill, and is considerably and increasingly extensive. Upwards of 80,000 tons of granite are cpiarried annually in Aber- deenshire and the contiguous parts of Kincardineshire, and more than half of the quantity quarried is exported. The quarrying employs upwards of 1000 hands ; the transporting and the working employ a proportionally large number of hands, and the polishing and con- structing into ornamental objects employ very many skilled workmen. The tons of granite exported from Aberdeen were 25.557 in 1840, 3"o,3S5 in 1850, 32,023 in 1865, 43,790 in 1867, and upwards of 50,000 in 1868. A weekly grain market is held on Friday ; a linen market, on the Green, is held on the last Wednesday of April ; a wool market, also on the Green, is held on Thursday and Friday of the fij-st week of June, and of the first and second weeks of July ; and a market for wooden utensils, in Castle Street, is held on the last Wednesday of August ; but none of these, except the weekly one, is now of importance. Hiring markets are held in Castle Street on several Fridays about AVhit- sunday and Martinmas. A printing-press was started by Edward Raban in 1621, from which in 1626 the earliest Scottish almanac was issued, and in 1748 the Aberdeen Journal, the oldest newspaper N of the Forth. There now are 16 printing-offices, and 7 newspapers — the daily and Saturday Conservative Journal (1748), the Satiu'day Liberal Herald (1806), the Liberal Daihj Free Press (1853), the Tuesday Northern Advertiser (1856), the Saturday Liberal Pcojile's Journal (1858), the Saturday Weekly Keics (1864), and the Evening Express (1879). — The Spalding Club was instituted in 1839, for printing historical, ecclesiastical, genealogical, topographical, and literary remains of the north-eastern counties of Scot- land ; and issued to its members nearly 40 volumes of gi-eat interest and value, including Dr Stewart's Sculp- tured Stones of Scotland and The Booh of Deer ; but it came to a close in 1870. See John Stuart's Notices of the S'palding Club (1871). The Town Council consists of a Lord Provost, 6 bailies, 6 oflice-bearers, 12 councillors, and 8 others ; and the municipal constituency numbered 1902 in 1841, 2961 in 1851, 2701 in 1861, 9347 in 1871, and 12,193 in 1881. The corporation revenue was £15,184 in 1832, £18,648 in 1840, £16,894 in 1854, £11,376 in 1864, £11,447 in 1870, £12,560 in 1874, and (including assessments and gas revenue) £122,328 in 1880, when for the twelvemonth ending with September, the revenue on the general purposes account was £28,699, the ex- penditure £25,450, and the outlay on capital account £73,044. By the Aberdeen Municipality Extension Act of 1871, the powers of the former commissioners of police were transferred to the town coimcil, the busi- ness of the police department being thenceforth managed by separate committees. The watching force for city and harbour comdsts of a supermtendent (salary £350), 2 lieutenant.?, 3 inspectors, 4 detectives, 9 sergeants, 87 constables, and a female turnkey, the total cost of that force being £6955, 10s. in 1878 ; and the nimibor of persons arrested was 1959 in 1875, 2085 in 1876, 1939 in 1877, 1077 in 1878, 1873 in 1879, and 1988 in 1880, of which last number 1817 were tried, and 1755 convicted. The shcrifi" court for the county is held in the Court-House on Wednesdays and Fridays, the small debt court on Thursdays, the debts recovery court on Fridays, the commissary court on Wednesdays, and the general quarter sessions on the first Tuesday of March, May, and August, and the last Tuesday of October. — The jjarliamentary constituency numbered 2024 in 1834, ABERDEEN 3586 in 1861, and 14,146 in 1S81, of wTiora 3037 be- longed to tlie First Ward, 3842 to the Second, 3313 to the°Tliird, 1997 to the Foui-th, 522 to the Fifth or Ruthrieston, 849 to the Sixth or Woodside, and 586 to the Seventh or Old Aberdeen. The burgh returns one member to Parliament — always a Liberal since 1837, the present member polling 7505 votes in 1880 against his opponent's 3139.— The annual value of real property within the parliamentary burgh, assessed at £101,613 in 1815, has risen since the passing of the Valuation Act from £178,168 in 1856, to £193,336 in 1861, £226,534 in 1866, £283,650 in 1871, £323,197 in 1876, and (exclusive of £14,403 for railways, tram- ways, and waterworks) £414,864, 4s. in 1881, this last sum being thus distributed :— East parish, £28,428, 4s. lid. ; West, £36,815, 17s. 2d. ; North, £27,802, 3s. lOd. ; South, £37,085, 15s. Id. ; Grevfriars, £23,298, 8s. ; St Clement's, £48,744, 7s. 8d. ; Old Machar, £212,410, 17s. 4d. ; and Banchory-Devenick, £278, 10s. — Tlie population is said to have numbered 2977 in 1396, 4000 in 1572, 5833 in 1581, 8750 in 1643, 5556 in 1708, and 15,730 in 1755, the last being that of the parliamentary burgh, which during the present century is shown by the Census thus to have increased — (1801) 26,992, (1811) 34,649, (1821) 43,821, (1831) 56,681, (1841) 63,288, (1851) 71,973, (1861) 73,805, (1871) 88,189, (1881) 105,003, of whom 399 belonged to the City Poorhouse, 247 to the Royal Infirmary, 165 to the shipping, 21 to the Naval Reserve, 50,525 (26,455 females) to St Nicholas, and 56,002 (31,140 females) to Old Machar, the subdi^■isions of these two last being given under the Churches, on p. 9. Old Abeedeex, though falling within the parlia- mentary bui'gh, and though barely 1| mile N by AV of Castle Street, yet merits separate notice as an inde- pendent burgh of regality, as a quondam episcopal city, and as the seat of a imiversity. Consisting chiefly of a single street, it commences at Spital, near the N end of Gallowgate, and thence extends a good mile north- ward to the immediate vicinity of the Don. "With its gardens and orchards, it wears a quiet countrified appearance, and, but for a few modern villas here and there, might almost be said to have remained three centrndes unchanged. The northern end is strikingly picturesque, the Chanonry there, or andent cathedral precinct, containing once cathedral, ejiiscopal palace, deanery, prebends' lodgings, etc., and though now stripped of some of its features, presenting still in the massive form and short spiked steeples of the cathedral, amid a cluster of fine old trees on the cro'wn of a bank sloping down to the Don, a scene of beauty hardly ex- celled by aught of the kind in Britain. The Town-House stands about 300 yards S of the cathedral ; was built in 1702, and renovated towards the end of the century ; and contains a large hall, a council-room, and other official chambers. — The cross stood in front of the site of the Town-House, included a stepped pedestal, and a shaft surmoimted by a figure of the Virgin ; and was defaced at the Reformation, re- moved when the To-wn-House was rebuilt. — A well at the Town-House was formed in 1769, with a cistern in what had been called the Thief s Hole ; and was pro- vided with 625 yards of piping. — The entrance-gate to Powis' Garden fronts the College buildings, has a lofty roimd tower on either side, surmounted by gilded crescents, and forms a marked feature in the burghal landscape. — The Hermitage crowning an eminence in Powis' Garden is another picturesque object ; and a conical mount, the Hill of Tillydi'one, a little AV of the cathedral, is said by some to have been artificially formed by Bruce's soldiers for a watchguard station ; by others, to have served for beacon fires ; by others, to have been the seat of ancient civil, criminal, or ecclesi- astical courts. The exact date of the erection of the see of Aberdeen is unknown, the legend of its original foundation by Malcolm II. at Mohtlach in Bantishire resting on five forged documents. Thence it is said to have been transferred by David I. (1124-53), but all that is certain ABERDEEN is that a charter granted by the Mormaer of Buchan for refounding the church of Deer early in David's reign was witnessed by 'Nectan, Bishop of Aberdeen,' whilst a bull by Pope Adrian IV. confirmed in 1157 to Edward, Bishop of Aberdeen, the church of Aberdeen and the church of St ilachar, with the to'\\Ti of Old Aberdeen and other lands (Skene's Celt. Scot., vol. ii. , 1876, p. 378). Do^vn to the Reformation, the see was held by 26 bishops, the twelfth of whom, Alexander Kinin- inonth II. (1356-80), laid the foundations of the present Cathedral of SS. Mary and Machar, preserving nothing of two earlier structures. The work was carried on by his successors, and in 1532 the cathedral presented a five-baj'ed nave, an aisleless choir, a transept, lady- chapel, and consistory, with two western octagonal steejiles 113^ feet high, and a great central tower of freestone, rising 150 feet, in which hung 14 bells. De- struction soon succeeded to construction, for the Meams rabble in 1560 despoiled the cathedral of all its costly ornaments, demolishing the choir ; the transepts were crushed by the fall of the central tower in 1688. All that remains is the nave, now the parish church (126 by 67i feet), a parvised S porch, the western towers, and fragments of the transept walls, containing the richly sculptured but mutilated tombs of Henry de Lichtoim (d. 1440), Gavin Dunbar (d. 1532), and a third lmkno■^^-n bishop. The only granite cathedral in the world, this, although dating from the Second Pointed age, has many survivals of the Norman style, notably its short massive rounded piers and plain unmoulded ' storm ' or clerestory windows ; other features are the gi'eat western window, divided by six long shafts of stone, a low-browed doorway beneath it with heavy semicircular arch, and the finely carved pulpit, a relic of the wood-carvings, that else were hewn in pieces in 1649. The plainness of the whole is redeemed by the carving and gilding of a flat panelled oaken ceiling, emblazoned with the arms of 48 benefactors, and restored in 1869-71, when two galleries also were removed, and other improvements efl'ected under the super\dsion of the late Sir G. G. Scott at a total cost of £4280. Five stained-glass windows, too, have been inserted (1871-74), the western to the Duke of Gordon's memory, another to that of the Aberdonian painters, Jameson, Phillip, and Dyce. (See Billings, vol. i. , 1848; and Walcott's Scoti-Monasticon, 1874, -with authorities cited there). — E of the cathedral the iDishop's palace (c. 1470), with a large fair coui't and 4 high towers, stood near the site of the present resi- dence of the Divinity Professor ; to the S stood the deanery, on ground now occupied by Old ilachar Manse ; and to the W was a hospital founded in 1532 by Bishop Gavin Dunbar for 12 poor bedesmen ; its revenues now are distributed to 18 men in their own homes. — A church and a hospital, dedicated to St Peter, stood \rithin Spital burying-gi'ound, near the S end of the town ; and another church, St Mary ad Nives, commonly called Snow Kirk, stood behind houses a little NW of the Spital burying-gi'omid. Both churches, by an act of Parliament in 1583, were imited to the cathedral church. The western portion of Spital burying-ground is very ancient, but the eastern is recent ; the Snow Kirk burjing-gi'ound is now the Roman Catholic ceme- tery. — The Free church, the only place of worship now in Old Aberdeen besides the cathedral, stands about midway between it and King's College, and is a neat edifice, renovated in 1880. King's College stands on the E side of the main street, nearly I mile S of the cathedral. It was begun in 1500, and now exhibits a mixture of architecture, mediteval and modem. Its original form, a complete quadrangle, with three towers, is depicted in a curious painting of the 17th centurj', preserved within the college ; but one of these towers has perished, another is only a fragment. The third, 100 feet high, was rebuilt about 1636 at the NW corner, and is a massive structure, buttressed nearly to the top, and bearing aloft a lantern of crossed rib arches, surmounted by a beautiful imperial crown, with finial cross. Lantern and crown somewhat re- semble those of St Giles', Edinburgh, and St Nicholas', 15 ABERDEEN ABERDEEN Newcastle-on-TjTie ; but they liave much less of the spire about them, and are far more in keejiing with the spirit of Gothic architecture. The adjoining western or street front is a reconstruction of 1826, and. Perpendi- cular in style, is out of harmony with the tower. The entire original college appears to have been executed in a mixture of the Scottish and the French Gothic styles ; and was specially distinguished by the retention of the semicircular arch, at a time long subsequent to the general use of the pointed arch throughout England. Much of that pile still stands, preserving all its original features, and serving as one of the best extant specimens of the Scottish architecture of its period. The W side of the quadrangle is disposed in class-rooms ; the S side consists of plain building, mth a piazza ; and the E side contains the common hall, 62 by 22i feet, en- riched with portraits and vrith. Jameson's famous paint- ings of the Ten Sibyls. The N side contains the chapel and the library, and for interior character is deeply in- teresting. The chapel is the choir of the original college church, and has canopied stalls of beautifully carved black oak, with screens of the same material, 'which,' says Hill Burton, * for beauty of Gothic design and practical finish, are perhaps the finest piece of carved work existing in the British Empire.' The tomb of Bishop Elphin- stone is in the middle of the chapel, and was once highly ornamented, but is now covered with an uninscribed slab of black marble. The library is the former nave, measures 58 feet by 29, retains the original W window of the church, and is separated from the chapel by a parti- tion wall. The imiversity library possesses more than 90,000 volumes, and there are also museums of natural history, medicine, archeology, etc. A scholastic institution, serving as a germ of the college, existed from the time of Malcolm IV. The col- lege itself originated in a bull of Pope Alexander VI., ob- tained by application of James IV. , on supplication of Bishop Elphinstone, for a imiversity to teach theology, canon and civil law, medicine, and the liberal arts, and to grant degrees. The bull was issued in 1494, but did not take effect till 1505. The college was dedicated to the Holy Trinity and the Virgin Mary, but being placed under the immediate protection of the king came to be known as King's College. James IV. and Bishop Elphinstone endowed it with large revenues. Six teachers for life and five for a certain number of years, were to carry on its tuition. The primus was styled principal, and was to be a master of theology ; the second, third, and fourth were the doctors of canon and civil law and of medicine ; the fifth was styled regent and sub- principal, and was to be a master of arts ; the sixth was to teach literature, and to be also a master of arts ; the five not holding their positions for life were like- \vise to be masters of arts ; and all eleven, except the doctor of medicine, were to be ecclesiastics. A faithful model of the University of Paris, King's College, with its four ' nations ' of Slar, Buchan, Moray, and Angus, par- took partly of a monastic, partly of an eleemosynary, character ; but, as it progressed, it underwent change, at once in its practical working, in the staff of its profes- sors, and in the amount of its endo^vments. It became comparatively very wealthy towards the era of the Refor- mation, and had it been allowed to retain the wealth which it had then acquired it might at the present day have vied with the great colleges of England ; but, through the grasping avarice of Queen Slary's courtiers, it was deprived of much of its property. • It, however, received some new possessions from Charles I. ; it had, in 1836, an income of £2363 from endowments and crown grants ; and it acquired £11,000 from a bequest by Dr Simpson, of Worcester, in 1840, when its bur- saries numbered 128, of the aggregate yearly value of £1643. In 1838, the University Commissioners had re- commended that King's College here, and ]\Iarischal College in Aberdeen, should be united into one univer- sity, to be called the University of Aberdeen, with its seat at Old Aberdeen, and that recommendation Avas adopted in tlie Universities Act of 1858, and carried into effect on Sept. 15, 1860. Holding the funds of 16 both colleges, and ranking from the year 1494, the date of King's College, the university has 250 bui'saries, of which 223 are attached to the faculty of arts, and 27 to that of theology. They vary from £5 to £50, and average fully £20 apiece, their aggregate value being £5179 ; there are also eight scholarships of fi'om £70 to £100 per annum. The classes for arts and divinity are now held in King's College, and those for law and medicine in Marischal College. The session, in arts and divinity, extends from the beginning of November to the first Friday of April ; in law, from the first Monday of November to the end of ]\Iarch ; and in medicine, for ■ft-inter, from last AVednesday of October to the end of April, for summer, from the fii'st Monday of May to the end of July. The general council meets twice a year — on the "Wednesday after the second Tuesday of April, and on the Wednesday after the second Tuesday of October. The chief officers are a chancellor, elected by the general council ; a vice-chancellor, appomted by the chancellor ; a lord rector, elected by the matriculated students ; a principal, appointed by the Cro-wn ; and four assessors, chosen by respectively the chancellor, the rector, the general council, and the senatus academicus. The university court consists of the rector, the principal, and the four assessors ; and the senatus academicus con- sists of the principal and the professors. The chairs, with the dates of their establishment and their emolu- ments, including estimated amounts from fees, are — Greek (1505, £607) ; humanity (1505, £578) ; mathe- matics (1505, £536) ; natural philosophy (1505, £524) ; moral philosophy (1505, £492) ; natural history (1593, £468) ; logic (1860, £492) ; divinity and church history (1616, £486) ; systematic theology (1620, £566) ; Oriental languages (1674, £439) ; divinity and biblical criticism (1860, £130) ; law (1505, £303) ; chemistry (1505, £531) ; practice of medicine (1700, £254) ; anatomy (1839, £600) ; surgery (1839, £266) ; medical logic and medical jurisprudence (1857, £222) ; institutes of medicine (1860, £272); materia medica (1860, £242) ; raidmfery (1860, £223); and botany (1860, £377). The Crown appoints to 16 of the chairs, the univer- sity court to 5, and a composite body of 20 mem- bers to the chair of systematic theology. There are also three lectureships — one called the Murray Sunday Lecture (1821), one on practical religion (1825), and one on agi'iculture (1840) ; as well as assistantships to the Greek, humanity, mathematics, natural philosophj', chemistry, anatomy, materia medica, and medical logic and jurisprudence chairs, all instituted in 1860. The Act of 185S awarded compensation, to the aggregate amount of £3500 a-year, to such professors and others as were displaced by new arrangements, authorised the erection of new buildings at King's College, and I'epairs and alterations in Marischal College, at an estimated cost of respectively £17,936 and £800, and fixed a new scale of emoluments, allotting £599 a-year to the prin- cipal, and to professors as given above. The number of members of the general council in 1880 was 2649 ; of matriculated students in the winter session (1879-80) 701, and in the summer session (1880) 233. The gradu- ates in 1880 were— M.A., 65; M.D., 25; M.B., 51; CM., 48; D.D., 3; and B.D., 1. The University of Aberdeen unites with that of Glasgow under the Reform Act of 1867, in sending a member to Parliament ; they have always returned a Conservative since 1869, the pre- sent member in 1880 polling 2520 against his opponent's 2139 votes. The Grammar School stands E of the Town-House ; is a very modest building, with a small playground ; has accommodation for 91 scholars ; and is chiefly engaged in preparing boys for university bursaries. It dates from time immemorial ; but, strictly speaking, is only a sessional school, connected with the kirk-scssion of Old Machar. The Gymnasium, or Chanonry School, is private property, but has some characteristics of an important public school ; was opened in 1848, with de- sign to prepare boys for the university ; has accommoda- tion for boarders, 9 class-rooms with capacity for at least 150 boys, and 2 playgrounds ; and is conducted by ABERDEEN tue proprietor, a rector, and 7 masters. There are also a public school and a Bell's school, which, with respec- tive accommodation for 200 and 353 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 235 and 280, and grants of £209, 7s, and £267, 19s. Mitchell's Hospital stands in the south-western vicinity of the cathedral, is a one-story edifice, forming three sides of a square, with garden at- tached, and was founded in 1801 for lodging, clothing, and maintaining 5 widows and 5 unmarried daughters of burgesses of Old Aberdeen. The'magistrates, from the al)olition of Episcopacy till 1723, were appointed by the Crown, and from 1723 till the passing of the Municipal Act, were elected by their own predecessors. The town council consists now of a provost, 4 bailies, 8 merchant councillors, trades coun- cillors, and a treasurer. The magistrates are trustees of £2792 3 per cent, consols as endowment of Dr Bell's school ; and some of them share in the management of Mitchell's Hospital. The burgh is ill-defined as to limits, has little property, and no debts. There are 7 incor- porated trades, but no guildry. Pop. (1851) 1490, (1861) 1785, (1871) 1857, (1S81) 2186. Colonel Robertson maintains, in his Gaelic Tojjograjyliy (1869), that by old -WTiters New Aberdeen was always discriminated from Old Abcrclon ; the former he de- rives from the Gaelic ahliir-reidh-an ('smooth river confluence'), the latter from ahhir-domhain ('deep con- fluence '). Such discrimination, however, exists in his imagination only, the name of both kirktoAvn and sea- port being %Tritten indifl'erently Aherdoen, Aberdon, Abcrdin, Abcrdene, etc., and in Latin oftenest appearing as Aberdonia ; so that one may take it to mean the ford or mouth of either Don or Dee, according as one assigns the priority of foundation to Old or New Aberdeen. And history fails us here, save only that, whilst Old Aber- deen was possibly the seat of a Columban monastery, New Aberdeen is certainly not identical with Devana, a town of the Taexali in the 2d century A.D., Ptolemy placing this fully 30 miles inland, near the Pass of Bal- later, and close to Loch Daven. The earliest mention, then, of Aberdeen is also the earliest mention of its see, already referred to on p. 15 ; next in Snorro's Ice- landic Heimshringla, we read, under date 1153, how Eysteinn, a Norwegian kinglet, set forth on a freebooting voyage, and, touching at Orkney, thence spread his sails southwards, and ' steering along the eastern shores of Scotland, brought his ships to the town of Apardion, where he killed many people, and wasted the city.' Again, the Orkneyinga Saga records how Swein Asleif's son went over to Caithness and up through Scotland, and in Apardion was well entertained for a month by Malcolm IV., 'who then was nine winters old,' which places this visit in 1162. Of authentic charters, the oldest was granted about 1179 by AVilliam the Lyon at Perth, and confirmed to his burgesses of Aberdeen the free-trade privilege enjoyed by their forefatliers under his grandsire David I. (1124-53) ; and William here esta- blished an exchequer with a mint, and built a palace, which he bestowed in 1211 on monks of the Holy Trinity. Alexander II. kept Yule in Aberdeen (1222), founded its Blackfriars or Dominican priory, and allowed its burgesses to hold a Sunday market ; during his reign the town was accidently destroyed by fire (1224). Under Alexander III. (1249-85) the Castle was built, the burgh common seal is mentioned (1271), and we first hear of a provost or alderman (1284). On 14th July 1296, Edward I. , in his progress through the realm, came unto Aber- deen, ' a fair castell and a good to\Mi vpon the see, and tarayed there v. days ;' a little later Wallace is said by Blind Harry to have burned 100 English vessels in the haven. Bruce, from his rout at Methven (1306), took refuge in Aberdeen ; and to this period belongs the legend how the citizens, waxing hot in his cause, rose suddenly by night in a well-planned insurrection, cap- tured the castle, razed it to the gi'ound, and put to the sword its English gamson. ' In honour,' adds Bailie Skene, 'of that resolute act,' they got their Ensignes- Armoriall, which to this day they bear — Gules, three Towres triple, towered on a double- Treasure counter- 2 ABERDEEN flowered Argent, supported liy two Leopards propper ; the Motto, in an Escroll above, their watchword Ijon AccoKD.' The legend is solely due to Hector Boece's inventive genius, but the garrison was really driven out, and in 1319 King Robert conveyed to the com- munity the royal forest of Stocket and the valuable fishings of the Dee and Don, with various other privileges and im- munities, his ' being the Great Chai'ter of the city, from which it dates its political constitution. ' In 1333, Edward IIL Seal of Aberdeen, having sent a fleet to harry the eastern coast, a body of English attacked by night the town of Aberdeen, which they burned and de- stroyed ; in 1336, Edward himself having marched as far north as Inverness, the citizens stoutly encountered at the W end of the Green an English force which had landed at Dunnottar, and slew their leader. Sir Thomas Roslyne. In vengeance whereof Edward, returning, once more burned theto-wn, which, being rebuilt on an extended scale, with material aid from King David Bruce, received the title of 'New Aberdeen.' That monarch resided some time in the city, and erected a mint and held a parliament at it, whilst confirming all his predecessors' grants; Robert III., too, struck coins at Aberdeen. During the captivity of James I. and the minority of James II., the citizens bore arms for their own protec- tion, built walls around the town, kept the gates care fully shut by night, and by day maintained an armed patrol of their own number. In 1411, when the Earl of Mar collected forces to oppose an inroail of Donald of the Isles upon the north-west of the shire. Sir Robert David- son, Provost of Aberdeen, led a band of the citizens to swell the earl's forces, and fell at their head in the battle of Haelaw. In 1462 the magistrates entered into a ten years' bond with the Earl of Huntly, to pro- tect them in their freedom and property, whilst, saving their allegiance to the Crown, they should at any time receive him and his followers into the city. In 1497 a blockhouse was erected at the entrance of the harbour as a protection against the English. James IV. paid several visits to Aberdeen ; and once, in 1507, he rode in a single day from Stirling, through Perth and Aber- deen, to Elgin. Margaret his queen was sumptuously entertained (1511), as also were James V. (1537) and Mary of Guise (1556). In 1525 the citizens were attacked, and 80 of them killed or wounded by a foraging party under three country lairds ; and in consequence the town was put into a better state of defence. The plague raged here in 1401, 1498, 1506, 1514, 1530, 1538, 1546, 1549, 1608, and 1647 ; and on the last occasion carried off 1760 persons, or more than a iifth of the whole population. In 1547 a body of Aberdonians fought with great gallantry at the disastrous battle of Pinkie ; in the early part of 1560 the city firmly received the doctrines of the Reformation, and for ' first minister of the true word of God ' had Adam Heriott, who died in 1574. In 1562, during the conflict between the Earl of Huntly's and Queen Mary's forces, Aberdeen seems to have been awed equally by both parties ; but it suc- cumbed to the queen after her victory at Corrichie, and at it she witnessed the execution of Sir John Gordon, Huntly's second son. On 20 Nov. 1571, the Gor- dons and Forbeses met at the Craibstone between the city and the Bridge of Dee ; and in a half-hour's fight the Forbeses were routed, with a loss of 300 men to themselves, of 30 to the Gordons. James VI. paid visits to Aberdeen in 1582, 1589, 1592, 1594, and 1600 ; on these occasions entailing nmch expense on the citizens, both in entertainments and in money-gifts. The witcli 17 ABERDEEN persecution here about this time resulted in the death from torture of many persons in prison, and in the burning, ■vritliin the two years 1596-97, of 22 women and 1 man on the Castle Hill (Chambers' Dom. Annals, i. 278-285). In 1605 a General Assembly was convened at Aber- deen by Jlelville and others of the High Presbyterian party, but only 9 attended, who for their pains were 5 of them banished the realm, the others summoned to the English Court ; in 1616 another General Assemblj' resolved that ' a litm-gy be made and form of divine service.' A Cavalier stronghold, Aberdeen and the country around it rejected the Covenant, so in 1638 a committee of ministers — Henderson, Dixon, and Andrew Cant — was sent, with the Earl of IMontrose at their head, to compel the people to sign. Their mission was thwarted by the famous ' Aberdeen Doctors ; ' but Mont- rose next year tmce occupied and taxed the city, on the second occasion \vinning admittance by the trifling skirmish of the Bridge of Dee, 19 June 1639. In the following May, too, Jlonro with his thousand deboshed Covenanters, subjected the townsfolk to grievous oppres- sion ; and continued harassment had at last subdued them to the Covenanting cause, when, on 13 Sept. 1644, Montrose, as Royalist, re-entered Aberdeen, having routed the Covenanters between the Craibstone and the Justice Mills. 'In the fight,' says Spalding, 'there was little slaughter ; but horrible the slaughter in the flight, the lieutenant's men he^\ang do^\Ti all they could overtake within and about the town.' So that, as Dr Hill Burton observes, Montrose ' in his two first visits chastised the commimity into conformity ■with the Covenant, and now made compensation by chastising them for having yielded to his inflictions.' Charles II. lodged (7 July 1650) in a merchant's house just opposite the Tolbooth, on which was fastened one of Montrose's hands ; on 7 Sept. 1651, General Monk led a Commonwealth army into the cit}', where it continued several years. The Restoration was hailed by the Aberdouians with as great delight as the Revolution was looked on with disfavour ; yet scant enthusiasm was roused in Sept. 1715 by the Earl Marischal's proclamation at the Cross of James VIII., who himself on 24 Dec. passed incognito through the citj', on his way from Peterhead to Fetteresso, where the Episcopal clergy and the new Jacobite magistrates of Aberdeen off"ered him homage. In the '45 Cope's force en- camped on the site of Union Terrace, and embarked from Aberdeen for Dunbar ; the Duke of Gordon's cham- berlain again proclaimed James YIII. ; Lord Le\\-is Gordon next occupied the city ; and lastly the Duke of Cumberland lodged for 6 weeks in Guestrow. Two or three years before, between 500 and 600 persons of either sex had been kidnapped in Aberdeen for trans- portation to the American plantations ; one of them, Peter "Williamson, returning in 1765, and issuing the narrative of his bondage, was imprisoned and banished for defamation of the magistrates, but eventually ob- tained from them £285 damages (Blacktcood's Mag., May 1848). In a riot on the King's birthday (1802) 4 of the populace were shot by the military ; 42 of the Oscar's crew were drowned in the Grayhope (1813) ; and out of 260 persons attacked by cholera (1832) 105 died. The Queen and Prince Albert visited Aberdeen on their way to Balmoral (7 Sept. 1848), and the latter pre- sided at the British Association (14 Sept. 1859) ; whilst Her Majesty unveiled the Prince Consort Memorial (13 Oct. 1863), and opened the waterworks (16 Oct. 1866), then making her first public speech since her bereavement. Aberdeen has been the meeting-place of the British Association (1859), of the Social Science Congress (1877), and of the Highland and Agricultural Society (1840, '47, '58, '68, and '76). The ' brave to^vn ' gives title of Earl of Aberdeen (ere. 1682) in the peerage of Scotland, of Viscount Gordon of Aberdeen (ere. 1814) in that of the United Kingdom, to a branch of the Gordon family, whose seat is Haddo House. Its illustrious natives are — Jn. Abercrombie, M.D. (1780-1844); Alex. Anderson (flo. 1615), mathe- matician ; Prof. Alex. Bain (b. 1818), logician ; Jn. 18 ABEBDEEN Barbour, archdeacon of Aberdeen from 1357 to 1395, and author of the Brics; And. Baxter (1686-1750), meta- physician ; Thos. Blackwell (1701-57), scholar; his brother Alexander, the botanist (beheaded at Stock- holm, 1747); Alex. Brodie (1830-67), sculptor; Jn. Bm-net (1729-84), merchant and benefactor; Jn. Burnett (1764-1810), legal writer; Jn. Hill Burton, LL.D. (1809-81), historian; Geo. Campbell, D.D. (1719-96), divine and gi'ammarian ; Alex. Chalmers (1759-1834), biographer and miscellaneous ^^Titer ; Alex. Cruden (1701- 70), author of the Co'iicorJancc ; Geo. Dalgarno (1626- 87), inventor of a universal language ; Jn. Dick, D.D. (1764-1833), Secession divine; Jas. Donaldson, LL.D. {b. 1831), rector of Edinburgh High School; "Walter Donaldson, 17th century scholar ; Jas. Matthews Dun- can, M.D. (b. lS26);""Wm. Duncan (1717-60), trans- lator; "Wm. Dyce, R.A. (1806-64); Wm. Forbes (1585- 1634), Bishop of Edinburgh ; Jn. Forbes Robertson (b. 1822), art-critic ; Dav. Fordyce (1711-51), professor of philosophy in ilarischal College ; his brothers, James Fordj-ce, D.D. (1720-96), and Sir "Wm. Fordyce (1724- 92), an eminent phj-sician ; Jas. Gibbs (1688-1754), architect ; Gilbert Gerard (1760-1815), divine ; his son, Alexander (d. 1839), explorer; Thos. Gray (d. 1876), artist ; Dav. Gregory (1661-1710), geometrician ; Jn. Gregory, M.D. (1724-73), and his son, James Gregory, M.D. (1753-1821) ; "Wm. Guild, D.D. (1586-1657), prin- cipal of King's College ; Gilbert Jack (1578-1628), meta- physician ; Alex. Jatfray (1614-73), diarist, provost, and Quaker; George Jameson (1586-1644), the 'Scottish "V^andyke;' Geo. Keith (c. 1650-1715), Quaker and anti- Quaker; Sir Jas. M'Grigor, Bart. (1771-1858), head of the army medical department ; Prof. Dav. Masson (b. 1822), litterateur; Major Jas. Mercer (1734-1803); Colin Milne, LL.D. (1744-1815), botanist ; Rt. Morison, M.D. (1620-83), botanist; Thos. Morison (flo. 1594), physician and anti-papist; Jn. OgiMe, D.D. (1733-1814), minor poet ; Jas. Peny (1756-1821), journalist ; Jn. Phillip, R.A. (1817-67) ; And. Robertson (1777-1865), minia- tm'ist ; Rev. Jas. Craigie Robertson (b. 1813), ecclesi- astical historian; Jos. Robertson, LL.D. (1810-66), antic[uary ; Alex. Ross (1590-1654), voluminous writer of Hudibrastic fame; "Wm. Skinner, D.D. (1778-1857), Bishop of Aberdeen from 1816 ; Sir John Steell, R.S.A. (b. 1801), sculptor; "Wm. Thom (1799-1848), weaver- poet ; and Dav. "Wedderburn (c. 1570-1650), Latin poet. — Chief among many illustrious residents are Alexander Arbuthnott (1538-83), principal of King's College from 1569 ; the wit Jn. Arbuthnot (1667-1735), educated at jMarischal Col. ; Neil Arnott, M.D. (1788-1874), ed. at Grammar School and Marischal Col. ; "Wm. Barclay (1546-1605), the learned civilian, student ; Peter Bajme (b. 1830), journalist, M.A. of JMarischal Col. ; the 'Min- strel,' Jas. Beattie LL.D. (1735-1803), bursar of Mari- schal Col. 1749, master of Grammar School 1758, and professor of moral philosophy and logic at Marischal Col. 1760; Jn. Stuart Blackie (b. 1809), son of Aberdeen banker, there educated, and professor of Latin literatiu'e in Marischal Col. 1841-52 ; Hector Boece (1465-1536), historian, and first principal of King's Col. ; Rt. Brown, D.C.L. (1773-1858), botanist, educated at Marischal CoL ; its principal, "\Vm. La\^Tence Brown, D.D. (1755- 1830); Dav. Buchanan (1745-1812), publisher, M.A. of Aberdeen; Gilbert Burnet, D.D. (1643-1715), Bishop of Salisbury, student at Marischal Col. 1653-56 ; Jas. Burnet, Lord Monboddo (1714-99), student ib. ; Chas. Burney (1757-1817), scholar, M.A. of King's Col. ; Lord Byron (1788-1824), resident 1790-98 ; Andrew Cant, minister in Aberdeen in 1640 ; Donald Cargill (1610-81), Covenanting preacher, student at Aberdeen ; Fred. Carmichael (1708-51), divine, student of Marischal Col.; Jas. Cassie, R.S.A. (1819-79); Dav. Chalmers, Lord Ormond (1530-92), student ; Geo. Chalmers (1742- 1825), historian, student at King's Col. ; Geo. Chapman, LL.D. (1723-1806), bursar ib. ; Jas. Cheyne (d. 1602), head of Douay seminary, student ; And. Clark (b. 1826), M.D. of Aberdeen in 1854 ; Pat. Copland, LL.D. (1749- 1822), student and jirofcssor of natural philosophy and of matliematics at Marischal Col. ; the Baufl'sliire ABERDEEN naturalist, TIios. Edward (b. 1814); Rt. Mackenzie Daniel (1814-47), the 'Scottish Boz,' student at Mari- schal Col. ; Thos. Dempster (1579-1625), historian, stu- dent; Archibald Forbes (b. 1838), journalist, student; Jn. Forbes (1593-1648), divine, student at King's Col., and minister of St Nicholas ; Pat. Forbes (1564-1635), Bishop of Aberdeen from 1618 ; Wm. Forsyth (d. 1879), poet and journalist ; Sir Alexander Fraser (d. 1681), physician to Charles II. , studeut ; Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat (1667-1747), student at King's CoL ; Ah Gerard, D.D. (1728-95), educated at Grammar School, student at Marischal CoL, and professor there of nat. pliilos. 1762, of dixdnity 1760, minister of Greyfriars 1759, and prof, of theology at King's Col. 1771 ; Walter Goodal (1706- 66), antiquary, student at King's Col. ; Rt. Gordon (1580-1661), geographer and historian, student at Mari- schal Col. ; Sir Wm. Grant (1754-1822), solicitor-gene- ral and master of the rolls, student at King's Col. ; Gilbert Gray (d. 1614), second principal of Marischal Col., from 1598; Dav. Gregory (1627-1720), mechanician; his brother, James (1638-75), student at Marischal CoL, the famous astronomer ; Wm. Guthrie (1701-70), histori- cal and miscellaneous writer, student at King's CoL ; Et. HaU (1764-1831), dissenting divine, student ib. ; Rt. Hamilton, LL.D. (1743-1829), prof, at Marischal CoL of nat. phiL 1779, of math. 1780-1814 ; Jos. Hume (1777- 1855), medical student, and M. P. for Aberdeen 1818; Wm. Hunter (1777-1815), naturalist, student at Mari- schal CoL ; Arthur Johnston (1587-1641), Latin poet, student and rector of King's Col. ; Jn. Johnston (1570- 1612), Latin poet, student ih. ; Rev. Alex. Keith, D.D. (b. 1791), student at Marischal Col. ; Geo. Keith, fifth Earl Marischal (1553-1623), studeut of King's, and founder of Marischal Col. in 1593 ; Bishop Rt. Keith (1681-1757), student at Marischal Col. ; John Leslie, Bishop of Ross (1526-96), vicar-general of Aberdeen 1558 ; Jn. Leslie, Bishop of Raphoe (d. 1671), student ; David Low, Bishop of Ross (1768-1855), student and LL.D. of ^Marischal Col. ; Geo. Low (1746-95), naturalist, student; Geo. Macdonald (b. 1824), poet and novelist, student at King's Col. ; Wm. Macgillivray, LL.D. (d. 1852), prof. of nat. hist, in Marischal Col. from 1841 ; Sir Geo. Mackenzie (1636-92), legal antiquary, student; Ewen Maclachlan (1775-1822), Gaelic poet, bursar of King's CoL, and head-master of Grammar School 1819 ; Colin Maclaurin (1698-1746), math. prof, in Marischal Col. 1717-25 ; Jn. Maclean, Bishop of Saskatchewan (b. 1828), student ; Jas. Macpherson (1738-96), of Ossian celebrit}'-, student at King's Col. 1752 ; David Mallet (1700-65), poet, educated at Aberdeen ; Jas. Marr (1700- 61), IL A. of King's Col. 1721, master of Poor's Hospital 1742; Jas. Clerk Maxwell (1831-79), prof, of nat. philos. in Marischal CoL 1856-60 ; Wm. Meston (1688-1745), bmlesque poet, student at Marischal CoL, and teacher in Grammar School ; Jn. Pringle Nichol (1804-59), astronomer, student at King's Col. ; Alexander Nicoll (1793-1828), orientalist, educated at Grammar School and Marischal Col. ; Sir Jas. Outram (1805-63), Indian general, student at Marischal Col. ; Wm. Robinson Pirie, D.D. (b. 1804), divinity professor 1843, principal 1877 ; Jas. Ramsay (1733-89), philanthropist, bursar of King's CoL ; Thos. Reid (1710-96), metaphysician, stu- dent and librarian of Marischal CoL, prof, of philos. in King's CoL 1752-63; Sir Jn. Rose, Bart. (b. 1820), student at King's Col. ; Alex. Ross (1699-1784), poet, M.A. of Marischal Col. 1718 ; Thos. Ruddiman (1674- 1757), Latin grammarian, bursar of King's Col. 1690- 94; Helenus Scott, M.D. (d. 1821), student; Hy. Scougal (1650-78), prof, of philos. in King's Col. 1669- 73 ; Jas. Sharpe, Archbishop of St Andrews (1613-79), student at Marischal Col. ; Bailie Alex. Skene (flo. 1670), historian of Aberdeen ; Rev. Jn. Skinner (1721-1807), poet, bursar of Marischal Col. ; his son, Jn. Skinner (1743-1816), student at Marischal CoL, and Bishop of Aberdeen from 1784 ; Jn. Spalding (flo. 1624-45), commissary clerk and diarist; and John Stuart, LL.D. (1813-77), antiquary, student. It may be added that about 1715 Rob Roy was staying with his kinsman, Dr Jas. Gregory, prof, of medicine in King's Col. ; that ABERDEEN in 1773 Dr Samuel Johnson and Boswell put up ai the New Inn ; and that Burns came to ' Aberdeen, a lazy tow-n,' 7 Sept 1787. The Synod of Aberdeen, generally meeting there, but sometimes at Banfl", comprises the presbyteries of Aber- deen, Kincardine O'Neil, Alford, Garioch, Ellon, Deer, Turriff; and Fordyce. Pop. (1871) 285,417, of whom, according to a parliamentary return (1st May 1879) 73,852 were communicants of the Church of Scotland in 1878. The sums raised by its 143 congregations on behalf of Christian liberality amounted to £28,836 in 1880, when there were 210 Sabbath schools within it, with 19,956 scholars. The presbytery of Aberdeen com- prises 34 congregations, viz., the 14 Aberdeen churches, and Ruthrieston, Old Machar, University, Woodside, Banchory-Devenick, Craigiebuckler, Belhelvie, Drum- oak, Durris, Dyce, Fintray, Kinnellar, Jlaryculter, New- hills, New Machar, Nigg, Peterculter, Portletheu, Skene, and Stoneywood. Pop. (1871) 111,807, the communicants numbering 22,687 in 1878, and the sums raised for Christian liberality amounting to £13,836 in 1880. — The Free Church synod, whose presbyteries are identical with those of the Established synod, in 1880 had 107 churches, \vith 28,734 communicants ; its presbytery included 37 congregations with 14,378 com- municants — the 21 Aberdeen churches, and Bancliory- Devenick, Belhelvie, Blackburn, Cults, Drumoak, Dur- ris, Dyce, Kingswell, Maryculter, Newhills, Old Machar, Peterculter, Skene, Torry, Woodside, and Bourtreebush. — Tlie U.P. presbytery of Aberdeen in 1880 had 3283 members and 16 congregations — the 6 Aberdeen churches, and Banchory, Craigdam, Ellon, Lumsden, Lynturk, Midmar, Old ]\Ieldrum, Shiels, Stonehaven, and AVood- side. — Since 1577 there have been 17 Protestant bishops of Aberdeen, to which the revived diocese of Orkney was added in 1864. In 1880 the congregations of the 37 churches within the united diocese numbered 10,759, the communicants 5316, and the children attending Episcopal schools 2388. — After having been vacant for 301 years, the Catholic see of Aberdeen was re-established in 1878 ; and in its diocese in 1880 there were 49 priests, 33 missions, 53 churches, chapels, and stations, 2 col leges, 7 convents, and 20 congregational schools. See, besides works cited under Aberdeenshike, Bailie Alex. Skene's Succinct Survey of the famous City of Aberdeen (1685), W. Thom's History of Aberdeen (2 vols., 1811), Wm. Kennedy's Annals of Aberdeen (2 vols., 1818), Joseph Robertson's Book of Bon- Accord (1839), James Bruce's Lives of Eminent Men of Aber- deen (1841), vol. i. of Billings' Baronial and Ecclesias- tical Antiquities (1845), Cosmo Innes' Sketches of Early Scottish History (1861), Aberdeen Fifty Years Ago (1868), Slezer's Theatrum Scotia (1693 ; new ed. 1874), an excellent series of articles in the Builder (1865-66, 1877) ; and, published by the Spalding Club, the Rev. Jas. Gordon's Description of Bathe Touns of Aber- deen, 1661, ed. by Cosmo Innes (1842), Extracts from the Council Register of the Burgh of Aberdeen, 1398- 1625, ed. by Jn. Stuart (2 vols., 1844-49), his edition of Spalding's Memorialls of the Trubles in Scotland and England, 1624-45 (2 vols., 1850-51), his Selections from, the Records of the Kirk-Session, Presbytery, and Synod of Aberdeen, 1562-1681 (1846), and C. Innes' Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis (2 vols., 1845), and Selections from the Records of the University and King's College, Aberdeen, 1494-1854 (1854). Besides the Ordnance 6- inch and -^l-^ maps, there are the Ordnance 1-inch map, sh. 77 (1873), Keith and Gibb's If-inch Map of the Environs (Ab. 1878), and Gibb & Hay's 9-inch Map of the City (Ab. 1880). Aberdeen and Banff Railway, a section of the Great North of Scotland railway, starts from the main line at Inveramsay, 20+ miles N W of Aberdeen. The south- ern part of it to Turritf (18 miles) was authorised on 15 June 1855, under the title of the Banff", Macduff, and Turriff Junction; was then designed to be prolonged northward to Banff and Macduff; was opened to Turritf, on 5 Sept. 1857; and took the name of the Aberdeen and Turriir Railway on 19 April 1859. The part from 19 ABERDEENSHIRE ABERDEENSHIRE Turriff to Banff (Hi miles), autliorised on 27 July 1857, imder the name of the Banff, Macduff, and Turriff Extension, was opened on 4 June 1S60, and was ex- tended from Banff to Macduff (^ mile) in 1872. The entire system has a total length of 29f- miles, with 10 stations and summit levels of 405 and 374 feet; was in- corporated with the Great North of Scotland on 30 Jul}- 1866 ; and is brought into a circle \\ith it by the Banffshire Railwaj-, extending south-westward from Banff harbour to Grange Junction. Aberdeen Railway, a railway from Aberdeen, south- south-westward to the centre of Forfarshire. It was authorised on 31 July 1845, and opened on 30 March 1850. It cost very much more per mile than had been estimated, yet a good deal less than either the Scottish Central, the Edinburgh, Perth, k, Dundee, the North British, or the Caledonian. It commences at Guild Street, adjacent to the upper dock and to the foot of Market Street ; crosses the Dee at Polmuii-, by the viaduct noticed on p. 12 ; proceeds by the stations of Cove, Portlethen, Newtonhill, and Muchalls, to Stone- haven ; goes thence through the fertile district of the Mearns, by the stations of Drumlithie, Fordoun, Lau- rencekirk, Marykirk, and Craigo, to the northern border of Forfarshire ; sends off at Dubton Jmiction a branch 3 miles and 160 yards eastward to Montrose ; sends off again at Bridge-of-Dun Junction a branch of 3 miles and 862 yards westward to Brechin ; proceeds by the station of Farnell Road to Guthrie Junction, and makes also a junction with the Arbroath and Forfar railway at Frioek- heim. That railway, previously formed, was leased to it in 1848, and ultimately incorporated with it. The Aberdeen itself and the Scottish Midland Junction were amalga- mated in 1856, under the name of the Scottish North- Eastern ; and the Scottish North-Eastern, in turn, was amalgamated with the Caledonian, in 1866 ; so that the Aberdeen is now the northern part of the Caledonian system. The length of the Aberdeen proper, exclusive of branches, is 49 miles, and inclusive of branches and of the Arbroath and Forfar, is 72 miles. Aberdeenshire, a maritime county, forming the ex- treme NE of Scotland, lies between 56^ 52' and 57° 42' N lat., and between 1° 48' and 3° 46' W long. It is bounded N and E by the German Ocean, S by the counties of Kincardine, Forfar, and Perth, and W by those of Inverness and Banff. Its outline is very irre- gular ; but roughly describes an oblong extending from NE to SW, broadest near the middle and narrowing towards the SW. The greatest length, from Cau-nbulg Head, on the E side of Fraserburgh Bay, to Cau'n Ealer, at the meeting-point with Perth and Inverness shires, is 85| miles ; the^greatest breadth, from the mouth of the river Dee to the head-springs of the river Don, is 47 miles ; and the circuit line measures some 280 miles, 62 of which are sea-coast. Fifth in size of the Scottish counties, Aberdeenshire has an area of 1970 square miles or 1,260,625 acres. It was anciently divided into Buchan in the N, Formartine, Strathbogie, and Garioch in the middle, and JIar in the SW ; it is now divided into the districts of Deer, Turriff, Huntly, Garioch, Alford, Ellon, Aberdeen, and Kincardine O'Neil. The surface, in a general view, consists largely of tame levels or uninteresting tumulations, but includes the long splendid valleys of the Don and Dee, and ascends to the grand Grampian knot of the Cairngorm ]\Ioun- tains. 'fhe coast is mostly bold and rugged, occasion- ally rising into precipices, 100 to 150 feet high, and pierced with extensive caverns, but in the southern part, adjacent to Aberdeen, sinks into broad sandy flats. About two-thirds of tlie entire smface are either moss, moor, hill, or mountain. Much of the scenery is bleak and cheerless, but around some of the larger towns, and along the courses of the principal rivers, it abounds with features of beauty or grandeur. In the SW the Cairngorm and the Grampian lilountains combine, ^vith corrics, glens, and valleys among or near them, to form magnificent landscapes ; throughout the shire, from N to S, and crosswise from W to E, the following are the chief summits, those marked with asterisks culminating 20 on the boundary: — Hill of Fislirie (749 feet), Morniond Hill (769), Hill of Shenwall (957), *Meikle Balloch (1199), Clashmach Hill (1229), Corsegight (619), Dud- wick (572), Top of Noth (1851), Hill of Foudland (1509), Core Hill (804), Buck of Cabracli (2368), *Carn Mor (2636), Correen Hills (1699), Caillievar (1747), Ben- nachie (1698), HiU of Fare (1545), Brimmond Hill (870), Brown Cow Hill (2721), Morven Hill (2862), *Beu Avon (3843), *Braeriach (4248), Cairntoul (4241), Ben Macdhui (4296), Beinn Bhrotain (3795), *An Sgar- soch (3300), *Beinn a' Chaoruinn (3553), *Beinn a' Bhuird (3924), Carn Eas (3556), *Beinn lutharn Mhor (3424), *Cairn na Glasha (3484), Lochnagar (3786), Mount Keen (3077), and Cock Cairn (2387). The princi- pal I'ivers are the Deveron, rising in the north-west and soon passing into Banffshire ; the Bogie, running to the Deveron, about ^ mile below Huntly ; the Ugie, run- ning south-eastward to the sea, about a mile N of Peterhead ; the Cruden, running eastward to the sea at Cruden Bay ; the Ythan, running 33| miles north-east- ward and south-eastward to the sea, a little below New- burgh ; the Urie, going south-eastward to the Don, at Inverurie; the Don, rising at an altitude of 1980 feet, adjacent to the county's western boundary, and making a sinuous run eastward of about 82i miles, all within the county, to the sea in the vicinity of Old Aberdeen ; and the Dee, rising on Cairntoul, at 4060 feet above sea- level, and making a sinuous run of about 87 miles, partly through Braemar, partly through the Aberdeen portions of Deeside, and partly along the boundary with Kincardineshire to the sea at Abei'deen. The chief lakes are Lochs Dhu, Muick, Callater, Brothacan, Kin- Ord, Drum, and Strathbeg, but are all small. Granite is the prevailing rock ; occurs of various kinds or qualities ; forms the great mass of the mountains together with ex- tensive tracts eastward to the sea ; has, for about 300 years, been extensively worked ; and in recent times, up to 1881, has been in rapidly increasing demand as an article of export. The quantities shipped at Aberdeen alone are remarkably great. The quarries of it at Kemnay employ about 250 workmen, with the aid of steam power, all the year round, and since 1858, have raised Kemnay from the status of a rural hamlet to that of a small town. Other notable quarries are those of Rubislaw, Sclattie, Dancing Cairn, Persley, Cairngall, and Stirling-Hill, near Peterhead. The Kemnay granite has a light colour and a close texture, and owes to these properties its high acceptance in the market. The Rubislaw granite is of a fine dark-blue colour, and was the material used in the construction of great part of Union Street in Aberdeen. The Cairngall granite is small grained, of fine texture, and admirably suited for polishing and for ornamental work ; it furnished the sarcophagus for the remains of the late Prince Consort. The Stirling-Hill or Peterhead granite is of a red colour, and of much larger grain than the other granites ; it is much used for mural tablets, monumental stones, and ornate pillar shafts. The granites are sometimes associated with gneiss, witn Silurian I'ocks, or with greenstone, basalt, or other traps ; and, viewed in connection with these, they form fully eight-ninths of the substrata of the entire county. Devonian rocks occur in the north, underlie the wide level moors and mosses of Buchan, and have yielded millstones in the parish of Aberdour. Blue slate, two beds of limestone, and a large vein of ironstone occur in Culsalmond parish, forming parts of strata which have been nmch tilted and deranged ; and both the slate and the limestone have been worked. Limestone abounds also in other localities ; but, owing to the scarcity of coal, except near a seaport, it cannot be advantageously worked. Beautiful green serpentine, with white and grey spots, occurs in Leslie parish, and is easily wrought into snuff-boxes and ornamental objects. Plumbago and indications of metallic ores have been found in Huntly parish. Gold, in small quantities, has been found in Braemar, and on parts of the coast near Aberdeen. Amethy.sts, beryls, emeralds, and other precious stones, particularly the species of rock crystal called cairngorms, are found in the moun- ABERDEENSHIRE tains of Braemar. Agates, of a fine polisli and beautiful variety, have been got on the shore near Peterhead. Asbestos, talc, syenite, and mica also have been found. Mineral springs of celebrated character are at Peterhead and Pannanich. The surface of the mountains for the most part is either bare rock or such thin poor soil as admits of little or no profitable improvement even for the purposes of hill pasture ; that of the moorlands and the mosses comprises many tracts which might be thoroughly reclaimed, and not a few which have, in recent times, been greatly improved ; and that of the lowland dis- tricts has a very various soil, — most of it naturally poor or churlish, a great deal now transmuted by judi- cious cultivation into fine fertile mould, and some naturally good dilu\'ium or rich alluviuxa, now in very productive arable condition. Spongy humus and coarse stiff clays are common in the higher districts ; and light sands and finer clays prevail in the valleys and on the seaboard. So great an area as nearly 200,000 acres in Braemar and Crathie is incapable of tillage. Only about 5000 acres in Strathdon parish, containing 47,737 acres, are arable. Nearly 16,000 acres, in a tract of about 40,000 acres between the Dee and the Don, midway between the sources and the mouths of these rivers, are under the plough. The principal arable lands lie between the Don and the Ythan, in Formartine and Garioch, in Strathbogie, and between the Ugie and the sea. Much improvement arose early from the im- pulse given by the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland ; and has been vigorously carried forward under impulse of the Garioch Farmer Club (instituted 1808), the Buchan Agricultural Society (1829), the For- martine Agricultural Association (1829), the Vale of Alford Agricultural Association (1831), the Ythanside Farmer Club (1841), the Royal Northern Agi-icultural Society (1843), the Mar Agi-icultural Association, the Inverurie Agi'icultural Association, and many of the greater landed proprietors, and of the most enterprising of the farmers. The recent improvements have com- prised, not only extensive reclamation of waste lands, but also more economical methods of cropping, better tillage, better implements, better manuring, better farm- yard management, better outhouse treatment of live- stock, and extensive sub-soil draining ; and they have resulted in such vast increase of produce from both arable lands and pastures as has changed the county from a condition of constant loss in the balance of agi-i- cultural imports and exports, to a condition of constant considerable gain. According to Miscellaneous Statistics of the United Kingdom (1879), 1,255,138 acres, with total gi'oss esti- mated rental of £1,118,849, were divided among 7472 landowners; one holding 139,829 acres (rental, £17,740), four together 300,827 (£86,296), five 120,882 (£35,959), fourteen 186,302 (£113,927), twenty - five 179,083 (£123,251), forty-six 158,214 (£131,751), sixty 87,466 (£109,805), fifty-eight 42,037 (£45,992), one hundred and twenty-six 30,441 (£69,691), thirty-eight 2658 (£18,880), one hundred and eighty-two 3822 (£37,745), four hundred and twenty-one 1333 (£50,662), and 6492 holding 2274 acres (£277,150). Tenantry-at-'n'ill is now almost entirely unknown. Tenant-tenure is usually by lease for from 15 to 19 years. The tenant, in the management of his land, was formerly restricted to a 5 years' and a 7 years' course of rotation, but is now generally allowed the option also of a 6 years' course ; and he is usually allowed 3 years, after entering on his farm, to determine which of the courses he shall adopt. The 7 years' course com- monly gives 1 year to turnips, the next year to barley or oats with grass seeds, the next 3 years to grass fallow or pasture, and the last 2 years to successive crops of oats. That course and the 5 years' one are still the most com- monly practised ; but the 6 years' course has come into extensive and increasing favour, and is generally re- garded as both the most suitable, to the nature of tlie prevailing soil, and the most consonant with the principles of correct husbandry. Arable farms generally rent from ABERDEENSHIRE 15s. to 30s. per acre ; but some near Aberdeen, Peterhead, and Inverurie, rent much higher. The acres under corn crops were 206,577 in 1866, 214,676 in 1873, and 212,767 in 1880 ; imder green crops —102,744 in 1866, 106,003 in 1874, and 104,203 in 1880. Of the total 603,226 acres under crops and grass in 1880, 16,564 were oats, 114 wheat, 92,972 turnips, 259,645 clover, sanfoin, and grasses under rotation, 25,861 per- manent pasture, etc. The number of cattle was 133,451 in 1866, 169,625 in 1875, and 152,106 in 1880. Tha cattle are of various breeds, and have on the whole been highly improved. The small Highland breed was formerly in much request, but has latterly dAvindled to comparative insignificance. A few Ayrshire cows have been imported for dairy purposes ; but no Ayrshires, and scarcely any Galloways, are bred in the county. One Hereford herd here is the only one in Scotland. The polled Angus or Aberdeen breed has had gi-eat attention from Mr M'Combie of Tillyfour ; has won him 8 splen- did cups, 20 gold medals, 50 silver medals, 7 bronze medals, and upwards of £2500 in money ; and has pro- duced some animals of such high qualities as to bring each from 100 to 200 guineas. The same breed was largely kept by Colonel Fraser of Castle Fraser (d. 1871), who won a prize for it in 1868 over Mr M'Combie, besides a remarkable number of other prizes. Other gi'eat breeders of it have been the late Mr Rt. "Walker of Portlethen, Mr Geo. Brown of Westertown, Jlr Jas. Skinner of Drumin, and INIr Al. Paterson of Midben, who have found successors in Mr A. Bo-s^-ie of I\Iains of Kelly, Sir Geo. Macpherson Grant of BaUindalloch, Mr Jas. Scott of Easter Tulloch, Mr Wm. Skinner of Drumin, etc. {Trans. Highl. and Ag. Sac., 1877, p. 299). The shorthorned breed is raised more numerously in Aberdeenshire than in any other Scottish county ; was introduced about 1830, but did not obtain much atten- tion till after 1850 ; comprises nine celebrated herds (the Sittyton, Kinellar, Kinaldie, Cairnbrogie, etc.), be- sides many smaller ones ; and has sent off to the market, annually for several years, nearly 400 bidl calves and about half as many young heifers. The number of sheep was 112,684 in 1856, 158,220 in 1869, 144,882 in 1873, 157,105 in 1874 and 137,693 in 1880. The breeding of sheep is carried on most extensively in the upland districts ; and the feeding of them, in the middle and lower districts. The upland flocks move to the lowlands of Aberdeenshire and the adjoining counties about November, and do not return till April Black- faced wethers, 2, 3, and even 4 years old, are, on some farms on the lower districts, fed A^ith grass in summer, and with turnips and straw in winter. Blackfaced sheep constitute more than one-half of all the sheep in the uplands ; and also are extensively bred in the inland districts of Braemar, Strathdon, Glen- bucket, Corgarff", Cromar, Cabrach, and RhjTiie, but not in the lower districts. Cross-breeds are not so num- erous as the blackfaced, yet form extensive flocks, and are fed for the slaughter-market. Leicesters have, for a number of years, been extensively bred, and they form fine flocks at Pitmedden, Fornot-Skene, Gowner, Old Meldrum, Stricken Mains, and some other places. There are no pure Cheviots, and few Southdowns. The num- ber of horses was 22,274 in 1855, 24,458 in 1869, 23,202 in 1873, and 26,851 in 1880, of which 6506 were kept solely for breeding. They are partly Clydesdales, Lincolns, and crosses ; and though not very heavy,. may, for the most part, stand comparison with the average of horses throughout the best part of Scotland. The number of pigs was 14,763 in 1866, 7773 in 1869, 10,565 in 1874, and 7240 in 1880. The accommodation for farm servants is better than it was, but still not so good as could be desired. The farm-house kitchens are still the abodes of the majority of the servants ; and homes for the families of the married men cannot, in many in- stances, be found nearer than 8, 10, and even 20 miles. Handsome cottages for servants have been built by the Duke of Richmond on several of his larger farms in the Strathbogie districts ; and these, it is hoped, may serve as models for similar buildings on other estates. 21 ABERDEENSHIRE ABERDEENSHIRE Farm servants' wages are about double ■what they were 40 years before. Feeing markets, believed to have an injurious effect on the morals of the agricultural labourers, are being superseded by a well-organised system of local registration offices. In 1879 orchards covered 29 acres, market gardens 439, nursery grounds 182 ; and in 1S72 there M^ere 93,339 acres of woods within the shire. About 175,000 acres are disposed in deer forests. A great deal of land in the upper part of the Dee Valley, pre- viously under the plough, or used as sheep pasture, was converted, during the 40 years ending in 1881, into deer forest. Large portions of Braemar, Glentanuer, and Mort- lach are still covered with natural wood. ' The mountains there seem to be divided by a dark sea of firs, whose uniformity of hue and appearance affords inexpressible solemnity to the scene, and carries back the mind to those primeval ages, when the axe had not invaded the boundless region of the forest. ' The Scotch pine is very generally distributed, and flourishes up to 1500 feet above sea-level, as also does the larch. Birch, alder, j)op- lar, and other trees likewise abound {Trans. Highl. and Ag. Soc, 1874, pp. 264-303). Grouse, black game, the hedgehog, the otter, the badger, the stoat, the polecat, and the wild-cat are indigenous. Salmon used to be veryplenti- ful in the Dee and the Don, but, of late j'ears, have greatly decreased. About 20,000 salmon and 40,000 grilses, in- clusive of those taken by stake nets, and at the beach adjacent to the river's mouth, are still in an average season captured in the Dee. The yellow trout of the Dee are both few and small. A small variety of salmon is got in Loch Callater, and excellent red trout in Loch Brothacan. So many as 3000 salmon and grilses were caught in a single week of July 1849 at the mouth of the river Don. Salmon, sea-trout, yellow trout, and a few pike are got in the Don. Pearls are found in the Ythan ; and the large pearl in the crown of Scotland is believed to have been found at the influx of Kelly Water to the Ythan. Salmon, sea-trout, and finnocks, in consider- able nnmbers, ascend the Ythan. Salmon ascend also the Ugie ; finnocks abound near that river's mouth ; and burn- trout are plentiful in its upper reaches and affluents. Tench, carp, and Loch Leven trout are in an artificial lake of about 50 acres at Pitfour. Red trout, yellow trout, and some perch are in Loch Strathbeg. Herrings, cod, ling, hake, whiting, haddock, hallibut, turbot, sole, and skate abound in the sea along the coast; and are caught in great quantities by fishermen at and near the stations of Aberdeen, Peterhead, and Fraserburgh. The manufactures of Aberdeenshire figure principally in Aberdeen and its immediate neighbourhood, but are shared by some other towns and by numerous villages. The woollen trade, in the various departments of tweeds, carpets, Avinceys, and shawls, has either risen, or is rising to great prominence ; but is seated principally in Aberdeen and its near vicinity, and has been noticed in our article on Aberdeen. The linen trade, as to both yarn and cloth, has figured largely in the county since about 1745 ; and is seated chiefly at Aberdeen, Peterhead, and Huntly. The cotton trade employed 1448 hands in 1841, but has declined. Paper-making is carried on more extensively in Aberdeenshire than in any other Scottish county ex- cepting that of Edinburgh. One firm alone has a very large mill for writing-paper at Stoneysvood, another mill for envelopes at what is called the Union Paper-works, a third mill for coarse papers at Woodside ; emjdoy upwards of 2000 persons ; and turn out between 60 and 70 tons of paper, cards, and cardboard, and about 6,000,000 en- velopes every week. Rope-making, comb-making, boot and shoe making, iron-founding, machine-making, ship- building, and various other crafts, likewise employ very many hands. The leather trade proper makes little figure within the county, but elsewhere is largely upheld by constant supplies of hides to the Aberdeen market. The number of cattle killed for ex[)ort of dead meat from Aberdeen is so great, that the hides sold annually there, taking the year 1867 for an average, amount to no fewer than 41,600. The commerce of the county is given under its two head ports, Abeudeex and Peteu- 22 HEAD. The tolls were abolished at "Whitsunday 1866 ; the roads have since been managed by 8 trusts, in 1881 being kept in repair by means of an assessment of 6d. per pound. The railways are the Caledonian and the Great North of Scotland ; and, with the sections of the latter, the Aberdeen and Banff, the Liverurie and Old ileldrum, the Alford Valley, the Formartine and Buchan, and the Deeside, they are separately noticed. The royal burghs are Aberdeen, Inverurie, and Kin- tore ; a principal town and parliamentary burgh is Peter- head ; and other townis and principal \-illages are — Huntly, Fraserburgh, Turrifl; Old j)ileldrum. Old Deer, Tarland, Stewartfield, St Combs, Boddam, Rosehearty, Inveral- lochy, Cairnbulg, Ellon, Newburgh, Colliston, New Pit- sligo, Banchory, Aboj'ue, Ballater, Castleton of Brae- mar, Cuminestown, Newbyth, Fj^vie, Insch, Rh}'nie, Lumsden, Alford, Kemnay, Auchmill, Bankhead, Burn- haven, Buchanhaven, Broadsea, Woodside, Garmond, Gordon Place, Longside, Mintlaw, Aberdour, Xew Deer, Strichen, and Woodend. The chief seats are — Balmoral Castle, Abergeldie Castle, Huntly Lodge, Aboyne Castle, Slains Castle, Keith Hall, Mar Lodge, Skene House, Dalgety Castle, Dunecht House, Haddo House, Philorth Castle, Castle-Forbes, Logie-Elphiustone, Westhall, Cri- monmogate, Kewe, Edinglassie, Fintray House, Craigie- var Castle, Monymusk, Hatton House, Pitmedden House, Finzean, Invercauld, Ballogie, Castle Eraser, Coimtess- wells, Clunie, Leamey, Drum, Grandholm, Haughton, Ward House, White Haugh, Leith Hall, ]\Iount-Stuart, Rothie, Fyv'ie House, Rajme, Manar, Freefield, Warthill, Pitcaple, IMeldi'um, Auchnacoy, Ellon House, Brucklay Castle, Tillyfour, and Pitlurg. The comity is governed (1881) by a lord-lieutenant, a vice-lieutenant, 58 deputy-lieutenants, a sheriff, 2 sheriffs-substitute, 3 honorary sherifls-substitute, and 334 magistrates ; and is divided, for administration, into the districts of Braemar, Deeside, Aberdeen, Alford, Huntly, Turriff, Garioch, Ellon, Deer, and New Machar. Besides the courts held at Aberdeen, a sheriff court is held at Peterhead on every Fridaj", and sheriff small debt circuit courts are held at Abojme, Inverurie, Huntly, Turrilf, and Fraserburgh, once every 3 months. The prisons are the East Prison of Aberdeen, and the police cells of Peterhead, Huntly, and Fraserburgh, all three legalised in 1874 for periods not exceeding 3 days. The criminals, in the annual average of 1841-45, were 93 ; of 1846-50, 117 ; of 1851-55, 104 ; of 1856-60, 89 ; of 1861-65, 87 ; of 1864-68, 73 ; of 1869-73, 60 ; of 1875-79, 52. The police force in 1880, exclusive of that for Aber- deen burgh, comprised 70 men ; and the salary of the chief constable was £350. The number of persons in 1879, ex- clusive of those in Aberdeen burgh, tried at the instance of the police, was 1450 ; the number of these convicted, 1395; the number committed for trial, 16 ; the number charged but not dealt vdth, 283. The annual value of real property in 1815 was £325,218 ; in 1843, £605,802 ; in ISSl, £919,203, including £52,387 for railways, etc. The county, exclusive of the burghs, sent 1 member to parliament prior to the Reform Act of 1867 ; but by that Act, it Avas constituted into 2 divisions, eastern and western, each sending 1 member. The constituency in 1881, of the eastern division, was 4721 ; of the western division, 4139. The population in 1801 was 121,065 ; in 1811, 133,871 ; in 1821, 155,049 ; in 1831, 177,657 ; in 1841, 192,387 ; in 1851, 212,032 ; in 1861, 223,344 ; in 1871, 244,603; in 1881, 267,963, of whom 139,985 were women. The registration county gives off parts of Banchory- Devenick and Banchory-Teruan parishes to Kincardine- shire, takes in part of Drumoak from Kincardineshire, and parts of Cairney, Gartly, Glass, New ilachar, and Old Deer from Bantt'shire ; comprises 82 entire parishes ; and had in 1861 a population of 223,344, in 1881 of 269,014. Five of the parishes in 1880 were unassessed for the poor ; two, Aberdeen-St Nicholas and Old Machar, had each a poorhouse and a poor law administration for itself; and 10 forming Buchan combination, had a poor- house dating from 1869. The number of registered poor in the year ending 14 May 1880, was 5616 ; of dependants ABERDONA on these, 3494 ; of unregistered or casual poor, 1474 ; of dependants on these, 1431. The receipts for the poor in that j^ear were £61,882, 14s. 2d. ; and the expenditure Avas £60,618, 8s. l^d. The number of pauper lunatics was 704 ; and the expenditure on their account, £13,144, 4s. lid. The percentage of illegitimate births was 14 '5 in 1876, 13-3 in 1877, and 137 in 1879. The climate is far from imhealthy, and, while varying much in different parts, is on the whole mild. The temperature of the mountainous parts, indeed, is about the lowest in Scot- land ; and the rainfall in the aggregate of the entire area is rather above the mean. The winters are not so cold as in the southern counties, and the summers are not so warm or long. The mean temperature, noted from 13 years' observation, is 46 "7 at Aberdeen, and 43 "6 at Braemar, 1114 feet above sea-leveL Keligious statistics have been already given under Aber- deen, p. 19 ; in 1879 the county had 236 pirblic schools (accommodation, 35,848), 70 non-public but State-aided schools (10,046), 51 other efficient elementary schools (4151), 1 higher-class public school (600), and 44 higher- class non-public schools (3532) — in all, 402 schools, with accommodation for 54,177 childi'en. The territory now forming Aberdeenshire was anciently inhabited by the Caledonian Taexali. Many cairns and other antiquities, commonly assigned to the Caledonian times, are in the upland districts. A so-called Pict's house is at Abojme ; vitrified forts are at Insch and RhjTiie ; and a notable standing-stone, the Maiden Stone, is in Chapel-of-Garioch. Old castles are at Abergeldie, Boddam, Corgarff, Coul, Dundargue, Dunideer, Fedderate, Lesmore, Slains, and other places. Chief septs, in times down almost to the present day, have been the Farqu- harsons, the Forbeses, and the Gordons. Principal events were the defeat of Comjm by Bruce, at the ' herschip of Buchan,' near Barrahill ; the defeat of Donald of the Isles by the Earl of Mar, in 1411, at Har- law ; the lesser conflicts of Corrichie, AKord, and the Craibstone ; and other incidents noticed under Aber- deen. See Jos. Robertson's Collections for a History of tlie Shires of Aberdeen and Banff (5 vols. , Spalding Club, 1847-69), and Al. Wraith.' s New History of Aberdeenshire (2 vols., 1875). Aberdona, an estate, with a mansion, in Clackmannan parish, 5 mUes FIN'S of Alloa. Aberdour (Gael, abhir-dur, 'confluence of the stream'), a village and a parish of SW Fife. The village lies just to the W of Whitesands Bay, a curve of the Firth of Forth (here 4f miles A^•ide), and is 3 miles W by S of Burntisland station, and 7h NW of Leith, with which in summer it holds steamboat communi- cation from 3 to 6 times a day. Sheltered on the E b}^ Hawkcraig cliff (270 feet), northward by Hillside and the Cullalo Hills, it nestles among finely wooded glades ; commands a wide prospect of the Firth's southern shores, of Edinburgh, and of the Pentland range beyond ; and by its good sea-bathing and mild climate draws many visitors, for whose further accommodation a terrace of superior \Tllas was built (1880-81) along the Shore Road, on sites belonging to the Earl of Morton. The village proper, standing at the mouth of the Dour Burn, consists of 3 parts, regarded sometimes as distinct vil- lages — Old Town to the NE, Aberdour in the middle, and Xew To-wn to the SW. It has a good tidal har- bour with a picturesque old pier ; was supplied with water in 1879 at a cost of £2000 ; contains the parish church (erected in 1790 ; and seating 579), the Free church, 2 inns, 3 insurance offices, a post office under Burntisland, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, and a hospital for 4 widows, founded by Anne, countess of the second Earl of Moray. Here, too, were formerly St IMartha's nunnery of St •Claire (1474) and the hospital of SS. Mary and Peter (1487), and here, concealed by brushwood, still stand the ruins of St Fillan's Church (c. 1178), mixed Norman and Second Pointed in style, with a S aisle, a porch, and the grave of the Rev. Robert Blair (1583-1666), Charles I.'s chaplain, who, banished from St Andrews by Arch- bishop Sharp, died in this parish at Meikle Couston. ABERDOUR Steps lead from the churchyard to the broad southern terrace of Aberdour Castle, a ruinous mansion of the Earls of Morton and Barons Aberdour (1458), held by their ancestors since 1351, earlier by Yiponts and by Mortimers. Its oldest portion, a massive keep tower, is chiefly of rough rubljle work, with dressed quoins and windows ; additions, bearing date 1632, and highly finished, mark the transition from Gothic forms to the unbroken lines of Italian composition that took place during the 17th century. Accidentally burned 150 years since, this splendid and extensive pile has formed a quarry to the entire neighbourhood (Billings, i. , plate 12). An oyster-bed in Whitesands Bay emploj-s, with whelk- picking and fishing, a few of the villagers ; but the former industries of spade -making, ticking- weaving, and wood-sawing are quite extinct. The parish, formed in 1640 by disjunction from Beath and Dalgety, contains also the village of Donibristle Col- liery, and includes the island of Ixchcolm, lying 1^ mile to the S, and Kilrie Yetts, a detached portion of 132f acres, Ih mile to the E. Its main body is bounded N by Beath, NE by Auchtertool, E by Kinghorn and Burntisland, S by the Firth of Forth, and W by Dalgety and Dunfermline. Its length from NW to SE is 4| miles, its breadth varies between 1 J and 3;^ miles ; and the total area is 6059| acres, of which 85 are foreshore. The coast is nearly 2 miles long, but probably comprises t^vice that extent of shore line. The western part of it rises gently inland, and is feathered and fiecked'n-ith plantations- the eastern is steep and rugged, AAith shaggv woods descending to the water's edge. From NE to S^V the Cullalo Hills, 400 to 600 feet in height, intersect the parish ; and the tract to the S to them is warm and genial, exhibiting a wealth of natural and artificial beauty, but that to the N lies high, and, %A-ith a cold sour soil, presents a bleak, forbidding aspect. Near the western border, from S to N, three summits rise to 499, 513, and 500 feet ; on the south- eastern are two 574 and 540 feet high ; and Moss Mor- ran in the N, which is traversed by the Dunfermline branch of the North British railway, has elevations of 472 and 473 feet. About 1200 acres are either hill pasture or waste ; some 1800 are occupied by woods, whose monarchs are 3 sycamores, 78, 74, and 78 feet high, with girths at 1 foot from the ground of 16 J, 20|, and 13^ feet. The rocks are in some parts eruptive, in others carboniferous ; and one colliers, the Doni- bristle, was at work in 1879, while fossiliferous lime- stone and sandstone are also extensivel}' quarried. Man- sions are Hillside, "S^iitehill, and Cuttlehill ; and the chief landowners are the Earls of Morton and Moray, each holding an annual value of over £2000. Five others hold each £500 and upwards, 5 from £100 to £500, 4 from £50 to £100, and 19 from £25 to £50. At Hill- side ' Christopher North,' the Ettrick Shepherd, and others of the celebrated Noctes, met often round the board of Mr Stuart of Dunearn ; at Humble Farm Carljde wi'ote part of Frederick the Great. But {imce Sir Walter Scott) Aberdour's best title to fame rests on the gi-and old ballad of Sir Patrick Spens. A baron, it may be, of Wormieston in Crail, that skeely skipper conveyed in 1281 the Princess ]\Iargaret from Dimfermline to Nor- way, there to be wedded to King Eric ; of his homeward voyage the ballad tells us how — ' Half owTe, half owre to Aberdour It's fifty fathoms deep, And there lies good Sir Patrick Spens, Wi' the Scots lords at his feet.' This parish is now in the presbytery of Dunfermline and synod of Fife ; anciently it belonged to Inchcolm Abbey, its western half having been granted by Alan de Mortimer, for leave of burial in the abbey church. The bargain was broken, for 'carrying his corpse in a coffin of lead by barge in the night-time, some Mickcd monks did throw the same in a gi'eat deep betwixt the land and the monastery, which to this day, by neigh- bouring fishermen and salters, is called Mortimer's Dee}).' The minister's income is £435. There are 2 board- schools, at Aberdour and Donibristle, with respective ac- 23 ABERDOUR ABERFELDY commodation for 184 and ISO scholars, the latter having been rebuilt in ISSO at a cost of £1500. These had (1S79) an average attendance of 118 and 120, and grants of £83, Is. and £80, 63. 4d. Yaluation (1881) £12,500, 3s. lOd. Pop. (1801) 1260, (1S31) 1751, (1851) 1945, (1871) 1697, (ISSl) 1736. See M. White's Beauties and Antiquities of Ahcrdour (Edinb. 1869), and Ballin- gall's Shores of Fife (Edinb. 1872).— O/'c?. Sur., sh. 40, 1867. Aberdour, a village and a coast parish of N Aber- deenshire. The village, called conanionly New Aber- dour, having been founded in 1798 in lieu of an old kirk-hamlet, stands 7 furlongs inland, at an altitude of 337 feet, and is 8 miles W by S of its post-town Fraser- burgh, 6| NW of Strichen station. It has a post office ■with money order and savings' bank departments, 2 inns, and fairs on Monday week before 26 I\Iay and on 22 Nov. ; at it are the parish church (1818, 800 sittings) and a Free church. Pop. (1841) 376, (1871) 628. The parish contains, too, the fishing tillage of Pennan, 3 1 miles WNW. It is bounded N by the JMoray Firth, KE by Pitsligo, SE by Tyrie, S by New Deer, W by King Edward and by Gamrie in Banffshire. From N to S its greatest length is 6f miles ; its width from E to "W tapers southward from 5f miles to | mile ; and its land area is 15,508 acres, including a detached triangular portion (2|- by 1^ mile) l3dng 1^ mile from the SE border. The seaboard, 6 miles long, is bold and rocky, especially to the W, presenting a wall of stupendous red sandstone cliffs, from 50 to 419 feet high, with only three openings where boats can land. Of numerous caverns, one, called Cowshaven, in the E, afforded a hiding-place after Culloden to Alexander Forbes, last Lord Pitsligo (1678-1762); another, in the bay of Nether- mill of Auehmedden, was entered, according to legend, by a piper, who ' was heard playing Lochaier no more a mile farer ben,' and himself was no more seen. Inland, the surface is level comparatively over the eastern portion of the parish, there attaining 124 feet at Quarry Head, 222 at Egypt, 194 at Dundarg, 248 at Coburty, and 443 at North Co^-fords ; but AV of the Dour it is much more rugged, rising, from N to S, to 522 feet near Pennan Farm, 590 near West Mains, 670 near Tongue, 703 on AVindyheads Hill, 612 near Glenhouses, 723 near Greens of Auehmedden, 487 near Bracklamore, and 524 at Mid Cowbog. This western portion is separated from Banff- shire by the Torr Burn, and through it 3 deep ravines, the Dens of Troup, Auehmedden, and Aberdour, each with its headlong rivulet, run northward to the sea ; but the drainage of the southern division is carried eastward, through GlasslawDen, by Gonar Burn, the Ugie's northern headstream (Smiles' »S'co-th, and 1221 on Bamff or BalduflfHill. Beyond, comes the treeless Forest of Alytli, where the chief elevations — those marked -with asterisks culminating on the north- eastern boundary — are Craighead (1083 feet), the Hill of Three Cairns (1243), Kingseat (1250), Drumderg (1383), Rimnaguman (1313), *Black Hill (1454), and *Knockton (1605) ; whilst fiu'ther stUl, in the Forfarshti-e section, rise *Cairn Gibbs (1706), *Meall Mhor (1804), and Mount Blair (2441). The rocks are chiefly Devonian in the Strathmore low land, crystalline slates in the Forest of Alyth and the Blacklunans (a fertUe strip along the Black Water), and trap on the hills, but include limestone at Mount Blair, and a well-defined dyke or vein of ser- pentine a little below Bamff House. The soils of the arable lands — barely one-fourth of the entire area — are in Strathmore a fine deep fertile loam, on the hill-slopes a good sharp gravel, in the Blacklunans a light but rich black loam, and elsewhere a strong detrital mixture of cla}'', gravel, and stones ; plantations cover more than 1000 acres. One castle (styled the King's Castle in 1394) was at Inverquiech, and another at Corb in the Forest, where, too, are many cairns, stone circles, and standing stones ; but Alyth's chief antiquity is an oval British fort on Barry Hill, which, 450 feet in circumference, was defended by a rude stone rampart, and to E and S by a deep fosse 10 feet wide, and, according to local tradition, was the prison of Wander, Vanora, or Guinevere, King Arthm''s queen (Glennie's Arthurian Localities, 1869, p. 53). The Lindsays of the Cra^vford line were connected ■\^-ith this parish from 1303 to 1620 ; and the Ramsays have held the lands of Bamff since 1232. Their foimder, Nessus de Ramsay, was phj'sician to Alexander II. , as to King James and Charles I. was his descendant Alex- ander Ramsay, whose son, Sir Gilbert, for gallantr}' in the battle of the Pentlands, was made a baronet in 1666. Mansions, with distance from the town, proprietors' names, and the extent and yearly value of their estates ■v^-ithin the shire, are — Bamff House, 3| miles NW (Sir Jas. Hy. Ramsay, b. 1832 ; sue. as tenth Bart. 1871 ; 12,845 acres, £3391) ; Loyal House, ^ mile NE (Earl of Airlie, 4647 acres, £6218); Balhary House, 2 miles SE (trustees of late Rt. Smythe, 1865 acres, £935); Jordan- stone House, 2 miles ESE (Wm. G. Knight, 515 acres, £604) ; and Hallyards, 2^ miles ESE (Geo. D. C, Hen- derson, 396 acres, £649). In all, 7 lando^^•ners hold within Alj'th an annual value of £500 and upwards, 14 of between £100 and £500, 12 of from £50 to £100, and 38 of from £20 to £50. Alyth is in the presbytery of Meigle and synod of Angus and Mearns ; the living is worth £418. Valuation (1865) £17,058, (1881) £25,062, including £1296, 5s. for the Forfarshire section. Pop. (1841) 2910, (1861) 3422, (1871) 3352; o{ quoad sacra parish (1871) 3151, (1881) 3372.— Orrf. Sur., sh. 56, 1870. Amatan, a burn in Bower pai-ish, Caithness, running eastward to Wester Water. Amisfield, a village and a mansion in Tinwald parish, Dumfriesshire. The village stands on a head-stream of Lochar AVater, near the Dumfries and Lockerbie branch of the Caledonian, under the Tinwald Hills, 4 miles NNE of Dumfries. It has a station on the railway, and AMISFIELD a post office under Dumfries. The mansion, standing ^ mile NNW of the village, is partlj^ a modern edifice, partly an old baronial fortalice, one of the most in- teresting of its kind. It belonged from the 12th cen- tury to the Anglo-Nomian family of Charteris, of whom Sir "Thomas became Lord High Chancellor of Scotland in 1280 ; Sir John was Warden of the West Marches imder James V., and by that king (as ' Gudeman of Ballangeich ') was punished for wrong-doing to a widow ; and another Sir John was an active Royalist during the Great Rebellion, as also was his brother Captain Alex. Charteris, beheaded at Edinburgh in 1650. An oak door, c\rriously carved with 'Samson and the lion,' and dated 1600, has found its way from Amisfield Castle to the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh. Re- mains of a little fort, which may have been Roman, are on the Amisfield estate, near the line of a Roman road. Amisfield, a seat of the Earl of Wemyss, in the parish and county of Haddington, on the right bank of the T}-ne, I mile ENE of Haddington. It is a handsome Grecian edifice of red sandstone, faces the river, con- tains some fine paintings, and stands in the midst of an extensive park. It was built by the fifth Earl of Wemyss (1787-1808), heir of his maternal grandfather, the infamous Colonel Charteris (1675-1732), who had purchased the lands of Newmills, and changed their name to Amisfield from the ancient seat of his forefathers in Nithsdale. In Lauder's Scottish Pavers (ed. 1874), p. 309, is a lively account of the Tj-neside games, instituted by Lord Elcho in Amisfield Park. Amondell or Almonddale, the seat of the Earl of Buchan, in Uphall parish, SE Linlithgowshire, stands on the left bank of the Almond, IJ mile NE of Mid- calder. From 1812 till his death here on 8 Oct. 1817, it was the residence of the Hon. Henry Erskine, Lord Advocate of Scotland in 1783 and 1806. Amulree, a \'illage in Dull parish, Perthshire, on the left bank of the Bran, 10 miles WSW of Dunkeld station. Its site was pronounced by Dr Buckland to have been fashioned b}' a group of low moraines ; and the coimtry aroimd it presents an assemblage of wild, bare, rugged uplands, whose lochs and streams are favourite anglers' haunts. The village has a post ofiice under Dimkeld, an inn at which Wordsworth and his sister halted on 9 Sept. 1803, an Established church, and a Free Church station. The Established church, originally built by Government to serve for a district containing upwards of 1000 inhabitants, in 1871 was constituted a quoad sacra parochial church ; and was rebuilt in 1881 at a cost of £900. Fairs for cattle and sheep are held at the ^'illage on the first Tuesday and Wednesday of May, and on the Friday before the first Wednesday of November, but they have sunk immensely in importance during the last 35 years. Anabich, an island in Harris parish. Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire. Ancrum, a -s-illage and a parish of Roxburghshire. The village stands upon rising ground, on the right bank of the river Ale, f mile N of its influx to the Teviot, being 2 miles W of Jedfoot Bridge station, and 3J miles NNW of Jedburgh, under which it has a post and telegraph ofiice. Its original name was Alnecrom, signifying 'the crook of the Alnc,' — as the Ale was anciently called ; and that name is exactly descriptive of the situation, on a bold sharp cm-ve of the river. The surrounding scenery is softly picturesque ; and the pre- sent village, though most of its buildings are modern, wears a somewhat decaj'ed appearance, and dates from a considerable antiquity. A Caledonian fort stood near it ; a monastic establishment of some kind was founded at it by David I. ; faint vestiges exist of its so-called Maltan Walls, a preceptory of the Knights of Malta ; and a 13th century cross, supposed to have been ori- ginally surmounted by the arms of Scotland, stands in the middle of its green. This village was long called Nether Ancrum, to distinguish it from the now extinct hamlet of Over Ancrum, and both were burned to the ground dm'ing the hostilities connected with Hertford's raid in 1545. Pop. (1861) 538, (1871) 412. ANCRUM The parish contains also the hamlets of Longnewton and Belses, the latter with a station on the North British, 3S miles W of the village, 45^ SE of Edinburgh, and 7h NE of Hawick ; and it includes the old parish of Longnewton, annexed in 1684. It is bounded NW by St Boswells, NE liy j\Iaxton, E by Crailing, SE by Jed- burgh and Bedrule, SW by Minto, and W by Lilliesleaf and Bowden. Its length from N to S is 4;^ miles ; its gi-eatest breadth is ih miles ; and its area is 10,389 acres, of which 93J are water. The Ale in ' many a loop and link,' flows through the parish from WNW to ESE ; and the Teviot, to the length of some 4;^ miles, roughly traces all the south-eastern border. Both rivers atlbrd abundant sport to the angler for salmon and for trout, and also are haunted by otters. The surface, through- out the NW, in the quondam parish of Longnewton, is flat and tame ; but elsewhere, along the Ale, and south- ward to the Teviot, though containing no prominent hills, rises into considerable eminences, the chief of which from N to S are Ancrum Moor (771 feet), Woodhead (501), Hopton (531), Ancrumcraig (629), Troneyhill (755), and Chesters Moor (585). The tract along the Ale, in particular, exhibits steep rugged rocks, part naked, part richly wooded, overhanging tlie river's course, and shows a succession of picturesc[ue and romantic scenery. Sandstone, of two colours, the one red, the other white, and both of superior quality for building purposes, is quar- ried. The soil, in the lower gi'ounds toward the Teviot, is chiefly a fertile loam ; on the flat gi'ounds, both in the north and near the Ale, is a rich though stifiish clay ; and on the higher grounds and the northern de- clivities, is of moorish quality on a cold clay bottom. About 7500 acres are under cultivation, and upwards of 800 are in wood. Ancrum House (Sir William Scott, seventh Bart, since 1671, and o-mier of 2131 acres in the shire) stands near the site of the ancient village of Over Ancrum, and of a rural palace of the Bishop of Glasgow, and was a fine old Border mansion, command- ing a noble view of Teviotdale away to the Cheviot Mountains, and surrounded by an extensive deer-park, with craggy knolls and grand old trees. Its central and older portion, built in 1558 by Robert Kerr of Fernie- herst, was, with later additions, totally destroyed by fire on 3 Dec. 1873, the damage being estimated at £35,000. The mansion has been since rebuilt in Scottish Baronial stjde. Chesters House, situated on the Teviot, is a large handsome edifice, erected about the beginning of this century ; and Kirklands, on a wooded height above the Ale, is a modern Elizabethan structure. Fif- teen caves occur along the rockj' banks of the Ale above Ancrum House, all at the least accessible spots, artifi- cially hewn, provided with fiire-places, and thought to have served for hiding-places during the Border raids. One of them was a favourite retreat of the author of The Seasons, who was a frequent inmate of Ancrum Manse, and is known as ' Thomson's Cave, ' his name being carved on its roof, it is said, by his own hand. Remains of a Caledonian stone circle existed within this century at Harestanes, near Mounteviot, but all its stones save one have been removed ; and a Roman road skirts Ancrum Moor, If mile NW of the village, which moor was the scene of one of the last great conflicts in the international war between Scotland and England. An English armj', 5000 strong, under Sir Ralph Evei'S and Sir Bryan Latoun, in 1544, overran and wasted the Scottish Border northward to Mekose. Returning with their booty, they were overtaken at Ancrum Moor and utterly routed by a Scottish force under the Earl of Angus and Scott of Buccleuch. Billiard, a maid of Teviotdale, made desperate by the loss of her lover, fought in the Scottish ranks till she fell beneath many wounds ; and she has bequeathed to part of the battlefield the name of Lilliard's Edge. A monument, now broken and defaced, stands on the spot, and bore this legend, — 'Fair Maiden Lilliard lies under tliis stane ; Little was her stature, but great was her fair e ; Upon the English loons she laid mony thumps, And when her legs were cuttid off, she fought upon her stumps.' Ancrum was the birthplace of Dr William Buchan 49 ANDERSTON (1729-1805), a medical vrriter ; perhaps, too, of the Rev. John Home (1722-1 SOS), the author of Douglas, this honour being also claimed for Leith. Among its mini- sters was the Rev. John Livingston (1603-72), one of the commissioners sent to confer -with Charles II. at Breda in 1G50. Seven lando\vners hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 4 of between £100 and £500, 5 of from £50 to £100, and 8 of from £20 to £50. In the presbytery of Jedburgh and synod of Slerse and Teviotdale, this parish has an Established church, built in 1762, repaired in 1832, and containing 520 sittings ; the minister's income is £132. There is also a Free church ; and at Ancrum and Saudystones are public schools, which, with respective accommodation for 153 and 78 children, had an average attendance (1879) of 112 and 67, and grants of £59, iSs. 6d. and £20, 18s. 9d. Valuation (1880) of lands, £14,162, 15s. 4d. ; of rail- way, £1601. Pop. (1831) 1454, (1S61) 1511, (1871) 1391, (1881) 1365.— On/. Sur., shs. 17, 24, 1864-65. Anderston, a suburb of Glasgow, and a quoad sacra parish in Barony parish, Lanarkshire. The suburb adjoins the western extremity of Argyle Street ; stood quite apart from Glasgow till about 1830 or later ; com- municated with Glasgow by an open thoroughfare, called Anderston Walk, at present the middle and westeim parts of Argyle Street. Completely enveloped now in the western extensions of Glasgow, it stands amidst these extensions with old dingy features of its own, in strong contrast to those of the surrounding archi- tecture ; impinges on the Clyde along what is now a dense and very busy part of the harbour, but what formerly lay all far westward bej^ond the old harbom-'s lower extremity ; comprises a main street deflecting at an acute angle from Argyle Street and leading on to- ward Partick, a number of narrow old streets very densely peopled, and a number of newer or more airy ones, mostly going parallel with one another to the Clyde; being boimded E by M'Alpine Street, N by close but irregular impact of the spacious streets of the new Glasgow western extension, W by Finnieston. It was con- stituted a borough of barony by Crown charter in 1824 ; had a town council consisting of a provost, 3 bailies, a treasurer, and 11 councillors, elected by projirietors for liferenters of heritable subjects, and by tenants paj'ing £20 or upwards of annual rent ; was annexed in 1846 to the municipal borough of Glasgow ; has, since that time, returned a certain proportion of members to the city council ; and shares largely in much of the industry of Glasgow, particularly in vaiious kinds of factories, and iu foundries and ship-building yards. In or near it are 4 chm'ches of the Establishment, 4 of the Free Church, 3 of United Presbyterians, 1 of Indepen- dents, 1 of ]\Iethodists, 1 of Plymouth Brethren, and 1 of Episcopalians. One of the Established churches bears distinctively the name of Anderston ; stands at the corner of St Vincent Street and Dumbarton Road ; was built in 1865 at a cost of £7000 ; supplied the place of an old chapel of ease in Clyde Street, destroyed by fire 1849 ; ranked itself as a chapel of ease till 1875 ; contains 1000 sittings ; and is now the quoad sacra parish church. One of the Free churches also bears dis- tinctively the name of Anderston. One of the United Presbyterian churches likewise bears distinctively the name of Anderston ; and is a spacious, neat, compara- tively recent erection in lieu of a previous old plain building. The quoad sacra parish was constituted in 1875 ; had then a population of about 7000, and is in the presbytery of Glasgow and sjmod of Glasgow and Ayr. One of the ten registration districts of Glasgow takes name from Anderston, and had, in 1881, a popu- lation of 39,069. Andet, an ancient chapelry in Methlick parish, Aber- deenshire, If mile SSW of Methlick village. Its church of St Ninian has disappeared ; but is commemorated in the names of a farmhouse and a spring, called Chapel- Park and Chapcl-AVell. Andhu. See Lochaxdhxj. Andunty, a lake iu Petty parish, Inverness-shire, on the ridge toward Croj'. 50 ANNAN Angel's Hill (Gael. Cnoc nan Angcal), a hillock, cro^vned by a small stone circle and cairn, in the island of lona, Argyllshire, 1^ mile WSW of the cathe- dral. It is said by legend to have been the scene of a conference between Columba and angels. Angry or Lennoc Bum, a rivulet in the uplands of Elginshire, traversing Glen Latterach, along the boimdary between Birnie and Dallas parishes, 4 miles northward to the Lossie. It is voluminous and very impetuous after rains ; it makes, about 2 miles below its source, a sheer descent of 50 feet into a basin called the Kettle ; and a little further down it makes another fall into a basin called the Pot. Lofty cliff's screen these falls, and want only woods to render their scenery very grand. Angus, an ancient district nearly or quite conterminous with FoiiFARSHiEE. Some archteologists think that it got its name from Angus, a brother of Kenneth II., and recipient of title to proprietorship of the district, or to lordship over it, immediately after the conquest of the Picts ; but others think that a hill a little to the eastward of Aberlemno church bore the name of Angus long previous to Kenneth II. 's time ; had been a noted place of rendezvous on great jmblic occasions ; and gra- dually or eventually gave its name to the surroimding country. A finely diversified strath or valley, from 4 to 6 miles broad, and upwards of 30 miles long, extending from the western boundary of Kettins parish to tlie mouth of the North Esk river, is called the Howe or Hol- low of Angus. An earldom of Angus was created in favour of the Douglas family, some time prior to 1329 ; came in that year into the line of the Dukes of Hamil- ton ; and ranks now as the oldest one of the present duke's numeroiTS peerages. Angus and Mearns, a synod of the Church of Scotland, meeting on the fourth Tuesday of April and October, and comprising the presbyteries of Meigle, Forfar, Dundee, Brechin, Arbroath, and Fordoun. Pop. (1871) 271,197, of whom 57,750 were communicants of the Church of Scotland in 1878, the sums raised by them that year in Christian liberality amounting to £23,169. — The Free Church also has a synod of Angus and Mearns, meeting on the same daj's as, and comprising presbyteries identical with, those of the Established synod. Its communicants numbered 25,354 in 1880. Ann, a burn in Galston parish, Ayrshire, running to Irvine "Water at Galston to\\Ti. Its channel contains the beautiful stone called Galston pebble. Annan (Gael, 'quiet river'), a river that, flo-R-ing all through central Dumfriesshire from N to S, gives it the name of Anxandale. It rises 1200 feet above the sea, near the meeting-point of Lanark, Peebles, and Dumfries shires, within 1^ mile of Tweed's Well, and 3 J miles of Clyde's Burn, so that according to an old-world rhyme — 'Annan, Tweed, and Clj'de, Rise a' out o' ae hill-side.' Its virtual licadstreams, however, are the Lochan and Auchencat Burns, which also rise in Moffat parish, on the western and southern slopes of Hartfell (2651 feet), and after receiving which the Annan becomes a stream of considerable volume, inclining a little eastward, and forming the bovmdary between Kirkpatrick Juxta and Moffat. Passing Moffat town, it is joined from the NE by Birnock Water, which rises on Swatte Fell (2388 feet), and by the Frenchland Burn ; a little lower do-rni it receives at the same point, from the NW and the NE, Evan and ]\Ioffat Waters. The next important tri- butary is Wamphuay Water, soon after whose confluence the Annan becomes exceedingly meandering, though still bearing southward to -natliin 1 mile of Lochmaben and 2 of Lockerbie, and thereabouts receiving the Kixxel and the DriYFE. From the southern extremity of Dryfesdale parish it makes a south-eastward bend past St Mimgo's Church, the rocking-stone, and Hoddom Castle, receiving here the Water of iliLK ; but from the confluence of the I\Iein onward it resumes a southerly course to Annan town, whence its estuary sweeps first in a SW, then in a SE direction into the upper part of tlie Solway Firth at Barnkirk Point. The Annan is 49 miles long, of which the first 5 lie through a mountain glen, with the ANNAN singular hollow of Axxan'dale'.s Beef-Staxp. Its basin thence is a valley from 3 to 18 mUes wide, which, at no distant geological period, must have lain under the sea, and now with a rich alluvial soil presents a soft and pas- toral appearance. Its waters are well stocked with sal- mon, trout, and coarser fish, the trout running from 1 to Ih lb. , but sometimes exceeding 4 and even 5 lbs. ; and sea-trout ascend in ilay and June. The rod season is from Feb. 11 to Oct. 31 ; ami permission to fish is generally granted by the 15 proprietors who own the best part of the stream— ' the silver Annan,' as Allan Cunningham styled it, but, in time of spate, ' a drumlie river,' according to the ballad {Mitislrelsy of the Scottish Border, voL iii., p. 284 of Cadell's edn. ). Annan, a royal and parliamentary burgh of S Dum- friesshire, on the E bank and 2 mUes above the mouth of the Annan, which here is spanned by a three-arched bridge, rebuilt in 1824 at a cost of £8000, and by a via- duct of the Glasgow and South-Western railway (1848). It has stations on this and on the Solway Junction section of the Caledonian, by the former being 8 miles W by S of Gretna Green, 17f NW of Carlisle, 15J ESE of Dum- fries, and 73f SE of Kilmaruoek; by the latter, 2f miles KNW of Bowness, a\ SSW of Kirtlebridge Junction, 89| S by W of Edinburgh, and 93J SSE of Glasgow. ' The coimtry round is flat upon the whole, but near the to\vn are two or three heights, one of which, dignified as " Annan Hill," commands a magnificent view of Annan- dale, the Solway, and the Cumberland Moimtains. Xorth- ward, are seen the little red to\\'n, Ipng amid green trees, the gleaming river, and numberless small dark woods and bare monotonous hills ; southward, the sandy shore of the Firth, the Solway Viaduct, the sunlit sea, the grey hills of Kirkcudbrightshire, the long English coast, the picturesque windmill of Bowness, and the great Lake mountains, with Skiddaw, in what Wordsworth calls his "natural sovereignty," towering above the rest' ('Annan and its Neighbourhood,' by F. Miller, in the Border Mag. , Oct. 1880). The to-mi itself made Dorothy- "Wordsworth ' think of France and Germany, many of the houses large and gloomy, their size outrunning their comforts ; ' but now, as improved of recent years, it is a thriving well- built place, only unsatisfactory in its sanitary condition, and this should be soon improved, new drainage and waterworks ha^-ing been undertaken in the autumn of 1880 at a cost respectively of £2S50 and £8372. It has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, branches of the Bank of Scot- land, the British Linen Co. , and the Commercial Bank, a local savings' bani (1835), 18 insurance offices, a gas company, 3 hotels, a coffee-house with reading and re- creation rooms (1879), a mechanics' institute, a Free Templars' hall, and a Friday paper, the Aivivn Observer (1857). The town-hall was rebuilt (1876-77) in the Scottish Baronial style, at a cost of £3000, and, besides burgh ofiices, contains a large court and coimcU hall, where sheriff courts .sit thrice a-year, and justice of peace small debt courts on the first Monday of every month. Friday is market-day, and hir- ing fairs are held on the first Friday of May and August and thethird Friday of October. At or near the town are a cotton mUl (1785), a manure factory, a tannery, a distillery, 5 bacon- curing establishments, 2 rope- walks, and 2 saw mills ; and a considerable trade is done with Liverpool and Whitehaven in the export of grain, wool, bacon, and live-stock, and the import of coal, slate, iron, herrings, salt, etc. The port is free, and ships of 250 tons can ascend to within ^ mile of the town, but larger vessels must load and discharge at two wooden jetties, 420 feet long, at the mouth of the river. Here, by the Annan Waterfoot Dock and Railway Co. Bill (1881), it is pro- posed to construct a dock on the E side of the river, cover- ing i)l aci-es, and connected with the Solway Junction Seal of Annan. ANNAN railway by a branch of 1\ fm-longs — the whole to be finished in five years' time, on a capital of £66,000 in £10 shares. Places of worship are the parish church (1790 ; 1190 sittings) ^rith an elegant spire, a Free church (1845), a U.P. church, an Independent church, a 'Church of Christ,' St John's Episcopal church (1843; 140sittiDgs), and St Columba's Roman Catholic church (1839; 300 sit- tings). The Academy, rebuilt in 1820, is an excellent higher-class school, at whose predecessor Thomas Carl vie (1795-1881) led 'a doleful and hateful life ' (1803-10) under Old Adam Hope, and later was mathematical mas- ter (1814-15). Distinguished Annanites were the blind poetTliomasBlacklock(1721-91), James Johnstone, M.D. (1730-1802), Bryce Johnstone, D.D. (1747-1805), Hugh Clapperton (1788-1827), the African explorer, and Edward Irvmg (1792-1834), the gi-eat-souled founder of a little sect. A place of indefinable antiquity, Annan, say some authorities, was a Roman station, and in 1249 possessed a ro}"al mint. Its closeness to the Border exposed it to frequent assaults, and in 1298 it was burned by the Eng- lish ; Robert Bruce two years later built or restored the Castle, on what is now the old churchyard, and this he made his occasional residence. Hither Edward Baliol, in December 1332, within three months of his coronation at Scone, summoned the nobles to do him homage ; and here Archibald Douglas, at the head of 1000 horsemen, surprised him by night, slew Henry, his brother, with many lesser adherents, and drove him to flee on a bare- backed steed, haK-naked, to Carlisle. In 1547, after a valiant resistance, the town was taken bj' Lord "WTiarton, who sacked and burned it ; it sulfered so gi'ievouslj' from the English raids of the two next years, that the sum of £4000 was le™d from the bishops and the clergj- to repair and strengthen its defences, and, 6000 French auxiliaries landing soon after in the Clyde, the greater part of them were sent to form its garrison. The castle, once more demolished in 1570 by the Earl of Sussex, was once more rebuilt ; but in 1609 the townfolk, too poor to build a church themselves, by leave of Parliament either converted it into a place of worship or used its stones to build one, and no trace of it now is left, the last ha\-ing disappeared in 1875 along \vith the old town- hall. The Great Rebellion brought Annan to a miserable plight, from which it was rescued soon after the Restora- tion by the privilege of collecting customs ; at Annan the rerieating amiy of Prince Charles Edward bivouacked, 20 Dec. 1745. Under a charter of James VI. (1612), re- newing one granted by James V. (1538), the bmgh is governed by a provost, 3 bailies, and 9 councillors, with a dean of guild, a treasurer, and a town clerk. It tmites with Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, Lochmaben, and San- Cjuhar in returning one member to Parliament, its parlia- mentary and municipal constituency nimibering 422 in 18S1, when the corporation revenue amounted to £618, and the annual value of real property within the bm-gh to £10.805 (£5164 in 1843). Pop. of municipal burgh (1841) 4409, (1861) 4620, (1871) 4174, (1881) 4629; of parliamentary burgh (1841) 3321, (1861) 3473, (1871) 3172, (1881) 3366. The parish of Annan also contains the\-illagesof Beide- KiRK and Creca, 3 miles N by W and 4 J NE of the to^vn. Bomided N byHoddom andMiddlebie,E byKirkpatrick- Fleming and Dornock, S by the Solway Firth, and W by Cimimerti'ees, it has a length from X to S of from of to 5^ miles, a width from E to W of from 2^ to 4} miles, and an area of 12,047f acres, of which 9944 are foreshore and 137S water. The Kirtle traces for | mile the boundary •R'ith Kirkpatrick -Fleming, and the An'Xan" flows 3§ mUes on the Hoddom boiJer, and 4| thi'ough the interior to the Firth, which here was crossed by the open iron Solway Viaduct (1S66-69K JVas, since that 'triumph of engineering art,' sufiered such damages from masses of floating ice on 31 Jan. 1 SSI, as to need almost entire reconstruction. With banks from the English and Scottish shores, 440 and 154 yards long, it had itself a length of 1960 yards, divided into 10 yard spans, ran 34 feet above the Solway's bed, and with the embankments cost £100,000. The shore of the Firth — ^ mUes in Annau parish — is low and sandy ; and inland the surface is com- 51 ANNANDALE parativel}- level, at Woodcock Air in the X\V and Hill- to\vn towards the NE hut little exceeding 400 feet of altitude, whilst lesser elevations are Hillside (100 feet), WTiitesprings (223), Creca (356), Bonshawside (323), and Mossfoot (305). The rocks, belonging to the Carboni- ferous formation, yield plenty of good sandstone, but not any workable coal ; the soils are exceedingh' various, in- cluding rich alluvium, strong argillaceous and fine friable loam, reclaimed moss, and barren moor, but most of the area is under cultivation. Mansions, with distance fi'om the town, proprietors' names, and the extent and yearlj' value of their estates within the shire, are : — Mount Annan, 2 miles N (Lieut. -Col. Thos. Dirom, 1502 acres, £1480) ; Newbie, 2 miles SAV (W. D. Mackenzie, 2929 acres, £5263) ; Ashly Grange, 1 mile (Mrs Halbert, 356 acres, £1079) ; Fruidspark, less than 1 mile ( — Bogie, 238 acres, £612) ; Northfield, 1 mile N ; and AVarman- bie, Ih mile N. In all, 7 proprietors hold within Annan a yearly value of £500 and upwards, 34 of between £100 and £500, 57 of from £50 to £100, and 84 of from £20 to £50. The seat of a presbj'tery in the sj-nod of Dum- fries, Annan is divided between the quoad sacra parishes of Annan (living £477), Bridekirk, and Greenknowe, and contains, too, the mission church of Kirtle. Five public schools are the Academy, the infant and girls' schools, Breconbeds, Greenknowe, and Bridekirk, the last under a separate school-board. With respective accommodation for 197, 225, 138, 176, and 169 children, these had in 1879 an average attendance of 116, 214. 89, 119, and 97, and grants of £101. £167, £73, 16s., £74, 3s., and £87, 10s." Valuation (ISSl) £15,801, 7s. 5d. Pop. of ci\-il parish (1801) 2570, (1851) 5848, (1871) 5240, (1881) 6791 ; of quoad sacra parish (1881) idiS.—Ord. Sur., shs. 6, 10, 1863-64. The presbytery of Annan comprehends the old parishes of Annan, Cummertrees, Dornock, Graitnej^ Hoddom, Kirkpatrick-Fleming, Aliddlebie, and Ruthwell, thequoad sacra parishes of Bridekirk and Greenknowe. and the chapelry of Kirtle. Pop. (1871) 14,676, (ISSl) 14,426, of whom, according to a Parliamentary return (1 May 1879), 2312 were communicants of the Church of Scot- land in 1878, the sums raised by the above 11 congrega- tions amounting in that year to £861. Annaaidale, the middle one of the three divisions of Dumfriesshire. It is bounded N by Lanarkshire and Peebleshire, XE by Selkirkshire, E by Eskdale, S by the Solway Firth, W by Xithsdale, and Is W by Lanark- shire. Regarded now as commensurate with the basin of the river Annan, together with small adjacent portions of seaboard, it anciently included parts of what now are the southern extremities of Eskdale and Nithsdale. Under the name of ' Estra-hanent,' it was given by David I., in 1124, to Robert de Bruis, grandson of one of AVilliam the Conqueror's Xorman barons. This Robert, eventually disagreeing with David on a question of national policy, in 1138 renounced his allegiance to the king; in 1141 he died at Guisburn, or Guisborough, in Yorkshire, leaving his patrimony there to his elder son. His j'ounger son, also called Robert Bruce, adhered to David I., received the inheritance of Annandale, and lived- through the reign of Malcolm IV. into that of "William the Lyon. His son, another Robert, succeeded Mm in Annandale, married a natural daughter of Wil- liam the Lyon, and died in 1191. Robert, fourth Lord of Annandale, laid the foundation of the royal house of Bruce by marr}'ing Isabella, second daughter of David, Earl of Huntingdon, and brother of AVilliam the Lyon. His son and namesake opposed the Comyn influence in the affairs of Scotland, and, at the age of 81, engaged in the competition for the Scottish crown, but ultimately resigned his rights in favour of his son. That son, still Robert, went in 1269 to Palestine with Edward of Eng- land ; married, soon after his return, Margaret, Countess of Carrick in her own right ; came thence to be kno\vn as Earl of Carrick ; and had, by his lady, five sons, the eldest of whom became the royal Bruce. Annandale, throughout the time of the Bruccs, and specially under King Robert, figured conspicuously in Scottish history. LocHMABEN was the chief seat of the family ; and it 62 ANN'S BRIDGE abounds to the present day in memorials or traditions of their princely grandeur. All Annandale, indeed, is rich in relics and memories of the Roman times, of the great struggle for the Scottish cro^ra, and of Border wars and forays. Its Roman antiquities and medireval castles outnumber those of any other district of equal extent in Scotland. The lordship of Annandale passed, about 1371, on the demise of David II., to Randolph, Earl of Moray ; and afterwards, \di\\ the hand of his sister Agnes, went to the Dunbars, Earls of March. The Douglases got it after the forfeiture of the Dunbars ; and thej' eventually lost it by their own forfeiture. A mar- quisate of Annandale was conferred in 1701 on the Johnstones, who previously had been created Barons Johnstone of Lochwood (1633), and Earls of Annandale and A'iscoimts of Annan (1643). The marquisate became dormant in 1792, at the death of George, third marquis, and is now claimed bj' Sir Frederick John AVilliam John- stone of Westerhall, Bart., John James Hope- Johnstone, Esq. of Annandale, and three others. The famous Ben Jonson was really not a Jonson but a Johnstone, a descendant of the Annandale Johnstones. See Mrs Gumming Bruce's Family Records of the Bruces and the Cormjns {Friv. prin., Edinb. 1870). Annandale's Beef-Stand, Marquis of, or Devil's Beef- Tub, a strange conchoidal hollow in Moffat parish, Dumfriesshire, 5 miles NNAV of Moffat town. It lies near the source of Annan AA\ater, just off the pass of Erickstane Brae from Annandale into Tweeddale, and to the N is overhung by Great Hill, 1527 feet high. ' It received its name,' says the Laird of Summertrees in Scott's Pi,ed gauntlet, ' because the Annandale loons used to put their stolen cattle in there ; and it looks as if four hills were laying their heads together to shut out day- light from the dark, hollow space between them. A deep, black, blackguard-looking abyss of a hole it is, and goes straight down from the roadside, as perpendicular as it can do, to be a heatherj' brae. At the bottom there is a small bit of a brook, that you would think could hardly find its way out from the hills that are so closely jammed around it.' At the bottom also is a martyred Covenanter's grave ; and its second alias, 'Mac- Cleran's Loup,' records the escape of a Highland rebel in the '45, who, wrapped in his plaid, rolled like a hedge- hog down the steej) declivity amid a shower of musket- balls — an incident Scott used in his romance (Lauder's Scottish Pavers, ed. 1874, p. 37). Annat, a davoch in Kiltarlity parish, Inverness-shire, on the X side of the river Beauly. Annaty, a burn in Scone parish, Perthshire, running westward to the Tay. It affords several good waterfalls for the driving of machinery. Annbank, a mining village in the SW of Tarbolton parish, Ayrshire, with a station on the Ayr and Muir- kirk line, 5 miles ENE of Ayr. It has a post office with money order and saWngs' bank depai'tments under Tar- bolton Station, a chapel of ease to Tarbolton erected in 1871, and a school which in 1879 had an average atten- dance of 342 day and 65 evening scholars, and received gi-ants of £246, 15s. and £30, 7s. 6d. Pop. (1871) 1151, (1881)1240. Annet, a burn in Kilmadock parish, S Perthshire, formed by two rivulets that rise in the Braes of Doune, on the southern slope of Uamh Bheag (2179 feet). In- cluding the longer of these, it has a SSE course of 6 J miles, making a number of beautiful cascades, and falling into the Teith, li mile AVNAV of Doune. Annick, a small river, partly of Renfrewshire, but chiefly of Ayrshire, rises in Mearns parish, to the E of Long Loch, and flowing south-westward past Stewarton, falls into Irvine AA''ater, 1 mile above Irvine town, after a course of 16 miles. Its chief affluents are the Swinsey, East, and Clerkland bums above, and the Glazert burn, 3 miles below, Stewarton — all of them better trouting streams than the Annick itself. Ann's Bridge, a picturesque locality in Johnstone parish, Dumfriesshire, on the river Kinnel, 7| mUes N by AV of Lochmaben. A bridge here, on the line of road from Dumfries to Edinburgh, was built in 1782, rebuilt ANSTRUTHER in 1795, and widened and improved in 1817. A reacli of the Kinnel's vale, above and below the bridge, is exquisitely beautiful ; and the splendid mansion of Rae- Mlls, "n-ith its fine gardens and gi'ounds, is'close by. Anstruther, a fishing and seaport town of SE Fife, comprising the royal and parliamentary burghs of An- struther-Easter and Anstruther- Wester, and contiguous eastwards to the royal burgh of Cellardyke or Kether Kilrenny. Situated at the entrance of the Firth of Forth, it stretches along its shore about 1^ mile, and by water is 5* miles WNW of the Isle of UjlY, llf N of North Berwick, and 25 NE of Leith, while, as temainus of the Leven and East of Fife section of the North British system, it is 18| miles E by N of Thornton Junction, and 38f NE of Edinburgh, via Granton. By road, again, it is 9;^ miles SSE of St Andrews, whither a railway is constructing (1881) at a cost of £38,000, to be 16 miles long, -with five intermediate stations, at Crail, Kingsbarns, Dunino, etc., and to be worked by the North British. Anstruther has a post office with monev order and savings' bank departments, a rail- way telegraph oSice, branches of the Clydesdale, Com- mercial, and National banks, gasworks, two hotels, a custom house, a town-hall(1871 ; ac- commodation 800), a masonic lodge, a musical association, il»H.\ etc., and publishes '\^ a Friday paper, the East of Fife Hccord (1856). Friday is market - day ; and industrial establish- ments are 2 rope and sail, 3 oil, and 4 oilskin and fish- ing - gear factories, a brewery, and a tanner}'. A bridge (1831)overtheDreel Burn joins Anstru- ther-"Wester to Anstruther-Easter, where are Free, U.P. , Baptist, and Evangelical Union churches, besides the parish church (1634-il ; 750 sittings), whose picturesque tower has a low spire and gabled stair-turret ; the manse is another quaint old building, erected in 1590 by James, a nephew of the more celebrated j\ Andrew, ^Iel\-ille. Anstruther- ' I Wester has its o-s^Ti parish (church, consecrated in 12i3 ; a lidless stone coffin in its churchyard is wi'ongly ima- gined to be St Adrian's. On 10 June 1559, Knox marched here with a ' rascal multitude ' (the Seal of Anstruther-Wester. phraseishisown),andpreached his 'idolatrous sermon,' with the usual outcome of pillage and demolition: 'several alive well remember the rows of fine arches left standing in this church, which now is a tasteless erection within and without ' (Gordon's Scotichronicon, 1867, p. 307). A Spanish war-ship, one of the scattered Armada, put in at the harbour in 1588 ; in 1645 many of the towns- folk, zealous Covenanters, fell at the battle of Kilsyth ; and the town itself, in 1651, was plundered by the English. Great inundations (1670-90) did grievous damage, the first destroying the harbour, and the second a third of the houses ; the Union, too, gave a serious shock to commerce, which, till then carried on by 24 home vessels, employed but 2 in 1764. Three natives and contemporaries were the great Dr Thomas Chalmers (1780-1847), a minor poet. Captain Charles Gray, R.N. (1782-1851), and William Tennant (1784-1848), author of Aiistcr Fair, whose heroine ' Maggie Lauder ' lived, it is said, on Anstruther East Green. A head port from 1710 to 1S27, since then a creek or Seal of Anstruther-Easter. ANTONINUS' WALL sub-port of Kirkcaldy, Anstruther possesses a harbout of its own, enclosed by two piers ; but, this being found too small, the Union Harbour was commenced at Cellar- dj-ke in 1866. With a western breakwater and eastern pier, both built of concrete, and the latter 1200 yards long, it has an area of 7 acres, and, owing to frequent interruptions from stonns, was only completed in 1877, at a total cost of over £80,000. Its revenue was £616 in 1880 ; and Anstruther is head of all the fishery dis- trict between Leith and Montrose, in which during 1879 there were cured 9119| baiTcls of white herrings, besides 127,705 cod, ling, and hake — taken by 775 boats of 8839 tons ; the persons employed being 3175 fishermen and boys, 38 fish-curers, 80 coopers, and 2460 others, and the total value of boats, nets, and lines being es- timated at £123,488. In the year ending 31 March 1881, the herring catch alone was 17,000 crans, against 8630 in the twelve months before. Anstruther-Easter was made a royal burgh in 1583, and Anstruther- Wester in 1587, but the latter lost its municipal status in 1852, not to regain it till 1869. With St Andrews, Crail, Cupar, Kilrenny, and Pittenweem, they return one mem- ber, the parliamentary and municipal constituencies of Anstruther-Easter numbering 202 and 190, of Anstru- ther-Wester 91 and 89, in 1880-81, when the corporation revenue and the valuation of the former amounted to £401 and £4752, of the latter to £172 and £1925. Pop. of Anstruther-Easter (1801) 969, (1831) 1007, (1851) 1146, (1871) 1169, (1881) 1349. Pop. of Anstruther- Wester (1851) 365, (1861) 367, (1871) 484, (1881) 594. The parish of Anstruther-Easter, conterminous with its burgh, has an area of only 5^ acres of land and 15f of foreshore. That, however, of Anstruther- Wester, having also a landward district, is bounded AV and N by Carnbee, E by Kilrenny, S by the Firth and Pittenweem, and has an extreme length from E to W of If mile, a width from N to S of 7 furlongs, and an area of 978^ acres, of which 67:^ are foreshore. The surface nowhere much exceeds 100 feet above sea- level ; the formation is Carboniferous. Grangemuir House, a good modem mansion, 1 mUe NNW of Pittenweem station, is the seat of Walter Douglas - Irvine, Esq., owner in the shire of 2697 acres of £5298 yearly value ; and there are three other land- owners. In the presbytery of St Andrews and sjmod of Fife, Anstruther- Wester is a living worth £261, and Anstruther-Easter £264. The former has one public school, the latter two, E and W ; and these three, with respective accommodation for 134, 229, and 104 children, had in 1879 an average attendance of 114, 172, and 69, and grants of £88, 2s., £171, 19s., and £50, 8s. Valua- tion (1881) of landward district of Anstiuther-Wester, £1664, Ss. Pop. of its entu-e paiish (1801) 296, (1831) 430, (1861) 421, (1871) 545, (1881) 673.— Ord. Sur., sh. 41, 1857. Antermony House, a mansion in Campsie parish, S Stirlingshire, near ililton station, and 2J miles ESE of Lennoxtown. Here was bom and here died John Bell of Antermony (1691-1780), well known by his Travels from St Petcrshurg to Various Parts in Asia {2 vols., Glasgow, 1763). Antermony Loch is a sheet of water measuring 3J by 2 furlongs. Antoninus' Wall, a Roman rampart extending from Carriden on the Firth of Forth to Chapel-Hill I mile below Old Kilpatrick village on the Clyde. Agricola in 81, having two years earlier passed the shores of the Sol- way Firth, overran the countiy thence to the Forth and the Clyde, and raised a line of forts along the tract from Carriden to Chapel-Hill. LoUius Urbicus, in 139, the year after Antoninus Pius assumed the purple, was deputed as propraetor of Britain, to quell a general revolt. Marching northward to the Forth and the Clyde, he subdued the hostile tribes, and, both to repel any further attacks which might be made from the north, and to hold in subjugation the country to the south, constructed a great new work on the line of Agricola's forts. This new work was the rampart afterwards known as Anton- inus' Wall. It measured 39,726 Roman paces, or nearly 361"; English statute miles, in length ; it consisted of 53 ANTONSHILL eartli on a foundation of stone, and was 24 feet thick and 20 high ; it had 3 forts at each end, and 15 inter- mediate forts at 2-mile intervals ; it was defended, along all the N side, by a fosse 20 feet deep and 40 wide ; and it had, along the S side, for ready communication from fort to fort, a paved military road. Very few and slight traces of it now exist ; but many memorials of it, in the form of tablets and other sculptured stones, have been dug up, and are preserved in museums ; and both vestiges and relics of it will be noticed in our articles on Carriden, Falkirk, Kirkintilloch, Chapel-Hill, etc._ The popular name of the rampart, or rather of its re- mains, came to be Grime's or Graham's Dyke — a name that has gi'eatly perplexed archajologists and philolo- gists. It was long fancied, from a fiction of Fordoun, Boece, and Buchanan, to point to an ancient Scottish prince of the name of Grime, who, with a body of troops, broke through the wall somewhere between Camelon and Castlecary ; and it has been hesitatingly derived from either a Gaelic word for ' black ' or a Welsh word signi- fying 'strength.' See — besides Gordon's Itinerarium Scptcntrionalc, Eoy's 3Iilitary Antiquities, and Stuart's Caledonia Eomajia — voL i. , pp. 31-36 of Hill Burton's History of Scotland (ed. 1876); vol. i., pp. 76-79 of Skene's Celtic Scotland (1876) ; and pp. 1023-1025 of The Builder {1^11). Antonshill, an estate, with a mansion, in Eccles parish, Berwickshire, 4J miles NW of Coldstream. Anwoth, a coast parish of SW Kirkcudbrightshire, with the Fleet Street suburb of its post-town Gatehouse in the E, and Dromore station in the N, en the Port- patrick branch of the Caledonian, 39 miles WSW of Dumfries. It is bounded W and N by Kirkmabreck, E by Girthon, SE by Fleet Bay, and S by Wigtown Bay ; its length from N to S is 7 J miles ; its breadth varies between 1\ and 4 J miles ; and its area is 12,861^ acres, of which 1036f are foreshore and 33| water. The whole of the eastern border is traced by the river Flket ; and SkjTe- burn, rising upon Meikle Bennan, follows the upper portion of the western border till, joined by Cauldside Burn, it strikes south-south-eastward through the in- terior, and, traversing a lovely wooded glen, enters Fleet Bay after a course of 31 miles. Its sudden and violent freshets have given rise to the local proverb of ' a Skyre- burn warning,' of which 'Scarborough warning' in Har- ington's Ariosto (1591) is thought to be a corruption. The seaboard, though generally rocky, is low except at Kirkclaugh in the W, where a steep and rocky promon- tory rises to over 100 feet ; and inland, too, the highest points are near or upon the western border, viz., from N to S Meikle Bcnnau (1100 feet), Stey Fell (1000), Cairn- harrow (1497), Ben John (1150), and Barholm Hill (1163), eastward of which rise Kenlum Hill (900), Ard- waU Hill (600), and Trusty's Hill (225). Underlying a fertile rock - soil, the formation is chiefly Silurian ; a vein of lead, extending across the parish, and including small quantities of zinc and copper, was formerly worked on the estate of Rusco. Only about one-third of the entire surface is arable, much of the land along and to some distance from the Fleet being under wood ; at Ard- wall still stands the splendid beech that in 1800 was saved from the woodman by Campbell's Beech Tree's Petition. Behind Ornockenoch is a rocking-stone, 1 ton in weight ; and prehistoric antiquities are two cairns and ' Druidical ' circles, a vitrified fort and a broad flat stone inscribed with so-called Runic characters on Trusty's Hill, the Moat of Kirkclaugh, and near it a thin, flat obelisk, 5^ feet high, with a rude cross carved upon either side. Rusco Castle, a seat of the Gordons of Lochinvar, is a square tower, crowning a knoll in the Vale of Fleet, 3 miles NNW of Gatehouse, and habitable, though dat- ing from the 15th century. Cardoncss Castle, also upon the Fleet, 1 mile SSW of Gatehouse, is a similar but roofless tower, last tenanted by Sir Godfrey M'Culloch, who in 1697 was beheaded at Edinburgh for the murder of William Gordon at Bush o' Bield (Cliambers' Domestic Annals, ii. 321, 322, and iii. 174-17G). The latter, another baronial mansion (demolished in 1827), was long the residenceof Samuel Rutherford(1600-01), the eminent 6i APPIN Covenanting minister of Anwoth, who was visited here by Archbishop Usher, and two of whose ' Witnesses' are standing yet — the three large stones that he reared as a protest against Sabbath football playing. His church (1626) is an ivy-clad ruin, with a stone in its graveyard to John Bell of Whyteside, ' barbarously shot to death on Kirkconnel Moor for adherence to the Covenants ' in 1685 ; and to Rutherford's own memory was erected in 1842 upon a hill on Boreland farm a granite obelisk, 56 feet high, which, struck by lightning in 1847, was re- built in 1851. Ardwall, Cardoness House (Sir William Maxwell, third Bart.), and Kirkclaugh are the chief mansions ; and 3 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 4 of between £100 and £500, 2 of between £50 and £100, and 4 of between £20 and £50. Anwoth is in the presbytery of Kirkcud- bright and synod of Galloway ; the minister's income is £311. The present church (1826) stands IJ mile W by 5 of Gatehouse, and contains 400 sittings. At Fleet Street, too, are the U. P. church of Gatehouse and boys' and girls' schools, which had respectively an average at- tendance of 81 and 91, andgrants of £79, 4s. and £90, 8s. in 1879, when Laggan school was closed, but when that of Skyreburn had an attendance of 33 and a grant of £39, 4s. Valuation (1881) £6797, 3s. 6d. Pop. (1831) 830, (1861) 899, (1871) 827, (1881) 728. See pp. 99-109 of Harper's Rambles in Galloivay (Edinb. 1876). — Ord. Sur., shs. 4, 5, 1857. Aonachan, a hamlet near the centre of the mainland of Inverness-shire, with formerly a post oflice mider Fort Augustus. Aonach-Shasuinn, a mountain 2902 feet high, 2J miles S of Loch Atfric, NW Inverness-shire. Appin, one of the five sections of Dull parish, Perth- shire, comprehends the Strath of Appin, down which the Keltney Burn flows from the skirts of Schichallion 6 miles south-eastward to the Tay, at a point 2 miles NE of Kenmore. Thence it is prolonged dovm the strath of the Tay, past Aberfeldy, to near GrandtuUy Castle ; and contains Dull church, and many fine artifi- cial features. It is one of the most picturesque tracts in the Perthshire Highlands. Appin, an estate, with a colliery, in Dunfermline parish, Fife, 1| mile NNE of Dunfermline. Appin {Ahthania or AiMiane, i.e., 'abbatial. lands' of Lismore), a village, a quoad sacra parish, and a terri- torial district, on the coast of Argyllshire. The village stands at the head of Appin Bay, on the SE side of Loch Linnhe, 15 miles NNE of Oban ; and has a post oflice, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments. The quoad sacra parish, constituted in 1868, is in the civil parish of Lismore, extends along the SE side of Loch Linnhe, measuring about IS miles by 12, and abounds in interesting features. The shore is sandy, broken with islands and indentations ; the coast behind is generally high, but not rocky, em- bellished with woods and mansions. The interior ranges from irndulating meadow along the coast to high moun- tain on the farther watershed, or rises away in great variety of height and contour, and terminates in alpine masses, cleft by deep glens, and striped with torrents or cataracts. The scenery everywhere is richly diversified and strikingly picturesque. The Airds of Appin, lovely with la\vn and wood, occupy the peninsida bet^yeen Lochs Linnhe and Crcran ; Port-Appin, with an inn, fronts the N end of Lismore ; Portnacroish village, with another inn, stands on the northern horn of Appin Bay ; and opposite Shuna island is Appin House, the seat of Miss Downie, Lady of the Barony of Appin, and owner of 37,000 acres, valued at £2265 per annum. This parish, forming part of Lismore and Appin civil parish, is in the presbytery of Lorn and synod of Argyll, tho stipend being £150, with manse and glebe. There ia also a Free church for Appin and Lismore. Pop. of quoad sacra parish (1871) 1327 ; of registration district (1871) 728, (1881) 762. The territorial district com- prehends likewise Glen -Cre ran, Glen-Duror, Kingair- loch, and Glencoe, and is upwards of 5 miles long, and from 10 to 15 broad. Appin abounds in legends of APPLEBY Caledonian times ; possesses some interesting medireval antiquities ; and was the country of the Stewarts, or Stuarts, long famed as ' the unconquered foes of the Campbell,' but ultimately overmastered. Their history may be read in The Stewarts of Appin (Edinb. 1880) by John H. J. Stewart and Lieut. Col. Duncan Stewart ; and Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, has celebrated their fame in verse : — ' I sing- of a land that was famous of yore, The land of green Appin, the ward of the flood ; Where every grey cairn that broods over the shore, Marks a grave uf the royal, the valiant, or good ; Tlie land where the strains of grey Ossian were framed,— The laud of fair Selma and reign of Fingal, — And late of a race, tliat with tears must be named, The noble Clan Stuart, the bravest of all. Oh-hon, an Rei ! and the Stuarts of Appin ! The gallant, devoted, old Stuarts of Appin ! Their glorj' Is o'er. For the clan is no more, And the Sassenach sings on the hills of green Appin.' Appleby, a place on the N border of Glasscrton parish, Wigto\vnshire, 2h miles W by N of "Whithorn. Applecross, a hamlet and a parish on the W coast of Ross-shu'e. The hamlet lies at the head of a small bay of its own name, opposite the central parts of Skye, 24 miles W by N of Strathcarron station on the Dingwall and Skye railway, and 14 by water NE by E of Broad - ford. It has a post office under Lochcarron, a stone jetty, and a good inn. The name is commonly referred either to an IStli centmy proprietor's having planted five apple-trees crosswise in his garden, or to a monkish tradition that apples grown here bore the sign of the cross ; but A2:iplccross is really a corruption of the ancient Aporcrosan or Ahercrossan, the most northerly of all the Scottish aiers. The church of Aporcrosan was founded in 673 by St 5Iaelrubha, who, coming over from the Irish monastery of Bangor, made this his centre for the evangelisation of all the western districts be- tween Lochs Carron and Broom (Skene, Celt. Scot., ii. 169 and 411, 412). A relic, probably, of this Colum- ban monastery is an upright slab in the churchyard, bear- ing the figure of a collared cross. The reach of sea before the hamlet, separating Raasay and Roua islands from the mainland, is known as Applecross Sound. A stream, some 10 miles long, flows south-south-westward from high mountains to Applecross Bay at the hamlet, is very impetuous in its upper reaches, but becomes quiet lower down, and abounds with salmon and trout. Apple- cross House, a seat of Lord Middleton's, stands near the hamlet, is a fine old chateau, and has a garden where fuchsias, geraniums, and similar plants flourish out of doors all the j'ear round, and a park with magnificent trees. The mainland approach to the hamlet is from Jeantown ; and the road thence goes through a pic- turesque defile to Coirrthill, at the head of the northern horn of Loch Carron, and then ascends, by zigzag tra- verses, a steep mountain corrie to the height of 1500 feet, overhung by stupendous precipices, and command- ing a view wellnigh as savage and sublime as that of Glencoe. The parish, which, prior to 1726, formed part of Loch- carron parish, comprises all the country between Lochs Carron and Torridon, and from N to S has an extreme length of I65 miles. The coast-line is very irregular — - not more than 45 miles ii direct measm'ement, but fully 90 if one follows the bends and windings of every loch and bay. The shores are in some places high and rocky, in others lowand sandy, but almost everywhere monotonous. The interior mainly consists of hills and mountains, either altogether bare, or covered only with heath and coarse grass ; among them are Beinn Garavegult (1602 feet), Beinn Clachan (2028), and Beinn Bhein (2397). Valleys there are both beautiful and fertile ; but hardly 2000 acres are under cultivation, and they have generally a soil neither deep nor loamy, but rather shallow, and either sandy or gravelly. Two other rivulets be- sides the Applecross stream, and likewise several lochs (the largest, Lundie), contain trout and other fish ; the sea-waters, too, abound in molluscs, are occasionally ARASAIG frequented by shoals of herring, and yield considerable quantities of cod, ling, flounders, etc. The shootings are extremely valuable. Lord Middleton's deer-forest alone being rented at £3500. In 1875 the rainfall was 47 "89, and rain fell on 216 daj's throughout that year. Red and purple sandstones and conglomerates of Cam- brian age are the prevailing rocks, to which the scenery owes its peculiar character ; and copper has been worked at Kishorn. Part of the civil parish is included in the quoad sacra parish of Siiieldaig ; the remainder forms another quoad sacra parish in the presbytery of Loch- carron and synod of Glenelg, its minister's income amounting to £193. The parish church, built in 1817, contains 600 sittings ; and there is also a Free church. Seven public schools are those of Aligin, Applecross, Arinacrinachd, Callakille, Kishorn, Shieldaig, and Torri- don. With total accommodation for 430 children, these had (1879) an average attendance of 178, and grants of £191, 19s. 3d. A"aluation(lSSl)£4414, 17s. 2d. Pop., mostly Gaelic-speaking, ofcivil parish (1801) 1896, (1831) 2892, (1861) 2544, (1871) 2470 ; of quoad sacra parish (1861) 1064, (1871) 1129, (18S1) 955. Applegarth (Norse ' apple-yard,' — orchard), a parish of Annandale, Dumfriesshire, whose western half is tra- versed by the Caledonian, and contains the two stations of Nethercleuch and Dinwoodie, 3 and 6 miles respectively N" by W of its post-town Lockerbie. Including since 1609 the ancient parish of Sibbaldbie, it is bounded N by Wam- I)hray, NE and E by Hutton, S by Dryfesdale, and Why Lochmaben and Johnstone. From N to S its greatest length is 65 miles ; its breadth from E to W varies be- tween 3 and 5^ miles ; and its area is 11,928| acres, of which 59J are water. The Anxax traces nearly all the western boundary ; and a fertile alluvial valley, extend- ing thence to a little beyond the railway, rarely in the N exceeds 300, in the S 200, feet above the level of the sea. Dryfe Water runs south-south-eastward towards the Annan through the uplands above this valley ; and heic-hts to the W of it— from IST to S— are Dinwoodie Hill (871 feet), Blaeberry Hill (635), Gayfield Type (714), Sibbaldbieside (682), and Cleuch-heads (518) ; to the E of it. Mid Hill (721), Adderlaw (822), Bowhill (813), and Balgray Hill (770). About two-thirds of the entire area are arable, and some 300 acres are mider wood ; the rocks are variously volcanic, Silurian, and Triassic. Jar- dine Hall (Sir Alexander Jardine, seventh Bart, since 1672, and o\\Tier of 5538 acres in the shire) lies If mile NNW of Nethercleuch station, and is a good mansion, built in 1814 ; other residences are Balgray, Hewk, Four- merkland, and Dinwoodie Lodge ; and the landed pro- perty is divided among six. A Roman road is thought to have run through Applegarth, in which there are no fewer than 3 camps and 14 hill-forts— 2 of the latter on Dinwoodie Hill, where is also the graveyard of a chapel, said to have belonged to the Knights Templars. At the SW angle of the parish stood its old church, where, on 7 July 1300, Edward I., then marching to besiege Caer- laverock, ofi'ered oblation at the altars of SS Nicholas and Thomas h. Becket. The site of Sibbaldbie church is marked by Kirkcroft on the Dryfe's left bank, 2^ miles NE of Nethercleuch. Applegarth is in the presbj'tery of Lochmaben and spiod of Dumfries ; its minister's in- come is £357. The present church (built 1760 ; repaired 1822) stands near wliere the old one stood, 2 miles SW of Nethercleuch, and contains 380 sittings. Two public schools, Sandyholm and Sibbaldbie, with respective ac- commodation for 90 and 66 children, had (1879) an aver- age attendance of 48 and 62, and orrants of £38, 6s. and /52, 14s. Valuation (1881) £11,979, Is. Pop. (1831) 999, (1871) 902, (1881) 969.— Orr?. Sur.,sh. 10, 1864. Appletree Hall, a hamlet in Wilton parish, Roxburgh- shire, 2f miles NNW of Hawick. Aquharaney, a mansion and estate in the W" of Crudeu parish, Aberdeenshire, 8 miles NE of Ellon. Aquhorthies. See iNVF.iiuniE. _ _ Arasaig or Arisaig, a village and a territorial district in Ardnamurchan parish, on' the W coast of Inverncss- shirc. The village stands on a small sea-loch, nearly opposite the N end of Eigg island, 22 miles NE of Ard- ' 55 ARAY namurchan Point, and 38^ W by X of Fort William. A small place, with only a few scattered houses, it serves as a centre of business and a point of communication for an extensive but thinly-peopled tract of country ; maintained formerly a regular ferry to Skye, and still can furnish boats for passengers thither ; communicates I'egularly ^vith the steamers plying between the Clyde and Skye ; and has a post office under Fort William, a large inn, a mission church of the Establishment, a Free Church mis- sion station, a Roman Catholic chapel(1849 ; 600 sittings), a Christian Knowledge Society's school ; and fairs on the Saturday before the second Wednesday of June, on the fourth Tuesday of August, and on the third Tuesday of October. The minister of the Established mission chm'ch receives £60 a-year from the Royal Bounty grant, and has a manse. Arasaig House, near the village, was the resi- dence of the tenth Lord Cranstoun (1809-69). The territorial district is bounded by Loch Morar on the N, by Loch Aylort on the S ; has a rugged, sterile, moimtauious character; and terminates seaward in a pro- montory, called Arasaig Point, nearly opposite the middle of Eigg island. Pop. of registration district (1861) 1343, (1871) 1131, (1881) 1130. Aray or Ary (Gael, a-reidh, 'smooth water'), a stream of the Argyll district of Argyllshire, rising in several head-streams near the watershed between the head of Loch F}'ne and the foot of Loch Awe, and running about 9 mUes southward to Loch Fyne, which it enters near Inverary Castle, giving name to Inverary. It is crossed at its mouth by a bridge on the line of road along the W shore of Loch Fyne, and is followed down its whole course by the road from Oban to Inverary. It runs on a rocky bed, along the bottom of a romantic glen, be- neath bare hills first, and then between finely wooded banks. Col. Robertson's etymology not^v•ithstanding, it has an impetuous current, makes several picturesque falls, and is called by Skene the 'furious Aray.' The finest fall occurs about 3 miles from Inverary, and bears the name of Lenach-Gluthin. The stream here rushes through a rocky cleft, and leaps down a precipice 60 feet high into a whirlpool below, thence shooting through a narrow opening. Salmon and grilse often ascend to the pool, leap from it into the vertical catai-act, and reach the first ledge of the precipice, only to be hurled back by the force of the water. Another beautiful fall, Carlonan Linn, occurs about mid-way between Lenach-Gluthin and In- verary. The upper Aray is open to anglers from the Argyll Arms, Inverarj', and sport is very good, especially in July and August. — Orel. Siir., shs. 45, 37, 1876. Arbigland, a coast estate, with a handsome mansion and finely planted grounds, in Kirkbean parish, Kirk- cudbrightshire, 1^ mile SE of Kirkbean village. Its owner. Col. Blackett, holds 1453 acres in the shire, valued at £3291 per annum. In a cottage here the naval adventurer Paul Jones was born 6 July 1747, his reputed father being gardener, and his mother cook, to Mr William Craik, whose grandfather had bought the estate from the Earl of Southesk in 1722. Arbikie, a place in the south-western extremity of Lunan parish, Forfarshire. A range of small tumuli here, at equal distances from one another, over a length of about 2400 feet, is supposed to mark the site of some ancient sanguinary battle. Arbirlot (Gael. ' ford of the Elliot '), a village and a coast parish of Forfarshire. The village, on the left bank of Elliot Water, is 2^ miles W by S of Arbroath, 2 miles WNAVof Elliot Junction ; has a post office under Arbroath, a cattle fair on the second Wednesday of November, a parish library, the parish church (rebuilt 1832; 639 sit- tings), and a Free church ; and is described as ' lying in a secluded hollow beside the stream, where, with tlie cottages nestling in their greenery, the bridge, the mill, and foaming water, the scene is more than ordinarily picturesque.' The old manse here 'was replaced in 1835 by another (almost, if not altogether, the best manse in Scotland) on the lieight across the stream — a spot which Mr Guthrie selected as commanding a view of the sea. ' The parish contains also the village of Bonnington, 2 56 ARBROATH miles W by S. Bounded N by St Yigeans, NE by Ar- broath, SE by the German Ocean, S by the Hatton sec- tion of St Yigeans and by Panbride, SW by Panbride, and NW by Carmyllie, it has a varying length from E to W of 24 and 4| miles, an utmost width from N to S of 3 J miles, and a land area of 6747 acres. The coast, 1^ mile long, is flat and sandy ; inland, the surface rises gently west-north-westward to 258 feet near Pitcundrum, 262 near Bonnington, 338 near Wester Knox, 273 near Easter Bonhard, 400 near LjTin, 295 on Kelly Moor, and 304 near Lochaber. The rocks, Devonian and eruptive, contain rock-crystals ; the soils of the arable lands (about four-fifths of the entire area) are in some parts argillaceous, in most parts a light rich loam incumbent on gravel, while those of the higher grounds (about one-sixth) are wet and moorish. The only distinctive features in the landscape are found along the gentle valley of the Elliot. It here has an east-south-eastward course of 3| miles, receives from the W the Rottenraw Burn, and sweeps below the village through a steep wooded dell past the old grey tower of Kelly Castle, which, held by the Auchterlonies from the 15th to the 17th century, came in 1679 to the Earl of Panmure, an ancestor of the Dalhousie family. See Beechin. George Gladstanes, afterwards Arch- bishop of St Andrews, was minister of Arbirlot in 1597, as also was the great Dr Guthrie from 1830 to 1837 ; and in Arbirlot was born, in 1833, John Kirk, M.D., suppres- sor of the East African slave trade. The Earl of Dal- housie is chief proprietor, 2 other landowners holding each an annual value of between £100 and £500, and 4 of from £20 to £50. Arbirlot is in the presbytery of Arbroath and S3aiod of Angus and Mearns ; the living is worth £245. Its public school, erected in 1876, with accommodation for 129 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 81, and a grant of £58, 12s. A^'aluation (1881) £13,224, including £2329 for 1^ mile of the Dun- dee and Arbroath, and 3g miles of the Carmyllie, branch of the Caledonian. Pop. (1801) 945, (1831)'l086, (1871) 919, (1881) 822.— Orel. Sur., shs. 49, 57, 1865-68. See part iv. and chap. iii. of the AiUohiocjraphy and Memoir of Thomas Guthrie (Lond. 1874). Arbory Hill, a conical hill in the SW angle of Laming- ton parish, S Lanarkshire, on the right bank of the Clyde, 1 mile below the mouth of Glengonnar Water. It rises to a height of 1406 feet above sea-level, and is cro\raed by extensive rude relics of an ancient Caledonian work. First are a wide fosse and a rampart ; next, about 18 feet farther up, are another fosse and a large earth- work; next, about 48 feet still farther up, is a circle of stones upwards of 20 feet thick and about 4 high ; and, finally, is an enclosed or summit space about 132 feet in diameter. Arbroath (anc. Aherhrothock, Celt, 'ford of the Bro- tliock '), a royal, police, and parliamentary burgh, a sea- port, and a seat of manufacture on the SE coast of For- farshire, at the mouth of the Brothock Burn. It stands at the junctionof the Arbroath and Forfar railway, opened in 1839, the Dundee and Arbroath Joint line, opened in 1840, and the Arbroath and Montrose railway, opened in 1881 ; and by rail is 14i miles SE by E of Forfar, 15f SSW of Montrose, 57i SSW of Aberdeen, 16S ENE of Dundee, 38^ ENE of Perth, 59| NNE of Edinburgh {vid Taj-port), and lOOf NE of Glasgow. Its site is chiefly a little plain, engirt on the land sides by eminences of from 100 to 200 feet, which command an extensive view of the sea, of Forfarsliire, and of the elevated parts of Fife. The old royal burgh consisted chiefly of one main street less than 1 mile in length, crossed by another smaller street, and by a few still smaller lanes. But the modern town has spread widely from Arbroath into St Yigeans parish. Newgate, Seagate, Marketgate, New Marketgate, Grimsby, Millgate, Lordburngate, Applcgate, Rotten Row, and Cobgate, mentioned in an official docu- ment of 1445 as crofts or rural thoroughfares, are all now, and have long been, edificed streets. Newgate is the only one of them not l)uilt upon till recent times ; Grimsby was feuod in the latter jiart of last century ; and Rotten Row and Cobgate are the parts of High Street respec- tively above and below the present parish church. One AREROATH portion ot the St Yigeans extension, about 35 acres of the Ahnerieclose estate, -was covered with streets and factories in an incredibly short space of time ; and others •were added till what was at first a trivial suburb became coequal -with all the original town. Tavo or three of the modern streets are handsome, several more are neat or tolerably good, and many possess some excellent houses ; but most are narrow and more or less mean. LIuch im- provement, in various ways, has been made at many periods, particularly since 1871 ; yet fails to give the toA^-n, on the whole, an architectural appearance pro- portionate to its size or importance. Yet in 1773 Dr Samuel Johnson was pleased to say, referring to the abbey, that he should scarcely have regretted his journey, had "it afforded nothing more than the sight of Aber- brothock. The Town-house, built in 1803, is a handsome edifice, and contains a large elegant apartment, a toAAii-clerk's office, a small debt com-t-room, and a council chamber. The Guild Hall, a plain building, was completely de- stroyed by tire (10 Oct. 1880), but has been since rebuilt in a handsome style. The Trades' Hall was erected in 1815 at a cost which weighed hea\-ily on the incor- porations, and, having been sold, is now in private hands. The Market House was erected in 1856, at a cost of about £7000, and is an ornamental structure. Seal of Arbroath. The Public Hall was erected in 1865, and contains a museum and a large hall for concerts and public meet- ings. The museirm is open to the public on every lawful day, and in 1870 was enriched with a valuable collection of fishes, minerals, and other subjects, gifted by Mr James Kenny of Edinburgh, and A^-ith three-fom'ths of the late Professor Fleming's collection of insects, shells, and fos- sils. The public subscription library contains 13,000 volumes. The mechanics' institute has a library of more than 1500 volumes and a reading-room. Other institutions are a public subscription reading-room, a scientific and literary association, an educational insti- tute, science and art evening classes, cricket, football, and curling clubs, an infirmary and dispensary, 2 des- titute sick societies, a ladies' clothing society, a town mission, a female home mission, and 12 charity funds or mortifications, bequeathed between 1738 and 1880. The infirmary, opened in 1845, received 220 cases in the year 1879-80, besides treating 877 out-patients ; its income for that year was £881, 5s. 2d., and its endow- ment had reached £8000. Arbroath has 22 places of worship, divided among 12 denominations, and all of them modern but one. The Old or parish church, built about 1590, with the materials of the abbey dormitor}', and enlarged or repaired in 1762, 1788, 1823, and 1869, has a handsome Gothic spire added in 1831 at a cost of £1300, and 152 feet high, also old carving in its pews, and 2 bronze alms-dishes, taken pro- bably from the abbey. Abbey Church, built in 1797 at a cost of £2000, was greatly altered, though hardly im- proved (1876-78), at a cost of £2000 more, new windows being struck out, and old ones closed, a flat panelled ceil- ARBROATH ing inserted, the gallerj' stairs transferred to the outside, etc. Inverbrothock Church was built in 1828, Ladyloan in 1838, the latter being adorned in 1875 with two me- morial stained-glass windows ; and all these three. Abbey, Inverbrothock, and Ladyloan, have been raised from chapels of ease to quoad sacra churches in respectively 1869, 1855, and 1865. St ilargaret's chapel of ease was erected (1877-79) at a cost of £6000, exclusive of a spire to be added. Free churches are East (rebuilt at Brothock Bridge 1875), Inverbrothock (1846), High Street (the for- mer Episcopal chapel, 1856), Knox's (1867), and Lady- loan (1845), in connection with which last a mission meeting-house was opened in 1872. The United Pres- byterians have 3 churches, Erskine (1851), Princes Street (1867), and Park Street (1826) ; whilst each of the fol- lowing bodies has 1 — United Original Seceders (1821), Evangelical Union (1863), Congregationalists (1866), Bap- tists fl873), Wesleyans (opened by Wesley himself, 1772), 'Balchristians' (1783), and Irvingites (1865). St Mary's Episcopal church (1852-54) is a good Gothic building with spire ; the Catholic church of St Thomas of Canter- bury (1848) was in 1880 beautified by the insertion of 4 stained-glass -ivindows. The Academy, built in 1821, in 1861 took the name of High School, on amalgamation with the Educational Institution (1844), and in 1872 passed to the charge of the school-board ; with a rector, 8 under-masters, and accommodation for 609, it furnishes higher-class education to over 300 pupils. The Abbey, Hill, Keptie, Inverbrothock, Ladjdoan, and Park Street public schools are also all vmder the board, which in June ISSO reported the number of children on the school rolls as 3501, of children in average attendance as 3099, whilst the aggregate grants to the above 6 schools amounted (1879) to £1811. An ancient abbey, now in a state of picturesque decay, is much the most imposing object in the town. This stands in High Street, near the parish church. It was founded in 1178 by AVilliam the Lyon, and dedicated to SS. Mary and Thomas a Becket. Becket had been martyred at the high altar of Canterbury Cathedral only "seven years before, and William the Lyon had re- cently suftered shameful defeat and ignominious capture by the English at Alnwick ; but William had been per- sonally acquainted with Becket, and is supposed to have regarded him as a private friend. ' Was this the cause,* Cosmo Innes asks, ' or was it the natural propensity to extol him, who, living and dead, had humbled the crown of England, that led AVilliam to take St Thomas as his patron saint, and to entreat his intercession whei> he was in gi-eatest trouble ? Or may we consider the dedication of his new abbey, and his invocation of the martjT of Canterbury, as nothing more than the signs of the rapid spreading of the veneration for the new saint of the high church party, from which his old opponent himself, Henry of England, was not exempt ? ' The abbey received great endowments, not only from William, but from many subsequent princes and barons ; received also, in 1204, a charter of privileges from King John of England ; and was one of the richest in Scot- land. Its monks were of the TjTonensian order ; and the first ones were brought from Kelso. Its abbots had several special privileges ; they were exempted from assisting at the yearly sjmods ; they had the custody of the Brecbennach, or consecrated banner of Columba ; they acquired from Pope Benedict, by Bull dated at Avignon, the right to wear a mitre ; and they, in some instances, were the foremost churchmen of the kingdom. The last abbot was Cardinal Beaton, at the same time Archbishop of St Andrews. The abbey was not com- pleted till 1233; and, after the death of Beaton, it felt the blows of the iconoclastic Reformers. Its property then was converted into a temporal lordship in favour of Lord Claude Hamilton, third son of the Duke of Chatelherault ; passed soon to the Earl of Dysart ; and passed again in the reign of James VI. to Patrick Maule of Panmure, ancestor of the Earl of Dalhousie. A stone wall, from 20 to 24 feet high, enclosed the precincts of the abbey, and was 1150 feet in length along the E and W sides, 706 along the N side, and 484 along 57 AEBROATH the S side. A tower, 24 feet square and 70 high, stood at the NAV corner ; was used for some time as the regality prison ; was afterwards, in its ground - flat, converted into a butcher's shop ; and is still entire. Another tower, somewhat smaller, stood at the SW angle ; had raised upon it a slated spire ; served for many years as a steeple to the parish chui'ch ; but, becoming ruinous, was taken down in 1830, to give place to the church's present steeple. A stately porch, in the N wall, formed the main entrance ; seems to have been furnished with a portcullis, which now forms the armorial bearings of the tovm ; and was demolished as insecure about 1825. Another entrance, called the Damgate, far inferior in architectural structure to the main entrance, stood at the SE corner. The church stood in the northern part of the enclosure ; measured 276 feet from E to W ; seems to have been 67 feet high from the pavement to the roof ; and had two western towers, and a great central tower. The nave, of nine bays, was 1-18, and the three-baj-ed choir 76-1, feet long ; the central aisle was 35, and each of the side aisles IQh, feet wide ; whilst the transept was 132 feet long and 45J wide. The whole stnicture is now in a state of chaotic ruin, and mingles with fragments of the cloisters and other attached buildings in prostrate confusion ; yet, by attentive observation, can still be traced as to its cruciform outline, and considerably re-constructed, in imagination, as to its several parts and its main details. The great western doorway is still entire, and forms a g:-and object. A rose window, seeminglj' of great size and much beauty, surmounted the gi'eat wes- tern doorway, and has left some vestiges. Another of smaller size is yet seen on the upper part of the wall of the S transept. The S wall and part of the E end are still standing ; and they retain some windows, or portions of windows, and some other featirres, which distinctly show the characteristic architectnre. The pillars which supported the roof are all demolished, but can still be easily traced in their sub-basements or foundations ; and those at the intersection of the nave or transept have been so much larger than the others as evidently to have been piers supporting the central tower. The architecture was partly Nonnan, but mainly Early English ; and it exhibits these .styles in a closeness of blending, and in a gentleness of transition to be seen elsewhere in only a very few buildings. The great western door is Korman, in rather peculiar mouldings, but evidently of the later or latest Jvorman type ; and the gallery above the interior of that doorway has the Early English arch resting on the Norman pillar and capital. The building material, however, was a dark-red sandstone so very friable that the mouldings and tracery, excepting only at a few places, are very much obliterated. Large masses of the pile, too, have fallen at comparatively recent periods — one of them immediately before Pennant visited the ruins in 1772. Operations were undertaken by the Exchequer to pre- vent further dilapidation ; but these, though well meant and in some sense highly serviceable, have introduced flat new surfaces of masonry, utterly discordant with the rugged contiguous ruins. A building, said to have been the chapter-house, adjoins the S transept on the E ; consists of two vaulted apartments, the one above the other ; and is in a state of good repair. The cloisters appear to have stood in front of that building and of the S transept, but have been utterly destroyed. The ab- bot's house stood at a short distance from the S wall of the nave ; and a portion of it is still inhabited as a private mansion. The tomb of King "William the Lyon, who was buried before the high altar 9 Dec. 1214, was discovered in 1816 during the Exchequer's operations ; it consists of hewn freestone. There are also several in- teresting monuments, among them the effigies of three of the thirty-two abbots of Arbroath. One of these is in blue sandstone ; another has pouch and girdle of madrepore. Many tombs or gravestones of a very remote antiquity are in the graveyard near the church ; but they want distinc- tive character, and are remarkable mainly for having the primitive form of the cross among their sculptures. 58 ARBROATH Arbroath has a head post office, with money order, sav- ings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments; 3 hotels; offices of the Bank of Scotland, the British Linen Co., the Clydesdale, Commercial, and Royal banks ; a local sav- ings' bank (1815) ; 39 insurance offices ; a plate-glass insurance association ; a Montrose and Arbroath freight association ; three vice-consulships, of respectively the North German Confederation, Sweden and Norway, and Belgium ; a custom-house ; and a Liberal Saturday paper, the Arbroath Guide (1842). Saturday is market-day, and hiring fairs are held on the last Saturday of January, 26 May, 18 July, and 22 Nov., provided tliese days are Saturdays, otherwise on the Saturday following. The manufacture of brown linens was introduced in the early part of last century ; took a great start, about the year 1738, from a local weaver's discovery of the mode of making osnaburgs, and by a few local capitalists then engaging in the manufacture ; and made such progress that, in the year 1792, so many as 1,055,303 yards of osnaburgs and brovvm linen, valued at £39,660, were stamped in the town. The making of sailcloth, in the same year, employed nearly 500 weavers, and was almost as productive in point of value as the other manufac- ture. The making of linen thread was introduced about 1740, prospered for nearly half a century, and then dwindled rapidly to extinction. The spinning of flax by steam power was introduced in 1806, came to a crucial trial in the Inch mill about 1808, and then took root as a permanent employment. A grand nash of increased business in the various departments of the linen trade occm-red between 1820 and 1826, but was greatly im- pelled by over-speculation ; and, in the latter part of 1825, and the early jiart of 1826, it received a tremen- dous check in a most disastrous crisis. The linen manu- facture seemed, at the instant, to be overwhelmed ; and it went on for a time with faltering progi-ess and ex- treme caution ; yet it eventually resumed its previous breadth, and became as vigorous as ever. The spinning mills were 16 in 1832, 19 in 1842, when the quantity of flax spun was about 7000 tons, the value of the yarn about £300,000, the number of linen weavers 732 (about a third of them women), and the number of canvas weavers 450 (about a fifth of them women). In 1851 the nominal horse-power of the engines was 530, the number of spindles 30,342, of power-looms 806, and of persons employed 4620. The mills in 1867 were 18, but aggre- gately had larger space and did more work than the same number in 1842, their nominal horse-power being 892, and the number of spindles 36,732, of power-looms 830, and of persons employed 4941. In 1875 there were 34 sj^inning mills and factories, all driven by steam, with 40,000 spindles, and fully 1100 power-looms, which, to- gether, turned out weekly about 450,000 yards of cloth. There are also bleachfields, calendering establishments, tanneries, engineering works, asphalt and tar factories, chemical works, and a shipbuilding yard, in which 3 sailing vessels of aggregately 400 tons were built during 1875-80 ; fishing employs 154 boats of 953 tons, and about 280 men and boys. The Abbot's Harbom- (1394), a wooden pier projecting from Danger Point, 'was not much liked by mariners ;' accordingly, the Old Harbour was formed (1725-42) to the westward, at a cost of over £6000. Its W pier was rebuilt (1789), a lighthouse erected (1798), and a patent slip laid down (1827) ; but it admitted vessels of only 100 tons at low tide, of only 200 at spring tide. Between 1841 and 1846, then, £58,000 was expended on the improvement of the Old and the construction of the New Harbour ; this, with a break- water, admits at spring tides ships of 400 tons ; had conveyed to it the property and shore dues of the Old Harbour on payment of £10,000 to the community; and is administered by a body of 23 trustees, comprising the provost, 10 parliamentary burgh electors, 4 county re- presentatives, &c. Lastly, between 1871 and 1877, at a cost of more than £29,000, including £20,000 from Government, the Old Harbour has been converted into a wet dock, the New Harbour and the entrance from the Bar have been deepened, and a new patent slip has been ARBROATH formed for ships of 700 tons. In 1880 the harbour revenue was £4776 (£4245 from shore-dues) ; whilst the aggregate tonnage registered as belonging to the port was 900 in 1781, 1704 in 1791, 6700 in 1833, 15,251 in 1851, 13,320 in 1860, 11,915 in 1870, 10,256 in 1878, and 8118 in 1880, viz., 38 sailing vessels of 7581 and 3 steamers of 537 tons. The following table gives the aggregate tonnage of vessels that cleared and entered from and to foreign and colonial ports and coastwise in cargoes and in ballast : — Entered. Cleared. 1873 ; 1878 1 1880 British. For'gn. Total. British. For'gn. Total. 32,532 36,561 31,525 7106 830G 6846 39,638 44,807 38,371 32,022 36,940 33,425 8099 8345 6828 40,121 45,285 40,253 Of the total, 334 vessels of 38,371 tons, that entered in 1880, 60 of 8905 tons were steamers, 32 of 1588 tons were in ballast, and 275 of 24,813 tons were coasters; whilst the total, 355 of 40,253 tons, of those that cleared included 63 steamers of 9248 tons, 250 vessels in ballast of 30,744 tons, and 348 coasters of 39,048 tons. The trade is mainly, then, an import coastwise one ; and coal is a chief article of import, 28,187 tons having been received here coastwise in 1878, 25,652 tons in 1879. Other imports are flax, hemp, jute, cordilla, hides, oak bark, bones, timber, and groceries, the total value in 1879 of foreign and colonial merchandise being £194,793 (£445,335 in 1877) ; of exports, £1934 (£4214 in 1878) ; and of customs, £18,273. Till then most prol)ably a burgh of regality, Arbroath in 1599 received a charter of novodam2is from James VI., by which it became a royal burgh. It is governed by a provost, 3 bailies, a dean of guild, a treasurer, and 12 councillors. The corporation property comprises com- mon lands, houses, mills, feu-duties, entries, customs, and imposts ; and, in Oct. 1870, was estimated to be worth £40,593, 10s. Id. The general purjioses' revenue was £4207, and the expenditure £4484, for the year ending 15 May 1881, when the whole bonded debt of the commissioners amounted to £25,200. The cor- poration revenue, in 1788, was £864; in 1838, £3859; in 1842, £1692; in 1874, £1495; in 1881, £1667. The annual value of real property in 1881, within the parlia- mentary burgh, was £79,365, of which £519 was for railways, and £40,232 was within the parish of St Vigeans. There is a guildry incorporation ; and there are incorporated trades of hammermen, glovers, shoemakers, weavers, A\Tights, tailors, and bakers, the fii'st dating from 1592, the last from 1653. The General Police and Improvement Act of Scotland was adopted prior to 1871. A police court, with the magistrates as judges, sits every Monday ; a justice of peace court on the first Monday of every month ; and a sheriff small debt court on the third Wednesday of January, March, May, July, September, and November. The police force, in 1880, comprised 16 men, and the salary of the superintendent was £230. The number of persons in 1879 tried at the instance of the police was 479 ; convicted, 468 ; committed for trial, 9 ; charged, but not dealt with, 1. The Nolt Loan water supply, with reservoir, pumping-engine, and nume- rous street wells, was provided in 1871, at a cost of £1700 ; the gas corporation's revenue was £8972 in 1880, its expenditure £8211. The burgh unites with Montrose, Forfar, Brechin, and Bervie in sending a member to parliament, and in 1881 its municipal con- stituency was 3366, its parliamentary 3383. Pop. of municipal burgh (1861) 7984, (1871) 20,068, an increase due to extension of the burgh's boundaries. Pop. of jwliamentary burgh (1831) 13,795, (1841) 14,576, (1861) 17,593, (1871)19,973, (1881) 21,758. From a fishing hamlet under the abbey's protection, Arbroath grew up in the 14 th century to be a place of some foreign trade. A parliament assembled in the abbey in April 1320, adopted a solemn address to the P(0i3e on behalf of Scottish independence, and is remark- ARBROATH able as the earliest parliament in which we find distinct evidence of a formal representation of the burghs. Jurisdiction over the criminal affairs of the abbey and over its prison was resigned by the monks to a layman ; and in the year 1445 the election to this office led to very disastrous consequences. The monks that year chose Alexander Lindsay, eldest son of the Earl of Craw- ford, and commonly known by the appellation of The Tiger or Earl Beardie, to be the bailie or chief-justiciar of their regality ; but he proved so expensive by his num- ber of followers and high way of living, that they were obliged to remove him, and appoint in his stead Alex- ander Ogilvy of Inverquharity, nephew to John Ogilvy of Airlie, who had an hereditary claim to the place. This occasioned a cruel feud between the families ; each as- sembled their vassals ; and ' there can be little doubt,' says Mr Fraser Tytler, ' that the Ogilvies must have sunk under this threatened attack, but accident gave them a a powerful ally in Sir Alexander Seton of Gordon, after- wards Earl of Huntly, who, as he returned from court, happened to lodge for the night at the castle of Ogilvy, at the very moment when this baron was mustering his forces against the meditated assault of Crawford. Seton, although in no way personally interested in the quarrel, found himself, it is said, compelled to assist the Ogilvies, by a rude but ancient custom, which bound the guest to take common part with his host in all dangers which might occur so long as the food eaten under his roof re- mained in his stomach. With the small train of atten- dants and friends who accompanied him, he instantly joined the forces of Inverquharity, and proceeding to the to-OTi of Arbroath, found the ojiposite party drawn up in great strength on the outside of the gates. ' As the two lines approached each other, and spears were placing in the rest, the Earl of Crawford, anxious to stay the fight, suddenly appeared on the field, and, galloping up between the two armies, was accidentally slain by a soldier. The Crawfords, assisted by a large party of the vassals of Douglas, and infuriated at the lossof their chief, thereupon attacked the Ogilvies with a desperation which quickly broke their ranks, and put them to irreclaimable dis- order. Such, however, was the gallantry of their resist- ance, that they were almost entirely cut to pieces. Nor was the Ogilvies' loss in the field their worst misfortune ; for Lindsay, with his characteristic ferocity, and protected by the authority of Douglas, let loose his army upon their estates, and the flames of their castles, the slaughter of their vassals, the plunder of their property, and the cap- tivity of their wives and children instructed the remotest adherents of the justiciar of Arbroath, how terrible was the vengeance which they had provoked. During the war in 1781, this coast was annoyed by a French privateer, the Fearnought of Dunkirk, commanded by one Fall. On the evening of the 23d of JMay, he came to anchor in the Bay of Arbroath, and fired a few shots into the town ; after which he sent a flag of truce on shore, with the following letter : — 'At sea, May tivcnty-third. 'Gentlemen, I send these two words to inform you, that I will have you to bring to the French colour, in less than a quarter of an hour, or I set the town on fire directly ; such is the order of my master the king of France I am sent by. Send directly the mair and chiefs of the town to make some agreement with me, or I'll make my duty. It is the will of yoiirs. 'To Monsicurs Mair of the to^\^l called') Arbrought, or in his absence, to the > chief man after him, in Scotland.' ) The worthy magistrates, with a view to gain time to arm the inhabitants, and send expresses for military aid, in the true spirit of subtle diplomacy gave an evasive answer to Monsieur Fall's letter, reminding him that he had mentioned no terms of ransom, and begging he would do no injury to the town till he should hear from them again. Upon this Fall wi'ote a second letter to them in the following terms : — 'At sea, eight o'clock in the afternoon. 'Gentlemen, I received just now your answer, by which you say I ask no terms. I thought it was useless, since I asked you to come aboard for agreement. But here are my terms ; I will have £30,000 sterling at least, and 6 of the chiefs men of the town 59 ARBROATH for otage. Be speedy, or I shoot your town away directly, and I set fire to it. I am, gentlemen, your servant. 1 sent some of my crew to you ; but if some harm hajipens to them, you'll be sure will hang- up the main-yard all the preseners we have aboard. 'To Monsieurs the chiefs men of >_ Arbrought in Scotland.' J The magistrates having now got some of the inhabitants armed, and their courage further sujiported by the arrival of some military from Montrose, set Fall at defiance, and ' ordered him to do his worst, for they would not give him a farthing.' Whereupon, says the worthy historian of this memorable transaction in the annals of Arbroath, terribly enraged, and no doubt greatly disappointed, he began a heavy fire upon the town, and continued it for a long time ; but happily it did no harm, except knock- ing down some chimney-tops, and burning the fingers of those who took up his balls, which were heated. Arbroath is the ' Fairport' of Scott's Antiquary ; and both in itself and in its surroundings, it can easily be identified -with his descriptions. Among its illustrious natives are David Pierson (flo. 1628), author of the rare Varieties; David Carey (17S2-1S24), poet and novelist ; Neil Arnott, M.D. (1788-1874), scientific inventor ; and Wm. Sharpey, M.D. (b. 1802): it was also the residence, from 1793 to 1814, of Alex. Balfour, poet and novelist. The parish of Arbroath is bounded N and NE by St Vigeans, SE by the German Ocean, SW by a detached portion of St Vigeans and by Arbirlot. Its outline roughly resembles that of a boot, with the sole resting on the shore. Its length from NW to SE is about 3 miles ; its breadth varies from 1 to 10 furlongs ; and its land area is 943 acres. The coast extends about Ih mile ; has a flat surface, with a rocky bottom ; forms the ter- minal portion of the level seaboard extending from the mouth of the Tay ; and adjoins a high mural reach of rock-coast, pierced with' caves, and torn with fissures, in the parish of St Vigeans. The land rises gradually be- hind the town, onward to the north-western boundary, and attains there an elevation of more than 200 feet above sea-level. The Brothock Burn comes in from St Vigeans, and has a course of only about J mile within Arbroath parish to the sea. A small lake called Bishop's Loch lay about 2 miles from the town, but has long been drained. The rocks are chiefly Devonian. The soil along the coast is light and sandy, behind the town is black loam, and in the NW is reclaimed moor on a clay bottom. Two landowners hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 36 of between £100 and £500, 70 of from £50 to £100, and 197 of from £20 to £50. Arbroath is seat of a presbytery in the synod of Angus and Mearns ; its living is worth £428. Valuation of landward portion (1881) £1419, 14s. Pop. of entire parish (1831) 6660, (1861) 9847, (1871) 9877, (1881) 9900.— Orel. Sur., shs. 49, 57, 1865-67. The presbytery of Arbroath comprises the old parishes of Arbroath, Arbirlot, Barry, Carmylie, Guthrie, Inver- keilor, Kiunell, Kirkden, Lunan, Panbride, and St Vigeans, the quoad seicra parishes of Abbey, Carnoustie, Colliston, Friockheim, Inverbrothock, and Ladyloan, and the ^chapelries of St Margaret's and Auchmithie. Pop. (1871) 33,811, of whom 8702 were communicants of the Church of Scotland in 1878, when the above-named congregations raised £4074 in Christian liberality. —A Free Church presbytery of Arbroath has churches at Arbirlot, Barry, Carmylie, Carnoustie, Colliston, Friock- heim, Inverkeilor, and Panbride, besides the 5 at the town itself, these 13 congregations numbering 4456 communicants in 1880.— A U.P. presliyterv of Arbroath has 3 churches there, 3 at Brechin, 3 at Montrose, and others at Carnoustie, Forfar, Johnshaven, and Muirton, the 13 numbering 3977 members in 1879. See Lihcr S. Thomcc tie Aherhrotlioc 1178-1329, edited for the BannatjTie Club by Cosmo Innes and P. Chalmers (1848) ; Billing's Antiquities (1852) ; D. Miller's Ar- Iroalh and its Abbey (1860) ; C. Innes' Sketches of Early Scotch History (1861) ; and Geo. Hay's Uistory of Ar- hroetth {187 Q). "^ '' Arbroath and Forfar Railway, a railway of Forfar- shire, lidm tlie E side of Arbroath harbour, 15i miles 60 ^ ARBUTHNOTT west-north-westward to a junction with the Scottish Midland section of the Caledonian at Forfar. Incorpo- rated 17 May 1836, itAvas formed at a cost of £131,644, and was opened partially in Sept. 1838, wholly in Jan. 1839. It is leased ncrw in perpetuity to the Cale- donian, at a yearly rental of £13,500. Arbruchill. See Aberuchill. Arbuckle, a village of NE Lanarkshire, 1\ miles from Airdrie. Arbuthnott (12th c. Abirbothennot7ie = Ga.e\. ahhir- bothan-ncithc, ' confluence at the booth of Neithe's stream'), a parish of E Kincardineshire, whose SE angle is i mile distant from Bervie terminus, and whose W and NW borders are respectively f and ^ mile from Fordoun and Drumlithie stations on the main Caledonian line. It is bounded NW and N by Glenbervie, E by KinnefF, S by Bervie, SW by Garvock, and W by Fordoun. Its length from N to S by W is 6 miles ; its breadth varies from 1 to 5 miles ; and its land area is 9585 acres. The river Bervie, after following at intervals the boundary with Fordoun and Garvock, winds 1| mile through the interior, past Arbuthnott Church, and traces next the boundary with Bervie ; and the boundary with Glenber- vie is formed by its affluent, the Forthie Water. The surface rises everywhere from the vale of the Bervie, is much diversified with hill and dale, and attains at Bruxie Hill, on the NE border, an extreme altitude of 710 feet — other summits being Water Hill (460 feet), Callow Hill (465), Hillhead (571), and BirnieHill (482). The vale of the liervie has many curves and \\'indings, abounds in large haughs and steep wooded banks, and at many points presents scenes of great beauty. The rocks are chiefly trap and Devonian, but include de- tached masses of gneiss and granite. Very fine pebbles, suitable for gems, have been found in trap-rock, a little below Arbuthnott House ; calcareous spar is not uncom- mon ; and, in Hare's Den, a deep ravine nearly oppo- site the parish church, are tiny veins of manganese. About two-thirds of the land are under the plough, and some 300 acres under wood. The knightly family of Arbuthnott obtained the greater portion of this parish in 1105 ; and Sir Roliert, the fourteenth in descent, was created Viscount Arbuthnott and Baron Inverbervie in 1644. Arbuthnott House, the family seat, stands amid beautiful grounds near the left bank of the Bervie, which, spanned by a handsome bridge (1821), is joined here by a rapid rivulet (? anc. Keithe). Kair House, a neat modern mansion, succeeded the seat of a branch of the Sibbalds, extinct in the 17th century ; and Allardice, now a ruin, belonged in the 12tli century to a family that has also become extinct in Captain Robert Barclay- AUardice (1799-1854), the famous pedestrian. Alex- ander Arbuthnott (1538-83), the first Protestant princi- pal of King's College, Aberdeen, was minister, and pro- bably a native of this parish, as certainly was Dr John Arbuthnot (1667-1735), most learned of the wits of Queen Anne's reign. Arbuthnott is in the presbytery of Fordoun and synod of Angus and Mearns ; the minister's income is £269. Its church, St Ternan's, stands near Arbuthnott House, 2^ miles WNW of Bervie, contains 440 sittings, and is an ancient structure apparently of Piomanesque date. On the SW of the chancel is the Second Pointed chapel of St Mary, built by Sir Robert Arbuthnott in 1505, and consisting of two stories, the lower of which, vaulted and open to the church by a large semicircular arch, was the Arbuthnotts' former burial-place. The upper chamber, which is reached by a stair in a picturesque turret with a conical stone roof at the NW angle of the chapel, once held the theological library bequeathed to his successors by the Rev. John Sibbald ; and in both chambers are piscinas, besides a stoup at the entrance of the upper one (Muir's Old Church Arch., p. 75). The public school, with accommodation for 107 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 45, and a grant of £46, 16s. ; and Arbuthnott has also a share in Lauk- ENCEKiKK school Valuation (1881) £9766, 17s. 5d., the projierty being divided among five. Pop. (1831) 944, (1871) 924, (1881) 809.— Ord Sur., shs. 66, 67, 1871. ARCHAIG ARDCHATTAN Archaig or Arkaig, a lake of Lochaber, Kilmallie parish, Inverness-shire, 10 miles N of Fort William, ex- tends from W to E, and is 12 miles long, f mile wide, and 140 feet above the level of the sea. The Pean and Dessarry, each about 6 miles long, aftei" a united course of f mile, flow into the head of the lake, which besides 100 smaller feeders receives on its southern side the Allt Camgharaidh and the Mallie, 5-^ and 9 miles long respec- tively, and which at its foot sends off the Archaig river to Loch Lochy, IJ mile to the eastward. Mountains enclose the lake on every side — at its head, Monadh Gorm (1542 feet) ; to the N, Fraoch Bheinn (2808), Sgor JMhurlagain (2885), Meall Bhlair (2153), Sg5r Choinich (2450), Beinn Chraoibh (2014), and Glas Bheinn (2398) ; to the S, Culvain (3224), Mullach Coire (2373), Druim a' Ghiubhais (1846), Mullach na Briobaig (1244), and Beinn Bhan (2613) ; and at its foot. Tor Ghallain (407). Only two islets break the long extent, Eilean a Ghiubhais midway near the southern shore, and another at the lower end, ■with a ruined chapel and the burying-place of the Camerons of Lochiel, holders of the estate of Acii- NACAKRY. The shores are beautifully wooded here, but the grand forest of oaks and pines that formerly belted the entire lake is only recovering from the woodman's axe. The Knoidart road follows the northern bank, and thence goes on to Loch Lochy through the Mil-dubh ('dark mile'), a narrow, exquisitely wooded pass, asso- ciated with the wanderings of Prince Charles Edward in the August after Culloden ; at Kinlocharkaig, near the upper end, is the shell of a fort erected to overawe the Clan Cameron. Herds of red deer are often to be seen, but salmon can rarely now ascend to the lake. Its trout run about three to the lb., and from 5 to 10 lbs. is an average day's catch. The fishing is open to the public, the season lasting from the end of April to September.— Ort?. Sur., sh. 62, 1875. Arcan, a hamlet of E Ross-shire, 6J miles from its post-to^vn, Beauly. Archasig-Haven, a small harbour on the W side of Kona island, in Portree parish, Inverness-shire. It has a double entrance, and off"ers a convenient refuge for coasting vessels ; but, except to the natives of Rona and the neighbouring islands, it is very little knoATO. Archerbreck, a burn and a coalfield in Canonbie parish, Dumfriesshire. The burn has only a short run, and goes to the Liddel. The coalfield has a main seam 5 feet 10 inches thick, and another seam, 3 yards below that, 3 J feet thick, and is worked by an open level. Archerfield, a seat of Lady Mary Nisbet-Hamilton in Dirleton parish, Haddingtonshire, 3 miles WSW of North Berwick. It is a plain edifice in a level park, skirted AAath plantations, but commands a fine view over the Firth of Forth. ArcMestown, a village in Knockando parish, Elgin- shire, 61 miles SW of Rothes, and 2^ NNE of Carron station on the Strathspey section of the Caledonian. Founded in 1760, and partly burned in 1783, it now consists of a main street, a square, and several lanes, and it has a post office under Craigellachie (4 miles E by N), a U. P. church, and a General Assembly school, which, with accommodation for 90 children, had (1879) an ave- rage attendance of 59, and a grant of £52, 4s. 6d. Pop. (1861) 174, (1871) 338, (1881) 374. Arclet. See Akklet. Ard, a lake in Aberfoyle parish, Perthshire. It lies in the course of the northern head-stream of the Forth, 5| miles E by S of the summit of Ben Lomond (3192 feet), 23 miles S of Ben Venue (2393), and 2^ miles W of the hamlet of Aberfoyle. Upper Loch Ard is 2^ miles long from W to E, and from 3 to 6 furlongs wide ; the so-called lower loch, | mile to the eastward, is less a lake than a mere expansion of the Avondhu, measuring 5 fur- longs in length, but barely 1 in width. The shores are intricate, and finely ■\vooded ; two hills, ^ mile to the S, Innis Ard and Bad Dearg, are only 566 and 533 feet high, yet are so broken and bosky as to be more impres- sive than lofty bare mountains ; and the westward back- ground is ever the soaring mass of Ben Lomond. The scene is best described in Scott's Hob Eoy, chap. xxx. : — ' On the right, amid a profusion of tliickets, knolls, and crags, lay the bed of a broad mountain lake. High hills, rocks, and banks, waving with natural forests of birch and oak, formed the borders of this enchanting sheet of water ; and as their leaves rustled to the wind and twinkled in the sun, gave to the depth of solitude a sort of life and vivacity. . . . The road now suddenly emerged, and, winding close by the [northern] margin of the loch, aff"orded us a full view of its spacious mirror, which re- flected in still magnificence the high dark heathy moun- tains, huge grey rocks, and shaggy banks, by which it is encircled.' A romantic copse-clad ravine, about f mile below the head of the lake, on its northern side, contains the cascade of Ledard — a double fall of first 12 and then 50 feet, where Captain Waverley met Flora Mac Ivor. A mural rock near the foot, from 30 to 50 feet high, gives a distinct echo, repeating a few words twice, and a gnarled oak trunk, overhanging it, is pointed out as the ' ragged thorn which, catching hold of the skirts of Bailie Nicol Jarvie's riding coat, supported him dangling in mid air, not unlike to the sign of the Golden Fleece. ' One rocky islet lies near the upper head, and on the neighbouring southern promontory are the ruins of a castle, built by Murdoch, Duke of Albany, regent of Scotland, and said by tradition to have been the place of his retreat, whence he was taken cajrtive to be executed at Stirling (1425). Loch Ard belongs to the Duke of Montrose, but the hotel-keeper at Aberfoyle has the fishing on it, and lets out boats to anglers. The trout average f lb., and are equal in flavour to Loch Leven trout ; there are likewise pike of from 15 to 20 \hs.—Orcl. Sur., sh. 38, 1871. Ard or Aird. See Aiud. Ardalanisb, a headland in the SW of Mull, Argyll- shire, 10 miles SE of lona, and 14 WSW of the mouth of Loch Buy. Ardali, a hamlet in Ulva parish, Argyllshire. Ardallie, a quoad sacra parish in Old Deer, Cruden, Ellon, and Longside parishes, Aberdeenshire. Its post- town is Mintlaw; and its population, in 1871, was 523 within Old Deer, 481 within Cruden, 293 within Ellon, and 59 within Longside — altogether 1356. The parish is in the presbytery of Deer and synod of Aberdeen. Stipend, £150. Two public schools, with respective accommodation for 110 and 60 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 72 and 37, and grants of £46, 2s. and £30, 19s. 6d. Axdargie, an estate, with a mansion, in Forgandenny parish, Perthshire, on the river May, 6 miles SSW of Perth. A well-preserved small Roman camp is here, on a high sloping bank overlooking the May ; commands an extensive prospect of the Ochils, and along the com'se of the Roman road from the Tay to Ardoch ; forms an exact square, of about 270 feet ; and is defended, on one side, by a deep hollow traversed by a brook, on the other sides, by trenches 30 feet wide and 14 deep. Ardavasar or Ardvarsar, a hamlet in the SE of the Isle of Skye, on a small bay of its own name on the Sound of Sleat, about 6 miles ENE of the Point of Sleat and 17 S of Broadford. It has a post office under Broad- ford. A small headland flanks its bay, and is the ordi- nary landing-place from Arasaig. Ardbeg, a headland on the E side of the Isle of Bute, flanking the N side of Rothesay Bay and the S side of Kames I3ay. Ardchatoill,aheadland in Lochbroom parish, Ross-shire. Ardchattan (Gael, 'height of St Catan'), a large highland parish in the Lorn district of Argyllshire, lying upon both sides of Loch Etive. On the Olian and Callander railway, opened in July 1880, it has the station of Loch Awe at the foot of Ben Cruachan, 70f miles WNW of Callander, and 22 E by S of Oban. It is bounded E and SE by Glenorchy ; S and SW by Loch Awe, the river Awe, and the lower waters of Loch Etive, which separate it from Muckairn ; W by Loch LiNMiE ; and NW and N by Loch and Glen Creiiax and the parish of Lisraore and Appin. From its NE angle near Stob Dearg to Ledaig Point in the extreme SW it measures 243 miles, its width from E to W varies 61 ARDCHATTAN oetween 4 and 20 miles ; and its area is roughly esti- mated at nearly 400 square miles. The whole almost of this area is -wildly mountainous, at more than forty points exceeding 2000, and at fourteen 3000, feet above the level of the sea. The summits to the E of Loch and Glen Etive are generally somewhat loftier than those of the western half, including, from N to S, Sron Creise (2952 feet), Beinn Mhic Chasgaig (2766), Clach Leathad (3602), Stob Dubh (2897), Meall Odhar (2875), Meall Tarsuinn (2871), Stob Coir an Albannaich (3425), Glas Bheinn Mhor (3258), Ben Starav (3541'), Meall Dubh (2239), Stob an Duine Ruaidh (2624), Beinn nan Aighean (3141), Beinn Suidhe (2215), Beinn nan Lus (2327), Meall Beidh (2237), Beinn Lurachan (2346), IMeall Copagach (2656), Beinn Eunaich (3242), Aonacli Breac (2395), Beinn a' Chochuill (3215), Beinn a Bhui- ridh (2935), and Ben Cruachax (3611). In the western portion, however, are Stob nan Cabar (2547 feet), Stob Dearg (3345), Buchaille (3120), Bideannam Bran (3766), Beinn Maol Chalium (2967), Sgor na h'Ulaidh (3258), Beinn Fhionnlaidh (3139), Beinn Sguliaird (3058), Beinn Trilleachan (2752), Meall Garbh (^2400), Beinn Bhreac (2324), Beinn Molurgainn (2270), :\Leall Dearg (1897), Beinn Mheadhonach t-344), and Beinn Duirinms (1821). The extreme south-western district, beyond Gleann Salach, and between Loch Creran, Loch Linnhe, and the foot of Loch Etive, is level compai'atively, its only sum- mits being Xa Maoilean (1145 feet), Beinn Lora (1007), and Sgor Mor (722). Arable lands lie on both sides of the Benderloch range, in Glenure, and in a few other spots of the west and north ; but, as to their main aggregate, they commence below Barcaldine House, extend thence, by Shian Ferry, Lochnell House, and Keil, onward to Counel Ferry, and stretch thence east- ward, -with partial interruptions, to the ferry over Loch Etive opposite Bunawe. The chief streams are the Awe, along the boundary from Loch Awe to Loch Etive, and the Etive, the Kinglass, the Liver, the Xoe, the Creran, the Ure, the Buie, the Teithil, and the Dearg, running along the glens. Two cascades are on the Etive at Dalness and Coileitir ; two others, rather cataracts than falls, of very great depth, are on wild torrents of Buchaille-Etivo ; and a number of others are on burns or torrents descending from other mountains. Several fresh-water lakes lie in various parts, none of them of great extent, but most of them well stocked with trout. Perennial springs are everywhere abimdant, and afford constant supplies of the purest water. The rocks are chiefly granite, mica-slate, and porphyry, but include at one place a stratum of coarse marble. The soil of the arable lands is principally a light loam on a gravelly bottom. Caledonian antiquities are numerous, especially stone circles and standing stones. A famous Dalriadic antiquity is at Dunmacsniochan, and will be noticed under BEracoxiuM. Grandly situated on Loch Etive, 4 miles NW of Tajmuilt, are the ruins of St Modan's priory, founded in 1231 by Duncan Mackowle or Mac- Dougal of Lorn, for monks of the order of Vallis Caulium. Little remains but the First Pointed choir, 66 feet by 28, with a north aisle or chapel, a piscina under a tooth-moulded arch, and fragments of massive piers suggesting a central tower. The sculptured tomb- stones of two priors, members of the JIacDougal family, bear date 1500 and 1502. Here in 1308 Robert Bruce is said to have held a parliament, the last in which Gaelic was the language spoken ; in 1644 the Macdonalds burned the priorj^ under their leader Colkitto. Only the prior's lodge escaped,— massive, high-roofed Ardchattan House, to the SW of the church (E. C. Batten, Bcauly Prior]!, with notices of the Priories of Pluscardine and Ardclmltan, Grampian Club, 1877). Ardchattan House is the seat of Mrs Popham, owner in the shire of 8000 acres of £1342 annual value ; and two other principal mansions, LocnxELL and B.vuc.vldine, belong to Dun- can Campbell, Esq., and Mrs Mary Cameron, who own re- spectively 39,000 and 20,000 acres, valued at £6801 and £2079 per annum. United quoad civiiia to Muckairx, Ardchattan forms by itself a qzioad sacra parish in the presbytery of Lorn and synod of Argyll ; its minister's ARDCLACH income is £341. The old ruined parish church stands I mile N of the Priory at Balmodan or Balimhaodan (' St Modan's to\^Ti '), a name that records the mission to Lorn, in connection with the Roman party, of SS. Jlodan and Ronan, early in the 8th century. The present church, 3 miles to the W, was built in 1836, and contains 430 sittings ; and the chapelries of Glexcoe and Glexcherax fall mainly within Ardchattan parish, which also has a Free church, on Loch Creran, 8 miles NNW of the parish church. Three puldic schools, Barcaldine, Glenetive, and Lochnell, with respective accommodation for 60, 25, and 85 children, had (1879' an average attendance of 24, 15, and 50, and grants cy £31, lis., £28, and £16, 10s. Valuation of Ardchattan- Muckairn (ISSl) £15,190, 10s. Pop. (1831) 2420, (1861) 2346, (1871) 1962, (1881) 2221, of whom 1390 were in Ardchattan. — Ord. Sur., shs. 45, 53, 1876-77. See pp. 141-158 of Dorothy Wordsworth's Tour in Scot- land (ed. by Princ. Shairp, 1874), P. G. Hamerton's A Painter's Cam]} in the Highlands (1862 ; 2d ed. 1868), and an article in the Cornhill for Jan. 1881. Ardcheanochrochan, a quondam cottage-inn at the E end of the Trossachs, in Perthshire, on the spot now occupied hy the Trossachs Hotel. The name signifies ' the high end of the rock. ' Ardchonnel, a hamlet with a public school in Kil- chrenan parish, Ai'gyllshire. The school, with accommo- dation for 40 children, had (1879) an average attendance .of 27, and a grant of £38, 14s. ArdchuUarie, a mansion on the E side of Loch Lub- naig, in Callander parish, Perthshire. It was the re- treat of James Bruce of Kinnaird, at the time M'hen he was writing the account of his travels in Abyssinia (1790). Ardclach (Gael, 'high stony ground'), a hamlet and a parish of E Xairnshire. The hamlet, on the left bank of the Findhorn, ^h miles SW of Dunphail station, 11 SSW of Forres, and 10 SE of Nairn, has a post ofiice under Forres, and near it are the parish church (rebuilt 1839 ; 686 sittings) and Free church. The parish is bounded N bj' Auldearn, E by Edinkillie in Elginshire, SE by Cromdale in Elgin and Duthil in Inverness shire, AV by Cawdor and Nairn. In shape re- sembling a triangle with vertex to the S, it has a length of 13f miles, an utmost breadth from E to W of 7\ miles, and an area of 40,037f acres, including 327 of water, and 2855i of the outlying Gleneruey section, which, 1| mile to the E, is all surroimded by Edinkillie, and measures 2| miles by 7 furlongs. From the south-western to the north-eastern border the beautiful Findhorx Minds for 12 miles through a richly-wooded vallej^, receiving here from the S the Leonach and Tomlachlan burns, and at Bridge of Dulsie, 5 miles above the church, being spanned by a fine old arch of 46 feet that carries over Wade's militarj' road from Grantown to Fort George. The Muckle Burn drains the north-western corner of the parish, and 1 mile to the N of the hamlet lies Belivat Loch (3^ X 1 furlong), -with no perceptible outlet. At Mill of Lethen on the iluckle Burn the surface sinks to 262, at Belugas Bridge on the Findhorn to 331, feet above sea-level ; but elsewhere it ever3-where rises south- westward or southward intofir-clad or heath-covered hills. The chief elevations W of the Findhorn, from K" to S, are Tom Fade (463 feet), Lethen Bar (862), Carn Achadh Gaibhre (737), *Carn a Chrasgie (1314), Carn na CaUich (1218), Tom nam Meann (872), and*Carn Sgumain (1370), where those marked with asterisks culminate just on the border; E of the Findhorn rise *Carn Dubhaidh (989), the *Hill of Aitnoch (1351), Tomlachlan (940), Maol an Tailleir (1373), *Carn nan Clach Garbha (1362), *Carn AUt Laoigh (1872), and in Glenerney, Cairn Eney (908). The prevailing rocks are gneiss, granite, and quartz; the soil for the most part is light and sandy, arable lands bear- ing a small proportion to woods and moorland and moss. On Lethen Bar arc traces of a stone circle and several tumuli ; but the most famous relic of antiquity is the Piincess Stone, on a lovely sequestered haugh below Dulsie Bridge. A cairn, surmounted by a slab, 8 feet by 4. with cross and knots carved thereon, it belongs to ARDEER the class of so-called 'Sculptured Stones,' though tradi- tion makes it of Runic origin — the monument of a Celtic princess, who, in fording the Findhorn, was drow-ned with her Danish lover. Mansions are Coulmony House (1746) and Glenferness House (1837), the former stand- ing on the left bank of the Findhorn below, and the lat- ter on the right bank above, the hamlet. Their owners, Alex. Brodie of Lethen (b. 1876 ; sue. 1880) and the Earl of Leven and Melville (b. 1817 ; sue. 1876), hold 22,378 and 7805 acres in the sliire, valued at £4947 and £1317 per annum ; and there are 4 other proprietors, 1 holding a j'early value of more, and 3 of less, than £500. Ardclach is in the presbyter}'' of Nairn and spiod of Moray ; the liWng is worth £320. Three schools — Ardclach, Lethen, and Col. Campbell's — with respective accommodation for 60, 70, and 100 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 27, 27, and 44, and grants of £37, £2S', 3s. , and £54. Valuation (18S2)£6777,15s-10d, Pop. (ISOl) 1256, (1861) 1330, (1871) 1197, (1881) 1117. —Orel Sur., sh. 84, 1876. Ardeer, a desolate tract of sand hills, and a seat of ex- tensive industry in Stevenston parish, AjTshire. The tract lies on the coast between a sinuous line of ancient sea-beach and the present shore, extends from within 1^ mile of Saltcoats to the mouth of Irvine Water, com- prises an area of about 1200 acres, is all low and dismal, and lies upon rocks of the Carboniferous formation. Twelve separate seams of coal are beneath it, the upper- most 26 fathoms, the lowermost 129 fathoms, below the surface ; and they have, more or less, been mined since about the year 1675. The seat of industry originated in the leasing of the mines about the year 1S51 ; is situated in the south-western i)art of the tract, 2 miles E of Salt- coats ; and has a branch railway, upwards of | mile long, going into junction with the Kilwinning and Ardrossan section of the Glasgow and South-Western system. Iron- works were erected ; several spacious squares of work- men's houses were biult near the furnaces ; the minmg operations were largely extended ; chemical works, em- plo}T.ng about 200 men and boys, were established ; and in the very first years of the enterprise, so many as 850 men, besides a great number of boj's, were employed ag- gregately on the works. The iron-works at once pro- duced between 900 and 1000 tons of pig-iron per week, and at an early date were greatly extended ; but in 1878 only 2 of their 5 furnaces were in blast. The output of coal, in one of the first years, was 130,000 tons. The chemical works proved to be imcompensating, and were relinquished ; but a djmamite factory has been recently established. A schoolhouse was built for the children of the workmen ; and a missionary, supported by some members of the Established Church, was engaged for the colliers and furnacemen. The entii'e seat of industrj' is called Ardeer Works ; and its population, at the census of 1871, was 915. An extensive sandstone quarry, one of the most valuable in the West of Scotland, is in Ar- deer. The stone abounds in vegetable organic remains ; is of a gi-ey tint, susceptible of a fine polish, and very durable ; can be raised in blocks of large size ; suits well for ornamental portions of public buildings ; and is often shipped to Ireland and other distant places. The post- to'wn of Ardeer is Stevenston. Ardelister, a group of islets in Kildalton parish, Ar- gyllshire. Ardelve, a village in Lochalsh parish, Ross-shire, 4 miles from Lochalsh church. It has a post office imder Lochalsh, a public school, and cattle fairs on the Satur- day after the last Tuesday of May and July, and on the Saturday after the third Friday of September. Arden, a series of tracts of limestone, aggregately about 2 miles long, in Eastwood parish, Renfrewshire. Arden, a hamlet in Xew Moukland parish, Lanark- shire, 3:1: miles NE of Airdrie. Ardenadam, an alias of Saxdb.\nk, or rather the name of the south-eastern portion of that village. Ardenconnel, an estate, with a mansion, in Row parish, Dumbartonshire, adjacent to Row village. Ardentinny (Gael, arcl-an-teine, ' height of the fire '), a picturesque village on the western shore of Loch Long, ARDESSIE in the Kilmun portion of Dunoon-Kilmim parish, Cowal, Argyllshire, 4^ miles N of Strone Point, and IJ mile W of Coulport, with which it is connected by a ferry. Stand- ing upon a spit of low ground, at the base of wood-skirted Stronchullin Hill (1798 feet) and Cnap Ream (1067), with Ben Ruadh (2178) in their rear, it mainly consists of a few snug cottages, the summer resort of Glasgow citizens ; and with Glasgow and Greenock it communi- cates twice a day by the Lochgoilhead and Arrochar steamers, while a good carriage-road up Glen Fiuart, leads 4i miles NNW to Whistlefield Inn upon Loch Eck. It has a post office under Greenock, an hotel, an Established church (erected in 1839 by A. Douglas, Esq., at a cost of £500), and a public school, which, with accommodation for 45 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 24, and a grant of £31, 9s. Tannahill's exquisite song, The Lass o' Arranteenic (published in 1807), has made this village famous ; but nothing is kno\^m of the ' sweet lass ' herself, whether she ever lived, or was only a creature of the poet's fancy. — The quoad sacra parish of Ardentinny was erected in 1874 out of Kilmun and Lochgoilhead, measures 6| by 4^ miles, and in Avinter has a popidation of barely 250. Ardeonaig (Gael. 'Eonog's height'), a hamlet on the right or southern shore of Loch Taj^ in a detached por- tion of Killin parish, Perthshire, 7g miles EXE of Killin village, and llj miles NNW of Comrie by Glen Lednock. Backed by Meall na Creige (2683 feet), Creag Uigeach (2840), and Ruadh Bheul (2237), it stands near the mouth of the Finglen Bm-n, and has a ferr)'^ over the loch (here f mile broad), a good inn, a Gaelic Free church (1§ mile NE), and a public school, which, with accommodation for 56 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 31, and a grant of £46, 10s. 6d. Ardersier (^rffrossc?- in 1266 — Gael, ard-ros-iar, 'high western promontory '), a coast parish at the NE comer of Inverness-shire. It contains the fishing village of Campbelltowx, Fort George, and a post office of its own name, with money order, savings' bank, and tele- gi-aph departments ; f mile beyond its southern border is Fort George station on the Highland railway', lOi miles NE of Inverness, and lz>^ W by S of Fon'es. Bounded W and N by the 3Ioray Firth, E by Nairn- sliu'e, and S by Petty, Ardersier has an extreme length from E to W of 4, and a breadth from N to S of 3^ miles ; its land area is 3824 acres. The shore is sandy and flat (etjTuology notwithstanding), and to the W has suffered considerable encroachment from the sea ; inland the surface is generally tame, nowhere attaining 200 feet of altitude above sea-level. In 1792 the rental of this parish amounted to only £365, but a vast improvement has been carried out, acres on acres of barren moor or moss having been added to the arable area since 1845, whilst in the E an extensive tract is occupied by woods. The roads are exceedingly good, that to Fort George being one of General Wade's. Antiquities are the hiU- . fort of Tom Mhoit or Cromal (Cromwell's ilount), be- hind Campbelltown, and the ' Cabbac Stone,' 6 feet high and 3 broad, on the boimdary with Nairnshire, which tradition asserts was reared over a chieftain slain at Inverness in an affray about a cheese ; and a curious sword and spear head — Roman according to Ro}"— have also been discovered. Anciently divided between the Bishops of Ross and the Knights of St John of Jeru- salem, Ardersier is now chiefl}' the property of the Earl of Cawdor, one other landowner holding an annual value of between £100 and £500, and three of from £20 to £50. It is in the presbytery of Nairn and sjmod of Moray ; and its church, built in 1802, with over 500 sittings, stands f mile NE of Campbelltown. The minister's income is £191. There are, besides, a Free church, a U.P. church at Campbelltown, and a public school, which in 1879 had accommodation for 200 children, an average attendance of 95, and a grant of £72, 18s. Valuation (1881) £4386, 8s. lOd. Pop. (1831) 1268, (1861) 1239, (1871) 1284, (1881)2084.— On/. Sur. sh. 84, 1876. Ardessie, a hamlet of W Ross-shire, 8 miles from ita post-village, UllapooL 63 ARDFERN Ardfem, a liamlet of SW Lorn, Argj-llshire, near the head and on the "W side of Loch Craignish, -vnth a post office under Lochgilphead, IS miles to the SE. Ardgartan, a small Ioav promontory on the western shore and near the head of Loch Long, in Lochgoilhead parish, NE Cowal, Argyllshire, If mile SW of Arrochai-. In the gi'ounds of Ardgartan House, traversed by Croe "Water, is a splendid Spanish chestnut, the finest per- haps in Scotland, being 90 feet high, and girthing 20f feet at 5 feet from the ground. Ardgay, a village of Kincardine parish, N Ross-shire, near the southern shore and the head of Dornoch Firth, and IJ mile SW of Bonar Bridge. It has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and tele- grapli departments, a good hotel, and the Bonar Bridge station on the Highland railway, 13| miles "WNW of Tain. A deed, gi-anted in 1686 to erect it into a burgh of barony, was never carried into effect. Ardgour, a hamlet and district of N" Argyllshire. The hamlet lies near Corran Ferry, at the nexus between Loch Linnhe and Loch Eil, 10 miles SSW of Fort Wil- liam ; and has a post office -n-ith money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, under Fort William. A church, erected here in 1829 by the parliamentary commissioners, is in the quoad sacra parish of Balla- chulish and Ardgour ; its minister receives £60 a-year from the Royal Bounty grant and £20 from heritors. Ardgour House, in its vicinity, is the seat of A. T. Maclean, Esq., owner of 40,000 acres in the shire, valued at £2515 per annum. The district is bounded N and E by Loch Eil, S by Morvern, SW by Sunart, and NW by Loch Shiel. Its length, from NNE to SSAV, is 13 miles ; and its breadth varies from 8 to 11 miles. Its surface is wildly upland, and culminates in Sgor Dhomhail (Scuir-Donald) at an altitude of 2915 feet above sea-level. A parliamentary road commences on its E coast at Corran Ferry, and goes south-westward through its interior to Strontian. Pop. of registration district of Corran of Ardgour (1881) 218. Ardgowan, a mansion in Inverkip parish, Renfrew- shire, 3;i miles N by E of Wemyss Bay. It is the seat of Sir Michael Robert Shaw-Stewart, of Greenock and Blackball, owner of 24,951 acres in the shire, of £14,501 gross annual value (£573 quarries), seventh Baronet since 1667, and seventeenth in direct male descent from Sir John Stewart, a natural son of Robert III., who re- ceived from his father three charters of the lands of Ardgowan, Blackball, and Auchingoun, in 1390, 1396, and 1404. Erected early in this century from designs by Caimcross, and raised on a terrace overhanging the Firth of Clyde, the present mansion is a large and stately building, screened in the rear by noble trees, but in front commanding a wide, unbroken, prospect over the waters and mountain-flanks of the firth. Near it stand the private Episcopal chapel of St Michael and All Angels, and the remains of an ancient square tower, a fragment of that Castle of Inverkip which was held by the English in the days of Robert Bruce. Thither fled Sir Philip de Mowbray, after his rout by the Black Douglas. He came by Kilmarnock and Kilwinning, thence to Ardrossan — ' Svne throu the Largis him alane, Till Inncrkyp,' which (Barbour adds) was 'stuffyt all with Inglessmen,' who received him ' in daynte. ' ArdhuUary. See Audchullaiiy. Ardincaple, a stately mansion in Row parish, Dum- bartonshire, on the N side of Gareloch, amid fine lawns, grand old woods, and swelling ridges, immedi- ately W of Helen.sburgh. It is in the old Scottish Baronial style, chiefly somewhat modem, but partly very ancient, perhaps as old as the first half of the 12th cen- tury ; and it was long, from time to time, the residence of the Dowager-Duchesses of Argyll, but is now a scat of Sir James Colquhoun of Luss, Bart. Ardincaple, a mansion in Sell island, Argyllshire. It was long the residence of Dr Archibald Smith, the writer on Peini. 04 ARDMADDY CASTLE Ardinning, a lake in Strathblane parish, Stirlingshire. It covers about 60 acres, and is unadorned. Ardkenneth, a place in South Uist parish. Outer He- brides, Inverness-shire. It has a Roman Catholic chapel, built in 1829, repaired in 1869, and containing 400 sittings. Ardkinglass, an estate, with a mansion, and with ves- tiges of an ancient castle, in Lochgoilhead parish, Argyll- shire. The mansion stands on the shore of Loch Fyne, at the mouth of Glenkinglass, in the southern vicinity of Kairndow, 10| miles NE of Inverary. It succeeded a previous mansion destroyed by fire about 1840, and has very beautiful grounds with luxuriant gardens, old lawns, bosky banks, stately woods, and picturesque overhanging mountains. The ancient castle is of un- ascertained date, but is known to have been repaired in 1586, and was a strong fortalice, with three separate towers, connected by curtain walls, and arranged round a court ; but stood in such a low situation that it could not resist a regular investment. An old residence of its owners, a precursor of the modern mansion, but now represented by only slight vestiges, stood, at a small distance from the castle, on a more commanding site. Long the seat of the Campbells, baronets, Ardkinglass now is the property of Geo. Fred. Wm. Callander of Craigforth, owner of 51,670 acres in the shire, valued at £5626 per annum. Ardlamont, a headland at the extreme S of Kilfinan parish, in Cowal district, Argyllshire, separating Loch Fyne from the Kyles of Bute, and terminating 2^ miles W of the nearest point of the Isle of Bute. Ardle. See Airdle. Ardler, a railway station on the SW border of Forfar- shire, on the Scottish Midland section of the Caledonian system, 2f miles NE of Coupar-Angus. Ardlui, a locality in Arrochar parish, Dumbartonshire, at the influx of Falloch Water to the head of Loch Lomond, 8 miles N of Tarbet. It has an hotel and a small pier where the Loch Lomond steamers lie ; and it com- municates by coach with Crianlarich station. The tract around it is a small expanse of rich low strath ; the hills around it are covered with foliage, and streaked \nth torrents or waterfalls ; the mountains in the distance sweep round the horizon, in a curving series of alpine peaks ; and the whole scene is a most diversified, pic- turesque, sublime amphitheatre. Ardlui House stands near the water, and is a recent erection. Ardlussa, an estate, with a mansion, in Jura, Argyll- shire. The mansion stands on the coast of the Sound of Jura, 10 miles SW of the mouth of Loch Crinan, and was built nearly 40 years ago by Lord Colonsay (1793- 1874), Lord Advocate ; its present proprietor is Jn. Mac- farlane, Esq., 0A\mer of 17,939 acres, valued at £903 per annum. The grounds are of great beauty, enriched for several miles with either natural wood or recent plan- tations. A stream, running through the estate to the sea, abounds in sea-trout ; and a public school is on the estate. Ardmacknish. See Ardnacknish. Ardmaddy Castle, a seat of the Earl of Breadalbane in Kilbrandon parish, Argyllshire. It stands on a coni- cally-shaped rising ground, at the head of a fine small bay, opposite Sell island, 2 miles N of Loch Melford and 12 SSW of Oban ; commands an extensive prospect of .sea and land ; is a very old building ; belonged to the Macdougals, Lords of Lorn ; passed to the Campbells of the House of Argyll ; was occupied and enlarged by Lord Neil Campbell, who suffered during the persecu- tion in the time of Charles II., and was put to death in 1685; became the residence of Colin Campbell, the father of the late Marquis of Breadalbane, and was the birth jilace of the manjuis. Pennant was hospitably entertained at it, and wrote, in the form of a vision in it, his reflections on the social condition of the Highlands. A small cave, in the face of a rock, at a short distance from it, is pointea out as a hiding-place of Lord Neil Campbell in the time of the persecution. A belt of sea, called Clachan Sound, separates the mainland around the castle f^om Sell island ; resembles the Kyles of Bute, but is narrower, ARDMAIR more diversified, and more richly scenic ; and is spanned at the narrowest jMrt by a one-arched bridge. Ardmair, a hamlet in the W of Ross-shire, 3 miles NAV of its post-town Ullapool. Ardmamock, an estate, with a modern mansion (D. N. Nicol, Esq.), in Kilfinan parish, Argyllshire, on the E side of Loch Fyne, 4^ miles NE of Tarbert. Ardmeanach, or MuUbuie, a broad-based, extensive, ridgy hill, in the counties of iSTairn, Ross, and Cromarty, forming the backbone of the Black Isle, or peninsula between the Beaiily and ]\Ioray Firths and the Firth of Cromarty. Its length, from SW to NE, is about 16 miles, its culminating point is 838 feet above sea-level, and its breadth is proportionate far more to its length than to its height. It has a gently-featured outline, and commands very pleasant prospects. Its surface, for the most part, was long allowed to lie half waste, chiefly in a state of commonage, )'et was all pro- nounced, by good judges, at an early period of the age of agiicultural improvement to be, every yard of it, available for the plough, with generally as good soil as the low grounds of the peninsula. Its prevailing rock is the Devonian sandstone, and has been extensively (j^uarried. Ardmellie, an estate, with a mansion, in Marnoch parish, Banffshire. The mansion commands an exten- sive view of the valley of the Deveron, and the grounds have fine features both of natural beauty and of artificial embellishment. Catstone or Ardmellie Hill (851 feet), the highest ground in the parish, is steep and wooded. Limestone abounds, and formerly was worked. Ardmherigie. See Ardverikie. Ardmichael, a small rocky promontory, with a bury- ing place, on the W side of South Uist island, Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire, about 12 miles SSW of the south-western extremity of Benbecula. Ardmiddle, a hill 557 feet high, and a mansion in Tiu-riff parish, N Aberdeenshire. The mansion is the seat of Mrs Milne, owner of 1100 acres, valued at £1070 per annum. Ardmiddle public school, with ac- commodation for 100 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 71, and a grant of £58, 6s. Ardmile, a small rocky promontory on the ^Y side of South Uist island. Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire, 4 miles S of Ardmichael. Ardmillan, the seat of Sirs Jas. Craufurd, widow of the late judge. Lord Ardmillan (d. 1876), in Girvan parish, Ayrshire, on the coast, 2f miles SSW of Girvan. The estate connected with it is believed to be rich in copper ore. Ardminisli, a bay about the middle of the E side of Gigha island, Argyllshire. It has good anchorage in depths of 6 or 7 fathoms, and is frequented by vessels brriging coal, lime, and other imports, and taking away the produce of the island. Ardminisli Point, flanking its N side, with the church and manse of Gigha parish at its head, is identified by Skene with Arddanesbi, the scene of a naval battle in 719. Ardmore, a beautiful wooded promontory in Cardross parish, Dumbartonshire, 2f miles SSE of Helensburgh. It connects with the mainland by a narrow isthmus ; projects about a mile into the Firth of Clyde ; expands into a circular head 103 feet high and about 5 fur- longs in diameter, popularly called the Hill of Ardmore ; consists elsewhere of flat alluvium ; and, at low water, is flanked only by bare silt or foreshore. It forms a fine feature in the magnificent lagoon-like scenery of the Firth. Ardmore House stands upon it, amid pleasant grounds, and is a good modern mansion. Ardmore, a headland in Kildalton parish, Argyllshire, on the E side of Islay island, 5 miles S by E of the S end of the Sound of Islay. Ardmore, a headland in the N of Mull, Argyllshire, nearly opposite Ardnamurchan village. Ardmore, a headland in the W of Skye, Inverness- shire, in the Vaternish section of Duirinish parish. A hostile party of the Macdonalds of Uist once landed here, while many of the Macleods of Skye were assembled in the adjacent church of Trumpan, and they suddenly ARDNAMURCHAN surrounded the church, set fire to it, and destroyed nearly all who were in it ; but, before they got back to their boats, a great number of them were slain by a body of avengers pouring down upon them at the call of ' the fiery cross. ' Ardmore, a harbour in Eddertoun parish, Ross-shire, at the head of the Dornoch Firth, near Tain. It attbrds accommodation to vessels of 150 tons' burden, and is frequented in summer by smacks and schooners, chiefly with cargoes of coal and lime. Ardmuckmsh, a beautiful bay in Ardchattan parish, Argyllshire, at the mouth of Loch Etive, and extending from the vicinity of Connel Ferry 2| mUes northward to the neck of the peninsula of Lochnell. It has a finely pebbled beach, is environed with pictm'esque scenery, and commands noble views. The vestiges of the reputed ancient capital of Dalriada are on its E side, and will be noticed under Berigonium. Ardnacallioch, a promontory and a bay at the E end of Ulva island, in Argyllshire. The promontory exhi- bits, to the S, a remarkably well-defined natural bust of an old woman, and it takes thence its name, which signifies ' the old wife's point. ' Ardnacross, a small bay and an estate in Campbeltown parish, Argyllshire, 6 miles NNE of Campbeltown. The bay affords anchorage to vessels. Ardnadam. See Sandbank. Ardnafuaran, a village in Arasaig district, Inverness- shire. It is the same as Arasaig village, having merged its own proper name in the name of the district. A church dedicated to the Virgin Mary stood at it in the Romish times, and has left some remains. Ardnamurchan (Gael, ard-na-mor-cliinn, 'height of the gi'eat headland '), a hamlet and a promontory in Argyllshire, and a parish partly also in luverness-shire. The hamlet lies on the southern coast of the promontory, 7 miles NNW of Tobermory, and has a post office, with money order and savings' bank departments, under Fort- AVilliam. The promontory forms the extreme NW of the mainland of Argyllshire, as also the most westerly point of the mainland of Scotland, lying 137 miles in a straight line AV of the mouth of the South Esk river in Forfarshire ; was, from the time of Somerled till the reign of James VI. , the boundary between the two great divisions of the Hebrides, Northern and Southern ; and has a bluff, wild character, more notable in aspect and more terrible to mariners than any other headland be- tween Cape AVrath and the Mull of Kintyre. The neigh- bouring rugged shores have been the destruction of mid- titudes of vessels, and the seaboard here, and onward on either side for many miles, is all mountainous, bleak, and wild. A dreary spot in a creek, at its uttermost point, contains the graves of ship\vi'ecked seamen. A castle-like lighthouse was built here in 1849, at a cost of £13,738 ; its fixed light, 180 feet above sea-level, is visible at the distance of 18 nautical miles. The parish contains also the post office villages or hamlets of Kinlochmoidart, Arasaig, and Strontian, all under Fort AVilliam, and comprises the districts of Ard- namirrchan proper, Sunart, Moidart, Arasaig, and South I^IoRAR^the first and second in Argyllshire, tlie three others in Inverness-shire. It is bounded N by Loch Morar and the river Morar, which separate it from North Morar in Glenelg ; NE by the Ardgour, Locheil, and Locharchaig districts of Kilmalie; E by the Kingerloch district of Loch Lismore ; S by Loch Sunart, which separates it from Morvern ; AV and NAV by the Atlantic. Its greatest length, measured along the shortest practicable line of road, cannot be less than 70 miles, its greatest breadth is about 40 miles, and its area is estimated at 200,000 acres of land and 73,280 of water. Ardnamurchan proper is a peninsula, extending E and AV ; projects, at the promontory, 4 miles westward of the longitude of Tobermory in Mull ; is washed to the S by the northern end of the Sound of JIull and by Loch Sunart ; connects, at the E end, by an isthmus of 3 miles in width, with the Sunart district ; measures about 16 miles in length, and about 7 in extreme breadth ; and consists chiefly of a range of comparatively low hills, 65 ARDNAVE ARDOCH running from E to W. Kiklioan or ArdnamurcTian harbour, adjacent to the hamlet, is of great utility, serving for communication with Tobermory and with vessels coming up the Sound of Mull, and used to be an occasional resort of craft conveying cattle from some of the AVestern islands to the mainland. Glenmore Bay, about A mile W of the first narrows within Loch Sunart, also affords good anchorage. Much of the seaboard, for about 10 miles from the vicinity of the promontory east- ward, consists of well-cultivated arable land. The hills along the same distance consist of paleozoic rocks, with a carpeting of very fine pastoral soil. The seaboard farther E includes scanty patches of cultivated land, and the hills there consist chiefly of gneiss or mica-slate rocks, partly bare, and partly covered with coarse her- bage. The isthmus, at the eastern end, is partly flat moss, and partly low or sloj)ing ground. "Wood is scanty throughout the western half, but occurs in considerable masses in the S of the eastern. The districts of Ardna- murchan proper and Sunart are computed to comprise 4134 Scotch acres of arable land, 10,371 of pasture, 2598 of woods, 2690 of flat moss, 67,472 of moor, and 488 of lakes, or, altogether, 87,753 Scotch acres. Alex- ander Macdonald, a Gaelic poet of last century, was a native ; a curious episode in the history of the parish was the foundation in 1723 of the mining village of New York by Sir Alexander Murray of Stanhope. Chambers' Domestic Annals (iii. 474-476) gives a full account of the failure of his plans. Nine proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, and five of between £100 and £500. Ancient Caledonian remains, in the form of a rude altar with a circle of small stones, and knowii as Fingal's Griddle, arcatOrmsaigmore in Ardna- murchan proper; and at Ormsaigbeg is a very small ruined tower, called the Black Castle of the Minstrels. So late as the year 1630, Ardnamurchan proper was a parish of itself, called Kilchoan, from a church dedi- cated to St Coan ; while the other districts formed the separate parish of Eileinfinnan or Island-Finnan, named after a beautiful little island in Locli Sheil. Tlie districts of Arasaig ami South Morar also, in more ancient times, formed a third parish, called Kilraarie or Kilmorie, and had its church at Ardnafuaran, now the village of Ara- saig. Ardnamurchan jiarish is in the presbytery of Mull and synod of Argyll ; its minister's income is £350. The parish church stands at the liamlet, was built in 1830, and contains 600 sittings. Most of the quoad sacra parishes of Acharacle and Strontian, and the missions of Achosnish, Arasaig, and Laga, are within the civil jiarish, whose own quoad sacra portion had 2293 inhabitants in 1871. There are Free churches of Ardnamurchan and Strontian, Ei)iscopal churches of Kinlochmoidart and Strontian, and Roman Catholic churches of Arasaig, Glenfinnan, Mingarry, andGlenuig; and the quoad sacra parish has eight schools under its board — three of them in Argyll, viz., Kilchoan, Kil- morie, and Achosnish (Society's) ; and five in Inverness- shire, viz., Glenfinnan, Glenuig, Ara.saig (Soc. ), Arasaig (R. Catli.), and Polnish (Soc). With total accommoda- tion for 457 children, these had (1879) an average attendance of 236, and grants amoimting to £287, 17s. Valuation (1881) £19,455, 9s. lOd., of which £10,372 was in Argyllshire. Pop., mostly Gaelic-speaking, (1831) 5669, (1861) 4700, (1871) 4259, (1881) 4102, of whom 914 were in Ardnamurchan jiroper. Ardnave, a headland in Kilchoman parish, Argyll- shire, on the W side of Islay, opposite Kave island, 14 miles SW of Ruvaill Point. Ardneil Bajik, a mural cliff at Farland Head in West Kilbride parish, Ayrsliire, 6 miles NNW of Ard- rossan. It rises to the height of about 300 feet, extends in a straight line to a length of aljout 1 mile, and is separated from the sea-margin only by a very narrow belt of verdant land. A crescent-shaped bay here forms gooil 1 lathing ground. Ardnoe, a headland at the left side of the mouth of Locli Crinan, in Argyllshire. Ardo, an estate in I5auehory-Devenick parish, Kin- cardineshire, 1 mile S of Cults station, 66 Ardoch, a liill 700 feet high in the W of Dairy parish, Kirkcudbrightshire. Ardoch, a rivulet in Kilmadock parish, Perthshire, ris- ing in the Braes of Doune, and running about 7 miles, chiefly south-south-eastward, to the Teith in the neigh- bourhood of Doune. Ardoch (Gael, ardach, ' high field '), a parish of S Perthshire, containing (1) the village of Greenloaning, with a U.P. church, and a station on the Caledonian, lOf miles NNE of Stirling, and 22^ SW of Perth ; and (2) the village of Braco, 1^ mile N of Greenloaning station. Standing on the right bank of the Knaik, Braco was feued in 1815, and now has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, 2 inns, the parish church (1780 ; 600 sittings), and a Free church ; cattle fairs are held at it on the first Wed- nesday of January, the first Tuesday of August, and the last Tuesday of April and October. Pop. (1836) 384, (1861)337, (1871) 343. Tlie parish, formed in 1857 out of Muthill, Dunblane, and Blackford, is bounded NW and NE by Muthill, E by Blackford, and SE and SW by Dunblane. It has an extreme length from XNW to SSE of 9 miles, an extreme width from E to W of 7£ miles, and an area of 22, 280 J acres, of which 153 are water. The Allan, in its upper course, flows 7| miles west-south-westward through Ar- doch, and here receives the Knaik, Bullie, Jlillstone, Muckle, and several other burns ; its valley sinks to less than 400 feet aliove sea-level. From it the surface rises northward to 678 feet on Orehill Muir, 525 near Faulds, 879 on Cambushinnie Hill, 1334 on Crouilet, 1496 on a summit marking the western boundary, 1215 on Meall a' Choire Raibhaich, and 1117 on Meall a' Choire Odhar — southward to 640 feet near Tarnej'buckle, and over 1000 on the western slope of the Corums, this southern wing comimsing part of SiiEraFF Mum. Along the Allan lie considerable haughs, with, for the most part, a good light loamy soil, incumbent on sand or gravel ; the rest of the parish is mainly hilly and moorish. The Braco estate was formerly held by a branch of the Grahams, descendants of the third Earl of Montrose, and baronets from 1625 to 1689 ; and its old mansion, Braco Castle, 14 mile NNW of the village, is at present the seat of Geo. K. M'Callum, Esq. , owner in the shire of 1838 acres, valued at £1155 per annum. Ardoch House, J mile E of Braco village, is a modem seat of Chs. S. H. Drum- mond-Moray, Esq., who owns 24,930 acres, of a yearly value of £14,311 ; within its grounds, skirting the Knaik's left bank, and occupying the site of Lindum, a to^vTi of the Damnonii, is the celebrated Roman camp of Ardoch. Traces of numerous Caledonian entrenchments and hill- forts occur in such positions in its neighbourhood, as clearly to indicate that the Roman forces here made a strong and prolonged lodgment, and encountered a vigor- ous resistance. The camp is one of the best preserved of its kind in Britain; it challenges attention also for its large dimensions ; and it has been the subject of volu- minous controversy on questions respecting the scene of the great Battle of the Gr.AMriAN.s. It consists of four parts — the station or citadel, the procestrium, the great camp, and the small camp. The station or citadel, de- signed as a permanent work, crowns an eminence near the E bank of the river, and rising 50 feet above its waters, has a quadrangular outline, with the four sides nearly facing the cardinal points; measures, within the entrenchments, 420 feet by 375; had four gates, throe of which can still be clearly distinguished ; was defended, on the N and E, by five deep ditches and six rani]iarts, on the S by two fossaj and a deep morass, on the W by tlie steep descent to the Knaik, and by two fossai between that descent and the river's bank ; and contained a pra?torinin and accommodation for 1200 men. The ])rn2torium, for the general and his staff, is a regular scjuaro of 60 feet, situated on rising ground to the rear of the station ; appears to have been enclosed by a stone wall ; and now contains foundations of a building, 30 feet by 27, thought to have been a post-Roman place of worship. The pro- cestrium adjoins the N side of the station ; seems to have been a subsequent work, and strongly fortified ; had an ARDONALD oblons; form, 1060 by 900 feet ; possessed accommodation for 4000 men ; and, excepting vestiges of two gates on tlie N and the S, has all been obliterated by the plough. The great camp, lying NW of the procestrium ; has an ap- jiroximately oblong outline, 2S00 feet by 1950 ; could ac- commodate 26,000 men ; seems to have had, on the northern part of the E side, considerable outworks, com- prising a square redoubt and a clavicle ; is diametrically traversed by the old road from Stirling to Criclf ; and can now be traced by vestiges in only its eastern half The small camp lies on the W of the great camp, or rather lies one-half within that camp, and one-half westward ; occupies higher ground than the other works ; appears to have been constructed after the great camp ceased to be used ; measures 1910 feet by 1340 ; coidd accommo- date 12,000 men ; and is still in a comparatively perfect condition (R. Stuart's Caledonia Roviana, Edinh. 1845, pp. 187-194). Ardoch is in the presbytery of Auchterarder and synod of Perth and Stirling ; its living is worth £195. The East and West public schools at Braco, and a third at Greenloaning, with respective accommodation for 71, 60, and 75 children, had (1879) an average at- tendance of 34, 66, and 45, and grants of £29, 10s., £57, 12s., and £34, 2s. Pop. (1861) 1418, (1871) 1316, (1881) \\Q2.—0rd. Sur., sh. 39, 1869. Ardonald, a place with gi-eat limeworks (now aban- doned) in Cairnie parish, Aberdeenshire. The quantity of calcined lime tm-ned out here, in the j'ears 1818-1841, was 620,269 bolls, sold for £69,771. Ardovie, a place in Brechin parish, Forfarshii'e, 2i mUes SSW of Brechin. Ardoyne, a hUl, 600 feet above sea-level, in the N of Oyne parish, Aberdeenshire. It commands an exten- sive view. Ardpatrick, a hamlet and a headland at the N side of the mouth of West Loch Tarbert, and at the SW extremity of Knapdale, Argyllshire. The hamlet is 10 miles SW of Tarbert, and has a post office, with money order and savings' hank departments, under Greenock. The headland is said to have been the landing-place of St Patrick, on his way from Ireland to lona. Ardrishaig (Gael, ard-driseach, 'height full of briars'), a seaport village in South Knapdale parish, and a quoad sacra parish partly also in Glassary parish, Argj^llshire. The village stands on the AV side of Loch Gilp, at the entrance of the Crinan Canal, 2 miles SSW of Lochgilp- head. The entrepot of the canal, the port of Lochgilp- head, and the centre of an extensive herring fishery, it mainly consists of plain-looking cottages with a few neat villas, pleasantly situated on a green hill-side ; and it has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, an excellent hotel, a commodious harbour, with a pier and a slip, an Es- tablished church (1860), and a Free church. The ves- sels passing through the Crinan Canal occasion consider- able business, five steamers daily in summer arriving and departing from and to Greenock, the chief one of them running to Oban, lona, and Inverness ; large quantities of sheep and cattle are shipped ; and dur- ing the fishing season, upwards of 100 fishing boats are in seiwice. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert landed here 18 Aug. 1847, on their way from Inverarv to Ard- verikie. P'op. of village (1861) 902, (1871) 1177, (1881) 1209. The quoad sacra parish, constituted in 1875, is 7 miles long and 4 broad, and is in the presbytery of In- verary and synod of Argyll ; its minister's income is £182. Ardross, a hamlet and a mansion of NE Koss-shire. The hamlet, in Rosskeen parish, lies in the valley of the Alness river, 5 miles NXW of Alness, under which it has a post office. Its public school, with accommoda- tion for 111 children, had (1S79) an average attendance of 65, and a grant of £77, 15s. 6d. Ardross Castle is the seat of Sir Alexander Matheson, Bart. (ere. 1882), M.P., ownier of 220,433 acres in the shire, valued at £20,246 per annum. A large modern castellated edifice, it was altered and improved in 1881 at a cost of nearly £7000. The Ardross estates, purchased between 1840 and 1861, extend between Alness and Rorie AVaters westward into the uplands along the soui'ces of these AEDROSSAN streams, the former fastness of the clan Ross ; at a cost to Mr JIatheson of fully £150,000, they have undergone vast improvements. Ardross, an ancient barony in Elie parish, Fife. It comprised the greater part of the parish ; belonged to a family of the name of Dischington ; passed, about the beginning of the 17th century, to Sir AVilliam Scott ; and went, about the close of that century, to Sir AVUliam An- struthcr. The ruins of its mansion, or old baronial castle, still stand on the coast, about 1 mile ENE of Elie ^-illage. Ardrossan (Gael, ard-rois-an, ' highish foreland'), a seaport town and watering-place of Cunninghame, N Ayrshire, 1 mile WNW of Saltcoats. By water it is 13 miles E by N of Brodick in Arran, 144 NNAV of Ayr, and 87 NE of Belfast ; and by a section of the Glasgow and South-AVestern railway, it is 8i miles SSE of Fairlie terminus, 6 AA^SAA" of Kihvinning Junction, 9i AVNAV of Irvine, 20i NNAV of Ayr, 17i"AVNAV of Kilmarnock, 3U SAV of Glasgow, and 79i AVSAA^ of Edinburgh. Ly- ing on the northern shore of Ayr Bay, at the entrance of the Fii'th of Clyde, Ardrossan has its own Little North and South Bays, parted by the low headland of Castle Craigs, which got its name from the great stronghold of the Montgomeries. By them acquired about 1376 through marriage with the sole heiress of Sir Hugh de Eglinton, this castle according to tradition had been the scene of one of AA'allace's exploits, who by firing the neighbouring hamlet lured forth its English garrison to quench the flames, slew them as they returned, and cast their bodies into a dungeon, thereafter known as ' AA^allace's Larder. ' Cromwell is said to have demolished it ; and its scanty but picturesque remains comprise only the angle of one tower, the vaulted kitchen, and two arched cellars, with a broad stepped passage leading down to them. On the Cannon HUl, hard by, stood the old parish church, overwhelmed by the storm of 1691 ; a tombstone in its kirkyard is sculptured ^rith two escutcheons, one of them bearing the lion i-am- pant of Scotland, and is popularly associated with a war- lock baron, the 'Deil o' Ardrossan.' It was believed that ' were anj- portion of the mould to be taken from under this stone and cast into the sea, forth^\'ith would ensue a dreadful tempest to devastate sea and land. ' The to^\'n, Avhich arose as an adjunct of the harbour, consists of wide, well-built streets, crossing each other at right angles, with a handsome crescent to the E, a good many tasteful vUlas, and the Pa\-ilion, an occasional residence of the Earl of Eglinton. Erected into a burgh of barony in 1846, it partially adopted the General Police Act prior to 1871, and is governed hy a provost, 2 junior magistrates, and 6 commissioners. It has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, branches of the Bank of Scotland and the Royal Bank, 29 insurance agencies, a gas and water company, a large hotel with baths (1807 ; refitted 1833), a neat toTATi-hall, a reading-room, a Ifbrary, a Good Templars' hall, a lifeboat institution, and two Saturday papers, the Liberal Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald (1858) and the Conservative Ayrshire Weekly Keics (1859). Places of worship are the New Parish or quoad sacra church (1844 ; cost over £3000 ; 840 sittings) with a spire, a Free church (1859 ; cost £2000) also with a sjnre, a U. P. church (1857; cost £1300), an Evangelical Union churcli (1S61 ; cost £550), and St Andrew's Episcopal chui'ch (1875), a good Early English structure, at present wanting chancel and tower. Two public schools, with respective accommodation for 138 and 500 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 113 and 351, and grants of £98, 17s. 6d. and £345, 9s. 9d. The harbour was founded on 31 Julv 1806 by Hugh, twelfth Earl of Eglinton (1740-1819), who the same j-ear was raised to the Britisli peerage as Baron Ardros- san. Steam-tugs were then unknown, and tho naviga- tion of the Clyde above the Cumbraes was often baffling and tedious, above Port Glasgow open to none but very small craft, so his lordship's idea was to make this tho port of Glasgow, with which it should be connected by the Glasgow, P.mslky, and Johxstonk Canal. Ac- cordingly the works were projected on a scale so magui- 67 ARDROSSAN ficent as would have rendered tliem almost the finest in Britain ; but, far exceeding the estimates, they Avere brought to a standstill in 1S15, over £100,000 having already been expended, and Telford and Rennie requir- ing £300,000 more. They were not resumed till 1833, wlien the thii'teenth earl came of age, and then were completed on a greatly reduced though still considerable scale, the total cost being upwards of £200,000, and the harbour comprising two tidal basins of 6 and 18 acres, and a wet-dock of 4 acres, ■with 19 feet at high water over the lock-sill. The whole is well supplied with steam- cranes and other appliances for loading and discharging ; whilst a lighthouse with white flashing light stands at the NW point of the outer breakwater, and a beacon tower on sheltering Horse Island, a low and grassy islet of some 12 acres, lying | mile to the WNW. At first a sub-port of Irvine, Ardrossan was constituted a head port in 1858, and at the close of 1880 had on its register 108 sailing vessels of 12,553 and 11 steamers of 3547 tons, against an aggregate tonnage of 10,326 in 1860, 11,396 in''lS64, 12,1?3 in 1869, ami 12,943 in 1874. The following table gives the tonnage of vessels that entered and cleared from and to foreign and colonial ports and coastwise, in cargoes and also — for the three last years — in ballast : — Entered. Cleared. 1864 1869 1874 1879 ISSO British. Foreign. Total. British. Foreig:n. Total. 76,038 66,224 273,135 396,905 349,167 934 2804 20,921 13,303 11,126 76,972 69,028 294,056 410,213 360,293 268,385 245,798 276,107 389,872 354,901 26,238 19,341 20,583 14,. 515 10,822 294,623 265,139 296,690 404,387 365,723 Of the total, 3117 vessels of 360,293 tons, that entered in 1880, 1062 of 210,917 tons were steamers, 2155 of 175,132 tons were in ballast, and 3055 of 339,011 tons were coasters ; whilst the total, 3070 of 365,723 tons, of those that cleared, included 1067 steamers of 212,098 tons, 449 vessels in ballast of 43,937 tons, and 2913 coasters of 307,991 tons. The principal foreign trade is with France, the United States, Spain, and Portugal; and imports are timber, grain, limestone, iron ore (8668 tons in 1878, 1407 in 1879), and pyrites (14,643 tons in 1879) ; exports being coal (221,567 tons coastwise, 66,230 to foreign countries, in 1879) and pig-iron. In 1879 the total value of foreign and colonial imports was £53,671 (£115,900 in 1876), of exports £95,543, and of customs £66. A floating dock and a patent slip can each accom- modate ships of 500, and a graving-dock ships of 1500, tons ; and here during 1875-80, 22 sailing vessels of 1392 tons were built. Fishing employs 158 boats of 767 tons ; and there are 6 timber yards, a large iron foundry, 3 iron-works, besides 3 sail-making, 2 nail- making, and 3 block and pump establishments. A grain market is held every Thursday, and a fair on the second Tuesday of June. Pop. (1837) 920, (1851) 2071, (1861) 3192, (1871) 3845, (1881) 4009. The parish contains also the western portion of Salt- coats. Bounded N by Dairy, E by Kilwinning, SE by Stevenston, SW by the Firth of Clyde, and W 'by West Kilbride, it has an extreme length from N to S of 41 miles, a varying breadth of 1| and 2g miles, and an area of 7145^ acres, of which 435| are foreshore and 41J Avater. Montfode and Stanley Burns descend to the shore to W and E of the town, and Caaf Water with its aflluent the Mimnock Burn traces most of the northern boundary ; Knockdewart Loch (If x ^ fur- long), in the NW, is the only lake of the interior, Ashmorc Loch (^ x ^ mile) lying just within Stevenston. The surface has a general northward rise, attaining 208 feet near the ruins of Montfode or Montfort Castle (13 mile NW of the town), 287 near Sorbie, 464 on Knockrivock Mount, 351 on Moss MuUoch, 500 near Drumcastle ]\Iill, 350 near Low Dykehcad, 536 near Coalhill, and 794 on thecairn-croAvned KnockdewartHills. The rocks arc chiefly of the Carboniferous formation, in- cluding coal and ironstone, neither of them worked, ARDVARE and excellent limestone and sandstone. Trap rocks, too, at the town, eruptive through the carboniferous strata, were largely quarried for the breakwater. The soil is generally light and sandy between the shore and the foot of the hills, and a stiflish clay on the uplands, but almost everywhere has been long and highly culti- vated. Much the largest proprietor is the Earl of Eglix- TON, owner in the shire of 23,631 acres of an annual value of £49,551 (£9520J for minerals, £45254 for harbour works) ; but 4 other landowners hold within Ardrossan a yearly value of £500 and upwards, 25 of between £100 and £500, 46 of from £50 to £100, and 114 of from £20 to £50. In the presbytery of Irvine and synod of Glasgow and Ayr, the civil parish is divided between two quoad sacra parishes — New Parish, consisting of the town, and Ardrossan parish, including all the rest, together with a bit of West Kilbride. Ardrossan parish has its church at Saltcoats, a living worth £40-3 per annum, and a population (1871) of 3420. Valuation of civil parish (1843) £11,775, (I860) £23,077, (1880) £39,904, 12s., including £2420 for rail- waj's. Pop. (1801) 1846, (1821) 3200, (1841) 4947, (1861) 6776, (1871)7221, (1881) 7687.— Ord Sar., sh. 22, 1865. Ardrosser. See Ardersiei;. Ardscalpsie, a headland in the W of the Isle of Bute, flanking the N side of Scalpsie Bay, 2 miles ESE of the S end of Inchmarnock. Ardshiel, an estate, with a mansion, in the N of Appin, Argyllshire. The mansion stands to the W of Kentallen Bay, below the junction of Lochs Linnhe and Leven, and belongs to a descendant of the Stewarts of Appin. Its owner led 300 Appin Highlanders in the rebellion of 1745, sharing prominently in the action of Culloden, and in the perils which followed. A cave in the side of a deep ravine, overhung by Benavere, was his hiding- place for about three months. The cave adjoins a rush- ing waterfall, which screens it so perfectly, as by a curtain, that no stranger coming near it would suspect its existence. Sir Walter Scott, in boyhood, was a frequent visitor at Ardshiel, and he afterwards drew, from recollections of its scenery, some portions of the imagery which enriches his works. Ardstinchar. See Ballantrae. Ardtalnaig, a hamlet in Kenmore parish, Perthshire, on the SE shore of Loch Tay, 9J miles NE of Killin. A public school at it, with accommodation for 86 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 30, and a grant of £41, 12s. Ardtella, a small headland and a small bay in Kildalton parish, Argyllshire, near the middle of the E side of Islay. Ardtoe, a small bay on the N side of Ardnamm-chan proper, in Argyllshire. It has a small pier, and it affords safe harbourage to small coasting vessels. Ardtornish. See Artorxish. Ardtun, a grand basaltic headland in the SW of Mull, Argyllshire, projecting from the N side of the Ross of Mull, at the mouth of Loch Scriden. It is cut by a wild ravine, called the Goblins' Dell ; it rises to a height of about 130 feet ; it shows basaltic scarcely inferior to those of Stafl'a ; and it includes a thin stratum of coal beneath its basalt, and three leaf beds aggregately about 6 feet thick, and probably belonging to the middle portion of the geognostic Tertiary period. Dr Johnson, when on his way from Inch Kenneth to lona, greatly admired its columnar formation ; and Dr Mac- culloch, the present Duke of Argyll, and the late Pro- fessor Edward Forbes, made interesting investigations into its geological peculiarities. ArduUie, a seat of Sir Charles Munro of Foulls, Bart., in the E of Ross-shire, 3 miles from Evanton. Arduthie, an estate in the SE of Fetteresso parish, Kincardineshire. It was purchased, about the year 1759 for £1500, and long i)rior to the year 1842 it yielded an annual rental of £1000. The New Town of Stonehaven was built upon it, and was long called the Links of Arduthie. Ardvare, a sea-loch, with a small harbour in the N W of Assynt parish, Sutherland, immediately S of Kyle- Sku, and 9 miles by laud NNE of Loch Inver. ARDVARSAR Ardvarsar. See Ardavasar, Ardvech, a place in the SW of Perfhsliire, near Loch- earnhead. Ardverikie (Gael, ard-a-hhuiridh, ' height of the roaring '), a mansion in Lochaber, Inverness-shire, on the SE side of Loch Laggan, 20| miles WSW of Kingussie. It stands on a green flat, at the head of a small bay, flanked by a wooded promontory, and was built in 1840 by the Marquis of Abercom. From 21 Aug. to 17 Sept. 1847 it was occupied by the Royal Family, and is de- scribed by her Majesty as ' a comfortable shooting-lodge, with many nice rooms in it. Stags' horns are placed along the outside and in the passages, and the walls of the drawing-room and anteroom are occupied with beauti- ful drawings of stags by Landseer' (pp. 56-58 of the Queen's Journal, ed. 1877). Ardverikie afterwards passed into the possession of Sir John Ramsden of Byrom, Yorkshire ; on 15 Oct. 1873 it was almost totally de- stroyed by fire, the damage being estimated at nearly £50,000. A mound in the garden is said to mark the grave of Fergus and four other ancient Scottish kings ; the grounds around are said to have been a favouiite hunting-field of many of the old Scottish monarchs ; and in the lake are the Isle of Kings and the Isle of Dogs. The hunting grounds now comprise a great extent of moor and mountain, are some 40 mUes round, and contain about 2000 red deer. Ardvoirlich, an estate, with a mansion, the property of Col. Et. Stewart, in Comrie parish, Perthshire. The mansion stands on the S side of Loch Earn, 9i mUes AV of Comrie village ; is the Damlinvarach of Sir Walter Scott's Legend of Montrose ; and contains a large gem. seemingly white rock crystal, bound with four silver bands in very antique workmanship, and long regarded by the surrounding population as a talisman, giving to water in which it was dipped virtue for healing all sorts of diseases of cattle. Ardvoirlich, a small bay in Arrochar parish, Dumbar- tonshire, on the "W side of Loch Lomond, 5 miles N of Tarbet. Ardvreck. See Assynt. Ardvrecknish, a mansion on the E side of Loch Awe, in Arcryllshire, between Cladich and Port Sonachan. Ardwall, an island at the SE entrance of Fleet Bay, S Kirkcudbrightshire, ^ mile from the mainland, to which it is joined at low water. It is 4 furlongs long by 2J broad, rises to 109 feet, and, belonging to Borgue, had 3 inhabitants in 1871. See also Anwoth. Ardwell, an estate, with a mansion and with various places of its own name, in Stoneykirk parish, Wigtown- shire. It extends across the peninsula between Luce Bay and the Irish Sea ; has its mansion about \ mile from Luce Bay and 9 miles SE of Portpatrick ; and con- tains Mains of Ardwell near the mansion, Ardwell Mill 2 mUes to the N, Lower Ardwell \h mUe to the AATSTW, High Ardwell 1\ mile to the W, South Ardwell 2 miles to the SW, and Ardwell Bay and Ardwell Point, on the Irish Sea, 2\ mUes to the WSW. An ancient moat lies to the E of the mansion ; and some remains of Cale- donian antiquities, variously megalithic and military, are in other parts. Ardwell Inn has a post office under Stranraer ; and Ardwell School, under the parochial board of Stoneykirk, with accommodation for 160 chil- dren, had (1879) an average attendance of 105, and a grant of £95, 10s. Areeming, an estate in Kirkpatrick-Durham parish, Kirkcudbrightshire. An ancient church, unknown to re- cord, was on it, and can still be traced in its sub-basement. Argrennan, an estate, with a mansion, in Tongland parish, Kirkcudbrightshire. The mansion, the seat of John Maitland, Esq., M.P. for the shire (1874-80), stands on the river Dee, 4 miles SW of Castle-Douglas. It was mainly built about the year 1818 ; bore, for some time, the name of Deebank ; and is a spacious edifice, engirt by woods. Argyll, a district of Argyllshire, bounded NW and N by Loch MeLford, Loch Avich, and the lower part of Loch Awe, which separate it from Lorn ; E and SE by the upper reach of Loch Fyne, which separates it from Cowal ; ARGYLLSHIRE S by Loch Gilp and the Crinan Canal, which separate it from Knapdale ; W by reaches and straits of the Atlantic Ocean, which separate it from the Slate Islands and Mull. Its greatest length, from NE to SW, is 32 miles ; and its greatest breadth is 15 miles. Abounding in gi-and roman- tic scenery of lake and mountain, particularly along Loch Fyne, up the course of the river Ary, and along the shores of Loch Awe, it is rich, too, in old historic associations ; and as to both its contour and its history, it answers well to its name, which is said to be derived from the Gaelic words Aircr-Gacdliil, signifying 'land of the Gael.' It has given the title of Earl since 1457, and the title of Duke since 1701, in the peerage of Scotland, to the noble family of Campbell. — One of the synods of the Church of Scotland bears the name of Argj^U ; meets at Ardri- shaig on the first AVednesday of September ; includes or superintends the presbyteries of Inverary, Dunoon, Kin- tyre, Islay and Jura, Lorn, and Midi, and, through these, exercises jurisdiction over all the old parishes of Arg}'ll- shire but one, and over five of the six old parishes of Buteshire. Pop. (1871) 90,948, of whom 9581 were com- municants of the Church of Scotland in 1878, when the sums raised in Christian liberality by its 76 congrega- tions amounted to £7464. — There is also a Free Church synod of Argyll, meeting at Lochgilphead on the fourth AVednesday of April ; comprising or superintending pres- byteries of Dunoon, Inverary, Kiutyre, Lorn, Mull, and Islay ; and through these exercising jurisdiction over 54 congregations, with 12,816 members or adherents in 1880. — The Episcopal Church of Scotland has a diocese of Argyll and the Isles, comprehending 25 churches or mission stations. The Cathedral is at Cumbrae, and the bishop's residence is Bishopton, near Lochgilphead. — There is also a Roman Catholic see of Argyll and the Isles, comprising the counties of Argyll and Inverness, Bute, Arran, and the Hebrides. In ISSl it had 18 priests, 19 missions, 37 churches, chapels, and stations, and 4 day schools. Argyll's Bowling Green, a range of mountains in the NE of Cowal, Argyllshire, occupying the peninsula northward from the junction of Lochs Goil and Long. Precipitous, rugged, and lofty, they present a savage and sublime appearance, with mirral clifts, jumbled masses, and wildly lagged summits ; and they form a magnificent backgi'ound or sky-line to most of the splendid landscapes seen from the north-westward and the northward parts of the upper sweeps of the Firth of Clyde. Summits, from S to N, are Meall Daraich (474 feet\ Clach Bheinn (1433), Tom Molach (1210), the Saddle (1704), Beinn Reithe (2141), Cnoc Coinnich (2497), and the Brack (2500). Argyllshire, a maritime, western, Highland county, the second in Scotland as to size, the twelfth as to popula- tion. It comprehends a very irregularly outlined por- tion of the mainland, and a large number of the AYestern islands, the chief being Mull, Islay, Jura, Tiree, Coll, Rum, Lismore, and Colonsay. Extending from the ex- tremity of Locheil district 11 miles N of Fort WUliam to the extremity of KintjTe, 14 mUes NE of the Antrim coast of Ireland, it is only 22 miles short of being half as long as the entire mainland of Scotland. It is bounded N by Inverness-shire, E by Perthshire, Dumbartonshire, and the northern ramifications and main expanse of the Fu-th of Clyde, S by the Irish Sea, and AV by the Atlantic Ocean. Its greatest length, from N to S, is 115 miles ; its greatest breadth, exclusive of the islands, is 55 miles; its greatest breadth, inclusive of the islands, is 87 miles; its breadth, over the southernmost 27 miles, is noAvhere more than 9i mUes ; and its area is 2,083,126 acres, or 3255 square miles, of which islands comprise about 1000 square miles. The outlines are so exceedingly irregular, the projections of mainland into ocean so bold, the inter- sections of mainland by sea-lochs so numerous and great, the interlockings of mainland and islands so intricate, and the distributions everywhere of land and water so manifold and erratic, that no fair notion of them can be formed except by examination of a map. No part of the interior is more than 12 miles distant from either the sea or some sea-loch. The entire circumference has been roughly stated at about 460 miles, and the proportion of 69 ARGYLLSHIRE the circumference washed by sea-water has been roughly stated at about 340 miles ; but both of these estimates, if all the sinnosities of outline and sea-coast and sea-loch shore be followed, are greatly short of the reality. The coast has every variety of elevation and contour, from alluvial flat and gentle slope to mural cliff and towering mountain, but generally is bold and upland, and takes much of its character from long narrow inter- penetrations of the land by the sea. Loch j\Ioidart and Kinnaird Bay are in the extreme NW. Loch Sunart strikes far eastward between Ardnamurchan and Morvern. The Sound of Mull, with its ' thwarting tides, ' separates Morvern from Mull, and sends off Loch Aline north-east- ward from the vicinity of Artornish. Loch Linnhe strikes north-eastward from the SE end of the Sound of M'ull, embosoms Lismore and Sliuna islands, sends off Loch Creran to the E, separates Morvern from Appin, and ramifies, at its NE end, into Lochs Eil and Leven, on the boundaries with Inverness-shire. The Firth of Lorn strikes southward from the junction of the Sound of Mull and Loch Linnhe, sends off Loch Etive far to the E, em- bosoms Kerrera island and the Slate islands, separates Lorn from Midi, and projects Loch Feochan into Lorn and Loch Melford between Lorn and Argyll. Loch Tua, Loch-na-Keal, and Loch Scriden deeply intersect the W side of Mull. A sound 7 miles wide separates Mull from Coll ; and another sound, 3 miles wide, separates Coll from Tiree. The Sound of Jura opens from the S end of the Firth of Lorn, round Scarba island and past the Gulf of Corrievrekiu ; projects from its northern part Loch Craignish north-north-eastward, and Loch Crinan east- south-eastward ; separates Knapdale from Jura and Islay ; and is joined on the E side of its lower part by succes- sively Loch Swein, Loch Killisport, and West Loch Tar- bert, all nearly parallel to one another, and not far from parallel to the Sound of Jura itself Another Loch Tar- bert intersects Jura from the AV, and nearly cuts it in two. The Sound of Islaj', a narrow strait, separates Jura from Islay ; and Loch Indal, striking with much breadth from the SW, penetrates Islay to the centre. The Firth of Clyde, in its .greatest width or southernmost expanse, separates the southern part of Kintyre from Ayrshire. Kilbrannan Sound, an arm of the Firth of Clyde, separates the upper part of Kintyi-e from Arran. Loch Fyne, a continuation jointly of Kilbrannan Sound and of another arm of the Firth of Clyde, penetrates the mainland, first north-north-westward, next north-north-eastward ; sepa- rates all Cowal from Kintyre, from Knapdale, and from Lorn ; and sends off, from the extremity of its north- north-westward reach, Loch Gilp, with entrance into the Crinan Canal. The Kyles of Bute, a narrow semicircular belt of sea, connected at both ends with the Firth of Clyde, separates Cowal from the Isle of Bute, and pro- jects Loch Riddon and Loch Striven northward into Cowal. The upper reach of the Firth of Clyde, leading round to the influx of the Clyde river, separates Cowal from the Cunninghame district of Ayrshire and from Renfrewshire, and projects Holy Loch north-westward into Cowal. Loch Long striking northward, nearly in a line with the Firth of Clyde, separates Cowal from Dumbartonshire, and projects Loch Goil north-north- westward into Cowal. The mainland is divided into the six districts of North- em Argj-U, Lorn, Argyll, Cowal, Knapdale, and Kintyre. Northern Argyll comprehends all the parts N of Loch Linnhe and Loch Eil, and is subdivided into the sub- districts of Locheil, Ardgour, Sunart, Ardnamurchan, and Morvern. The Lorn district includes Appin sub-dis- trict in the NW, and is bounded N by Lochs Linnhe and Leven, E by Perthshire, SE by the lower reaches of Loch Awe, S by Lochs Avicli and Melford, and W by the Fii-th of Lorn. The Argyll district lies immediately S of Lorn, jmd is bounded SE by Loch Fyne, S by Loch Gilp and the Crinan Canal. The Cowal district is all peninsular, or nearly engirt by Loch Fyne, the Kyles of Bute, the Firth of Cly(Ie, and Loch Long. The Knapdale district is bounded N by tlie Crinan Canal and Loch Gilp, E by the lower reach of Locli Fyne, S by East and West Lochs Tarbert. The Kintyre district is all peninsular, stretch- 70 ARGYLLSHIRE ing southward from the Lochs Tarbert to the Irish Sea. A few islets lie within the waters or the reaches of the Firth of Clyde, and are included in the neighbouring mainland districts. The other islands lie all in the waters or sea-lochs of the Atlantic, and are classified into the three groups of Mull, Lorn, and Jura and Islay. The Mull gi'oup includes Mull, Canna, Rum, Muck, Coll, Tiree, Gometra, Ulva, Staffa, lona, and a number of adjacent islets. The Lorn group includes Lismore, Shuna, and some islets in Loch Linnhe ; and Kerrera, Sell, Easdale, Luing, Lunga, Scarba, and a number of adjacent islets in the Firth of Lorn. The Jura and Islay group includes Jui'a, Islay, Colonsay, Oronsay, Gigha, and a number of neighbouring islets. The territorial divisions of the county, however, serve mainly to indi- cate the physical distribution of its parts, or at best afford some aid to tracing the ancient history of its several sections, but have not much value for showing the distribution of its population, or the facilities and means of its economy and government. The entire county, therefore, mainland and islands, has been other- wise divided into the six districts of Mull, Lorn, Inverary, Cowal, Kintyi-e, and Islay. Mull, in this view, compre- hends both the northern territorial division of the main- land and the I\Iull gi'oup of islands ; Lorn comprehends both the mainland Lorn and the Lorn group of islands ; Inverary is identical with the Argyll territorial division ; Cowal also is identical with the territorial Cowal ; Kin- tyre comprehends part of Knapdale and all territorial Kintyre ; and Islay comprehends part of Knapdale and all the Jura and Islay gi-oup of islands. The coasts and sea-lochs present a marvellous wealth of picturesque scenery. The views of the Firth of Clyde are endlessly diversified ; up Loch Long, are first richly impressive, next sternly giand ; up Loch Goil and Holy Loch, combine simplicity with grandeur ; round the Kyles of Bute, are a circle of witchery ; up Loch Fyne, pass from much variety of both shore and hill to strik- ing scenes of wooded heights and lofty peaks ; up the Fii'th of Lorn, are a gorgeous panorama of almost all styles and combinations of landscape ; up Loch Linnhe, or round Mull island, are a rich succession of the beauti- ful and the romantic ; and in many other quarters, as up Loch Etive, the Sound of Jura, West Loch Tarbert, and Kilbrannan Sound, are equally diversified and opulent. Their attractions, since the era of steam navi- gation, both for summer visitors and for transient tourists, have been very gi-eat. Not a few places or parts formerly without an inhabitant, or possessing only rude clachans or small villages, on points of the coasts or sea-lochs most easily accessible from Greenock or Glasgow, such as on the shores of Loch Long, Loch Goil, Holy Loch, the Firth of Clyde, the Kyles of Bute, and Loch Riddon, are now occupied by long ranges of villas and cottages-ornees. Most of the sea-waters, too, as well those most remote from Greenock as those near to it, are daily traversed during the summer months, by one or more of a fleet of first-rate steamers, carrying crowds of tourists mainly or solely to enjoy the delights of the scenery. No equal extent of coast in the world combines so largely a rich display of landscape with concourse of strangers to behold it. A great drawback, however, is excessive humidity of the climate, the rainfall at Oban being 65 '29, the mean temperature 47 '3. Another drawback, though operating vastly more in the summer than in the winter months, is occasional, fitful, severe tempestuousness ; and this combines with the prevailing boldness and rocki- ness of the shores to render navigation perilous. Light- houses are at Corran in Loch Eil, Mousedale in Lismore, Kuna-GaU in the Sound of Mull, Ardnamurchan Point at the extreme NW of the mainland, Skerryvore WSW of Tiree, Rhu-Vaal at the N end of the Sound of Islay, Macarthur's-Head at the S end of the Sound of Islay, Rhinns at Oversay in Islay, Dune Point in Loch Indal, Skervuile near the S end of the Sound of Jura, JIull of Kintyre at the southern extremity of Kintyre, Sanda island, 6 miles ESE of the Mull of Kintyre, and Devaar island at the mouth of Campbeltown Loch. LIuch of the inland surface is as diversified as tho ARGYLLSHIRE ARGYLLSHIRE coast, mucli is as riclily picturesque as it ; but in a main degree is ■wildly mountainous, containing many of the loftiest and most massive heights of Scotland, many of the longest and deepest glens, many of the largest tracts of tabidar moor, so as to form no mean portion of ' the land of the moimtain and the flood.' Such tracts as the glen of the Ary and the shores of the lower parts of Loch Awe are pre-eminently brilliant — such as Glencroe, Glencoe, and parts of Mull are impressively sublime — and such as Stafi"a island and Ardtun have a romance peculiarly their own ; but many others, broad and long, are dismal and repulsive. Many tracts closely con- tiguous to the very brightest ones on the coast are sterile, lofty, trackless moor ; and nearly all the region N of Loch Linnhe, and in the NE of Lorn, and thence southward through the centre of Cowal, though inter- spersed with narrow sheltered glens, is mountainous, rugged, and bleak. The county, as a whole, both main- land and islands, with comparatively small exception, is little else than a congeries of mountains, cloven with glens, and occasionally skirted with low seaboard. Some of its mountains are vast isolated masses ; others form groups or ranges ; many are so agglomerated one into another as to be only summits of great tableaux ; and not a few present such conflicting appearances of feature, mass, and altitude, as not easily to admit of distinctive description. The loftiest or more conspicuous summits are Bidean nam Bian, between Glencoe and Glen Etive (3766 feet) ; Ben Laoigh, on the Perthshire border (3708); I3en Cruachan, between Lochs Etive and Awe (3611) ; Ben Starav, E of the head of Loch Etive (3541) ; Ben-a- Bheithir, SW of Ballachulish (3362) ; Buachaille-Etive, overhanging Glen Etive (3345) ; Cxilvain, on the north- em border (3224) ; Benmore, in Mull (3185) ; Sgor Dhomhail, between Lochs Shiel and Linnhe (2915) ; the Paps of Jura (2565) ; Ben Arthur, or the Cobbler, at the head of Loch Long (2891) ; Benmore, in Rimi (2367) ; Ben Tarn or Ben Yattan, in Morvem (2306) ; Bishop's Seat, W of Dimoon (1651) ; Cruach-Lassa, eastward of Loch Swin (1530) ; Ben-an-Tuirc, in Kintyre (1491) ; and Ben Yarna in Islay, and the Peak of Scarva, each 1500 feet. The streams are all short and rapid, and mostly rush do'wn deep and narrow glens. Among them are numbers of torrents careering to the sea-lochs or sea-belts in the northern district ; the Creran, the Etive, the Talla, and others in the NE ; the Orchy, the Strae, and the Avich, running to Loch Awe ; the Awe, voluminous but short, carrying off the superfluence of Loch Awe to Loch Etive ; the FjTie, the Kinglass, the Shira, the Ary, the Douglas, and others, running to the upper part of Loch F}'ne ; the Cur, running to the head of Loch Eck, and the Eachaig carrying off that lake's superfluence to Loch Long ; the Ruel, running to the head of Loch Eiddon ; and a multitude of others, mostly mere bums, in Knap- dale, Kintyre, Mull, Jura, and Islay. — The freshwater lakes, as also might be expected from the configuration of the country, are conspicuous ; and they have been computed to cover aggregately an area of about 52,000 acres. Loch Awe, the largest of them, ranks among the first-class lakes, for both extent and picturesqueness, in all Scotland ; expands at its foot around the skirts of Ben Cruachan into two great branches, and graduates from head to foot in a succession of ever-different and ever-increasingly impressive scenery. Other lakes are Lochs Avich, Ipng to the W of the upper centre of Loch Awe ; Lydoch, in the extreme NW, and partly within Perthshire ; Tolla, in the upper part of Glenorchy ; Eck, in Cowal, stretching along a fine graceful glen ; Arienas, in Morvem ; Nell, in the NW of Lorn ; Arisa, in MuU, etc. Granite forms the great mountain-masses in the NE parts of the county, and south-westward to Ben Cruachan. Mica slate predominates in many parts of both the main- land and the islands. Porphjoy forms an extensive tract on the NAY side of Loch F}Tie. Trap of various kinds prevails in some districts ; and basalt, in par- ticular, is prominent in Staffa, and in parts of Mull, Morvem, and Ardnamurchan. Rocks of the Limestone Carboniferous formation, with much sandstone, are in the S of Kintyre, and the output here of Drumlemble colliery, near Campbeltown, amounted to 105,596 tons ia 1878, the seam being limited in area, but of great thick- ness and highly productive. Thin strata of coal lie tilted up and denudated on some small portions of the trap ; a thin seam of coal, and small portions of lias and tertiary rocks occur in the SW of Mull. Fissile clay slate, of quality to form excellent roofing slates, consti- tutes the main bulk of Easdale, Luing, and SeU islands, and of a large tract around Ballachclish in the N of Appin, and both at Easdale and at Ballachulish is very extensively quarried. Limestone abounds in many parts, and seems to form the whole body of the large rich island of Lismore. Marble exists in various parts, and occurs of good quality in Tiree and lona. Lead ore is worked in Islay (353 tons in 1S79), where copper ore also occurs ; and a little cobalt has been found in Glen- orchy. Strontites, or carbonate of strontium, became first known to mineralogists by the discovery of it in 1790 in the Strontian lead mines, which were discon- tinued in 1855, having been wrought for about 150 years. A great variety of rare calcareous spars, in- cluding splendid specimens of staurolite, also occui's in the strontium mines. The summits and shoulders of the moimtains are generally bare rock ; and large aggre- gates of the tableaux and even of the comparatively low grounds are utterly ban-en. A prevalent soil on such lofty mountains as are not bare, and along the banks of streams descending from these mountains, is gravel mixed with vegetable mould. A common soil, or rather covering, on extensive moors and on low groimds from which water does not freely flow, is peat moss. A pre- valent soil in the westerly parts of the mainland and in some of the islands is a barren sand, consisting of dis- integrated sandstone or disintegrated mica slate. Most of the soil in the fertile parts of Mid Lom, Nether Lorn, Craignish, and other tracts not greatly elevated above sea-level, are either disintegrated limestone or disin- tegrated slate mixed with coarse limestone ; and the former kind is generally light, the latter stifi'er. Other kinds of soU suited to the plough and more or less fertile elsewhere occur, and several kinds sometimes graduate imperceptibly into one another. A fine alluvium lies along the banks of the lower reaches of some of the streams ; a light loam mixed with sand, on a bottom of clay or gravel, is common on many low tracts ; and a light gravel, incumbent on till, prevails on the skirts and acclivities of many hiUs. Agriculture, up to the abolition of the feudal system in 1745, and even into the second decade of the present century, was in a very low condition ; but, from various causes, it has undergone great improvement. The aboli- tion of the feudal system, the conversion of corn-rents, or rents in kind and services, into money rents, the suppression of smuggling, the constructing of the Crinan and Caledonian Canals, the formation of good roads under the auspices of the parliamentary commissioners, the spread of school education and of industrial intelli- gence, the introduction and promotion of a system of farming suited to the capabilities of the soil and the climate, the incorporation of small holdings into pro- ductively large farms, the diffusion of information as to the best modes of cultivating land and managing live stock, and, above all, the introduction of steam naviga- tion, with the rich facility afforded by it for reciprocal intercourse within the county, and for access to the great markets on the Clyde — have, each and severally in succession, originated and promoted great agricultural improvement. The compensatory results, nevertheless, have been greatly more in the department of live stock than that of husbandry, as is shown by the comparative tables of our Introduction. The cattle are chiefly Kyloes or "West Highlanders, a small shaggy race, much superior to the Dunrobins and Skibos or North Highlanders, also older and more improved, likewise divided into numerous sub-breeds of very various value ; and, not- withstanding their small size, are highly esteemed in the general market, and exported in vast numbers to the towns on the Clyde, and to places in the E and S. 71 ARGYLLSHIRE The sheep are of the black-faced breed, introduced many centuries ago from Northumberland to the southern counties of Scotland, and introduced thence about the middle of last century to Argyllshire. They are a hardy race, well suited to the country and the climate, and valuable for their mutton, but have a coarse fleece. Red deer abound in several of the forests, especially Blackmount and Dalness ; feathered game is more varied than plentiful ; but its streams and lochs make Argyll- shire a very angler's paradise. In 1S72 45,641 acres were covered \vith woods, and all over the county plan- tations are springing up. The manufactures are not great. A large quantity of kelp used to be made along the shores, but was driven out of the market b}^ foreign barilla. Some leather is manufactured, and coarse woollen yarns, stuff's, and stockings, for home use, are stUl extensively made. Valuable manufactures of iron have been carried on at Bunawe and Islay ; but the Lorn Furnace, at the former place, the only one now in the county, was out of blast in both 1878 and 1879. The distillation of whisky is conducted on a large scale in Islay and at Camptjel- town. Slates are turned out in vast quantities from the qiiarries of Easdale and Ballachulish. Fisheries through- out the Campbeltown and Inverary districts, and partly in connection with the Rothesay district, are exten- sively conducted in all the surrounding intersecting seas. Campbeltown is the only head port ; but the com- merce of the county has a vastly wider reach that what the shipping of Campbeltown represents, sharing very largely in the shipping of Greenock and Glasgow, and giving emi^loyment to no mean portion of the gTeat fleet of steam vessels belonging to the ports of the Clyde. No similarly peopled region in any other part of Great Britain has such facilities of steamship communication, and none with seemingly so few resources supplies so large an amount of tonnage to coasting commerce. The only railway, the final section of the Callander and Oban line, was opened on 1 July 1880. The royal burghs are Inverary and Campbeltown ; a parliamentary burgh is Oban ; and other towns and chief villages are Dunoon, Lochgilphead, Ardrishaig, Tobermory, Bowmore, Ballachulish, Tarbert, Kilmun, Strone, Kirn, Sandbank, Tighnabruaich, Portnahaven, Port Ellen, Port Charlotte, "Easdale, and Ellenabuich. The chief seats are Inverary Castle, Colonsay House, Kildalloig, Strontian, Fassifern, Dunstaff"nage, Kilmory, Glenfeochan, Achindarroch, Inverneil, Sonachan, Glen- daruel, Stonefield, Lochnell, Balliveolan, Possill Aros, Jura House, Inverawe, Ormsary, Ballochyle, Glenfin- art, Glencreggan, Castle-Toward, Dunans, Kingairloch, Glenvar, Airds, Maclachlan, Penny cross, Ardgour, Pol- talloch, Kildalton, Coll, Skipness, Ardpatrick, Ard- meanach, Orinaig, Benmore, Barcaldine, Dunach, Gal- lanach, Fasnacloich, Pennygowan, Carskey, Oatfield, Hafton, Glenstriven, Knockdow, Milton, Ardnave, Ard- lussa, Daill, Killundine, Ulva, Craignish, Ardkinglass, Strachur, Saddell, Sanda, and Asknish. According to Miscellaneous Statistics of the United Kingdom (1879), 2,030,948 acres, with total gross estimated rental of £4.30,152, were divided among 2864 ]ando^vners ; two together holding 347,540 acres (rental, £66,837), seven 419,917 (£61,041), sixteen 489,869 (£44,110), twenty- seven 363,570 (£61,906), thirty-four 232,921 (£47,336), thirty -eight 121,291 (£28,285), twenty -two 30,413 (£8392), eta The county is governed (1881) by a lord lieutenant and high sheriff, 37 deputy-lieutenants, a sheriff, 4 sub- sheriffs, and 143 magistrates. The sub-sheriffs are stationed at Inverary, Campbeltown, Tobermory, and Fort "William. Assizes courts are held t^vice a-year at Inverary ; sheriff small debt courts are held 8 times a- year at Dunoon, 4 times at Oban, Lochgili)head, and Bowmore ; and quarter sessions are held at Inverary on the first Tuesday of March, May, and August, and the last Tuesday of October. The police force, in 1880, comprised 51 men, and the salary of the chief constable was £250. Prisons are at Inverary, Campbeltown, Tober- mory, and Fort William ; police cells at Dunoon, Loch- 72 ARGYLLSHIRE gilphead, and Oban. The crimes committed in the yearlv average of 1841-45, were 135; of 1846-50, 136; of 1851-55, 155; of 1856-60, 151 ; of 1861-65, 111 ; of 1864-68, 126; of 1869-73, 140; of 1872-76, 114; of 1875-79, 123. The number of persons, in 1879, tried at the instance of the police was 985 ; the number of these convicted, 887 ; the number committed for trial, 150 ; the number charged but not dealt with, 69. The an- nual value of real property in 1815 was £227,493 ; in 1843, £261,920; in 1873, £429,384 ; and in 1881, £499,736 — both the two last exclusive of canals. Be- sides its three burghs joining vAt^x Ayr, the county sends a member to parliament (always a Liberal since 1857), and in 1881 had a constituency of 3426. Pop. (1801) 81,277, (1811) 86,541, (1821) 97,316, (1831) 100,973, (1841) 97,371, (1851) 89,298, (1861) 79,724, (1871) 75,679, (1881) 76,440. The registration county gives off part of Small Isles parish to Inverness-shire, whilst taking from it part of Ardnamurchan ; comprises 38 entire parishes ; and had, in 1881, a population of 80,693, Thirty-three parishes are as- sessed, and 5 unassessed, for the poor. One, Campbeltown, has a poorhouse for itself; and 26, in gi'oups of 4, 5, 10, and 7, have poorhouses in the 4 combinations of Islay, Loch- gilphead, Lorn, and Mull. The number of registered poor, in the year ending 14 May 1880, was 2353 ; of dependents on these, 855 ; of casual poor, 499 ; of depen- dents on these, 272. The receipts for the poor in that year were £30,087, 12s. 3d., and the expenditure was £27,408, 10s. 3|d. The number of pauper lunatics was 336, and the expenditure on them £6149, 9s. 4d. The percentage of illegitimate births was 7"1 in 1873, 8 '3 in 1874, 7-6 in 1877, and 8-0 in 1879. Religious statistics have been already given under Argyll ; in 1879 the county had 150 public schools (accommodation, 13,354), 25 non-public but State- aided schools (2204), 11 other efiicieut elementary schools (585), and 2 higher-class non-public schools (105) — in all, 188 schools, with accommodation for 16,248, the number of children of school age being estimated at 13,737. An ancient Caledonian tribe, called the Epidii, occu- pied the great part of what is now Argyllshire. They took their name from the word Ehyd, signifying 'a peninsula,' and designating what is now Kintyre, which hence was anciently called the Epidian promontory. They spread as far N as to Loch Linnhe and the Braes of Glenorehy ; they must have lived in a very dispersed condition ; they necessarily were cut into sections by great natural ban-iers ; they like\nse, from the character of their boundaries on the N and the E, must have been much separated from the other Caledonian tribes ; and they do not appear to have been distiu'bed even re- motely by the Romans. They were, in great degree, an isolated people ; and in so far as they had communica- tion M-ith other territories than their own, they seem to have had it, for a long time, far more with Erin than with Caledonia. Some of them, at an early period, pro- bably before the Christian era, emigrated to the NE coast of Ireland, and laid there the foundation of a prosperous settlement, under the name of Dalriada. A native tribe, called the Cruithne, was there before them ; took its name from words signifying ' eaters of corn ; ' is thought to have been addicted to the cultivation of the ground, in contrast to a pastoral or roving mode of life ; and seems to have easily yielded itself into absorp- tion with the immigrants. An intermingled race of Epidii and Cruithne arose, took the name of Dalriads or Dab'iadans, adopted the Christian faith from the early Culdees of Erin, and are presumed to have combined the comparatively pastoral habits of the Epidii ^vith the land-cultivating habits of the Cruithne. A colony of these Dalriads or Dalriadans came, in the year 503, to Kintyre ; brought with them the practices of the Christian religion, and improved practices in the com- moner arts of life ; sent off detachments to various centres of the old Epidian region, especially to Islay and to Lorn ; acquired ascendancy through all the country of the Epidii ; and established at Dunstaffnage, in the ARGYLLSHIRE ARMADALE CASTLE neighbourhood of Oban, a monarchy ■which is usually regarded by historians as the parent monarchy of Scot- land. Fmlher notices of that early monarchy Avill be given in our Introduction and under DunstafFnage. King Kenneth, who began to reign at Dunstaffnage in 835, was the maternal grandson of a king of Pictavia, who died without any male heir in 833, and he made a claim to be that king's successor, contested the claim for several years with two competitors, and eventually en- forced it by strength of victory ; united the crown of Pictavia to the crown of Dalriada ; and established, in breadth and permanency, the kingdom of Scotland. The territory now forming Argj'llshire, while it had been the cradle of the Scottish kingdom, became thence- forth no more than an outljdng portion of it ; and it soon began to be much disturbed by invasions and forays of Norsemen and other depredators who swept the seas. Numerous battles and heroic achievements, in consequence, took place Avithin its bounds ; but these, on account of its main temtory becoming then much linked in history with the entire Western High- lands, will be more appropriately noticed in our article on the Hebrides. Some great events, indeed, if we may repose any confidence in the voice of tradition, events relating to Fingal and his heroes, were peculiarly its o^^-n, or at least belonged largely to its northern tracts of Morvern and Glencoe ; but they are too doubt- ful and shadowy to admit of other than slight notice in merely the articles on the particular localities with which they are associated. The Macdougals of Lorn and the Macdonalds, Lords of the Isles, were almost independent thanes during much of the Middle Ages — the former in Lorn, Argyll, and Hull — the latter in Islay, KintjTe, and some other parts ; but they were eventually reduced to subjection by James III. The leading events during their times will be noticed in our article on the He- brides. The Stewarts afterwards became the leading clan in Appin ; the Macarthurs, about Loch Awe ; the Macgregors, in Glenorchy ; the Macnaughtens, about parts of Loch Fyne ; the Campbells, in parts of Lorn and Argyll. The Campbells, in particular, soon got high ascendancy, not only in their own original terri- tory, but throughout the county and be3"ond it ; the}' thoroughly defeated an insurrection of the Macdonalds in 1614 ; they extended their own acquisitions of terri- tory near and far, till they came to hold an enormous proportion of all the land ; and they concentrated their strength of descent in the two great noble families of Argyll and Breadalbane. The Argyll family got the Scottish peerage titles of Baron Campbell in 1452, Earl of Argyll in 1457, Baron of Lorn in 1470, Duke of Argyll, Marquis of Lorn and Kintyre, Earl of Campbell and Cowal, Yiscount of Lochowe and Glenisla, and Baron Inverary, Mull, Morvern, and Tiree in 1701 ; they also got, in the peerage of Great Britain, the titles of Baron Sundridge in 1766 and Baron Hamilton in 1776 ; they likewise are hereditary keepers of the castles of Dunoon, Dunstaffnage, and Carrick ; and, in 1871, through marriage of the Marquis of Lorn, the duke's eldest son, to the Princess Louise, they became alHed to the Royal Family. The antiquities of Argyllshire are many and various. Caledonian remains, particularly stone circles and me- galithic stones, occur frequently. Dalriadic remains, or what claim to be such, are prominent at ' Berigonium ' and Dimstaffnage. Danish forts, in the shape of what are called 'duns,' occur on different parts of the coast. Ecclesiastical remains occur on lona, on Oronsay, in Ardchattan, at Kilmun, etc. Mediaeval castles, inter- esting for either their history, their architecture, or their remains, are at DunoUy, Kilchurn, Artornish, Mingarry, Skipness, and Carrick ; and foundations of others are at Dunoon, Ardkinglass, and some other places. See J. Denholm, Tour to the Principal Lakes in Durnbartonshire and Argyllshire (1804) ; Capt. T. P. White, Archaeological Sketches in Kintyre and Knapdale (2 vols. 1873-75) ; and an excellent article by Duncan Clerk, ' On the Agriculture of the County of Argyll,' in Trans. Highl. and Ag. Soc, 1878 Aricliny or Araich-lin, a lake containing trout and char, and measuring 6 by 2h furlongs, in Kildonan parish, Sutherland, 2 miles XXW of Kinbrace station. Arienas, a lake in Morvern district, Argyllshire, send- ing off its superfluence by a small rivulet to the head of Loch Aline. Arinajigour, a village in Coll Island, Argyllshire, near the middle of the coast. It has a harbour, with a pier, and pretty safe, but obstructed at the entrance by rocks. Arisaig. See Aeasaig. Arity, a rivulet of S Forfarshire. It rises in the N of Mouikie parish ; runs through a section of Guthrie ; intersects Inverarity nearly through the centre ; is joined there, on the left, by Corbie B\irn ; proceeds along the boundary between Kinnettles and Glammis ; falls into the Dean river at a point If mile NKE of Glammis village ; and has altogether a run, north-westward, of about 8 miles. Arkindeith, a ruined tower in Avoch parish, Ross- shire. It seems to have belonged to a castellated man- sion of the early part of the 17th century, pjrobably erected by the Bruces of Kinloss, and it is now reduced to the lowest or dungeon story. Arkland, a place, with a fine view of the picturesque valley of the Scarr, in Penpont parish, Dumfriesshire. Arkle, a rounded and massive mountain in Eddrachillis parish, Sutherland, 4 miles E of the head of Loch Lax- ford, and 5 SE of Rliiconich. It rises 2582 feet above sea-level, and has a somewhat tabular top, presenting a glassy appearance, especially after rain. Arklet, a lake in Buchanan parish, Stirlingshire, which, commencing within 5 furlongs of the SW shore of Loch Katrine, extends 1 mile Ih furlong westward, with a breadth of from 2 to 3 furlongs. It abounds in fine red- fleshed trout, presents a gloomy appearance, is followed along its northern side by the road from Loch Katrine to Inversnaid, and sends off a stream of its own name, about 2| miles westward to Loch Lomond at Ixversn'AID. Arlary, an estate, with a mansion (R. Glass), in Orwell parish, Kinross-shire, IJ mile NE of Milnathort. Armadale, a police burgh in Bathgate parish, W Lin- lithgowshire, 2J miles W by S of Bathgate to^vn, and 1 mile N by W of a station of its own name on the Edin- burgh-Airdrie-Glasgow section of the Xorth British. Standing amid extensive fields of coal and ironstone, limestone, and brick-clay, it was merely a hamlet up to about 1851, when, owing to the establishment of neigh- bouring chemical and paraffin works, it suddenly rose to a town. At present it is lighted with gas, and has a post office under Bathgate, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments ; an Established mis- sion church (minister's salary £120 ; 300 attendants), a Free church, St Paul's Episcopal church (built 1858 ; 300 attendants), and a Wesleyan chapel, while the one public school open in 1879 had then accommodation for 400 children, an average attendance of 300, and a grant of £199, 14s. Pop. of burgh (1S61) 2504, (1871) 2708, (1881) 2642, besides 383 in landward portion. Annadale, a fishing village, a bay, and a bum, in Farr parish, NE Sutherland. The village stands to the W of the bay, at 200 feet of elevation, and has a post oSice under Thurso, 23 miles to the E by Is. The bay, flanked eastward by Strathj- Point, is 2^ miles wide and If mile long, its innermost indentation being f mile long, and from 5 to 3J furlongs wide, and it is one of the few points in all the rock-bound coast of Farr where boats may land in moderate weather. The bum rims 5 miles NNE and NXW from Loch Buidhe Mor to the head of the bay. Armadale Castle, the seat of Lord Macdonald, in Sleat parish. Isle of Skye, on the S coast, 7 miles NE of Sleat Point. It stands on a gentle slope, amid well-wooded grounds ; is a Gothic edifice of 1815, after a design by Gillespie Graham ; has an octagonal tower on each side of the doorway ; contains an elegant portrait of Somerled, Lord of the Isles, in stained glass, by Egginton of Bir- mingham ; and commands an extensive view of the sub- limely picturesque seaboard of Glenelg, Knoidart, Morar, and Arasaig. 73 AEMIT Armit, a rivulet of Berwicksliire and Edinburglisliire, running about 8 miles south-westward to the Gala, at a point about 1 mile N of Fountainball station. Amabost, a hamlet with a pubUc school in Coll island, Argyllshire. Arnage, a railway station in Ellon parisli, E Aberdeen- shire, on the Aberdeen-Peterhead branch of the Great North of Scotland railway, 3i miles N by W of Ellon. Arnage House (J. L. Ross), 5 furlongs NNE, is an old and interesting Gothic mansion, formerly the seat of the Cheynes, to whom, belonged Jas. ChejTie (d. 1602), rector of the Scots college at Douay. Amal, a burn in Barvas parish, island of Lewis, run- ning about 6 miles to the Atlantic. Ambarrow, a hill 1060 feet high in the W of Fordoim parish, Kincardineshire, projecting as a spur from a low range of the Grampians. Arnbeg, a place in Kippen parish, Stirlingshire, about 1 mile W of Kippen village, famous for the observance of the Lord's Supper at it, by a large assemblage of Cove- nanters, imder cloud of night, in the year 1676. Ambrae, a hamlet in Kilsyth parish, Stirlingshire, 1 mile W of Kilsj-th. Oliver Cromwell spent a night in a house in it which still is, or recently was, standing. Amcroach, a village in Carnbee parish, Fife, 2| miles EXE of Colinsburgh. It has a post office under Pitten- weem, and it contains a Free church, designated of Carn- bee, and a public school. Amdilly. See Boharm. Ameybog, a mineral tract, with a colliery in the X of Cumbernauld parish, Dumbartonshire. Amfinlay, an ancient castle in Kippen parish, near the Forth boundary between Perthshire and Stii'lingshire. Amgask, a parish in the counties of Perth, Kinross, and Fife, near whose meeting-point, and towards the centre of the parish, is the village of Damhead (with a post office under Kinross), 3 miles NNW of Mawcarse station, and 4f N by E of the post-to\\-n Milnathort. Duncrevie, | mile S of Damhead, is another small village in Amgask, which is bounded N by Dron, E by Aber- nethy, SE by Strathmiglo, S by Orwell, and W by For- teviot and Forgandenny. Its greatest length from N to S is 4^ miles ; its breadth is 4 miles ; and its area is 6455| acres, of which 2820^ belong to Perthshire, 1801 to Kin- ross-shire, and 1834^ to Fife. The upper waters of the beautiful Farg have a length of about 5 miles within the parish, dividing its Perthshire portion from the re- maining two, and here receiving the Strawyearn and other burns ; in the Perthshire portion are Loch "\Aliirr and two smaller lakelets. The surface is charmingly diver- sified with hills belonging to the Ochil system, elevations from N to S being Berry Hill (900 feet), and points near Letham (789), the Church (588), Pittillock (670), Plains on the western border (973), and Candy (830). The rocks are chiefly various kinds of trap, and the soils, for the most part, consist of disintegrations of these rocks, and generally have a black loamy character. About 1300 acres are uncultivated, and some 240 under wood, the whole being pastoral rather than arable. Some 28 pro- prietors (10 of them resident) hold each an annual value of £50 and upwards. Amgask is in the presbytery of Kinross and synod of Fife ; the minister's income is £210. The original church was a private chapel of the Balvaird family, and in 1282 was granted to Cambuskenneth Abbey. The present building, erected in 1806, had 380 sittings as enlarged in 1821, and was restored in 1879. There is also a Free church in the jjresbytery of Perth and synod of Perth and Stirling ; and a public school, mth accom- modation for 155 children, had (1879) an average attend- ance of 102, and a grant of £90, 5s. Valuation (1881) of Perthshire portion, £2505, lis. 4d. ; of Fife portion, £2375, 14s. 8d. Pop. (1831) 712, (1861) 705, (1871) 565, (1881) 547.— OrfZ. Sur., sh. 40, 1867. Amgibbon, the scat of Wm. Forrester, Esq. (b. 1861 ; sue. 1878), in the Perthshire portion of Kippen parish, 2 miles S by E of Port of Menteith station. Amgomery, the seat of Mich. J. Jamieson, Esq., in Kippen parish, Stirlingshire, | mile "W of Kippen village. 74 ABOS Amhall, an estate, with a mansion, in Fettercairn parish, Kincardineshire, at the boundary with Forfar- shire, 6 J miles W by S of Laurencekirk. The estate was purchased by]\Ir Brodie, from Sir David Carnegie, in 1796, for £22,500 ; had been undergoing great improvement ; and continued in Mr Brodie's hands to undergo much further improvement ; was sold in 1814 to Mr John Shand for £70,000, and afterwards, in reclamation of moss, and in other ways, was further greatly improved. A small establishment is on it for carding wool and mak- ing coarse woollen cloth. Amiefoul, a village in Glamis parish, Forfarshire, 2\ miles SSE of Glamis station. Amisdale, a village in Glenelg parish, Inverness-shire, on the side of Loch Houru, amid sublime scenery, about 13 miles S of Glenelg village. Amish, a headland, with a lighthouse and a beacon, at the S side of the entrance of Loch Stornoway, in the island of Le-wis. See Stornoway. Amisort, a hamlet in the Isle of Skye, Inverness-shire, on a sea-loch of its own name, branching from Loch Snizort. It has a post office under Portree. Amiston, an estate in Borthwick and Temple parishes, Edinburghshire. The mansion on it stands on the South Esk river, If mile WSW of Fushiebridge station, is a massive and imposing edifice of no great age, and has extensive and very beautiful grounds. The original estate was comparatively small ; belonged to Sir James Dundas, who was knighted by James V. ; has come down regularly to his descendants, famous as lawj^ers and as statesmen ; and has, from time to time, been greatly enlarged by additions from neighboming pro- perties. The soil of most of it was naturally poor, but has been much improved by art. Rich beds of coal here have been largely worked ; and the Emily Pit has a depth of 160 fathoms, being the deepest in the E of Scotland. Sawmills and other industrial works also are on the estate. • Amot. See Armit. Araprior, a village in the Perthshire section of Kippen parish, near the Forth and Clyde railway, 2^ miles W of Kippen village. Arnsheen, a hamlet and a quoad sacra parish in Col- monell parish, AyTshire. The hamlet is 12 miles S of Girvan. The quoad sacra parish contains also the vil- lage of Barrhill -nnth a post office under Girvan ; was constituted in 1872 ; had then a population of about 1100 ; and is in the presbytery of Stranraer and synod of Galloway. Stipend £143, with a manse. The church is in Arnsheen hamlet, was originally a chapel of ease, and cost only about £240. ArntuUy, a village and an estate in Kinclaven parish, Perthshire. The village stands If mile NNW of Stan- ley Junction station, is inhabited by linen weavers, but has greatly declined. The estate was improved at a cost of nearly £4000 immediately before 1843, and was then undergoing further improvement. Arcs, a village, an ancient castle, a rivulet, and a bay, on the NE coast of Mull island, Argyllshire. The vil- lage stands contiguous to the bay, 7 miles SSE of Tober- mory, on the road thence to at once the south-eastern, the southern, and the western parts of the island ; over- looks the central part of the Sound of Mull ; is the resi- dence of the Duke of Argyll's factor ; and has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and telegi-aph departments, under Oban, and an inn. The castle stands on a high basaltic promontory at the side of the bay ; was built before the time of Robert Bruce, and inhabited by the Lords of the Isles ; was defended, on the land side, by moat and drawbridge ; has a spacious esplanade extending to the extremity of the rock, and probably enclosed by a wall ; was itself no more than a massive oblong tower, about 40 feet high ; and is now reduced to two of its walls and part of a third. The site of it is strong, and the grounds adjacent to it soar into wild cliffs, seamed by fissures and channelled by cascades. The rivulet drains Loch Eriza, a lake about 4 miles long, extending to within 3 miles of Tobermory ; and it runs from the lake about 2>\ miles south-eastward to the bay ARPAFEILIE at the village. Tlie bay has not much capacity, and is of half-moon outline ; yet is made by Sir Walter Scott the rendezvous of the. ships of the ' Lord of the Isles,' — ' Look, where beneath the castle grey, His fleet unmoors from Aros Bay.' Arpafeilie, a place in the Black Isle district of Ross- shire. It has St John's Episcopal chapel (1816), and its post-town is Fortrose, under Inverness. Arran (Gael, 'lofty isle'), an island of Buteshire, forming the southern and larger portion of that county. It lies, like the rest of Buteshire, in the Firth of Clyde, being bounded SW and N"W by Kilhrannan Sound, ■which separates it from Kintyre in Arg^dlshire ; NE by the Sound of Bute, parting it from the Isle of Bute ; and E and S by the main expanse of the Firth. Measuring at the narrowest, its extreme points are 3 miles E of Kintyre, 5£ SW of the Isle of Bute, 9| W by S of the mainland of Ayrshire, and respectively 13 N and 30 N by W of Ailsa Craig and Kirkholm Point at the mouth of Loch Ryan. Its outline is that of an irregular ellipse, little indented by bays or inlets, and extending length- wise from N to S. Its gi'eatest length is 194 miles ; its greatest breadth is 10| miles, contracting to 7^ at a line drawn westward from Brodick Bay ; and its area is about 165 square miles. Its W side and its N end communi- cate with steamers plying between Greenock and Camp- belto\\Ti ; its E side is regularly visited by steamers from Greenock, both by way of Rothesay and by way of Mill- port, and by steamers in connection with trains from Glasgow at Ardrossan ; and its S end communicates with steamers plying between Ayr and Campbelto^vn. Its N end has a post office of Lochranza under Greenock ; and its other parts have post offices of Arran, Corrie, Brodick, Lamlash (money order, savings' bank, and telegraph), Shiskine, and Kilmorie, imder Ardrossan. Its principal place of thoroughfare is Brodick, midway along' the eastern coast, 14milesWSW of Ardrossan, 14i SW of Millport, and 26 SSW of Rothesay; and its next largest is Lamlash, on the same coast, 5J miles farther S. Its shores and surface are wonderfullj^ picturesque, exhibiting landscape in almost every style, from the softly gentle to the sublimely terrible. The views of it, in all directions, at any distance, either from the Clyde itself or from its far extending screens, are very striking ; the views within it, both on the seaboard and in the interior, are endlessly diversified ; and the views from it, specially from its higher central vantage gi'oimds, disx^lay the richest combinations of land and water, in- tricate shore-lines, and grand moimtain backgrounds. A carriage road round it, generally near the shore, commands no mean proportion of all the scenery ; but only wild footpaths, or no paths at all, practicable by none but mountaineers, lead up to the sublimest views among its glens and mountains. Its geology, mineralogy, botany, zoology, and even, in some degree, its angling and its archteology, likewise possess the highest attractions, and have combined with its gorgeous scenery to draw to it annually, since the era of steam navigation, great num- bers of summei; tourists. Much of its E coast, in par- ticular, vies now with the most favourite seaside places higher up the Firth as a summer retreat, not only to families from Greenock and Glasgow, but to families from the E of Scotland. A flat belt of land, in form of a terrace, from 10 to 20 feet above the present tide-level, and from a few j'ards to ^ mile broad, goes round all the shore ; consists of an ancient sea-beach, common to all the banks of the Firth of Clyde as far up as Dumbarton ; is bounded, on the land side, by sea- worn cliffs, pierced in many parts with caves or torn with fissures ; and is traversed, with a few intervals, by the road round all the coast. The views from this terrace inland are modified, from stage to stage, by the structure of the interior ; sometimes are blocked by lofty wall-like cliffs ; sometimes are overhung by cloud-piercing mountain summits ; sometimes include romantic features on the seaward side ; sometimes sweep far into stupendous glens ; and sometimes open over bays or over considerable expanses of low land. Chief ARRAN seaward cliffs, or other striking seaward features, are Holy Isle, in the mouth of Lamlash Bay, rising tier above tier to the altitude of 1030 feet ; Clauchlands Hills, 2 miles N of Holy Isle, at the point of a penin- sular tract eastward of the carriage road, rising 800 feet from the shore, and pierced with caves ; the skirts of Goatfell, 3^ miles N of Brodick, coming precipitously down from alpine mural abutments, and terminating in romantic cavernous cliffs ; the Fallen Rocks, on the sea-face of an isolated mountain ridge, 5 miles NNW of the Goatfell cliffs, only approachable by wary walk- ing, and looking like an avalanche of shattered blocks of rock rushing to the shore ; the Scriden Rocks, near the northern extremity of the island, or 3 miles NW of the Fallen Rocks, and presenting an appearance simi- lar to theirs, but on a grander scale ; and the Struey Rocks, at the southern extremity of the island, a short way E of Lag, and consisting of a range of basaltic sea cliffs, rising to the altitude of 400 feet, deeply cut by vertical fissures, and pierced by a curious, long, wide cavern, the Black Cave. The chief glens descending to the coast are Glen Cloy, Glen Shurig, and Glen Rosie, converging to a mountainous semi-ampliitheatre, round the head of Brodick Bay ; Glen Sannox, opening out from behind the alpine buttresses of Goatfell, and pre- eminently silent, sombre, stuj)endous, and impressive ; Glen Ran2a, commencing in precipices nearly 1000 feet high, and descending about 4 miles to the head of Loch Ranza, 2 miles SW of the Scriden Rocks ; Glen Catacol, coming down from alpine central mountains, with itself a romantic pastoral character, to a small bay, 2 miles SSW of the moitth of Loch Ranza ; and Glen lorsa, descending 8f miles south-south-westward from grand central mountains, joined on its right side by two long ravines, and declining toward the coast, 9 miles S of the mouth of Glen Catacol. The chief bays are Lamlash Bay, measuring 2| miles across the mouth, occupied more than one-half there by Holy Isle, and fonning one of the best harbours of refuge to be found anjTvhere in Great Britain ; Brodick Bay, 2J miles across the mouth, having a half-moon outline, and engirt by successively a smooth beach, a sweep of plain, and the moimtainous semi-amphitheatre cloven by Glen Cloy, Glen Shurig, and Glen Rosie ; Loch Ranza, at the mouth of Glen Ranza, 7 furlongs long and 3f wide, with a pleasant verdant peninsula projecting from its SW shore ; Macli- rie Bay, southward from the mouth of Glen lorsa, de- scribing the segment of a circle 3i miles along the chord and about 1 mile thence to the inmost shore ; Druma- doon Bay at the S end of a range of cavernous cliffs about 300 feet high, extending about 2 miles to it from the S end of Machrie Bay, and forming itself a segmen- tary indentation about 1| mile along the chord ; and Whiting Bay, separated on the S from Lamlash Bay only by Kingscross Point, and forming a crescent 3 miles across. The northern half of the island is densely mountain- ous. Its many summits look, in some views, like a forest of peaks ; range in altitude from the Cock of Arran, at the northern extremity, 1083 feet high, to the top of Goatfell, 2 miles from the eastern shore, and 3 NXW of the head of Brodick Bay, 2866 feet high ; and are interlocked or conjoined with one another at great heights, by spurs and cross ridges. But the masses, though all interconnected, are easily divisible into the three groups of Goatfell, Cir Vohr or Mhor, and Ben Varen or Bharrain. The Goatfell group rises so abruptly and ruggedly from the E shore as to present a stem ap- pearance from the sea ; has a bold ascent from the S, yet in such gradients as permit it to be scaled without difiBculty by two paths leading up from Brodick ; starts aloft on both the W and N in mural cliffs and tremen- dous acclivities from encircling glens, yet projects high spurs toward the adjacent Cir Vohr group on the W, in- cluding a col or cross ridge, 1000 feet hi.gh ; and spreads in its upper part into a kind of triangular tableau, with divergencies eastward, southward, and westward. The Cir Vohr group extends 7h miles northward and south- ward, at a distance of about 3i miles from the E 75 ARRAN shore ; has a sharp, jagged, irregular summit-line, no- vrhere much lower than 1600 feet above sea-level ; and lifts at least 3 peaks to altitudes of 2000 feet and upwards, these being Castell-Avael, 2735 feet high, with Cir Yohr proper (2618 feet) and Ben Tarsuinn (2706) to the SE and S. The Ben Varen group is situated to the W of Cir Vohr ; extends parallel with it, or about 7 miles northward 'and southward ; has greater breadth but less height and less sublimity than either the Goatfell or the Cir Yohr group, culminating at 2345 feet ; is longi- tudinally split by the upper part of Glen lorsa, so as to flank both sides of that glen ; and, as seen from the mouth of Glen Catacol, presents an outline like that of a long house with rounded roof, and shows on its summit two great mural reaches of granite blocks meeting each other at right angles. The southern half of the island consists of a rolling plateau, fronted roimd the coast with declivities, breaks, and cliffs of much romantic beauty, but characterised through the interior by tameness and bleakness. The plateau has a general elevation of from 500 to 800 feet above sea-level ; and is traversed by irre- gular ridges, generally in a direction nearly E and W, and rising to elevations of from 1100 to 1600 feet above sea-leveL Glens and vales descend to the E, S, and W ; have mostly a mountainous or loftUy upland character round their head ; decline to a comparatively lowland character in their progress ; and, in many instances, are so interlaced that the upper parts of westward ones are nearer the E coast than the upper parts of eastward ones, and the upper parts of eastward ones nearer the W coast than the upper parts of westward ones. The close views throughout the S aggregately are very far inferior to those throughout the N, but the more distant views there, especially the views thence of the northern mountains, are very grand. The rocks of Arran, both igneous and sedimentary, are exceedingly diversiiied ; they also, in their relations to one another, and in their mutual contacts, present very interesting phenomena ; and at once by their geological ages, by their inter-connectional character, and by their lithological constitution, they are unparal- leled by the rocks of any equal extent of territory in almost any part of the globe, and form, in a main degree, an epitome of the geology of Britain. ' The variety, in- deed,' says Dr Bryce, 'is so great, and the interest so lively and pleasing, which an examination of the struc- ture of the island and its charming scenery excites, that, as Professor PhUlips has remarked, every geologist who visits Arran is tempted to write about it, and finds something to add to what has already been put on record. For the student there cannot be a finer field. The primary azoic rocks, the metamorphic slates, the lower palseozoic strata, the newer erupted rocks, and phenomena of glacial action, may all be examined by him in easy excursions of a few days ; and the exposi- tion of the strata is so complete in the rugged moun- tains, deep precipitous glens, and unbroken sea-coast sections, that the island may truly be called a grand museum arranged for his instruction by the hand of nature. ' Granite forms all the northern region to within from 1 mile to If mile from the shore, but is of coarse grain in the coastward parts, of fine grain in the interior parts, and has been the subject of much recent discus- sion among geologists as to its age. lletamorphic slates form a belt round all the granitic region, extend- ing quite to the shore in all the NW and W, and measuring averagely about 1 mile in breadth along the S, but separated by other rocks from the shore on the E and NE. Devonian rocks form a belt exterior to the slate belt, along all the E, SW, and S, from the Fallen Rocks on the N to Machrie Bay on the W ; about 1 mile wide at Glen Sannox, very much narrower further S and onward to the SW, but widening to about 2| miles in the extreme W. Carboniferous rocks form a narrow belt along the NE coast, from beyond the Scriden Rocks to the Fallen Rocks ; form again a broader belt on the E seaboard, from a point N of Corrie down to Brodick Bay ; expand there into a belt from B^ to 4i miles broad, southward to Lamlash Bay, and 76 ARRAN eastward and westward across the whole width of the island ; are interrupted throughout a considerable aggregate of that broad belt by regions and patches of other rocks ; send ramifications from around Lamlash Bay southward and south-westward along the E coast and along Monamore Glen and Glen Scorsdale ; ramify thence again into narrow belts along most of the S coast and through four parts of the interior ; and finally form a very narrow belt along the N end and W side of Holy Isle. Porphyritic rocks form two patches 2 miles SE and 1 J mile SW of Brodick ; form another patch on the W coast at Drumadoon Point ; form another region about 2| mUes by IJ on the coast immediately SSE of Drumadoon Bay ; form also a patch on the S coast at the E side of the Struey Rocks ; and finally form the greater portion of Holy Isle. Trap rocks, variously gi'eenstone, basalt, and of other kinds, form three con- siderable isolated patches at the E coast, the E centre, and the W central parts of the great Carboniferous belt which extends across the island, and form all the region between that great belt and the S coast, except the por- tions occupied by the Carboniferous ramifications and by the porphjTitic rocks. Beautiful crystals of amethyst are found in quartzose sandstone on the S side of Glen Cloy ; smoke quartz crystals are found in coarse-grained and rapidly disintegrating gi'anite on the great northern mountain ridge ; sulphate of barytes is found and worked in Glen Sannox ; and numerous other interesting minerals are foimd in other places. The chief streams are the rivulets or torrents rush- ing down the great glens in the NE, the N, and the NW ; the lorsa, traversing Glen lorsa down to the N of Machrie Bay ; the Slachrie, running about 6 mUes south-westward to the southern part of Machrie Bay ; the Black Water, running about 6 miles west-south- westward and southward to Drumadoon Bay ; the Slid- dery, running about 6 miles south-south-westward to a point 4| miles SSE of the mouth of the Black Water ; the TorryUn, running about 5 miles south-westward, to a point 2 miles W of the Strue}^ Rocks ; the Ash- dale, running 4 miles south-eastward and eastward to Whiting Bay ; and the Monamore and the Benlister, running respectively about 3| and 3 miles eastward to Lamlash Bay. The rarer plants of the island, or those which either are nearly peculiar to it or can seldom be found in other parts of Scotland than the W coast, amount to no fewer than about 320 species ; and the marine animals amount to about 283 species. Adders exist, contrary to a statement in Farrar's St Paul, three having been killed here in the summer of 1880. The agricultural statistics are included in those of Bute- shire, but only about 8000 acres are arable ; about 613 acres are under wood ; and a considerable aggregate of ground on the NE and the NW coast is under coppice. The island is divided, territorially, into the districts of Lamlash, Brodick, Lochranza, Sliiskine, and Southend ; politically, into the parish of Kilmorie in the W, and the parish of Kilbride in the E ; ecclesiastically, into the old parishes of Kilmorie and Kilbride, and the quoad sacra parish of Brodick ; registrationally, into the dis- tricts of Kilbride, Brodick, Kilmorie, and Lochranza. The chief villages are Brodick, Lamlash, Whiting Bay, Lochranza, and Corrie — all of them lying on the coast. The chief residences are Brodick Castle, KUmichael, Corriegills, and numerous villas. The whole, with the exception of the estate of Kirkmichael (3632 acres), be- longs to the Duke of Hamilton. Valuation (1881) £20,157. Pop. (1801) 5179, (1821) 6541, (1841) 6241, (1861) 5574, (1871) 5234, (1881) 4673, of whom 2854 were Gaelic-speaking. The Monarina of Ptolemy, Arran is associated in legendary story with Fingal and his heroes ; and it may really have been the scene of unrecorded events to which those legends owe their origin. The Norse- men are known to the Irish annalists as FiongaU, or 'white foreigners ;' and early Norsemen not improbably made descents on the coasts of Arran ; while later Norsemen are certainly known to have held posses- sion of its territory. Somerled, ruler of Argyll in the ARRAN ARTHURLEE 12tli century, foimder of tlie great family of MacJonald, Lords of the Isles, wrested Arran and Bute from the power of Norway, and retained possession of them till his defeat and death at Renfrew (1164). A division of Arran is thought to have been attempted between his sons Reginald and Angus, and is conjectured to have been the reason of a deadly feud which arose between these brothers. Arran and Bute, nevertheless, appear to have reverted to the dominion of Norway, and to have lain more or less under it till 1266, when they were poli- tically detached from the Western Isles with which they had been associated, and were annexed dii'ectly to the Scottish Cro\^-n. Robert Bruce, after his defeat at Methven (1306), and after seeking refuge in successively Aberdeenshire, Bi-eadalbane, Argyllshire, and the Irish island of Rathlin, in Arran once more raised his stan- dard. Sir James Douglas, with a band of Bruce's de- voted adherents, had contrived to retain the island, and to seize Brodick Castle, which had been garrisoned by the English ; and Bruce, coming hither from Rathlin, •v\ith a fleet of 33 galleys and 300 men, joined Douglas' band ; made preparation here for a descent on the main- land ; and, at a preconcerted signal fire, lighted near Turnberry Castle on the coast of Ayrshire, sailed hence to drive the English from Scotland, and to make his way securely to the throne. A cave, partly artificial, in the range of cliffs between Machrie and Drumadoon Bays, is said to have been his temporary abode prior to his going to Rathlin, and bears the name of the King's Cave ; and the promontory between Whiting and Lam- lash Bays is said to have been the point whence he set sail for Ayrshire, and bears the name of King's Cross. Arran was erected into an earldom in favour of Sir Thomas Boyd in 1467, on his marriage to the Princess Mary, eldest sister of James III., but as to both estates in it, and peerage title, it soon j^assed to the family of Hamilton ; and, save for the usurpation of Captain James Stewart (1581-85), it has continued to belong to the Hamilton family till the present day. The chief antiquities in the island are many cairns and megalithic standing stones, several imperfect stone circles, a few Norse or Danish forts, slight Columban vestiges on Holy Isle, the site of St Bride's Convent at Loch Ranza, a ruined monastic cell at Balnacula, a ruined chapel at Binniegarragan, a ruined castle at Loch Ranza, the ancient watch-tower or small fortalice of Kildonan, at the south-eastern extremity of the island, and the older portions of Brodick Castle. See D. Landsborough, Arran, its To2Jogra2ihy, Natural History, and Antiqui- ties (Edinb. 1851 ; 2d ed., by his son ; Lond. 1875) ; Jas. Bryce, The Geology, etc., o/^rra7i (Edinb. 1864 ; 4th ed., 1875) ; Jn. M'Arthur, Antiquities of Arran, with an Historical Sketch of the Island (Glasg. 1861) ; and Arch. ]\I'Neilage, ' On the Agriculture of Bute and Arran,' in Trans. Highl. and Ag. Soc, 1881. Arran, Cock of, an isolated sandstone hill, on the N coast of Arran, in the eastern vicinity of the Scriden Rocks, and 2:| miles E of the mouth of Loch Ranza. It rises direct from the beach to an altitude of 1083 feet ; is a noted landmark to mariners ; and used, when seen in front from the sea, to have an outline like that of a cock, with outspread wings, in the act of crowing, but now, having lost its head, has less that aj]pearance than before. Arrienhas, See Arienas. Arrochar, a village and a parish of N Dumbartonshire. The village stands on the eastern side of the head of salt- water Loch Long, with Bex Arthur (2891 feet) rising right opposite ; it is If mile W by S of Takeet on Loch Lomond, 20J miles E by S of Inverary, and 17^ N of Helensburgh, ^vith the two first places communicating by coach, by steamer with the last. It has a post and telegraph olfice \mder Dumbarton, an excellent hotel, and a number of pleasant villas ; here Coleridge parted from "Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy, 29 Aug. 1803. The parish is bounded N by Killin in Perthshire, E by Buchanan in Stirlingshire and by Loch Lomoxd (i to 1 mile in breadth), S by Luss, and W by Row, Loch Long, and Lochgoilhead parish in Argyllshire. From N to S it has an extreme length of 12^ miles ; its width from E to W varies between 1;^ and 6 J miles ; and its area is 28, 832 J acres, of which 58 J are foreshore and 2915| water. Most of the Perthshire border is traced by the Aldernan running eastward, and the AUt-Innse westward, to the Fallogh, which has a southerly course in Arrochar to the head of Loch Lomond of IJ mile. Fi'om Luss the parish is parted by the Douglas, flowing eastward to Loch Lomond, and from Argyllshire for 2| miles by Loin Water, flowing southward to the head of Loch Long ; whilst the chief stream of the interior is Inveruglas Water, running 2| miles south-eastward and eastward to Loch Lomond out of Loch Sloy, a lonely lake that, 9 furlongs long but barely 1 in width, lies midway between Ben Vorlich and Ben A^'ane. Save for the isthmus between the \-illage and Tarbet, and for narrow strips along the lochs and streams, the surface everywhere is grandly mountainous. The principal heights are, eastward of the Falloch and Loch Lomond, *Parlan Hill (2001 feet), Cnap Mor (536), Cruach (1675), *Stob nan Eighrach (2011), and *Beinn a' Choin (2524); and westward thereof, from N to S, *Beinn Damhain (2242), Stoban Fhithich (1272), Cnap na Criche (1611), *Maol Breac (2115), *Maol Meadhonach (1981), Cnoc (1614), Bex Vorlich (3092), Little Hills (2602), *Beinn Dhubh (2509), *Ben Vane (3004), Dubh Chnoc (945), Cruach Tairbeirt (1364), Ben Reoch (2168), *Tullich Hill (2075), Beinn Bhreac (2233), and Stob Gobhlach (1413), where asterisks mark those summits that cul- minate just on or close to the borders of the parish. The rocks consist mainly of mica slate, though including some clay slate, amorphous quartz, and trap veins ; of arable land there are hardly 400 acres, but woods and plantations cover a considerable area along Lochs Lomond and Long. From the 13th down to the 18th century, this was the country of the ' wild Macfarlane's plaided clan,' who took their slogan from their gathering place, Loch Sloy. Supporters of the Stewart Earls of Lennox, they fought at Glasgow Muir, and Pinkie, and Langside; but one of the last of them, Walter Macfarlane of that ilk, the antiquary (d. 1767), is 'no less celebrated among historians as the collector of ancient records than were his ancestors among the other Highland chiefs for prowess in the field' (Keltic's Scottish Highlands, 1875, vol. ii., pp. 173-175). At present by far the largest pro- prietor is Sir Jas. Colquhoun of Ltjs.s. Lord Jeffrey's favomite residence, Stuckgown House, which lies on Loch Lomond, 1 mile SSE of Tarbet, belongs to Jas. M']\Iurrich, Esq., owner of 851 acres in the shire, valued at £814 per annum ; and other mansions are Blarannich, 1| mile NNE of Tarbet, and Benreoch House, near the village. Disjoined from Luss in 1658, Arrochar is in the presbj'tery of Dumbarton and synod of Glasgow and Ayr ; the living is worth £285. The parish church (rebuilt in 1847) stands just to the S of the village, and a Free church J mile AV of Tarbet ; whilst Arrochar public school, with accommodation for 92 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 29, and a grant of £29, 6s. 9d. Valuation (1881) £5291, 14s. Pop. (1801) 470, (1841) 580, (1851) 562, (1861) 629, (1871) 525, (1881) ^n.—Ord. Sur., sh. 36, 1871. See pp. 77-81, 115-119, of Dorothy Wordsworth's Tour in Scotland (ed. by Prmc. Shairp, 1874). Arrol. See Errol. Artendol or Amdilly. See Boharm. Arthurhouse, a farm in Garvock parish, Kincardine- shire. About one-fourth of a cairn is on it, some 20 feet in diameter, recently enclosed ■nithin a planted tract of fully half an acre. The other three-fourths of the cairn were removed about 1830 for conversion into road metal, and were then found to conceal a megalithic stone circle, and to cover an ancient sarcophagus ; among the stones of them, near the outskirts, were found two coins of respectively Alexander I. and Robert Bruce, and about twenty other coins, seemingly of silver, but so greatly corroded as to be undecipherable. Arthurlee, an ancient estate, now divided among various proprietors, and dotted with mansions, public works, and villages, in the immediate vicinity of Barr- 77 ARTHUR'S OVEN head, on the IvTE border of Neilston parish, Renfrewshire. The estate belonged to a branch of the Darnley family, and continued till the latter part of the ISth century to be rural ; but it then and afterwards was cut into sections ^s^ith diversity of names, and became a seat of great manu- facturing industry. One of the earliest bleachfields in Scotland was established at Cross-Arthurlee about 1773 ; a cotton mill was built at Central-Arthurlee in 1790 ; a new and very extensive printfield for all kinds of calicoes was established at Soutli-Arthurlee in 1835 ; and other works and erections at subsequent dates have brought the entire place into connection •nitli Barrhead The Glasgow and Neilston branch of the Caledonian railway runs through its western part, and has a station at Barrhead. The chief mansions are Arthurlee House and Upper Arthurlee House, both on the E side of Barrhead. The chief villages are Cross-Arthurlee and "West-Arthurlee ; and these, in 1861, had populations of 663 and 474 ; in 1871, of 790 and 481. Arthur's Oven or Arthur's O'cn, a famous quondam Roman antiquity in Larbert parish, Stirlingshire, on a sloping bank about 300 feet N of the NW corner of the Carron iron-works. It was demolished in 1743, for the purpose of lining a mill-dam across Carron river ; was considered up to the time of its destruction to be the most complete and best preserved Roman building in Great Britain ; was described and discussed in enthusi- astic manner by many antiquaries ; was accurately depicted in Camden's Britannia, and in several later works of high authority ; can still be well understood by means of coi^ies of the drawings made of it ; and perhaps may continue for many ages as interesting to the curious as any great existing monument. The fol- lowing account of it is given in R. Stuart's Caledonia TMmana (1845) : — ' This building was of a circular form, its shape in some measure resembling that of a common beehive. It measured at the base from 29 to 30 yards in circumference, and continued of the same dimensions to the height of 8 feet, from which point it converged gra- dually inwards in its ascent, till at an elevation of 22 feet the walls terminated in a circle, leaving in the top of the dome a round opening 12 feet in diameter. On its western side was an arched doorway, 9 feet in extreme height, and above it an aperture resembling a window of a slightly triangular form, 3 feet in height, and averaging nearly the same in width. The whole was formed of hewn freestone, laid in regular horizontal courses, the first of them resting upon a thick massive basement of the same material, which, to follow out the simile, represented with curious fidelity the common cii'cular board on which the cottage hive is usually placed. The interior of the structure corresponded with its general appearance from without, the only difference being in the concavity of the shape, and in its ha\nng two projecting stone cornices round its interior suiface, the one at a height of 4 and the other of 6 feet from the gi'ound. The style of the workmanship was singularly perfect, and showed an intimate acquaintance with masonic art. No cement of any descrijition had been made use of in its construction, yet the stones were so accurately joined together that even the difficult proc>3ss of forming so diminutive a cupola by the con- centration of horizontal courses was accomplished there in the. most skilful and enduring manner.' Arthur's Seat, a picturesque and conspicuous hill in the immediate eastern environs of Edinburgh. It cul- minates at a point above 1 J mile SE of the centre of the city ; has an altitude of 822 feet abo-ve the level of the sea ; descends rollingly, to the N and to the E, over a base each way of about 5 furlongs ; presents an abrupt shoulder to the S ; and breaks down precipitously to the "\V. A narrow dingle, called the Hunter's Bog, extends N and S along its western base. Salisbury Craigs rise in regular gradient from the western side of the Hunter's Bog to a heiglit of 574 feet above the level of the sea ; break sharply down in a semicircular sweep, with bold convexity toward the city ; are crested round the brow of the semicircle, to an average depth of 60 feet, with naked wall of rugged gixeustone ART cliff; and thence descend rapidly to environing low ground, with smooth and regular declivity, in form of a talus. Both Arthur's Seat and Salisbury Craigs are within the Queen's Park ; and the Queen's Drive runs 3 J miles round them, at altitudes of from 112 to 390 feet. Both command most magnificent views of the city, and of agi'cat extent of country, away to distant horizons — from Ben Lomond to North IJerwick Law, and from the Ochils to the Lanimermuirs. A fragment of the chapel of St Antlmny's Hermitage, founded in 1435, is on a pre- cipitous knoll at the N base of Arthur's Seat ; and a spring, St Anthony's Well, celebrated in the old plaintive song, ' waly, walj-^ up yon bank,' is at the SW foot of the knoll. Mushet's Cairn, marking the scene of a terrible wife murder in 1720, was in 1822 transfeiTed from Hunter's Bog to near the Jock's Lodge entrance, that George IV. might see it without wetting his feet. Three lochs lie around the hill — to the N", St ilargaret's (240 X 85 yards) ; to the E, Dunsappie (233 x 67 yards), at 360 feet of altitude ; and to the SE, Duddingston (580 X 267 yards). The S end of Arthur's Seat, projecting with abrupt shoulder from the central mass, terminates at the base, partly in what is called the Echoing Rock, an isolated rugged eminence giving off good reverberations to the S, and partly in what is called Samson's Ribs, a lofty cliff exhibiting a range of basaltic columns. The outline of the hill, as seen at some little distance from the "\VSW, closely resembles that of a lion couchant. The summit is small, tabular, and rocky ; was one of the stations of the Trigonometrical Survey ; and is so strongly magnetic that the needle, at some points of it, is completely reversed. The general mass of the hill compriies a diversity of eruptive rocks, to- gether with some interposed and uptilted sedimentary ones ; and it forms a rich study to geologists, and pre- sents phenomena about which the ablest of them disagree or are in doubt. The chief rock is traj), \\bich in vast tabular masses has broken through the carboniferous strata, and frcquentl}^ encloses portions of hardened sand- stone, the who]e presenting many interesting geological features, volcanic and glacial, which are discussed in C. Maclaren's Geology of Fife and the Lothians (1866), J. W. Judd's ' Structure and Age of Arthur's Seat ' {Journal London Gcol. Soc, 1875); and A. Geikie's Gcolocjy of the Neighboiirliood of Edinhurgh (1876). See also pp. 256- 258 of J. Hunnewell's Lands of Scott (1871). Arthur's Seat, a rock in Dunnichen parish, Forfar- shire, on the N side of Dunbarrow hill. Arthur's Seat, Argyllshire. See Bex Arthur. Artney, a rivulet in Comrie parish, Perthshire, tra- versing the upper part of Glenartney, and becoming identified with the river RuchU. Artornish, a ruined dark-grey castle in Morvern dis- trict, Argyllshire, on a low basaltic headland of the Sound of Mull, at the E side of the entrance of Loch Aline, S^ miles WNW of the point of Inninmore. A stronghold of the Lords of the Isles, and meeting-place of their legislative assemblies, it is said to have been the scene of negotiations between the fourth Lord and Edward I. of England, which issued in a league against the crown of Scotland. It now comprises little more than the remains of a keep and some fragments of outer defences ; but, in the times of its integrity, it was a place of gi'eat strength and splendour. Sir Walter Scott describes it as ' on its fro^\^ling steep, twixt cloud and ocean hung ; ' he speaks of its ' turret's airy head, slender and steep, and battled round, o'er- looking Mull ; ' he mentions its raised portcullis arch, ' the wicket with its gates of brass, the entrance long and low, flanked at each turn by loopholes ; ' he de- picts the passage to it, hewn through a rock, ' so straight, so high, so steep, that, with peasant's staff, one valiant hand might well the dizzy pass have mann'd 'gainst hundreds armed with spear and brand, and plunged tlicm in the deep ; ' and he makes the castle the gather- ing place of magnates and minstrels, ' from mainland and from isle, Ross, Arran, Islay, and Argyll,' to do honour to the nuptials of the hapless maid of Lorn. Ary. See Arav. ASCAIG ASSLEED Ascaig, a lake, measuring 6| by Ih furlongs, in Kil- donan parish, Sutherland, 3| miles NW of KUdonan station. Ascog, a village, a bay, and a lake in the E of the isle of Bute. The village is in Kingarth parish ; com- mences on the coast IJ mile SE of Rothesay ; extends about 2 miles southward along the shore ; consists of a chain or imcontinuous line of neat houses ; and has a post office under Rothesay, a Free church, and a bury- ing-groimd, with the grave of the painter Montague Stanley. Ascog House, Ascog Hall, Ascog Bank, Ascog Tower, Ascog Point House, Ascog Lodge, Mid Ascog House, Craigmore, Mountfort, and other pleasant resi- dences are in the neighbom-hood. The bay indents the coast 11 mUe S of Bogany Point at the entrance of Rothe- say Bay, but is of small extent. The lake, on the mutual boundary of Kingarth and Rothesay parishes, is 1 mile long, and from 1 to 2 fuidongs wide, and contains pike and perch. Ascrib, a cluster of uniuhabited islets in Duirinish parish, Skye, Inverness-shire, nearly in the centre of Loch Snizort. Ashare, the northern of the three divisions of Ed- drachillis parish, Sutherland. Ashdale, a rivulet and a glen in the S of Kilbride parish, SE Arran. The rivulet, rising at 1300 feet above the sea, runs 4 miles SE and E to IVhitiag Bay ; and makes two beautiful cascades, 50 and more than 100 feet in leap. The glen is grandlj' picturesque, and presents some interesting basaltic features. Ashdow, a narrow, winding, picturesque ^a^'ine in the "W of Killeam parish, Stirlingshire, in the course of Carnock burn, 3 miles SW of Killeam vUlage. It occurs in red sandstone rock, is about 70 feet deep, has the closeness and the obscurity of a chasm, and is wildly adorned with overhanging woods. Ashenyard or Ashgrove, a triangular lake (i x ^ mUe) in the extreme N of Stevenston parish, Ayrshire. Ashey or Ashie, a lake in Dores parish, Inverness-shire, 2 miles W of the foot of Loch Ness, and 7^ SSW of In- verness. It is about 2 mUes long, by | mile broad, sup- plies Inverness with water, and contaius trout running up to 4 lbs. but very shy. Ashfield, a hamlet, with a public school, in North Knapdale parish, Argyllshire. Ashiesteel, a mansion in the N of Yarrow parish, Selkirkshire, on the S bank of the Tweed, 5h miles WSW of Galashiels. Long a seat of the Russells, of Indian military fame, it was tenanted from 180-4 to 1812 by their kinsman Walter Scott, then Sheriff of Selkirkshire. It stands on a beautiful reach of the river, backed by green Peel Hill (991 feet), Ashiesteel Hill (1314), and South Height (1493); and is a Border tower \vith five additions of different dates. The house in Scott's day possessed its present centre and W wing ; the N bedroom was his library and dressing-room ; a ground-floor room at the end of the W %ring was drawing-room ; and what is now a passage was both the dining and his writing room, in which were composed the Lay of the Last Minstrel, the Lad.y of the Lake, and Marmion, as well as about a tliird of Waverley. The present owner is Miss Russell, daughter of General Sir James Russell, K.C.B. (1781- 1859), and grand-daughter of Col. Wm. Russell (d. 1802). Ashintully, an estate, with a mansion, in Kirkmichael parish, Perthshire, 15 miles NNW of Blairgo-\\Tie. Ashldrk, a village of W Roxburghshire, and a parish partly also in Selkirkshire. The village stands on the right bank of the Ale, bh miles S of Selkirk station, and 6^ NNAV of Ha-^-ick, and has a post office under the latter town. The parish is bounded N W by Selkirk parish, E by LiEiesleaf, SE by Wilton, S by Roberton, SW by a de- tached portion of Selkirk parish, and W by Kirkhope ; its Selkirkshire portion is in two sections— the eastern lying detached from, the south-western compact ■with, the main body of that county. The length of the entire parish, from NE to SW is 7| miles ; its breadth varies between 5 furlongs and 32 miles ; and the area of the Roxburghshire portion is 8417 acres, of which 78^ are water ; that cf the Selkirkshire portion 3385 acres, of which 2161 are in the detached section and 15| water. The river Ale -winds for about 6 miles from the south- western to the north-eastern border, and here receives the Woo, Todrig, and WoU bums ; with it communicate the little lochs of Shielswood, Ashkirk, Essexside, and Headshaw. The surface is hUly, the principal heights, as one descends the Ale, being, on the left hand, Ham- mel Side (1022 feet), Whitslade HiU (1134), Leap HiU (1047), 3 nameless summits (1030, 1126, and 1178), Broad- lee Hill (871), Woll Rig (1113), Headshaw (896), Stob- shaw Hill (1051), and Cock Edge (990); on the right hand, Esdale Law (1167), Cringle Law (1155), Ashkirk Hm (967), and Blackcastle (908). The rocks are chiefly grej-wacke and clay slate ; marl is plentiful and of ex- cellent quality ; and the soil is in some parts peaty, in most j)arts light and sandy, about 2800 acres being under the plough, and some 400 planted. Near the manse stood a residence of the archbishops of Glas- gow, whose site is still known as ' Palace AValls ; ' of a strong baronial fortalice at Salanside hardly a trace remains. An ancient camp at Castleside is fairly en- tire, and vestiges of others occur at various points. Up to the Reformation great part of Ashkirk belonged to the see of Glasgow, and later almost all of it was divided among the family of Scott. The principal mansions are Ashkirk House, Sinton House, and WoU House ; and 6 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and up- wards, 5 of between £100 and £500. This parish is in the presbytery of Selkirk and sjTiod of Merse and Teviot- dale ; the minister's income is £433. The church, built in 1791, contains 202 sittings ; and there is also a Free church with 200 sittings ; whilst a public school, with accommodation for 131 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 84, and a gi'ant of £97, 6s. Valuation (1880) £7955, 13s. 2d. (inch £2727, 5s. 8i in Selkirk- shire). Pop. (1831) 597, (1861) 578, (1871) 550 (148 in Selkirkshire), (1881) 500.— Ord Sur., &h. 17, 1864. Ashley, an estate, with the seat of Mrs W. H. Brown, in Ratho parish, Edinburghshire, 2 mUes ESE of Ratho station. Ashton, the south-western part of Gourock village, in Innerkip parish, Renfrewshire. Commencing at Kem- pock Point, it extends about 1 mile along the shore, its site being chiefly a narrow belt of low ground, overhung by steep braes. It includes some houses on a line of terrace- road across the face of these braes, together with gar- dens running down the slopes ; and is mainW an array of spacious two-story houses and handsome villas, with a neat United Presbyterian church on the low ground, and a small Episcopalian chapel on the upper terrace. Bright and attractive in appearance, it confronts the exquisite scenery on the western screens of the Firth of Ch'de, from Roseneath peniusula, round by Loch Long, Kilmun HiU and Holy Loch, to the long sweep of Dimoon town and Bishop's Seat ; and is a favourite summer retreat and bathing-place of the citizens of Glasgow. The part of it nearest Kempock, and fuUy i mile onward, is some- times called West Bay; while the part further on is more distinctively known as Ashton. Askaig, Port, a seaport village on the NE coast of Islay, near the middle of the S side of the Sound of Islay, opposite Jura, 10 miles NNE of Bowmore. It has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and tele- graph departments, under Greenock, and a good inn ; it communicates regularly with the steamers from the Clyde to Islay ; and it forms the best landing-place for tourists who wish to get a good knowledge of the island. Lead mines were, at one time, worked a little to the NW. Aslisk, a ruined baronial fortalice in the N of Elgin- shire, 5 miles E by N of Forres. Assel, a rivulet of Girvan parish, AjTshire, mnning about 5 miles south-westward to the Stinchar, opposite Pinmore House, in Coliuonell. Assleed, a rivulet of Aberdeenshire, rising in the NE of Monquhitter parish, separating that parish from the parishes of New Deer and Methlick, and pursuing alto- gather a southerly course of about 7^ mUes to the Ythan. 79 ASSYNT Assynt (Gael, as agiis innte, ' out and in '), a liamlet and a coast parish of SW Sutherland. The hamlet, called also Inchnadamff, stands at the head of Loch Assynt, 33J miles WNW of Lairg station, and 13 E of Lochinver ; comprises the parish church (huUt about 1770 ; repaired 1816 ; and seating 270), a Free church, an inn, and a post office under Lairg, with money order and savings' bank departments ; and holds fairs on the Friday of August before Kyle of Sutherland, and the Monday of September before Beauly. Lochinver is the chief place in the parish, lying at the NE angle of a sea- loch of its own name, which is 2^ miles long, and from 3 to 6 furlongs wide. A Glasgow steamer calls at its pier fortnightly in winter, weekly in summer ; and it has an Established mission church, a post office under Lairg, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, and an inn ; whilst Gulag House, a former lodge here of the Duke of Sutherland, was opened in May 1880 as a first-class hotel, mth accommodation for 60 guests, and shooting and fishing over 12,000 acres. Other inns are Unapool, at Kylesku Ferry, 10 miles N by AV of Inchna- damtf ; and Altnakealgach, on the south-eastern border, 7i miles S by E. The parish is bounded W and N by the Minch, NE by the great sea-loch Kylesku and its south-eastern branch Glencoul, E by Eddrachillis, Creich, and Ross- shire, and S by the western portion of Cromarty, from which it is separated by Lochs Veyatie and Fewn, and by the river Kiukaig, the link and outlet of those long, narrow lakes. It is 18 miles long from Unapool to the Cromalt Hills, and 16^ wide from Coinne-mheall to Rhu- kirkaig ; its area is 119, 677^ acres. From Kylesku Ferry westward to the Point of Stoir is a distance of 10 miles, and thence south-south-eastward to Loch Kirkaig of 11-^ more ; but both distances would be trebled or quadrupled, were one to follow the infinite windings of the high, rock- bound coast — the bays or lochs of Ardvar, Nedd, Clais- messie, Culkein, Ballcladich, Stoir, Clachtoll, Roe, Inver, and Kirkaig. Along it are scattered some 30 uninhabited islands and islets, the largest being Ellen-na-ghawn in Kylesku, Ellen-riri, Oldany, and Crona on the northern, Sotea and Clette on the south-western, coast. Inland, ' rough moor and heather-tufted rock alternate with lochs, which lie under some of the wildest and most imposing mountains of Scotland.' To the S of Loch Assynt rise the sharp summits of Canisp (2779 feet) and Suilven (2399), the 'sugar-loaf this of sailors. Glasven (2511 feet) and Quiuag (2653) extend their, precipices along its northern shore. And ESE, just over the border of Creich parish, Bexmore Assyxt, the loftiest mountain of Suther- land, culminates at 3273 feet, whilst sending into Assynt awestern shoulder, Coinne-mheall, 3234 feet high. These are the oldest mountains in the British Isles, for, while Benmore is made up of Silurian quartzite and trap, the others consist of Cambrian conglomerate and sandstone, Quinag being capped \di\\ Silurian quartzose. A strip of the Laurentian system on the coast is overlaid by Silurian beds as one advances inland, and the two result in a bare bleak country, treeless, almost devoid of bushes, and intersected by a streak of limestone, which runs up into a stupendous ridge, 1^ mile long, and over 200 feet high, at Stronechrubie, to the left of the road between Inchnadamff and Loch Awe. To this limestone belongs the bright white marble, formerly quarried in Glen Assynt, where Dr Macculloch came upon marble cot- tages. Excepting a few spots, chiefly consisting of moss, none of the surface is fit for cultivation ; the climate is moist to an extreme, the annual rainfall being some 60 inches ; but for the naturalist and the fisherman Assynt is indeed a happy hunting-ground. Golden eagles still build upon Quinag, though not as in 1846, when one keeper shot 16 in three weeks ; like peregrine falcons, they are now preserved. Ospreys and badgers are re- cently extinct ; but to-day's fauna includes wild-cats, martens, blue hares, herons, all kinds of game, and sea- fowl in abundance ; the flora, alpine and bog jjlants, as well as a few rare ferns. Of fresliwater loclis there is a perfect net-work, particularly in the NW. Their tradi- tional number is 300, and the Duke of Sutherland's 80 ATHELSTANEFORD |-incli map (1853) shows 225, of which by far the largest is Loch Assynt, occupying the centre of the parish. Curving from ESE to AVNW, it is 6J miles long, and from 3 to 6 furlongs wide, at several points is more than 100 fathoms deep, and with its birch-clad southern shore, its baylets, ruins, and amphitheatre of overhanging hills, presents a picture singularly lovely. It abounds with the common and the great lake trout, and, in the season, with sea-trout and grilse ; its outlet is the Inver river ; and at its head it receives the Loanan from Loch Awe, and from Benmore the half-subterranean Traligill. Near the source of the latter is Loch Midack-Corrie, supposed (but -ttTongly) to contain the true gillaroo trout ; and other noticeable lakes are, in the SE, Borrolan, Urigill, and Camaloch ; in the NW, Beanoch (2 miles long, by 1 to 3 furlongs wide), isleted Crokach (1^ mile, by J to 3 fui'longs), Clashmore and Culfralchie, all yielding capital sport, as also do innumerable burns. Assjait has one most memorable association — the capture in it of the great Marquis of Montrose. After the rout of Inver- charron he and the Earl of KinnouU escaped into Assynt ; and here, after two days' wandering, 'the Earl,' says Gordon's contemporaiy History of Sutherland, ' being faint for lack of meat, and not able to travel any further, was left among the mountains, where it was supposed he perished. James Graham had almost perished, but that he fortuned in this misery to light upon a small cottage in that wilderness, where he was supplied with some milk and bread. . . . The Laird of Assynt, Neil Macleod, was not negligent, but sent parties every- where ; and some of them met James Graham, accom- panied with one Major Sinclair, an Orkneyman, appre- hend them, and bring them to Ardvi-eck, the laird's chief I'esidence. James Graham maele great offers to the Laird of Assynt, if he would go with him to Orkney, all which he refused, and did write to the Lieutenant- General. James Graham was two nights in Skibo, and from thence he was conveyed to Braan, and so to Edin- burgh' — there to be hanged, 21 May 1650. The beauti- ful ruins of Ardvreck Castle (built about 1591) stand at the end of a long rocky peninsula, on the NE shore, and li mile from the head, of Loch Assynt ; a little higher up is the shell of Calda House, a mansion erected about 1660 by Kenneth Mackenzie, third Earl of Seaforth, and destroyed by fire towards the middle of last century. The forfeited Seaforth lands were purchased in 1758 by the Earl of Sutherland, whose descendant, the present duke, owns the entire parish. Sheep-farming is the staple industry, and lobster-fishing is also carried on. The north-western part of Ass}mt forms the quoad sacra parish of Stoer ; the remainder is a parish in the presbytery of Dornoch and synod of Sutherland and Caithness, and its minister's income is £228. Under a school-board for the whole civil parish there are 7 public schools — at Achmelvich (in W), Assynt, Culkein (NAV), Drumbaig (N), Elphine (SE), Lochinver, and Stoer. These had in 1879 a total accommodation for 366 children, an average attendance of 275, and grants amounting to £289, 7s. Pop., mostly Gaelic-speak- ing, of ecclesiastical parish (1871) 1499 ; of civil parish (1801) 2395, (1861) 3178, (1871) 3006, (1881) 2778. See Orifjincs Parochialcs, ii. 2, 692 ; an interesting article in the Cornhill for July 1879 ; and pp. 89-119 of A. Young's Angler's and Skctchcr's Guide to Sutherland (Ediub. \^iO).—Ord. Sur., sh. 107, 1881. Asta, a village and a lake in Shetland, 1 mile from its post-village, Scalloway. Athelstaneford, a village and a parish of N central Haddingtonshire. The village is 3 miles NNE of Had- dington, and has a post office under Diiem, another post office hamlet in this parish, 2J miles to the NNAV, ^\^th money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, and with the junction of the North Berwick branch of the North British railway. The name Athelstaneford is supposed to commemorate a victory of llungus or Angus mac Fergus, Kiiig of the Picts (731-761), and founder of St Andrews, over one Athelstane, ' dux ' o> commander of Eadbert King of Northumbria (Skene» Celt. Scot., i. 299). ATHOLE The parisli is bounded N by Dirleton and North Ber- OTck, NE, E, and SE by Prestonkirk, and S and W by Haddington. Its greatest length from E to AV is 4^ miles ; its greatest breadth is only 2^ miles ; and its area is 5080 J acres, of which 16^ lie detached, and 3^ are ■water. The surface rises in the W to over 400 feet above sea-level ; consists mainly of a broad-based ridge, extending E and W between the two Peffei; Burns, which run westward and eastward along the northern and southern borders ; and, excepting some 40 acres of hill pasturage and about 210 under wood, is all arable. The rocks are chiefly different kinds of trap, overlying, or thought to overlie, the coal measures. The former have been quarried, and some beautiful specimens of rock crystal found ; but various searches for coal have had little or no success. The parish, till 1658, com- prised not more than 1000 acres, and all belonged to the Earl of Wiatoun, whose seat of Garlton is now a com- plete ruin ; but then it was enlarged by annexations from Prestonkirk and Haddington. At present 7 pro- prietors hold each an annual value of £500 and up- wards, 1 holds between £100 and £500, 1 between £50 and £100 ; but the only large mansion is GUmerton House, which, -with about one-third of the entire parish, belongs to Sir Alexander Kinloch, tenth holder (since 1879) of a baronetcy created in 1686. Illustrious natives were Thomas G^\'illiam, provincial of the Dominicans of Scotland, and ' the first man from whome Mr Knox receaved anie taste of the truthe ; ' Sir John Hepburn (1598-1636), field-marshal of France in the Thirty Years War ; and Robert Blair of Avontoun (1741-1811), Lord President of the Court of Session. The last was son of the author of the Grave, who was minister of Athel- staueford from 1731 to 1746, and whose successor, John Home (1746-57), here wrote his tragedy of Loucjlas. This parish is in the presbytery of Haddington aiid synod of Lothian and Tweeddale ; the living is worth £320, with glebe. There are some remains of the church that Ada, Countess of Northumberland, built about 1178, and granted to her Cistercian nunnery of Haddington. A new parish church of 1780 gave place in 1868 to the present building (500 sittings ; cost, over £1500). A public school, with accommodation for 160 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 88, and a grant of £85, 9s. Valuation (1881) £11,723, lis. Pop. (1831) 931, (1861) 902, (1871) 844, (1881) 762.— O/r?. Sur., sh. 33, 1863. Athole, a mountainous district in the N of Perthshire. It is bounded on the N by Badenoch in Inverness-shire, on the NE by Mar in Aberdeenshire, on the E by For- farshire, on the S by Stormont and Breadalbane in Perth- shire, on the W and NW by Lochaber in Inverness-shire. Its area has been computed at 450 square miles. Its surface is highly picturesque, presenting lofty moun- tains, deep glens, solemn forests, extensive lakes, grand waterfalls, impetuous rivers, and all other striking fea- tuj-es of Highland scenery. A central portion of it, around Blair Castle, and forming the most populous and cultivated portion of Blair Atiiole, is open fertile vale, traversed by the river Garry, and generally pre- senting only low rounded eminences ; but most of the rest is alpine, and ascends to the lofty watershed of the Central Grampians. The chief mountains in it are Ben- vrackie, Benvuroch, Benglo, Ben Dearg, Ben-a-Chual- laich, Coire-Cragach, Sron-na-Eagaig, and Benvolach ; and several of these, as well as others on the boundaries, rise to altitudes of more than 3000 feet. Chief glens are Glen Garry, Glen Erichdie, and Glen Tummel through the centre ; Glen Edendon, Glen Bruar, and Glen Tilt in the north ; and Glen Brerachan, Glen Fear- nach, and Glen Shee in the west. The principal rivers traverse these glens, and bear their names ; and all are, directly or indirectly, tributaries of the Tay. The chief lakes are Erichd on the north-western boundary, Garry in the NW, Rannoch in the W, and Tummel in the S centre. The chief waterfalls are on the Bruar and the Tummel. — Athole Forest is a part of the district pre- served for deer and other game ; comprises upwards of 100,000 acres ; is famed above every other forest for its hunting attractions and its magnificent scenery ; pos- AUCHENBATHIE sessed, in former times, great immunities and privileges ; belongs now to the Duke of Athole ; is stocked with about 7000 red deer, and with numerous roe-deer ; abounds with red and black game, plovers, partridges, and ptarmigans ; has also multitudes of foxes, wild-cats, polecats, martins, weasels, and alpine hares ; is fre- quented, in some parts, by the jay, the woodpecker, the kestrel, and the eagle ; and possesses a rich variety of rare indigenous plants. ^ — Athole gives the titles of Earl, Marquis, and Duke, in the peerage of Scotland, to a branch of the family of Mm-ray. The earldom was grafted on a prior earldom of Tullibardine, and created in 1629 ; the marquisate was created in 1676 ; and tlie dukedom was given to the second marquis in 1703. The seat of the family is Blair Castle. — Athole is celebrated in song, claims special excellence for its performers on the bagpipe, and was once noted for a compound of whisky, honey, and eggs, called Athole brose. Athole and Breadalbane, a poor-law combination in the N of Pertlishire, comprehending the parishes of Blair Athole, Caputli, Dowally, Dull, Little Dunkeld, Fortingall, Kenmore, Killin, Logierait, Moulin, and Weem. Pop. (1871) 19,412. Its poorhouse has accom- modation for 60 inmates. Auchaber, an estate, with a mansion, in Forgue parish, Aberdeenshke, 11 J miles E by N of Huntly. Auchaim. See Aoharn and Achekx. Auchairne, an estate, \\-ith a mansion, in Ballantrae parish, S W Ayrshire, 2 miles E by S of Ballantrae village. Auchallader. See Achallabek. Auchanault, a place in the S of Ross-shire, on the Dingwall and Skye railwaj', 21\ miles W of Dingwall. It has a station on the railway, an inn, and a post office. Auchans, an estate, •nath a mansion, in Dundonald parish, AjTshire. The estate belonged, for a number of ages, to the Wallaces of Dundonald ; went, about 1640, to Sir William Cochrane, afterwards Earl of Dundonald ; and passed, subsequently, to the Earls of Eglinton. It has considerable plantations ; and it retains part of an ancient orchard, whence a famous pear, originally got from France, but known as the Auchans pear, was dis- persed through much of Scotland. The mansion stands near the ruins of Dundonald Castle and near Dundonald village, 4 miles SSE of Irvine ; is situated on a gentle eminence, on a grand curvature of a beautiful sylvan bank nearly 1 mile long, and generally more than 100 feet high ; bears upon its walls the date 1644, but ap- pears to have been constructed of materials taken from Dundonald Castle ; and is a curious edifice, with consi- derable variety of outline and very picturesque features. 'Thus,' says Billings, 'the square balustraded tower is in direct opposition to the cone-covered staircase, which breaks the monotony of the main wall-face of the man- sion in its centre. But the picturesque is more particu- larly evinced in the arrangement of the crow-stepped gables, and especially of the one surmounting the round tower to the right. The flank wall o£" this gable con- tinues the line of the house, instead of being corbelled upon the tower, which is finished by being simply sloped off" to the wall, leaving as a questionable feature what has evidently been a change from the original design. ' At Auchans, in 1773, Dr Johnson and Boswell ' spent a day weir in visiting Susannah, Dowager-Countess of Eglinton, the \^•itty beauty to whom Allan Ramsay had dedicated his Gentle Shepherd (1725), and who died here in 1780 in her ninety-first year. Auchenaim, a village in Cadder parish, Lanarkshire, 3 furlongs SSE of Bishopbriggs station, and 3 miles NNE of Glasgow. It consists of two parts, old and new ; is said to have been visited by the plague in 1666 ; and has an endowed school and a public school. The former is supported by bequests of the Rev. James Warden in 1745 and the Rev. Dr Leecliman in 1764, and was rebuilt in 1826 ; the latter, with accommoda- tion for 300 children, liad (1879) an average attendance of 112, and a grant of £101. Pop. (1861) 744, (1871) 823. Auchenbathie, a barony in the SE of Lochwinnoch parish, Renfrewshire, contiguous to A3Tshire, 3^ miles 81 AUCHENBEATTY AUCHENLOCH ESE of Locliwinnocli town. It belonged to the Wal- laces of Elderslie ; it is mentioned by Blind Harry as one of the places which Malcolm "Wallace, the father of Sir William Wallace, ' had in heritage ; ' and it has re- mains of a small ancient castle, called Auchenbathie Tower. Another Auchenbathie is in the neighbourhood, and, as having belonged to another family than the Wallaces, is called Auchenbathie Blair. Auchenbeatty, a burn in Closeburn and Kirkmahoe parishes, Dumfriesshire, running 6 miles south-eastward to the Nith near Kirkmahoe village. Auchenblae. See Auchixblae. Auchenbowie, a hamlet, an estate, and a bum in Stirlingsliire. The hamlet and the estate are in St Niniaiis parish, If mile SSW of Bannockburn ; and the mansion on the estate stands in the southern vicinity of the hamlet. Productive collieries are on the estate, and may be regarded as in the same coalfield with the col- lieries of Greenyards, Plean, and Bannockburn. The burn rises on the skirts of Drummarnock Hill, flows 3 miles eastward thence to the \ncinity of the hamlet, turns there to the S, and proceeds 3 miles southward to the Carron in the vicinity of Denny. Auehencaim, a village and a quoad sacra parish in the civil parish of Rerwick, Kirkcudbrightshire. The vil- lage is pleasantly situated at the KW angle of a bay of its o^\■n name, about 10 miles E of Kirkcudbright, 8 SSE of Castle-Douglas, and 7A SSW of Dalbeattie, with w'hich last station it communicates tAvice a week hy coach. With good sea-bathing, it is a rising little place, containing an Established church (1856), a Free church, two hotels, gas-works, a post office under Castle-Douglas, with money order and savings' bank departments, and a school which in 1879 had an average attendance of 159 children, and a grant of £139, 2s. 6d. Just to the S, on ground that rises from the shore, stands Auchencairn House (J. G. Mackie, Esq. ), a good red freestone man- sion, with tasteful grounds and a fine collection of modem British paintings ; and to the S again of this is Auchencairn Moss. The parish is in the presbytery of Kirkcudbright and synod of Galloway ; its minister's •stipend is £120. Pop. of village (1861) 390, (1871) 474, (1881)441; of quoad sacra parish (1871) 1103, (1881) 1037. Auchencairn Bay runs 2\ miles north-westward from the Solway Fii-th (or 2f, reckoning its right hand pro- longation, Orchardtox Baj-), and has an average breadth of 1^ mile. Its enti-ance is guarded by Almorness Point, 100 feet high, on the right ; on the left by Balcary Point (200 feet) ; and half-way across it lies the green isle of Hestan (3 furlongs long, 1^ wide, and 100 feet high), giving its waters a land-locked, lake-like appear- ance. At low tide the bay presents an unbroken bed of smooth sand, so dry and firm that horse-races have been mn upon it. — Orel. Sur., sh. 5, 1857. Auchencloich, a hamlet in Sorn parish, A3Tshire, 2 miles XE of Mauchline. It has a post office under Kilmarnock. Auchencrow. See ArcHixcRAW. Auchencruive, an estate, -with a mansion and a station, in St Quivox parish, Ayrshire, on the river AjT, and on the Ayr and Mauchline railway, If mile EXE of Ayr. The mansion is a splendid edifice — the seat of Rich. Alex. Oswald, Esq., o'mier in AjTshire of 10,004 acres, and in Kirkcudbrightshire of 24,160 acres, valued respectively at £17,826 (£3530 minerals) and £16,185 per annum. Auchendavy or Auchendowie, a hamlet in Kirkin- tilloch parish, Dumbartonshire, 2 miles EXE of Kirkin- tilloch town. One of the forts of Antoninus' Wall stood here, but was obliterated partly by the forming of the Forth and Clyde Canal, partly by subsequent operations. A pit 9 feet deep, situated immediately beyond the SW angle of the fort, was accidentally dis- covered at the forming of the canal, and found to con- tain four Roman altars, part of another altar, a muti- lated stone figure, and two ponderous iron hammers. ' Three of the altars,' says the Caledonia RomaiM, ' had been broken througli the middle, and all were lyinf^ 82 huddled together, as if they had been hastily thrown in, and then covered with earth to conceal them from view, telling, as they lay, a silent but expressive tale of the sudden order of retreat, the precipitate muster of the garrison, the hurried dismantling of the station, and of the retiring footsteps of the legionary cohorts, as they defiled upon a southern route ; while, perhaps, the shouts of the advancing Britons were already heard in the distance, startling the wild boar in the woods beyond Inchtarf, and the waterfowl among the sedges of the Kelvin. ' Auchendenny. See Auchixdinny. AuchendoUy, an estate in Crossmichael parish, Kirk- cudbrightshire. It has a chalybeate spring. Auchendrane, an extinct ancient castle and a modern mansion in the W of Ayrshire, on the river Doon, 4 miles S of Ajt. The castle was centre of the events which formed the subject of Sir Walter Scott's drama, the Ayrshire Tragedy ; and is ^ill traceable in its foundations. The mansion was originally called Blair- stone House ; belonged to the iluir family ; passed by marriage, in 1793, to David Cathcart, Lord Alloway ; and in 1868 was purchased by Sir Peter Coats, Knt. (ere. 1869). A picturesque edifice in the old castellated stjde, it was enlarged (1880-81) by the addition of a conservatory, aviary, new wing, tower, etc. Auchendiyone, a village in Crathie parish, Aberdeen- shire, on the W side of the Clunie, opposite Castleton of Braemar. It is often regarded as part of Castleton ; and, in the old times, it was the scene of great gather- ings for hunting deer in Braemar forest. Auchengeith, a hill in the X of Kirkmahoe parish, Dumfriesshire. It projects southward from the Queens- berry range, and has an altitude of 984 feetabove sea-level. Auchengelloch, an eminence, 1514 feetabove sea-level, in the south-eastern uplands of Avondale parish, W Lanarkshire, 5| miles S of Strathaven. A frequent meeting-place of the Covenanters for religious worship in the times of the persecution, it is quite inaccessible to cavalry, and seems never to have been approached by the mounted troopers ; and it has now a small stone monument, ei-ected about 1830, in memory of the meet- ings held at it. Auchengool, an estate, with a mansion, in Rerwick parish, Kirkcudbrightshire, 4 miles ESE of Kii-kcud- bright. It belonged to John Ramsay ]\['Culloch (1789- 1S64), the distinguished political economist and statist. Auchengray, a hamlet of Carnwath parish, Lanark- shire, with a station on the Caledonian, which is 5f miles XXE of Carstairs, and 21 j SW of Edinburgh, has a telegraph and post office, and is the junction for Wilsontown. The hamlet, | mile XXE, has an Esta- blished mission church (80 attendants in 18S0), and a public school, ■w'ith accommodation for 132 children, an average attendance (1879) of 47, and a grant of £48, 5s. ; near it are brickworks, quarries, and a coal pit. Auchenharvie, a ruined castle in Stewarton parish, AjTshire, the seat once of a branch of the Cimninghams, 4 miles WSW of Stewarton town. Auchenheath, a collier village in Lesmahagow parish, Lanarkshire, 2^ miles X of Abbey Green. Standing on the right bank of the Xethan, it has a station on the Lesmahagow branch of the Caledonian, and boys' and girls' schools, with total accommodation for 312 children, an average attendance (1879) of 152, and grants amount- ing to £138, 12s. 3d. Two coal pits, at work here in 1879, belong to the Carboniferous Limestone series, and furnish fine cannel coal, employed in the Glasgow and otlier gas-works. Pop. (1861) 716, (1871) 763, (1881) 840. Auchenleck, a hill in the NW of Closeburn parish, Dumfriesshire, 3^ miles XE of Thornhill. It overhangs Cample Water, and rises 1431 feet above sea-level. Auchenloch, a village in Cadder parish, Lanarkshire, 1 mile SSE of Lexzie Junction, tlience 6;^^ miles XE of Glasgow. It has a public school, with accommodation for 81 children, an average attendance (1879) of 48, and a grant of £38, Is. ; near it is the Glasgow Convalescent Home, instituted in 1864 for 67 inmates. AUCHENREOCH Auchenreoch. See Achenkeoch. Auchenroath, a liamlet and a mansion ("W. Robertson, Esq.) in Rothes parisli, Elginshire, If mile WNW of Rothes town. Auchensaugh or Auchenshauch, a broad-based hill in Douglas parish, Lanarkshire, 2A miles SSE of Douglas town. Its cairn-crowned top, 1286 feet above sea-level, was the meeting-place of the Cameronians (27 July 1712), who, entering on the 'Auchenshauch Declaration and Engagement,' renewed therein the Covenants, while protesting against all schism and sinful separation from the Church of Scotland (themselves, to wit), and solemnly binding themselves to extirpate Prelacy, and all rites, ceremonies, heresies, and false doctrines. The ' Auch- enshauch Wark ' is memorable as the organising of the first Secession — the Reformed Presbyterian Church. See vol. viii. , pp. 237-242, of Hill Burton's History of Scotland (ed. 1876). Auchenskeigh, a romantic sylvan dell in Dairy parish, Ayrshire, 2 miles from Dairy iowa. Limestone rocks here are rich in fossils ; and a cavern, 183 feet long and from 5 to 12 broad and high, penetrates a precipitous limestone crag, and is so panelled and ceiled with cal- careous incrustations as to present the appearance of Gothic fretwork. Auchenskeocli, an estate with a ruined castle, which passed from the Crichtons to the M'Kenzies, in Colvend parish, Kirkcudbrightshire, f)\ miles ESE of Dalbeattie. Auchentibber. See Auchintibbek. Auchentorlie, an estate, with a mansion, in Old KUpatrick parish,'Dumbartonshire. The mansion stands amid wooded grounds in the north-western vicinity of Bowling Bay. The estate includes a portion of the Kilpatrick hills, and contains there vestiges of a Cale- donian hill-fort. Auchentoshan, a mansion amid wooded grounds in Old Kilpatrick parish, Dumbartonshire, in the western vicinity of Duntocher. Several vestiges of Antoninus' "Wall are within the grounds. Auchentroig. See Auchixtroig. Aucherachan. See Acherachax. Auchernach. See Achernach. Auchinairn. See Auchenairn. Auchinarrow. See Achixarrow. Auchinbee. See Achixeee. Auchinblae, a \-illage in Fordoun parish, Kincardine- shire, on a gentle rising ground, adjacent to the rivulet Luther, amid the beautiful scenery of Strathfinella, 2^ miles NISTW of Fordoun station, and 5i NNE of Laur- encekirk. It holds under 3Ir Farquharson ; contains many substantial houses, and a llax-spinning mill ; presents a clean thriving appearance ; and has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, under Fordoun, 2 hotels, branches of the North of Scotland and Aberdeen Town and County banks, a National Securitj'' savings' bank, a town-hall, and a mutual improvement society. Hand-loom linen weaving is extinct ; cattle markets are held on the third Thursday of April, the Wednesday after the second Tuesday of May, old style, and the first Thursday of July ; a cattle fair, called Paldy Fair, is held on the first Wednesday of July ; a horse fair is held on the Friday after the first Tuesday of July, old style ; and hiring markets are held on the 26 May, or Old Whit- sunday, and on the 22 November, or Old Martinmas, Pop. (1861) 570, (1871) 496, (1881) 41L Auchincarroch, an estate, with a mansion, in Bon- hill parish, Dumbartonshire, 2 miles NE of Alexan- dria. Auchincass. See AcnixcAss. Auchinchew, a romantic vale in the S of Arran, Bute- shire, descending 2 miles southward to the Sound of Pladda, 7 milea S of Lamlash. It begins at the base of Cnoc na Garbad (959 feet), a hill commanding an exten- sive view, and supposed to have been a watch-post of the Dalriadans, and it expands into a rocky amphitheatre, walled with lofty mural cliffs, ribbed with ravines, and streaked with leaping rills. Essiemore waterfall is the chief one of the cascades ; makes a sheer leap of AUCHINDOIR AND KEARN about 100 feet ; is sometime overarched by a brilliant rainbow ; and serves, to a distance of some miles, as a landmark to mariners. Auchincloch, a hamlet in Kilsyth parish, Stirling- shire, 3^ miles ENE of Kilsyth town. Numerous human bones have been exhumed in fields adjacent to the hamlet, and are believed to be those of men who fell in the battle of Kilsyth, fought in 1645. Auchincloich, a ruined ancient castle in Ochiltree parish, Ayrshire. Auchincraw, a village in Coldingham parish, Berwick- shire, 2 miles WSW of Reston station, and 3 NNW of Chirnside. It has a post office under Ayton, and a pub- lic school ; and it was notable, in old times, for reputed pranks of witchcraft. The school, with accommodation for 104 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 47, and a grant of £39, 18s. Auchindarrocb, a mansion in Knapdale, Argyllshire. It is separated from Lochgilphead by the Crinan Canal, but most of that town is built on its estate. It is the seat of Alex. Campbell, Esq., owner of 7017 acres, valued at £1600 per annum. Auchindinny, a village and an estate near the mutual boundary between Lasswade and Glencorse parishes, Edinburghshire. The village stands in a hollow, on Glencross Burn, near its influx to the North Esk river, \ mile E of Greenlaw BaiTacks, and 2\ miles NNE of Peni- cuick. Auchindinny House, | mile S of the village, was the residence of Henry Mackenzie (1745-1831), author of The Man of Feeling, and at it died Archibald Fletcher (1745-1828), the 'father of burgh reform.' Auchindoir and Keam, a united parish of W Aber- deenshire, containing the village of Lumsden, 35 miles NNW of Alford, and 8 miles SSW of Gartly station, with which it communicates daily by the Strathdon coach. Founded some fifty years since by Mr Leith Lumsden of Clova, it has a post office imder Aberdeen, a branch of the North of Scotland Bank, an inn, a Free church (1843), and a U.P. church (1803 ; 203 sittings). Fairs are held here on the first Monday of January, February, March, April, and December, and (old style) on the last Tuesday of April, the last Friday of May, and the thii'd Tuesday of August. Pop. (1840) 243, (1871) 507. Kearn is much smaller than Auchindoir, of which it forms a south-eastern adjunct, and to which it was annexed in 1811, having from 1722 to 1808 been united to Forbes. The present parish is bounded N by Rhjmie- Essie, E by Clatt and TuUynessle-Forbes, S by Kil- drummy, and W by Cabrach. Very irregular in out- line, it has an extreme length from N to S of 6j miles, a width from E to W of from 3| to 5| miles, and a land area of 15,310 acres. The southern boundary is traced for I5 mile by the river Dox", and further westward by its affluent, the Mossat ; whilst the Bogie has here a north-north-eastward course of about 4 miles, chiefly along the Rhynie border, being formed near the parish church by the burns of Corchinan, Glenny, and Craig, which, rising in mossy ground, have a strong antiseptic qualit}^ The Craig flows eastward through a romantic glen, the Den of Craig, makes several beauti- ful falls, and in the floods of 1829 rose 18 feet above its ordinary level. The surface is everywhere hilly, emi- nences in the half of the parish to the E of the highroad from Huntly to Alford being Badingair Hill (1556 feet above sea-level), Brux Hill (1558), Edinbanchorv Hill (1531), and Lord Arthur's Cairn (1699), all of them Ijelonging to the Correen Hills. In the western half rise the "White Hill of Bogs (1341 feet), the Hill of Tombhreach (1409), and the'^Hill of John's Cairn (1745); but one and all are overtopped by the pyramidal, cairn- crowned Buck of Cabrach (2368 feet), which culminates upon the western border, at the extremity of a narrow strip of Auchindoir, projecting into the parish of Cabrach. White sandstone prevailing over a wide tract from N to S, and in places of very fine quality, has been extensively worked for building jiurposes ; and mica slate abounds in large masses on the Correen Hills, and has been quarried for paving flags. Greenstone, limestone, ser- 83 AUCHINDOUN pentine, clay slate, talc, soapstone, and asbestos in small quantity, are also found. In the AV are large stretches of peat-moss, and the hills are mostly covered with poor moorish soil ; but the lower grounds present a sharp, dry, productive mould, or, above the sandstone, a rich alluvial loam. Except in the hills, the parish is well cultivated ; excellent crops of barley and oats are grown, and many cattle and sheep are reared. Plantations cover a large area, but are mostly young, consisting of larch, ScotcTi fir, sjiruce, and birch, with older forest trees along the Don, and some goodly planes in the Druminnor policies. A little hill above the present church was in the 15th century surmounted by a castle, the Castrum Aiichindorice oiBoece; and acrosstheCraigare the ivy-clad ruins of the ancient church, a rare exam}>le of the transi- tion from Romanesque to First Pointed, retaining an aumbry for reservation of the Eucharist, a holy-water stoup, a sculptured crucifix, and the date 1557 on the N gable. Other antiquities ai'e three ' Picts' houses,' traces of a vitrified fort on the green conical hill of Cnoc- alliochie, and numerous cairns, of which Lord Arthur's possibly gave name to Kearn ; while the popular etymo- logy of Auchindoir (Gael, 'field of the chase') alludes to the one historical episode with which this parish is asso- ciated — the flight through it of Lulacli, Macbeth's suc- cessor, to Essie, where he was slain, 17 March 1058. Ci'aig Castle, 1 mile W by N of the church, crowns the left bank of Craig Burn, amid the ' horrible rocks and precipices, the caves and dens,' described in Johnston's Farerga (Aberdeen, 1632). Its oldest portion is a huge square keep, 60 feet high, wliicli, bearing date 1528, is jjrobably of earlier erection, additions having been made to it in 1667, 1726, and 1832, these latest the most considerable. For nearly three centuries it has been the seat of a branch of the Gordons, whose present representative owns 3333 acres in the shire, of an annual value of £1339. Druminnor House (the original Castle Forbes, 1456) is another fine old mansion in the Baronial style, and dates in its present state from 1577, six years before which time, according to tradition, it was the scene of the murder at a banquet of several Gordons by the Forbeses. It stands in a well-timbered park on the left bank of the Burn of Kearn, an affluent of the Bogie that traces the upper half of the eastern boundary ; and it is now the seat of Robert Grant, owner of 4197 acres of £2902 value. The House of Clova, Ig mile W of Lumsden, with a Roman Catholic church (1880) in its grounds, is the seat of Hugh Gordon Lumsden, owner of 15,499 acres of £6687 value ; and 1 other proprietor holds a rental of £500 upwards, 1 of between £100 and £500, while 7 hold each from £20 to £50. Auchindoir is in the presliytery of Alford and synod of Aberdeen. The chm-ch (1811 ; 450 sittings) stands 2 miles N by E of Lumsden ; its minister's income is £184. Also within the ^larish, but close to the Rhynie boundary, are the Episcopal church of St Mary (1859 ; 56 attendants), an Early English edifice, and the Free church of Rhynie. Two public schools, Auchindoir and Lumsden, with re- spective accommodation for 49 and 216 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 41 and 113, and grants of £25, 3s. and £97, 9s. 6d. Valuation (1881) £6405, 9s. Id. Pop. (1821) 889, (1841) 1188, (1861) 1593, (1871) 1545, (1881) 1514.— Ord Sur., sh. 76, 1874. Auchindoun, a ruined castle on the left side of Glen FiDDiCH, in ilortlach parish, Banffshire, 2J miles SE of Dufftown. Massive and three-storied, it crowns a steep limestone rock, at least 200 feet high, which is washed on three sides by the Fiddich, and on the fourth is guarded by a moat ; within it contains a noble Gothic hall, its vaulted roof upborne on fluted pillars. Supposed to date from the 11th century, it is said to have been rebuilt by the 'mason' Cochrane, James III.'s minion, who was hanged over Lauder Bridge in 1482 ; and to have passed from the Ogilvies to the Gordons about 1535. Sir Adam Gordon of Auchindoun, sixth son of the fourth Earl of Huntly, defeated the Forbeses at the Craibstane in 1571, and afterwards burned the castle of TowiE ; his brother and successor, Sir Patrick, was one S4 AUCHINLECK of the signers of the 'Spanish blanks' in 1592, and was slain at Glenlivet, 4 Oct. 1594. The ballad that tells how Auchindoun was burned by Willie Macintosh, about 1544 or 1670 (both dates have been given, with tragical and circumstantial details), seems not to rest on any firmer basis than does that of ' Fair Helen of Auch- intoul ; ' we only know that somewhere about 200 years have passed since last the castle Avas inhabited. Queen Mary rode by it in 1562 ; and in 1867 Queen Victoria picnicked on the opposite bank with the Duke of Rich- mond and Gordon, owner of all the old barony of Auch- indoun. See chap. iii. of James Brown's Round Table Club (Elgin, 1873). Auchindrain, a hamlet in luverary parish, Argyllshire, 6 miles SSW of Inverary. Auchingill, a village in Cannisbay parish, Caithness, on the coast, 10 miles N of AVick. Auchingramont, a suburb of Hamilton, in Lanark- shire. It has a United Presbyterian church. Auchingray, an estate, with a mansion, in New Monkland parish, Lanarkshire, adjacent to Linlithgow- shire and to Hillend reservoir, 7 miles ENE of Airdrie. Auchingree, a hamlet in Dairy parish, Ayrshire. A factory for turnery work is here, and two Roman urns were found in the neighbourhood. Auchinhew. See Auchinchew. Auchinhove, an estate in Lumphanan parish, Al)er- deenshire. It belonged to the Duguids from about the year 1434 ; it was forfeited by the representative in 1745, in result of his joining the Pretender's forces ; and the mansion on it was burned by a party of the Duke of Cumberland's soldiers. Auchinleck (often pronounced Aflleck=Gael. achadh- nan-lcac, ' field of the flat flagstone '), a village and a parish of Kyle, E Ayrshire. The village^has a station on the Glasgow and South-AVestern, the junction for Muir- kirk, and by rail is 15 J miles E of Ayr, 13|SSE of Kilmar- nock, 44 J NAV of Dumfries, and 47^- S by AV of Glasgow. It contains the parish church (built 1838, and seating 800), a United Original Secession church, five inns, a railway telegraph office, a post office under Cumnock, with money order and savings' bank departments, and a public and a female school, which, with respective accommodation for 178 and 71 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 170 and 73, and grants of £133, 7s. and £58, 3s. 2d. A fair for grit ewes and hoggs is held here on the last Thursday in March, and an im2)ortant lamb fair on the last Tuesday in August. Pop. (1861) 1053, (1871) 1199, (1881) 1528. The parish contains, too, — likewise, in its western half, — the villages and stations of Ll'gar and Cronberry, and the hamlet of Darnconnar. It is bounded N by Mauchline, Sorn, and Muirkirk ; NE by Muirkirk and Lanarkshire ; SE by Dumfriesshire and New Cumnock ; S by Old Cumnock ; and AV by Ochiltree. From E to AV., viz., from Threeshire Stone to the confluence of Dippol Burn and Lugar AVater, it is 15| miles long ; its breadth from N to S varies between f mile and 5 miles ; and its area is 24,295 acres, of which 165j are water. Guelt and Glenniore AA^'aters, head-streams of the ' winding Lugar,' trace with the latter all the southern and the western boundary ; that to the extreme N, from Dalfram to just above South Limmerhaugh, a dis- tance of 2^ miles, is marked by the river Ayr, which is joined by the Lugar, 1| mile beyond the NAV extremity of Auchinleck. By these and by the Lugar's tribu- taries, Gass AVater and Auchinleck Burn, the drainage everywhere is carried westward ; and westward the surface everywhere declines, elevations from E to AV being Stony Hill (1843 feet), Auchitench (1527), AVest Fore- dibban (1489), Black Hill (1404), AVardlaw Hill (1630), AVhiteyards (1235), Glenmuir (1025), Airdsmoss (753), and Darnlaw (489). Nearly two-thirds of the surface are occupied by cold, bleak uplands, fit only for the pasturage of sheep, and by Airdsmoss, the broad, wild swamp, so sadly famous in Cameronian story ; thence onward, some 4 miles to the western border, low grounds present a fertile fairly-wooded aspect, level and somewhat tame. But if outwardly poor for the most AUCHINLOCH part, the soil Las its hidden treasures, ironstone, lime- stone, and coal ; a lease of which upon the Auchinleck estate, obtained about 1848 by the owners of the Clyde Iron-works, has passed to the Eglinton Company. Their j Lugar iron-works had four furnaces in blast in 1879, when one ironstone mine (Cronberry) and two collieries (Ballochmyle and Gilmilnscroft) were at work within the parish. The lands of Auchinleck were granted in 1504 by James IV. to Thomas Boswell, a cadet of the Balmuto line, who had married a daughter and co- heiress of Sir John Auchinleck of that ilk. Among his descendants were Alexander Boswell, Lord Auchinleck (d. 1782), a judge of the Court of Session ; his son, James Boswell (1740-95), 'the first of biographers;' and his son, Sir Alexander Boswell, Bart. (1775-1822), remembered by his black-letter library, his Auchinleck printing-press, and his death in a duel. Auchinleck House (Lady Jessie Boswell, ^\•idow of the second and last baronet, and owner of 11,977 acres in the shire) stands 3J miles WNW of the village, between the Dippol and Lugar, is a good Grecian ediiice built by Lord Auchin- leck shortly before his death, and therefore is not the house where Johnson stayed in 1773. Near it are the remains of the baronial fortalice, figured by Grose, and thus referred to by the Lexicogi-apher : — ' I was less delighted with the elegance of the modem mansion than Avith the sullen dignity of the old castle. I clambered among the ruins, Avhich afford striking images of ancient life. It is, like other castles, built upon a point of rock, and was, I believe, anciently surrounded with a moat.' Another ruin is Kyle Castle, 7 miles ESE of the village, at the confluence of the Glenmore and Guelt. Natives are "William M'Gavin (1773-1832), author of The Protestant, and the Rev. A. K. H. Boyd, ' The Country Parson ' (b. 1825) ; Peden, the Prophet of the Covenant, fwas laid in the kirkyard (1686), whence, forty days after, his body was lifted by dragoons, to be reinterred beneath the Old Cumnock gallows. Lady Boswell holds almost two-thirds of the valued rental, the rest being divided among the Marquis of Bute and ten other proprietors. Held in 1265 by the Abbey of Paisley, this parish is in the presbytery of Ajt and sjTiod of Glasgow and Ajt ; its minister's income is £236. There are also a cliapel-of-ease at Lugar and a mission church at Darnconnar ; whilst under the school-board are six schools — the two at the village, and at Glenmuir, CronbeiTy, Darnconnar, and Lugar. These, with a total accommodation for 1096 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 1047, and grants amounting to £858, 16s. 2d. Valuation (1880) of lands £24,797, 19s. 3d. ; of railways, £6832. Pop. (1831) 1662, (1861) 4213, (1871) 6174, (1881) 668L— Ord. Sur., shs. 14, 15, 1863-64. Auchinloch. See Auchexloch. Auchimnully, or Lower Banton, a village in Kilsyth parish, Stirlingshire, 2J miles ENE of Kils}^:h. It is inhabited chiefly by miners, colliers, and sickle -makers. The church of Banton stands about J mile to the S. Auchinraith. See Blaxtyre. Auchinskich. See Auchenskeigh. Auchintibber. See Blaxtyre. Auchintibber, a hamlet in Kihvinning parish, Ayrshire, 4f miles NE of Kilwinning village. A public school at it, ^vith accommodation for 110 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 50, and a grant of £45, lis. Auchintoshan. See Auchextoshax. Auchintoul, an estate, with a mansion, in Mamoch parish, Banfishire. The estate comprises upwards of 3400 acres, contains the village of Aberchirder, and belonged to General Gordon, who rose to high command in the Russian army imder Peter the Great, wrote a memoir of that monarch in two volumes, took part in the Jacobite insurrection in 1715, and commanded the Highland clans at Sheriffmuir. "The mansion occupies a commanding site within ^ mile SW of Aberchirder ; was partly built by General Gordon, and much im- proved within the present century ; and is a plain large edifice, forming three sides of a square. It is now the seat of Col. Wm. Gordon Gumming. AUCHMILL Auchintroig, a hamlet, with a public school, in DrjTnen parish, "\V Stirlingshire, 1| mile "WSWof Buck- lyvie station. Auchiries, a village in Cruden parish, E Aberdeenshire, 9h miles IsE of Ellon. At it are Cruden post oflice and a public school. Auchlane, a hamlet and a burn in Kelton parish, Kirkcudbrightshire. The hamlet lies on the burn, 3| miles SW by S of Castle-Douglas. The burn rises on Bengairn, and runs about 4^ miles northward, north- westward, and westward to the Dee, 1^ mile below Bridge of Dee. Auchlecks. See Blair Athole. Auchlee, an estate in Bauchory-Devenick parish, Kin- cardineshire. Two well-preserved Caledonian stone cir- cles are on it ; and one of them consists of a double row of stones, and had in its centre a stone cofiin. Auchleven, a village in Premnay parish, Aberdeen- shire, on the river Gady, 9J miles WNW of Inverurie. It has a post ofiice imder Insch, a two-arched bridge built in 1836, and a carding and spinning woollen mill. Auchlishie. See Acelishie. Auchlochan, a hamlet in Lesmahagow parish, Lanark- shire, on the river Nethan, 1| mUe S of Abbeygreen. Auchlossan, a quondam lake in AbojTie and Luni- phanan parishes, Aberdeenshire, adjacent to the Deeside Extension railway, 25 miles W by S of Aberdeen. It was partially drained near the close of the 17th century ; it afterwards covered about ISO acres with open water, and about 60 ^vith aquatic marsh ; it abounded with various kinds of fish, including pike of unusual size and weight ; it also was frequented by flocks of waterfowl, so plentifully as to be one of the best spots for duck- shooting in the N of Scotland ; and, at the same time, it was a nuisance to the surrounding country, exhaling so much noxious gas from decaying vegetation as to injure the salubrity of the climate. The Marquis of Huntly, Farquharson of Finzean, and Shaw of Auchin- hove are proprietors of the lands around it ; and in 1859 they jointly formed a plan to have it drained by a tenant under an advantageous lease of the loch itself, and of 180 contiguous acres of arable land. A tenant was not found tni 1860, when Mr James W. Barclay got pos- session and commenced operations ; and he proceeded with such success as to have upwards of 20 acres of the lake's bottom under an excellent crop of oats in 1863, and all the rest of the bottom under luxm-iant crops of grain in 1868. The draining was done, partly by deep cutting, partly by tunnelling, partly by other operations, and cost upwards of £6000 ; but it proved abundantly compensating, and serves as a fine model for bold, sweeping, agricultural improvements. A black alluvial subsoil, becoming almost white on exposure to the atmosphere, was found to lie near the surface over all the bottom ; and \mder the treatment which :Mr Barclay gave it, proved to possess similar fertility to that of the virgin soils of the American prairies. Both the bulk of s°raw and the yield of grain in the crops raised upon it have been extraordinary. The straw of the year 1868 was sold for more than £500 ; and the grain weighed from 40 lb. to 44 lb. per bushel Auchlimkart. See Boharm. Auchmacoy, an estate, with an elegant turreted man- sion, built about 1835, in Logie-Buchan parish, E Aber- deenshire, near the left bank of the Ythan, 2| miles E by N of Ellon. The estate has belonged since 1318 to the Buchans of Auchmacov, one of whom. General Buchan, was defeated at the Haughs of Cromdale (1690); its present ovraev is Miss Louisa Buchan (sue. 1874). . . ^ Auchmannoch, an estate, with a mansion, m Sorn parish, Ayrshire, 5 miles NE of Mauchline. Auch- mannoch "Muir (964 feet) extends from behind the man- sion 2 miles north-eastward into mergence with Barr Muir in Galston parish. Auchmedden. See Aberdour, Aberdeenshire. Auchmill, or AuchmuU, a village in Newhills parish, SE Aberdeenshire, 3 miles NW of Aberdeen. It has a 85 AUCHMILLAN post office, with money order, savings' bank, and tele- graph departments, under Aberdeen, two inns, and the Newhills Free church. Auchmillan, a village in Mauchline parish, Ayrshire, 2 miles NE of Maucliline town. Auchmithie, a fishing village in St Vigeans parish, Forfarshire, on a rocky bank rising about 150 feet from the beach, 3-^ miles NNE of Arbroath. It holds of the Earl of Northesk, is irregularly built, but contains several good houses, and has a sort of harbour at the foot of an opening in the rocky bank, a post office under Arbroath, an inn, and an Established mission church (1829-34 ; minister's salary, £80). "Water and drainage works were formed in 1880. Auchmithie is the 'Mussel- crag' of Scott's ^ji^iguary; its fishermen contend with great difficulties, having after every voyage to draw their boats inward from the beach, to prevent their destruction by the violence of the waves. Pop. (1871) 412. Auchmore. See Achmore. AuchmuU. See Auchmill. Auchmure, a tract, including Auehmure Braes, Auch- mure Bridge, East Auchmure, West Auchmure, and South Auchmure, at the eastern verge of Kinross-shire, on or near the river Leven, 2^ miles W by S of Leslie. Auchmuty, a village conjoint with Balbirnie JMills in Markinch parish, Fife, on the river Leven, 1^ mile W of Markinch tovm. Pop. , with Balbirnie Mills (1871) 403. Auchnacarry. See Achnacarrt. Auchnacraig. See Achnacraig. Auchnacree, an estate, with a mansion, in Fearn parish, Forfarshire. Auchnagatt, a hamlet in Old Deer parish, Aberdeen- ehire, on the Aberdeen and Fraserburgh railway, 7h miles NNW of Ellon. It has a post office with tele- gi'aph department under Ellon, and a railway station. Auchnahow, a small strath in the W side of Kildonan parish, Sutherland, descending to Helmsdale Water. Auchnamara, a burn in North Knapdale parish, Argyllshire. Auchnasheen, a hamlet of SW Ross-shire on the Dingwall and Skye railway, 27f miles WSW of Ding- wall. It has a post office \mder Dingwall, and a railway station. Auclinashellach, a station in the SW of Ross-shire, on the Dingwall and Skye railway, in the upper part of Strathcarron, 12 miles NE of Strome Ferry. Auchness, a burn in Dallas parish, Elginshire, run- ning to the Lossie. Auchrannie. See Achrannie. Auchriddie, a hamlet in the N of Aberdeenshire. Its post-town is New Deer under Aberdeen. Auchry, an estate, with an old mansion (.In. F. Lums- den, Esq.), in Monquhitter parish, Aberdeenshire, 5^- miles ENE of Turriff. Auchter, a rivulet in the NE centre of Lanarkshire. It rises near Bontyhillock in Carluke parish ; runs some distance along the boundary between Carluke and Cam- busnethan ; and pursues a serpentine course through the centre of Cambusnethan to the South Calder at Bridgend. Aachterarder (Gael, uachdar-ard-thir, 'upper high land '), a town and a parish in the southern side of Strathearn district, SE Perthshire. The town is seated on the brow of a low liill, oh, furlongs from the left bank of Ruthven Water, which is spanned by a bridge (rebuilt in 1880) that leads to a station on the Scottish Central section of the Caledonian, this station being 1 mile SE of Auchterardor, ISg miles SW of Perth, 19J NE of Stirling, 49| NE of Glasgow, and 56 NW of Edinburgh. A castle, small but very strong, remains of which stand ^ mile NW of the parish church, is said to have been built as a hunting-seat by Malcolm Ceannmor (1058-93), who is further believed to have given to the town the western commonage of 228 acres ; but the earliest cer- tain mention of Auchterarder occurs in the charter granted to Inch AFFRAY by its founder, Gilbert, Earl of Stratheani (1200), wherein he endowed that Austin canonry with the chui-ch of St Mechesseoc of Auchterarder. On the 86 AUCHTERARDER same abbey in 1227 Alexander II. conferred the tcinds of his rents of Auchterarder, which, as the head burgh of Strathearn — perhaps a royal burgh — had a common seal, and returned a member to parliament. It figures in two ordinances of Edward I. of England ; and Robert Bruce in 1328 bestowed its lands on one of his great barons, but confirmed the liberties of tlie burgh and its burgesses as they had been in the reign of Alexander III. We know not when or how those liberties were lost, but in 1581 an Act described ' Vchtirardour ' as 'pure and oppressit be brokin men and lymmeris,' whilst ordaining that a yearly fair for the encouragement of trade be held there, in all time coming, on the 25 Nov. (old style). According to the New Statis- tical, Auchterarder was one of the Scottish towns ironically compared by George Buchanan with the fine English cities. Some English nobleman vaunting tlio latter to King James, the Scot replied that he knew a town in Scotland with 50 drawbridges ; the explanation being that at ' a country village between Stirling and Perth, called Auchterardoch, there is a large strand running through the middle of the to-\\Ti, and almost at every door there is a long stock or stone laid over this strand, whereupon they pass to their opposite neigh- bours, and when a flood comes they lift their wooden bridges in case they should be taken away, and these they call drawbridges.' On 28 Jan. 1716, when the royalist troops under the Duke of Argyll were advancing upon Perth, the Earl of Mar burned the whole of Auchterarder except one house ; and on the 30th, when Argyll arrived, he could find no accommodation, but spent the night upon the snow, 'without any other covering than the fine canopy of heaven. ' Newte, who visited this place in 1782, says that it ' seems to have lain under the curse of God ever since it was burnt. The dark heath of the moors of Orchill and Tullibardine, a Gothic castle be- longing to the Duke of Athole, — the naked summits of the distant Grampians — and the frequent visitations of the presbytery, who are eternally recommending fast- days, and destroying the peace of society by prying into little slips of life, together with the desolation of the yjlace, render Auchterarder a melancholy scene, where- ever you turn your eyes, except towards Perth and the lower Strathearn, of which it has a partial prospect.' Fifty years later it rose to fame by becoming the scene of the first, and not the least, of those struggles in the Established Church that ended in the Disruption, thus : — ' The Evangelical party in the Church had always held it as a principle that the Church could not, Avithout sin, act imder any system of patronage that was subver- sive of the congregational call ; and that party, having now become the majority, passed in 1834 the Veto Act, according to which no minister was to be intruded on a parish contrary to the will of the people. In the autumn of the same year Mr Young was presented by the pati'on to Auchterarder. But as a majority of the parishioners were opposed to his settlement, the non- intrusion party declared the presentation to be null and void. Thereon both patron and presentee appealed to the Court of Session, which decreed (1837) that the presbytery proceed to ordain Mr Young. The Court disclaimed any desire or any right to interfere with the Church, or to review or interfere with the decisions of her courts, when acting within her own recognised con- stitution : only it claimed, as representing the law, a third party, neither Church nor State, the right to decide firstly, the legal point, that, in terms of the compact between the Church and the State, tlie former had no right to alter the constitution on whose basis she was established, and therefore that passing the Veto Act was iiltra vires of the Church ; and, secondly, the civil case between parties within the Church, in which one party complained of being injuriously afifected by the illegal proceedings of another. As soon as this decision was given, the non-intrusion party declared that the Church of Scotland was the creature of the State, or was Erastian in constitution, inasmuch as she recognised the right of the State to interfere, and of the civil courts to judge, in matters falling within her proper AUCHTERARDER sphere and jurisdiction. And the same party declared in the General Assembly of 1838 (being a majority) that the supremacy and sole headship of the Lord Jesus Christ they would assert, and at all hazards defend. "V\Tien the judgment had been confirmed on appeal by the House of Lords, May 1S39, the General Assembly by a large majority passed a resolution pledging the Church implicitly to obey the civil courts in all matters of civil interest, but firmly refusing their control in things spiritual. ... A second case arose out of the patron and the presentee raising an action for damages against the presbytery, which the Court of Session decided they were entitled to. In the first case it had been decided by the Supreme Civil Court, simply that the presbytery had acted illegally in setting the presentee aside by the Veto Act ; and from the injurious effects of this new interpretation (as the non-intrusion party considered it) of the law of patronage, the Church might have been protected by a legislative change in that law. When the negotiations for relief in that way failed, the party desiring it passed in the Assembly of 1842 their " Claim, Declaration, and Protest." . . . Matters were supposed to be made worse than ever by the decision of the House of Lords (Aug. 1842), confirm- ing on appeal that of the Court of Session in the second Auchterarder case ' (article ' Free Church ' in the Glohe Encydopcedia, 1881). Chiefly consisting of one main street, extending north- eastward for over a mile along the great highroad from Stirling to Perth, Auchterarder wears a modem and pros- perous aspect. It has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, branches of the Bank of Scotland and the Union Bank, a printing office, gas-works, 5 inns, a coffee house (18S0) with reading and recreation rooms, alibrary (the Smeaton), a Freemasons' lodge, and 1 mile SSW, a new combination poorhouse for Auchterarder and 15 neighbouring parishes. The principal public buildings are the town -hall and the Aytoun public hall. The former stands near the middle of the town, and, founded in 1872, cost £1600, and has accommodation for 600 persons. The latter, not far from the Cross, and fronting an elegant fountain, was erected (1870-72) as a memorial to the late Captain Aytoun of Glendevon, in recognition of services rendered to the town. A Gothic edifice with a handsome tower to the "W, it contains a hall of 60 by 40 feet, front rooms of the same dimensions, and smaller apartments ; and cost, with the fountain, more than £2000. Places of worship are the parish church (1754-1811 ; 930 sittings) ; the Free church (1843-45) with a tower 80 feet high, and with a stained-glass window (1879) representing the * Good Shepherd ; ' 2 U. P. churches, North and South ; and a Koman Catholic chapel (1879). A sheriff small debt coart sits on the last Monday of January, April, July, and October, and has jxirisdiction over the parishes of Auchterarder, Dunning, Glendevon, Blackford, and Trinity Gask ; Satirrday is market-day ; and cattle fairs are held on the first Wednesday of February, May, and December, the last Wednesday of March, and the Wednesday before October Falkirk Tryst, the greatest being the December fair. The manufacture of tartan and galas, introduced many years ago, is a thriving industry ; and in or near the town there are now 6 woollen mills, besides 2 dyeworks, a brewery, a malt kiln, 3 flour mills, an agricultural implement factory, and a saw miU. Pop. (1791) 594, (1831) 1981, (1861) 2844, (1871) 2599, (1881) 2854. The parish contains also the villages of ABERrTHVEX, 2f miles NE of the town, and Boreland Park, ^ mile W by S ; and it comprises the ancient parish of Aberuthven, annexed some time before the Kevolution. Bounded NW and N by Trinity Gask, E by Dunning, S by Glen- devon, and W by Blackford, it has an extreme length from N to S of 63 miles, a width from E to W of from 2J to 3J miles, and an area of ll,227i acres, of which 124 lie detached, and 46| are water. The Earn roughly traces the northern boundary, and from it the surface rises southward to the green, pastoral Ochils, attaining 67 feet at the NE angle of the parish, 200 near Coul, 500 AUCHTERDERRAN just to the SE of the to^\^l, 400 by the poorhouse, 1250 in Craig Rossie and Beld Hill, 1000 near Upper Cloan, 1096 in Black Mallet, 1306 in Muckle Law, 1559 in Corb Law, 1582 in Sim's Hill, 1594 in Steele's Knowe, and 1552 in Cai-lownie Hill, these 4 last culminating on the south-eastern or the southern border. Ruthven Water, rising in the SE of Blackford parish on the western slojje of the Seat (1408 feet), flows first north-north-westward through Glen Eagles to Tullibardine Castle, thence north- north-eastward past Kincardine Castle, and so on through Auchterarder parish to its confluence with the Earn, \^ mile N of Aberuthven, after a course of some 9^ miles. At 3 furlongs SW of Auchterarder station, or just beyond the confines of the parish, its narrow dell is spanned by a splendid eight-arched railway viaduct, 498 feet long and 98 high; and, I4 mile KNE of this, its principal affluent, the Pairuey Burn, win ding 5g miles north -north- westward from Corb Law, and itself receiving the Coul Bum (2 miles long) from Sim's Hill, is crossed by another viaduct of 2 successive arches, the upper one carrying the railway over, and the lower the Dunning road. Trap rocks form the main mass of the hills, and intersect the low country with dykes ; while sandstone of various kinds, some of them quarried for building purposes, abounds through the centre and the IST, where limestone also is found. Coal has been sought without success ; but agate, chalcedony, jasper, and other precious minerals are fairly plentiful among the skirts of the hills. The soil is various — clayey loam in the N, sandy in the E, and a rich black loam near the town ; nearly one-half of the entire area is pasture or waste, and plantations cover some 300 acres. On the summit and western slope of Beld Hill are traces of ancient encampments, outposts probably of the Roman station at Ardoch ; and other an- tiquities are the ruins of ]\Ialcolm's castle, of Aberuthven church, and of the old parish church of Auchterarder, which, standing | mile N of the town, was dedicated to St Mungo or Kentigem, and was either of Norman or First Pointed origin. Auchterarder House in Elizabethan , and Coleam in Scottish Baronial style, are both of modem erection ; and 6 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 14 of between £100 and £500, 13 of from £50 to £100, and 54 of from £20 to £50. Auchter- arder is the seat of a presbytery in the sjmod of Perth and Stirling ; its minister's income is £376. Under the school-board there are the 3 public schools of Auch- terarder (an Elizabethan structure, erected in 1875 at a cost of £2000), ToAvnhead, and Aberuthven, and a charity school, founded by John Sheddan, Esq., of Lochie, in 1811, to furnish free education to 12 poor children, and endowed with land of £1000 value. With respective accommodation for 250, 154, 100, and 203 children, these had (1879) an average attendance of 122, 129, 66, and 107, and grants of £108, 12s., £107, 3s., £62, 3s., and £78, 2s. Valuation (1881) £19,451, 10s. 4d. Pop. (1755) 1194, (ISOl) 2042, (1831) 3182, (1861) 4208, (1871) 3795, (1881) 3648.— O'z-d Sur., shs. 39, 47, 1869. The presbjrtery of Auchterarder comprehends Ardoch, Auchterarder, Blackford, Cymric, Crieff, Crieff West church {qxLoa/1 sacra), Dunning, Foulis-Wester, Gask, Glendevon, Madderty, MonzicA-aird and Strowan, Mut- hill, and Trinity Gask. Pop. (1871) 20,457, of whoni 4611 were commimicants of the Church of Scotland in 1878, the sums raised by the above 15 congregations in that year amounting to £4611. The Free Church, too, has a presbytery of Auchterarder, whose churches at Aberuthven, Auchterarder, Blackford, Braco, Comrie, Crieff, Dunning, Madderty, Monzie, and Muthill had 2783 communicants in 1880. Auchterderran, a hamlet and a parish of S W Fife. The hamlet stands f mile N by W of Cardesdex station, and 2| XE of Lochgelly, a town with a head post office and another station, lying within the western border of this parish. The latter is bounded N by Kinross-shire and Kinglassie, E by Kinglassie and Dysart, SE by Kirkcaldy and Abbotshall, S by Auchtertool, SW by Beath, and W by Ballingray. With a very irregular outline, rudely resembling a cross, it has a length from E to W of from 2^ to 6^ miles, a width from N to S of 87 AUCHTERGAVEN from 3 furlongs to 4| miles, and an area of 7968 J acres, of which 150:^ are water. Loch Gelly (5f x 3| furlongs) lies on the Auchtertool border, and sends off a rivulet to the Ore, a sluggish stream, which ^nnds through the middle of the parish from W to E along a low alluvial plain, traversed also by the Dunfermline branch of the North British railway. ' Colquhally and the Sillertoun, Pitcairn and Bowhill, Should clear their haughs ere Lammas spates The Ore begin to fill '— SO the rhyme warns four farms in Auchterderran, and the warning is wholesome enough, since the Ore very readily overflows its banks. N and S of it hills rise to a height of 400 and 500 feet above seadevel, points of elevation being Charleston (344 feet), Harelaw (445), Auchterderran hamlet (287), Wester Colquhally (504), Lochgelly House (500), and Muirhead (437). The soil, mixed clay and sand, or black earth resting upon trap, is principally cold and stiff, yet there ai-e large well- cultivated farms, Dothan (424 acres) letting for £693 in 1875, whilst Balgreggie (130 acres) is all of it under grass. Woods occupy some 520 acres ; and the entire surface is parcelled out into arable and pasture lands, plantations, limestone quarries, coal and ironstone mines, thoroughfares, etc. The mining interest is very exten- sive ; and seven collieries, belonging chiefly to the Car- boniferous Limestone series, were at work here in 1879, that of Lochgelly being noteworthy for the great fire of 1870-71. A ruin, named Carden Tower, near the SE border, is the only antiquity. Four proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 13 of between £100 and £500, 7 of from £50 to £100, and 21 of from £20 to £50. For ecclesiastical and school- board purposes, Auchterderran forms one quoad sacra parish, and Lochgelly another, both in the presbytery of Kirkcaldy and synod of Fife. The ancient church of Auchterderran was given by Fothad, last Bishop of Alban (1059-93), to God, St Serf, and the hermit Culdees of Lochleven ; the present building was erected at the hamlet in 1789, and its minister's income is £463. The public scliool, with accommodation for 350 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 189, and a grant of £177, 10s. Valuation (1881) £19,294, 10s. Pop. of quoad sacra portion (1871) 1623, (1881) 1747; of entire parish (1811) 2403, (1841) 3352, (1871) 4017, (1881) 4332, of whom 2484 were in Lochgelly burgh.— Ord Sur., sh. 40, 1867. Auchtergaven (Gael, nachdar-gamhainn, 'upland of the yearling cattle '), a village and a parish in the Strath- tay district of Perthshire. The village of Auchtergaven or Bankfoot stands at 226 feet above sea-level, on the Corral Burn, a little above its confluence with the Garry, and on the highroad from Perth to Dunkeld, and is 3^ miles NNW of Luncarty station on the Highland railway, this being 4| miles N by W of Perth. A modern place, it has a post ofiice, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments ; sheep and cattle fairs on the Thursday of May after Amulree and the Friday of Nov- ember after Dunkeld ; gas-works ; and tliree inns, at one of which the Queen changed horses, 7 Sept. 1842. Here, too, are the parish church, an oblong building with a tower, seating nearly 1200, and erected about 1812 ; a Free and a U.P. church; and a public school, which, with accommodation for 300 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 164, and a grant of £153, 12s. Weaving is the staple industry, many of the inliabitants being employed in the neiglibouring Airleywight linen Avorks. Pop. (1861) 748, (1871) 689, (1881) The parish contains also the station and most of the village of Stanley, at its south-eastern angle, 3| miles ESE of Bankfoot, and the hamlet of Waterloo, 1^ mile NNW ; and it comprises the small old parish of Logie- bride, annexed in 1618 and again about 1647. It is bounded NE by Little Dunkeld ; E by Kinelaven, parted from it by the Benshiel Burn ; SE lor Ij mile by the winding Tay, separating it from Cargill and St Martins, and by Redgorton ; S by Moneydie ; SW by the Shochie Bm-n, dividing it from Monzie and the Mullion portion AUCHTERGAVEN of Redgorton ; W by Little Dunkeld and the TuUy- beagles portion of Methven. Presenting a very irregular outline that rudely resembles a tooth with long north- westward-pointing fangs, it has a length from NW to SE of from 1§ to 6^ miles, an extreme width of 5 miles, and an area of 13,004f acres, of which 121 J lie detached, and 63J are water. The Benshiel, the confluent Gap.ry and Ordie, the Shochie, and lesser burns, all take a south-eastward or east-south-eastward course towards the Tay ; and the surface accordingly rises north-west- ward and west-north-westward. In the latter direction it has an altitude above sea-level of 107 feet at Newmill, 207 near Loak, 282 at Rashieley, 392 near Tullybelton House, 464 near Corrielea, 1022 near Drumquhar, and 1493 in Creag na Criche ; in the former, of 230 feet near Stanley, 320 near Ardonachie, 378 near Coulterenny, 429 near Muirlands, 578 at Upper Obney, and 1323 in the Obney Hills, whose summit is 1| mile S by AV of that of Birnam Hill in Little Dunkeld. The tract along the Tay ends in bold rocky banks ; and a spit from it, consisting of trap rock, crosses the river's bed near Stanley, forming the celebrated Linn of Campsie. Cairn- leith Moss in the NE was once a dismal waste, a robbers' fastness, and the spot where legal retribution was signally dealt upon Highland caterans ; but it has been so drained, planted, and otherwise improved as well to harmonise with what Scott described as ' one of the loveliest and richest views of Scotland — the NW opening of Strath- more.' The rocks of the hills are clay-slate and grey- wacke, with masses of quartz and roofing slates, both blue and grey ; those in the S are chiefly Devonian ; and close-grained sandstone, greenish and taking a fine polish, is quarried here. The soils are various, but may be generally described as sandy loam, mixed with gravel or small stones. Antiquities are St Bride's Well, marking the site of Logiebride church, IJ mile SW of Bankfoot, a stone circle, standing stones at three different points, and a court hill. Thomas Nairne of Mukkersy had a charter of the lands of Auchtergaven in 1605 ; his grand- son, Robert Nairne of Strathord(d. 1683), was, for loyalty in the Great Rebellion, created Lord Nairne in the peerage of Scotland in 1681. John, the third Lord (1691-1777), was out in the '15, and again in the '45 ; on the second occasion he had just done building Nairne House, near Loak, to which in September he welcomed Prince Charles Edward, and which three years later was wholly demolished by the Duke of Athole, its purchaser. The forfeited title was restored in 1824 to William Murray Nairne (1757-1830), husband of Carolina Oli- phant of Gask ; with William, their son, it became ex- tinct in 1837, but was again revived in 1874 in favour of Baroness Keith of Meikleour. Robert Nicoll (1814- 37), styled 'Scotland's second Burns' by Ebenezer Elliot, was born at Little Tullybelton farm, and records how ' the memories o' his father's hame and its kindly dwellers a' ' Are twined wi' the stanes o' the silver burn An' its fairy crooks and bays, That onward sang 'neath the gowdcn broom Ujion bonuie Ordie braes ' — those braes where a boy he tended cattle, as is told in the touching memoir prefixed to the latest and best edition of his Poems (Paisley, 1877). The principal residences are Stanley House, Airleywight, and TiUly- belton House, at whose predecessor (then owned by Patrick Graime of Inchbrakie) the great Marquis of Montrose arrived in disguise, to enter on his campaign of 1644-45. Baroness Nairne, the Duke of Athole, Sir Archibald Drummond-Stewart, and two others, hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards ; 3 proprietors hold between £100 and £200, 2 between £50 and £100, and 10 between £20 and £50. In 1877 Stanley was erected into a quoad sacra parish ; the remainder of Auchtergaven is in the presbytery of Dunkeld and synod of Perth and Stirling, its minister's income being £355. Valuation of civil parish (1881) £15,047, 16s. 7d. Pop. thereof (1755) 1677, (1831) 3417, (1871) 2141, (1881) 2194 ; of quoad sacra parish (1881) 1338.— Orc^, Sur., sh. 48, 1868. AUCHTERHOUSE Auchterhouse, a \'inage and a parish of SW Forfarshm;. The village or Kirkton of Auchterhouse, occupying a central position, has a post office under Dundee, and, | mile WSW, a station Avith telegraph office on the Cale- donian, 12^ miles NW of Dundee and 4^ SE of New- tyle. At it stands the parish church, described in ]\Iuir's Characteristics of Old Church Architecture (Edinb. 1861) : — ' Erected in 1630 on the site of a decayed church, as appears by some fragments of tracery and other carved work lying about, it- consists of chancel, 27 feet by 21 feet 5 inches, nave, 56 feet 7 inches by 33 feet, and a square tower at the W end. All the windows are square- topped, and of three lights, except the E one, which is of two lights and placed in the gable. The chancel doorway is also flat-headed, that in the nave is of semi- classic character, witb a three-centred arch, imposts, and moulded jambs. On the N side both divisions of the church are blank. The chancel arch is acutely pointed, and may possibly be a remnant of the older building, though it has nothing of the patched appearance of an ancient fabric remodelled.' This the last specimen of early church architectme in Scotland contains some 400 sittings, and at its E end has a mortuary chapel of the Airlie family. The parish includes also the hamlets of Dronley near the southern, and of Boniton near the north-western, border. It is bounded N by Glamis, E by Glamis, Tealing, and Mains, S by LifF and Perthshire, W by Lundie, and NW by Newtyle. It has an extreme length from N to S of 3 1 miles, a breadth from E to W of from 2§ to 3i miles, and a laud area of 5708 acres. The southern border is traced by a rivulet, which, flowing eastward out of Lundie, unites near Dronley with the Dronley Burn to form the Dighty ; and from a point near the confluence of these two streams the surface rises northward and north-westward up to the Sidlaw Hills — to 552 feet at 3 furlongs SE of the Kirkton, 1399 feet in Auchterhouse Hill at the NE angle of the parish, and 950 feet in a summit behind East Mains, 2i furlongs from the western boundary. About five-eighths of the entire area are under cultivation, one-fourth is under wood, and one-twelfth in hill pasture ; the cultivated l^ortion having for the most part a soil of black mould over a stratum of till or clay, or a bed of marl incumbent upon rock, and mixed in some places with sand. The rocks are chiefly Devonian, even in the hills, but there are intersected by trap dykes or overlaid with expanded trap ; and sandstone is worked by two stone merchants. ' Weems,' or ancient cave-dwellings, occur, and in one of them were found a quern, some bones, and a brass ring. The fine old baronial mansion of Auchterhouse, 1 mile SW of the Kirkton, is a seat of the Earl of Airlie, who holds more than half of the rental of the whole parish, three other proprietors dividing most of the remainder ; near it are fragments of a castle, said to have belonged to a Sir John Ramsay, and to have been visited by Wallace on his landing at Montrose ^vith French auxiliaries. In the words of an old metrical record — ' Good Sir John Ramsay, and the Ruthven true, Barclay and Bisset, with men not a few, Do Wallace meet, — all canty, keen, and crouse. And with three hundred march to Ocliterliouse.' Auchterhouse is in the presbytery of Dundee and synod of Angus and Mearns. Its minister's income is £391. The one public school, with accommodation for 168 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 95, and a grant of £72, 12s. Valuation (1881) of lands, £8532, 19s. ; of railway, £1833. Pop. (1831) 715, (1871) 721, (1881) QQl.—Ord. Siir., sh. 48, 1868. Auchterless (Gael, uachdar-shlios, ' upper side '), a village and a parish on the NW border of Aberdeenshire. The village or Kirktown has a central jiosition upon the left bank of the Ythan, 3 miles SW of Auchterless station on the Inveramsay-Banff branch of the Great North of Scotland railway ; which station, lying just beyond the NE angle of the parish, 4 miles S by E of Turriff, and 34^ miles NNW of Aberdeen, has a tele- graph office. At the village are a post office under AUCHTERMUCHTY Turriff, the manse (1867), and the parish church (1780 ; wing added, 1835 ; 650 seats) ; the Free church stands I mile SSW. The parish contains also the hamlet of Badenscoth, 2 miles SSW of Kirktown of Auchteriess and 3 NNW of Rothie Norman station, with a post office under Aber- deen. It is bounded N by Turritt", E and SE by Fyvie, S by Rayne and Culsalmond, W by Forgue, and NW by Banff'shire. It has an extreme length from N to S of 6J miles, a breadth from E to AV of 5£ miles, and a land area of 16,826 acres. The Ythan, entering the parish Ih mile from its somxe in Forgue, flows 2f miles east- ward, next strikes 5 miles north-north-eastward to the old castle of Towie, and, thence bending southward, forms for 2 miles the eastern boundary, descending in this course from about 500 to 134 feet above sea-level. One affluent, PitdoiUsie Burn, traces the northern boundary ; another, Rothie Burn, the southern ; and a third, Garries Burn, flows through the north-western half of the parish to Knockleith. On either side of the Howe of Auchterless the surface rises into rounded hills, rarely too steep for cultivation ; and points of altitude from E to W are Seggat (420 feet) Thomastown (490), Gordonstown Hill (582), Blackford or Drumsinnie Hill (649), Braestairie (678), and Berryhill of Logic (850). Everywhere resting on gi-eywacke, the soil of the up- lands is a thin slaty clay, better for cereals and roots than for gi-ass ; but on the lower slopes and along the liowe are clay loams of considerable fertility. Planta- tions cover some 500 acres, and are mostly young upon Seggat, Thomastown, and Knockleith ; but the firs and larches of Hatton, Templand, and Badenscoth, and the ash trees by the church, are of older growth. Antiqui- ties are Glenmellan camp at the western border, a parallelogram of nearly 130 acres, and probably of Roman construction (Roy's Mil. Ants., pi. li.) ; a triple stone circle on the Kirkhill or Berryhill of Logie ; re- mains of three ' Picts' houses ;' the ' Cumines trench' or camp (a.d. 1308) ; the artificial Moat Head, seat of the old baronial courts ; a Gallows Hill ; and, at Seggat, a ruined chapel and well of Our Lady. The chief resi- dences are Knockleith, Badenscoth, Hatton, and Temp- land ; and 6 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 1 holds between £100 and £500, and 1 between £20 and £50. Auchterless is in the presby- tery of Turrifl" and synod of Aberdeen ; its minister's income is £410. There are 5 schools under the board — 2 apiece for boys and girls at Badenscoth and the Kirk- town, and one at Backhill on the eastern border. With a total accommodation for 470 children, these had (1879) an average attendance of 322, and grants amount- in^ to £277, 6s. 9d. Valuation (1881) £14,771, 13s. 5d. Pop. (1831) 1701, (1871) 1971, (1881) 1948.— Oa^ Sur., sh. 86, 1876. Auchtermuchty (Gael, luichdar-muic, ' upper land of the wild sow '), a town and a parish of NW Fife. The town is divided by the Loverspool, a tiny affluent of the Eden, into two nearly equal portions ; and has a station on the Fife and Kinross section of the North British, lOJ miles NE of Kinross, 33f ENE of Stirling, 4f WNW of Ladybank Junction, 10^ WSW of Cupar, and 33 N of Edinburgh [viA Burntisland). It was made a royal burgh in 1517, and confii-med in its rights in 1595, but had ceased to return a member of Parliamentsome tiine before the Union ; and, becoming bankrupt in 1816, it suffered the sequestration of all its corporation property, except town-house, jail, steeple, bell, and customs. Governed by a provost, 2 bailies, 2 treasurers, a pro- curator-fiscal, 2 joint-towni-clerks, and 8 councillors, it has sherifl" small debt courts on the second Mon- day of January, April, July, and October; a weekly corn market is held on Monday ; and there are cattle, horse, and sheep fairs on the first Wednesday of February, the last Monday of April, the second Monday of July, and the first Monday of October and December. With three main streets and several lanes, Auchtermuchty is irregularly built, but of late years has been considerably improved, and commands fine views of the East and West Lomond Hills, which, distant 3§ miles S and AUCHTERMUCHTY 4 miles S"W, are 1471 and 1713 feet high. It was the birthplace of the Kev. John Glas (1698-1773), founder of the sect of Glasites ; but it is better known by the famousold ballad of T/ic JVifc of Auchtcrmuchty, wrongly ascribed to James V. There are a town-hall ; the Vic- toria Hall, erected in 1865 for lectures, concerts, and public meetings; a post office, with money order, sav- ings' bank, and telegraph departments ; branches of the Bank of Scotland and Union Bank ; a sa\angs' bank, and 8 insurance agencies ; gas-works ; 3 hotels ; a choral union ; and agricultural and horticultural societies. Places of worship are the parish church (built 1780 ; enlarged 1838; and seating 900), a Free church, and 2 U.P. churches (North and South) ; and the Madras Esta- blished school and North and South public schools, with respective accommodation for 127, 194, and 135 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 103, 129, and 102, and grants of £80, 15s., £121, 5s. 6d., and £86, 9s. The industrial works comprise a printing office, a bleachfield, an extensive distillery, 2 malt kilns, a scale-beam and weighing-machine factory, 3 sawmills, and 5 linen factories. The weaving of diapers, hucka- backs, sheetings, etc. (chiefly by handloom), has long Seal of Auchtermuchty. been the staple industry, but since 1817 has been carried on less by resident manufacturers than for houses in Kirkcaldy, Dunfermline, Dundee, Glasgow, and Aber- deen ; there are now some 600 looms in the town, and 200 more in the parish. Burgh valuation (1881) £2506. Pop. of royal burgh (1871) 1082, (1881) 824; of toAvn (1841) 2394, (1861) 2438, (1871) 2195, (1881) 1673. The parish, which also contains the village of DuN- SHELT, is bounded N by Perthshire, E by Collessie, S by Falkland and Strathmiglo, W by Strathmiglo and Aberneth3\ Its length from NW to SE is 4 J miles ; its greatest breadth from E to W is 2§- miles ; and its area is 3533 acres, of which 3^ are water. Three streams flow eastward — Beggar's Burn along most of the northern boundary, Barroway Burn through the southern interior, and the river Edex, near or upon the southern bor- der ; and from this last the surface rises north-west- ward to the Ochils — from 137 feet above sea-level at a point near Dunshelt to 554 feet at Mairsland, 898 in Pitlour "Wood on the western boundary, and 843 in the north-western angle of the parish. The soil of the low- lands is fertile and well cidtivatcd, that in the SE being deep rich alluvium, part of a })lain that formerly was often flooded in winter, but is now as well-drained and luxuriant a district as any almost in Scotland ; tlie soil of the uplands is light, but sliarp and valuable for grass. About 220 acres are under wood. Myres Castle (Mrs Tjmdall Bruce), ^ mile S by E of the town, is the only considerable mansion. It was long the residence of the Moncrieff's of Reedie, and was greatly enlarged about 1828. Two proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 12 of between £100 and £500, 12 of from £50 to £100, and 36 of from £20 to £50. Auclitermuchty is in the presbytery of Cupar and synod of Fife ; the minister's income is £405. Valuation of landward portion (1881) £8497, 15s. 6d. Pop. of entire 90 AUGUSTUS, FORT parish (1811) 2403, (18411 3352, (1871) 2958, (1881) 2322.— Orrf. Sur., sh. 40, 1867. Auchterneed, a hamlet in Fodderty parish, Ross and Cromarty shires, which furnishes lodgings to visitors at the neighbouring STRATHPEFFEn Spa. Auchtertool (Gael, iiachtar-fuill, ' above the hollow'), a village and a parish of SW Fife. The village stands 3 miles S of Cardeuden station, and 4| W of Kirkcaldy ; it has a post office under the latter and a large distillery. Pop. , including the neighbouring hamlet of Newbigging (1871) 331. The parish is bounded N by Auchterderran, NE by Abbotshall, E and SE by Kinghorn, S and SW by Aber- dour, and KW by Beath. Its length from ENE to WSW varies between Ig mile and 3§ miles, its breadth between 7 furlongs and Ij mile ; and its area is 2755j acres, of which 172 fire water. The surface rises westward to the Cullalo Hills, attaining 420 feet above sea-level near the ruined baronial mansion of Hallyards in the E, 430 at 2 furlongs S of the village, 556 at 3 furlongs NW of the church, 526 at Pilkhambrae in the SW, and 438 in the NW, 7 furlongs ENE of Cowdenbeath station. These heights, which fall off" steeply to the S, command fine eastward views of the Isle of May, the Bass, and North Berwick Law. Two streams flow eastward, Doonachy Burn through the interior, and Bottom Burn along the southern boundary ; in the E, near Hallyards, is Carmilla Loch (2x1 furl. ) ; and the south-western corner of Loch Gelly lies within the northern border. Trap, sandstone, and limestone have all been quarried, and coalpits opened in the NW angle of the parish ; its soils are variously loam, clayey, and mossy. Two proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 1 holds between £100 and £500, 1 between £50 and £100, and 3 hold between £20 and £50. Auchtertool is in the presbytery of Kirkcaldy and synod of Fife. The church, J mile WSW of the village, was repaired in 1833, and seats 280 ; the minister's in- come is £223. A public school, with accommodation for 99 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 63, and a grant of £50, 7s. Valuation (1881) £7788, lis. 5d. Pop. (1831) 527, (1861) 609, (1871) 529, (1881) 706.— Ord ilur., sh. 40, 1867. Auchtertyre, a hamlet in Newtyle parish, Forfarshire, g mile W of Newtyle village. Near it are traces of a small square camp, supposed to have been formed hy Montrose's army during the civil wars. Auchtow. See Achtow. Auckingill, See Auchingill. Augustus, Fort (Gael. Cilla-chuimdn, 'the cell or chirrch of Cumin,' probably the ' Cumineus albus ' who was abbot of lona 657-669), a village in Boleskine- and-Abertarff parish, Inverness-shire, at the head of Loch Ness, and on the right bank of the Caledonian Canal, by which it is 33| miles SE of Inverness, and 31i NW of Fort William. It has a post office under Inverness, with monej'^ order, savings' bank, and telegraph depart- ments, a first-class hotel, and a fair on the Monday before the second Wednesday of June. There are an Established mission church, a Free church, and St Peter's Catholic church (1840) ; a board school, with accommodation for 100 children, had(1879)anaverageattendanceof 51, and a grant of £53. Poji. , mostly Gaelic-speaking, of the village, 530 ; of registration district of Fort Augustus or Abektauff (1871) 897, (1881) 872. To overawe the disaffected clans, a barrack was built in 1716 on the peninsula beyond the village, with the Oich salmon river on its NAV, and the Tarlf on its SE side, in front the deep waters of Loch Ness. As strengthened and enlarged in 1730 by General AVade, who named it Fort Augustus out of compliment to AVilliam Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, it was a square work, capable of accommodating 300 men, with a bastion at each angle mounting 12 six-pounders, and with a ditch, covert Avay, and glacis. In March 1746 it was taken and dismantled by the insurgents alter a two days' siege, a shell from a neighbouring lieight having caused the explosion of its powder magazine ; in May its ej)onymous hero, Cumber- land, formed a camp at it, to which, among other prisoners, AULDBAR CASTLE Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat, was carried in a litter. Re- stored to more than its former strength, it was occupied by a gan-ison do\yn to the Crimean AYar ; in 1S57 it was sokl for £5000 to the late Lord Lovat, whose son, the fifteenth lord, presented it in 1S76 to the Fathers of the English Benedictine congregation, along with 16 acres of land, and the rental for 19 years of Borlum farm, an adjacent holiKng of 200 acres. On 13 Sept. 1876 the Marquis of Ripon laid the foundation-stone of a college, monastery, and hospice ; the college was opened on 16 Oct. 1878, and on 24 to 26 Aug. 1880 the completed build- ings were inaugurated by a solemn triduo. They occupy 3 sides of a quadrangle, 100 feet square— the college on the N ; the hospice, with 30 bedrooms, on the W ; and the monastery, for 40 monks, on the E. The S side is closed at present merely by the magnificent cloisters, which run right round the quadrangle, and which open here into a tine scriptorium already furnished with a printing- press, and hereafter to contain 12,000 volumes ; but on this side it is intended to erect an octagonal chapter- house and a splendid church, which will bring the present cost (£65,000) up to about £100,000. A Scottish baronial tower, with clock and 9 beUs, rises from the college to a height of 110 feet; over the monastery is another tower, 140 feet high ; and the 15 windows of the refectory are filled with the arms of benefactors — Lords Lovat, Bute, Norfolk, Ripon, Stafford, Herries, Denbigh, and Beau- mont, Mr Hunter Blair, and others. The whole is in Early English style, from designs by Mr J. Hansom and Messrs Pugin & Pugin ; and, girt by terraced pleasure- grounds, and set among wooded mountains, lake, and streams, St Benedict's may vie with the grandest religious foundations of pre-Reformation days. Its college, as- sociated with Glasgow Universit}', is designed to provide a liberal education for 100 sons of Catholic gentlemen ; is divided into a preparatory, an intermediate, and a high school ; and is furnished with halls, dormitories, librarj', billiard room, etc. Besides the usual course in classics and science, instruction is given in land-survey- ing, geology, agricultural chemistry, and other branches. It remains to be noticed that St Benedict's site was for- merly Benedictine property, given in 1232 by Sir John Bisset of Lovat to Beauly prior}-, granted by the last prior in 1558 to the sixth Lord Lovat, and forfeited by Alexander MacKenzie of Fraserdale for his part in the '15. The present monastery is an incorjjoration and a resuscitation of an ancient English and of a still more ancient Scottish Benedictine abbey, both situate on the Continent. The latter was the Scots abbey of St James at Ratisbon, dating from the 11th century ; the former was the famous abbey of Lamspring or Lansperg in Hanover, founded as a Benedictine nunnery in the 9th century, and converted into an abbey of English Bene- dictine monks in 1643. — Orel. Siir., sh. 73, 1878. Auldbar Castle, the seat of Patrick Chalmers, Esq., in the NE angle of Aberlemno parish, Forfarshire, 2i miles SW of Brechin. A modernised baronial fortalice, it has a good library, and stands in a finely-planted park. In the extreme S of the parish, some 5i miles to the SSE, and 5 miles E of Forfar, is Auldbar Road station, on the Arbroath and Forfar section of the Caledonian. Auldcambus. See Aldcambus. Auldcathie. See Aldcathie. Auldclune, a hamlet in the extreme "W of Moulin parish, Perthshire, on the left bank of the Garry, and on the Highland railway, 2 miles ESE of Blair Athole village. Auldearn (Gael, allt-fcarn, ' stream of the alder tree '), a post ofBce village and a coast parish of NE Nairnshire. The village stands IJ mile inland at 69 feet above sea- level, and is 2J miles ESE of its post-to\vn and railway station, Nairn. A burgh of barony, it holds a cattle and horse fair on 20 June if a Wednesday or Thursday, otherwise on the "Wednesday after, and a produce fair on the Tuesday of November after Inverness. Pop. (1841) 351, (1871) 350. The parish is bounded NW,. for 4J miles, by the Moray Firth ; E by Dyke, in Morayshire; S by Ardclach ; W by Nairn and the Raitknock portion of Cawdor. It has a length from N to S of from 3^ to 6^ miles, a AULDEARN breadth from E to W of from 3^ to 5f miles, and a land area of 14,035 acres. The Muckle Bum here winds about 6 miles, first on the southern border of the parish, next across its south-eastern corner, and then on the eastern border ; the western interior is traversed by the Auldearn Burn, which, rising in the north-western angle of Ardclach, and joining the Nairn 1 mile below its mouth, has a total northward and westward course of some 5 miles, and just below Auldearn village itself re- ceives a burn from the SE. Within 3 furlongs of the coast-line Loch Loy (9 x If fur.) lies at an altitude of 12 feet ; ^ mile E of it is Cran Loch (3^ x 1^ fur.). With a foreshore that widens north-eastward from 1 furlong to 2 miles, and is fringed by the Maviston Sandhills, the northern portion of Auldearn is generally low, and the highest gradient on the Sf miles of the Highland railway within its bounds is only 129 feet. Further inland the sur- face becomes more undulating, and rises to 305 feet near BlackhUls, 379 near Easter Arr, 423 near Lethen House, 473 near Easter Clune, and 600 in the south-eastern angle of the parish ; but nowhere are the hills too steep to plough. The rocks belong chiefly to the strip of Old Red sandstone that borders the Moray Fii'th, and have been extensively quarried. Marl also abounds ; and fir roots and entire trees are found in great quantities in Inshoch Moss. For a distance from the shore of h mile on the AV and of 1 mile on the E, the soil is sheer sand, covered with bent ; elsewhere it is various, but for the most part fertUe, about one-third of the entire area being arable, one-fourth under woods and plantations, and four-elevenths pasture or waste. Antiquities are two stone circles, the ruins of Inshoch Castle, and vestiges of that of Moyness. According to later chronicles it was in Auldearn that Donald, King of Alban, fell in battle with the Danes (900), and that Malcolm his son was slain by the men of Moray (954) ; but Skene, out of of older records, proves these events to have taken place at Dunnottar and Fetteresso (Celt. Scot., i. 338, 364). Of one engagement at least this parish certainly has been the scene, since just to the S of the village was fought, on 9 May 1645, the battle of Auldearn, Mon- trose's fourth victory over the Covenanters. The general of the latter, John Hurry or L^rry, sui-prised and jiursued to Inverness, had there obtained reinforcements that, swelling his army to 400 horse and 3500 foot, em- boldened him to offer battle to the Marquis's 1700, 250 of whom were cavalry. Lured from its strong position, the Royalist right under Kolkitto was retiring from the charge in great disorder, when Drummond, who com- manded Hurry's horse, by wheeling unskilfidly, broke the ranks of his own infantry. JMontrose at this crisis charged with his whole force, and the Highland rush proved irresistible. The veterans onlj' (some 1200 strong) attempted to withstand it manfully, while the new levies fled in consternation, and were chased several miles by Lord Gordon's cavalry. The losses on both sides were variously estimated — the Roj-alists' at from 15 to 200 men, of whom Captain Macdonald and William Macpherson of Invereschie were the only persons of mark ; the Covenanters' at from 1000 to 3000, including Col. Campbell of Lawers, Sir John and Sir Gideon Jlurray, Col. James Campbell, and 87 married Erasers. Drummond for his blunder or his treachery was tried by court-martial and shot ; Hurry drew off his shattered army, and joining BaiUie, shared with him eight weeks later in the defeat of Alfokd (See vol. i., pp. 209-212 of Keltic's Hist, of tlie Scottish Hirjhlands, Edinb. 1875). The principal residences are Boath House, 3 furlongs N of the village, and Lethen House, near the southern boun- dary ; and 6 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 4 of from £20 to £50. Auldearn is in the presbytery of Nairn and sjmod of Moray. Its parish church is situated at the village, and was built in 1757 in place of an older structure, dedicated to St Colm, and anciently held by the sub-dean of Elgin cathedral. This is an ill-proportioned, oblong edifice, with 477 sittings, and a graveyard containing several interesting monuments of Hurry's followers, of the Hays of Lochloy and Moyness, and of Nairn townsfolk, 91 AULDERG AUSffERRY most of whom (the fishing class only excepted) have their burial places here. The minister's income is £380. Tliere are also a Free chui'ch, 1 mile S of the village, and IMoyncss U. P. church at Boghole, 3f mUes E, the latter built about 1780, repaired in 1817, and seating 353. 'The three public schools of Auldearn, Innes, and MojTiess, with respective accommodation for 84, 81, and 83 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 39, 61, and 56, and grants of. £40, 2s. 6d., £39, 18s., and £52, 19s. Valuation (1882), £10,091, 15s. 5d. Pop. (1831) 1653, (1861) 1328, (1871) 1279, (1881) 1292.— Ord. Sitr., sh. 84, 1S76. Aulderg, a burn in Dallas parish, Elginshire, run- ning to the river Lossie. Auldfield, a section of PoUokshaws town in East- wood parish, Renfrewshii-e. The quoad sacra parish church of PoUokshaws is here, bore originally the name of Auldfield chapel of ease, was built in 1840, and is a neat edifice with a spire. Auldgimaig, a liamlet in Moulin parish, Perthshire, on the river Garry, at the mouth of Glen-Girnaig, con- tiguous to the N end of the Pass of Killiecrankie, 4 miles NNW of Pitlochry. Auldgirth, a place in the southern angle of Closeburn parish, Dumfriesshire, on the river Nith and on the Glas- gow and South-Western railway, 8 miles NW by N of Dumfries. It has a bridge over the Nith, a station on the railway, a good inn, and a post office under Dum- fries, with money order, savings' bank, and telegrapli departments. A famous old three-trunked tree, called the Three Brethren, stood near it, but has been de- stroyed. The adjacent reach of the valley of the Nith, for about 2 miles, is contracted to the narrowness of almost a gorge, and exhibits views of singular pic- turesqueness. Auldgrande. See Aultgrande. Auld-Hill, a hill in West Kilbride parish, Ayrshire, crowned ■with remains of a circular building, which pro- bably was occupied as a watch-tower. Auldhouse, a hamlet, with a public school, in East Kilbride parish, Lanarkshire, 3 miles S by W of the village of East Kilbride. Auldhouse, a burn in the E of Renfrewshire, rising in Mearns parish, and running about 5| miles north-east- ward past Thornliebank village to the White Cart at PoUokshaws. Auldkirk. See Ixnerkip. Auldmuir, a place, with extensive limeworks, in Dairy parish, Ayrshire. Auldna, a mineral tract, with exceUent worked coal, in tlie upper part of New Cumnock parish, Ayrshire. Auldnachuirn and Auldnacuish, two burns in Dallas parish, Elginshire, running to the Lossie. Auldtown. See Alton. Auld Water. See Old Water. Auld Wick Castle, an old baronial fortalice in Wick parish, Caithness, surmounting a dismal chasm in cliffs at the S side of the entrance of Wick Bay, 1| mile SE of Wick. It belonged, in the beginning of the 14th century, to Sir Reginald de Cheyne, passed to the Oliphants, the Earls of Caithness, the Dunbars, and Lord Dulfus ; is now dismantled and ruinous ; forms an exceUent landmark to mariners, and is commonly called by them 'tlie Aul' Man o' AVick.' Auld Wives' Lift, a famous cromlech in Baldernock parish, SW Stirlingshire, 1 mUe NNE of the church, and 3 miles WSW of Lennoxtown. A trilitli or com- plete cromlech, it consists of thi'ee stones only — two of nearly ecpial length supj)orting the huge capstone, a block of basalt 18 feet long, 11 broad, and 7 thick. Through the narrow triangular space between the three stones every stranger nmst creep, if, runs the rustic creed, he would not die childless ; and those stones, he is told, were brought hither by three old women in tlieir aprons, for a wager which should bear the heaviest load. Then from the top, though barely 400 feet above sea- level, he may look right across the island from firth to firth, see tlie smoke of one steamer entering the Clyde, and of another below Grangemouth in the Forth. See 92 Wilson's PreMstoric Annals of Scotland (2d ed. 1863), and Nimmo's Stirlingshire (3d ed. 1880). Aulich, a hamlet in Fortingal parish, Perthshire, on the N side of Loch Rannoch, at the mouth of a burn of its own name, 2>h mUes W of Kinloch Rannoch. Aultandow. See Altando. Aultanfhiler or Fiddlers' Bum, a brook in the NE of Inverness-shire, running along the boundary between Invei'ness and Petty pai-ishes. Aultbea, a coast hamlet in Poolewe quoad sacra parish, W Ross-shire, 7 miles NNE of Poolewe viUage. It has a post office, an inn, a schoolhouse, a Free church, and fairs on the Friday before the first Tuesday of July and the Wednesday in October before Beauly ; with Glasgow it communicates by steamboat. Ault-Gheallaidh. See Aldyonlie. Aultgrande or Altgraat, a rivulet of the E side of Ross-shire. It issues from Loch Glass ; runs east-south- eastward, about 7 mUes, along the boundary between Alness and Kiltearn parishes ; passes through a pro- found, narrow, bosky chasm, seeming to have been formed by the stroke of an earthquake ; makes, in its progress, a series of romantic cateracts and cascades ; falls into the Cromarty Firth, about 1 mile NE of Kiltearn village ; and, when swollen by heavy rains, is frequented by iinnocks, sea-trout, and a few salmon. Aultguish, a burn-torrent in Urquhart and Glenmoris- ton parish, Inverness-shire, in the Forest of Ruisky, down the precipitous alpine mountains of Mealfourvou- nie, to the NW side of Loch Ness, nearly opposite the famous Fall of Foyers. It makes, in one place, a sheer leap of at least 100 feet ; and, as seen from Loch Ness, it looks like a long white ribbon, streaked and figured with the intervening trees. AultkoUie, a very deep, tortuous, and romantic gully, traversed by a burn, on the coastward side of Loth parish, Sutherland. Aultmore. See Altmore. Aultnacaillich, a place in Durness parish, Sutherland, in Stratlimore, 18 miles SSE of Durness village. It was the birthplace of Robert Calder Mackay (1714-78), com- monly called Rob Donn (' Brown Robert'), regarded as the Burns of the Northern Higlilands. A fine waterfall is on one side of it ; and the famous tower or round burg of Dornadilla on the other. A neat monument to Rob Donn, Avith inscriptions in Gaelic, English, Latin, and Greek, was erected in Durness churchyard in 1829. Aultnaharrow. See Altnadahka. Aultnancarrach, a burn of E Ross-shire, running into the Aultgrande rivulet. Productive lead ore has been found on its banks. Aultsigh, a burn on the boundary between Urquhart and Glenmoriston, in the united parish of Urquhart and Glenmoriston, Inverness-shire. Issuing from a lakelet on the lofty western shoulder of Mealfourvounie (2284 feet), it tumbles and leaps down a rocky channel to the base of a precipice nearly 1500 feet high ; is screened in its progress by beetling clifis and wooded acclivities ; makes two beautiful falls, one about midway down its course, the other near its mouth, both under shades of thick foliage ; and passes into Loch Ness at a point 2.J miles NE of Invermoriston. A rocking-stone, about 20 feet in circuit, movable by two persons, is on the mountain shoulder SW of the burn. A memor- able conflict between a party of the Macdonalds of Glen- garry, and a party of the Mackenzies of Ross-shire, was fouglit on the burn in the early part of the 17th century, and is commemorated in a celebrated pibroch, 'Tho Raid of Kil-Christ.' Auquhirie, an estate, with a mansion, in the W of Dunnottar parish, Kincardineshire. Ausdale, a hamlet and a burn in Latheron parish, Caithness. The hamlet lies on the burn, at the N base of the Hill of Ord, 4 miles SW of Berriedale. The burn runs south-eastward, at a course of only about 3 miles, and leaps over a cliff of about 100 feet in depth into the sea. Auskerry, a small island in Stronsay parish, Orkney, 2.^ miles S of Stronsay. It is used chiefly for pasturing sheep and cattle ; has remains of an ancient chapel ana AVEN of an edifice called Monk's House ; is crow-nedby a light- house, showing a fixed light, visible at the distance of 16 nautical miles ; and, at the census of 1871, had 6 in- habitants. Aven, a modern provincial abbreviation of ' Avona- Porticosa,' the ancient name of the island Sanda in Southend parish, Argyllshire. . Aven, Lanarkshire. See Avon. Aven or Avon, a lake and a river of S BanfTsliire. The lake lies at the south-western extremity of the county, 22 miles NW of Castleton of Braemar ; occupies a stu- pendous hollow amid the central masses of the Cairn- gorm Mountains ; lies at an elevation of 2250 feet above sea-level; is immediately overhung by the steep and almost mural mosses of Cairngorm (4084 feet), Ben Macdhui (4296), and Ben Mheadoin (38S3) ; measures 1| mile in length from SW to NE, and from 1 to 14 furlong in breadth ; exhibits scenery of solemn and most impressive grandeur ; and abounds in small black trout very different from those of the stream which hows from it. Its water is so clear ' that you can see the fishes hanging in every pool ; ' at its head is the Shelter Stone, a sort of cave large enough to accommodate 12 or 15 men, and formed by an immense fallen block of granite resting on two other blocks in situ. The river issues from the NE end of the lake ; runs first about 9 miles east-north-eastward, next about 13 miles north- north-westward, next about 52 miles northward ; and falls into the Spey at Ballindalloch. It flows mainly ■within Kirkmichael parish, but its last 2\ miles lie within or on the boundary of luveravon parish ; it passes the village of Tomintoul, and has its course partly along a profound mountain glen, partly along a deep ravine, partly along a narrow vale. It rose, in the great floods of 1829, to a height of 23 feet above its usual level in the ravine of Poll-du-ess, and to a height of 6 feet more than in the flood of 1768 at its mouth. It receives the Water of Ailnack, near Tomintoul, Conglass Water, the Burn of Lochy, and, near Drumin Castle, Livet Water. It abounds in trout, and, from June till November, is frequented by salmon. ' The Aven,' says Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, ' flows with so great pellucidity through its deep and dark glen, that many accidents have occurred to strangers by its appearing fordable in places which proved to be of fatal depth. This quality is marked by an old doggerel proverb — ' " The Water of Aven runs so clear, It would beguile a man of a hundred year."' The Queen and Prince Consort visited Loch Aven, 28 Sept. 1861.— Ore?. Sur., shs. 74, 75, 85, 1876-77. Aven or Avon, a river of Dumbartonshire, Stirling- shire, and Linlithgowshire. It issues from Loch Fanny- side, in Cumbernauld parish ; runs about 8 miles east- ward through Cumbernauld and Slamannan, and be- tween the latter parish and Muiravonside ; then goes about 12 miles, chiefly north-eastward, along the boun- dary between Stirlingshire and Linlithgowshire to the Firth of Forth about midway between Grangemouth and Borrowstounness. Its chief affluents are Polness Bm-n and Ballencrief AVater, both on its right bank. Much of its course winds along a shallow glen amid softly beautiful scenery ; but its entrance into the Firth is along a deep muddy cut through a wide expanse of sands and silts, which lie bare at low water. A splendid aqueduct of the Union Canal and a grand 23-arched viaduct of the Edinburgh and Glasgow railway span its glen on the boundary between Linlithgow and Muiravon- side parishes. — Orel. Sur., sh. 31, 1867. Aven-nan-Geren, a stream in Harris island. Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire. It is frequented by salmon. Avemish, a hamlet in the SW of Ross-shire. Its post-town is Lochalsh. Avich'(Gael. abh-acJi, ' field of the water'), a beautiful little loch in the Dalavich portion of Kilchrenan- Dalavich parisli. Lorn, Argyllshire, IJWof Loch Awe, to which it sends off" the Avich rivulet. Rudely resem- bling a triangle, with apex to the WSW, it is 3.^ miles long by 5i furlongs at its foot ; lies 311 feet above sea- AVOCH level ; and is flanked to the N by Cruach Maolachy (1239 feet), Cruach Narrachan (1223), and Meall Odhar (1255), to the S by Ckrn Duchara (1407) and Tom an t'Saoir (1191). A ruined castle stands near its head on an islet famous in Fingalian legend ; its waters abound in trout, bright hued, well shaped, and two or three to the lb. ; but salmon are stopped by a fall upon the rivulet. Aviemore (Gael, abh-mor, ' great water '), a station on the Highland railway in Duthil parish, E Inverness- shire, near the left bank of the Spey and at the base of Craigellachie, 12^ miles SW of Grantown. Here is a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and tele- graph departments ; and 3 furlongs to the N is Aviemore House. Avoch (Gael, abh-ach, ' field of the stream '), a village and a parish on the E side of the Black Isle district of Ross-shire. The village stands on a small bay of the Moray Firth, If mile SW of Fortrose, and 9 NNE of Inverness. It carries on an extensive fishery, mainly for the supply of the Inverness market ; exports some grain and wood, whilst importing coal, lime, bone-dust, and salt ; and has a post office under Inverness, with money order and savings' bank departments, a good inn, a commodious and substantial pier, a parish church (1760-92 ; 600 sittings), and a Free church. Pop. (1861) 1597, (1871) 1114, The parish is bounded N by Resolis and Rosemarkie, SE by the Moray Firth, S by Munlochy Bay, separating it from Knockbain, SW by Kihnuir- Wester, and W by Urquhart. Its greatest length, from NE to SW, is 4^ miles ; its greatest breadth is 3 miles ; and its area is about 6198 acres. The surface, in a general view, is a declina- tion from the lower part of the Ardmeanach or Mul^buie broad range of hills to the Moray Firth ; but, over the lower half, is crossed by several ridges running parallel to the main range ; so that it presents an agreeable diversity of hill and dale. A steep romantic ridge of conglomerate rock extends along the coast from the village to the northern boundary, and is covered with wood and with a rich variety of indigenous plants. A large mass of conglomerate rock occurs also at the en- trance of Munlochy Bay, and is so completely denuded of soil, and so weathered into small corries and rounded summits as to present a close resemblance to a miniature volcanic hiU. The intermediate parts of coast and all the beach are sandy and gravelly. Devonian sandstone and conglomerate rocks predominate ; but a high granitic ridge, to the NE and N of the village, has so upheaved them as to tilt their strata into all sorts of irregular inclinations, yet does not, to any great extent, over- top them. The JMoray Firth is 5 miles wide here, from Avoch village to Campbelltown ; looks, in conse- quence of the projection of Chanonry Point at Fortrose, like an inland lake ; and, with Fort George at one end of its reach beyond Chanonry Point and Inverness at the head of its reach beyond Kessock Ferry, presents a highly picturesque appearance. Avoch Burn rises mainly within the parish, runs to the Firth at Henrietta Bridge close to the village, and has water-power enough to drive a wool-carding mill and 3 corn mills. A beautiful pool, called Littleraillstick, lies near the burn's source ; and another sheet of fresh water, Scadden's Loch, lay near the north-eastern boundary, and covered 14 acres, but many years since was drained. Vast improvements in reclamation of waste land, in planting, in building, and in the introduction of the best methods of husbandry, have been eff"ected by Mr James Fletcher, since his pur- chase in 1864 of the estate of Rosehaugh from Sir James Mackenzie for £145,000. To Rosehaugh he has added the estates of Bennetsfield, Ethie, and Avoch ; and on Rosehaugh he has built a fine new mansion in the Re- naissance style [Trans. Rigid, and Ag. Soc, 1877, pp. 104-107). Avoch Castle stood on a rocky mound, about 200 feet above sea-level, \ mile W of the village ; appears to have been a structure of great strength ; was the death-place of the regent Andrew Moray (1338) ; belonged afterwards to the Earls of Ross ; and passed eventually to the Crown. Arkindeith Tower stood on a hillside a short way above the offices of Avoch ; be- 93 AVON AVONDALE longed to a castellated mansion of no great antiquity ; and is now represented by only the lower or dungeon story. Avoch is in the presbytery of Chanonry and synod of Boss ; its minister's income is £369. Tavo public schools, Avoch and Killen, with respective accom- modation for 160 and 78 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 161 and 59, and grants of £113, 2s. and £48, 7s. 6d. Valuation (1881) £7395, lOd., of which £7030, 10s. lOd. belonged to Jas. Fletcher of Rosehaugh. Pop. (1831) 1956, (1861) 1788, (1871) 1828, (1881) 1693. —Orel. Sur., sh. 84, 1876. Avon, a river of Lanarkshire, rising upon the Ayr- shire boundary, on the southern slope of Distinkhorn Hill (1258 feet), near head sources of the rivers Ayr and Irvine. Thence it runs 4| miles north-eastward along tlie boundary between Ajt and Lanark shires ; goes thence north-eastward through Avondale parish and along the boundaries between Stonehouse and Dalserf parishes on the right, and Avondale, Glassford, and Hamilton parishes on the left, to a point near Lark- hall ; turns there to the NW into Hamilton parish ; and runs, in a north-westerly direction, through that parish to the Clyde, at a point 1 mile EXE of the town of Hamilton. Its length of course, inclusive of windings, is about 24 J miles. It receives Glengavel Water about 2 miles after entering Lanarkshire ; DrumclogBurn, about 2 miles further on ; Little Calder Water, 2^ miles WSW of Strathaven ; and the Kj^pe, its largest tributary, 1 mile SSE of that town, besides a number of lesser burns. It passes within 7 furlongs of Strathaven, and 4 of Stonehouse ; and, in the last reaches of its course, flows through the Duke of Hamilton's grounds. It is reckoned one of the best trouting streams in Scotland, and used to be frequented, almost to its som-ce, by sal- mon. The scenery of its upper reaches is bleak and moorish ; that of its central reaches is of various charac- ter, and aboimds Avith beauty ; and that of its lower reaches is gorgeous and romantic. Its banks, along much of the lower reaches, are alternately bold and pre- cipitous, knolly and broken, softly green and wildly wooded ; and at length they become a stupendous tum- bling gorge, of similar character to the glen of the Esk at Roslin, but on a grander scale, and superior to every other celebrated sylvan Scottish defile in combinations of romance and power. The crags tower up in many places to the height of 250 or 300 feet ; the summits and ledges, and many ' a jutting frieze,' are festooned with shrubs, or crowned Avith stately timber ; and the alter- nations of recess and abutment, of grandeur and grace- fulness, almost speak to the imagination like a colossal copy of Gothic masonry. Half way along this gorge, croAvning a rock, nearly 200 feet above the bed of the river, like 'sentinel of fairy land,' stand the ruins of Cadzow Castle, the original seat of the ducal family of Hamilton, destroyed by command of the Regent Moray after the battle of Langside ; and on the opposite side of the ravine stands the modern summer-house of Chatel- heraidt, so called from the French dukedom which the Hamiltons possessed, and presenting a fantastic foil to the natural scenery around by its red walls, its four square towers all in a line, its gaudy pinnacles, its globular ornaments, and its rich parterres. The ancient forest of Cadzow or wooded park of the Dukes of Chatelherault, 'when princely Hamiltons' abode ennobled Cadzow's Gothic towers,' had this roman- tic glen for its centre, and spread out from its mouth over the haugh along the Clyde. Hither arrived James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, in frenzied flight, from his assassination of the Regent Moray at Linlithgow ; and, here, accordingly is laid the scene of Sir Walter Scott's ballad of Cadzow Castle, which tells how a hunting party, headed by the duke, were inspiriting one another's iierce party quaiTcl against the Regent — and how the fiantic murderer rode headlong into the midst of them, and ' From ffory selle and reeling steed Sprang the fierce horseman with a bound. And, reekintj from the recent deed, lie dashed his carbine on the uround. 94 ' Sternly he spoke — " 'Tis sweet to hear In good greenwood the bugle blown, But sweeter to revenge's ear To drink a tyrant's dying groan. ' Then speed thee, noble Chatelherault, Spread to the wind thy banner'd tree ; Each warrior bend his Clydesdale bow; Moray is fallen, and Scotland's free." ' Avonbridge, a village on the right bank of the Avon, in the NE angle of Slamannan parish, SE Stirlingshire, with a station on the North British, f mile W of Black- stone Junction and 11:1 ENE of Falkirk. It has a post office under Falkirk, a U.P. church (1803 ; 308 sittings), an Evangelical Union chapel, and a public school for Slamannan and Muiravonside conjointly, which, with accommodation for 150 children, l>ad (1879) an avei'age attendance of 99, and a grant of £90, 8s. 8d. Avondale, a parish at the south-western extremity of the middle ward of Lanarkshire, containing towards its north-eastern angle the post-town of Steathaven, with a station on the Caledonian, 9i miles S bj'- AY of Hamilton, and 19^ (15 by road) SSE "of Glasgow. Bounded NW by East Kilbride, N and NE by Glassford, E by Stone- house and Lesmahagow, S by JIuirkirk in AjTshire, and W by the AjTshire parishes of Sorn, Galston, and Loudoun, it has a length from N to S of from 6^ to 9J miles, a Axidth from E to W of from 4| to 8 miles, and an area of 37,666f acres, of which loSj are water. The Avox, rising in the extreme SW, takes a north-eastward course of 13 miles, first on the boundary with Galston, next through the whole interior, and then on the Stone- house border, quitting the parish at 2 miles E by N of Strathaven. During this course its principal affluents are Glengavel Water on the right, flowing 5 miles KNW ; Calder Water on the left, curving 5^ miles E by N, and tracing, with its sub-aflluent the Little Calder, great part of the boundary with East Kilbride ; Lochar Water on the right, flowing 3-^ miles NNW ; Kype Water on the right, cm'ving SJ mdes, first NE, then NNW along the Lesmahagow and the Stonehouse border ; and PowMiLLAN Burn on the left, curving 7 miles SE through Strathaven, and tracing, with its sub-aflluent the Black Burn, the rest of the boundary with East Kilbride. The surface follows the channels of these streams, but has a general south-westward rise, attaining to the left or N of the Avon 805 feet above sea-level at High Coldstream, 624 near Netherfield, 846 near High Hook, 837 near Undergi-een, and 933 at HairshawhiU. To the right or S of the Avon are the following eminences, of which those marked •n-ith an asterisk culminate on the southern boundary— Craigmuir (632 feet), Burnhead (783), Kypes Rig (1134), Middle Rig (1173), Martinside (1206), Berry Moss (1161), Hawkwood (1251), Side Hill (1411), Harting Rig (1475), Auchengilloch (1511), *Good- bush Hill (1556), Dungavel Hill (1502), Long Bank (1272), Regal Hill (1328), Millstone Ri^ (1212), Avonside (711), Mill Rig (1096), *Bibblon HiU (1412), *Backend Rig (1122), *TAvopenny Knowe (973), Anderside Hill (1033), *Burnt Hill (1109), Little Hartmidden (1152), and Hart Hill (1294). The rocks are mainly trap or carboniferous, presenting many interesting phenomena at the junctions of the erupted masses with the strata. There are several limestone quarries, and clay is found for the manufacture of drain tiles ; but a shaft tliat was opened some years ago to a seam of inferior coal, employed in the lime- kilns, has been abandoned. The uplands consist of stretch upon stretch of boggy grouse-moor, all naked now, but anciently clothed with the great Caledonian Forest, trunks of whose giant oaks are found from time to time among the mosses near the head of the Avon. The central and north-eastern parts, however, are rela- tively level and well-cidtivated ; and Hamilton of Wishaw must have referred to their light, dry soils, when, about 1710, he described this 'great paroch' as 'a plentiful country, especially in grain, and no want of corns' {Shcrijfdoms of Lanark and Ilenfrcw, new ed. 1878). Somewhat more than one-half of the entire area is arable; but it is by its dairy-farming that Avondale has long won most celebrity, the farmers of the Strath being AVONDOW scarcely equalled in fattening calves for the butcher. A Roman road, running parallel to the Avon, is traceable for 2f miles, from Lochar Mill to Sandford ; Acchex- GiLLOCH in the S, and Drumclog in the W, make Avon- dale famous in the annals of the Covenanters. Its local annals are thus epitomised by Hamilton : — ' This baronie did anciently [tc7np. Alexander III., 1249-S6] belong to the Bairds, and thereafter came to Sinclair, and from them to the Earl of Douglas, with whom it continued several ages, and after his fatal forfaulture, in anno 1455, it was given by King James the Third to Andrew Stewart, whom he created Lord Avendale [1457], and it continued with him and his heirs until 1538 or thereby, that he exchanged it vdfh. Sir James Hamilton for the baronie of Ochiltree, in the parliament 154-3. From which tyme it continued with the successors of Sir James Hamilton until it was acquired by James, first of that name, Mar- quess of Hamilton [1533-1604] ; and continueth with his successors since. There are many small vassals in this parish, besyde three or four gentlemen, — Overtoun, Netherfield, Rylandsyde, Lethem, and Kj-pe ; but all of them hold of the familie of Hamilton. ' To-day the chief mansions are Xetherfield House, 1^ mile EXE, and Lethame House, 1;^ mile W, of Strathaven ; and the Duke of Hamilton owns about one-fourth of all the lands in the parish, with superiority over the rest, these bemg shared among 5 proprietors holding each £500 annual value and upwards, 60 between £100 and £500, 51 between £50 and £100, and SS between £20 and £50. In the presbytery of Hamilton and synod of Glasgow and AjT, this parish is di^dded, quoad sacra, into Avondale (pop. 3259 in 1871) and the chapelry of East Strathaven (pop. 2201). The living is worth £473 ; and both churches, being situated at Strathaven, will be noticed in the article thereon, along with the Free church, three U.P. churches, and Eoman Catholic church. Under the school-board there are 5 public and 3 denominational schools, \\z. , Bamock, Chapel, Cross- hill, Drumclog, Gilmourton, Glengivel (Gen. As. ), Strath- aven (Free Ch.), and Strathaven (R. Cath.). AYith total accommodation for 946 children, these had (1S79) an average attendance of 766, and grants amounting to £681, 18s. 5d. Valuation (1881) £39,947, 123. Pop. (1831) 5761, (1861) 6125, (1871) 5460, (1881) 5466, of whom 3812 belonged to Strathaven. — Ord. Sur., sh. 23, 1865. Avondow, the upper part of the river Forth, from its source about 12 miles east-south-eastward, through the parishes of Aberfoyle and Port of Monteith in Perth- shire, to the influx of Kelly "Water on the boundary ^vith Stirlingshire. The name signifies 'the Black Stream.' See Forth. Avonhead, a village in New Monkland parish, Lanark- shire, with a public school, which in 1879 had accommo- dation for 200 children, an average attendance of 54, and a grant of £42, 12s. Avonholm, an estate, with a mansion, in Glassford par- ish, Lanarkshire. Thi'ee tall upright stones are here, and have been variously regarded as Caledonian remains, as monuments of ancient noblemen, and as monimients of martjTS. Avonlussa, a bum in Jura island, Argyllshire. It abounds \^ith trout and salmon. Avonsuidb or Fin Castle, a seat of the Earl of Dun- more, on the W coast of Harris island, Inverness-shire. Avontoun, a mansion in Linlithgow parish, near the river Avon, IJ mile "WSW of Linlithgow. Built by Lord President Blair (1741-1811), it is now the seat of his grandson, Hy. Temple Blair, Esq. (sue. 1873). Awe (Old GaeL A, 'water'), a loch in the SW of Assj-nt parish, Sutherlandshire, 3| mUes S of the head of Loch Ass3Tit, with which it communicates by the Loanan. Lying at the south-eastern base of Canisp (2786 feet), midway between Inchnadamff and Altnakeal- gach Inns, it is shallow and weedy, measures 7 furlongs by from 2 to 3, is studded by six wooded islets, and aboimds with fine red-fleshed trout. Mr Young caught 271 of 84 lbs. weight in four daj-s' fly-fishing during Jime and July. See his Satlierland{i.^th^. 1880), pp. 113. 114. AWE Awe, a lake and a river of central Argyllshire, both easily accessible since the opening (1 July 1880) of the final section of the Callander and Oban railway. Loch Awe station at the foot of the lake being 48| miles NNW of CaUander, 64| of Stirling, and 101 of Edin- burgh. A fine hotel, in the Scottish Baronial style, has been erected near the station. The lake commences at a point 3 miles E of the head of Loch Craignish, and 8 NE of the W end of the Crinan Canal, and extends, in a north-easterly direction, to the eastern .skirts of Ben Cruachan at the mouth of Glenorchy. Its length is 22| miles ; its breadth varies between 3 furlongs and IJ mile, or 3^ miles where it sends ofi" the river Awe ; and its altitude above sea-level is 118 feet. Its outline, all down to the last 6 mUes, is pretty uniform, or has only such indentations as do not prevent it from being a con- tinuous belt of water ; but its outline over the last 6 miles has the form of an expansion of the belt, forking at its end into two offsets, the one round the SE of Ben Cruachan to receive the Orchy river, the other round the SW of Ben Cruachan to send off the river Awe. Its basin, round the head and along the upper quarter, is low ground embosoming swamps and tumulated with hills ; over all the central parts is flanked by parallel ranges of high hills with moorish summits ; and, around all the foot, is overhung by alpiue moimtains, with the monarch Bex Cruachax (3611 feet) grandly dominant in the front. Its general appearance, in a comprehensive view, looks as if the head were the foot, as if the NE offset were the head, and as if the NW offset, or real foot, were a bay branching from the side. The original outlet of its superfluence was really at the present head, along a vale, south-westward to Loch Crinan, near the W end of the Crinan Canal ; and the present outlet appears to have been formed by an earth- quake stroke through the SW skirt of Ben Cruachan, and is a profoimd ravine or gorge, leading to Loch Etive. The scenerj' is tame at the head, and sublime at the foot ; exhibits great diversity, both in its main charac- teristics and in the inteiTuediate ones which connect and modify them ; and displays its force of feature in a reverse order to that of most Highland lakes, or with progressive increase, not from foot to head but from head to foot. The upper reaches present very little character ; the middle reaches show pleasing pictures, without much brilliance, and with little better than gradual ascents on each side to the distance of about 4 miles, diversified with heights, hoUows, and the beds of burns ; and the lower reaches rise rapidly into the utmost mag- nificence, in all stjdes of imposing landscape, from richly beautiful to overwhelmingly sublime. The mar- gins, in most parts, but chiefly toward the foot, are in- tricated with baylets and headlands, and considerably embellished with verdure or with wood ; and the bosoms of the central and the lower portions are gemmed with picturesque islands. The ^dews all below Port Sonachan, or below the point at which the road comes down from Inverary, or over the lower 8 miles, are not excelled in magnificence by those of any other lake scenery in Britain. ' The shores and islands, with their farms, and woods, and edifices, look smiling and lovely, the moun- tains in the E, Ben-laoidh, Ben-a-Cleidh, and Meall-nan- Tigheaman, look stern and noble ; the cuts and open- ings amongst them into the interior glens look wild and mysterious ; and the monster mass of Ben Cruachan, rising right up from all the northern margins of both neck and arms, and soaring steeply to the clouds, looks overpoweringly majestic. The lake here, in spite of being at its gi'catest breadth, and even with the aid of its branching offsets, appears almost dwarfed into a pool within the mighty magnitude of its mountain frame- work ; and yet it draws a keener attention from the observer to the beauty of its own bosom and banks, and imparts to him from this a more thrilling delight than if it lay within smooth green hills, or upon an embel- lished plain.' Some of the most interesting objects on its banks wiU be noticed under Kilchurx, Glexorcht, Cladich, and the principal mountains ; and the most interesting of its islands will be noticed in our articles 95 AWE AYR on Innishail, Innis-Fraoch, Innis-Chonnel, and Innis-Errich. The depth of the lake, in one place, is 51 fathoms. Its %yaters contain salmon, sahno-ferox, common trout, pike, perch, chaj, two or three species of sea-trout, and some other kinds of fish. The salmon abound most in the NE offset, toward the mouth of the Orchy river, but are found also in sheltered baylets and creeks. The salmo-ferox run from 6 to 20 lbs ; one of 39^ lbs. was caught in 1S66 in the upper pool of the river Awe. The common trout abound more or less in various parts, according to the situation of the feeding- grounds, and average f lb. The pike are thought to be of recent importation, and they have made great ravages among the smaller and more delicate kinds of fish. The char frequent the head of the lake, around the place of its original outlet. The lake lies partly in Lorn, partly in Argyll district ; and, from the influx of the Avich rivulet on its left side, about 9 miles from its liead, all downward to its foot, it forms the boundary between these two districts. Its islands, shores, and flanks were distributed, in the mediajval times, among the clans Campbell, Macarthur, and Macgregor ; and its basin gave to the Campbells their slogan or war-cry, ' It's a far call to Lochow ! ' intimating derision of any attempt of foes to reach or penetrate its powerfiil fastnesses. The river Awe runs from the extremity of the NW offset of the lake, 5 miles north-westward to Loch Etive, at Bunawe. It steals slowly and silently from the lake into a narrow, deep, tremendous gorge, the Pass of Brander ; rushes thence along a rocky bed, much ob- structed by reefs and boulders ; and sometimes is slow enough to form a pool or a ford, but generally careers headlong in a succession of rapids and cataracts. Its width averages about 45 yards ; and its depth varies from 2 or 3 feet to 20. Its waters abound with trout and salmon, and afford excellent sport in rod fishing ; but they severely test the skill and hardihood of the angler, and can scarcely anywhere be satisfactorily fished without wading. Sea-trout ascend the river in considerable numbers. The salmon plays in it with more attraction than in almost any other river in Scotland ; and the salmo-fero.x ascends the streamlets falling into it to spawn. The river's banks, in places terribly savage and wildly romantic, in others are fair with trees ; yet, for about three-fourths of their entire range, from the commencement of the Pass of Brander down- ward, they are properly not banks at all, but cliffs and precipices. Their height and steepness, too, especially along the Pass, are most imposing. The crags rise often from the water like a wall along most of the Pass, showing no space or level at their base, but de- scending sheer to the river's brink. The height of them at one place, measured from base to crest, is no less than 1308 feet. The Pass, indeed, through all its length, is a gorge ; and, at its lower end, is almost blocked by two confronting rocks, so as there to present an appear- ance somewhat similar to that of the lock of a canal ; and it formerly was overhung by entangling woods. It always, nevertheless, was a point of transit or thorough- fare between the regions of Glenorchy and "West Lorn ; and it is believed to have anciently had some sort of rude bridge ; yet, even with aid of either bridge or boat or other contrivance, it never could be traversed without much danger, or by any but a sure-footed mountaineer ; for it was barred by a mural ascent still called the Ladder Rock, and long commanded by a fortalice on the crown of the ascent. But now the Pass is crossed by a substantial bridge on the line of public road from Stirling and Dumbarton to Oban, and by a three-span railway viaduct. The Pass was the scene in 1300 of an exploit of Sir William Wallace ; and in 1308 of a severe skirmish between King Robert Bruce and Macdougal of Lorn. A spot near the bridge, too, is the scene of Sir Walter Scott's Ilirjltland JFidow. See pp. 134-152 of Dorothy Wordsworth's Tour in Scotland (ed. by Princ. Shairp, 1874) ; P. G. Hamerton's A Painter's Cam}) in the Highhmds (1862 ; 2d ed. 1868) ; and an article in the Comhill for Jan. 1881.— Ord Bar., shs. 37, 45, 1876. 96 Aylort, a sea-locli in the Inverness-shire section of Ardnamurchan parish. It strikes from the SE side of Loch Na-Nua ; penetrates the land about 5 miles east- ward ; forms part of the boundary between Moidart and Arasaig ; is generally less than | mile wide ; terminates at Kinchregan ; and receives there a short stream from an isleted freshwater lake. Loch Ailt or Rannoch. Aylort Kinloch. See Kinloch Aylort. Ayr, a river which, traversing AjTshire through its broadest part, cuts the county into two nearly equal portions. The Vindogara of Ptolemy, it is supposed to have got its modern name from the Gaelic a-reidh (' smooth water ') ; it bore the name originally in the form of Arc, afterwards in the forms of Air and Ayr, and it obviously gives its name to the town and county of A3T. It is formed in Muirkirk parish, close to the Lanarkshire border, by head-streams that rise at an alti- tude of from 1200 to 1500 feet above sea-level ; and thence it runs about 38 miles, in the direction of W by S, but ^^■ith many a bend, to the Firth of Clyde at the to-wn of Ayr. Its course, for a few miles, lies through bleak moors and ujdand meadows ; but after- wards traverses a fertile champaign country, chiefly along a deep, narrow, bosky dell or chasm. Its princi- pal tributaries are the Garpol, the Greenock, the Lugar, and the Coyle. It traverses or bounds the parishes of Muirkirk, Sorn, Auchinleck, Mauchline, Tarbolton, Stair, Ayr, and St Qmvox, and passes by Muirkirk, Wellwood, Limmerhaugh, Holhouse, Sorn, Catrine, Ballochmyle, Barskimming, Failford, Stair, Auchincruive, and Whitletts ; while places near it are Airdsmoss, Auchinleck, Mauchline, Tarbolton, Coylton, and St Quivox. Many reaches of it are richly picturesque ; many abound with striking close scenes ; and not a few are touched graphically, or worked into strong associa- tions, in the poems of Burns. Its waters contain yellow trout, and formerly were rich in salmon, but now have a very diminished repute among anglers. Its volume, in the winter months, is subject to heavy floods ; and then, as Burns says, designating Ajt harbour by the eld name of Ratton Key, — 'From Glenbuck down to the P.atton Key, Auld Ajt is just one lengthened tumbling? sea.' Ayr, the capital of Ayrshire, is a seaport, a seat of manufacture, and a royal and parliamentary burgh. It stands on the river Ayr, at its influx to the Bay of Ayr, and at a convergence of railways southward, south-west- ward, and northward. By sea it is 23 miles SSE of Garroch Head in Bute, 14^ SSE of Ardrossan, 16iJ W of Arran, 25 NE of Ailsa Craig, and 59 ENE of Torcar Point in Antrim, Ireland ; by rail it is 15^ SSW of Kilmarnock, 33 SSW of Paisley, 40^ SAV""by W of Glasgow (34 by road), 50^ WSW of Carstairs, 78 SW by W of Edinburgh, 60 NW bv W of Dumfries, 93 NW by W of Carlisle, and 66J NJSTE of Portpatrick. Its site is low ground, on the lip or sea-margin of a cham- paign, about 4 or 5 miles broad, screened all round by gently-rising heights, which form a great natural amphi- tlieatre. Its outskirts and environs, and many of its streets and houses, command a magnificent view over a large expanse of the Firth of Cl3'de, to Ailsa Craig, the alps of Arran, the Cumbrae isles, the hills of Bute, the mountains of Argyll, and the hanging plains of Cunning- hame. Its own outlines, as seen with the great amphi- theatre around it for a background, particularly from the brow of Brown Carrick Hill (940 feet), which overhangs the left bank of the river Doon, 4| miles to the SSW, form a singularly brilliant and imposing pic- ture. The general view from Brown Carrick Hill, in- deed, away across Kyle and Cunninghame, and over the Firth of Clyde, is so extensive, and all so brilliant and exquisite as to dwarf the town and its environs into only one small feature of the whole ; but that one feature, nevertheless, is very striking. Suburban villas and blocks of buildings, all more or less shaded by planta- tions, arc seen on the hither side ; the Gothic mass of Wallace Tower, and the lofty tapering spire of the Town's Buildings soar from the centre ; the chimney AYR AYR tops ami gable ends of the old parts of the town start up irregularly on the further side, and are seen through such vistas or in such arrangements as make the town appear much larger than it really is ; and the entire place sits so grandly on the front of the great amphi- theatre, with the firth sweeping round it in a great crescent blocked on the further side by the peaks of Arran, as to look like a proud metropolis of an extensive and highly picturesque region. The town comprises A}t proper on the left bank of the river, and the continuous suburbs of Newton -upon -Ayr and Wallacetown on the right. Consisting of two nearly equal parts, separated from each other by the river, it must be treated here in some respects as only Ayr proper, in others as including the two trans-fluviatile suburbs. These, Newton and Wallacetown, have a topography, local interests, and a history of their own, and will be noticed in separate articles ; but they stand compact with one another, and all mutually contiguous to Ayr proper ; and they and it are one town both for all business purposes and for parlia- mentary representation ; so that all, in consiclerable degree, require to be described together in the present article. Ayr proper, so late as the early part of the present century, presented a motley aspect, and could boast of little street improvement. It had just acquired the very fine extension of Wellington Square, but, with that exception, it consisted mainly of mean buildings, with fronts, gables, and corners projecting to the roadways as chance or caprice had directed. Its only thorough- fares were High Street, Carrick Vennel, Mill Vennel, Old Bridge Street, New Bridge Street, Sandgate Street, and Wellington Square ; and these were wretchedly paved, very indifferently cleaned, ill-lighted, and desti- tute of side pavements for foot-passengers. The prin- cipal approach to it from the N, too, was then a squalid winding way through Wallacetown ; and what is now the principal approach through Newton was then the water-way of a mill-lade, blocked by an old huge build- ing, partly mill and partly dwelling-house. But the improvement which began in the erection of Wellington Square went rapidly forward ; it accomplished more in the twenty years up to 1835, than had been accomplished dm-ing the previous hundred years ; it made a fmther start at and after the opening of the railway to Glasgow in 1840 ; and it has issued in giving the town a high rank for at once orderliness, cleanliness, and beauty, among the second-class towns of Scotland. Wellington Square stands in the SW, and, as regards at once the neatness of its houses, the spaciousness of its area, the fineness of its situation, and the fine seaward view com- manded by its windows, is scarcely excelled by any modem extension in any other provincial town in the kingdom. Handsome suburbs, with numerous villas, have radiated from Wellington Square or arisen beyond it ; and these, with the square itself, constitute an or- nate and urban West End. All the parts nearest the river and toward the shore have, generally speaking, a modern town-like aspect ; those in the centre and towards the S continue, in considerable degree, to be either antiquated, mean, or of village-like character. High Street is still to be the principal street, winding through both the modern regions and the old, and par- taking the character of both. A Roman road led from Dumfriesshire, through Gal- loway, into Ayrshire ; passed by way of Dalmellington and Ponessan to Ayr ; traversed the site of the town along the line of what is now Mill Street ; and seems to have terminated in either a military station or a harbour at the mouth of the river. It could be traced in many parts mthin the town, so late as about the beginning of the present century ; is still traceable in the S W of Castle- hill Gardens, within 1^ mile of the town ; and, till about the beginning of the 18th century, formed the only line of communication from Ayr to Galloway and Dumfries. Some unis, culinary utensils, and other small objects, believed to be Roman, have been found when digging foundations in the town. — A castle was built near the Seal of Ayr. mouth of the river, about 1192, by William the I.yon, and is mentioned by him as his 'new Castle of Ayr,' in a charter erecting the town into a burgh about 1200. Often destroyed and rebuilt in the course of successive wars, it held a strong garrison in 1263, to watch the pro- gress of the Norwegian invasion under Haco, when it is said to have been assaulted and captured by the Norse- men. In 1298 it was burned by Robert Bruce, to pre- vent its becoming a stronghold of the English army, who were marching westward to attack him ; but it was so repaired before 1314 as then to be garrisoned by Edward Bruce's army of 'full seven thousand men and mair,' raised for his expedition into Ireland; and it is said, but on very questionable authority, to have existed down to Cromwell's day. No trace of it appears to have been visible for several centuries ; but its site is supposed to have been a rising ground near the river, behind the present academy. The burgh seal is thought to have been adopted from the castle, ex- hibiting three battlemented towers, together with em- blems of St John the Baptist. — A temporary barrack, known in history as the Barns of Ayr, was erected by the forces of Edward I. of England on the SE side of the town, probably because they found the castle not sufficiently commodious or in improper condition for their occupancy; and that barrack was in 1297 the scene of the famous tragical exploit of Sir William Wallace, separately noticed under Bakns of Ayr. — A citadel, afterwards called the Fort, was erected by Oliver Cromwell in 1652, on ground extending from the sea to the site of the present Fort Street ; was built chiefly mth stones freighted from Ardrossan, and at so gi'eat a cost as to have made Cromwell exclaim that it seemed to have been built of gold ; occupied an area of about 12 acres, on a hexagonal ground plan; had bastions at the angles, with the main one close to the harbour, and commanding the entire circuit of the fortifications, the river's mouth, and the town itself; and enclosed the cruciform church of St John the Baptist, founded in the 12th century, and converted by Cromwell into an armoury and guard-room. The citadel was con- structed for the occupancy of a large body of troops, both to command the town and harbour of Ayr, and to overawe and defend the W and S of Scotland ; and it continued to be garrisoned till the end of Cromwell's time, but was dismantled after the Restoration. The ground it occupied, together with such of its buildings as remained, was given to the Earl of Eglinton, in com- pensation for losses sustained during the Great Rebel- lion, and, under the name of Montgome^ysto^vn, it was created a burgh of regality, and became the seat of a con- siderable trade. In 1726, however, it was purchased by four merchants of the to^vn, and during a few years prior to 1870, it was most of it covered with handsome villas. Part of a gateway of the town, called the Old Port, still stood at the Townhead within the present century, projecting on the pavement, in connection with the present 'Tam o' Shanter Tavern.' — The original Tol- booth, in which, according to Blind Harry, Sir William Wallace was confined, stood in High Street, and was supplanted by a house, long since removed, which, in its front, had a carved head, claiming to be a bust of Wallace. — A house in New Market Street, built in lieu of the one demolished, contains in a niche a figure of Wallace. — The next tolbooth, kno^vn to record as the Old Jail, stood on the rising ground in the centre of Sandgate, and, leaving barely room for carriages to pass, was the first object that attracted a stranger's attention on entering the town by the New Bridge. It was gained from the street by a stair of nineteen steps, so that prisoners taken into it were said to have gone up the 97 AYR nineteen st sps ; and had in front a steeple surmounted by a spire rising to the height of 135 feet, and furnished with a public clock, called in Bums' Brigs of Ayr ' the drowsy dungeon clock.' The building dated from some time imknown to record, and it remained long without a steeple. A mere belfry, ' for the use of the town and the Kirk,' was erected on it in 1614 ; a steeple was projected in 1697, but rose to only the first story in 1715, and was not completed till about 1726. The entire structure, in consequence of its obstructing and almost blocking the thoroughfare, was taken down in 1826. — The Fish Cross, round which the fishwives vended their fish, stood near the river, and was a very plain structure, with a two-stepped basement and a surmounting pillar. — The Malt Cross stood near the site of the present Town-Hall ; was an elegant structure, with hexagonal base, surmounting pillar, and croA\'ning unicorn, somewhat similar to the ancient cross of Edinburgh ; was the scene of a notorious burning of a lady of the name of Osborne, for im- puted witchcraft, about the middle of the 17th cen- tury ; and, after the building of the New Bridge and opening of the thoroughfare thence to Sandgate, about 1788, was taken down. — The massive three-story man- sion of the Osborne family on the N side of High Street, believed to have been the residence of the reputed witch, was demolished in 1881, and a fine hotel erected on its site. — A large turreted house stood near the Osborne mansion, separated from it only by a lane leading dowTi to the river ; belonged originally to the Blairs of Adamton, afterwards to the Chalmerses of Gadgirth ; and later than 1800 was partly occupied as the ' Queen's Head Inn. ' — An ancient small baronial tower at the corner of High Street and Mill Vennel belonged for some time to the Cathcarts of Corbieston, was purchased by the to^vn council in 1673, and acquired, one knows not wiiy, the designation of AVallace Tower. Partly reconstructed in 1731, it gave place in 1834 to an elegant edifice in the Gothic style, 113 feet high, now- one of the most prominent buildings in the town, and ac- cepted in popular belief as the veritable Wallace "Tower or true rejiresentative of that in which the hero lay. In it are the clock and bells of the quondam 'dungeon' steeple, and its front is 'adorned ' with a statue of Wallace, carved by the well-known self-taught sculj^tor Thorn. — Newton Castle, in the Newton subm-b, on a site between Garden Street and the Old Bridge, was a strong edifice, suited alike for military and domestic purposes. It was taken by the Norwegians in 1263, prior to the battle of Largs; belonged in 1468 to Adam Wallace, a relative of the Craigie family, and passed, in the time of James V. , with the lands of Sanquhar, to Sir William Hamilton, then taking the name of Sanquhar-HamUton Castle. In 1585 it was the temporary residence of the Earl of Arran ; in 1588 passed to the family of Craigie ; and was demolished in 1701. The bridges which link Ayr proper to its suburbs are ' The Twa Brigs ' of Burns' famous poem. They stand within 150 yards of one another. The Auld Brig is the upper one ; seems, on the evidence of record, to have been built at some time between 1470 and 1525 ; but is commonly said, without a shadow of proof, to have been erected ia the reign of Alexander III. (1249-86), at the expense of two maiden sisters of the name of Lowe, whose effigies, now crumbled away, were pointed out near the S end of the eastern parapet. It comprises four lofty and strongly-framed arches ; and has a narrow enough roadway to have been fairly liable to the New Brig Spirit's taunt about its ' poor narrow footpath of a street, where twa wiieelbarrows tremble when they meet.' A ford, the Ducat Stream, immediately above the bridge, seems to have been the only passage from the town in olden times ; and, prior to the erection of the bridge, was yearly the scene of much loss of life during the floods of w inter and spring. The New Bridge was built (1785- 88) chiefly through the exertions of Provost Ballantyne, to whom Burns dedicated his poem, and it was a neat structure, with five arches, after a design by Robert Adam. Injured by the floods of 1877, it was rebuilt 98 AYR (1878-79) for over £15,000, and repaired (1881-82) for £2000 more, thus fulfilling the Auld Brig's prophecy — ' And tho' wi' crazy eild I'm sair forfairn, I'll be a brig when je're a shapeless cairn.' The railway viaduct, 3 furlongs above the Auld Brig, is 26 feet wide, and consists of 4 arches, each of 60 feet span, with a footpath outside the parapet. — The County Buildings on the NAV side of Wellington Square were built from a design by Mr Wallace, after the model of the temple of Isis in Rome, at a cost of more than £30,000. They have a portico decorated with columns of Arran stone ; their upper story contains Justiciary and Coimty halls, the latter enriched with portraits of the twelfth Earl of Eglinton, the fourth Earl of Glasgow, and the late Mr Hamilton of Sumdrum. — The Town's Buildings, erected in 1828, at the junction of High Street and Sandgate — the latter in a line with the New Bridge — were originally a tasteful structure, surmounted by a beautiful spire 226 feet high, and were greatly enlarged and improved in 1880-81 at an estimated cost (considerably exceeded) of £19,952, by the addition of a fine new police court and a town-hall with stained- glass portraits of Wallace, Bruce, John Welsh, Burns, Scott, and Shakespeare, and with a powerful organ. — The prison, since 1880 the only one in the shire, stands near the shore behind the County Buildings, and contains 149 cells, in wiiich, dming the year ending 31 March 1880, there were confined 1459 criminal off'enders, the gross expenditure being £2433. — The northern station, built by the Glasgow and Ayr Railway Company in 1840, and standing at Lottery Ha' in the Newton suburb near the New Bridge, is a neat Tudor edifice erected at a cost of about £8000. It was converted into a luggage station in 1857 on the opening of the southern passenger station at the Town- head, in connection with the Dalmellington railway, which southern station is now (1881) about to be rebuilt. New locomotive sheds were erected in 1877 on the N side of the town ; the engine shed, a fine stone building, is 300 feet long and 90 broad. — A bronze statue of Brigadier-General Jas. Geo. Smith-Neill (1810- 57), who fell at the first relief of Lucknow, stands in Wellington Square, where he was born ; and a monu- ment to Archibald William, thirteenth Earl of Eglinton (1812-61), of tournament memory, stands on the W side of the Square, facing the portico of the County Build- ings. Designed like General Neill's by Mr Noble, il was erected in 1865 ; and comprises a granite pedestal 16 feet high and more than 40 tons in weight, and a bronze statue 12 feet high and 4^ tons in weight. St John the Baptist Church was either the original church of Ayr or at least a very ancient building, and was the meeting-place in 1315 of the parliament of King Robert Bruce which assigned the succession to his brother Edward. It stood between the town and the river's mouth, on a site afterwards enclosed within Cromwell's citadel ; and was a cruciform structure, with a tower at its W end terminating in a crow-stepped roof. It continued the parish church till the erection of Cromwell's citadel, when it was converted into an armoury and guard-room. The present old parish church was built in 1653-55, at a cost of £1708 sterling, partly defrayed by Cromwell. It stands in a retired space behind High Street ; has a cruciform shape, somewhat resembling that which St John's Church had, yet pre- sents nothing to vie with the grand Gothic ecclesiastical edifices of preceding times ; was, not long since, re- seated and adorned with splendid memorial stained-glass windows ; and also hasavery fine organ. Tho NewChurch was built in 1810 at a cost of £5703 ; was re-roofed about 1830, at considerable expense ; and, both without and within, is handsome enough, though lacking the im- jiortant feature of tower or spire. The total sittings in the two parochial churches are 1982. The parish church of Newton was built towards the close of last century, and that of Wallacetown in 1834-36, this being a Gothic building, raised in 1874 to quoad sacra status. Four Free cliurches are Ayr, Martyrs', Wallacetown, and AYR AYR Newton ; two U.P. cliurclies are Cathcart Street (1816 ; 1182 sittings) and Darlington Place (18G0 ; 820 sittings). Other places of worship are a United Original Secession church (1799 ; 605 sittings), a Moravian chapel, an Evangelical Union chapel, a Wesleyan chapel (1813 ; 530 sittings). Trinity Episcopal church (1839)_, Early English in stj'le, and the pro-cathedral of the Bishop of Glasgow, and St Margaret's Roman Catholic church (1827 ; 684 sittings), a Gothic edifice, built at a cost of £1900. — The original cemetery lay around St John's Church ; the next cemetery was that around the old parochial church ; and a beautiful new cemetery is on the river Ayr, about h mile from the town. — A Dominican friary, St Catherine's, was founded in 1230 somewhere about the head of Mill Street, but has been so completely effaced that even its precise site cannot now be ascertained. An Observants' friary, founded in 1472, stood on the site of the present Old Church ; and is now represented by nothing but an excellent spring, the Friars' Well. A chapel dedicated to St Leonard stood in what is now called Chapel Park, about IJ mile SW of the to^vn ; and left ruins which existed into the present century, but have now entirely disappeared. A public school, dating from 1264, or perhaps from 1233, was connected till the Reformation with St John's Church, passing thereafter under the town council's management. It had for its rector, in 1727 and follow- ing years, the celebrated grammarian Mair, author of the Introduction to Latin Composition. Reconstituted, under the name of Ayr Academy, in 1794, it received a royal charter in 1798 ; gives instruction (1881) to 394 pupils in classics, modern languages, mathematics, etc. ; is conducted by a rector, four masters, and a large staft" of assistants ; and passed under the Burgh school-board in 1873. The original building stood at the head of School Vennel, the present Academy Street ; and was a plain quaint structure, with a thatched roof. The next, in an open healthy situation, near the site of Cromwell's citadel, was erected in 1810 at a cost of £3000, and in 1880 was superseded by the present edifice, which, costing £8000, stands in front of the old, and can accommodate between 500 and 600 pupils. A plain but massive Grecian two- storied structure, with rustic basement, centre, and two wings, it measures 140 by nearly 300 feet ; a tetrastyle Corinthian portico is adorned with medallions of Wilkie, Watt, and Burns. The public schools, with their accom- modation, average attendance, and grants for the year 1879-80, were :— the Grammar School (245, 245, £233, 2s. 6d.), Newton Academy (400, 233, £202, 12s.), Smith's Institution (351, 271, £180), Lady Jane Hamilton's school (350, 174, £142, 3s.), Wallaceto^TO (486, 328, £238, lis.), and Newtonhead (486, 492, £369, 5s.). Totals for the six were : — average attendance, 1743; number examined, 1362 ; number of passes, 3044 ; school fees, £1194, 7s. lOd. ; grants, £1365, 13s. 6d. There are also Epis- copal and Roman Catholic schools, which, with respec- tive accommodation for 176 and 155 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 140and 123, and grants of £120, 2s. and £69, 14s. — The mechanics' institution, founded in 1825, had a large and excellent library, but it has since been incorporated with the public library and read- ing-room in Maeneille Buildings. Other institutions are a branch of the Royal Lifeboat Institution, an auxiliary ship\vrecked fishers' and mariners' benevolent society, a sailors' society (1581), an incorporation of whipmen, a religious tract society, a Bible society, an agricultural association, etc. The district lunatic asylum, opened in July 1869, has accommodation for 230 patients, and in July 1880 had 97 inmates. The Kyle union poorhouse (1860), to the E of the station, contains accommodation for 168 paupers ; and had 126 inmates in July 1880. A little beyond it a new two-storied hospital, 400 feet long, for 44 general and 20 fever patients, is (1881) in course of erection at a cost of £8000, the fever ward being detached. The town has a head post office, branches of the Bank of Scotland, the British Linen Co., the Clydes- dale, Commercial, National, Royal, and Union banks ; and 45 insurance agencies. There are 12 chief hotels and inns, besides 3 temperance hotels, and a Working Man's Public House, erected in 1880 at a cost of £6000 by Henry and William Houldsworth, Esqs. Papers are the Thursday Liberal Ayr Advertiser (1803), the Tuesday and Friday Conservative Ayr Observer (1832), the Saturday Ayrshire Ari/ns and Express (1857), and the Tuesday and Friday Liberal Ayrshire Post (1880). Tuesday and Friday are market-days, and fairs are held on New Year's day, the Thursday before the second Wednesday of January, the first and third Tuesday and the last Friday of April, the Thursday and Friday before the second Monday of July, and the second Thursday and third Tuesday of October. On the racecourse, to the S of the town, is held in September the three days' Westei'u jMceting. Coaches, in com- munication with railway trains run to Kirkmichael and Straiten every Tuesday, and to Ochiltree and Cumnock every Tuesday and Friday. The town had anciently so great trade as to be styled by Buchanan ' em'porium non ignobile;' and Brei'eton in 1634 described it as 'a dainty, pleasant-seated town, most inhabiting in which are merchants trading into and bred in France.' From causes, however, not well understood, it greatly declined in prosperitj^ so that Defoe wrote early in tlie 18th century : — ' It is now like an old beauty, and shows the ruins of a good face, but is still decaying every day ; and from having been the fifth best town in Scotland, as the townsmen say, it is now the fifth worst ; which is owing to the decay of its trade. So true it is that com- merce is the life of cities, of nations, and even of king- doms. What was the reason of the decay of trade in tliis place is not easy to determine, the people themselves being either unwUling or unable to tell ' ( Tour through Great Britain, ed. 1745, p. 114). The MTiter of the New Statistical account of it in 1837 also says : — "'It has often been a matter of surprise, that Ayr has not been more benefited by manufactures and public works, pos- sessing, as it does, so many advantages for this purpose, and such facilities of communication with other places, both by sea and land. With such an extensive grain country surrounding it, distilleries could not fail to thrive ; the price of labour is low rated, and all the other requisites are easily procurable. Cotton works might prosper as well here as at Catrine, the to^vn being as favourably situated in regard to all the materials necessary — coal, water, and labourers in abundance ; while it has greatly the advantage, by enjoying the means of sea, as well as of land, carriage. And we can see nothing to hinder the manufacture of wool in its various branches, particularly in the weaving of carpets, from succeeding as well in this place as in Kilmarnock, which owes to this cause so much of its wealth and prosperity. ' The woollen manufacture, as a matter of fact, was in- troduced in 1832, and has been prosperous. Begun, for wool-spinning and carpet-weaving, in a small building, once a cotton mill, it succeeded so well as to occasion great extensions of the premises from time to time, till they came to cover a large area ; and in these premises are employed some 150 carjiet weavers, and 350 other persons. Another factory, built about 1863, employs some 35 persons in the weaving of winceys and flannels ; and several other small factories carry on considerable trade in the making of blankets, flannels, plaidings, and various kinds of woollen wearing apparel. Muslin- flowering, for the manufacturers of Glasgow, rose gradu- ally into importance, all round the town, and through much of the county, from about the end of last century ; but it received a sudden and severe check in 1857, and it does not now exist to one-half its former extent. Slioemaking for the foreign market was carried on to a large extent in the early part of the present century, and is still very prosperous. Among recent works may be noticed the sawmills of Messrs Paton & Sons, transferred in 1881 from the S to the N quay, and now 8 acres in extent, also a lace factory opened in the same year. There formerly were nine incorporated trades ; and six of them — hammermen, weavers, tailors, squaremen, shoemakers, and fieshers — etill retain an 99 AYR embodied form, with deacons, deacon -convener, and trades' house ; but they do little more than supply the demands of the local population. A fishery at the town formerly swept well-nigh the entire firth, for the supply of Greenock, Glasgow, and other places, and likewise made great capture of salmon in the rivers A)t and Doon, sometimes sending them as far as Carlisle and London ; but it shrank into c comparativelj' narrow sphere after the introduction of steam navigation, yet still is productive enough to bring abundant sujtply of all kinds of fish to the local market, and employs 270 boats of 799 tons. Shipbuilding was anciently carried on for several of the Kings of Scotland ; and it still, in a small way, gives some emplojmient. One sailing vessel of 93 tons was built in 1867, one of 93 in 1S69, and one of 94 in 1875, this being the last to the close of 1880. The harbour lies within the river's mouth, and for- merly was nothing more than a shallow, narrow, natural tidal basin, with no better appliance than an old range of storehouses. A bar, obstructing the river's mouth, seemed for a long time to resist removal, in consequence of constant fresh deposits on it of alluvial matter ; but after great expenditure of labour and money, was consi- derably reduced, and finally got rid of altogether. A pier, from 20 to 25 feet high, diminishing from about 24 to 8 feet in width, and extending to about 1100 feet in length, was constructed on the S side seaward about the year 1827 ; another pier, of similar dimensions, was constructed on the N side seaward a few years later ; and a breakwater outward from the extremity of the piers, and shielding the mouth of the entrance to the harbour, was constructed subsequently to 1837. Two light- houses, with three lights, give the line for taking the harbour. The lights bear SE by E i E 850 feet ; two of them are bright, the other red ; and one of the bright ones and the red one are in the same building, and show all night. Between 1874 and 1881 a wet dock and slip dock were constructed at a cost respectively of £140,000 and £13,500. The former (opened 18 July 1878) is T\ acres in area, has 15 feet of water at low tide and 2000 feet of quayage, and is provided with hydraulic hoists ; in connection with the latter an esplanade, pro- tected by a concrete bulwark, is being formed along the S beach. In 1880 the harbour income was £11,846 ; the expenditure, £16,088. From 2459 in 1836 the aggregate tonnage registered as belonging to the port rose to 3684 in 1843, 6668 in 1852, 8758 in 1866, 8317 in 1874, 11,471 in 1878, and 14,095 in 1880, viz., 40 sailing vessels of 13,195 and 8 steamers of 900 tons. The following table gives the aggregate tonnage of vessels that entered and cleared from and to foreign and colonial ports and coast^\-ise in cargoes and also — for the three last years — in ballast : — Entered. Cleared. 1851 1856 1866 1874 1878 1880 British. For'gn. Total. British.' For'^. Total. 48,325 42,548 27,985 133,618 257,147 217,156 325 2198 2527 5387 7125 48,325 42,873 30,183 141,145 202,534 224,281 103,317 101,059 89,067 136,266 254,417 220,825 187 1557 3075 5497 7259 103,317 101,246 90,024 139,341 259,914 228,084 Of the total, 2124 vessels of 224,281 tons, that entered in 1880, 673 of 67,657 tons were steamers, 1022 of 112,741 tons were in ballast, and 2090 of 212,842 tons were coasters ; whilst the total, 2155 of 228,084 tons, of those that cleared, included 620 steamers of 62,167 tons, 131 vessels in ballast of 14,273 tons, and 2118 coasters of 217,475 tons. The trade is mainly then an export coast- wise one, and coal is the chief article of export — 137,499 tons in 1864, 102,684 in 1869, 176,571 in 1873, 384,846 in 1878 (10,368 thereof abroad), and 86,419 in the second quarter of 1881. The commerce of bygone days included much import of wine from France, and much export of com and salmon. The modem commerce was long and severely curtailed tlirough the great improvements in the navigation of the Clyde carrying up much trade to Green- 100 AYE ock, Port-Glasgow, and Glasgow, and likewise through the formation of Ardrossan harbour; yet, notwithstanding the continuance and increase of competition from these quar- ters, it has undergone great revival, due partly to the opening of the railways, partly to mining extension and agricultural improvement. The owners and the workers of the rich mineral-fields in Kyle and Carrick, and the farmers and corn-merchants throughout most of these districts must ever regard Ayr as a valuable seaport. The chief imports now are whisky from Campbeltown ; beef, butter, barley, yarn, linen, limestone, whiting, and porter, from Ireland ; slates and bark from "Wales ; guano from Liverpool and Ichaboe ; bones from South America ; spars, deals, and heavy timber, from North America and the Baltic ; and tar and pitch from Archangel. The chief exports are coal, pig-iron, farm produce, leather, ale, and manufactured goods. In 1880 the value of foreign and colonial imports was £57,709 (£73,427 in 1875) ; of exports, £5403 ; and of customs, £2317. Steamers sail regularly to Greenock, Glasgow, Campbeltown, Girvan, Stranraer, and Liver- pool. AjT was made a royal burgh about 1200 by a charter of AVilliam the Lyon, ' which, ' says Hill Burton, ' is perhaps the oldest kno^vn charter absolutely bringing a burgh into existence ; ' and it then received the extensive privileges it still enjoys. The municipal burgh includes Ayr proper, Newton, and Wallacetown, as likewise does the parliamentary burgh, which unites with the four other Ayr burghs, Irvine, Campbeltown, Inverary, and Oban, in sending a member of Parliament — a Liberal (1837- 74), a Conservative (1874-80), and now again a Liberal, who polled 2303 against his opponent's 1420 votes. The town council comprises a provost, 4 bailies, a cham- berlain, a treasurer, a dean of guild, a procurator-fiscal, and 18 other councillors. The General Police and Im- provement Act was adopted in all its parts prior to 1871. In 1880 the police force numbered 20 men (superinten- dent's pay, £200) ; in 1879 1106 persons were tried at the instance of the police, 31 committed for trial, 1048 convicted, and 238 not dealt ^vith. The annual value of real property within the parliamentary burgh was £52,168 in 1871, £90,781 (jjIus £3297 for railways) in 1881, when the municipal and parliamentary constitu- ency numbered 2136. The corporation revenue was £2057 in 1833, £2646 in 1864, £3482 in 1874, and £3245 in 1880. Pop. (1841) 15,749, (1851) 17,624, (1861) 18,573, (1871) 17,853, (1881) 20,812, of whom 9809 were males, and 11,003 females. Houses (1881) 4276 inhabited, 242 vacant, and 62 building. Ayr may be presumed to have been a place of some importance long before the period of authentic record. It is not mentioned by any Roman writer ; yet it clearly appears, from the Roman road to it, and from Roman relics found in and near it, to have been well known to the Roman forces in Britain. It comes into notice in the time of William the Lyon in aspects which imply it to have long before possessed at once political and commercial consequence. It also figured prominently both in the War of Independence and throughout the religious struggle at and after the Reformation. Wal- lace and Bruce on the one hand, and the forces of Edward I. of England on the other, stand boldly out in connection with Ayr. Even the local disturbers of the public peace, the heads of septs in Kyle and Carrick, the Crawfurds, the Campbells, and the Kennedys, in the 16th and 17th centuries, made it the focus or scene of some of their endless quarrels. Famous natives and residents, too, have thrown lustre over the town. Joannes Scotus Erigena, who shone like a star amid the darkness of Europe in the 9th century, is claimed by Ayr, but was more probably an Irishman. John Welsh, the famous High Presbyterian divine, was minister of Ayr from 1590 "to 1605 ; at Ayr, in 1625, died his wife, Elizabeth Knox, daughter of the great Reformer ; and in Young's Life of him, edited by the Rev. Jas. Ander- son (1866), is much of interest regarding Ayr. Andrew Michael Ramsay (1686-1743), commonly called the Chevalier de Ramsay, well known for his Travels of AYR Cyrus, but better known as a convert to Romanism and as tntor to the Young Pretender, was a native. Dr M'Gill who, by his Essay on the Death of Christ, led the way to a great heresy in the latter part of last cen- tury, was one of the ministers of Ayr, and lies in its churchyard ; his colleague was Dr Dalrymple, who figures in a poem of Burns as 'D'rymple mild.' Dr William Peebles, who dragged M 'Gill's heresy into notice, and is styled by Burns ' Poet AVillie,' was minister of Newton. Natives, too, were John Loudon Macadam (1756-1836) of road-making celebrity ; David Cathcart, Lord AUoway (1764-1S29), judge of the Court of Session ; Archibald Crawford (1779-1843), a minor poet ; and Jas. Fergus- son, D.C.L. (b. 1808), writer on architecture. But on Alloway, Bums' birthplace, Ayr rests its highest claim to fame. He made the town so thoroughly his own by his graphic descriptions and humorous effusions, that it blends itself -with much of his biography, both as a man and as a poet ; and he knew it so long and so intimately that his panegyric may well be taken for true — ' AuM AjT, wham ne'er a town surpasses For honest men and bonny lasses.' The civil parish of Ayr comprises the ancient parishes of AjT and Alloway, Avhich, nearly equal to each other in extent, are separated by Glengaw Burn. The united parish is bounded N by the river Ayr, parting it from Newton and St Quivox ; E by Coylton ; SE by Dal- rymple ; SW by the river Doon, which separates it from Maybole ; and W by the Bay of Ayr or Firth of Clyde. It has an extreme length and breadth of i\ miles, and an area of 7139^ acres, of which 106| are foreshore, and 93^ water. The surface for a good way from the beach is low and flat, but afterwards rises gradually eastward and south-eastward, attaining 100 feet near Kincaidston, 126 near Crofthead, 225 near Macnairston, 381 near Cockhill, and 208 near Brom- berry. The low level tracts in the SW were long bleak and barren, or covered mostly with firs and heath, but both these and all the other low level lands are now so enriched by cultivation and so embellished with wood as to look almost like a series of pleasure-grounds. The parts farthest inland are cold and bleak, and have a very tame appearance. The rocks lie deep, can be seen only in the river beds, in quarries, or in mines, and belong mainly to the Carboniferous formation, partly to mas- sive or intersecting traps. Sandstone was formerly quarried, but it lies too deep to be now economically worked. A species of clay stone, well-known to artisans as ' Water of Ayr stone,' and used^^for whetting fine- edged tools and for polishing marble and metals, is got in the bed of the Ayr. Some fine specimens of agate are occasionally found on the shore. The soil, near the coast, is light and sandy ; over the next 2 miles, or nearly so, is a light, rich, fertile mould ; farther back, becomes somewhat churlish ; and, on the boundary heights, is a cold, stiff, tilly clay. A lake. Loch Fergus, (3x1 furlong), with an islet in its centre, lies on the SE boundary ; and another smaller lake, Carcluie Loch, lies toward the S. The chief country residences are Castle- hill, Belmont Cottage, Rozelle, Doonholm, Bellisle, Cambusdoon, and Mount Charles. A battle is said to have been fought between the Romans and the Cale- donians, in the year 360, on the banks of Doon. Another battle figures obscurely, in the writings of Hol- lingshed, Boethius, and Buchannan, as having been fought, at some early period, between tribes of the Caledonians, somewhere on the south-western border of the parish ; and is represented as having been fatal both to Fergus I., King of the Scots, and Coilus, King of the Britons. Loch Fergus is said to have been named from the former of these kings, and Coylton and Kyle from the latter. Seven proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 67 of between £100 and £500, 94 of from £50 to £100, and 100 of from £20 to £50. The seat of a presbytery in the synod of Glasgow and Ayr, the civil parish contains part of the quoad sacra parish of Alloway. The charge is collegiate or double, AYE the income of the first minister being £568, of the second £336. Valuation of landward portion (1881), £14,948, 3s. 2d. Pop. (1801) 5492, (1831) 7606, (1861) 9308, (1871) 9589,(1881) 10,182.-Orrf. Sur., sh. 14, 1863. See D. Murray Lyon's Notes on Ayr in the Olden Time (1876), and the Marquess of Bute's Burning of the Bams of Ayr (1878). The presbytery of Ayr, meeting there on the first Wed- nesday of February, April, May, July, October, and De- cember, comprises the old parishes of Auchinleck, Ayr, Barr, Coylton, Craigie, New Cumnock, Old Cumnock, Dailly, Dalmellington, Dalrymple, Dundonald, Galston, Girvan, Kirkmichael, Kii'koswald, Mauchline, ilaybole, Jlonkton, Muirkirk, Newton-on-Ayr, Ochiltree, St Quivox, Riccarton, Sorn, Stair, Straiton, Symington, and Tarbolton ; the quoad sacra parishes of Alloway, Catrine, Crossbill, Fisherton, Fidlarton, Girvan-South, ^laybole-West, Patna, Troon, and Wallacetown ; and the chapelries of Annbank and Lugar. Pop. (1871) 100,556, of whom 18,734 were communicants of the Church of Scotland in 1878, when the sums raised by the above congregations in Christian liberality amounted to £12,165. The Free Church also has a presbytery of Ayr, in the synod of Glasgow and Ayr, with four churches at Ayr, and others at Ballantrae, Barr, Barr- hill, Colmonell, Crossbill, New Cumnock, Afton, Bank, Old Cumnock, Dailly, Dalmellington, Dalrymple, Dun- donald, Girvan, Kirkoswald, Maybole, Monkton, Ochil- tree, Stair, Symington, Tarbolton, and Troon. In 1880 the members of these 26 churches numbered 4822. The United Original Seceders likewise have a presbytery of Ayr, comprehending charges at Ayr, Auchinleck, Col- monell, Kilmarnock, Kihi-inning, and Stranraer, and two charges in Ireland. Ayr, Bay of, an eastward expansion of the Firth of Clyde, opposite the island of Arran. It sweeps into the coast of AjTshire in a concave form, and has an outline somewhat similar to that of a crescent moon. The chord of it, or the geographical line separating it from the main body of the firtli, extends from Farland Head, at the E side of the entrance of the strait between Cum- brae islands and the mainland, 22 miles south-south- eastward to the Head of Ayr or promontory of Brown Carrick Hill, 2 miles WSW of the mouth of the river Doon. The longest line, at right angles with tlie chord, to the mainland at the mouth of Ir-^ane Water, is 6A miles. The extent of shore-Hue, exclusive of minor curvatures, is 25 miles. The aggregate of foreshore is about 2870 acres. The coast, in a general ^aew, is all low, or but little diversified ; and it has indentations of any consequence only at Ardrossan, Saltcoats, and Troon. An islet, called Horse Island, lies near Ardrossan. Another islet, called Lady Isle, lies 2J miles SAV of Troon ; and two rocks or skerries, Lappoch Rock and Meikle Craig, lie respectively 2 miles N by W, and \\ mile S by E, of Troon. The parishes on the coast are West Kilbride, Ardrossan, Stevenston, Irvine, Dun- donald, Monkton, Newton, Ayr, and Maybole. The chief streams flowing into the bay are the Garnock and the Irvine, in the vicinity of Irvine ; the Ajt, at Ayr harbour ; and the Doon, 2 miles S of Ayr. The scenery of the bay blends on the N with that of Cumbrae and Bute, on the E with that of great part of A3Tshire, on the S with that of Ailsa Craig and the main body of the firth, on the W with Arran and the Argyllshire moun- tains ; and is surpassingly diversified and magnificent. Ayr and Glasgow Railway. See Glasgow, Paisley, KiLMAKNOCK, AND AYU RAILWAY. A.jr and Maybole Railway, a railway from Ayr south- ward to Maybole. The first reach of it, to the length of 32 miles, is part of the Glasgow and South-Western system, and forms a trunk-line to jointly the Maybole proper and the Dalmellington, the latter going south- eastward to a distance of 15 miles from Ayr. The next reach is the Maybole proper ; goes 5f miles southward and south-south-westward to Maybole town ; was author- ised in 1854, on a capital of £33,000 in shares and £10,000 on loan ; was opened inOctoberl857 ; was worked and maintained, under an Act of 1863, by the Glasgow 101 AYR and South-Western ; and in 1871 was rested in that company at 7 per cent. Another and longer reach, in continuation of the Maybole proper, and called the Jlay- bole and Girvan, extends 12 J miles southward and south- south-westward from Maybole to Girvan. Authorised in 1856 on a capital of £68,000 in shares and £22,600 on loan, it was opened in 1860, and became amalgamated in 1865 with the Glasgow and South-Western. Ayr, Head of. See Head of Ayu. Ayr, Newton upon. See Newton-upon-Aye. Ayr Road, a railway station in Lanarkshire, on the Lesmaliagow branch of the Caledonian railway, IJ mile SE of Larkhall. Ayr Road. See Cumnock. Ayrshire, a maritime county of SW Scotland. It is bounded N by Renfrewshire, NE by Renfrew and Lanark shires, E by Lanark and Dumfries shires, SE by Kirk- cudbrightshire, S by Wigtownshire, W by the North Channel and the Firth of Clyde. Its outline resembles that of a broad crescent, convex to the E, concave to the W. Its boundaries all round the landward sides are mainly artificial, i.e., though partly formed by water- sheds, rivulets, and lakes, are principally capricious or conventional. Its length, from Kelly Burn, on the boundary \vith Renfrewshire on the N, to Galloway Burn on the boundary with Wigtownshire on the S, is 60 miles in a direct line, but 90 miles by the public road, the difference being chiefly due to the curvature of the coast ; its breadth increases from 3^ miles at the northern, and 64 at the southern, extremity to 28 eastward from Head of Ayr ; and its area comprises 722,229^ acres of land, 6075^ of foreshore, and 6957 of water — in all 1149 square miles. Tlie rivers Irvine and Doon, the former running westward, the latter north-north-westward, cut the entire area into three sections, Cunniughame in the N, Kyle in the middle, Carrick in the S. These sections, if the entire area be represented as 52, have the proportions of respectively 13, 19, and 20. The first and the second are predominantly lowland, while the third is predomi- nantly upland. Cunninghame and Kyle also in a main degree have the form of an amphitheatre, rich in inner beauty, and all looking across to the grand western moun- tain-screen of the Firth of Clyde ; while Carrick, in a considerable degree, is a tumbling assemblage of brae and hill and mountain, with only close views in vale or glen, and outward views from seaboard vantage grounds. Yet the three sections somewhat fuse into one another in landscape character, and have peculiarities of feature each within itself. The north-western section of Cun- ninghame, Ijang like a broad wedge between Renfrew- shire and the Firth of Clyde, southward to the vicinity of Farland Head, is mainly a mass of lofty hills, with intersecting nan-ow vales, and has mostly a rocky coast. The rest of Cunninghame is principally a pleasant diver- sity of hill and dale and undulation, declining to the Bay of Ayr and to the river Irvine ; yet rises in the extreme SE into high moors contiguous to those around Drumclog in Lanarkshire, and dominated within its own limits by the conspicuous cone of Loudon Hill (900 feet). The upper part of Kyle, to the average breadth of 9 or 10 miles, all round from the sources of tlie river Irvine to the source of the river Doon in Loch Doon, is mostly moorish, and contains a large aggregate both of high bleak plateau and of lofty barren mountain. In the N is Distinkhorn (1258 feet), to E and S of which rise Blackside (1342), Dibblon Hill (1412), Middleficld Law (1528), Friesthill Height (1615), etc. Cairn Table, on tlie boundary with Lanarkshire, 2^ miles SE of Muir- kirk, has an altitude of 1944 feet; Wardlaw hill, 2h miles WSW of Cairn Table, has an altitude of 1630 feet"; Blacklorg, on the Dumfriesshire boundary, 6 J miles SSE of New Cumnock, has an altitude of 2231 feet ; and Blackcraig Hill, IJ mile N by W of Blacklorg, has an altitude of 2298 feet. All the section S and SW of New Cumnock, to within 2f miles of Dalmellington, also lies within the basin of the river Nith, and is separated by lofty watersheds from the rest of the county. The middle and the western parts of Kyle are traversed through the centre by the river Ayr, dividing them into 102 AYRSHIRE Kjde-Stewart on the N and King's Kyle on the S ; they form, in a general view, to within about 4 miles of the coast, a continuous hanging plain, little diversified except by deep beds of streams, and by swelling knolls and hillocks ; they terminate in a flatfish fertile sea- board ; and, to a large aggregate of theii' extent, they are richly embellished with culture and with wood. A graphic ■writer says, respecting all Kyle: ' The hill-country, towards the east, is bleak, marshy, uncultivated, and uninteresting ; and on that side, except at one or two places, the district was formerly impervious. In advan- cing from these heights to the sea, the symptoms of fertility and the beneficial eff"ects of cultivation rapidly multiply; but there is no "sweet interchange of hill and valley," no sprightliness of transition, no bold and airy touches either to surprise or delight. There is little variety, or even distinctness of outline, except where the vermiculations of the rivers are marked by deep fringes of wood waving over the shelvy banks, or where the multitudinous islands and hills beyond the sea exalt their colossal heads above the waves, and lend an ex- terior beauty to that heavy continuity of flatness, which, from the higher gi'ounds of Kyle, appears to pervade nearly the whole of its surface. The slope, both here and in Cunninghame, is pitted with numberless shallow depressions, which are surmounted by slender promin- ences, rarely swelling beyond the magnitiide of hillocks or knolls. Over this dull expanse the hand of art has spread some exquisite embellishments, which in a great measure atone for the native insipidity of the scene, but which might be still farther heightened by covering many of these spaces with additional woods, free from the dismal intermixture of Scotch fir.' Carrick contains several fine long narrow valleys, and numerous strips of low ground ; but is mainly occupied by the western parts of the mountain ranges which extend across Scot- land from the German Ocean, at the mutual border of Haddington and Berwick shires, through the south- eastern wing of Edinburghshire, Selkirkshire, Peebles- shire, the S of Lanarkshire, the NW of Dumfriesshire, the SE wing of Kyle, and the N of Kirkcudbrightshire, to the Firth of Clyde and the North Channel, along the whole seaboard of Carrick. These mountains are frequently designated the Southern Highlands of Scotland. Many of their summits around the sources of the rivers Tweed, Annan, and Clyde have altitudes of from 2000 to 2764 feet above the level of the sea ; and their chief summits within Carrick have altitudes of from 1000 to 2520 feet ; the latter being the height of Shalloch on ]\Iinnoch in Bare, parish, the loftiest summit of Ayrshire. Keirs Hill, 4^ miles WNW of Dalmellington, is 1005 feet high; Dersalloch Hill, 2 miles S of Keirs Hill, 1179 feet ; Strawarren Fell, 6 miles E by S of Ballantrae, 1040 feet; Altimeg Hill, 4 mUes SSE of Ballantrae, 1270 feet ; and Beneraird, nearly midway between Altimeg Hill and Strawarren Fell, 1435 feet. Most of Carrick is bleak and moorish ; but many parts have rich scenery, ranging from the beautiful to the romantic or the wild. The climate of Ayrshire generally resembles that of the other western parts of Scotland. The winds blow from the SW for more than two-thirds of the year ; the rains are often copious, and sometimes of long duration. The principal streams, besides the Irvine, the Ayr, and the Doon, are the Garnock, in W of Cunninghame, re- ceiving the Rye, the Caaf, the Dusk, and the Lugton, and running to the Irvine, at the Irvine's mouth ; the Annick, in the E centre of Cunninghame, running to the Irvine, 2^ miles E of Irvine town ; the Kilmarnock, in the E of Cunninghame, formed by the confluence of the Fenwick and the Craufurdland, and running to the Irvine at Kilmarnock town ; the Cessnock, in the N of Kyle, running to the Irvine 2 miles W of Galston ; the Greenock, the Garpel, and the Lugar in the E of Kyle, running to the Ayr ; the Nith, in the SE of Kyle, receiving the Afton, and running into Dumfriesshire ; the Girvan, in the N of Carrick, running to the Firth of Clyde at Girvan town ; and the Stinchar, in the S of Carrick, receiving the Duisk, and running to the Firth f^ , ^^B-L - -■' - i, -> Xg. 7h^/lm/m^ i/rv miiHini Aur ^ AYRSHIRE of Clyde at Ballantrae. The chief lake is Loch Doon, on the boundary with Kirkcudbrightshire. Other lakes are Kilbirnie, on the northern border of Cunninghame ; Dornal, on the boundary with AVigtownshire ; several small lakes in the interior of Cunninghame and Kyle ; Bogton, on the boiindary between Kyle and Can-ick, near Dalmellington ; and Finlas, Bradan, Linfem, Riecawr, and Macaterick in the SE of Carrick. Two streams of uncommon magnitude are in Maybole parish, and springs of excellent water, copious and perennial, are in most parts. Mineral springs, some chalybeate, some sulphurous, are in almost every parish ; but none of them possesses any special excellence. Erupted rocks, of various kinds, fonn considerable masses in Carrick, and some lesser masses, together \\"ith dykes, in the higher parts of Kjde and Cunninghame. Silurian rocks, olten on a basis of clay slate, predominate in Carrick and in the SE of Kyle. Carboniferous rocks, including coal, sandstone, limestone, and in some parts ironstone, underlie the valley of Girvan and great part of the low tracts of all Kyle and Cunninghame. Bitu- minous coal is mined at Dairy, Kilwinning, Stevenston, Eiccarton, Galston, Muirkirk, St Quivox, Coylton, and other places. Blind coal, akin in character to anthracite, is also largely mined. Cannel coal of ex- cellent quality occurs at Bedlarhill, near Kilbirnie, and at Adamton, near Tarbolton. Ayrshire, after Lanarkshire, is the chief mining county of Scotland, its coal-mining alone employing 12,972 persons in June 1881. In 1878, it had lOl collieries at work, whose total output amounted to 3,184,429 tons. Of these collieries 26 belonged to the Irvine-Kilwinning-Dalry district in the NW, 32 to the Kilmarnock-Galston district in the N, 25 to the Cum- nock-Muirkirk district in the E, and 21 to the Ayr- Dalmellington-Girvan district in the S. In IVIuirkirk parish, in the extreme NE, is an iron mine that in 1878 yielded 7567 tons of hfematite ore ; and from the coal measures more ironstone is raised than in any other county of Scotland,— viz., 947,636 tons in 1879, when the Ayrshire output of fireclay was 61,938, of oil shales 12,754 tons. Limestone is largely worked, and sand- stone quarried, in many places. Millstones are quarried near Kilbride, and a species of fire-stone near Auchinleck. Clay, of quality suitable for tiles and bricks, is exten- sively worked. Copper ore and lead ore have been mined ; the latter to a considerable extent at Daleagles in Xew Cumnock. Gold is said to have been dug somewhere in the county, by an Englishman, about the year 1700. Antimony and molybdena have been found in Stair parish. A few specimens of agates, porph^Ties, and calcareous petrifactions are got in the Carrick hills. The soils may be classified into mossy and moorish, sardy or light, and clayey or argillaceous. Chalmers, assuming the entire acreage to be 665,600, assigns to the mossy and moorish soils 283,530 acres, to the sandy or light soils 120,110 acres, and to the clayey or argil- laceous soils 261,960 acres. Alton, assuming the entire acreage to be 814,600, assigns to the mossy and moorish soils 347,000 acres, to the sandy or light soils 147,000 acres, and to the cla3'ey or argillaceous soils 320,000 acres. Alton also assigns 54,000 acres of the mossy and moorish soils, 16,000 of the sandy or light soils, and 135,000 of the clayey or argillaceous soils to Cunning- hame ; 93,000 of the mossy and moorish soils, 41,000 of the sandy or light soils, and 175,600 of the clayey or argillaceous soils to Kyle ; and 200,000 of the mossy and moorish soils, 90,000 of the sandy or light soils, and 10,000 of the clayey or argillaceous soils to Carrick. Much of what is classed as clayey or argillaceous is really loam ; and part of that is of allu\aal formation on the banks of streams or in the low level parts of valleys ; part also is natural clay, worked into loamy condition by the arts of improved agriculture ; and much more is naturally light soil, worked into loam by admixtures with it of clay, lime, and various manures. Agriculture, in all departments, has undergone vast improvement. Reclamation of waste lands, particularly of moors and mosses, has been effected to a great extent, so as to bring under the plough, not only a large aggregate of AYRSHIRE ground which lay waste till the beginning of the present century, but also to affect materially the relative pro- portions of the different kinds of soils since the time when Chalmers and Alton -wrote. Furrow-draining was begim with the use of merely small stones ; but it soon went on so vigorously and extensively as to require the use of many millions of tiles, and it speedily resulted in rendering multitudes of fields productive of double the previous quantities of gi'ain. The rotation of crops, the selecting of manures, the adapting of seed to soil, the adjusting of connection between the arable and the pastoral husbandries, the choice of improved imple- ments, and most of the other arts of effective cultivation, have had corresponding attention, and been correspon- dingly successful. The improvement, since the middle or even the end of last century, has been wonderful. Agriculture throughout the county, at no very remote date, was in a miserable condition ; wheat was seldom seen, beyond the limits of a nobleman's farm, prior to the year 1785 ; turnips were not introduced till about the middle of last century, and then by the Earls of Eglinton and Loudoun ; rye grass, though a native plant, remained unnoticed till about 1760, and did not come into general use till 1775 ; animal food, till a com- paratively late date, was only an occasional luxury of the middle classes, and a thing almost unattainable by the peasantry ; and the entire estates of some of the landlords, even into the present century, were so sparsely productive as to be scarcely or not at all suffi- cient for the maintenance of their own families. But now the county, viewed as a whole, is agriculturally rich, not only for the liberal sustenance of its own popu- lation, but also for the purposes of a large export trade. Even so long ago as 1837 a wiiter in the Ne^o Statistical Account could saj' respecting it — ' During the last few years, the farmers have in general devoted much of their attention to the study of agiiculture as a practical science ; and erroneous processes in the cultivation of the soil, which antiquated prejudice or inveterate cus- tom had long retained, are gradually becoming obsolete ; while useful improvements and discoveries are eagerly substituted in their place. Farmers' societies have done much to introduce a more enlightened mode of hus- bandry than formerly prevailed. This has been greatly aided also by the example of many of the landed pro- ])rietors, who themselves farm on a large scale.' This progress is markedly shown by the tables given in our Introduction. The gardens, orchards, and pleasure grounds, on account of both their extent and their tastefulness, have long challenged general admiration. The planting of trees, throughout the low tracts and in some of the higher grounds, has been sufficiently exten- sive to give the coimtry both a sheltered and an embel- lished aspect ; yet often has been done in an injudicious way, both by the crowding of trees into narrow belts or choking clumps, and by a too predominant selection of the Scottish pine. About one thirty -third of the entire area is under wood. Sheep, of various breeds, receive some attention in the lowland districts ; and sheep, chiefly of the black -faced breed, are objects of general care on the upland pastures. But cattle, specially dairy cows, throughout most of the county, are so pre-emiuently cared for as to occasion comparative neglect of all other kinds of live stock. The Galloway cattle, a well-shaped, hardy, hornless breed, are prevalent in Carrick. The Irish, the High- land, and the Aldemey breeds occur in some parts, but are few in number. The Holderness, the vvide-horned, the Craven, the Lancashire, and the Leicester breeds have been shovvn and recomjnended, but cannot be said to have been introduced. The AjTshire breed is native to the county, or has come into existence vvithin the county ; yet it does not appear to have existed earlier than about the third or fourth decade of last century ; and it came into being in some way or under some cir- cumstances which cannot be clearly traced. It is a middle-horn breed, and evidently allieil to the North Devon, the Hereford, the Sussex, tlie Falkland, and the West Highland breeds, or to other descendants of the 103 AYESHIRE aboriginal cattle of Great Britain ; and it possibly passed slowly into distinctive variety, under tlie modifying in- fluences of Ayrshire local soil and local climate. It may really, as to nascent distinctive character, have existed long prior to last century ; it may have begun to chal- lenge attention only when men began to be agriculturally scientific ; and it seems to have acquired development of shape, colour, and other characteristics under crossing with imported indi\'iduals of English breeds. Several cows and a bull, thought to have been of the Tees "Water breed, or of some other English breed allied to the Tees Water, and all of a high brouti and wliite colour, were brought, in the year 1750, to the Earl of Marchmont's estates in Kyle ; and these may have been a source of the colours which now prevail in the A}Tshire breed. But however this breed originated, it was fully formed about the year 1780, and was then adopted, to the exclusion of every other breed, by the opulent farmers of Dunlop and Stewarton Earishes ; and it afterwards was adopted, as an exclusive reed, throughout most of the lowland farms of all Cun- ninghame, Kyle, and Carrick. Kor did it spread merely throughout Ayrshire, but also into Lanarkshire, Ren- frewshire, and large portions of Stirlingshire, Dumbar- tonshire, and Linlithgowshire. The best cows vary in weight from 20 to 40 stone, according to the quality or quantity of their food ; they are esteemed mainly for the abundance of their milk ; and they yield so much as from 10 to 13 or even li Scotch pints per daj'. They were long, and generally considered the most lactiferous cows in Great Britain ; but, though not in Ayrshire, yet in some other Scottish counties, and especially in Eng- land, they are now regarded as inferior to the sliort- horns. The AjTshires, according to the verdict of the best judges based on comprehensive evidence, ought to be retained as milkers only on cottage holdings, moor- side farms, and similar situations ; and are far less eligible than the short-horns on any middle-sized or large dairy farm. Short-horned cows are much larger than the Ayrsliires, yet do not consume more food in proportion to their size ; and they produce more valu- able calves, yield larger quantities of milk, require less extent of pasture, are less subject to disease, and occasion less care or labour proportionally to theii- produce. The beef of the Ayrshires is of good qualitj^, and possesses a good admixture of lean and fat, but makes bad retiu'ns to the butcher, and is ta no great request. The back of a prime specimen is straight and nearly level, yet has one straight depression at the top of the shoulder, and an evident tendency to another over the loin ; the ribs are pretty roimd ; the sides are deep, but show a deficiency in the fulness of the buttocks ; the breast is comparatively narrow ; the upper surface of the body shows far less breadth at the shoulder than at the hocks, and has a kind of wedge-shaped outline ; the length of the body is proportionately greater than the height ; the legs are comparatively short ; the muzzle is fine ; the face is broad but rather short ; the eye is complacent ; the expression of the face is gentle but dull ; the horns are short and turned up ; the skin is smooth and thin ; the touch is good, yet wants the mellowness which ac- companies a thick soft skin ; and the colom's are red and white like those of the short-horns, but not so rich in hue, sometimes mixed with black, and always arranged in blotches and patches which are irregular, seldom cir- cular, and never grizzled. The greater portion of the milk throughout AjTshire is manufactured into cheese. The best of the cheese bears the name of Dunlop, from the parish where the Ayrshire breed was first systemati- cally appreciated for the dairy ; and it lias long and steadily been in high demand as an article of export. The bull calves are usually fed for veal ; and the heifer calves are kept to renew the stock of cows. Attention to cattle and to the dairy appears to have prevailed from a remote period, for Ortelius wrote in 1573 that ' in Carrick are oxen of large size, whose flesh is tender and sweet and juicy,' and the well-known antiquated couplet runs — ' Kyle for a man, Carrick for a cow, Cunniii^'hame for butter and cheese, and Galloway for woo'.' 104 AYRSHIRE The manufactures of Ayrshire are various and im- portant. The yearly value of Scotch carpets woven at Kilmarnock rose from £21,000 in 1791 to £150,000 in 1S37, but afterwards fell off to about £100,000. The weaving of Brussels carpets was begun at Kilmarnock in 1857, and has been prosperously conducted on a large scale. The weaving of Scotch carpets, and the spinning of yarns for Brussels carpets, were begun at Ayr in 1832, and employ some 500 persons. The making of woollen bonnets at Kilmarnock, Kilmam-s, and Stewarton em- ploys about 4160 men, women, and children, and turns out goods to the annual value of £146,500. The weav- ing of -winceys, flannels, plaidings, blankets, tweeds, tartans, and some other woollen fabrics, employs about 800 persons in Ayr, Kilmarnock, and Dalrymple. The spinning of woollen yarn employs about 60 persons at Crookedholm, and about 350 at Dairy. Linen was manufactured in Ayrshire more extensively in former years than now. So many as 22 lint-mills were in the county in 1772; but only 3 flax-mills, employing 172 persons, were in it in 1838. The chief localities of the linen manufactures have been Kilbirnie and Beith. The cotton manufactm-e has failed in some places, as Ayr, but has largely succeeded in other places, as Gatrine, Kilbirnie, and Patna. The number of cotton mills within the county in 1838 was 4 ; and these employed 703 persons. Hand-loom cotton-weaving, chiefly for manufacturers in Glasgow, is largely carried on in Fen- vnck, Saltcoats, Tarbolton, Maybole, Girvan, and some other to\vns. The embroidering of muslin employed multitudes of women from about the year 1825; was carried on chiefly in connection with manufacturers in Glasgow, and acquired such excellence at the hands of the Ayrshire workers, that the produce of it became generally kno^^m, in both the home and the foreign mar- kets as Ayrshire needlework ; but sustained a severe check in 1857, and is not now carried on to so much as half its previous extent. In 1879, out of 42 furnaces buUt in the shire, 27 were in blast, together producing 276,552 tons of pig-iron. The manufacture of orna- mental wooden snuft boxes and other small ornamental wooden articles long employed many persons in Cum- nock, Slauchline, and Auchinleck ; but has very gi'eatly declined. Calico-printing, bleaching, silk-weaving, hat- making, tanning, shoemaking, machine-making, ship- building, and other departments of industry, employ a large number of persons. The roads from Glasgow to Dumfries and Portpatrick, and from Greenock and Paisley to all the Border counties, pass through Ayrshire ; and excellent roads connect all the county's own towns with one another, and with every place of consecjuence beyond. The main line of the Glasgow and South- Western railway enters Ayrshire near Beith ; proceeds by way of Dairy, Kilmarnock, jMauch- line, Old Cumnock, and New Cumnock ; and passes down the valley of the Nith into Dumfriesshire. A great branch of the same system, originally the southern part of the Glasgow and Ayr railway, leaves the main line near Dairy, and proceeds past Irvine and along the coast to Ayr. Local railways, or branches of the Glas- gow and South-Western, go from Ayr to Girvan, from Ayr to Dalmellington, from Ayr to Mauchliue, from Troon to Kilmarnock, from Irvine to Busby, from Kil- winning to Ardrossan, from Hurlford to Newmilns, and from Auchinleck to Aluirkirk, etc. ; and, together with the main lines of the Glasgow and South-Western, form a connected system of communication through great part of the county. The Girvan and Portpatrick Junction railway was authorised in 1865, and opened in 1876. The Greenock and Ayrshire railway, authorised in 1865, and amalgamated with the Glasgow and South-Western in 1872, gives direct communication from all the Ayr- shire stations of the Glasgow and South-Western s)-steni to Greenock, but has its connection with the system, and all its course, within Renfrewshire. The Greenock and Wemyss Bay railway, opened in 1865, has a short run within the Ayrshire border to Wemyss Bay, and may eventually be jtrolonged to Largs. The Glasgow and Kilmarnock direct railway, authorised ia 1865, and com- AYRSHIRE AYRSHIRE pleted in 1873, starts from the Glasgow and Neilston brancli of the Caledonian system at Crofthead on the southern border of Renfrewshire, sends off a branch to Beith, and goes by way of Stewarton to Kilmarnock. (See Wm. M'llraith's History of the Glasgow aiwL South- western Railway, Glas. 1S80. ) — The head seaports of Ayrshire are Ayr, Troon, and Ardrossan ; and the other chief harbours are Ballantrae, Girvan, Irvine, Saltcoats, and Largs. The royal burghs are Ayr and Irvine ; a parliamentary burgh is KUmarnock ; poUce burghs are Ardrossan, Cum- nock, Galston, and Stewarton ; other to^vns are Beith, Catrine, Dairy, Girvan, Hurlford, KUbirnie, Kilwin- ning, Largs, Maybole, Muirkirk, Newmilns, Saltcoats, Stevenston, Troon, Annbank, Auchinleck, Bankhead, Dalmellington, Darvel, Eglinton - Works, Kilmaurs, Lugar, Maucliline, Tarbolton, Waterside, and West Kil- bride ; and the principal villages are Afton-Bridgend, Alnwick-Lodge, Ballantrae, BarrmUl, Bensley, Castle, Colmonell, Common-Dyke, Connel Park, Craigbank, Craigmark, Cronberry, Crosshill, Crosshouse, Dailly, Dal- rymple. Den, Demconner, Doura, Drakemuir, Dreghom, Dunlop, Elderslie, Fardlehill, Fairlie, Fenwick, Fergus- hUl, Gaswater, Gateside, Glenbuck, Glengarnock, Kirk- michael, Kirkoswald, Langbar, Monkton, New Prestwick, Ochiltree, Overton, Pathhead, Patna, Prestmck, Eiddens, Skelmorlie, Som, Southfield, SjTuington, Whitletts, New Cumnock, and Straiten. Some of the principal mansions are Culzean Castle, Dumfries House, Fullartou House, Eg- linton Castle, Loudoun Castle, Kelburne House, Brisbane House, Auchinleck House, Killochan Castle, Kilkerran, Blairquhan Castle, Dalquharran Castle, Bargany, Ber- beth, Enterkine, Barskimming, Sundrum, Auchencruive, Ballochmyle, Craufurdland, Logan House, Fairlie House, Cambusdoon, Shewalton, Lanfine, Craigie, Auchen- drane, Rozelle, Pinmore, Glenapp, Som Castle, Milrig, Auchans, Caldwell, Blanefield, Corsehill, Auchenames, Knock Castle, Auchenharvie, Treesbank, Gadgirth, New- field, Cairnhill, Eowallan Castle, Doonholm, Bourtree Hill, Glenmore House, Mansfield House, Knoekdolian, and Swinlees. According to Miscellaneous Statistics of the United Kingdom (1879) 721,947 acres, with total gross estimated rental of £1,121,252, were divided among 9376 lando^^Tiers ; one holding 76,015 acres (rental, £35,839), six together 175,774 (£182,405), nine 134,543 (£89,326), seven 52,592 (£27,7291, thirty-nine 116,543 (£126,786), forty-seven 68,573 (£205,299), fifty 34,879 (£55,224), two hundred and two 42,921 (£89,322), one lumdred and forty-one 9925 (£23,452), two hundred and fifty-two 5818 (£31,084), five hundred and sLsty-nine 1916 (£51,748), and eight thousand and fifty 2251 acres (£202,731). The county is governed (1881) by a lord-lieiitenant, a vice-lieutenant, 48 deputy-lieutenants, a sheriff, 2 sheriff- substitutes, and 288 magistrates ; and is divided, for administration, into the two districts of A.\v and Kil- marnock. The sheriff court for the Ayr district is held at AjT on every Tuesday and Thursday during session ; the commissary court, on every Thursday ; the sheriff small debt court, on every Thursday ; the justice of peace court, on every Monday ; the quarter sessions, on the first Tuesday of March, the fourth Tuesday of May, the first Tuesday of August, and the third Tuesday of November. The sheriff court for the Kilmarnock dis- trict is held at KUmarnock on every Wednesday and Thursday during session ; the sherifi' small debt court, on every Thursday ; the justice of peace court, on every alternate Monday. Sheriff small debt courts are held also at Irvine in every alternate month, at Beith and Cumnock four times a j'ear, and at Girvan three times a year. The police force, in 1880, exclusive of that in Ayr and Kilmarnock, comprised 120 men, and the salary of the chief constable was £400. The number of persons, in 1879, exclusive of those iuAjTand Kilmarnock, tried at the instance of the police, was 1106; convicted, 1048; committed for trial, 31 ; and charged but not dealt with, 238. The prison is at Ayr, Kilmarnock having been dis- continued in 1880. The committals for crime, in the annual average of 1836-40, were 71 ; of 1841-45, 118 ; of 1846-50, 178; of 1851-55, 125 ; of 1856-60, 105; of 1861- 65, 100 ; of 1864-68, 94 ; of 1869-73, 83 ; of 1870-74, 76 ; of 1875-79, 93. The annual value of real property, in 1815, was £409,983 ; in 1843, £520,828 ; in 1865, £876,438 ; in 1881, £1,257,881, 14s. 3d., of which £113,819 was for railways. The amount for lands and messuages, in the last of these years, comprised £381,740 in Kyle, £388,150 in Cimninghame, and £176,261 in Carrick. The county, exclusive of its three burghs, sent one member to parlia- ment prior to the Reform Act of 1867 ; but it was divided by that into two sections, north and south ; and it now sends one member from each of the two sections. The constituency in 1881 of the northern section was 3711 ; of the southern, 3920. Pop. (1801) 84,207, (1811) 103,839, (1821) 127,299, (1831) 145,055, (1841) 164,356, (1851) 189,858, (1861) 198,971, (1871) 200,809, (1881) 217, 504, of whom 106,724 were males and 110,780 females. Houses inhabited (1881) 40,789; vacant, 3654; building, 260. The registration county takes in part of West Kilbride parish from Buteshire, and parts of Beith and Dunlop from Renfrewshire ; comprises 46 enrire parishes ; and had, in 1881, a population of 217,615. Forty-four of the parishes are assessed, and two unassessed, for the poor ; aud 35 of them, in three combinations of 13, 16, and 6, have poorhouses at respectively Ayr, KUmarnock, and Maybole. The number of the registered poor, in the year ending 14 May 1880, was 4760 ; of dependants on these, 3682 ; of casual poor, 2781 ; of dependants on these, 2905. The receipts for the poor in that year were £50,712, 10s. ; the expenditm-e was £47,424, 9s. 2^d. The number of pauper lunatics was 475 ; and the expenditure on their account was £8613, 15s. 6d. The percentage of illegitimate bii-ths was 8 '5 in 1872, 7-1 in 1878, and 7-7 in 1879. Excepting Ballantrae, Colmonell, and Glenapp, in the presbytery of Stranraer and synod of Galloway, and Largs, in the presbj^ery of Greenock, all the parishes of Ayrshire are in the presbyteries of Ayr and Iuvine and synod of Glasgow and Ayr. In 1879 the county had 123 public schools (accommodation, 27,789), 32 non- public but State-aided schools (7037), 20 other efficient elementary schools (1816), and 2 higher-class public schools (1070) — in all, 177 schools, with accommodation for only 37,712 children, the number of children of school age being estimated (1878) at 38,607. The territory now forming AjTshire was in the 2d century a.d. the southern part of the region of the Damnonii, one of whose to^^-ns, ' Vandogara,' is placed by Skene ' on the river Irvine, at Loudon Hill, where there are the remains of a Roman camp, afterwards con- nected with "Coria" or Carstairs by a Roman road.' Two battles are said to have been fought, in early times, in the SW of Kyle, the one between some native tribes and the Romans, the other between two confederacies of states of the natives themselves ; but both battles, as to at once their date, their scene, the parties engaged, and the results, are so obscure as scarcely to be matters of history. Even the ancient inhabitants, as to who they were, whether descendants of the Damnonii or immigi-ants from the regions of some other tribes, from the establishing of the Roman domination onward through many centuries, cannot be historically identifietL They seem, on the whole, from such evidence as exists, to have been in some way or other, more purely Celtic than the inhabitants of most of the other low countries be- tweeen the Grampians and the Tweed. Their descend- ants, too, down to so late a period as the 16th century, appear to have spoken the Gaelic language, or at least to have understood it. The entire territory, after the withdrawal of the Romans, became part of the kingdom of Strathclyde or Cumbria ; but, in the 8th century, Kyle and Cunninghame became subject to the kings of Northumbria. The Sayous, under these kings, seem to have taken a firm grasp of the country, to have re- volutionised its customs, and to have indoctrinated it with love of Saxon usages ; and they have left in it numerous traces of their presence and power. Alpin, Kins of the Scoto-Irish, invaded the territory in the 105 AYRSHIRE 9tli century, but was defeated and slain in a battle at Dalmellington. Haco, King of Nonvay, in the course of his contest for the sovereignty of the Hebrides, made descents upon it in 1263, and suffered overwhelming discomfitiire in a famous battle at Largs. The forces of Edward I. of England, in the course of the wars of the succession, made considerable figure in it, particu- larly in Kyle and in the N of Carrick ; and suffered humiliating reverses from Wallace and from Bruce at Ayr, at Turnberry, and particularly at Loudon Hill. The career of Wallace began in the vicinity of Irvine ; a signal exploit of his occurred at Ayr ; the grand coup for Avrenching the territory from the English was struck at Loudon ; and the first parliament under Bruce was held at Ayr. The count}', as a whole, played a vigor- ous, an honourable, and a persistent part throughout all the struggle which issued in Scottish independence. Nor was it less distinguished in the subsequent, higher, nobler struggle, from the time of ]\Iary till the time of James VIL, for achieving religious liberty. Both Wishart and Knox pursued their labours frequently in it ; and many of the leaders of the Covenanting move- ments against the oppressive policy of Charles IL and James VIL, either were natives of its soil, rallying around them multitudes of zealous neighbours, or were strangers welcomed and supported by ready, generous local enthusiasm. Much of the history of the later Covenanters, specially what relates to the antecedents of the fights at Drumclog, at Eullion-Green, and at Airdsmoss, reads almost like a local history of Ayr- shire. So conspicuously did the Ayi-shire men contend for the rights of conscience, that they became the special object of the savage punishment inflicted by the Govern- ment, in 1678, in the letting loose of tbe wild well-known ' Highland Host.' *We might from these circumstances,' says Chalmers, ' suppose that the people of Ayrshire would concur zealously in the Revolution of 1688. As one of the western shires, Ayrshire sent its full pro- portion of armed men to Edinburgh to protect the Convention of Estates. On the 6th of April 1689, the forces that had come from the western counties, having received thanks from the Convention for their seasonable service, immediately departed with their arms to their respective homes. They were offered some gratification ; but they would receive none, saying that they came to save and serve their country, not to enrich them- selves at the nation's expense. It was at the same time ordered "that the inhabitants of the town of Ayr should be kept together till fm-ther orders. " On the 14th of May arms were ordered to be given to Lord Bargeny, an AjTshire baronet. On the 25th of May, in answer to a letter from the Earl of Eglinton, the Convention ordered "that the heritors and fencible men in the shire of Ayr be instantly raised and commanded in conformity to the appointment of the Estates. " But of such proofs of the revolutionary principles of Ayrshire enough ! The men of Ayr not only approved of the Eevolution, but they drew their swords in support of its establish- ment and principles. On that memorable occasion not only were the governors changed, but new principles were adopted, and better practices were introduced ; and the Ayrshire people were gratified by the aboli- tion of Episcopacy and by the substitution of Presby- terianism. ' Antiquities, of various kinds, are numerous. Cairns, stone circles, and suchlike Caledonian remains are at Sorn, Galston, and other places. Vestiges of a Roman r«ad are in the vicinity of Ayr. Traces of Danish camps are at Dundonald and in the neighbourhood of Ardrossan. Mediiseval castles, or remains of them, are at Loch Doon, Turnberry, Dundonald, and Sorn. Fine old monastic ruins are at Crossragucl and Kilwinning ; and a ruined church, immortalised by Burns, is at Allo- way. The most ancient families are the Auchinlecks, the Boswells, the Boyds, the Cathcarts, the Crawfords, the Cunninghams, the Dalr}Tnple.s, the Dunlops, the Fullartons, the Kennedys, the Lindsays, the Mont- gomerys, and the Wallaces. The oldest peerage con- nected with the county is the Earldom of Carrick, which 106 AYTON belonged to Bruce, and belongs now to the Prince of Wales. Other peerage titles are Baron Kilmaurs, created about 1450, united to the Earldom of Glencairn in 1503, and dormant since 1796 ; Earl of Eglinton, created in 1508, and conjoined with the title of Baron Ardrossan in the peerage of the United Kingdom in 1806 ; Earl of Cassillis, created in 1511, and conjoined with the title of Marquis of Ailsa in the peerage of the United Kingdom in 1801 ; Baron Ochiltree, created in 1543, and dormant since 1675 ; Earl of Loudoun, created in 1633 ; Viscount of Ayr, created in 1622, and conjoined since 1633 to the Earldom of Dumfries, and since 1796 to the Marquisate of Bute ; Viscount Irvine, created in 1611, and extinct since 1778 ; Earl of Kilmar- nock, created in 1661, and attainted in 1716 ; and Earl of Dundonald, created in 1669, and united then -tt-ith the title of Baron Cochrane of Paisley and Ochiltree. Distinguished natives of Ayrshire have been very nume- rous ; the greatest of them has almost given it a new name — the ' Land of Burns. ' See Jas. Paterson, His- tory of the County of Ayr (2 vols., 1847-52); Arch. Stur- rock, 'Report on the Agriculture of Ayi'shire ' in Trans. Highl. and Ag. Soc. (1866); and Thos. Farrall 'On the Ayrshire Breed of Cattle,' in same Transactions (1876). Ayton (anc. Eit^m, ' Eye-town '), a village and a coast parish of Berwickshire. The village stands near the left bank of Eye Water, 2J miles inland and J mile NAV of Ayton station on the North British, this being 7J miles NW by W of Berwick-upon-Tweed and 49^ ESE of Edinburgh. A pleasant, well-built place, it has a post ofiice, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, branches of the Commercial and Royal Banks, gas-works, 3 inns, a volunteer hall, 2 saw-mills, and a tannery. Thursday is market-day, and justice of peace courts are held on the first Thursday of every month but September ; sheriff small debt courts on the first Monday of February, the second Monday of May, the Tuesday before the last Friday of July, and the first Thursday of October. Places of worship are the parish church (750 sittings) and two U.P. churches — Summerhill (561 sittings) and Springbank (350 sittings ; rebuilt, for £1210, in 1872). The parish church, erected (1864-66) at a cost of £7000, is a beautifid First Pointed structure, with nave, S aisle, transept, and chancel, a SW spire 120 feet high, and stained-glass chancel and transept windows. Pop. (1831) 663, (1861) 875, (1871) 745,(1881)771. The parish contains also the fishing village of Burn- mouth, 2| miles to the E. Bounded N by Coldingham and Eyemouth, E by the German Ocean, SE by ]\Ior- dington, S by Foulden, and W by Chirnside and Col- dingham, it has an utmost length and breadth of 3^ miles and an area of 6832 acres, of which 105f are fore- shore and 27 water. The coast, about 3 miles long, forms an almost continuous but much-indented preci- pice, rising, from N to S, to 71 feet near Nestends, 149 on Gunsgreenhill, 160 at Scout Point, 339 near Hurker, 310 on Burnmouth Hill, and 170 at Ross. The cliffs are pierced by two or three caverns, accessible only from the sea, and famous in smuggling annals ; three islets at the northern extremity, during strong easterly gales, drive the waves up in sheets of foam to a height of from 70 to 100 feet. The SE portion of the interior presents an assemblage of softly-contoured, richly-wooded hills, the highest of them Ayton Hill (654 feet) If mile SE of the village, whilst lesser eminences are Millerton Hill, Bastleridgo (375), Ayton Cocklaw (315), Flemington (275), and Redhall (320). The NW portion between the Eye and the Ale, though lower is everywhere undulat- ing, attaining 251 feet near Aytonwood House, 291 in the Drill plantation, and 297 on the Coldingham border. The Eye runs If mile south-eastward near or upon the western boundary, till, striking north-eastward, it winds for 2^ miles through the interior, next for 1^ mile along the Eyemouth border to the sea. Its scenery here is very pretty and varied, as, too, is that of the tributary Ale, which flows 3^ miles east-south-eastward along the Col- dingham and Eyemouth confines, and of the North British BA railway, which curves 4J miles from W to SE through Ay ton. The rocks, Silurian and Devonian, exhibit all soi'ts of inclinations, curvatures, and contortions, as seen in the clilTs, and furnish good building stone and road metal. Tlie soils range from loamy to gravelly, are mostly as fertile as any in the shire, and overlie great quantities of boulders and course gravel. Plantations cover some 800 acres ; between 200 and 300 are in pas- ture ; and all the rest are highly cultivated. Traces of five camps, ascribed to Romans, Picts, Saxons, and Danes, and remains of an ancient Romanesque parish church, make up the antiquities ; of the castle founded by the Norman baron De Vesci, and demolished in 1498 by the Earl of Surrey, no vestige now exists. Modern mansions, with owners and the extent and yearly value of their Berwickshire estates, are : — Ayton Castle, ^ mile NE of the village (Alex. Mitchell-Innes, 5780 acres, £10,950) ; Peelwalls, IJ S by W (Jn. Allan, 701 acres, BADENOCH £1720) ; Netherbyres, 2^ miles NNE (Major Jn. Kams^y L'Amy, 65 acres, £229) ; and Gunsgreen, 3 miles NNE, opposite Eyemouth (Patr. Home, 520 acres, £852). Of these, Ayton Castle is a splendid Baronial edifice of reddish stone, built in 1851 on the site of a predecessor destroyed by fire in 1834, and standing out prominently from its surrounding woods. In all 8 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 6 of between £100 and £500, 3 of from £50 to £100, and 33 of from £20 to £50. Ayton is in the presbytery of Chirnside and synod of Merse and Teviotdale ; the living is worth £443. Two public schools, Ayton and Burnmouth, with respective accommodation for 265 and 85 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 180 and 89, and grants of £126, 6s. 4d. and £78, 9s. Valuation (1881) £17,045, 12s. 9d. Pop. (1755) 797, (1801) 1453, (1841) 1784, (1861)2014, (1871) 1983, (1881) 2037.— Ord Sur., sh. 34, 1864, B BA (Gael, 'cow's stream'), a lake and rivulet in Torosay parish, IMuU, Argyllshire. The lake, lying towards the middle of the island, is 2\ miles long from E to W, and about J mile mde ; the rivulet, issuing from its western end, runs about 2 miles NW and "W to head of Loch na Keal ; and both lake and stream abound in salmon, sea-trout, salmo- ferox, and common brown trout. Ba or A-Baw, an isleted loch in Glenorchy parish, NE Argyllshire, on Rannoch Muir, 6 miles SE of King- house Inn, Glencoe. Very irregular in outline, it has an extreme length and breadth of 2^ miles and | mile, lies at an altitude of 957 feet, and teems with trout ; the river Ba, 4J miles long above, and 1^ below, the lake, connects it with Loch Laidon, and so with Loch Ran- noch. Ba, an islet of Applecross parish, "\V Ross-shire, with 5 inhabitants in 1861, but none in 1871. Ba or BaMU, a wooded eminence 700 feet high in Drumblade parish, Aberdeenshire, I5 mile SSE of Huntly. It is thought to have got its name from foot- ball contests in bygone days. Baads, a moorish tract in the W of Cullen parish, BanCFshire. It is falsely said by the later chronicles to have been the scene of a fierce battle between Norwegians and Indulph, Eing of Alban (954-62), in which the latter was slain ; but certainly it is thickly studded Avith tumuli, containing decayed bones, fragments of arms, and other relics. Baberton, an estate, with a mansion, in Currie parish, Edinburghshire. The mansion stands 1 mile NE of Currie village, is said to have belonged to James VI., and was a temporary residence of Charles X. of France. Babylon. See Bothwell. Bach, two of the Treshinish Isles, Bach-more and Bach-beg, off the mouth of Loch Tua, on the W side of Mull, Argyllshire. Bachnagairn, a picturesque fall on the South Esk river, in Cortachy parish, Forfarshire. It occurs about 1 mile S of Loch Esk ; makes a leap of more than 60 feet ; and is flanked by high, wooded, precipitous rocks. A shooting lodge of the same name is near. Back, a village on the E coast of Lewis island, Ross- shire, 7 miles NNE of Stornoway. It has a Free church. Pop. (1861) 403, (1871) 515. Back, a burn winding round the base of Tower Hill, in Pittencrieff Glen, contiguous to Dunfermline, Fife- shire. Back, a burn of NW Elginshire, issuing from the LochofRomach on the southern boundary of Rafford parish, and winding down the valley of Pluscardine. Backaskail, a bay in Cross and Burncss parish, Sanday island, Orkney. It produces enormous quan- tities of shell-fish. Backies, a hamlet in Golspie parish, Sutherland, 2 miles N of Golspie village. It has a public school, and re- mains of an ancient tower, which, probably built by the Norsemen, commanded aa extensive prospect over both sea and land. Backlass, a hill, 300 feet above sea-level, in "Watten parish, Caithness, 2J miles WSW of Watten village. A fair is held here on 15 Sept., old style, if a Tuesday, otherwise on the Tuesday after. Backmuir.'a village in Liff and Benvie parish, For- farshire, near the Perthshire boundary, 5^ miles NW of Dundee. Backmuir, a village on the northern border of Largo parish, Fife, 2J miles SE of Ceres. Backwater, a burn and a hamlet in Lintrathen parish, Forfarshire. The burn rises in the northern extremity of the parish, and runs southward to a confluence ■with the Melgam, a little above Lintrathen church. The hamlet takes name from the burn, and has a public school. Badcaul, a rivulet and a bay in Eddrachillis parish, Sutherland. The rivulet brings down the superfluence of a chain of small lakes, which abound in trout ; and it runs about 6 miles westward to the head of the bay. The church of Eddrachillis and a public school are at the head of the bay, 8^ miles NW of Kyle-Sku Ferry. The bay forms a well-sheltered sea-inlet, about IJ mile long ; and has, across its mouth, a picturesque and numerous group of small islands. Baden or Baddanloch, the third and most easterly of a chain of three lakes in Kildonan parish, Sutherland, 5J miles W by N of Kinbrace station. The three are Loch nan Cuinne, 3 miles long from N to S, and from 1 to 6 furlongs wide ; Loch a Chlair, H by 1 mile ; and Loch Baden itself, 1^ mile long froni NW to SE, and from 4 to 7 furlongs wide. They lie 392 feet above sea- level, send off" a stream to Helmsdale river, and all of them teem with trout and char. — Orel. Sur., sh. 109, 1878. Badenoch, the south-eastern district of Inverness- shire, bounded NW by the watershed of the Monadhliath Mountains, separating it from Stratherrick and Strath- dearn ; NE by Elginshire, and partly there by a line drawn across the Braes of Abernethy ; SE by the water- shed of part of the Braes of Abernethy, the watershed of the central Grampians, and a line drawn across Loch Ericht and round the S base of Ben Alder, separating it partly from Aberdeenshire, mainly from Perthshire ; and SW by an artificial line striking the foot of Loch Laggan, and separating it from Lochaber. Its greatest length, from NE to SE, is 45 miles ; and its greatest breadth is 19 miles. It includes part of Glen Spey in the SW, and all Glen Truim in the S ; and it is traversed, from the converfre/ice of these glens, onward to its uorth- 107 BADENSCOTH eastern boundary, by the river Spey. The surface, m a general view, is mountainous and wild, and comprises but a small aggregate of low or cultivated land. The south-western third of it is entirely Highland, diversi- fied only by Loch Laggan, the upper part of Loch Ericht, and a few deep narrow glens. The south- eastern border also, to an average breadth of at least 7 miles, is all a continuous mountain mass of the Gram- pians and the Abernethy Braes, cleft by wild glens. The central tract along the course of the Spey is the principal scene of culture and the principal seat of popu- lation ; and that, as may be seen from the account of the greater part of it under Alvie and Rothiemurchus, abounds in features of exquisite beauty. Yet many spots in the glens are attractive both in natural character and in artificial embellishment ; and a large aggregate of the skirts and shoulders of the mountains is covered with wood. — Badenoch, from the reign of Alexander IL till that of Robert Bruce (1230-1306), was held and despoti- cally ruled by the family of Comyn ; and it retains vestiges of their fortresses, as at Loch-an-Eilan and Loch- indhorb, which show a massiveness and a strength of masonry never seen in the ordinary baronial fortalices of Scotland. The Comyns, as is well known, contested the crown of Scotland with the Bruces, and acted pro- minently in the intrigues and conflicts of the wars of the succession. Robert Bruce slew the Red Comyn at Dum- fries, and gave the lordship of Badenoch to Randolph, Earl of Moray. In 1371 Robert IL transferred the lord- ship, with extraordinary powers of barony and regality, to his own illegitimate son, the Earl of Buchan, com- monly known as the Wolf of Badenoch. This man was a sort of Celtic Attila, ferocious in temper, cruelly tyran- nical in behaviour ; and both performed and provoked such deeds of spoliation and slaughter as gave full war- rant for his sobriquet. But various persons, called the king's kindly tenants, and also various churchmen, with tenures independent of the local authority, ob- tained grants of portions of land within Badenoch ; and these afterwards maintained many a struggle with the superiors of the soil. The Earls of Huntly, and their successors, the Dukes of Gordon, from 1452 ruled over most of Badenoch. Yet the Clan Chattan, or rather the Macpherson section of that clan, early got possession of the upper section of the district, and always continued to hold that section ; while the Macintoshes and the Grants obtained and have held possession of some other parts. Laggan Roman Catholic chapel, designated of Badenoch, was built in 1846, and contains 272 sittings. Badenscoth. See Axjchterless. Badensgill, a hamlet and a burn in Linton parish, Peeblesshire. The hamlet lies on the burn, near its mouth, 2J miles NNW of Linton parish. The burn rises on the Pentland Hills, and runs 2J miles south- eastward to the Lyne. Badentoy. See Banchory-Devenick. Badenyon, a house in Glenbucket parish, Aberdeen- shire, celebrated in the Rev. John Skinner's song, John o' Badenyon. A lodge was built on or near its site, in 1840, by the Earl of Fife. Badlieu, a burn in Tweedsmuir parish, Peeblesshire, rising upon the NE slope of Clyde Law (1789 feet), on the Lanarkshire boundary, and running, past Badlieu Rig (1374 feet) 2\ miles north-eastward, to the Tweed, 3 miles N of Tweeds "Well. Baggage-Knowe, a small hill in Kilsyth parish, Stirlingshire, associated in relics or reminiscences with the battle of Kilsyth, fought in 1645. Baidland, a hill in Dairy parish, Ayrshire. It rises to an altitude of 1099 feet above sea-level ; and, at a height of 850 feet, it has a vein or dyke of cannel coal, between two walls of carboniferous sandstone. Baikie, an estate, with a small plain modern mansion, in Airlie parish, Forfarshire. A deposit of marl, about 40 acres in area and from 18 to 21 feet deep, lay in Baikie Moss, and forms the subject of an interesting paper by Sir Charles Lyell, in the Transactions of the Geological Society. Bailford, an estate in Penpont parish, Dumfriesshire. 108 BALBIRNIE An ancient monument here consists of a two-stepped base and a slender pillar about 10 feet high ; has sculp- tures, now so weather-worn as to be almost effaced ; and defies speculation as to either origin or object. Baillieston, a large mining village and a quoad sacra parish, in the civil parish of Old Monkland, Lanark- shire, with a station on the Rutherglen-Coatbridge branch of the Caledonian, 3^ miles W by S of Coat- bridge, and 6J miles E of Glasgow. The village is lighted with gas, has a post office under Glasgow, and a railway telegraph ofl[ice, and contains an Established, a Free, and a U.P. church, besides St John's Episcopal and St Bridget's Roman Catholic churches. Under Old Monkland school-board there are a Sessional and a Roman Catholic school, wliich, with respective accom- modation for 215 and 143 children, had an average at- tendance(1879) of 209 and 149, and grants of £213, 8s. 6d. and £127, lis. The Baillieston and Shettleston mining district included in that year 22 active collieries, 16 of them at Baillieston itself. Pop. of village (1861) 1832, (1871) 2805, (1881) 2990 ; of q. s. parish (1871) 4924, (1881) 3477. Baillivanich, a lake, with a small islet, in the island of Benbecula, Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire. Re- mains of a monastery are on the islet. Bainsford. See Brainsford. Bainshole, a hamlet of NW Aberdeenshire, 7 miles from Insch, under which it has a post office. Bainton. See Baneton. Bairdston, a village in East Kilbride parish, Lanark- shire, 9 miles S of Glasgow. Balachulish. See Ballachulish. Balagich or Ballagioch, a hill in Eaglesham parish, Renfrewshire, 2f miles WSAV of Eaglesham village. It overhangs the E side of Binend Loch, and has an alti- tude of 1084 feet above sea-level. Several pieces of barytes have been got at or near it. Balaklava, a village on the E border of Kilbarchan parish, Renfrewshire, 1 mile NNE of Johnstone. It was founded in 1856, on the lands of Clippens, for working extensive ironstone mines ; and it is sometimes called Clippens Square. Pop. (1871) 339. Balallan, a village in Lochs parish, Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Ross-shire, 14 miles SW of Stornoway. Pop. (1871) 514. Balantradoch, an ancient chapelry in Temple parish, Edinburghshire. It contained the chief seat of the Knights Templars in Scotland ; passed in 1312 to the Knights of St John ; and after the Reformation was consolidated with Clerkington parish and Moorfoot chapelry into the modern parish of Temple. The church , 54| by 17^ feet, is First Pointed in style, and retains a piscina, an Easter sepulchre, and on its eastern gable an inscription which has puzzled antiquaries. Balbardie, an estate, with a mansion and fine park, in Bathgate parish, Linlithgowshire, in the northern vicinity of Bathgate town. Balbeggie, a village in a detached section of Kinnoul parish, Perthshire, 5-^ miles NE of Perth. It has a post office under Perth, a United Presbyterian church, and a public school, which, with accommodation for 120 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 68, and a grant of £58, 13s. Balbegno, an old castellated mansion in Fettercairn parish, Kincardineshire, 4| miles AVNW of Laurence- kirk. Built in 1509, it bears that date on a parapet wall ; it is said to have been so costly that the lands of Balnakettle and Littlestrath were sold for means to com- plete it ; and it contains a lofty hall, with groined roof exhibiting the armorial bearings of 16 Scottish peers ; under the form of Balmain it gives appellation to Sir Al. Entwisle Ramsay (b. 1837 ; sue. as fourth Bart. 1875), a great nephew of the late Dean Ramsay (1793-1872). Balbirnie, an estate, with a mansion, in Markinch parish, Fife. The mansion stands' in a romantic hollow amid extensive grounds, ^ mile N W of Markinch village ; was erected by the late General Balfour ; and is an elegant edifice with an Ionic portico. The estate ex- tends to the SW of Markinch village ; and has there, BALBIRNIE on the banks of the river Lcven, paper-mills, a woollen factory, extensive collieries, and a village called Balbirnie Mills. Pop. of the village conjointly with that of Auch- mity (1871) 403, (1881) 436. Balbirnie, a hamlet in Kuthven parish, Forfarshire, near the Perthshire boimdary, 21 miles NE of Meigle. Balbithan, an estate, with a mansion, in Keith-hall parish, Aberdeenshire, on the left bank of the Don, 1^ mile NNE of Kintore. The mansion, the property of the Earl of Kintore, is a curious old structure ; was a rendezvous of the ilarquis of Montrose and his friends in the times of the Covenanters ; and gave refuge to several of the Pretender's adherents after Culloden. A beech tree, girthing 14 feet at 1 foot from the ground, is on the estate. Balblair, a village in Eddertoun parish, Ross-shire, 5J miles W by N of Tain. It has a post office under Inverness, and a large distillery. Balblair, a hamlet in Criech parish, Sutherland, on the Kyle of Sutherland, 1 J mile NW of Bonar-Bridge. Balblair, a spot in Nairn parish, Nairnshire, on the top of a lofty terrace, near the coast, about 1 mile W by S of the town of Nairn. It was the camping-ground of the royal army on the eve of Culloden ; and it overlooks all the route which the Highlanders had to take in their proposed night attack. Balbrogie, a hamlet in the Perthshire section of the parish of Coupar-Angus. Balbunnoch, a village in Longforgan parish, Perth- shire, adjacent to Forfarshire, 4 miles W of Dundee. It is conjoint with Mylnefield, which has a post office under Dundee. A bleachfield was formerly in its neigh- bourhood ; and a paper-mill now is there. Balcail. See Balkail. Balcaithly, an estate in Dunino parish, Fife. An urn, supposed to be Roman, was exhumed in a field be- longing to it in 1836. Balcarres (Gael, hailc-carrais, 'to'wn of the contest'), a mansion in Kilconquhar parish. East Neuk of Fife, f mile NNW of Colinsburgh. It stands, engirt by trees, on a sunward slope, 300 feet above and 3 miles to the N of the Firth of Forth, across whose waters it looks away to the Bass, the Lammermuirs, and Edinburgh. Originally built in 1595, in the Scoto-Flemish Gothic of the period, it retains its fine dining-room, its turn- pike stair, and its thick-walled bedchamber, ' Oliver Cromwell's Room ; ' but otherwise was much enlarged and altered in the first half of the present century. A ruined ivy-clad chapel, hard by, erected about 1635, serves as the family burial-place ; and, 200 yards to the E, Balcarres Craig, a turreted rock of clinkstone, rises abruptly from the Den Burn's deep ravine. The estate was purchased in 1587 by the lawyer-statesman John Lindsay (1552-98), Lord Menmuir, second son of the ninth Earl of Crawford, who in 1592 obtained a royal charter uniting the lands of Balcarres, Balneill, and Pitcorthie into a free barony. His second son, David, the Rosicrucian (1586-1641), became Lord Lindsay of Balcarres in 1633 ; and his son, Alexander, feasted Charles II. here in 1651, the year that he was created Earl of Balcarres, and died an exile at Breda in 1659. The third Earl, Colin (d. 1722), was a Jacobite, though cousin by marriage to William of Orange, saw Claver- house's ghost, and founded Colinsburgh ; the fifth Earl, James (d. 1768), was ' the first that brought Fifeshire agriculture to any degree of perfection.' His daughter, Lady Ann Barnard (1750-1825), composed in 1771 Aulcl Rohin Gray, the name of the old Balcarres herdsman ; and his eldest son, Alexander, sLxth Earl (d. 1825), fought a duel with the traitor Arnold, and in 1789 sold the lauds of Balcarres to a younger son, the Hon. Rt. Lindsay (d. 1836). Title and lands were thus dissevered, the former now being held by Jas. Ludovic Lindsay, twenty-sixth Earl of Crawford and ninth of Balcarres (b. 1847 ; sue. 1880 ; seat, Dunecht House) ; and the latter by Sir Coutts Trotter Lindsay, second Bart, since 1821 (b. 1824 ; sue. 1837), who is seventh in lineal descent from Lord Menmuir, and owner of 4672 acres in the shire, valued at £9619 per annum. See the late BALDERNOCK Earl of Crawford's Lives of the Lindsays (3 vols.. Lend. 1849). Balcary, an old mansion, a baylet, a hill, and a head- land in Rerwick parish, Kirkcudbrightshire, on the SW side of Auchencairn Bay, about 9 miles E of Kirk- cudbright. The bay is an expansion of Auchencairn Bay, 2 miles SE of Auchencairn village ; and was de- signed by the projectors of the Ayrshire and Galloway railway to be provided with a commodious artificial harbour, in connection with a terminous of the railway. The hill and the headland intervene between Balcary Bay and the W of the entrance of Auchencairn Bay. Balcaskie, a mansion in the SE angle of Carnbee parish, Fife, If mile NW of Pittenweem. A fine old building with a park extending into Aberceombie parish, it is the seat of Sir Robert Anstruther, fifth Bart, since 1694, and owner of 2121 acres in the shire, valued at £5116 per annum. Balcastle, a hamlet and collieries in Slamannan parish, Stirlingshire, near Slamannan station, 5^ miles SSW of Falkirk. Balchristie, an estate, with a mansion, in Newburn parish, Fife, IJ mile WSW of Colinsburgh. The Culdees here had a church and lands, which went, by deed of David I., to the monks of Dunfermline; but were afterwards vainly claimed by the prior and canons of St Andrews. Balcomie, an ancient castle, a farm-house now, in Crail parish, Fife, 1 mile W of Fifeness, and 1| NNE of Crail. It belonged in 1375 to a John de Balcomie ; passed in the time of James IV. to the Learmonths, in 1705 to Sir William Hope, and afterwards to succes- sively Scott of Scotstarvet and the Earl of Kellie. In June 1538 it entertained Mary of Guise on her land- ing at Fifeness to be married to James V. Originally an edifice of great size and splendour, it was reduced by the Earl of Kellie to only one wing, but it still is of considerable size, and serves as a landmark to mariners. A small cave near is falsely alleged to have been the scene of the beheading of Constantin, King of the Picts (863-77), by Northmen ; and a group of islets, f mile NW of Fifeness, is called Balcomie Brigs. See part ii. of Thos. Rodger's Kingdom of Fife (Edinb., n. d. ). Balconie, an estate, with a mansion, in Kiltearn parish, Ross-shire. The mansion, f mile ESE of Evan ton village, is a castellated edifice, and was formerly a seat of the Earls of Ross. Hugh Miller, in chap. vi. of his Scenes and Legends, gives the weird tradition of the Lady of Balconie. Balcraig, a quondam ancient castle in Newtyle parish, Forfarshire, a short distance S of the ruins of Hatton Castle. Scarcely any traces of it remain. Some urns, in a broken state, were, a number of years ago exhumed about its site. Balcruvie or Pitcruvie, an ancient castle, now re- duced to one square tower in Largo parish, Fife, on Keil Burn, 1 J mile N by W of Lower Largo village. It was built by Sir John Lindsay, an ancestor of the Earls of Crawford. Balcurvie, a village in the SE of Markinch parish, Fife, near Cameron Bridge station. A public school here, with accommodation for 180 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 86, and a gi'ant of £59, 10s. Baldermonocks, the ancient bishops' lands in Cadder parish, Lanarkshire, comprehending all the parish, ex- cept the entailed estate of Cadder. Baldernock (Gael, laile-dur-chnoc, ' town of the stream at the knoll '), a hamlet and a parish of SW Stirlingshire. The hamlet stands in the W of the parish, 2| miles ENE of Milngavie station, and 74 miles N of its post-town Glasgow ; and comprises the parish church (1795 ; 406 sittings), a Free church, their manses, a school, and a few scattered cottages. The parish also contains the village of Balmoke, 2^ miles ESE. It is bounded N and NE by Campsie, S by Cadder in Lanarkshire, SW and W by New Kil- patrick, and NW by Strathblane ; and has an extreme length from N to S of 2| miles, a breadth from E to W of from 1| to 3^ miles, and an area of 4411^ acres, of 109 BALDOON CASTLE which 88| are water. The sluggish Kelvix flows be- tween embankments 3 miles along the southern border, while its affluent, Allandek Water, traces the south- western for 1| ; and to these two streams three or four burns run southward through the interior of the parish, in whose SW corner are Bardowie Loch (4 x 2^ furl.) and the best part of Dougalston Loch (4^ x 1 furl.). From the flat Balmore Haughs along the Kelvin the sm-face rises northward towards the Campsie Hills, having an altitude of 100 feet above sea-level near Tor- rance Bridge in the SE, of 200 near Longbank in the SW, of 187 at Craighead, 361 near Blairskaith, 313 by the church, 413 at Blochairn, 633 at Craigmaddie Muir on the northern border, and 700 at Blairskaith Muir in the NE. The rocks are carboniferous in the S, eruptive in the N ; and coal, ironstone, pyrites, fireclay, lime, and alum have all at times been worked. Of soils there is a great and strongly-marked diversity, from the rich alluvium of Balmore Haughs to the clay incumbent upon till of the middle slopes, and the light sharp soil of the upland moors beyond ; about 4000 acres are in tillage, 240 under wood. Antiquities are a famous cromlech called AuLD Wives' Lift, some round or oblong cairns on Blochairn farm, the Hamiltons' ruined castle by Bardome Loch, and remains of a moated tower in the park of Craigmaddie House near the north-western angle of the parish. The barony around this tower was held from 1238 and earlier by the Galbraiths, and in the latter half of the 14th century came through an heiress to John de Hamilton, a scion of the Cadzow line, and founder of that of Baldernock and Bardowie. Modern mansions are Bardo^vie, North Bardowie, and Glenorchard ; and the property is divided among 3 landoAvners holding each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 11 of from £100 to £500, 7 of from £50 to £100, and 6 of from £20 to £50. Baldernock is in the pi-esbytery of Dumbarton and synod of Glasgow and Ayr ; its minister's income is £213. The public school, with accommodation for 125 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 60, and a grant of £66, 15s. Valuation (1881) £6609, lis. 5d. Pop. (1801) 796, (1841) 972, (1871) 616, (1881) 569.— Ord. Sur., sh. 30, 1866. Baldoon Castle, the corner of one crumbling tower, M'itli a few yards of ivy-clad wall, in Kirkinner parish, Wigtownshire, 3 furlongs from the S bank of Bladenoch river, and IJ mile SSW of Wigtown. Hence Scott derived the ground-plot of the Bride of Lammermoor, for here, according to its Introduction and to Chambers' Domestic Annals (ii. 326-328),'the final act of the real tragedy was played in August 1669, with Janet Dal- rymple, Lord Stair's daughter, for ' Lucy,' David Dun- bar of Baldoon for ' Bucklaw,' Lord Rutherford for ' Ravenswood,' and so forth. But antiquaries now re- ject the ' bonny bridegi'oom ' version of the story, con- ceding only that the bride died broken-hearted just a month after her bridal in Glenluce kirk. David Dun- bar is described as an agricultural improver ; and at the present day the Baldoon Mains are famous for their dairy-farms. Eastward in Wigto\vn Bay are the Baldoon Sands, from 1 J to 2 miles broad at low- water ; and northward is Baldoon Quay, a small proprietorial har- bour on the Bladenoch. See J. G. Murray's Stair Annals (1875), and Trans. Highl. and Ag. Soc, 1875, pp. 53-60. Baldovan, a village, with a railway station, in Mains and Strathmartin parish, Forfarshire, on the river Dighty, and on the Dundee and Newtyle railway, 3 miles NW of Dundee. Baldovan House, in the vicinity, is the seat of Sir John Ogilvy, ninth Bart, since 1625, and owner of 1431 acres, valued at £3626 per annum. Baldovan Asylum for Imbecile Children was erected in 1854, by the benevolence of Sir John and Lady Jane Ogilvy ; is a fine structure, after designs by Coe & Good- win ; and, as considerably enlarged in 1869, accommo- dates some 50 inmates. It was the first institution of its kind, and long the only one in Scotland. Baldovie, a post office hamlet in Dundee parish, For- farshire, 4 miles ENE of Dundee town. 110 BALFRON Baldowrie, an estate, with a mansion, in Kettins parish, Forfarshire. On the estate is an ancient stand- ing stone, 6 feet high, with nearly defaced sculptures. Baldragon, a station in Forfarshire, on the Dundee and Newi;yle railway, 1 mile NNAV of Baldovan station. See pp. 262-264 oiCha.mheTs' Popular Eh i/mcs{ed. 1870). Baldridge, several localities — Baldridge, West Bald- ridge, Baldridge House, and North Baldridge, in Dun- fermline parish, Fife, around the Well wood colliery, from I to 1 J mile NNW of Dunfermline. Balemo, a village in Currie parish, Edinburghshire. on the right bank of the Water of Leith, with a station on a loop line of the Caledonian, 1 mile WSW of Currie, and 7 SW of Edinburgh. It has a post office under Currie, Avith money order and savings' bank departments, a U.P. church (1829 ; 500 sittings), 2 inns, 2 paper-mills, and a public and an Episcopal school, which, with ac- commodation for 176 and 126 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 109 and 57, and grants of £93, 12s. and £33, 12s. Pop. (1861) 510, (1871) 490. Balemo Railway, an Edinburghshii'e loop line of the Caledonian, 5^3- miles long, from Slatcford to Ravelrig siding. A single line, it was authorised in 1870, formed at a cost of £42,000, and opened in 1874 ; it four times crosses the Water of Leith, has steepish gradients, and at Colinton traverses a tunnel 150 yards long. Baleshare. See Balleshare. Balevil, a small estate, mth a residence, in Urquhart parish, Ross-shire. It was bought and occupied, in the present century, by General John Mackenzie. Balfour, an estate, with a mansion, in Markinch parish, Fife. The mansion stands on the right bank of the river Leven, near the influx of the Ore, 1^ mile NE of Thornton ; is the seat of Admii'al C. R. D. Bethune ; and contains an original portrait of Cardinal Beaton. The estate belonged anciently to the family of Balfour ; was originally called Balorr, with reference to its situa- tion near the Ore ; and passed by marriage, in 1360, to the Bethunes. Balfour, a ruined ancient castle in the S of Kingoldrum parish, Forfarshire. It is in the Gothic style ; was built by Cardinal Beaton ; became the seat of the Ogilvies of Balfour, a branch of the noble Ogilvies of Airlie ; passed to the Fotheringhams and the Farquharsons ; and about 1838, was denuded of two wings, for the erection of a farm-house. Balfour, a hamlet in Shapinshayparish, Orkney, 5 miles NE of Kirkwall, under which it has a post office. Balfour Castle, in its vicinity, is the seat of David Balfour, Esq. , o^vner of 29,054 acres, valued at £7578 per annum. Balfron, a \'illage and a parish of W Stirlingshire. The village lies toward the south-western corner of the parish, 2 furlongs from the right bank of the Endrick, and 2 miles E of Balfron station on the Forth and Clyde Junction section of the North British, that station, mth a telegi'aph office, being 20 miles WSW of Stirling, and 10:i ENE of Balloch. From Glasgow Balfroa is 19 miles NNW by road, or 24 by coach to Killearn and thence by rail over Lennostown ; but the Strathendrick and Aber- foyle railway (sanctioned June 1880) will bring them into more direct connection. Built on a gentle slope, it looks across the river and the Ballikinrain woods to Earl's Seat, highest of the Campsie Fells (1894 feet), 3^ miles SSE ; 11 miles NNW and U\ NW rise Ben Venue (2393 feet) and Ben Lomond (3192), with lesser sum- mits of the great Highland wall. "The place itself was foimded by Robert Dunmore, Esq. of Ballindalloch, who opened a cotton-mill in 1789 ; and, neat and regular, it prospered gi'eatly for the first fifty years, till handloom- weaving, its staple industry, was superseded by machinery. Now it looks somewhat deserted, but still has a branch bank of the British Linen Co., a post office under Glas- gow, with money order and savings' bank departments, 5 inns, a library, and 1 large factory, the Ballindalloch cotton-spinning works ; and fairs are held at it on the last Tuesday of May, July (hiring), and October (horses and cattle). Places of worship are the parish church (1832; 690 sittings), a Free church (for Killearn and Balfron), and a new U.P. church (1882) ; a public BALGAIR school, with accommodation for 208 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 180, and a grant of £168, 2s. Pop. (1831) 1700, (1861) 1179, (1871)1085, (1881) 970. The parish is bounded N by Drymen and Kippen, E by Gargunnock, SE by Fintry, S by Killearn, and NW by Drymen. It has an extreme length from E to W of 7| miles, a \vidth from N to S of from 7 furlongs to 2h miles, and an area of 7847f acres, of which 28 are water. The westward-flowing Exdrick roughly traces all the southern border, and the surface along its right bank has an altitude of less than 200 feet above sea-level, but rises northward to 491 feet at Cairnhall, 446 near Edin- bellie, 627 on Ballindalloch Muir, and 577 on Balgair Muir, — north-eastward to Stronend (1676 feet), which ciilminates just beyond the SE frontier ; and from Stron- end it sinks again north-eastward to 554 feet near the confluence of the Boquhan and Pow Burns, marking the eastern, and part of the northern, boundary. The rocks are mainly eruptive, and the profitable working of abundant limestone has only been hindered by the ab- sence of coaL In 1841 more than two-thirds of the entire area were either pastoral or waste, but great re- clamations have been since effected, those of a single proprietor costing, in two years, upwards of £40,000. Mr Gillespie, however, in his edition of Nimmo's Stii-- lingshire (1880) distributes the area — 3420 acres in till- age, 4295 waste, and 105 under wood. In the old heathen days the children of Balfron are said to have all been killed by wolves, whence its name Baile-hhroin ('town of mourning ') ; other traditions record how Bal- lindalloch and Edinbellie were seats, if not the birth- places, of Alexander Cunningham, the 'Good' Earl of Glencairn (d. 1574), and Napier of Merchiston (1550- 1617), how at Clockburn Sharpe's murderers first drew rein, fresh from their bloody work on Magus Moor (1679). Certain, at least, it is that Edinbellie was the scene of the forcible abduction of Jean Key (3 Dec. 1750) by Rob Roy's sons, for which Robin Gig, the principal, was three years after hanged at Edinburgh ; and that Balfron gave birth to the eminent Glasgow architect, Alexander Thom- son (1817-75). Ballindalloch, J mile W of the viLlage, is now the seat of H. R. Cooper, Esq. , who divides this parish with 13 more (non-resident) proprietors. It is in the presbytery of Dumbarton and s3'nod of Glasgow and Ayr; the minister's income is £251. Valuation (1881) £6615, 9s. Id. Pop. (1801) 1634, (1831) 2057, (1851) 1900, (1871) 1502, (1881) \Z27. —Ord. Sur., shs. 38 and 39, 1871-69. Balgair, an estate in the E of Balfron parish, Stirling- shire, 3^ mUes E of Balfron -iollage. It includes Balgair proper. Hill of Balgair, "Wester Balgair, and Balgair Muii' ; and it formerly was the place of a large annual cattle mar- ket, now held on Kippen Moor. Balgarvie, an estate, with a handsome modern man- sion, in Monimail parish, Fife. Balgavies. See Abeelejixo. Balgay. See Dundee. Balgedie, two hamlets, Easter and "Wester, in Port- moak parish, Kinross -shire, at the foot of "West Lomond Hill, 1 mile from the E shore of Loch Leven, \ and 1 mile NN"\V of Kinnesswood, and about 5 miles by road E by N of Kinross. They have a United PresbA^terian church. Balglass, an estate in the NE corner of Killearn parish, Stirlingshire. An ancient castle here is said to have formerly been well fortified, and once to have aff'orded protection to Sir "William "Wallace. Balgonar, an estate, with a mansion, in Saline parish, Fife. Balgone. See North Berwick. Balgonie, two villages and an estate in Markinch parish, Fife. Balgonie proper or Milton of Balgonie stands on the left bank of the river Leven, 1| mile ESE of Markinch station ; and has a post oSice under Mark- inch, and a former chapel of ease, with 650 sittings, erected in 1875 into a quoad sacra church. Flax-mills are adjacent, and form three sides of a rectangle, 160 by 140 feet. — Coalton of Balgonie \-illage stands near the North British railway, l^mile S of Markinch, and has two suburbs called "West Coalton and Lady's Square. A BALLACHROY bleachfield is on the Leven, a little N of Lady's Square, and nearl}''a mile "W of Jlilton. — In 1823 Balgonie estate, having belonged to the Earls of Leven from the reign of Charles I., was purchased for £104,000 by James Balfour of "Whittinghame, whose son, Charles Balfour (1823-72) was owner of 919 acres, valued at £1763 per annum. The ancient mansion on it, Balgonie Castle, stands on the banks of the Leven, about 36 feet above the bed of the stream, in the western vicinity of Milton ; is an edifice of different ages, large and massive, strong and picturesque ; comprises two sides of a quadrangle, with a strong wall on the other two sides, enclosing an oblong area of 108 by 65 feet ; and includes a donjon or keep, 45 feet long, 36 wide, and 80 high. Rich coal mines are on the estate, and have been worked for centuries. The title of Baron Balgonie (ere. 1641) is still borne by the Earls of Leven, the first of whom, Alex. Leslie, the celebrated Presbyterian general, died at Balgonie in 1661. Balgowan, an estate, with a mansion and a railway station, in the SW of Methven parish, Perthshire, on the Perth and Crieff railway, 2 mUes "WS'W of Slethven tillage. The mansion is the seat of Maitland Thomson, Esq. (b. 1847 ; sue. 1879), owner of 2953 acres, valued at £3877 per annum. A public school here, ^vith accom- modation for 84 children, had (1879) an average attend- ance of 52, and a grant of £44, 3s. Balgown, a small bay on the E side of Kirkmaiden parish, "Wigtownshii'e, 9 miles N by "W of the Mull of Galloway. Balgownie. See Aberdeen. Balgray, a hamlet on the N'W border of Lanarkshire, on the river Kelvin, 3 mUes NN"W of Glasgow. A quarry of excellent sandstone is near it, about 600 yards from a wharf on the Forth and Clyde Canal ; and this, about the year 183 2, disclosed upwards of twenty stumps of exogenous fossU trees, all standing in a group, in their natural position. Not more than two of the stumps retained their roots, and no organic remains whatever were visible in the superincumbent rock. Balgray Hill, a place in Springburn parish, Lanark- shire. Balgreggan, an estate, with a mansion, the seat of "^'m. 5laitland, Esq. (7848 acres, £5882 per annum), in Stoneykirk parish, "NVigtownshire. A mote near the man- sion, 460 feet in circumference and 60 high, was engirt by a large fosse, and has on the top a curious excavation. Balhousie, an old castellated mansion in the northern vicinity of Perth. Balintore Castle, a mansion in Lintrathen parish, "W Forfarshire, 9 miles "WN"\^'' of Kirriemuir. It is a seat of Major "W^m. Lyon, owner of 6888 acres in the shire, valued at £1428 per annum. Balintore, a fishing village in Feam parish, Ross- shire, on a flat piece of coast, 6 mUes NNE of the Souters of Cromarty, and 7 SE of Tain. Pop. (1871) 387. . Balintraid, a harbour in Kilmuir-Easter parish, Ross- shire, on the Cromarty Firth. 3 miles NE of Invergordon. It has a pier, and serves a large part of Easter Ross for the exportation of grain and fir-timber, and for the im- portation of coals and general merchandise. Balisheac, an island in North Uist parish, Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire, near the S"W' coast of North Uist island. It is about 3^ miles long. Balivanich, a hamlet in Benbecula island. Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire. It has a public school, which, with accommodation for 98 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 56, and a grant of £42, 8s. Balkail, an estate, with a mansion, in Old Luce parish, "Wigtownshire, \ mile SE of Glenluce village. Balkello, a hamlet in Tealing parish, Forfarshire. Its post-town is Auchterhouse, under Dundee. Balkissock, a mansion in Ballantrae parish, S"W Ajt- shire, 3 miles E of Ballantrae village. It is the seat of Arthur Hughes-Onslow, Esq. (b. 1862; sue. 1870), owner of 14,426 acres in the shire, valued at £3235 per annum. Ballachroy, a ^nllage on the "W side of Kintyre, Argyll- shu-e, 4 miles NNE of Tayinloan. Ill BALLACHULISH Ballachulish (Gael, hail-a-chaolais, ' tovm of the strait'), a large but straggling village of Lismore and Appin parish, Argyllshire, extending along the southern shore of salt-water Loch Leven, on either side of the Laroch river, up to the mouth of Glencoe. Its central point, the bridge over the Laroch, is If mile WSW of Bridge of Coc, 2| miles ESE of Ballachulish Ferry, and 16^ S of Fort William ; by coach and steamer Ballachu- lish in summer has constant communication with Tyn- drum and Oban, and so with all parts of Scotland. At Ballachulish Ferry, where the entrance of Loch Leven narrows to 1 furlong, stands an excellent hotel ; the steamboat pier is 1 mile further W ; and the village has a post and telegraph office under Glencoe, an Established mission church (enlarged 1880), a Fi'ee church, St John's Episcopal church (1842-48 ; congregation, 600) in pseudo Early English style, and St Mun's Pioman Catholic church (1836 ; 100 sittings). A public and an Episco- pal school, accommodating 58 and 126 children, had (1879) an attendance of 67 and 84, and grants of £48, I'is. and £28, 10s. Pop. ofvillage (1871) 944; of Glencoe and Bal- lachulish registration district (1871) 1529, (1881) 1441. ' The slate quarries,' to quote from Trans. Highl. andAg. Soc. (1878), p. 77, 'were commenced about 1760, and at present are worked with great vigour under the trustees of the late Sir George Beresford. The vein of slate, which is at an angle of 80°, stretches S and E from the shore along the side of Meall Mor (2215 feet), and then runs into the centre of it. The face of the rock is laid open by workings fronting N and W, the inclination of the vein being towards the E. The workings of the main or E quarries are conducted in four levels, above the common highway, and three sinkings, making an aggregate working face of 436 feet in depth — an increase of 230 feet since 1843. The W end work- ings are conducted upon a similar method — one with 3 upper levels, and 2 depths of sinkings. Recently there have been several new quarries opened, which promise well. The material from the upper parts is conveyed from the respective levels by powerful brake-drums, the weight of the loaded waggons descending taking up the emjDty waggons without difficulty. Material from the sinkings is taken up to the surface in inclined planes by 3 stationary engines, which, by auxiliary gearing, keep the sinkings free of water — no small matter in such a rainy district, and with such great watersheds. The rock, after being quaiTied, is conveyed partly by railway locomotives. In all the workings there are from 10 to 11 miles of firm and permanent lines of iron rails used, and 130 substantial iron waggons. For deep boring a power- ful patent rock drill is put to work to rend the hill into pretty large blocks, which are afterwards easily disposed of by the regular manual process, i.e., one man, in a half- recumbent position, regulating the boring -drill, while another wields a large hammer, doing great execu- tion. At times this process would appear alarming to the inexperienced spectator, inasmuch as the operators are slung at giddy heights by ropes twisted round their bodies, the pressure of which, combined with physi- cal exertions required in the manual toil, must prove no mean test of their strong and healthy frames. The slate-making portions, or " blocks," are conveyed on " lines " along the banks formed by the refuse, and laid down at little sheds where they are, by one man, split up to the required thickness, and, by another, cut into shape, after which they arc ready for export. There are three safe and commodious shipping harbours, all formed by the banks of rubbish projecting into the sea in arms of two to each harbour, thus completely slicltcring ves- sels in any weather. The slates are of a deep blue colour, and spangled with pyrites, called by the work- men " diamonds ;" and these gold-coloured drops are so incorporated with the slate that they cannot be sepa- rated from it. The slates are allowed to possess in a pre-eminent degree all the qualities of permanence of colour and durability of material essential to roof slates. There are five different descriptions of slates made, viz., queens, duchesses, countesses, sizables, and undersized. The annual production of manufactured slates is 28,000 112 BALLANTRAE to 30,000 tons, or, in numbers, 16,000,000 to 17,000,000. There are over 600 men employed in the works, earning from 20s. to 40s. per week.' — Ord. Sur., sh. 53, 1877. Ballachulish and Corran of Ardgour, a qtcoad sacra parish in Kilmalie parish, Inverness and Argyll shires. It comprises two districts. North Ballachulish in Inver- ness-shire and AnDGOUR in Argyllshire, separated from each other by the northern end of Loch Linnhe, and its continuation of that. Loch Eil, but communicating with each other by Corran Ferry, 4 miles by road NW of Bal- lachulish Ferry, and itself | mile broad. North Ballachu- lish district is bounded S by Loch Leven and the river Leven, being separated only by these from Ballachulislj proper and the region of Glencoe, and it measures 17 miles in length and 7 in breadth. The parish, consti- tuted first by the General Assembly in May 1833, next by the Court of Teinds in December 1845, is in the pres- bytery of Abertarff and synod of Glenelg ; its minister's income is £136. Two churches for the two districts, standing about 4 miles apart, were built in 1829, each at a cost of £1470 ; and that of Ballachulish contains 300 sittings. Pop. (1871) 849, (1881) 748, of whom 248 belonged to Corran of Ardgour. Ballagan, an estate, with a mansion and with a fine waterfall, in Strathblane parish, Stirlingshire. The man- sion stands on the upper reach of the Blane river, called the Laggan Burn, 5 mile E by N of Strathblane village, and commands, from its windows, a view of the waterfall, which, kno-wn as the Spout of Ballagan, makes a descent of 70 feet, and somewhat resembles Corra Linn. Ballagioch. See Balagich. Ballanachist, a rivulet in Harris, Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire, frequented by salmon, and open for rod and line fishing from 10 Sept. to 31 Oct. Ballanbreich (popularly Bamhrcich), a ruined ancient castle in Flisk parish, Fife, on a steep bank oveihanging the Firth of Tay, 2f miles NE of Newburgh. It was a parallelogram, 180 feet long by 70 wide, witli an enclosed court ; consisted, on three sides, of buildings four stories high, on the fourth side of a high curtain wall ; was surrounded by a moat ; and is now a mere shattered shell, of picturesque outline, embosomed in a small plan- tation. The Earls of Rothes long resided in it, and took from it the title Baron Ballanbreich (ere. 1457). The estate connected with it was purchased by Sir LawTcnce Dundas, gi-andfather of the first Earl of Zetland. An ancient place of worship stood adjacent to the E side of the castle, on what is still called Chapel Hill. Ballancrieflf. See Ballencrieff. Ballandarg, a burn of W Forfarshire, rising in Kirrie- muir parish, and running southward to the Dean river, in Glamis parish. Ballangeich. See Stirling. Ballanree. See Berigonium. Ballantrae (Gael, baile-na-traigh, 'town on the shore'), a fishing village and a coast parish of Carrick, SW Ayr- shire. The village lies in the NW corner of the parish, between the sea-shore and the right bank of the Stinchar, which here, at | mile from its mouth, is crossed by a three-arched bridge. It is 13 miles SSW of its post- town Girvan, and 10 WSW of Pinwherry station on the Girvan and Portpatrick Junction railway (1876) ; with a one main street, it has a branch of the Commercial Bank, an hotel, a public hall and reading-room, a post office with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, a neat parish church (rebuilt 1819 ; 60O sittings), a Free church, and a school, which, with accommodation for 219 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 143, and a grant of £100, lis. The tidal harbour, constructed at a cost of £6000, is a basin ex- cavated from the solid rock, Avith a strong pier built upon a rocky ledge ; and Ballantrae is centre of the south-western fishery district, in which, during 1879, there were cured 25,428 barrels of white herrings, besides 6882 cod, ling, and hake, taken by 569 boats of 1363 tons, the persons employed being 952 fishermen and boys, 78 fish-curers, 49 coopers, and some 800 others, while the total value of boats, nets, and lines was esti- mated at £11,375 — figures that indicate a great advance BALLANTRAE over preceding years. A century since the village was noted as a smugglers' haunt, a rude and primitive place, but in 1617 it was a burgh of barony; and the picturesque ruins of Ardstinchar Castle, with clock- surmounted tower, still crown a rock close by. The key to Carrick, this was the seat of the Kennedys, lairds of Bargeny, whose feud with the Earls of Cassillis closed (1601) with the slaughter of young Kennedy in a fray near the Brig of Doon (Chambers' Dom. Ann., i. 292, 310, 359). Pop. (1831) 456, (1861) 557, (1871) 515, (1881)426. The parish is bounded N" and E by Colmonell, SE by New Luce and S by Inch in Wigto-wnshire, SW by the entrance to Loch Ryan, and W by the Irish Channel, 36 miles across. It has an extreme length from N to S of 9 miles, a breadth from E to AV of from 4 J to 8 miles, and an area of 33,876^ acres, of which 164 are foreshore and 151| water. The coast-line, 9^ miles long, over the first 2, northward from the village, presents a low sandy shore, the Girvan road at one point nmning only 17 feet above the level of the sea ; but elscAvhere it is steep and rockbound, rising within 3 furlongs to over 300 and 600 feet, and commanding grand views of Ailsa Craig (11 miles NNW) and the Firth of Clyde, of Ireland and the Rhinns of Galloway. The Stinchar has here a south- westerly course of 4 J miles, on the Colmonell border and through the north-western corner of the parish ; 2 miles above the village it is joined by Tig Water, which flows first 3^ miles northward along the eastern boundary, next 5:^ westward along the northern and through the northern interior. The Water of Luce, too, with the Pinwherran, Laganabeastie, and others of its tributary burns, winds southward into Wigtownshire ; but the stream that has shaped the most jjrominent features of Ballantrae is the shallow Water of App, rising between Smirton and Beneraid hills, and running 6 miles south- westward to Loch Ryan through beautiful Glen App. With the north-eastward flowing Dunnock Burn, an affluent of the Tig, it divides the parish into two nearly equal halves, in the western of which from S to N rise Sandloch Hill (803 feet), Penderry (1075), Carlock (1054), Auchencrosh (1067), Smirton (1213), Big Fell (1032), and Leffie Donald Hill (760), with Cairn Hill (539), Bencummin (739), and Knockdhu (755) beyond the Tig. In the eastern are Muillbane (741 feet), Altimeg (1270), Highmilldown (1104), Milljoan (1320), Beneraid (1435 ; a station of the Ordnance Survey, 4| miles SE of the village), Benaw (1380), Strawarren Fell (1040), Wee Fell (850), Millmore (1052), and Loch Hill (870); whilst in the SE, flanking the Water of Luce, are Bennan Hill (1157), Park Hill (761), Ardnamoil (944), and Drum- bracken (803). Triangular Killantringan Loch (3 x 1 fu^l.) lies 2i miles S by E of the village. The rocks belong to the Lower Silurian ; the soils are alluvial in the valleys, light and sandy towards the NW coast, and generally moorish on the uplands. Less than a fifth of the whole area is arable, besides some 370 acres under plan- tation ; and dairy-farming forms a chief source of wealth. Mansions or summer lodges are Finnart House (Rt. F. Kennedy), Glenapp House (James Hunter), Glenapp Lodge (G. Oliver), Balkissock House (Arthur Hughes- Onslow), Gurphur House (D. M 'Gibbon), Auchairne House (C. Hunter), and Auchenflower (P. Walker) ; and 7 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and iipwards, 12 of between £100 and £500, and 4 of from £20 to £50. In the presbytery of Stranraer and s}Tiod of Galloway, this parish was formerly called Kirkcudbright-Innertig ; and its church, St Cuthbert's (anciently held by Crossraguel Abbey), stood up to 1617 near the confluence of the Tig and the Stinchar, where some ruins may yet be seen. In 1874 the Glenapp portion, which has a post oflice under Girvan, was fonned into a quoad sacra parish. There are four public schools, in addition to the one in the village — at Auchenflower, 2^ miles E by N ; Ballachdowan, 3 miles S ; Glonapp, 6^ miles S ; and Shennas. With total accommodation for 179 children, these had, in 1879, an average attendance of 93, and grants amounting to £114, lis. lid. Valuation (1880) £15,213, 16s. Pop. 8 BALLENCRIEFF (1801) 836, (1831) 1506, (1851) 1801, (1871) 1277, (ISSl) 1442.— OrcZ. Sur., sh. 7, 1863. Ballat, a bog in Drymen parish, Stirlingshire, on the watershed between tlie river systems of the Forth and the Clyde, 3 miles KNE of Drymen village. It is tlie lowest ground on the summit-level between the E and W coasts of Scotland, excepting DuUater Bog, on the Forth and Clyde Canal ; its elevation is 222 feet above the level of the sea. Ballater (Gael. haUe-na-lcitir, 'town near the slope of the hill '), a village in Glenmuick parish, Aberdeen- shire, at the terminus of the Deeside Extension section (1866) of the Great North of Scotland, 43J miles WSW of Aberdeen by rail, and 17^ ENE of Castleton of Brae- mar by road. It lies 668 feet above sea-level, between the wooded hills of Pananich (1896 feet) and Craigan- darroch (1250), on the left bank of the Dee, which here is spanned by a wooden four-arched bridge, erected in 1834 at a cost of £2000, its two stone predecessors of 1790 and 1809 having been swept away by the great floods of 1799 and 1829. The village itself was founded about 1770, to accommodate visitors to the Pananich Mineral Wells ; and, lighted with gas (1863), supplied with water from the Gairn at a cost of £2500 (1873), and since efficiently drained, it enjoys fine bracing air and an equable climate, the mean temperature being 44 '6°, the rainfall 33 '40 inches. AVith slated houses built of red- dish granite, a square in the middle, and spacious regidar streets, it is a pleasant, neat, clean place, a favourite resort of summer visitors ; at it are a post office, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, branches of the Union, North of Scotland, and Aberdeen Toa\ti and County banks, a local savings' bank (1821), 4 insurance agencies, the Invercauld Arms hotel, Deans's temperance hotel, and St Nathalau's masonic lodge. Fairs are held on the Tuesday of Feb- ruary before Aboyne, the first Tuesday of Maj*, old style, the Wednesday of July after Brechin wool market, the second Monday and Tuesday of September, old style, and the Saturday before 22 Nov. The principal biuldings are the handsome parish church (rebuilt 1875) ; a neat new Free church, 7 furlongs to the NW ; the Barracks (1869), consisting of seven Elizabethan cottages, for the Queen's guard of honour ; the Albert Memorial Hall, erected (1875) by Mr A. Gordon, at a cost of upwards of £2000, and comprising a public hall, reading, and billiard rooms, a square tower, etc. ; and a new public school (1877), which, with accommodation for 260 chil- dren, had in 1879 an average attendance of 214, and a gi-ant of £185, 12s. Pop. (1841) 271, (1861) 362, (1871) 691, (1881) 759.— (9/-d Sur., sh. 65, 1870. Ballater, Pass of, a 'wild and anciently impregnable' defile, f mile N of Ballater village, leading from Milton of TuUich to Bridge of Gairn, a distance of 2 miles, and overhung to the S by Craigandarroch (1250 feet), to the N by Creagan Riach (1750) and other offsets of Morven Hill (2862). Ballatrich or Ballaterach, a farm-house in Glenmuick parish, Aberdeenshire, near the S bank of the Dee, 4J- miles E of Ballater. The place where Lord Byron spent part of his boyhood, it retains some relics of the poet, and for his sake is visited by many strangers. Balleave, a hamlet in Kinross parish, Kinross-shire, on Kelly Burn, J mile SW of Kinross. It has a tartan manufactory. Ballechin, an estate, with the seat of Jn. Steuart, Esq. (b. 1837; sue. 1876),' in Logierait parish, Perth- shire, 3 miles WNW of Ballinluig Junction. Balledgamo or Ballemo, a village in Inchture parish, Perthshire, 7 miles AV of Dundee. It is supposed to have taken its name from an ancient castle, built by a Prince Edgar, and now extinct. Balledgarno House stands in its south-western vicinity, and is a fine man- sion, surrounded by plantations. Ballenach, a hamlet in North Knapdalc, Argyllshire, near the Crinan Canal, 6 miles AVNAV of Lochgilphead. Ballenbreich. See Ballanbreich. BallencrieflF, a mansion in Aberlady parish, Hadding- tonshire, It mile SE of Aberlady village. It is a seat of 113 BALLENCEIEFF Lord Elibank, owner of 1863 acres in the shire, valued at £5565 per annum. Occupying a fiue site, and sur- rounded by stately trees, it enjoj-s an extensive prospect. Patrick Murray, fifth Lord Elibank, here entertained Dr Samuel Johnson in 1773. A hospital, dedicated to St Cuthbert, is said to have been founded here in the 12th century. See Daen Hall. Ballencrieff, several localities and a rivulet in Linlith- gowshire. The localities lie in the northern vicinity of Bathgate, and include a ruined ancient mansion and lime-works. The rivulet rises Ih mile NE of Bathgate, makes a circuit of about 4| mUes, round the SE and centre of Bathgate parish, to the western vicinity of Bathgate town ; runs thence about 2| miles north-westward, partly in Bathgate parish, partly along the boundary with Tor- phichen ; and makes a confluence ^\ith BarbauchlawBurn, to form the river Luggie, which runs about | mile north- westward to the Avon. Ballendrick, an estate, with a modern mansion, in Dun- barnie parish, Perthshire, 1 mile WSW of Bridge of Earn. Ballemo. See Balledgakxo. Balleshare, an island in Xorth Uist parish, Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire, in the western part of the sound dividing ISTorth Uist island from Benbecula. It nearly blocks the W entrance of the sound ; has an ir- regular outline and much indented shores ; and measures about 10 miles in circumference. Pop., together with that of lUeray, (1861) 199, (1871) 2i6.. " ~^ ' BallevTillin, a hamlet in Tii-ee island, Argyllshii-e. Ballewan, a farm, with a mineral spring, in Strath- blane parish, Stirlingshire. Balliasta, an ancient chapelry, with ruins of an old church, and with Umestoue quarries, in Uist island, Shetland. Ballibeg, a hamlet of E Argyllshire. Its post-town is Strachur under Glasgow. Ballichroisk, a hamlet in the "W of Perthshire. Its post-town is Killin under Crieff. Ballied, an estate, with a mansion, in Kinloch parish, Perthshire, 3^ mUes ^Y of Blairgowrie. Balligill, a loch (2| x li furl. ) in Farr parish, Suther- land, 2 J miles SW of Melvich. Its trout run up to 3 lbs. Ballikinrain, an estate, ■with a mansion, in Killearn parish, Stu-lingshire. The mansion stands on a bm-n of its own name, near the bui'n's influx to the river En- drick, 1 mile ESE of Balfron ; and is the seat of Arch. Orr-Ewing, M.P. for Dumbartonshire since 1868. The burn rises, at 1250 feet of altitude, on the northern shoulder of Earl's Seat (1894 feet), the highest summit of the Campsie Fells ; runs about 2 miles down Balli- kinrain Muir, making in its descent a number of fine cascades ; and afterwards flows about f mile across the valley of the Endrick. Ballimore, a hamlet in a detached part of Logierait parish. Perthshire, on the river Tummel, 2^ miles E by K of Kinloch Raunoch. Ballimore, an estate, with a modem mansion, in Kil- finan parish, Argj'Ushii'e, on Loch Fj'ne at Otter Ferry, 5 miles ESE of Lochgilphead. It is the seat of Camp- bell Jlaephcrson Campbell, Esq. (b. 1844 ; sue. 1862), owner of 9.'21 acres, valued at £1933 per annum. Ballincrieff. See Ballexckieff, Ballindalloch, a hamlet and an estate in Inveravon parish, Banfl'shire. The hamlet lies at the confluence of the Avon and the Spey, adjacent to the Craigellachie and Boat of Garten branch of the Great North of Scot- land railway, 12 miles WSW of Craigellachie ; and has a station on the railway, and a post oflice, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments. The estate belongs to Sir George ilacpherson-Grant (b. 1839; sue. 1850), third Bart, since 1838, M.P. for Elginshire since 1879, and owner of 7848 acres in the shire, valued at £2476 per annum ; it has extensive woods -with some noble trees, and boasts great numbers of roe deer. The mansion on it, Ballindalloch Castle, was formerly a fine specimen of the old Scottish fortalice ; comprised a square building, flanked by three circular towers ; and about 1845, was much enlarged in the castellated style, so as to be rendered a very splendid mansion. 114 BALLOCH Ballindalloch, See Balfron. Ballindean, a hamlet in Inchture parish, Perthshire, 1^ mile NW of Inchture village. Ballindean House (Hon. Mrs Trotter ; 1175 acres, £2375), in its vicinity, is a tasteful modern mansion ; and Ballindean Hill (559 feet), near the hamlet, is part of the Carse Braes. Ballingry (popularly Bingnj : Gael, bailc-na-grcigh, ' to-mi of the flock'), a hamlet and a parish of W Fife. The hamlet stands in the NE, 14 mile SSE of Loch Leven, and 2J miles N by W of the station, 3 of the post-town, of Lochgelly, which partly lies vrithin the SE border ; at it are the parish chui'ch (1831 ; renovated 1876) and the public school (1874). Rudely resembling a top-heavy hour-glass in outline, the parish is bounded N by Kinross, E and SE by Auchterarder, SW by Beath, and "W by Beath and Cleish, Kinross-shire. It has an extreme length from N to S of 4 miles, a width from E to W of from ^ mile to 24, and a area of 4621^ acres. The Ore has an east- ward com-se here of 2| mUes, along the Cleish border and through the interior ; and from its right bank the surface rises to 531 feet above sea-level near South Lumphinnans, from its left bank to 621 feet near Benarty House, 1167 on flat-topped Benarty Hill in the NW, and 721 on Navity Hill in the NE. The rocks belong to the Limestone Carboniferous series, and two collieries were at work in 1879, Lumphinnans and Loch- ore ; the soil, by natui'e cold and stifi", has been greatly improved, and the bed of Loch Ore (di-ained towards the close of last century) yields capital crops, but Lumphinnans farm, of 803 acres, let only for £693 in 1875. About a third of the whole area is under tUlage, and plantations cover some 250 acres. Ptolemy's Vic- toria, a to'mi of the Damnonii, was situated at Loch Ore, and near it was a Roman station (Skene, Celt. Scot. , i. 74), whilst an islet on it was crowned by a fortress, founded in the latter half of the 11th century by Duncan de Loch Orr, from whose descendants the domain came to the Wardlaws of Torry, to Sir John Malcolm {c. 1630), and to Miss Jobson, who married the 2d Sir Walter Scott. At present the mansions are Benarty (Wm. B. Constable) and Lochore (Alex. Bui-ns), and the pro- perty is divided among 4 holding each an annual value of £o00 and upwards, 8 of between £100 and £500, 2 of from £50 to £100, and 1 of from £20 to £50._ For school and church jnirposes the southern portion of Ballingry is included in the quoad sacra parish of Lochgelly ; the rest forms a parish in the presbytery of Kinross and sjniod of Fife, its minister's income being £375. The school, with accommodation for 250 chil- dren, had (1879) an average attendance of 86, and a grant of £34, 13s. 9d. Valuation (1881) £8035, 14s. 9d. Pop. of quoad sacra parish (1881) 605 ; of civil parish (1801) 277, (1S31) 392, (1851) 568, (1861) 736, (1871) 982, (1881) 1065, 113 of whom were in Lochgelly bm-gh. —Ord. Sue, sh. 40, 1867. Ballinluig, a village in Logierait parish, Perthshu-e, on the Highland railway at the junction of the Aber- feldy branch, 8 mUes NNW of Dunkeld. It has a station and a head post office, with money order, sav- ings' bank, and telegraph departments. Ballintomb, a burn in Kuockando parish, Elgin- shire, running to the Spey. Its banks are beautiful, and they have, in one place, three large stones of a quondam Caledonian stone cii'cle. Ballintore. See Balintore. Ballintraid. See Balixtkaid. Ballintuim, a village in Persie q^ioad sacra parish and Kirkmichael quoad civilia parish, Perthshire, 11 miles NNW of Blairgowrie. It has a post office under Blairgowi-ie, and a public school, which, with accom- modation for 56 children, had (1879) an average atten- dance of 33, and a grant of £47, 17s. Ballo, one of the Sidlaw hills, 1029 feet high, in the N of Longforgan parish, E Perthshire. Balloch (Gael, hcalach, ' a pass '), a village in Boxhill parish, Dumbartonshire, on the left bank of the Leven, here spanned by a suspension bridge (1842) leading to Balloch station, which, as junction of two sections of BALLOCH the North British, is 30J miles WSW of Stirling, ^ mile SSE of Balloch pier on Loch Lomond, IJ N of Alex- andria, and 20 J miles NW of Glasgow. The v-illage has an excellent hotel ; and a cattle fair is held at it on 17 April, a horse fair (one of the largest in Scotland) on 15 Sept. Pop. of registration district (1881) 2925. Balloch, an old castle in Kenmore parish, Perthshire, the predecessor of T.wmouth Castle, the Earl of Bread- albane's seat, and now represented by only a remnant to the right of the great quadrangle. Balloch, a lake, about ^ mile in circuit, in MuthU parish, Perthshire. It lies at the foot of Torlum Hill, and sends off its superfluence to the Earn. Balloch, a small bay on the E side of Great Cumbrae island, Buteshire, 2 miles SW of Largs. It afiords safe anchorage in any wind, and it contains good oysters. Balloch, a tract of land in Kirriemuir parish, Forfar- shire. It includes a moss of considerable extent, and on an average 16 feet in depth ; and it contains an in- teresting dj-ke of serpentine, described by Sir Charles Lj'ell in the Edinburgh Journal of Science. Ballochbuie Forest. See Crathie. Ballochmyle (Gael, hcalach-maol, ' bare opening '), a mansion and an estate in Mauchline parish, Ayi'shire. The mansion, on the right bank of the Ayr, opposite Catrine village, and 1| mile ESE of Maucliline town, is the seat of Lieut. -Col. Claud Alexander (b. 1831 ; sue. 1861), M.P. for South A^Tsllire since 1874, and owner of 4332 acres, valued at £10,377 per annum (£6182, minerals). Bakskimmixg stands on the left bank of the river, 2f miles "\VSW. The river between these seats and in their neighbourhood winds along a deep precipitous chasm. The Glasgow and South-Western railway crosses the chasm below Ballochm3'le on a noble viaduct 95 feet high, with an arch 100 feet in span ; and the road from Mauchline to Stair crosses it above Barskimming, on a bridge of similar character, 90 feet high. The estate of BaUochmyle comprises about two-fifths of Mauchline parish ; has home-grounds luxm-iantly wooded, liberally open to the public, and provided with seats and pavilions at the best of its many fine points of view ; and passed, in the time of the poet Burns, fi-om the ancient family of Whiteford to that of Alexander. Burns was a frequent wanderer in the Ballochmj-le ■woods ; he witnessed the grief of one of the "WTiiteford ladies at leaving the property, and had an accidental meeting with one of the Alexander ladies soon after she came to it, and he wrote, in S3Tnpathy with the one lady, and in admiration of the other, his Farewell to Ballochmyle and Lass o Ballochmyle. He also wrote, at a crag here, his Ma.ti v;as made to Mourn ; and, at Catrine House, in the neighbourhood, he first ' dinner'd wi' a lord. ' Caleb Whiteford, of the Ballochmyle familj-, is celebrated by Goldsmith in a postscript to his Retalia- tion ; and Colonel Allan Whiteford, another of the family, was the original of Sir Walter Scott's ' Colonel Talbot' in Waverley. Ballochney, a village and a railway of N" Lanarkshire. The village stands adjacent to the N side of Airdrie, in New Monkland parish, and is within, the mimicipal boundaries of Airdrie burgh. — The railway joins on the W the Gamkirk and Glasgow railway, on the E the Slamannan railway ; was formed between 1826 and 1840, on a capital of £70,000 ; in 1848 was amalga- mated with the Monkland sj^stem ; comprises a main line of about 3 miles from W to E, and branches of 3 miles more to several collieries and to Airdrie ; serves largely for the coal and ironstone traffic of that rich mining district ; and includes two beautiful self-acting inclined planes, each 1100 yards long, the first works of their kind, on any great scale, ever constructed in Scotland. Ballochvoy, a village in Mull island, Argyllshire, about 4 miles WSW of Tobermory. It consists of a single street of small neat houses. Ballogie. See Birse. BallowmUl, a burn in the NW of Fife, running Bouthward to the Eden at a point 2| miles NE of Kettle, and giving name to several places on its banks. Ballumbie, an estate, with the seat of Et. M 'Gavin, BALMACLELLAN Esq., and with remains of an old castle, in Murroea parish, Forfarshire, 14 miles NE of Dundee. The old castle was the seat of the ancient Anglo-Norman family of Level, now long extinct. Ballychelish. See Ballachulish. Ballygrant, a hamlet in the SE of Islay island, Argyllshire. It has a post office under Greenock ; and it forms, conjointly ■with Portellen and Lots, a mission of the Church of Scotland, supported by an annual grant of £50. The place of worship is a schoolroom. Ballykellet, an ancient barony in Big Cumbrae island, Buteshire. It belonged to the Montgomerys, and be- longs now to the Earl of Glasgow. Ballyphuill, a hamlet in Kincardine parish, Ross- shire, about 20 miles WSAV of Bonar-Bndge. Here is a mission station of the Church of Scotland. Ballyshare. See Balleshare. Ballyshear, an estate, ■with a mansion, in Southend pai'ish, Argyllshire, 5 miles S of Campbeltown. Balmacaan, a seat of the Earl of Seafield in Urquhart parish, Inverness-shire, in the mouth of Glen Urquhart, near Loch Ness, 17 miles SW of Inverness. Behind it stretches Balmacaan deer-forest, rented at £3000. Balmacarra, a village in Lochalsh parish, Ross-shire, on the N side of Loch Alsh, 3 miles E by N of Kyleakin Ferr}^ It has an hotel, a branch of the Commercial Bank, a parish chm'ch, a Free church, and has also the head post office of Lochalsh, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegi'aph departments. Baimaclellan (Gael. ' to^mi of Maclellan'), a village and a parish of NE Kirkcudbrightshire. The village, 2 miles NE of its post-to^wn New Galloway, has an inn, a post office, and the parish church (built 1722 ; enlarged 1833 ; 366 sittings). In the kirkyard are the gi-ave of a martjTed Covenanter, Robert Grierson (1683), a column to five 'natives who fell in the Crimean War, and a stone to the family of Robert Paterson ('Old ilortality '), whose wife kept a school here from 1765 to 1785. The parish is bounded NW by Dairy, N by Dumfries- shire, E by Dumfriesshire and Kirkpatrick-Durham, S by Parton, and SW and W by Kells. From its north-eastern to its south-western angle it measures 10:| miles ; its breadth varies between 3J and 6^ miles ; and its area is 23,346 acres, of which 327| are water. The Kex and Loch Ken mark aU the western. Loch Urr and its outlet Urr Water great part of the western border, while along the north-western and northern flow Garpel Burn to the Ken, Blackmark Burn and Castlefem Water to the Cairn ; along the southern, Diillarg Burn to Loch Ken, and Crogo Burn to the Urr. In the interior are Shir- mers and many smaller burns, as well as six lochs — Barscobe (2^ x f furl.), Brack (1| x |), Howie (6 x 1), Skae (2 x li), and the two Lowes lochs, e^ch about 1 j furlong in length. Most of these waters aflbrd fairish trout fishing, Shirmers Burn being really a first-class stream. The surface has a general north-eastward rise, from Kenmure Bridge (155 feet above sea-level) to Bar- scobe HiU (825), Troquhain HiU (1139), Blackcraig Hill (1332^ and Fell Hill (1775), 3 furlongs SE of Loch Skae. Thence it declines north-eastward to Craigmuie Moor (875 feet), south-eastward to Crerroch (671) and Crogo Mains (500). Belonging to the beautiful district of Glenkens, the western valley, about 2 miles ■wide, has a light, giavelly soil, and comprises most of the arable area (less than one-fifth of the entire parish), besides some 300 acres under wood. The rest is moorland ; and the prevailing rocks are trap and slate, the latter quar- ried at two points. Mansions are Holm House, f mile NW of the village, with a statue in its grounds of ' Old Mortality,' and Barlay, 2h miles to the ESE ; and 6 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and up- wards, 1 holds between £100 and £500, and 1 between £20 and £50. The antiquities include the supposed site of a Roman camp, at the NE angle of the parish ; a mote-hill, close to the village ; the habitable castle of Barscobe, 1 j mile NNE, built (1684) by William Mac- lellan, a scion of the Kirkcudbright family ; and the ivy-clad ruins of Shirmers tower, the reputed birth- place of Thomas Gordon (1690-1750), editor of the IncU. 115 BALMADUTHY pendent WTiig. The Rev. Geo. Murray (1813-81), poet and antiquary, was minister of Balmaclellan for 43 years. Part of it is included for church, school, and registration purposes in the quoad sacra parish of Corsock ; the remainder is a parish in the presbytery of Kirkcudbright and sjTiod of Galloway, its minister's income amount- ing to £311. There are two schools, a free endowed one at the village, the other at Tronmaecannie, 2^ miles S by E ; and the two, with respective accommodation for 145 and 56 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 123 and 27, and grants of £110, 10s. 6d. and £36, Is. Valuation (1881) £11,564, 18s. lid. Pop. of quoad sacra parish (1881) 787 ; of civil parish (1811) 734, (1831) 1013, (1861) 1086, (1871) 1057, (1881) 937.— Ord. Siir., sh. 9, 1863. Balmaduthy. See Belmaduthy. Balmaghie (Gael, 'town of Macghic'), a parish of central Kirkcudbrightshire, which contains near its south-eastern boimdary the Bridge of Dee station on the Glasgow and South-Western, 7^ miles NNE of Kirkcud- bright, and 3 SW of Castle-Douglas ; and which is also accessible from Crossmichael, Parton, and jSTew Galloway stations, lying just beyond its north-eastern and north- ern border. In it are the post office hamlets of Glen- lochar and Laurieston, respectively 3 miles NW and 6 WNW of their post-to-i\Ti Castle-Douglas ; and further westward is Lochenbreck Spa, 4 miles S by W of New Galloway station. Balmaghie is bounded N by Kells, NE by Parton, E by Crossmichael, SE by Kelton, S by Tongland and Twjmholm, and W by Girthon. Its greatest length from E to W is 7| miles ; its width from N to S varies between 4i and 5^ miles ; and its area is 21,824 acres, of which 755J are water. Grobdale Lane or Airie Burn traces the western border to the Dee, Avhich, following the northern, passes through Stroax Loch, and 3 miles lower down receives the Ken. A capital salmon and trout river, the Dee thence sweeps round the north-eastern, eastern, and south-eastern boimdary, -n-idening at intervals to 2 or 3^ furlongs, and wearing there the aspect of a lake. Bargatton Loch (3J X 2| furl. ) lies on the Tongland border ; and sheets of water in the interior are Glentoo Loch (4 x 2f fml.), Dornell Loch (3x2), Blates Loch (2ixli), Grenoch or Woodhall Loch (IJ mile x 1 to 2 furl.), and Lochen- breck Loch (2j X 2 furl.) — all of them yielding toler- able sport, and all communicating with the Dee by burns. Level and fertile in the SE, vnth. pastures and well-tilled fields, the siTrface has a general westward rise from Glenlochar Bridge (150 feet above sea-level) to Kenick or Hill of Health (862 feet). Loch Hill (900), and Airie (900) ; but though nearly three-fourths of it are hilly waste — boulder-strewn heath or moss, — it nowhere attains 1000 feet of elevation. The antiquities include the supposed site of a Roman camp, near Hensol ; Dun- nance Moat, 1 mile SW of Laurieston ; and the noble ruins of Threate Castle, on an islet in the Dee, 1^ mile W of Castle-Douglas. Mansions are Hensol or Duchrae (R. Cunninghame) in the N ; Woodhall (W. K. Laurie), near Laurieston, an old-fashioned house, with finely-planted park ; and Balmaghie (G. Hutchi- son), a good modern residence standing on an estate that is said to have been acquired by an Irish chieftain, M'Ghie, whose descendants obtained charters from James IV. , V. , and VI. At present 6 landowners hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 9 between £100 and £500, 1 between £50 and £100, and 3 between £20 and £50. Balmaghie is in the presbytery of Kirkcudbright and synod of Galloway ; its minister's income is £384. The parish church, a picturesque building (1794), with tiny spire and 360 sittings, is situated on the Dee, oppo- site Crossmichael, and 3Jt miles NNW of Castle-Douglas. Two Dayid Hallidays, shot for adherence to the Cove- nant (1685), rest in the graveyard ; a former minister was the Rev. John MacMillan (1669-1753), who founded the Reformed Presbyterian Church, and from whom a section of the Cameronians have sometimes been called MacMillanitcs. Tliere is also a Free cluirch ; and 3 schools were open in 1879 — at Glenlochar, Jjaurieston, and Bridge of Dee (Christ. Knowledge Society's). These 116 BALMERINO had then respective accommodation for 60, 120, and 65 children ; an average attendance of 55, 42, and 36 ; and grants of £57, 6s. 6d., £35, Is., and £13, 14s. 6d. Valuation (1881) £11,919, 17s. 4d. Pop. (1831) 1416, (1871) 1085, (1881) 922.— Ord. Sur., sh. 5, 1857. Balmaha, a hamlet in Buchanan parish, Stirlingshire, on the eastern shore and near the foot of Loch Lomond, just opposite Inchcailloch isle, and 4 miles NW of Dry- men. It has a pier, where the steamers call, and near wliich are the chemical works of TurnbuU & Co., yearly consuming some 700 tons of small wood in the making of pyroligneous acids and dye-stufis. Balmain. See Baleegno. Balmakelly, a burn in Marykirk parish, Kincardine- shire, running to the North Esk. Balmakewan, an estate, ^rith a modern mansion, in Marykirk parish, Kincardineshire, 5 miles SW of Lau- rencekirk. Balmalcolm, a village in Kettle parish, Fife, J mile SE of Kettle village. Bahnaleedie, a burn in Marykirk parish, Kincardine- shire, running to the North Esk. Balmangan. See Borgtje. Balmanno, an estate, with a mansion, in Marykirk parish, Kincardineshire. A very fine spring, formerly held in superstitious veneration, and called St John's Well, is adjacent to the mansion ; and sandstone is quarried on the estate. Balmanno, an ancient castellated mansion in Dron parish, Perthshire, 3 miles WSW of Abernethy. It was the seat of the Murrays, baronets of Balmanno ; is now partly occupied by a farmer ; and is a fine sjjeci- men of the old Scottish baronial mansion. A rocking stone, 10 feet long and 7 broad, on a neighboui'ing brae, is easily set in motion by pressm-e of a finger. Balmaqueen, a hamlet in the N of the Isle of Skye. Its post-town is Kilmuir imder Portree. Balmashanner, a hill 572 feet above sea-sevel, | mile S of Forfar. Its sandstone has been extensively quar- ried for building and paving. Balmerino (popularly Ba'mcrnie; in 1227 Balmorinach =:Gael. bailc-mor-n'ach, 'large town of the field'), a village and a jjarish of N Fifeshire. The village stands on the southern shore of the Firth of Tay, 3J miles SW of Dundee by water, 5^ WSW of its post-village and station Newport, and 7^ N by W of Cupar. Ninety years since it ranked as a sub-port of Dundee, annually shipping over 7000 bolls of grain ; but fishing is now the sole employment, and this too has greatly fallen off. The parish contains also the villages of Bottomcraig and Gauldry, 1 and If mile ESE of Balmerino village ; and is bounded NW for 44 miles by the Firth of Tay (here from 2\ to 2J miles broad), E by Forgan, SE and S by Kilmany, SW by Creich, and W by Flisk. From ENE to WSW, its greatest length is 4;^ miles ; its -nidth from N to S varies between 7^ furlongs and 2\ miles ; and its area is 4131i acres, of which IJ are 'inks' and 698f foreshore. The surface rises steeply from the Firth's rocky shore with a general west-south-westward ascent, being traversed by two parallel spurs of the Ochils, and attaining 243 feet above sea-level near Wor- mit Bay, 333 near Gauldry, 337 on Scurr Hill, 423 near Priorwell, and 584, 528, and 608 on wooded Coultra, Ardie, and Green Hills. The rocks are partly eruptive, partly Devonian ; and the soil is extremely variable, as may be inferred from the fact that in 1875 rents ranged from £1, 10s. to close on £3 per acre. On most of the northern and southern slopes it consists of thin black loam, suited for any crops, whilst in the valley between it has either a light gi-avelly or a strong plastic argilla- ceous character. About 470 acres are under wood, and nearly all the rest are arable. A height behind the village, commanding a view of the Firth up to the mouth of Strathearn, was crowned by the Cistercian Abbey of SS. Mary and Edward the Confessor, founded in 1227 by Ermengarda, William the Lyon's widowed queen, who six years later was burned before the high altar of its cruciform church. This must have been a stately Seoond Pointed edifice, measuring 240 by 140 feet, anil BALMODAN parted by eight octangular piers into two parallel aisles ; but little remains now of the entire pile save scanty ivy- clad ruins of the transept, the sacristy, the chapter-house vestibule, and the substructme of the dormitorj', it having been burned by the English in 1548, and sacked by the Reformation rabble in 1559. Its lands were erected into a barony for Sir James Elphinstone, in 1604 created Lord Balmerino^an ill-starred title, whose two first holders were sentenced to death, while the sixth and last was actually beheaded on Tower Hill (18 Aug. 1746) for his part in the '45. His forfeited estate was purchased from the Crown by the York Building Company, and sold by them to the Moray family. A field between Bottomcraig and Gauldry, Battle Law, is said to have got its name fi'om a defeat of the Danes following that battle of Lvxcarty which Hill Burton sets down as a recent invention ; on a rock to the N are vestiges of Naughton Castle, a strong- hold of the Hays. Modem mansions are Birkhill and Naughton House, 2 miles "VVSW, and If mile E of Balmerino village, whose owners, Henry Scrymgeour- Wedderburn and Mrs Duncan Morison, hold respec- tively 1456 and 1591 acres in the shire, valued at £2827 and £3421 per annum. Balmerino is in the presbytery of Cupar and sjTiod of Fife ; its minister's income is £522. The church (1811 ; 400 sittings) near Bottom- craig succeeded one built at Kirkton in 1595, when the abbey church was disused ; and two public schools, Balmerino (at Gauldry) and Priorwell (7 furlongs S of Balmerino village), with respective accommodation for 129 and 56 children, had in 1879 an average attend- ance of 71 and 31, and grants of £50, 4s. and £15, 5s. 8d. Valuation (1881) £6925, 16s. 8d. Pop. (1801) 786, (1831) 1055, (1851) 945, (1871) 717, (1881) 664.— Orel. Sur., sh. 48, 1868. See the Rev. Jas. Campbell's Balmerino and "Its Abbey ; A Parochial History (Edinb. 1867). Balmodan. See Ardchattax, Balmoral, a royal residence in Crathie parish, Aber- deenshii-e, on the southern bank of the Dee, 9 miles W by S of Ballater, 52^ W by N of Aberdeen, and 9| ENE of Castleton of Braemar. It stands on a strip of level meadow, which, 926 feet above sea-level, is bounded on one side by a iine cui've of the Dee, overlooked on another by the hill of Craig-Gowan (1437 feet), and commands an extensive sweep of striking scenery. A previous pile, occupied several autumns by the Royal Family, stood on adjacent gi'ound further from the river, but was irregular and incommodious. It belonged originally to the late Earl of Fife ; was rented on a lease of 38 years, and very gi-eatly enlarged, by the late Sir Robert Gordon, brother of the Earl of Aberdeen ; and, in 1848, when 27 years of the lease had yet to run, was sold in reversion to the Queen. The nucleus of it, or part built by the Earl of Fife, was a long, steep-roofed, high-gabled, small-windowed house, and Sir Robert Gordon's additions were so numerous and various, in the form of turrets, central tower, and so forth, as to destroy all architectural character. The pile belonged to no recognised order, and displayed no unity of design, but Her Majesty saw in it, on occasion of her first visit (8 Sept. 1848), ' a pretty little castle in the old Scottish style. ' The foundation stone of the present edifice was laid on 28 Sept. 1853 ; and it was not quite finished when the Royal Family entered it, on 7 Sept. 1855. It was built of granite, from designs by "William Smith of Aberdeen, at a cost of about £100,000 ; is in the Scottish Baronial style ; and consists of two blocks, con- nected by wings, and with a massive tower to the E, which, 35 feet square and 80 high, has a round corner stair-turret, 20 feet higher. A handsome suspension bridge in connection with the royal residence was con- structed across the Dee at a cost of £5000, and forms a communication -R-ith the N side of the river at Crathie church. The estate of Balmoral was purchased in 1852 by the late Prince Consort for £31,500. It comprises about 11,000 acres, extends from the Dee to the summit of Lochnagar, joins the estates of Abkrgeldie and BiKKHALL, which also became royal property ; and the BALNAHUAIGH three estates constitute one demesne, extending 11 miles along the Dee, and southward thence to the watershed of the Dee's basin. Her Majesty owns in the shire 25,350 acres, valued at £2393 per annum. Many objects of interest are noticed in separate articles ; one only shall be noticed here — tlie cairn that was reared on Craig- Gowan in 1863 in honour of him who had planned the entire work. It bears inscription : ' To the beloved memory of Albert the Great and Good, Piince Consort, erected by his broken-hearted widow, Victoria R. — Wisdom of Sol. , iv. 1.3, 14.'— See pp. 65, 86, 105, 109, 115, 116, and 130 of leaves from the Queen's Journal in the Highlands (ed. 1877).— Ord. Sur., sh. 65, 1870. Balmore, a village in the SE of Balderaock parish, Stirlingshire, 3 furlongs N of the right bank of the Kelvin, and 3i miles E by S of Milnga\ie. Balmossie, an ancient chapelry in Monifieth parish, Forfarshire. The chapel stood on a crag above the river Dichty, nearly opposite the present mill of Balmossie ; and was razed to the ground, after having long been a ruin, about the year 1762. Balmule, an estate, ^\-ith a mansion, in Dunfermline parish, Fife. The mansion stands § mUe W of Loch Fitty and 3 miles KNE of Dunfennline ; belonged to Sir Henry Wardlaw, chamberlain to Queen Anne of Denmark ; and is associated with the memory of Lady Elizabeth \Yardlaw [me Halket, 1677-1727), whose name now figures largely in connection with the old ballad literature of Scotland. BalmuUo, a straggling village in Leuchars parish, Fife, If mile WSW of Leuchars village. It has a post office vmder Leuchars, and a pubHc school Pop., with Lucklawhill (1871), 326. Balmungo, an estate, with a mansion, in St Andrews parish, Fife, Ih mile SSE of St Andrews. Balmuto, an estate, with a mansion, in Kinghorn parish, Fife. The mansion stands 3 miles N by W of Burntisland, has finely wooded grounds, and is mainly a modem edifice, but includes a very old square tower. Balm Well, a bituminous spring in Liberton parish, Edinburghshire, at St Catherine's, J mile S of Liberton village. It partly holds mineral oil or petroleum in solution, partly throws it up in numerous little masses to the surface ; and, in pre-Reformation daj's was held in great veneration. Balnaboth, an estate, with a mansion, the seat of Donald Ogdlvy of Clova, in the upper part of Kirriemuir parish, Forfarshire, 12 miles from Kirriemuir. Balnacross, an ancient parish, now incorporated with Tongland, in Kirkcudbrightshire. The name signifies ' the hamlet of the cross ; ' and, in the con-upted form of Bancrosh, continues to be the name of a Tongland farmstead. The church, St Michael's, belonging origi- nally to the Culdees of lona, was given by "William the Lyon to the monks of Hol\Tood, and transferred by Robert Bruce to those of Tongland. Balnagard, a village in Little Dunkeld parish, Perth- shire, adjacent to the Highland railway and the river Tay, 7 miles ENE of Aberfeldy. It has a Christian Knowledge Society's school. Balnageith, a \allage of N Elginshire, 2 nules from its post-town Forres. Balnagowan, a mansion in Kilmuir-Easter parish, E Ross-shire, 1^ mile N of Nigg Bay in Cromarty Firth, ^ mile K W of Kildary station, and 5'^ miles S by "\V of Tain. Standing amid romantic grounds, it commands a magnifi- cent prospect ; was a seat of the Earls of Ross in feudal times ; is partly very ancient, partly an erection of 1836 ; and presents an imposing appearance, chiefly in the old Scottish Baronial style. It is a seat of Sir Charles F. A. Ross (b. 1872 ; sue. 1S83), eighth Bart since 1668, and owner of 110,445 acres in the shire, valued at £12.653 per annum. Balnagowan, a small island in Loch Linnhe, Argyll- shire, a little SW of the mouth of Loch Leven. Balnahuaigh, one of the Slate islands in Argyllshire. It lies between Lunga and Easdale, belongs to Jura parish, measures only 1 mile in circuit, and ia all 117 BALNAKIEL one slate quarry. Pop. (1S61) 142, (1871) 146, (1881) 108. Balnakiel, a small bay in Durness parish, Sutherland. Balnakiel House, in its vicinity, was built about 1744 ; was an occasional residence of the Lords Reay ; and occupies the site of a summer residence of the Bishops of Sutherland aud Caithness. Balnakyle, a picturesque cascade on the Black AVater ri^iilet, in Ch'ue parish, Siitherland. Balnamoon, au estate, with a modern mansion, in Men- muir parish, Forfarshire, 4^ miles WNW of Brechin. Balnellan, a ferry on the river Spey, between Elgin- shire and Banffshire, immediately above the mouth of the river Aven. Balone, a hamlet in St Andrews parish, Fife, If mile SW of St Andrews city. Balone, a large old castellated building in Tarbat parish, Eoss-shire, said to have been erected by the Earls of Ross. It was inhabited by the Earls of Cro- mart}', and by the Mackenzies of Ardloch-Assynt ; but, though still almost entire, it has been deserted since about 1640. Balquhain Castle, a ruin in Chapel-of-Garioch parish, Aberdeenshire, about ^ mile SE of the parish church. The seat from 1340 of the Leslies of Balquhain, it gave lodging to Queen Mary on the eve of the battle of Cor- richie in 1562, and was burned by the Duke of Cumber- land in 1746. Here was born John Leslie, Bishop of Raphoe (d. 1671). Balquhapple, au ancient ehapelry within the quondam parish of Lang, now annexed to Kincardine, in Perth- shire. Balquhatston, an estate, with a mansion, in Slaman- nan parish, Stirlingshire, adjacent to the Slamannan station and Slamannan village. Coal of excellent quality is largely mined on the estate, and sent to Edin- burgh and other places. Balquhidder (Gael, haile-chul-tir, ' town of the back- Ij-ing country '), a Highland parish of W Perthshire, whose eastern portion is traversed by 114 miles of the Callander and Oban railway, with Strathyre and Loch earnhead stations thereupon, the latter being 3 miles NNE of the former, 12 NNW of Callander, and 28 KAV of Stirling. It contains four villages — Kirkton of Bal- quhidder, at the foot of Loch Voil, 3 miles W by S of Lochearnhead station, with a post office under Stirling ; Achtow, 1^ mile to the E, near King's House Inn ; Loch- earnhead, 2 miles NNE of its station, with a post office, having money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments ; and StrathjTC, with another post office under Stirling, and with two inns, at one of which AYordsworth and his sister lodged 13 Sept. 1803. In shape resembling a triangle with vertex to the W, the parish is bounded NW by Dumbartonshire (for \ mile) and Killin, E by Comrie, SE and S by Callander ; and has an extreme length from E to W of 15J miles, an extreme width from N to S of 10 miles, andean area of 56,149^ acres, of which 1474§ are water. The drainage belongs in part to the basin of the Tay, but chiefly to that of the Forth. To the Tay, since the NE corner of the parish includes the head of Loch Earn, which from Balquhidder receives the Ogle (flo\nng 4 miles SSE), the Gleann Ceann Droma (4J miles SE and NE), and the Ample, with a fine waterfall (5 miles N). To the Forth, since the central Lochs Doine and Voil are fed and connected with one another and Loch Lubnaio by the river Balvag, a head-stream of the Teith. Rising close to the border of Dumbartonshire, this head-stream has a course (ENE and SSE) through the parish of 21 miles or so — S^ miles to Loch Doine, 7^ furlongs through that lake (itself 2 furlongs wide), 1^ furlong to Loch Voil (1 to 3 furlongs wide, and 3^ miles long), 6 miles from Loch Voil to Loch Lubnaig, and 2 miles through the upper waters of that lake, which fall within the SE angle of Balquhidder. Loch Voil has an altitude above sea-level of some 414, Loch Earn of 306, and Loch Lub- naig of 40.5 feet ; and from the shores of these three lakes the surface rises everywhere into steep craggy mountains. Tliat portion of the parish to the N of the 118 BALQUHIDDER Balvag and the W of the railway is occupied by the Braes of Balquhidder, celebrated by Tannahill ; and here the chief elevations from W to E are *Beinu a Chroin (3101 feet), *Stob Glas (2673), Beinn Tulachan (3099), *Stob Garbh (3148), *Am Binnein (3827), *Stob Coire an Lochan (3497), Meall Monachyle (2123), *Stob Creagach (2966), Stob Luib (1579), *Stob Meall naFrean (2457), *]\reall na Loehain (2010), and Meall an t'Seal- laidh (2792), where the asterisks mark those summits that culminate on the boundary. In the southern division rise *Meall IMor (2451), *Stob a Choin (2839), *Taobh na Coille (2250), *Lag a Phuill (1649), Beinn an t'Shithein (1871), and *Benvane (2685) ; and to the E of the railway, from N to S, are Ben Our (2250), Meall nan Oighreag (1899), *Stuc a Chroin (3189), and *Beinn Each (2660). The scenery from Loch Katrine to Loch Voil and thence to Loch Lubnaig is thus described by Dorothy "Wordsworth, whose brother's ' Highland Lass ' was here suggested: — ' We waded the river and crossed the vale, perhaps half a mile or more. The mountains all round are very high ; the vale pastoral and unen- closed, not many dwellings, and but very few trees ; the momitains in general smooth near the bottom. They are in large unbroken masses, combining with the vale to give an impression of bold simplicity. ... At the foot of Loch Voil the vale is wide and populous — large pastures with many cattle, large tracts of com. Walked down Strathyre, and saw in clear air and sun- shine what had been concealed from us when we travelled before in the mist and rain. We found it less woody and rich than it had appeared to be, but, with all deductions, a very sweet valley. ' The prevailing rocks are mica and clay slate, quartz, greenstone, and por- phyry ; and veins of galena traverse some parts of the mica slate, but have not been worked for their ore. Heath, till aboi;t the beginning of this century, dotted most of the uplands, but almost ever3rwhere has given place to grass of soft and silky texture, while natural woods aud plantations cover a considerable extent. The Maclaurins are said to have acquired from Kenneth Mac- alpin(844-60) the districts of Balquhidder and Strathearn; and they were once so numerous that none durst enter Balquhidder Church till they had taken their seats — a right that gave rise to many brawls, in one of which the vicar. Sir John Maclaurin, was slain (1532). In 1869 a handsome granite monument was erected in the church- yard to the memory of ' the Clan Laurin, the chief of whom, in the decrepitude of old age, together with his aged and infirm adherents, their wives and children, the ■widows of their departed kindred — all were destroyed in the silent midnight hour by fire and sword, by the hands of a banditti of incendiarists from Glendochart, A.D. 1558.' The said banditti of incendiarists were the Macgregors of Rob Roy's tribe ; and Rob himself died in his house at Balquhidder, 28 Dec. 1734. Near the old kirk he had fought his last fight with Stewart of In- vernahyle, the Maclaurins' champion ; and in its grave- yard his tombstone is pointed out, lying flat on the ground to the E of the chancel gable, along with two others assigned by tradition to Helen his wife and to one of their sons. Tradition may be right enough, but all three stones are shown by their carvings, of sword and knot and suchlike emblems of Celtic art, to be centuries older than the outlaw's day, to belong, in fact, to the so-called ' sculptured stones ; ' a fourth ' represents an ecclesiastic with a chalice in his hands, and formerly stood within the church, in front of the Altar, but was removed in order to destroy a superstitious desire that existed among the parishioners to stand or kneel on it during a marriage or baptism. The stone is still called Clach Aenais (the stone of Angus), who, according to tradition, was a discijdo of Columba, and the first Chris- tian missionary in the district ' (Scu^jtured Stones of Scotlmxd, 1867). On 6 Sept. 1869 Queen Victoria visited Rob Roy's grave, which Wordsworth has sung in a well- known poem, though he never stood beside the grave itself, wrongly supposing it to be near the head of Loch Katrine. As to the ivy-mantled ruined church, with its primitive font, it is said in the New Statistical to BALQUHOLLY have been built in 1631, but Muir's CJmrch Architecture (1861) ascribes it to the First Pointed period, i.e., to the 12th or 13th century ; anyhow, Robin Oig, Rob's fifth and youngest son, here ■wedded the widow wliom he had ravished from Balfrox, and hither three years later his corpse, after execution, was brought by a large company of sorrowing kinsfolk. Robin it was that in 1736 on In- vernenty farm shot one of those ]\Iaclaurins, the writ for whose ejectment was served by a young attorney — the future Sir Walter Scott. This was in 1790, and, eight years after, the estate of Edenchip, between Lochearn- hcad village and the station, was purchased from the Commissioners of Forfeited Estates by Sir John Murray of Lanrick, Bart. (ere. 1795), chief of the Gregor clan, whose descendant. Sir Malcolm Macgregor, fifth Bart, (b. 1873 ; sue. 1879), is owner of 4050 acres in the shire, of an annual value of £1131, 5s. Another proprietor, David Carnegie, Esq. of Stronvar, near the SE corner of Loch Voil, holds 22,205 acres of £3558, 10s. value ; and 3 more hold £500 and upwards, 2 between £100 and £500, mansions being Craigrule on the N shore of Loch Voil and Edinample Castle near Lochearnhead. A native was Dugald Buchanan (1716-68), the eminent Gaelic poet. Balquhidder is in the preslDytery of Dun- blane and synod of Perth and Stirling ; the living is worth £305. The present church (1855 ; 460 sittings) is a handsome Gothic edifice, and there is also a Free church ; while, besides 2 schools at Lochearnhead, Bal- quhidder public school and Strathyre Society's school, with respective accommodation for 88 and 50 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 26 and 18, and gi-ants of £36, 3s. and £29. Valuation (1881) £8832, Is. 5d. Pop., mostly Gaelic speaking,, of civil parish, (1801) 1377, (1831) 1049, (1851) 874, (1871) 743, (1881) 759. Pop. of quoad sacra parish, which includes part of Comrie, (1881) 904. See pp. 217, 235-240, of Dorothy Wordsworth's Tour in Scotland (ed. by Princ. Shairp, 1874), and vol. ii., pp. 243-250, 279-280, of Jn. S. Keltie's Scottish Highlands (1875). — Ord. Sicr., shs. 38, 46, 1871-72. BalquhoUy, an ancient baronial castle in Turriff parish, Aberdeenshire, now mainly demolished, but partly in- corporated (1814) with Hatton Castle. It belonged to the Mowats, and was the residence of Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty (c. 1605-60), translator of Ra- belais. Balranald, a small harbour in North Uist, Outer He- brides, Inverness-shire. Balruddery, an estate, with a handsome modern man- sion, in Litf and Benvie parish, Forfarshire, 6^ miles W by N of Dundee. The mansion, on a south-eastward slope, commands an extensive view over the Firth of Tay ; the estate contains romantic, finely-wooded dells, and is notable both for rare indigenous plants and for the exhumation of interesting fossils. Balshagry, a hamlet in Govan parish, Lanarkshire, a short distance WNW of Glasgow Botanic Garden. Re- cent marine shells, like extant ones in the Firth of Clyde, have been found in stratified clay, in the handet's vicinity, at a height of not less than SO feet above sea- level. Balshando, a small lake in Lundie parish, Forfar- shire, sending off a head-stream of Dighty Water. Balta, an islet in Unst parish, Shetland, lying to the E of Unst island. Balta Sound, separating it from Unst, is 2 miles long, and about ^ mile ■wide, and is so closed at the ends by Balta as to look, at a distance, like a lake. The land on both sides of the Sound is in a state of high cultivation. A hamlet here bears the name of Balta- sovmd, and has a post office under Lerwick, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, and a public school, which, \\'ith accommodation for 100 chil- dren, had (1879) an average attendance of 42, and a grant of £89, 8g. 5d. Baltebun. See Saddel. Balthayock, a detached section of Kinnoul parish, Perthshire. Lying ^ mile E of the main body of the parish, it has an extreme length from NW to SE of 2g miles, and varies in breadth from 5 furlongs to 1 mile. BALWEARIE Balthayock House in the S, 3 miles E of Perth, dates parti}' from 1578, partly from some two centuries earlier; it is the seat of Wm. Lowson, Esq. Balthayock Castle, close by, is the ruin of an oblong tower, supposed to have belonged to the Knights Templars. Baltilly, an estate, with a modern mansion, in Ceres parish, Fife, just to the AV of Ceres village. Balvag. See Balquhiuder. Balvaird. See Abernethy, Perthshire. Balvenie, an ancient castle in Mortlach parish, Banft'- shire, on the left bank of the Fiddich, a little below the influx of the Dullan, 5 furlongs N of Dufftown. It cro^\ais a beautiful wooded knoll, and commands a rich though limited range of charming scenery. Uninhabited more than a century, it now is merely a well-preserved shell, which retains, however, its original architectural features. It is of various dates, large, massive, and very magnifi- cent. The oldest part is traditionally called a Pictish tower, but the general characteristics are those of the Scottish Baronial style. It belonged to successively the Comyns, the Douglases, the Stuarts, and the Inneses (1615), and it is now the property of the Earl of Fife. The motto of the Stuarts, Earls of Athole, ' Fvrth. For- tvin. And. Fil. thi. reitris,'is inscribed on its front, high over a massive iron gate. A member of the house of Douglas, in the 15th century, took from it the title of Lord Balvenie ; and a member of the house of Innes in 1628 was created a baronet of Nova Scotia, under the title of Sir Robert Innes of Balvenie. Two views of it are given in Billings' Baronial Antiquities (1852). The ' new Castle of Balvenie,' IJ mile N of Dufftown, is a large, white, mill-like edifice (c. 1765), in good repair, but long untenanted. BaMcar, a village in Sell island, Kilbrandon parish, Argyllshire, 14 miles SSW of Oban. Bal^vie, an estate, \\dth a mansion, in New Kilpatrick parish, Dumbartonshire, 1^ mile W of Milngavie. Balvraid. See Dornoch. Bal^wearie, a ruined tower in Abbotshall parish, Fife, 2 miles AV by S of Kirkcaldy. It must have been 50 or 60 feet high and 43 square, with walls of 6^ feet thick- ness ; but only the E wall, and fragments of the N and S walls, now remain. From the 13th to the I7th century it was held by a branch of the Scotts, repre- sented to-day by the Scotts of Ancrum ; and the second of the line was one Sir Michael Scott, whom Boece iden- tified ■tt^th the dread •wizard of Dante's Inferno and Sir Walter's Lay. (See Melrose. ) Dates hardly favour Hector's theory, inasmuch as the ■wizard, after studying at Oxford, Paris, Padua, and Toledo, became astrologer to Kaiser Frederick II., who died in 1250 ; whilst Bal- wearie's Baron sailed in 1290 to Norway to bring back ]\Iargaret the infant queen, in 1292 swore fealty to Edward I., and in 1310 went on a second embassy to Norway to demand the cession of the Orkney Isles. One is loth to give up the picture drawn in Tytler's Scottish Worthies of ' the white-haired, venerable sage sitting in Oriental costume on the roof of his tower, obser^ving the face of the heavens and communing ■with the stars;' still it seems safer merely to make Balwearie the scene of Lammikin's black revenge, as sung in the good old ballad. Or there is that weird legend of almost the last of its lords, which must be true, since Knox himself it is that tells the tale: — 'How terrible a vision the prince, James V., saw lying in Linlithgow, that night in 1539 that Thomas Scott, justice clerk, died in Edinburgh, men of good credit can yet report. For, afraid at mid- night or after, he called aloud for torches, and raised all that lay beside him in the palace, and told that Thomas Scott was dead, for he had been at him with a company of de-vils, and had said unto him these words, " woe to the day that ever I knew thee or thy service ; for serving of thee against God, against His servants, and against justice, I am adjudged to endless torments." How terrible voices the said Thomas Scott pronounced before his death, men of all estates heard ; and some that yet live can witness his voice ever was " Justo Dei judicio condemnatus sum " (By God's just judgment I am doomed).' Balwearie has given the title of Baron 119 BAMTF HOUSE BANCHORY-TERNAN to the Earl of Melville from 1690 to 1713, and since to the Earl of Leven and Melville. Bamfif House. See Alyth. Banavie, a village in Kilmallie parish, Argjdlshire, near the luverness-shire border, and on the W bank of the Caledonian Canal, 1| mile E by N of Corpach pier on Loch EU, and 3J miles NNE of Fort "William ; 7 furlongs to the N rises Jleall Bhanabhie (Gael. ' hill of the clear water ') to a height of 1071 feet. The landing- place for passengers by the canal, Banavie communicates by omnibus with Corpach ; it has a post and telegraph office under Fort AVilliam, and an excellent hotel, the Locheil Arms, which commands an imposing view of Ben Nevis. A public school, erected in 1876 at a cost of £1400, with accommodation for 96 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 61, and a grant of £56, 16s. 4d. Banchory-Devenick, a Deeside parish of Kincardine and Aberdeen shires, bounded N" by Kewhills, NE by Old Machar, E by Xigg and the German Ocean, SW by Fetteresso, W by Maryculter and Peterciilter. Its Aberdeenshire section, curtailed in 1867 by the annexa- tion of the lands of Bieldside to Peterculter, is traversed by 2| miles of the Deeside branch of the Great Xorth of Scotland, with Cults station thereon, 4 miles SW of Aberdeen ; and its Kincardineshire section by 3f mUes of the Caledonian, with Portlethen station, 8 miles S by W of Aberdeen. From KNW to SSE it has an ex- treme length of 6f miles ; its breadth from E to W varies between If and 3^ miles ; and its area is 10,040 acres, of which 2301 belong to Aberdeenshire, and in- clude 33 acres of Aberdeen's parliamentary burgh. The Dee, which divides the two shires, has a course here of fully 4 miles, and is some 250 feet ^vide, being spanned near Cults station by a suspension bridge (1S3S), and in the fm-thest east by the ancient Bridge of Dee. (See Aberdeen, p. 12. ) The coast line, 4 mUes long, is rocky and indented, rapidly rising to 200 feet ; along it stand the three sm.all fishing hamlets of Findon, Portlethen, and Downies, the first of which gave name to ' Finnan haddocks. ' Inland the surface, though generally stony and rugged, at no point much exceeds 400 feet above sea-level, Sunnyside (545 feet) falling just within the Llaryculter border. The prevailing rock is a granite so hard as to be little quarried ; and the soils are of all kinds, from pure alluvium to hard till, and from rich loam to deep moss. Antiquities are four stone circles in the S, and in the NAV three large cairns, near which two stone coffins were foimd in 1850. The Deeside portion of the parish has been divided into many small suburban estates, "R"ith handsome residences and fine l)lantations ; among larger mansions are Ards and Ban- chory House (where Prince Albert lodged, 14 Sept. 1859) to the S, and Murtle, Cults, "Woodland, Craigie- buckler, and Norwood, to the N of the river. Thirteen proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and up- Avards, 21 of between £100 and £500, 20 of fi-om £50 to £100, and 19 of from £20 to £50. In the presbytery and s3-nod of Aberdeen, this parish is divided into the quoad sacra parishes of Banchory Devenick (living, £240) and Portlethen ; the latter, constituted in 1856, having 1610 inhabitants in 1881. Its church (460 sit- tings) is close to Portlethen station, whilst the church of Banchory (rebuilt 1822 ; 900 sittings) stands on the Dee's right bank, 7 furlongs ESE of Cults. There are also an Established mission church (1873) at Craigie- buckler in the N, and the Free churches of Cults and 13anchory-Devenick. Cults endowed school and the 4 public schools of Badentoy (female), Banchory-Devenick, Findon, and Portlethen, with respective accommodation for 154, 32, 170, 160, and 171 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 90, 23, 106, 73, and 135, and grants of £80, 9s., £10, 6s., £91, 15s., £75, 9s., and £90, 12s. "Valuation (1881) of Kincardineshire section, £14,411, 12s. 6d., including £1745 for railway; of Aber- deenshire section, £10,722. Pop. (1801) 1557, (1821) 2232, (1841) 2736, (1861) 2846, (1871) 3052, (1881) 3322, of whom 1712 were in the q. s. parish of Banchory- Devenick.— Orrf ,S'» a, shs. 67, 77, 1871-73. Banchory-Teman, a parish partly in Aberdeenshire, 120 but chiefly in Kincardineshire, containing the village of Banchory, Upper Banchory, or Arbeadie, which stands at 166 feet above sea-level, on the northern bank of the Dee, here crossed by an iron-truss bridge (1798-1829) of 175 feet span with three smaller stone arches, and which has a station on the Deeside railway, 17 miles "WS"VV of Aberdeen, and 26i E of BaUater. Founded in 1805, it is a pleasant, straggling-looking place, with many taste- ful villas, favourite resorts of Aberdonians ; it is governed by a provost, 3 bailies, 4 councillors, and others ; and it possesses a post office imder Aberdeen, with money order and savings' bank departments, a raihvay telegraph office, branches of the Union, North of Scotland, and Aberdeen Town and County banks, 10 insurance agencies, 3 hotels, a coffee-house, a gas company, Masonic and Oddfellows' lodges, a cricket club, a Useful Knowledge Society, with a library, and a neat Town-hall (1S73). The parish church (1824) is a Gothic building, ^vith a tower and 1250 sittings ; a new Free church (1880 ; 700 sittings ; cost, £3000) is Earlj' English in style, and of pink and white granite, with spire 100 feet high ; and St Ternan's Episcopal church (1851) is also an Early English gi-anite edifice, with nave and chancel, 4 stained- glass windows, and very high-pitched open timber roof. Cattle, sheep, and horse fairs are held on the last Mon- day of January and Februarj% the last Thursday of March, the Monday before 26 May (also feeing), the thu'd 'Tuesday of June, the Tuesday of Paldy Fair week in Julj^, the second Tuesdaj'^ of August, the Monday before the first Tuesday of September, old style, and the second Monday of November (also feeing) and Decem- ber. Pop. (1861) 681, (1871) 865, (1881) 9fc3. The parish is bounded N by Midmar, NE by Echt, E by Drumoak, SE by Durris, S"W by Strachan and Birse, and "W by Kincardine O'Neil. "With very irregu- lar outline, its length from E to \^ varies between 1| and S;| miles, its breadth from N to S between 3§ and 7 miles ; and its land area is 20,079 acres, of which 1058 belong to Aberdeenshire. The Dee has an eastward course here of lOJ miles — first 5 on the Birse and Strachan boundary, next 3^ through the interior, and lastly 2 on the Durris border. It falls in this course from 249 feet above sea-level at Haugli of Sluie to 117 at Jlills of Drum ; at Cairnton supplies the Abeudeex "Waterworks ; and opposite the village receives from the SS"W the "Water of Feugh, whose last 1| mile either separates Bauchory-Ternan from Strachan or traverses its interior. The chief elevations are to the N of the Dee, Blacky- duds (1422 feet), Craigrath (1429), and Berry Hill (765), all three summits of the Hill of Fare ; to the S, Hill of Maryfield (482), Craig of Afi"rusk (803), and, on the S"W border, Garrol Hill (627). Loch Leys, a large sheet of water towards the middle of the northern section, was drained not long before 1865 ; its interesting ' cranuoge ' or lake-dwelling is described in vol. vi. of Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Granite is the prevailing rock, but limestone also has been largely worked ; the soils are either alluvial or chiefly composed of disintegrated granite, and about 6500 acres are arable, 5000 under wood, and 1000 capable of reclamation, the rest being moorish pasture or waste. Four stone circles, some cairns, and a camj) (perhaps Koman) at Cairnton, make up, with Crathes and Tilquhillie Castles, the antiquities ; the chief historical event connected with the parish was the battle of Corricuie (1562). Man- sions, with owners' names and the extent and yearly value of their estates within Kincardineshire, are Crathes Castle (Sir Rt. Burnett of Leys, eleventh Bart, since 1626; 12,025 acres; £5007), Raemoir House (Al. Innes; 4750 acres ; £2847), Inchmarlo (Duncan Davidson ; 985 acres ; £896), Banchory Lodge (Mrs Ramsay of Arbeadie ; 1800 acres ; £1843), Invery House (Jn. "W. E. J. Douglass of Tilquhillie; 1808 acres; £1015), etc. ; in all, 8 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 1 holds between £100 and £500, and 9 hold each between £50 and £100, 36 between £20 and £50. The saint, from whom this parisli takes its distinctive suffix, Terrananus, Torannan, or Tcrnan, is thought by Skene to have been a disciple of Pal- BANCLEROCHE ladius or Paldy, to have brought that saint's relics hither about 430 from either Ireland or Galloway, and himself to have been buried at Licouium, the old name probably of Banchory-Ternan ; he thus was the only apostle of the southern Picts, really belonging to the 5th century {Celt. Scot., ii. 26-32). The first post-Pte- formation minister, James Reid, vras father of Thomas Reid, the Latinist, and Alexander, an eminent physician ; and Dr George Campbell, minister 1747-57, composed here part of his Philosophy of Rhetoric. Banchory-Ter- nan is in the presbytery of Kincardine O'Xeil and sjTiod of Aberdeen ; its minister's income is £362. Five schools — Central, Crathes, Inchmarlo, Tilquhillie, and Raemoir — Avith total accommodation for 556 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 406, and gi-ants amounting to £359, 14s. 6d., the corresponding figures for the Central school alone being 250, 256, and £250, 9s. 6d. Valuation (1881) £19,658, 17s. lid., including £4133 for railway. Pop. (1801) 1322, (1821) 1729, (1841) 2240, (1861) 2947, (1871) 2875, (1881) 3065.— Ore/. Sur., shs. 66, 76, 1871-74. Bancleroche or Kirkton. an estate, with a mansion, in Campsie parish, Stirlingshire. The mansion stands in the mouth of Kirkton Glen. Bancrosh. See Balxacross. Bandirran, an estate, Avith a mansion, in Kettins parish, Forfarshire (detached), 7 miles KE of Perth. Bandirran, South, a detached section (7^ x .3^ furl.) of Caputh parish, Perthshire, to the S of Bandirran House. Bandrum, an estate, with a mansion, in Saline parish, Fife, 5 miles XW of Dunfermline. Baneton or Baintown, a ^-illage in Kennoway parish, Fife, I mile NNE of Kennoway village. Banff (pron. Bamf ; anc. Boiniffc, Bcdnifc, and BaAnffe, from Boiii or Boyne thanedom), a royal burgh and sea- port, the capital of Banffshire, in a parish of its own name, and a parliamentary burgh, comprising the sepa- rate police-burgh of JIacduff, in Gamiie parish. By road it is 1;^ mile WSW of Jlacduff, 45J miles NXW of Aberdeen, and 22 W of Fraserburgh ; and from two stations, Banfl' Bridge and Banff Harbour, on the Turriff and Banfishire sections (1857-59) of the Great North of Scotland railway, it is 29i miles IST by W of Inveramsay Junction, 50 NNW of Aberdeen, 16| NE of Grange Junction, 20| NE of Keith, 48^ E by N of Elgin, 75| EXE of Inverness, 185J N by E of Edinburgh, and 202i KNE of Glasgow. With the Moray Firth to the N, Banff Bay and the Deveron to the E, to the S Duff House and its finely-wooded park, Banff was parted till lately into the larger low to^vn and the sea-to-mi, one built on a gentle declivity towards the river, and the other crowning an elevated plateau, that breaks off sud- denly within a few yards of the beach. But by the feuing of the space between — the site of the ancient castle — the two have been brought into connection ; and at present there is a southward extension of villas along the Sandyhill Road ; whilst the whole is characterised by a neatness and liveliness that yearly attract an in- creasing number of summer \'isitors. An ancient place, Banff has retained few relics of antiquity, the House of Airlie and the Ogilvies' stately ' Palace ' both having disappeared, the latter destroyed by General Munro in Aug. 1640 ; of the Castle, as old at least as 1364, nothing is left but a scrap of the outer wall and moat, the portion in which Archbishop Sharp was born (4 May 1618) having been demolished early in this centurJ^ The present castle was built by James, sixth Earl of Findlater and third of Seafield (1714-70), as a jointure residence, and is a plain modern building, inferior in interest to the Laird of Auchmedden's town house at the head of the Strait Path. The old kirk is repre- sented by only one vaulted aisle, the burying-place of the Ogilvies, Lords Banff (1642-1803) ; and a Carmelite priory, founded before 1324, an Observant prior}', a house of the Knights Templars, a bedehouse for eight old women, and four pre-Reformation chapels — all have left hardly a vestige. To come to the modem town, Banff has a post office, Seal of Banff. BANFr with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and tele- graph departments, branches of the Union, Commercial, National, North of Scotland, and Aberdeen Town and County banks, a Central Savings' Bank, 24 insurance agencies, 4 hotels, a gas-light company (1831), a water company-, a spacious market-place (laid out in 1830), 4 masonic lodges, a bath-hou.se, etc. , and publishes the Tuesday Liberal .Sa?!/s^i>e Journal (1845). The Town- House (1796) is a plain three-storied edifice, forming two sides of a square, with an earlier fluted spire, 100 feet high at the outer angle ; the County Buildings, also Grecian in style, were erected in 1871 at a cost of £7214 — one-half thereof defrayed by Government,— and contain a court room, 38 feet long, 28| wide, and 26J high. A County Prison (1796) was dis- continued in 1878 ; the County Lunatic Asylum (1865) is a Tudor stnicture, built at a cost of £12,000 for 90 inmates, near Ladj'sbridge station, 2J miles "WSW of the town. Chalmers' Hospital (1862), a striking Eliza- bethan pile, like Donaldson's Hos- pital at Edinburgh, cost £6000 of the £70,000 bequeathed by Alex. Chalmers, Esq. of Clunie for ' the support, maintenance, care, and relief of 50 destitute sick paupers, lunatics, and infirm persons of both sexes, being natives of Banffshire,' this being one out of several mortifications — Cassie's (£10,000), Smith's (£10,000), Wilson's (£5500), etc. Other noteworthy structui-es are the seven-arched bridge (1779), leading across the Deveron to Macduff, with a free water-way of 142 j-ards ; the Young Men's Christian Association Hall (1866 ; 650 seats) ; St Andrew's masonic lodge, Venetian in style ; the Fife Arms Hotel ; the public schools (1838 ; cost, £4500), a Grecian building, with eastern facade 154 feet long ; Pirie's Institution (1S04) ; and the Biggar Memorial Drinking Fountain (1878), designed by J. Rhind after St Giles's spire, Edinburgh. The library of the Literary Society, in the Town-House, is extensive and well-selected ; and the Museum of the Scientific Institution, in the vestibule of the public schools, has been greatly improved under the curatorship of Thomas Edward, the 'Scotch Naturalist ' of Smiles's charming work (Lond. 1876). Places of worship are the very plain parish church (1790 ; 1500 sittings), with a spire added about 1848 ; a Grecian domed Free church (1844 ; enlarged in 1876 by 108 sittings at a cost of £1200) ; a new Gothic U.P. church (1880 ; 275 sittings ; cost, £1800) ; an Inde- pendent chapel (1834 ; 400 sittings) ; a new Gothic Wesleyan chapel (1878 ; 259 sittings ; cost, £1400), with a spire ; St Ancbew's Episcopal church (1833 ; 356 sittings), a Debased Gothic building, adorned in 1875-81 with three beautiful stained-glass windows ; the new Gothic Roman Catholic church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (1870 ; 250 sittings) ; and, in the Town- House, a Pl}Tnouth Brethren's chapel. The two board schools, public and Episcopalian, with respective accom- modation for 803 and 90 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 433 and 59, and grants of £403, 7s. 6d. and £46, 16s. 6d. The port of Banff includes the creeks or sub-ports of Macduff, Fraserburgh, Gardenstown, Portsoy, Port-Gor- don, and Garmouth; and Banff itself makes but a small figui'e in the aggregate business of the seven. Its har- bour, formed at the Deveron's mouth in 1775, is greatly inferior to that of Macduff, in spite of a pier and break- water constructed by Telford in 1816 at a cost of £20,000. Often impeded by shifting shoals, it should at ordinary high water admit vessels drawing 12, at spring-tides 15, feet. On 31 Dec. 1880 there were registered as belonging to the port 130 sailing vessels of 21,538 tons, against a tonnage of 1943 in 1797, 4301 in 1836, 7448 in 1845, 13,009 in 1853, 12,891 in 1863, and 17,033 in 1873, This shows development ; but hardly so the following table, wliich gives the tonnage of vessels that entered and cleared from and to foreign and colonial ports and coast- 121 BANFF ■wise, with cargoes and also — for the four last years — in ballast : — Entered. 1 Cleared. 1845 British. Foreign. Total. British. Foreign. Total. 39,382 2939 42,321 29,474 2606 32,080 1853 29,282 2403 31,685 22,618 1175 23,793 1S63 23,849 5538 29.387 13,396 2365 15.701 1S73 27,706 3748 31,454 29,267 3528 32,795 1875 33,813 5351 39,164 35,453 4700 40,153 1879 34,379 2788 37,167 33,196 2029 35,225 1880 27,868 5080 32,948 27,325 3803 31,128 Of tlie total, 440 vessels of 32,948 tons, that entered in 1880, 4 of 214 tons were steamers, 26 of 1845 tons were in ballast, and 378 of 26,653 tons were coasters ; ■whilst the total, 416 of 31,128 tons of those that cleared, included 4 steamers of 214 tons, 303 ships in ballast of 22,968 tons, and 349 coasters of 25,049 tons. The trade is mainly, then, an import coastmse one, and coal is the chief article of import — 38,822 tons in 1879 ; ■whilst ex- ports are grain, cattle, salmon, herrings (21,785^ barrels to the Continent in 1879), etc., the foreign and colonial imports amounting in 1880 to £36,293, the exports to £45,840, the customs to £1808. Banff also is head of the fishery district between Buckieand Fraserburgh, in which, during 1879, there ■were cured 29,110 barrels of white herrings, besides 156,632 cod, ling, and hake — taken by 512 boats of 4380 tons, the persons employed being 1485 fishermen and boys, 46 fish-curers, 60 coopers, and 1026 others ; and the total value of boats, nets, and lines, being estimated at £44,558. The herring catch has been returned at 15,208 cransin 1877, 14,781 in 1878, 21,400 in 1879, and 25,558 in 1880. A Morton's patent slip, for ships of 300 tons, has been in use here since 1836 ; and, during 1875-80, 65 sailing vessels of 11,760 tons were built -within the jurisdiction of the port. There are further a tobacco, a chemical manure, and a rope and sail factory, 2 woollen mills, a tannery, an iron foundry, a brewery, a distillery, a timber yard, and a brick-field. Friday is market-day ; and fairs are held on the Friday before May 26, the first Friday of August, old style, and the Friday before Nov. 22. A traditional residence of Malcolm Ceannmor (1058- 93), Banff" certainly is older than the reign of IMalcolm IV., who signed a charter at it in 1163. A charter of William the Lyon two years later refers to it as a royal burgh, and in its privileges of royalty it was confirmed by Robert Bruce (1324), Robert II. (1372), and James VI. (1581). Its part in history has been insignificant. In April 1644 it was pillaged by the anti-Covenanting Lairds of Gight, Newton, and Ardlogie, -with forty other 'brave gentlemen,' and again in the foUomng March by the Marquis of Montrose, who, 'marching to Banff", plundered the same pitifully, no merchant's goods or gear left ; they saw no man in the street but was stripped naked to the skin. Some two or three houses were burned, but no blood shed, and so they left Banff". ' Cumberland's troops, en route for CuUoden, bivouacked round Duff House, then building, on 10 Nov. 1746, hanged two sus- pected spies, and destroyed the Episcopal chapel; in 1759 a French ship of war, appearing off the coast, caused a prodigious scare. A flying visit from Dr Samuel John- son in 1773, and a longer one from Burns in 1780, with great floods of the Deveron (1768, 1799, 1829, and 1835), well-nigh exhaust Banff's local history. One episode re- mains, the trial and execution (1700-1) of James M'Pher- son, as 'holdin, known, and reput an Egyptian.' Son of a Highland laird and Gipsy dam, he had been leader of 27 armed men, with a piper playing at their head ; and his target and huge medieval two-handed sword are preserved at Duff House ; his fiddle-neck is an heir- loom in the Cluny-Macpherson family. Bums tells us how — ' Sae rantin'ly, sae wantonly, Sae (launtin'Iy ffaod he : He I'lay'd a siiring and danced it round Below the gallows tree ;' — 122 BANFFSHIRE and relics more precious than either sword or fiddle are his rude reckless Itant, and the beautiful air to which he set the same He played it as he walked to execution, and at the gallows' foot proffered his instrument to who would take it, but no man venturing, snapt it across his knee (Groome's In Gipsy Tents, 2d ed. 1881 ; and Spald- ing Club Miscellany, vol. iii, 1846). The town council comprises a provost, 3 bailies, a dean of guild, a treasurer, 3 councillors, etc. ; and, besides burgh, guildry, and sheriff courts, quarter sessions of the peace are held on the first Tuesdays of March, May, and August, and the last Tuesday of October, sheriff small debt courts on every Tuesday during session. With Elgin, Cullen, Inverurie, Kintore, and Peterhead, Banft' returns one member, its parliamentary constituency numbering 997, and its municipal 514 in 1881, when the value of real property Avithin the parliamentary burgh amounted to £12,192(£8660 inl865), and the corporation fixed revenue to £787. Pop. of mimicipal burgh (1782) 2380, (1831) 2935, (1851) 3557, (1861) 3724, (1871) 4032, (1881)4255; of park burgh (1851) 6042, (1861) 6781, (1871) 7439, (1881) 8841. The parish of Banff is bounded N for 2J miles by the Moray Firth, E by Gamrie and a detached portion of King Edward parish, Aberdeenshire, SE by Alvah, S by Marnoch, W and NAV by Boyndie ; and has an extreme length from NE to SW of 6^ miles, an extreme width from E to W of 3J miles, and a land area of 6073 acres. The Deveron traces the eastern, the Burn of Boyndie the north-western, boundary ; and the latter receives two rivulets from the interior, whose siu'face has a general southward rise, attaining 274 feet at Gallow Hill, 308 near Upper Deuhead, 512 at the Hill of Culbirnie, 466 at Ella, 456 near Ord church, and 573 at the Hill of Ord, on the Alvah border. Clay slate and greywacke are the prevailing rocks, but granite, mica slate, and Old Red sandstone also occur ; and the granite and sandstone have been quarried for building, while patches of fos- siliferous lias clay have been worked for bricks and tiles. The soils vary gi'eatly with the rocks that they overlie, and where resting on slate are argillaceous and very fer- tile. Nearly four-fifths of the entire area are cultivated, and some 260 acres are under wood, the remainder being either pasture or waste. Inchdrewer Castle, a farmstead now, 3 miles SW of the to-mi, in 1713 was the scene of the -tragical death of George, Lord Banff', murdered, it was thought, by thieving domestics, who then fired the building to conceal their crime ; Duff House is the only great mansion in the parish, of which it forms the most conspicuous feature. The chief proprietors, with the extent and yearly value of their estates -within the shire, are its owner the Earl of Fife (72,027 acres, £35,880 + £300 for harbour), the Earl of Seafield, of Cullen House (48,946 acres, £33,878 + £390 for harbour), and Sir Rt. Jn. Abercromby of Forglen House (8053 acres, £6290) ; 1 other holding an annual value of £500 and upwards, 3 of between £100 and £500, 16 of from £50 to £100, and 78 of from £20 to £50. In the presbytery of Fordyce and synod of Aberdeen, this parish is divided between the quoad sacra parishes of Banff (4629 inhabitants in 1871 ; living, £480) and Ord. At Hilton and Head- rooms, 4;^ and 7i miles SW of the towm, are 2 public schools under the landward board, which, with respective accommodation for 140 and 100 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 70 and 42, and grants of £55, Is. and £38, 6s. Pop. (1801) 3572, (1821) 3855, (1831) 3711, (1841) 3958, (1851) 4426, (1861) 4673, (1871) 5015, (1881) 5252.— Ord. Sur., sh. 96, 1876. See the late Jas. Im- lach's History o/i?a?# (Banff, 1868). BanflFshire, a maritime county in the NE of Scotland. It is bounded N by the Moray Firth, E and S by Aber- deenshire, W by Inverness and Elgin shires. The river Deveron, first for about 3 miles down to Edinglassie, next for 1^ mile at Rothiemay, next for 11^ miles do\vn to the vicinity of Banff, traces the boundary with Aber- deenshire ; a series of mountain watersheds, in the southern district, forms much of the rest of the Aber- deenshire border ; the rivulet Ailnach, for about 5 miles to within 2| miles of its influx to the Aven, forms the BANFFSHIRE boundary with Inverness and Elgin shires ; the Spey, first for about 11 miles downward from the south-western vicinity of the Avon's confluence to the vicinity of Ben Aigan, next for about 3^ miles from the vicinity of Gordon Castle to the sea, forms the boundary %nth Elgin- shire ; and merely artificial lines form most other parts of the landward boundaries. The parish of St Fergus, part of Old Deer, about half of Gartly, and the estate of Straloch in New Machar, lie far apart from the rest of the county, within separate environments of Aberdeen- shire ; and, in what relates to judicial administration, are under the jurisdiction of the sheriff of Aberdeen. Even the main body of the county has an exceedingly irregular outline, and is all but cut into detached sections. Gamrie parish wants little more than J mile of being entirely detached ; and, even over that J mile or so, is separated from Banff parish by the river Deveron. Twelve other parishes, and parts of three more, form nearly an oblong of about 23 miles from E to W, by about 12 from N to S ; and bounded N by the Jloray Firth. Keith parish, partly included in that oblong, becomes for about 5 miles the only part of the main body of the county ; and, at the narrowest part of these 5 miles, is only 3| miles wide. The rest of the county extends south-south-westward from the W side of the great oblong ; increases from a breadth of 5 miles at the S end of Keith parish to a breadth of 15 miles at a line 9 miles further S ; contracts to a breadth of only 3 J miles at a line 14 miles still further S ; and forms thence a proximately triangular tract of GJ, 13, and 9 miles, with the apex to the SW. The gi-eatest length of the whole county, exclusive of entirely detached districts, is 59 miles south-westward from the mouth of the Deveron to the south-western apex ; the greatest breadth is 31 miles east-north-eastward, along the coast, from the Spey in the vicinity of Gordon Castle to the NE ex- tremity of Gamrie ; and the total area, inclusive of the detached districts, is 686 square miles or 439,219 acres. The old divisions of country comprehended in it are Boyne, Enzie, Strathdeveron, Strathisla, Balvenie, Strath- aven, and parts of Buchan and Moray. The surface, in a general view, is very uneven, yet ranges from alluvial flat to alpine mountain. Strips of low land lie on parts of the coast, and along some of the banks of the rivers, but are of no great aggregate extent. Undulations, hills, and plateaux occupy the greater part of the area even in the vicinity of the coast, and specially throughout the centre. Ranges and masses of mountain fill most of the SW, extend to the great Gram- pian knot of the Cairngorms, and leave little space for valley bottoms or any kind of arable grounds. From N to S, and crosswise from AV to E, the highest or more conspicuous summits are the Hill of Stonyslacks (948 feet above sea-level), the Hill of Maud (900), the Bin of CuUen (1050), Durn Hill (651), the Hill of Culbirnie (512), the Hill of Alvah (578), Troup Hill (652), Mill- stone Hill (987), Lug Hill (1028), Knock Hill (1409), Meikle Balloch (1199), the Hill of Towie (1108), Ben Aigan (1544), Meikle Conval (1867), Ben Rinnes (2755), the *Hills of Cromdale (2316), *Carn Mor (2636), *Cairn- gorm(4084), *Ben Macdhui (4296), and *Beinn a Bhuird (3860), where the asterisks mark those summits that cul- minate on the border of the shire. The chief rivers, besides the Deveron and the Spey, are the Isla, running to the Deveron ; the Aven and the Fiddich, running to the Spey ; the Ailnach and the Livet, running to the Aven ; and the Boyne, Cullen, and Tj^net burns, running to the sea. The only considerable lake is Loch Aven, em- bosomed among the Cairngorm Mountains. Granite rock prevails in the SW ; metamorphic rocks prevail in the vicinity of the granite, and occur in other quarters ; Silurian and Devonian rocks occur in the coast district ; limestone, though not in one continuous bed, is found in most districts, passes into marble in Keith, Mortlach, and Fordyce parishes, and is associated with serpentine at Portsoy ; and patches or traces of both the lias and the chalk formations are on some parts of the coast. Building-stones are quarried from several kinds of rock ; slates are quarried in Bohanif, Keith, and Banff parishes ; BANFFSHIRE marble was long worked into monuments, mantelpieces, and toys at Portsoy ; laminated marble, found in the bed of the Fiddich, is formed into whetstones and hones ; lias clay is worked into bricks and tiles ; and rock-crystals and topazes are gathered on the Cairngorms. The climate varies in the diff"erent districts, being good along the coast, somewhat late on the uplands. Agricultural and stock statistics are reserved for the Introduction, but it may here be stated that the pro- portion of cultivated land to the total area is about 37 per cent., while the proportion of cultivated land in all Scotland is only about 22 per cent. The arable soil, in a general view, may be described as of three kinds. That of the low flat lands on the banks of waters, where not mixed wth alluvial sand, is a stiff' deep clay ; that on the sides of valleys, or the skirts of hills, is commonly a deep black loam incumbent on rock ; and that on the acclivities of hills, on plateaux, or on other comparatively high parts, is either a deep Ijlack loam incumbent on rock, or a mixture of moss and gravel on a red, tilly, re- tentive bottom. A large aggregate of previously waste land was reclaimed for cultivation in the j^ears from 1854 till 1881. The reclamation was eff'ected chiefly in the parishes of Alvah, Boyndie, Fordyce, Rathven, Botriph- nie, Boharm, Aberlour, and Inveraven. Wheat grows best in the Enzie district, but is not suited to most parts of the county ; barley gi'ows well in both the lower and the central parishes ; oats (the chief crop) are best suited to the glens of the upper districts ; and turnips grow well in all parts. Oats sometimes do not reach maturity in the higher districts ; and, in their best state thei'e, they give an yield often under 40 lbs. per bushel, and sometimes as low as 30 lbs. ; but in the other localities, in ordinary seasons, they yield from 42 to 47 lbs. per bushel. Turnips are sometimes reluctant to braird on some of the heavier soils ; and they give an yield, on the best fields, of from 20 to 25, or occasionally even 30 tons per acre. Considerable improvements have of late years been made in the courses of rotation, in the use of im- plements, in the selection and application of manures, and in the mutual adaptation of the arable and pastoral husbandries, but drainage is still defective. Attention is given more to live stock than to cropping. The great majority of all the cattle, and about eight- tenths of the cows, are cross-breeds. The Aberdeenshire, the Galloway, and the AjTshire breeds, together with some individuals of the English breeds, were introduced at early periods of the era of agricultural improvement ; but they have rarely been preserved in a pure or un- crossed state. Three fine herds of pure shorthorns, how- ever, and also three fine herds of pure very fine polled cattle, are within the county, and have produced several first-prize specimens at the Highland and Agricultural Society's great annual shows. The farmers usually seek improvement of their own stocks by crossing with im- ported breeds ; and some of them give main attention to the dairy, others to feeding and fattening for exporta- tion. Sheep command comparatively far less attention than cattle. Southdowns are reared at Gordon Castle, but are elsewhere almost unknown. Leicesters form several good flocks in the lower districts. Cheviots occur in some places, but do not form any large breeding flocks. The native black-faced breed is the most common ; and it forms large flocks in the uplands, particularly in Glenlivet and Strathaven. Formerly a somewhat inferior breed, they now are very considerably improved. Most of the breeding mares are crosses, while many of the stallions are Clydesdale ; and the results are animals more weighty, spirited, and enduring than those which formerly prevailed. The breed of pigs also was much improved during the last 35 or 40 years. Farms are generally let on leases of 19 years ; and none are now open to public competition, by advertise- ment or otherwise, except when tenants become in- competent or retire. The practice of turning several small farms into one was frequent till 1850, but had ceased for several years prior to 1871. The farms in 1870, each not exceeding 5 acres in extent, were 1045 ; each from 5 to 20 acres, 1325 ; each from 20 to 50 acres, 123 BANFFSHIEE BANGOUR 731 ; eacli from 50 to 100 acres, 518 ; each above 100 acres, 463 ; rents range from 5s. to 50s. per acre. The manufactiu'es are of comparatively small amount, and chiefly for home consumption. The manufactiu-e of linen yarn and linen cloth was at one time very con- siderable in Banfl', Cullen, Keith, and Portsoy ; and that of stocking-thread, for export to Nottingham and Leicester, was extensively carried on at Banff and Port- soy ; but these manufactures d^vindled away into either insignificance or extinction, and have not been followed by any others of similar character or of equal import- ance. Foundry- work, tanning, rope -making, and some other industries employ a good manj' hands. Nine distilleries were at work in 1S71 ; and two or three others had then been relinquished. Salmon fishing in the Spey and in the Deveron is conducted on yearly rentals of about £50,000. Herring fishing and deep- sea fishing, as indicated in our statistics of the Banff and Buckie fishery districts, are very productive, and employ large nimibers of persons. Commerce is carried on from Banff, Macduff, Gardenstown, Portsoy, Cullen, Buckie, and Port-Gordon. The railways are the main line of the Great North of Scotland s}"stem, along Strathisla, past Keith ; a branch from that liue coming from Inveramsay and going to Macduff ; another branch from it at Grange, with two forks to respectively Banff and Portsoy ; another from Keith, past Dufftown, to the Craigellachie Junction : and another is (ISSl) pro- jected from Portsoy to Cullen, Buckie, and Port-Gordon. The royal bui-ghs are Banff and Cullen ; police burghs are Macduff and Dufftown ; and other to^^^lS and chief %-iUages are Buckie, Keith, Portsoy, Aberchu-der, Port- knockie, Gardenstown, Charlestown of Aberlour, Port- Gordon, Portessie, Findochty, Whitehills, Fetterangus, Fordyce, Newmills, and Tomintoul. The principal man- sions are Gordon Castle, Duff House, Eden House, Rothie- may House, Auchintoul, Cullen House, Forglen, Arndilly, Letterfourie, Edingight, Ti'oup House, Mayeu House, 3Iountblairy House, Auchlimkart, Caii-nfield House, Drummuir Castle, Park House, Kininvie House, Aber- lour House, Lesmurdie, Netherdale, Cobairdy, Dun- lugas House, Ballindalloch Castle, Camousie, Glassaugh, Orton, and Blairshinnoch. According to Miscellaneous Statistics of the United Kiivjclom (1879), 405,501 acres, with total gross estimated rental of £227,025, were divided among 4025 landowners ; one holding 159,592 acres (rental, £23,842), one 72,032 (£36,380), one 48,946 (£34,268), three together 38,121 (£20,481), four 29,824 (£19,390), fourteen 44,806 (£30,064), three 5229 (£4456), five 3395 (£2839), twelve 3550 (£13,099), etc. The county is governed (1881) by a lord-Ueutenant, a vice-lieutenant, 33 deputy-lieutenants, a sheriff, a sheriff-substitute, 2 honorary sheriff-substitutes, and 271 magistrates. The sheriff court is held at Banff in two sessions, from 1 May tUl 31 July, and from 1 Oct. tUl March, and the court days are every Wednesday for ordinary business, and Thursday for proofs. Sheriff small debt courts are held at Banff ever Tuesday during session, and once in winter, twice in summer, vacation ; at Buckie, Keith, and Duffto^vn, every three mouths ; and at Tomintoul, twice a year. The police force, in 1880, exclusive of that in Banff burgh, comprised 23 men, and the salary of the chief constable was £200. The number of persons tried at the instance of the police in 1879 was 252 ; of those convicted, 251 ; of those not dealt with, 141 ; and of those committed for trial, 0. Thecommittals for crime, in the vearlvaverageof 1841-45, were 29 ; of 1846-50, 16 ; of 1851-55, 21 ; of 1856-60, 23 ; 1861-65, 22 ; of 1864-68, 21 ; of 1869-73, 32 ; of 1870-74, 29 ; of 1875-79, 18. A small prison at Keith was discontinued in 1871, and another at Banff in 1878, this latter being legalised in ISSO for the deten- tion of jjrisoners only for 14 days, and Elgin being otherwise the Banffshire prison. The annual value of real property, assessed at £88,942 in 1815, was £116,968 in 1843, and £239,298 in 1881, including £14,711 for railways. The county, exclusive of the burghs, returns a member (always a Liberal since 1837) to parliament ; its constituency was 2646 in 1881. Pop. (1801) 37,216, 124 (1821) 43,663, (1841) 49,679, (1861) 59,215, (1871) 62,023, (1881) 62,731, of whom 32,948 were females. Houses (ISSl) 12,565 inhabited, 600 vacant, 72 building. The registration county takes in parts of Keith and Inveraven parishes from Elginshire ; gives oft' parts of Bellie and Rothes parishes to Elginshire, of Cairney, Gartly, Glass, New Machar, and Old Deer parishes to Aberdeenshire ; comprises 23 entire parishes ; and had, in 1881, a population of 59,777. All the parishes are assessed for the poor. The number of registered poor, in the j-ear ending 14 May 1880, was 1582 ; of depend- ants on these, 793 ; of casual poor, 312 ; of dependants on these, 239. The receipts for the poor, in that year, were £16,540, 2s. 6d. ; and the expenditure was £16^997, 19s. 8d. The percentage of illegitimate bulhs was 16-4 in 1872, 15-3 in 1873, 17-4 in 1879. The civil coimty is divided politically into 19 quoad civilia parishes, and parts of 11 others, and divided ecclesiastically into 21 old and 7 quoad sacra parishes, with parts of others, and 2 chai^eMes. Of these 28 parishes 11 are in the presbytery of Fordyce and synod of Aberdeen, 6 in the presbj'tery of Strathbogie and synod of Moray, and the rest are distributed among the presbyteries of Aberlour, Tm-rifF, Deer, and Alford. The United Presbyterians have a presbytery of Banffshire, whose 10 churches had 1324 members in 1879. In the year ending 30 Sept. 1880 the county had 91 schools (74 of them public), which, with accommodation for 14,619 scholars, had 11,594 on the registers, and 8553 in average attendance, whilst the certificated, assistant, and pupil teachers numbered 126, 8, and 24. The territory now constituting Banffshire belonged anciently to the Caledonian Yacomagi, who had towns near Boharm and at Burghead. Numerous cairns, standing stones, and other relics of the ancient Cale- donians are in various parts. It has been thought that a Roman road traversed the northern main body of the countj', and that Roman stations were formed at Desk- ford and on or near the site of Gordon Castle. The Danes made rej^eated descents on the territory, suffered, according to tradition, great defeats at Rathven and Mortlach, and have left some vestiges. The chief his- toric event, however, ■with which this county is certainly connected, was the battle of Glenlivet (1594). Mediaeval castles, either fairly entire, or represented only by small remains, are at Balvenie, Auchindoun, Findlater, BohaiTU, and Banff. An ancient church, claiming to have been once a cathedral, is in Mortlach ; and an- other old church, ■«ith old historic associations, inGamrie. See papers on ' The Agiiculture of Aberdeen and Banff Shires,' by Jas. Black and Jn. Milne, in Trans. Highl. and Ag. Soc. for 1870 and 1871 ; G. J. Walker's Royal Commission Report on the same (1881) ; Jos. Robertson's Collections for a History of the Shires of Aberdeen arul Banff {5 vols., Spalding Club, 1847-69); Sam. Smiles' Life of a Scotch Naturalist (1876) ; and J. G. Phillips* IVanderinqs in the Highlands of Banff and Aberdeen Shires (ISSl). Banffshire Railway, a railway in Banffshire, from the Grange station of the Great North of Scotland main line, 16i miles north-eastward to Banff, with a branch of 3 j miles from TilljTiaught to Portsov. Authorised in 1857, on a capital of £90,000 in £10'shares and £30,000 on loan, it was opened in August 1859. An extension, 14| miles long, to Port-Gordon was authorised in 1863, but was not carried into execution, and was formally aban- doned in 1867. The railway, from its opening, was worked by the Great North of Scotland, with which it was amalgamated in 1867. Bangholm Junction, a brief branch of the Caledonian railway system in the north-western vicinity of Edin- burgh, connecting the Caledonian system with the Leith branch of the North British. It is only \ mile long, and was authorised in 1865, on a capital of £15,300 in shares aiul £5000 on loan. Bangour, an estate in Ecclesmachan parish, Linlith- gowshire, in the western vicinity of Uphall. It belonged for many generations to the Hamiltons, and gave desig- nation to the distinguished Scottish poet William Hamil- BANK BURN ton (1704-54), author of the Braes of Yarrow. It is now the seat of Geo. Mitchell- Innes, Esq. Bank Bum, a small affluent of the river Ayr in Som parish, Ayrshire. A cave adjacent to it gave frequent shelter to the famous Alexander Peden in the times of the persecution. Bankend, a village on the E border of Caerlaverock parish, Dumfriesshii'e, and on the right bank of Lochar AVater, 6 miles SSE of Dumfries, under which it has a post office. Bankend, a hamlet in Kirkgunzeon parish, Kirkcud- brightshire, contiguous to Kirkgunzeon village. Bankfoot. See Auchteegaven. Bankhead, a railway station in Carnwath parish, Lanarkshire, on the Carstaii's and Dolphinton branch of the Caledonian, 2 miles E of Carstairs Junction. Bankhead, a village in Kewhills parish, Aberdeen- shire. Bankhead, an estate, with a mansion, in Rutherglen parish, Lanarkshire. Banidiead. See Monikie. Bankhead, a village in Wick parish, Caithness, within "Wick parliamentary burgh. Bankhead, a collier village on the mutual border of Dreghorn and Kilmarnock parishes, Ayrshire, SJ miles W by N of Kilmarnock to-wn. Pop. (1871) 1170, of whom 1124 were in Dreghorn. Bankhead, a hamlet in Denny parish, Stirlingshire, 14 mUe S by "W of Denny town. BanMer (Celt, lan-cacr, ' white fort '), a hamlet on the southern border of Denny parish, Stirlingshire, and on Bonny Water, 2 miles S by E of Denny town. Kear it are a distillery and circular places, said to be sites of Caledonian camps. Banknock, a collier hamlet in Denny parish, Stirling- shire, 2:^ miles SW of Denny town. Three seams of coal here yield large output both for consumption in the neigh- bourhood and for exportation. At Banknock House, the seat of Wm. WUson, Esq., Rosa Bonheur was a guest in 1856. Banks, a place in Old Deer parish, Aberdeenshire, ^•ith a public school, which in 1879 had accommodation for 100 children, an average attendance of 67, and a grant of £37, 4s. Banks, a village in Mouswald parish, Dumfriesshire, G miles SE by E of Dumfries. Banks, East and West, two hamlets near Wick, Caith- ness. Bankton, a foimer mansion of Tranent parish, Had- dingtonshire, ^ nule E of Tranent station, and at the south-western verge of the battlefield of Prestonpans. It was the seat of Colonel Gardiner, who fell in the action, and afterwards of Andrew Macdowall, advocate, who, on his promotion to the bench, took hence the title of Lord Bankton ; but it was totally destroyed by fire, 27 Nov. 1852. Bannachra or Benuchara, a hamlet near the southern border of Luss parish, Dumbartonshire, on Fruin Water. 3| miles ENE of Helensburgh. It lies near the scene of a sanguinary conflict between the Colquhouns and Macgre- gors in 1602 ; and it contains the ruins of an old fortalice of the Colquhouns. Bannachra Muir ascends from the southern %"icinity of the hamlet to a height of 1028 feet. Bannatyne. See Xewttle and Poet Baxxaty>*e. Bannavie. See Bajn'avie. Bannock Bum (Gael. lan-cTinoc-hurn, ' stream of the wiiite knoll'), a rivulet of St Ninians parish, Stirling- sliire. It rises, at an altitude of 1250 feet, between Touchadam HUl (1-343 feet) and Eari's HUl (1443), and winds about 14 miles east-north-eastward, past Bannock- bum town, to the Forth at a poiat 2^ miles E of Stir- ling. 'In places,' HUl Burton writes, 'its banks are steep. It now has generally little volume of water, being diverted for manufacturing purposes ; but among the dirty pools in its bed in the filthy manufacturing village, the multitude of large boulders brought down by it show that it has been at times a powerful stream.' Bannockbum, a town and a quoad sacra parish, in the civil parish of St Xinians, Stirlingshire. The town is BANNOCKBURN ^ mile W of Bannockbum starion on the Caledonian rail- way, this being 21 miles SSE of Stirling ; by the Bannock ri\-ulet it is cut into two parts, Upper and Lower Ban- nockbum. Only a village at the commencement of the present century, it has grown to a town through its manu- factures — the spinning, dyeing, and weaving of carpets, tweeds, tartans, and kiltings. There now are two large and two smaller woollen works, which together employ between 700 and 800 hands, consume above 1,000,000 lbs. of wool per annum, and produce goods to a yearly value of £150,000. There is also a tannery; a cattle and horse fair is held on the third Tuesday of June ; and in the neighbourhood five collieries were working in 1879, Bannockbum, Cowie, East Plean, Greenyards, and West Plean, aU of them belonging to the Carboni- ferous Limestone series. Bannockbum has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph depart- ments, two hotels, an Established church (c. 1838), a Free church (c. 1844), a U.P. church (1797), and a pub- lic school and Wilson's Academy, which, -with respective accommodation for 270 and 236 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 169 and 132, and grants of £169, 3s. 6d. and £105, 3s. In the presbytery of Stirling and sjTiod of Perth and Stirling, the quoad sacra parish was constituted about 1838 by the ecclesiastical, reconsti- tuted by the legal authorities in 1868 ; its minister's stipend is £150. Pop. of q. s. parish (1871) 3332 ; of registration district (1881) 4331 ; of town (1841) 2205, (1851)2627, (1861) 2258, (1871) 2564, (1881) 3374. The famous and decisive battle of Bannockbum was fought in the neighbourhood of the town, on Monday, June 24, 1314. The Scottish army imder the Bruce, mustering 30,000 disciplined men and about half that number of disorderly attendants, first rendezvoused at the Torwood, between Falkirk and Stirling. The English army, commanded by Edward II. in person, and reported to have been in the proportion of at least three to one to that of the Scotch, aj^proached from the side of Falkirk, and encamped on the north of Torwood. The Scottish army, meanwhile, drew nearer Stirling, and posted themselves behind the Bannock. They occupied several small eminences upon the S and W of the present village of St Kinians ; their line extending in a north- easterly direction from the brook of Bannock, on which their right flank rested, to the elevated ground above St Ninians, on which their extreme left rested. L'pon the summit of one of these eminences, now called Brock's Brae, is a large granite stone sunk in the earth, with a round hole, about 4 inches in diameter, and the same in depth, in which, according to tradition, Bruce's stan- dard was fixed, and near which the royal pavilion was erected. This stone is well known in the neighbour- hood by the name of the Bored Stone ; near it, on 25 June 1870, the Dumbarton and Stirling Oddfellows erected a flagstaff, 120 feet high. ' Thus the two armies,' to quote from Ximmo's Stirlingshire (3d ed. 1880), 'lay facing each other, at a mile's distance, with the Bannock ninning in a narrow valley between them. Stirling Castle was still in the hands of the English. Edward Bruce had, in the preceding spring, besieged it for several months ; but, finding himself unable to reduce it, had abandoned the enterprise. By a treaty, how- ever, between Edward and Philip Mowbray the governor, it had been agreed, that, if the garrison received no relief from England before St John the Baptist's day, they should then surrender to the Scots. Robert was much dissatisfied with his brother's terms; but, to save his honour, confirmed the treaty. The day before the battle, a body of cavalry, to the number of 800, was detached from the English camp, under the conduct of Sir Robert Clifford, to the relief of the castle. These, having marched through low grounds upon the edge of the Carse, had passed the Scottish army on their left before they were observed. The King himself was among the first to perceive them ; and, desiring his nephew, Pian- dolph, who commanded the left wing, to turn his eyes towards the quarter where they were making their ap- pearance, in the crofts N of St Ninians, said to him angrily, " Thoughtless man ! you have suffered the 125 BANNOCKBURN enemy to pass. A rose has this day fallen from your chaplet ! " Randolph, feeling tlie reproof severely, in- stantly pursued them with 500 foot ; and coming up %\-ith them in the plain, where the modern village of Newhouse stands, commenced a sharp action in sight of both armies, and of the castle. Clifford's squadron wheeling round, and placing their spears in rest, charged the Scots at full speed ; but Randolph, having formed his infantry into a square with their spears protended on every side, and resting on the ground, successfully repelled the first fierce onset, and successive charges equally desperate. Much valour was displayed on both sides ; and it was for some time doubtful who should obtain tlie victor}'. Bruce, attended by several of his officers, beheld this rencounter from a rising ground supposed to be the round hill immediately W of St Kinians, now called Cockshot Hill. Douglas, perceiv- ing the jeopardy of his brave friend, asked leave to hasten with a reinforcement to his support. This the king at first refused ; but, upon his afterwards consent- ing, Douglas put his soldiers in motion. Perceiving, however, on the way, that Randolph was on the point of victory, he stopped short, that they who had long fought so hard might enjoy imdivided glory. The English were entirely defeated with great slaughter. Among the slain was AVilliam d'Ej-n court, a knight and commander of great renown, who had fallen in the be- ginning of the action. The loss of the Scots was very inconsiderable ; some asserted that it amounted only to a single j^eoman. Randolph and his company, covered with dust and glory, returned to the camp, amidst accla- mations of jo}'. To perpetuate the memory of the •vic- tory, two large stones were erected in the field — where they are still to be seen — at the N end of the village of Newhouse, about a quarter of a mile from the S port of Stirling. Another incident happened in the same day, which contributed gi-eatlj' to inspirit the Scots forces. King Robert, according to Barbour, was ill mounted, carrying a battle-axe, and, on his bassinet-helmet, wear- ing, for distinction, a cro\vn. Thus externally distin- guished, he was riding upon a little palfry, in front of his foremost line, regulating their order ; when an English knight, who was ranked among the bravest in Edward's army. Sir Henry de Bohun, came galloping furiously up to him, to engage him in single combat, expecting by this act of chivalry to end the contest and gain immortal fame. But the enterprising champion, having missed his blow, was instantly struck dead by the king, who, raising himself in his stirrups as his assailant passed, with one blow of his battle-axe cleft his head in two, shivering the handle of his own weapon with the violence of the blow. The incident is thus re- corded by Barbour, the best edition of whose Brus is by Cosmo Innes (Spalding Club, 1857) : — ' "And quhen Glosyster and Herfurd war With thair bataill, approacliand ner, Befor tliaim all thar com rydand, With helm on heid, and sper in hand Schyr Henry the Boune, the worthi, That wos a w'jcht knycht, and a hardy; And to the Erie off Herfurd cusyne ; Armyt in armys gud and fyne ; Come on a sted, a bow schote ner, Befor all othyr that thar wer : And knew the King, for that he saw Him swa rang his men on raw ; And by the croune, that wes set Alsua apon his bassynet. And towart him he went in hy. And [(juhen] the King sua apertly Saw him cum, forouth all his feris. In hy till him the hors he steris. And quhen Schjr Henry saw the King Cum on, for owtyn abaysing, Till him he raid in full gret hy. He thoucht that he suid weill lychtly Wyn him, and haf him at his will. Sen ho him horsj't saw sa ill. Sprent thai samyn in till a ling Schyr Henry niyssit the noble king. And he, that in his sterapys stud. With the ax that wes hard' and gud. With sa gret maync raucht him a dynt. That nothyr hat na helm mycht stynt The hewy dusche that he him gave. That ner the heid till the harnys clave. 126 BANNOCKBURN The hand ax schaft fruschit in twa ; And he doune to the erd gan ga All flatlynys, for him faiUyt mycht. This was the fryst strak off the fycht." The Scottish chiefs blamed Bruce for thus risking the army's safety in his own, and Bruce had no answer to make, though, according to some histories, he flippantly evaded further censure by affecting to be chiefly con- cerned for the loss of his trusty battle-axe ; but the doughty achievement raised Lis adherents' spirits as much as it depressed their adversaries. ' The day was now far spent, and as Edward did not seem inclined to press a general engagement, but had dra^\^l off to the low grounds to the right and rear of his original position, the Scots army passed the night in arms upon the field. Next morning, being Monday, the 24th of June, all was early in motion on both sides. Reli- gious sentiments in the Scots were mingled with military ardoiu". Solemn mass was said by Maurice, abbot of Inchaffray ; who also administered the sacrament to the king and the gi-eat officers about him, whUe inferior priests did the same to the rest of the army. Then, after a sober repast, they formed in order of battle, in a tract of groimd, now known as Nether Touch adara, Avhich lies along the declivity of a gently rising hiU, about a mile due S of Stirling Castle. This situation had been previously chosen on account of its advan- tages. Upon the right, they had a range of steep rocks, whither the baggage-men had retired, and which, from this cu'cumstance, has been called Gillies' or Servants' Hilh In their front were the steep banks of the rivulet of Bannock. Upon the left lay a morass, now called Milton Bog, from its vicinity to the small village of that name. Much of this bog is still undrained ; and part of it is now a mill-pond. As it was then the middle of summer, it was almost quite dry ; but Robert had re- coiu'se to a stratagem, to prevent any attack from that quarter. He had, some time before, ordered numbers of pits to be dug in the morass and the fields on the left, and covered with green turf supported by stakes, so as to exhibit the appearance of firm ground. These pits were a foot in breadth, and from 2 to 3 feet deep, and placed so close together as to resemble the cells in a honeycomb. It does not appear, however, that" the English attempted to charge over this dangerous ground during the conflict, the great struggle being made consi- derably to the right of this ground. He also made calthorps be scattered there ; some of which have been found in the memory of people yet alive. By these means, added to the natural strength of the ground, the Scottish army stood as M-ithiu an intrenchmeut. Bar- bour, who wrote about 50 j'ears later, mentions a park mth trees, through wliich the English had to pass be- fore they could attack the Scots ; and says, that Robert chose this situation, that, besides other advantages, the trees might prove an impediment to the enemy's cavalry. The improvements of agriculture, and other accidents, have, in the lapse of five centuries, much altered the face of this as well as other parts of the country ; vestiges, liowever, of the park still remain, and numerous stumps of trees are seen all around the field where the battle was fought. A farm-house, situated almost in the middle, goes by the name of the Park; and a mill built upon the S bank of the rivulet, nearly opposite to where the centre of Robert's army stood, is known by the name of Park Mill. The Scottish army was drawn up in four divisions, and their front extended near a mile in length. The right wing, which was upon the highest ground, and was strengthened by a body of cavalry under Keith, Marschal of Scotland, was com- manded by Edward Bruce, the king's brother. The left was posted on the low grounds, near the morass, under the direction of Walter, Lord-High-Steward, and Sir James Douglas, both of whom had that morning been knighted by their sovereign. Bruce himself took the command of the reserve, which was drawn up iumiedi- ately behind the centre. Along with him was a body of 500 cavalry well armed and mounted ; all the rest of the Scottish army were on foot. The enemy were fast ap- BANNOCKBURN preaching in three great bodies, led on by the English monarch in person, and by the Earls of Hereford and Gloucester, who were ranked among the best generals that England could then produce. Their centre was formed of infantry, and the wings of cavalry, many of whom were armed cap-a-pie. Squadrons of archers were also planted upon the wings, and at certain distances along the front. Edward was attended by two knights. Sir Giles de Argentine and Sir Aymer de Valence, who rode, according to the phrase of those days, at his bridle. That monarch, who had imagined that the Scots would never face his formidable host, was much astonished when he beheld their order and determined resolution to give him battle. As he exjiressed his surprise, Sir Ingram TJmfraville took the opportunity of suggesting a plan likely to insure a cheap and bloodless victory. He coimselled him to make a feint of retreating with the whole army, till they had got behind their tents ; and, as this would tempt the Scots from their ranks for the sake of plunder, to turn about suddenly, and fall upon them. The counsel was rejected. Edward thought there was no need of stratagem to defeat so small a handful. Among the occurrences of this great day, historians mention one memorable episode. As the two armies were on the point of engaging, the abbot of Inchaffray, barefoot and crucifix in his hand, walked slowly along the Scottish line, when they all fell down on their knees in act of devotion. The enemy observing their posture, concluded that they were frightened into submission. "See!" cried Edward, " they are kneel- ing ; they crave mercy !" " They do, Tnj liege," replied Umfravilie ; " but it is from God, not us." " To the charge, then ! " Edward cried ; and Gloucester and Hereford threw themselves impetuously upon the right wing of the Scots, which received them firmly ; while Eandolph pressed forward with the centre of the Scottish army upon the main body of the English. They rushed furiously upon the enemy, and met with a warm recep- tion. The ardour of one of the Scottish divisions had carried them too far, and occasioned their being sorely galled by a body of 10,000 English archers who attacked them in flank. These, however, were soon dispersed by Sir Robert Keith, whom the King had despatched •\vith the reserve of 500 horse, and who, fetching a circuit round Milton Bog, suddenly charged the left flank and rear of the English bowmen, who having no weapons fit to defend themselves against horse, were instantly thro^^Ti into disorder, and chased from the field : — ' "The Inglis aroheris schot sa fast, That mycht thair schot haff ony last. It had baen hard to Scottis men. Bot King Robert, that wele gan ken That thair archeris war peralouss. And thair scliot rycht hard and grewous, Ordanyt, forouth the assemble, H\'s marschell with a gret menye, FjTe hundre armyt in to stele. That on l}"cht horss war horsyt welle, For to pryk amang the archeris ; And swa assaile thaim with thair speria, That thai na la.yser haiff to schute. This marschell that Ik of mute, That Schyr Robert of Keyth was cauld, As Ik befor her has yow tauld, Quhen he saw the battaillis sua Assembill, and to gidder ga, And saw the archeris schoj't stoutly ; With all thaim of his cumpanj', In hy apon thaim gan he rid ; And our tuk thaim at a sid ; And ruschyt amang thaim sa rudly, Stekand thaim sa dispitously, And in sic fusoun berand doun. And slayand thaim, for owtyn ransoun, That thai thaim scalyt euirilkane. And fra that tyme furth thar wes nane That assemblyt schot to ma. Quhen Scottis archeris saw that thai sua War rebutyt, thai woux hardy, And with all thair mycht schot egrely Amang the horss men, that thar raid ; And woundis wid to thaim thai maid ; And slew of thaim a full gret dele." — Barbour's Brus, Book ix., v. 228. Astrong body of the enemy's cavalry charged the right wing, which Edward Bruce commanded, with such irre- BANNOCKBURN sistible fury, that he had been quite overpowered, had not Randolph, who appears to have then been unem- ployed, hastened to his assistance. The battle was now at the hottest ; and it was yet uncertain how the day wouid go. Bruce had brought up his whole reserve ; but the English continued to charge with unabated vigour, while the Scots received them -ttTith an inflexible intrepidity, each individual fighting as if victory de- pended on his single arm. An occurrence — which some represent as an accidental sally of patriotic enthusiasm, others as a premeditated stratagem of Robert's — sud- denly altered the face of aff'airs, and contributed greatly to victory. Above 15,000 servants and attendants of the Scottish army had been ordered, before the battle, to retire, with the baggage, behind the adjoining hill ; but having, during the engagement, arranged themselves in a martial form, some on foot and others mounted on the baggage-horses, they marched to the top, and displaying, on long poles, white sheets instead of banners, descended towards the field -n-ith hideous shouts. The English, taking them for a fresh reinforcement of the foe, were seized with so great a panic that they gave waj' in much confusion. Buchanan says, that the English King was the first that fled ; but in this contradicts all other historians, who affirm that Edward was among the last in the fleld. 'isay, according to some accoimts, he would not be persuaded to retire, till Aymer de Valence, seeing the day lost, took hold of his bridle, and led him off. Sir Giles de Argentine, the other knight who waited on Edward, accompanied him a short way off the field, till he saw him placed in safety ; he then wheeled round, and putting himself at the head of a battalion made a ■sagorous effort to retrieve the disastrous state of affairs, but was soon overwhelmed and slain. He was a cham- pion of high renown ; and, havdng signalised himself in several battles with the Saracens, was reckoned the third knight of his day. The Scots pursued, and made great havoc among the enemy, especially in passing the river, where, from the iiTcgularity of the ground, they could not preserve the smallest order. A mUe from the field of battle, a small bit of ground goes by the name of Bloody Fold, where, according to tradition, a party of the English faced about and made a stand, but, after sus- taining dreadful slaughter, were forced to continue their flight. This account corresponds to several histories of the Earl of Gloucester. Seeing the rout of his country- men, he made an effort to renew the battle, at the head of his military tenants, and, after ha-ving personally done much execution, was, with most of his part}^ cut to pieces. The Scottish writers make the enemy's loss, in the battle and pursuit, 50,000, and their own 4,000. Among the latter. Sir William Vipont and Sir Walter Ross were the only persons of distinction. A propor- tion almost incredible ! The slain on the English side were all decently interred by Bruce's order, who, even in the heat of ■victory, could not refrain from shedding tears over several who had been his intimate friends. The corpse of the Earl of Gloucester was carried that night to the church of St Ninians, where it lay, till with that of Sir Robert Cliff'ord, it was sent to the English monarch. Twenty-seven English barons, 200 knights, and 700 esquires, fell in the field ; the number of prisoners also was very gi'eat ; and amongst them were many of high rank, who were treated with the utmost civility. The remnant of the vanquished was scattered all over the country. Many ran to the castle ; and not a few, attempting the Forth, were drowned. The Earl of Hereford, the surviving general, retreated with a large body towards Bothwell, and threw himself, with a few of the chief oSicers, into that castle, which was then garrisoned by the English. Being hard pressed, he surrendered ; and was soon exchanged against Bruce's queen and daughter, and some .'others of his friends, who had been captive eight years in England. King Edward escaped with much difficulty. Retreating from the field of battle, he rode to the castle, but was told by the governor that he could not long enjoy safety there, as it could not be defended against the victors. Taking a compass, to shun the vigilance of the Scots, he made 127 BANOVIE the best of Lis way homeward, accompanied by fifteen noblemen and a body of 500 cavalry. He was closely pursued above forty miles by Sir James Douglas, who, ■with a party of light horse, kept upon his rear, and was often very near him. How hard he was put to, may be guessed from a vow which he made in his flight, to build and endow a religious house in Oxford, shoidd it please God to favour his escape. He was on the point of being made prisoner, when he was received into the castle of Dunbar by Gospatrick, Earl of March, who was in the English interest. Douglas waited a few days in the neighbourhood, in expectation of his attempting to go home by land. He escaped, however, by sea in a fisherman's boat. His stay at Dunbar had been very short. Three days after the battle, he issued a pro- clamation from Berwick, announcing the loss of his seal, and forbidding all persons to obey any order proceeding from it, without some other evidence of that order's being his. ' ' The riches obtained by the plunder of the English, ' says Mr Tytler, ' and the subsequent ransom paid for the multitude of the prisoners, mxist have been very great. Their exact amoimt cannot be easily estimated, but some idea of its gi'eatness may be formed by the tone of deep lamentation assumed by the Monk of Malmesbury. " day of vengeance and of misfortune ! " he exclaims, "day of disgrace and perdition ! unworthy to be included in the circle of the year, which tarnished the fame of England, and enriched the Scots with the plunder of the precious stuffs of our nation, to the extent of two hundred thousand pounds. Alas ! of how many noble barons, and accomplished knights, and high-spirited young soldiers, — of what a store of excellent arms, and golden vessels, and costly vestments, did one short and miserable day deprive us ! " Two hundred thousand pounds of money in those times amounts to about six hundred thousand pounds weight of silver, or nearly three millions of our present money. The loss of the Scots in the battle was incredibly small, and proves how effectually the Scottish squares had repelled the English cavalrj'. ' See also chaps, xxiii. , xxiv. of Hill Burton's History of Scotland (new ed. 1876), and R. "White's Battle of Bannockburn (Edinb. 1871). Banovie, a rivulet traversing the grounds of Blair Castle, in Blair Athole parish, Perthshire. Bantaskine, an estate, with a mansion, in Falkiik parish, Stirlingshire. The mansion stands on an elevated spot, i mile SW of Falkirk town, is modern, substan- tial, and elegant ; has richly wooded grounds ; and commands a splendid view. Banton, a village in Kilsjrth parish, Stirlingshire, 2i miles NE by E of Kilsyth to'ivn. It has a post office under Denny, and it is inhabited principally by colliers and ironstone miners. Low Banton hamlet lies \ mile to the S, and \ further SSE is a chapel of ease, erected in 1880 into the church of a quoad sacra parish. A public school, with accommodation for 173 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 165, and a grant of £153, lis. lid. Pop. oi quoad sacra parish (1881) 793. Bara, an ancient parish of S Haddingtonshire, now annexed to Gaiivald. Bara, Aberdeenshire and Inverness-shire. See Barra. Barachan, a creek in Kilfinichen parish, island of JIull, Argyllshire, penetrating the Ross Peninsula from the Sound of lona. It affords safe anchorage for vessels of considerable burden. Barachuie, a vUlage on the W border of Old Monk- land parish, Lanarkshire, 1 mile W of Baillieston, and 4 J E of Glasgow. Barassie, a railway station on the coast of Ayrshire, on the Troon and Kilmarnock railway, 1 mile NNE of Troon, and 8 SW of Kilmarnock. Barbaraville, a village in Kilmuir- Easter parish, Eoss-shire. Its post-to^vn is Invergordon under In- verness. Barbaswalls, a hamlet in Ruthven parish, Forfarshire, 11 miles N of Meiglo. Barbauchlaw, a coalfield in Bathgate parish, Linlith- gowshire, and a rivulet of Lanark and Linlithgow shii-es. 128 BARGARRAN The coalfield lies on the right bank of the rivulet, a little SW of Armadale. The rivulet has a north-easterly course ; rises and runs 3 miles in Sliotts parish ; goes 2^ miles along the boundary between the two counties ; proceeds 3^ miles along the boundary between Bathgate and Torphichen parishes ; and unites with Ballencrieff Water to form the Luggie, which soon falls into the Avon. It is rich in trout ; is ascended by salmon for spa^^•ning ; and, till a recent period, was a haunt of the otter. Barber or Barbour, a hamlet on the W side of Rose- neath parish, Dumbartonshire, adjacent to Loch Long, 3^ miles N by W of Kilcreggan. Barbieston, a modernised ancient fortalice in the neighbourhood of Dahymple ^"illage, A}Tshire. Barbreck, an estate, with the seat of Admiral Colin Yorke Campbell (10,369 acres, £2461 per annum), and with a girls' public school, in the NE of Craignish parish, Argyllshire, 14 mUes KNAV of Lochgilphead. Barbreck valley here is traversed by a brook down to the head of Loch Craignish ; seems, at a recent period, to have been under the sea ; is said to have been the scene of a battle between the Dalriadans and the Norsemen, fatal to a Scandinavian prince of the name of Olave ; and contains a tumulus, which is alleged to mark that prince's grave. Barcaldine, an estate in Ardchattan parish, Argyll- shire. It lies along all the southern side of Loch Creran ; extends, at one point on the S, nearly to Loch Etive ; is about 12 miles long and 20,000 acres in area, of £2079 annual value ; belonged formerly to Sir Alex- ander Campbell, Bart., and belongs now to the widow of the Rev. A. G. Cameron. Barcaldine Castle, the old residence on it, was built in the 15th century by Sir Duncan Campbell of Glenorchy, and stands on a rising ground near the mouth of Loch Creran ; Barcal- dine House, the present residence, is a modern and commodious edifice, and stands among wooded grounds 5 miles further up, and 9^ miles N by W of Taynuilt. See Ardchattan. Barcaple, an estate, with a mansion, in Tongland parish, Kirkcudbrightshire. Barclosh, a ruined ancient castle in Kirkgunzeoa parish, Kirkcudbrightshire, contiguous to a hill of its o^vn name, 1| mile NE of Dalbeattie. It belonged to Lord Herries, who figm-ed conspicuously in the time of Queen Mary. Barcloy, a hamlet in Colvend parish, Kirkcudbright- shire, near the mouth of Urr Water, 5J miles S bj' E of Dalbeattie. An eminence, called Castlehill of Barcloy, flanks the E side of the Urr's mouth, and has remains of an ancient circular encampment. Bardennock, a burn in Keir parish, Dumfriesshire, running eastward to the Xith. It traverses a ravine, covered with fine trees, and adorned with pleasure- walks, and it makes a very beautiful waterfall. Bardhead, a bold promontory, about 200 feet high, at the S end of Bressay island, Shetland. Bardock, a head-stream of the river Don, in Strathdon parish, Aberdeenshire. Bardowie. See Balderxock. Baremman, an estate, with a mansion, in Roseneath parish, Dumbartonshire. The mansion stands near Gareloch, 1\ mile N by W of Roseneath village, and commands a magnificent view. Slate is quarried on the estate. Bargaly, an estate, with the seat of Jn. M'Kie, Esq. (10,850 acres, £2532 per annum), in ]\Iinnigaff parish, W Kirkcudbrightshire, 7 miles ENE of Newton -Stewart. Bargany, an estate and a mansion in Dailly parish, AjTshire, on the left bank of Girvan Water, 4J miles NE of Girvan. The property of the Earl of Stair, through his Countess, a daughter of the Due de Coigny, and a grand-daughter of Sir Hew Dahymple- Hamilton, Bart. , Bargany will pass to the earl's second son. Its rental is about £12,000, and £30,000 was expended on permanent improvements during 1862-78. Bargarran, an old-fashioned mansion in Erskino parish, Renfrewshire, near tlie Clyde, and 2 miles E by N of Bishopton station. In 1697 it became notorious BAEGATTON in witchcraft annals as the scene of the ' Tragedy of Bargarran's daughter,' for which 5 persons were executed at Paisley. See Amot's Criminal Trials (1785) ; vol. iii., p. 167, of Chambers' Domestic Aninals {1%%\) ; and The JFitches of licnfreifshire {1809 ; new ed. 1877). Bajgatton. See Balmaghie. Bajgeddie, a post office village in Old Monkland parish, Lanarkshire, If mile WSW of its post-town, Coatbridge. Here in the autumn of 1876 a church was opened for the quoad sacra parish of Bargeddie, which, formed in 1875, is in the presbytery of Hamilton and synod of Glasgow and Ayr. Geometrical Gothic in style, this church consists of an aisled nave, semi-octagonal tran- septs, and an apse, with a spire 130 feet high, stained- glass Aiandows, etc. A sessional school, with accom- modation for 220 children, had (1879) a day and an evening attendance of 235 and 49, and grants of £223, 8s. and £-2S, 6s. Pop. of village (1881) 100 ; of q. s. parish ,1jM) -2980. Baxgremian, a post office hamlet in ilinnigaff parish, W Kirkcudbrightshire, and a quoad sacra parish partly also in Penninghame, "Wigtownshire. The hamlet lies on the Cree's left bank, 9 miles N by W of its post-to^vn Ne^vton-Stewart ; at it are the manse and the neat little church (1839 ; stipend, £120). Two public schools, Bargrennan and Knowe, with respective accommodation for 60 and 48 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 21 and 29, and grants of £37, 7s. 6d. and £38, 2s. Pop. of q. s. parish, in the presbytery of "Wigtown and synod of Galloway, (1871) 428, of whom 223 were in Penninghame, (1881) 366. Barhead. See Barrhead. Barhill. See Barrhill. Barholm, a coast estate, the property of Jas. Grant, Esq., in the SE of Kirkmabreck parish, Kirkcudbright- shire, 5| miles SE of Creetown. The old square Tower of Barholm is fairly perfect, though uninhabited. It has been identified with the ' Ellangowan ' of Gicy Mannering, and is said to have sheltered John Knox. Barhullion, a conspicuous hill 450 feet high, in the "W of Glasserton parish, SE "Wigtownshire. Barjarg, a hamlet and an estate in Keir parish, Dum- friesshire. The hamlet stands near the river Nith, 3J miles S of Thornhill. The estate belonged in the 16th centuiy to the Earl of Morton ; passed in 1857 to T. Grierson, Esq. ; went afterwards, by marriage, to C. Erskine, Esq. , advocate, who rose to the bench and took the title of Lord Tinwald ; was subsequently purchased by Dr Hunter, professor of divinity in Edinburgh "University, and now belongs to "Wm. Francis Hunter- Arundell, o^vner of 1947 acres in the shire, valued at £1689 per annum. The mansion, Barjarg Tower, stands amid finely-planted grounds. Barlay Mill, in Girthon parish, Kirkcudbrightshire, i mile N of Gatehouse of Fleet — the humble birthplace of Thomas Faed, R.A. (b. 1826), as also of his painter brothers, James and John. Barleykaowe, a hamlet in Newbattle parish, Edin- burghshire, h mile N of Gorebridge. Barleyside, a village in Falkirk parish, Stirlingshire. Barlocco, an estate, with a mansion, on the coast of Eerwick, Kirkcudbrightshire. The mansion is a curious edifice, overlooking the Solway Firth. Barlocco Bay is a small encurvature of the Solway, 2f miles SW of Balcary Point ; and Barlocco Haugh is a feature of the coast immediately W of Barlocco Bay. Barlocco, a peninsula, insulated at high water, in the "W of Borgue parish, S Kirkcudbrightshire. Lying at the SE entrance of Fleet Bay, it is 24 furlongs long, IJ broad, and 35 feet high. Two small hamlets, Barlocco and Barlocco-Croft, lie | mile to the NE. Bannekin, a conical hill 800 feet high in the "W of Echt parish, SE Aberdeenshire, entirely planted with Scotch fir, and crowned by remains of a prehistoric fortress, 6i acres in extent, Avith 5 concentric ramparts, not so vast as, but better preserved than, those of the Caterthun. 'Druidical' circles adjoin (vol. L, p. 85, of Hill Burton's Hist. Scot., ed. 1876). BarmilL See Beith. • 9 BARNS Bannore, an estate, with a mansion, in S Knapdale parish, Argyllshire. The mansion stands on the shore of Loch Fyne, 2| miles N of Tarbert, and is modem, large, and elegant. Barmure, an estate in Mauchline parish, Ayrshire. It belonged, in pre-Reformation times, to the monks of Melrose ; and it passed, in 1606, to Lord Loudoun. Bambarroch, an estate, with a mansion of date 1780, in Kirkinner parish, "Wigtownshire, 4 miles S"W of Wig- town. It is the seat of Rt. Yans-Agnew, Esq., owner of 6777 acres in the shire, valued at £6997 per annum. See also Colvend. Bambougle (Gael, harr-an-horjlain, 'point of the marsh '), an ancient castle in Dabneny parish, Linlith- gowshire, within Dalmeny Park, and on the shore of the Firth of Forth, 3 miles E of South Queensferry. It belonged to the Moubrays in the 12th century, was sold in 1615 to Sir Thomas Hamilton, afterwards Earl of Haddington, and was re-sold in 1662 to Sir Archibald Primrose, Bart., who became Lord Justice General of Scotland, from whom it has descended to the YLscounts and Earls of Rosebery. Of unkno^vn age, it stands on a projecting rock-terrace, is hid from the immediate shore by a mound or bulwark of earth, raised to protect it from encroachment of the tide, and in 1880 was entirely reconstructed according to the original plans. Bamcluith, a property in Hamilton parish, Lanark- shire, on the left side of the river Avon, a little above the town of Hamilton. A romantic dell here has, on a bold bank about 250 feet high, three dwelling-houses built about 1583 by John Hamilton, ancestor of Lord Belhaven ; connected with them are an orchard, a kitchen garrDHU. Ben Ducteach, a mountain (1750 feet) at the meeting- point of Dumbarton, Perth, and Stirling shu'cs, 1| mile E by S of the head of Loch Lomond. Beneaddan or Ben Yadain, a mountain in Morvern parish, Argyllshire. Flanking the southern shore of Loch Sunart, it rises to an altitude of 1873 feet above sea-level ; toward the summit is an excavated flight of steps, called Cenmanan Fhin or Fingal's Stair. Beneagen. See Bex Aigax. Ben Eay, a mountain (3309 feet) in Gairloch parish, AA' Ross-shire, 5 miles S of Loch Maree. Ben Eich, a mountain in Luss parish, Dumbartonshire, on the N side of Luss AVater, 4 miles AA" by N of Luss village. It has an altitude of 2302 feet above sea-level. Benein or Am Binnein (Gael. ' mountain of birds '), a mountain on the mutual border of Balquhidder and Killiu parishes, Perthshire, culminating 1^ mile S of Benmoke, at 3827 feet above sea-level. Ben Eoin, a mountain in the S of Sutherland, over- hanging the N side of Strath Oykel, 17 miles AA'NW of Bonar-Bridge. Benevachart, a mountain (3000 feet) on the mutual 143 BENEVEIAN bonier of Inverness and Ross shires, 10 miles W by S of Beauh". Beneveian (Gael, heinn a mheadhoin, ' middle moun- tain '), a loeh and a mountain of Glenaffric in Kilmorack parish, NW Inverness-shire. An expansion of the river Affric, the lake lies 22 miles SW of Beauly, and 6 of Glenaffric Hotel, at an altitude of some 700 feet ; is 2§ miles long and from 1 to 3^ furlongs wide ; receives the Fiadhach and 8 or 9 smaller streams and brooks ; and opens at its head into Loch an Laghair (| x J mile). It belongs to The Chisholm, who has boats upon its waters, which abound in trout, running 3 to the lb. The mountain culminates f mile from the loch's north- western shore at 2003 feet above sea-level. — Ord. Sur., sh. 72, 1880. Ben Fhada. See Ben Attow and Benveedax. Benfile, a mountain in Gairloch parish, Koss-shire, at the SE extremity of the southern screen of Loch Maree. It has a stately base and a lofty altitude ; it terminates in two sharp lofty peaks of snow-white quartz ; and it makes a dazzling appearance under a play of sunshine. Ben Fin, a mountain in the central part of Ross-shire, overhanging the S side of the head of Loch Fannich. Ben Freiceadain, a steep rocky hill (700 feet) in Reay parish, Caithness, 8 miles SE of Reay village. It is cro\\-ned with an ancient fort nearly a mile in circum- ference. Bengaillan, a hill in Campbelto^\Ti parish, Kintjrre, Argyllshire, If mile SSE of Campbeltown town. Rising 1154 feet above sea-level, it commands a splendid pano- ramic view over Kintyre, the southern Hebrides, the north of Ireland, and the Firth of Clyde. Bengaim. See Bencairn. Bengali, a hamlet in Dryfesdale parish, Dumfriesshire, 3 miles SW of Lockerbie. It stands at the W base of two hills, separated from each other by a narrow morass, and cro^^•ned by respectively a Caledonian and a Roman camp ; and from these two camps it takes its name, signif\-ing ' the hill of the Gael.' Bengharbhlagain. See Ben Pharlagain. Ben Ghulbhuinn (Gael. ' mountain of the little beak'), a mountain (2641 feet) at the head of Glenshee, Kirk- michael parish, KE Perthshire, near the meeting-point ■vvith Forfar and Aberdeen shires. It is held by tradition to have been the scene of a hunting-match which proved fatal to Diarmid, one of the Fingalian heroes ; and on itself, or on spots adjacent to it, are the alleged grave of Diarmid, the den of the wild boar which was hunted, a spring called Tober-nam-Fiann ( ' the fountain of the Fingalians '), and a small lake, Loch-an-Tuirc ('the boar's loch '). Benglass, a mountain in the N of Luss parish, Dum- bartonshire, overhanging the S side of Glendouglas, If mile W of Loch Lomond, and 3:^ NW of Luss village. It has a romantic outline, and rises 2149 feet above .sea-level. Benglo (Gael, beinn a'ghlo, ' the hazy mountain '), a mountain range in Blair Athole parish, Perthshire, flank- ing the greater part of the south-eastern side of Glen Tilt, and culminating 8 miles NE of Blair Athole. It rises from a vast base to a group of five summits, the highest of which has an altitude of 3671 feet above sea-level. Bengnuis, a central summit (2597 feet) of the moun- tains of Arran, abutting from the S end of the great middle northern range of Arran, overhanging the head of Glen Rosie on the E, flanking the middle part of Glen lorsa on the W, and culminating about midway between the E coast N of Brodick and the W coast N of Dugarry. A wild bum, called Garavalt, drains all its E side, makes a fine cascade, traverses a granitic gorge, and plunges headlong into Glen Rosie. Ben Goleach, a mountain of NW Ross-shire, between Loch Broom and Little Loch Broom, 5 miles W of Ulla- pool. It rises 2074 feet above the neighbouring sea. Ben Griam Bheag and Ben Griam Mhor (Gael, 'small and large mountains of tlio sun '), two mountains in the N of Kildonan parisli, E Sutlierland, with summits (2i 144 BENHOLM miles asunder) 1903 and 1936 feet high above sea-level. The north eastern of the two, Ben Griam Bheag, extends into Reay parish, its summit rising just upon the border, 3f miles WSW of Forsinard station. Ben Gualann, a mountain on the mutual border of Drymen and Buchanan parishes, Stirlingshire, 3^ miles NE of Loch Lomond at Balmaha. It has an altitude ot 1514 feet above sea-level. Ben Gulabin. See Ben Ghulbhuinn. BenguUion. See Bengaillan. Benhar, a village in Whitburn parish, Linlithgowshire, adjacent to the boundary with Lanarkshire, IJ mile NNW of Fauldhouse station. A mission station "of the Church of Scotland, conjoint with one at Harthill, is here ; and a coalfield is adjacent, lying under an alluvial bed 7 fathoms and 3 feet thick, and containing a seam of coal 18 inches thick, and a seam of splint coal 3 feet 8 inches thick. Pop. (1871) 417. Benhee, a mountain on the south-eastern border of Eddrachillis parish, Sutherland, culminating 5 miles E by S of the head of Loch More, at an altitude of 2864 feet above sea-level. Benheinish, a hill in Tiree island, Argyllshire. It is the higliest ground in the island, and has an altitude of about 450 feet above sea-level. Benhiand, a mountain summit in Ardnamurchan parish, Argyllshire. It is the highest ground in the range of hills traversing Ardnamm-chan proper, and it has an altitude of 1271 feet above sea-level. Benhiel, a mountain in the N of Sutherland, forming part of the grand alpine screens of Loch Loyal. Benholm, a coast parish of Kincardineshire, traversed by the Montrose and Bervie section of the North British railway, and containing the fishing village of Johns- haven, with postal, money order, savings' bank, and telegraph office under Fordoun, and vdth a station 9 miles NNE of Montrose and 4^ SSE of Bervie. Bounded NW by Garvock, N and NE by Bervie, SE by the Ger- man Ocean, and SW by St Cyras, it has an extreme length from N to S of 3| miles, a width from E to W ot 3^ miles, and a land area of 4891 acres. The shore, about 1^ mile long, is low but rocky ; has been the scene of many shipwrecks ; and seems to be touched by a north- ward ocean current, the bodies of persons drowned in the Firth of Forth having been cast up here. Along it runs a former sea-bottom, 300 yards broad on an average and almost level with the sea, which, partly consisting of shingle but chiefly of sea sand mixed ^vith pebbles or small boulders, has all, except at Johnshaven, been arti- ficially covered with soil, and made either arable or pastoral, one portion of it having been thus reclaimed as late as 1863. Beyond, the ancient sea margin, steep in some places, in others sloping, is very distinctly marked; and thence the ground inland ascends unequally towards the NW. A chain of little heather-capped hills rise to 452, 495, and 415 feet on the SW border, and to 563 feet in the westermost corner of the parish ; on the Bervie boundary are Gourdon Hill (436 feet), Knox Hill (523), and Kenshot Hill (618). Tlae rocks are Devonian and eruptive — sandstone, conglomerate, and trap ; and wher- ever exposed, their surfaces are found to be grooved and striated by glacial action towards the S W by W. Sand- stone is worked on the Brotherton and Benholm estates, and that on the former is the best building stone in the county. The soil for Ih mile from the shore is early, productive, and well adapted for all sorts of crops ; but in the upper district is later and less fertile, and much here that formerly was moor and waste has been re- claimed only -within the last half century. Antiquities are an oblong beacon cairn on Gourdon Hill, Kenshot and Philla Cairns in the NW, and the square Tower of Benholm to the N of the church, supposed to have been founded early in tlie 15th century, and still entire, tliough uninhabited. A seat of the Keiths, Earls Mari- schal, this was the scene in 1623 of a theft by the fifth earl's widowed countess of money and jewels to a great amount (Chambers's Doin. Ann., i. 530). Brotherton House, a fine mansion rebuilt in the Baronial style in 1866, stands near the shore a little above Johnsliaven, BENHONZIE and is the seat of Hercules Scott, Esq., wliose ancestors have held the estate for 200 years and more, and who himself is owner of 3912 acres in the shire of £5388 annual value. One other proprietor holds a yearl}' value of £500 and upwards, and 1 of from £50 to £100, while 5 hold each between £20 and £50. Benholm is in the presbytery of Fordoun and synod of Angus and Mearns ; its minister's income is £349. The parish church (1832 ; 768 sittings) is If mile NNE of Johnshaven, and near it is a public school, ^nth accommodation for 76 children, an average attendance (1879) of 24, and a grant of £26, 13s. 4d. ; while at Johnshaven are a Free church, a U.P. church, and another school. Valuation (1881) £8520, 13s. lid., including £423 for the railway. Pop. (1801) 1412, (1841) 1648, (1871) 1569, (1881) 1525.— Orel Sur., shs. 57, 57a, 66, 67, 1863-74, Benhonzie. See Ben Chonzie. Ben Hope, a mountain near the eastern border of Dur- ness parish, Sutherland, culminating 1| mile E by S of the head of Loch Hope at 3040 feet above sea-level. It has a rounded mass and imposing precipices, and, as seen from the W, it presents perhaps the most picturesque mountain outline in the kingdom. It consists chiefly of mica slate and quartzite. Ben Horn or Beinn nan Com, a mountain on the mutual border of Golspie and Cl}'ne parishes, Suther- land, culminating 4^ miles NNAV of Golspie village, at 1706 feet above sea-level, and consisting of Old Red sand- stone and breccia. Ben Hutig, a mountain in the NTV of Tongue parish, Sutherland, extending to the coast, and culminating 3| miles SE of Ceana Geal Mor or Whiten Head at 1340 feet above sea-level. Consisting chiefly of gneiss, it forms the commencement of a range about 10 miles long, which terminates suddenly in the huge and grand Ben Hope. Ben Ime, a mountain on the mutual border of Loch- goilhead and Kilmorich parishes, E Argyllshire, cul- minating 3f miles NW of Arrochar village at 3318 feet above sea-level. Ben Inivaig. See Bendeaxavaig. Beninturk. See Bex-ax-Tuikc. Ben Killilan, a mountain (2466 feet) in Kintail parish, SW Ross-shire, 7 miles N by E of the head of Loch Duich. Benkitlan or Ben Ceitlein, a mountain in Ardchattan parish, Argyllshire, culminating in Stob Dubh (2897 feet above sea-level), f mile E of the left bank of the river Etive, and 7f miles SE of Ballachulish. Benklibrick. See Bexclibiiick. Ben Lair or Larig, a mountain (2817 feet) in Gairloch parish, Ross-shire, 2^ miles from the NE shore of Loch Maree. It dips romantic skirts into the lake ; ascends in broad, graceful outline ; and is indented, toward the summit, ■n'ith a series of shell-shaped corries. Ben Laoghal. See Bex Loyal. Benlaoigh. See Bexlot. Ben Lawers (Gael, heinn-lcibhra, 'speaking or echoing mountain '), one of the Breadalbane mountains in Ken- more and Weem parishes, Perthshire. It flanks the NW shore of the middle waters of Loch Tay, and cul- minates 9 miles WSW of Kenmore village, at 3984 feet above sea-level (or 4004 if one includes a cairn, rebuilt in July 1878), being thus the loftiest mountain in the count}', and the fifth loftiest in all Scotland. It does not con- sist of a single mass, but, rising from a broad base, in fusion \vith contiguous mountains, rolls upward in a series of shoulders or subordinate summits, and terminates in a noble cone that towers more than 1000 feet above all the neighbouring eminences. Its skirts, to a con- siderable height, are cultivated, wooded, or verdant ; and its upper portions, over nearly all their extent, are either softly pastoral or heathy. The ascent is generally made from Ben Lawers Hotel, on the shore of Loch Tay ; measures between 4 and 5 miles to the top ; and is so easy that it can all be made on horseback. The pro- spect from its summit is M-ide and beautiful, embracing splendid combinations of valleys, lakes, and mountains, from the Ochils to Ben Nevis, and from Ben Lomond to 10 BEN LOMOND Cairngorm, and excelled by no view in Scotland but that from the top of Ben Lomond. The mountain chiefly consists of mica slate ; on its summit are found the small gentian, round-headed cotton-grass, and other aljdne plants. Ben Lea, a hill (1473 feet) in Portree parish, Isle of Skye, Inverness-shire, N of Loch Sligachan, and 6 miles S by E of Portree village. Ben Ledi, a mountain in Callander parish, Perthshire, culminating 4J miles W by N of Callander town. It rises from a base of about 11 miles in circuit; occupies most of the space between Loch Lubnaig on the E, Loch Venachar on the S, and Glen Finglas on the W ; soars to an altitude of 2875 feet above sea-level ; and com- mands a gorgeous prospect from the Bass Rock to the Paps of Jura, and from the Moray Firth to the Lowther Jlountains. The ascent of it is everywhere difficult, and in many parts dangerous, but can be best effected from Portnellan, 2f miles AVSW of Callander. Its Gaelic name, read commonly as bcinn-le-dia, ' mountain of God,' is more correctly behni schlcibhfe or schleihtcan, ' moun- tain of mountains,' or ' mormtain girt with sloping hills. ' A tarn, called Lochan-nan-Corp, signifjdng ' the loch of dead bodies,' lies far up the mountain, and got its name from the drowning in it of about 200 persons attending a funeral from Glen Finglas to a churchyard on the N of the Pass of Leny. Ben Leoid, a mountain in the SE of Edilrachillis parish, Sutherland, culminating 4 miles SSW of the head of Loch More at 2597 feet above sea-level. Benleven, the western or peninsvdar section of Dum- bartonshire, bounded on the N by the isthmus of Tarbet, on the E by Loch Lomond and the river Leven, on the S by the Firth of Clj'de, on the SW by Gare Loch, on the W by the upper part of Loch Long. It comprehends the parishes of Luss, Row, and Cardross, and parts of the parishes of Arrochar and Bonhill, but excludes the parish of Roseneath. Ben Liath Mhor, a mountain (2464 feet) of central Ross-shire, 3| miles NNE of the foot of Loch Fannich. Ben Liughach, a gi-and mountain in Gairloch parish, W Ross-shire, 1^ mile from the northern shore of Upper Loch Torridon, and 4 miles SW of Ben Eay. Its height is about 3000 feet. Ben Lochain, a mountain on the mutual border of Strachur and Lochgoilhead parishes, Cowal, Argyllshire, culminating 2 miles W by S of the head of Loch Goil at 2306 feet above sea-level. It takes its name from Curra Lochain, a tarn on its southern slope, 4^ fuidongs long and f furlong ^ride. Benlochan, a hill (721 feet) in Logie-Easter parish, Ross-shire, 3J miles SW of Tain. Ben Lomond, a mountain in Buchanan parish, Stirling- shire, extending along the E side of the upper part of Loch Lomond, and ciilminating 65 miles SSW of the head of Loch Katrine, and 1S| N by W of Dumbarton. Its summit line runs -within 2 miles of the eastern shore of Loch Lomond, yet forms part of the watershed be- tween the river sj-stems of the Forth and Clyde. Its base measures about 5 miles from N to S, and about 3J miles from E to W. Ascending from the S in a long and gradual mass, it presently rises more steeplj' aloft in a great crowning cone, which breaks down on the N in a pre- cipitous or almost mural face about 2000 feet in depth. Its summit-altitude is 3192 feet above sea-level. Its general outline, in multitudes of distant views, in many different directions or with many different phases, is grandly beautiful, and its western acclivities, closely overhanging Loch Lomond, as seen from the further shores or from the surface of the lake, are sublime and strikingly impressive. The ascent of it is commonly made on foot from Rowardennan, on the shore of Locli Lomond, at its SW base, and measures geographically about 4 miles, and in traversed distance about 6 miles, but can be effected also, from the same point, on pony back, up to a point very near the summit. The view from the top has less breadth, less force, less gorgeous- ness than the view from the top of Ben Lawers, but in aggregate diversity, brilliance, and picturesque magni- 145 BENLOY ficence, is equalled by no view in all the United Kingdom. To the N are seen sublime arrays and tumultuous assem- blages of mountains, away to Ben Yorlich, Ben Cruachan, and Ben Nevis ; to the E are seen Stirlingshire, Lanark- shire, and theLothians, away to the heights of Edinburgh ; to the S are seen the counties of Renfrew and Ajt, the islands of Bute and Arran, and the waters beyond these islands, away to the coast of Ireland and the Atlantic Ocean ; and on the "W, immediately under the eye, are seen the waters, islands, and western screens of Loch Lomond with a distinctness, a beauty, and a fulness of grouping greater far than belong to them as seen any- where from the lake's own bosom. Granite is the princi- pal rock of the mountain ; mica slate also is plentiful ; and quartzite occurs near the top in masses so large as to appear, in views from the W shore of the lake, like patches of snow. Among Ben Lomond's memories, the most curious, perhaps, is its ascent in 1796 by the Rev. Charles Simeon and James Alexander Haldane, who, ' on the top, impressed by the grandeur of the surrounding scenery, kneeled down and solemnly consecrated their future lives to the service of Almighty God. ' — Ord. Sur. , sh. 38, 1871. Benloy (Gael, heinn-laoigh, ' mountain of the fawns '), a mountain on the mutual border of Perthshire and Argyllshire, at the head of Strathfillan, 6| miles E by S of Dalmally. It forms the western extremity of a chain extending eastward to Killin, and culminating in Beu- more, and is itself the loftiest and most graceful of the great group of mountains which stud the neighbouring parts of Perthshire and Argyllshire. Its summit is 3708 feet above sea-level, and four streams flow from its slopes in directions E, W, SE, and SW toward respectively Lochs Tay, Awe, Lomond, and Fyne. BenLoyalorBen Laoghal, a mountain in Tongue parish, Sutherland, flanking the western side of Loch Loyal, and culminating 5^ miles S by "W of Tongue village at 2504 feet above sea-level. Composed of sj^enite, it spreads 2 miles westward from the mid shore of Loch Loyal, across the head of the Strath of Tongue ; curves gracefully upward from rounded loins to splintered sum- mit, terminating in 4 massive peaks, the highest stand- ing in advance of the others ; and as to contour, is the most picturesque of any of the Highland mountains. Ben Luighach. See Bex Liughach. Benlundie, a mountain in Golspie parish, SE Suther- land, culminating 3 miles WNW of Golspie village at 1464 feet above sea-level. BenMacdhui (Gael, hcinn-muc-dulh, ' mountain of the black sow '), a mountain of SW Aberdeenshire on the verge of the county, contiguous to Banff and Inverness shires, 11 geographical miles "WNW of Castleton of Brae- mar. One of the Cairngorms, it culminates 3 miles S by W of Cairngorm proper (4084 feet), and is near other summits not much lower, forming strictly not one moun- tain, but only one amid a group of summits on a com- mon base. Thus, though the highest point in Scotland excejit Ben Nevis, and only 110 feet lower than that mountain, it makes a far less conspicuous figure than many mountains of only one-half or one-third its height. Its altitude above sea-level is 4296 feet. The ascent (18 miles) from Castleton is made, after passing Derry Lodge (1386 feet), either up Glen Derry or up Glen Lui. The glorious view from the broad flat summit extends to Ben Wyvis, Ben Ne%ns, and Ben Glo ; but Benabourd, on the E, shuts out the prospect of the German Ocean. Red granite is the prevailing rock, and numbers of rare minerals, particularly the fine rock crystals called Cairn- gorm stones, are found. The Queen and the Prince Consort twice made the ascent of Ben Macdhui on 7 Oct. 1859 and 24 Aug. 1860, as described on pp. 136-139 of the Queen's Journal (ed- 1877). — Ord. Sur., sh. 64, 1874. Beiunagh(Gael. beinnmagha, ' mountain of the plain'), a height in Torosay parish. Mull island, Argyllshire, at the head of Loch Buy, 14 miles WSW of Oban. Ben Mhanarch, a mountain on the mutual border of Luss and Row parishes, Dumbartonshire, at the head of Glenluss, IJ mile ESE of the nearest part of Loch 146 BENMORE-ASSYNT Long, and 3 miles NNE of Garelochhead. It has an altitude of 2328 feet above sea-level. Ben Mheadoin, a summit (3883 feet) of the Cairn- gorms, in Kirkmichael parish, S Banffshire, f mile SE of Loch Aven, and 2 miles SE of Cairngorm proper. Ben Mhic-Mhonaidh, a mountain (2602 feet) in the W of Glenorchy parish, Argyllshire, between the rivers Orchy and Strae, 9 J miles ENE of the summit of Ben Cruachan. Benmholach, a mountain in Fortingal parish, NW Perthshire, 5 miles E of Loch Ericht, and 4^ N of Loch Rannoch. It has a height of 2758 feet above sea-level. Benmore (Gael. JcinM-?Hor, 'great mountain'), amoim- tain in the W of Mull island, Argyllshire, occupying most of the peninsula between Loch-na-Keal and Loch Scridain, and culminating 21 miles W of Oban. It is the highest summit in Mull, and only 7 feet lower than Ben Lomond, having an altitude of 3185 feet above sea-level. Rising from low ground, so as to figure con- spicuously from base to summit, it exhibits a beautiful outline, of somewhat conical figure, and not so unlike that of Vesuvius ; it terminates in a crateriform summit ; and it commands an extensive and diversified ■view over most of the Hebrides and great part of the mainland of Argyllshire, away to the N of Ireland. Benmore, a mountain in Rum island, Argyllshire. It rises to an altitude of 2367 feet above sea-level, has a sharp peaked summit, adjoins other mountains of lower altitude, which also have peaked summits, and is almost perpetually shrouded in mist. Benmore, a mountain in the Kilmun portion of the united parish of Dunoon and Kilmun, Cowal, Argyll- shire. Its abrupt summit is If mile W of Loch Eck, and has an altitude of 2433 feet above sea-leveL Deep fissures cleave its sides ; one of them shaped like a mighty corridor, with chambered recesses ; another so formed as to make sharp reverberating echoes, like sounds from great sheets of copper ; another so profound that a stone thrown into it takes about a minute to reach the bottom, Benmore House, 4 miles SE of the mountain's simimit, on the verge of the Eachaig valley, is a very fine modem castellated mansion, with picture gallery and with beau- tiful grounds, that strikingly contrast with the moun- tain's alpine scenery. Benmore, a mountain in South Uist island, Outer Hebrides, flanking the northern shore of Loch Eyuort, and rising 2035 feet above sea-level. Benmore, a moimtain (1750 feet) in the Park or Forest district of Lochs parish, Lewis island. Outer Hebrides, Ross-shire, 19 miles SSW of Stornoway. Benmore, a mountain in Killin parish, Perthshire, flanking the SE side of Loch Tubhair, at the pass be- tween Strathfillan and Glendochart, 8i miles NE of the head of Loch Lomond, and 10^ SW of Killin village. It forms the NE extremity of an alpine range extending to Ben Lomond ; rises, in majestic conical form, to an altitude of 3843 feet above sea-level ; and constitutes a conspicuous feature in a large extent of loftily moun- tainous country. It was once part of a deer forest, but is now occupied as a sheep-walk. Benmore, a mountain range in Glenshiel parish, Ross- shire, extending from near the head of Loch Duich, about 13 miles east-south-eastward into junction with the Inverness-shire mountains of Glen Moriston. A middle range between the parallel ranges of Ben Attow and Maol Cheann-dearg, it has pyramidal summits cul- minating in Sgurr Fhuaran at 3505 feet above sea-level ; and, together with the neighbouring ranges, it forms a surpassingly fine piece of alpine scenery. Benmore-Assynt, the loftiest mountain in Sutherland, culminates near the western border of Creich parish at 3273 feet above sea-level ; but projects into Assynt a western shoulder, Coinne-ndieall or Coniveall, 3234 feet high. Standing at the watershed between the German and Atlantic Oceans, 4^ miles ESE of Assynt hamlet, it is one of the oldest mountains in the British Isles, being composed of Silurian quartzite and traps ; and it figures conspicuously, in various directions, to a considerable distance. Ptarmigan abound on it, and are easily got during snow-storms and at other times. BENMORE-COIGACH Benmore-Coigach, a mountain in Loclibroom parish, Ross-shire, flanking the central part of the N side of Loch Broom. It rises to an altitude of 2435 feet above Bea-level ; shows peculiar tints and a very striking con- tour ; and is one of the most remarkable mountains in the Highlands. Ben Muich Dhui. See Bex Macdhtji. Bennabourd. See Benaboukd. Ben-na-Cailleach, a mountain in the S of the Isle of Skj-e, Inverness-shire, 3 miles W by S of Broadford. It is shaped somewhat like Vesuvius, and has a peaked summit. Bennachie. See Bexnochik. Bennamhian. See Bexeveiax. Bennan. See Bexax. Ben-nan- Aighean, a mountain in Ardchattan parish, Argyllshire, almost wholly encircled by the Kinglass and' its affluent, the Allt Hallater, and culminating at 3141 feet above the upper waters of Loch Etive, 3| miles to the W. Though bearing a name which signifies ' the mountain of the heifers,' it yields but indifferent pasture even on its lower acclivities, and is almost entirely bare over all its upper half. It consists chiefly of granite, and contains a few fine rock crystals. Bennarty. See Bexarty. Ben Nevis, a mountain in Kilmalie parish, Inverness- shire, immediately SE of Loch Eil at Fort "William, and accessible from that town by a new carriage drive of 7 miles to the head of Glen Nevis, opened to trafiic in Sept. 1880. It starts abruptly from the plain adjacent to Fort "William ; is well defined round all its circuit ; attains an altitude of 4406 feet above sea-level ; and is the highest mountain in Great Britain. Two profound glens, Treig on the E, and Nevis on the S and S"W, cut do'wn large portions of its skirts ; and deep depressions, hollows, or plains on the other sides separate the rest of it from the neighbouring heights. Its base measures fully 24 miles in circuit ; its mass looks like one moun- tain superimposed on another — Ossa piled upon Pelion ; its summit is not peaked, but flattened ; and its entire bulk, from skirt to crown, stands well revealed to the eye, exhibiting its proportions with continuity and clear- ness. The lower mountain is an oblong mass, about 3000 feet high, and terminates in a plateau containing a tarn or alpine lakelet ; and the upper mountain springs from the southern extremity of the lower one, and has the form of a vast prism. The northern front makes two grand acclivitous ascents, terminating in terraces ; and the north-eastern side shrinks into a broad tremendous precipice, not less than 1500 feet deep. The rock of the basement portion is gneiss alternating with mica slate ; the rock thence upward to the summit of the lower mountain is granite, newer than the gneiss ; and the rock of the upper mountain is porphyritic greenstone, more recent still than the granite. The rocks, however, include diversities, each kind within itself ; and, at once by their superpositions, by their several diversities, and by their respective minerals, they form a grand study to geologists. The ascent of Ben Nevis is usually made on the "W side, from Fort "William or Banavie, and occupies 3^ hours ; but it cannot be made without considerable diffi- culty and some danger, and ought never to be attempted by a stranger without a guide. The view from the summit is both extensive and sublime. The astonished spectator, who has been so fortunate as to reach it free of its fre- quent robe of clouds, descries, toward the S and E, the blue mountains of Ben Craachan, Ben Lomond, Benmore, Ben Lawers, Schiehallion, and Cairngorm, with a thousand intermediate and less aspiring peaks. On the other sides, his eye wanders from the distant hills of Caithness to the remote and scarcely discernible mountains of the Outer Hebrides. Numerous glens and valleys lie to the S, but they are hidden from observation ; and to the utmost verge of the horizon, countless mountains of all sizes and shapes, heathy, rocky, and tempest-worn, extend before the eye, as if the waves of a troubled ocean had suddenly been turned to stone. Looking towards the other points of the compass, we meet with more variety, — the silvery waters of Lochs EH, Linnhe, and Lochy, BENSHITH of the Atlantic and German oceans, rendering the vast prospect more cheerful and brilliant. In May 1881 an observatory of the Scottish Meteorological Society was established on Ben Nevis. — Orel. Sur., sh. 53, 1877. Bennochie (GaeL bcinn-a-Chi, 'mountain of Che,' a Caledonian deity), a mountain in Alford, Keig, Prem- nay, Ojme, and Garioch parishes, Aberdeenshire, ex- tending about 5 miles from E to W, about 2>\ from N to S, and flanking the N side of the valley of the Don from the neighbourhood of Alford village to the near neigh- bourhood of Inverurie. It rises to an altitude of 1698 feet above sea-level ; it swells upward in graceful out- line ; it has six summits in the form of peaks or rounded pinnacles ; and it figures conspicuously in a great extent of landscape, to distances of 30 or 40 miles, so as to be an arresting object on the sky-line as seen from almost every part of Buchan. Its summits are locally known by distinctive names ; and the highest and largest is called the Mither Tap. The principal rock of the moun- tain is reddish granite, traversed from N to S by gi-eat dykes of porphjTy ; and it is extensively quarried. Ben Nuis. See Bexgxuis. Ben Odhar, a mountain (2948 feet) on the mutual border of Perth and Argyll shires, 2J miles N by E of Tyndrum station. Benormin. See Bex-ax-Aemuixx. Ben Pharlagain, a mountain in the "W of Fortingal parish, N"W Perthshire, culminating at 2836 feet above sea-level, 2f miles AV of the foot of Loch Ericht. Ben Hatha, a hill in Reay parish, N"W Caithness, culminating 2i miles SS"W of Reay village. It makes a long slow ascent of upwards of 1 mile, attains an alti- tude of 795 feet above sea-level, and is pierced with a curious cave. Ben Reithe. See Argyll's Bowlixg Greex. Ben Reoch, a mountain in Arrochar parish, Dumbar- tonshire, situated midway between Loch Lomond and Loch Long, and culminating If mile SE of Arrochar village at 2168 feet above sea-level. Ben Resipol, a mountain in Sunart district, Argyll- shire, overhanging the N side of Loch Sunart, and rising to an altitude of 2774 feet above sea-level. Ben Rinnes, a mountain in Aberlour and Inveraven parishes, Banfl"shire, bounded E by the deep pass of Glack Harness, which separates it from the Conval Mountains, and westward extending to within 2f miles of the river Spey below Ballindalloch. It rises from a base some 3 miles long and 2 miles broad to an elevation of 2755 feet above sea-level, and commands a view from Caith- ness to the Grampians. Ben Ruadh, a hill (837 feet) on the mutual border of Farr and Reav parishes, Sutherland, 4 miles S bv E of the head of Strathy Bay ; also another hill (60S feet) of Reay parish, on the Caithness border, 2J mUes "WS"\V of Reay village. Ben Ruadh, a mountain in the Kilmun portion of Dun- oon-Kilmun parish, Cowal, Argyllshire, culminating | mile E of the lower waters of Loch Eck at 2178 feet above sea-level. Ben Ruisg, a mountain in Luss parish, Dumbartonshire, 2h miles S"W of Luss village. It has an altitude of 1939 feet above sea-level. Ben Serial, a mountain in Glenelg parish, Inverness- shire, flanking the northern shore of the lower part of Loch Hourn, and rising 3196 feet above the sea. Ben Sguliaird, a mountain in Ardchattan parish. Lorn, Argyllshire, culminating 3 miles ENE of the head of Loch Creran, at 3058 feet above sea-level. Benshalag, three tiny lochs on or near the mutual border of Dallas and Knockando parishes, Elginshire. Bensheasgamich, a mountain in Fortingal parish, Perthshire, one of the central Grampians, higher than most of the neighbouring mountains, and rising to an altitude of 3890 feet above sea-level. Benshianta, a mountain summit in Jura island, Ar- gyllshire, the northern one of the three summits called the Paps of Jura. Benshith, a lofty mountain on the eastern boundary of Eddrachillis parish, Sutherland. 147 BENSLEOCH Bensleoch or Bensliabhoch, a mountain of W Ross- shire, flanking the NE side of the upper part of Loch Maree, and culminating 5 miles N by W of Kinlochewe. It has an altitude of 3217 feet above sea-level ; is scarred and cut by great rifts and gullies ; and rises in such continuous mass that the entire ascent of it, from base to summit, figures clearly in the scenery of Loch Maree. Bensley, a village in Kilwinning parish, Ayrshire. Pop. (1871) 313. Ben Smeorale, a mountain in Clyne parish, E Suther- land, 5| miles NNW of Brora, It has an altitude of 1592 feet above sea-level. Benspenue (Gael, hcinn spionnaidh, ' mountain of strength '), a mountain in Durness parish, Sutherland, flanking the E side of Strath Dionard, and culminating 9J miles S by W of Fair-aird Head. It has a massive form, and rises to an altitude of 2537 feet above sea-level. Ben Stack, a conical mountain in Eddrachillis parish, Sutherland, flanking the SW shore of Loch Stack, and culminating i^ miles SE of the head of Loch Laxford at 2367 feet above sea-level. Ben Starav, a mountain in Ardchattan parish, Argyll- shire, flanking the NE shore of the upper waters of Loch Etive, and culminating 10 miles NNW of Dal- mally. It has a broad base, furrowed sides, and a rocky summit ; rises to an altitude of 3541 feet above sea-level ; and figures imposingly amid a vast extent of Highland landscape. Its sides and summit are totally sterile. Its rock is granite, and the dibris in the channels of its brooks contains large beautiful quartz cr}"stals, variously colourless, yellowish, or dark-hued ; and by lapidaries esteemed as not inferior to the precious Cairngorm stones. Benstomino or Beinn's Tomaine, a mountain in Farr parish, Sutherland, flanking the E side of the lower waters of Loch Loyal, and culminating 5J miles ESE of Tongue village at 1728 feet above sea-level. Benston, a place with lime works in New Cumnock parish, Ayrshire. The limestone rock is about 12 feet deep, and the lime is of prime quality as a cement. Benstrome, a mountain in Eddrachillis parish, Sutherland, flanking the SW side of Loch More, and culminating 9 miles SE of Scourie. Bent, a place, with a public school, in Lesmahagow parish, Lanarkshire. The school, with accommodation for 114 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 58, and a grant of £53, 17s. Bentalloch or Bentealluidh, a mountain in Torosay parisli, Mull island, Argyllshire, flanking the narrow pass through the S centre of the island, and culminat- ing 12 miles W by N of Oban. It has a finely conical outline, is clothed with verdure to the summit, rises to an altitude of about 2800 feet above sea-level, and pre- sents itself as a most magnificent object to voyagers entering the Sound of Mull from the N. Its proper name signifies ' the prospect mountain ;' audits popular name among mariners is the Sugarloaf. Ben Tarsuinn. See Arran. Bentealluidh. See Bentalloch. Ben Tee. See Bex Tigh. Ben Tharsuinn, a mountain on the mutual border of Luss and Kow parishes, Dumbartonshire, situated nearly midway between Loch Lomond and Loch Long, and culminating 3^ miles E by N of Garelochhead. Its sum- mit-altitude is 2149 feet above sea-level. Ben Thutaig. See Ben Hutig. Ben Tigh, a mountain in the SW centre of Inverness- shire, adjacent to the head of Loch Lochy. It has an altitude of 2956 feet above sea-level. Ben Trilleachan, a mountain in Ardchattan parish. Lorn, Argyllshire, culminating 2 miles SW of the head of Loch Etive at 2752 feet above sea-level. Bents, a village, with a railway station, in Whitburn parish, Linlithgowshire, on the Bathgate and Morning- side railway, adjacent to the boundary with Edinburgh- shire, 4 J miles S by AV of Bathgate. Bents, a burn in the S centre of Aberdeenshire, rising in Tough parish, and running about 4 4 miles northward 148 BEN VENUE partly within Tough, partly on the boundary with Alford to the river Don. Ben Tulachan, a summit in the NW of Balquhidder parish, SW Perthshire, 4^ miles NNE of the head of Loch Katrine. It has a height of 3099 feet above sea-level. Ben Uaig, a mountain near the N centre of Mull island, Argyllshire, adjacent to Pennygowan Bay, and 1320 feet high. Benuaish. See Ben Wyvis. Ben Uary or Beinn na h'Urrachd, a mountain on the mutual border of Loth and Kildonan parishes, Suther- land, 6^ miles W by N of Helmsdale. It has an alti- tude of 2046 feet above sea-level. A good mineral spring is at its N foot. Ben Udlaman, a summit on the NW border of Blair Athole parish, Perthshire, belonging to the central Grampians, and culminating 9 furlongs from the E shore of Loch Ericht at 3306 feet above sea-level. Ben Ular. See Ben Bheula. Ben Ushinish, a summit (1000 feet) in the SE of the Park district of Lochs parish, Lewis island, Ross-shire. It groups with Benmore and Crionaig ; and with them is celebrated in old hunting songs. Ben Vacher. See Benevachar. Benvaddu, a mountain in Farr parish, Sutherland, flanking the E side of Strathnaver, 13 miles SSW of Strathy. Benvalla or Penvalla, a mountain in Stobo parish, Peeblesshire, flanking the NE side of the upper part of Hopehead Burn, 2i miles NW of Stobo Castle. It has an altitude of 1764 feet above sea-level. Benvan. See Ben Ban. Ben Vane, a mountain in Arrochar parish, Dumbarton- shire, near the Ai'gyllshire boundary, and 4 J miles NW of Tarbet. It overhangs the western bank of Inveruglas Water, immediately below its efflux from Loch Sloy, and has an altitude of 3004 feet above sea-level. Ben Vane, a mountain 26S5 feet high on the mutual border of Balquhidder and Callander parishes, Perth- shire, 4J miles N by E of Loch Achray. Ben Vannoch, a mountain (3125 feet) of W Perth- shire, IJ mile NW of the head of Loch Lyon, and 2;^ miles SE of Ben Achallader. Ben Varen, the western one of the three great mountain ridges of the N division of Arran island, Buteshire. It extends about 7 miles from N to S ; has greater breadth but less height and less sublimity than the middle and eastern ridges, culminating at 2345 feet above sea-level ; and, as seen from j^oints on the W coast, shows an out- line similar to that of a long house with rounded roof. Benveallich, a mountain on the mutual border of Loth and Kildonan parishes, Sutherland. It has an altitude of 1888 feet above sea-level. Benveedan or Beinn Fhada, a mountain on the miitual border of Ardchattan and Lismore parishes, Argyllshire, separated from Buachaille-Etive by the mountain pass which leads from Glen Etive to Glencoe. A stupendous mass, it attains, in its highest point, Bidean nam Bian, an altitude of 3766 feet above sea-level, or 155 feet higher than Ben Cruachan. Ben Venue (Gael, heinn-mlieadhonaidh, 'middle mountain '), a mountain in Aberfoyle parish, Perthshire, flanking the S side of the lower waters of Loch Katrine and the main part of the Trossachs, and culminating 10 miles W by S of Callander. Rising almost murally from the margin of Loch Katrine, it surges upward to 2393 feet above sea-level, and commands extensive views to the N, the E, and the W, including much of the territory celebrated in the Lady of the Lake. It shows rich flcck- ings and interminglings of verdure, natural wood, and naked rock ; it exhibits a lofty terrace-pass and a stupen- dous corrie, noticed in our article on Bealach-nam-Bo ; it combines, more than almost any other mountain, the characters of grandeur, romance, and beauty ; and, as to its aggregate configuration, it looks like an immense heap of broken hillocks, thus answering closely to Sir Walter Scott's description : 'Cranes, knolls, and mounds, confusedly liurl'd, The fragmcuts of an earlier world.' BENVIE Benvie, a village and an ancient parish on tlie S"W border of Forfarshire. The village stands on Invergowrie Burn, 4^ miles W by N of Dundee. Here, at the manse, was born John Playfair (1748-1819), the eminent mathe- matician and natural philosopher. A chalybeate spring near, once held in great repute, is now entirely neglected. The parish, since 1758, has been incorporated with Liff. Benvigory, a lofty hill in Kildalton parish, E side of Islay island, Argyllshire. Here about 1600 the Mac- donalds were severely defeated by the invader Hector Maclean, who afterwards ravaged the island. Ben Vore. See Benmoiie. Ben Vorlich, a mountain on the "W border of Comrie parish, Perthshire, culminating IJ mile NE of Stuc-a- Chroin, and 4^ miles SE of Lochearnhead, at an altitude of 3224 feet above sea-level. It is seen from Perth, Edinburgh, and Ayrshu-e ; and it commands a view over much of central Scotland from sea to sea. Ben Vorlich, a mountain in Arrochar parish, Dumbar- tonshire, flanking the NE shore of Loch Sloy, and culminating 2J miles SAV of the head of Loch Lomond. It has two summits, N and S, about 3 furlongs asunder, with altitudes of respectively 3055 and 3092 feet above sea-level ; and it is notable for the excellence of its pasture, the richness of its flora, and the occurrence on it of white hares and ptarmigan. Ben Vrackie, a mountain in Moulin parish, Perthshire, flanking the E side of the Pass of Ivilliecrankie, and culminating 2 4 miles N of Moulin village. Rising to an altitude of 2757 feet above sea-level, it presents an appearance somewhat answering to its Gaelic name, Beinn-bJireac, which signifies ' the speckled mountain,' its purple heather contrasting with the grey rocks and stones ; it forms a prominent feature in the scenery of a large extent of country ; and it commands a view from the Central Grampians to Arthur's Seat, and from Ben Macdhui to Ben Nevis. Benvraick, a mountain on the NW border of Drymen parish, Stirlingshire, culminating 2J miles NE of Loch Lomond opposite Luss, and 6J miles NW of Drymen village. It has an altitude of 1922 feet above sea-level ; and it adjoins the watershed toward Loch Lomond, but sends off its own drainage to the Duchray head-stream of the river Forth. Ben Vriac or Ben Bhreac, a mountain in Arrochar parish, Dumbartonshire, situated on the N side of Glen Douglas, and culminating 1^ mile SW by W of Firkin Point on Loch Lomond. It has an altitude of 2233 feet above sea-level. Benvue, the north-eastern one of the two eminences of Eigg island, Inverness-shire. Benwhat, a summit in Dalmellington parish, Ayrshire, culminating 2 J miles NNW of the village at 1426 feet above sea-level. Ben Wyvis (Gael, hcinn-uahhais, 'stupendous moun- tain '), a mountain in Kiltearn and Fodderty parishes, Ross-shire, culminating 8 miles N W of Dingwall. Rising from a very wide base, ■with broad shoulders, to a spread- ing lumpish outline, it presents a profile, in some points of view, like that of a haystack ; it has an altitude of 3429 feet above sea-level ; and it commands a very ex- tensive and most gorgeous view. The ascent of it is very tedious and fatiguing, and is much impeded by tracts of spongy moor, but can be facilitated over most of the distance by the use of Highland ponies. Its predominant rock is slaty gneiss, much intersected with veins of hornblende and granite ; its top is covered with a soft green sward ; and its upper parts, even in the height of the warmest summers, are almost constantly sheeted or flecked with snow. — Ord. Sur., sh. 93, 1881. Ben Yattan or Yadain. See Beneaddax. Ben-y-GIoe. See Benglo. Ben-y-Hone. See Ben Ghonzie. Beoch, an ancient baronial castle, now represented by scanty ruins, in Maybole parish, Ayrshire. Beoraig, a lake in Glennieoble, Ardnamurchan parish, Argyllshire. It is about 2^ mUes long. Beoster, a village in Bressay island, Shetland. Berbeth, an estate in Straiten and Dalmellington BERNARDS, ST parishes, Ayrshire. Its mansion, on the left bank of the river Doon, 2 J miles S by W of Dalmellington village, is a plain edifice, but has extensive grounds of great beauty, both natural and artificiaL A waterfall, Dal- cairnie Linn, on a neighbouring streamlet, makes a leap of more than 60 feet, and opens into a deep wooded dell. Berbeth is the property of Alex. Fred. M'Adam, Esq. (b. 1864 ; sue. 1878). Beregonium, a misprint in the Ulm edition (1486) of Ptolemy's Geography for 'Rerigonium,' a town of the Novantse, now generally identified with the Mote of Innermessan, on the E shore of Loch Ryan, Wigtown- shire. Hector Boece, however, applied the name ' Bere- gonium ' to a very large vitrified fort in Ardchattan parish, Argyllshire, on the E .side of Ardmucknish Bay, 21 miles NNW of Connel Ferry, and 5| NNE by boat of Oban. That fort's correct name was Dunmhic- uisneachan ('fort of the sons of Uisneach'), now cor- ruj^ted into Biinmacsnioclian (vol. i. , p. 72, of Skene's Celt. Scot., 1876). Neither Beregonium, nor any name of similar sound, seems ever to have belonged to it ; but as Beregonium it figures in sheet 45 of the Ordnance Survey (1876), where also we find, close by, ' Port Selma ' and ' New Selma. ' Not that any name ever belonged to it which can, in any way, connect it with the Selma of Ossian or the place of the residence of the Fingalian kings. Nothing better can be said for it in relation to Selma than is said by the wi'iter of the Xeio Statistical Account of Ardchattan: — 'One may be per- mitted to say that this locality may advance claims to the honour in question qiiite as powerful as those of any other in the Highlands. Selma signifies in Gaelic "the fine view," and certainly a nobler and more magnificent prospect than that from the top of this hill cannot easily be obtained in any countrj'.' It is true the name Bal- anrec, or more properly I)un-Blinil-an-Righ, signifying 'the hill of the king's town,' is borne by a fine range of adjacent cliff — a name that might seem to favour the notion of kings having had their seat here, either kings Fingalian or kings Dalriadan. As a matter of fact, however, it probably implies no more than that the cliff commands a splendid view. Localities bearing names associated with kingly residence or kingly power are almost as numerous in the Highlands as are places com- manding prospects of similar splendoiu- to that from Dunmacsniochan ; so that each and all, on the score of the names they bear, might as forcibly as this claim to have been the site of the capital of either the Fingalian or the Dalriadan kings. Dunstaffnage Castle, too, which undoubtedly succeeded a Dalriadan royal residence, and is only 2J miles distant, has been supposed to counte- nance the theory that a metropolitan city was here ; but as that castle is on the opposite side of the entrance to Loch Etive, and can only be reached circuitously by Connel Ferry, the argument based on it, if allowed to point at all to any site of a royal city, would indicate one on the southern side of Loch Etive, and therefore tells against Dunmacsniochan. Nor are the vestiges which exist, or the relics which have been found, of anything like specific or sufficient character to warrant any of the theories which have been hazarded respecting it. The hill is a small, double-topped, rocky eminence, adjoining a strip of plain. A well-defined vitrified fort, in some parts 8 feet high, is on the top ; a defensive wall, still partly extant, was at the base. Traces of a Caledonian circle are said to have been on its shoulders ; a small burying-,gi-ound and an ancient chapel are adjacent to the base ; faint traces of a straight raised wa)', bearing a name which signifies ' the market street,' are on the neighboming plain ; and on the plain have been found a stone coffin, an urn, a sandal, and a hollow log of wood. There are all the real materials out of which have been manufactured the ancient capital of Dalriada, the seat of a monarchy far earlier than the Christian era, the Selma of Ossian, the place of the residence of Fingalian kings ! Bermess, a village in the Isle of Skye, Invemess-shire. Its post-town is Portree. Bernards, St. See Edixburgh. 149 BERNERA Bemera, an island of Barra parish, Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire. It is the southernmost island of the parish, and lies 14 miles SSW of the southernmost point of Barra proper. It measures about 1 mile in length and about f in breadth. It consists of gneiss rock ; and rises in Barra Head, on the SE side, to a height of 530 feet. Its cliffs on that side have a diversified structure and a romantic appearance ; are now inclining, now vertical, now projecting ; here smooth and there fissured ; in one place massive and continuous, in another pierced with a cavern and cut into a cove ; and in the summer months they are inhabited by prodigious numbers of kittiwakes, guillemots, auks, and puflins. The natives of the island derive much of their subsistence from the eggs and the young of these birds ; but in obtaining it, thcv do deeds of great daring on the clilfs. Pop. (1861) Si.'ClSZl) 38, (1881) 72. Bemera, an island and a quoad sacra parish in Harris parish, Inverness-shire. The island lies in the Sound of Harris, about 1 mile N of the nearest part of North Uist, and 5 miles SSW of the nearest part of Harris ; and it measures about 3^ miles in length from NE to SW, and about 2 miles in breadth. Pop. (1861) 315, (1871) 373, (1881) 452. The parish includes all the other Harris islands in the Sound of Han-is ; was constituted in 1845 ; had, in 1881, a population of 454; and is in the presbytery of Uist and synod of Glenelg. Its post- to^\Ti is Lochmaddy. Stipend, £120. The church is a Government one, and was built in 1829. There is a Free Church mission for Bernera and Boreray. Bemera, Large and Little, two islands of Uig parish. Outer Hebrides, Ross-shire, in Loch Roag, on the W of Lewis, 23 miles W of Stornoway. Large Bernera measures 5§ miles from NW to SE, and from 1^ to 3^ miles from E to W ; has a jagged outline, with alter- nations of bays and headlands ; and is surrounded by an archipelago of islets. Inland the surface, sown with over 30 lochs, nowhere exceeds 223 feet above sea-level. A remarkable assemblage of ancient standing stones, rivalling those of Callernish, crowns the brow of one of its promontories, and looks in the distance like a ceme- tery of thickly clustered tombstones. The allignment of it resembles that of a Roman cross, with a circle at the intersection ; and is computed to have originally measured about 680 feet along the main line, over 204 along the transverse line, and 189 round the peri- phery of the circle. Thirty-six stones are still stand- ing in some or other of its several parts ; but numerous others lie prostrate in positions showing them to have been formerly erect, while a good many more are pre- sumed to have been destroyed ; and all those still on ground are, more or less, of a megalithic character. Another stone circle now incomplete, and still another with a double oval row, are in the neighbourhood of the great cruciform assemblage ; but they consist of much smaller stones. Pop. of Large Bernera (1861) 453, (1871) 539, (1881) 59G. Little Bernera is a mere islet (1^ x | mile) lying to the NW of Large Bernera. — Ord. Sur., shs. 104, 105, 1858. Bemisdale, a hamlet, ^vith a public school, in Snizort parish. Isle of Skye, Inverness-shire. The school, with accommodation for 120 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 98, and a grant of £89, 10s. Berriedale (Old Norse Berudalr), a river of Latheron parish, SE Caithness, formed 2J miles NW of Morven (2313 feet) by two head-streams, Feith Gaineimh Mhor and Feith Chaorunn Mhor, which rise near the Suther- land border at 1300 feet above sea-level, and have a respective easterly course of 5 and 3| miles. Thence it flows 16| miles E, SE, S, and SE again, receiving 42 burns and rills, and at 3 furlongs from the sea uniting with Langwell Water. Small in summer, in winter large and impetuous, it contains salmon, grilse, and little trout ; its valley is deep and beautifully wooded. — Ord. Sur., shs. 109, 110, 1876-77. Berriedale, a village and a quoad sacra parish in Latheron, SE Caithness. The village is finely situated on the northern bank of the confluent Berriedale and Langwell Waters, within 3 furlongs of the rock-bound 160 BERVIE coast, and 10 miles NE of Helmsdale station. It has a post office under Wick, an Established church (1826 ; 312 sittings), and a Free church ; near it are Lang- well House (Duke of Portland) and the ruins of two old castles. In one of these, according to tradition, dwelt William Sutherland, alias ' Big William the son of Hector, ' who, starting on a raid to the Orkneys with one of the Earls of Caithness, and knowing that he was fated never to return, lay do«Ti on the greensward above Berriedale Inn, near the churchyard, and there had the length of his body cut out in the form of a grave, which to this day retains the name of the 'Long Grave,' and measures 9 feet 5 inches. To the Sinclair Earls of Caith- ness Berriedale has given the title of Baron since 1455. The quoad sacra parish, with a stipend of £132, was constituted in 1846, and had a pop. of 1264 in 1851, of 1194 in 1871, and of 1186 in 1881. Berry Head, a magnificent rocky promontory at the southern extremity of Walls, in Orkney. It corresponds, in some respects, to the opposite promontory of Dunnet Head, in Caithness. Berryhill, a place, with a public school, in Cambus- nethan parish, Lanarkshire. The school, with accom- modation for 400 children, had (1879) an average attend- ance of 300, and a grant of £270, 6s. Berryhill, an estate in Kilsyth parish, Stirlingshire, 15 mile NNE of Kilsyth town. Auchinreroch and Auchenvalley, to the SE of it, belong to the same pro- prietor. The working of lime was carried on upon it, but has been relinquished. Berryhill, an estate, with a mansion, in Peterhead parish, Abei'deenshire, 2h miles W of Peterhead town. An ancient camp, J mile NE of the mansion, was almost obliterated by a road-maker in 1829. Berryhillock, a village in Deskford parish, N Banfl"- shire, 4^ miles S of Cullen. Bertha, a quondam ancient town in Redgorton parish, Perthshire, on the left bank of the river Almond, at its influx to the Tay, 2^ miles N by AV of Perth. It appears, on tolerable evidence, to have sprung from the Roman station of Orrea ; it is regarded by some writers, but not on good authority, to have been the original Perth, or, as they call it. Old Perth ; and it was desolated by a flood in the time of William the Lyon, and has long been utterly extinct. The flood which destroyed it imperilled the king's life, and drowned his infant son and many of the inhabitants. Numerous Roman relics have been found on its site ; traces of a bridge at it across the Tay, on the line of the Roman road from Ardoch to Scone, are still discernible in very low states of the river ; and a farm on the opposite bank still bears the name of Rome. Bertram-Shotts. See Shotts. Bervie (Gael, bir-bhuidhc, ' pleasant stream '), a river of Kincardineshire, formed by four head-streams that rise in the NE corner of Fordoun parish at an altitude of some 1200 feet above sea-level. To Bervie Bay it takes a course of 19^ miles, all of it east-south-eastward, excepting the 3| miles from Mondynes Bridge to near Fordoun station, where it bends to the SSW ; and on its right it has Fordoun, Garvock, and Bervie parishes, on its left Glenbervie, Arbuthnott, and Kinneff". Its waters contain trout (running up to 1 lb.) and sea-trout, with occasional salmon and grilse ; and its banks are adorned by the parks of Glenbervie, Kair, Arbuthnott, and AUar- dice. Bervie, a coast town and parish of Kincardineshire. The town, called sometimes Inverbervie, stands on the southern bank of Bervie Water, 3 furlongs from its mouth in Bervie Bay, and at the terminus of a section of the North British railway, 13^ miles NNE of Mon- trose ; while a good bridge across the river, 80 feet high and of 103 feet span, leads 10 miles north-north-eastward to Stonehaven. A royal and parliamentary burgh, a market town, and nominally a seaport, it mainly con- sists of three small irregular streets, forming three sides of a rectangle ; and it has a post office under Fordoun, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph depart- ments ; branches of the Aberdeen Town and County BERVIE BROW Bank, the North of Scotland Banking Company, and the Stonehaven Savings' Bank ; gas-works ; three princi- pal inns; a market cross; a town-house (1720) sur- mounted by a belfry ; a public hall (1874), with accom- modation for over 400 persons, being 82 feet long, 33 wide, and 27 high ; the parish church, a handsome Gothic edifice (1837 ; 900 sittings), with a square tower more than 100 feet high ; a Free church ; and a public school. Wednesday is market-day, and cattle and grain markets are held on the second Wednesday of the six winter months, October to March, and on the Thursday before 19 May. A machine for spinning linen yarn — tiie first in Scotland — was set up on the Haughs of Bervie in 1788 ; and now along the river there are four flax and tow mills, besides a woollen mill, a chemical works, and wincey and sacking factories. Some little commerce is carried on, but the harbour is at the fishing village of GorEDOx, 1 mile to the S, though the inner basin of Bervie Bay miglit itself be easily rendered a safe and commodious haven. A Carmelite friary stood upon Friar's Dubb, near Bervie Bridge ; and near the station is Hallgreen Castle, a picturesque stronghold still in fair preservation, which, foimded in 1376 by the Dunnets, passed to the Raits in the loth centurj*. Young David II., with Johanna, his English queen, landed at BerA^ie from France, 4 May 1341 ; and from him the tovm got its first charter, renewed by James \I. in 1595. It is governed by a provost, 3 bailies, a dean of guild, a trea- surer, a town-clerk, and 9 councillors ; and, with Mon- trose, Brechin, Arbroath, and Forfar, it sends one mem- ber to parliament, the parliamentary and municipal constituency numbering 169 in 1881, when the annual value of real property amounted to £2877, 3s. lOd. , while the corporation revenue for 1880 was £191. The school, in the latter year, with accommodation for 124 children, had an average attendance of 94, and a grant of £56, 4s. Pop. of parliamentary burgh* (1831) 757, (1851) 934, (1871) 1013, (1S81) 1094. Bounded Is W by Arbuthnott, NE by Arbuthnott and KinnefF, E by the German Ocean, and S by Benholm, the parish has an extreme length from E to W of 3 miles, an extreme width from N to S of 2 miles, and a land area of 2332 acres. The coast, about 2 miles long, is low but rocky ; inland the surface rises southwards and south-westwards from the Bervie, which traces 34 miles of the northern boundary, to Gourdon Hill (436 feet), Knox Hill (523), and Kenshot Hill (618), the two first culminating on, and tlie last just within, the Benholm border. Peattie Burn runs through the middle of the parish to the Bervie, opposite Allardice Castle. The prevailing rock is Devonian sand- stone and conglomerate, and has been extensively quar- ried ; the soil of the low grounds is a deep fertile loam, inctmibent upon gravel ; and fully two-thirds of the whole area are cultivated, besides some 100 acres under wood. Two proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 1 also holding between £100 and £500, 2 be- tween £50 and £100, and 6 between £20 and £50. Ber- vie, disjoined from Kinneff in 1618, is in the presbji:ery of Fordoun and synod of Angus and Llearns ; its minis- ter's income is £285. Valuation of landward portion (1881) £3745, 15s., including £282 for the railwav. Pop. (1801) 1068, (1841) 1342, (1861) 1561, (1871) 1843, (1881) 2106.— Orrf. Sur., shs. 66, 67, 1871. Bervie Brow, a headland in Kinneff parish, Kincar- dineshire, flanking the northern shore of Bervie Bay, and culminating at 451 feet a^ove sea-level, f mile NE of Bervie town. It forms a conspicuous landmark, being visible at sea for 15 leagues. Tradition records that David II. was shipwrecked at its base, where are the ' King's Step ' and ' Kinghomie ' farm ; and the headland itself is sometimes called ' Craig David.' Berwick, North, a watering-place of Haddingtonshire, at the entrance of the Firth of Forth, llg miles S of Ai^truther, 10 SSE of Elie, lOg SW of the Isle of May, and 3J WSW of the Bass by water. By road it is 8^ miles N by E of Haddington and 11 1 "V\TSrW of Dunbar ; and by a branch of the North British railway, formed * The royal burgh includes the whole parish of Bervie and small portions of Benholm and Kinneff. BERWICK, NORTH in 1848, it is 4| miles NNE of Drem Junction, and 22i ENE of Edinburgh. Mainly consisting of the long High Street, running E and W parallel to a modern seaward row, and crossed at right angles to the E by Quality Street, this latter planted with plane-trees, North Berwick fronts a little greenstone promontory, which forms a small natural harbour, and right and left of which are Milsey and North Berwick Bays. Along their splendid sands stretch the East and West Links, the former small, the latter with a 5-mile golf-course ; and behind the town conical North Berwick Law rises 612 feet above the level of the sea. Its charming situa- tion, noble \-iews, and healthy climate, its bathing, boating, golfing, and pleasant excursions alike by sea and by land, have made and are making North Berwick a more and more popular summer resort, such popu- larity being attested by the uprising of villas and hotels — the Royal, Marine, Commercial, and Dalrymple Arms, besides 4 private establishments and over two-score lodging-houses. It has a post office, with money order and savings' bank departments, a railway telegraph office, a branch bank of the British Linen Co., a town-house, gas-works, waterworks (\vith a storage since 1881 of 179,298 galls.), a library and reading-room, a lifeboat, a volunteer corps, a bowling-green (1865), a curling club, 3 golf-clubs— the North Berwick (1832), Bass Rock, and Tantallon (1874), for the first of which a club-house was erected on the West Links in 1880 at a cost of £1800— and Free Masons', Foresters', Odd Fellows', and Good Templars' lodges. A small debt court sits on the third Wednesday of January and July, and the second Wednesday of April and November ; and fairs are held on the Thursday of ilay after Dunbar and the last Thursday of November. The harbour is dry at low water, and never too easy of access, but possesses a toler- able pier, and carries on a fairish trade in the import of guano and coal, and the export of potatoes for the Lon- don market. A steamer, too, plies between it and Leith once a week during summer ; and the deep-sea and in- shore fisheries received a great impulse from the railway, though herrings since 1862 have forsaken the Craigleith Waters. To the SW, near the station, stand the scanty fragments of St ilary's Benedictine nunnery — an en- trance archway, vrith. traces of refectory, kitchen, cellar- age, and the E wall of the chapel. Founded by Duncan, fifth Earl of Fife (d. 1154), this nunnery was destroyed in 1565, its revenues, then valued at £557 plus rent in kind, being erected into a lordship for Sir Alexander Home by James VI. (Grose's Ants. ScotL, L 74-76). Tlie ' Auld Kirk,' by the harbour, on the sandy eminence that once was an islet joined to the shore by arches, is another interesting but equally dilapidated ruin, with only its arched main doorway and font entire. It was dedicated to St Andrew; and, in the famous witch- trials of 1591, it figures as the place where, in the presence of 94 Avitches and 6 wizards, who had danced in the kirkyard to Geilie Duncan's playing on the Jew's harp, ' the dexil startit up himself in the pulpit, like ane meikle black man, and callit every man by name, and every ane answerit, "Here, Master." On his command they openit up the graves, twa within, and ane without the kirk, and took off the joints of their fingers, taes, and knees, and partit them amang them ; and the said Agnes Sampson gat for her part ane wind- ing-sheet and twa joints, whilk she tint negligently' (Chambers's Bom. Ann., i. 211-219). The present parish rliurch, erected in 1882 at a cost of over £3500, is a cruci- form Early English structure, with 1024 sittings. It retains an hour-glass and metal baptismal ewer, an iron alms-box, and 4 silver chalices, two of them older than 1670, the date inscribed upon the other two ; in its churchyard is the tomb, with quaint epitaph, of John Blackadder (1615-85), the eminent Covenanting minister, who died in captivity on the Bass. Other places of worship are a plain Free church (1844 ; 400 sittings) ; a handsome U.P. church, rebuilt in 1872 at a cost of £3000 ; St Baldred's Episcopal church, a Nonnan struc- ture, after Dalmeny, erected in 1859 and enlarged in 1863, when it was consecrated by Samuel Wilberforce, 151 BERWICK, NORTH at that time Bishop of Oxford ; and the Roman Catholic church of Our Lad}', an Early Decorated edifice of 1879. North Berwick owes its incorporation as a royal burgh to a charter of Robert III. (1390-1406), confirmed by James VI. in 1568, and it is governed by a provost, a baUie, a treasurer, 6 councillors, 2 town-clerks, and a procurator-fiscal ; whilst since the Union it has united with Haddington, Dunbar, Jedburgh, and Lauder in returning one member to parliament, its parliamentary constituency numbering 212 and its municipal 217 in 18S1, when its corporation revenue amounted to £317, and its valuation to £9273, lis. Pop. of parliamentary bm-gh (1851) 863, (1861) 1164, (1871) 1399, of whom 900 were in the royal burgh, (1881) 1698. The parish comprises, besides four or five tinier islets, the barren greenstone island of Craigleith, 5 furlongs in circumference, 80 feet high, and 7 furlongs N of the harbour ; and it contests with Whitekii'k a claim to in- clude the Bass, which rises 313 feet. Bounded N by the Firth of Forth, E and SE by Whitekirk, S by Pres- tonkirk, and SW and AV by Dirleton, it has a length from E to W of from 2^ to 3^ miles, a width from N to S of from 2\ to 3 miles", and "an area of 5372f acres, of which 304 are foreshore and 1| water. The seaboard must be fully 5 miles long, reckoning all ins and outs ; and to the E, from Canty Bay to Tantallon, is bold and rocky, rapidly rising to over 100 feet. Inland, the sur- face presents one and one only prominent featm-e, 'North Berwick Law, with cone of green,' whose height* and isolation make it conspicuous for 20 miles and more ; whilst from its summit, gained by a zigzag or M road, and cro^\'ned by a ruined signal station and by the jaw- bones of a whale, one looks away soutliM'ard to the Lam- mermuirs, west-south-westward to Arthur's Seat and the Pentlands, north-westward to the Lomond Hills in Fife. And round its western and northern base the little Mill Bum wanders, on through a wooded and secluded glen, 'The Ladies' Walk,' to Milsey Bay. The interesting geology of this parish is thus epitomised by Mr Ferrier : — ' North Berwick stands in a trap district, extending along the coast from Aberlady Bay to Dunbar, and in- terposed between two coalfields, with isolated patches of Old Red sandstone here and there, which, having been upheaved by volcanic forces from their original site, have not been carried away by denudating agencies. But although hills of trap properly so called are numerous — greenstone, basalt, clinkstone, or porphyry, a good quarry of which last on the S side of the Law has fur- nished the town's materials — and though the neighbour- ing islets are all of this character, the prevailing rock of the district is trap-tuff, of which Hugh Miller says it is "a curiously compounded rock, evidently of Plutonic origin, and yet as regularly stratified as almost any rock belonging to the Neptunian series. " ' The soils, which range from deep free loam and stiff alluvial clay to stretches of the lightest sand along the coast, are highly fertile and well cultivated, steam-ploughing having been introduced to the Lothians on Ferrygate farm. Remains of a crannoge or lake-village at Balgone, and the desolate shell of Fenton Tower are as nothing compared with Tantallon Castle, whoso annals are closely connected •with those of the parish. North Ber\vick barony having passed under Robert II. from the Earls of Fife to the Douglases, and been sold with the castle by the Marquis of Douglas to Sir Hew Dalrymple, Bart. (ere. 1697), third son of the first Viscount Stair, and himself Lord President of the Court of Session, liis fifth descendant, Sir Hew Harailton-Dalrymple of Leuchie House, divides much of the property with Sir George Grant Suttie, sixth Bart, since 1702, of Balgone and Prestongrange, the Dalrymple estate within the shire comprising 3039 and the Suttie 8788 acres, of a respective value per annum of £8857 and £10,958. Leuchie and Balgone stand amid finely-wooded parks, 2 and 2f miles SSW of the town ; the former, dating from 1777, has been almost rebuilt * A correspondent of the Scotsman (June 10, 18S0) drew atten- tion to the fact that this height is given, not at C12, but as 040 feet, in well-nigh every work on Scottish topograpliy. The fons enoris seems to have been the New Statintical, 152 BEBWICESHIBE by its present owner. One other proprietor holds a yearly value of £500 and upwards, and 7 hold each be- tween £100 and £500, 17 between £50 and £100, and 67 between £20 and £50. North Berwick is in the presbytery of Haddington and synod of Lothian and Tweeddale ; the living is worth £510. A public school at the town, and a subscription school at Halfland Bams, 3 miles ESE, with respective accommodation for 400 and 68 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 250 and 49, and grants of £233, 18s. and £52, Os. 6d. Valuation, exclusive of burgh, (1881) £17,510, 14s. Total pop. (1801) 1583, (1811) 1727, (1821) 1694, (1831) 1824, (1841) 1708, (1851) 1643, (1861) 2071, (1871) 2373, (1881) 26S6.—Ord. Sur., shs. 41, 33, 1857-63. See G. Ferrier's North Berwick and its Vicinity (10th ed. 1881). Berwickshire, the most south-easterly county of Scot- land. It takes its name from Berwick-upon-Tweed, which anciently belonged to Scotland, and was this county's capital ; but it originally bore the name of Merse, and it probably took that name from its situation as a march or border district. ]\Ierse, however, or ]\Iarch, or the Merse, seems to have included a considerable portion of the eastern lowlands of Teviotdale ; and it gave the name of March, or the castle of the March or Merse, to Roxburgh Castle. The name Berwickshire, when once assumed, became a fixture for all the county, except the portion beneath and around Berwick which, ceded to England, was eventually constituted a separate jurisdiction ; but the name Merse, on the other hand, partly became a loose descriptive designation for all the low country lying between the Tweed and the Lammer- muirs, and extending uj) the right bank of the Tweed to the Eildon Hills, and partly sank into the designa- tion of only so nmch of that region as lies E of the Rox- burghshire boundary. Two other names, Lammermuir and Lauderdale, are now and have long been applied to respectively the eastern and the western sections of the other or hilly portion of Berwickshire ; but they have always been ill-defined as to the limit-line dividing them from each other, or dividing either or both from the Merse. The three divisions of the county, Merse, Lam- mermuir, and Lauderdale, are separately noticed. Berwickshire is bounded N by Haddingtonshire, NE and E by the German Ocean, SE by Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland, and Roxburghshire, W by Roxbm-gh and Edinburgh shires. The northern boundary is a fit- ful line, partly along the watershed of the Lammermuir Hills, partly far down their declivities, and isolates or includes a detached portion of one of the Haddington- shire parishes ; the south-eastern boundary is partly an artificial line drawn from the coast to the Tweed around the quondam liberties of Berwick, and mainly the Tweed itself up to a point 1^ mile W of Birgham ; the southern boundary, from the jioint If mile AV of Birgham, on- ward to the south-eastern extremity of Mertoun parish is an exceedingly tortuous artificial line, and all round the separation of Mertoun parish from Roxburghshire is the river Tweed ; and the western boundary is Leader Water for 4J miles, Cockum Water for 2^ miles, Crook- ston Burn for 34 miles, and artificial lines over most of the intermediate and further distances. The greatest length of the county is 29:^ miles from E to W ; the greatest breadth is 20^ miles from N to S ; and the area is 294,804J acres of land, 1557^ acres of water, and 799 acres of foreshore — in all, 464 square miles. The coast, exclusive of minor sinuosities, measures about 19 miles in length ; trends, in general direction, from NW to SE ; makes two considerable projections, in the form of promontories, around Fast Castle and St Abb's Head; has two small bays at Coldingham and Eyemouth, but no other landing-places, except two or three acces- sible only to fishing boats or similar very small craft ; and almost entirely consists of bold rocky precipices, ranging in altitude from 117 to 528 feet above the sea. The surface of the southern or Merse division of tlie in- terior, amounting to about 100,220 acres, is all low country, and iniites with the contiguous Merse section of Roxburghshire to form the largest plain in Scotland. But, though presenting a general uniformity of level, it BERWICKSHIRE is diversified, even in the flattest portions, with many undulations and gentle rising grounds ; presents in most parts a series of elevations, in ranges from NW to SE, rising to altitudes of from 200 to 700 feet above sea-level ; and, while destitute of any such bold or romantic features as abound in most other districts of Scotland, is far less tame and hardly less ornate than the rich, low, flat counties of the centre and the E of England. The northern division, comprising Lammermuir and Lauder- dale, is prevailingly upland ; consists mainly of a broad range of well-defined, rounded lofty hills, intersected by numerous vales or dells ; and, though including arable fields on the skirts or in the hollows, and possessing a large aggregate of green pasture on the acclivities, is principally bleak and moorish. The hills are generally gradual in their ascents, seldom rocky or precipitous on their shoulders, and often tabular on their summits ; they mostly rise to altitudes above sea-level of from 500 to 800 feet in the E, and from 900 or 1000 to 1200 or 1300 feet in the W. Eighteen of the highest summits, with their respective altitudes above sea-level, are Tarf Law (1248 feet). Dun Law (1292), Black Hill (1299), Berecleugh Ridge (1335), Lamb Rigg (1339), Wether Law (1379), Hog Hill (1395), South Hart Law (1437), Wedder Law (1460), Ninecairn Edge (1479), Waddels Cairn (1490), MeikleLaw(1531),North Hart Law (1578), Wedderlairs (1593), Hunt Law (1625), Willie's Law (1626), Crib Law (1670), and Scenes Law (1683). The chief rivers are the Tweed, running altogether about 21 miles on the boundary, everywhere very beauti- ful there, receiving either there or elsewhere all the other waters of the county, except small ones in the NE, and leaving the boundary at a point 3| miles above Berwick ; the Eye, draining a considerable portion of the NE and running to the sea at Eyemouth ; the Ale, running 6 miles south-eastward to the Eye, at a point IJ mUe SSE of Eyemouth ; the AATiitadder, coming in from Haddingtonshire, and running south-eastward across Lammermuir and the Merse to the Tweed, 2 miles above Berwick ; the Blackadder, rising in the W centre of Lammermuir, and running circuitously eastward to the Whitadder at Allanbank ; the Leet, rising and run- ning entirely in the Merse to the Tweed at Coldstream ; the Eden, rising near the foot of western Lammermuir and running southward and eastward to Ednam in Roxburghshire, and passing through that parish to the Tweed ; and the Leader, rising near the north-western extremity of Lauderdale, and running south-south- eastward, mainly in the interior, partly on the bound- ary, to the Tweed at Drygrange bridge. A small lake is in Dunse parish ; and a large one, covering about 30 acr'is, is in Coldingham. Mineral springs are at Dunse and Chirnside. Silurian rocks prevail in Lammermuir and Lauderdale, and Devonian rocks prevail in the Jlerse ; but they are interspersed, in numerous places, mth eruptive rocks, and, in a few places, with rocks of the Carboniferous formation. The Silurian rocks in some parts of the coast, particularly around St Abb's Head, exhibit extraordinary contortions, and form an interesting study to geologists, both as regards these contortions themselves, and as regards their juxtaposi- tion with eruptive rocks. The Silurians also, in some parts, are a subject of debate in geology, as to whether they are truly Silurian or Cambrian ; whilst else- where they are so fissile as to approximate to the char- acter of clay slate. The eruptive rocks include por- phyry, amygdaloid, amorphous basalt, and other kinds of trap. Sandstone of compact texture, and of a delicate cream or yellowish-grey colour, extends along the Tweed ; underlies the parishes of Eccles, Coldstream, Ladykirk, Swinton, and Whitsome ; ramifies also into Edrom, Hut- ton, and other neighbouring parishes ; suits well as a building material, specially for exterior walls and for carvings ; and is extensively quarried. Sandstone of a red colour extends from Legerwood, through the centre of the county, to the southern part of the coast ; serves as a good building material ; and is the stone of which the modern magnificent edifice of Ayton Castle was built. Limestone occurs in some inland parts, but is BERWICKSHIRE either too sparse, or too poor, to be economically worked. A ferruginous claystone occurs in Ayton, Mordington, and Cockburnspath, and was attempted to be worked as an ironstone or ore of iron, but also was found too poor to be compensating. Gypsum, of tolerably good quality, is found in Chirnside and Greenlaw parishes. Coal occurs adjacent to the ferruginous claystone in Ayton, Mo-rdington, and Cockburnspath, and has been supposed to exist also in Abbey St Bathans and Longformacus, but it has never given promise of aff"ording a fair output for even local domestic use. Copper ore exists at Ordwell, on the Whitadder, and was at one time worked, but never paid ; some pure quicksilver, in small quan- tity, has been found at Holehill. Some good lapidary stones are found in the Tweed. The soils are very various, and often intermixed. A fine deep loam, frequently on a gravelly bottom, sometimes on a bottom of stiff tenacious clay, forms an extensive tract along the Tweed, the Whitadder, and the Blackadder ; an argillaceous soil, stiff and rather coarse, forms another extensive tract near these rivers, but further back from them than the tract of rich loam. A free dry soil, either sandy or gravelly, denominated turnip soil and usually incumbent on a dry bottom of sand or gravel, forms most of the remainder of the Merse, the vale lands of Lammermuir and Lauderdale, and the lower slopes of most of the hills. But in all parts of the county, often in the same farm, sometimes in the same field, these three soils either graduate into one another, so as to form intermediate varieties, or are in- termixed to more or less extent, or in more or less degree, in patches or irregular strips, and also are more or less modified by the character of the sub-soil. The soils or surfaces of the rest of the county are variously meadow, moss, and moor. Mr Home, in his Agricul- tural Report, computing the land area of the county at 285,440 acres, assigns 25,410 acres to the rich loam, 40,380 acres to the argillaceous soil, 119,780 acres to the turnip soil, and 99,870 acres to meadow land, moss, and moor. Peat-mosses or turf-bogs are found in all parts of the hilly country, and in various patches through the lowlands ; and marshes or marshy bogs, overgrown A^ith rushes or other aquatic plants, occur in many situations, even m the most fertile parts of the county. Some of the larger bogs are very deep, and seem to occupy the place of ancient lakes ; but other bogs, or places which were once bogs, have admitted of reclama- tion into either soimd firm pasture or good arable land. — The climate of the Merse, as compared with that of some other fine agricultural districts of Scotland, is favourable, insomuch as to permit the annual sowing of wheat after turnips, sometimes as late as April, vrith the result of a fair crop ; and, as compared with the climate of Lam- mermuir, it is eminently good, insomuch that the agri- cultiu-al operations of spring and harvest often proceed in it under genial dry weather, while they are either in- terrupted, retarded, or imperfectly performed, in Lam- mermuir, under prevalence of low temperature or heavy rain. Cold easterly -winds generally prevail for several weeks in spring, and both retard vegetation and produce injurious effects on gardens, and on corn and grass fields. SW winds commonly commence before the end of May are accompanied with genial heat, and prevail during the summer months. Heavy or prolonged falls of rain seldom occur. Excessive droughts are more com- mon, and are regarded, by experienced agriculturists, as more suited to the soil, and better calculated to pro- duce a good crop, than excessive rains. Winter, as a rule, is mild. Heavy falls of snow are rare ; and the snow lies seldom long on the Merse, but often remains for weeks on the Lammermuirs. Agricultural improvement, dating from about 1730, went forward with vigour under several great directing minds for many years ; commended itself eventually to the approbation of the general body of the farmers ; and, embracing all the departments of tillage, fertilisa- tion, rotation, and stock-husbandry, as expounded by science and tested by experience, has rendered Berwick- shire one of the most skilfully cultivated and highly 153 BERWICKSHIRE productive regions in the world, as shown by the com- parative tables of our Introduction. The improvement in the breeds of cattle and sheep, begun about the end of last century, went forward till it displaced the old breeds and substituted for them more productive breeds, better adapted to the soil and climate, more kindly feeders, and sooner fattened for the butcher. A mixed husbandry, in connection with green crop cul- ture, prevails over much of the Merse ; and the pasturage of sheep, of the Cheviot and black-faced breeds, is mainly carried on in the uplands. Farms range from 300 to 400 acres, and are generally held on lease of 19 years. In 1881, according to Mr Jas. Hope's Royal Commission Report, of 194,298 acres imder crops, 96,056 acres let at an average rental of £1, 19s., and 73,804 acres of £13, 3s. No county, he adds, has suffered more from the agricultural depression of the last eight years, losses having largely predominated over profits. The manufactures of Berwickshire are aggregately un- important. Paper-making alone makes any considerable figure. The manufacture of woollens is confined chiefly to coarse goods for ordinary use ; and that of linens, to household fabrics for farmers' and labourers' families. The manufacture of blankets, plaidings, iiannels, merinoes, shawls, muslins, shirtings, furniture-stripes, and very stout ginghams, is carried on, to a fair extent, at Earlston, on the river Leader, but practically belongs to Roxburghshire more than to Berwickshire. The sea fisheries possess high value, and will be noticed under Eyemouth. The North British railway passes along the coast, and has stations at Cockburnspath, Grant's House, Reston, Ayton, and Burnmouth. A branch of the North British railway deflects from the main line at Reston, goes south-westward to Dunse, and has stations at Chirnside and Edrom. The former Berwickshire Railway commences at Dunse ; goes south-westward to Earlston ; has stations at Marchmont, Greenlaw, and Gordon ; and is prolonged, southward, into junction with the Hawick line of the North British at St Boswell's in Roxbirrghshire. The Kelso branch of the North British, deflecting from the Hawick line at St Boswell's, does not touch Berwickshire, yet passes so near its boundary as to be of material service to its parishes of Mertoun and Nenthorn. The Kelso and Berwick branch of the Eng- lish North-Eastern railway also does not touch Berwick- shire, yet keeps constantly so near it on the English side of the Tweed as to be of much value to various parts of its Border districts, particularly around Cold- stream, Ladykirk, and Paxton. The only royal burgh is Lauder ; the only police burghs are Dunse, Eyemouth, and Coldstream ; the only towns with upwards of 2000 inhabitants are Dunse and Eye- mouth ; the only towns with from 1000 to 2000 inhabi- tants are Lauder, Coldstream, and Earlston ; the only harbours are Eyemouth and Burnmouth ; the only small town or large village of political note is Greenlaw ; and the other small towns and principal villages are Ayton, Chirnside, Coldingham, Gordon, Leitholm, Pax- ton, Swinton, Gavinton, Auchincraw, Reston, Birgham, AUanton, and Cockburnspath. The chief seats are The Hirsel, Thirlstane Castle, Langton House, Hutton Hall, Nisbet House, Mertoun House, Dryburgh Abbey, Lennel House, Marchmont House, Newton-Don, Ren- ton House, Blackaddcr House, Paxton House, Kelloe, A}i:on Castle, Ladykirk House, Dimse Castle, Milno Graden, Stoneridge House, Broadmeadows, Manderston, Abbey St Bathans House, Stitchel House, Peelwalls House, The Lees, Hope Park, Carolside, Cowdenknowes, Allanbank House, Rowchester, Cumledge, Wedderburn Castle, Broomhouse, Edrom House, Kimmerghame, Cranshaws Castle, Netherbyres, Gunsgrecn House, Cal- dra House, Charterhall, Swinton House, Bemersyde, Gladswood, Nenthorn House, Ninewells, Blaneme House, Bassendean House, Spottiswoode, Edrington Castle, Edrington House, Mordington House, Anton's Hill, Belchester House, Bughtrig House, Eccles House, Karnes, Mersington House, Piu:veshall, Longformacus House, Coldingham Law House, and Fairlaw House. According to Miscellaneous Statistics of the United 154 BERWICKSHIRE Kingdom (1879), 292,139 acres, with a total gross estimated rental of £377,211, were divided among 1744 landowners ; two together holding 44,861 acres (rental, £34,073), three 43,807 (£30,097), ten 68,648 (£92,813), twenty-two 67,760 (£60,356), fourteen 20,246 (£32,158), forty-one 28,219 (£47,779), fifty-seven 14,398 (£42,162), twenty-three 1661 (£3064), eighty-five 1617 (£4714), one hundred and ninety-seven 619 (£7902), and twelve hundred and ninety 303 (£22,093). The county is governed by a lord-lieutenant, a vice- lieutenant, 28 deputy lieutenants, a sheriff", a sheriff- substitute, and a large number of magistrates. The sheriff" and commissary courts are held at Greenlaw on the last Thursday of every month, and at Dunse on every Friday during session. Sheriff" small debt courts are held at Greenlaw seven times, at Dunse eight times, at Coldstream and Ayton four times, and at Lauder thrice a year. Justice of peace small debt courts are held monthly at Dunse, Coldstream, and Ayton ; and quarter sessions are held at Greenlaw. The police force, in 1880, comprised 26 men ; and the salary of the chief constable was £245. The number of persons tried at the instance of the police, in 1879, was 498 ; the num- ber of these convicted, 478 ; the number committed for trial, 22 ; the number not dealt with, 163. The com- mittals for crime, in the yearly average of 1836-60, were 52 ; of 1861-65, 48 ; of 1864-68, 45 ; of 1870-74, 31 ; of 1875-79, 27. 'The county prison at Greenlaw was discontinued in February 1880, that of Jedburgh taking its place. The annual value of real property, assessed at £245,379 in 1815, was £252,945 in 1843, £391,169 in 1875, and £355,123 in 1881, including £18,752 for railways. The county, exclusive of Lauder, returns one member to parliajnent (always a Liberal since 1859, except during 1874-80) ; and, in 1881, had a constituency of 1869. Pop. (1801) 30,206, (1811) 30,893, (1821) 33,385, (1831) 34,048, (1841) 34,438, (1851) 36,297, (1861) 36,613, (1871) 36,486, (1881) 35,383, of whom 18,446 were females. Houses (1881) 6795 in- habited, 523 vacant, 39 building. The registration county gives off"- part of Oldhamstocks parish to Haddingtonshire ; comprises 32 entire parishes ; and had, in 1881, a population of 35,264. Thirty-one parishes are assessed for the poor ; and respectively eight and one are included in the Kelso and the East Lothian poor-house combinations. The number of registered poor, during the year ending 14 May 1880, was 842 ; of dependants on these, 374 ; of casual poor, 841 ; of dependants on these, 589. The receipts for the poor in the same year were £10,624, 16s. ; and the expendi- ture was £10,200, 9s. The number of pauper lunatics was 102 ; and the expenditure on their account was £2138, 6s. The percentage of illegitimate births was 9-3 in 1877, 10-9 in 1878, and 9 in 1879. The civil county is divided politically into 31 quoad civilia parishes and jjarts of two others, ecclesiastically into 32 quoad sacra parishes and parts of two others ; Cockburnspath being in the presbytery of Dunbar and sjTiod of Lothian and Tweeddale, the rest in the pres- byteries of Dunse, Chirnside, Earlston, and Kelso, in the synod of Merse and Teviotdale. The 32 Established churches had 8434 communicants in 1878 ; 17 Free churches,inthe presbyteries of Haddington, Dunse, Kelso, and Selkirk, had 3142 members in 1880; and 17 U.P. churches, in Berwick, Kelso, and Melrose presbyteries, had 4584 members in 1879. In Sept. ISSO the county had 53 schools (47 of them public), which, with accom- modation for 7839 children, nad 5782 on the registers, and 4550 in average attendance, whilst there were 70 certificated, 8 articled, and 43 \m\A\ teachers. The territory now constituting Berwickshire was anciently inhabited by the Caledonian Otalini or Otadeni ; became part of the Saxon Bernicia, one of the two ori- ginal sections of the Saxon Northumbria ; and till 1020 continued to be included in Northumbria. Cospatrick, Earl of Northumberland, and afterwards Earl of Dunbar, acquired it in 1020 from Malcolm II., and settled in Scotland to govern it and other possessions. Edrar, the son of ]\Ialcolm, resumed it in 1097, and bequeathed BERWICKSHIRE it, along with Lothian and part of Northumberland, to his brother David. It rose, in David's time, to much consequence ; received many distinguished Norman and Anglo-Saxon families as settlers ; and had Berwick for its capital. Berwick then also became practically the capital of all the country from the northern part of Northumberland to the Firth of Forth, and began to figure as a great seaport, as a place of rich churches, monasteries, and hospitals, and as one of the first four royal burghs of Scotland. Tradesmen from the Low Countries and other parts of the Continent settled in it, and furthered its prosperity ; and Scandinavian rovers made descents on it, but were successfully repulsed. The English laid claim to it in the time of William the Lyon, stormed it in the time of Alexander XL, and involved it in a series of contests and disasters during the dispute for the succession of the Scottish crown. The town thenceforth became an object of continual jealousy, and of repeated blows and negotiations between the Scotch and the English ; it was valuable during their many international wars, for at once its wealth, its fortifications, and its extensive command of the Border districts ; it often suffered the miseries of siege and capture, so as to be now a Scotch town, and now an English one ; and in 1482 it was finally relinquished by the Scotch. Berwickshire, throughout great part of its extent, necessarily partook largely in the vicissitudes and disasters of Berwick ; and it contemporaneously suffered much also from the high-handed movements of the Cospatricks, the Homes, the Hepbirrns, and the Douglases, and from the multitudinous turmoils of the Border reivers. Scarcely is their a mile of it, scarcely a natural fastness in it, scarcely a ruin or a vestige of an old baronial fortalice, but what bears testimony to ancient tumult and bloodshed. So insecure was it, or so destitute of appliances for protection for peaceful hus- bandry, that most of it, down to the 15th century, was available at best for the feeding of flocks and the rearing of cattle. Yet after the advent of peaceful times, it rose rapidly and brilliantly into a state of general prosperity, and, in more modern times, it has equalled the best central districts of Scotland in at once social, industrial, educa- tional, and religious advancement. In several places are cairns, supposed to belong to the times of the Otadeni, whose camps or vestiges of camps are at Habchester, Wardlaw Hill, Legerwood Hill, and Birkenside Hill. Otadenian and Roman remains are in Cockburnspath parish, and Roman camps are at Chesters in Togo, Battleknowes in Whitsome, and on a hill in Channelkirk. Pictish camps are in Channelkirk and Lauder parishes. Two military stations, supposed to have been originally a Danish camp, are on a hill near Raecleughhead in Langton parish. An ancient unin- scribed standing stone or obelisk is at Crosshall in Eccles. An earthen mound, called Herrit's Dyke, with a ditch on one side of it, is about a mile from Greenlaw ; and, not very many years ago, could have been traced in continuation about 14 miles eastward. Three con- centric circles of stone, called Edwin's or Woden's Hall, are on the Whitadder, about a mile below Abbey St Bathans. Remains of ancient monastic houses are at Dryburgh, Coldingham, and Abbey St Bathans ; and sites of others are at Coldstream, Eccles, and St Abb's Head. Old castles, or ruins or sites of such, are at Lauder, Hume, Cockburnspath, Fast, Cranshaw, Dunse, Huntly, Edrington, Ayton, Leitholm, Hutton, Morriston, and Evelan. Aldcambus is famous for Bruce's meeting with the papal envoy, Lauder Bridge for the murder of James III.'s minions by the Earl of Angus, and a tabu- lar space on the top of Dunse Law for the encampment on it of Leslie's Covenanting army ; while Gordon parish and its village of Huntly were the early residence of the great Gordon family of the north of Scotland, and give name to respectively their dukedom of Gordon and their marquisate of Huntly. A county history is still a desideratum, but Berwickshire folklore has been col- lected in Poimlar Rhymes, Sayings, and Proverbs of the County of Berwick, with illustrative notes by George Henderson (1856) ; the popular speech is learnedly BIGGAR handled in James Murray's Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland (1873) ; and a great amount of valuable matter, scientific and antiquarian, is contained in the Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, which was instituted in 1831. Berwickshire Railway, a railway chiefly in Berwick- shire and partly in Roxburghshire. Starting from a junction at Dunse -n-ith the Reston and Dunse branch of the North British, it goes south-westward, through Berwickshire, past Greenlaw and Gordon, to Earlston ; thence proceeds southward into junction -with the Hawick line of the North British at Newton St Boswells. It is 20^ miles long ; was authorised in 1862, on a capital of £100,000 in £10 shares, and £33,300 on loan ; was opened fz'om Dunse to Earlston in Nov. 1863, and from Earlston to Newton St Boswells in Oct. 1865 ; and in 1876 was vested in the North British. Bethelfield, See Kirkcaldy. Bethelnie, the north-western district of Meldrum parish, Aberdeenshire, about 3| miles NW of Old Meldrum village. Here till about 1684 stood the ori- ginal parish church, still represented by its foundations and graveyard. Core Hill of Bethelnie (804 feet) occupies much of the district, and has a ridgy form, extending into the contiguous parish of Fyvie. Rock crystal is found on it, and a ' Roman Camp ' lay on its SE skirts, but has been obliterated. Bettyhill. See Fark. Bevelaw. See Bavelaw. Biblestone, an ancient landmark in Birnie parish, Elginshire, about a mile E of Birnie church. It lies on the side of the road from Birnie to Rothes, and has engraven upon it the figure of a book. Biddes or Bidhouse Bum, a rivulet of Crawford parish, S Lanarkshire, rising on the SE slope of Tomont Hill (1652 feet), and running IJ mile north-eastward, till it falls into Evan Water, 7| miles NW of Moffat. Its banks were the scene in 1592, of a sanguinary onslaught upon the Crichtons by the Johnstones of Wamphray, led by William Johnstone of Kirkhill. An old ballad says: 'Tlien out spoke Willie of the Kirkhill, Of fighting-, lads, ye'se hae your fill ; And from his horse Willie he lap, And a burnished brand in his hand he gat. Out through the Crichtons Willie he ran. And dang them down, baith horse and man, O but the Johnstones were wondrous rude, AVhen the Biddes Burn ran three days blude.' Biel. See Beil. Big Cumbrae. See Cumerae. Bigga, an uninhabited island in the N of Shetland, in Yell Sound, IJ mile W of the south-western extremity of Yell island. It is 2J miles long. Biggar (Gael, higthir, 'soft land'), a town and a parish on the eastern border of the Upper Ward of Lanarkshire. The town by road is 12 J miles ESE of Lanark, and 28 SW of Edinburgh ; by a branch of the Caledonian, opened in 1860, it is 37 miles from the latter city, 3^ ENE of Symington Jimction, 41 ESE of Glasgow, and 15f W by S of Peebles. A small, yet picturesque and ancient place, it is built on a sunward slope to left and right of the Tweeddale Biggar Burn, but within 2 miles of the Clyde's main valley, and within 6 of Tinto and Culter Fell. It consists of one very broad main street, two back streets, and the West- raw suburb, this last, across the burn, commimicating with the older portion by the new iron bridge of 1873 ; in 1451 it was created a burgh of barony, in 1863 a police burgh, being governed by a senior and 5 junior magis- trates. It has a post office with money-order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, branches of the Commercial, Royal, and National banks, a local savings' bank, 15 insurance agencies, gas-works (1839), a commercial hotel and 4 inns, an Elizabethan corn-ex- change (1861) with a clock-tower, a public library, and a horticultural society. The collegiate parish church of St Mary, founded in 1545 by Malcolm, third Lord Flem- ing, for a provost, 8 prebendaries, 4 singing boys, and 6 bedesmen, is interesting as among the latest, if not indeed the last, of Scotland's pre-Reformation churches. 155 BIGGAR A plain Second Pointed, cruciform, aisleless structure, it retains the low central tower with NE beKry turret, the corbie-stepped western gable, and the embattled choir with trigonal apse ; but, whitewashed, plastered, be- pewed, and galleried in 1795 and 183i, it has lost a W porch, N sacristy, and lych-gate, along -with its gilt oak chancel roof, its organ loft, and its emblazoned scutcheons. In its churchyard lie three generations of the Gledstanes of LiBERTON, beginning with 'John Gladstones, malt- man and burgess in Biggar ' (1693-1756), great -grandsire of the present premier. The United Presbyterians have two places of worship, the North and South or Moat Park and Gillespie churches ; the former (rebuilt in 1866 at a cost of £liOO) was served from 1806 to 1822 by Dr John Brown, the well-known biblical expositor, whose son and namesake, author of FMb and his Friends, was bom at the manse, 22 Sept. 1810. Monday is market- day ; and fairs are held on the last Thursday o. s. of January (horses and hiring), the Thursday after first Tuesday of March (seeds), the last Thursday of April (horses, etc.), the Thursday after 11 Jiine (do.), the third Thursday o. s. of July (wool and shearers), the first Thursday after 12 August (cattle show), the 15 September if Thursday, if not Thm-sday after (horses, etc. ), and the last Thursday o. s. of October (do. ). Three public schools. East, South, and West, with respective accommodation for 102, 110, and 195 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 72, 89, and 171, and grants of £77, £77, 2s., and £178, 1-is. 6d. Municipal constituency (1881) 200. Pop. (1790) 589, (1831) 1454, (1841) 1395, (1851) 1530, (1861) 1448, (1871) 1471, (1881) 1556. Bounded NW by Liberton and Walston, E by SkirUng in Peeblesshire, S by Culter, and SW by Liberton, the parish has an extreme length, from Broomy Law at its north-eastern to the Clyde at its south-western angle, of 6;^ miles ; a varying breadth from E to W of 7 furlongs and 4J miles ; and an area of 72SS4 acres, of which 16f are water. The Clyde, near Culter station, traces the border for some 300 yards ; but most of the drainage is carried eastward to the Tweed by Biggar Water, whose level haugh, 640 feet or so above sea-level, comprises the SE corner of the parish. All its remaining surface swells into moderate hills, rounded and soft in outline, rising northward to 788 feet near Spittal, 1192 near Balwaistie, 842 near Garwood, 1176 on Ewe HUl, 817 on Strawlaw, and 1399 on Broomy Law; westward to 975 feet near West Lindsaylands, 1041 near Springfield, and 1275 and 1024 on Biggar Common. The prevailing rocks are eruptive, including greenstone, porph}Ty, and amj'gdaloid, which last has pelded fine pebbles and moss-agates ; the soils consist chiefly of clay, sand, loam, and peat-moss. During the last half century great im- provements have been effected in reclaimingand fertilising land and in restraining the Biggar's inundations, so that less than a fifteenth of the entire area is left now as too hilly for the plough, whilst nearly one-ninth is covered by plantations. A moat hill, at the W end of the to^vn, is 36 feet high, and 120 paces round the base, 54 round the top ; of Boghall Castle, which stood in a swamp ^ mile to the S, hardly a shred remains, it having fifty j^ears since been razed for the sake of its stones. This was the seat of the great Fleming family. Lords Fleming from 1460, and Earls of Wigtown from 1606 to 1747, whose founder, Baldwin, settled at Biggar under a charter of David L (1124-53). His descendants figure in the battles of Halidon Hill, Otterburn, and Pinkie, and in the annals of Dumbarton Castle ; and Biggar's chief memories centre round this stronghold. As for the battle fought in 1297 on Biggar Moss, between Edward L's vast host, 60,000 strong, and Wallace's 3000 horse (plus an unknown quantity of ill-armed foot), the battle in which L1,000 Englishmen were slain, it rests on Blind Harry and local tradition. But Boghall, we know, lodged Edward IL in 1310, Queen Mary in 1565 ; in 1568 it yielded to the Regent Murray, and in 1650 to Cromwellian troopers, who held it next year against Leslie's summons to surrender, when Charles II. reached Biggar en route for Worcester. And its beauti- 156 BILSDEAN ful ruin was sketched by fat, fodgel Grose (1789), and visited by Scott and Lockhart (1831), within a twelve- month of Sir Walter's death. Modern mansions, Avith the proprietors and the extent and yearly value of their estates in the shire are — Biggar Park, 1 mile SW of the town (Jas. Neilson, 348 acres, £625) ; Garwood House (1832), 2 miles N by W (Wm. G. Mitchell, 1525 acres, £1413) ; Cambus Wallace, 1 mile NNE (Jn. Paul, 71 acres, £183) ; and Edmonston Castle, 3i miles NNE (AVm. Allan- Woddrop of Garvald House, "Dolphinton, 3205 acres, £3029). In all, 4 landowners hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 10 of between £100 and £500, 17 of from £50 to £100, and 35 of from £20 to £50. Biggar is seat of a presbytery in the synod of Lothian and Tweeddale ; the total value of the living is £430. Valuation (1881) £14,445, including the 2^ miles of railway. Pop. (1801) 1216, (1831) 1915, (1851) 2049, (1861) 1999, (1871) 2013, (1881) 2128.— On?. Sur., sh. 24, 1864. The presbytery of Biggar 'comprises the parishes of Biggar, Broughton, Co\4ngton, Culter, Dolphinton, Dun- svi-e, Liberton, Skirling, Symington, Walston, and Wan- del. Pop. (1871) 6537, (1881) 6230, of whom 1928, according to a Parliamentary Return (1 May 1879), were communicants of the Church of Scotland in 1878, the sums raised by the above eleven congregations amount- ing in that j-ear to £603. The Free Church presbytery of Biggar and Peebles, meeting at the latter toA\-n, com- prises the chui'ches of Broughton, Culter, EllsridgehUl. Innerleithen, Kirkurd, Peebles, and Skirling, which together had 1108 members in 1880. See Wm. Hunter's Biggar and the House of Fleming (Edinb. 1862; 2d ed. 1867), and Prof. J. Veitch's 'Mr Gladstone's Ancestors ' in Fraser's Magazine (June 1880). Biggar, The, a stream of Lanark and Peebles shires, rising in the NE of Biggar parish at an altitude of some 800 feet, and first, as Biggar Burn, flowing 6f south- westward, southward, and south-westward, along the Walston and Liberton boundaries, and through the interior past Biggar town. It next, as Biggar Water, flows 5 miles east-by-southward, parting Biggar and Skii'- ling from Culter and Broughton, and traversing Brough- ton, till, at about 600 feet above sea-level, it falls into the Tweed, f mile NNE of Drummelzier. Its lower course lies through an open vale ; and at the point where it bends from southward to eastward, or li mile from the Clyde, it is joined by a rill that in times of high flood brings to it part of the waters of that river. Open to the public, it abounds in fine red-fleshed trout, averag- Bilbster, an estate in Wick parish, Caithness, Avith a mansion and \vith a station on the Wick branch of the Sutherland and Caithness railway, 5 miles WNW of Wick town. Between 1850 and 1875 its purchaser, Mr Jas. Henderson, expended nearly £12,000 on improving the estate. Billikellet or Balleykellet, a ruined ancient mansion in Big Cumbrae island, Buteshire, f mile N by E of Millport. It belonged to a family of the name of Mont- gomerj^, who are said to have possessed the greater part of the island till about the beginning of the 18th cen- tury. Among the last of the line was Dame Margaret Montgomery, joint-patroness of the kirk, who, being on horseback at the green of Largs, is said to have been thrown off" amidst a crowd of persons ; but, being a woman of high spirit, she pursued the horse, and received a stroke of his foot, which proved instantly fatal. ' Tlie arms of this family,' it is stated in the Old Statistical Account, ' are upon the end of the kirk, and were lately to be seen on a part of the ruins of Billi- kellet. About a quarter of a mile from those ruins there is a large standing stone set up on end, with about 6 feet of it above the ground. It appears to have been the rude monument of some ancient hero.' Billy. See Bunkle. Billyness or Billow Ness, the western headland of Anstruther Bay, in Fife. Bilsdeaji, a hamlet and a bum of NE Haddington- shire. The hamlet is in Oldhamstocks parish, and lies BIMAR on the bum, near its mouth, J mile W of the boundary with Berwickshire, and 6f miles SE of Dunbar. The bum rises in Innerwick parish, and runs 3 miles north- eastward to the sea. Bimar, a rocky islet of Inverkeithing parish, Fife, in the Firth of Forth, f mile WSW of North Queensferry, and 1 mile "WNW of Inch Garvie. It is covered at high water ; and it is crowned with a stone beacon, 27 feet high and 13 in diameter, erected by the Commissioners of Northern Lights. Bin, a conspicuous hill in Burntisland parish, Fife. It rises abruptly, behind the town of Burntisland, from a line 4 mile distant from the shore ; culminates at a point about 1 mile NNE of Burntisland Harbour ; attains there, in one of two tops, an altitude of 632 feet above sea-level ; presents, in its S front and in its summits, a bare and rugged appearance, in striking contrast to the fertility and brilliance all around it ; and foiTus a marked feature among the screens of the Forth. Binarty. See Bexaety. Bincliinnaii. See Benchixxax. Binend, a lake in Eaglesham parish, SE Renfrewshire, near the A)Tshire boundary, 3^ miles WSW of Eagles- ham village. Measuring 5 by 2 furlongs, it contains large pike and perch, and is overhung on the E by BaUagioch Hill, 10S4 feet above sea-level. Binghill. See Peterculter. Bingry. See Ballixgf.y. Bin Hill of Cullen, an eminence in the E of Rathven parish, N Banffshire, 2f miles SW of Cullen town, and 2J distant from the coast. Conical in shape, it rises to a height of 1050 feet above sea-level, and is crowned by a cairn, surmounted by a flagstaff. About 1744 it was planted to the very summit, which is gained by a carriage-drive, and commands a magnificent prospect — to Wick, 54 miles NNW ; Buchan Ness, 43 miles ESE ; Bennochie, 28 miles SSE ; and Ben Wj-vis, 65 miles W. Little Bin, 4| furlongs E by N, is 802 feet high. See pp. 311-322 of James Brown's Round Table Club (Elgin, 1873). Binn, a wooded hill 555 feet high in Kinfauns parish, E Perthshire. It rises a little to the E of Kinfauns Castle ; has a smooth but rather steep ascent, and a somewhat conical shape ; and commands from its summit almost a bird's-eye view of Kinfauns Castle and pleasure-grounds, and an extensive prospect over the picturesque surrounding country. It is crowned by an observatory-tower, upwards of 80 feet high, built about 1813 by the late Lord Grey ; and hence is some- times called Tower Hill. Binnaness, a headland and a voe or bay, in Tingwall parish, Shetland. Binnans. See Greexock. Binnie, East and West, two hamlets on the SE border of Linlithgow parish, partly also in Uphall parish, \^ mile NNW and If ^^'NW of Uphall village. ExceUent sandstone is quanied in their vicinity, and has been extensively used for building in Edinburgh and Glasgow. Binniehill, a village in Slamannan parish, Stirling- shire, on the Slamannan railway, in the south-western vicinity of Slamannan station. Pop. (1871), together with Southfield, 584, Binning, an ancient parish in Linlithgowshire, an- nexed, after the Reformation, to Linlithgow parish. The title of Baron Binning was given from it, in 1613, to Thomas Hamilton, secretary of state under James VI. ; and continues to be borne by his descendant, the Earl of Haddington. Binning, a wood in Whitekirk parish, Haddington- shire, within the grounds of the Earl of Haddington, 1\ mile W by N of Tynninghame House. It was planted, in 1707, over the face of what had been a moorish com- mon, called Tynninghame Muir ; it covers about 300 Scottish acres ; and it has its trees in radii or avenues, diverging from 3 centres, and affording beautiful walks and rides. Binns, a mansion in the "W of Abercom parish, Lin- lithgowshire, 4 miles WNW of Linlithgow. A castel- lated structure, built in 1023, and enlarged about 1S20, BIRKHALL it stands amid fine old trees, f mile distant from the Firth of Forth, on the western grassy slope of Binns Hill (200 feet), whose top is croTSTied by a conspicuous tower. Within are beautiful plaster ceilings, curious old furniture, and a collection of family and royal portraits, the latter said to have been saved from the burning of Linlithgow Palace in 1746. For more than three centuries the seat of a branch of the Dalyells, Binns was the birthplace of Sir Thomas Dalyell (1599- 1685), the bearded Muscovy general, who routed the Covenanters at RuUion Green in 1666 ; who, in old age, adorned this mansion with ' avenues, large parks, and fine gardens, pleasing himself with the culture of curious flowers and plants ; ' and who, in 1681, embodied here the Scots Greys regiment. In 1685 his son received a baronetcy, whose sixth holder. Sir John Graham Dalyell (1776-1851), was an eminent antiquary, and author of 17 works. The present and eighth baronet. Sir Robert Alexander Osborne Dalyell (b. 1821 ; sue. 1865), la twentieth in lineal descent from Walter, Earl of Men- teith, and owner of 820 acres in the shire, of an annual value of £1795, 15s. Binram's Cross, a small mound, with a few stones on its top, in Yarrow parish, Selkirkshire, 7 furlongs W of the mouth of St Mary's Loch. Tradition makes it the grave of a wizard priest, the hero of Hogg's A^Hd ballad of Mess John, Binscarth, an estate, with a good modem mansion, in Firth parish, Pomona, Orkney, 7 miles W of Kii'kwall. Purchased in 1841 by his father, by whom it was greatly improved, it is now the property of Jas. Cathie Scarth, Esq. (b. 1838 ; sue. 1879), owner of 1807 acres, valued at £446 per annum. Birdstone, a village in Campsie parish, Stirlingshire, adjacent to the Campsie railway, 2^ miles SE of Len- noxtown. It was the birthplace and residence of the Campsie poet, William ^Muir. A few Roman nms, and a number of English coins of Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I. , have been exhumed in its vicinity ; and the latter are supposed to have been hid by the inhabitants, on occasion of their flight from the troops of the Marquis of Montrose at the time of the battle of Kilsyth. Birgham or Brigham, a village in Eccles parish, Ber- wickshire, 330 yards from the Tweed, opposite Carham in Northumberland, and 3J miles W by S of Coldstream. It has a post office under that town, a public school, and the graveyard of a pre-Reformation chapel, remaina of which were standing 70 years ago. A meeting of Wil- liam the Lyon and some of his nobles and prelates ■uith an ecclesiastical envoy from Henry II. of England took place at Birgham in 1188, to resist the alleged supre- macy of the English over the Scottish Church ; and a convention of the Scottish Estates, to consider the pro- posed marriage between the Princess Margaret of Scot- land and Prince Edward of England, also was held here in 1289. It was followed, on IS July of next year, by the signing here of an international deed, the treaty of Brigham, which minutely provided for the independence of Scotland. ' Go to Birgham ' is equiva- lent, in the surrounding coimtry, to ' Go to Banff,' or ' Bath,' or ' Jericho ' elsewhere. Birkenshaw, a small estate in the W of Dalserf parish, Lanarkshire, on the river Avon, 2 miles S of Larkhall. An excellent smithy coal is worked here ; and a bed of cannel coal, in a vertical position, sunk to 40 fathoms by an eruptive dislocation, is in the near vicinity of the smithy coal. Birkenside, a hill 923 feet above sea-level, in Leger- wood parish, SW Berwickshire. An ancient Caledonian camp on it can still be traced. Birkhall, a mansion in Glenmuick parish, Aberdeen- shire, on the left bank of the Muick, 2J miles SW of Ballater. A fine old house, purchased by the late Prince Consort from the Abergeldie family, it now belongs to the Prince of Wales ; the estate is beautifully wooded, and on it is a girls' school, built by the Queen. A wire sus- pension bridge, 80 feet in span, was thrown over the Muick before the house in 1880, eight wooden bridges having been swept away dm'ing the 32 years before. 157 BIBEHILL Birkhill, See Balmekino. Birkhill, a mountain-pass on the mutual border of Selkirk and Dumfries shires, 4^ miles SW of the head uf St Mary's Loch, andllJNE of Moffat. A cottage inn here, at 1100 feet above sea-level, serves as a place of call and refreshment to persons visiting the wild scenery around Loch Skeen and the Grey Mare's Tail. The sur- rounding country is mountainous moorland, and was a frequent retreat of the Covenanters. A hill opposite the inn was a station for their watchmen on the look-out for the approach of dragoons, and still bears the name of Watch Hill. Four of the Covenanters, on one occa- sion, were shot near the inn's door by order of Claver- house. Birkhill Feus, a village in Liff and Benvie parish, Forfarshire, 4^ miles NW of Dundee. Birkhillside, an estate, with a mansion, in Legerwood parish, SW Berwickshire, 3 miles N of Earlston. Birkwood, a mansion in Lesmahagow parish, Lanark- shire, ^ mile SSW of Abbeygreen. It is the seat of Jn. Gregory M'Kirdy, Esq., owner of 1250 acres in the shire, valued at £1170 per annum. BirleyMll. See Dukisdker. Birnam, a suburban village in Little Dunkeld parish, and a hill and a pass partly also in Auchtergaven parish, Perthshire. The village stands on the Highland rail- way, at Dunkeld station, adjacent to the right bank of the river Tay, near Dunkeld Bridge, f mile SSE of Dunkeld. Of recent erection, on feus from the late Sir William Drummond Stewart, it contains a good many handsome shops and dwelling-houses — the latter chiefly let to summer visitors ; and presents an aspect of cleanli- ness, comfort, and elegance, excelled by no other village in Great Britain. At it are a post office under Dunkeld, with money order and savings' bank departments ; a railway telegraph office ; a spacious hotel ; and St Mary's Episcopal church. The hotel is in the Saxon-Gothic style, with towers and other features giving it an ecclesi- astical and imposing appearance ; contains a public hall, so large and ornate as to be one of the finest in Scotland ; and has attached to it a billiard room, a bowling green, and beautiful grounds. St Mary's (1856-57) is Early Middle Pointed in style, with severe geometrical tracery, and consists of tower, nave, and chancel. The railway station is an ornamental structure. On a neighbouring wooded eminence, Torr Hill, are a number of tasteful villas, of which Erigmore was tenanted by Mr J. E. Millais, R.A., in 1880, as earlier likewise was St Mary's Tower. Highland games are held on the last Thursday of August. Pop. (1871) 530, (1881) 600. Birnam Hill rises to the S of the village ; and, attain- ing an altitude of 1324 feet above sea-level, commands an extensive view of Strathmore, Stormont, Strathbraan, and Athole. It once was covered by the royal forest immortalised by Shakespeare in Macbeth; but its an- cient woods have long ago been felled, and thriving plantations of firs and birches now are taking their place. 'Duncan's Camp,' where King Duncan held his court, or vestiges of a round fort, occurs at an altitude of 658 feet on its SE acclivity ; and Birnam Pass goes between Duncan's Camp and the Tay, being traversed by the railway and the public road. The portal this through which Highland caterans, Montrose's force, and Prince Charles Edward's army poured from the Highlands on the Lowland plain, it is sometimes called the ' Mouth of the Highlands ;' it separates a Gaelic-speaking popu- lation on the N from an English-speaking population on the S ; and it presents a miniature of many of the grandest of the Highland glens, with the addition of a alow majestic river. A small mountain brook enters the Tay a little above the Pass's upper end ; and is spanned by a rustic seven-arched bridge called Birnam Bridge, built at a cost of about £2500. — Ord. Sur., sh. 48, 1868. Bimess, a post office hamlet in Ellon parish, E Aber- deenshire, 4 miles NE of Ellon village. Bimie {Brennack in 12th c. ), a parish of Elginshire, containing the hamlet of Thomshill, 3i miles S of its post-town and station, Elgin ; and bounded N and NE 158 BIRSAY AND HARRAY by Elgin parish, SE by Rothes, W by Dallas and Elgin. In shape resembling a rude triangle, with eastward vertex at Netherglen, it has an extreme length from N to S of 6| miles, an extreme width from E to W of 3 miles, and a land area of 6777 acres. Lennoc Burn winds 4 miles along all the Dallas border to the LossiE, which here has a northerly course of 3J miles, chiefly upon the western boundary with Elgin, and which here too is joined by Geddoch Burn from the SE. The sur- face has a general southward rise, from 100 feet or so above sea-level in the furthest north to 323 feet near Claypot, 614 near Hangingfolds, 630 near Glenlatterach, 907 on Mill Our, 902 on Hart Hill, 1164 on Pikey Hill, and 1095 on Red Taingy, these three last summits culminat- ing on the south-eastern border. The rocks are gneissose in the S, Old Red sandstone in the N ; and gravelly or sandy soils predominate, but rich alluvial loam and deep and retentive clay also occupy considerable tracts. About two-fifths of the whole area are under the plough, besides some 500 acres of plantations, the rest being mostly moss or heathery hill. Birnie is in the presbytery of Elgin and synod of Moray ; the minister's income is £193. Its church, St Brandon's, stands near the Lossie, IJ mile NNW of Thomshill, and is one of the oldest in Scotland. A good example of Romanesque, though sadly modern- ised, it consists of chancel' and nave, the former wanting an E window, the latter shortened to the W in 1794 ; while special features are the enriched chancel arch and jamb-shafts, a characteristic Norman font, and the ancient ' Coronach ' or ' Ronnel ' bell, made, it is said, of silver and copper at Rome, and blessed by the Pope himself. Here in 1184 was buried Simon de "Tonci, fourth Bishop of Moray, Birnie, during the 12th century having been one of the seats of that bishopric, Spynie and Kcnedor being the others. A public school, ^^'ith accommodation for 144 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 83, and a grant of £86, 18s. Pop. (1801) 366, (1851) 427, (1871) 375, (1881) 367.— Orrf. Sur., sh. 85, 1876. Bims, a rivulet of Haddingtonshire, rising on the W side of Lammer Law (1733 feet), near the Berwickshire boundary, and running some 7 miles north-westward along the boundary between Humbie and Pencaitland parishes on the left, and Yester, Bolton, and Salton parishes on the right, to a confluence mth the Tyne, 1 mile E of Wester Pencaitland village. Its volume here is rather larger than that of the Tyne. Birrens, a place, with a Roman camp, in Middlebie parish, Dumfriesshire, a little SSE of Jliddlebie church, 1^ mile ENE of Ecclefechan, and 3 miles SE of the sum- mit of BnuNSWARK. The Roman camp here is one of the best preserved in Great Britain, retaining its fossos, aggeres, and prsetorium in a state of perfect distinctness. Another Roman camp adjoined this, but was destroyed by the proprietor of the ground about 1820, when it yielded many splendid Roman relics, particularly large, well-cut, ornamental, inscribed stones. Birrenswark. See Bhunswaek. Birsay and Harray, a united parish in the NW of the mainland of Orkney. It has two post offices, Birsay under Kirkwall and Harray under Stromness, the former 20 miles NW of Kirkwall, the latter 12 miles WNW. It is bounded W, NW, N, and NE by the Atlantic Ocean, E by Evie, Rendall, and Firth, S by Stenness, and SW by Sandwick. Its greatest length, from NNAV to SSE, is 11 miles, and its greatest breadth is Q\ miles. Harray projects southward from the SE of Birsay, is wholly inland, and measures about 5| miles in length from N to S and about 2^ miles in extreme breadtli. Of three headlands on the coast of Birsay — Marwick Head in the W, Brough Head in the NW, and Costa Head in the N — the first does not materially diversify the coast- line, the second wavers between the character of an islet and that of a small peninsula, and the third presents to the sea a face of high precipitous rock. The entire sea coast is about 10 miles long, and lias mostly a rocky shore. The surface of Birsay is hilly, but not mountain- ous ; that of Harray is flat and rather swampy. Six considerable lakes, and some small ones are in Birsny, and abound with wild duck, swaufj, and other ay Spittal of Glenshee or 30 up Glen Tilt, 18^ ENE of Kinloch Rannoch, and 21 N of Aberfeldy ; its station on the Highland railway is 19^ miles NXW of Dunkeld, and 60| S by W of Granto\vn. Cattle fairs are held at Bridge of Tilt on 25 June and 4 September, and on the third Wednesday of ilay at Blair Athole, where also are a general business fair upon 12 February and a gi-eat Highland gathering in the second week of September. Pop. of united village (1871) 387. The parish is bounded N by Kingussie-Insh and the Glenfeshie portion of Alvie in Inverness-shire and by Crathie-Braemar in Aberdeenshire, NE by Crathie-Brae- mar, SE by Kirkmichael and Moulin, S by Dull, SW by Fortingal, and X W bj" Laggan in Inverness-shire. From E to W it has an extreme length of 24f miles, at 56'' 52' ; its width varies between 4§ and 16 J miles, the latter measuring from the head of Loch Tummel northward to the Inverness-shire border ; and its area is 182, 670^ acres (2S5f sq. mUes), of which 1556 J are water. The High- land railway nms 19^ miles west-north-westward i;p Glen Garry, ascending here from about 390 to 1500 feet above sea-level ; on it are the stations of Blair Athole, Struan, and Dalnaspidal, 35:|, 40, and 51 mUes NiSTW of Perth. By the Garry and its innumerable affluents and sub-affluents the featm-es of this parish have been chiefly moulded, those affluents including the Edendox (running 9 miles E and S), the Bruar (9| S), the Erichdie (10^ E by X), and the Tilt (13i SW), which last has a head-stream in the Tarf (llj E). The TuMiiEL itself, to which the Garry flows, and its expansion. Loch Tummel (2f x | mile), mark 6^ miles of the southern boundary ; and in the SW portion of the parish are Lochs Garry (2g x | mile), Choin (7^ x 1 furl. ), and Bhaic (3x1 furl. ) ; in the NE portion. Loch Loch (9^ x 1 fm-1. ), half of Loch an Duin (10 x U fuid. ), and two or three smaller tarns. Glen Garry, from Struan downward, is an open, fertile, finely wooded vale ; but, saving Strath-Tummel and the lower reaches of Glens Erichdie, Bruar, and Tilt, which likewise are beautifully planted Arith larches and Scotch firs, the rest of the surface is all an assemblage of moor-clad hills and naked, many-ridged mountains. The part to the left of the Garry belongs to the 'Forest of Athole,' now well-nigh treeless ; and here, from W to E, the follo\ving summits of the Grampians rise, those marked with asterisks right on Blair Athole's boundaries : — *Ben Udlamax (3306 feet), *Bruach nan lombrean (3175), *An Tore or Badenoch Boar (2432), and Glas Mheall Mor (3037), westward of the Edendon ; *Carn na Caim (3087), *Yinegar Hill (2584), Cam a' Mhur- raich (1811), Meall na Maoile (1868), Sron a' Chleirich (2670), Leac Liath (1788), Uchd a' Chlarsair (2587), and *Leathad an Taobhain (2994), between the Edendon and the Bruar ; Beinn Bhreac (2992), Ben Deakg (3304), Beinn a' Chait (2942), Fair Bhuidhe (1510), Meall Ream- har (1850), Braigh Sron Ghorm (2882), *Carn an Fhidleir (3276), *An Sgarsoch (3300), An Sligearnach (2577), and *Coire na Craig (2515), between the Bruar and the Tilt ; *Sron a' Bhoididh (2131), Craig Dhearg (2141), Bexglo (3671), Cam Liath (3193), Meall Dail iliu (1748), Meall Gruaim (1372), Cam an Righ (3377), *Cam Bhac(3014), *Beinn lutharn Mhor (3424), *Glas Thulachan (3445), *Braigh Feith Chuibh-sachain (2371), *Ben Yuroch (2961), and Crochton (1954), eastward of the Tilt. S of 165 BLAIRBURN the Garry, from E to W, are Tulacli Hill (1541 feet), Con- bhar (1330), Dubh Chnocan (1885), Terr Dubb (1667), and Meall Ban (1657), between the Tummel and the Erichdie ; and, between the Erichdie and the Garry, An Teampau (1387), Meall Chabhaidh (1709), Sron Choin (1852), Meall Biorach (1854), and Meall na Leit- reach (2544). The deer and grouse of its hills, the salmon and trout of its streams, the wealth and variety of its fauna and flora (especially rare alpine plants), all make Blair Athole a happy hunting-ground alike to the sportsman and the man of science ; to the latter Glen Tilt's geology is for ever associated with the ' Huttonian Theory. ' The arable soils, chiefly light loam or gravelly earth, occupy less than 4000 acres, and plantations cover an equal or greater extent. Blair Castle, f mile KNW of the village, is tlience approached by a double avenue of limes, and, as restored in 1872, is a goodly fonr-storied mansion, turreted and battlemented, in the Scottish Baronial style. Its oldest portion, Comyn's Tower, is said to have been built by John de Strath- bogie, ninth Earl of Athole (1269); and many are its historic memories. James V. and Mary Queen of Scots must both have visited it, when in 1529 and 1564 they came to hunt in Glen Tilt ; and Montrose in 1644 here mustered the 3000 Athole Highlanders, whom he led to victor}' at Tippermuir. In 1653 the castle was stormed and ' destroyed by powder ' by Colonel Daniel, a Crom- wellian oflicer ; yet in 1689 we find it garrisoned by Claverhouse, whose corpse was brought back to it from Killiecrankie_, for burial in the secluded old church of Blair. The Young Pretender lodged here three nights (30 Aug. to 2 Sept. 1745) ; in the follondng March it was held a fortnight by Sir Andrew Agnew for Govern- ment against Lord George Murray, the Duke of Athole's brother. After this siege, its last, it was docked of two upper stories and whitewashed, so that the Queen, who, with the Prince Consort, resided here from 11 Sept. to 1 Oct. 1844, describes it merely as 'a large plain white building.' The present Duke of Athole owtis 194,640 acres in the shire, of a yearly value of £40,788 ; and 3 other proprietors, "Wm. M'Inro}- of Lude (1 mile ENE of the village), A. Gilbert Robertson of Struan, and Edgar "W. Robertson of Auchleeks (on Erichdie Water, 6 miles W by S of Struan station), hold respectively 15,680, 18,000, and 14,732 acres, valued at £2460, £1039, and £1633 per annum. The remaining pro- perty is divided among 10, 1 holding to the value of more, and 9 of less, than £500. In the presbj-tery of Dunkeld and synod of Perth and Stirling, Blair Athole comprises the ancient parishes of Blair, Lude, Kilma- veonaig, and Struan, united prior to 1632, but has given off a portion (with 70 inhabitants in 1871) to the quoad sacra parish of Tenandry. Its living is worth £540 ; and it has two Established churches, one at the village (1825 ; 650 sittings), the other at Struan (1829 ; 450 sittings). There are also a Free church, a Baptist chapel (1808), and an Episcopal chapel (rebuilt 1794 ; 200 sittings), this last representing the old parish church of Kilmaveonaig (1591), and having belonged to the Episcopal communion without a break from the Revolu- tion. Of 3 public schools (Blair Athole, Glengarry, and Struan) and 2 Christian Knowledge schools (Pitlagowan and Strathtummel) Blair Athole had (1879) accommoda- tion for 187, an average attendance of 105, and a grant of £101, 5s., whilst the total corresponding figures for the other 4 were 185, 100, and £163, 3s. Valuation (1881) £21,050, 14s. 5d. Pop. (1755) 3257, (1791) 3120, (1801) 2848, (1831) 2384, (1851) 2084, (1861) 1553, (1871) 1718, (1881) 1687.— Or(f. Sur., shs. 55, 64, 1869-74. See pp. 32-41, 167-171 of The Queen's Journal (ed. 1877) ; pp. 198-202 of Dorothy Wordsworth's Tour in Scotland (ed. by Princ. Shairp, 1874) ; and Dr Wm. Marshall's Historic Scenes in Pcrtlishire (1880). Blairbtim, a village in Culross parish, Perthshire, adjacent to the river Forth, in the vicinity of Culross town. Blair Castle, a handsome modern mansion (Mrs Gallwey), IJ mile W of Culross, occupies the site of a mansion said to have been built about the time of the Reformation by Archbishop Hamilton of St Andrews. 166 BLAIRGOWRIE Blair Castle. See Bl.\ir Athole and Blairbttrn. BlairdaflF, a place in the S side of Chapel of Garioch parish, Aberdeenshire, 4J miles S of Garioch chiu'ch. A chapel of ease here was built in 1839 at a cost of £500, and contains 500 sittings ; and here also is a Free church. Blairdardie, a place in the S of Xew Kil pa trick parish, Dumbartonshire, on the Forth and Clyde Canal. A public school at it, with accommodation for 62 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 60, and a grant of £38, 3s. Blair-Drummond, an estate, with a village and a mansion, in Kincardine parish, Perthshire. The village stands near the right bank of the Teith, 6 miles NW of Stirling, and 2 SSE of Doune ; comprises an elegant range of cottages inhabited by families who are employed, from father to son, on the estate ; and has a post office under Stirling. The mansion, near the \'illage, is a large, neat, modern edifice, with a richly-wooded park, and is a seat of Chs. Home Drummond Moray, Esq. of Aberoairney. The estate extends southward to the Forth ; and includes, along the banks of that river, a large alluvial tract of 1500 acres, Blairdrummond Moss, formerly overlaid by deep bog, and ingeniously reclaimed in the lirst four decades of this century by cutting away the bog piecemeal, and sending it adrift on the river. A reach of Roman road, a number of small Roman relics, two cuiious ancient wooden wheels, and the skeleton of a whale were found in the bog during the work of reclamation. Blairessan, a hamlet in Killearn parish, Stirlingshire, ^ mile N of Killearn village. A sanguinary battle is traditionally said to have been fought here between the Romans and the Caledonians. Blairgowrie (Gael, blar-ghobhar, 'plain of the wild goats '), a town and a parish of NE Perthshire. The town stands on the right bank of the Ericht, opposite Rattray village, ^\•ith which it is connected by a bridge, repaired and widened in 1871. By road it is 4J miles NAV of Cupar Angus, 5^ WSW of Alyth, 12 ENE of Dunkeld, and 35 S of Braemar ; by rail, as terminus of a branch of the Caledonian, opened from Cupar in 1855, it is 21 i miles WSW of Forfar, 20^ NNE of Perth, 67i N by W of Edinburgh, and 83| NE by N of Glasgow. Its .site, 227 feet above sea-level, is a pleasant south- eastern slope that forms the first rise of the Hill of Blair. The church3-ard above, before the parish church, looks up Strathmore to the Hunter's Hill of Glamis, and do\vn to its south-western extremity ; behind the church a wooded deep ravine falls away steeply to the river's bed. The winding Ericht, overhung 3 miles to the N by picturesque Craighall-RATXRAY ('TuUy- Veolan'), and the skirts of the Sidlaws and Grampians, all join to beautify Blairgowiie's setting ; and Blair- goAvrie itself is a well-built thriving town, with spacious market-place and handsome villas. A century since it was onl}' a village of mean, thatched houses ; now it is lighted with gas (since 1834) and supplied with good water (in 1871, at a cost of £6050), whilst possessing a post office, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, branches of the Bank of Scotland and the Roj^al, Commercial, and Union banks, a local savings' liank, 9 hotels and inns (the Royal and Queen's with billiard rooms), a masonic lodge, angling, athletic games, bowling, cricket, curling, and amateur dramatic clubs, and a Saturday Liberal paper, the Adver- tiser (1855). A town-hall, accommodating 600 persons, was built about 1860 ; and a mechanics' institute, with reading-room and museum, in 1 870. Places of worship are the original parish church (rebuilt 1824 ; 850 sittings), St Mary's or Brown Street church (converted in 1837 from a Burgher chapel into a chapel of ease, and in 1879 erected into a quoad sacra church), the First and Soutli Free churches, a U. P. church, a Congregational church (1824 ; 300 sittings), St Catherine's Episcopal church (1843 ; 200 sittings), and St Stephen's Roman Catholic church (1856 ; 400 sittings). Both the two last are Early English structures, St Stephen's designed by Edward Welby Pugin. The Ericht supplies abundant BLAIRGOWRIE water-power to 8 flax-spinning, linen, and jute mills in and about the town ; and there are also 4 saw-mills, a brewery, 3 malt-kilns, and a farina-factory. Blair- gowrie, made a burgh of barony in 1634, a free burgh of barony in 1809, and a police burgh prior to 1864, is governed by a town council consisting of a senior bailie, 2 junior bailies, and 10 councillors, and by 12 police commissioners. The police court sits every lawful day, the bailie court (for civil causes under £2) every Wed- nesday, and the sheriff small debt court (for causes under £12) on the second Saturdays of January, April, July, and October ; Wednesday is market-day ; and fairs are held for cattle, etc., on the third Wednesday of March, the Tuesday of May before Old Whitsunday, the 23d of July, the Wednesday of October before Falkirk Tryst, and the 23d of ^November, for feeing on the second Wed- nesday of May and the first Wednesday of November. Unless, with Skene's Celtic Scotland, one makes Blair Hill the ' Mons Granpius ' of the Battle of the Gram- PIAN.S, Blairgowrie has no history other than transits of the Marquis of Montrose in his hostile descents from the Highlands, and disastrous spates of the ' ireful ' Ericht, one of which, in 1847, destroyed two arches of the Rattray bridge, and did great damage to the mills. George Drummond (1687-1766), six times Lord Provost of Edinburgh, and a great benefactor to that city, was born at Newton Castle, a 17th century mansion, haunted by a Green Lady, 3 furlongs W of the town. Two public schools, Blairgowrie and John Street, and a Roman Catho- lic school, with respective accommodation for 726, 176, and 140 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 546, 168, and 104, and grants of £495, 15s. 6d., £80, 5s. 9d., £95, 15s. Pop. (1792) 425, (1811) 1025, (1831) 1593, (1851) 2914, (1871) 3830, (1881) 3950. The parish, also containing the village of Lornty, f mile NNW of the town, consists of Blairgowrie proper and the detached sections of Blackcraig and Creuchies, these being severed from the first by intervals of 9 and 5 furlongs, and, at their nearest, lying 4J miles NW and 2f miles NNE of the town. The total area is 15,555 acres, of which 5468f belong to the detached sections, and 252 are water. From N by W to S by E Blairgowrie proper has an extreme length of 9| miles ; its width from E to AV varies between 3 furlongs and 3 J miles ; and it is bounded N by Alyth, E by the Drimmie section of Bendochy, Ratti-ay, and Bendochy proper, SE by Cupar Angus, SW by Caputh and Lethendy, W by Kinloch, the Gormack section of Caputh, and the Persie section of Bendochy. The boundary vnih. Persie is traced for 1 mile by the Ardle, and for 3| miles by the southward -flo\\'ing Black Water, which near Strone House unite to form the Ericht. The latter curves h, mile eastward through the interior, and then winds 8| miles south-eastward on its way to the Isla along almost all the Rattray border, receiving from the W the Lornty Burn, for 5 fuidongs bounding and for 9 intersecting Blairgowrie proper, whose SE boundary is roughlymarked for If mile by the Isla itself. Thus the main portion falls into three natural divisions — the first to the N of the Ericht, the second between the Ericht and the Lornty, the third between the Lornty and the Isla ; and in these three divisions the summit elevations above sea-level are Ashmore Hill (1277 feet), Cochrage Muir (867), and the Hill of Blair (690). The surface from the town to the Isla, belonging wholly to Strathmore, and nowhere exceeding much 200, while sinking to 100, feet, is relatively low and level ; and here are 4 small lakes — White Loch, Black Loch, Hare Myre, and Loch Bog or Stormont Loch — of which the last and largest lies at an altitude of 167 feet, and has an extreme length and breadth of 5 and 2^ furlongs. The Blackcraig sec- tion, measuring 4| miles from N to S, and from 7 furlongs to 2J miles from E to W, is bounded E by Persie and Kinloch, SW and W by Clunie, and NW by Logierait. It is traversed or bounded to the E by 1\ mile of the Ardle, and its south-western border is traced for 9 furlongs by the Lornty Burn, for 2i miles by the tribu- tary Baden, the surface declining from Blackcraig Hill (1573 feet) in the N eastward to less than 600 feet BLAIRQUHAN along the Ardle, southward to 800 on the Lornty. Lastly, the smaller triangular Creuchies section, measur- ing 21 by 1^ miles, is bounded NE by Alyth, SE by Bendochy, SAV and AV by Rattray, and culminates ar 911 feet. The rocks are variously Devonian, Silurian, and eruptive ; and the only ones quarried are a coarse red sandstone and a very dark-coloured trap. The soils vary from shallow moorish earth to deep and fertile alluvium along the Isla ; and of the total area about one- third is arable and one-eleventh under wood. Mansions are Blairgowrie House and Blackcraig Castle, \ mile SE and 9 miles NAV of the toA\'n ; and their owners, Alan M'Pherson (superior of the burgh) and Patrick A. Fraser, hold 741 and 2722 acres, valued at £1103, 10s. and £1537, 16s. per annum. Six other proprietors hold each a yearly value of £500 and upwards, 21 of between £100 and £500, 38 of from £50 to £100, and 74 of from £20 to £50. Blairgowrie is in the presbytery of Meigle and synod of Angus and Mearns, the first minister's income amounting to £439 ; but, for church, school, and registration purposes, the detached sec- tions are included in the qiioad sacra parish of Persie. Valuation (1881) £26,378, 3s. 4d. Pop. of civil parish (1801) 1914, (1831) 2644, (1851) 4297, (1871) 5109, (1881) 5161 ; of quoad sacra parish (1871) 4832, (1881j 49S5.—Ord. Sur., shs. 56, 48, 1870-68. Blairhall, a village in Longforgan parish, Perthshire, 6| miles NW of Dundee. Blairingone (Gael, blar - a - gobhain, ' field of the smith'), a village in Fossoway parish, Perthshire, and a quoad sacra parish partly also in Clackmannan parish, Clackmannanshire. The village stands f mile S of the river Devon, and 2i miles ESE of Dollar, under which it has a post office. Here anciently at Palace Brae was a mansion of the ancestors of the Duke of Athole, and the adjoining pinnacled rock, now known as Gibson's Craig, is said to be the real Gartwhinzian, where the Clan Mur- ray rallied round their chief. The parish is in the pres- bytery of Kinross and synod of Fife. Stipend, £120. The church (1838 ; 250 sittings) stands a little E of the village ; and a public school, with accommodation for 103 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 69, and a grant of £53, 14s. Pop. of parish (1871) 469, (1881) 446. Blairinroar or Blairinroan (Gael, hlar-an-roinn, 'battle of division '), a place in the NW of Muthill parish, Perth- shire, 8 miles NAA'^ of the Roman camp of Ardoch, and 1;^ mile SSE of the Dalgincross camps. Gordon's Itinerar- ium makes it the scene of the Battle of the Gram- pians. Blairlogie, a village in the Perthshire section of Logie parish, at the mouth of Glendevon and at the base of Dumyat (1375 feet), 3 miles ENE of Stirling. It is a pleasant little place, remarkably healthy ; and, till eclipsed by Bridge of Allan, was long a favourite summer resort of invalids. It has a post office under Stirling and a U. P. church and manse. Blairlogie Castle, now a farm- house, a little NW of the village, dates from the year 1513, was the seat of the Spittal family, and retains some vestiges of bygone splendour. Pop. (1881) 94. Blairmains. See Blair, Aryshire. Blairmore, a village in Kilmun parish, Argyllshire, on the AV shore of Loch Long, 1 mile N of Strone, directly opposite Cove, and 7 miles by water AA'NAV of Greenock. Of recent origin, it contains a number of neat villas. It has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments under Green- ock, and a good wooden pier (gi'eatly improved in 1873) ; and it enjo3's a delightful view of the reaches of the Firth of Clyde down to Cloch Point. The Clyde steamers to Kil- mun and Lochgoilhead regularly call at it. The telegraph cable, for communication with the AVest Highlands, lies from it to Cove ; was broken in December 1870 ; and, ten days after being broken, was successfully grappled and repaired. Blairmore Hill, 2 miles NAV by N of the pier, rises 1402 feet above sea-level. Blairquhan, a mansion in Straiton parish, Ayrshire, on Girvan AVater, 1 mile AVNAV of Straiton village. A handsome Tudor edifice, built in 1824, and standing 167 BLAIBS amid finely-wooded grounds, it is tlie seat of Sir Edw, Hunter-Blair, fourth Bart, since 1786 (b. 1818 ; sue. 1S57), and owner of 12,610 acres in the shire, valued at £7134 per annum. Blairs, a lake in RafTord parish, Elginshire, on the estate of Alt jTe. It was artiticially enlarged, and is well stocked with trout, and has an ornamental character. Blairs, an estate in Maryculter parish, Kincardine- shire, near the southern bank of the Dee, 6 miles SW of Aberdeen, and 2J SAV of Cults station. In 1S29 it was given by Mr"Menzies of Pitfodels to the Catholic bishops, who, enlarging its venerable mansion, fitted it up as St Mary's College, for the ' education and training of those who may feel themselves called to dedicate themselves to God and the salvation of soids as clergy- men on the Scottish mission.' The college in 1881 had a president, 3 professors, a procurator, and 60 students ; it possesses a valuable library (in part transferred from the Scots College at Paris) and portraits of Queen Mary and Cardinal Beaton ; whilst attached to it is a chapel with 180 sittings. Blairston, an estate, with a mansion, on the N border of ]Maybole parish, Ayrshire, now called Auchendi'ane. See AucHEXuiiANE. Blair Works. See Blair, Ayrshire. Blane or Ballagan, a small river of W Stirlingshire, rising on Earl's Seat, one of the Lennox Hills (1894 feet), on the mutual border of Killearn and Strathblane parishes. Thence it runs 3 mUes southward, among the hiUs, near the E border of Strathblane parish, leaping do^^m the ravine of Ballagan in three romantic falls. It next runs 1 mile westward past Strathblane village ; 2| miles north-westward, along Strathblane valley ; 1^ mile northward, partly along the boundary between Strathblane and Killearn, partly \\-ithin Killearn ; and finally 1| mile north-westward to Endrick AVater, at a point IJ mile SAV of Killearn village. The middle part of its basin is Strathblane proper, descends on the river's bed or immediate banks from about 340 to 100 feet above sea-level, and is traversed by the Blane Valley railway. Blanefield, a village in Strathblane parish, Stirling- shire, on the river Blane, and on the Blane Valley rail- way, J mile AV by N of Strathblane village. It has a station on the railway, calico print works, and a post ofiice under Glasgow, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments. Pop. (1871) 496, (1881) 541. Blaneme. See Bunkle. Blane's Chapel, St, an ancient ecclesiastical ruin, in Kingarth parish. Isle of Bute, about 2^ miles from the southern extremity of the island. It is commonly said to have been built by a priest who flourished about the close of the 10th century, was educated at Rome, and came to Scotland with a commission to rule the diocese of Dun- blane. It stands amid a scene of gi'eat beauty, on an artificial esplanade a good deal higher than the ground around, encompassed with a rude wall of 500 feet in circumference, and all substructed, at the depth of 2 feet from the surface, with arches and mason work. A con- siderable portion of the chapel walls is standing, and shows it to have consisted of nave and chancel, divided by a perfect arch of two enriched orders from shafted jambs. The work is pure Norman, save in the extremi- ties, where it is First Pointed, and must date, not from the end of the 10th, but the 12th or 13th century. A space of similar appearance to the esplanade of the chapel, but on a lower level and only 124 feet in cir- cumference, is in the near vicinity, and has the repu- tation of having been occupied by a nunnery. Both esplanades were used as cemeteries, that of the chapel only for males, that of the reputed nunnery only for females. Not far from the chapel is a curious circular area, the Devil's Cauldhon. Blane Valley Railway, a railway of AV Stirlingshire, from Lennoxtown in Caiapsie parish west-by-nortlnvard to Strathblane \allage, and thence north-by-westward to KUlearn village. It is 8^ miles long ; was authorised in 1861, on a capital of £51,000 in £10 shares and 168 BLANTYRE £17,000 on loan; and was opened for goods in October 1866, for passengers in July 1867. By Act of 1865 the company was authorised to construct an extension, 2| miles long, to the Forth and Clyde Junction. Blantyre, a parish of NAV Lanarkshire, containing the villages of Blantyre, Blantyre AA''orks, Auchinraith, Auchintibber, Barnhill, and Stonefield. — Blantyre vil- lage, called also High Blantyre or Kirkton of Blantyre, stands near the right bank of the Rotten Calder, 3 miles AV by N of Hamilton, and SJ SE of Glasgow. It has a post ofiice under the latter, with money order and sav- ings' bank departments, and a station (High Blantyre) on the Strathaveu branch of the Caledonian. Pop. (1831) 255, (1871) 393, (1881) 701.— Blantyre AA'orks, or Low Blantyre, lies If miles to the NE on the left bank of the Clyde, opposite Bothwell, with which it is connected by a fine suspension bridge, and near Blantyre station (with a post ofiice under Glasgow) on the Clydes- dale section of the Caledonian. Founded in 1785, it is neatly built ; and at it are the dyeworks of Messrs Mon- teith & Co. , and a weaving factory, where the gi-eat Afri- can traveller and missionary, David Livingstone (1803- 73), worked in his boyhood as a 'piecer. ' In Blantyre he was born ; and wdthin a short distance of his birth- place it is proposed (May 1881) to build, at a cost of £4000, a memorial U.P. church, in the tower of which his statue will be placed. Pop. (1835) 1821, (1871) 1304, (1881) 1029.— Auchinraith, Auchintibber, Barnhill, and Stonefield are respectively 3 furlongs E by N, H mile SSAV, i mile N by E, and If mile NE, of^High Blantvre ; and had a population (1881) of 684, 435, 188, and 3235. Bounded NE by Bothwell, SE by Hamilton and Glas- ford, AV by East Kilbride, Cambuslang, and Old Monk- land, the parish has an extreme length from N by E to S by AV of 6^ miles, a breadth from E to AV of from 3 furlongs to 2 miles, and an area of 4027 acres, of which 73 are water. The Clyde, here a clear, majestic river, from 79 to 104 yards wide, sweep 4 miles round the Bothwell and Old Monkland boundary, and its swift, shallow affluent, the Rotten Calder, winds 7i miles along all the western border of the parish, whose sm'face between the two streams presents no prominent features, but rises southward — from 51 feet above sea-level at Haughhead to 148 at Blantyre Farm, 205 at Coatshill, 214 near Roweshill, 461 near Crossbasket, 552 near Auchintibber, and 695 near Lodgehill. The rocks are mainly of the Carboniferous formation, including lime- stone, sandstone, coal, and ironstone ; and, while the limestone has been largely quarried, two clayband iron- stone mines were working in 1879 at Blantyre and Blan- tyre Park, and three collieries at Auchinraith, Craighead, andBlantyre^tlie last the scene of two terrilde explosions —on 22 Oct. 1877 (220 killed), and on 2 July 1879 (26 killed). A mineral spring at Park, strongly impregnated with sulphur held in solution by hydrogen, was much frequented by Glasgow families towards the middle of last century, and still is famed in scrofulous and scor- butic cases. The soils are various, deep peat-moss in the extreme SAV, and elsewhere ranging through fertile kinds of sand, loam, and clay. Great improvements have been wrought by di'aining and by adoption of the best methods of cidtui'e, and barely 500 acres are waste or pastoraL A water supply was introduced (1880-81) at a cost of £10,000. At Calderside near Auchintibber, is the Camp Knowe, a conical hillock 200 yards in cir- cumference, and anciently girt by a ditch ; but the most interesting relic of antiquity is the tottering fragment — two gables and a vault — of Blantyre Priory, founded for Austin Canons before 1296 by Alexander II. Built of red sandstone, and perched on a wooded crag, 9 furlongs down tlie Clyde from Blantyre AA^orks, it stands right opi)osite to Bothwell Castle, whence the view of it is thus described in Dorothy AA^ordsworth's Journal (ed- by Princ. Shairp, 1874), p. 50 : — ' On the opposite bank, which is finely wooded with elms and other trees, and the remains of an ancient priory, built upon a rock ; and rock and ruin are so blended together that it is impossible to separate the one from the other. Nothing can be more BLAVEN beautiful than the little remnants of this holy place ; elm trees — for we were near enough to distinguish them by their branches — gi-ow out of the walls, and overshadow a small but very elegant ■nindow. It can scarcely be conceived what a grace the castle and priory impart to each other ; and the river Clyde flows on smooth and unruffled below, seeming to my thoughts more in har- mony with the sober and stately images of former times, than if it had roared over a rocky channel, forcing its sound upon the ear.' Of course there is (at least in Scottish Chiefs) a subterranean and subaqueous passage leading from the castle to the priory, and through a window in the latter AVallace is said to have sprang over the precipice, eluding thus a body of English pur- suers. Walter Stuart, commendator of this priory in 1580, was created Lord Blantyre in the peerage of Scot- land in 1606, having eight years earlier purchased the barony of Blantyre, which was all feued out in small parcels, still held under his present descendant, Charles Stuart, twelfth Baron Blantjre, of Erskine House and Lennoxlove. Two proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 23 of between £100 and £500, 18 of from £50 to £100, and 27 of from £20 to £50. In the presbytery of Hamilton and synod of Glasgow and Ajt, its minister's income amounting to £-307, BlantjTe has a handsome parish church (rebuilt 1863; 900 sittings) and another church at Stonefield (1880 ; 1000 sittings), as well as a Free church, a U.P. church, an Evangelical Union church, and St Joseph's Roman Catholic church (1878 ; 620 sittings). The public schools of High and Low Blantyre and Auchtntibber Roman Catholic school, with respective accommodation for 400, 400, and 527 childi'en, had (1879) an average attendance of 3S3, 314, and 274 (jjIus 137 evening scholars), and grants of £335, 2s. 6d., £225, ISs., and £224, 6s. {plus £65, 15s. 6d.). Valuation (1881) £38,081, 5s. Pop. (1801) 1751, (1821) 26.30, (1841) 3047, (1851) 2848, (1861) 3092, (1871) 3472, (1881) ^IQQ.—Ord. Sur., shs. 23, 31, 1865-67. Blaven. See Blabheix. Bleary's Cross, a quondam monument on the lands of Knock, in Renfrew parish, Renfrewshire. It comprised an octagonal pedestal, 6 feet in diameter, with an octagonal column, 10 feet high ; it had neither inscription nor sculp- ture ; it was traditionally regarded as commemorative of the premature birth, through accident near it, of the chUd who became King Robert II. ; and it was removed in the year 1779. Bleaton, a detached triangular section (If x 1 mile) of Rattray parish, Perthshire, annexed to the quoad sacra parish of Persie. Blebo, an estate and two villages in Kemback parish, Fife. The mansion on the estate stands 4 miles E of Cupar, amid wooded picturesque gi-ounds, and contains portraits of Cardinal Beaton and Archbishop Sharp, the latter painted by the Archbishop's daughter ; the estate has been greatly improved by its present pro- prietor, Alex. Bethune, Esq. (b. 1824; sue. 1847), oiivner of 1355 acres in the shire, valued at £2995 per annum. — Blebo-Craigs village lies J mile NE of the mansion. — Blebo-Mills village stands on Ceres Burn, adjacent to Dura Den, J mile SW of Blebo mansion ; at it are flax works. Bleedy Pots, a precipitous place on the coast of Gamrie parish, Banff'shire, said to have been the scene, about 1004, of a sanguinary repulse of invading Danes. Blelack, an estate, with an old mansion, in Logie-Cold- stone parish, Aberdeenshire, 10 miles "WTS'W of Aboyne. Bleneme. See Buxkle. Blervie, an estate, with a mansion, in Rafi'ord parish, Elginshire, 4 miles ESE of Forres. It belonged anciently to the family of Dunbar, was purchased about the begin- ning of last century by Alexander Mackintosh, and was sold by him to the Earl of Fife. An ancient castle on it, built apparently about the end of the 14th century, consisted of an oblong edifice with a square corner tower ; was mainly taken down to furnish materials for the present mansion ; and is now represented only by that tower, a five-story structure, commanding a view over parts of seven counties. Four large standing stones, BLYTHSWOOD believed to have formed part of a Caledonian stone circle, are near the tower. Blessing. See Beaxxach. Blind Bum, a brook in Cambusnethan parish, Lanark- shire, running to the Calder. Blinkbonny, a hamlet and a hiU in Nenthorn parish, S Berwickshire. The hamlet lies 1 mile KW of Ken- thorn church ; the hill (654 feet above sea-level) shows coarse red sandstone near its base, and on its northern and southern sides, but mainly consists of trap. Bleak, a village in the N of Ayrshire. Its post-town is Stewarton. Blochaim, a farm in Baldemock parish, Stirlingshire, 2 miles ENE of ililngavie. Several large oblong and cir- cular cairns are on it ; traditionally said to be memorials of a battle %vith the Danes. Blomel Sound, a sea-belt between Unst and Yell islands, Shetland. Bloodhope, a head-stream of the "White Esk river, in Eskdalem\ur jiarish, Dumfriesshire. Bloody Bay, a creek in the S end of lona island, ArgyU- shu-e. Bloody Bay, a small bay on the XE of Mull island, Arg}-llshire, a little N of Tobermory. It was the scene of a sea skirmish, in 1480, for the mastery of the Hebrides. Bloody Bum, a brook in Tarbolton parish, AjTshiie, running to Fail Water, and supposed to have got its name from some unrecorded slaughter. Bloody Faulds, a place in Tough parish, Aberdeen- shire, said to have got its name from Baillj-'s men hav- ing made a stand at it in their flight from the battle of Alfoed. Bloody Fold, a place in St Xinians parish, Stirling- shire, about 1 mile from the main scene of Bannockburn. Tradirion says that a bodj- of the defeated and broken English rallied here, and sustained dreadful slaughter. Bloody Lands, a field in Prora fai-m, Athelstaneford parish, Haddingtonshire. It is said to have got its name from the ancient slaughter at it of a wild boar which infested the neighbourhood ; and it contains a large memorial stone, evidently raised at considerable cost, and called the Bore Stone. Bloody Laws, one of the Cheviot Hills in Oxnam parish, Roxbiu'ghshire. A southerly projecrion of it is cro^\^led by a well-defined ancient circular camp. Bloody Nook, a spot on the W border of Old Monk- land parish, Lanarkshire, near Carmyle village. It is the scene of a notable ghost story, arising from the mutual slaughter of two rustic rival lovers. Bloomhill, an estate, with a handsome modem man- sion, in Cardross parish, Dnmbartonshire. Blue Mull or Blumel, a sound in the N of Shetland, separating Yell from Unst, and swept by very impetuous tidal currents. Blythe Bridge, a village in the S of Linton parish, Peeblesshu'e, near the boundary vrith Lanarkshire, 4^ mUes SSW of Linton village. It has a post office under Dolphinton. Bljrthswcod, an estate, with the seat of Sir Archibald Campbell, Bart. (ere. 1880), in Renfrew parish, Renfrew- shire. The mansion, on the low flat peninsula between the Clyde and the Cart, 1 mUe XW of Renfrew to^vn, is a neat, large, modem edifice, surrounded by a finely- wooded park , on 11 Oct. 1876 it was visited by the Prince and Princess of AVales, \vith their two sons and Prince John of Gliicksburg. Sir Archibald owns in the shire 1826 acres, valued at £5931, including £1907 for minerals. The estate was originally called Renfield ; is celebrated, under that name, in Wilson's Clyde; and, at the erection of the present mansion, took the name of Blythswood from a small but now very valuable estate belonging to the same proprietor, which forms a handsome north-western portion of Glasgow. The names Renfrew, Renfield, and Bhi:hswood all figure in the Glasgow street nomenclature ; and the name Ijlythswood gives designa- tion to a registration district of that city, with 30,52.^ inhabitants in 1881. A large stone on the Renfield- Blythswood estate, close to the road from Renfrew to Inchinnau, marks the spot where Archibald Campbell, 169 BOARHILL. ninth Earl of Argyll, was captured in peasant disguise in 1685 ; and consists of a fragment of rock, weighing pro- bably 2 tons, and containing some reddish veins which were long believed to be stains of the Earl's blood. Boarhills, a village in St Andrews parish, Fife, 3f miles ESE of St Andrews city. It has a post office under St An- drews, a station on the Anstruther and St Andrews railway, a Church of Scotland mission church, and a public school. Boarlan. See Boreolan. Boat Cave, a cave in Staffa island, Argyllshire. Ac- cessible only by boats, it is 150 feet long, 16 high, and 12 wide ; is overhung at the entrance by a fine sweep of basaltic columns ; and looks within like the gallery of a mine, cut into the body of the island. Boatgreen. See Gatehouse. Boath, a place, with a public school, near the mutual border of Alness and Rosskeen parishes, Ross-shire. The school, with accommodation for 70 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 23, and a grant of £36, 16s. 6d. Boath, a hill 600 feet above sea-level in the NE of Carmylie parish, Forfarshire. Several large standing stones, believed to have been part of an ancient Cale- donian stone circle, stood on it till about 1820, and a cliapel of the times before the Reformation stood on the contiguous farm of Back-Boath. Boath, a mansion in Auldearn parish, Nairnshire. An elegant three-story edifice of 1830, staiadingon Auldearn Burn, 3 furlongs N of the village, it is the seat of Sir Jas. Alex. Dunbar, third Bart, since 1814 (b. 1821 ; sue. 1851), and owner of 1092 acres in the shire, valued at £1013 per annum. Boathaven, a village in the E of Caithness, near Wick. Boat-of-Bog, a quondam ferry on the lower part of the river Spey, between Banff'shire and Elginshire, near Gordon Castle. Its place is now occupied by a magnifi- cent four-arched stone bridge, built at a cost of £13,000. Boat-of-Garten, a place in E Inverness-shire, on the river Spey, and on the Highland railway, at the junction of the Strathspey railway, 88^ mdes NNAV of Perth, 30| S by W of Forres, and 33^ SW of Craigellachie. It has a station, a ferry from Duthil to Abernethy parish, a post office wth telegraph department, and fairs on the Saturday of March, April, May, June, and November after Beauly, on the Saturday after the third Thursday of July, and on the Saturday of August, September, and October before Grantown. Boat-of-Insh or Kincraig. See Alvie. Bocastle, a hill in Callander parish, Perthshire, about 1 mile W of Callander town. It rises steeply, in parts almost murally, to an altitude of about 300 feet ; cannot be ascended or scaled on the S side ; and is crowned with remains of an ancient strong fortification. Bochel, an isolated hill, rising 1500 feet above sea- level, in Glenlivet valley, Inveraven parish, Banff'shire, 5 miles NE of TomintoiU. Boddam, a rising fishing village of E Aberdeenshire, in the parish, and 3 J miles S of the town, of Peterhead. Of its two harbours, separated by the beach of round stones that joins Buchan Ness to the mainland, and screened by that lighthouse peninsula from the sea, the southern admits only fishing boats, but the northern has a good pier, capable of receiving vessels of moderate draught, and constructed chiefly at the cost (over £2000) of the late Earl of Aberdeen about 1845, when Boddam was made a port by Act of Parliament. The fisheries of herring, haddock, and cod employ some 65 boats, and the fish dried here have a high repute. Three furlongs to the S are the ruins of Boddam Castle, the seat of the Keiths of Ludquharn ; and at the clean and well-built village itself, which stands at an altitude of 70 feet above sea-level, are a post office under Peterhead, an Established chapel of ease, and a handsome public school (rebuilt 1876), which, with accommodation for 270 children, had in 1879 an average attendance of 169, and a grant of £137, lis. Pop. of village (1840) 460, (1861) 550, (1871) 803 (1881) 1010; of registration dis- trict (1871) 1310, (1881) 1766.— Orr/. Sur., sh. 87, 1876. Boddam, a village in the S of the mainland of Shet- land. Its post-town is Dunrossness, under Lerwick. 170 BOG-OF-GIGHT Boddin, a coast hamlet of Craig parish, Fortarshire, 3 miles S of Montrose. Limeworks are in its vicinity. Bodesbeck Law, a great rounded hill on the mutual border of Dumfries and Selkirk shires, flanking the left side of Moff'at Water, 1\ miles NE of Moffat town. One of the Hartfell group, it rises immediately N of Capel- fell and Ettrick Pen, which have altitudes of 2223 and 2269 feet above sea-level, and itself has an altitude of 2173 feet. Bodesbeck farm lies around its north-western skirt, and is the scene of a tradition employed by Hogg in his tale of The Brownie of Bodesbeck. This last of the brownies laboured so bravely that Bodesbeck became the most well-to-do farm in the district, till the good- man one night left out for him a mess of bread and milk, wh^n the broAvnie departed, crying — 'Ca', brownie, ca' A' the luck o' Bodesbeck Away to Leithenha'.' Boes' Cave, a cave on the coast of Southend parish, Argyllshire, near the fort of Dunaverty. It was the re- treat, for meditation and prayer, of the Rev. James Boes, who lived at the era of the Revolution. Bogany, a headland in Rothesay parish. Isle of Bute, flanking the SE side of Rothesay Bay, and terminating about \\ mile NE of Rothesay town. A medicinal spring is at its base close to the shore ; was discovered in 1831 ; is much visited by invalids, as a remedy for cutaneous, glandular, and rheumatic aflTections ; and, according to an analysis by Professor Thomson of Glasgow, contains, in every imperial gallon of its water, 186073 grains of muriate of soda, 12 '25 grains of sulphate of lime, 12977 grains of sulphate of soda, 32 '8 grains of chloride of magnesium, 14 "39 grains of silica, and 17 "4 cubic inches of sulphuretted hydrogen. Bogfoot, a hamlet in Col vend parish, Kirkcudbright- shire, on ]Maidenpap Burn, 5| miles ESE of Dalbeattie. Boghall, a property, wath the bed of a drained lake, in Beith parish, Ayrshire. The lake figured in the history of Kilwinning Abbey, and was drained about the year 1780. Boghall, a hamlet in Kettle parish, Fife, \\ mile S by W of Kettle village. Boghall, a hamlet in the W of Berwickshire, 4J miles from its post-town Lauder. Boghall. See Biggar. Boghead, a village in Lesmahagow parish, Lanark- shire, 3^ miles SSE of Stonehouse. Pop. (1881) 277. Boghead, a hamlet in Colvend parish, Kirkcudbright- shire, 3^ miles S by E of Dalbeattie. Boghead, an estate, with a mansion, in Bathgate parish, Linlithgowshire, 1\ mile SW of Bathgate town. The estate furnished the specimens of bituminous shale, the testing of which, about 1850, led to the establish- ment of the extensive neighbouring works for the manu- facture of paraffin and paraffin oil. The mansion was the seat of the late Rt S. Weir-Durham, Esq. (1833-79), owner of 684 acres, valued at £793 per annum. Little Boghead hamlet adjoins the Bathgate and Morningside railway in the south-western vicinity of Bathgate. Boghole. See Auldeat;n. Bogie, a small river of NW Aberdeenshire. It is formed by the confluence of Corchinan, Glenny, and Craig burns, near the parish church of Auchindoir, and it runs north-north-eastward and northward, along a fine valley called from it Strathbogie, to the river Deveron, about ^ mile below Huntly. It drains a territory about 14 miles long and 8 broad, in the parishes of Kildrummy, Auchindoir, Rhynie, Clatt, Kinnethmont, Gartly, Drum- blade, and Huntly ; and it supplies the bleachfields of Huntly town with abundance of soft pure water. It is subject to great freshets, and in the floods of 1829 it worked great devastation at Huntly. Its waters contain excellent trout. Bogie. See Abbotshall. Bogmile, a place, with an anti-scorbutic mineral spring, in Clunie parish, Perthshire. Bogmuchals, a hamlet with a public school in Fordyce parish, Ijanll'sliire. Bog-of-Gight. See Gordon Castle. BOGRIE Bogrie, a hill and an old baronial fortalice in tlie N of Dunscore parish, W Dumfriesshire. The hill, 3^ miles S by E of JMoniaive, has an altitude of 1416 feet above sea-level. The fortalice, standing on the hill's SE skirt, at a point where Glenessland Burn contracts to a narrow pass, confronts Sunday well fortalice, on the opposite side of the pass ; belonged anciently to the family of Kirk ; and, in the times of the persecution, afforded refuge fre- quently to Covenanters. Bogroy, a place in the NE of Inverness-shire, 7 miles from Inverness. It has a post office under Inverness. Bogroy, a farm, with a chalybeate spring, in Knock- ando parish, Elginshire. Bogside, a station and a post office under Alloa, in Cul- ross parish, Perthshire, on the Stirling and Dunfermline section of the North British, 2| miles NNW of Culross town. Bogton, a village near the mutual boundary of Banff and Aberdeen shires. Its post-town is Forglen, under Turriff. Bogton, a village in the extreme E of Kilmany parish, N'E Fife, 54 miles NNE of Cupar-Fife. Bogton Loch, an expansion of the river Doon on the mutual border of Dalmellington and Straiten parishes, AjTshire, f mile SW of Dalmellington town. It is f mile long and from J to 2 J furlongs wide, has low banks, and is much frequented by waterfowl. Bo' Hall. See Garvald and Bara. Bohally, a hamlet in the N of Perthshire, 12 miles from Pitlochry, under which it has a post office. Boharm, a parish of Banff and Elgin shires, with the post office hamlet of Blackhillock towards its centre, and, J mile to the N, Mulben station on the Highland rail- way, it being 5 miles W of Keith and 13 miles SE of Elgin. Bounded N by Bellie, E by Keith and Botriph- nie, S by Mortlach, SW by Aberlour, and W by Rothes, Boharm has an extreme length from N to S of 6^ miles, or of 9 from the Burn of Forgie in the NE to the SE angle near Craigellachie Junction ; a width from E to "W of from 3| to 5 miles ; and an area of 16,741 acres, 7835 of which are in Elginshire. The Spey, 100 yards and more across, traces 7 miles of the western, and the tributary Fiddich 2J of the southern and south-western border ; while the chief stream of the interior is the Burn of Mulben, which flows 6:^ miles, NE and W by N, to the Spey at Boat of Bridge, its westward course, flanked by the Highland railway, parting the parish into two fairly equal halves. Strathspey here sinks fi-om less than 300 to less than 200 feet above sea-level, but elsewhere the surface exceeds at all points 400 feet, the principal elevations in the southern half being bulky Ben Aigan (1544 feet). Knock More (1167), and Knockan (1219) ; in the northern, the Hill of Cairnty (606) and Thiefs HUl (819). Gneiss rock prevails along the southern border, and mica and talc strata also occur, the former traversed by frequent veins of quartz and by one narrow vein of limestone that has been worked in several places for calcining and building purposes. Little more than a fourth of the surface is under the plough, planta- tions covering a larger area, and clothing the slopes of Ben Aigan up to 1000 feet, of Cairnty up to the summit. In the Boharm section of Strathspey Skene places Tuessis, a town of the Vacomagi mentioned by Ptolemy in the 2d century a. d. {Ce.lt. Scot., i. 74). In the S, near the Fiddich, stood Gouldwell Castle, the ' Castellum de Bucharin ' in 1200 of the Flemish Freskines, ances- tors of the Morays of Abercairney and the Dukes of Athole. A massive structure, measuring within 119 feet by 24, it has left but inconsiderable vestiges ; the ancient church of Arndilly lay 1 mile to the NNE. Two fine modem mansions are Arndilly, on the Spey, 2\ miles N of Craigellachie, and Auchlunkart House, 1^ mile SW of Mulben station. They are the seats of Col. Jn. Grant-Kinloch of Logie, and Andrew Steuart, Esq., owners respectively of 5895 and 6812 acres, valued at £2864 and £4562 per annum. Comprising the former parish of Arndilly and part of that of Dundurens, Boharm is in the presbytery of Aberlour and sjmod of Moray ; its minister's income is £315. The parish church BOLESKINE AND ABERTARFF (rebuilt 1793 ; 575 sittings) stands \\ mile WSW of Mulben, and there is also a Free church. Of 4 public schools— Blackhillock, Boharm, Forgie, and Maggy- knockater — the second is now amalgamated with the first ; but in 1879, with respective accommodation for 80, 72, 74, and 126 children, they had an average at- tendance of 45, 44, 24, and 75, and grants of £24, 3s., £37, £27, 17s., and £68, 15s. 6d. Valuation (1882), £4464. Pop. (1831) 1385, (1841) 1261, (1861) 1412, (1871) 1337, (1881) 1166.— Orrf. Sur., sh. 85, 1876. Bohunton, a village near the mutual boundary of In- verness-shire and Argyllshire, 16 miles "from its post- to^vn Fort William. Boindie. See Boyndie. Boisdale, a hamlet and a sea-loch in South Uist parish, Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire. The hamlet lies near the head of the sea-loch, and has a post office under Lochmaddy, with money order and savings' bank depart- ments. The loch opens 3 miles N of the south-eastern extremity of South Uist island ; penetrates iipwards of 4 miles westward, to within IJ mile of the W coast ; has a very indented outline and numerous islets ; is one of the best, safest, and largest harbours in the kingdom ; and affords shelter to vessels in the Baltic trade under stress of weather. A small half-ruined tower is at its entrance. Bold Bum, a rivulet of the eastern section of Traquair parish, E Peeblesshire. Rising on the S slope of Far Hill (1732 feet), it runs past Bold Rig (1280 feet), 2| miles north-north-westward to the Tweed, 2 miles E of Innerleithen. Boleskine and Abertarff, a united parish of central Inverness-shire, containing the NE foot of Loch Oich and the SW head of Loch Ness, where stands the village of Fort Augustus, 33J miles SE of Inverness, and 31^ NW of Fort William, by the Caledonian Canal. The Abertarff portion lies mostly to the W of Loch Ness and the Canal, the Boleskine portion to the E ; and the whole parish is bounded NE by Dores and Da\'iot, E by Moy, S by Laggan, SWby KUmonivaig, NWbyUrquhart- Glenmoriston. It has a length from N to S of from 8| to 15 miles, a breadth from E to W of from 1§ to 20 miles, and an area estimated at 210 square miles, including the Farraline detached portion (2| x 1| miles) surrounded by Daviot and Dores, but excluding the Dell and Killin portions of Dores, surrounded by Boleskine itself. Be- sides Lochs Oich and Ness, which lie at an altitude above sea-level of 105 and less than 50 feet, it contains Loch Garth (13 x 4 furl, at 618 feet), Loch nan Lann (5^x2^ furl.). Loch Knockie (10x1 to 4 furl.), Loch Tarff (5x5 furl, at 956 feet). Loch nan Ean (3^x1 furl), Loch Killin (9x2 furl.). Loch Uanagan (4x1 furl. ), all of them in the eastern division, and nearly 50 smaller lochs and tarns. The principal rivers are the Oicn, running 6| miles NNE out of Loch Oich to Loch Ness ; the Moriston, tracing 5 miles of the Urquhart boundary ; and the Tarff and the Foyers, which, with their head-streams and innumerable affluents, drain all the eastern portion of the parish to Loch Ness. Save in the Great Glen, traversed by the Canal, and in Strath- ERRiCK to the NE, which are comparatively low and level, the surface everywhere is grandly mountainous. In the western division rise Burach (1986 feet), *Meall na Ruahaig (1588), and *Carn Mhic Raonuill (1862), the asterisks marking those summits that culminate just on the boundary. In the eastern division the chief eleva- tions, from N to S, and crosswise from W to E, arc Cam Choire Riabhaich (1773 feet), Meall na Targaid (1016), Leachd nan Cisteachan (1926), Cam Fliuch-bhad (2153), and *Carn na Saobhaidhe (2658) ; Beinn a' Bhacaidh (1812), Bein Mheadhoin (1773), and Doire Meurach (2582) ; Cam Dubh (2495), Cam a' Choire Ghlaise (2555), and *Borrach Mor (2686) ; Creag Ardochy (1417), Dubh Lochan (2205), Cairn Vangie (2331), Cam Easgann Bana (2554). Meall nan Uamh (2297), An Staingeach (2748), and *Fiadh Fardach (2805) ; Meall a' Cholumain (1034), Cam a' Chuilinn (2677), Meall Caca (2490), *Carn Odhar na Criche (2927), *Caim Ewen(2870), and *Carn na Criche (2820) ; and, on the southern boundary, belonging to 171 BOLFRACKS the heavy, rounded Monadh-Leadh chain, MuUach a' Ghliune (1734), Cam Leac (2SS9), Coukieyairack (2922), Geal Cham (2S33), Meall na h'Aisre (2S25), and Cam Fraoich (2511). Gneiss suiTounds all the head of Loeli Ness, but on the E is iuterrapted by granite, occasionally syenitic or poiph>Titic, which reaches northward into Stratherrick, a valley that seems to be an old lake-basin, drained by the chasm at the Falls of Foyers, these being situated in the red conglomerate ; and granite and lime- stone have both been extensively quarried. Sheep-farm- tug is the chief source of wealth, from thirty to forty thousand sheep being pastured here ; and what little arable land there is, in Glenmore and Stratherrick, varies greatly in kind and quality, ranging from clay to gravel, and from peat moss to argillaceous loam. JMuch natural wood, the vestige seemingly of one vast forest, remains ; and the shores of Loch Ness and the course of the Moris- ton are finely wooded. Up to the 15th century the whole of the united parish belonged to the Frasers of Lovat ; but now, besides Lord Lovat, there are A. T. F. Fraser of Abertarff, J. C. Cunningham of Foyers, and Col. Hast- ings Fraser of Ardochy, who hold respectively 20,063, 22,506, and 3000 acres in the shire, of an annual value of £2247, £2446, and £338, 10s. Their seats of Cullachy, Foyers, and Ardochy, are 1| mile S, 1 mile S by E, and 14 miles NE, of Fort Augustus ; and other mansions, Aberchalu ■f(R. A. Brewsfer) and Corriegarth (W. Tom- line), are 5^ miles SSW and 10 NE. Boleskine is in the presbytery of Abertarff and synod of Glenelg ; its minister's income is £291. The parish church (1717; 428 sittings) stands in Stratherrick, near Loch Garth, 12^ miles NE of Fort Augustus by General AVade's hilly militarj- road ; and the fioman Catholic church of the Immaculate Conception (1859 ; 130 sittings) lies 1;^ mile nearer that \aLlage, where are three more places of worship — Established, Free, and Roman Catholic. Four schools — Boleskine, Fort Augustus, Knockchoilum, and "Whitebridge (R. C. ) — with respective accommodation for 100, 100, 35, and 68 children, had in 1879 an average attendance of 60, 51, 12, and 15, and grants of £51, Is., £52, 19s. 6d., £5, ISs. 6d., and £11, lis. 6d. Valua- tion (1881) £10,661, Is. 2d., of which £5555, 9s. be- long to Lord Lovat. Pop., mostly Gaelic-speaking, (1801) 1799, (1821) 2096, (1831) 1829, (1851) 2006, (1861) 1743, (1871) 1578, (1881) 1447, of whom 575 were in the registration district of Boleskine, and 872 in that of Fort Augustus or Abertarff. Pop. of g'. s. parish (1871) 1465, the remainder being included in GLENGAiaiY. — Orel. Sar., shs. 63, 73, lS'73-78. Bolfracks, a detached section (4§ x 1^ miles) of Fort- ingal parish, central Perthshire, on the S bank of the Tay, between Aberfeldy and Taymouth Castle. Bol- fracks House here belongs to the Earl of Breadalbane. A beautiful building-stone is extensively quarried, and was used for the construction of Taymouth Castle. Bolshan, an estate in Kinnell parish, Forfarshire. It belonged anciently to Arbroath abbey ; passed, before the middle of the 15th century, to Sir John Ogilvy of Lentrathen ; was sold, in 1634, to the first Earl of Southesk ; went to the crown in 1716, on the attainder of tlie fifth Earl ; M-as sold, in 1720, to the York Build- ings' Company ; and, on the bankruptcy of that company in 1764, was purchased by Sir James Carnegie of Pittar- row. A castellated mansion, the special residence of the Ogilvy family, stood on the estate, and had a chapel ^^•ith a cemetery ; but was entirely removed in the latter part of last century. Boltachan, a mountain tarn in Comrie parish, Perth- shire, 1^ mile N of St Fillans village. Lying 1483 feet above sea-level, it measures 2 by H furlongs ; sends off a burn running 3^ miles soutli -eastward to the Earn ; and abounds with trout averaging two to the lb. Bolton, a handct and a parish of central Haddington- sliire. The hamlet lies toward the N of the parish, on the left bank of Coalston Water, 3 miles S by W of Haddington, its post-town and railway station ; and at it are the parish church (1809 ; 300 sittings), the manse, and the public school. The parish is bomided XAV., X, and NE by Hadding- 172 BONALLY TOWER ton, E by Yester, SW by Humbie, and W by Salton. With a very irregular outline, it has an extreme length from N by E to S by W of 5 miles, a width from E to W of from ^ to 2§ miles, and an area of '31061 acres. Coal- ston Water, a trout-stream of much gentle beauty, traces the north-eastern and the northern boundary ; Birns Water, the south-western ; and between these two rivu- lets the surface has a general southward rise, from about 200 feet above sea-level to 426 on the Gitlbrd and Salton road, and 700 beyond Ewingston in the extreme SE. The rocks include coarse sandstone, and perhaps lime- stone too, but nowhere lie exposed, except for a short stretch of the Coalston's channel ; the soil is in one part poor, consisting of tenacious yellow clay resting on tilly subsoil, but elsewhere is mostly a fertile clay or strong argillaceous loam. Nearly 400 acres are planted, and 55 or so are permanent pasture, the rest being all under the plough. The ' Chesters ' is a greatly defaced square camji, 7 fm-longs S by E of the hamlet ; and at the hamlet itself stood a mansion ■ftith a park (The Orchards), which is said to have belonged to John Hepbm-n of Bolton, executed (3 Jan. 1568) as a leading associate in Darnley's murder. From the St Hilaries and the Viponts the manor of Bolton came to George, fourth Lord Halyburton (c. 1450), to Patrick Hepburn, first Earl of Bothwell (d. 1507), and to W^illiam Maitland, the famous Secretary Lethington (d. 1573), whose nephew was in 1624 created Earl of Lauderdale and Baron Thirle- staine and Boltoun, a title stiU borne by the present twelfth Earl. The fourth, however, sold the barony itself to Sir Thomas Livingston (Viscomit of Teviot in 1696) ; and he, in turn, transferred it in 1702 to Walter Stuart, ilaster of Blantyre, whose collateral descendant, the twelfth Lord Blantj're, is one of the present 8 pro- prietors — 3 holding each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 4 of between £100 and £500, and 1 of from £50 to £100. Eaglescarnie (Al. Chs. Stuart, Esq.), the onl}^ mansion, stands on the Coalston, 1^ mile ESE of the hamlet. Bolton is in the presbytery of Haddington and synod of Lothian and Tweeddale ; the minister's income is £265. In the extreme W is a Free church for Bolton and Salton, \\ mile NNW of the latter village, 2 SW of the former. The school, with accommodation for 68 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 22, and a grant of £27, 4s. Valuation (1881) £4330, 13s. Pop. (1801) 252, (1851) 373, (1871) 364, (1881) 337.— Orel. Sur., sh. 33, 1863. Bombie, a ruined castle in Kirkcudbright parish, Kirk- cudbrightshire, 3 miles E of Kirkcudbright town. It belonged from 1227 and earlier to the Maclellans, an- cestors of the Barons Kirkcudbright (1633-1832). A glen, a hill (400 feet), and a small hamlet of its own name are in its vicinit}'. Bona, an ancient parish of NE Inverness-shire, now united to Inverness parish. The central part of it is at Bona Ferry, on Loch Dochfour, 6 miles SW of Inverness. A school-house, used for religious service, the ruins of the ancient church, and remains of a 'Roman station,' formerly identified with the Banatia Urbs of the false Richard of Cirencester, are in the vicinity of the ferry ; and a rude mediffival fortress, called Castle Spiritual, and probably designed to command the passage of the Ness, stood near the site of the ' Roman station,' and was partly removed in operations for improving the Caledonian Canal. During the progress of tliese opera- tions, at and near the fortress there were found some coins of Queen Elizabeth, a number of well-preserved human bones, a complete human skeleton, and a stone- encased nest of live toads. Bonally Tower, a mansion in Colinton parish, Edin- burglishire, 5 miles SW of Edinburgh, and IJ S of Colinton station. Standing at the base of the Pentland HiUs, and engirt by exquisite grounds, through which two head-streams of the l)raid Burn descend from Cape- law Hill and from tlie neighbouring Clubbiedean and Tordutf reservoirs, it comjirises a peel tower, added in 1838 to an older house, and was the seat of the judge Lord Cockburn (1779-1854) from 1811 till his death here, as later of Wm. Ballantyne Hodgson, LL.l). (1815- BONAR-BRIDGE 80), professor of economic science in the University of Edinburgh. Bonar-Bridge, a village in Creich parish, SE Suther- land, at a strait towards the head of Dornoch Firth, 1 mile XE of Ardgay, -where is Bonar-Bridge station, 13| miles WxsW of Tain. It comprises a line of houses, overlooking the water ; is a thriving place, more than doubled in size in the 40 years up to ISSl ; and has a post office (Bonar village) under Ardgay, an office of the Caledonian Bank, an hotel, a police station, and a public school. The bridge across the Firth here, from which the village takes its name, was constructed (1811-12) by Telford at a cost of £13,971. It consists of an iron arch of 150 feet span, and of two stone arches of 60 and 50 feet respectivelv, presenting a water-way of 260 feet. —r^rh s-)r,:^ sh. 10-2, ISSl. Bonawe. See Bu^awe. Boncastle. See Douglas. Bonchester, a hUl and a hamlet in Hobkirk parish, Koxbm-ghshire. The hill rises to the E of the hamlet ; is a beautiful, verdant, round-shouldered eminence, at- taining an altitude of 1059 feet above sea -level ; shows remains of ancient fortifications ; and is believed to have been occupied by the Romans xmder the name of Bona Castra ('good camp'). The hamlet lies on the left bank of Rule Water, 8 miles SSW of Jedburgh ; bears the name Bonchester-Bridge ; and has a post office under Hawick. Bonerbo. See Caexeee. Bo'ness. See BoKEOwsTorx^ESS. Bonessan, a village in KUfinichen and KUviceuen parish. Mull island, Argj-Ushire, at the head of Loch Sloch, near the mouth of Loch Scriden, 6 miles E of the western extremity of the Ross of Mull, and 27 miles WSW of Oban. It has a post office under Oban, "with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, the parish church (1804 ; 350 sittings), and a public , school. Bongate, a suburban village in Jedburgh parish, Rox- burghshire, on the right side of the river Jed, contiguous to Jedburgh town, and straggling upwards of 500 yards, from near the E end of Townfoot-Bridge, along the road to Kelso. An ancient cross stood at it, and probably is represented by a large extant stone, covered with in- distinct characters, and with representations of animals. Upwards of 90 Saxon silver coins were exhumed, in 1827, from a neighbouring field ; they belonged to three different reigns, but chiefly to that of Ethelrei Bonhard, an estate, with an ancient mansion, in Car- riden parish, Linlithgowshire. The mansion stands li mile SE of Borrowstounness, and is now occupied by a farmer. Coal and iron have been worked on the estate, the former from a comparatively remote period. Bonhard, a farm on the E side of Scone parish, Perth- shire. Two ancient Caledonian stone circles are on it, each about 21 feet in diameter, and comprising 9 stones. Bonhill (Gael, hogh n'uill, 'foot of the rivulet'), a town and a parish of Dumbartonshire. The former stands on the left bank of the Leven, which here is crossed by an iron suspension bridge (1836) of 438 feet span, leading to the town and station of Alexandria, that station being 3§ miles X of Dumbarton, 19 J "U'1N"W of Glasgow, If S by E of BaUoch pier on Loch Lomond, and 31 J AVSW of Stirling. Like Alexandria hardly a century old, BonhiU consists of one long well-built street, and has a post and telegraph office, a branch of the Commercial Bank, a local savings' bank, a hand- some Gothic parish church (1836; 1150 sittings) with a square clock-tower, a Free church (1844) of red free- stone, with a spire, and a U.P. church (1830). A horse- fair is held on the first Thursdav of February. Pop. (1841) 2041, (1861) 2768, (1871) 2510, (1881) 2983. The parish contains also the town of Alexandria and the villages and stations of Jamestown and Balloch, 1 mile N and li N by W of BonhUl town. Bounded N by Loch Lomond, NE by KQmaronock, SE by Dum- barton, SW by Cardross, and W and XW by Luss, it has an extreme length from E to "W of 5§ miles, a width from N to S of from 2 to 3^ mUes, and an area of 9191^ BONHILL acres, of which 8184 are water. The foot of Loch Lo- mond (23 feet above sea-level) belongs, for 2 miles on the western and f mile on the eastern shore, to Bonhill ; and Smollett's Leven flows from it 3 miles southward through the parish, which it divides into two fairly equal halves. Along it lies the level Tale of Leven, from 6 to 11 furlongs wide, a pleasant valley still, though it had lost its Arcadian character so early even as 24 Aug. 1803, the day when Coleridge, "Word- sworth, and his sister Dorothy drove up it from Dum- barton to Lues, and the last in her journal described it as ' of no extieme beauty, though prettily wooded ; the hills on each side not very high, sloping backwards from the bed of the vale, which is neither very narrow nor very wide ; the prospect closed by Ben Lomond and other mountains. 'The vale,' she continues, 'is popu- lous, but looks as if it were not inhabited by cultivators of the earth ; the houses are chiefly of stone, often in rows by the river side ; they stand pleasantly, but have a tradish look, as if they might have been off-sets from Glasgow' {Tour in Scotland, ed. by Princ. Shairp, 1874, p. 62). Right of this valley the surface rises westward to 901 feet on Auchindennan Muir, 714 on Darleith Muir, 995 on Bromley Muir, and 940 on Overton Mvdr ; left of it, eastward, to 297 feet near Over Balloch, 691 near Auchcarroch, and 843 on the Dumbarton border. The leading formations are Old Red sandstone in the W, and elsewhere Lower Silurian ; the soil of the arable lands is mostly a fertile loam, resting on a clay subsoil. More than 300 acres are planted with larches and Scotch pines ; but the two famous ash-trees have wholly or almost disappeared, that in the churchyard (girthing 26J feet at 3 from the ground, and 113 high) having been blown down by the gale of 1 Xov. 1845, whilst the other at Bonhill Place (at 3 feet girthing 34) is represented only by the shell, 12 by 3 feet, of one side of the tnvak (Trans. Higlil. and Ag. Soc, 1880, p. 132). Bleaching was started on the banks of the Leven in 1728, and the first print-field 40 years afterwards, break- ing up the valley's pastoral solitude, but greatly im- proving the rental ; to-day there are 5 calico printing and Turkey-red dye works — at Dalmonach near Bonhill town, Leven Bank near Balloch, Alexandria, etc., — together employing between 3000 and 4000 hands. The Lennox and Lindsay families were anciently connected with this parish, the former in the 15th century hold- ing the whole of it, along with old Balloch Castle, only whose fosse remains ; and the latter in the 17th owning the lands of BonhiU, which after the Restoration passed to Sir James Smollett, grandfather of the celebrated novelist, and founder of a house whose fortunes are traced in Irving's Account of the Family of Smollett of Bonhill (Dumb. 1859). At present the principal man- sions, with the owners or occupiers, and the extent and annual value of their estates within the shire, are — Arden House, on the W shore of Loch Lomond, 3J miles NAY of Balloch station (Jas. Lnmsden, 1447 acres, £923) ; Cameron House, li mile WXW of same (Patrick Smollett, 1733 ac, £336'0) ; Lennoxbank, near same (Arch. Orr Ewing, M.P. for Dumbartonshire since 1868, 201 ac, £4340); modern Balloch Castle, on the E shore of Loch Lomond, 1 mile N of same (A. J. D. Brown, 893 ac, £1274) ; AVesterton House, 2\ miles KE of same (Jas. Hill Kippen, 733 ac, £868); Tullichewan Castle, 1 mile N bv W of Alexandria (Jas. Campbell, 1112 ac, £1821); Bonhill Place, 1 mile S of same (Stewart Tumbull), and Darleith House, 3 miles X by "W of Cardross (Arch. Yuille). In the presbytery of Dum- barton and synod of Glasgow and A3T, Bonhill, as enlarged in 1650 by annexations from Luss and Kihnaro- nock, is divided into the quoad sacra parishes of Bonhill and Alexandria, the stipend of the former being £410. A cemetery, 5 acres in extent, was formed for the whole parish at Alexandria in 1881, at a cost of £2000. Be- sides 2 schools at Alexandria, there are 2 public schools, at Bonhill town and South Jamestown, which , with respective accommodation for 466 and 309 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 203 and 239 day, and 48 and 68 evening, scholars, with grants for the 173 BONITOWN former of £215, 16s. and £295, 9s. 6d., for the latter of I £18, 17s. and £34, 17s. Valuation (1865) £28,741 ; | (1881) £42,362, 16s., including 2^ miles of the Dum- | bartonshire and 2 of the Forth and Clyde Junction i sections of the North British. Pop. (1801) 2460, (1831) I 3874, (1841) 6682, (1851) 7643, (1S61) 8866, (1871) 9408, (1881) 12,581.— Ord Sitr., sh. 30, 1866. Bonitown. See Bonxingtox. Bonjedward, a village in Jedburgh parish, Roxburgh- shire, f mile above the influx of the Jed to the Teviot, and 2 miles N of Jedburgh. It occupies the site of a Roman station, and was long a place of some note and strength. Bonjedward House, hard by, was the dower house of the Dowager Marchioness of Lothian (d. 1877). Bonkle, a village in Cambusnethan parish, Lanark- shire, in a picturesque situation on the Allanton estate, 3 miles ENE of Wishaw. A U.P. church here was built in 1818, and contains 560 sittings. Bonnet Hill. See Dundee. Bennington, a subm-b on the mutual border of St Cuthbert's and North Leith parishes, Edinburghshire, on the Water of Leith, and on the Edinburgh and Leith branch of the North British railway, in the south-western vicinity of Leith. It comprises numerous neat villas and good lofty houses ; presents an appearance in keep- ing M"ith the best part of Leith ; and has a station on the railway, a U. P. church hall, a girls' public school, and a mineral spring. The U. P. hall, a Gothic edifice, was ei'ected in 1875 at a cost of about £1200, contains 250 sittings, and was to be followed by the erection of a contiguous church. Bennington, a hamlet in Ratho parish, Edinburgh- shire, 1 J mile SW of Ratho village. — Bonnington House, in the south-western vicinity of the hamlet, is a mansion of 1622. Bonnington estate, around the mansion and the hamlet, belonged anciently to Robert de Erskine ; in the middle of the 17th century, to Lord Collington ; in subsequent times, to successively the Durhams, the Cun- ninghams, and the AVilkies. Bonnington. See Arbirlot. Bonnington, an estate, with a mansion and a famous waterfall, in the SW of Lanark parish, Lanarkshire. The estate belonged to the Baillies of Lamington, heirs of Sir William AVallace ; passed by marriage to the Car- michaels (c. 1590), to Robert Dundas of Aruiston (c. 1757), and to Admiral Sir John Lockhart-Ross (1721-90) ; and now belongs to Sir Charles W. F. A. Ross, Bart. , of Balxagowan, Ross-shire, who owns in Lanarkshire 1421 acres, valued at £1511 per annum. The mansion on it stands near the Clyde, within ^ mile of Corra Linn ; superseded an old mansion of the Baillies ; was built by Sir John L. Ross, after designs by Gillespie Graham ; and contains a portrait of Sir William Wallace, a rude old chair called Wallace's, and a small ancient cup, girt with a silver hoop, and kno\vn as ' Wallace's quaigh,' — all brought, long years ago, from Lamington Castle. The grounds around the mansion are natiu'ally beautiful, and highly improved by art ; they are open to tourists, and include the path leading to the fall. This, Bonning- ton Linn, is the uppermost of the three famous falls of the Clyde ; occurs about a mile above the mansion, and 2f miles S of Lanark ; is a sheer leap of the whole river over a precipice of 30 feet ; and has a projecting break in the middle of the breadth, which splits the descend- ing mass of waters, and gives a twofold power to their scenic effect. The fall becomes an abyss, the abyss a rivtr-torrent ; and the river-torrent careers for about ^ mile along a dark wild chasm, with mural faces 70 to 100 feet high. The scenery is most imposing and pic- turesque ; and, in its most striking part, is well beheld from a light iron bridge bestriding the river near the fall. See pp. 33-39 of Dorothv Wordsworth's Tour in Scotland (ed. by Princ. Shairp, 1874). Bonnington, Ayrshire. See Bonntton. Bonny, a rivulet of Duml)arton and Stirling shires. It rises in the SE of Cumbernauld parish, and runs about 7 miles north-ea.stward, partly along the boundary be- tween Denny and Falkirk parishes, to the river Carron, a little below Dunipace church. 174 BOONDBEIGH Bonnybank, a hamlet in the NE of Kennoway parish, Fife, 1 mile NNE of Kennoway village. Bonnybridge, a village partly in Denny but mostly in Falkirk parish, Stirlingshire, on Bonny Water and the Forth and Clyde Canal, f mile N of the Edinburgh and Glasgow section of the North British railway, and 4 miles W of Falkirk. It has a station on the railway, a post ofiice, with money order and savings' bank de- partments, a literary hall, a paper-mill, a saw-mill, 2 iron-foundries, and a public school, which, with accom- modation for 300 children, had (1879) an average attend- ance of 267, and a grant of £254, 14s. 6d. Pop. (1871) 731, Bonnymuir, a bleak, moorish rising ground in Falkirk parish, Stirlingshire, adjacent to the S side of the Edin- burgh and Glasgow railway, and 1 mile SSE of Bonny- bridge. A skirmish took place here on 25 April 1820, between 30 pike-armed Radical weavers from Glasgow and a detachment of hussars and yeomanry. The affair has been called the Battle of Bonnymuir ; but was of consequence only as terminating a period of intense poli- tical excitement in the W of Scotland. Nineteen of the Radical skirmishers were taken prisoners, and lodged in Stirling Castle ; and, after being brought to trial, two of them were executed, the rest transported. See chap, xiv. of Nimmo's Stirlingshire (3d ed. 1880). Bonnyrigg, a village on the NW border of Cockpen parish, Edinburghshire, near the Edinburgh and Peebles railway, f mile SSE of Lasswade, and 2 miles SW of Dalkeith. Only a collier village when the Queen drove through it (14 Sept. 1842), it now presents the aspect of a cleanly, pleasant, well-built little town, a summer resort of families from Edinburgh. It is governed by a body of commissioners under the general police and im- provement act of 1862 ; and it has a post office, with money order and savings' bank departments, a railway station, a public park (1869) of f>\ acres, a bowling-green (1871), i^ublic waterworks (1871), a handsome Free church, a public hall, and a girls' school. Pop. (1861) 898, (1871) 1510, (1881) 2060. Bonnjrton, a suburb of Kilmarnock, in Kilmarnock parish, Ayrshire. Pop. (1861) 630, (1871) 746, (1881) 866. Bonnyton. See Boxningtok. Bonnjrtoun, a mansion 1| mile NE of Linlithgow, the seat of Adam Dawson, Esq. (b. 1829 ; sue. 1873), owner of 409 acres in the shire, valued at £798 per annum. Bonshaw Tower, an old mansion in the extreme NE of Annan parish, Dumfriesshire, on the right bank of Kirtle Water, 3J miles ESE of Ecclefechan. It is the seat of Rt. Nasmyth Irving, Esq. (b. 1827 ; sue. 1870), owner of 1435 acres in the shire, valued at £1326 per annum. A marshy tract, called Bonshaw Flow, extends to the SW. Bony Brae, a place near Wooden in Kelso parish, Rox- burghshire. It took its name from the upturning by the plough of quantities of human bones ; and is sup- posed to have been the scene of some unrecorded battle between the Scots and either the English or the Danes. Bonytown, an estate, with a quondam ancient castle, in Marytou parish, Forfarshire. The estate belonged to the family of Wood, and now is part of the estate of Old Montrose. The castle, the Woods' residence, is re- presented by only vestiges of a moat. Boon, a hill and a farm in Legerwood parish, Berwick- shire. The hill culminates 3 miles ESE of Lauder ; has a round massive outline ; is an offshoot or south-western abutment of the Lammermuir range ; and has an altitude of 1070 feet above sea-level. The farm extends south- south-westward from the hill ; and has what is thought to have been an ancient market cross, a shaft of sand- stone sunk into a square block of the same material. Boondreigh, a rivulet of W Berwickshire. It rises among the Lammermuirs, near the south-western bound- ary of Craushaws parish ; runs about 7 miles south-west- ward, chiefly along the boundaiy between Lauder parish on the right and Westruther and Legerwood parishes on the left ; and falls into the Leader, 2 miles SE of Lauder town. BOON-THE-BRAE BOEGUE Boon-The-Brae, a place with the site of an ancient cliapel, in Neilston parish, Renfrewshire. Booshala. See Buachaille. Boot-Hill. See Scoxe. Boquhan, au estate and a burn of N Stirlingshire. The estate, which is traversed by the lower part of the burn, lies in Kippen and Gargunnock parishes ; its man- sion, on the right bank, 1^ mile E of Kijipen village, is the seat of Capt. Hy. jn. Fletcher-Campbell, R.N. (b. 1S37 ; sue. 1877), owner of 5679 acres in the shii-e, valued at £3185 per annum. Here formerly stood a baronial fortalice, which witnessed some sharp collisions of the clans. The burn rises in the N of Finti'y parish, be- tween two of the Lennox hills, which have altitudes of respectively 1582 and 1676 feet above sea-level ; runs IJ mile north-eastward to the boundary of Gargunnock parish ; traces that boundary 4 miles northward, divid- ing Gargunnock from Balfron and Kippen ; traverses a glen so grandly romantic, so beautifidly wild, as to have been sometimes compared to the Trossachs ; and falls into the Forth in the northern vicinity of Kippen station. Bora, an uninhabited islet in Rendal parish, Orkney, opposite Millburn harbour, in Gairsay. Bord, a lake of about 4 acres, containing pike and fre- quented by wild duck and teal, in Kirkintilloch parish, Dumbartonshire. Border Counties Railway, a railway, commencing at Riccarton Junction, in the S of Roxburghshire, going thence 5| miles eastward to the English border, and thence proceeding to a junction with the Newcastle and Carlisle railway in the vicinity of Hexham. Authorised in 1854 and completed in 1862, it was amalgamated with the North British in 1860. Border Union Railway, a railway partly in Roxburgh- shire and Dumfriesshire, and going thence to Carlisle. It commences in a junction with the Hawick branch of the North British railway at Ha^vick ; goes southward up the vale of Slitrig AVater across the watershed be- tween Teviotdale and Liddesdale p)ast Riccarton, and down the valley of the Liddel past Newcastleton, into England ; and sends ofl' branches to Langholm, Canonbie, and Gretna. Authorised in 1859 and completed in 1862, it has formed since 1860 part of the North British system. Bordlands. See Bokeland. Boreland, an ancient castle, now represented by mere vestiges, in the S of Old Cumnock parish, Ayrshii-e. Boreland, a farm in Walston parish, Lanarkshire. A brass tripod, supposed to be Roman, was exhumed on it by the plough, and two caverns on it, one of them 40 feet long and 5 feet high, are believed to have been formed by mining operations in the reign of James V. Boreland, a village in Hutton parish, Dumfriesshire, on Dryfe Water, 7 miles NNE of Lockerbie. It has a post office under Lockerbie, with money order and savings' bank departments. Boreland House, and the vaulted ruin of an ancient baronial tower, are in its vicinity. Boreland, a collier village mostly in Dysart, but partly in Wemyss parish, Fife, adjacent to the North British railway, 1^ mile N of Dysart town. It was founded about 1735. A public school, with accommoda- tion for 87 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 42, and a grant of £26, 17s. Boreland. See Anwoth and Boegue. Boreland or Bordlands, a hill 1013 feet above sea- level, in Newlands parish, Peeblesshire, to the W of Newlands church, and SJ miles S by E of West Linton. It is crowned by an ancient circumvallation, called Bore- land Rings. An estate around it, of its own name, was purchased for £7350 in 1805 by Mr Wm. Aitchison, and by him improved at a cost of £20,000. In 1851, it passed for £11,000 to the late Mr Alex. M'Neill, who built on it a pleasant mansion. Boreland Park. See Auchterarder. Boreray, an island in North Uist parish, Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire, 3 miles W of the northern extremity of North Uist island, and 3 SW of Bernera. It measures about IJ mile in length, and ^ mile in bi-eadth, and is very fertile. About 47 Scotch acres of good allu-vial soil were, not long ago, obtained by the draining of a lake, at a cost of only £125. There is a Free Church mission for Boreray and Bernera. Pop. (1861) 156, (1871) 146. Boreray, an islet of Harris parish, Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire, lying far W in the Atlantic, 2 miles N of St Kilda. It measures about 1 mile in circuit. Borestone, a southern suburb of St Ninians town, Stirlingshire. Borgie, a river of Tongue parish, N Sutherland. Issuing from Loch Loyal (369 feet above sea-level), it flows 102 miles north-north-eastward, partly along the boundary with Farr ; passes early in its com-se through Lochs Creagach (l§xj mile) and Slaim (ix|); and falls into Torrisdale Bay, at a point about 1 mile W of the mouth of the Naver. Its waters abound with trout, and are well frequented by grilse and salmon ; while those of Lochs Creagach and Slaim contain also large yellow trout, salmo-ferox, char, and large pike. Borgue, a village and a coast parish of Kirkcudbright- shire. The village stands 1§ mile N by W of the head of Bridgehouse Bay, and 5i miles SW of Kirkcudbright, its post-town and railway station ; at it are a post office, a good hotel, a Free church, and the parish church (1814 ; 500 sittings), surrounded by fine old trees, and known as the ' visible kirk ' from its conspicuous site. The parish also contains four hamlets — High Borgue, 2 miles NNE of the village ; Low Borgue, 5 furlongs E by N ; Chapeltou, 4J fmdongs W ; and Kirkandrews, 2 miles W by S ; and it comprises the ancient parishes of Senwick in the SE and Kirkandrews in the SW, the former annexed in 1618, the latter at an earlier period. It is bounded E by Twyuholm and for 3| miles by Kirkcudbright Bay, SW by the Solway Firth, and NW by Girthon. In shape resembling a triangle, with apex to the N and base to the SW, it has a width across that base of 6J miles, an extreme length from the Old Military Road to Dunrod Point of 7| miles, and an area of 15,177i acres, of which 72 are water and 1574J fore- shore. The eastern seaboard is broken by the baylets of Goat Well and Senwick, and by Balmangau Bay (6 x 2^ furl. ) ; off it lie Freuchman's Rock and Little Ross is- land with a lighthouse. Along the south-western coast are the bays of Fallbogue, Bridgehouse (1 x ^ mile), and Kirkandrews ; the islets of Three Brethren, Barlocco, and Ardwall ; and the headlands of Slack Heugh, Mull, Dunrod, Borness, Ringdon, Meikle Pin- nacle, and Meggerland, immediately behind which head- lands rise Meikle Ross (200 feet), the Mull of Ross (200), Borness Bar (225), Muncraig Hill (200), Barn Heugh (196), and Bar Hill (100), commanding wide views to the Wigtownshire coast, the Cumberland mountains, and the Isle of Man. Inland the surface is very uneven, largely consisting of the alluvial bottoms of former lakes, encompassed with rising grounds and hillocks of end- less diversity of form ; from N to S, it attains 400 feet above sea-level near Gatehill and in Mark Hill, 350 at Minto Cottage, 325 in Boreland Moat, 200 near Pipers Walls, and 261 in Cairny Hill. Streams, with a general south-south-westward course, are numerous rather than important, the chief being Burnyard, Pulwhirrin, and Plunton burns. The prevailing formation is Silurian ; and iron-ore of poorish quality exists, but copper has been sought after in vain. A fertile rock soil has made Borgue famous for pasture grounds and cattle ; its honey also has a wide repute. Antiquities are Plunton Castle in the W, a massive square tm'reted tower, the scene of Scott's Doom of Dcmrgoil ; Balmangan Tower and traces of Manor Castle in the SE ; the ruins of Senwick and Kirkandrews churches and of the mansion-house of Borgue, a seat of the Blairs, besides five hill forts and a standing stone. More curious, though, than any of these is the prehistoric cave-dwelling at Borness Point, described in Procs. Sac. Scot. Ants., 1876, pp. 476-507. Measm-ing 29^ feet long, 21 to 14 wide, and 23 to 7 high, it has yielded 3586 bones or fragments of bones of oxen, sheep, pigs, red deer, mice, etc., and 123 objects of human art in bone, stone, bronze, iron, and glass. Two well-known natives were John M'Taggart (1791-1830), quaint author of the Gallovidian Encyclopedia, and 175 BORLAND William iSTicholson (1783-1S43), the Galloway pedlar- poet. Earlston House, IJ mUe N of the village and 5 miles SSE of Gatehouse, is a good modern residence, the seat of Lieut. -Col. Sir AVilliam Gordon, sixth Bart, since 1706, and one of the heroes of the Balaclava charge. (See Daliit.) Senwick and Borgue, the other chief mansions, are the seats of A. J. Corrie and A. Pringle, Esqs. ; and these 3 proprietors respectively own 765, 1062, and 1327 acres in the shire, valued at £1179, £1156, and £1628 per annum, while 5 others hold in Borgue a yearly value of between £500 and £1000, 8 of between £100 and £500, and 3 of from £20 to £100. Anciently held by Dryburgh Abbey, Borgue is now in the presbytery of Kirkcudbright and synod of Galloway ; its minister's income is £350. One public school, with accommodation for 178 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 96, and a grant of £95, 18s. Valuation (1881) £13,998, 7s. 6d. Pop. (1811) 858, (1831) 894, (1861) 1162, (1871) 1087, (18S1) 1129. See pp. 79-93 of Harper's Rambles in Galloway (Edinb. 1876). —Ord. Sur., sh. 5, 1857. Borland. See Boeeland. Borlay or Borralaidh, a loch in Durness parish, NAV Sutherland, 1 mile AVSW of Durness church. Lying 38 feet above sea-level, it is f mile long and from 1 to 2 furlongs wide ; is fed, through limestone rocks, by a subterranean stream ; has a green islet ^ mile long ; pre- sents a beautiful appearance ; and abounds in trout and char. Bomess. See Boegue. Bomish, an estate in South Uist parish. Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire. It comprises about 1600 acres, of which about 260 are arable. St Mary's Roman Catholic church here was built in 1837, and contains 400 sittings. Bomiskittag, a headland and a hamlet in Kilmuir parish. Isle of Skye, Inverness-shire, in the western vicinity of Kilmuir manse. The headland, for nearly 1 mile on its northern face, exhibits basaltic colonnades in picturesque combinations of form ; and, near its extremity, is pierced with three caves, one of which presents a some- what miniature resemblance to Fingal's Cave in Staifa. Borough Head, a promontory in the S of Wliithorn parish, "Wigtownshire, at the E side of the entrance of Luce Bay. It forms a projection at the extreme S of Scotland, similar to the Mull of Galloway ; describes the segment of a circle, on a chord of '2.\ miles from Broom Point on the E to the vicinity of Carghidown Castle on the "W ; tenninates in bold cliffs about 156 feet high, pierced with caves ; is crowned, on its southernmost point, with vestiges of a small fort or cairn ; and has, 3 furlongs ENE thereof, a natural archway among its cliffs, the Devil's Bridge. Borough Muir, a quondam open common in St Cuth- bert and Liberton parishes, Edinburghshire, adjacent to the S side of Edinburgh city. In 1504 it was over- grown with wood, of which it was mainly cleared in result of an order of the Edinburgh authorities allowing the citizens to purchase portions of the timber on highly advantageous terms ; in 1513 it was the ground where James IV. mustered and reviewed his army on the eve of marching to Flodden. A large chapel, dedicated to St Roque, stood at the W end of the common ; had a cemetery where victims of the plague were buried ; and, at the Reformation, was converted into private property. Much of the quondam common is occupied now by hand- some suburbs. A massive stone, in which was planted James IV. 's standard, still stands in a wall adjoining Momingsirisbane (b. 1844 ; sue. 1860), owner of 6933 acres, valued at £2050 per annum. Brishneal, a hill in Bracadale parish, Isle of Skye, Inverness-shire. It is situated on the coast, behind BRISTO Talisker ; it has a circular shape and a basaltic forma- tion ; it greatly resembles the Scuir of Eig, both in its form and in its columnar and reticulated features ; it rises to an altitude of about 800 feet above sea-level ; and it commands a magnificent view of the Storr, the Cuchullin Mountains, and a great extent of the Inver- ness-shire Hebrides. Bristo. See EDiXBuncn. Brittle or Bhreatal, a triangular sea-loch in the Min- ginish district of Bracadale parish, Isle of Skye, Inver- ness-shire. It enters 12 miles SE of the mouth of Loch Bracadale ; is flanked on the SE by Dunan Point ; is 3 miles long and 2 wide ; and receives at its head a stream of its own name. Broad Bay, a sea-inlet of Stomoway parish, Outer Hebrides, Ross-shire, between the mainland of Lewis and the Aird. Extending south-westward, it measures 8 miles in length, and from 5| to 2| in breadth ; and is so traversed by a simken reef as to be unsafe for strange mariners ; but is serviceable to mariners who are ac- quainted with its soundings and its anchorages. Broad Chapel, an estate in Lochmaben parish, Dum- friesshire. Broadfield, an estate, with a handsome modem man- sion, in Kilmalcolm parish, Renfrewshire. Broadford, a manufacturing locality iu Old ilachar parish, Aberdeenshire, subm-ban to Aberdeen. Broadford, a bay, a bum, and a village of Strath parish, Isle of Skye, Inverness-shire. The bay confronts the entrance of Loch Carron ; is screened at its mouth by Pabba island, and has a somewhat triangular outline, measuring oj miles vdde across the chord, and IJ mile thence to its inmost recess. The bum runs 5 miles north- north-eastward to the head of the bay, contains good store of trout, and is frequented by salmon. The village stands at the burn's mouth, 8^ miles WSW of Kyle Akin Ferry ; and is described by Mr Black in Madcap Violet ' as a little cluster of white hoi:ses, with a brilliant show of dahlias and a dark-green line of trees, right behind which rise the great red granite shoulders of Ben-na- Cailleach. ' At it are a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, an hotel, the parish church (1841 ; 900 sittings), a Free church, and a public school, which, with accommodation for 132 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 70, and a grant of £68, 19s. Cattle faii-s are held on the Thurs- day after the last Tuesday of May, and the Thm-sday after the third Tuesday of August, September, and Ifovember. See chap. v. of Alex. Smith's Summer in Skye (1866). Broadhaven, a small bay and a fishing village in Wick parish, Caithness, IJ mile E of TVick town. Veins of copper ore, and strong appearance of alum rock, are in the vicinity. Broadliill. See Aberdeen. Broad Law, a mountain at the meeting-point of Drum- melzier, Lvne, and Tweedsmuir parishes, Peeblesshire, 124 miles SW of Peebles. It belongs to the Hartfell group ; it sends off early aflluents to the Megget and the Tweed ; it is of easy ascent, and clothed with rich herbage ; it rises to an altitude of 2723 feet above sea- level ; and it commands a sublime prospect, from the English Border to the German Ocean. Broadlee, a farm in Roberton parish, Roxburghshire, near the Selkirkshire boundary, 7^ mUes WSW of Hawick. On it, 906 feet above sea-level, is a prehis- toric fort, in a state of comparatively good preservation. Broadley, a village in Enzie quoad sacra parish, Banff- shire. Broadley, a seat of manufacture near Neilston village, in Xeilston parish, Renfrewshire. Broadmeadows, an estate, with a mansion, in Hutton parish, Berwickshire. The mansion stands on the right side of the "VYhitadder, 3i nules ESE of Chirnside ; and is a modem edifice, of very fine white sandstone, and in the Grecian style. Broadmeadows, an estate, with a mansion, in Selkirk parish, Selkirkshire, on the N side of Yarrow "Water, 4J nules W by N of Selkirk tovra. BRODICK Broad Moss, a common of nearly 300 acres in the higher part of Rattray parish, Perthshire. It is rather a moor than a moss ; and it might be profitably covered with plantation. Broadsea, a fishing village in Fraserburgh parish, Aberdeenshire, a little ^y of Fraserbm-gh town. It has a Church of Scotland mission station, and a General As- sembly school. Pop. (1861) 371, (1871) 442. ' .. . "" Brocliel, a group of dilapidated strong ancient build- ings in Portree parish, Skye, Inverness-shire, on a ledgy rock, at the head of a small bay, near the middle of the E side of Rasay island. A small building of two low stories, with a narrow interior court, stands on a lower shelf of the rock, outward to its very edge ; and another small building of two low stories, surmounted by battlements, and recessed with two triangular loop-holed apartments, occupies all the summit of the rock. The only access to the lower building is an ascent on the sea- ward side, so steep that it can be climbed onl}' on all- fours, or at least with the aid of the hands ; the ap- proach to the higher building is through a narrow steep- roofed passage between the lower building and the base of the upper stage of the rock ; and the entire character of the place, as to both natural position and artificial structure, is so strong as to exhibit the very beau-ideal of adaptation to secmity and defence in the ages preced- ing the invention of gunpowder. The last occupant is said to have been a person of extraordinary prowess, a chief of the Macleods, in the rime of James YI., bearing the souhriq2iet of Eoin Garbh, or 'John the Athletic' Brochloch, a quondam ancient castle in Maybole parish, AjTshire. It was the scene of a skirmish, in 1601, between the retainers of the Earl of Cassillis and those of the Laird of Bargany ; and it is now represented by only some scanty ruins. Brock, a bum in the E of Renfrewshire. It rises in Mearns parish, near the boundary ^rith Ayrshire ; re- ceives soon the effluence from Brother Loch ; rujis north- ward to Balgray, Ryat-Linn, and Glen reservoirs, on the mutual boundary of Mearns, Neilston, and Eastwood parishes ; proceeds northward, partly along the boundary between Xeilston and Eastwood, partly within Eastwood ; and falls into the Levern, nearly 2 nules "W of Pollok- shaws. Its length of course, inclusive of nearlj- a mile through the reservoirs, is about 6i miles. Brocklehurst, a hamlet in Mousewald parish, Dum- friesshire. Brodichan or Brothacan, a loch in Crathie parish, SW Aberdeenshire, close to the Perthshire bopler, 9 miles SSW of Castleton of Braemar. Lying 2303 feet above sea-level, it measures 2J fuiiongs by 1, and teems with excellent trout. Brodick, a bay, a village, an old castle, and a quoad sacra parish in Kilbride parish, Arran, Buteshire. The bay is in the middle of the E side of Arran ; has a half- moon form ; measures 2| miles across the entrance ; and is flanked on the N by Merkland Point, on the S by CorriegiU Point. A fine smooth beach of sand and shingle, admirably adapted for bathing, lines its mar- gin ; a sweep of plain, sprinkled with little hamlets, rows of cottages, and pretty villas, spreads away from the beach ; and this plain is backed by a semi-amphi- theatre of mountains, cleft by the glens of Cloy, Shurig, and Rosie. — The village, on "the SW side of the bay, 44 miles X of Lamlash, and 14 WSW of Ardrossan, con- tains a number of neat residences, a spacious hotel, a small belfried church, and the Duke of Hamilton's school, which, with accommodarion for 99 chil'lren, had (1879) an average attendance of 81, and a grant of £72, 17s. 6d. A favourite summer resort of families from Glasgow, and even from the E of Scotland, it enjoys regular communication, by steam vessels, with Ardrossan and Greenock ; and has a commodious iron steamboat pier erected in 1872, a post office, with money order, sa%"ings' bank, insiuance, and telegraph depart- ments, under Ardrossan, a fair on the Tuesday after 20 June, a justice of peace small debt court on the first Monday of every month, and sheriff small debt courts four times a year. — The castle stands on a green 191 BRODIE terrace, amid a splendid park, on the N side of tlie bay; belongs to the Duke of Hamilton, the proprietor of most of Arran ; is chiefly a modern structure, in the old Baronial stjde, with steep crow-stepped gables, battle- mented roofs, flanking turrets, and a loit}' central tower ; and, together with its park, figures picturesquely and proudly on the seaboard. A fortalice on its site existed in the times of the Norse invaders and of the Lords of the Isles ; a reconstruction or an extension of that for- talice was an object of contention in the wars of Bruce and Baliol ; and some poi'tion of the mediaeval structure is retained in the walls of the present edifice. The quoad sacra j)arish is in the presbytery of Kintyre and synod of Argyll. Stipend, £120. Pop. of q. s. parish (1871) 1104.' (ISSl) 996; of registration district (1871) 928, (ISSl) 837. Brodie, an estate, with a mansion and a station, in Dyke and Moy parish, W Elginshire. Brodie Castle, in the southern vicinity of the station, and near the Nairn- shire boundary, is an irregular castellated edifice, partly old and partly modem ; a predecessor, Brodie House, was burned by Lord Le'ttis Gordon in 1645. For more than 500 years the Brodies have held the estate, the present representative, Hugh Fife Ashley Brodie, Esq. (b. 1840 ; sue. 1873), owiiing 4728 acres in the shire, valued at £2172 per annum. The station is on the Highland railway, 3| miles AV by S of Forres. Brodie's Cairn, a tumulus on Towie farm, in Aberdour parish, N Aberdeenshire. It is said to cover one quarter of a farmer who murdered his mother ; and three other cairns, of the same name, formerly were near it. Brodiesord. See Foedyce. Brogaig, a village in the W of Skye, Inverness-shire. Its post-town is Kilmuir under Portree. Brogar-Bridge, a bridge over the water-isthmus be- tween the two parts of Loch Stenness, in the SW of the mainland of Orkney. It is situated 9^ miles "W of Kirk wall ; and it takes across the road thence to Sandwick. Broich, an estate and a burn in Kippen parish, Stir- lingshire and Perthshire. The mansion on the estate adjoins the bui'n, and has adjacent to it one of the finest yew-trees in Scotland. The burn issues from Loch Leg- gan on Kippen Moor ; has been employed in floating away patches of moss ; and runs along a beautiful glen or vale to the Forth. Broich, an estate, with a mansion, in Crieff parish, Perthshire, f mile S of the town. The mansion, enlarged Is}'' a wing in 1881, is the seat of Alex. MacLaurin Monteath, Esq. (b. 1834 ; sue. 1880). An ancient Caledonian standing stone is on the estate ; and two larch-trees, overshadowing a circle of 12 yards in dia- meter, were on it in 1860, when their site, being trenched and levelled, was found to inhume two ancient stone cists, one of them containing human remains and an urn. Brolum, a sea-inlet, about 2^ miles long, on the SE coast of Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Ross-shire, about 8 miles ENE of Locli Seaforth. Bronach, a burn in Laggan parish, Inverness-shire. It is a mere runnel in dry weather, but it becomes a volu- minous and destructive torrent after a few hours of heavy rain. Brony, a rivulet in the E of Aberdeenshire. It rises on the confines of Bourtie and Udny parishes, and runs about 7 miles north-eastward to the river Ythan on the W border of Ellon parish. Broom, a village near the "W border of Aberdeenshire. Its post-to\\Ti is Khynie under Aberdeen. Broom, a small village in the Moy district of Dyke and Jloy parish, Elginsliire. Broom, a farm in Cummertrees parish, Dumfriesshire. A field at it, called Bruce's Acres, is said to have been the scene of a severe repulse of Robert Bruce by the Eng- lish, through the treachery of a blacksmith. A quan- tity of human bones and several swords were found not long ago in a neighbouring moss. Broom, a lake on the mutual border of Moulin, Logierait, and Dowally parishes, Perthshire, 4J miles E of Pitlochry. Lying 1000 feet above sea-level, it has an extreme length and breadth of 5i and 2 furlongs; 192 BROOMHILL and it is famed for its trout, as good and large as those of Loch Leven. Broom, a river and a sea-loch of NW Ross-shire. The river, rising among the Dirri Mountains, issues in two head-streams from two lakes 6 miles asunder. Lochs Bhraoin and Droma. Uniting its head-streams at a point 3| miles NE and 4| WNW of those lakes, it thence runs 4| miles N by W to the head of Loch Broom proper in the vicinity of Lochbroom church, and has throughout a rapid current. The sea-loch (Ptolemy's Volsas Bay), opening from the Minch, with a width of 12^ miles, goes 7 miles south-eastward with very little diminution of its width ; and is sprinkled, over these 7 miles, with Summer isles. Priest island, Gruinard island, Horse island, Du island, and a number of islets and skerries. It ramifies into Loch Broom proper in the N, Little Loch Broom in the middle, and Gruin- ard Bay in the S. Loch Broom proper commences with a width of 4 miles, goes 5 miles south-eastward with a maximum width of 4f, and a mean width of about 4 miles ; suddenly contracts to a width of about 1 mile, and goes 9| miles south-eastward and south-south-east- ward, with a mean width of about | mile, to Loch- broom church. Nearly all the loch, in both the larger and the proper sense, presents a picture of singular love- liness. Rocky promontories and sweeps of wood diversify its shores ; abrupt lofty mountains, with strong features, striking flexures, and bold amassments, form its cincture ; and Benmore of Coigach, one of the most remarkable mountains in the Highlands, for both contour and colour, occupies the middle portion of the N flank. Little Loch Broom goes 9^ miles south-eastward, with a mean breadth of about 1 mile, and is sepai'ated from Big Loch Broom by a peninsula from 2 to 4 miles wide, commencing in Cailleach Head, and comprising the mountains Ben Goleach (2074 feet) and Ben-nam-Ban (1893).— Ord Sur., sh. 92, 1881. Broomfield, a station in Montrose parish, Forfarshire, on the Montrose and Bervie railway, 1| mile N of Mont- rose town. Broomhall, the seat of the Earl of Elgin, in Dunferm- line parish, Fife. It stands on an elevated lawn, over- looking Limekilns village, ^ mile N of the Firth of Forth, and 2^ miles S by W of Dunfermline town. An elegant mansion, it contains the bed in which Charles I. was born, and the sword and helmet of King Robert Bruce, that sword with which Burns was knighted by Mrs Bruce of Clackmannan. The estate, called formerly West Gellet, does not seem to have come into the posses- sion of the Bruces till the early part of the 17th century ; its present holder Victor Alex. Bruce, ninth Earl of Elgin (ere. 1633) and thirteenth Earl of Kincardine (ere. 1647), was born in 1849 ; succeeded his father, the eminent diplo- matist, in 1863 ; and owns in the shire 2663 acres, valued at £12,080 per annum, including £3710 for minerals. Broomhall, a village on tlie E border of Perthshire, near the boundary with Forfarshire. Its post-town is Long- forgan, under Dundee. Broomhill. See Lochmaben. Broomhill, an estate, with a mansion, in the W of Dalserf parish, Lanarkshire, 1 mile SSW of Larkhall. It came into possession of John Hamilton, son of James, first Lord Hamilton, in 1473, and with his descendants it has since continued, its present owner being "NVm. Hy. M'Neill Hamilton of Raploch (b. 1827 ; sue. 1862). The original residence was a bartisaned fortalice, 4 stories high, and only 1 room wide ; bore the name of Auld Maehan Castle ; and was burned about 1570 by Sii William Drury, governor of Berwick, but afterwards re- paired. An old Romish chapel stood near it, in a field still called Chapel-Rome ; was menaced with destruction by a mob in 1563 ; was saved from their fury by the Lady Hamilton of the period assuring them that she intended to convert it into a barn; and stood till 1724, Mhen it fell to the ground under its own weight. Excellent sandstone for building is quarried on the estate. Broomhill, a property of about 8 acres, with a large mansion, at the mutual boundary of Stirlingshire and Dumbartonshire, 1^ mile ENE of the meeting-point with BROOMHOLM Lanarkshire, on the river Kelvin, adjacent to the Camp- sie railway, 1^ mile N by E of Kirkintilloch. It was purchased, in 1875, for £14,000, to be occupied by incur- ables ; and plans were formed both to enlarge its man- sion for the occupancy of patients, and to erect upon it several cottage homes. Broomholm, an estate, with a mansion, in Langholm parish, E Dumfriesshire. The mansion, on the left bank of the Esk, 2^ miles S by E of Langholm town, super- seded an old castle, which was demolished about 1745, and is supposed by Pennant to occupy the central point of an ancient Caledonian town. Broomhouse, a village on the W border of Old Monk- land parish, Lanarkshire, near ToUcross. Broomhouse, an estate, with a mansion, in the NW corner of Edrom parish, Berwickshire. The mansion, on the right bank of the Whitadder, 2^ miles NNE of Dunse, was built, in 1813, on the site of an ancient castle, and is the seat of Geo. J. N. Logan-Home, Esq. (b. 1855 ; sue. 1870). Broomieknowe, a hamlet in Heriot parish. Edinburgh- shire. Broomieknowe, a railway station in the E of Lasswade parish, Edinburghshire, on the Edinbm-gh, Lasswade, and Polton railway, f mile E of Lasswade station, Broomielaw. See Glasgow. BroomknoU, a suburb or street of Airdrie, in New Monkland parish, Lanarkshire. See Airdkie. Broomlands, a hamlet in Inchinnan parish, Renfrew- shire. Broomlee, a hamlet, with a station, in Linton parish, Peeblesshire. The hamlet lies on the river Lyne, | mile SSE of Linton village. The station is on the Leadburn and Dolphinton railway, and serves for Linton. Extensive improvements, in draining, enclosing, and planting laud, were, not long ago, effected in the neighbourhood. Broomrig, an estate, with a modern mansion, in the E of Holywood parish, Dumfriesshire. Broomyleas, a low hilly ridge in Newlands parish, Peeblesshire. An excellent durable red sandstone is quarried in it. Brora, a village in Clyne parish, SE Sutherland. Standing on the coast, and on the Sutherland railway, at the mouth of the Brora river, ih miles NE of Golspie, it includes the suburbs of Inver- Brora, Kyle-Brora, and Glaslochin. At it are two hotels, Clyne parish church (c. 1770 ; 900 sittings), Clyne Free church, a public school, a reading room, a post office, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph depart- ments, a railway station, and a small harbour ; and fairs are held on the Friday of May and October before Beauly. The rocks around it possess uncommon interest to geologists for the occuiTence in them of a coal forma- tion belonging to the Lias and the Oolite ejjochs, and for the juxtaposition of that formation with granite. The coal was worked as long ago as 1573, and at various sub- sequent periods, but ceased to yield a compensating output. A new pit was sunk about 1820 at a cost of £16,000, and struck, at 250 feet from the surface, a seam about 3J feet thick ; and coal, from that pit, was convej-ed to the harbour on a railway 800 yards long. Four large salt-pans also were erected at a cost of £3327, and long gave employment to a considerable number of the inhabitants. Renewed mining opera- tions for coal were commenced on a large scale in 1872, and since have yielded about 5000 tons annually, whilst at brickworks, under the same management as the coal- pit, 686,278 brick and tiles were made in 1879. Saw- mills and steam carpentry works have also been erected by the Duke of Sutherland, where fittings for all build- ings in connection with the estate improvements are made. Peter Sutherland, or ' Luckie ' (1768-1880), was a native of Brora. Pop. (1861)482, (1871)474, (1881) 532. Brora, a river and a loch of SE Sutherland. The river is formed in the NW corner of Rogart parish, at 783 feet above sea-level, by head-streams that rise at altitudes of from 1500 to 1600 feet. Thence it flows 26 miles S, SE, ENE, and again SE, through Rogart and Clyne parishes, till it falls into the sea at Brora village. 13 BROUGHTON Its principal affluent is the Blackwate?.. Loch Brora, an expansion of the river, 4 miles "WNW of the village, is 4| miles long, and, at the widest, 3^ furlongs broad, at two points narrowing to only 70 yards. The river itself has long been regarded as one of the best trout and salmon streams in Scotland ; and in the loch a salmon breeding establishment has been carried on by the Duke of Sutherland since 1872. The number of ova collected in 1873 amounted to 1,105,000, a figure never exceeded up to 1880. Loch Brora displays grand features of rock and wood ; is overhung, in the upper part of its right side, by Carrol Rock (684 feet) ; looks, in most views, to be a chain of three lakes ; and contains, near its lower end, an islet on Mdiich stood anciently a hunting seat of the Earls of Sutherland. — Orel. Sur., sh. 103, 1878. Brosdale. See Jura. Brother, a small island off the S coast of Yell, in Shet- land. Brother, a lake in Mearns parish, Renfrewshire, 2f miles SW of Newton-Mearns village. It has an extreme length and breadth of 3^ and 3 furlongs, and it contains perch and trout. Brotherton. See Bexholm. Brothock (Gael, brothach, 'filthy'), a riviilet of the E of Forfarshire. It rises on the eastern border of Kirk- den parish, and runs 6 miles south-eastward through In- verkeilor, St Vigeans, and Arbroath parishes to the sea at Arbroath Harbour. Brough, a village in the N of the mainland of Shet- land. Its post-to^^•n is Mossbank under Lerwick. Brough, a fishing hamlet in Dimnet parish, Caithness, 3 miles SSE of Dunnet Head, and 11 by road NE of Thurso. A slip was erected here by the Commissioners of Northern Lights for landing their stores. Brough, Orkney. See Birsay. Brough-Head. See Burgh-Head. Brough Lodge, a mansion in Fetlar island, Shetland, 34 miles N of Lerwick. Broughton, an ancient metropolitan suburb, a burgh of barony, now absorbed into the New To^vn of Edin- burgh. It stood on the old road from ancient Edinburgh to North Leith, and it is commemorated in the present names of Barony Street, Broughton Street, Broughton Place, and Broughton Park. Its tolbooth and court- house, built in 1582, were demolished so late as 1829 ; some fragmentary remains of its streets were removed in 1870 ; and a small fragment of it stUl exists at the W end of Barony Street. Broughton, Kilbucho, and Glenholm, a Tweeddale parish of W Peeblesshire, formed about 1804 by the union of Broughton parish in the NE, and of the larger parishes of Kilbucho in the SW and Glenholm in the SE. It contains the village of Broughton, a neat modern place, lying on the Edinburgh and Dumfries highroad and the right bank of Broughton Burn ; 1 J mile'S, the post office, under Biggar, of Radian Mill ; and, between these two, Broughton station on the Caledonian, 11 miles W by S of Peebles, 4| E by S of Biggar, and 8 E of SjTning- ton Junction. The united parish is bounded N by Kirkurd, E by Stobo and Drummelzier, SE by Drummelzier, and W by Culter in Lanarkshire and Skirling. From Brough- ton Heights at the NE corner to Glenwhappen Rig, the southernmost point, it has an extreme length of 10 miles ; its breadth from E to W varies from If mile to 5^ miles, and thence again to nil; and its area is 18,12l| acres, of which 56| are water. * For 4 J miles the upper northward-flowing Tweed roughly traces the eastern border, and, just where it quits it, is joined by Biggar Water, which here has an easterly course of 3^ miles, dividing Kilbucho and Glenholm from Skirling and Broughton, and itself receiving Kilbucho Burn (4^ miles long) from the SAV, Broughton Burn (4J miles) from •According to Cliambers's History of Peeblesshire (1SG4), p. 440, this jiarish extends over the western corner of the sliire contaiu- intr the Hartree Hills, which would give it an extreme breadth of 6J miles, and an area of 19,834 acres. But as that corner is in- cluded in Culter in tlie Ordnance maps, and annexed to it for census, registration, church, and school purposes, it seems better to treat it as practically part of Cllter. 193 BROUGHTY FERRY BROWN CARRICK the N, and Holms Water (7| miles) from the SSW, — all of them capital trout-streams. Consisting of ranges of rounded grassj' hills, of narrow straths, and of the Biggar's -wider and more level vale, the surface at the 'meeting of the waters,' opposite Drummelzier Haugh, has an elevation of barely 600 feet above sea-level, but rises rapidly on either hand. Northward, in Broughton, are Burnetland (908 feet), Cloverhill (1148), pyi'amidal Landlawhill (1208), Clover Law (1616), and * Broughton Heights (1872), where the asterisk indicates a summit culminating on the boundaiy. AVestward, between the Biggar and Kilbucho Bm-n, are Goseland Hill (1427), Kilbucho Hill (1307), and * Scawdmau's Hill (1880) ; south-westward, between Kilbucho Burn and Holms Water, "Wniitslade Hill (1198), Common Law (1544), Garden Hill (2218), Chapelgill (2282), *King Bank Head (2067), *Culter Fell (2454), and * Glenwhappen Rig (2262) ; south-south-westward, between Holms Water and the Tweed, green insulated Rachan Hill (1041), Wrae Hill (1345), Blackhope Hill (1782), Wormal Hill (1776), Middle Head (1703), and *Glenlood Hill (1836). The rocks belong to the Lower Silurian formation ; and limestone and slate have been quarried — the former at Wrae, containing graptolites, trilobites, and shells. Brick-clay is rare, whilst coal has been sought in vain. The arable soils are partly a deep rich alluvium, and partly loam, clay, or reclaimed moss ; and 1000 acres might perhaps be added to the 5000 or so already culti- vated, besides some 250 under plantations. At Rachan Mill is the great bacon and ham curing establishment of Mr Adam Bryden, dating from 1850, where about 10,000 stone of pork, collected out of 30 parishes, is annually cured, of late years solely for one Carlisle house. Antiquities are 10 prehistoric hill-forts, the chief one that upon Landlawhill ; the staircase angle of the keep of Wrae Castle, near the Tweed ; and traces of the old churches of Broughton and Kilbucho (Gael. ' cell of Begha,' or St Bees). Among the families connected with this parish were the Dicksons, Flemings, Geddeses, Browns, and Carmichaels ; at Broughton House dwelt the ' Apostate ' ilurray, secretary to Prince Charles Edward during the '45. The house was burned about 1775, and shortly afterwards the estate was purchased by Robert Macqueen, Lord Braxfield (1722-99), that 'giant of the bench,' whose descendant, A. J. Macqueen of Hardington House, is owner of almost the whole of Broughton. At present the chief mansions are Rachan House (Jas. Tweedie, owner of 11,151 acres in the shire, of £4059 annual value) and Mossfennan (Rev. Wm. Welsh, with 1509 acres of £634 value), both upon the Tweed, with Glencotho (Geo. Hope) upon Holms Water ; and the whole parish is divided among 11 proprietors, 6 holding each a yearly value of £500 and upwards, 1 of between £100 and £500, 1 of from £50 to £100, and 3 of from £20 to £50. It is in the presbytery of Biggar and synod of Lothian and Tweeddale ; the minister's income is £400. The present parish church (1804 ; 500 sittings) stands near the station ; and there is also a Free church. Three public schools — Broughton, Glen- holm, and Kilbucho — with respective accommodation for 120, 41, and 44 children, had (1879) an average attend- ance of 59, 23, and 18, and grants of £49, 9s., £34, 17s. 6d., and £31, 6s. Valuation (1881) £9573, lis. 6d. Pop. (1801) 027, (1831) 911, (1841) 764, (1851) 881, (1861) 723, (1871) 729, (1881) 667.— Ord Sur., sh. 24, 1864. Broughty Ferry, a watering-place and little seaport of Forfarshire, partly in Dundee parisli, but chiefly in that of Monifieth. On the nortliern shore of the Firth of Tay, 5^ miles W of Buddou Ness, it is 3^ miles E of Dundee, 13^ WSW of Arbroath, and 17J S by E of Forfar, by rail ; whilst by water it lies 7 furlongs N of Tayport, this being 45^ miles NNE of Edinbui-gh. It takes its name from the Castle of Broughty or Burgh- Tay, which, built on a rocky peninsula by Andrew, third Lord Gray, in 1498, consists of a massive square keep, enclosed by a wall with two round flanking towers. For 2^ years after the battle of Pinkie, this key of the Tay was held by an English garrison, nearly 2000 strong, who further fortified the neighbouring hill of 194 Balgillo ; but, after twice being vainl}' besieged by the Regent Arran and the Earl of Argyll, it was stormed by the Scots and Frenchmen under De Thermes, on 20 Feb. 1550 (Hill Burton's Hist, iii. 278, ed. 1876). In 1855 the ruin was purchased for £1500 by Government, who spent £7000 more on its restoration (1860-61) ; and it is mounted now by 9 heavy guns, and manned by a few artillery veterans. Save for the castle, the place is wholly modern, and consisted a century back of only a few poor fishers' huts. But the pleasant site, fine air, and good sea-bathing had marked it out for ' Dundee's country house ; ' and, since the railway was opened in 1839, its sloping links have year by year become more thickly studded with the beautiful villas of merchant- princes of that jute metropolis. A police burgh since 1864, it is governed by 3 magistrates and 8 commission- ers ; is well supplied with both gas and water ; and has a post office under Dundee, with moue}' order, savings' bank, and insurance departments, a railway telegraph office, branches of the Royal and North of Scotland Banks, a local savings' bank, 2 chief hotels, a library, a masonic lodge, a volunteer hall, a lifeboat, and several clubs. The principal buildings are the Public Hall (1869), the Young Men's Christian Association (1874), the British Workman's Public House (1873), the Good Templar Hall (1874), and, near the Cemetery, the Dun- dee Convalescent Home (1876), an imposing pile with lofty central tower, erected for 50 inmates by the late Sir David Baxter and his friends. The Castle Links and Reres Hill are pleasant recreation grounds, 3 and 6 acres in extent ; the latter was given by the tenth Earl of Dalhousie. Fishing, employing fully 100 decked boats of 20 tons each on an average, is the only exten- sive industry ; and not more than 40 small vessels an- nually enter the harbom', which, opened in August 1872, has a stone pier 30 feet wide and nearly 200 long, with a wooden platform and slip. In the presbytery of Dundee and synod of Angus and Mearns, Broughty Ferry is apportioned into two quoad sacra parishes, the first erected in 1834, and the second or St Stephen's in 1875. Brook Street Established church (1826-75) has a fine organ, as also has St Stephen's (1871-80), a cruciform Gothic edifice, with a spire 112 feet high ; and, in the graveyard of the first-named church, a granite obelisk (1860) marks the tomb of the author of the Christian Philosoxihcr, Thomas Dick, LL.D. (1774-1857), who spent his last 20 j-ears at Broughty Ferry. There are also 3 Free churches — West (1844), East (1865), a good Second Pointed structure, and St Luke's or West Ferry iron church (1878) ; 2 U.P. churches — Fort Street (1847) and Queen Street (1876), geometrical Gothic in style, with organ and spire ; a Congregational church (1864) ; a Baptist chapel (1882) ; and St Mary's Episcopal church (1859-70), which, de- signed by Sir Gilbert Scott in Early English style, is rich in painted glass by London, Munich, and Belgian artists. Besides the Collegiate boys' school and 4 young ladies' seminaries, there are 3 public schools — Eastern, Southern, and Western — which, with respective accom- modation for 300, 357, and 184 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 411, 229, and 171, and grants of £294, 4s. 6d. , £165, 9s. , and £115, 8s. Valuation (1864) £14,100, (1879) £36,818. Pop. (1792) 230, (1841) 1980, (1851) 2772, (1861) 3513, (1871) 5817, of whom 5037 be- longed to Monifieth, (1881) n07.—Ord. Sur., sh. 49, 1865. See Norrie's Handbook to Broufjhtij Ferry (Dun- dee, 1875). Brow, a decayed village in Ruthwell parish, Dumfries- shire, on the coast of the Solway Firth, at the influx of Lochar Water, 9 miles SE of Dumfries. It has a chaly- beate spring, and was formerly in repute as a watering- place, both for the spring and for sea-bathing. Here Ijurns spent three of the last weeks of his life (July 1796), in tlie hope of restoring his shattered constitution. Brow, one of the lead mines at Leadhills, in Crawford parish, Lanarkshire. Brown Carrick, a broad-based, ridgy hill in the N of Maybolo parish, Ayrshire. Rising to an altitude of 940 feet above sea-level, it overlooks the Bay of Ayr and BROWNHEAD the valley of the Doon ; anJ commands a magnificent prospect over Kyle and Cunningham and the Firth of Clyde. Brownhead, a bold rocky headland at the south- western extremity of Arran island, Buteshire. Brownhills, a hamlet in St Andrews parish, Fife, 1^ mile SE of St Andrews city. Browhouses, a village and a bay in Gretna parish, Dumfriesshire. The village stands on the bay, 5h miles E by S of Annan, and is of considerable magnitude. The bay is merely a slight encurvature between Tordotf and Redkirk Points ; but it affords some shelter from the rushing tides of the Solway, Brownlee, an estate, with a mansion, in Carluke parish, Lanai-kshire. Brown Loch, a quondam lake on the mutual border of Craigie, Mauchline, and Tarbolton parishes, Aj^rshire, 2^ miles NNW of ilauchline. It covered about 60 acres, was frequented by wild duck and wild geese, and sent off water-power to drive two corn-mills ; but it was shallow, and has been drained ; and now its bottom is traversed by the Glasgow and South-Western railway, and presents to view well-cultivated fields. Brownside, a place in Neilston parish, Renfrewshire. A cascade on the river Levern and a large quarry of trap rock are here. Broxburn, a rivulet of Haddingtonshire. It rises, in several head-streams, in the parts of Lammermuir ad- jacent to the soiu'ces of the Whitadder, and runs about 7 miles north-eastward, throughout Spott and Dunbar parishes, to the German Ocean at Broxmouth, IJ mile SE of Dunbar town. In part of its course it bears the name of Spott Water. Broxburn, a mining and manufacturing village of Up- hall parish, Linlithgowshire, standing at a curve of the Union Canal, on the Edinburgh and Glasgow highroad, and on the right bank of the Brox Burn, 1 mile N by W of Drumshoreland station on the North British, this being llg miles W of Edinburgh, and 7i miles E by N of Bathgate. It consists of one long straggling street, and has a post ofiice, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, a branch bank of the British Linen Company, 3 inns, and a Gothic public hall, seated for 500, and erected with billiard and reading rooms in 1873 at a cost of £1300. Places of worship are a Free church, a U.P. church (1880; 400 sittings ; cost, £3000) ■with a spire 90 feet high, and a handsome Roman Catholic church (1881) ; a public and a Roman Catholic school, ■^vith respective accommodation for 423 and 108 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 289 and 92, and grants of £232, 14s. 6d. and £77, 18s. At or close to the village are a colliery, 3 shale oil works, a fish manui'e factory, and a composition brick j'ard. Pop. (1861) 660, (1871) 1457, (1881) 3210. Broxburn Railway, a proposed railway, 1^ mile long, in the E of Linlithgowshire, from the Edinburgh and Glasgow section of the North British system, -within the border of Kirkliston parish, to Broxburn village. It was authorised in 1867, on a capital of £8000 in £10 shares, and £2600 on loan ; and was amalgamated with the North British in 1873. Broxmouth, a seat of the Duke of Roxburghe in Dun- bar parish, Haddingtonshire, at the mouth of Broxburn rivulet, 1^ mile SE by E of Dunbar town. The mansion is modern, and has a finely embellished park, whose gently-sloping grounds are bounded by a sea-wall Ih mile long. A little eminence called Cromwell's Mount, and cro^^Tied by a cedar of Lebanon, is supposed to mark Cromwell's station in the battle of Dunb.\r (1650) ; and in the grounds, too, are a Cedrus dcodara planted by the Queen in 1878, an observatory, a lake of 4 acres, 5 vineries, etc. In Haddingtonshire the duke owns 3863 acres, valued at £6281 per annum. See Floors Castle. Bruachaig, a loch of Moy and Dalarossie parish, in the NE extremity of Inverness-shire, 16 miles ESE of Inverness. Lying 1800 feet above sea-level, it measures 2J by 1 furlong, contains fine trout, and sends off a rivulet to the Findhom. Bruam, a village on the mutual border of "Wick and BRUCKLAY Latheron parishes, Caithness, 8 miles SW of Wick town. A mission-house of the Church of Scotland, a very plain thatched building, with 585 sittings, was erected here chiefly in 1798, partly at a subsequent period, and had attached to it a manse for a missionary, with a glebe of 4 acres ; and it originally was under the same charge as a mission-house at Berriedale, but became detached on the erection of the parliamentary church at Berriedale in 1826. A Free church now is here. Bruar, a rivulet of Blair Athole parish, N Perthshire, formed, 1 mile from the Inverness- shire border, by several head-streams that rise on the Grampians at eleva- tions of 2000 and 2700 feet. Thence it runs 9| miles southward, past Ben Dearg (3304 feet), and under the Highland railway and the Glen-Garry highroad, till it enters the Garry, Ij mile E by N of Struan station, and 2f W by N of Blair Athole. In all it descends from 1800 to 500 feet ; and during the last 2 miles of its coirrse it forms three series of romantic falls. The reach comprising these traverses a deep ravine, spanned at intervals by natural arches and by bridges, overhung by impending rocks, and covered, on shelves and acclivities and crests, -u-ith planted wood. The first or highest series of falls is threefold, and makes an aggregate de- scent of some 200 feet ; the next, J mile lower doAvn,_is single, taking a leap of nearly 50 feet ; and the last series is a succession of cascades, cataracts rather than falls, and nowhere more than 12 feet high. The wood that now feathers the falls and adorns the ravine was wanting in 1787 when Burns addressed his Humble Petition of Bruar Water to the Duke of Athole ; and it was all of it planted in answer thereto. Not only were a vast number of larch, Scotch pine, and beech trees so planted as vastly to enhance the beauty of the scene, but numerous walks were formed, and convenient seats and summer- houses erected. The falls were visited by Wordsworth and his sister, 7 Sept. 1803 ; and by the Queen and Prince Consort, 18 Sept. 1844. The falls, in order to be seen in their perfection, must be visited when the rivulet is in a state of freshet. Brucefield, an estate, with a mansion, in Clackman- nan parish, Clackmannanshire. Coal is worked on the estate. Brucefield, a village in Dunfermline parish, Fife, \ mile SSE of Dunfermline town. A flax spinning-mill was erected here in 1792, and was the earliest establish- ment of its kind in Dunfermline parish ; but suspended operations about 1840. Brucefield House is in the vicinity. Brucefield, a level tract at the base of Barra Hill in Bourtie parish, Aberdeenshire. It is now under the plough ; but it formerly comprised a number of small elliptical entrenchments ; and it is thought, by some archaeologists, to have been the scene of the conflict called variously, by historians, the battle of Inverurie and the battle of Old Meldrum. See Bouhtie. Brucehaven, a harbour on the mutual border of Inver- keitliing and Dunfermline parishes, Fife, on the Firth of Forth, adjacent to Limekilns, 3 miles S by W of Dun- fermline to^vn. Brucehill, an extensive moorland tract in New Deer parish, Aberdeenshire, about 1 mile W of New Deer village. Edward Bruce is said to have encamped here after'^the battle of Inverurie, and to have gone hence in pursuit of the Comyns to Aikey Brae. Bruce's Acres. See Broom, Dumfriesshire. Bruce's Castle, an ancient baronial round tower, on the lands of Carnock, in the SE of St Ninians parish, Stirlingshire. No record, not even any tradition, exists as to wlien, by whom, or for what purpose it was built. Bruce's Castle, a place on the SE skirt of Schichallion mountain, on the mutual border of Dull and Fortingal parishes, Perthshire. It was a retreat of Robert Bruce at the ebb of his fortunes. Bruch-na-Frea, one of the chief summits of the Cuchullin Mountains in Skye. It is situatedin tho north-western part of the group, and has an altitude of 3180 feet above sea-level. Brucklay. a hamlet in New Deer parish, Aberdeen- 195 BRUIACH shire, with a station on tlie Formartine and Buchan section of the Great North of Scotland, If mile N of Maud Junction. A public school here, with accommo- dation for 106 children, had (1879) an average attend- ance of 60, and a grant of £44, 3s. 4d. Brucklay Castle, a little to the WSAV, is a fine castellated mansion, 120 feet square, dating from the latter half of the 17th cen- tury, and four times enlarged between 1765 and 1864. It is the seat of Alex. Dingwall Fordj'ce (b. 1873), owner of 20,899 acres in the shire valued at £12,744 per annum, and son of the late Wm. D. Fordyce, M. P. for Aberdeen- shire (1866-68), for E Aberdeenshire (1868-75). Bruiach, a loch in Kiltarlity parish, Inverness-shire, 8 miles SSW of Beauly. It measures 9 furlongs in leufjth by ^ in breadth, has a small island in its middle, and abounds in trout and char. Bnmstane, a mansion in the E of Liberton parish, Edinburghshire, 1 J mile SE of Portobello. It was built in 1639 by Lord Lauderdale. Burdiehouse Burn is sometimes called Brunstane Burn. Brunstane, a ruined large strong fortalice in Penicuik parish, Edinburghshire, on the left bank of the North Esk, 2^ miles SW of Penicuik town. It is thought to have been built about the year 1580, and is said to have been inhabited by the predecessors of the Earl of Dum- fries. Brunstane colliery is 5 furlongs to the SAV. Brunswark, Bumswark, or Birrenswark, an isolated and conspicuous hill on the NE border of Hoddam parish, Dumfriesshire, near the Caledonian railway, and 3j miles SE of Lockerbie. It rises to an altitude of 920 feet above sea-level ; has a tabular summit ; stands out against the sky-line, in extensive prospects from the straths of the Annan, Solway, and Eden ; commands a wide panoramic view; is crowned with two well-preserved Roman camps, believed to have been formed in the time of Agricola ; and was a central station of the Romans, whence their itinera diverged to all the southern parts of Scotland. By Skene it is also identified with Trimontium (Welsh Trefmynydd, ' town on the mountain '), a town of the Selgovse mentioned by Ptolemy {Celt. Scot., vol. i., 1876, p. 72). Brunt, a hill in Dunbar parish, Haddingtonshire, 3 mUes SSE of the town. Its summit is the highest ground in the parish, rising 737 feet above sea-level. Bruntabum, a tract of land on the W border of West- ruther parish, Berwickshire. Extensive plantations are on it ; a flagstone quarry was formerly worked in it ; a reach of Boondreigh burn bears its name ; and remains of a Roman camp are on its northern border. Bruntisland. See Burntisland. Brunton, a hamlet in Criech parish, Fife, 6 miles ENE of Newburgh. It has a post office under Cupar-Fife. Brunton, in Markinch. See Baenslee. Bruntsfield, a tract of links and a mansion in St Cuthbert's parish, Edinburghshire. The links lie in the immediate south-western vicinity of Edinburgh city, adjoining the Meadows on the NE, the line of thorough- fare from Edinbirrgh to Morningside on the AVSW, and the ornate villa-gemmed tract called Canaan on the S. Part of the ancient extensive common of Borough Muir, where James IV. mustered his army before the battle of Flodden, they form now, and have long formed, a capital golfing ground. The mansion stands a little S of the links, and is the seat of Sir George Warrender, sixteenth Bart, since 1715 (b. 1825 ; sue. 1867), owner of 74 acres in the shire, valued at £908 per annum in 1872, a sum since greatly increased by the feuing of "Warrender Park. See EDiNiiUiiGir. Bruntwood, a quondam lake in Galston parish, Ayr- shire. It was much frequented by waterfowl ; but it has l)een completely drained ; and all its bed is now under the jilough. Brurie Skerries, a group of islets in Nesting parish, Shetland. Bruzie, a hill on the mutual border of Arbuthnot and Kinneff parishes, Kincardineshire. Its summit is the highest ground in either parish, and has an altitude of 710 feet above sea-level. Brydekirk. Sec Bkidekiuk. 196 BUCHAN Buachaille, Booshala, or Herdsman, an islet off the S coast of Stafi'a, Argyllshire. It is separated from Stafl'a by a channel about 30 yards wide, through which a foamy surf is constantly rushing ; it has a conoidal or irregularly pyramidal form ; it rests on a bed of curved horizontal cohmms, visible only at low water ; it con- sists of ranges of basaltic columns, small, closely-com- pacted, and most of them so disposed as to look like billets of wood piled against a central nucleus ; it rises to an altitude of about 30 feet above sea-level ; and it presents a general outline at once exact, symmetrical, and curiously beautiful. Buachaille-Etive (Gael, 'shepherds of Etive'), two mountains in the NE of Ardchattan parish, Argyllshire. Lying in the angle formed by Glen Etive and Glencoe, they are parted by the river Coupal, to the W of which Buachaille Etive Bheag culminates in Stob Dubh (3129 feet above sea-level) ; and, to the E, Buachaille Etive Mor in Stob Dearg (3345). Dorothy Wordsworth tells how from Kingshouse she and her brother ' often looked out of the window towards a huge pyramidal mountain, Buchal, at the entrance of Glencoe.' Bualnaluib, a hamlet, ■^^'ith a public board school in Gairloch parish, Ross-shire. The school, with accom- modation for 140 children, had (1879) an average attend- ance of 67, and a grant of £60, 15s. 6d. Buccleuch, a cleuch in Ettrick parish, Selkirkshire, in the lonely glen of the Rankle Burn, from 2^ to 4 miles SSE of Tushielaw. It is flanked on the E by Kirk Hill (1293 feet), on the W by Dunside Rig (1206) ; at its head are some vestiges of a pre-Reformation church, at its foot is the site of an ancient castle. From it was named a former parish, now incorporated with Ettrick, and it has given the titles of successively Laird, Baronet, Baron, Earl, and Duke to the family of Scott. The title of Baron Scott of Buccleuch was created in 1606, of Earl of Buccleuch in 1619, of Duke of Buccleuch in 1663. The Duke of Buccleuch is also Duke of Queensberry in the peerage of Scotland, and Earl of Doncaster in that of England ; he is fom'th largest lando-\vner in Scotland, holding 432,183 acres, or nearly as much as the three Lothians. His Scottish seats are Dalkeith Palace in Edinburghshire, Drumlanrig Castle and Langholm Lodge in Dumfriesshire, Bowhill in Selkirkshire, and Branx- holm in Roxburghshire. Both tradition and song as- cribe the name of Buccleuch to the capture and killing of a buck in a cleuch ; and they indicate both the spot on which the buck was taken and that where it was slain. Old Satchels says, in expressive doggerel, — ' Good Lancelot Scot, I think be true Old Rankle Burn is designed Buckleuch now, Yet in his book no falls read he, — It was Buck's cleuch he read to me. He told me the name, the jilace, the spot, Came all by the hunting of a buck In Scotland no Buckleuch was then, Before the buck in the cleuch was slain.' Buccleuch, Edinburghshire. See Edinburgh. Buchaille. See Buachaille. Buchan, a district of NE Aberdeenshire. It originally extended from the Don to the Deveron ; it afterwards was curtailed by detaching from it the district of For- martine ; and it now extends from the Ythan to the Deveron, or includes all the parts of Aberdeenshire N and NNE of the Ythan ; but it is obscurely bounded over the few miles, in the NW, between the sources of the Ythan and the course of the Deveron. Its outline is almost circular, with a diameter of about 27h miles. Its coast, particularly at what are called the BuUers of Buchan, shows interesting features ; but its interior is mainly low and monotonous, and nowhere has a higher elevation than Mormond Hill, whose summit rises to an altitude 769 feet above sea-level. The prevailing rock is granite. The district is subdivided into Deer or Buchan proper, comprising 13 parishes, and Ellon, comprising 8 parishes. The chief to^\^ls are Peterhead and Fraser- burgh ; and the chief villages are Ellon, Stewartfield, Mintlaw, Longside, Old Deer, New Deer, Strichen, Now Pitsligo, Cuminestown, New Byth, Turrifl", Crimoud, St BUCHAN Combs, Rosehearty, and Aberdour. The district, in its oiigmal extent, was anciently an earldom, ■w'ith feudal jui-isdiction, vested in the Comj-n family till their for- feiture in 1309 ; and also ■tvas a deanery in the diocese of Aberdeen. A modern earldom of Buchan was created in 1469 in favour of the Erskine family, and descended in 1857 to David Stuart Erskine, thirteenth Earl. His lord- ship's seat is Amondell in Linlithgowshire. Twenty-six parishes — Aberdour, Auchterless, Crimond, Cruden, New Deer, Old Deer, Ellon, Forglen, Foveran, Fraserburgh, Fyvie, King-Edward, Logic -Buchan, Longside, Lon- may, Methlick, Monquhitter, Pitsligo, Rathen, St Fer- gus, Slains, Strichen, Tarves, Turriff, Tj'rie, and Udny — constitute the Buchan poor-law combination. The poorhouse, on the brow of a knoll, a little S of Maud Junction, is a conspicuous edifice, with accommodation for 138 inmates. The U.P. sjmod has a presbytery of Buchan, ■n-ith churches at Fraserburgh, New Deer, New Leeds, Peterhead, Rosehearty, Savoch of Deer, Stewart- field, and '\^^litehill. See J. P. Pratt's History of Buchan (Ab. 1859), and Feter's Peat-Mosses of BucJian (Ab. 1876). Buchan, a hamlet in Kelton parish, Kirkcudbright- shire, on the W side of Carlingwark Loch, J mile SW of Castle-Douglas. Buchanan, a parish in the extreme "W of Stirlingshire, bounded NW by Arrocliar in Dumbartonshire, NE by Callander in Perthshire and by 2^ miles of the upper waters of Loch Kateixe, E by Aberfoyle in Perthshire and by Drymen, S by the 4i last miles of the winding, impetuous Exdrick, dividing it from Kilmaronock in Dumbartonshire, and W by an imaginary line drawn up the middle of Loch Lomoxd from Endrick Mouth to Island Yow Castle. It thus includes the islands of Clairixch, Inchcailloch, Ixchfad, and Ixchcetjix, with two or three tinier islets, and contains the steam- boat piers of Balmaha, Rowerdenxax, and Ixver- SXAID ; while its church, in the S, is 2i miles WNW of the post-village, and 4| miles NW of the station, of Drymen. From NNWto SSE its greatest length is 18f miles ; its width from E to W varies between 2^ and 6 miles; and its area is 47,804J acres, of which 6206 are water. Some forty burns, the largest of them Arklet Water, run to Loch Lomond from Buchanan, whose Cal- lander boundary is traversed by Glengyle AVater, and which contains the southern head-streams of the Forth, as well as Lochs Arklet (9ix3 furl.), Cruachain, and Dubh. Loch Katrine lies 364, Loch Lomond 23, feet above sea-level ; and from the wooded shore of the latter the surface rises, from N to S, into the follo'^'ing sum- mits, of which those marked with an asterisk culminate on the borders of the parish :— *Stob nan Eighrach (2011 feet), *Beinn a' Choin (2524), Creag an Fhithich (1143), Stob an Fhainne (2144), Maol Mor (2249), Cruachan (1762) *Beinn Uaimhe (1962), Cruinn a' Bheiiin (2077), Creag a' Bhocain (1613), *Beinn Dubh (1675), *Mulan an't-Sagairt (1398), Bex Lomoxd (3192), Ptar- migan (2398), Beinn a' Bhan (1854), Sron Aonaich (1893), Coille Mhor Hill (763), Beinn Uird (1957), Dun Dhamh (996), *Beinn Bhreac (1922), Tom Soilleir (1375), *Gualann (1514), Bhreac Leac (1059), Conic Hill (1175), and Bad Ochainaich (852). Of the whole area 4250 acres are imder wood, and but 2800 in tillage, these chiefly in the SW corner of the parish, a strip of Strathendrick, and the one part that is not mountainous. Here stand the church at 127, and Buchanan Castle at 50, feet above the sea, this latter being IJ mile W of Dr}'men, 1| mile E of Loch Lomond, and 3 furlongs from the right bank of the Endrick. Successor to an earlier mansion, de- stroyed by fire in January 1850, it commands from its finely- wooded park and grounds magnificent views of the lovely surrounding landscape, and is the seat of Douglas- Beresford-Graham, fifth Duke of Montrose (b. 1852 ; sue. 1 874 ), who owns 103, 760 acres (including all this parish ) in Stirling, Perth, and Dumbarton shires, valued at £23,100 per annum. From 1231 and earlier Buchanan was held by Buchanans of that ilk, part of whose ancient Peel yet stands 200 paces from the Castle, and upon whose ex- tinction in 1682 the estate was purchased by the third Marfpis of Montrose, in 1707 created first Duke, and BUCKHAVEN also Marquis of Graham and Buchanan. Apart from these families, the parish has memories of Rob Roy and Rob Roy's sons, of General Wolfe and Wordsworth ; but these are noticed under separate headings, where, too, its special features are described. Formed in 1621 by the union of the ancient parish of Inchcailloch and an outljang portion of Luss, it is in the presbytery of Dum- barton and synod of Glasgow and Aat, its minister's in- come amounting to £272. The church, repaired in 1828, contains 300 sittings ; and two public schools, Buchanan and Inversnaid, with respective accommodation for 52 and 43 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 29 and 8, and grants of £36, 8s. and £22, 7s. Valuation (1881) £8435, 1.3s. Pop. (1801) 748, (1851) 632, (1871) 591, (ISSl) 550.—O,rl. Sur., sh. 38, 1871. Buchan, Bullers of. See Bullers of Buchax. Buchanhaven, a fishing village in Peterhead parish, Aberdeenshii-e, ^ mile N of Peterhead town, and \vithin Peterhead parliamentary burgh. Pop. (1871) 453, (1881) 530. Buchan Ness, a low but rocky peninsula of E Aber- deenshire, in the S of Peterhead parish, and 2h miles S of Peterhead town. Joined to the mainland atBoDDAM %'illage by a beach of small roimded stones, it is 1^ fur- long long, is mainly composed of homstone and hom- stone-porphyry, and is croAvned by a circular granite lighthouse (erected in 1827 at a cost of £11,912), whose revolving lantern, 130 feet above sea-level, exhibits a flashing light once every five seconds, visible for 17J nautical miles. Buchanty, a decayed hamlet in Fowlis-Wester parish, Perthshire, on the S bank of the Almond, 10 miles NE of Crieff. It has a bridge, amid fine wooded scenery ; and it anciently had a chapel, now entirely removed. At Buchanty, too, Skene places ' Banatia,' a frontier town of the 'Vacomagi,' a strong Roman station here being overlooked by a commanding native strength on Dimmore Hill. Buchany, a village in Kilmadock parish, Perthshire, f mile IS W of Doune. Bucharin. See Boharsi. Bucholie, a ruined castle in Canisbay parish, Caith- ness, on an almost insulated high rock, a little S of Fres^-ick Bay. It seems to have been very ancient and strong ; and, according to Pennant, was inhabited in the 12th century by a Danish nobleman. Bucket, a rivulet of AY Aberdeenshire. It rises on the mountains at the boundary with Banflshire, and runs about 7 miles south-south-eastward, along Glen- bucket, to the river Don. Bucket, Bridge of, a hamlet on the Bucket rivulet, 42 miles AVXAV of Aberdeen. It has a post office under Aberdeen. Buckhaven, a large fishing -village in AYemyss parish, Fife, on the Firth of Forth, 2J miles SW of Leven by road, and 5^ miles E of Thornton Junction by a branch line opened in 1881. An old-fashioned place, on the slope of a steepish headland, it has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, branches of the Royal and Commercial banks, gas-works, a flax-spinning and twine factory, 2 networks, and a pier and harbour foi'med under the auspices of the Board of Fisheries. The fisher-folk, said variously to be descendants of Norsemen or of the crew of a Brabant ship wrecked in the 17th century, retained not a few peculiar traits of character and appearance a hundred and odd years since, when they were satirised in a curious pamphlet. History of the College of Buckhaven, or the sayings of Wise Willie and Witty Eppie. Defce had written of Buckhaven : ' It is inhabited by fishermen, who are employed wholly in catching fresh fish every day in the firth, and carrying them to Leith and Edin- burgh markets. The buildings are but a miserable row of cottages ; yet there is scarce a poor man in it ; but they are in general so very clownish, that to be of the college of Buckhaven is become a proverb. Here we saw the shore of the sea covered with shrimps like a thin snow ; and as you rode among them, they would rise like a kind of dust, and hop like grasshoppers, 197 BUCKHOLMSIDE being scared by the footing of the horse. The fisher- men of this town have a great many boats of all sizes, which lie upon the beach, ready to be fitted out every year for the herring season, in which they have a very great share. ' Buckhaven now is included in the fishery district of Anstruther. At it are a Free church, a U.P. church, and 2 public schools, Links and Madras, which, with respective accommodation for 203 and 302 children, had (1S79) an average attendance of 129 and 170, and grants of £103, 4s. and £116, 14s. Pop. (1841) 1526, (1S61) 1965, (1871) 2187, {1881) 2952.— Orel. Siir., sh. 40, 1867. See History of Buckhaven (priv. prin. 1813), and an article in Chambers's Edinhurgh Journal, Dec. 14, 1833, by the Fife poet, David Molyson. Buckholmside, a part of Galashiels town in Melrose parish, Roxburghshire, on the left bank of Gala Water. It takes its name from Buckholm Hill (1064 feet), im- mediately adjacent to it ; and it forms, both practically and compactly, a large part of Galashiels. Buckie, a burn and a hamlet in Alford parish, Aber- deenshire. The burn runs in the central and eastern parts of the parish to the Don. The hamlet adjoins the burn. Buckie, a coast town in Rathven parisli, Banffshire, at the mouth of a burn of its own name, 7^ miles NE of Fochabers, 10^ of Fochabers station, IJ ENE of Portgordon, and 12^ W by S of Portso)-. A bill, now (1881) before Parliament, proposes to form between the two last places, at a cost of £133,512, a branch of the Great North of Scotland, 13^ miles long, with inter- mediate stations at Cullen, Portknockie, Findochty, Portessie, and Buckie, and with a tunnel of 1280 yards near Cullen House. The burn divides the town into Kether Buckie to the W, and Easter Buckie to the E, the former dating from about 1650, the latter from 1723 ; and at the eastern end of Easter Buckie is a handsome square, the New Town. The 'largest purely fishing village in Scotland,' Buckie has a post oflice under Fochabers, ■^^-ith money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, branches of the Aberdeen Town and Coimty, North of Scotland, and Union banks, 8 insurance agencies, gas-works, a lifeboat, a public read- ing-room and library, a network, 3 rope and sail yards, a tobacco factory, 3 oil works, and a large distillery at Inchgower. A fair is held on the "Wednesday before the third Tuesday of July old style. An Established church, raised from a chapel of ease to qiioad sacra status in 1876, is about to be rebuilt ; a Free church, Elizabethan in style, has a fine steeple ; All Saints' Episcopal church, erected (1875-76) at a cost of £2000, is a Decorated edifice, with nave, chancel, circidar apse, and a spire 96 feet high ; a U. P. church was built in 1870, and St Peter's Roman Catholic church in 1857. The public school, erected (1876) at a cost of £3392, is an Early English pile, with square tower 60 feet high ; and this, Mrs Gordon of Cluny's female industrial school, and a Roman Catholic school, -with respective accom- modation for 600, 120, and 292 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 366, 107, and 196, and grants of £324, 16s., £93, 12s. 6d., and £184, 6s. The present harbour, replacing one of 1857, was constructed of con- crete during 1874-80 at a cost of £60,000, defrayed by the late Mr Gordon of Cluny, and, with an area of 9 acres and quayage of nearly half a mile, comprises an outer and an inner basin. The latter, 4 acres in extent, is 10 feet deep at low water, and thus has a greater depth than any harbour to the N of Leith ; 40,000 cubic yards of concrete were used in the entire work, for which 115,000 cubic yards of rock had to be excavated, and 15,000 of soft materials. In 1794 Buckie had only 19 sloops and fishing-boats of aggregately 122 tons ; in 1881 its fishing-craft number 333, of 3669 tons, em- jdoying 1320 men and boys, and valued at £51,321. It also is head of the fishery district from Banif to Findhorn, in which during 1879 there were cured 8207 barrels of white herring (5108 of them shipped to Baltic and North Sea ports), besides 67,882 cod, ling, and hake — taken by 887 boats of 18,808 tons ; the persons employed being 3815 fishermen and bo3-s, 18 fishcurers, 85 coopers, and 2597 others, and the total value of 193 BUITTLE boats, nets, and linos being estimated at £147,100. The Jahres-Haringsbcricht gives the Buckie herring catch for the four years 1877-80 as 1320, 2975, 3800, and 12,957 crans. Pop. (1794) 703, (1841) 2165, (1861) 2798, (1871) 3803 — 1670 in Nether Buckie; (1881) 4268.— C?-d Sur., sh. 95, 1876. See pp. 316-320 of Jas. Brown's Bound I'able Club (Elgin, 1873). Buckiebum, a hamlet in the SW of St Nlnians parish, Stirlingshire, on a small burn at the foot of the Lennox Hills, 4 miles WNW of Denny. Buckie-Den, a beautifully romantic dell on the mutual border of Lunan and Maryton parishes, Forfarshire, 4 miles SSW of Montrose. It has steep sides, in some parts almost vertical, in most parts gemmed M-ith shrubs and flowers ; and it is traversed by a small rapid rill, running to the sea, and leaping along in cataracts some- times 2^0 or 30 feet high. Buckinch, a quondam island in the river Cl}'de, within Renfrew parish, Renfrewshire. It now forms part of the lands of Scotstown. Buckland, a burn in Kirkcudbright parish, Kirkcud- brightshire. It is formed by the confluence of Balcred- dan and Gribdie burns, in the vicinity of Bombie ; and it runs, from the point of confluence, 2^ miles south- westward to the Dee below St Mary's Isle. Bucklerhead, a hamlet in ilurroes parish, Forfarshire. Bucklyvie or Buchlyvie, a village on the W border of Kippen parish, Stirlingshire, on a small burn, f mile SE of the Forth and Clyde railway, and 4 NNE of Balfron. A burgh of barony, it has a post oflice under Stirling, a railway station, an Established church (1836 ; quoad sacra since 1875), a Free church, a U.P. church (1751), public waterworks (1870), and fairs on 26 June and 18 Nov. A public school, with accommodation for 120 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 88, and a grant of £74, Is. 7d. Pop. (1861) 339, (1871) 327, (1881) 319. Buckny, a burn in Stormont district, Perthshire. Ris- ing in the E of Logierait parish, it passes between the mountains of Benachally (1594 feet) and Duchray(1670) ; traverses, with impetuous current, a deep, naiTow, rocky dell, the Den of Riechip ; and, separating Caputh and Clunie parishes, enters the latter in Laighwood park, and there falls into the Lunan, after a com'se (SSE and E by S) of 8i miles. Buck of Cabrach, a mountain on the mutual border of Cabrach, Auchindoir, and Kildrummy parishes, Aber- deenshire, 13 miles SW by S of Huntly. Rising 2368 feet above sea-level, it presents, to the N and E, a pjTamidal outline, tapering towards the top, and crowned with a cluster of rocks looking like gigantic statuary ; and, though 33 miles distant from the coast, is visible 'a good way out at sea. Buddo, a remarkable rock on the coast of St Andrews parish, Fife, 3^ miles ESE of St Andrews city. Buddon, a burn of SE Forfarshire, rising in the NW corner of Monifieth parish, and taking a generally SE course of 5| miles, till it falls into the Firth of Tay, 3| miles E by N of Broughty Ferry. See Barry. Bueinch, a wooded islet of Buchanan parish, Stirling- shire, in Loch Lomond, 1 furlong NE of Inchcruin island, and itself about 1 furlong long. Buie, a burn in Ardchattan parish, Argyllshire, run- ning about 3 miles to Loch Creran. Buie or Buidhe, a loch on the mutual border of Criech and Dornoch parishes, SE Sutherland, 74 miles NNE of Bonar-Bridge station. Lying 527 feet above sea-level, it is IJ mile long by \ broad, contains good trout, and is gained by salmon by means of a remarkable ladder on the Carnach river. Builg, a loch in Kii>kmichacl parish, S Banffshire, close to the Aberdeenshire border, 3 miles S of Inchrory. Lying 1586 feet above sca-lcvcl, at the NE base of Ben Avon, it has an extreme lengtli and breadth of f and i mile, abounds in trout and char, and sends off a burn to the river Aven. The Queen beheld it ' beautifully lit up by the setting sun,' 5 Sept. 1860. Buittle, a coast parish of Kirkcudlirightshire, which, reaching ISfW to within a mile of Castle-Douglas, and E BULCHOUE to ■within 5 furlongs of Dalbeattie, is traversed for 3^ miles by the section of the Glasgow and South-"VVestem between those towns, and towards the S contains the post ofEce village of Palnackie or Polnackie. The latter stands on the right bank of Urr "Water, 5| miles above Urr "Waterfoot, and 85 SSW of its post-town Dalbeattie ; and, having a good natural harbour, was formerly the port of Castle-Douglas, coal, lime, and slate being the chief imports, livestock and farm produce the exports. Since 1861 the railway has mostly diverted its trade ; and now it is a drowsy -looking place, with 2 inns and only some half-dozen shipowners. The parish is bounded N, NE, and E by Urr, SE by Colvend, S by the Solway Firth (here 15 miles wide), SW by Rerwick and Kelton, XW by Kelton and Crossmichael. From N by "W to S by E it has an extreme length of 9h miles ; its breadth from E to "W varies between 1 and 4| miles ; and its area is 12,431 acres, of which S60J are foreshore, 104f water, and 74| 'inks.' The seaboard consists of a peninsula, running 2i miles down to Almor- ness Point, and J to f mile broad, which rises 200 and 100 feet, and is washed on the E by Rough Firth, on the W by Orchardton and Auchencaim Bays. The sur- face inland is pleasantly diversified by grassy or arable hills, attaining 597 feet in Barskeoch, and somewhat ex- ceeding 400 in Guffogland, 500 in Tod Fell, 500 in Bar- lochan, and 400 in Blackbelly. Uee Water flows to Rough Firth along all the boimdary with Urr and Col- vend ; whilst the south-western, with Kelton and Rer- wick, is traced by Doach Bum and Potterland Lane, descending to Orchardton Bay through a beautiful wooded glen, the so-called "Trossachs of Galloway.' Other streams, in the interior, are CoiTa Lane, Mill of Glen Bum, and Little Lane. The Craignair granite quarries, situated near Urr "Water at 390 feet above sea- level, were opened about 1S06, and were worked by the Liverpool Dock Trustees from 1825 to 1832. Once more in active operation, they employ several himdred labourers, including those of ilessrs Xewall, who fur- nished granite for the Thames Embankment. Iron -ore, rock-crystal, talc, and spar are also found. The soil is fertile on the arable lands, which comprise a consider- able aggregate of reclaimed foreshore and moss ; nearly 1000 acres are imder wood. Antiquities are a vitrified fort at Castlegower, in the W ; another hill-fort at Al- moness, in the S ; the picturesque old tower of Orchard- ton, 1| mile S by W of Palnackie, the only round tower in Galloway, with the rare Ceterach fern growing on its ■walls ; the vaults and ditches of the grand Castle of Botel or Buittle on the Urr, f mile N by W of Buittle Bridge, a favourite seat this (it is said) of Baliol ; the site of Kirkennan church, | mile NXE of Palnackie ; and the i-vy-clad First Pointed ruins of Buittle church, held anciently bj" Sweetheart Abbey. The mansions are Munches and Kirkennan, 2 and 2J mUes SSW of Dal- beattie ; and 11 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 5 of between £100 and £500, 2 of from £50 to £100, and 2 of from £20 to £50. Buittle is in the presbytery of Kirkcudbright and synod of Galloway ; its minister's income is £396. The present church (1S19 ; 400 sittings) stands by the old one towards the middle of the parish, 2^ miles AVSW of Dal- beattie. Two public schools. High Buittle and Palnackie, ■with respective accommodation for 88 and 100 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 56 and 72, and grants of £39, 10s. and £55, 4s. Valuation (1881) £12,993, 15s. 9d. Pop. (1811) 858, (1861) 1165, (1871) 1026, (1881) 991.— Ore;. Sur., sh. 5, 1857. Bulcholie. See Bucholie. Bulg. See Builg. Bull, a loch in North Bute parish, Bute island, Bute- shire, 9 miles NW of Rothesay. Measuj-ing IJ by | furlong, it abounds in two kinds of trout, and sends off a rivulet | mile northward to the Kyles of Bute. Bullers-Buchan, a small fishing village in Cruden parish, Aberdeenshire, in the ■ricinity of the Bullers of Buchan. Bullers of Buchan, a stupendous series of granite clifi's, with a huge rocky caldron into which the sea rushes through a natural archway, in Cruden parish, Aberdeen- BUNACHTON shire, Ih mile N of Slains Castle, and 5f SSW of Peter- head. The cliffs for a considerable distance are high and rugged, and at the Buller proper are pierced by a tunnel, open horizontally in front to the inward rush of the sea, and vertically \\'ithin to the sky, forming there what is locally called the Pot. The rocks, both in front and in the Pot, are wall-like, and probably 100 feet in height ; they terminate in so sharj) a land surface as to leave but a narrow and precarious footway either for traversing the summit of the arch or going round the margin of the Pot. Sir Walter Scott's description of the Buller pales before that by Dr Samuel Johnson, who visited it ■with Boswell in 1773 : — ' We turned our eyes to the Buller or Bouillior of Buchan, which no man can see with indifference who has either sense of danger or delight in rarity. It is a rock perpendicularly tubulated, united on one side ■with a high shore, and on the other rising steep to a great height above the main sea. The top is open, from which may be seen a dark gulf of water, which flows into the ca-rity through a breach made in the lower part of the enclosing rock. It has the appear- ance of a vast well bordered ■with a wall. The edge of the Buller is not ■wide, and, to those that walk roimd, appears very narrow. He that ventures to look down- wards sees that if his foot should slip, he must fall from his dreadful elevation upon stones on one side, or into the water on the other. We, however, went round, and were glad when the circuit was completed. AMien we came down to the sea, we saw some boats and rowers, and resolved to explore the Buller at the bottom. We entered the arch which the water had made, and found ourselves in a place which — though we could not think oujselves in danger — we could scarcely survey ^\ithout some recoil of the mind. The basin in which we floated was nearly circular, perhaps 30 yards in diameter. We were enclosed by a natural wall rising steep on every side, to a height which produced the idea of insurmountable confinement. The interception of all lateral light caused a dismal gloom : round us was a perpendicular rock, — above us the distant sky, — and below an unkno^wn pro- fundity of water. If I had any malice against a walk- ing spirit, instead of laying him in the Red Sea, I would condemn him to reside in the Buller of Buchan. But terror ■without danger is only one of the sports of fancy, — a voluntary agitation of the mind that is permitted no longer than it pleases. We were soon at leisure to ex- amine the place with minute inspection, and found many cavities, which, as the watermen told us, went backward to a depth which they had never explored. Their extent we had not time to try ; they are said to serve different purposes. Ladies come hither sometimes in the sum m er with collations, and smugglers make them storehouses for clandestine merchandise. It is hardly to be doubted but the pirates of ancient times often used them as magazines of arms or repositories of plunder. To the little vessels used by the Northern rovers, the Buller may have served as a shelter from storms, and perhaps as a retreat from enemies ; the entrance might have been stopped, or guarded ■with little difficulty, and though the vessels that were stationed ■within would have been battered -with stones showered on them from above, yet the crews would have lain safe in the caverns.' Bullionfield, an extensive paper-work establishment in Litf and Benvie parish, Forfarshire, adjacent to Inver- go-svrie village, 3^ miles W of Dundee. It was origi- nally a work for bleaching and dyeing yam and cloth, and it is now a work for manufactming immense quan- tities of printing and other papers. Bullion Well, a mineral spring in Ecclesmachan parish, Linlithgowshire. It is near the manse ; it issues from the trap rocks of Tor Hill ; it is weakly impreg- nated with sulphuretted hydrogen ; and it formerly was visited by invalids, but is now neglected. BuMcar, a bay in Sell island, Kilbrandon parish, Argyllshire. Bulwark. See Old Deer. Bunachton, a loch on the mutual border of Daviot and Inverness parishes, Inverness-shirc, 6i mUes S of In- verness. Lvins 701 feet above sea-level, it is ^ mile ■' 199 BUNAVOULN long, and has on its S bank a bed of marl from 5 to 6 I'eet deep. Bunavoulin, a village in Slorreni parish, Argyllshire. It has a post office under Fort William. Bunawe, a village on the western verge of Glenorchy parish, Argyllshu-e, on the left bank of the river Awe, immediately above its entrance into Loch Etive, li mile NE of Taynuilt station, and 14| miles E by N of Oban. It has a ferry across Loch Etive ; and is a starting-point for ascending Ben Cruachan and exj^loring Glen Etive. An extensive iron-work, the Lorn Furnace, near the village, was established in 1753 by a Lancashire com- l^any, who leased the adjoining woods for £430 a year till 1S64, when the rent was raised to £2300. The iron ore hsematite was imported from Furness, here to be smelted with charcoal ; but within the last few years the works have come to an almost entire stoppage, the fm-nace beingoutofblastinbothlSrSand 1S79. Extensive gi-anite quarries are also in the neighbourhood, employing some 60 workmen, chiefly "Welshmen and Aberdonians. They were the scene, in 1S71, of a 'monster blast.' A tunnel, 4 feet high, 2h wide, and 50 long, with two terminal branches, 13 and 15 feet long, each rounded at the head into a large chamber, had been cut into an overhanging mountain during the previous two years ; a charge of i tons of gunpowder was deposited in these two chambers ; the entrance was closed with stones and Roman cement ; a train was fired by a powerful galvanic battery ; and, immediately, with smothered subterranean roar, the movmtain side seemed to heave slightly upwards, and then subsided iato the c[uarries to the extent of many thousand tons. Bunchrew, a station in Kirkhill parish, Inverness- shire, on the Highland railway, 3J miles W of Inver- ness. Bunchrew House, a small tm'reted mansion near, was the birthplace and a favourite retreat of the Lord President, Duncan Forbes of Culloden (1685-1747). Bunchrubin. See Cores. Bundalloch, a fishing \illage iu Kintail parish, Ross- shire, on the NE shore of Loch Long, near Dornie village, and 10 mUes KE of Kj'le Akin. Buness or Bunness, a hamlet in Uust island, Shet- land, near the head of Balta Sound. Buness House stands in its vicinity, and was the place where the philosophers, Biot and Captain Kater, conducted their experiments on the pendulum in 1817-18. A c^uarry of chrome ore on the Buness estate was the fh-st source whence chrome was introduced to the British market. Bunessan. See Boxessan. Bunihigh. See Helmsdale. Bunker's Hill, an eminence within the New To^vn of Edinburgh, now cro\^^led by St James Square. Bunkle and Preston, a parish of NE central Berwick- shire, formed early in last century by the union of two separate parishes. Extending northward to within 1| mile of Grant's House station on the main North British, it is traversed in the extreme E by 2 fm'longs of the Dunse branch, whose station of Chirnside lies just out- side the south-eastern angle ; and Bunkle church, stand- ing towards the middle of the parish, is 4 J miles WNW of that station, 3 NW of the post-tillage of Edrom, and 5 NNE of the town of Dunse. It is bounded NE by Coldingham, E by Chirnside, S by Edrom and Dunse, AV too by Dunse, and NW by detached portions of Longfor- macus and Abbey St Bathans. With a rudely triangular outline, it has an extreme length from N to S of 4^, and a width from E to W of 5J miles ; its area is 9256| acres, of which 67i are water. The AVhitadder, a beau- tiful trout stream, roughly traces all the boundary with Dunse and Edrom, and near Chirnside station is joined by Billymire Burn, wliich, marking the eastern border, itself receives from the interior the south-eastward flow- ing Fosterland, Draden, Lintlaw, and lesser burns. The drainage of the north-western corner of the parish is carried northward to Eye Water, being parted from the basin of the Whitadder by Bunkle Edge. Starting from Stoneshiel Hill (723 feet) on the left bank of the Whit- adder in the extreme W, this southern range of the Lamraermuirs strikes across Bunkle in a north-easterly 200 BUBDIEHOUSE direction, cutting it into two unequal portions (by much the larger that to the SE), and culminating 7 furlongs NW of the church at 879 feet. The surface falls away on either side — S and south-eastward to Preston church- j-ard (343 feet), Preston (326), JIarden (298), Lintlaw (335) Blanerne (200), and Billy Mains (225); north- westward to points upon Drake Mire 530, 708, and 660 feet above the level of the sea. The rocks include some trap, but are mainly Silurian in the N, Devonian in the S ; and in the W, on Hoardweel farm, a copper mine has twice been worked. The soil of the uplands, naturally poor, has been greatly improved with lime and marl ; that of the southern undulating plain is fertile and well cultivated, and on his farm here of Slighshouses, Dr James Hutton introduced the Norfolk system of clrill- husbandry to Scotland (1754-68). At least three-foui-ths of the whole area are arable, and some 500 acres are under wood. Antiquities are 8 round camps on Bunkle Edge, and remains of Bunkle Castle near the church, of Blan- erne Castle iu the SE, and of Billy Castle in the NW. The last, belonging to the Earls of Angus, stood in the middle of a great morass, now drained and tilled, and was demolished in Hertford's raid of 1544. Sir John Stewart, son of Alexander Lord High Steward of Scot- laud, by marriage with the heiress of Sir Alexander de Boukil (1288) obtained the barony of Bunkle ; and through his descendants, the Stewart Earls of Angus (1329-77) and the Douglas Earls of Angus (1389- 1633), it ultimately came to the Hon. Lucy Mon- tagu (1805-77), whose husband, the Earl of Home, is owner now of more tlian half the parish. Two other proprietors hold each an annual vtilue of £500 and up- wards, 4 of between £100 and £500, and 2 of from £20 to £100. The principal estates with mansions, Cruicks- field, Easter Cruicksfield, and Blanerne, are all three situated in the S of the parish ; and the last, on the AATiitadder, has been held by the Lumsdaines since 1320. John Brown, M.D. (1735-88), founder of the Brunonian sj^stem of medicine, was a native of Bunkle. It is in the presbytery of Dunse and sjTiod of Merse and Teviotdale ; the minister's income is £400. The church, containing 400 sittings, was rebuilt in 1820, aU but a semicircular Norman apse, described in Muir's Clmrch Architecture (1861) as ' evidently a very early building, which may date from even before the beginning of the 12th century. The interior roof is a plain half-concave similar to the vaulting in the apse of the chapel in Edin- burgh Castle. The arch that communicated 'with the chancel is semicircular, and of one deep square-edged order, from plaia imposts bevelled on the lower edge.' Two schools, at Lintlaw and Preston, with respective ac- commodation for 100 and 49 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 48 and 43, and grants of £40, 3s. and £33, 3s. Valuation (1881) £12,131, 9s. PoiJ. (1801)674, (1821)787, (1871)704,1(1881) 726.— 07-£?. 5'Mr., sh. 34, 1864. Bunloit, a hamlet in LTrquhart and Glenmoriston parish, Inverness-shire, on the W shore of Loch Ness, 3 miles SSW of Urquhart Bay. A public school here, with accommodation for 60 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 32, and a grant of £30, 10s. Bunness. See Buness. Bunroy, a hamlet in Kilmonivaig parish, Inverness- shire. It has a Roman Catholic chapel, built in 1826, and containing 350 sittings. Buntoit. See Bttnloit. Bimzeon, an estate, vrith. an old mansion, in Cults parish, Fife. It belonged to the Bruces, one of whom represented Cupar burgh in the Scottish Parliament of 1703; but it passed to the Earl of Crawford; and its old mansion is now a farmhouse. Burdiehouse, a hamlet and a burn of Edinburghshire. The hamlet, in the SE of Lilierton parish, lies on the burn 4^ miles S by E of Edinburgh, and li NW of Loanhcad ; is supposed to have been originally called Bourdeaux-House, from its being the residence of some of Queen Mary's French attendants in 1561 ; and is celcln-ated for its limekilns, whicJi manufacture about 15,000 bolls of lime a year. A vast deposit of limestone BURDSYARDS here contains fossils whieh have been largely discussed by eminent geologists. — The burn, rising on the north- em shoulder of the Pentland Hills, within Colinton parish, runs 3i miles eastward to Burdiehouse hamlet, and thence 5 miles north-eastward through Liberton parish, and on the boundary with Newton and Inver- esk parishes, to the Firth of Forth between Joppa and Fisherrow. Burdsyajds, an estate, with a mansion, in the parish and If mile S by E of the town of Forres, Elginshire. Burg, a bold, high, basaltic headland, in the SW of Mull island, Argyllshire, mainly identical with Ardtun, which has been already noticed. Burgar, an estate, with a modem mansion, in Evie and Randall parish, Orkney, 11 miles from Kirkwall. B\irgee. See Burgie. Burghead, a promontory, a bay, a small town, and a quoad sacra parish, in DuiFus parish, Elginshire. The promontory projects north-westward into the Moray Firth, measuring about 810 yards in length by 336 in breadth. It rises at first with very slight ascent from 2S feet above sea-level till it terminates in a round hill with altitude of 80 feet or upwards, and with a rocky precipitous sea-front. Upon this hill are vestiges of an ancient fortification — the borg most probably of Sigurd, Norwegian jarl of Orkney (c. 889). ' Hill Burton,' says Skene, ' in stating his disbelief in the genuineness of Richard of Cirencester, adds, among other things to be abandoned, " the celebrated Winged Camp; the Pteroton Stratopedon can no longer remain at Burghead, though a water-tank discovered there in 1809 has become a Roman bath to help in its identification." He is, how- ever, mistaken in supposing that its identification rests upon Richard- Ptolemy is in reality the authority for Alata Castra, and its posirion on the Moray Firth. It is of coxirse absurd to recognise Roman remains there at that early period, but there can be no question that the ramparts of a town of the Vacomagi are still to be seen on that headland, which by the Norsemen was after- wards called Torfnes ' {Celt. Scot, 1876, vol. L, pp. 74, 336). — The bay is flanked, on one side by the promon- tory, on the other by a headland at the mouth of the Findhom river ; measures fully 4 miles across the entrance ; penetrates the land to the distance of nearly 2J miles from the entrance line ; and has nearly a half- moon form. — The town stands on the slope of the pro- montory, at the terminus of a branch of the Highland railway (1862), 54 miles NNW of Alves Junction, lOf NW of Elgin, and 12 J NE of Forres. Laid out on a regular plan, with well-built and substantial houses, it is much frequented as a summer watering-place ; carries on considerable commerce, an extensive herring fishery, and a limited salmon fishery ; and has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departinents, a branch of the Caledonian Bank, a public reading-room, a suite of baths, a coastguard station, a custom-house, a quoaA sacra parish church, a Free church, and a U. P. church. The Morayshire Chemical Works, for the manu- facture of ai-tificial manures, was started in 1864 ; and boat-building and fish-curing are also carried on. The harbour, fronring westward or towards Cromarty, was begun in 1807, and completed in 1810 ; comprises a basin measuring 540 by 150 feet, with a sea-wall 240 feet long, extended in 1832 by a breakwater of 200 feet, and, besides serving for the local commerce, accom- modates passage-vessels on a ferry to Sutherland, and receives calls of steamers plying between Leith and Inverness. The herring catch was 6600 crans in 1877, 1834 in 1878, 7900 in 1879, and 13,978 in ISSO. A public school, with accommodation for 351 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 238, and a grant of £197, 7s. The quoad sacra parish church was built as a chapel of ease about the year 1830. The quoad sacra parish was constituted in 1868, and is in the presbjrtery of Elgin and s}Tiod of Moray. Stipend, £120. Pop. of quoad sacra parish (1871) 1947 ; of town (1831) 749, (1861) 1099, (1871) 1308, (1881) Un.—Ord. Sur., sh. 95, 1876. See Chambers's Book of Bays (1864), for an account of the 'Dourie' or 'Clavie,' a relic of fire- BURNFOOT worship stUl kept up here on 12 Jan. ; chap. xi. of Jaa. Brown's F.ound Table Club (1873) ; and Arthur Mitchell's ' Vacation Notes in Cromar, Burghead, and Strathspey ' (P/T'cs. Soc. Ants. Scot., 1875). Burgh-Head, Wigtownshire. See BoRorcH-HEAD. Burgle, an estate, with a mansion, in Rafford parish, Elginshire, 3^ miles E by N of Forres. It belonged to the Abbots of Kinross, and passed, in 1567, to the family of Dunbar. A strong castle was built upon it in 1602 ; and is now represented by only a large, beautiful, six-story square tower, surmounted by battlements, and commanding an extensive view. An addition was made to the castle in 1702, in form of a more modernised building ; but both this and the greater part of the castle were taken down in 1802 for building the present contiguous mansion. Burleigh, an old baronial castle in Orwell parish, Kinross-shire, \ mile SE of Milnathort. A place ori- ginally of great sti-ength, it was the seat from 1446 of the family of Balfour, and gave them the peerage title of Baron ; it passed with its lands to General Irwin, and afterwards to Graham of Kinross ; and now it is repre- sented by only part of its exterior walls, incorporated with the outbmldings of a farmstead. Sir James Balfour was made Lord Balfour of Burleigh in 1606 ; Robert, fourth lord, the murderer of the Inverkeithing school- master, took part in the '15, and suffered attainder ; and Alexander Hugh Bruce was declared heir to the barony by the House of Lords in 1868, and relieved from the efi"ect of the attainder by Act of Parliament in 1869. His Lordship's seat is KE^■^"ET House in Clack- mannanshire. Bum, an estate, with a mansion, in Fettercaim parish, SW Kincardineshire, on the left bank of the North Esk, IJ mile N of Edzell. The mansion was built in 1791 by Lord Adam Gordon ; its present owner, Major Wm. M'Inroy, holds 4988 acres in the shire, valued at £3182 per annum. Bumbane, a village in the E of Perthshire. Its post- town is Dunkeld. Bumbank, a bum in Kincardine parish, Perthshire. It runs to the Forth, and has been used for mill-power and for floating moss into the Forth. Bumbank, a fishing village in Nigg parish, Kin- cardineshire, 3 miles S of Aberdeen. Bumbrae, a modem mansion in Abbey Paisley parish, Renfrewshire, 1^ mile EXE of Johnstone. It is a seat of Rt. Tho. Napier Speir, Esq. (b. 1841 ; sue. 1853), who owns in the shire 1527 acres, valued at £6487 per annum (£2736 of it for minerals). Bumbrae, a village in Calderhead registration district, Lanarksliii'e. Bumbrae, a village in the W centre of Ayrshire, 3^ miles from its post-town Tarbolton. Bumbridge, a village in Muiravonside parish, Stirling- shire. Bumbutts, a village in the NW of Lanarkshire. Its post-town is Tollcross, under Glasgow. Burness, an estate, with a mansion, in Firth and Stenness parish, Orkney. Bumess, a small lake in the N of Westray parish, Orkney. It contains trout ; and it sends oflf its super- fluence to Saintear lake. Bumess, an ancient parish, now annexed to Cross parish, in Sanday island, Orkney. Originally called St Colm's, it forms the NW limb of Sanday, and is almost surrounded by the sea, being connected with the rest of Sanday by only a narrow isthmus. It presents for the most part, a flat, green, fertile appearance ; and it con- tains several ponds, a considerable freshwater lake, a public board school, and the mansions of Scar and Saville. A curious tumulus was discovered in 1824. In Bumess was bom the lyric poet, David Tedder (1790- 1854). Bumfoot, a seaport hamlet in Rerwick parish, Kirk- cudbrightshire, at the mouth of Abbey Burn, 5^ miles SW of Kirkcudbright. It is a free port, and might easily be provided with a commodious harbour. Bumfoot, a small harbour in Old Luce parish, Wig- 201 BURNFOOT townsliire, at tlie head of Luce Baj', witliin 2 miles of Glenluce village. It accommodates only small vessels of less than 60 or 70 tons bm-den. Bumfoot, an estate, with a modern mansion, in Hod- dam parish, Dumfriesshire, 1 mile E of Ecclefechan. Its owTier, J. Irving, Esq., holds 4868 acres in the shire, valued at £36,835 per annum. Bumfoot, a hamlet on the NW border of Kirkpatrick- Flemiug parish, Dumfriesshire, at the influx of a burn to Kii'tle Water, near Springkell. Bumfoot, a place in Carriden parish, Linlithgowshire. It overlies a rich seam of coal ; and it was the birth- place of Col. Jas. Gardiner (1688-1745), who fell at the battle of Prestonpans. Bumfoot, a hamlet, with a woollen spinning-mill, in Glendovan parish, Perthshire. Bumfoot, a hamlet, with a long-established bleach- field, in Lochwinnoch parish, Renfrewshire. Bumfoothill, a small town, connected with iron- works, in Dalmelliugton parish, Ayi'shire. Pop. (1871) 1421. Bumhall, a village near Motherwell, in Lanark- shire. Bumhaven, a fishing village in Peterhead parish, Aber- deenshire, on the NW side of Sandford Baj^, 1^ mile SSW of Peterhead town. It is of modern origin ; was erected by George Mudie, Esq. of Meethill ; and has a public school and a small harbour. The school, with accom- modation for 130 children, had (1879) a day and evening average attendance of 93 and 16, and grants of £73, 9s. and £5, 43. The harbour is suited chiefly for fishing boats, and has a landing-place constructed at a cost of about £300. Bumhead, a hamlet, with a U.P. church (1800 ; 700 sittings), in Penpont parish, Dumfriesshire, IJ mile W of Tliornhill. Bumhead. See Duxscore. Bumhead, an estate, with a mansion, in Sorn parish, Aj'rshire. Bumhouse. See Beith. Bumhouse, an estate, with a handsome modern man- sion, in the parish and 3 J miles NNW of the village of Stow, Edinburghshire. Bumiestripe, a village in Urquhart parish, NE Elgin- shire, 2 miles SW of Garmouth. Bummouth, a fishing village in the SE corner of Atton parish, Berwickshire, picturesquely lying at the foot of a steep ravine, with heights to S, W, and N that rise to 170, 309, and 310 feet above sea-level. It is 5 mile SE of Burnmouth station on the North British, this being 5| miles NNW of Berwick-upon-Tweed ; and, included in Eyemouth fishing district, it carries on a thriving fishery, chiefly of herrings and haddocks. A harbour here, originally constructed at a cost of £1600, has been greatly improved by the erection of a W break- water, 325 feet long, and the extension of the pier to a total length of 800 feet, with a lighthouse at the end of it, these improvements having been finished in 1879 at a cost of £6296. Pop. (1871) 314, (1881) 432, minus 24 fishermen, who were lost in the gale of 14 Oct. 1881. Bumoch, a bum in Ochiltree parish, Argyllshire, run- ning to Lugar Water. Bum of Cambus. See Cambus, Burn of. Bum-Row, a village in Slamannan parish, Stirling- shire. Bums, a hamlet in the Milton section of Markinch parish, Fife. Bumside, a village comprising Wallacetown in Pol- mont parish, and Standrigg in liluiravonside parish, Stirlingshire. Bumside, a village in the parish and 1^ mile N by E of the town of Dairy, Ayrshire. A public school at it, accommodating 95 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 98, and a grant of £75, 15s. Bumside, a hamlet in Tannadice parish, Forfarshire, 6 miles NNW of Forfar. A public school at it, for Tan- nadice and Kirriemuir, with accommodation for 67 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 52, and a grant of £52, 15s. 202 BURNTISLAND Bumside, an estate, with a mansion, in Rescobie parish, Forfarshire. Bumside, a village in the N of Banff"shire, 3 miles from Cornhill station. Bumside, a village of N W Fife, | mile ESE of Newburgh. Bumside, a hamlet in St Cyrus parish, Kincardine- shire, contiguous to Roadside hamlet, a short distance W of St Cyrus village. Bumside, a recent neat hamlet on Geddes estate, in Nairn parish, Nairnshire. Bumswark. See Beuis-swakk. Burntisland, a town and a parish of S Fife, on the northern shore of the Firth of Forth. The town adjoins the steamboat ferry station (1848) of the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee section of the North British railway, being 5^ miles N by W of Granton, 9^ NNW of Edin- burgh, 5| NNW of Leith, and 5| SW of Kirkcaldy. Its old name, Wester Kinghorn, was changed about 300 years ago to Bertyland, Bertland, or Bruntiland, of dubious etymology. A royal and parliamentary burgh, an important coaling port, a place of great railway thoroughfare, a seat of considerable local trade, and a resort of summer visitors for recreation and sea-bathing, it stands on low ground, partly peninsular, and screened along the N by a chain of wooded hills, the highest of which, the Bin (632 feet), commands a magnificent view. Rossend Castle, on an eminence at the W end of the town overlooking the harbour, is said to have been built in 1382 by Durie of Durie ; figured long as a military strength ; belonged to Kirkcaldy of Grange (executed 1573) ; served, at another time, as the headquarters of the armed Covenanters of the S of Fife ; passed through the hands of many diflerent proprietors ; and, greatly altered by modern additions, is now the residence of Mr Jas. Shepherd, manufacturer, Kirkcaldy. Colinswell, Greenmount, and Starley Hall, all handsome modern mansions, are in the vicinity. The hamlet of Kirkton, with the quaint churchyard of the old parish church, St Adamnan's (1243), and the hamlet of Grange, with an extensive distillery, lie respectively ^ and -i mile to the N, but are now included within the mmiicipal boundary. A spacious common, called the Links, adjoins the town on the E, and is half encircled by pleasant seaward-look- ing villas. One of these, Craigholm Cottage, near the extremity of the Links, was for several years the summer residence of Dr Chalmers (1780-1847) ; and in a house near the Forth Hotel Mrs Mary Somerville (1780-1872) passed much of her early childhood. A wall was built round the town in the reign of Charles I. ; and part of it, at the E end, is standing still. The Music Hall (400 seats), lying ofl" the E end of High Street, was built in 1857 at a cost of nearly £2000, all defrayed by Messrs John and Joseph Young of Dunearn ; and, given by their representatives in 1869 to the town, serves both for entertainments and public meetings. Tlie parish church, built in 1592-94, on the model of the North Church of Amsterdam, is a curious square edifice, surmounted by a squat, vane-cap]5ed tower, and contains 900 sittings ; other jdaces of worship are a Free church (1860), a U.P. church, and St Serf's Epis- copal chapel. There are also a town-hall (1846), a fever hospital (1880), an institution for science and art classes, a railway mechanics' reading-room and library, a total abstinence society, a masonic lodge, a golf club, and several miscellaneous institutions. New board schools, erected (1876) in Elizabethan style at a cost of £6000, and an Episcopal school, with respective accommoda- tion for 600 and 150 children, had in 1879 an average attendance of 411 and 130, and grants of £370, 10s. and £90, 8s. The most prominent structures of the town are those connected with the harbour and the railway. The har- bour, called Partus Gratice or Portus Salutis in old burgh charters, long bore the character of being the best on the Firth of Forth, as large, well sheltered, and easy of ac- cess. Formerly only a tidal haven, it has been greatly im- jjroved, under acts of 1870, 1875, and 1881, by the con- struction of a wet dock, a sea-wall, and other works, at a cost of £150,000, advanced by the North British Com- BURNTISLAND pany. Up to 18S1 it was managed as part of the burgh property by the to^vn council, but by the latest Act it is vested in 8 commissioners, 4 of them appointed by that company, and 4 by the town council. The wet dock, opened on 1 Dec. 1876, covers 5^ acres, and has about 630 yards of quayage, a depth of from IDJ to 225 feet, an entrance 50 feet ^dde, railway connections, and three hydraulic loading machines ; the sea-wall, starting from the island at the S end of Cromwell Dyke, is thence to be carried in a westerly and a northerly direction, includ- ing several acres of the foreshore. How great already has been the effect of the improvements, may be seen in the growth of the harbour revenue from £197 in 1860 and £1622 in 1875, to £16,519 in 1879, £14,785 in 1880, and £11,000 in the first 7 months of 1881. The qi;antity, too, of coal exported has risen from 190,061 tons in 1876 to 230,132 in 1877, 368,480 in 1878, 450,636 in 1879, 460,664 in 1880, and 296,694 in the first 7 months of 1881. Seal of Burntisland. The railway station adjoins the steamboat pier, and combines elegance of architecture with commodiousness of arrangement ; whilst the neighbouring Forth Hotel is a handsome edifice, with all the convenience of a city esta- blishment. The railway between the sea and the tovra. passes first through deep rock-cuts, and next along a beach devoted to bathing. A little way down the line is a large railway-carriage and engine depot. Encroachments by the sea have been made and are menaced to the E of the railway works; and Sibbald's History of Fife (1710) says that towns-folk not long dead ' did remember the grassy Links reach to the Black Craigs, near a mUe into the sea now.' In 1656 Burntisland had 7 vessels of from 12 to 150 tons ; like other ports of Fife, it is said to have suffered greatly from the Union. The boats of the Forth and East Coast fisheries long made its harbour their prin- cipal rendezvous, but were eventually drawn to An- struther and other places. A herring fishery, with Burntisland for its headquarters, began about 1793, was vigorously prosecuted for many years, and produced from 16,000 to 18,000 barrels annuallj'; but even that declined into little more than curing and coopering the cargoes of boats from other ports. Whale fishing sent out two vessels of respectively 311 and 377 tons in 1830 and some following years ; but that likewise failed and was relinquished. The town has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and insurance departments, a railway telegraph office, branches of the Commercial BJid National Banks, a savings' bank, and a fair on the third Friday of July. New waterworks, costing £25,000, were opened in 1878. The distributing reservoir at Kil- mundy lies, 1 mile NW of the town, at 200 feet above sea-level ; the principal reservoir is at Cullalo, 1^ mile NE of Aberdour, and covers 40 acres ; and the total storage capacity is 100,000,000 gallons, or 140 daj's' supply, at the rate a day of 70 gallons per head of the BURNTISLAND present population. Another great improvement was effected in 1880, by granolithic paving at the East End, a handsome and almost unbroken promenade being formed thus of 2020 feet. Burntisland belonged anciently to Dunfermline Abbey, and was exchanged by James V., in 1541, for some lands in the neighbourhood, that he might erect it into a royal burgh. It dates as a royal burgh from that year, and it got new charters in 1587 and 1632. It is now governed by a provost, 2 bailies, a dean of guUd, a treasurer, and 7 councillors ; and it unites with Kirk- caldy, Kinghorn, and Dysart, in sending a member to parliament. Its police affairs are managed by the magis- trates and town council as commissioners of police ; and its municipal, police, and parliamentary boundaries were made identical in 1876. The corporation revenue in 1865 was £548, in 1880, £764. The annual value of real property— £8846 in 184.3— was £23,904, 7s. 3d. in 1881, inclusive of the railway. The parliamentary and municipal constituency in 1881 was 642. Pop. of burgh (1831) 1873, (1841) 1959, (1861) 3143, (1871) 3265, (1881) 4096. Houses (1881) 829 inhabited, 61 vacant, 22 building. Agricola, the Roman general, on crossing the Forth into Fife (83 a.d. ), is thought, by some -UTiters, to have landed at Burntisland, and to have encamped his army on Duneam Hill, 2 miles to the NNAV. On its summit is a plateau, surrounded mth an immense number of loose stones, and known as Agricola's Garrison. In 1563, at Rossend Castle, where Queen Mary was spending the night on her way to St Andrews, the hapless Chastelard burst into her chamber — the offence for which he was brought to the block. A meeting of the General As- sembly was held in the parish church in 1601, being summoned from Edinburgh by James VI. , who durst not trust himself to the stormj' Firth, and who here re-sworo the Solemn League and Covenant, and suggested to the Assembly the propriety of revising the English transla- tion of the Scriptures. In Ajiril 1615, the serving by the Queen's chamberlain of certain writs gave rise to an eviction riot of ' a multitude of women, above ane hundred, of the bangster Amazon kind, who maist un- courteously dung him [the Earl of Dunfermline] off his feet and his witnesses with him, they all hurt and blooded, all his letters and precepts reft fra him, riven, and cast away, and sae stoned and chased out of the town.' The minister, Master Watson, a man of no calm port, would seem to have roused the townsfolk's hot humours, and the bailie's wife was leader of the Amazons. The inhabitants of Burntisland were zealous Covenan- ters, and made a powerful stand against Cromwell ; eventually compelled to surrender the town to him, they exacted from him the stipulation that he would repair its streets and harbour. A letter of 29 July 1651, from the Protector to the Speaker of the House of Commons, desciibes the town as ' well seated, pretty strong, but marvellous capable of further improvement in that respect without great charge ; ' the harbour as ' near a fathom deeper than at Leith at a high spring- tide, and not commanded by any ground \vithout the town.' In April 1667, a fleet of 30 Dutch sail appeared at the mouth of the Firth of Forth, and some of the Burntisland privateers taking their cannon ashore, and raising a battery to defend the harljour, the Dutch ships lashed out with their ordnance against the to\^Ti, and knocked a few chimneys down, but did no further harm. The town was occupied, in 1715, by the Earl of Mar's troops ; and a spot adjacent to it was the camping ground, in 1746, of a large body of Hessians. Lord Burntisland was a life-title conferred in 1672 on Sir Jas. Wemyss of Caskieberry, husband of Margaret, Countess of Wemyss. The parish of Burntisland, originally called Wester Kinghorn, is bounded N and E by Kinghorn, S by the Firth of Forth, and W by Aberdour. Its length from E to W varies between If and 2| miles ; its greatest breadth from N to S is 21 miles ; and its area is 2950J acres, of which 386 are foreshore. The coast, inclusive of sinuosities, is 3^ miles long, the shore being sandy 203 BURNTOWN to the E and rocky to the W of the town. A small headland, called Ross Point, lies about 3 furlongs W of the harbour ; and a creek strikes inland from that point, is i mile -nide at the entrance and f mile long, and has been bisected by a stone -wall 12 feet high and 9 feet broad, pierced with two flood-gates, and has, through the flood-gates, such an influx and efilux of tidal current as drives a corn-mill. The seaboard, to the width of i mile, appears, in a rough view, a hill- flanked plain, but really has considerable diversity of elevation, being traversed from E to W by a series of ridges, parallel to one another, and of different heights. The first ascends gently from the sea ; the next, called School HUl or Mount Pleasant, rises on the northern outskirts of the town ; and the third, is that on which Kirkton village stands, but all three are of very incon- siderable elevation. The fourth is the Bin, truly and conspicuously a hill, rising abruptly to an altitude of 632 feet above sea-level. The surface northward thence presents an interesting variety of hill and dale ; has eminences somewhat irregularly scattered, and consider- ably diverse in height and aspect, and culminates in Dunearn Hill (671 feet), 2 miles NNW of the town. Dunearn HiU looks very like an extinct volcano, and it commands a magnificent panoramic view, embracing portions of 14 counties. Starley Burn descends from the western hills, falls over a high rock into the sea, making there a very picturesque cascade, and holds so much carbonate of Hme in solution as to petrify moss and wood. The rocks are carboniferous and eruptive, and they exhibit constituents and juxtapositions highly in- teresting to geologists. Sandstone and limestone are quarried ; coal is known to exist ; ironstone, bituminous shale (extensively worked by the Burntisland Oil Com- pany), slate claj^, and various kinds of trap abound ; and natrolite, zeolite, amethyst, chalcedony, agates, and other scarce minerals are found. Numerous kinds of fossils, some of them of rare character, are in the lime- stone ; and basaltic columns, in beautiful arrangement, occur on Orrock Hill and on the northern side of Dunearn Hill. The soil between the town and the Bin is mostly a rich, deep, very fertile loam ; that to the N of the Bin is of lighter character, yet mostly well cultivated and productive. Numerous tumidi were formerly in the N ; a small baronial fortalice was formerly at Balbee ; and ruins of the small fort or castle of Knockdavie, which belonged to one Douglas, a persecutor of the Covenanters, crown a small eminence at Stenhouse. Seven proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 21 of between £100 and £500, 29 of from £50 to £100, and 60 of from £20 to £50. Burntisland is in the presbytery of Kirkcaldy and synod of Fife ; the living is worth £263. Valuation of landward por- tion (1881) £9490, 19s. 8d. Pop. of entire parish (1801) 1530, (1831) 2366, (1841) 2210, (1861) 3670, (1871) 3872, (1881) 4614.— OrcZ. Sur., sh. 40, 1867. See J. C. R. Buckner's Ramhlcs in and around Aherdour and Sirnitisland {18S1). Bumtown, a village near Gargunnock, on the N bor- der of Stirlingshire. Bumturk, a village in Kettle parish, Fife, Ih mile ESE of Kettle village. Sandstone quarries are in its neighbourhood. Bumweel. See Bakns of Ayr. Bumwynd, a hamlet in Ratho parish, Edinburgh- shire, 1| mile S by W of Ratho village. Burra, an island, an ancient parish, and a quoad sacra pariUi in the S of Shetland. The island lies about 3J miles W of the nearest part of the mainland, and 10| mUes SW of Lerwick, under which it has a post office ; measures about 6 miles in length from NNE to SSW, and from ^ mile to If mile in breadth ; has an irregular outline and a rocky coast ; and consists, in a general view, of a hill ridge. The ancient parish, comprising Burra, House, Hevera, and Papa islands, is united to the parishes of Bressay and Quarif. House island, sometimes called East Burra, extends parallel to most of Burra, at nearly mid-distance between it and the mainland ; ap- proaches Burra so near at one point as to communicate 204 BURROW-HEAD with it by a rude timber bridge ; measures about 5 miles in length, and nearly 1 mile in mean breadth ; and con- sists mostly of a liQl ridge, but terminates on the S in a long, narrow, grassy peninsula. Hevera and Papa will be separately noticed. The quoad sacra parish (stipend, £120), in the presbytery of Lerwick and synod of Shet- land, comprises, since 1833, the ancient parishes of Burra and Quartf. Pop. (1861) 890, (1871) 952, (1881) 918, of whom about 425 belong to Burra island. See Bressay. Burrafrith, a romantic bay and a hamlet in the N of Unst island, Shetland. The bay penetrates the land about 1| mile southward, has a sandy beach, and em- bosoms a holm or small pastoral island of its own name. The hamlet has a public school, with accommodation for 50 children. Burraness, a headland in North Yell parish, on the E side of Yell island, Shetland, confronting the sound be- tween Fetlar and Unst, and terminating 2 miles NNW of the nearest part of Fetlar. It is crowned by a brough in almost entire condition. Burravoe, a bay and a hamlet in Mid and South Yell parish, Shetland. The bay is in the SE of Yell island ; opens 4 J miles N by W of Lunaness on the mainland, and 26J miles N by E of Lerwick ; penetrates the land 2J miles north-north-eastward ; is flanked on all the E side by a narrow peninsula, terminating in Burra Head ; and forms a good harbour. The hamlet lies at the head of the bay ; has a post office under Lerwick, and a girls' school ; it gives name to a presbytery in the synod of Shetland. The presbytery comprehends the old parishes of Mid and South Yell, Fetlar and North Yell, and Unst, with the quoad sacra parishes of North Yell and South Yell. Pop. (1871) G033, (1881) 5141, of whom 1414 were communicants of the Church of Scot- land in 1878, the sums raised by them that year in Chris- tian liberality amounting to £89. Burravoe, a bay in Nesting parish, on the E side of the mainland of Shetland. A brough stood adjacent to it, but has been entirely demolished. Remains of an ancient wet dock or artificial harbour are on it, near the site of the brough, and indicate it to have been anciently a place of some commercial traffic. Burravoe, a small bay in the NE of Northmaven parish, Shetland, 3 miles S of the northern entrance of Yell Sound. Burray, an island and a parish in the S of Orkney. The island, lying between South Ronaldshay and Po- mona, is separated from the former by AYater Sound, 5 furlongs mde, from the latter by Holm Sound, 1^ mile A^dde. "With an irregular outline, rudely resembling three limbs of a Greek cross, it measures about 4 miles in length from E to W, and from less than 1 mile to about 2^ miles in breadth ; and is nearly all low land, incumbent on sandstone and schistose rocks. It has a post office under Kirkwall. Bm'ray was the birthplace of the novelist, Mrs Mary Brunton or Balfour (1778- 1818). Its inhabitants are maintained chiefly by fishing. The parish comprehends the islands of Burray, Hunda, and Glenisholm, and is united to South Ronaldshay. Its church, falling to ruin about 1800, is now substituted by a chapel of ease (stipend, £67 with manse). There is also a U. P. church ; and a public school, with accom- modation for 130 children, had (1879) an average at- tendance of 82, and a grant of £66, 4s. Burrelton, a village in Cargill parish, Perthshire, ad- jacent to "Woodside village and station, and near the Forfarshire boundary, 24 miles SSW of Cupar- Angus. It has a post office under Cupar-Angus, a Free church, a Free Church school, and a fair on the first Tuesday of July. Bunion, an ancient castle in Cross and Burness parish, Orkney, now represented by only substructions and one large stone. Burron, a hill, with remains of an ancient Caledonian camp, in Mouswald parish, Dumfriesshire. Burrow-Head, a headland in the SE of Stronsay island, Orkney, IJ mile N by E of Lamb Head, and 2^ miles S by W of Odiiess Head. Burrow-Head, "Wigtownshire. See Borough-He.vd. BURROW-MOOR Burrow-Moor. See Boeough Muir. Burwick, a hamlet near the southern extremity of South Rouaklshay island, Orkney. It has a post office imder Kirkwall, and a ferry to Caithness. Busby, a manufacturing town, partly in the Lanark- shire parish of East Kilbride, but chiefly in Mearns and Cathcart parishes, Renfrewshire, 5h miles S of Glasgow by road, or 7J by a line (incorporated 1863) that diverges at Pollokshaws from the Barrhead railway, and has a length thence of 4^ miles to Busby and 8f to East Kil- bride. Standing on White Cart Water, and surrounded by charming scenery, it is a pleasant, well-built place, and has a post office with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, a print-field, and a cotton- mill (established 1780). There are a Free church, a U.P. church (1836 ; 400 sittings), and St Joseph's Roman Catholic church (1879 ; 400 sittings) ; and in February 1881 it was proposed to erect an Estaljlished church and to form the town into a quoad sacra pai'ish. A public school, with accommodation for 540 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 269, and a grant of £250, 13s. Pop. (1841) 902, (1861) 1778, (1871) 2147, (1881) 3089, of whom 657 belonged to Lanarkshire. — Orel. Sur., sh. 22, 1865. Busby, an extensive moor on the mutual border of Ardrossan and West Kilbride parishes, Ayrshire, 3 miles N of Ardrossan town. Bush, a hamlet, near Lauriston station, in St Cj'rus parish, S Kincardineshire. Bush, an estate, with a modern mansion, in Glencross parish, Edinburghshire, 2 miles N by E of Penicuik. It is the seat of Rt. Arch. Trotter, Esq. (b. 1814 ; sue. 1868), owner of 1919 aci'es in the shire, valued at £2998 per annimi, including £500 for minerals. Bushyhill, a village in Cambuslang parish, Lanark- shire, one of the cluster of villages popularly regarded as Cambuslang town, and situated near Cambuslang station, 4 J miles SE of Glasgow. It is inhabited chiefly by weavers, labourers, and small dealers, and has a pub- lic school, which, with accommodation for 278 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 278, and a grant of £239. Eusta, an estate, with a mansion, in Delting parish, Shetland. A bay on its coast is called Bustavoe ; and a granite monolith on it, about 17 feet in circumference and 10| feet high, is called the standing-stone of Busta. Bute, an island in the N of Buteshire. It is sur- rounded by belts, bands, or expanses of the Firth of Clyde ; and, round its northern half, is separated from Argyllshire only by^the narrow semicircular belt called the Kyles of Bute. It extends south-south-eastward from the elbow of the Kyles at the mouth of Loch Riddon to the narrow part of the fair- way of the Firth of Clyde, only 2^ miles wide between itself and Little Cumbrae island. Its greatest length, from Buttock Point south - south-eastward to Garroch Head, is 15 J miles ; its breadth A'aries between 9 fmdongs and 6J miles (from Bogany Point to Ardscalpsie Point) ; and its area, including Imchmarnock, is 31,836| acres or 49| square miles. The coast is indented on the E by Kames, Rothesay, and Kilchattan Bays ; on the W by Dunagoil, Stravanan, Scalpsie, St Ninians, and Etterick Bays ; and, for the most part rocky, includes some sweeps and stretches of fine beach. The interior seems at one time to have formed four hilly islands, and now is traversed by three low continuous, nearly parallel dingles, dividing it into four districts. The northernmost and largest of these, terminating in a dingle running from Kames Bay to Etterick Bay, has an extreme length and breadth of 5h and 4| miles ; and here, from N to S, rise Bluclich Hill (638 feet). North Hill of BuUochreg (769), Torran Turach (745), Kilbride Hill (836), Kames Hill (875), and Eenan Hill (538). The second district extends to a dingle running from Rothesay Bay to Scalpsie Bay ; measures 4| by 6^ miles ; and attains 457 feet above sea-level near Kamesburgh, 530 near Auchiemore Wood, and 477 to the W of the head of Loch Fad ; and lias a more diversified coast than any of the other districts. The third extends to a dingle running from BUTE, NORTH Kilchattan Bay to Stravanan Bay ; its highest point is Ardencraig (433 feet), J mile E of Rothesay. The southernmost and smallest district measures only about 2| miles by 2, and attains an elevation of 517 feet above sea-level near Kilchattan, of 485 in Torr Mor. The general surface displays a charming variety of con- tour and slope, containing thousands of points which command great sweeps of gorgeous prospect, and hun- dreds which command magnificent panoramic views. The views round the Kyles, up Lochs Striven, Riddon, and Fyne, down Kilbrannan Sound, over and along the Firth of Clyde, on to the mountains of Cowal, the swelling hills of Kintyre, the sublime peaks of Arran, the broken surfaces of the Cumbraes, and the rich, vast amphi- theatre of AjTshire, are among the most exquisite in Scotland. Rothesay Bay alone, with the views outward from it, is worth a long joui'ney to behold. The other bays also, and the entire semicircle of the Kyles, are brilliantly picturesque. A chain of lakes — Lochs Ascog (1 mile X 2 furl. ), Fad (2J x J mile), Quien (5 x 2f furl. ) — lies along most of the dingle separating the second district from the third. The longest rivulet, the Glen- more Burn, rises within 2 miles of the northern extre- mitj', and runs 4^ miles S by eastward, along Glen More, to the northern side of Etterick Bay. Other streams are numerous, but most have a run of less than 2, and none of more than 2f , miles. Micaceous schist is almost the sole formation throughout the northern dis- trict ; clay and chlorite slate, resting in parts on great beds of quartz, prevail throughout the second ; the third is composed of Old Red sandstone ; and trap rocks, erupted through and overlying Old Red sandstone, pre- dominate throughout the southernmost district. Veins of copper ore were discovered near Kames Bay shortly before 1859 ; and other mineral deposits are lime, coal, and slate, but all of inferior quality. The island is divided politically into Rothesay, North Bute, and Kingarth parishes ; includes the quoad sacra parish of New Rothesay, and 2 chapelries in Rothesay ; and is ecclesiastically in the presbytery of Dunoon and synod of Argyll. Its only town is Rothesay ; and its chief villages are Port Bannatyne or Kamesburgh and Ascog. Its detailed features are noticed in articles on the parishes and principal localities ; its antiquities and other special objects of interest under Rothesay, Kames, Dungyle, Blanes, and Mountstuart ; and its history is given under Rothesay and the Hebrides. Bute gives the title of Earl in the peerage of Scotland, of Marquis in that of the United Kingdom, to a branch of the family of Stewart. The earldom was created in 1703, the marquisate in 1796 ; and the former was preceded by the titles of Baron Crichton, Viscount of A3-r, and Earl of Dimifries. The Marquis takes also from places in Bute the titles of Baron Mountstuart and Viscount of Kingarth ; and, from other Buteshire islands, the titles of Baron Cumbrae and Baron Inchmarnock. His lordship's Scottish seats are Mountstuart in Bute, and Dumfries House in Ayrshire. Valuation (1881) £79,293, including £54,704 for the burgh of Rothesay. Pop. (1801) 6106, (1831) 6830, (1841) 9499, (1851) 10,661, (1861) 9306, (1871) 10,064, (1881) 10,971, of whom 758 Avere Gaelic speaking. — Ord. Sur., shs. 21, 29, 1870-73. See J. Wilson, Rothesay anel the Island of Bide (1848 ; 4th ed. 1871), and Arch. M'Neilage, 'On the Agriculture of Bute and Arran,' in Trails, of the Highl. and Acj. Soc, 1881. Bute, Kyles of. See Kyles of Bute. Buteland, an estate of the Earl of Rosebery, in Currie parish, Edinburghshire. On it are several small sub- ordinate properties, with handsome residences. Bute, North, the northernmost parish of Bute island, Buteshire, bounded SE by Rothesay parish. Its church stands in the dingle between Kames and Etterick Bays, 1 mile W of Port Bannatyne, and 3^ miles NW ot Rothesay; and its post-town is Port Bannatyne under Rothesay. It comprehends Inchmarnock island, and the parts of Bute island north of Rothesay burgh ; and, with an extreme length and breadth of 8 and 4 miles, has a land area of 14,764 acres. The natural features 205 BUTESHIRE have been already noticed under Bute. The Marquis of Bute is the chief proprietor ; but 3 others hold each an annual value of between £100 and £500, 9 of between £50 and £100, and 15 of from £20 to £50. North Bute parish is in the presbytery of Dunoon and synod of Argyll ; the living is worth £232. The church, built in 1836 as an extension church at the cost of the Marquis of Bute, is an elegant structure, containing 700 sittings. There is also a Free church, and, under the North Bute and Rothesay landward board, are the 3 public schools of Ballianlay, Kildavannan, and North Bute, which, with respective accommodation for 74, 45, and 144 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 31, 16, and 71, and grants of £37, 9s. 6d., £26, 3s., and £67, 6s. 6d. Valuation (1881) £12,196. Pop. (1841) 765, (1861) 1140, (1871) 1166, (18S1) 1206, of Avhora 112 were Gaelic speaking. — Orel. Sur.,5\i. 29,1873. Buteshire, an insular county, engirt and intersected by the waters of the Firth of Clyde, and by them separated from Ayr and Argyll shires. It consists of the 7 islands of Bute, Arran, Big and Little Cumbrae, Holy Isle, Pladda, and Inchmarnock. Its gi-eatest length, from the northern extremity of Bute to the southern extremit}' of Pladda, is 35^ miles ; its greatest breadth, from the north-eastern extremity of Big Cum- brae to the western extremity of Inchmarnock, is 9f miles, or from the south-eastern extremity of Holy Isle to Drumadoon Point in the SW of Arran, is 11^ miles ; and its area is 143,997 acres, or 225 square miles. Its topography, hydrograi:»hy, geognostic structure, history, and antiquities are noticed in our articles on its several islands. About one-third of the land is unprofitable, and a little more than one-sixth is under cultivation, great progress having been made in the course of the last half century, as shown by the agricultural statistics in our Introduction. The farms are commonly held on leases of 19 years. The farm buildings, in general, are neat and comfortable ; the arable lands are enclosed ; and the condition of agriculture, by means of reclama- tion, draining, and the adoption of the best systems of husbandry, has been rapidlj^ and highly improved. The manufactures of Buteshire became a thing of the past with the collapse of the cotton-spinning, the weav- ing, and the shipbuilding of Rothesay. Fisheries of great extent are divided between the fishery districts of Rothesay and Campbeltown. General commerce is sufli- ciently extensive to give Rothesay the status of a head port ; and extensive commerce, in the export of agricul- tural produce and in the import of miscellaneous small goods, is carried on by steamers plying from Greenock, Wemyss Bay, and Ardrossan to Rothesay, Millport, Bro- dick, and Lamlash. A great amount of local prosperity accrues also from large influx of summer visitors to Bute, Arran, and Big Cumbrae. Good roads traverse most parts, and are free from tolls, whilst easy com- munication with the railway system of the Scottish mainland is afi'orded by the steamers to Wemyss Bay and Ardrossan. The only royal burgh is Rothesay ; the police burghs are Rothesay and Millport ; and the chief villages are Kamesburgh, Ascog, Brodick, and Lamlash. IMansions are Llountstuart, Brodick Castle, Kirkmichael, Karnes Castle, Hillside House, Ascog, Wyndham, and The Garrison. According to Miscellaneous Statistics of the United Kingdom (1879), 138,972 acres, with a total gross estimated rental of £86,178, were divided among 736 landowners ; one holding 102,210 acres(rental, £18,702), one 29,279 (£19,575), one 3632 (£622), one 1833 (£1979), one 671 (£185), etc. The county is governed (1881) by a lord lieutenant, a vice-lieutenant, 12 deputy-lieutenants, a sheriff, a sheriff- substitute, and 28 magistrates. Sheriff courts are held at Rothesay every Tuesday and Thursday ; .sheriff small debt courts at Rothesay every Thursday, at Brodick four times a year, and at Millport twice a year ; justice of peace small debt courts at Rothesay and Brodick on the first Monday of every month ; and quarter sessions at Rothesay on the first Tuesday of March, May, and August, and the last Tuesday of October. The police force in 1880, exclusive of that in Rothesay burgh, comprised 8 BUTT OF LEWIS men ; and the salary of the chief constable was £140. The number of persons tried at the instance of the police in 1879, exclusive of those in Rothesay, was 75 ; of those convicted, 70 ; of those committed for trial, 5 ; and of those not dealt with, 43. The only prison is at Rothesay. The committals for crime, in the annual average of 1841-60, were 14 ; of 1861 65, 49 ; of 1864-68, 67 ; of 1869-73, 62 ; of 1870-79, 58. The county, which, prior to the Reform Act of 1832, returned a member to parliament alternately vdih. Caithness, has since re- turned a member for itself — always a Conservative, except during 1865-68. The constituency in 1881 was 1364. The value of real property, assessed at £22,541 in 1815, was£53,567in 1855, and £115,991 in 1881. Pop. (1801) 11,791, (1821) 13,797, (1841) 15,740 (1851) 16,608, (1861) 16,331, (1871) 16,977, (1881) 17,666, of whom 9557 were females, and 3637 Gaelic-speaking. Houses (1881), 3865 inhabited, 647 vacant, and 19 building. The registration county gives off part of West Kilbride parish to AjTshire, comprises 6 entire parishes, and had, in 1881, a population of 17,643. All the parishes are assessed for the poor. The number of registered poor, in the j^ear ending 14 May 1880, was 432 ; of dependants on these, 180 ; of casual poor, 93 ; of dependants on these, 108. The receipts for the poor, in the same year, were £5340, 18s., and the expenditure was £4862,' 13s. 3id. The percentage of illegitimate births was 8'1 in 1877, 5-4 in 1878, 5"-8 in 1879, and 6-4 in 1881. The civil county is divided politically into 6 quoad civilia parishes and part of another, ecclesiastically into 8 quoad sacra parishes, part of another, and a chapelry. Cumbrae and part of "West Kilbride are in the presb}i;eries of Greenock and Irvine and s3Tiod of Glasgow and Ayr ; the other 8 are in the presbyteries of Dunoon and Kin- tyre and synod of Argyll, and in 1878 had 1581 com- mimicants of the Church of Scotland. In Sept. 1880 the county had 21 schools (17 of them public), which, ^^ith accommodation for 3217 children, had 2058 on the registers, and 1673 in average attendance. See Jn. E. Reid's History of the Count)/ of Bute (Glas. 1864). Buthland or Bathlin, a burn of Cadder parish, Lan- arkshire, and Kirkintilloch parish, Dumbartonshire. It rises at Garnkirk, winds romantically round Bedlay old turreted mansion, pursues a north-westerly course, and falls into Luggie Water, at Oxgang, 1 mile E by S of Kirkintilloch town. Butlaw, a village near South Queensferry, in Linlith- gowshire. Butterbiggans, a hamlet near the mutual boundary of Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire, in the southern out- skirts of Glasgow, on the road to PoUokshaws. Butterbum, a suburb of Dundee, in Forfarshire. It has a U. P. church and a public school. Butterbum, a village near Hamilton, in Lanarkshire. Buttergask, a village in Ardoch parish, Perthshii-e, near Greenloaning station. Butters Chapel, a hamlet and a quoad sacra parish in Ballantrae parish, Ayrshire. The hamlet lies in Glenapp, 6^ miles S of Ballantrae village, and has a post office of Glenapp under Girvan. The quoad sacra parish, called Glenapp, was constituted in 1874, and is in the presbytery of Stranraer and synod of Galloway. Stipend, £155, with a manse. The church was originally a chapel of ease, and was built at a cost of about £500. A public school, Glenapp, with accommodation for 42 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 18, and a grant of £28, 17s. Butterstone, a post office village and a lake in Caputh parish, Perthshire, 4 miles ENE of Dunkeld. The village stands adjacent to the lake, and has a subscrip- tion school. The lake is about ^ mile square, presents features of much beauty, contains pike, perch, and a few trout, and by a stream \ mile long is connected with the Loch of Lows. Butt of Lewis (Gael. Eudha Hohhanais or Rudh' Eorra2)idh), a promontory at the northern extremity of Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Ross-shire, 22 miles N by E of Stomoway, and 40 W of the Sutherland coast. Rising sheer from the sea to a height of 142 feet, it presents a BDTTUEICH bold rugged appearance, with rocks broken, hollowed, and splintered by the action of the sea ; and has, at its western point, a romantic natural arch called the Eye. A lighthouse on the Butt, built about 1863, shows a fixed light, visible 18 nautical miles ; and commands, from its light-room, a magnificent view along the E and W coasts of Lewis to Broad Bay and Dalbeg, and across the sea to the mountainous coasts of Ross-shire and Sutherland. Butturich. See Baturich. Buxbum, a Donside hamlet in l^ewhills parish, Aber- deenshire, with a station on the Great North of Scot- land, 4 miles NW of Aberdeen. At it are corn and paper mills, a public school, and St Machar's Episcopal church (1880 ; 300 sittings ; cost, £1800), a cruciform Transition edifice. See Auchmill. Buy, a sea-loch or bay on the S side of Mull island, Argyllshire. It opens 3 miles ENE of Carsaig, and 11 WS W of the S end of Kerrera island ; penetrates the land 3 miles north-eastward ; is overhung, at its head, by Ben Buy (2352 feet) and Creachbeinn (2344) ; has, on a low rock at its head, an ancient square tower, called Lochbuy Castle, inhabited so late as 1740 ; and is flanked, at the E side of its mouth, by Laggan Point, containing the long, spacious, ramified cavern called Odin's Cave, sup- posed to have been a retreat of the Scandinavian pirates, in the times when they swept the Hebridean seas. CADDER B3mack. See Boynaox. B3nrebum, a mining locality on the mutual border of Langholm and Canonbie parishes, Dumfriesshire. Coal of a peculiar quality, intermediate between slate and pitch coal, is worked here ; and a sandstone of greyish- white and yellowish-grey colour, -with many vegetable moulds or fossils, is associated with the coal. B3rrecleugh, a place in Longformacus parish, Berwick- shire, on Dye Water, near the boundarj'^ with Hadding- tonshire, 4| miles W of Longformacus village. A shoot- ing-box of the Duke of Roxburghe, a curious old house adjacent to a farm hamlet, is here. A summit of the Lammermuirs, rising to an altitude of 1335 feet above sea-level, and spiring on a range called Byrecleugh Ridge, is about a mile NW of the shooting-box. A cairn called the Mutiny Stones, 240 feet long, 75 broad, and 18 high, stands on the south-eastern slope of the ridge, and is thought to commemorate a desperate conflict, in 1402, between the Earl of Dunbar and Hepburn of Hailes. Bjrth, a hamlet, a mansion, and a village, in King- Edward parish, Aberdeenshire. The hamlet lies on the NE border of the parish, 8 miles NE of Turriff. The mansion stands f mile SW of the hamlet, was built in 1593 by Deacon Forbes of Byth, and has been modern- ised and enlarged. The village stands If mile SSE of the hamlet, bears the name of Newbyth, and will be separately noticed under that name. CAAF, a rivulet of NW Ayrshire. It rises on the con- fines of Kilbride and Largs parishes, runs 4 miles south-eastward through a tame moorish tract of country chiefly within the western border of Dairy parish ; goes then about 2^ miles eastward along the boundary between Dairy parish on the left and Ardrossan and Kihvinning parishes on the right ; rushes eventually along a deep rocky dell, in a series of rapids, with a fine terminal cascade more than 20 feet in leap ; and falls into the Garnock about | mile below Dairy town. Its fronting has been spoilt by poachers using nets and quicklime. Cabracli, a hamlet in Aberdeenshire, and a parish partly also in Banff'shire. The hamlet lies near the right bank of the Deveron, 4 miles N of that river's source, 11 WSW of Kennethmont station, and 17 SW of Huntly, and has a post oflSce under Aberdeen, and fairs for sheep, cattle, and horses on the Thursday of July after Glass and the Friday of October before Kenneth- mont. The parish is bounded NE by Glass and Gartly, E by Rhynie, Auchindoir, and Kildrummy, SE by detached portions of Towie and Strathdon, S by Glenbucket, SW and W by Inveraven, and NW by Mortlach. Its greatest length, from N to S is 10 miles, its greatest breadth is 8^ miles, and its land area is 34,103 acres. The surface is prevailingly mountainous, pastoral, and bleak. The Buck of Cabrach (2368 feet) is on the eastern boundary. A continuous ridge goes from the Buck round all the south-eastern and southern boundarj^ ; another round all the south-western, western, and north- western boundary, including Round Hill (2187), Cairn na Bruar (2240), Cooks Cairn (2478), Carn Allt a'Chlai- ginn (2036), Scant Hill (1987), Hill of Clais nan Earb (1717), Cairn Chrome (1651), Meikle Balloch Hill (1521), Garbet Hill (1645), and Craig Watch (1540) ; and an intermediate ridge goes from the southern boundary 5 miles through the centre of the parish, dividing its Aber- deenshire section from the southern part of its Banffshire section, and culminating in Threestone HiU (2065), Hill of Cairnbrallan (2029), Round Hill (1872), and Meikle Firbriggs (1776). The Deverox, rising in the extreme S of the Aberdeenshire section, and gathering numerous head-streams thence, passes into the Banffshire section, and runs there partly in the interior, partly on the eastern boundary ; its valley, where it quits this parish, sinks to 800 feet above sea-level. The Blackwater rises in the extreme S of the Banffshire section, and runs about 8 miles, entirely within that section, to the Deveron, 2^ miles N by W of Cabrach hamlet. Bluish-grey lime- stone and greywacke are the prevailing rocks ; and Upper Cabrach is traversed by a vein of serpentine. A deer forest of the Duke of Richmond, with a shooting lodge, is on the Blackwater ; and a shooting-box of another pro- prietor is at Lesmurdie Cottage. A residence or hunting seat of Malcolm Ceannmor is traditionally said to have been at a place still called King's Haugh on Spenwell Farm. The forces of Huntly and Errol mustered in Cabrach before the battle of Glenlivet (1594). Aldi- valloch. If mile WSW of the hamlet, is celebrated through the spirited song, Eoifs Wife of Aldivalloch, by Mrs Grant of Carron (1745-1814). The Dulce of Rich- mond and Gordon is chief proprietor, and 3 other land- owners hold a yearly value of less than £100. Cabrach is in the presbytery of Alford and synod of Aberdeen ; the living amounts to £180. The parish church (230 sittings) was built in 1786, a new U.P. church in 1873 ; and 2 public schools, called Upper and Lower Cabrach, with respective accommodation for 110 and 90 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 43 and 40, and grants of £38, lis. and £54, 4s. Valuation of Aberdeen- shire section (1881) £1346, 17s. ; of Banffshire section (1882) £2124, 19s. 2d. Pop. (1801) 684, (1831) 978, fl851) 750, (1861) 794, (1871) 773, (1881) 682, of whom 370 were in Banffshire. — Ord. Sur., shs. 75, 85, 1876. CadboU, an estate in Fearn and Eddertoun parishes, Ross-shire, on the reach of Dornoch Firth above Meikle Ferry, 7 miles WNW of Tain. A very ancient baronial castle stood on it, adjacent to the Firth, but has all dis- appeared except two or three vaults. Caddel, a burn in the N of Ardrossan parish, Ayr- shire, running to the Caaf. Cadden, an ancient fortification on the coast of Kin- neff parish, Kincardineshire, on the top of a peninsular rock near Kinneff Castle. It appears to have had, on the land side, a moat and a drawbridge. Cadder, a small village and a parish of NW Lanark- shire. The village stands on the site of a fort of An- toninus' Wall, adjacent to the Forth and Clyde Canal, | 207 CADDON mile S of the river Kelvin, 2f miles WSW of Kirkintilloch, 1^ mile N by E of its post-town and station, Bishop- briggs, and 5 miles N by E of Glasgow. It consists of the neat parish church (1830 ; 740 sittings) and a num- ber of cottages scattered picturesquely among trees. Cadder House stands in the north-western vicinity of the village ; is a mansion partly ancient, partly modern ; and was the scene of a dispensation of the Lord's Supper by John Knox. The parish contains also the villages of Bishopbriggs, Moodiesburn, Garnkirk,Auchenairn, Auchenloch, Chrys- ton, Muirhead, MoUenburn, and part of Lenzie. It is bounded N by Campsie in Stirlingshire and Kirkintil- loch and Cumbernauld in Dumbartonshire, E by New Monkland, SE by Old Monkland, S by Barony of Glas- gow, NW by New Kilpatrick and Baldernock in Stirling- shire. Its greatest length, from E to W, is 9 miles ; its breadth, from N to S, varies between 1 and 4 miles ; and its area is 14,088 acres, of which 1194 ^re water. Sections of the Forth and Clyde Canal and of the North British and Caledonian railways traverse the parish, whose sur- face is either quite level or gently undulated, attaining 319 feet above sea-level near Auchenairn, 349 at Hillhead, and 343 at Hill of Garnqueen in the SE, whilst sinking along the Kelvin to less than 100 feet. The Kelvin flows about 5J miles along the northern boundary ; and used here to overflow its banks, but is now confined by a great earthen mound. Two lakes, one of them called Bishop Loch (1 x J mile), lie on the southern boundary ; and two small lakes lie in the SE corner. An extensive lake in the centre was early in last century drained by a tunnel 1 mUe long cut through a rising ground, in places at 90 feet below the surface. A large aggi'egate of the land is variously deep moss, spongy moor, or stiff soil incumbent on retentive substrata ; so that it might be expected to act deleteriously on the climate ; yet it does not appear to produce any unhealthy effect. The rocks arevariouslyeruptive, Devonian, carboniferous, and recent ; and they include excellent building stone, abundance of limestone, large store of valuable ironstone, some coal, and extensive beds of fireclay. These are all worked in various localities — the fireclay in a gi'eat es- tablishment at Garnkirk. The soil, on the banks of the Kelvin and of two streams in the E, is partly alluvial ; elsewhere, on by far the greater part of the area, is a deep, stift' clay, containing scarcely a stone, and generally tinged far down ■with iron. A large aggregate of moss has been reclaimed ; but more than 300 acres are still in a state of deep moss, whilst nearly 9000 acres are under cultivation. All the parish, except the estate of Cadder and the MidtoAvn of Bedlay belonged formerly to the see of Glasgow ; and several places in it, such as Bishopbriggs, Bishop's iloss, and Bishop Loch bear names commemorative of this connection. The princi- pal modern mansions are Garnkirk, Gartloch, Spring- field, Bedlay, Robroyston, Gartferry, and Glaudhall. Chief antiquities are vestiges of Antoninus' Wall and the site of the house at Robroyston, where Sir AVilliam AVallace was betrayed. James Boyd, first Protestant arch- bishop of Glasgow, Dr Wm. Leechman (1706-85), prin- cipal of Glasgow university, and Thomas Muir, Esq., banished in 1793 for advocating the principles of reform, were connected with Cadder. Nine proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 33 of between £100 and £500, 19 of from £50 to £100, and 37 of from £20 to £50. In the presbytery of Glasgow and synod of Glasgow and Ayr, this parish is ecclesiastically divided into Cadder and Chkyston, the former having 3261 in- habitants in 1871, and its living amounting to £282. Under a board for the whole parish are 7 public schools, Auchenairn, Auchinloch, Bishopbridge, Cadder, Chrys- ton, Gartcosh, and Lochfault. With total accommoda- tion for 1267 children, these had (1879) an average attendance of 675, and grants of £602, 18s. Valuation (1881) £49,508, 8s. 5d. Pop. (1801) 2120, (1831) 3048, (1861) 5948, (1871) 6464, (1881) 6965.— Ord Sur., shs. 30, 31, 1866-67. Caddon, a rivulet of the Selkirkshire section of Stow parish, rising at 1800 feet above sea-level close to the 208 CADZOW meeting - point with Edinburgh and Peebles shires. Thence it runs 7 miles eastward, southward, and south- eastward to the vicinity of Clovenfords ; and then goes 1 mile southward, along the boundary between Stow and Galashiels parishes, to the river Tweed at Caddonfoot. It gathers its head-streams on the sheep-farm of Caddon- head ; passes early between Great LaAv and Maiden Law, with altitudes above sea-level of 1666 and 1647 feet; and traverses thence a pleasant pastoral vale. Its upper reaches abound with small burn trout, from its lower Galashiels draws its water supply. — Ord. Sur., sh. 25, 1865. Caddonfoot, a hamlet on the mutual border of Stow and Galashiels parishes, and a quoad sacra parish partly also in Selkirk, Yarrow, and Innerleithen parishes, Sel- kirkshire. The hamlet lies on the rivulet Caddon, at its influx to the Tweed, adjacent to the Galashiels and Peebles railway, 3 miles WSW of Galashiels ; straggles about a mile along both the Caddon and the Tweed ; in- cludes the farm-hamlet of Caddonlee and the hamlet of Clovenfords ; is a good central station for anglers ; and has a station of the name of Clovenfords, a post ofiice of the same name under Galashiels, an inn, a parochial church, a public school, a subscription library, a literary association, and a penny savings' bank. 'The church, erected in 1861 and enlarged in 1875, is a handsome edifice with 360 sittings ; the school, rebuilt in 1875, with accommodation for 141 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 65, and a grant of £62, 3s. 6d. The parish, formed in 1870, is in the presbytery of Sel- kirk and synod of Merse and Tcviotdale ; its stipend is £120. Pop. (1871) 699. Cademuir (Gael, cacd-an-molir, 'place of the great battle '), a broad-backed upland on the mutual border of Peebles and Manor ; parishes, Peeblesshire, flanking the eastern bank of Manor Water, and culminating at 1359 feet above sea-level, 2 miles SSW of Peebles town. Its surface is strewn with remains of ancient camps and Avith nearly 200 monumental stones, the transmuted ves- tiges of military possession by successively the Cale- donians and the Romans, and of a great and sanguinary local conflict. Cadzow, a burn, a ruined castle, an ancient forest, and a former parish of NW central Lanarkshire. The burn issues from Wackenwae Well in Glasford parish ; runs 5 miles north-eastward to the to\ATi of Hamilton ; goes through that town into the Duke of Hamilton's lower park ; runs there subterraueously through a long artificial conduit ; and falls into the Clyde at the old ford below Hamilton Bridge. The Castle stands in the gorge of Avon Water, 1| mile SSE of Hamilton ; cro-wns a rock, nearly 200 feet high, on the left side of the stream ; dates from the times of a semi-fabulous prince of the name Caw, prior to the era of the Scoto-Saxon monarchy ; was a roj-al residence in the times of Alex- ander II. and Alexander III. ; passed, in the time of Robert Bruce, to the family of Hamilton ; appears to have been often repaired or rebuilt ; consists now of little more than a keep, covered vA\h ivy and embosomed with wood ; and looks, amid the grandeur and z'omance of the gorge around it, like ' sentinel of fairy-land. ' The ancient forest surrounds the castle ; contains, on the opposite side of the Avon, the summer-house of Chatelherault, built in 1730 ; is now called Hamilton Wood ; comprises about 1500 acres ; is browsed by a noble herd of fallow deer ; and is the scene of Sir Walter Scott's famous ballad of Cadzoio Castle. Of it Mr Rt. Hutchison Avrites, in Transactions of the Iligliland and Agricultural Society (1881) : — 'The two enclosures now- known as the Upper and Lower Oaks, the former com- prising 70 and the latter 83 acres, form together part only of the old forest, because adjoining these remains on the S and W are old pasture fields and plantations, surrounded by a stone wall 6 feet high and about 3 miles in extent, which was most probably the boundary in feudal times. The soil is admirably adapted for the growth and development of oaks, being a clayey loam resting on a subsoil of clay. In some places the trees stand quite close together, while in others they stand CAERLANRIG CAERLAVEROCK singly, or seem to surrouml large open patclics covered with rich natural pasture, on which the famous breed of native wild white cattle browse. The principal cha- racteristic of all these trees is their shortness of stature, combined with great girth of trunk, one of the largest, with a bole 30 feet long, gii'thing 26 feet 7 inches at 1 yard from the ground. Most of the trees, even the healthiest among them, are fast hastening to decay. No planting, pruning, or felling is allowed within the forest. Tradition states that these oaks were planted about 1140 by David, Earl of Huntingdon, afterwards King of Scotland ; but this cannot be looked upon as a fact, for their appearance and habit clearly point to their self-sown existence.' Since this was written, five of these monarchs of the Chase were levelled by the great storm of 26 Nov. 1880 ; so huge and weighty were their fallen trimks, that in Jime 1881 they had to be blown up with dynamite. The wild cattle are pure white save for black muzzles, hoofs, and tips of the horns ; show their wildness chiefly in their fear of man ; have only one recognised leader among the bulls ; and in Nov. 1880 numbered 16 bulls and 40 cows. Regarded commonly as survivors of our native wild cattle, they are held by Dr Jn. Alex. Smith, in his Notes on the Ancient Cattle of Scotland (1873), to be rather 'an ancient fancy breed of domesticated cattle preserved for their beauty in the parks of the nobility. ' The ancient parish, quite or nearly identical with Hamilton parish, was vari- ously called Cadyhou, Cadyou, and Cadzow ; and it changed that name to Hamilton in 1445. See Avon and Hamilton. Caerlanrig, a hamlet and a quondam chapelry in Cavers parish, Roxburghshire. The hamlet lies on the river Teviot, 6 miles NE of that river's source, and 10 miles SW of Hawick ; and was the place where the famous Border freebooter, John Armstrong of Gilknockie, and a number of his companions, were hanged on trees by James V. The chapelry comprised a tract 16 miles long and 6 miles broad, contiguous to Dumfriesshire, and down the course of the Teviot ; and is now in- cluded in the quoad omnia parish of Teviothead. Caerlaverock, a coast parish of Dumfriesshire, lying on the Sol way Firth, between the rivers Nith and Lochar. It has its church on the Lochar, 4:^ miles W of Rnthwell station, and 5^ SE by S of Dumfries ; it contains the village of Glencaple on the Nith, of Bank- cud on the Lochar, each with a post office under Dum- fries, as well as the villages of Greenmill, Glenhowan, Shearington, and Blackshaw, and part of the village of Kelton. It is bounded N by Dumfries parish ; E by the Lochar, separating it from Torthorwald, Mouswald, and Ruthwell ; S by the Solway Firth, separating it from England; W by the river Nith, separating it from Kirk- cudbrightshire. Its greatest length, from NNW to SSE, is 4 1 miles ; its breadth, from E to W, varies between 1^ and 4 miles ; and its area is 18,320J acres, of which 12,3S2| are foreshore, and 274^ ai'e water. The coast along the Solway, from the mouth of the Lochar and up the Nith to Glencaple, measures about 6 miles ; is all low and flat ; siiffers slow but sure encroachments by the tide ; has a shore of sandy mud which used to serve as a kind of manure ; and is subtended, on to the low water channels of the Solway and the Nith, by the 12,382 acres of foreshore called Blackshaw Bank, which is swept by the ' bore ' for which the Firth is celebrated, and, at low water, is left an expanse of naked sand. The Nith widens from 2 furlongs at Kelton, to 5 at Glencaple, and to 2| miles opposite Bowhouse Scar; and, while all swept by the same tremendous tide as the open Solway, deep enough to take sea-borne ships with a rush up to Kelton, is so very low at neap ebb tides as, in many parts, to be fordable over to the Galloway shore. The Lochar, on the contrary, has very little estuary, is mostly a sluggish stream, and places, on its Caerlaverock bank, a belt of the great Lochar Moss, traversable only by pedestrians, and by even them only in the driest months of summer. The surface rises in Wardlaw Hill to 313, and at Banks Plantation to 300, feet above sea-level, these summit-points command- 14 ing extensive views over Dumfriesshire, Galloway, the Solway, and Cumberland. The i-iews all along the Nith, as well on the shore as on the higher grounds, are con- fronted, on the Galloway side, by the woods of Arbig- land, Newabbey, and Kirkconnel, and by the grand masses of the Criffel mountains. Much of the scenery around the Nith's mouth, specially in the neighbour- hood of Caerlaverock Castle, is gi-aphically described in Sir Walter Scott's Guy Manncring ; yet, with poetical licence, is combined in his pictures of it with salient features borrowed from stUl more picturesque tracts on the Kirkcudbrightshire coast. Caerlaverock Castle itself is Sir Walter Scott's ' Ellangowan,' and forms by far the most interesting object, not only in Caerlaverock parish, but in a great extent of the SW of Scotland. Old Red sandstone is the predominant rock ; has long been quarried for building purposes ; is traditionally said to have been the material for Sweetheart Abbey at Newabbey village ; and, at one place on the glebe, has been occasionally worked into excellent grindstones. The soil, in some parts peaty, in others a poor alluvium, is mostly a light loam. About 5320 acres are arable, and 126 under wood. At Wardlaw Hill, with remains of Roman and native works, Skene places Uxellum, a town of the Selgovfe, mentioned by Ptolemy. Dr John Hutton, first physician to Queen Anne, was a native of Caerlave- rock, built a manse for its minister, and bequeathed £1000 for the benefit of its inhabitants. Marmaduke Con- stable-Maxwell, fourteenth Baron Herries (b. 1837 ; sue. 1876), of Everingham Park in Yorkshire, is chief pro- jjrietor, 1 other holding an annual value of more than £500, 2 of between £100 and £500, and 5 of from £20 to £50. Caerlaverock is in the presbytery and synod of Dumfries ; the living is worth £238. The parish church (1781 ; 470 sittings) contains in its churchyard the grave of Robert Paterson (d. 1801), the 'Old Mortality' of Sir Walter Scott, over which a neat monument was raised in 1869 by Messrs Black of Edinburgh. There is also a Free church at Glencaple ; and Glencaple, Hutton Hall, and Hutton Lodge Female schools, with respec- tive accommodation for 168, 85, and 69 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 47, 81, and 37, and grants of £53, £62, 14s., and £33, 19s. Valuation (1881) £9085, 16s. Pop. (1801) 1014, (1841) 1297, (1861) 1248, (1871) 1151, (1881) 105L— Ord Sur., shs. 6, 10, 1863-64. Caerlaverock Castle stands near the mouth of the Nith, 7 miles SSE of Dumfries. Its site is low ground, not many feet above high water mark ; was naturally surrounded with lakelets and marshes ; and is sometimes called, by the country folk, the ' Island of Caerlave- rock.' It naturally possessed considerable military strength, of the same kind as that of many old fast- nesses situated on islets or in the midst of great mor- asses ; it has always possessed also the strong military defensiveness of near environment by the surging tides of the Solway and the Nith, and of the impassableness, by an army of the great Lochar Moss, or of being so situated that it can Ije approached, even at many miles distance, only along the sort of isthmus between the upper part of Lochar Moss and the Nith ; and it, there- fore, was in the highest degree, likely to be selected at an early period as a suitable place for a great artificial fort. A tradition says that a castle was founded on it by Lewarch Og, son of Lewarch Hen, about four cen- turies prior to the time when Ptolemy \\Tote his Geogra- phy, and bore the name of Caer-Lewarch-Og ; but tliat tradition is utterly unsupported by either record, monu- ment, or circumstantial evidence. Camden supposes the site to have been occupied by the Roman Caerban- torigum, mentioned by Ptolemy ; but his conjecture is disproved by the very name Caerbantorigum, \\hich signifies ' the fort on the conspicuous height. ' A Roman station may have been here — can ahuost be affirmed, from the discovery or existence of Roman remains and Caledonian forts at no great distance, to have really been liere ; but that station neither was Caerbantorigum, nor has left any vestiges. The earliest known fort or castle on the spot comes first into view about the year 209 CAERLAVEROCK 1220, or a little later ; and one wliicli stood upon it then belonged to the family of Maccuswell or Maxwell, the progenitors of Lord Herries, the proprietor of the present pile. The castle was occupied for a night in 1296 by Sir William AYallace ; and it was taken by 3000 English under Edward I. in July 1300, after a two days' defence by only 60 men. A Norman-French rhjined chronicle of the siege, written b)' a contemporary Franciscan friar, is preserved in the British Museum ; and tliis, as rendered by its editor, Sir Harris Nicolas (1828), says respecting the fortress : — ' Caerlaverock was so strong a castle that it did not fear a siege ; therefore, the king came himself, because it would not consent to surrender. But it was always fui'uished for its defence, whenever it was required, with men, engines, and provisions. Its shape was like that of a shield, for it had only three sides, all round, with a tower on each angle ; but one of them was a double one, so high, so long, and so large that under it was the gate, with a drawbridge well made and strong, and a sufficiency of other defences ; and it had good walls and good ditches filled to the edge with water. ' The castle, towards the end of August, was the scene of a notable interview between Edward I. and Rt. "VVinchelsea, Archbishop of Canter- bury ; and it remained some years in possession of the English. It speedily reverted to the Scots, though in what year or by what means is not known ; and, in 1312, it was held by Sir Eustace Maxwell, in support of the cause of Bruce. Sir Eustace maintained it against a second siege by the English, and successfully resisted them, but afterwards saw cause to dismantle it ; and he received from Robert Bruce a charter of compensation ' for demolishing the castle of Caerlaverock. ' The pUe, however, appears to have been soon and eifectually re- paired ; for, in 1347, after a shifting of the political scenes, it was held by the son of Eustace Maxwell as liegeman of Edward III. Sir Roger Kirkpatrick of Closeburn, who remained faithful to the cause of Bruce amidst the general defection of the nobles, re -took the castle from the English in 1355, and he is usually said to have then levelled it to the ground ; but he at least retained as much of it as was suitable for habitation ; for he lived in it for two years, and was assassinated in it by Sir James Lindsa)^ in 1357. The castle of his times, and of previous times, is sometimes alleged to have stood on other ground than the present pile, and at some distance ; but it clearly has left both its general outline and some of its courses of masonry in the present pile. A new castle, on the old foundations, appears to have begun to be built near the end of the liih century, and is presumed to have been completed about the year 1420 ; and that new edifice, with the exception of ex- tensive dilapidation, continues to stand till the present day. Sliu'doch, Duke of Albany, was confined in it on a charge of high ti'eason in 1425 ; and the round tower at its western angle is still called Jilurdoch's Tower. Several of the Lords Maxwell, its proprietors, in the latter half of the 15th century and the former half of the 16th, made it a base of warlike operations against the North of England. James V., at the time of the rout of the Scots at Solway Moss in 1542, was residing in the castle, which, delivered over by Lord Max- well to Henry VIII. in Oct. 1545, was by him retained till the following May. The English, luider the Earl of Sussex, again besieged and took it in 1570 ; and they partially destroyed it in 1572. Robert, first Earl of Nithsdale, repaii-ed it in 1638, and probably then added to it its most modem existing x^ortions. The Covenanters, under Lieut. - Colonel Home, besieged it in 1640 ; and, after a siege of fully 13 weeks, obtained possession. The castle, from that time, ceased to be an object of contest, or even a place of habitation. The Maxwells, its proprietors, transferred their residence to a small square tower on the margin of the Lochar, near the jjarish church. Robert, the second Earl of Nithsdale, commonly called the Philosopher, died in that tower in 1667. William, the fifth Earl, suffered attainder for participation in the rebellion of 1715, but escaped forfeiture of his estates by his having disponed them to his son in 1712 ; and they 210 CAIRN afterwards passed, through failure of direct male repre- sentatives, to the Maxwells of Terukgles. The title of Baron Herries had been held by these Maxwells from 1489, but was attainted in 1716, and it was revived in favour of William Constable Maxwell by Act of Par- liament in 1848, and by adjudication of the House of Lords in 1858. The courts of Caerlaverock then rang with festivity and rejoicing, at a great gathering of the tenants of the estate. The pile, though long a ruin, still wears a noble and imposing aspect. Presenting a grand entrance gateway, flanked by massive round towers, and surmounted by the Maxwells' motto, ' I bid ye fail',' it diverges from those front flanlciug towers right and left, and is closed in the rear by an elevation connect- ing the ends of the diverging elevations, so as to have a triangular outline enclosing a triangular court, which, measuring 123 feet along each of the divergent sides, is three lofty stories high. It exhibits on the E side, which was the family residence, finel}^ sculptured doors and windows ; it shows there decorative features of the best periods of ancient Scottish domestic art, similar to those in Linlithgow Palace ; it had machicolated gates, successive portcullises, and two deep wide fosses ; it retains, in a ruinous condition, many of the features, both exterior and interior, which characterised it as a fortress ; and, studied as a whole, either in itself or in connection with its surroundings, it has very high at- tractions for both the artist and the antiquary. See William Eraser's Book of Caerlaverock : Memoirs of the Maxivells, Earls of JS^ithsdale, Lords Maxwell and Her- ries (2 vols., Edinb. 1873). Caerwinning, a hill in Dairy parish, Ayrshire. It rises to an altitude of 634 feet above sea-level, shows vestiges of ancient fortification, and is believed to have been occupied by the Scottish army immediately before the battle of Largs. Cailam or Chaluim, a loch of NW Caithness, on the SE border of Reay parish, 9 miles SSE of Reay chm-ch. Lj'ing 435 feet above sea-level, it has an extreme length and breadth of 5 and 4 fm'longs, and communicates with Cnocglass Water, and it abounds in trout. Cailleach, a headland in Lochbroom parish, Ross-shire. Cailliach. See Ixch-Cailliach. Cainail, a glen in Torosay parish. Mull island, Argyll- shire. It runs parallel to Glenforsa ; measures about 3 miles in length ; and is flanked, on the NW side, by Benmore. A considerable lake is in its lower jiart. Caiplich, an upland moss on the mutual border of In- verness, Kiltarlity, and Urquhart parishes, Inverness- shire. It occupies a plateau nearly 10 miles long ; and it contains many sepulchral cairns, supposed to indicate the sites of early clan conflicts. A hamlet of its own name is on the Kiltarlity part of it. Calm, a ridge of high hills on the mutual border of Edinburgh and Peebles shu-es, extending from the Pent- land range south-westward to the vicinity of Lanark- shire. East Cairn and West Cairn are their highest summits ; culminate respectively 6^ and 7i miles SW of Currie village ; and have altitudes of 1839 and 1844 feet above sea-level. Cairn, a hamlet, mth a small proprietary school in Kirkconnel parish, Dumfriesshire. Cairn, a small river of Dumfriesshire and Kirkcud- brightshii'e. It is formed, in tlie parish of Glencairn, by the confluence of the Castlefern, the Craigdarrocli, and the Dalwhat burns, a little below the -village of Moniaive ; it runs about 6 mUes south-eastward through the lower half of Glencairn iiarisli ; it then goes If mile southward along the boundary between Glencairn and Dunscore ; it then receives, on its right bank, the tribu- tary Glenessland Burn ; it then runs 1\ mile, partly along the boundary between Dunscore and Holywood and partly across a narrow part of Holywood, to the boundary between Dumfriesshire and Kirkcudbrightshire ; it then runs nearly 2 miles east-south-eastward along that bound- ary to a confluence with the Cluden, coming in fiom Kirkcudbrightshire ; and it thenceforth, over a distance of6§ miles eastward, toacoufluence with the Nith, l^mile N by W of Dumfries, bears the name of Cluden. It^ CAIRNACAY entire length of course, from the sources of the Castle- fern and the Dahvhat to the mouth of the Cluden, is about 23 miles. Its scenery, in most parts, is finely picturesque ; and its waters, in their lower reaches, con- tain gi-eat store of excellent trout, some sea-trout and herlings, a few pike, and a tolerable quantity of a peculiar variety of salmon. — Orel. Siir., sh. 9, 1863. Caimacay, a hill-range (1605 feet) in Inveraven parish, Banffshire, deflecting south-westward from Ben Rinnes, and separating the lower or Balliudalloch section of In- veraven from the upper or Glenlivet section. Caimaig or Camach, a rivulet of Creich and Dornoch parishes, SE Sutherland. Rising at 800 feet above sea- level, it flows Hi miles, southward and eastward, through Lochs Cracail Mor, Cracail Beag, and Buie, and falls into the river Fleet at Torroboll, 1| mile above which a salmon-ladder, 378 yards long, enables salmon to ascend to Loch Buie, in spite of a fall more than 60 feet high.— Ord. Sur., shs. 102, 103, 1881-78. Caimaire, a large and very ancient cairn in Inverness parish, luvemess-shire, on the coast, a considerable way ■within flood-mark, at some distance from the mouth of the river Ness. It stands close to the fair way into In- verness harboitr ; and is surmounted by a beacon to warn vessels against collision with it. Caimaqueen, an ancient tumulus in Crathie parish, Aberdeenshire, about IJ mile W of Crathie church. It stands on the ground where the ancient clans of Deeside used to gather for battle, and it furnished them with their slogan or war-cry. It is now planted with thriv- ing trees, and it commands a very fine view of Lochnagar. Caimavain, an ancient stone tumulus on the N bor- der of Orwell parish, Kinross-shire. It crowns a spur of the Ochil Hills, and was once so large that it furnished many hundi-ed cart-loads of stones for the building of dykes about the year 1810, when it was found to contain a rude stone coffin, ■with an urn full of bones, and ■with a small bone ornament, and when it was earnestly but vainly investigated for discovery of a supposed treasure, indicated in an old-world rh3Tne : — 'In the Drj'burn Well, beneath a stane, You'll find the key of Cairnavain, That will mak' a' Scotland rich ana by ane.' Caimban, a place on the Crinan Canal, in Argyllshire, 2^ miles WNW of Lochgilphead. Mne locks are here on the canal ; and occasion so much detention that travellers by the passage-boats usually get out and walk. An inn here serves as a good station for anglers. Caimbanno, a hamlet, with a public school, in New Deer parish, Aberdeenshire. The school was a Madi'as one: passed to jointly the parochial boards of New Deer, ilonquhitter, and Slillbrex ; and, -with accommodation for 164 childi-en, had (1879) an average attendance of 97, and a grant of £71, 6s. Caimbeddie, a hamlet in St ilartin's parish, Perth- shire, 6J miles NNE of Perth. A circular moimd is here, about 230 feet in diameter, surrounded by a moat 30 feet wide ; bore originally the name of Caerbed or Caerbeth, signifying 'the Castle of Macbeth,' and cor- rupted into Cairnbeddie ; is traditionally said to have been the site of a residence of Macbeth, prior to his remo-ving to Dunsinnan ; and, opened in 1822, was found to inhume many sword-handles and small horse-shoes. Caimbran, a large cairn in Loth parish, Sutherland, fabled to have been the place where Ossian's dog Bran died and was buried. Caimbroe or Cambroe. See Both well. Caimbulg, a headland, a fishing village, and an estate in Rathen parish, Aberdeenshire. The headland is situated 2i miles ESE of Fraserburgh, and 6^ NW of Rattray Head. The village stands immediately SE of the headland, in the western vicinity of Inverallochy \allage ; is included in Inverallochy quoad sacra parish ; and carries on a herring fi.shery in connection ^dth Fraserburgh. The estate belonged anciently to the Comyns ; was confiscated to the Crown, ^rith their other estates, in 1308 ; went by gift of Robert Bruce, in 1316, to the Earl of Ross ; passed in 1375, to Sir Alexander CAIRNGALL Fraser, ancestor of the Lords Saltoun ; and belongs now to a branch of the familj' of Gordon. Its ancient mansion, a strong baronial castle on Philorth Water, f mile from the sea, seems to have been a structure of imposing magnitude ; and is now represented mainly by a square tower, M'hicli stood at the W angle ; has prodigiously thick walls ; and figm-es conspicuously amid the flat surrounding country. Caimburgbeg and Caimburgmore, two of the five principal isles of the Treslnnish group in the Argyll- shire Hebrides, 3 miles W of the mouth of Loch-Tua in Mull, 5 NNW of Stafl-a, and 5^ SE of Coll. Their coasts, in general, are clifl's from 40 to 45 feet high ; and their surfaces rise in hemispherical outline to an altitude of about 300 feet above sea-level, and look, at some distance, almost like models of two ancient shields. A fortalice of the Macleans was on Caimburgmore ; is supposed to have been erected on tlie site of a Scandi- navian work of the 13tli century ; became, at the time of the Reformation, the receptacle of books and records from lona ; sustained a siege by a detachment of Crom- well's army, ■\rith the result of destruction to the lona documents ; was the scene of repeated conflicts in the rebellion of 1715 ; and is now in a state of ruin. A barrack was built on Cairnburgbeg in the 17th century, and, as to its walls, is stiU tolerably entire. Caimchunaig, a mountain on the mutual border of Kincardine and Rosskeen parishes, Ross-shire. It has an altitude of about 3000 feet above sea-level ; and precious stones have been found on it similar to those on the Cairngorm Mountains. Caimcubie, copious sjDrings in Dunfermline parish, Fife, on the to^\•n-moor, about Ih mile NE of Dunferm- line town. They supply Dunfermline -svith water, and were first connected ■vrith the to^wn by pipes about 1797. Caimdow, a hamlet in Lochgoilhead parish, Argjdl- shire, on the E side of Loch Fjnie, near its head, 9| miles NE of Inverary. It has a good inn, enjoys regular steamboat communication with Inverary-, and is the centre of a mission of the Church of Scotland ; at it "Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy passed the night of Aug. 29, 1804. Caimess, an estate, ■with a mansion and a hamlet, in Lonmay parish, NE Aberdeenshire. The mansion, on the brow of a gentle acclivity, 2i miles NE of Lonmay station, was built in 1791-99, after designs by Jas. Play- fair, at a cost of £25,000 ; is a handsome edifice in the Grecian style, Avith teta'astjde Ionic poitico ; and has fine pleasure-grounds : its owner, Jas W. Gordon, Esq. (b. 1824, sue. 1841), holds 4100 acres in the shire, valued at £3476 per annum. The hamlet has a post office imder Aberdeen. Cairney. See Cairnie. Caimeyhill, a village on the S border of Camock parish, Fife, 1 mile E by N of Torrybura, and 3 mile.«> WSTV of Dunfermline. It has a post office under Dun- fermline, a U.P. church (1752; 400 sittings), a seminary for young ladies, a public school, and a public library ; most of its inhabitants are employed in the linen manu- factory. Caimfield, an estate, with a mansion, in Rathven parish, NW Banffshire, IJ mile SE of Portgordon. Its owner, Jn. Gordon, Esq., holds 3175 acres in the shire, valued at £1363 per annum. Caimgall, an estate, with a mansion, and ■with exten- sive granite quarries, in Longside parish, Aberdeenshire, in the eastern -vicinity of Longside village, and near the Peterhead branch of the Formartine and Buchan rail- way, 5 miles W of Peterhead. The estate, so late as 1804, was little better than waste moorland ; but, prior to 1841, was reclaimed and improved into a condition of high productiveness and order. The quarries are situated in a hill which rises about 60 feet above the circumjacent ground ; they are worked to some distance right into the hill, and then worked do^vnward ; and they have furnished some of the largest and finest blocks for public works and public buildings in the kingdom. They began to be worked, to any considerable extent, in 1808, when they were selected to furnish the blocks for 211 CAIRNGORM the foundations cf the Bell Eock lighthouse ; and they furnished the blocks for the foundations of the new- London Bridge, for the pier-\7alls of the new Houses of Parliament, for the pillars in Covent Garden Market, for the great polished monolithic pillars of St George's Hall in Liverpool, and for the pedestals of several great public statues. Cairngorm, a mountain on the mutual border of Kirk- michael parish, Banffshire, and Abernethy parish, In- verness-shire, culminating 3 miles NE of the summit of Ben Macdhui in Aberdeenshire. It has a conical out- line, and rises to an altititde of 4084 feet above sea-level. It is clothed, over much of its sides, with Scotch pine forest, and covered on the top almost all the year round with snow ; and it stands grouped mth a great knot of the Grampians, occupying an area of about 140 square miles, sending off the head-streams of the river Dee, and of great affluents of the Spey, and often called from it the Cairngorm group. The mountain-masses of the group are broken and dissevered by intervening depres- sions and intersecting glens ; their rocks are famous for containing numerous specimens of the beautiful rock crystals popularly called Cairngorm stones ; the shoulders of some of them break do\vn in stupendous precipices ; the shoulders and skirts of others are clothed with ver- dure or with forest ; and some of the glens display sublime features of alpine scenery. — Ord. Sur., sh. 74, 1877. See Hill Burton's Cairngorm Mountains (Edinb. 1864). Caimharrow. See Axavoth. Cairn Hill, an estate in Craigie parish, Ayrshire. The mansion, on Cessnock "Water, 5 miles SSE of Kilmar- nock, is partly modern, partly a strong, old, well-pre- served tower ; its o-nmer, Jn. W. Femer-Hamilton, Esq. (b. 1863, sue. 1872), holds 1719 acres in the sliire, valued at £2687 per annum. Caimhill, an estate in New Monkland parish, NE Lan- arkshire, 1 raUe S by W of Aii-drie, with a seat of Jn. More Nisbett, Esq. (b. 1826, sue. 1843), o\vner of 1326 acres in the shire, valued at £4470 per annum, including £2796 for minerals. Caimholy, a tumulus in Kirkmabreck parish, Kirk- cudbrightshire, 1 mile N of the shore of AYigtown Bay, and 6 miles SE of Creetown. One tradition calls it the grave of the mythical king Galdus, who is fabled to have given his name to Galloway (see also Torhouse) ; another makes it the grave of a 12th century Bishop of Whithorn, who fell in battle at the head of a Scottish army fight- ing against the English on a neighbouring moor ; but both are utterly idle. History knows nothing respecting it. An exploration, made in the early part of last cen- tury, discovered in it a kistvaen so large that the upper stone (6x3 feet) has lain unremoved till the present day. Six large sepulchral stones still stand erect on the same grassy mound. See pp. 112, 113 of Harper's Sambles in Galloway (1876). Caimie (Gael, carnan, 'small cairn'), a hamlet of NW Aberdeenshire, and a parish partly also in Banff- shire. The hamlet lies on the left bank of the Burn of Cairnie, a small affluent of the Isla, 4^ miles NW of its post-town Huntly. The parish is bounded N by Grange, NE by Rothiemay, E by Huntly, S by Huntly and Glass, W by Botriphnie, and NW by Keith ; and it is traversed, along the NE border, by the Great North of Scotland railway, and contains there Rothiemay station. Its greatest length, from E to W, is 8^ miles, and its breadth, from N to S, varies between If and 5| miles. The Devekon traces the eastern, the Isla the north- eastern, and the Burn of Davidston the western boundary. Low grounds adjoin these streams, and have a deep fertile soil. The surface sinks at the confluence of the Isla and Deverou to 296 feet above sea-level, but rises southward to the Bin (1027 feet), westward to the Little and Meikle Balloch (913 and 1199) on the Banffshire border, and to the Hill of Shenwall (957). In 1839-40 2258 acres, on and near the 15in, were planted with larch, spruce, and pine. A lime -work is at Ardonald. The entire parish formed part of the lordship oi Strathbogie, taken from the Comyns by Robert Bruce, and given to Sir Adam Gordon ; it thence onward was the original 212 CAIRNS estate of the Gordon family ; and, as now ecclesiastically constituted, it comprises the ancient parishes of Botary and Ruthven, and part of Drumdelgy. The portrait- painter, "Wm. Aikman (1682-1731), was a native. The Duke of Richmond and Gordon and Major Duff Gordon Duff are chief proprietors, 7 others holding a yearly value of less than £100. Cairnie is in the presbj-terj' of Strathbogie and synod of IMoraj' ; the living is worth £347. The parish church is an old but commodious building, and there is also a Free church ; whilst four schools — Cairnie, Ruthven, '\A'ind3'raw, and Daun's En- dowed — with respective accommodation for 127, 70, 67, and 46 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 92, 51, 46, and 37, and grants of £82, 16s., £47, 2s., £56, 16s., and £18, 19s. Valuation of Aberdeenshire portion (1881) £7700, 17s. 6d ; of Banflshire section (1882) £926, 9s. 6d. Pop. (1801) 1561, (1821) 1854, aS41) 1638, (1861) 1490, (1871) 1525, (1881) 1565, of whom 60 were in Banffshire.— Ord Sur., shs. 85, 86, 1876. See A Stroll to Cairnie (Keith, 1865), and the Rev. Dr J. F. Gordon's Book of the Chronicles of Keith, Cairnie, etc. (Glas. 1880). Cairnie, an estate, with a mansion, in Cupar parish, Fife. Cairniehill. See Caiuneyhill. Caimiemount or Caim-o'-Mount, a mountain on the mutual border of Strachan and Fordoun parishes, Kin- cardineshire. An oflshoot of the Grampians, it culmi- nates 6J miles ESE of Mount Battock at 1488 feet above sea-level ; and it is traversed, over its eastern shoulder, hj a public road from Forfarshire to Deeside. Caimies, an estate, mth a mansion, a post office under Perth, and the Scottish Episcopal College of Gle>"- ALMOXD, in Logie-Almond district, Perthshire, on the river Almond, 10 mUes WNAV of Perth. The mansion was the seat of the Right Hon. George Patton, Lord Justice-Clerk (d. 1869), whose sister owns 11,079 acres in the shire, valued at £1996 per annum. Caimirenan, a place on the northern border of Kil- learnan parish, Ross-shire, said to have been the bm-ying- ground of an ancient Danish prince Irenan, and to have given name to the parish of Killearnan. Cairnish. See Caiunish. Cairnkinna, a summit in Penpont parish, NW Dum- friesshire, 5 miles S by E of Sanquhar. Rising 1813 feet above sea-level, it commands an extensive view over much of Dujnfriesshire to parts of AjTshire, Lanark- shire, Kirkcudln'ightshire, and Cumberland. Caimmoneam, a summit in Durris parish, Kincar- dineshire, 6^ miles NW of Stonehaven. An offshoot of the Grampians, it rises 1245 feet above sea-leveh Caimocuimline, a large tumulus of small stones in Crathie parish, Aberdeenshire, at a narrow pass between the Dee and an overhanging hill, on the road from Aberdeen to Castleton of Braemar and to Fort George. It is said to have been formed, in the feudal times, by the practice of clans, when marching through the pass, laying each man a stone upon it in order that the chief- tains might know how many men were marching to battle or had fallen on the battlefield. Caim-o'-Mount. See Cairxiemotjnt. Caimorrie. See Methlick. Caimpapple. See Catrxapple. Caimpat or Cairnpiat, a hill in Portpatrick parish, Wigtownshire, 3^ miles SSW of Stranraer. Rising 593 feet above sea-level, it commands a fine view of the Rhins of Galloway ; and its top is engirt with remains of two (once three) stone walls, evidently erected for military purposes, separated from one another by ample interven- ing spaces, and formerly defended by entrenchments. Caimryan, a sea-port village in Inch parish, Wigto^vn- shire, on the eastern shore of Loch Ryan, 5i miles N of Stranraer. It has a post office under Stranraer, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, an inn, a good harbour, an Established church, a Free church, and a General Assembly's school. Tlie harbour is on a small sheltered bay, wliere vessels oi any burden may anchor in perfect safety. The Established church (1841) is the church of Lochryan qiooad sacra pari.sh. Cairns, a ruined ancient castle in Midcalder pari?h, CAIRNSMORE Edinburghshire, 2\ miles "W by X of East Cairn Hill, and 45 S by E of Midcalder village. It consists of a double tower ; and is said, but without good evidence, to have been built, about 1440, by Sir William Crichton, Lord High Admiral of Scotland. An run of its own name is in its northern vicinity. Caimsmore, a mountain in Carsphairn parish, N Kirk- cudbrightshire, 3f miles NE of Carsphairn village. It has an altitude of 2612 feet above sea-level ; it was selected by Captain Colby, about 1814, as one of the stations for his trigonometrical sui've}' ; and, excepting in one dii'ection, it commands a ver}" extensive panoramic view. Caimsmore of Fleet, a mountain on the mutual border of Minnigaff and Kirkmabreck parishes, SAV Kirkcudbrightsliire, 6:^ miles E of Newton -Stewart. It extends about 4 miles from NNW to SSE ; it has two summits, the one in Minnigaff, the other in Kirkma- breck, with altitudes of respectively 2331 and 2152 feet above sea-level ; it sends off to the E a projection, called the Knee of Caimsmore, — to the S an abutment, called the Door of Caimsmore, — to the W a spur, 1250 feet high, called Cranmery Hill ; and it commands a superb prospect along the seaboard and across the waters of the Solway Firth. Caimsmore mansion stands near the ■western base of the mountain, on the S border of Minnigaff. Caimtable, a mountain on the mutual border of Muirkii'k parish, Ayrshire, and Douglas parish, Lanark- shire. It culminates If mile SE of Muirkirk village, and, about the same distance NNW of the meeting-point with Dumfriesshii'e, it has an altitude of 1944 feet above sea-level ; it is cro\vned by two caii-us ; and it commands an extensive view. Caimton, an estate, annexed to the estate of Leys, in Banchorj'-Ternan parish, Kincardineshire. An ancient camp is on it, near a steep bank of the river Dee ; com- mands a pass, traversed by the present public road, be- tween the heights of Inchmarlo and the Dee ; has two earthen ramparts, each 300 yards long, from 10 to 15 yards high, and 16 broad ; and is thought, by some writers, to have been constructed by the Romans. Caimtoul, a moimtain in Crathie parish, Aberdeenshire, on the NW border of Braemar. One of the Cairngorm group of Grampians, it culminates, 2f miles SSE of Braeriach and 2 SW of Ben Macdhui, at 4241 feet above sea-level, presenting a vast, bare, rugged mass. Caimtrodlie, a village in Peterhead parish, Aberdeen- shire, near Peterhead town. Caimyaran, a moorland ridge in Inch parish, "Wigtown- shire, of miles NE of Stranraer. It has two summits about 1^ mile distant from each other, ^vith altitudes of respec- tively 734 and 751 feet above sea-level ; and it is crowned, ■v^ithin a length of 1^ mile, by no fewer than 9 cairns. Cairston, an estate, with a mansion, in Stromness parish, Orkney, in the western vicinity of Stromness town. It anciently had a church and a monaster}', ruins of which still stand in a burying-ground ; and it gives name to a presbytery which has its seat in Strom- ness, and is in the synod of Orkney. The presbytery comprehends the parishes of Stromness, Firth, Sten- ness {q. s. ), Harray, Birsay {q. s. ), Hoy and Graemsay, Orphir, Sandwick, and "Walls and Flotta. Pop. (1871) 10,465, (1881) 10,414, of whom 1771 were communicants of the Church of Scotland in 1878, the sums raised that year by the above congregations in Christian liberality amounting to £396. Caitha, a hamlet in Stow parish, Edinburghshire, ad- jacent to the North British railway and to the river Gala, 4 miles S by "W of Stow village. Caithness, a maritime county in the extreme NE of the mainland of Scotland, bounded N by the Pentland Firth, E by the German Ocean, SE by the Moray Firth, S"W and W by Sutherland. With irregular five-sided outline, it measures from NE to SW 43 miles ; its breadth, in the opposite direction, is 28 miles ; its circuit is about 145 miles ; and its area is 455,708 acres, or 712 square miles. The coast has an extent of about 105 miles ; includes Stroma island, lying in the Pentland Firth ; and is prevailingly bold and rocky. Chief head- lands are Duunet Head (306 feet), in the middle of the CAITHNESS N ; Duncansby Head (210), in the extreme NE ; and Noss Head (115), at the point where the E coast begins to trend to the SW. Other headlands are Brims Ness, Holbm'u Head, and Dwariick Head, in the N ; Skirsa Head and Ness Head, in the E ; and Wick Head, Ulbster Head, and the Ord (652), in the SE. Chief bays are Dunnet Bay, entering between Holburn Head and Dwarrick Head, in the N ; and Sinclairs Bay, enter- ing between Ness Head and Noss Head, in the E. Smaller bays are Sandside, Thurso, and Cannis, in the N ; Freswick and Wick, in the E ; and 5 or 6 little inlets or harbours in the SE. Low beaches or sandy downs lie around some portions of the northern and the eastern bays ; but cliffs, cavernous rocks, and stacks or skerries characterise mostly all other parts of the coast. The sm-face, except over a mean breadth of about 8 miles along the SW and W, is mainly a monotonous plain, and over those 8 miles in the SW and W is mainly mountainous or hilly. Low ridges diversify the plain in the parishes of Wick, Bower, Watten, Dunnet, Olrick, Thurso, Reay, and Halkirk ; and, except on the tops of some of them, where heath and bog prevail, they are generally clothed with green pasture. Bogs of various kinds, from deep moss to peaty moor, also diver- sify much of the plain, together with parts of the western mountains ; they form large low flat tracts fi-om the central districts up to the base of the mountains ; they even form a considerable tract so deep and swampy as to be untraversable by cattle, not far from the north- eastern extremity of the county ; and they are com- puted, in their several kinds and distributions, to amount aggTegatelj' to more than one-third of the entire area. In the W and SW, from N to S, rise the following eminences, of which those marked with asterisks cul- minate on the Sutherland border: — *Ben Ruadh (608 feet), *Sithean Harrv (759), Ben nam Bad Mhor (952), *Cnoc Crom-uiUt (1199), Ben Alisky (1142), *Knockfin Heights (1416), Maiden Pap (15S7), Morven (2313), Scaraben (2054),Meall na Carrach (1301),*Creag Scalabs- dale (1819), and Braigh ua h-Eaglaise (1387). Those in the SW have steep acclivities and rugged surfaces, being often nothing but bare rock ; those in the W are less wild, less rugged, and less lofty, and for the most part are moorish or heath}^ Sir John Sinclair, computing the entire area at 316,042 Scottish acres, reckoned 3000 acres to be sand or sea-beaches, 6731 to be fresh water, 130,261 to be deep mosses and flat moors, 71,200 to be moimtains or high moory hills, 62,000 to be green pas- tures and common downs, 2000 to be meadows or haughs by the sides of streams, 850 to be occupied by coppices and plantations, and only 40,000 to be arable laud of any description, either infield or outfield. The chief rivers or streams, named in the order of their length or importance, are the Thurso, the Wick, the Forss, the Berriedale, the Lougwall, the Wester, the Dunbeath, and numerous burns. The chief lakes are Watten, Calder, More, Hempriggs. Westfield, Stempster- Bower, Stempster-Latheron, Rangag, Ruard, Toftingall, Alterwall, Harland, Dunnet, Mey, Dm'en, Kelm, Sliu- rary, KUlieminster, YaiTow, Brakegoe, Olgany, and a number of lochlets. ' The Old Red sandstone,' says Mr Macdonald, 'abounds extensively in Caithness. The principal rocks in the hilly district all belong to this formation. In many parts of flatter grounds the imder- Ijdng rock is a clay slate or flagstone, which consists of a formation of alternating beds of silicious and calcareo- silicious flagstone or slate-clay, dark foliated bituminous limestone, pyritous shale, etc. . . . Generally speaking, the strata lie from NE to SW, but the inter- ruptions are very numerous.' Minerals are rare. The discovery of a coaly substance near Scrabster led to an unsuccessful search ; and veins of iron and copper ore, worked for a time in Reay and Wick parishes, were soon abandoned. A mine of lead ore was sunk a centmy since at Achinnarras, but proved unprofitable. Marl abounds in many of the bogs and lakes, and has been of some service for reclaiming and improving land. Mill- stones, building stones, and paving stones, variously from granite, limestone, and sandstone, have lieen ex- 213 CAITHNESS tensively quarried. Pavement flagstones, for exporta- tion, are so largelj' ■worked as to afford the most exten- sive employment to the population next to farming and fishing ; and they are well known and highly appre- ciated in most parts of the kingdom. They belong to the middle formation of the Devonian epoch ; they imbed such vast numbers of fossil fish and plants, that portions of the fossils or impressions foimd there can be seen in almost every stone ; and they owe their tenacity and durability to the cementing of their silica and alumina with calcareous and bituminous portions of organic matter. They were computed, in 1S69, to be exported to the annual amount of from 500,000 to 600,000 super- ficial yards, worth from £70,000 to £S0,000. The principal localities of them are on aline of 10 or 12 miles along the N coast of the Pentland Firth from Olriek parish to Keay parish, and a line from a jioiut of the E coast 4 miles S of "Wick, westward to the centre of the county in Halkirk parish. They were first exported from the lands of Scrabster, near Tiiurso ; and they are now most largely exported from Castlehill or Castletown quarries, about 5 miles E of Thurso. The quantity of them shipped annually from Castletown Harbour, in j-ears up to 1881, ranged from 10,000 to 15,000 tons. Farm labourers' wages, though lower than in any other northern county, rose from 30 to 40 per cent, within 20 years up to June 1880, such rise being partly due to this working of flagstones ; since then they have fallen from 10 to 15 per cent. The soil of the arable land and green pasture — from the E bank of Forss "Water on the N coast to Assery ; thence eastward by Calder Loch to Halkirk on Thurso river ; thence along that river to Dale ; thence east- ward, by Achatibster, Toftingall, Bilbster, and Thurster, to the coast at Hempriggs ; thence along the coast northward to "Wester Water ; thence up that water and past Bower, Alterwall, and Thurdistoft, to Dunnet Bay at Castlehill — is strongly argillaceous, and lies in the western parts on horizontal rock, in the eastern parts on hard till, drift, or gravel. The soil of the arable land and green pasture in the district W of Forss Water is a black loam or a mixture of dark earth and crystal- line sand, generally incumbent on a comjiaratively irre- tentive horizontal rock. The soil in the district NE of the line of Wester Water, including the N" wing of Wick parish, and most of Canisbaj' and Dunnet parishes, also is a dark loam, incumljent partly on irretentive rock, partly on gritty red gravel. The soil along the SE coast, from Hempriggs to the Ord, is a mixture of dark earth vriih gritty sand and fragments of rock, a sort of stony hazel loam, sharp and productive, incum- bent on various kinds of rock ; and the soil in the other districts of the county, comprehending the higher parts of Halkirk, Watten, and Latheron parishes, is variable, ma}^ be called alluvial near the banks of streams, and either a dark loam, an argillaceous earth, or a mixture of humus and gravel in other places. According to Mr G. J. Walker's ' Royal Commission Report on Agriculture ' (1881), about two-fifths of the arable land are good, one- fifth being bad, and the rest medium. The climate, on the whole, is cold, wet, and windy. Inclemency of weather, o\^-ing to the total want of mountain shelter along the E and N, is felt more severely in Avinter and spring than in the neighbouring counties of Sutherland and Ross ; and rain is both more frequent and more heavy than anywhere else in Scotland, except in Argyll- shire, and in the western parts of Inverness-shire, Ross- shire, and Sutherland, the rainfall exceeding 34 inches. Snow and hard frost commonly commence about the end of December, sometimes earlier ; and rain is gener- ally frequent and heavy during October, November, and December. The winds blow from the W or the NW during three-fourths of the year, and they frequently rise to strong gales in winter, spring, and autumn. The prevailing wind, from the beginning of May till the middle of June, is usually from the NW, with a bleak cloudy sky ; and from the end of June till September, is variable from tlie SW to the SE, but seldom from the N". The agi-iculture of Caithness received a great impulse 214 CAITHNESS from the labours of the celebrated Sir John Sinclair (1754-1835), though not so great as his proprietorship in the county might have led one to expect, nor so great as his mere second-hand influence produced on not a few other counties in both Scotland and England. But it afterwards was carried to a high pitch by the exertions of Sheriff' Traill of Rattar, Mr Home of Scouthel, Sir- Benjamin Dunbar, and other local improvers ; and at length it acquired an eminence much loftier than the agriculture of some districts in Britain which have a far superior soil and climate. ' Fai'ms, ' A\Tote the New Statist in 1845, ' are now to be seen of as great extent, and cultivated with as great skill and success, as in an}' part of Scotland. A considerable part of the county, of coui'se, is still in the possession of small farmers, paying from £10 to £50 of year]}^ rent ; but their condition is improving, and many of them raise green crops, and pursue a system of rotation.' At the present day, out of 3252 holdings, there are 1927 of under £10, 576 of between £10 and £20, and 386 of from £20 to £50 ; still the improvement has been very great, as will be brought out by the statis- tical tables of our Introduction. A great number of cattle of the best description have long been annually reared for sale in the south ; and the breeds of them have been so much improved as to take a lai'ge propor- tion of prizes at the Highland and Agricidtural Society's shows. Sheep also are kept in large numbers ; have been improved by crosses with the Cheviot and other breeds ; and have, in some instances, brought the highest prices at the Falkirk trysts. Small horses are imported from the islands ; and many swine are kept. The principal branch of industry in Caithness, next to agriculture, is sea fishing. Various departments of productive labour, such as implement making, rope making, and cooper work, are carried on mainly or almost wholly in subordination to farming and fishing ; some also are carried on in connection with commerce and with the local supply of all the ordinary kinds of artificer's work ; at AVick there is one large distillery ; but all these industries, taken together, are of less im- portance to the community than fishing alone. Many or most of the fishermen combine farming with their fishery work ; or rather hold small farms, and employ themselves alternately in farming and in fishing. Two of the 26 fishery districts which embrace all the coasts of Scotland and its islands, from the southern extremity of Galloway to the northern extremity of Shetland, are restricted to Caithness alone, and at least 2 if not 3 others of these districts draw within their operations not a few of the Caithness fishermen. The two entirely Caithness districts are Wick and Lybster ; and these have fully more than one-tenth of all the fishermen and fisher boys of the total 26 districts. Considerable har- bours are at Thurso, Castletown, Lybster, and other places ; but Wick is the only head port ; and most of the commerce connected with the county may be regarded as identical with what we shall have to show in our article on Wick. "Valuable facility of communication is aff'orded by steamers plying weeklj^ between Granton near Edinburgh and the Orkney and Shetland islands, and calling at Wick and Thurso. Inland communication beyond the county's own limits has always been rendered diificiUt by the barrier of moimtain along all the inland border, and by the steepness and height of the main pass over the Ord, contiguous to the coast, into Suther- land. Railway communication necessarily became de- siderated after the advent of the railway epoch and specially after the formation of the Highland line so far north as the N border of Ross-shire ; but it acquired no fair hope of being attainable till so late as 1866, and was not begun to be formed so late as the early part of 1871. A bill for the construction of a line from Wick to Thurso, with a view to eventual extension into junc- tion with the Sutherland railway, passed parliament in July 1866 ; but in May 1871 it was superseded by another, authorising a line from the terminus of the Sutherland railway at Helmsdale, tlirough the AV centre of Caithness, b)' way of Halkirk, to Thurso, with a branch to Wick, and that railway was opened in 1874. CAITHNESS The only royal burgh is Wick ; the only other town is Thurso; and the principal villages are Halkirk, Lybster, Castletown, Keiss, Sarclett, and Berriedale. The principal seats are Langwell. Barrogill Castle, Tister House, Thurso Castle, Hempriggs, Ackergill Tower, Toftingall, Watten, Barrock House, ilurkle, Sandside, Westfield, Dunbeath Castle, Freswick, Stirkoke, Swiney, Nottingham House, Bilbster, Stemster, Forss, Forse, Thrumster, South-dun, Olrig, Latheronwheel, Lynegar, Castle Hill, Achavam, Scots Calder, and Camster. Ac- cording to Miscellaneous Statistics of the United Kingdom (1879), 471,763 acres, with total gross estimated rental of £136,886, were di\'ided among 1028 landowners, three together holding 217.415 acres (rental £28,349), two 63,477 (£16,738), eight 112,623 (£35.352), seven 54,656 (£14.336), five 15,658 (£7301), four 1013 (£1531), four 285 (£341), eighteen 419 (£4922), etc. The county comprises the old parishes of Bower, Can- isbay. Dunnet, Halkirk, Latheron, Olrig, Thurso, "Watten, and Wick, part of the old parish of Reay, the quoad sacra parishes of Berriedale, Keiss, and Pulteneytown, and the chapelry of Lybster ; and these constitute the presbytery of Caithness, in the synod of Sutherland and Caithness, with 691 communicants of the Church of Scotland in 1878. The Free Church also has a presbytery of Caith- ness, with congregations at Berriedale, Bower, Bruan, Canisbay, Dunnet, Halkirk, Keiss, Latheron, Lybster, Olrig, Pulteneytown, Reay, Westerdale, and Watten, and with two at Thurso and two at Wick. Other con- gregarions within the county are, 1 U.P. at Wick, 2 Reformed Presbyterian at Wick and Thurso, 2 Congrega- tional at Wick and Thurso, 1 Evangelical Union at Wick, 2 Baptist at Wick and Keiss, 1 Episcopalian at Wick, and 1 Roman Catholic at Wick. In the year endiag 30 Sept. 1880, the county had 66 schools (e'o of them pubKc), which, with accommodation for 8820 children, had 6435 on the registers, and 4548 in average attendance, whilst the certificated, assistant, and pupil teachers numbered 75, 2, and 66. The coimty is governed (1881) by a lord-lieutenant, vice-admiral, and high sheriff, a vice -lieutenant, 12 de- puty-lieutenants, a sherifi", a sheriff-substitute, and 78 magistrates. Sheriff courts are held at Wick every Tuesday and Friday during session ; sheriff small debt courts at Wick every Tuesday during session, at Thurso every fifth Thursday, and at Lybster every fifth Wednes- day ; justice of peace small debt courts at Wick on the first and third Monday of every month, at Thurso on every alternate Wednesday ; and courts of quarter ses- sions at Wick and at Thurso. The police force, in 1880, comprised 19 men ; and the salary of the chief con- stable was £200. The committals for crime, in the yearlv average of 1841-50, were 15 ; of 1851-55, 19 : of 1856-60, 36 ; of 1861-65, 45 ; of 1864-68, 38 ; of 1870-74, 44 ; and of 1875-79, 40. The number of persons tried at the instance of the police, in 1879, was 304 ; convicted, 266 ; committed for trial, 24 ; not dealt with, 44. The coimty prison is at Wick. Tlie annual value of real propertv, assessed at £35,469 in 1815, was £66,572 in 1843,"' £102,910 in 1866, and £133,922 in 1881, including £2444 for railway. The county, prior to the Reform Act of 1S32, returned a mem- ber to parliament alternately with Buteshire : but since has sent one for itself (always a Liberal). The consti- tuency in 1881 was 1147. The royal burgh of Wick also unites with four others bevond Caithness in sending a member to parliament. Pop. (1801) 22,609, (1811) 23,419, (1821) 29,181, (18-31) 34,529, (1841) 36.343, (1851) 38,709, (1S61) 41,111, (1871) 39,992, (1881) 38,845, of whom 20,507 were females. Houses (1881) 7814 inhabited, 269 vacant, 57 building. The registration county takes in a part of Reay parish from Sutherland, and had, in 1881, a population of 39,839. All the parishes except Bower are assessed for the poor, and all are included in the two poor-law combina- tions of Latheron and Thurso. The number of registered poor, in the year ending 14 May 1880, was 1473 ; of dependants on these, 618 ; of casual poor, 197 ; of de- pendants on these, 90. The receipts for the poor, in the CAKEMUIR same year, were £14,473, 9s. 8d. ; and the erpenditure was £12,563, 4s. 9id. The number of pauper lunatics was 164, their cost being £2316, 4s. Id. The percentage of illegitimate births was 8-6 in 1872, 12-2 in 1874, 9-5 in 1879, and 11-4 in 1881. The territory now fonning Caithness was anciently in- habited by the Caledonian tribe of the Cumavii, and about the beginning of the 10th century was subdued and settled by the Norsemen under Sigurd, Jarl of Orkney. It retains some topographical names of the Celtic or Caledonian times ; but it is broadly characterised, in both its nomenclature and its antiqiuties, by ancient Scandinavian possession. The Scandiaavian Jarls of Orkney held it as an earldom nominally imder the crown of Scotland, and by King David (1124-53) it was erected into a diocese. The inhabitants, wavering in their allegiance between the Orcadian Jarls and the Scottish kings, were not long in throwing off the Scan- dinavian yoke. William the Lyon, in 1196, collected a stiong army, crossed the Oikell, and brought Suther- land and Caithness imder the power of the Scottish, crown. The principal families of Caithness, at that time, were the Guns and the De Cheynes ; and these were soon afterwards represented or superseded by three other leading families, the Sinclairs, the Sutherlands, and the Keiths. Feuds arose among these three latter families, or between some one or other of them and clans in other parts of the Highlands, and either formed or produced all the most signal events of subsequent times in Caithness. The Sinclairs soon got and retained the upper hand ; a branch of them, in 1455, was ennobled as Earl of Caithness and Baron Berriedale. But, in 1672, Campbell of Glenorchy purchased the earldom from the contemporary ^rl, and afterwards married his widow ; and his so doii^ led to a sanguinary conflict in Wick parish, on the banks of the Altimarlach — happUy the last event of its kind in Caithness. Campbell was sub- sequently created Earl of Breadalbane, with precedence according to the patent of the Caithness earldom, and the representatives of the original Earl of Caithness thenceforth alone have been Earls of Caithness. The Scottish seats of the earls are Baeeogill Castle and Tister House, both of them in Caithness. Ancient Caledonian stone circles are at Stemster Loch and Bower. The singular sttuctures popularly called Picts' houses, generally of a circular form, in the shape of a truncated cone, with walls 9 or 10 feet thick, and surrounded by a deep ditch and a rampart, are numerous. There also are several old castles, many of them ruinous, some still habitable. The chief of these are Barrogill, elegantly modernised into a seat of the Earl of Caith- ness ; Thurso, the venerable seat of Sir John G. T. Sinclair, Bart. ; Scrabster, the ruined residence of the quondam bishops of Caithness ; Gimigoe and Sinclair, erected by the thanes of Caithness ; Ackergill, built by the Keiths, Earls Marischal ; Dunbeath and Brims, still habitable ; and Freswick, Keiss, Forss, Berriedale, Down- reay. Brawl, and Durlet, all in ruins. Some substruc- tions on a small green knoll, 1| mUe W of Duncansby Head, are vestiges of John o' Groat's House. Caithness, though mainly a lowland tiact, assimilated in language and customs to the Lowland counties, is often errone- ously classed as part of the Highlands ; at the census of 1881 only 1796 persons were retiimed as habitually speaking Gaelic, and of these 1282 were in Reay, 233 in Halkirk, and 167 in Watten parish. See James Mac- Donald, 'On the Agi-iculture of Caithness,' in Trans. Highl. and Ag. Soc, 1875 ; Jas. T. Calder, Sketch of the Civil and Traditional History of Caithmss from the Tenth Century (Glas. 1861) ; and Sam. Laing, Prehistoric Ik- mains of Caithness (Loud. 1866). Caitnish, in Glenorchy parish, Argyllshire, on the river Orchy, 6 miles NE of Dalmally. The Orchy here makes a series of considerable leaps over and among grotesquely-shaped rocks. Cakemuir, an ancient castle in the detached section of Cranston parish, E Edinburghshire, on a small bum of the same name, IJ mile E of Tynehead station, and 3 miles E of Borthwick Castle. It "is a square four-storied 215 CALAIR tower, with massive walls and projecting battlements ; an apartment in it is called Queen Mary's Eoom, having given shelter to that unfortunate princess after her flight in male apparel from Boethwick, 13 June 1567. Here she met Bothwell, and rode with him through the night to Dunbai". Calair, a burn in Balquhidder parish, Perthshire, running 6f miles NE and N, through Glens Dubh and Buckie, to the Balvag, opposite Balquhidder kirkton. Descending from 2000 to 410 feet above sea-level, it is subject to great freshets ; its waters teem with little trout. Calbruar, a hamlet in the parish and 3 mUes from the village of Blair Athole, Perthshire. Caida House. See Assynt. Calder, a laige district in the extreme W of Edin- burghshire. The Gaelic cJioilk-dur .signifies a ' wooded stream,' and doubtless was applied to the district on account of the boskiness of its water-courses ; but the name has been imposed on it at some very early period, and in circumstances unknown to record. The district may have originally been one property or barony, but was early divided into Calder-Clere on the E and Calder- Comitis on the W — the latter by far the larger division — being afterwards divided into Mid and West Calder. Calder, a hamlet and a loch of NW Caithness. The hamlet, to the E of the lake, is 64 miles SSW of Thurso, under which it has a post office ; whilst a public school at it, with accommodation for 120 children, had (1882) an average attendance of 38, and a grant of £55, 14s. The loch, lying mainly in Halkirk, but partly in Reay parish, at 205 feet above sea-level, has an extreme length and breadth of 2f miles and 7^ furlongs ; presents a pleasing appearance from its striking contrast to the mossy and heathy lands which surround it; and contains abundance of good trout and little char. Calder, an affluent of the Avon. See Aa'oxdale. Calder, a stream of Kingussie parish, E Inverness-shire, formed by three head-streams which rise among the Monadhliath Mountains at altitudes of from 2700 to 2900 feet above sea-level. It winds ih miles eastward, at Spey Bridge, near Newtonmore station, falling into the Spey. Its waters abound in trout. — Ord. Snr., sh. 64, 1874. Calder, a rivulet of Ayr and Eenfrew shires. It rises in Largs parish on the N slope of Burnt Hill (15S9 feet), near the mutual border of the two counties ; runs 1 J mile ENE on this boundary, then 2i miles E and SE on the boundary between Kilmalcolm and Lochwinnoch parishes, expanding here into a triangular lake, called Calder Dam (2| X 1^ furl. ) ; then proceeds about 5^ miles SE, through Lochwinnoch parish, to the head of Castle-Semple Loch, in the vicinity of Lochwinnoch town. A number of beauti- ful cascades diversif}' its romantic course, while on its banks are several cotton-mills. — Ord. Su7:, sh. 30, 1866. Calder, a rivulet of N"W Lanarkshire, rising on Elrig Moor (1000 feet), in East Kilbride parish, near the Ayr- shire boundary, and running 10 miles NNE and N within East Kilbride parish, and along the boundary between East Kilbride and Cambuslang on the left, Glasford and BlantjTe on the right, till it falls into the Clyde at Tumwheel, IJ mile WNW of Uddingstone. Flowing mostly on a gravelly or rocky bed, between steep and richly wooded banks, it has a shallow rapid current, and makes several falls or cascades, one of them wild and romantic, and called the Reeking Linn. It bears the name of Calder "Water in its upper course, and of Rotten Calder after receiving the Rotten Burn near Torrance. — Ord. Sur., shs. 23, 31, 1865-67. Calder, a seat of iron-works in Old Monkland parish, Lanarkshire, on the right bank of North Calder Water, opposite Carnbroe village in Bothwell parish, 1| mile SE of Coatbridge, and 2 miles SSW of Airdrie. The iron-works of Messrs Dixon, which were founded in 1805, and which have six furnaces, adopted the hot blast immediately after its invention had been patented by the late Mr J. B. Neilson, in Oct. 1828. The works have always been supplied with ironstone from New Monkland parish, and receive the output of two ironstone pits, 36 fathoms deep, on Garturk estate. Two coalpits are near, respectively 40 and 100 fathoms deep, the latter being 216 CALDER HOUSE the deepest pit in the parish. A board school here, with accommodation for 227 children, had (1SS2) a day and an evening attendance of 228 and 37, and grants of £210, 4s. and £17, 5s. 6d. Calder proper and Carnbroe are jointly called Calder Iron-works. Pop. of the whole (1861) 2136, (1871) 1787, (1881) 2180, of whom 725 were in Carnbroe, and 1187 were males. Houses (1881) 412 inhabited, 66 vacant, 1 building.— Ord Sur.,^\\. 31, 1867. Calder, a parish in Lanarkshire. See C.A.DDER. Calder, in Nairnshire. See Caavdoe. Calderbank, a large industrial village of NE Lanark- shire, partly in Bothwell but chiefly in Old Moxklaxd parish, on the North Calder Water, 2 miles SSE of Airdi'ie. It has a post and telegraph office under Airdrie, a school, and an Established chapel of ease ; and at it are situated the iron-works of the Monkland Company, with 6 blast furnaces, 46 puddling furnaces, and 6 rolling mills. The school, with accommodation for 252 children, had (1882) an average attendance of 221, and a grant of £215, 6s. 6d. Pop. (1841) 1064, (1861) 2461, (1871) 2176, (ISSl) 1749.— (9?tZ. Snr., sh. 31, 1867. Calderbank, an estate, with a mansion, in Blantyre parish, Lanarkshire, 4f miles NW of Hamilton. Calderbank, a village, with bleach -works, on the river Calder, in Lochwinnoch parish, Renfrewshire. Caldercruix, a village in New Monkland parish, Lan- arkshire, with a station on the Airdrie and Bathgate section of the North British railway, 4| miles ENE of Airdrie. Pop. (1881) 306. Calder, East, a village and an ancient parish in the W of Edinburghshire. The village stands near the right bank of the Almond, f mile ENE of Midcalder town, and li mile WNW of Midcalder station ; consists chiefly of two rows of houses, with gardens behind ; and has a U.P. church, originally built in 1776, and a public school. At it was born a minor poet, Alex. Rodger (1784-1846). The ancient burying-ground of the parish, with the ivy-clad ruin of the church, adjoins the village, and an extensive quarry of excellent limestone is a little to the E. The parish was united in 1750 to the parish of Kirknewton. The manor or barony was given by Malcolm IV. to Randulph de Clere, taking from him the name of Calder-Clere, to distinguish it from the ad- joining manor of Calder-Comitis, belonging to the Earl of Fife ; underwent forfeiture in the wars of the succes- sion ; was given in 1306, by Robert Bruce, to James Douglas, the ancestor of the Earls of Morton ; and in- cludes a tract called Mortoune, which disputes with Morton parish in Dumfriesshire the claim of having given their peerage title to the Earls of Morton. Pop. of village (1871) 589, (1881) IM.—Ord. Sur., sh. 32, 1857. Caldergrove, an estate, with a handsome modern mansion, in Cambuslang parish, Lanarkshire, 4^ miles WNW of Hamilton. Calderhall, an estate, with a mansion, in the East Calder section of Kirknewton parish, Edinburghsliire, J mile SSW of East Calder village. Calderhead, a quoad sacra parish and a registration district in Shotts and Cambusnethan parishes, Lanark- shire, lying around the head of South Calder river, 2J miles SSE of Kirk-of-Shotts. Constituted in 1872, the parish is in the presbytery of Hamilton and synod of Glasgow and Kyr ; its minister's stipend is £250. The church was built as a chapel of ease in 1860, at a cost of £1000 ; and under Calderhead school-board, 4 schools — Allanton, Calderhead, and 2 at Shotts — with total ac- commodation for 974 children, had (1882) an average attendance of 709, and grants amounting to £610, 6s. 2d. Pop. of registration district (1861) 4034, (1871) 4271, (1881) 4158. Calder House, a mansion in Midcalder parish, Edin- burghshire, in the southern vicinity of Midcalder town. Standing on an elevated lawn, and surrounded by orna- mental walks, it adjoins an extensive and romantic wood intersected by JIurieston and Linhouse Waters. It is in part a very ancient building, with walls of 7 feet thickness, and includes a great hall, upborne on arches, and modernised into a drawing-room. This seat is CALDER IRON- WORKS historically famous for the celebration of the Lord's Supper in its great hall by John Knox in 1556. The hall contains a portrait of the Reformer, which, long regarded as authentic, was, in 1875, pronounced by the late Mr Da\dd Laing to be only a ' bad copy ; ' in the same apartment there is also a portrait of Mary Queen of Scots. For more than five centuries a seat of the Sandilands, Calder House is now held by Jas. Walter SandUands, twelfth Baron Torphichen since 1564 (b. 1846 ; sue. 1869), and owner of 1880 acres in the shire, valued at £3794 per annum, including £500 for minerals. Calder Iron-works. See Calder, Old Monkland, Lanarkshire. Calder, Mid, a village and a parish on the W border of Edinburghshire. The village stands on a rising ground, near the left bank of the Almond, which here receives the confluent Murieston and Linhouse "Waters, 2 mUes W by N of Midcalder or Kirknewton Junction, on the Caledonian^ this being 11 miles WSW of Edin- burgh, and 36i E of Glasgow. Backed by the fine policies of Calder House, it has been greatly improved within the past few years, all the old thatched and most of the tiled houses having given place to others of a more modem style, several fine villas having been built to the E, and a plentiful supply of water having been introduced. At it are a post office, ^^'ith money order and savings' bank departments, a branch of the Clj'desdale Bank, gas-works, an hotel, the ancient parish church, a U.P. church (1765), and 2 public schools; whilst fairs are held here on the second Tuesday of March and the Friday after the second Tuesday of October. The parish church, a good Second Pointed building, with oblong tower, was founded early in the 13th cen- tury by Duncan, Earl of Fife, was partly rebuilt by Peter Sandilands in 1541, and has been lately enlarged and restored at a cost of over £3000 ; at its E end is the burying-place of the Torphichen family. Pop. of village (1861) 525, (1871) 579, (ISSl) 657. The parish, containing also the village of Bells- QUAKEY, is bounded N and NE by Uphall in Linlith- gowshire ; E by Kirknewton, Ciu'rie, and an outlying portion of Kirkliston ; SE by Linton in Peeblesshire ; S and W by West Calder ; and NW by Livingston in Linlithgowshire. Its greatest length from N to S is 7| miles ; its breadth from E to W varies between J and 5 J miles ; and its area is 12,324f acres, of which 30 J are water. The Almond for 2f mUes ti-aces the Livingston and Kirkne^\"ton borders, for 2 flows through the north- em interior, and here from the S receives the West Calder, Harwood, Murieston, Linhouse, and two or three lesser bums ; while in the furthest S of the parish rise the head-streams of the Water of Leith. The northern district is comparatively level, and with a light, dry, fertile soil, presents an embellished aspect ; the southern is occupied with the slopes of the Pentlands ; and from between 300 and 400 feet above sea-level along the Almond's banks the surface rises southward to East and West Cairn Hills, 1839 and 1844 feet, on the Peebles- shire boundary. About one-third of the entire area is arable ; upwards of 200 acres are under wood ; and a large aggregate is upland pasture. At Pumpherston, since 1877, a field of 10 acres has formed an experimental station of the Highland and Agi'icultural Society. The rocks are partly carboniferous and in large measure eruptive. Coal and rich lead ore have been found ; ex- cellent sandstone, limestone, and trap rock have been worked ; and other useful minerals occur. Employment is also furnished by oil and paper works. Springs of very fine water are everywhere numerous, whilst slightly chalybeate springs are plentiful ; and a powerful sid- phureous spring is on the estate at Letham. Four tumuli on the banks of the Almond have been regarded by tradition as memorials of some great ancient battle in their vicinity. A tolerably well-preserved Roman camp is on Castle-Gregg Hill, on the SW border. If mile SE of Harburn station ; a castle stood at Pum- pherston ; an ancient double tower is at Cairns ; and portions of old baronial fortalices are retained in Calder House and Muriestox House ; the former of which is the CALDER, WEST prominent feature of the parish. John Spottiswood (1565-1639), Archbishop of St Andi-ews, was a native. Eight proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 9 of between £100 and £500, 4 of from £50 to to £100, and 12 of from £20 to £50. Midcalder is in the presbytery of Linlithgow and synod of Lothian and Tweed dale ; the living is worth £258. Four public schools — Bellsquarry, Causewayend, and boys' and girls' schools at the village — with respective accommodation for 116, 48, 129, and 90 children, had (1880) an averago attendance of 82, 16, 57, and 96, and grants of £74, 17s., £31, 2s., £46, 12s. 6d., and £87, 3s. Valuation (1881) £17,431, including £3908 for railways. Pop. (1801) 1014, (1831) 1489, (1861) 1-389, (1871) 1634, (1881) 1698.— On?. Sur., sh. 32, 1857.— See J. Sommers* Account of the Parish of Midcalder (Edinb. 1838). Caldermill, a village of W Lanarkshire, 3 miles from its post-town, Strathaven. Calder, North, a small river partly of Stirling and Linlithgow shires, but chiefly of Lanarkshire. It issues from Black Loch on the mutual border of Xew Monk- land parish, Lanarkshire, and Slamannan parish, Stir- lingshire ; winds 2:| miles SW along the boundary be- tween Lanarkshire on the right and Stirling and Lin- lithgow shires on the left ; turns then wholly into Lanarkshire ; expands soon into Hillend Reservoir (1;^ X g mile) ; and running 13 miles WSW along the bound- ary between Xew Monkland and Old Monkland parishes on the right, and Shotts and Bothwell parishes on the left, falls into the Clyde at Daldowie, 1^ mile NW of Uddingstone. Its banks, over nearly the whole of its romantic course of about 16 miles, are bold, picturesque, and beautifully wooded ; and are adorned, in several places, with splendid parks or mansions. Its waters contain trout. — Ord. Sur., sh. 31, 1867. Calder, Rotten, the lower part of Calder Water in the XW of Lanarkshire, so named because joined by the Rotten Bum where it enters the parish of Blantyre, 2 miles SE of East Kilbride. Calderside, a property on the western border of Blan- tjTe parish, Lanarkshire. Coal has been worked here on a small scale ; a silicified tree is near, rising out of the bed of the Rotten Calder ; and there is also here a cm-ious conical hillock, the Campknowe, anciently fortified by the Caledonians. Calder, South, a small river rising on moors con- tiguous to Linlithgowshire, 2 miles EXE of Shotts Iron- works. Thence it runs about 11 miles W by S along the boundary between Shotts and Bothwell parishes on the right, and Cambusnethan and Dalziel parishes on the left ; and falls into the Clyde 1^ mile above Both- well Bridge. Its vale displays much beauty, both uatui-al and artificial ; and its waters contain trout, but offer no high attraction to the angler. A viaduct of the Cale- donian railway crosses it f mile X of Motherwell, and is a grand, long, lofty, stone structure of 1857. Another viaduct, at present on the main line of the Caledonian railway, but originally erected for the Wishaw and Colt- ness railway, stapds a short distance higher up, and is a gaunt, slender, wooden pile, resting on tall stone piers. See also Bothwell. — Urd. Sur., sh. 31, 1867. Calder, West, a town and a parish in the extreme W of Edinburghshire. The town stands, at 550 feet above sea-level, on the right bank of the West Calder Bum, and has a station on the Edinburgh and Glasgow direct section of the Caledonian, 5| miles WSW of Midcalder Junction, 16 WSW of Edinburgh, and 31 J E of Glas- gow. Since 1861 it has undergone great and rapid extension, chiefly in connection with neighboiu-ing mineral works ; at it are a post office, with money order, sa\-ings' bank, and telegraph departments, a branch of the Commercial Bank, a reading-room, a new parish church (1880), a new Free church (1882), a new U.P. church (1872), and the Roman Catholic church of Our Lady and St Bridget (1877). A public and a Roman Catholic school, with respective accommodation for 516 and 204 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 481 and 131, and grants of £438, 18s. 6d. and £99, 17s. Pop. (1851) 434, (1861) 476, 11871) 2432, (1881) 2291. 217 CALDERWOOD CASTLE The parish, containing also tlie villages of Addiewell and Jlossend, has a rudely triangular outline, and is bounded NE and E by Midcalder ; SE by Linton, in Peeblesshire ; S and SW by Dunsyre, Carluke, and Camwath, in Lanarkshire ; NW by Cambusnetlian in Lanarkshire, and "NMiitburn in Linlithgowshire. Its greatest length from NE to SW is 10 miles ; its width in an opposite direction varies between Ih and 5| miles; and its area is 21,392^ acres, of which 303 J are water. Bkeich "Water traces most of the Linlithgowshire border, and through the interior the "West Calder, Harwood, Murieston, Linhouse, and two or three lesser burns flow northward or north-eastward to the Almond ; whilst in the S, on the Camwath boundary, lies Cobinshaw reserA-oir (li mile x 3J furlongs). The northern district is mainly low countrj-, well cultivated and highly em- bellished ; the southern consists of high, bleak moor- land, incapable of cultivation. From less than 500 feet above sea-level along Breich Water, the surface rises south-eastward to the Pentlands, attaining 987 feet in Pearie Law, and 1700 in Craigengar on the boundary with Linton. The rocks to a great extent, especially in the N", belong to the Carboniferous formation, and in- clude abundance of coal, ironstone, bituminous shale, and limestone. Mansions are Hermand, Harburn, Hartwood House, and Liraefield ; and 14 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 16 of between £100 and £500, 15 of from £50 to £100, and 21 of from £20 to £50. West Calder is in the pres- bytery of Linlithgow and s}'nod of Lothian and Tweed- dale ; the value of the living is £220. The original church, a chapel of ease to Midcalder, stood at Chapel- ton, f mile NE of the town ; the next was built in 1646. Seven schools — the two at the town, Addiewell, Cobin- shaw, Gavieside, Leavenseat, and Middron — with total accommodation for 1654 children, had (ISSO) an average attendance of 1287, and grants amounting to £1135, 10s. Valuation (1881) £43,846, including £10,200 for railways and waterworks. Pop. (1801) 1185, (1831) 1617, (1861) 1927, (1871) 7865, (1881) 7682.— Or*?. Sur., sh. 32, 1857. Calderwood Castle, a mansion in East Kilbride parish, Lanarkshire, on the left bank of the Rotten Calder, 5 miles W of Hamilton. For more than five centuries a seat of the Maxwells, and greatly enlarged in 1840, it stands amid beautiful gi-ounds, with a very fine water- fall on the river ; its present holder is Sir Wm. Mas- well, tenth Bart, since 1627 (b. 1828 ; sue. 1870). Calderwood, Long, a hamlet in East Kilbride parish, Lanarkshire, near Calderwood policies, 1| mile NE of East Kilbride village. Caldham, a hamlet in Marj'kirk parish, Kincardine- shire, on the river Luther, 3^ miles SW of Laurencekirk. Caldra, an estate, with the seat of the Hon. A. F. Cathcart, in Fogo parish, SE Berwickshire, 4 miles S by W of Dunse. Caldron, a fine waterfall in Comrie parish, Perthshire, on the river Lednock, 1 mile N of Comrie village. Caldron Linn, a series of romantic waterfalls in Fosso- way parish, Perthshire, on the river Devon, about a mile below Rumbling-Bridge station, and 2f miles ENE of Dollar. The series is twofold ; first, a tumultuous cataract along a fearful chasm ; next, two leaps, with intervening whirls, doAvn precipitous descents. The sides of the chasm are mural, and of about equal height, but, in some jjarts, they so project as almost to meet ; and the floor of the chasm is so worn into a descending chain of pits as to occasion the river, in careering along, to emit a furious deafening sound. The first of the two falls, over the precipitous descent, is a leap of 34 feet ; the whirls between it and the second fall are through three round cavities, like caldrons or boilers, of from 16 to 22 feet in diameter. In the first of these caldrons the water is constantly agitated as if boiling ; in the second it is always covered with foam ; and in the third and largest, the water is as placid as an inland lake. Ledges of rock separate these cavities from each other, and they communicate by sluices wrought about their middle depth by the action of the water. By an open- ing like a huge door hewn out of the rock, the river 218 CALEDONIAN CANAL rushes in a torrent to the second fall, which occurs at a distance of 84 feet from the foot of the first one, and is a leap of 44 feet. The first leap declines a little, and the second so much from the perpendicular as to be quite oblique. The second fall is into a deep and romantic glen, where a vapour constantly ascends from the pool, which in sunshine shows all the colours of the rainbow. In rainy seasons the whole is grand beyond description. Caldshiels. See Cauldshields. Caldstane Slap, a mountain pass (1300 feet) on the mutual border of Linton parish, Peeblesshire, and ]\Iid- calder parish, Edinburs;lishire, Ijetween East and West Cairn Hills, 6^ miles SSE of Midcalder village. It is traversed by a drove-road which, prior to the railway epoch, was much frequented by dealers in sheep and cattle going to and from the Scotch and the English markets. Caldwell. See Beith. Caledonian and Dumbartonshire Railway, a railway in Dumbartonshire, 8^ miles long, from Bowling on the Clyde, west-north-westward to Dumbarton, and north- ward thence, up the Vale of Leven, to Ballocli at the foot of Loch Lomond. Authorised in 1846, and opened in 1850, it was worked for some time as an isolated line, communicating between steamboats on the Clyde and steamboats on Loch Lomond ; but afterwards, from Bowling to Dumbarton, it became a constituent part of the Glasgow, Dumbarton, and Helensburgh railway. Later, too, it was joined, at the northern end, by the Forth and Clyde railway from Stirling ; and, forming since 1862 a constituent portion of the Edinburgh and Glasgow, it was with it amalgamated with the North Briti'sh in 1864. Caledonian Canal, a line of inland navigation, partly artificial, partly natural, through the ' Great Glen ' of Scotland. Glenmore extends right across the kingdom, directl}' south-westward, from the Moray Firth between the mouth of the Findhorn and the Sutors of Cromarty, to the island of Lismore at the northern end of the Sound of Mull ; and it divides Inverness-shire, and the Highlands generally, into two nearly equal portions. Its NE end consists for 23 miles of the upper or narrow part of the Jloray Firth ; the SW end, for 32 miles, of salt-water Lochs Eil and Linnhe ; and the intermediate part, vrith a total length of GOh miles, is occupied for 38^^ miles by fresh-water Lochs Dochfour, Ness, Oich, and Lochy, and is traversed, over nearly all the rest of the distance, by streams which connect these lakes with one another, or with the sea-lochs. This intermediate part, certain portions of the lakes, and localities at the Moray Firth and at Loch EU, are the region of the arti- ficial portion of the Caledonian Canal. The navigation was designed to carry large vessels direct from sea to sea, in lieu of their encountering the delays and perils of the route round the Pentland Firth ; and it serves also for the direct transit of swift steamers plying regu- larly between Inverness and Glasgow. James Watt, of steam-engine fame, prepared designs for the canal in 1773 ; but. his estimate (£165,000) alarming the pro- jectors, nothing was done till 30 years later, when Telford and Jessop were authorised to jirepare new estimates. The work was begun in 1803 ; was opened, only two- thirds finished, in October 1822 ; was completed in 1843-47; and cost, up to 5 May 1849, £1,311,270, though the original estimates (exclusive of land damage) had amounted to only £474,531. A sea-lock commences the artificial part of the naviga- tion at the Moray Firth ; and this, in consequence of the shallowness of the sea-water and the flatness of the beach, is placed between the extremities of two artificial mounds, extending about 400 yards to the shore. The canal cut leaves the firth at Clachnaliarry, about a mile WNW of Inverness ; and goes 6 miles 35 chains to Loch Dochfour. A series of four locks is on it at Muir- town, about a mile distant from the stone bridge of Inverness ; and a regulating lock is on it at Dochgar- roch, near Loch Doclifour, was thoroughly repaired in 1869, and was then adjusted for the escape of salmon fry or smolt. A short deep cutting and five consecutive locks are at Fort Augustus, leading out the navigation CALEDONIAN RAILWAY from the head of Loch Ness ; and a canal cut of 5 miles 35 chains, with locks at K}*tra and Aberchalder, goes thence to Loch Oich. The summit-level of navigation, Loch Oich lies 105 feet above high water mark at Clach- naharry and Fort William ; measures 3 miles 56 chains along the line of navigation ; is, in many places, very shallow ; and varies more than 9 feet in depth, according to the season. It thus presented great difficulties to the fonnation of a ship-passage — difficulties that were only overcome by the construction of a reservoir in Glen- garry, for feeding it when low. A canal cut of 1 mile 65 chains goes from Loch Oich to Loch Lochy ; and has two locks — the one a regiilating lock to meet the occasional flooding of Loch Oich, the other having a fall of 9h feet to suit the difference of level between the two lakes. Loch Lochy (93 feet) is 9§ miles long ; and, for the purposes of the navigation, was raised about 12 feet above its natural level, by closing up its effluence into the river Lochy, and forming a new outlet for it at a higher level, so as to send off its effluence into the river Spean. A permanent weir, partly constructed of masonry, partly excavated from solid rock, was formed across the new outlet ; and occasions the effluence to fall into the Spean at a point about 600 yards SE of the exit of the navigation from Loch Lochy. A regu- lating lock occurs at Gairlochy, near the foot of Loch Lochy ; a canal cutting, 6| miles in length, extends thence to Banavie ; a series of eight locks, commonly called Xeptune's Staircase, occurs at BanaWe ; and another canal cut, 1^ mile in length, with a descent of two more locks, extends thence to the sea-lock at Cor- pach, in the vicinity of Fort William. The navigation from end to end is so direct as to measure but 4 miles longer than a mathematical straight line ; and has been so well maintained in its artificial portions as to make wonderful resistance to the abrading action of storm and flood. Twenty-eight locks are on the line — 14 between the Moray Firth and Loch Oich, and 14 between Loch Oich and Loch Eil ; and each is 170 feet long by 40 wide. The depth of water, in the shallowest parts of the canal, at the standard level, is 17 feet. All the works, according to an official report upon them in 1879, were then in good order and efficient condition. The canal, though a magnificent public work, cannot be said to have ever satisfactorily attained its purpose. It affords great facility to the transit of the northern fishing boats, insomuch that 512 of them, in 1869 sailed through it in an almost unbroken line ; it also has con- siderable value, both commercially and for tourists, in afi"ording prompt regular transit to steamers between Inverness and the Firth of Lorn ; it likewise has given important aid or impulse to several departments of local trade ; but it never has answered well the grand design, for which it was formed, of carrying sea-borne vessels from sea to sea along Glenmore. The annual receipts, too, as compared with the annual expenditure, tell no very flattering tale. The receipts and expenditure amoimted in 1867 to £6541 and £6698, in 1870 to £6944 and £6306, in 1873 to £6316 and £6057, in 1876 to £6742 and £9308, and in 1879 to £7356 and £10,490, the total number of passages in the last year being 1996. — Orel. Sur., shs. 83, 73, 63, 62, 53. Caledonian Railway, a railway originally designed as a trunk line connecting Edinburgh and Glasgow with Carlisle, but now embracing an extensive district, and forming the second, in point of mileage, of the railway systems in Scotland. In 1845 an elaborate examination of the various proposals for providing railway facilities between England and Scotland was made on behalf of the Board of Trade, with the result that the Caledonian line, as then proposed, was approved. The act for the construction of the line was passed in July 1845, em- bracing a main line from Carlisle to Carstairs in Lanark- shire, dividing there into a fork reaching to Edinburgh on the one hand and to Glasgow on the other ; with a spur from the latter arm of the fork to join the Scottish Central railway for Stirling, Perth, and the North of Scotland. In constructing these lines, 141 miles in length, there was used a portion of the Glasgow and CALEDONIAN RAILWAY Garnkirk and the Wishaw and Coltness railways, lines opened in 1831 and 1833, and ranking early in the rail- way enterprises of the kingdom. For the original line, which was completed in 1848, the authorised capital was £3,433,130 in shares and £1,030, 200 in loans. By exten- sions, amalgamations, leases, and working agreements the Caledonian railway now consists of 733J miles of railway o^vned by the company, 176 miles worked under agreement, 76J miles of other companies' lines used under running powers, and the Forth and Clyde Canal 52f miles, being a total of 1038i miles of public com- munications in the hands of the company. Of the system there are 2| miles consisting of four lines of railways, 453f miles consisting of double line, the remainder con- sisting of single line. At July 1881, the capital expen- diture of the company amounted to £36,459,245, of which there was raised in shares £29,037,751 (of which sum £10,257,074 stood as 'ordinary' stock, £2,783,658 as ' deferred ' stock, and the remainder as ' guaranteed ' and ' preference' stocks), and in loan and debenture stock £7,127,936, ■with some minor items of receipt. This capital total is to a certain extent fictitious, owing to the creation of nominal capital in consolidating various guar- anteed and preference stocks, formerly carrying various dividends into stock at one uniform rate, and the ' deferred ' capital is also nominal, being created to re- present the claims of some of those consolidated stocks to contingent rights of dividend under certain specified circumstances. It is thus impossible to say specifically how much ' hard money' has been expended in the con- struction of the system, but it probably does not fall short of thirty millions sterling. In the half-vear last reported, the railway can-ied 679,388 first class, 520,528 second class, and 6,416,487 third class passengers, making, with 7529 season-ticket holders, a total of 7,623,932 passengers, yielding a total revenue of £364,532. The goods revenue amounted to £859,625, the total revenue for the half-year being thus over I5 million of money. To carry this trade the com- pany possessed 681 locomotive engines, 1602 passenger vehicles (including horse boxes, luggage vans, etc. ), and 42,938 waggons, 30,644 of the latter being engaged in the vast mineral traffic of the company. In the course of the half-year those vehicles traversed in all 5,602,565 train-miles, of which there were run for passenger traffic 2,511,644 train-miles, and for goods and mineral traffic 3,090,921 miles. The gross revenue per train-mile was 57'68d., the passenger train average being 43"75d., and the goods train average 68'77d. per mile. As the main route of the mail service in Scotland, the Caledonian received in the half-j-ear the sum of £26,866 for the conveyance of mails. The affairs of the company are controlled by a board of directors, fourteen in number. As now extended, the Caledonian railway system covers a large portion of the railway map of Scotland, having Carlisle for its southern, and Aberdeen for its northern, terminus, touching on the W Portpatrick, Ayr, Kilmarnock, Wemyss Bay, Greenock, Stirling, Oban, Crieff, and Perth, and on the E Arbroath, Dundee, Edinburgh, Leith, Carstairs, and Peebles. The only districts of importance in the S of Scotland to which it does not reach are Nithsdale in Dumfriesshire, and the middle and western portions of AjTshire, and that great Border and E district which the North British railway holds. North of Perth and Aberdeen the country is served by the Highland, Great North of Scotland, and allied railway systems. The various parts composing the Caledonian railway will be incidentally noticed under the parishes and counties where they occur, and here the general scope of the system will be detailed, proceeding from S to N. From Carlisle to Beattock the line, which was opened in 1847, passes through a richly varied district, chiefly pastoral and cheese-producing. Six miles of the line are in England, and between the junction with the North British Longtown branch at Gretna and the Gretna Junction, a bridge over the Sark brings the line into Scotland. At Gretna Junction the Glasgow and South- western main line strikes off to Annan and Dumfries, 219 CALEDONIAN RAILWAY the traffic into Carlisle being conducted under running powers. The next junction on the Caledonian system is at Kii-tlebridge, where the Solway Junction line, sanc- tioned in 1864, branches off, crossing the Solway to Bray- ton, on the Maryport and Carlisle line. The portion of the Solway Junction railway N of the Firth was purchased by the Caledonian in 1S73. The first tomi of importance on the main line is Lockerbie, where important lamb fairs and other stock markets are held, and where the line branches off to Dumfries, Stranraer, and Portpatrick. The Dumfries, Lochmaben, and Lockerbie Company was incorporated in 1S60, to construct a line 14^ miles long, running through a pleasing district, opening up to view the numerous lochs which give the old burgh of Loch- maben its name, and giving Dumfries an important outlet to the N and E. The line was amalgamated with the Caledonian in 1865. Westward from Dumfries, to Castle-Douglas, the railway, 19^ miles long, is in the hands of the Glasgow and South-Western Company, but from Castle-Douglas to Stranraer and Portpatrick the railway is worked by the Caledonian Company, and hence reckons as part of its system. There are running powers and ' facilities ' granted under statute to enable the two companies to work those dissevered lines. The Portpatrick railway, which, although worked by the Caledonian, is held by an independent company under acts pas.arish, Perthshire, 1 mile NW of Doune. A battle is tradition- ally said to have been fought near it, in the Middle Ages, between the families of Rosshall and Craigton ; and several ancient Caledonian tombs, each enclosed with four stones, were discovered near it about the beginning of tlie present centurj-. Cambus-Waliace. See Biggar. Camelon, a village and a quoad sacra parish in Falkirk parish, Stirlingshire. The village stands on tlie northern bank of the Forth and Clyde Canal, 1^ mile W by N of the town of Falkirk, near the site of a Roman town. It long presented a stjualid, woe-begone appearance, but began about 1866 to undergo material improvement ; 226 CAMERON and it now has a post ofiice under Falkirk, with money order and savings' bank departments, a local savings' bank (1867), 2 nail factories, 3 iron foundries, a church (1840 ; 660 sittings), the Falkirk cemetery, and a public school (1876). The ancient Roman town stood on the river Carron, which winds ^ mile to the X ; figures generally in modern notices of it as Old Camelon ; is identified by some antiquaries Mith the Roman Ad Valium ; and, having this peculiarity that it lay just outside Antoninus' Wall, was connected therewith by an iter leading onward to the country X of the Forth. It appears, on good evidence, to have been a seajiort, under circumstances when not only the river Carron was navigable beyond its site, but the Firth of Forth covered great part of what is now the Carse of Falkirk ; and, between the retiring of the Romans and the 9th century, it is said to have been continuously occupied as a town by the Picts. An anchor was exhumed at it in 1707 ; two stones bearing unmistakable marks of the Roman chisel were discovered early in this century, built up in the front of one of the houses of the present village ; and twelve gates of brass are fabled to have pierced the walls of the ancient city. In 1851, too, the cutting of the Polmont Junction railway exposed a sewer, which, being excavated about 1868 by the late Sir Jas. Simpson and Dr Hill Burton, yielded fragments of glass and of pottery, partly of Samian ware. The quoad sacra parish is in the presbytery of Linlithgow and synod of Lothian and Tweeddale ; its minister's stipend is £120. Pop. of village (1841) 1340, (1861) 1308, (1871) 1838, (1881^ 1550; of q. s. parish (1871) 3286, (1881) 2724.— 0/rf. Sur., sh. 31, 1867. See Roy's Military Antiquities (1793); pp. 61, 107, of Glennie's Arthurian Localities (1869) ; and Ximmo's Stirlingshire (3d ed. 1880). Camend, a hamlet in the E of Lanarkshire, 1 miile from its post-town Carnwath. Cameron. See Bonhill. Cameron, a parish in the E of Fife. It contains the hamlets of Denhead, Lathones, and Radernie, 3, 6, and 6 mUes SW of St Andrews, under which the first has a post ofiice ; and its church stands 4 SW of St Andrews station. Bounded X and XE by St Andrews parish, E by Duuino, SE by Cambee, SW by Kilconquhar, and AV by Ceres, it has an extreme length from E to W of 5^ miles, an extreme breadth from X to S of 3g miles, and an area of 9324J acres. The undulating surface nowhere much exceeds 600, or sinks below 300, feet above sea- level, but presents a series of gentle elevations, nearly parallel to one another, and extending from W to E. It is drained by bm-ns, rising mostly on or near its western border, two of which trace the northern and south-eastern boundaries, whilst the longer Cameron Burn runs past the chmxh eastward into Dunino, there to faU into Pitmilly Burn. Druracarrow Craig, a rugged mass of trap, situated in the XAV, is the only hill. Coal is worked ; and trap rock, sandstone, and limestone are quarried. The soil in some parts is poor and moor- ish on till or moorland ; in other parts is either clay or black earth on a retentive bottom ; in other parts is a dry kindly loam on gravel or on trap rock. About 66 per cent, of the entire area is regularly or occasionally in tillage, some 25 are permanent pasture, and rather more than 6 are under wood ; rather less than 3 are waste. Mount Melville in the X, 2h miles SW of St Andrews, is the only considerable mansion ; at it was born the well-kno^^•u novelist, Major Geo. Jn. Whyte- Melville (1821-78). Disjoined from St Andrews parish in 1645, Cameron includes part of the quoad sacra parish of Largoward, and is in the presbytery of St Andrews and synod of Fife. Its own quoad sacra poi-tion had 886 inhabitants in 1871, and the living is worth £427. The church, a very plain structure, was built in 1808, and contains 495 sittings. There is also a U. P. church at Lathones ; and three public schools — Cameron, Den- head, and Radernie — with respective accommodation for 69, 67, and 71 children, had (1880) an average atten- dance of 41, 38, and 77, and grants of £47, 2s. 6d., £29, 19s., and £62, 13s. Valuation (1881) £11,856, 158. lOd. Pop. (1801) 1095, (1831) 1207, (1841) 1167, CAMEBON BRIDGE (1861) 1362, (1871) 1158, (1881) 1003.— Orel. Sur., shs. 41, 49, 1S57-65. Cameron Bridge, a hamlet in llarkincli parish, Fife, on the river Leveu, and on the East of Fife railway, adjacent to ATindy gates village, 2 miles W by S of Leven. It has a station on the railway, and a very large dis- tillery ; of the bridge that gave it its name an old rhyme says — 'Lochtie, Lothrie, Leven, and Ore Rin a' through Cameron Brig bore.* Cameron Bridge, a hamlet in Liberton parish, Edin- burghshire, on Braid bum, 2 miles SSE of the centre of Edinburgh. Cameron House is in its north-north- western vicinity. Cameron's Stone. See Airdsmoss. Camghouran, a village in Fortingal parish, NW Perth- shire, on the S shore of Loch Rannoch, 8 miles "\YSW of Kinloch Rannoch. Camiestane, a place in Kintore paiish, Aberdeenshire, traditionally said to have been a battlefield, where a general of the name of Camus was slain and buried. Cajnieston, an estate in St Boswells parish, Kox- bm-ghshire, 2i miles SW of Xewton St Boswells. Camilla, a small loch in the E of Auchtertool parish, Fife, i mile XE of Auchtertool village. It took its name from the old mansion of Camilla or Hallyards, measures ^ by J mile, and is 22 feet deep. Flanked to the N by a steepish eminence, partly bare rock, partly covered with brushwood, it contains perch, pike, and eels ; and sends off a streamlet 2 miles eastward to Raith Lake. Camisendun, a bay in Durness parish, Sutherland, within Loch EriboU, near the ferry, 6^ miles ESE of Durness village. It affords excellent anchorage ; and is a resort of vessels, under stress of weather, unable to double Cape Wrath or attempt the Pentland Firth. Camis Eskan. See Camus Eskan or Erskixe. Camismore, a village and a bay or sea-loch in Kil- muir parish, "\V coast of Skye, Inverness-shii-e. Camistinavaig, a village and bay in Portree parish, E coast of Skye, Inverness-shire. Camlachie, a suburban town and a bum of XW Lanarkshire. An eastern subm'b of Glasgow, the town is in Parkhead quoad sacra and Barony civil parish ; stands chiefly along the X road from Glasgow to Hamil- ton, from a point about 1^ mUe E of Glasgow Cross ; and forms a Unk between the extreme E of Glasgow proper and the suburb of ParkheacL It consists of a main sti'eet and a number of lateral sti'eets ; presents a dingy disagreeable appearance ; is inhabited pilncipally by manufacturiug operatives ; and contains some fac- tories, a distillery, Parkhead quoad sacra parish church, a Free church, and the Glasgow Eastern KecropoHs. The bm-n rises in the ^^ictnity of Gartcraig ; runs in a south- easterly direction, past the W end of the suburb ; has there a foul stream ; forms, for some distance, the boun- dary between Barony parish and Glasgow royalty ; and, after a total course of about 3J miles, falls into the Clyde. Camlarg, a collier hamlet in Dalmellington parish, AjTshire, about 1 mile from Dalmellington village. A coal mine here is nearly 20 fathoms deep ; has two seams of coal, respectively 22 and 36 inches thick ; and sends up its output by means of a peculiar water- worked contrivance. Cam mo. See New Saughton. Cammusmore. See Camismore. Camp, a hamlet in the S of St Xiaians parish, Stuiing- shire, 2^ miles S by E of Bannockbum. Camp, an ancient circular fort on the mutual border of Aberlemno and Rescobie parishes, Forfarshire, on the summit of Turin HUl, 4| miles ENE of Forfar. It in- closes a considerable space, was fortified with a double rampart, and commands a very extensive view. Camp, an ancient fort in Roberton parish, Roxburgh- shire, on the lands of Borthwickshiels. Camp, a farm in Old Monkland parish, Lanarkshire, near BaUiestone. Pieces of horse harness, apparently of ancient date, have frequently been exhumed on it. CAMPBELTOWN Camp, a hill (1153 feet) in Yetholm parish, Roxburgh- shire, on Halterburn farm, adjacent to the English Border.^ An ancient Caledonian fort on it measures about 250 yards in diameter, has two ramparts and tAvo fosses, and must have been almost impregnable. Camp, Renfrewshii-e. See Campuill. Campbell Castle. See Castlf.-Campbell. Campbell's Cairns, a place in Knockando parish, Elgin- shire, supposed to have got its name from being the scene of a defeat of the Campbells in conflict with some other clan. Campbeltown, a tow-n and a parish of Kintjre, Argjdl- shii-e. A royal and parliamentary bm-gh, a seat of con- siderable manufacture, a seaport, and the centre of a fishery district, the town is situated at the head of a bay, called Campbeltown Loch, on the E side of Kintyre, 11 miles by land XE of the Midi of Kintyre, and 35 SSW of Tarbert, whilst by water it is 39 miles "\Y by S of AjT, and 83 SW of Glasgow. To quote from the Memoir of Xonnan Macleod, L.D. (1876), 'Campbeltown lies at the head of a loch which, | mUe in breadth, curves westward for 2f miles into the long promontory of KintjTe, not far from its southern termination. The loch forms a splendid harbour. The island of Davarr (300 feet), thro\\-n out like a sentinel from the hills, and connected with the shore on the SW side bj' a natmal mole of gravel, protects it from every wind ; while, from its position near the stormy Mull, whose precipices breast the fuU swing of the Atlantic, it aflbrds a secure haven to ships which have rounded that dreaded head- land. The external aspect of the town is very much like that of any other Scotch seaport — a central cluster of streets, with one or two plain churches lifting their square shoulders above the other houses, a quay, a lean steeple, the chimneys of some distilleries, thinner rows of whitewashed houses stretching round the " Lochend," and breaking up into detached -\-illas buried in woods and shrubberies. The bay of Campbeltown is, however, both picturesque and lively. Cultured fields clothe the slopes of the hills, whose tops are pm-ple with heather, and beyond which ranges of higher mountains lift their rough heads. There are fine glimpses, too, of coast scenery, especially to the S, where the headlands of KU- kerran fall steeply into the sea. But the bay forms the true scene of interest, as it is the rendezvous of hundreds of fishing -smacks and wherries. There is continual movement on its waters — the flapping and fllling of the brown sails, the shouts of the men, and the "whirr" of the chain-cable as an anchor is dropped, keep the port constantly astir. Larger vessels are also perpetually coming and going — stoimed- stayed merchant ships, smaller craft engaged in coast traffic, graceful yachts, and Revenue cruisers.' A plain, 5 miles in length and 3 in breadth, extends from the head of the bay west- ward to the shore of the Atlantic ; and from both sides of the bay and of the plain, the surface rises into groups of hills. Those to the X are bare, and, not exceeding 710 feet above sea-level, do little more than diversify the landscape ; but those to the S have a considerable aggi-e- gate of wood, and go boldly aloft, with diversity of con- tour, to a culminating altitude of 1154 feet in Beinn GlmUean, If mile SSE of Campbeltown. The site of the town was the original seat of the Dalriadan monarchj', then bearing the name of JDalru- adhain. It was long the centre of a numerous popula- tion ; but, after the removal of the seat of the Dalriadan kingdom to the shores of Lorn, it became comparatively deserted. St Ciaran, one of the ' Twelve Apostles of Ireland,' landing in the 6th century at Dalruadhain, spent much time in a cave about 4 miles distant, still known as Covc-a-Cldaran, and founded a gieat number of small churches throughout Kintyre, vestiges of some of which yet exist. He came to be regarded as the ajjostle and the patron saint of all Kint\Te, and was viewed as specially the founder and patron of the mother chmch at Dali'uadhain, insomuch that the place changed its name to Ckille-a-Chiaran, or, in modernised form, Kilkerran. The Macdonalds, Lords of the Isles, sprung from a powerful chief of Kintyre, adopted Kilkerran, 227 CAMPBELTOWN the quondam Dalniatlhain, as a sort of capital of tlicir territory ; and, renovating or rebuilding the town, with addition of a strong castle, called it Kinlochkcrran, sig- nifj-ing the head of Ciaran's Loch. James V., in the course of his conflicts ■nith the Macdonalds, brought a strong force against the town, but he met much resist- ance, and could scarcely be said to subdue it ; afterwards he made a grant of it, and of all the surrounding ter- ritory, to the Campliells of Argyll, and gave them authority to seize and hold it by their own military power. The terrible struggle that followed was pro- longed through many years, and so depopulated Kin- lochkerran and all Kint}Te as to convert them almost into a desert. The famous Earl of Argyll sent hence, in 1685, his notable declaration of war against James VII. ; and, notwithstanding his own immediate fall, led the way to a grand change of the local fortunes after the revolution of 1688. The Lowlanders who had joined his standard were encouraged to settle in Kintyre, speci- ally on and around the site of the ancient Dalruadhain ; others came from the opposite mainland, bringing with them their servants and dependants, and speedily these formed a community of pious and industrious inhabi- tants. The to^vn had been made a burgh of barony, but was then no more in reality than a fishing village ; it had undergone change of name from KinlochkeiTan to Campbeltown, in honour of its new proprietors, the Campbells of Argyll ; it began now to be much improved, or almost reconstructed, by its new masters ; and, in 1700, it was constituted a royal burgh. Its history thenceforth is simply a record of progress and steady pBosperity. Seal of Campbeltown. The town, curving round the head of the bay in the segment of a circle, has streets more picturesque in grouping than orderly in detail ; but includes, scattered about the shore and on the slopes of the hills, a number of villas and other houses which add much to the pleasant aspect of the bay, and give a general aspect of taste and opulence. The ancient castle, said to have been rebuilt by James V., has left no traces. A granite cross, richly sculptured with foliage, stands in the main street ; ap- pears to date from the 12th century ; was thought by Gordon, in his Itincrariiim Sex>tentrionaU, to be a Danish obelisk ; is commonly believed to have been brought from either Oronsay or lona — most probably from lona ; but, not impossibly, was cut and carved near the spot on which it stands. The prison, as altered and enlarged in 1871, contains 15 cells. Other public edifices are the county buildings (1871), a handsome stone struc- ture in the Baronial style ; the to\\m-hall, with a spire ; the custom house ; a public wash-house ; and a Gothic Good Templars' hall (1872). Four parish churches and several small chapels were formerly in the town ; but two of the churches are now in ruins, and none of the chapels are represented by more than fragments of wall or heaps of rubbish. One of the two existing churches occupies the site of the ancient castle, and is sometimes called the Castlehill church ; it was built in 1781, and contains 1083 sittings. The second or Gaelic church 228 CAMPBELTOWN was built in 1807, and contains 1528 sittings ; its fine stone spire was added in 1836. There are also two Free churches, the one at Lochend, the other in Lome Street, a U.P. church, St Ciaran's Episcopal church, and St Ciaran's Roman Catholic church (1850 ; 432 sittings), to which last a presbytery and schoolhouse were added in 1880. The U.P. church, rebuilt in 1872 at a cost of £11,000, is in the Greco-Italian style, with a massive tower 150 feet high, surmounted by an open-ribbed lan- tern dome ; contains 950 sittings, arranged in amphi- theatre form ; and has behind it a meeting-hall with 200 sittings. The site of the previous church was imme- diately in front of the present one, and is now laid out in shrubberies. Five schools under the burgh school- board (Grammar, Millknowe, Argyll Street female indus- trial, Campbelto^vn do., and Dalintober Miss Campbell's charity), with respective accommodation for 420, 400, 155, 138, and 239 children, had (1880) an average at- tendance of 222, 338, 108, 124, and 236, and grants of £186, 7s., £299, 5s., £84, 18s., £78, lis., and £226. There are further an athenreum, an agricultural society, a national lifeboat establishment, and various local charities. Campbeltown is the headquarters of the Argyll and Bute Artillery Militia, and has an artillery volunteer battery and a rifle volunteer corps ; one of its privates, Alex. Ferguson, was Queen's prizeman at Wimbledon in 1880. The town possesses a head poist office, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph depart- ments, offices of the Roj'al, Commercial, and Clydesdale banks, a savings' bank (1827), 17 insurance agencies, 5 chief hotels and inns, gas and water works, and 2 Satur- day papers, the Independent Argyllshire Herald (1855), and the Conservative Campheltoiun Courier (1873). Friday is market-day ; and horse fairs are held on the first Thursday of February, the second last Wednesday of May, the second Thursday of August, and the third Thursday of November. The harbour, with a depth of from 3 to 15 fathoms at low water, possesses three piers ; and a lighthouse on Davarr island, built at a cost of £4916 in 1854, shows every half minute a white revolv- ing light, visible at a distance of 15 nautical miles. On 31 Dec. 1880, 45 vessels of 2830 tons were registered as belonging to the port, 4 of 517 tons being steamers, against a total tonnage of 2251 in 1835, 1488 in 1843, 1724 in 1861, 2355 in 1873, and 3046 in 1878. The fol- lowing table gives the tonnage of vessels that entered and cleared from and to foreign and colonial ports and coastwise, in cargoes and also (for the three last years) in ballast : — Entered. Cleared. 1851 18C1 1874 1879 1880 British. Foreign. Total. British. Foreign. Total. 65,099 43,692 61,838 87,165 83,376 36 2,353 2,014 3,014 65,135 43,692 64,191 89,179 86,390 49,494 37,222 60,454 86,206 82,824 2,244 2,013 2,924 49,494 37,222 62,698 88,219 85,748 Of the total, 937 vessels of 86,390 tons, that entered in 1880, 451 of 60,901 tons were steamers, 116 of 13,516 tons were in ballast, and 905 of 81,465 tons were coasters ; whilst the total, 920 of 85,748 tons, of those that cleared, included 447 steamers of 60,228 tons, 434 ships in bal- last of 29,372 tons, and 912 coasters of 84,615 tons. Of coal 28,903 tons were received coastwise in 1879, other imports being barley, timber, and general merchandise ; the chief exports, whisky, fish, live-stock, potatoes, etc. In 1880 the value of the total exports was £754, of foreign and colonial imports £65,609 (£78,200 in 1879). Steamers sail daily to Glasgow in summer and thrice a week in winter. Campbeltown also is licad of the fishery district between Fort William and Inverary, in which, during 1880, there were cured 44,788 barrels of white herrings, besides 105,155 cod, ling, and hake — taken by 639 boats of 3404 tons, the persons employed being 1607 fishermen and boys, 45 curers, 10 coopers, and 475 others, and the total value of boats, nets, and lines being esti- CAMPBELTOWN CAMPFIELD mated at £38,232. SliipLuikliiig is a recent develop- ment, S vessels of 1142 tons having been launched here dming 1878-80 (against none in the three preceding years) ; and of these 6 of 1030 tons were iron steamers. The whisky distilleries, however, are still the distinctive feature of the place, there now being 20 — a decrease of 5 since the JVew Statistical Account was written. The quantity of proof spirits annually produced is 1,934,856 gallons, tlie duty on which is £967,428, and which, bearing a high repute, are exported to the Lowlands, England, Ireland, and foreign countries. There are, besides, a small woollen factory, a net factory, a rope- walk, the neighbouring Drumlemble colliery, etc. The burgh is governed by a provost, a senior and a junior bailie, a dean of guild, a treasurer, and twelve coimcillors. A sherifi' court is held every Friday, and a justice of peace court on the fii'st Monday of every month. The town council are police commissioners. The town, as to its police force, is united to the county, and is the superintendent's station for the district of Kintyre. The corporation revenue, inclusive of income from the harbour, was £1544 in 1852, £1870 in 1862, £3334 in 1870, and £11,377 in ISSO. Campbeltown unites with Ayr, Irvine, Inverary, and Oban in send- ing a member to parliament, its municipal and parlia- mentary constituency numbering 597 in 1881. The an- nual value of real property — £14,182 in 1863 — was £27,339 in 1881. Pop. of parliamentary burgh (1841) 6797, (1851) 6829, (1861) 6084, (1871) 6688, (1881) 7558. Houses (1881) 1633 inhabited, 75 vacant, 13 building. The parish of Campbeltown contains also the villages of Dalintober and Drumlemble. Comprising the four ancient parishes of Kilkivan, Kilmichael, Kilkerran, and Kilchousland, it was consolidated, under the name of Kiulochkerran or Lochhead, soon after the Reformation. It is bounded N by Killean and Saddell, E by the Firth of Clyde, S by Southend, and W by the Atlantic Ocean. Its length from N to S varies between 5^ and llf miles, its breadth between 4g and 10§ miles ; audits land area is 44,220 acres. The extent of western coast is about 8, of eastern 14, miles. Campbeltown Loch on the E, and Machrihanish Bay on the "W, lie opposite each other, and render the plain between them much the narrowest part of the parish. The shore on the E is chiefly rocky to- ward the N, a sandy beach on both sides of Campbel- town Loch, and boldly precipitous toward the S ; but on the W, except to the S, is entirely sandy. The plain of 5 miles in breadth, already noticed as extending from the head of Campbeltown Loch to Machrihanish Bay, bears the name of Laggan of Kintyre ; pi'esents some ap- pearance of being alluvial, or rather diluvial ; and pro- bably, at a comparatively recent geological period, lay under the sea. From it the surface rises northward to a hill near Aucha Lochy (710 feet), Ballivulline Hill (600), Ranachan Hill (706), Skeroblin Cruach (640), Easacli Hill (1064), and Sgreadan Hill (1298) ; southward to Beinn Ghuilean (1154), Ballimenach Hill (379), Achin- hoan Hill (980), Arinarach Hill (1031), Tirfii-gus Hill (853), Skerry Fell Fad (781), The Slate (1263), and, on the Southend border, Cnoc Moy(1462). Of these Beinn Ghuilean, 1| mile SSE of the town, commands a magni- ficent view of the Ayrshire coast, the Firth of Clyde, Kintyre, the NE of Ireland, and the Islay and Jura group of the Hebrides. Sheets of water are Black Loch (1x4 furl.), the Reservoir (3x1 furL), Aucha Lochy (2| X IJ fm'l. ), and three or four others; streams are Machrihanish Water, flowing westward, and Glexlussa Water, eastward. The rocks are variously eruptive, metamorphic, Silurian, Devonian, and carboniferous ; and include quartz, porphyry, sandstone, limestone, coal, and ironstone. Drumlemble colliery, 3| miles W by S of the town, has been noticed under Argyllshire, p. 71. Porphyry on Davarr islet of not fewer than ten or twelve different kinds, very beautiful, easily wrought, and capable of a fine polish, has hitherto been neglected, but a kind of porphyry much used for local building is quarried on the estate of Kilkivan. Calc-spar and a kind of quartz, inclining to amethyst, are found in various places. Salt from sea- water was formerly manufactured, on a considerable scale, at a }ilace on Machrihanish Bay, still called Salt Pans. The soils are of various character, according to the elevation or contour of the land, and to the character of the subjacent rocks ; and range from very good on alluvial tracts to very poor on the hill summits. About two-thirds of the entire area are under tillage ; a considerable aggregate is under wood ; and the remainder is either pasture or heath. Vestiges of a battery, commonly called the Trench, raised for defence against the Irish allies of the Marquis of Montrose under Colkitto, are on a point of land at the entrance of Camp- belto-svn Loch. Elizabeth, first Duchess of Argyll (d. 1735), the mother of the gi'eat Duke John and of Duke Archibald, lived for more than 20 years at Limecraigs, and was interred at the S corner of the now ruinous Loland Kirk ; in the" town was born the celebrated Xorman Macleod, D.D. (1812-72), his father being parish minister from 1808 to 1825 ; and a well-known U.P. minister of Campbeltown was Thos. Finlayson, D.D. (1809-72). Mansions are Limecraigs, Kildalloig, Drumore, Kilchrist Castle, Lossett Park, and Askomil. The Duke of Argyll is chief proprietor, but 8 other land- owners hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 30 of between £100 and £500, 46 of from £50 to £100, and 100 of from £20 to £50. Campbeltown is in the presbytery of Kintyre and synod of Argyll. The charge is collegiate, and the two ministers ofliciate in both chm'ches, at alternately the forenoon and the afternoon service, the income of the first minister being £254, of the second £292. Under the landward school-board are the four public schools of Auchencorvie, Drumlemble, Kilmichael, and Peuinver, which, with respective ac- commodation for 50, 136, 72, and 52 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 59, 110, 33, and 22, and grants of £74, 10s. 6d., £97, 9s., £48, 3s., and £39. The parish has a poorhouse for itself, with accommoda- tion for 84 inmates. Valuation (1881) £29,866, 2s. 7d. Pop. (1801) 7003, (1841) 9634, (1861) 8149, (1871)8580, (1881) 97-i9.—Ord.Sur., sh. 12, 1872. See Stewart's Collection of Views of Cam'pheltown and Neighhourlioocl, with Descriptive Notices and History of Carnpbeltoicn (1835). Campbeltown, a village in Ardersier and Petty parishes, NE Inverness-shire, on the coast of a pic- tm-esque bay of the Moray Firth, 1^ mile SE of Fort George, and 1^ NW of Fort George station, this being 9i nules NE of Inverness. A burgh of barony under the Earl of Cawdor, it takes its designation of Campbel- to^\■n from his Lordship's family name. It is built without any regard to regularity ; and the Petty part of it, though quite dovetailed into the other part, is some- times called Stuarton. The entire place is partly a fishing village, partly a summer resort for sea-bathing ; and it has a sti'ong chalybeate spring, 8 hotels, a U. P. church, a subscription library, and a great fair on 12 Aug. It also contains the post office of Ardersier, under Fort George station, and shares in the advantages of the parish and Free churches and the public school of Ak- DERSiEE. Pop. (1841) 716, (1861) 842, (1871) 845, (1881) 882.— OrcZ. Sitr., sh. 84, 1876. Camperdown, a mansion and a station in Liff" and Benvie parish, Forfarshire. The mansion. If mile NW of Lochee, and 3i miles of Dundee, was named after Admiral Lord Duncan's victory over the Dutch in 1797. Built by the admiral's son, who was raised to the earldom of Camperdown in 1831, it superseded the original seat of the family, Lundie House, in the neighbouring parish of Lundie ; and is an elegant edifice of white sandstone in the Grecian style, with a massive octostyle Ionic portico and finely embellished grounds. At the top of the principal staircase is a large and spirited painting of the battle of Camperdown. Rt. Adam Duncan-Haldane, present and third Earl (b. 1841 ; sue. 1867), holds 6770 acres in the shire, valued at £8241 per annum. The railway station is on the Dundee and Newtyle section of the Caledonian, f mile from Lochee, and 5^ miles from Dundee. See Blackford and LuCHEE. Campfield, a hamlet in Kincardine O'Neil parish, 229 CAMPFIELD A-berdeenshire, 6 miles NW of Banchory. It has a post office uiiiler Aberdeen, and a public school. Campfield, a place in Monymusk parish, Aberdeen- shire, on the river Don, 16 miles WNW of Aberdeen. It is said to have got its name from the encamping at it of Robert Bruce's army on the eve of the battle of Inverurie. Camphill, an estate, with a mansion, in Cathcart parish, Renfrewshire, on the verge of the county, a little NE of Crossmyloof. A green hOl here, with vestiges of an ancient camp, commands an extensive view over the surrounding country, away to the heights of Dumbarton- shire and Argyllshire. Camphouse, a place in Gretna i)arish, Dumfriesshire, on the line of the Roman road from England to Bruns- wark, and itself supposed to have been the site of a Roman fort. Camp-Knowe. See Blantyhe. Cample, a rivulet of Morton and Closeburn parishes, Dumfriesshire. It rises on Wedder Law (2185 feet) at the boundary between Morton and Lanarkshire ; runs 8 miles southward and west-south-westward, chiefly on the boundary between Morton and Closeburn ; and falls into the Nith, IJ mile SW of Thornhill. It is an ex- cellent trouting stream. Campmuir, a hamlet in Kettins parish, Forfarshire, 2 miles S of Cupar- Angus. Outlines of a Roman camp, with only one gate, towards the larger camp at Cupar, are in its vicinity ; and here, according to Skene, the ninth legion was surprised in 83 a.d. by the Caledonians, who, however, were routed, Agricola falling on their rear. Campmuir, a place on Langhope-Birks farm in Lang- ton parish, Berwickshire. It has traces of an encamp- ment made by a party of troops stationed at it after the rebellion of 1715 to overawe the Jacobites. Camps, a rivulet of Crawford parish, Lanarkshire. It rises, in several head-streams, on heights contiguous to the boundary with Peeblesshire, and runs about 6 miles west-south-westward, through a moorish, mountainous tract, to the river Clyde opposite Crawford village. A Roman camp adjoins it on Whitecamp farm. Campsail, a bay in Roseueath parish, Dumbarton- shire, on the SW side of Gare Loch, opj^osite Row vil- lage, and immediately SE of Roseneath pier. Measur- ing just 1 mile across the entrance, it has a semicircular outline and very beautiful shores, and affords one of the best sheltered anchorages on the W coast of Scotland. It was often, in medieval times, a station of the royal navies of Scotland ; was, for some time, during the last war with France, the station of a line-of- battle ship ; was adopted, about 1830, as the retreat of the cutters of the Royal Yacht Club ; and bore on its bosom, during a night of 1848, the royal yacht with the royal family on board. Campsbank, an eminence (400 feet) in Carnock parish, SW Fife, adjacent to the Stirling and Dunfermline rail- way, and ^ mile SE of Carnock village. It is supposed to have been occupied by a Roman camp, and it com- mands extensive views of the basin of the Forth from Stirling to Edinburgh. Campsie, a picturesque cataract on the river Tay, near the W end of Cargill parish, and a short distance above Stanley village, in Perthshire. It is formed by a rugged l)asaltic dyke, which crosses the river's bed, and extends many miles both N and S ; it is mentioned in the Fair Maid of Perth, and it affords good scope for salmon fish- ing. Campsie, a hamlet and a parish of S Stirlingshire. The old Clachan or hamlet lies in the mouth of Campsie or Kirkton Glen, 5 furlongs N by W of Campsie Glen station, and 1.^ mile NW of Lennoxtown ; commands a strikingly picturesque view around and up Campsie or Kirkton Glen ; consists chiefly of straggling cottages, in- terspersed with gardens, trees, and hedgerows ; and contains an inn, the manse, and the belfry and burying- ground of the old parish church, with ancient font and sej)ulchral slab. Here lie buried the martyr William Boick, who suffered at Glasgow in 1683 ; the Campsie minister John Collins, murdered by the Laird of Bel- glass on liis way from a presbytery meeting in 1648 ; John Bell of Anteumony : that quaint original, the 230 CAMPSIE geographer James Bell (1769-1833); the Campsie poet William JIuir, over whose grave a handsome monument was erected in 1857 ; and, last but not least, Norman Macleod, D.D. (1812-72). The ancient parish was larger than the present, being curtailed in 1649 by the annexation of one portion to Kilsyth, and of another to Baldernock. Till then it ex- tended about 11 miles from E to W, from Garrel Glen to Craigmaddie Muir. Fringed to the S by a morass which flanked the course of the river Kelvin and was impassable in winter, it A\'as bounded on the W by a line extend- ing from the lofty eminence of Earls Seat to Cadder House ; and it formed a very sequestered district, the eastern division of the ancient thanedom of Lennox. It escaped the turmoil and disasters from war and public commotions which afflicted most parts of the kingdom ; and it retained old customs longer than most other dis- tricts, being marked not a little by its old-world manners. The powers of a feudal baron were exercised in it so late as 1639, when Lord Kilsyth hanged one of his servants on Gallow Hill in the barony of Bencloich ; and down to 1744 black mail was paid by its farmers to Macgregor of Glengyle for protection against the Highland caterans. The present parish, besides _ Campsie hamlet, contains the town of Lennoxtown, and the villages of Miltox of Campsie, Birdstone, Torrance, and Balgrochan, the three last lying respectively 1\ mile N, 2| miles W, and 3 miles W by JST, of Kirkintilloch ; and it is traversed, past Birdstone and Milton, to Lennoxto\\Ti, by the Camp- sie branch of the North British railway, and from Len- noxtoA\Ti, west-north-westward, by the Blane Valley railway. The parish is bounded N by Killearn and Fintry, E by Fintry and Kilsyth, S by Kirkintilloch in Dumbartonshire and Cadder in Lanarkshire, SW by Baldernock, and W by Strathblane. Its length, from N to S, varies between 3J and 6J miles ; its greatest breadth, from E to W, is 5g miles ; and its area is 17,976f acres, of which 105;| are water. The watershed of the Campsie Fells forms almost all the northern, and the river Kelvin — here a small sluggish stream — traces most of the southern, boundary. Part of the Campsie Fells, cut into sections by deep romantic ravines and glens, constitutes the northern district, summits here from E to W being Brown Hill (1297 feet). Lairs (1652),* Hole- head (1801), Inner Black Hill (1572), *Hart Hill (1697), *Earls Seat (1894), and *Dumbreck (1664), of which those marked with asterisks culminate on the northern or western border. The South Brae, an eastern pro- longation of the Kilpatrick Hills, with a culminating altitude of 758 feet above sea-level, constitutes the west- ern part of the southern district ; and the Strath of Campsie, not more than ^ mile broad in the extreme W, but gradually expanding tUl it becomes lost in the great strath of the Forth and Clyde Canal toward the E and the SE, constitutes all the remaining district. Three principal burns, and upwards of a dozen smaller ones, coming down from the Fells, form Glazert Water, which runs across the low country to the Kelvin, at a point nearly opposite to Kirkintilloch. The chief glens are famous for their picturesqueness, presenting at points a striking miniature resemblance to the Trossachs, their bottoms strewn with fallen blocks, their precipitous sides shaggy with wood or shelved with artificial terrace-paths. They are, too, one of the best haunts for naturali.sts within easy reach of Glasgow; so that, altogether, they form a powerful attraction to every class from the great metropolis of the West. Kirkton Glen, striking north- ward and north-eastward from Campsie hamlet, is the one most commonly frequented ; but Fin Glen, north-west- ward from the same, is little inferior in most attractions, and for at least its length of way, its volume of water, and its cascades, is superior. The Strath of Campsie, for about 1^ mile from the western boundary, is a dark dingle or little else than a glen, traversed by the Pow Burn, between the Campsie Fells and the South Brae ; and, along the southern border adjacent to the Kchnn, is flat alluvial ground, continuous with the Balmore Haughs ; but elsewhere is so undulating that scarcely a stretch of 200 yards of level road can be found upon it. CAMPSIE FELLS The rocks are chiefly trap and carboniferous ; and they have junctions, superpositions, and contents highly in- teresting to geologists. The trap rocks, in some parts, are quasi-columnar ; in others, include a profusion of hornblende and felspar crystals ; in others, are a soft friable greenstone, of marly appearance, with large quan- tity of mealy zeolite and calc-spar ; in others, contain foliated zeolite, prelmite, and compact gypsum ; in others, overlie the carboniferous strata or form dykes intersecting these strata, and frequently tilting them out of their original position. The carboniferous rocks com- prise sandstone, limestone, coal, argillaceous ironstone, aluminous clay slate, and some other members. The nature and collocation of the rocks, together -s^-ith the contour of their surface, the fall of streams, and the rela- tive position of their territory, prepared the parish for raining and manufacturing operations. Coal and a very excellent limestone are extensively worked. Alum, copperas, Prussian blue, prussiate of potash, and some kindred substances are manufactured in large chemical works in the southern vicinity of Lennoxtown. Bleach- fields are at Haugh-Head and Glenmill ; a bleachfield and calico-printing works are at Kincaid ; a printfield, for linen and calico-printing, is at Lillyburn ; an exten- sive printfield, for almost every description of cloth and calico-printing, is at Lennoxtown ; and a distillery was formerly at Milton. Soils are remarkably various in constitution and quality. A deep but arable moss forms small patches near the Kelvin, and a rich alluvium most of the low flat gi'ound along its course ; beds of gravel and sand, sometimes of great thickness, lie on the un- dulations and hillocks of the strath ; a light gravelly loam occupies small tracts in the middle of the strath, and a larger tract in the SE ; M'hilst the Fells are skirted by a light clay on a tilly subsoil, ^^-ith many boulders in both itself and the subsoil. Nearly all the strath and most of the South Brae are under the plough ; and most of the Fells are finely pastoral. Norman Macleod was sent for a twelvemonth to the parish school, his father being minister from 1825 to 1835, and in his Memoir (1876) is a strikino; description of this ' half-agricultiu-al, half-manufacturing Lowland district, in which the extremes of political feeling be- tween stiffest Toryism and hottest Radicalism were run- ning high. The parish was large and thickly peopled, and its natural features were in a manner symbolical of its social characteristics. The long line of the Fell, its green sides dotted with old thorns, rises into mountain solitude, from a valley whose wooded haughs are blurred ^nth the smoke of manufacturing villages. The con- trast is sharply presented. Sheep-walks, lonely as the Cheviots, look down on unsightly mounds of chemical refuse, and on clusters of smoking chirane3's ; and streams, which a mile away are clear as morning, are dyed black as ink before they have escaped from print-work and bleaching-green. The Manse was on the borderland of mountain and plain, for it was placed at the opening of Campsie Glen, famous for its picturesque series of thun- dering waterfalls and rocky pools. Behind the Manse lay the daclian and the old parish church, now in ruins.' Lennox Castle is the principal mansion, others being Antermony, Auchinreoch, Balquharrage, Carlston, Craig- barnet, Glorat, Hayston, and Kincaid; and 7 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 18 of between £100 and £500, 24 of from £50 to £100, and 61 of from £20 to £50. Campsie is in the presbytery of Glasgow and synod of Glasgow and Ayr ; the li\ang is worth £497. Its parish. Free, U. P. , and Roman Catholic churches, are noticed imder Lennoxtown, as like-wise are three of its schools, besides which Craighead, Rowan- treefauld, and Torrance public schools, with respective accommodation for 138, 183, and 160 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 118, 180, and 82, and grants of £93, lis. 6d., £132, 10s. 6d., and£69, 8s. Valuation (1881) £30,820, of which £2986 was for railwaj's. Pop. (1801) 2906, (1831) 5109, (1851) 6918, (1861) 6483, (1871) 6739, (1881) 5873.— Orf?. Sur., shs. 30, 31, 1866-67. Cajnpsie Fells, a portion of the Lennox Hills, or a range of heights, which, extending east-north-eastward CANDICK from DumViarton to Stirling, measure about 25 miles in extreme length, and 8 in mean breadth. They are interrupted, for a mile or more, by the valley of the Blane, whence to Dumbarton they bear the name of Kilpatrick Hills ; and they are called, in their various portions east-north-eastward, the Killearn, the Campsie, the Kilsyth, the Fintry, the Dundaff, and the Gargun- nock Hills. The Campsie Fells are the most prominent portion of the entire range. Beginning at the upper val- ley of the Blane, they extend about 8 miles eastward to Bin Burn, on the boundary between Campsie and Fintry parishes, and to the eastern skirt of Brown Hill at the boundary between Campsie and Kilsyth parishes ; they include a section of Strathblane parish, sometimes called the Strathblane Hills ; and sometimes they are like- wise regarded as including the Killearn and the Fintry portions of the Lennox Hills. Their highest summit is Earls Seat (1894 feet) ; they offer great attractions to at once the lovers of romantic scenery, geologists, and botanists ; and they overlook most of the great strath of the Forth and Clyde Canal, and command beyond extensive and magnificent views of the Lowlands. See Campsie. Camptown, a hamlet in Jedburgh paiish, Roxburgh- shire, 6 miles SSE of Jedburgh tOAvn. It takes its name from an ancient camp, now nearly efl"aced ; and it has a post ofiice under JedViurgh. Camsemey, a l^urn in Dull parish, Perthshire, run- ning about 4 miles southward to the Tay, at a point 2\ miles W by S of Aberfeldy. A picturesque fall is on it, about midway between Coshieville and Weem ; makes a broken and tortuous descent ; and struggles and dashes, in milky foam, over a precipitous and rugged channel. Camster, a mansion in Latheron parish, SE Caithness, 4 miles N of Lybster. The late owner, Leonard Strong, Esq. (1833-79), held 4337 acres in the shire, valued at £300 per annum. Camster fairs are held on the first Tuesday of January and the last Tuesday of March. Camstradden, a' bay in Luss parish, Dumbartonshire, on the W side of Loch Lomond, opposite the N end of Inchtaavanich, f mile S of Luss village. An island was formerly in it, containing the ancient residence of a branch of the Colquhoun family ; but is now represented by only a heap of stones, visible only when the water of the lake is low. Camstradden House, adjacent to the bay, is the residence of Sir James Colquhoun's factor. Excellent roofing slates are quarried in the western vicinity, and are exported from a wharf on the bay. Camusdinavaig. See Camistinavaig. Camus Eskan, an estate, with a mansion, in Cardross parish, Dumbartonshire. The mansion stands near the Firth of Clj-de, \\ mile ESE of Helensburgh ; is an old edifice, frequently enlarged ; and has finely wooded grounds : its owner, Colin Campbell, Esq. of Colgrain (b. 1819 ; sue. 1863), holds 2124 acres in the shire, valued at £2419 per annum. Camusnagaul, a bay in Kilmalie parish, Invemess- shire, on Loch Eil, near the S entrance of the Caledonian Canal, opposite Fort William. Camustown. See Cambustane. Canaan. See Bruntsfield. Candacraig, an estate, with a mansion, in Strathdon parish, W Aberdeenshire, 9 miles SW of Rhynie. The mansion, on the Don's right bank, was built in 1835 of granite quarried on the estate, and is in a mixed style of Tudor and Scottish Baronial. Cander, a rivulet of Lanarkshire. It rises in Lesma- hagow parish ; runs about 3 miles northward to the meet- ing-point with Stonehouse and Dalserf parishes ; and goes 2 J miles further NNW, along the boundary between these parishes, to the river Avon, at a point 9 furlongs NNE of Stonehouse village. The section of Dalserf par- ish adjacent to it is called Cander district ; and a portion of that district, containing workable coal, bears the name of Canderside.— 0/yZ. Sur., sh. 23, 1865. Candick, a headland in Walls parish, Orkney, at the SE extremity of Hay island. It projects eastward from the south-eastern part of the peninsula of Hoy ; flanks the N side of tlie middle part of the Pentland Firth ; 231 CANDIDA CASA and terminates 3 miles S of the soulli-western extremity of Flota, 5 miles W by N of the S flank of Sandwick Bay in South Ronaldshay, 5 N by E of the northern extremity of Stroma, 8f NW of the Pentland Skerries, and 12 NE by E of Dunnet Head. A lighthouse is on it ; was bmlt in 1858 at a cost of £5661 ; and shows a white light, revolving once a minute, and visible at the distance of 15 nautical miles. On Rutf Reef, off the lighthouse, a red beacon 34 feet above high water was erected in 1S81. Candida Casa. See "Whithorn. Candlestick, a cavern on the coast of Duirinish parish, Isle of Skye, Inverness-shire. It is nearly 100 feet long and about 50 feet high, and it takes its name from being so dark as to be visible only -with the aid of a candle. Candren, a saline spring in Abbey parish, Renfrew- shire, 2^ miles E of Paisley. A pamphlet was written by the late Dr Lyall, strongly recommending its water as an aperient and corrective. Candy or Spittal, a burn of Lanark and Peebles shires. It rises in the NE corner of Biggar parish ; runs about 5 miles along the boundary between that parish and Peeblesshire ; and falls into Biggar Water. A height overhangs it at Candyburn, and is cro\ATied with an ancient oval camp, measming 42 paces by 30 within an inner rampart, and 9 paces wide thence to an outer rampart. — Ord. Sur., sh. 24, 1864. Canisbay, a parish in the extreme NE of Caithness, containing the villages of Mey (with a post oflice under AA'ick) and Auchingill, and the townships of East Sley, "West Me}-, Huna, Duncansbay, Freswick, and Gills ; whilst including the island of Stroma in the Pentland Firth. Its church is situated near Gills Bay, 3i miles E of Mey, and 19| NN W of "Wick. Bounded N^by the Pentland Firth, E by the German Ocean, S by Wick and Bower, and AV by Dunnet, it has a varying length from E to W of 5^ and 8 miles, an extreme breadth from N to S of 6;^ miles, and an area of 26, 958 J acres, of which 101 § are water, and 603 J foreshore. Duncansbay Head (210 feet) is the NE extremity ; and Ness Head, Skirsa Head, and Mey Head are the only other considerable headlands. Gills Bay in the N and Freswick Bay in the E are the principal sea-inlets. The N coast is partly bold and rocky, but mainly low and level. The E coast, with slight exception, is all bold and preci- pitous. Two rocky stacks or islets are near Duncansbay Head ; and a group of skerries, the Men of Mey, lies off Mey Head. The surface inland is singirlarly level, the only noticeable elevations from N to S being Mey Hill (218 feet), HUl of Rigifa (264), Craig Hill (288), Wart Hill (412), Black Hill (274), and Hill of Slickly (240). Four or five lakelets are scattered over the interior ; Loch Mey (i X J mile) lies on the NW border ; but Loch Syster (If x ^ mile), falling just within Dunnet, was drained in 1866. A few burns emerging from mosses are the only streams, the chief of them. Gill Burn, run- ning to Freswick Bay. Freshwater springs everywhere abound, and chalybeate springs are in several places. Old Red sandstone, of the kind elsewhere quarried as Caithness flag, is the principal rock ; and limestone occurs at Mey and Quoys. A light black loam, with intermixture of moss or humus, is the soil of most of the arable lands, but a dark-coloured loam of argillaceous character occurs in places ; and either it or deep moss prevails over by far the larger part of the area. The seaboard is mostly taken up by fishermen's small crolts, and there are only lour large arable farms, on one of which, Philip's Mains, the late Earl of Caithness re- claimed 500 acres by steam-power since 1863. On the four estates generally much has been done during the last quarter of a century in the way of draining, reclaim- ing, feuing, and building. The Earl's seat, liarrogill Castle, is separately noticed, as likewise arc Bucholie Castle, Duncansbay, Freswick, and John o' Groat's House, at wliich last a good hotel was ojiened in 1876. Traces of an ancient watch-tower are on Duncansbay Head ; and faint vestiges of ancient chapels are at Dun- cansbay, Brabster, Freswick, and Mey. Canisbay is in the presbytery of Caithness and synod of Sutherland and 232 CANNIESBURN Caithness ; the living is worth £349. The parish church, an old cruciform edifice, on a green rising ground within 200 yards of the shore, contains 512 sittings. There is also a Free church, and five public schools (Canisbay boys' and girls', Freswick, John o' Groat's, and Mey), with respective accommodation for 100, 63, 90, 72, and 105 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 54, 28, 55, 55, and 52, and grants of £46, 2s., £22, 7s., £50, 7s. 6d., £40, 9s., and £41, 4s. "\^aluation (1881) £5902, 7s., of which the Earl of Caithness held £3555, 6s., and Wm. Thomson-Sinclair, Esq., £2214. Pop. (1801) 1986, (1831) 2364, (1841) 2306, (1861) 2730, (1871) 2729, (1881) 2625.— Ord. Sur., sh. 116, 1878. Canisp. See Assynt. Canna, an island in Small Isles parish, Argyll- shire, 3 miles NW of Rum, and 12 SAV of the nearest point of Skye. It measures 4J miles in length from ENE to WSW, and about 1 mile in breadth ; it is nearly joined, on the E, to S.\nda ; and, together with that island, it comprises about 429 acres of arable land, and 1794 acres of green pasture. Its surface is partly low and tolerably fertile, partly high and rocky, but nowhere higher than 800 feet above sea-level. Lias rocks form a small portion of its mass ; but the main bulk consists of trap, variously basalt, greenstone, amygdaloid, and tirfa. Basaltic columns occur on the S side, and are disposed in different ranges, rising in a succession of terraces. Zeolites of different kinds, and crystals of calcareous spar, are found in the cavities of the amj-gdaloid. A hill in the NW is remarkable for its strong action on the magnetic needle, and hence is called Compass Hill. The arable land is cropped chiefly with barley or here and potatoes. The pasture land, in general, has fine grass, and supports cattle of a larger and better kind than are found in the neighbouring islands. Cod and ling abound in the surrounding seas, and are exten- sively fished. A good harbour, between Canna and Sanda, is much frequented, for shelter or for occasional trade, by sailing vessels of every description ; and was much used, in former times, by the Baltic traders. The island, in old times, shared generally the fortunes of the more exposed of the Hebrides ; it had a fort, which now is almost entirely effaced ; and it formed, for a long time, a portion of the extensive possessions of the ancient family of Clanranald. In one of two neighbouring burial-grounds is a mutilated cross, which, 6^ feet high, is sculptured with braided work, the Greek fret, a Runic elephant, and other figures. Nearly all the inhabitants are Roman Catholics, who are served by a priest from Eigg. Pop. (1796) 304, (1841) 255, (1861) 53, (1871) 48, (1881)57. Cannachy Bridge, a hamlet, with an inn, in Edzell parish, Forfarshire, on the North Esk river, at the boundary with Kincardineshire, 7 miles N of Brechin. Cannar, a burn in the AV of Lanarkshire. It rises in Lesmahagow parish, and runs north-westward to the river Avon, in Stonehouse parish. Cannerton, a hamlet in Campsie parish, Stirlingshire, near the Campsie railway, 4 mile N of Birdstone, and 2 miles SE of Lennoxtown. Cannich, a rivulet issuing from Loch Moyley or Mullar- doch, on the mutual border of Ross and Inverness shires, and ilowing thence 14 miles north-eastward and eastward, till it falls into the river Glass, near Glenafl'ric Hotel, at Invercannich, 20 miles SAV of Beauly. Its basin is all a Highland glen. The upper part of the glen is traversed by a footj)ii.th, coming from the falls of Glomach and from the NE horn of Loch Alsh, and has a tame charac- ter, with slo])ing grassy mountain flanks ; but the lower part presents rocky picturesque features, and is diversi- fied in the bottom with lakelets and tarns. The rivulet, owned by The Chisholm, is well stocked with small trout. Cannick Bridge. See Kilmorack. Canniesburn, a hamlet in New Kilpatrick parish, Dum- bartonshire, i mile NE of the line of the Glasgow and Dumbarton railway, and 1^ SAV of Jlilngavie. It com- municates with Glasgow, several times a day, by omni- bus, through Maryhill. CANNOR Cannor or Kinord, a seJgy loeh in the TuUich section of Glenmuick parish, Aberdeenshire, 5^ miles EXE of Ballater. Lj'ing at the foot of Culblean, not far from the Vat, it has an utmost length and breadth of 5 and 4 furlongs ; is shallow toward the E end, but deepens to a depth of 3 or 4 fathoms Ln the middle ; is beauti- fully skirted with birch woods, and studded with islets ; and is said to have taken its name from a hunting-seat of Malcolm Ceannmor, on the largest of its islets. — Ord. Sur., sh. 66, 1S71. Canny, a rivulet chiefly of Kincardineshire, but partlj- of Aberdeenshire. Rising at the western extremity of the Hill of Fare, it runs about 5^ miles southward and eastward, through Banchory-Ternan parish, next 3 miles southward, partly on the boundary between Banchorj'- Ternan and Aberdeenshire, partly within Aberdeenshire, partly -within Banchory-Ternan ; and falls into the Dee at Invercanny, 2 mUes above Banchory village. A ham- let called Bridge of Canny is on it, and has a post-office ■under Aberdeen. Canonbie, a Border village and parish of Eskdale, SE Dumfriesshire. The village stands on the Esk's left bank, | mile WSW of Canonbie station, on a branch of the North British, this being of miles SSE of Lang- holm, IJ NNW of Paddings Junction, 15^ N by E of Carlisle, and 85| S by E of Edinburgh ; at it are a post office, ^vith money order and savings' bank departments, an hotel, the parish church, and a school. The parish also contains the hamlets of Eowan Burn and Overtown, If mile ESE and 3 miles W of the village. It is bounded XAV by Langholm and Ewes, E by Castleton in Roxburghshire, SE and S by Cumberland, and W by Half Morton ; and in outline rudely resembling a triangle, ■with the English Border for base, it has an extreme length from XXE to SSW of 11^ miles, an exti'eme breadth from XW to SE of 5| ruiles, and an area of 24,360 acres, of which 218 are water. The EsK, followed closely by the railway, flows 5| miles SSE through the interior, next 5 furlongs SSW along the Border ; and its tributaries, Tarras Water, running south-south-westward, and Irvine Burn, east-north-east- ■^•ard, trace nearly all the boundary with Langholm. rLiDDEL Water, traversing a rugged channel, between picturesque and romantic flanks, and falling into the Esk, traces for 7| miles the south-eastern boundary ; whilst Archer Beck and Rowan Burn, running to the Liddel, Byre and Glenzier Burns to the Esk, drain large portions of the interior. Most of the waters afl"ord good sport to anglers. The surface may be described as comprising the low groimds of Eskdale, including haughs and other strips of low flat land along the banks of the principal streams ; is elsewhere diversified by numerous undulations, ridges, and hilly eminences ; and has a general descent southward and south-eastward from the neighbouring mountainous tracts of Liddesdale, Ewes, and Langholm. In the extreme S, where the Esk passes into Cumberland, the surface sinks to 9S feet above sea-level, thence it rises north-westward to Outer Hill (548 feet) and Viewy Knowe (652) — north-north- eastward to Harelawpike (614), the Craigs (707), Brunt- shiel Hill (820), the Haunches (1090), and Black Edge (1461). The rocks are partly eruptive, partly Silurian, and extensively carboniferous. Slate clay of a greyish black and ash-grey colour, and rich in both animal and vegetable fossUs, is found. Coal, limestone, and a friable sandstone occur chiefly in hollows over the SUurian rocks, and are largely worked. Several chaly- beate springs are within the parish ; and near Tarras Water is a famous petrif}-ing spring. The soil along hoth sides of the Esk, and on the banks of the Liddel, is a light and very fertile loam ; that on the higher grounds is variously retentive clay or moist humus, naturally barren, but now greatly improved by drain- ing. About eight-elevenths of the entire area are under the plough, and some 1500 acres under wood ; the remainder is mostly hill pasture. The Duke of Buc- cleuch is sole proprietor, and the chief residences, held in feu from him, are Woodhouselees, Forge, Marsh House, Crookholm, and Woodslee. Remains of a CAPEHOPE Roman station crown a rising ground near Gilxockie station ; and ruins of famous mediaeval strongholds are at Hollows and Harelaw. Remains of other medice- val strengths are at Mumbyhirst, Auchenrivock, Hall- green, Woodhouselees, and Sark. Vestiges of an Austin priory, founded about 1165, and destroyed by the English after the battle of Solway Moss in 1542, are at Hallgreen. At Woodhead, in 1864, thi-ee sUver mediteval brooches, now in the Edinburgh Antiquarian Museum, were found along with coins of Edward I. and II., John BaUol, and Alexander III. Canonbie is in the presbytery of Lang- holm and sjTiod of Dumfries ; the living'is worth £506. The original church, St Martin's, was often called the ' Liddel Church ' from its situation on the bank of the Liddel ; a subsequent one stood on the peninsula be- tween the Liddel and the Esk, and was long subordinate to Jedburgh Abbey. The present parish church, erected in 1822 at a cost of £3000, is a good edifice, with 1400 sittings. There is also a Free church, 1 mile XXW, on the opposite side of the Esk ; and 4 public schools — Can- onbie, Gilnockie, Glenzier, and ;Harelaw — with respec- tive accommodation for 242, 99, 70, and 70 children, had (ISSO) an average attendance of 204, 58, 44, and 49, and grants of £195, 13s., £24, Os. lOd., £29, 4s., and £28, 8s. Valuation (1881) £14,123, Is. 9d. Pop. (1801) 2580, (1841) 3032, (1861) 3219, (1871) 3055, (1881) 27lL—Ord. Sur., shs. 10, 11, 1S64-63. Canongate, a large and ancient suburb of Edinburgh, comprising all the eastern part of the Old To-wn, and possessing, till 1856, the jurisdiction of a burgh of regality. See Edinbukgh, and Jn. Mackay's History of tJie Burgh of Canongate (Edinb. 1879). Canomnills. See Edinburgh. Canter. See Ceaxxmoe. Canterland, a dell or den in the SW of St Cyrus parish, Kincardineshire. It is traversed by a brook of the Xorth Esk river; and it contains quarries of flag- stones and shale. Cantick Head. See Caxdick. Cantray, an estate, -with an elegant modem mansion, in Croy and Dalcross parish, Inverness-shire, on the left bank of the XaLm, 9 miles EXE of Inverness, and 4^ S of Fort George station. Its owner, Hugh Grogan Da%-idson, Esq. (b. 1S33 ; sue. 1846), holds 3228 acres in the shire, valued at £1934 per annum. Canty, a bay and a fishing hamlet in Xorth Berwick parish, Haddingtonshire, IJ mile SSW of the Bass, and 21 E of Xorth Berwick town. The bay is small but picturesque, and the hamlet keeps boats for conveying visitors to the Bass. CsLUtyre. See Kixttee. Caol, a small sea-loch in Kilfinichen and Kilvicenan parish, SW of Mull, Argj-llshire. It strikes westward from Loch Lahaich, and is too shallow to afl'ord anchor- age to sea vessels. Caolas-Uist, the sound or sea-belt between the islands of Uist and Bernera in the Inverness-shire Hebrides. Caolchum. See Kilchuex. Caolisport or Killisport, a seaboard district and a sea-loch in South Knapdale parish, Argj-llshire. The district includes the peninsula and point of Knap, between Loch Si\in on the XW and Loch CaolLsport on the SE. Loch Caolisport enters from the S end of the Sound of Jura ; penetrates 6J miles north-east- ward, contracting gradually from a -width of 2 mUes to a point ; includes several beautiful small bays ; and afl'ords safe anchorage. Its SE screen rises gradually into hUl ; its XW shore is rock}-, abrupt, and bold ; and both are richly clothed \vith copsewood. Achahoish hamlet lies at its head. ' The cui'ious cave chapel,' says Skene, ' at Cove, on Loch Caolisport, which tradition says was Columba's first church in Scotland before he sailed to lona, is probably connected with his residence with KingConallin 563.' It is 42 feet long, and contains an altar with a cross-calvary and an oval j>iscina. Caolvalloch, a hamlet in Weem parish, Perthshire. Capehope, a burn in Hounam parish, Roxburghshire. It rises in three head-streams among the Cheviot Hills, adjacent to the boundary with England, and runs about 233 CAPEL FELL 4 miles north-north-westward to the Kale, a little above Hounam village. Capel Fell, a mountain on the mutual border of Selkirk and Dumfries shires, at the sources of Et- trick Water, 7^ miles SSW of Ettrick chui-ch. It has an altitude of 2223 feet above sea-level. Capelhills. See Newrills. Capelrig, an estate, with a mansion, in Meams par- ish, Kcnfrewshire. The mansion stands 2f miles SSW of Pollokshaws, and occupies the site of a seat of the Knights Templars. Capenoch, an estate, with a modern mansion, in Keir parish, W Dumfriesshire, on the right bank of Shinnel Water, 3^ miles WSW of Thornhill. From the Grier- sons it came by marriage to the Kirkpatricks of Close- BUKX in the first half of the 17th century ; its present owner, Thos. Steuart Gladstone, Esq. (b. 1805), holds 1302 acres in the shire, valued at £1257 per annum. Cape Wrath, a promontory in Durness parish, Suther- land, at the north-western extremity of the Scottish mainland, 13 miles WNW of Durness church. Pyrami- dal in form, it rises boldly from the sea to an altitude of 300 feet ; it consists of granite gneiss ; it is crowned •with a lighthouse, built in 1828 at a cost of £13,550, showing a revolving light every minute, alternately red and white, visible at the distance of 27 nautical miles ; and it commands a magnificent view of the Sutherland coast and of the seas around, away to the Butt of Lewis and the Hoy Head of Orkney. Rocky islets lie adjacent to it ; a fissured and cavernous reef projects from its base ; a lofty insulated rock, with outline rudely resembling that of a large ship under full sail, is in its near vicinity ; and wall-like cliff's, 250 to 600 feet high, and pierced with caverns, stretch away from it eastward and south- ward. ' This dread cape,' wrote Sir Walter Scott (1814), ' so fatal to mariners, is a high promontory whose steep sides go sheer down to the breakers which lash its feet. There is no landing, except in a small creek about IJ mile to the eastward. There the foam of the sea plays at " long bowls" with a huge collection of large stones, some of them a ton in weight, but which these fearful billows chuck up and do-wn as a child tosses a ball.' Cappers, a hamlet in Bathgate parish, Linlithgow- shire, 1 mile N of Whitburn. Caprington, an estate, with a mansion, in Riccarton parish, A}Tshire. Caprington Castle stands near the left bank of the Irvine, 2 J miles SW of Kilmarnock, and is a massive edifice, partly ancient, partly modern, with a lofty tower over its main entrance. By marriage with a daughter of Sir Duncan Wallace of Sundrum, the estate passed, about 1400, to Adam Cuninghame, whose descendants were baronets of Nova Scotia from 1669 to 1829 ; its present holder, Wm. Cathcart Smith-Cuning- hame, Esq. (b. 1814 ; sue. 1857), owns 4888 acres in the shire, valued at £8017 per annum, including £2918, 10s. for minerals. Captain Head. See Drem. Caputh, a village in Perthshire, and a parish partly also in Forfarshire. The village stands ^ mile N of the left bank of the Tay, 1^ mile NW of Murthly station, H mile WSW of Spittalfield, and 5 miles ESE of Dun- keld. The parish contains also the villages of Spittalfield, Meikleour, and Butterstone. It anciently included the parish of Dowally, and it now consists of a main body and several detached districts. The main body comprehends the greater part of the plain of Stormont, together with picturesque tracts of upland on that plain's northern and western skirts. The detached districts are Barholmie, isolated within Cargill parish ; West and Middle Gormack, in Kinloch ; East and West Logie, Cairns, Chapelton, Meadows, and Crofty, in Clunie; Craigtown of Dalrulzeon, in Kirkmichael; all in Perthshire, — and South Bandirran in Collace, Balbeuchly in Auchterhouse, and Focharty in Kinnettles, all in Forfarshire. Very irregular in outline, the main body is bounded NW by Dunkeld and Dowally, NE by Clunie, E by Lethendv anart, to the southern boundary, but rises again south- westward towards Glower-o'er-em (559 feet) in Borrow- stounness parish ; in Carriden itself it rarely much ex- ceeds 300 feet above sea-level. Two small headlands are respectively at Blackness in the E and at Bridgeness in the W, The rocks are partly eruptive, partly car- boniferous. Trap rock and sandstone are occasionallv 242 ^ CARBON worked ; coal has, from time immemorial, been exten- sively mined ; and a deposit of clay, about 12 feet deep, at Brickfield near Blackness, has been extensively used for making bricks and tiles. Two streamlets, Carriden and Blackness Burns, drain most of the interior to the Forth. The soil is generally light and early, capable of producing good crops. About 90 acres are under wood, and very little is waste. Gildas, about 560, mentions Cair Eden (Gael. ' town at the front') as ' a most ancient city,' the eastern termination of Axtoninus' Wall. Scarce a vestige remains here of that huge rampart, but numerous Roman relics have been found — a gold coin of Vespasian, an altar, vases, etc. (See Bridgene.ss.) "With Blackness Castle are associated most of the chief episodes in the history of the parish, a native of which was Col. James Gardiner (1688-1745), who fell at Pres- tonpans. Carriden House, an edifice of some antiquity, with modern additions, stands on the shore of the Firth, 2\ miles ESE of Bo'ness ; it has been the seat of two dis- tinguished admirals, father and son. Sir Geo. Johnstone- Hope, K.C.B. (1767-1818), and Sir Jas. Hope, G.C.B. (1808-81). The latter held 728 acres in the shire, valued at £1350 per annum, including £52 for minerals ; and the rest of the parish is divided among 25 proprie- tors, 4 holding each an annual value of £500 and up- wards, 1 of between £100 and £500, 4 of from £50 to £100, and 16 of from £20 to £50. Carriden is in the presbytery of Linlithgow and synod of Lothian and Tweeddale ; the living is worth £415. The parish church, near Bridgeness, 1^ mile E by S of Bo'ness, was built in 1766, and contains 458 sittings. Carriden and Grange- pans public schools and Carriden girls' school, with re- spective accommodation for 90, 151, and 68 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 41, 185, and 65, and gi-ants of £21, 19s. 2d., £125, 5s., and £52, Is. Valuation (1881) £8239, lis. Pop. (1801) 1493, (1841) 120S, (1861) 1821, (1871) 1799, (1881) 1985.— Ord Sur., sh. 32, 1857. Carrington, a village and a parish in the S of Edin- burghshire. The village, sometimes called Primrose, stands 3 furlongs from the South Esk's left bank, 2 miles WSW of Gorebridge station, 3 SE of Hawthorn- den, and 5J S by W of Dalkeith ; at it are a post oflSce imder Gorebridge, the parish church, and a public school. The parish is bounded N by Cockpen, E by Borth- wick, SE by Temple, S by Penicuik, and SW, W, and NW by Lasswade. Its greatest length, from XE to SW, is 4| miles ; its breadth, from NAV to SE, varies betAveen 1 and 2h, miles ; and its area is 4403| acres. The South Esk traces the boundary with Borth\\-ick ; Fullarton Water, or Redside Burn, on to its confluence %vith the South Esk, traces the boundary with Temple ; and Dal- housie Burn traces part of the boundary with Lasswade and Cockpen. The surface has a general south-westward rise from less than 400 to over 900 feet above sea-level. Along the streams the land is for the most part good, but elsewhere it is hilly and moorish. Whitehill, in the extreme N" of the parish, is the principal mansion ; and most of the property is divided between its proprie- tor, Rt. Balfour Wardlaw-Ramsay, Esq., and the Earl of Rosebery. Carrington is in the presbytery of Dal- keith and synod of Lothian and Tweeddale ; the minis- ter's stipend is £158, 7s. 5d. , with a glebe worth about £20 a year. The school, with accommodation for 130 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 81, and a grant of £69, 6s. 6d. Valuation (1882) £7281. Pop. (1801) 409, (1831) 561, (1861) 681, (1871) 712, (1881) 606.— Or(7. Sur., sh. 32, 1857. Canity. See Carity. Carrol Rock. See Brora. Caxrolstone. See Caraldston. Carron, a locality, partly 'in Inveraven parish, but chiefly in Aberlour parish, Banfl'shire. It comprises a hill, a daugh, and a railway station. The hill, on the mutual border of the two parishes, rises immediately from the right bank of the Spey to a height of 967 feet above sea-level, and is separated by a narrow valley from Ben Rinnes. The daugh forms a continuation of tlie valley between the hill and Ben Rinnes ; lies to the SW CARRON of Kinermony Daugh ; and is separated therefrom by a very deep ravine, traversed by a mountain rivulet. Tbe station, on the Strathspey section of the Great North of Scotland, is 5| miles \\'"SW of Craigellachie Junction, under which it has a post and telegraph ofiBce. Near it is Carron House. Carron (Gael, car-auin, '•winding river '), a bog and a small river of Stirlingshire. The bog, lying partly in Kilsyth and St Ninians parishes, but chiefly in Fintry parish, at about 1000 feet above sea-level, occupies a portion of the table-land between the E and "W coasts of Scotland, and forms part of the watershed between the two seas. It sends off Carron river to the E, and an affluent of the Endrick to the "W ; measures about 4 miles in length, by from 1 to 2 miles in breadth ; and ■was probably at no very distant period a lake which gradually was filled by the earthy deposits of brooks running into it from the surrounding hills. Now partly a swamp, scarcely passable even in summer, it is flooded over nearly all its extent in times of heavy rara ; pos- sesses much value for pasturage and for produce of meadow hay ; exhibits, in July and August, a pictur- esque appearance with parties of haymakers and mulri- tudes of haycocks all over it ; and during winter, partly by natural flooding, partly by artificial damming in order to fertilise it for the next year's crop, presents over most of its area the aspect of a lake engirt with romantic hill screens. The river, both where it leaves the lake and over the first 1\ miles of its course, runs among the Lennox Hills, overhung by summits of from 1000 to 1870 feet above sea-level ; it afterwards debouches on the low grounds and carses of the E of Stirlingshire, tracing the boundary between the parishes of Denny and Falkirk on the S, of St Ninians, Dunipace, Lar- bert, and Bothkennar on the N ; till, after an easterly course of 20 miles, it glides into the Firth of Forth at Grangemouth. Highland in character, bleak and wild, among the hills, it forms on issuing from them a fine cascade, called Auchinlilly Linn-spout ; in its course through the plain it furnishes water-power to numerous factories ; and at its mouth it unites with the Forth and Clyde Canal. It anciently was estuarial, and frequented by Roman ships, to a point about 4J miles above its f (resent embouchure ; it anciently, too, over most of the ower part of its coiirse. made twists and turns which, partly from natural, partly from artificial, causes, have been forsaken and obliterated ; it seems ever to have possessed much interest for at once the angler, the poet, and the lover of the picturesque ; and still, though grievously polluted, it yields good pike and perch fishing between Denny and Larbert, and in its upper waters contains a few trout, to which in 18S0 were added 30,000 young ones, a present from Sir Jas. Gibson ilaitland to the Falkirk Angling Club. Buchanan terms it, in his Epithalamhim, the boundary of the Roman conquests in Britain ; Dyer sings it as still seeming responsive to Ossian's lyre ; with Hector Macniel it is the classic stream •where Fingal fought and OssianhjTuned his heaven -taught lays ; and a famous old song extols 'the bonny banks of Carron Water. ' A Roman seaport to^wn stood on it in the vicinity of the present Camelon ; A^-TO^-I^"^s' Wall ran, for a considerable distance, along its banks ; Ar- thur's OvEX, stood near it in the north-western •vicinity of Carron Iron-works ; and the two battles of Falkirk, in 1298 and 1745, were fought not far from its southern bank.— Ore?. .S";;?-., sh. 31, 1867. Carron, a •village in Larbert parish, Stirlingshire, ad- jacent to the NE side of Carron Iron-works, near Carron river, 2 miles N by W of Falkirk. It has a post ofiice under Falkirk and a school. Pop. (1881) 297. Carron, a ri^vulet of Nithsdale, Dumfriesshire. It rises, at 2000 feet above sea-level, among the Lo^wther mountains, on the NE border of Durrisdeer parish, close to Lanarkshfre ; runs 4i miles south-south-westward •within Durrisdeer ; receives from the N, in the lower part of that run, the tributary Kirk Bum ; proceeds 3| mUes south-westward along the boundary between Dur- risdeer and Morton ; and falls into the Nith just below Carroabridge village. Its vale and that of Kii-k Bam CAEEON mON-WORKS are highly picturesque, presenting considerable resem- blance to some of the most famous scenery of North "Wales, and they lead up to the remarkable alpine curv- ing gorge among the Lo^wthers, called the Wallpath. A noble viaduct of the Glasgow and South-Westem railway crosses the rivulet 2i nules from its mouth, and com- mands a grand view of the upper hill screens of the vale. —Ord. Sur., shs. 15, 9, 1864-63. Carron, a rivulet of Kincardineshire, rising among the skirts of the Grampians, on the "W border of Glen- bervie parish. It runs about 8i miles eastward, partly in Glenbervie, partly along the boundary between Dun- nottar and Fetteresso, and falls into the sea at Stone- haven. The Aberdeen section of the Caledonian railway nms near its southern bank for about 4^ miles and crosses it in the vicinity of Stonehaven. Carron, a small river of SW Ross-sMre. It rises near the central watershed of the county, not far from Luib- gargan Inn, gathers its head-streams into Loch Scaven, runs about 14 miles south-westward, expands at one part into Loch Doule, and falls into the head of Loch Carron. Its vale is mainly a highland glen, but has patches of cultivated ground along its bottom, and much excellent pasture on its flanks ; its waters are much increased in volume by tributary streams, and are well- stocked •with salmon and •with large sea-trout. Skene identifies the ' Itys ' of Ptolemy •with the Carron. Carron, a small river of Kincardine parish, N Ross- shire. It is formed by confluent streams from Strath Cullenach, Glen Alladale, Glen ilore, and Glen Calvie, near Amat Lodge, 9 miles W of Bonar-Bridge station ; and thence it runs 9 miles E by N along Strath Carron to the Kyle of Sutherland at Invercarron, \ mile above Bonar-Brido:e. It is in good repute as a salmon stream. In chap. •viii. of My Schools and Schoolmasters, Hugh MUler describes ' the dark hills and alder-skirted river of Strath Carron,' •visited by him as a lad in 1820, — ^its ' bleak gorge, where the lofty sides approach so near, and rise so abruptly, that for the whole winter quarter the sun never falls on the stream below. ' — Ord. Sur. , sh. 102, ISSl. Carronbridge, a village in Morton parish, Dumfries- shire, on the left bank of Carron "Water, near the N ith and the Glasgow and South-"Vrestem railway, 2 miles NNW of ThomhUL It has a station on the railway, and a post office under ThomhilL Carronbridge, a place in the vicinity of Carron Iron- works, Stirlingshire, on the river Carron, 5 miles E of Denny, under which it has a post office. Carronliall, a village on the E border of Larbert parish, Stirlingshire, f mile N by "W of Carron river at Carronshore, and 2 miles ENE of Larbert station. Carron- hall House stands amid iine grounds in its southern vicinity ; its owner, Thos. Geo. Dundas, Esq. (,b. 1853 ; sue. 1872), holds 1989 acres in the shire, valued at £3204 per annum, including £500 for a neighbouring coUiery. Carron Iron-^works, a seat of vast fron manufacture in Larbert and Falkirk parishes, Stirlingshire, on the river Canon, If mile NN"\V of Falkirk, and 2% miles "W of Grangemouth. The establishment was founded in 1760 by Dr Roebuck of Sheffield, and, on his selling out in 1773, received a charter of incorporation, by which its capital was fixed at £150,000. Long famous as the greatest foundry in Britain, it still, though surpassed in extent by some" other works of its kind, continues un- rivalled "in the production of numerous kinds of iron goods. It was for some time closely identified with the manufacture of cannon and shot ; it originated and brought to perfection the kind of ordnance called from it ' carronades ; ' it all along manufactured also agri- cultural implements and articles of domestic iron-work, of smith-work, and of machinery ; it ceased in 1852 to produce implements of war ; and it now is engaged maiidy in the production of stoves, grates, cooking- ranges, boilers, pots, rain-pipes, and similar article*. The works are very extensive ; they employ 2500 hands on principles of dl^vision of labour, and on terms which ranse between 15s. and 24s. a week ; they include 4 blast or smelting furnaces, 4 cupola-furnaces, 20 air furnaces, ' 243 CARRONSHORE a splendid beam-engine with cj-linder 6 feet in diameter, boring cylinders, grinding mills, and other appliances ; and, together with the smaller Almond Works in Lin- lithgowshire, they made 41,343 tons of pig-iron in 187S, and 29,814 tons in 1879. To a stranger approaching them under shade of night, they present a very curious and striking appearance. The sky above them red with a fiery light, the roaring of huge bellows, the rush of water, ami tlie resounding clang of weighty hammers on great anvils suggest to the imagination Yulcan and the Cj'clopes busied with fashioning thunderbolts. Two kinds of iron ore are used, the one a decomposed hrema- tite, the other an argillaceous ironstone, and are blended in such proportions and worked in such a manner as to yield an iron equal, if not superior, to the best imported from Russia. The company hold and work for them- selves extensive mines of iron ore, coal, and limestone, owning property in nine parishes of the county to the annual value of £8890 ; they bring in the raw material by a railway which approaches close to the furnaces ; they have also a canal, extending from the centre of the works to Grangemouth ; they possess about 16 canal boats, and 6 magnificent screw-vessels which sail from Grangemouth ; and they have, as dependencies of their works and mines, the villages of Carron, West Carron, Carronshore, Stenhouserauir, Cuttyfield, and Larbert. Important alterations, by which a large additional space would be gained for new workshops, were undertaken in 1880, at an estimated cost of £100,000. The main entrance is now surmounted by a clock-tower, bearing the Carron arms, crossed cannon, with the motto Esto Pcrpctua. A U.P. church. Early English in style, and containing 540 sittings, was erected (1880-81) at a cost of £2000 ; and a school, with accommodation for 216 children, had (1880) an average day and evening atten- dance of 178 and 56, and grants of £184 and £28, 14s. There is also a friendly society connected with the works, with over 700 members ; and a co-operative store has been in existence for upwards of 50 years. Among episodes in Carron's history may be noticed James Watt's connection with Dr Roebuck, the visits of the future Emperor Nicholas (1821) and the Prince of AVales (1859), and Burns's fruitless tirling at the door one Sunda)', as told in his verses inscribed on a window of CaiTon inn. See chap, xxxviii. of Nimmo's Stirlingshire (3d ed. 1880). Carronshore, a village in Larbert and Bothkennar parishes, Stirlingshire, on the left bank of the river Car- ron, 1 mile ENE of Carron L'on-works, and 2 miles WNW of Grangemouth. Connected with Carron Iron- works by a double lined railway, it was formerly the port of the Carron Company ; but has, in main degree, been superseded by Grangemouth. Yet it is still used for the landing of ironstone and lime, and for dry- dock repairs ; and is accessible, in ordinary tides, by vessels of 150 tons burden. It has a post office under Falkirk, a mission station of the Cliurch of Scotland, and a public scliool, which, with accommodation for 252 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 207, and a grant of £195, 13s. 6d. Pop. (1841) 838, (1861) 1035, (1871)966, (1881)962, Carron Station. Sec Carron, Banffshire. Carronvale, an estate, with a mansion, in the parish and f mile KSE of the station of Larl)ert, Stirlingshire. Carron, West, a village in Larbert and Falkirk parishes, Stirlingshire, adjacent to Carron Iron-works. Pop. (1841) 400, (1861) 763, (1871) 1088, (1881) 380. Carrot, a wooded hill (851 feet) in Inverarity parish, Forfarshire, 6 miles N by W of Broughty Ferry. Carroy, a sea-loch on the mutual l)order of Bracadale and Kilmuir parishes. Isle of Skye, Inverness-shire. It l)ranches from Loch Bracadale ; penetrates the land about 2^ miles north-eastward ; affords good anchorage in or- dinary weather ; and includes a narrow-mouthed bay, Pol Roag, which affords fair anchorage and perfect shelter to small craft. Carr Rock. See Carr. Carrubber, an estate, with a mansion, in the S W corner of Linlithgow parish, Linlithgowshire, on the left bank 241 CARSE OF CLACKMANNAN of the Avon, at the boundary with Stirlingshire, 3i miles SW of Linlithgow. Carruchan, an estate, with a mansion, in Troqueer parish, Kirkcudbrightshire, 2 miles SW of Dumfries. Carruth, an estate, with a modern mansion, in Kil- malcolm parish, Renfrewshire, 2 miles AV by N of Bridge of Weir station. Carruthers, an ancient parish on the eastern border of Annandale, Dumfriesshire, consolidated in 1609 with IMiddlebie and Penersax, and now forming the eastern section of the present iliddlebie. From the Earls of Bothwell its lauds passed to the Cro'wn by the forfeiture of Earl James, in 1567 ; and, given by James VI. with the earldom of Bothwell to his cousin Francis Stewart, by him they were forfeited in 1592. Subsequently they went, with other lands in their vicinity, to the Douglases of Drunilanrig. Carrutherstone, a hamlet in Middlebie parish, Dum- friesshire, 8 miles E by S of Lockerbie, under which it has a post office. Carryblair, an ancient sculptured obelisk in Edder- toun parish, Ross-shire, adjacent to the parish school- house. Rising to a height of 10 feet, and tapering from a breadth of 4 feet at the base to a point at the top, it is surrounded, at a radius distance of 9 feet, by a stone circle 2 feet high, and is said to commemorate a Norwegian prince called Carius, who fell in battle in its neigh- bourhood. Carsaig, a place on the S coast of Mull island, Argyll- shire, immediately W of the mouth of Loch Boy. Twc natural archways in sea-cliffs here, known as the Carsaig Arches, have recently acquired much celebrity ; one of them is a tunnel, 60 feet high, 55 wide, and 150 long, through a projecting mass of rock, crested with a basaltic colonnade, and overhung by a clitf which also has colon- nades, and rises to an altitude of 983 feet. The other arch is only a few feet long, but 70 feet high ; and it pierces an isolated rock about 120 feet high, crowned by a basaltic column. The freestone used in the restoration (1874-76) of Iona's ancient remains was taken from Carsaig Quarry, which, it is supposed, supplied the original materials. Carse, a small bay in Kirkbean parish, SE Kirkcud- brightshire, in the estuary of the Nith, 1 mile NNE of Kirkbean village. A foreshore of about 6000 acres, the Carse Sands, spreads eastward and south-eastward from it to the channel of the Nith ; is all bare during a con- siderable time before and after low water ; and renders the navigation, during the flow tide, particularly dan- gerous. See Carsethorn, Carse, a farm in Kirkcudbright parish, Kirkcudbright- shire. An ancient Caledonian fort, about 50 jiaces in diameter, is on it, and probably was designed to com- mand a neighbouring fort on the river Dee at a consider- able reach of the river's valley. Carsebridge. See Alloa. Carsetaum, a village in the parish and 1^ mile NNE of the town of Forfar, Forfarshire. Carsecreugh, a ruined castle in Old Luce parish, Wigtownshire, 2i miles NE of Glenluce. It stands on a desolate moor, and, says old Symson quaintly, ' might have been more pleasant, if it had been a more pleasant place. ' Rebuilt by the iirst Viscount Stair in the latter half of the 17th century, it was the home of the ' Bride of Lammcrmoor ' (see Baldoon), and is now represented by the sijuare S tower and by the western side of the main edifice. Carsegowan, a hill (593 feet) in tlie parish and f mile SW of the village of New Abbey, SE Kirkcudbright- shire. It is crowned by the Waterloo monument, a round granite tower, about 60 feet high, built in 1816. Carsegownie, a farm in the W of Aberlemno ]>arish, Forfarshire. An ancient baronial mansion on it has been modernised ; and a Caledonian cairn here was found to contain a sarcophagus and an urn in its centre, with numerous rude sarcophagi all round its circumference. Carse of Clackmannan, the part of the Carse of Forth lying on the left bank of the river Forth within Clack- niannanshii'e. It has the same character as the part CARSE OF FALKIRK lying opposite to it -witliin Stirlingshire, but is very much smaller. Carse of Falkirk, the part of the Carse of Forth, lying along the right bank of the river Forth, from Airth in Stirlingshire to Borrowstounness in Linlithgow- shire. It is all very nearly a dead level, and is the richest portion of the entire Carse, particularly within Bothkennar and Falkii'k parishes. Carse of Forth, a great tract of low, flat, alluvial land, along both banks of the river Forth, in the counties of Perth, Stirling, Clackmannan, and Linlithgow. It extends from the foot of the Grampians, in the neigh- bourhood of Gartmore, away through the opening between the Lennox and the Ochil Hills, on to the low country in the vicinity of Borrowstouuness ; measures about 34 miles in length, and 6 in breadth ; is nearly all a perfect level, with very slight declination to the Forth, having an elevation of from 12 to 20 or 25 feet above high-water level ; contains, at various depths, beds of marine shells, from a few inches to a foot thick, of the same species as those still existing in the Forth ; has an alluvial soil of finely comminuted earth, ■(^•ithout the smallest trace of pebble, except what may have been arti- ficially imported ; and, in an agricultural point of view, is the richest and most important district of Scotland. Carse of Gowrie, a low, flat, alluvial district, along the northern bank of the Tay, from Kinnoul Hill, in Perthshire, to Dundee Law in Forfarshire. It measures about 15 miles in length, and from 2 to 4 miles in breadth ; lies at an elevation of from 24 to 40 feet above sea-level ; and is flanked, along the N, by the Sidlaw Hills. A tract of it, 8 square miles in area, extending eastward from Kinnoul Hill, is moorish ; but all the rest of the Carse is rich arable land, cultivated like a garden, parted into fields onh' by ditches or low hedge- rows, and looking in summer like a sea of corn, sparsely yet beautifully isleted with trees and houses. It con- tains a few villages, and about twenty proprietorial mansions ; and it has, on the shore, a few tolerable harbours ; but, in its main extent, is farmed with the utmost parsimony of space. Jlost of it was evidently under water at a recent geological period ; much of it appears to have been under water at times subsequent to the surrounding country becoming inhabited ; several slightly elevated mounds or ridges within it seem to have been islets when all the rest was under water, and bear now the name of inches or islands ; and numerous parts which now are verj^ fine arable land were, down to 1760 or even later, either morasses or large stagnant pools. The soil on the perfectly flat portions is a blue clay of very rich quality ; while that on the inches is dark bTo^vn clay-loam, locally called 'black land,' of an older formation and of greater fertility. The Tay is supposed to have anciently taken a circuit round the Carse, washing the foot of the Sidlaw Hills, and entering its present channel at Invergowrie. Staples for holding cables have been found at the foot of the Sidlaws to the N of the flat land ; and tlie parish of St Madoes, now in the Carse, is said to have lain once on the southern side of the river. 'William Lithgow, the traveller,' says Mr Robert Chambers, ' in his singular book referring to a journey through Scotland in 1628, calls the Carse of Gowrie an earthly paradise, but adds the folio-wing ungracious information : ' ' The inhabitants being only defective in afl"ableness and communicating courtesies of natural things, whence sprung this proverb — the Carles (that is. Churls) of the Carse." And Pennant records another ill-natured proverb, applicable to the people of the Carse of Gowrie — that "they want water in the summer, fire in the winter, and the grace of God all the year round. " ' Carse of Henryie, a small tract in Lady parish, E side of Sanday island, Orknej'. Carse of Kinneil, the part of the Carse of Falkirk, witliin BoEROWsTouxxES.s, Linlithgowshire. Carse of Stirling, the part of the Carse of Forth which extends along the right bank of the river Forth, from Craigforth to Airth, in Stirlingshire ; and also, according to some authorities, the parts along the left CARSPHAIRN bank of the river, from the Moss of Kincardine to the mouth of the Devon, within the counties of Perth, Stirling, and Clackmannan. Carsethom, a coast village of Kirkbean parish, SE Kirkcudbrightshire, to the S of the entrance of Carse Bay, and 1 mile NE of Kirkbean village. A sea-wall \l mile long, and in places 12 feet high, was built (1866-67) for protection of the farm of South Carse from the tide. Carsie, a village in the parish and 3 miles S of the town of Blairgowrie, NE Perthshire. Carskey, an estate, with a modern mansion, in the parish and 4 miles "\VSW of the hamlet of Southend, Kintj-re, Argyllshire. Carskey Bay here, 4 miles ENE of the Midi of Kintyre, afl'ords occasional anchorage to vessels. Carslogie, an estate, with an ancient mansion, in Cupar parish, Fife. The mansion, li mile "WSW of Cupar town, was built in the early part of the 14th century ; and for nearly 500 years was the seat of the Clephanes. An iron jougs, for punishment of offenders on the estate, hung till 1793 on an aged ash-tree in a field hard by ; the fate is not known of the Clephane horn and steel hand, both rendered famous by Sir Walter Scott. Carsluith, an old tower on the coast of Kirkmabreck parish, SW Kirkcudbrightshire, 2>h miles SSE of Cree- town. At it was born Gilbert Brown, the last abbot of ISTewabbey. Carsphairn, a village and a parish in the extreme N of Kirkcudbrightshire. The village lies, 600 feet above sea-level, on the left bank of the Water of Deugh, 10 miles SE of Dalmellington station, and 9| KNW of Daily, under which it has a post office ; it consists of a few scattered houses, with the parish chuixh, manse, and school. The parish, formed in 1640 out of Kells and Dairy, is bounded N and NE by Xew Cumnock in Ayrshire, E by Dairy, S by Kells, and W and NW by Straiton and Dalmellington in Ayrshire. Its greatest length from N to S is 10:1 miles ; its greatest breadth from^E to W is 9| mUes ; and its area is 54,S76i acres, of which 71^ are foreshore, and 181 ^ are water. Gala Lane runs 6^ miles northward along the western border to Loch Doox, which itself for Sf miles separates Carsphairn from Straiton. Rising in the NE, the Water of Deugh curves 5 miles westward along the New Cumnock boundary, and next winds 15 miles southward, east-south-eastward, and southward again, till, at the SE corner of the parish, it falls into the Water of Kex, which traces most of the eastern boundary. Besides several lesser tributaries, the Deugh receives, near the ^-illage, Carsphairn Burn, flow- ing 5 mUes south-eastward from its source near Loch Doon, just above its own confluence with the Ken ; and Pulmaddy Burn, flowing 7 miles eastward along the southern border. The drainage belongs, thus, partly to the system of the Doon, but mainly to that of the Dee, the ' divide ' being marked by the summits of Meikle Craigrarson (2000 feet), Carlixs Caikn (2650), Meaul (2280), Coran of Portmark (2042), Black Craig (1730), CuUendoch Hill (1120), Ben Brack (1475), Todden HUl (1565), and Wliite Hill (1439), extending north-north- eastward along the western and north-western confines of the parish. To the left of the Deugh, the surface, sinking to 380 feet above sea-level in the extreme SE, rises to 1249 in Marscalloch Hill, 1256 in Craig of Knockgray, 1634 in Knockwhirn, 1758 in Dunoul, 2612 in Cairxsmore, 1632 in Dodd Hill, and 2287 in Windy Standard. The rocks are chiefly granitic and Silurian ; at AVoodhead, 3 miles NW of the village, a lead-mine has been worked since 1838, zinc, copper, and a little silver also being found. The gi-eater part of the parish is suitable enough for sheep and cattle grazing, the hUIs being green to the top. Antiquities arc some very large cairns, vestiges of an ancient Caledonian stone circle, and, near the confluence of the Deugh and the Ken, the ruins of Dundeugh Castle, at one time seat of a Gordon of the Kenmure family. Garryhorn, 1 mile W by N of the village, was the headquarters of Sir Robert Grierson 245 CARSTAIES of Lag (1650-1736), the Covenanters' bitter persecutor; Prof. Thos. Jackson, D.D., of St Andrews (1797-1878) was a native, as also, according to some authorities, was Sir Jn. Loudon Macadam (1756-1836), of road-making celebrity, who commonly is claimed for Ayr. Three proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and up- wards, 9 of between £100 and £500, and 2 of less than £100. Carsphairn is in the presbytery of Kirkcudbright and s3mod of Galloway ; the living is worth £372. The church, erected about 1S15, contains 400 sittings. A public school, with accommodation for 75 children, had (ISSO) an average attendance of 51, and a grant of £59, Ss. Valuation (1881) £11,338, lis. Pop. (1801) 496, (1841) 790, (1861) 553, (1871) 545, (1881) 484.— Ord. Sur., shs. 8, 9, 14, 15, 1863-64. Carstairs, a village, a junction, and a parish of E Lanarkshii-e. The village stands, at 700 feet above sea- level, near the Caledonian railway, \ mile SE of Mouse Water, 1 mile WjSTW of Carstairs Junction, and 4 miles ENE of Lanark, under which it has a post office. Anciently called Castleterres or Carstaires, signifying the castle or fort of the estate, it underwent great improvement prior to 1835, and presents a pleasant appearance, with the parish church on a rising ground in its centre. Pop. (1861) 450, (1871) 484, (1881) 52S. The railway junction, at the divergence of the main trunk into the Edinburgh and Glasgow forks of the Caledonian, stands on low fiat ground, 7 furlongs NW of the main trunk's viaduct over the Clyde, 28J miles SW of Edinburgh, 31^ ESE of Glasgow, and 73i NNW of Carlisle. It includes a long glazed arcade, divided lengthwise into two sections, ^^-itli offices and refreshment rooms along the middle, as also ranges of engine-houses. A village of the name of Carstairs Jimction adjoins the station, and has a post and telegraph office under Lanark. Pop. (1871) 691, (1881) 868. The parish, containing also the village of Eaven- struther, is bounded N by West Calder in Edinburgh- shire, NE and E by Carnwath, S by Pettinain, SW by Lanark, W by Lanark and Carluke, and NW by Cambusnethan. Its greatest length, from N by W to S by E, is 7| miles ; its breadth from E to W varies between \\ and 3J miles ; and its area is 9S99| acres, of ■which 78J are water. The Clyde for 3 miles roughly traces all the southern boundary, and its affluent. Mouse Water, after following the Carnwath border for 3^ miles, winds about 4 miles south-westward through the interior, and passes into Lanark. The surface is low aud flat along the Cl3'de, sinking to 600 feet above sea-level ; thence it rises northward to 773 feet at Lang Hill, 884 at Harelaw, 985 at Haminghead, 1029 beyond Birniehall, and 950 at Black Hill on the West Linton boundary, the centre being considerably diversified by a multitude of low roundish sand knolls, and the N being occupied by bleak, tame, moorish uplands. A tract in the S, including the fine demesne of Carstairs House, is highly ornate ; and some other spots, particularly along Mouse Water, have features of considerable beauty. The rocks, in some parts, belong to the Carboniferous formation ; in others, are eruptive. Sandstone and lime- stone occur, but are not quarried ; and very fine clay lies NW of ilouse Water, and is used for the manu- facture of tiles. The soil of the low grounds in the S is richly alluvial ; of the centre is sandy ; and of the grounds in some hollows and in the N, is mossy or moorish. About 8250 acres are either regularly or occasionally in tillage, and some 400 are under wood. A Roman road traversed the S of the parish ; a Roman camp has loft vestiges on Corbiehall farm ; and ' Coria,' here placed by Skene, seems to have been the chief seat of the Damnonii in the 2d century a. n., to judge from remains both native and Roman — urns, weapons, culinary utensils, and vestiges of a bath. Sir John Lockhart-Ross (1721- 90), the distinguished admiral, was a native. Car- stairs House, near the Clyde, 1^ mile S W of the Junction, is a fine modem Gothic mansion ; its owner, Rt. Mon- tcith, Esq. (b. 1812 ; sue. 1848), holds 5581 acres in the shire, valued at £8963 per annum. Carstairs is in the presbytery of Lanark and synod of Glasgow and A\t ; 216 CARTLAND the living is worth £390. The church, erected in 1794, has a spire and clock, aud contains 430 sittings. Car- stairs public and Carstairs Junction schools, with re- spective accommodation for 168 and 246 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 137 and 140 and grants of £137, 16s. 6d. and £142, 8s. Valuation (1881) £15,737, 6s. Pop. (1801) 899, (1831) 981, (1861) 1345, (1871) 1718, (1881) 1955.— Ort^. Sur., sh. 23, 1865. Carstairs and Dolphinton Railway, a railway of E Lanarkshire, from the Edinburgh fork of the Caledonian railway in the vicinity of Carstairs Junction, 11 miles eastward to a junction with the Leadburn, Linton, and Dolphinton railway at Dolphinton. Formed by the Caledonian compan}-, on a capital of £105,000 in shares and £35,000 in loans, it was opened in 1867. Carstairs Junction. See Carstairs. Cart, a river of Renfrewshire, formed by the union of the Black Cart and the White Cart at Inchinnan Bridge, and running 7 furlongs northward, along the boundary between Renfrew and Inchinnan parishes, to the Clyde, 1\ mile NW of Renfrew town. Its banks are low and wooded ; and its mouth contains a wooded islet, said to have been formed by a sunken raft of timber. The Black Cart issues from Castle Semple Loch in Lochwin- noch parish ; runs about 9 miles north-eastward past Johnstone and Linwood ; and receives the Gryfe from the W at Walkinshaw. Its valley, from head to foot, has nowhere an elevation of 100 feet above sea-level ; and its current is dark and sluggish. — The White Cart, rising in the moors of Eaglesham, near the meeting- point of Renfrew, Lanark, and Ayr shires, runs 9 miles northward, partly in Eaglesham, parti}' on the boundary between Renfrew and Lanark sliLres, parti}- in Cathcart ; then turns 7 miles westward, past Pollokshaws and Crookston Castle, to Paisley, receiving the Levern from the S near Crookston Castle ; and again runs 2| miles northward, through Abbey and Renfrew parishes, to its confluence with the Black Cart. Its upper and middle reaches, particularly in Cathcart parish, and thence to the neighbourhood of Paisley, exhibit beautiful scenery, sung by Burns, Campbell, Tannahill, and Graham ; and its waters drive a vast amount of machinery, particularly at Pollokshaws and Paisley, and are navigable up to Paisley for vessels of 80 tons burden. Once every- where a noble angling water for trout, perch, and braise, the Cart, both in its main body and'in much of its upper streams, has been foully polluted by the discharges of public works. Its navigable communication fron the Clyde to Paisley was naturally obstructed by shallows at Inchinnan Bridge ; but now is aided by a canal cut. A navigation, continuous with it, from the Clyde op- posite its mouth to the Forth and Clyde Canal, Avas artificially formed in 1840 ; bears the name of the Cart and Forth Junction Canal ; and is about f mile long. — Orel. Sur., shs. 22, 30, 1865-66. Carter Fell, a summit of the Cheviots, on the English Border, in Soutlidean parish, Roxburghshire, 11 miles S by E of Jedburgh town. Rising to an altitude of 1815 feet above sea-level, it divides the head-streams of the river Jed from those of the English T}Tie. On its eastern shoulder is a depression called Carter Bar ; and here it is traversed by the road from Jedburgh to New- castle. Carterhaugh, a wooded peninsula in Selkirk parish, Selkirkshire, at the confluence of Ettrick and Yarrow Waters, 2i miles SW by W of Selkirk town. Here is laid the scene of the fairy ballad of Tamlane. Carthur. See Hutton and Corrie. Cartland, a village and a stupendous chasm in Lanark parish, Lanarkshire. The village stands near the chasm, 2 mUes NW of Lanark town, and has a public school. The chasm, Cartland Crags, cur^nng fully f mile from ENE to WSW ; is traversed along the bottom by Mouse Water, under deep gloom, among fallen blocks ; and would seem to be a rent, caused by a vertical earth- quake, through a tabular hill. It is flanked by lofty cliffs of greywacke and Old Rod sandstone, intersected by a vein of trap, which, with trees starting out of CARTLEY HOLE them, higli and low, overhanging the muddy stream, or shooting up towards the sky, rise on one side to a height of more than 200 feet, on the other side of about 400, and exhibit an exact correspondence of their confront- ing crags, face to face, and part to part. A meeting- place of the persecuted Covenanters for public worship, it is graphically described, in connection therewith, by Professor Wilson. A curious ancient bridge, supposed to be Roman, with one semicircular arch and a narrow roadway, bestrides Mouse Water at the lower end of the crags ; and a handsome bridge, with three semicircular arches, 129 feet high, was built in 1823 after designs by Telford, a short way higher up. In the N cliS', a few yards above this bridge, is ' Wallace's Cave,' said to have hidden the hero just after his vengeance on Hazelrig, the English sheriS'; whilst a spot further up, on the brink of the precipice, called Castle Qua, shows traces of ancient fortification, had subterranean chambers formed in the Caledonian times, and possibly was held by Wallace at the time of his attack on Lanark. A de- pression on the S flank, at the upper end of the chasm, is believed to have been part of the Mouse's channel, conveying the stream by way of the site of Baronald House, before the occurrence of the earthquake shock. See pp. 41, 42, of Dorothy Wordsworth's Tour in Scotland (ed. by Princ. Shairp, 1874). Cartley Hole. See Abeotsford. Cartnaval. See Gartnavel. Cartsburn. See Greenock. Cartsdyke. See Greenock. Carty, a harbour in Penninghame parish, Wigtown- shire, on the river Cree, at the boundary with Kirkcud- brightshire, 2J miles SSE of Newton-Stewart. It has commonly about 12 feet of water at spring tides, and is regularly frequented by vessels of from 35 to 40 tons burden. Carvie Water, a burn in the lower part of Strathdon parish, Aberdeenshire, rimuing SJ miles northward to the Don. Carwinning, a hill (652 feet) in the parish and 2| miles N by W of the town of Dairy, N Ayrshire. Ves- tiges of an ancient fort arc on it, formed of three con- centric circular walls, and covering 2 acres. Garwood House. See Biggar. Cash-Fens, a southern suburb of Strathmiglo town, in Strathmiglo parish, Fife. Caskieben, an estate, with a small old mansion, in Dyce parish, SE Aberdeenshire, 4 mile NE of Black- burn. In August 1880 it was purchased for £37,000 by Mr Louis Miller, of Balloch, Crieff. Cassencarrie, a mansion in Kirkmabreck parish, SW Kirkcudbrightshire, ^ mile S of Creeto^vn. An old building with a tower, it stands finely in a level holm — the Cree in front, and Larg Hill (969 feet) to the rear. Its owner, Jas. Caird, Esq., C.B., F.R.S. _(b. 1816), the agricultural reformer, holds 2036 acres in the shire, valued at £1297 per annum. Cassillis House, a noble mansion, romantically situated on the left bank of the winding Doon, and on the NW Verge of Kirkmichael parish, Ayrshire, 4 miles NE of Maybole, and 1 mile E by S of Cassillis station, this being Q\ miles S of Ayr. The body of it seems to belong to the middle of the 15th century, and a fine addition was made in 1830 ; around it are many magnificent trees — an ash, 95 feet high and 24f in circumference, with the ' dool' and two other sycamores, which, 67, 77, and 85 feet high, girth 18J, 13^, and 17 feet at 1 foot from the ground. In the reign of David II. (1329-71) the lands of * Castlys' came to Sir John Kennedy by his wife, Marjory de Montgomery ; and Cassillis now is one of the seats of Archibald Kennedy, Marc^uis of Ailsa, who also is fourteenth Earl of Cassillis, the earldom having been granted to David, third Lord Kennedy, in 1509. In 1537, Buchanan, tutor to the third Earl, Gilbert, here wrote his Sovmium, a bitter satire against the Franciscan friars. Gilbert, fourth Earl, the so-called ' King of Carrick,' is infamous for his cruelty to the commendator of Crosskaguel ; as is John, his succes- sor, for the part that he played in the Auchendrane CASTLE-CAMPBELL Tragedy. But of Cassillis' memories none is so cele- brated as that enshrined in the ballad of Johnnie Ftut. It tells how the Gipsies came to Lord Cassillis' gate, and oh ! but they sang bonnie ; how the lady, with all her maids, tripped down the stair, and, yielding to glamour, followed the Gipsy laddie ; how her lord, coming home at even, pursued the fugitives ; and how — 'They were fifteen well-made men. Black but very bonnie ; And they all lost thair lives for ane, The Earl of Cassillis' Ladye.' In his History of the Gijmcs (2d ed., New York, 1878), Mr Simson accepts the theory which makes thia countess the lady of the ' grave and solemn ' sixth earl, Lady Jean Hamilton, daughter of Thomas, first Earl of Haddington ; her lover, one Sir John Faa or Fall of Dunbar ; and the date of the episode, 1643. But Mr Jas. Paterson overthrows that theory in his History of Ayrshire (1858), showing that Lady Jean died in 1642, and vras tenderly mourned by the widowed earl. If the story have any historic groundwork, it should rather be referred to the former half of the sixteenth century — to the daj's when James V. granted letters under the Great Seal to ' oure louit Johnne Faw, Lord and Erie of Litill Egipt.' At least, the Dool Tree remains, on which the Gipsies were hanged ; not a half mile off are the ' Gipsies' Steps,' where the Earl came up with his betrayer. See also Culzean ; the Scots Magazine for 1817 ; and the Historic of the Kennedyis, edited by R. Pitcah'u (Edinb. 1830). Cassley, a small river of Creich parish, S Sutherland. It issues from Gorm Loch Mor, 846 feet above sea-level, and 2J miles N of Ben More Assynt, and thence runs 20^ miles south-eastward, falling into the Oikell in the vicinity of Rosehall, 8 miles AVSW of Lairg, at less than 50 feet above the level of the sea. Its trout fishing is not very good, and salmon cannot ascend beyond the Glenmuick Falls.— Orrf. Sur., shs. 108, 102, 1880-81. Castle, a hamlet in the parish and ^ mile SE of the village of New Cumnock, E Ayrshire. Castle, a hamlet in the E of Campsie parish, Stirling- shire, near Milton. Castle, a small bay in Portpatrick parish, Wigtown- shire, at the mouth of Craigoch burn, adjacent to Duns- key Castle, 5 furlongs SSE of Portpatrick town. Castle or Kismull, a hamlet and a little bay at the S end of Barra island, adjacent to the small old baronial residence of the lairds of Barra, Outer Hebrides, Inver- ness-shire. Castlebank, an estate, \nth a mansion, on the right bank of the Clyde, in the parish and | mile SW of the town of Lanark. Castle-Campbell, a ruined feudal fortalice in Dollar parish. Clackmannanshire, 1 mile N of Dollar town, by a pleasant pathway, formed in 1865. It crowns a round insulated mound, which seems to have been partly formed by the hand of Nature, and partly finished by art. W and E are deep wooded ravines, down which run streams, the Burns of Sorrow and Care, that unite just below and form a considerable brook. The mound on the Dollar side is nearly perpendicular, and from the loffier wooded hills behind was formerly disjoined by a ditch, passing down to the bottom of the glen on either side, which rendered the castle inacces- sible except by means of a drawbridge, so that it was a place of very great strength. Of unkno^^-n antiquity, it formerly was called the Gloume or Castle-Gloom ; but passing in 1493 to the Earls of Argyll, it changed its name to Castle-Campbell. In 1645 it was taken and burned by the Marquis of IMontrose ; and the chief part standing now is the keep, which contains a barrel-vaulted hall, and whose top is gained by a spiral staircase and commands a wide and very noble view. John Knox, in 1556, residing in the castle with the fourth Earl of Argyll, preached and dispensed the Lord's Supper on a green- sward sloping from the castle's base to the brink of the neighbouring precipice ; and in the hill side is a curious narrow chasm, called Kemp's Score, after a noted free- 247 CASTLECAEY booter. The estate of Harviestoux, on wliicli Castle- Campbell stands, was purchased from the Taits in 1S59 by the late Sir Andi-ew Orr. See Billings' Baronial Antiquities (1S52). Castlecaxy, a spot near the western border of Falkirk parish, SE Stirlingshire, on the left bank of the Red Burn, and on the Forth and Clyde Canal, the Edinburgh and Glasgow section of the Korth British railway, and the Gartsherrie and Greenhead section of the Caledonian, 2^ miles KE of Cumbernauld, and 6^ W by S of Falkirk. One of the principal stations on Antoninus' "Wall was here, and was connected by an iter with the S. "What Avith the ploughshare, and what ^vith builders in quest of stones for their dykes, it now is wholly etiaced ; but many Roman antiqmties have been found on and near its site — urns, corns, weapons, altars, etc. Castlecary Castle is an old square tower, 40 feet high, with walls of 5 feet thickness, a spiral staircase, secret passages, and an eastern addition bearing date 1679. Biu-ned by a party of Highlanders in the '15, it is now the property of the Earl of Zetland, and is kept in tolerable repair. At the top of its garden is a noble j-ew, girthing 8^ feet at 1 yard from the ground. The Red Burn's glen to the "W, a rich field for fhe botanist, here forms the boundary between Dumbarton and Stirling shires, and is crossed by a splendid eight-arched viaduct of the Edinburgh and Glasgow railway. Castlecary station on that railway is just beyond ; in the winter of 1872-73 it was very severely damaged by a singular subsidence, due to great mining excavations for limestone. See pp. 72-76 of Proceedings of the Alloa Society (1875). Castle Clanyard, a ruined tower in Kirkmaiden parish, S"W "Wigtownshire, | mile ESE of Clanj-ard Bay and 1^ "WN'"W of Kirkmaiden church. It belonged to a branch of the Gordons of Kenmure, and must once have been a splendid residence. Castlecluggy, a ruined fortalice in llonzievaird and Strowan parish, Perthshire, on a peninsula at the N end of Monzievaii'd Loch. Long defended by a fosse with a drawbridge, it seems to have been very strong and of considerable extent, but is now represented by only a low square tower, with walls 5 or 6 feet thick and as hard as iron. According to Rymer's Fadera, Malise, Earl of Strathearn, was here besieged about 1306 by Robert Bruce. Castle-Coefl&n, an ancient fortalice in Appin, Argyll- shire, on a small peninsula of Loch Linnhe, opposite Castle-ilearnaig. Said to have been built, for purposes of defence, by a Danish prince of the name of Coeffin, it seems from its architecture coeval with Castle-Shima, but now consists of nothuig more than broken ivy-clad Avails. Castle-Cole, an ancient fortalice in Clyne parish, SE Sutherland, on the E side of the Black Water, 1| mile above that river's junction with the Brora. One of the structures once so common in the N of Scotland, and known as Pictish towers, it has an oblong form, Avitli uncemented walls 11 feet thick, and with a doorway 5 feet high and 3 wide ; within the walls it measured 22 feet in length ; but it now is reduced to merely the lower part of the S and E walls, about 12 feet high. It was formerly surroimded A\ith a defensive work, 6 feet from its exterior, and with a line of watch-towers on- ward to the coast ; and it must, in the times before the invention of gunpowder, have been impregnable. Castlecraig, a ruined ancient residence in the "W end of Kirkmichael parish, Ross-shire, on the brow of a pre- cipice, overlianging Cromarty Firth. It is said to have been erected by the Urquharts, Barons of Cromarty ; and it was long the principal residence of the Bishops of Ross. It originally consisted of only a tower, but from time to time received extensive additions ; and it was once surrounded by a defensive wall, 12 or 13 feet high. Now it is reduced to merely one tower or single wing, probably the original keep, 50 feet high from the ground to the top of the chimney. Castlecraig, a fortalice in Nigg parish, Ross-shire, on the top of a rock fronting Cromarty. Said to have been built by William the Lyon for the suppression of robbers, 248 CASTLE-DOUGLAS it is now so nearly obliterated that only the foundations are traceable ; but it still gives name to the farm sur- rounding it. Castle Craig, an estate, with a modern mansion, in the N of Kirkurd parisli, "W Peeblesshire, near the right bank of Tartli Water, 6 miles SE of Dolphinton station. Its owner, the Rev. Sir Wm. Hy. Gibson-Carmichael of Skirling, thirteenth Bart, since 1628 (b. 1827 ; sue. 1855), holds 8756 acres in Peeblesshire and 732 in Edin- burghshire, valued resi^ectively at £5796 and £4624 per annum. Castlecraig or Castlegregg. See Calder, Mid. Castle-Craignish. See Ceaignish. Castlecrofts. See Dalm Ellington. Castle-Dangerous. See Douglas. Castle-Donnan, a fine old ruined castle in Kintail parish, SW Ross-shire, in the immediate vicinity of Dornie village. Given by Alexander III., after the battle of Largs, to Colin Fitzgerald, it has long been in a state of ruin. Castle-Douglas, a town in the N of Kelton parish, Kii'kcudbrightshire. Prettily situated at the N end of Carlinwakk Loch, ■u-ith a backgroimd of low rounded hills, it is the junction of three lines of railwaj- — to Dumfries (opened 1860), Portpatrick (1861), and Kirk- cudbright (1864)— being 19i miles SW of Dumfries, 61 E by N of Portpatrick, 10^ NNE of Kirkcudbright, \\Z\ SW by S of Edinburgh, and 111^ S by E of Glas- gow. Till 1765 it was but the tiny hamlet of Cause- wayend, and its groAvth to the thriving vUlage of Car- linwark was due to the famous marl-pits of the loch ; in 1792, becoming the property of Sir William Douglas of Gelston, it was re-named by him Castle-Douglas, and was erected into a burgh of barony. Under an extended charter (1829), it elects trieunially a provost, a senior bailie, and 7 councillors, the magistrates acting also as police commissioners ; sheriff small debt courts sit in January, April, June, and September, and justice of peace courts on the first Monday of every mouth. An important market is held on filouday, and the following are the fairs throughout the year : — horses and hiring, 11 Feb. if Monday, otherwise on Monday after ; hiring, 23 March, if Monday, etc. ; hoggets, Monday before 24 April ; hiring, Monday of June before Kelton-hill ; lambs, Monday of August before Lockerbie ; hiring, 23 Sept. , if Monday, etc. ; horses, Monday of November before Dumfries ; and hiring, ilondaj' of November after Mar- tinmas. The town is laid out in regular squares, with a main, two back, and four cross streets ; and it has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, branches of the Bank of Scotland, the British Linen Co. , and the National and Union Banks, a savings' bank, 13 insm-ance agencies, 7 hotels, a fine bowling green, a tannery, a skinnery, an iron-foundry, a farming implement works, a mineral water factoiy, and a Friday paper, the KirTccudhriijhtsMre Ad- vertiser (1858). A new town-hall was built of red free- stone in 1862 at a cost of £1300, and besides a large hall, capable of containing from 500 to 600 persons, it has a reading-room and library of the Mechanics' Insti- tute ; the old town-hall, with a clock-tower, is occupied now as a billiard-room. Since 1873 a quoad sacra parish in the presbytery of Kirkcudbright and sjmod of Gal- loway, Castle-Douglas possesses six places of worship — the Established church (1868), a good Gothic edifice ; King Street and Macmillan Free churches ; a U.P. church (1870) ; St Ninian's Episcopal church ; and St John's Roman Catholic (1S67). Of the two Free churches, that in King Street is a recent erection, with a spire and a handsome stained E window ; whilst Macmillan church is the former Reformed Presbyterian chapel, with the addition of a memorial spire. St Ninian's is a beautiful Early English structure, with tower and spire, coui- I)leted and consecrated in 1874, but begun many years before ; and St John's, too, has a spire 80 feet high. School B, at the head of Colton Street, was opened in 1877, shortly before which date School A, in Academy Street, was greatly enlarged. With respective accom- modation for 300 and 173 children, these had (1880) an CASTLE-DOUGLAS average attendance of 153 and 174, and grants of £151, 8s. 6d. and £161. There is also a Roman Catholic school, with accommodation for 66. Pop. (1S41) 1847, (1861)2261, (1871)2274, (1881) 2i90.— Orel. Sur., sh. 5, 1857. See chap. i. of Harper's liamhks in Galloicay (Edinb. 1876), and pp. 34-39 of Maxwell's Stcvcart-nj of KirJccudhright (Castle-Douglas, 1878). Castle-Douglas and Dumfries Railway, a railway partly in Dumfriesshire but chiefly in Kirkcudbright- shire, from a junction with the Glasgow and South- western in the vicinity' of Dumfries station, 19i miles south-westward to Castle-Douglas. It was authorised in 1856, on a capital of £120,000 in shares and £40,000 in loans ; was opened 7 Nov. 1860 ; and was amalga- mated with the Glasgow and South-Western 5 July 1865. Castle-Drumin, a ruined baronial fortalice in Inver- aven parish, Banffshire, on the peninsula at the con- fluence of the rivers Aven and Livet. Nearly half of it has fallen, but the rest is tolerably entire, rises to a considerable height, and has great thickness of wall Castle-Duart. See Duart. Castledykes, a picturesque spot in Dumfries parish, Dumfriesshire, overlooking a beautiful bend of the river Nith, f mile SSE of Dimifries toAvn. A castle of the Comyns stood on it, and figures in the history of the daj's of Bruce, but has completely disappeared. Castle-Feather, an ancient fortification on the S coast of "Whithorn parish, "Wigtownshire, crowning an almost sheer precipice of over 100 fe§t, and enclosing nearly an acre of ground, 5 firrlongs W by N of Borough Head. Castlefem, a ri\T.ilet of Glencairn parish, "W Dnmfries- shire, rising on Troston Hill (1271 feet), close to the Ivii-kcudbrightshire border. Along that border and through the interior of Glencaii-n it flows 7 miles south- eastward and north-eastward, till, | mile S of Moniaive village, it imites with Craigdarroch and Dalwhat "U^aters to form the river CAIE^^ Castle -Forbes, a mansion in Keig parish, central Aberdeenshire, 3 miles N of "Wliitehouse station, this being 26f "\^"N"W of Aberdeen. Standing on the left bank of the Don, on the finely-wooded slope of the SW base of Bexkochie, it is a good modem gi'anite edifice, designed in the Scottish Baronial style by the late Archibald Simpson, Esq. Its 0T\Tier, Horace-Courtenay Forbes, nineteenth Baron Forbes since 1442 (b. 1829 ; sue. 1868), is premier baron of Scotland, and twenty- third in direct descent from John de Forbes (flo. 1200); he holds in the shire 13,621 acres, valued at £5676 per anntmi. Castle Fraser, a grand old mansion in Cluny parish, central Aberdeenshire, 3 miles ESE of ilonymusk sta- tion. A six-storied quadrangular building, erected at different periods between 1454 and 1618, it has a square tower to the "W, and a round one, 100 feet high, to the SE ; and it is one of the finest specimens of Flemish architecture in Scotland. Its original name was Muchells, Muchal, or Muchil-in-Mar ; and from 1633 to 1720 four Erasers of Muchells bore the title of Baron Fraser, the second being a zealous Covenanter, and the fourth as zealous a Jacobite. The latter was succeeded by his stepson, Charles Fraser, 'Old [Inverallochie,' whose son and namesake, commanding the Erasers at Culloden, was brutally shot by order of the Duke of Cumberland ; and whose present descendant, Fred. Mackenzie Fraser, Esq. (b. 1831 ; sue. 1871), holds 4247 acres in the shire, valued at £3697 per annum. Castles Gimigoe and Sinclair, two neighbouringruined fortalices on the coast of "^'ick parish, Caithness, crowning a rocky peninsula, a little "W of Noss Head, and 3^ mUes NNE of "Wick town. Built maiuly at a time unknown to record, and partly in the 16tli century, they were the chief strongholds of the Sinclairs, Earls of Caithness ; and, of great extent and irregular structure, included an extant five-storied tower, 50 feet high. A room in Castle-Sinclair, said to have been the bedchamber of the Earls, commimicated through a trap-door with the sea ; and the whole was so strong, by both nature and art, as to be impregnable prior to the invention of CASTLE-KENNEDY gunpowder. In a dark dungeon here, John Garrow, Master of Caithness, was imprisoned (1576-82) by his father, the fourth Earl, whom he had displeased by his lenity towards the toivnsfolk of Dornoch. At last his keepers, having kept him for some time without food, gave him a large mess of salt beef, and then withhold- ing all drink from him, left him to die of raging thirst. The singular episode of the coiner Smith (1612) and the capture of Girnigoe by Sir Rt. Gordon (1623) are re- counted in vol. i, pp. 436, 532, of Chambers's Domestic A'imals (1858). Castle-Gloom. See Castle-Cajipeell. Castlegower. See Buittle. Castle -Grant, a mansion in Cromdale parish, Elgin- shire, 2^ miles "W of the river Spey, and 2^ NNE of Grantown. A plain old castellated edifice, "consisting of a high quadrangiilar five-storied pile, \\ith lower lateral wings, it underwent extensive repairs and im- provements about 1836 ; it contains a superb dining- room, 47 feet by 27 ; and its extensive grounds are finely adorned with venerable trees, and command an imposing prospect, bounded on the sky-Une by the Grampians. On 5 Sept. 1860, the Queen and Prince Consort drove incognito to Castle-Grant — ' a fine (not Highland-looking) park, with a very plain-looking house, like a factor3\' Castle-Grant is the ancestral seat of the Grants of Grant, of whom Sir Lewis Alex. Grant, Bart., succeeded in 1811 to the lands and earl- dom of Seafield ; his gi'eat-nephew Ian Charles Grant- Ogilvie, eighth Earl of Seafield since 1701 (b. 1851 ; sue. 1881), holds in Moray 305,891 acres, valued at £71,883 per annum. See also Cullen and Bal- MACAAX. Castlehaven, the stronghold of Sir Neil Cunningham, on the coast of Crail parish, E Fife, which, falling into ruin, was demolished in 1839. Castlehaven, a creek in Tarbat parish, NE Ross-shire, at the extreme point of the Tarbat peninsula. It is tra- ditionally said to have anciently had a fort on an islet within it ; and it gives the title of Baroness to the Countess of Cromartie. It is accessible only to boats, and to these only at high water. CastlehilL See Carlttke and Kippex. Castlehill, a post office hamlet in the parish and 3 miles E by S of the post-town of Inverness. Castle-Huntly, an estate, with a noble old baronial mansion, in Longforgan parish, Perthshii-e. The man- sion, 1 J mUe NN"W of the Firth of Tay, and 7 miles W of Dundee, is situated on the summit of a high rock, which, on the SW^ side, rises sheer up from the dead level of the Carse of Gowrie, and on the E siiiks gradu- ally to the plain. It was bmlt, imder royal licence of 26 Aug. 1452, by Andrew, second Lord Gray of Foulis, and was named, according to a baseless tradition, after his lady, a daughter of the Earl of Huntly. In 1615 it was sold to Patrick Lyon, first Earl of Kinghom ; and, becoming the favourite residence of his grandson and namesake, the third Earl of Kinghorn and first of Sti-athmore (d. 1695), it was by him greatly improved, and re-named Castle-Lyon, whilst its estate was erected in 1672 by royal charter into a lordship called the lordship of Lj'on. Passing by sale, in 1777, to Geo. Paterson, Esq., a son-in-law of the twelfth Lord Gray, it was restored by him to its original name, renovated without, and modernised within, enlarged Arith wings, battlements, round tower, and corner turrets, and alto- gether rendered one of the most remarkable combina- tions of old and modern masonry in the kingdom. The present proprietor, Geo. Frederick Paterson, Esq. (b. 1857 ; sue. 1867), holds 2001 acres in the shire, valued at £5321 per annum. Castle -Island, a small island in Small Isles parish, Inverness-shire, near the SE side of the island of Eigg. It is inhabited only by persons tending cattle, and only during part of the summer months. Castle-Island. See Levex, Loch. Castle-Kennedy, a hamlet, a lake, and a ruined ivy-mantled mansion in Inch parish, "Wigtownshire. The hamlet lies adjacent to the Dumfries and Portpatrick 249 CASTLE-KILCHURN railway, and to the southern extremity of the lake, 3 mile's E by S of Stranraer, and has a station on the railway, a post office, and a public school. The lake is cut so deeply by a peninsula, as sometimes to be reckoned rather two lakes than one, called Black and "White Lochs, which extend parallel to each other, from NNW to SSE, Black Loch having an utmost length and breadth of 1% mile and 2| furlongs. White Loch of 7^ and 3J furlongs. Each contains an islet ; and on the south-south-eastward peninsula between the two stands the ruined mansion, included now in the beautiful policies of Lochinch, a seat of the Earl of Stair. Built by John, fifth Earl of Cassillis in 1G07, it passed about 1677, with the surrounding property, to Sir John Dahymple, afterwards Viscount Stair. It was a stately square edifice, but, being accidentally destroyed by fire in 1716, it was never restored. The ' dressed grounds' were laid out by Field-Marshal Stair in the Dutch style of landscape gardening, and, after some forty years of neglect, have more than recovered their former beauty since 1841. See pp. 99-103 of Wm. M'llwraith's Wigtownshire (2d ed. 1875). Castle-Kilchum. See Kilchurx. Castle-Lachlaji, an estate, with a mansion, in Stracliur and Stralachlan parish, Argyllshire. The mansion, built about 1790, near the old ruinous tower of the chiefs of the Maclachlans, stands on the eastern shore of Loch Fyne, lOf miles SSW of Inverary by water ; its owner, Rt. Maclachlan, Esq. of that ilk (b. 1791 ; sue. 1817), holds 12,000 acres in the shii-e, valued at £2006. Castle-Law, a hUl in Gilford parish, Hadtlingtonshire, 2f miles SSW of Gifford village. A northern spur of the Lammermuirs, it rises to an altitude of 921 feet above sea-level, and is crowned with an ancient circular camp, measuring 370 by 337 feet within the ramparts. Castle-Law, a conical hill (1026 feet) in ForganJcnny parish, SE Perthshire, 2 miles SSE of Forgandenny village. On it are vestiges of a Scandinavian fort, 500 feet in diameter ; and it commands an extensive view. Castle-Law, a summit of the Pentlands, in Glencross parish, Edinburghshire, 3J miles NNW of Penicuik. It has an altitude of 1595 feet above sea-level, and it shows distinct vestiges of an ancient camp. Castle-Law, a rising ground in Linton parish, NW Peeblesshire, adjacent to West Water, 5 furlongs SSW of Linton village. A cairn stood on it till about 1827, and yielded a stone coflSn, which seemed to have con- tained the body of some very distinguished person. Castle-Law, a hill (873 feet) on Venchen farm, Yetholra parish, NE Roxburghshire, 13 mile N of Kirk Yetholm. An ancient Caledonian camp on it has two ramparts and two fosses, and measures 200 yards in diameter. Castle-Leod, a seat of the Countess of Cromartie (by marriage Duchess of Sutherland), in Fodderty parish, Ross-shire, 1 mile N of Strathpeffer. Built by Sir Rode- rick ilackenzie (d. 1625), it was a principal scat of his descendants, the Earls of Cromartie ; is a bartizaned and turreted five-storied edifice, with walls, in many parts, from 7 to 8 feet thick ; contains a hall or dining-room, 32 feet by 21, exclusive of recesses ; and presents a vener- able and imposing appearance, with its ancient trees, among them a Spanish chestnut, girthing 22^ feet at 1 foot from the ground. See Taubat House. Castle-Loch, a lake in Lochmaben parish, Dumfries- shire, immediately SSE of Lochmaben town. In shape resembling a^stone arrow-head, with apex pointing north- north-westward, it has an extreme length and breadth of % mile and 5J furlongs, and, as seen from the NE with the Torthorwald hills on the sky-line, presents a picturesque appearance. Both the site of the original castle of the Bruces, and the scanty remains of the sub- sequent castle so famous in history, arc near its shores, but will be noticed under Lochmaben. Its waters con- tain ten kinds of fish, including loch trout, pike, perch, roach, bream, chub, and vendace. The last of these, a shy, small Teleostean, of the Salmonidaj family, peculiar to this lake and to Mill Loch, has drawn great attention 250 CASTLEPHAIRN both from naturalists and from epicures ; and is preserved and caught in sweep-nets once a year — on tlie third Tuesday of July — by the Yendace Club. — Ord. Sur., sh. 10, 1864. Castle-Lyon. See BonnowsTouxxEss and Castle- HTjTNTLY. Castle-Maoil, a ruined, strong, square fortalice, on the N coast of Strath parish. Isle of Skye, Inverness-shire, contiguous to Kyle Akin village. It is said to have been built by the wife of a Macdonald, the daughter of a Norwegian king, for the purpose of exacting toll from all vessels passing through Kyle Akin strait. Castle-Meamaig or Castle-Glensanda, a ruined for- talice on the Kingerloch coast of Lismore and Appin parish, Argyllshire, cro\\'ning a conical rock, adjacent to Glensanda Hill, opposite Castle-Coeffin. The rock on which it stands is about 150 feet high, and 44 feet by 20 broad at the top. The castle occupies its entire summit ; is an oblong building, 45 feet long, 20 wide, and 33 high ; and seems to be less ancient, as it is more entire, than Castle-Coeffin. Castle-Menzies, a mansion in Weem parish, Perth- shire, in the valley of the Tay, on the southern slope of Weem Hill (1638 feet), 1^ mUe WNW of Aberfeldy. A large and splendid castellated edifice, it was built partly in 1571, partly in 1840, and has a spacious semicircular park, containing some of the finest trees in Scotland. Chief among them are the following, with height in feet and girth at 1 foot from the ground : — 2 oaks (73, 15| ; SO, 141), 4 beeches (95, 14* ; 85, 15J ; 80, 94 ; 90, 14^), 3 sycamores (104^, 25^ ; 90, 32^^ ; 100, 18), 2 Spanish chestnuts (60, 26| ; 80, 19 J), and an ash (83, 13^^). See Trans. Hicjhl. and Ag. Soc, 1879-81. Castle-Menzies is a seat of Sir Rt. Menzies of that ilk, seventh Bart, since 1665 (b. 1817 ; sue. 1844), who owns 32,784 acres in the shire, valued at £8554 per annum. Castlemilk, an estate, with a mansion, in St Mungo parish, Dumfriesshire, 3 miles SSE of Lockerbie. The estate, which gave name to the parish in the 12th and 13th centuries, went from the Bruces by marriage, first to the roj-alStewarts, next to the Maxwells of Nithsdale; and, having passed by sale through many hands, is now the property of Rt. Jardine, Esq. (b. 1826), M.P. for Dumfries 1868-74, and for Dumfriesshire since 1880, who owns 7714 acres in the shire, valued at £8598 per annum. The mansion, on the left bank of ililk Water, is a stately edifice, rebuilt in 1866 on the site of a pre- vious mansion of date 1796. The original castle was built by one of the Bruces, and is said to have been besieged by both the Protector Somerset and Oliver Cromwell. Castlemilk. See Carmttnnock. Castle-na-Coir, a ruined feudal fortalice in Creich parish, Sutherland, on a meadow above the mouth of Cassley Water. Castle-Newe, a mansion in Strathdon parish, W Aberdeenshire, on the left bank of the Don, lOi miles SW of Rliynie. Partly dating from 1604, it is cliiclly a handsome castellated edifice of 1S31, with a central tower 85 feet high. Its o^vner, Sir Chs. Jn. Forbes, fourth Bart, since 1823 (b. 1843 ; sue. 1877), holds 29,238 acres in the shire, valued at £5992 per annum. Castle-0'er, Castle-Over, or Castle-Overbie, a Roman camp in Eskdalcmuir parish, NE Dumfriesshire. It was an upper station, communicating by a causeway with the camps of Middlebie and Netherbic; and was long identified with a camp on a hill-top on Yetbyre farm, near the confluence of the Black and White Esks. That camp, however, is oval and apparently Saxon, though intei-esting enough for its well-preserved condi- tion. The true Castle-0'er is at the confluence of the Rao Burn with the ^^^ute Esk, about a mile above Esk- dalcmuir church ; and comprises, in its present state, an area of 5J acres, including an enclosed and fortified space of 270 feet by 100, and distinctly retaining its vallum and fosse, tlie latter 20 feet wide and 5 feet deep. Castle-Park, a village in the parish and 1 mile from the town of Auchterarder, Perthshire. Castlephaim. See Castlefekn. CASTLE -RACHAL CASTLETON Castle-Rachal, a very ancient Scandinavian fortalice in Lismore and Appin parish, Argyllshire, on the NW side of Lismore island, 2^ miles from the north-eastern extremity. It is now a dilapidated ivy-clad ruin. CastleRainy. See Turriff. Castle-Rankme, a rivulet of SE Stirlingshire. It.'rises on the "W border of Denny parish near the S base of Darrach HiU ; runs about 4^ miles east-by-northward through Denny parish ; and falls into the Carron near Dennybridge. It took its name from an ancient for- talice on its banks, If mile "WSW of Denny town ; it shares its name with a hamlet and a farm in the vicinity of the site of that old fortalice ; it drains a basin rich in ironstone ; and it supplies an extensive dye-work and a chemical work. Castle-Row, a hamlet of SE Edinbnrghsliire, near Gorebridge. Castle-Roy. See Abernethy, Inverness-shire. Castles, a place on the S side of Ulva island, Argyll- shire. It shows an assemblage of basaltic columns re- sembling fortalices ; and is pierced, in the face of a per- pendicular rock 95 feet high, with a cavern 58 feet wide, 30 high, and 60 long, the entrance somewhat arched, and the sides and roof almost as regular as if they had been fashioned by art. Castle-Semple, a lake and an estate in Lochwinnoch parish, Renfrewshire. From the vicinity of Lochwin- noch town, the lake extends If mile north-eastward, whilst tapering to a point from an utmost breadth of 3 furlongs. Originally 4^ miles long, and upwards of 1 mile in width, it was greatly curtailed by draining pro- cesses between 16S0 and 1774, with the result of recover- ing from its bed upwards of 400 acres of rich land. It receives the Callier at its head, and sends off Black Cart Water from its foot ; it lies in the long, wide valley which separates the heights of SE Renfrewshire and Cimninghame from the moorish uplands to the XW ; and it is traversed, along most of its SE shore, by the Glasgow and South-Western railway. Its bosom is gemmed with three small wooded islets ; its shores are decked with park and lawn and trees ; its flanks shelve upward, with rich embellishment of hamlet, mansion, and farmstead, to picturesque ranges of distant heights ; and its waters contain pike, perch, braize, and a few shy lake-trout, whilst on them swim swans and teal and other waterfowl. The estate of Castle-Semple belonged to the noble family of SempiU from the 14th century till 1727, when it was sold to Colonel M'Dowall ; in 1813 it was sold again to John Harvey, Esq. ; and its present proprietor is Hy. Lee-Harvey, Esq. (b. 1823 ; sue. 1872), who owns 6500 acres in the shire, valued at £5562 per annum. Elliotston Tower, its original seat, f mile E of the foot of the lake, was occupied by the SempiU family till about 1550, and, 45 feet long by 33 broad, still stands in a state of ruin. The next seat, Castleton or Castle-Semple, on the NW side of the lake, J mile W of the foot, was built about the time of the abandonment of EUiotston Tower ; appears to have been an edifice of great size, amid very beautiful grounds ; and was demolished in 1735. The present Castle- Semple is an elegant edifice, rebuilt on the site of its predecessor, and standing amid a splendid park. A tower, called the Peel, was buUt, between 1547 and 1572, by the great Lord SempiU ; stood on an islet, now forming part of the mainland, ^ nule E by S of Locli- winnoch town ; had the form of an irregular pentagon, with a sharp end towards the head of the lake ; and is now represented by some ruins. A coUegiate church, for a provost, six chaplains, two boys, and a .sacristan, was founded in 1504 by John, Lord SempiU, near the lake, in the vicinity of the site of Castle-Semple ; measured 71J feet in length, 24| in breadth, and 15i in height ; and included, at its E end, the burial-place of the SempUl fanuly, afterwards the burial-place of the Harveys. A viUage and a chapel of St Bride also seem to have anciently stood near the foot of the NW side of the lake. A structure in imitation of a Chinese pagoda stands on Kenmure HiU, in the western part of the estate ; was built, about the middle of last century, by one of the M'DowaUs ; and commands a fijie view of the lake and the surrounding country. — 'ie. Castle-Stalker, a ruined old fortaUce in Eriska, South Uist parish. Outer Hebrides, Invemess-shire. It pre- sents a picturesque appearance, and serves as a land- mark to mariners. Castle -Stalker, an ancient square tower in Lismore and Appin parish, ArgyUshire, on a rocky islet in Loch Linnhe, off the mouth of Appin Bay. BuUt by Duncan Stewart of Appin in the reign of James IV. , who used it as a hunting-seat, it was fe-roofed and re-floored va. 1631, and comprises three stories, rising above a prison vault. Over the entrance-gate is a fine carving of the royal arms ; and, save that it is now roofless, it stiU is tolerably entire. Castle-Stewart, a ruined ivy-clad square tower in Pen- ninghame parish, E Wigtownshire, near the right bank of the Cree, 3 nules NNW of Newton-Stewart. It was buUt by Col. WiUiam Stewart, a soldier of fortune, in the 17th century. Castle -Stuart, a seat of the Earl of Moray in Petty parish, Invemess-shire, 6 miles NE of Inverness, 1^ mUe WSW of Dalcross station, and within ^ mUe of the Moray Firth. A fine specimen of the baronial architecture, it seems to have been erected about 1625, and was once designed for the famUy seat ; but, having faUen into disrepair, it has long been kept in order only as a shooting-box. The Earl owns 7035 acres in the shire, valued at £5171 per annum. Castle-Swin, a ruined fortaUce in North Knapdale parish, Argjilshire, crowning a rock on the eastern shore of Loch Swin, 2 mUes from its mouth. Tradi- tionaUy said to have been built in the early part of the 11th century by Sweno, Prince of Denmark, it includes portions whose date must be very much later ; it measures 105 feet in length and 35 feet in height ; and its walls are 7 feet thick. It figured long and promi- nently in the wars which desolated the Western Main- land and the Hebrides ; it afterwards was occupied as a royal fort, in the hereditary keeping of the Earls of ArgyU ; and it was besieged, captured, and burned by Montrose's Ueutenant, Macdonald of Kolkitto. Castle -Tirrim, a ruined fortalice in Moidart district, Invemess-shire, on a rock in Loch Moidart. One of Clanranald's strongholds, it is said to have been held for a time by Cromwellian troopers ; and it was burned in 1715. It measures 130 yards ill circumference; occupies the entire area of a rock that at high water is completely insulated; is now reduced to vaulted chambers and lofty turreted exterior waUs ; and, viewed in connection with the surrounding scenery, presents an imposing appear- ance. See p. 640 of Good Words for 1874. Castleton, an estate, with some vestiges of a mansion built in 1320 by WUUam Lamberton, Archbishop of St Andrews, in Muchart parish, SE Perthshire. Castleton, the capital of the Deeside Highlands, in the Braemar section of Crathie and Braemar parish, SW Aberdeenshire, 35 mUes N of Blairgowrie, 30 NE of 251 CASTLETOW Blair Athole, 32 ESE of Aviemorc, and I'i WSW of Ballater station, this being 43J WSW of Aberdeen. Backed by Mor Slu-on (2S19 feet) and Carn nan Sgliat (2260), it'stands, at 1110 feet above sea-level, on both sides of turbulent Clunie "Water, which here, at 1 mile above its confluence with the Dee, is spanned by a sub- stantial bridge, erected in 1863, in place of one built by General Wade, and which parts the village into Castle- ton proper to the E, and Auchindrjme to the W. At it are Braemar post ottice under Aberdeen, ^ith money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, a branch of the Union Bank, 2 fine hotels (the Fife Arms and the Invercauld Arms), a public library, and a meteorological observatory, whose instruments were a present from the Prince Consort. The Established church, built as a chapel of ease in 1S70 at a cost of £2212, and raised to quoad sacra status in 1S79, is a cruciform Early English edifice, with a spire 112 feet high ; other places of worship are the Free church, with graceful clock tower and spire, St Margaret's Episcopal church (18S0), and St Andi-ew's Roman Catho- lic church (1839). A public school, with accommodation for 100 children, had (ISSO) an average attendance of 58, and a grant of £^2, 6s. On the site of the Inver- cauld Arms Hotel the Earl of Mar upreared the standard of insurrection, 6 Sept 1715. Pop. of village (1841) 124, (1881) 234 — 145 of them in Auchindryue; oi quoad sacra parish of Braemar (1881) 861. — Ord. Sur., sh. 65, 1870. See also Braemak, Crathie, and Ii^vercauld. Castleton, a village in Fowlis-Wester parish, Perth- shire, 5 miles NE of Crieff. It took its name from a castle, now extinct, of the Earls of Strathearn. Castleton, a farm, containing remains of an ancient roj'al palace, in Fordoun parish, Kincardineshire, 4 miles NW of Laurencekirk. The xmlace was the place where John Baliol, in 1296, resigned his crown to Edward I. of England, and probably was destroyed be- fore the close of the wars of the succession. It stood on a small ridge, at an elevation of about 70 feet above adjoining levels ; was surrounded by a morass, which lay undrained till the early part of the present century ; and commanded a view of the fijaest j)art of the Howe of Meams. It appears to have been of a quadrangular form, and to have possessed considerable military strength ; but now is represented only by foimdations or substructions. The ancient town of Kincardine, once the capital of the county, now represented by a small decayed village, stood adjacent to the palace. Castleton, Caithness. See Castletown. Castleton, a large Liddesdale and Border parish of S Roxburghshire, containing in its lower division the village of Newcastleton, which, standing on the right bank of Liddel "Water, 320 feet above sea-level, has a station on the "Waverley route (1862) of the North British railway, 24^ miles NXE of Carlisle, 8i SSW of Riccarton Junction, 50^ N"W of Hexham, 71 ■WN"W of Newcastle-on-TjTie, 21^: S by "W of Hawick, and 74 SSE of Edinburgh. Commenced by Henry, third Duke of Buccleuch, in 1793, this is a neatly-buUt place with one long street and three divergent si^uares ; at it are a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and tele- graph departments, a branch bank of the British Linen Co., a library, a Free chm-ch (250 sittings), a U.P. church (600 sittings), an Evangelical Union church (138 sittings), and a public school, which, with accom- modation for 302 children, had (1880) an average atten- dance of 204, and a grant of £185, ISs. Hiring fairs are held on the second Friday of April and the Fridays before 17 May and 8 Nov. ; ewe fairs on the Friday before the second Wednesday of Sept. and the Thurs- day before the second Tuesday of Oct. ; cattle fairs on the last Friday of Oct. and the third Friday of Nov. Pop. (1841) 1030, (1861) 1124, (1871) 886, (1881) 924. The parish contains also the stations of Steele Road (4^ miles NNE of Newcastleton), Riccarton Junction (3J NNE of Steele Road), and Saughtree (2| E by N of Riccarton). It is bounded N by Teviothead, Cavers, Hobkirk, and Southdean ; SE by Northumberland and Cumberland ; and W by Cauoubie and Ewes in Dum- 252 CASTLETON friesshire. In shape resembling a rude triangle with apex to the SSW, it has an utmost length, from Wigg Law near Knot i' the Gait to Liddelbank, of 17 miles ; an utmost breadth, from E to W, of 12 miles ; and an area of 6S,152i acres, of which 294 are water. Liddel AVater, formed in the NE of the parish by the confluent Caddroun, Wormscleuch, and Peel Burns, at an altitude of about 600 feet above sea-level, flows 15^ miles SW and S by W through the inteiior, then 3| miles SSW along the English Border. Higher up, the Border is traced for S| miles by Kershope Burn, running SW to the Liddel, whose other chief affluent, hazel-fringed Her- mitage Water, gathering its head-streams from the NW corner of the parish, winds 8 miles ESE and S by W to a point If mile NNE of Newcastleton. In the farthest S the surface sinks to less than 300 feet above sea-level, thence rising NNE and NNW to the lines of mountain watershed dividing Liddesdale from Teviotdale and Esk- dale. E of the Liddel the chief elevations from S to N are Blinkbonny Height (864 feet). Priest Hill (669), Stell Knowe (923), Wilson's Pike (1354), Larriston Fells (1677), *Thorlieshope Pike (1180), *Peel Fell (1964), and *Hartshoni Pike (1789), of which those marked Avith asterisks culminate on the parish boundaries. Between the Liddel and Hermitage Water, with its affluent Whit- terhope Burn, are Arnton Fell (1464), Saughtree Fell (1500), and Lamblair Hill (1635) ; whilst W of them rise Greena Hill (730), Tinnis Hill (1326), Ettleton Hill (922), Bedda Hill (842), *Black Edge (1461), *Watch HUl (1642), North Birny Fell (902), *Roan Fell (1862), Din Fell (1735), Hermitage Hill (1321), *Tudhope Hill (1961), *Cauldcleuch Head (1996), and *Greatmoor Hill (1964). The rocks are •variously eruptive, Devonian, Silurian, and carboniferous. Sandstone of excellent buCding quality is plentiful, as also is limestone of dif- ferent kinds ; and coal has been found on Liddelbank estate. Mineral springs are at Thorlieshope, Lawston, Flatt, and Dead Water ; and a petrifying spring, in a moss traversed by Tweeden Burn, exhibits in a curious manner the stages of petrifaction — the moss at the sur- face soft and flourishing, half petrified lower down, and at the roots changed into solid stone. The soils over much of the two chief vales is a deep and fertile loam, and elsewhere is often better than it looks. Many hun- dred acres, once in tillage, were thrown into pasture on account of the high prices of sheep and wool ; but, on the other hand, as many or more, theretofore untouched by the plough, have recently been brought under til- lage, and in some cases have yielded as much as 60 im- perial bushels of corn per acre. And still, according to the opinion of Mr Brackenridge, of Yorkshire, expi-essed to a committee of the House of Commons in 1862, some 35,000 acres of the pastoral area could, at little cost, be rendered fit for any agricultural purpose whatever. Such are the general features of Daudie Dinmont's country, which Scott has described so finely in Guy Mannering : — ' The hUls are greener and more abrupt than those of Cumberland, sinking their grassy sides at once upon the river. They have no pretensions to magnificence of height or to romantic shapes, nor do their smooth swell- ing slopes exhibit either rocks or woods. Yet the view is wild, solitary, and pleasingly rural ; it seems a land which a patriarch would have chosen to feed his flocks and herds. The remains of here and there a dismantled ruined tower show that it once harboured beings of a veiy different description from its present inhabitants, those freebooters, namely, to whose exploits the wars between England and Scotland bear witness.' Elliots and Armstrongs these — the ' sturdy Armstrongs, who were for ever riding.' The latter held the wide hau^hs and gently-rolling hills of Lower Liddesdale ; the for- mer, the bleak and more mountainous uplands, vapour- ous with mists from the Atlantic. The Elliots alone had from thirty to forty peels on the banks of the Liddel and the Hermitage ; but all, except Hermitage Castle, were razed to the gx'ound immediately after the union of the crowna. Yet are the names remembered, the sites still pointed out, of Mangerton, Westburnflat, Liddel, Clint wood, Baholm, Larriston, Riccarton, Thorlieshope, CASTLETON OF BRAEMAR and many anotlier reiver's fortalice. And still we hare such Liddesdale ballads as Dick o' the Cow, Hobbie Koble, Jamie Tclfcr of the Fair Dodhead, ox Jock o' the Side; such Liddesdale traditions as that of the Brownie of Goranberry, of Shellycoat and the Kelpie, of the foul murder of the ' Cout of Keeldar ' in the foaming linn, or of the boiling of the warlock Sonlis on the Xine-stane Eig ; such episodes of Liddesdale history as the starving to death of Sir Alexander Kamsay (1342), as Queen Mary's mad ride from Jedburgh to Hermitage Castle, where Bothwell lay wounded by ' little Jock Elliot ' (1566), or as the Kegent Morton's raid 'to make the rush-bush keep the Border kye' (1569). So that some- thing remains of the past, for all the changes that have swept over Liddesdale since Scott's first coming in 1792. Then there were no roads, nor inns of any kind ; his was the first wheeled vehicle seen here, on occasion of his seventh and last visit, in 1798. Kow the Border Coun- ties railway (1S62) cuts through part of the Cateail, one of the few anticj^uities surviving. Others are camps, both round and square, on the tops of the hills ; * circular forts of the kind called Round-abouts or Picts' "Works ; the ' Druidical circle ' of the Nine-stane Eig; and Miln- liolm Cross, SJ feet high, which marks the burial-place of an Armstrong murdered by Douglas, the ' Flower of Chivalry.' There were no fewer than five churches or chapels in the parish — Hermitage, the Whele, Ettleton, Dirdabyi'e, and Chapelknowe. Of these the "WTiele, sup- posed to have been the chief, stood at Liddelhead, near Dead Water and close to a Eoman road, the "^Tiele Causey, from which the church got its name ; here Edward L obtained a night's lodging when on a pilgrimage to St Kinian's shrine in Galloway. In 1604, ' being destitute of all instruction and bringing up in the fear of God, the kirks of Castleton, Ettleton, and Quhelekirk and Belkirk, were united and annexed in ane perpetual rectory or parsonage or vicarage of Castleton.' Thus much for the Castleton of bygone days. At present there are 13 landed proprietors, 6 holding each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 3 of between £100 and £500, 1 of from £50 to £100, and 3 of from £20 to £50. The parish is in the presbytery of Langholm, and synod of Dumfries, the living being worth £451. Its chm'ch, at the confluence of Liddel and Hermitage Waters, was built in 1808, and contains 820 sittings ; in the grave- yard is buried John Armstrong, M.D. (1709-79), a native of Castleton, and author of a didactic poem, TJie Art of Preserving Health. Four public schools — Bummonth, Hermitage, Riccarton, and Saughtree — with respective accommodation for 55, 75, 88, and 59 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 42,'43, 50, and 27, and gi-ants of £51, 14s., £48, 8s. 6d., £59, 15s., and £29, 2s. 4d. Valuation (1880) £30,505, 19s. 7d., including £9203 for railways. Pop. (1801) 1109, (1831) 2227, (1861) 3688, many of them navvies, (1871) 2202, (1881) 2256.— Ord. Sur., shs. 11, 17, 1863-64. See Scott's Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border (3 vols., 1802-3) ; Dr William Chambers's 'Look into Liddesdale,' in Sketches Light and Descriptive (1866) ; and the Countess of Minto's Border Sketches (1870). Castleton of Braemar. See Castleton. Castle-Toward, a fine Gothic mansion in the S of Dunoon parish, Cowal, Argyllshire, at the eastern en- trance of the Kyles of ijute, 1^ mile W by N of Toward Point, and 2^ miles NE of Rothesay. Backed by the wooded slopes of Toward Hill (1131 feet), it was built in 1821, near the ruined castle of the Laments, Lords of Cowal, at which Queen Mary once dined, and which was burned in 1646, on occasion of the murder of the Laments at Duxoox. Its owner, Alex. Struthers Fin- lay, Esq. (b. 1806 ; sue. 1842), was M.P. for Argyllshire 1857-68, and holds 6758 acres in the shire, valued at £2867 per annum. Castletown, a village in Olrig parish, Caithness, at the southern comer of Dunnet Bay, 5 miles E by S of Thurso, with which and with Wick it communicates * Carby or Cacrhy Hill, to the S of the villaire, where there is a stron;,^ native camp, ICO feet in diameter, with a Roman station opposite, is by Sliene identified with ' Curia,' a town of the Otadeni. CATHCART daily by coach. A neat little place, it owes its origin to the great Castlehill flag quarry (rental £1713) be- tween it and the shore ; at it are a post ofiice under Thurso, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, a branch of the Commercial Bank, an hotel, a library and reading room, a harbour, Olrig parish church (1841), a Free church, a United Original Secession church, and a public school. Pop. (1841) 477, (1861) 758, (1871) 911, (1881) 932.— Ord Sur., sh. 116, 1878. Castle -Urquhart. See UKQrnAET, Invemess-shire. Castle-Varrich. See Tongue. Castlewalls, an eminence (700 feet) near the E border of Lochwinnoch parish, Renfrewshire, 3 miles SSW of Johnstone. Consisting of trap rock, precipitous on the E and W, sloping on the N and S, it has an ancient cir- cumvallation, supposed to be remains of a camp formed by Sir William Wallace, but more probably remains of a Caledonian fort ; and it commands a splendid view, over Cunninghame and the Firth of Clyde, to Arran and Ailsa Craig. Castle Wemyss, a mansion in Innerkip parish, W Eenfrewshire, near Wemyss Point on the Firth of Clyde, IJ mile NNW of Wemyss Bay. Castlewigg, an estate, with a mansion, in A^Tiithom parish, SE Wigto\A-nshire. The mansion, standing 2^ miles NW of Whithorn town in a finely wooded park, was built about the beginning of this century ; its owner, Col. Jn. Fletcher Hathom (b. 1839 ; sue' 1842), holds 3582 acres in the shire, valued at £5169 per annum. Castramont, a mansion in Girthon parish, Kirkcud- brightshire, on the left bank of the Fleet, 3 miles N by W of Gatehouse. It stands, embosomed by trees, at the western base of conical Doon Hill, which took its name from a native fort on its summit, as that of Castramont is derived from a Eoman camp at its foot. Cat. See Coat. Catacol, a fishing hamlet on the NW coast of Arran, Buteshire, at the mouth of Glen Catacol, If mile SW of Loch Eanza. A battle is fabled to have been fought on its site between Fingal and his enemies ; and a small green mound, on the neighbouring beach, is the re- puted grave of Arin, the sea-king, whom Fingal slew. Catcune. See Boethwick. Caterline, an ancient parish and a modern fishing vil- lage on the coast of Kincardineshu-e. The parish, united to Kinneff before the Eeformation, now forms the north- ern portion of that parish. The village stands 5 miles S of Stonehaven ; has St Philip's Episcopal church (1848), Early English style, and a pier ; and carries on some trifling commerce in the import of lime and coals. Caterthun, White and Brown, two hills in the X of Menmuir parish, Forfarshire, 5^ mUes KW of Brechin. White Caterthun (976 feet) is so steep that its top can be gained only from one side ; and, as seen from a dis- tance, resembles the frustrum of a cone. An oval Cale- donian fort on it, measuring 436 feet by 200 feet, consists of loose stones round the crest of the hill, with a deep outer ditch ; includes near its E side remains of a rec- tangular building ; and was defended, 200 feet lower down, by another double intrenchment. Brown Cater- thun (945 feet), f mile to the KE, has also a Caledonian fort, consisting of several concentric circles, but inferior in strength to the first ; it takes its designation ' Brown' from the colour of the turf ramparts, whilst its neighbour was named from its rings of white stone. See vol. i. , pp. 84, 85, of Hill Burton's History of Scotland (ed. 1876). Catgill, a ham.let in Half Morton parish, SE Dum- friesshire, close to Chapelknowe. Cathcart (Celt, caer-cart, ' Cart castle '), two villages of NW Eenfrewshire, and a parish partly also in Lan- arkshire. The villages, Old and New Cathcart, stand i mile asunder, near the right and left banks of White Cart Water, 2f miles S of Glasgow, under which they have a post office, and with which they communicate several times a day by omnibus ; employment is given to their inhabitants by a dye-work, a paper-mill, and a snuff factory. Pop. of Old Cathcart (1881) 621 ; of New Cathcart (1871) 933, (1881) 1656. 253 CATHCART The parisli contains also the towns or villages of Crosshill, Mount Florida and Langside, Crossmyloof, and Clarkston. It is bounded NW and N by Govan, NE by Eutherglen, SE by Carmunnock, S by Mearns, and W by Eastwood. Its greatest length from N to S is 3i miles ; its greatest breadth is 2^ miles ; and its area is 4101 1 acres, of which 37i are water and 1404 J are in Lanarkshire, in- cluding 931^ acres which lie detached a little to the S. The surface, in the main portion, is charmingly un- dulated, rising to 209 feet above sea-level near Crossmy- loof and Netherlee, whilst sinking to 79 feet near the parish church ; that of the detached portion is some- what hillier, attaining 426 feet near Little Diipps. The ■^^1lite Cakt traces the western border of this portion, and, lower down, meanders through all the main body. Of it the late John Ramsay wrote : — ' Sluggish and un- adorned though the "\Miite Cart be in the lower part of its course, it exhibits much beauty in its progress through the parish of Catheart, the banks being often elevated and clothed with a rich drapery of wood. Such is the warmth and shelter in some of the sequestered spots on its banks, that an almost perpetual verdure is to be found. In the midst of this scenery, Thomas Camp- bell and James Graham * were, in their childhood, ac- customed to pass their summer months and feed their j-oung fancies, removed from the smoke and noise of their native city. The latter, in his Birds of Scotland, says — ' " Forth from my low-roofed home I wandered blythe, Down to thy side, sweet Cart, where, 'cross the stream, A range of stones, below a shallow ford, Stood in the place of the now spanning arch." And Campbell, in his Lines on Re-visitinq Catheart, thus tenderly apostrophises the pleasant fields which he had so often traversed in "life's morning march," when his bosom was young — ' " O scenes of my childhood, and dear to my heart. Ye green waving woods on the margin of Cart, How blest in the morning of life I have stray'd By the stream of the vale and the grass-cover'd glade." ' The rocks are chiefly of the Carboniferous formation. Sandstone of excellent quality is largely quarried ; limestone and coal were formerly worked ; ironstone abounds ; and various rare minerals, now in the Hunte- rian Museum of Glasgow University, were found in the channel of the Cart. The soils are various, but generally fertile ; about 100 acres are under wood. A ruined vil- lage, comprising 42 houses, each of one apartment from 8 to 12 feet square, and all deeply buried beneath rub- bish or soil, was discovered in the early part of the present century on Overlee farm ; and on Newlands farm, small earthen pots, full of foreign silver coins of the 17th century, have, from time to time, been ex- humed. The field of Langside, where in 1568 Queen Mary's last blow was struck, is a chief object of interest, but \\'ill be separately noticed. Catheart Barony eitlier gave name to the ancient family of Catheart, or from it took its name. That family acquired the barony in the early jiart of the 12th century, and assumed therefrom the title of Baron about 1447 ; then having alienated the barony to the noble family of Sempill in 1546, re- purchased part of it in 1801 ; and were created Viscounts and Earls of Catheart in the peerage of the United King- dom in 1807 and 1814. Catheart Castle, on a steep bank of the White Cart, in the southern vicinity of Old Catheart village, dates from some period unknown to record, and in tlie days of Wallace and Bruce be- longed to tlie ancestors of the Catheart line. Seem- ingly a place of great strength, it continued to be in- habited by successive owners of the barony down to the middle of last century, when it was in great measure demolished for sake of its building materials, so that now it is represented only by one ruined ivy-clad square tower. On the bank of the river, and adjacent to the 'Other names that suggest themselves arc Tannahill, John Btruthers, ' Christopher North,' and Alexander Smith ; the last, in chapter xvi. of hia Smr.Tner in Skye, liits left a sketch of this haunt of his bovhood. 254 CATRAIL castle, stands modem Catheart House, into whose front a stone has been built, whereon are sculptured the arms of Catheart, quartered with those of Stair ; its present owner, Alan Frederick, third Earl of Catheart (b. 1828 ; sue. 1859), holds 88 acres in Renfrewshire, valued at £568 per annum. Other mansions are Aikenhead, Bellevue, Bogton, Camphill, Holmwood, Kirklinton, Linn, and Overdale ; and year by year the parisli is be- coming more and more thickly studded with good residences. Fourteen proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 57 of between £100 and £500, 84 of from £50 to £100, and 76 of from £20 to £50. Catheart is in the presbytery of Glasgow and sjTiod of Glasgow and Ayr ; the living is worth £387. The parish church, near Old Catheart village, rebuilt in 1831 on the site of its small old barn-like predecessor, is a handsome Gothic edifice, containing 850 sittings ; in its kirkyard are the graves of three mart3Ted Cove- nanters, of the Gordons of Aikenhead, and of two English Gipsies, John Cooper and Logan Lee. A quoad sacra church, a Free church, and a U. P. church, all designated of Queen's Park, are at Crosshill ; at Lang- side is a chapel of ease ; at Crossmyloof a Churcli of Scotland mission station ; and at New Catheart is another Free church Avith 650 sittings. Four schools^Cath- cart, Crossmyloof, Queen's Park, and Crosshill — with respective accommodation for 350, 142, 350, and 133 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 222, 168, 348, and 90, and grants of £214, 7s., £142, 7s., £327, 14s., and £61, 17s. Valuation (1860) £15,142, (1881) £86,112, 13s. 6d. Pop. of quoad sacra parish (1881) 7315; of civil parish (1801) 1059, (1831) 2282, (1861) 3782, (1871) 7231, (1881) 12,205, of whom 118 were in Lanarkshire.— Ord Sur., sh. 30, 1866. Catherine. See Katkine. Catherinefield. See Dumfries. Catherine's, St, a ruined ancient chapel in Southend parish, Argyllshire, on a bm-n in a secluded glen, 7 miles SW of Campbeltown. A cemetery and a spring adjoin it ; and the latter, till a comparatively recent period, had the reputation of a 'holy well,' and was frequented by invalids. Catherine's, St, a ferry on Loch Fyne, Argyllshire, opposite Inverary, and forming the communication from that town with the roads to Kilmun, Lochgoil- head, Cairndow, and Glencroe. Small piers are at it, and an inn is at its E end. See also Edinbukgh, Liber- ton, and Penicuik. Cathkin. See Carmunnock. Cathlaw, an estate, with a mansion, in Torphichen parish, AV Linlithgowshire, 3 miles N by E of Bathgate. Its owner, Jn. Wallace Ferrier-Hamilton (b. 1863; sue. 1872), holds 537 acres in the shire, valued at £854 per annum, including £20 for minerals. Cat Law, a mountain at the meeting-point of Lin- trathen, Kingoldrum, and Kimemuir parishes, W Forfarshire, 6 miles NW of Kirriemuir town. One of the Benchinnan Grampians, projecting be3'ond the general line of the range, it has an altitude of 2196 feet above sea-level ; it is crowned with a large cairn ; and it commands a very extensive and magnificent view. Catrail, an ancient earthwork, thus described by the late Dr Hill Burton in his History of Scotland, vol. i., pp. 90, 91 (ed. 1876) :— ' Whether in imitation of the Romans, or from some conception of their own, possibly earlier than the Roman invasion, the inhabitants of Scotland possessed a wall, strengthened by a system of forts. It is fortunate that it was seen by the antiquary Gordon, and caught a strong hold of Iiis attention. He has accordingly followed its tract, and described a great deal that agricultural improvement has obliterated. He finds its northern commencement about a mile from Galashiels, on the river Gala, a tributary to the Tweed on its northern side ; and there is a conjecture that it may have been carried from the other side of the stream across to the E coast. The most southerly trace of it is at Peel Fell, in Northumberland ; its profile is a ditcJi between two walls. It has three local names: "The Catrail," "The Dcil's Dyke," and "The Picta" Work CATRINE Ditch. " It passes through the most classic portions of the Border land, by Yarrow, Delorainc Burn, Meh'ose, and Liddesdale, then near the Leepsteel and Hermitage Castle. Gordon found its most distinct vestiges to be ' ' 24 and 26 feet broad, and very deep, the ramparts on every side 6 or 7 feet in perpendicular height, and each of them 10 or 12 feet thick." From the phenomenon that the moss has at one place thickened to a level with the top, so that the sides of the wall are exposed by digging, it is supposed that the wall is of extreme antiquity. There are several hill-forts on the line of this rampart, so disposed as to leave little doubt that they are elements of the system of fortification connected with the walls and ditch.' Thus Dr Hill Burton. On the other hand, in a lengthy correspondence that ap- peared in the Scotsman during November 1880, it was urged that the Catrail was neither designed nor cal- culated for a work of defence, but was simply a mutual boundary line between two neighbouring and fiiendly tribes. Among the arguments put forward to support this view are — (1) that the work is not continuous, ceasing, for instance, at Braidlee Burn ; and (2) that in places, e.g. on Woodburn farm, the ditch is only 3 feet deep and 6 or 7 wide, while the rampart is only 3 feet high. See Alex. Gordon's Itincrarium ScptcntrionaU (1726); Chalmers' Caledonia (1807); Wilson's Prehistoric Annals of Scotland (2d ed. 1863); and papers by the late Mr Wm. Norman Kennedy and Dr Murra}^ in Pro- ceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland and Transactions of the Hawick Archaeological Society. Catrine, a small manufacturing town in Sorn parish, Ayrshire, pleasantly seated, 300 feet above sea-level, on the right bank of the river A}t, 2\ miles ESE of Mauchline station, with which it communicates by omnibus. It owes its origin to the extensive cotton factory, established in 1787 by Claude Alexander, Esq. of Ballochmyle, the proprietor, in partnership with the well-kno\vn Mr David Dale, of Glasgow. By them the mill was sold in 1801 to Messrs Jas. Finlay & Co., ■who, having greatly enlarged it, added a bleaehing- work and three huge waterwheels in 1824. Regularly built, with a central square, and streets leading off it E, S, and W, the town has a post ofEce imder Mauch- line, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, a branch of the Royal Bank, a penny savings' bank, nine insurance agencies, two hotels, a gas company, a public library, and a brewery. Tlie principal building is the Wilson Bequest Hall (1880), wdiich, measuring 52 by 22 feet, can accommodate 500 persons, and has a reading-room attached. There are Established, Free, U. P. , and Evangelical Union churches; and in 1871 Catrine was formed into a quoad sacra parish. Two public schools, Catrine and Woodside, with respective accommodation for 315 and 207 children, had (ISSO) an average attendance of 310 and 177, and grants of £280, 9s., and £122, 5s. Pop. (1841) 2659, (1861) 2484, (1871) 2584, (1881) mZi.—Ord. Sur., sh. 14, 1863. Catrine House, a mansion in Auchinleck parish, Ayr- shire, 1 mile SW of Catrine town, across the river Aj^r, and 2 miles SE of Mauchline. It was the seat of Dr Matthew Stewart (1717-S5), to whom and to whose son, Prof. Dugald Stewart, Burns alludes in T/ie Vision as ' the learned sire and son. ' Catslack, a burn in Yarrow parish, Selkirkshire, rising close to the Peeblesshire boundary, and running 2| miles SE and E to Yarrow Water, just below Yarrow Feus. Catstane, an ancient monumental stone in the Edin- burgh section of Kirkliston parish, on the peninsula between the Almond and Gogar Burn, 3^ miles WNW of Corstorphine village. Some believe it to commemo- rate the slaughter, near the spot, of Constantin, lung of Alban, in a pitched battle, in the year 997, with Ken- neth, son of Malcolm, which St Berchan, however, clearly places on the Tay ; the late Sir James Simpson, on the other hand, in a monograph reprinted among his jKDsthumous Archwological Essays (1872), asks, ' Is it not the Tombstone of the Grandfather of Hengist and Horsa ^ ' Perhaps it is. CAVERS Catter, a fine old mansion in Kilmaronock parish, Dumbartonshire, near the left bank of Endrick Water, li mile S by W of Drymen. The property of the Duke of Montrose, it is occupied by his chamberlain ; and commands a splendid view of Buchanan park, lower Strathendrick, and the southern waters of Loch Lomond. Catterline. See Caterline. Cauldchapel, a farm in WandeU and Lamington parish, Lanarkshire. It contains two ancient small circular camps, one of them 180 feet in diameter, and also a moat or tumulus 60 feet in diameter and 5 feet high. Cauldcleugh, a mountain on the mutual border of Teviothead and Castleton parishes, Roxburghshire, 9^ miles SSW of Hawick. It is one of the chain of moun- tains separating Teviotdale from Liddesdale, and haa an altitude of 1996 feet above sea-leveL Cauldhame, a hamlet in the Perthshire section of Kippen parish, | mile SW of Kippen village. Cauldhane, a hamlet in St Ninians parish, Stirling- shire, 1 mile from Bannockburn. Cauldron. See Caldron. Cauldshiels, a little loch in the Roxburghshire section of Galashiels parish, on the estate and l| mile SSE of Abbotsford. Lying 780 feet above sea-level, it measures 2| furlongs by 1, and is prettily wooded along its northern shore ; Washington Irving tells how Scott prided himself upon this little Mediterranean Sea in his dominions — its depths the haunt of a water-bull. Cauldshiels Hill (1176 feet), to the SE, is crowned by an ancient Caledonian fort, which seems to have been connected by a rampart and fosse with the camp on the Eildon HHls, 2^ mUes ENE. Caulkerbush, a hamlet and a burn in Colvend parish, SE Kirkcudbrightshire. The hamlet lies at the burn's mouth, 8 miles ESE of Dalbeattie ; and the burn rises on Clonyard Hill, and runs 2\ mUes south-eastward to Southwick Water. Causea. See Covesea. Causewayend, a station near the mutual border of Linlithgowshire and Stirlingshire, on the Slamannan railway, 5^ miles SW of Borrowstounness. Causewayend, a hamlet on the S border of Penning- hame parish, Wigtownshire, near Bishopbui-n, o\ miles S by E of Newton-Stewart. Causewayend. See Calder, Mid. Causewayfoot. See Cuffabouts. Causewayhead, a village in Stirling and Logie par- ishes, Stirlingshire, at the end of Stirling Long Cause- way, adjacent to the Stirling and Dunfermline railwa}^, 1.^ mile NNE of Stirling. It has a station on the rail- way and a post office under Stirling. A paraffin work and a quarry of coarse sandstones are adjacent to the village ; and seams of coal are near. Causewayside, a village on the NW border of Old Monkiand parish, Lanarkshire, contiguous to Tollcross. Cava, a small island of Orphir parish, Orkney, 2 miles S of Houston Head in Pomona. It measures 1 by I mile, aud has a ruined chapel. Cavens, an estate, with a mansion, in Kirkbean parish, SE Kirkcudbrightshire, 13 miles S of Dumfries, aud 3 furlongs S of Kirkbean village. Its owner is R. A. Oswald, Esq. (b. 1841 ; sue. 1871) of Auchenceuive. The Regent Morton had a castle here, which James VI. visited as a boy. Cavers, a Teviotdale parish of Roxburghshire, con- taining, in its northern division, the village of Den- holm, 5 miles NE of Hawick, and, in its southern divi- sion, Shankend station, 7 miles SSE of Hawick. Very irregular in shape, being cut in two by Kirkton parish except for a narrow connecting link to the E, it is bounded NW by Wilton and Minto, E by Bednile and Hobkirk, S by Castleton, and W by Teviothead, Kirk- ton, and Hawick. It has an extreme length from NNE to SSW of 13 J miles, a width of from 70 yards to 4 miles, and an area of 18,352| acres, of which 88f are water. Tlie Teviot, for 5^ miles, roughly traces all the bound- ary with Wilton and Minto ; and Rule Water winds 2 miles northward to it along the Bedrule border ; whilst 255 CAVERS-CARRE others of its affluents here are the Honey and Dean Bums in the northern, and Slitrig AVater in the south- em, division of the parish. The surface sinks to less than 300 feet ahove sea-level in the furthest N, thence rising south-westward to 558 feet near Caversmains, 718 at Caversknowes, 675 at Orchard, 901 at AATiitacres Hill, and 988 at "White Hill— south-south-westward to 1392 at 'dark Rubekslaw,' 946 at Hoc;iie]d Hill, 1053 at Peat Law, 1034 at Berrvfell, 1253 at Burnt Craig, 1216 at Shankend Hill, 1516 at the Pike, 1677 at Maiden Paps, and 1964 at Greatmoor Hill, which, forming part of the Teviotdale and Liddesdale ' divide,' culminates just %vithin Castleton. The rocks are variously eruptive, Silurian, and Devonian ; and the soils range from very fertile loam to sterile moor. Dr Clialmers was assistant minister from 1801 to 1803 ; hut the name most closely associated with Cavers is that of the scholar-poet, John Leyden (1775-1811). The low-thatched cottage at Den- holm in which he was born is still occupied ; but Hen- lawshiel, at the base of Euberslaw, whither his father removed in 1776, has been long demolished. Antiqui- ties are four or five prehistoric hUl-forts, remains near Ormiston of Cocklaw Castle, and, in the southern divi- sion, about 3 miles of the Catrail ; whilst a crag to- wards the summit of Ruberslaw is pointed out as ' Peden's Pulpit.' Cavers House, a little SE of the parish church, on the site of a castle inhabited by the Baliols in the 12th and 13th centuries, is a large rec- tangular pile, baronial in aspect, with walls of great thickness and small old-fashioned windows. Its oldest f)ortion, a square tower, was built by Sir Archibald Doug- as, j-ounger son of that valiant Earl of Douglas who conquered and fell at Otterburn (1388), and whose ban- ner is here preserved along with the trophy won from Harry Hotspur. Sir Archibald's descendants were here- ditary Sherifls of Teviotdale, and also sometimes Wardens of the Marches, down to 1745 ; with the twentieth of them, Jas. Douglas, Esq. of Cavers (1822-78), the male line became extinct. Thereupon the estate — 9840 acres, valued at £7937 per annum — passed to his niece. Miss Llary Malcolm, who in 1879 married Capt. Edward Palmer. Other mansions are Orchard, Ormiston House, and Stobs Castle, which stand respectively 2f miles E by N, 2J E by S, and 4^ S, of Hawick ; and 4 pro- prietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 7 of between £100 and £500, 1 of from £50 to £100, and 8 of from £20 to £50. Cavers is in the presbytery of Jedburgh and synod of Merse and Teviotdale ; the living is worth £397. The old parish church, J mile NNE of Cavers House, is a long plain building, with traces of Norman and First Pointed work ; young Leyden made it his week-day study, and played in it some most unholy pranks. A little to the westward, and 2^ miles ENE of Hawick, is the present church, erected in 1822, and containing 500 sittings. Denholm has also a Free church (364 sittings) ; and under the Cavers and Kirkton school-board, three public schools — Cogsmill, Denholm, and Kirkton — with respective accommodation for 125, 201, and 125 children, had (1880) an average attend- ance of 50, 149, and 74, and grants of £48, 19s., £101, 16s., and £72, 3s. Valuation (1880) £16,149, 2s. Id., including £2296 for the railway. Pop. (1801) 1382, (1831) 1625, (1861) 1824, (1871) 1443, (1881) 1318; of registration district (1881) 842.— Ord. Sur., sh. 17, 1864. See the Memoir by Thomas Brown, pre- fixed to the centenary edition of Leyden's Scenes of In- fancy and other Poems (Edinb. 1875). Cavers-Carre. See Bowdex. Caverton Mill, a handet in Eckford parish, NE Rox- burglislurc, on the right l)ank of Kale Water, 4i miles SSE of Kelso. It was twice burned by the English, in 1544 and 1553 ; and it now has a public school. The barony of Caverton belonged anciently to the Soulises. Cawdor, a village in Nairnshire, and a parish partly also in Inverness-shire. The village stands on Cawdor Burn, near its influx to the river Nairn, 54 miles SW by S of Nairn town, under wliifh it lias a post office. At it is a good inn ; and a cattle tryst is held here on the Wednesday before each Inverness market, a fair on 26 256 CAWDOR July if a Wednesday, or else on the Wednesday fol- lowing. The parish is bounded N by Nairn, E by Nairn and Ardclach, SE by Duthil in Elginshire, SW by Moy and Dalarossie, and W by Croy and Dalcross. Its width from E to W varies between If and 5^ miles ; its greatest length from N to S is 9^ miles, exclusive of a south- south-eastward wing 5J miles long beyond the Find- horn ; and its land area is 29,366 acres. The river Naibn runs 5 miles north-eastward along or near the Croy and Dalcross border, and the northward-flowing Allt Dearg and Riereach Burns unite at the village to form its short affluent, the Cawdor Burn ; whilst the FiNDHOKN winds 2| miles through the SE corner of the parish. The surface sinks to less than 80 feet above sea-level in the furthest N, thence rising southward to 328 feet near Whinhill, 564 near Riereach, 698 near Clunas, 1000 in Cairn Maol, 1180 in Creag an Daimh, 1314 in *Carn a Chrasgie, 1380 in *Carn Sgumain, and 2013 in *Carn nan tri-tighearnan, where asterisks mark those summits that culminate on the boundary ; beyond the Findhorn are Carn a' Gharb ghlaic (1523 feet), *Carn an t-Seanliathanaich (2706), and *Carn Glas (2162). To the breadth of about 1 mile along Nairn river extends a cultivated plain, for some distance from which the hill-slopes are either under tillage or covered with fine plantations ; and all thence onward to the south-eastern boundary is a wide expanse of brown and barren heath. The arable and planted portions occupy little more than one -sixth of the entire area ; the remainder is pasture or moor. Devonian rocks prevail on the lower grounds ; grey gneiss, much shattered and contorted by veins of granite, predominates over the uplands ; and the two kinds of rock make a junction in the bed of Cawdor Burn. The soil of the plain is mostly an alluvial loam, resting on a substratum of sand and gravel, and rarely of great fertility ; elsewhere the soil is generally moorish and poor. Near the Allt Dearg are remains of a vitrified fort and of St Barevan's church ; but the chief artificial object — and one of high interest — is Cawdor Castle, perched on the rocky brow of Cawdor Burn, amid magnificent oaks and other venerable trees. The Calders of Calder were said to be descended from a brother of Macbeth, to whom, on his assumption of the cro^\•n, he resigned the thanedom of Calder. They were con- stables of the king's house, and resided in the castle of Nairn, but had a country seat at what is called Old Calder, | mile N of the present seat. They received a licence in 1454 to build the Tower of Calder, the nucleus of the present castle ; and they ended, in 1498, in a young heiress, Muriella Calder. In 1499 she, still a child, was walking with her nurse near. the Tower of Calder, when she was captured by a party of 60 Camp- bells. Her uncles pursued and overtook the division to whose care she had been entrusted, and would have rescued her but for the presence of mind of Campbell of Innerliver, who, seeing their approach, inverted a large camp-kettle as if to conceal her, and, bidding his seven sons defend it to the death, hurried on with his prize. The young men all were slain, and when the Calders lifted up the kettle no Muriella was there. Meanwhile so much time had been gained, that further pursuit was useless. The nurse, at tlie moment the child was seized, bit ofi' a joint of her little finger in order to mark her identity — no needless precaution, as appears from Camp- bell of Auchinbreck's answer to the question. What was to be done should the child die before she came of marriageable age? 'She can never die,' said he, 'as long as a red-haired lassie can be found on either side of Loch Awe.' In 1510 she married Sir John Campbell, third son of the second Earl of Argyll ; and from them are descended in a direct line the Campbells of Calder, created Baron Cawdor in 1796 and Earl Cawdor of Castlcmartin in 1827. The present and second Earl, Jn. Fred. Vaughan Campbell (b. 1817; sue. 1860), holds 46,176 acres in the sliire, valued at £7882, 12s. The Tower of Calder, after comin" into the possession of the Campbells, received great additions, and took the name of Cawdor Castle. It was formerly a place of CAWPLA CERES vast strength. Legend throws over it much mystery and romance, one tradition making it the hiding-place of Lord Lovat after CuUoden. ' The whole of Cawdor Castle,' to quote Mr Fraser Tytler, 'is peculiarly cal- culated to impress the mind with a retrospect of past ages, feudal customs, and deeds of darkness. Its iron- gi-ated doors, its ancient tapestry, hanging loosely over secret doors and hidden passages, its winding stau'cases, irs rattling drawbridge, all conspire to excite the most gloomy imagery in the mind. Among its intricacies must be mentioned the secret apartment which con- cealed Lord Lovat from the sight of his pursuers. It is placed immediately beneath the rafters of the roof. By means of a ladder j'ou are conducted by the side of one part of a sloping roof into a kind of channel between two, such as frequently serves to convey raiu-water into pipes for a reservoir. Proceeding along this channel, you arrive at the foot of a stone staircase, which leads up one side of the roof to the right, and is so artfully contrived as to appear a part of the ornaments of the building when beheld at a distance. At the end of this staircase is a room with a single window near the floor. A remarkable tradition respecting the foundation of this castle is worth notice, because circumstances still remain which plead sti'ongly for its truth. It is said the original proprietor was directed by a dream to load an ass with gold, turn it loose, and, following its foot- steps, build a castle wherever the ass rested. In an age when dreams were considered as the immediate oracles of heaven, and their suggestions implicitly attended to, it is natural to suppose the ass — as tradition relates — received its burden and its liberty. After strolling about from one thistle to another, it arrived at last beneath the branches of a hawthorn ti'ee, where, fatigued with the weight upon its back, it knelt down to rest. The space round the tree was cleared for building, the foundation laid, and a tower erected : but the tree was preserved, and remains at this moment a singular memorial of superstition attended by advantage. The situation of the castle accidentally proved the most favom-able that could be chosen ; the coimtry round it is fertile, productive of trees, in a wholesome spot ; and a river, with clear and rapid current, flows beneath its walls. The trunk of the tree, with the knotty protu- berances of its branches, is still shown in a vaulted apartment at the bottom of the principal tower. Its roots branch out beneath the floor, and its top pene- trates through the vaulted arch of stone above, in such a manner as to make it appear, beyond dispute, that the tree stood, as it stands to-day, before the tower was erected. For ages it has been a custom for guests in the famUy to assemble round it, and drink, "Success to the hawthorn;" that is to say, in other words, "Pros- perity to the house of Cawdor ! " ' What is known as the chain armour of King Duncan is preserved at Cawdor Castle, which is one of three places assigned by tradi- tion as the scene of that monarch's murder in 1040 by Macbeth, Mormaer of Moray. Earl Cawdor owns sis- sevenths of the parish, the rest belonging to Rose of Holme Rose. Cawdor is in the presbytery of Nairn and synod of Moray ; the living is worth £230. The church, erected in 1619, and enlarged in 1S30, contains 638 sittings, and is an interesting buUding, with a curious lych-gate and some old inscriptions. There is also a Free church ; and three public schools — Cawdor, Clunas, and Culchary — with respective accommodation for 115, 46, and 72 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 87, 35, and 33, and grants of £79, 18s. 6d., £39, Os. 6d., and £22, lOs. Valuation (1882) £5102, 19s. 3d., of which £4501, 17s. 3d. was in Nairn. Pop. (1801) 1179, (1831) 1184, (1861) 1203, (1871) 1027, (1881) 1070.— Orel. Sur., sh. 84, 1876. See The Book of the Thanes of Cawdor ; A series of Papers selected from tlie Charter- room at Cawdor, edited for the Spalding Club by Cosmo Innes (Edinb. 1859). Cawpla or Caplaw, a hill in the W of Neilston parish, and a lake on the mutual border of Neilston and Abbey parishes, Renfrewshire. The hill flanks the E side of the lake, 2^ miles "\A"NW of Neilston village, 17 and has an altitude of 652 feet above sea-level ; the lake is a dam on Patrick Water, and, measuring J mUe by | furlong, is larger in winter than in summer. Cayle. See Kale. Ceannabeinne. See Durness. Ceannard or Kennard, a loch in Dull parish, central Perthshire, 3^ miles SSE of GrantuUy Castle. L}-ing 1400 feet above sea-level, it is 5J furlongs long and from 1 to 3 furlongs broad ; its water abounds with small trout. Loch Ceannard Lodge stands on its northern shore. Ceannmor, a tarn in Crathie and Braemar parish, SW Aberdeenshire, 1| mUe S of the head of Loch Callader. Lying 2196 feet above sea-level, it measures IJ by f furlong, and seems to be the ' Loch Canter, very -Rild and dark,' of the Queen's Journal. Ceathramhgarbh, a division of Eddrachillis parish, Sutherland, between Lochs Laxford and Inchard. The name signifies ' the rough section of a country,' and is truly descriptive. Cellardyke or Nether Kilrenny, a fishing village in Kilrenny parish, SE Fife, forming an eastward extension of AxsTRUTHER-Easter, but united as a royal burgh to KiLREXXY. At it are the new Anstruther harbour, a branch of the National Bank, a Free Church hall (1870), a cod-liver oil works, 3 fishing-gear factories, and a saw- mill. A public and an infant school, with respective accommodation for 225 and 239 children, had (1880) an average attendance of ISO and 149, and grants of £165, lis. and £116, 2s. Pop. (1811) 804, (1861)1893, (1871) 2285, (1881) 2628, of whom 464 were fishermen. See Geo. Gourlay's Fisher Life; or, the Memorials of Cellardyke (Cupar, 1879). Ceres, a small town and a parish of E central Fife. The town, standing on the left bank of Ceres Bum, 2\ miles SE of Cupar station, was originally called Cyrus or Seres, after St Cyr, its pati-on saint in pre-Reformation times. It consists of the town proper and the north- western subm-b of Bridgend, the former old, the latter modern ; and comprises several streets, some good houses, and a neatly-kept green. Over its ancient narrow bridge the men of Ceres marched, according to tradition, to join Robert Brace's army on the eve of Bannockbum ; over it, too. Archbishop Sharp drove, in his lumbering coach, to meet his murderers on 3Iagus Muir. A burgh of barony, under the Hopes of Craighall, Ceres carries on considerable industry in several departments of the bro\vn Linen trade, and has a post office under Cupar- Fife, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, gas-works, an infirmary, horti- cultural, yearly, and total abstinence societies, and fairs on the last Tuesday of March and on 20 Oct. The parish church, rebuilt in 1806 on an eminence in the middle of the town, has a square castellated tower, and contains 1100 sittings ; adjoining it is the small tiled mausoleum — a transept of the former old church — in which lie several illustrious members of the Crawford- Lindsay family. There are also a Free church, and 2 U. P. churches. East and St Andrews Road, the latter of which was erected in 1876. Pop. (1841) 1079, (1861) 1068, (1871) 882, (1881) 724. The parish contains also the villages of Craigrothie, Chance Inn, Baldinnie, and Pitscottie, which stand re- spectively 11 mile WSW, 2 miles WSW, 2 E, and 1^ mile NE, of Ceres town. Irregular in outline, it is bounded N by Kemback and St Andrews, E by Cameron, SE by Kilconquhar, S by Largo, SW by Kettle, W by Cults, and NW by Cupar. Its greatest length from NE to SW is 6 miles ; its breadth varies from \ mile to 3f miles ; and its area is 10, 075 J acres, of which nearly ^ acre is water. The Eden flows 2 miles along the north-western boundary ; and its afiiuent, Ceres Bum, formed just above the town by Craigrothie, Class How, Craighall, and two lesser burns, flows 2 miles north- eastward into Kemback parish, and there 9 furlongs northward through Dura Dex. The surface is plea- santly diversified, here rising to 500, there sinking to 100, feet above sea-level ; Walton Hill (622 feet) is the highest point in the parish. The rocks are partly erup- tive, partly carboniferous ; and basaltic columns form a 257 CESSFORD range or cliff, extending | mile N and S on Newbigging farm. Trap rock has been largely quarried, both for build- ing and for road-metal ; sandstone abounds in the N ; and limestone and coal are found in the S. The soil, near the town, is a friable earth, incumbent upon gravel ; along the Eden is light and sandy ; and else- ^vhere is partly reclaimed moss or moor, but mostly a deep cold earth, incumbent variously on trap, limestone, and tUly clay. About two-fifths of the entire area are in tillage, one-half being in grass, and one-tenth under plantations or waste. Craighall Castle, Struthers House, and Scotstarvet Tower are the chief antiquities, and ^ull be separately noticed. Natives or residents were Rt. Lindsay of Pitscottie, a 16th century historian, and Sir John Scott of Scotstarvet (1585-1670), author of The Staggering State of Scots Statesmen ; among the ministers were Thomas Buchanan, cousin of the more famous George, and Thos. Halyburton (1674-1712), divinity professor at St Andrews. Teases House and Edenwood are good modern mansions, the former commanding a brilliant view of the Firth of Forth ; and 8 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 18 of between £100 and £500, 12 of from £50 to £100, and 19 of from £20 to £50. Ceres is in the presbytery of Cupar and synod of Fife ; the living is worth £372. Three public schools — Bridgend Infant, Ceres, and Craigrothie — with respective accommodation for 72, 220, and 108 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 50, 170, and 57, and grants of £36, 4s., £167, lis., and £46, 8s. Valua- tion (1881) £17,541, 8s. 6d. Pop. (1801) 2352, (1841) 2944, (1861) 2723, (1871) 2381, (1881) 2063.— Oj-ci. Sur., shs. 40, 41, 1867-57. Cessford, a hamlet of Eckford parish, NE Roxburgh- shire, 6 miles ENE of Jedburgh, and 3 WSW of More- battle. It stands on the right bank of Cessford Bm-n which, rising in Oxnam parish, runs 4f miles north-by- eastward to Kale Water. Cessford Castle, \ mile NE of the hamlet, was the seat from 1446 or thereabouts of the Kers of Cessford, ancestors of the Duke of Rox- burghe, and gives to the Duke the title of Baron Ker of Cessford (1616), and of Marquess of Cessford (1707). A place of great military importance, the centre of many a martial enterprise, it was besieged in 1545 by the Earl of Surrey, who said that 'it might never have been taken had the assailed been able to go on defending.' It was protected by a moat and an outer and an inner wall, and is now represented by the roofless ruin of its keep, 67 feet long, 60 broad, and 65 high, with walls 12 feet in thickness, and with a dismal dungeon of re- markable character, and a subterranean vault. An ash is still pointed out as the ' Jeddart justice ' tree ; and a large artificial cavern, called Hobbie Ker's Cave, is in a steep bank by the burn, \ mile N of the castle, and might be often passed and repassed without being observed. Cessnock, a small river of the NE of Kyle district, Ayrshire. It rises on Auchmannoch Muir, at 980 feet above sea-level, near the Lanarkshire boundary, and 1 mile SW of Distinkhorn Hill ; and running 5 miles south-westward through Sorn and Mauchline parishes, to within a mile of Mauchline town, goes thence about 9 miles north-north-westward, partly through Mauch- line parish, partly along the boundary between Galston on the right and Craigie and Riccarton on the left ; and falls into Irvine Water at a point 2:| miles E by S of Kilmarnock. Its winding course is varied and pictur- esque, and its waters afford good trout fishing, but are not open to the pul^lic. On its banks dwelt the lassie with sparkling roguish een of Burns's song. Cessnock Castle, an ancient tower, the property of the Duke of Portland, stands in the parish and 1§ mile SE of the town of Galston.— Ord. Sur., shs. 22, 14, 1865-63. Chalmers. See Glasgow. Chaluim, Loch, Sec Cailam. Champfleurie, an estate, with a mansion, in the parish and 2i miles E by S of the town of Linlithgow. Its owner, Rt. Hathorn Johnston-Stewart, Esq. (b. 1824; sue. 1842), owns 2036 acres in the shire, valued at £3884 per annum. See also Glasserton and Puysgill. Chance Inn, a hamlet in Inverkeilor parish. Forfar- 258 CHANONRY shire, near the coast, 6 miles N by W of Arbroath. It has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments. See also Ceres. Chanlock, a burn of Penpont parish, NW Dumfries- shire. Rising at 1500 feet above sea-level, 3 miles ESE of the meeting-point of Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, and Ayr shires, it runs 6 miles east-by-southward, and falls into Scar Water, 5 miles NW of Penpont village. Channelkirk, a Lauderdale parish in the extreme NW of Berwickshire, containing the hamlets of Old and New Channelkirk. The former, adjacent to the parish church, 8| miles ESE of Tynehead station, and 6 NNW of Lauder, is merely the remnant of an ancient village ; the latter lies 5 furlongs N of the church. The parish contains also the village of Oxton, i\ miles NNW of Lauder, under which it has a post ofSceT It is bounded E and SE by Lauder, SAV and W by Stow in Edinburghshire, NW by Fala-Soutra and Humbie in Haddingtonshire. Its greatest length, from N to S, is 6^ miles ; its greatest breadth, from E to W, is 5 miles ; and its area is 14, 202 J acres, of which 12 are water. Armet Water, on its way to the Gala, flows all along the north-western and western boundary ; the eastern is traced by Kelphope Burn, one of several head-streams of Leader Water, by which this parish is principally drained. The surface in the SE sinks to 630 feet above sea-level, thence rising west-south-westward to Collie Law (1255 feet), north-westward to Clints Hill (1535), Turf Law (1248), and Dun Law (1292), north-north- westward to Headshaw Law (1349), Carfrae Common (1373), and Ninecairn Edge (1479) at the NE corner of the parish, — these heights belonging to the western portion of the Lammermuirs. The rocks are chiefly Silurian, and are quarried both for building and for road- metal. The soils are variously sandy, gravelly, peaty, and moorish ; about 3000 acres are in tillage. Four proprietors hold an annual value of more and 4 of less than £500. On the hills are two prehistoric camps, one in the S, the other a little W of the church, and near the second is a fine spring, the Well of the Holy Water Cleugh. Here, about a.d. 636, according to the Irish Life of St Cuthbert, he was placed as a boy under the the care of a religious man, whilst his mother went on pilgrimage to Rome ; and here was afterwards built in his honour the church of ' Childeschirche ' (the anciertt name of Channelkirk), which church was held by Dry- burgh Abbey. Now the parish is in the presbytery of Earlston and synod of Merse and Teviotdale ; the living is worth £307, The church, rebuilt in 1817, contains 300 sittings ; and a public school, with accommodation for 154 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 89, and a grant of £71, 5s. 6d. Valuation (18S0) £8523, 16s. lid. Pop. (1801) 640, (1831) 841, (1861) 671, (1871) 705, (1881) 607.— Ord Sur., shs. 25, 33, 1865-63. Chanonry, a town and the seat of a presbytery in Rosemarkie parish, Ross-shire, on the Moray Firth, at the E side of the Black Isle peninsula, \ mile SW of Rosemarkie town, and 10| NNE of Inverness. It com- mands an extensive view of the Avaters and shores of the Moray Firth ; adjoins a tongue of land, called Chanonry Point, projecting into the Firth to within 7 furlongs of Fort George on the opposite shore ; and took its name from being the Canonry of Ross and the residence of the bishop. Constituted a royal burgh by Alexander II., it became united in burgh privileges with Rosemarkie town, under the common name of Fortrose, by charter of James II. in 1455 ; and now, except for being the seat of a presbytery, is known only as a constituent part of Fortrose. A chief feature in it is the remnant of its ancient cathedral, but that and other matters connected with it will be noticed in our article on Fortrose. A lighthouse on Chanonry Point was built in 1846 at a cost of £3571, and shows a fixed light, visible at the distance of 11 nautical miles. The presbytery of Chan- onry comprehends the quoad civllia parishes of Rose- markie, Avoch, Cromarty, Killearnan, Resolis, and Knockbain, the quoad sacra parish of Fortrose, and the Gaelic church of Cromarty ; is in the synod of Ross ; and meets at Chanonry ou the last Tuesday of March, the CHAPEL first Tuesdays of May and of October, and the last Tues- day of November. Pop. (1871) 10,403, (1881) 9405, of whom 266 were communicants of the Church of Scot- land in 1878. The Free Church also has a presbytery of Chanonry, with congregations at Fortrose, Avoch, Cromarty, Killearnan, Knockbain, and Resolis, which together had 2683 members and adherents in 1880. Chapel. See Abbotshall. Chapel, a village in Cambusnethan parish, Lanark- shire, near Ne^nnains. Chapel, a small village in the "W of Newtyle parish, Forfarshire. Chapel, a mansion in the parish and 1 mile of the village of Kettle, central Fife. It was the birthplace in 1794, and is now the residence, of the eminent surgeon, Jas. Moncrieff Arnott, F.R.S. Chapel, a farm in Moffat parish, Dumfriesshire, on the hill fronting Moffat Townhead. A ruined chapel, adjoining the dwelling-house, was erected by the Knights Templars, and is in the Transition style from Early English to Decorated, being chiefly represented now by the E and W gables. Traces of the foundations of other ancient buildings, probably the residence of some of the Knights Templars, are in the vicinity. Considerable landed property was annexed to the chapel, and passed to successively the Frenches of Frenchland, Grierson of Lag, and the Annandale family. Chapel or Chappell, a village in NeUston parish, Renfrewshire, one of the numerous seats of industry between Neilston village and Barrhead. Chapelden. See Aberdour, Aberdeenshire. Chapel-Donan. See Girvan. Chapelgill. See Broughton, Peeblesshire. Chapel Green, a hamlet in the AV of Kilsyth parish, Stirlingshire. An ancient chapel stood at it, and in a neighbouring tumulus an urn was found. It now has a public school ; and a former schoolmaster here was the minor poet, John Kennedy (1789-1833). Chapelhall, a large village in the NE of Bothwell parish, Lanarkshire, near the left bank of North Calder Water, 2 miles NNE of Holytown, and 2^ SE of Airdrie, under which it has a post office. Chiefly dependent on the iron-works and collieries of the Monkland Company, it is of recent origin, and consists of well-built houses, nearly one-half of them the property of operatives ; at it are a Free church, St Aloysius Roman Catholic church (1859), and a public and a Roman Catholic school, which, with respective accommodation for 250 and 249 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 229 and 192, and grants of £199, 5s. and £135, 8s. Pop. (1841) 1431, (1861) 1990, (1871) 1707, (1881) 1675. Chapelhill, a hamlet in Monzie parish, Perthshire, near the left bank of the Almond, 6 miles NNW of Methven Junction. A ruined ancient chapel at it was restored in 1834 to serve as a chapel of ease, and is now the quoad sacra parish church of Logiealmond. Chapelhill, an eminence in Old Kilpatrick parish, Dumbartonshire, adjacent to the Glasgow and Helens- burgh railway, the Forth and Clyde Canal, and the river Clyde, | mile W of Old Kilpatrick village. The site of the western terminal forts of Antoninus' Wall, it jaelded in 1693 two Roman monumental tablets, which are preserved in the Glasgow University Museum ; and Roman vases, coins, and other relics have also been found at it. Chapelhope, a burn and a farm in the NW of Ettrick parish, Selkirkshire. The burn rises close to the Peebles- shire border in the two head-streams of North and South Grain, which nearly encompass Middle Hill (1740 feet); and, from their confluence, runs 1^ mile E by N to the head of the Loch of the Lowes. The farm, 20 miles WSW of Selkirk, lies to the N of the burn, and contains, 3 furlongs from the loch, moss-covered foundations of an ancient chapel, with vestiges of rows of graves. Chapelhope is the chief scene of Hogg's tale of ' The Brownie of Bodesbeck ; ' and it gave shelter to large numbers of the persecuted Covenanters. Chapelknowe. See ^Melrose. ChapeUmowe, a hamlet in Half-Morton parish, Dum- CEAPELTON friesshire, 1 mile E of the English border, and 6 miles WSW of Canonbie, under which it has a post office. A U. P. church at it M-as built in 1822, and contains 244 sittings. Chapel of Garioch, a village and a Donside parish in Garioch district, Aberdeenshire. The village stands near the centre of the parish, 1;^ mile SSW of Pitcaple station, this being 5 miles NW of Inverurie, and 21J NW of Aberdeen. The parish, containing also Pitcaple village, which has a post and railway telegraph office, is bounded NW and N by Rayne, NE by Daviot, E by Bourtie, Keith- hall, and Inverurie, SE by Kemnay, SW by Monymusk, and W by Oyne. Irregular in outline, it has an utmost length of 81 miles from NNE to SSW, viz. , from Wartle station to Blairdaff ; its breadth from E to W varies between 6J furlongs and 4f miles ; and its land area is 13,059 acres. The Don flows 3J miles north-north-east- ward along the Kemnay border ; and its affluent, the Ury, winds 7^ miles east-south-eastward through the interior and along the boundary with Inverurie, in all its course being closely followed by the Great North of Scotland railway, which here, at Inveramsay, sends off a branch line to Banff. The Mither Tap of Bennochie (1698 feet) lies barely 1 mile from the western border; but within Chapel Garioch itself, the surface nowhere exceeds 700, or sinks below 170, feet above sea-level, attaining 324 feet on Balhaggardy, 364 near Letherty, 536 near Knockallochie, 546 by the church, 682 near Backhill, and 647 near Mains of Afforsk. Low rounded hills or long flatfish ridges these, which are all either planted or in tillage. The rocks are principally green- stone and granite, and limestone was for some time worked on the estate of Pittodrie. The soil on the banks of the rivers is generally a mixture of strong gravel and vegetable mould, and ranges elsewhere from a rich black loam to thin gravelly soil and poor stony clay. Above two-thirds of the entire area are either regularly or occasionally in tillage, and nearly all the remainder is planted with larches, Scotch firs, and hardwood trees. Antiquities are BALQunAiN Castle ;. a circular camp on the Ury, opposite Pitcaple Castle ; and the Maiden Stone, I mile W of the church, which, 10 feet high, 3 broad, and 10 inches thick, is inscribed with curious hieroglyphics, and is figured in The Sculptured Stones of Scotland. The momentous battle of Harlaw (1411) was fought in Chapel of Garioch, a native of which was Alex. Gerard, D. D. (1728-95), the eminent divine. The principal mansions are Pitcaple Castle, Fetternear, Logie, and Pittodrie ; and 9 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 3 of between £100 and £500, and 3 of from £20 to £50. Formed early in the 17th century by the union of Logie Durno, Fetternear, and Chapel, this parish is in the presbytery of Garioch and synod of Aberdeen ; the living is worth £363. The parish church, at the village, was built in 1813, and con- tains 722 sittings. There are also a chapel of ease at Blairdaff, and Free churches of Blairdaff and Chapel of Garioch. Three public schools — Chapel, Fetternear Madras, and Logie Durno — with respective accommoda- tion for 118, 130, and 100 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 88, 125, and 96, and grants of £83, 7s., £109, 12s. 6d., and £68, 7s. Valuation (1881) £13,181, 7s. Id. Pop. (1801) 1224, (1851) 2102, (1871) 1928, (ISSl) 1923.— Ord Sur., sh. 76, 1874. Chapel Park. See Ayr. Chapel Rone. See Broomhill. Chapelshade. See Dundee. Chapelton, a village in Glasford parish, Lanarkshire, 22 miles NNW of Strathaven, and 5^ SSW of Hamilton, under which it has a post office. At it are gas-works, an Established church, a Free church, and a public school. In 1875 it, with the district around, was erected into a quoad sacra parish in the presbytery of Hamilton and synod of Glasgow and Ajt. Pop. of village (1841) 367, (1861) 634, (1871) 468, (1881) 670 ; of q. s. parish (1881) 7S2.—Ord. Stcr., .sh. 23, 1865. Chapelton, a hamlet in the Glenlivet section of In- veravea parish, Banffshire, 13§ miles SSE of Ballin- 259 CHAPELTON dallocli, under which it has a post office. St Marj-'s Koman Catholic church here was built in 1829, and con- tains 360 sittings, whilst a school attached to it, with accommodation for 195 children, had (ISSO) an average attendance of £50, and a grant of £41, 13s. Chapelton, a hamlet in Inverkeilor parish, Forfar- shire, ih miles NNW of Arbroath. At it are a public school and remains of an ancient chapel, long used as the burving-place of the family of Boj-sack. Chapelton. See Borgue and Caputh. Charleston, a village in Rathen parish, Aberdeen- shire. Charleston, a village in Pitsligo parish, Aberdeen- shire. Charleston, a village in Kilmuir-"\Vester parish, SE Koss-shire, on Beauly Firth,' 2^ miles NW of Inverness. Charleston, a village in Glamis parish, SW Forfar- shire, at the foot of the Glen of Ogilvic, 2J miles S by E of Glamis station. It was founded in 1833, and built on 3 acres, feued at £24. Charleston. See Paisley. CharlestowTi, a seaport village in Dunfermline parish, Fife, on the Firth of Forth, "at the terminus of the Charlestown railway, I mile "W by N of Limekilns, 4 miles SSW of Dunfermline, and 14 AVNW of Leith by water. Founded in 1778 by the Earl of Elgin, whose seat of Broomhall stands | mile to the E, it was designed, and has well served the design, to be the commercial outlet for lime, limestone, iron- stone, and coal from the Elgin estate. It has such close connection with Limekilns, and with the extensive lime-works there, as to be practically one with them ; and it was early connected, by a private railway, 5 miles long, with the Earl of Elgin's collieries. It is a regu- larly aligned and well-built place, with a square enclos- ing a bleaching-greeu, and with rows of cottages some distance apart, and each pro\ided -with a good-sized gar- den ; at it are a post office under Dunfermline, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, a steam saw-mill, an iron foundry, and a tolerable harbour. The railway from it curves north- ward to thenorth-western vicinity of Dunfermline, there joining both the Stirling and Dunfermline railway, and with the West of Fife Mineral railway ; it was pur- chased in 1859 by the North British Company ; and in 1861, as held by them, was amalgamated with the West of FiJFe Mineral railway. Improvements on the harbour were made concurrently with improvements on the rail- way. The quantit3-of coal shipped was 258,011 tons in 1869, 192,532 in 1879, and 199,869 in 1880, in which last year there entered 1075 ships of 130,398 tons.- A public school, with accommodation for 215 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 117, and a grant of £106, 14s. 6d. Pop. (1841) 772, (1861) 701, (1871) 749, (1881) 588.— Ord Sur., sh. 32, 1857. Charlestown. See Abeklour and Aboyne. Charleton, an estate, with a mansion, in Kilconquhar parish, E Fife, 1 mile WNW of Colinsburgh. Its OAvner, Jn. Anstruther-Thomson, Esq. (b. 1819 ; sue. 1833), holds 4034 acres in the shire, valued at £7506 per annum. Charlotte, Fort. See Lerwick. Charlotte, Port. See Port Charlotte. Chamac or Chuinneag, a small loch in the NW of Eosskeen parish, NE Ross-shire, 7i miles WSW of Kin- cardine. Lying 1500 feet above sea-level, it measures 2 J furlongs l»y 1. Charterhall, an estate, with a good modern mansion, in Fogo parish, Berwickshire, 3 miles ENE of Greenlaw station. The property of the Trotters for upwards of four centuries, it is now held by Lieut. -Col. Hy. Trotter of ilortonhall (b. 1844 ; sue. 1874), who owns 6780 acres in the shire, valued at £12,703 per annum. Charters or Cheaters. See South dean. Charters-Chest, a recess in the steep slope of Craig Cluny, in Bracmar, Aberdeenshire, on the S side of the Dee, 1^ mile E of Castleton. It got its name from its being the depository of the luvercauld title-deeds during the relicllion of 1715. Chatelherault, a summer-house of the Duke of Ham- 260 CHIRNSIDE ilton, in Hamilton parish, Lanarkshire, on an eminence in the ravine of the river Avon, opposite Cadzow Castle. Built in 1730 after designs by the elder Adam, it takes its name from the French dukedom of Chatelherault in Poitou, conferred in 1550, with the town and palace thereof, and with a yearly revenue of 30,000 livres, on the regent, James Hamilton, second Earl of Arran. It is partly occupied by the Duke's head gamekeeper ; its wails are adorned with beautiful wood-carving and mould- ing in the style of Louis XIV. ; and it displaj's a fantas- tic front, with four square turrets all in a liae, and with florid pinnacles. Cheese Bay, a natural harbour on the NE of North Uist island. Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire. Cheese Well. See Mixchmoor. Cherrybank, a village in Perth East Church parish, Perthshire, Ih mile from Perth. It has a post office under Perth, and a public schooL Chesters House. See Ancrtjm. Chesters. See Southdean. Chesthill, an estate, with a mansion, in Fortingal parish, Perthshire, on the left bank of the Lyon, 12 miles W by S of Aberfeldy. Its owner, the Hon. LIrs Menzies, holds 16,117 acres in the shire, valued at £2724 per annum. Cheviots, a broad range of lofty hUls, extending from Cheviot Hill, 25 miles south-westward along the Eng- lish Border, to Peel Fell, whence another range — included sometimes in the general name of Cheviots — strikes westward to the Lowthers, parting Liddesdale and Esk- dale from Teviotdale. Cheviot itself (2676 feet), the highest summit of the range, belongs to England, lying fully a mile within Northumberland, 7 miles SW of Wooler ; but Auchopecairn (2422 feet), Windygate Hill (2034), Hungry Law (1645), Carter Fell (18^99), and Peel Fell (1964), may be called ' debatable points,' as they culminate exactly on the Border. The outlines of the hills are for the most part rounded ; often they stand skirt to skirt, or shoulder to shoulder, like clus- tering cones. The principal pass is that of Carter Bar. The prevailing rock is porphyritic trap, and the soil, over great part of the surface, bears a rich green- sward, excellent for sheep pasture. The highest portions, to a great extent, are heath ; and considerable tracts, on the slopes or in the hollows, are bog. The chief streams on the Scottish side are the Hermitage and the Liddel, going towards the Solway Firth ; the Teviot and the Beaumont going towards the Tweed. The golden eagle is now no longer seen ; gone is the ' gi'eat plenty of redd dere and roe buckes,' mentioned in Leland's Itin- erary ; but grouse are fairly abimdant, and the famous white-faced breed of Cheviot sheep is pastured in large flocks, ilany are the Cheviots' memories of invasions, of reivers' raids, and of smuggling frays ; but these will be noticed under the parishes of Yetholm, Morebattle, Hounam, Jedburgh, Southdean, and Castleton. — Ord. Sur., shs. 18, 17, 1863-64. Chicken Head (Gael. Ceann na Circ), a headland (211 feet) in Stornoway parish, Lewis, Ross-shire, at the southern extremity of the Aird, flanking the E side of the entrance of Loch Stornowa3^ Chirnside, a village and a parish of E Berwickshire. The village is 5 miles WSW of Ayton and 1 mile E by S of Chirnside station, on the Berwickshire branch (1863) of the North British, this being 26| miles NE of St Boswells, 4^ NE of Dunse, 4 SSW of Reston Junction, and bQ\ ESE of Edinburgh. It consists of two streets, straggling for nearly a mile along the brow of Chirn- side Hill, and commands a wide prospect, from the sea to the Cheviots and the heights of Teviotdale ; but it lies withal somewhat exposed, and suffered severely from the gale of 14 Oct. 1881. At it are a post office, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and tele- graph departments, a branch of the Commercial Bank, an inn, gas and water works, the parish church (rebuilt 1878 ; 656 sittings), a Free church (500 sittings), and a U.P. church (.'575 sittings). In the patronage formerly of the collegiate church of Dunbar, the old parish cliurch was a venerable structure, with a Norman W CHISHOLM doorway. A fair, of trifling importance, falls on the last Thursday of Kovember. Pop. (1861) 901, (1871) 852, (1881) 939. The parish, containing also the hamlet of Ellington, 2 miles E by S, is bounded N by Coldingham, E by Ayton and Foulden, S by Button and Edrom, and W by Bunkle. It has an utmost length from E to W of 3§ miles, an utmost breadth from N to S of 3J miles, and an area of 559i acres, of which 16J are water. "Whitadder Water, winding 6^ miles eastward, roughly traces all the southern boundary ; whilst its affluent, Billymire Burn, rises in the NW corner of the parish, and, first striking 1^ mile ENE, next flows 2 miles WSW along the northern, and If mile S by W along the western, bordei". The surface sinks in the extreme SE to a little below 100 feet above sea-level, and rises thence in a long north-westerly ridge to 2ii feet near Oxward and 466 on Chirnside Hill, which culminates 5 furlongs ENE of the village. The soil almost everywhere is very fertile ; and, with the exception of some 370 acres of plantation and 88 of roads and railway, the entire area is in a high state of cultivation. Ninewells woollen factory, an extensive paper-mill (1841) at Chirnside Bridge, and Edington saw-mills, also furnish employ- ment. Maixes and Nixewells, the latter interesting from its connection with the two David Humes, are the chief mansions ; and 5 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 7 of from £50 to £100, and 10 of from £20 to £50. Among former ministers were Henry Erskine (1624-96), grandsire of the Secession, to whom a monument, 25 feet high, was erected in the churchyard in 1826 ; and William Anderson, D.D. (d. 1800), the author of three ponderous histories. Chirn- side is the seat of a presbytery in the synod of Merse and Teviotdale ; the living is worth £399. A public school at the village and Ninewells Church of Scotland school, with respective accommodation for 170 and 60 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 168 and 31, and grants of £141, 19s. Sd. and £25, 6s. Val- uation (1S80) £13,226, 6s. Pop. (1801) 1147, (1831) 1248, (1861)1502, (1871) 1413, (1881) lolQ.—Ord. Sur., sh. 34, 1864. The presbytery of Chirnside comprises the old parishes of Chirnside, Ayton, Coldingham, Coldstream, Edrom, Eyemouth, Fouklen, Hutton, Ladykirk, Mordington, Swinton, and Whitsome, with the quoad sacra parish ofHoundwood. Pop. (1871) 17,019, (1881) 18,337, of whom 3696 were communicants of the Church of Scot- land in 1878, the sums raised that year by the above 13 congregations in Christian liberality amoimting to £1112. A Free Chmxh presbytery is designated of Dunse and Chirnside. Chisholm, an estate, Avith a modem mansion, in Rob- berton parish, W Roxburghshire, near the right bank of Borthwick Water, 75 miles WSW of Hawick. Chisholm, an estate in Kilmorack and Kiltarlity par- ishes, NW Inverness-shire. It comprises about 900 acres of arable land in Kilmorack, and 750 in Kiltarlity, besides a vast extent of woodland, mountain pasture, and picturesque highland scenery. Its principal seat is EiiCHLEss Castle, and it has also a romantic shooting- lodge on Loch Affmc. A mountain defile in it bears the name of Chisholm's Pass, and forms the entrance to Strathafi'ric. The ascent to it commands north-east- ward, or behind, a noble vista of Strathglass, and in front overlooks a wooded, rocky, impetuous reach of the river Afi"ric, with several cascades from 10 to 30 feet high ; the pass itself is successively a rapid ascent and a level reach, and exhibits, on a gi'aud scale, a wealth and multitude of features similar to those of Rothiemurchus, Killiecrankie, and the Trossachs. — Ord. Sur., shs. 72, 73, 1880-78. Choaric or An Corr-eilean, an islet of Durness parish, NW Sutherland, in Loch Eriboll, 2J miles from its head. Extending from KNE to SSW, it has an ex- treme length and breadth of £ mile and 1§ furlong, ex- clusive of foreshore ; it rises 74 feet above sea-level, is green and fertile, and contains an ancient disused bury- ing-ground. CLACHAN Choin, Loch. See Blair Athole. Chon, a lonely loch in Aberfoyle parish, SW Perth- shire, 7 miles WNW of Aberfoyle hamlet, 7 ESE of In- versnaid, and 1^ mile S of the upper waters of Loch Katrine. Lying 290 feet above sea-sevel, it has an ut- most length from NNW to SSE of If mile, whilst its width varies between If and 3 furlongs. The Avondhu, or northern head-stream of the Forth, flows through.it to Loch Ard ; mid-way along its eastern shore are three little islets, on which there was formerly a heronry ; and around it rise Caisteal Corrach (1075 feet) and Stron Lochie (1643), backed by Ben Venue (2393), and Beinn Uaimhe (1962), Beinn Dubh (1675), and Mulan an't- Sagairt (1398), backed by Ben Lomond (3192). Its shores are clothed with natural copsewood ; and its waters abound with trout, averaging f lb. The western shore is closely skirted by the Loch Katrine Aqueduct of the Glasgow waterworks ; and during its construction a temporary village, Sebastopol, arose near the head of the loch.— Ord Sur., sh. 38, 1871. Christ's Kirk or Rathmuriel, an ancient parish now forming the eastern portion of Kennethmont parish, W Aberdeenshire. The church, 1^ mile WSW of Insch station, is in ruins ; but its graveyard is still in use. On a green here was formerly held an annual fair on a night in the month of May, Christ's Fair or Sleepy Market, which by some antiquaries is supposed to be the theme of the famous poem of Chryst's Kirk on the Grene, commonly ascribed to James I. Christ's Kirk Hill (1021 feet) is on the E border of the parish, overhanging the rivulet Shevock, and is divided only by the narrow valley of that stream from the abrupt isolated hill of Dunnideer (876 feet) in Insch. Chroisg, Loch. See Rosque. Chryston, a village and a quoad sacra parish in the E of Cadder parish, NW Lanarkshire. The village stands near the Monkland and Kirkintilloch railway, li mileNE of Garnkirk station, 2 J miles ESE of Leuzie Junction, and 7 NE by E of Glasgow, under which it has a post office. At it are an inn, a beautiful Established chm-ch (1878; 800 sittings) with a fine spire, a Free church (1853), and two burying-grounds, in one of which is a neat granite monument to a native of Chryston, the weaver-poet Walter Watson (1780-1854). A public school, with ac- commodation for 450 children, had (1880) an average at- tendance of 255, and a ga-ant of £249, 16s. 6d. The quoad sacra parish, constituted in 1834, and re-constituted in 1869, is in the presbytery of Glasgow and sjmod of Glasgow and Avr. Pop. of village (1861) 582, (1871) 486, (1881) 464 ; of q. s. parish (1841) 2670, (1871) 3203, (1881) 3240. Chuinneag, Loch. See Charnac. Cilla-Chuimein. See Augustus, Fort. Cilliechrist. See Kilchrist. Cir Vohr. See Arran. Clachacharridh. See Nigg. Clachaig, a hamlet in Dunoon parish, Cowal, Argyll- shire, 3^ miles WNW of Sandbank. It has a post offic(^ under Greenock and an inn ; and near it are the Clyde powder-mills. Clachan (Gael. ' a stone '), a village in Kilcalmonell parish, Argyllshire, near the NW coast of KintjTe, 7f miles NNE of Tayinloan. At it are a post office under Greenock, Kilcalmonell parish and Free churches, and a public school ; whilst just to the E is Ballinakill House. Clachan or Loch a' Chlachain, a lake in Daviot and Dunlichity parish, Inverness-shire, 8J miles S of Inver- ness. Lying 683 feet above sea-level, it has an utmost length and breadth of h and ^ mile, receives one stream from Loch Duntelchaig, and sends off another to the Nairn. Its splendid trout-fishing has been much spoiled. Clachan, a village in Kibnorich parish, N Cowal, Argyllshire, at the head of Loch FjTie, 8 miles NE of Inverary. Clachan, a sound or strait between Sell island and the mainland of Lorn, Argyllshire. It resembles the Kyles of Bute, but is narrower, more diversified, and more richly picturesque ; and it is spanned, at the narrowest part, by a one-arch bridge. 261 CLACHANEASY Clachaneasy (Gael, clachan losa, ' Jesus hamlet '), a hamlet in Penninghame parish, E "Wigtownshire, 8 miles K b}' "W of Newton-Stewart. Clachan-Heughs, a rocky headland in Kirkcolm parish, "Wigtownshire, on the "W side of Loch Ryan, 1^ mile N by E of Kirkcolm village. Clachan-Inair, a place, with a sequestered and pic- turesquely-situated burying-ground, in the mouth of Glenmoriston, Inverness-shire. Clachan of Glendaruel. See Glendaeuel. Clachantiompan, an ancient memorial stone in Fod- derty parish, Ross-shire, midway between Castle-Leod and Strathpetfer Spa. It is supposed to mai'k the place where one of the Monroes fell in a conflict with the Mac- kenzies of Seaforth. Clachbhein, a hill 912 feet high in the N of Jura island, Argyllshire. Clachmore, a hamlet in the parish and 4 miles "W by S of the town of Dornoch, SE Sutherland. It has a post office, an inn, and a cattle fair on the Monday after the first Wednesday of May. Coal has been found in its vicinit}'. Clachmore, a loch in the NW of Assynt parish, SW Sutherland, 7 miles NW of Lochinver. It has an utmost length and breadth of 3 and 2 furlongs, contains trout, running up to 3 lbs., and sends ofi' a stream 3 fur- longs WSW to the sea. Clachnaben, a mountain in Strachan parish, Kincar- dineshire, flanking the SE bank of the Aan, and cul- minating 3 miles ENE of the summit of Mount Battock, and 9 SW of Banchory. One of the eastern Grampians, it rises to an altitude of 1944 feet above sea-level ; com- mands a view of the E of Scotland from Peterhead to the Lammermuirs ; and is crowned by a mass of bare granite, 100 feet high, from which it is sometimes called the White Stone Hill. According to an old-world couplet — ' There are two landmarks out at sea, Clochnabin and Bennachie.' Clachnaharry, a straggling fishing village in Inverness parish, Inverness-shire, on Beauly Firth, at the mouth of the Caledonian Canal, with a station on the Highland railway, If mile NW of Inverness. It takes its name, signifying ' the watchman's stone,' from neighbouring rocks where sentinels stood, in bygone times, to warn the townsmen of Inverness of the approach of any body of marauders ; at it are a post office under Inverness, and a public school, which, with accommodation for 150 children, had (18S0) an average attendance of 78, and a grant of £57, 4s. A pillar on the highest point of the adjacent rocks was erected by the late Major Duff of Muirtoun, to commemorate a battle said to have been fought in the vicinity in 1378, between the Monroes of Foulis and the Clan Chattan, and is visible over a great extent of surrounding country. Claclinamban, two huge stones, the one incumbent on the other, in Alness parish, Ross-shire, on a dismal moor not far from Kildermory. They are purely natural ob- jects, but they look, at first sight, like a work of art ; and they are associated, in local tradition, with a wild old legend. Clach-na-Ossian, a large stone on the banks of Al- mond Water, near the upper end of Glenalmond Pass, in Crieff parish, Perthshire, a little to the AV of Dun- more Hill, and 5 miles S of Amulree. It is 8 feet high, and from 4 to 5 feet broad ; and, about 1728 being re- nioved from its original site at the forming of Wade's military road, it was found to cover a cavity 2 feet long, IJ foot wide, and 2 feet deep, fenced with four stone slabs, and containing some bones and ashes. ' I have learned,' says Newte, who was here in 1791, 'that when Ossian's Stone was removed, and the coffin con- taining his supposed remains discovered, the people of the country for several miles around, to the number of three or four score of men, venerating the memory of the bard, rose with one consent, and carried away the hones, with bagpipes playing and other funereal rites, and deposited them with much solemnity within a circle 2G2 CLACKMANNAN of large stones, on the lofty summit of a rock, sequestered, and of difficult access, where they might never more be disturbed by mortal feet or hands, in the wild recesses of western Glenalmond.' MaccuUoch, ever at war with 'old poetic feeling,' discredits the story of Ossian's burial here, which Dr Donald Smith upheld most learnedly, and of which Wordsworth sings — ' Does then the Bard sleep here indeed? Or is it but a groundless creed? ■WTiat matters it ? — I blame them not AVhose fancy in this lonely spot Was moved, and in such way expressed Their notion of its perfect rest. A convent, even a hermit's cell, Would break the silence of this dell : It is not quiet, is not ease, But something deeper far than these ; The separation that is here Is of the grave, and of austere Yet happy feelings of the dead : And, therefore, was it rightly said Tliat Ossian, last of all his race, Lies buried in this lonely place.' Clachshant or Clayshant, an ancient parish since 1650 included in Stoneykirk parish, SW Wigtownshire. Clachshant, signifying 'the holy stone,' was the original name ; and Clayshant is a modern corruption. On Clay- shant farm, close to the shore, are vestiges of the ancient church, which belonged to Whithorn priory. Clackmannan, a town and a parish of Clackmannan- shire. The town stands 4 mile SSE of a station of its own name on the Stirling and Dunfermline section of the North British, and 2 miles E by S of Alloa, being built on an eminence which rises gently out of the carse plain to a height of 100 feet above the Forth. On either side the ground has a gradual descent ; but to the W, where the old Tower is placed, it is bold and rocky. The view from there is singularly fine. To the W are seen Alloa, Stirling, and St Ninians, and all the country as far as Ben Lomond ; on the N the prospect is bounded by the Ocliils ; S and E are the fertile fields of Stirling- shire, and the towns of Kincardine, Falkirk, and Lin- lithgow ; whilst the foreground is filled by the Forth, expanding into a broad sheet of water, like a large in- land lake. In the town itself, with a wide main street, but many poor houses, there is little to admire beyond its ruined Tower and an old market cross, surmounted by the arms of Bruce. The Tower, said commonly to have been built by King Robert Bruce, dates rather from the 15th century. Oblong in plan, with a short projecting wing, it is 79 feet high, its modern slated roof being gained by a spiral stair ; and it retains the cellars, kitchen, barrel-vaulted hall, upper chamber, machicoulis, corbie-stepped gables, and bartizan, with a 17th century belfry {Procs. Alloa Soc, 1875). Adjoin- ing the Tower stood the old mansion, the seat of the lineal descendants of that Robert Bruce to whom King David, his cousin, granted the castle and barony of Clack- mannan in 1359. Here were preserved the sword and helmet of the great King Robert ; and here with the sword Mrs Bruce of Clackmannan (1701-96), the last laird's widow, and a zealous Jacobite, knighted Robert Burns, 26th August 1787. (See Broomhall and Ken- net. ) In name at least Clackmannan remains the county toAvn, but it is quite eclipsed by Alloa, under which it has a post office ; a fair is still held on 26 June. The parish church (1815 ; 1250 sittings) has a lofty tower, on which a town clock was placed in 1866. There are also a Free and a U. P. church ; and a cemetery was opened in 1857. Pop. (1841) 1077, (1861) 1159, (1871) 1309, (1881) 1503. The parish contains also the villages of Sauchie, Fish Cross, Kennet, Westfield, and Forrestmill. It is bounded N by Tillicoultry and Dollar, NE by Muckart in Perth- shire, E by Fossoway in Perthshire and Saline in Fife, SE by Culross and 'rulliallan in Perthshire (detached), SW by the Forth, and W by Alloa. Its utmost length from NE to SW is 5J miles ; its width varies between Ih and 5 miles ; and its area is 9869§ acres, of which 86f are foreshore and 355J water, whilst 1020 belong to the outlying Saucuie section. The Forth, here from CLACKMANNAN POW CLACKMANNANSHIRE 3 to 7 furlongs broad, flows 1| mile along the SW border ; and its affluent, the Black Devon, after tracing 1§ mile of the Saline boundary, winds 4i miles W and SW through the interior, sweeping round the NW base of the eminence on which the town is built, and lastly for 2 J miles dividing Alloa from Clackmannan. On the N W border lies Gartmorn Dam (6 x 2^ furl. ). The surface, for 1^ mile from the Forth, is almost a dead level, part of the Carse of Clackmannan ; thence it rises, with a general north-eastward ascent, to 117 feet near Kennet, 200 near Woodyett, 207 at Gartlove, 300 near Parklands, 265 at Meadowhill, and 365 at "Weston. The rocks, to a great extent, are carboniferous. Sand- stone, of various qualities, is worked in several quarries ; coal has been largely mined for upwards of two centuries ; and ironstone is likewise plentiful. The soil exhibits a considerable diversity of character, but almost every- where rests on a hard cold till. Xearly all the parish, with the exception of about one-fifth under wood, is either regularly or occasionally in tillage. There are in the parish two woollen factories, a vat-building establish ment, two saw-mills, and fire-brick works ; and on the Forth are two harbours, Clackmannan Pow and Kennet Pans. Schaw Park, Kennet House, Kennet Pans, Kil- bagie, Aberdona, Garlet, and Brucefield are the principal mansions ; and 5 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 4 of between £100 and £500, 4 of from £50 to £100, and 23 of from £20 to £50. Clack- mannan is in the presbytery of Stirling and synod of Perth and Stirling ; the living is worth £360. It gives off a portion to the quoad sacra parish of Blairingone ; and Sauchie was formed in 1S77 into a separate quoad sacra parish. Clackmannan girls' school, and Clack- mannan, Forrestmill, and Kennet public schools, with respecrive accommodation for 100, 350, 94, and 144 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 88, 207, 41. and 98, and gi'ants of £51, 19s. 6d., £180, 4s., £45, 15s., and £83, 19s. Valuation (1882) £18,613, 12s. 3d. Pop. of quoad sacra parish (1881) 1681 ; of civil parish (1801) 2961, (1831) 4266, (1861) 4425, (1871) 4653, (18S1) ioil.—Ord. Sur., sh. 39, 1869. Clackmannan Pow, a harbour in Clackmannan parish, on the river Forth, at the mouth of the Black Devon, IJ mile SE of Alloa. Its mean depth of water is 10 feet at the usual shipping place, and 20 at the mergence of the Black Devon into the Forth. Clackmannanshire, the smallest county in Scotland. It is bounded N by Perthshire, E by Perthshire, Fife, and the detached secrion of Perthshire, SW by the upper waters of the Firth of Forth, which divides it from the main body of Stirlingshire, and W by Stirling- shire and Perthshire. Its length from N to S varies between 2J and 9| miles ; its greatest breadth from E to Wis 8| mUes; and its area is 31, 876 J acres, of which 454 J are foreshore, and 945 water, this area including the little outlying Logic portion, but excluding the Stirling- shire parish of Alva. The Forth winds lOJ miles south- eastward here, broadening from 1 furlong to 7 ; other streams are the Devox, and, in Clackmanxax parish, the Black Devon. Gartmorn Dam (6 x 2J furl. ), on the mutual border of Alloa and Clackmannan parishes, is the only large sheet of water. The surface in the S is low and flat ; in the centre is tumulated or moderately hilly ; in the northern parishes of Tillicoultry and Dollar forms part of the Ochil Hills, including Ben- cleuch (2363 feet), the Law (2094), King's Seat Hill (2111), and Whitewisp Hill (2110). The rocks, in the S and the centre, are mainly carboniferous ; in the N, are eruptive. Sandstone and trap rock are abundant ; coal is very extensively mined ; ironstone is worked ; and agates, topazes, other precious stones, and ores of copper, lead, antimony, cobalt, and sUver, are found. The climate, in the S, is comparatively dry and warm ; in the centre is somewhat moister and colder ; in the N is drier and warmer than the alti- tudes and breaks of the Ochils might lead one to an- ticipate. The scenery is richly diversified and highly picturesque. The soil, near the Forth and on parts of the banks of the Devon, is richly alluvial ; in the central tracts, is generally of a light fine qualit}', but of no great depths resting upon a gravelly bottom ; in the N, among the Ochils, affords excellent pasturage for sheep. Agri- culture is in a highly improved condition ; and 49 farms have each an extent not exceeding 5 acres ; 43 have each from 5 to 20 acres ; 17 have each from 20 to 50 acres ; 23 have each from 50 to 100 acres ; and 52 have each above 100 acres. Leases run 19 years or longer. Chief manufactures are woollen fabrics, muslins, camlets, ale, glass, iron, and ships ; the commerce is concen- trated at Alloa. The Stirling and Dunfermline rail- way intersects the county east-south-eastward ; a branch goes from that railway at Cambus to ilenstrie and Alva ; and the Devon Valley railway goes from the Stirling and Dunfermline at Alloa north-eastward to Rumbling-Bridge, and communicates there \^'ith a railway to Kinross. The county comprises the quoad civilia parishes of Alloa, Clackmannan, Dollar, and Tillicoultry, parts of the quoad civilia parishes of Logie and Stirling, part of the quoad sacra parish of Blairingone, and whole of Sauchie quoad sacra parish. The towns are Alloa, Clackmannan, Dollar, and TiUicoidtry ; the chief vil- lages, Txillibod}-, Coalsnaughton, Devonside, Menstrie, Fish Cross, Sauchie, Newtonshaw, Kennet, Cambus, CoUyland, Abbey, and part of Causewayhead. The principal mansions are Alloa Park, Schaw Park, Tulli- body House, Cambus House, Tillicoultry House, Kennet House, Dollarfield, Hillfoot House, Harviestoun Castle, Aberdona, and Povris House. According to Miscellaneous Statistics of the United Kingdom (1879), 30,189 acres, with a total gross estimated rental of £97,482, were divided among 1227 proprietors, one holding 6163 acres (rental £9517), four together 15,306 (£18,550), two 3292 (£4339), three 2158 (£4693), eight 2058 (£10,295), four 300 (£1873), sixteen 402 (£4543), fifty-two 185 (£10,618), eleven hundred and thirty-seven 325 (£33,054). The parishes are in the presbj'teries of Stirling and Dunblane and sjTiod of Perth and Stirling. The places of worship are 7 Established (3721 communicants in 1878), 6 Free Church (1473 communicants in 1880), 5 U.P. (1887 members in 1879), 1 Congregational, 1 Evan- gelical Union, 1 Baptist, 2 Episcopal, and 1 Roman Catholic. In the year ending 30 Sept. 1880, the county had 18 schools, 12 being public, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Roman Catholic. With total accommodation for 4983 children, these in that year had 4639 scholars on their registers, an average attendance of 3632, and grants amoimting to £3151, 19s. lid., whilst the certificated, assistant, and pupil teachers numbered 40, 4, and 33. The county is governed by a lord-lieutenant, a vice- lieutenant, 5 deputy-lieutenants, a sheriff, a sheriff-sub- stitute, and about 36 magistrates. The courts are held at Alloa. The police force, in 1880, comprised 6 men for Alloa, and 8 for the rest of the county, and the salary of the superintendent in Alloa was £80 ; of the chief constable for the county, £160. _ The number of persons tried at the instance of the police, in 1879, was 204 ; convicted, 178 ; committed for trial, 8 ; not dealt with, 8. The committals for crime, in the yearly aver- age of 1864-68, were 25 ; of 1870-74, 38 ; of 1875-79, 15. The county prison is at Alloa. The annual value of real property, assessed at £37,978 in 1815, was £52,923 in 1843, £75,113 in 1866, £98,267 in 1875, and £114,971, 15s. 4d. in 1882. The county unites with Kinross-shire in sending a member to parliament (always a Liberal since 1837) ; and it politically includes the Stirlingshire parish of Alva, the Perthshire parishes of TuUiallan and Culross, and the Perthshire section of Logie parish. The parliamentary constituency, in 1881, was 1455. Pop. (1801) 10,858, (1811), 12,010, (1821) 13,263, (1831) 14,729, (1841) 19,155, (1851) 22,951, (1861) 21,450, (1871) 23,747, (1881) 25,677, of whom 13,473 were females. Houses (1881) 5315 inhabited, 565 vacant, 20 building. , The registration county gives off the civil county s part of Stirling parish to Stirlingshire, and of Logie parish to Perthshire ; and had, in 1881, a population of 24 022. All the parishes are assessed for the poor ; and 263 CLADICH CLATTO all but Logie are included in Stirling combination. The number of registered poor, in the year ending 14 May ISSO, was 453 ; of dependants on these, 23S ; of casual poor, 165 ; of dependants on these, 98. The receipts for the poor, in the same year, were £5290, Is. 2d. ; and the expenditure was £4622, 12s. 2id. The number of pauper hmatics was 55, their cost being £1135, 4s. 5d. The percentage of illegitimate births was 9-4 in 1874, 57 in 1876, 7^9 in 1S7S and 1879, and 15 "1 in the second quarter of 1881. The territory now forming Clackmannanshire belonged anciently to the Caledonian Damnonii. Its chief matters of historical interest are noticed under Clack- mannan and Alloa ; and its chief antiquities are a Cale- donian stone circle in Tillicoultry parish, Clackmannan, Alloa, and Sauchie towers, Castle-Campbell, and Cam- buskenneth Abbey.— Ord Sur., sh. 39, 1869. Cladich, a hamlet in Glenorchy parish, Argyllshire, on the E shore of Loch Awe, 9^ miles N of Inverary. It has a post office, an inn, and a public school. Claig, a ruined fortalice in Killarrow and Kilmeny parish, Argyllshire, on Fraoch island, at the SE en- trance of the Sound of Islay Built by the Mac- donalds, it was defended by a ditch, and served both to command the Sound and as a prison. Claigean, a small bay in Kildalton parish, on the E side of Islay island, Argyllshire. Clairinch, a Loch Lomond islet of Buchanan parish, Stirlingshire, IJ furlong SE of the middle part of Inchcailloch, and f mile "W by N of the mouth of the Ench'ick. It measures 2| furlongs by 1, and is wooded. Claistron, a modern mansion in the NW of Orphir parish, Orkney, on the coast, 15 miles AYS W of Kirkwall. It was the residence of the late Lord Armadale. Clamshell or Scallopshell, a cave in Stafta island, Ar- gj-llshire. It is 130 feet long and 30 high, whilst gradu- ally contracting from a width of 17 feet at the entrance. One side consists of regular basaltic columns, so curved as to resemble the inner timbers of a ship ; the other is a mural face so pitted with ends of basaltic columns as to look like the surface of a honeycomb. Clanside, a Nairnshire hamlet, 4 miles from its post- town Nairn. Clanyard, a bay of Kirkmaiden parish, SW "Wigtown- shire. The bay opens from the Irish Channel, to the N of Laggantalluch Head, 5| miles NW of the Mull of Galloway ; and, triangular in outline, measures 2^ miles across the chord, and 1 mile thence to its inmost re- cess. It lies thoroughly exposed to all winds from the SE to the NNW. See Castle Clanyard. Claonaig, a burn in Saddell and Skipness parish, N Kintyre, Argyllshire, which, formed by the Larachmor and lesser head-streams, winds 2J miles south-eastward, past Skipness church, to Xilbrannan Sound, 2f miles WSW of Skipness Point. It abounds in trout and sea- trout. Clar or Loch a'Chlair. See Baden. Clarebrand, a hamlet in Crossmichael parish, Kirkcud- brightshire, 2^ miles N by E of Castle-Douglas. Here, lialf a century since, flourished two most original poets, John Gerrond, the blacksmith, and Samuel Wilson. Clarencefield, a village in Ruthwell parish, Dumfries- shire, near Ruth well station, 7^ miles W by N of Annan, under which it has a post oiSce. Clarkston, a village in Cathcart parish, Renfrewshire, 1 mile NNW of Busby, and 5J miles S of Glasgow. It has a station on the Glasgow, Busby, and East Kilbride railway. Pop. (1881) 763. Clarkston, a village in New Monkland parish, and a quoad sacra parish partly also in Shotts jjarish, Lanark- shire. The village, standing near the right bank of North Calder Water, has a station on the main Bathgate lino of the North British, U mile E of Airdrie, of which it ranks as a suburb, and under which it has a post office. The parish, constituted in 1869, is in the presbytery of Hamilton and synod of Glas^'ow and Ayr ; its minister's stipend is £120. The church was built about 1830 as a chapel of case. Pop. of village (1881) 540 ; of quoad sacra parish (1871) 4902, (1881) 7073. 264 Clashcamach, a harbour in the N of Durness parish, Sutherland, 3 miles E of Cape Wrath. It has a slip for boats ; and it is the landing place for commodities re- quired by Cape Wrath lighthouse, but it is nearly inacces- sible during high northerly winds. Clashmack, a hill (1229 feet) in the parish and 2 miles SW of the town of Huntly, NW Aberdeenshire, between the rivers Bogie and Deveron. Clashnessie, a bay and a hamlet in the NW of Assynt parish, SW Sutherland. The bay enters between the Point of Stoer and Oldany island ; lies exposed to NW winds ; and, excepting over a small space at its head, is properly no more than part of the Minch. The hamlet lies at the bay's head, 2J miles NNE of Stoer. Clatchard. See Abdie. Clathick, an estate, ^vith a mansion, in Monzievaird and Strowan parish, Perthshire, 2f miles ENE of Com- rie. Its owner, Wm. Campbell Colquhoun, Esq. (b. 1838 ; sue. 1861), holds 1017 acres in the shire, valued at £666 per annum. Clathy, a village, nearly in the centre of Findo-Gask parish, Perthshire, 24 miles NNW of Dunning station. Near it are the mansions of Clathy Park, Clathybeg, and Clathymore. Clatt (Gael. dcitJie, ' concealed '), a post-office village and a parish in the western extremity of Garioch district, Aberdeenshire. The village stands 3 miles SSW of Kennethmont station, this being 32J miles NW of Aber- deen ; in 1501 it was erected by James IV. into a free burgh of barony, but its Tuesday market and its May and November fairs are now alike discontinued, and it 'consists to-day of mere vestiges of its former self, and of a few modern neighbouring erections called Hardgate of Clatt. The parish is bounded NW by Rhynie, NE by Ken- nethmont, E by Leslie, S by TuUynessle, and W by Auchindoir. Its greatest length from N to S is 4 miles ; its breadth from E to W varies between 1§ and 3J miles; and its land area is 5711 acres. The Water of Bogie flows J mile along the Rhynie border, and its affluent, the Burn of Kearn, traces 3| miles of the western boundary, but the drainage is mainly carried eastward by head-streams of Gadie Burn. Of several chalybeate springs, one upon Correen is the most remarkable. The surface nowhere sinks below 550 feet above sea-level, whilst rising to 765 near Boghead, between the Burns of Gadie and Kearn, and to 1443 and 1588 feet on the Hill of Auchmedden and the Iilire of Midgates, which cul- minate close to the southern border, and belong to the Con-een Hills. Granite, whinstone, and clay-slate are the prevailing rocks ; and the soils range from a rich deep loam to light sandy earth, mixed with decomposed slate and small stones. Little more than one-half of the entire area is in tillage, about 300 acres being planted, and the rest being either joasture or waste. Remains of a ' Druidical cuxle, ' 20 yards in diameter, are in the northern division of the parish, where also upwards of twenty tumuli were discovered in 1S3S. In the SW corner was fought the clan battle of Tillyangus (1571), in which the Forbeses were worsted by the Gordons. Knockespock is the only mansion ; and the property is divided among two proprietors holding each an annual value of more, and three of less, than £100. Clatt is in the presbytery of Alford and synod of Aberdeen ; the living is worth £199. A pre-Reformation structure, as witnessed by a carved tabernacle and a piscina found in it, the church was almost rebuilt in 1799, and reseated in 1828, containing now 342 sittings. A public school, with accommodation for 93 children, had (1880) an average attendance of Q3, and a grant of £51, 10s. Valuation (1881) £4101, 7s. 7d. Pop. (1801) 433, (1821) 551, (1871) 483, (1831) i52.—Ord. 6'ur., sh. 76, 1874. Clattering Eriggs, a village in the parish and near the station of Lougforgan, SE Perthshire, 6 miles WSW of Dundee. Clatto, an estate in St Andrews and Kemback parishes, NE Fife. Its mansion stands near Blebo Craigs, on the southern slope of Clatto Hill (547 feet), 5 miles W by S of St Andrews. Its late owner was Sir Jn. Law, CLAUCHAN CLELAND E.C.B., G. C.S.I. (17SS-1SS0), a distinguished Indian General. Clauchan. See Clachax. ClauchandoUy, a hamlet in Borgue parish, Kirkcud- brightshire, 3| miles SW by S of Kirkcudbright. Clava, a dismal plain in the Xairnshire section of Croy and Dalcross parish, on the right bank of the river Nairn, 6 miles E of Inverness, and opposite CuUoden battlefield. It contains a large and very striking as- semblance of ancient Caledonian stone circles and cairns. The circles vary from 36 to 420 feet in circumference, and many of them seem unfinished. Four of the cairns appear to have been constructed out of pre-existent circles ; and one of them, on being cleared away, ■was found to conceal a passage leading to a circular convex chamber, 12 feet in diameter and 10 feet high. In the summer of 1881 the fallen standing stones were again set up, and the ground was cleared around the largest circle, when causewayed paths were discovered, leading from the base of the cairn to three of the outer standing stones. A great number of ' cup-markings ' have also been recently found on stones in this locality. Claven. See Dundoxald. Claverhouse, a hamlet and a bleachfield in Plains parish, Forfarshire. The village stands on Dighty Water, 3i miles N by E of Dundee, under which it has a post office. The bleachfield adjoins the hamlet, and is a very extensive establishment for the boiling and bleaching of yarn and linen cloth. Claverhouse man- sion, which stood a little to the N, was the family seat of John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscoimt Dundee (1643- 89), the ' Bloody Claver'se ' of the Covenanters, the ' Bonnie Dundee' of Jacobites ; its site is now occupied by a modern monumental structui'e, in the form of a ruin. Claybams, a village in Newton parish, Edinburgh- shu-e, 1 J mile NNW of Dalkeith. Clayhole. See Stranraer. Clayhouses, a village in Borthwick parish, Edinbui'gh- shire, near Gorebridge station, Clayland. See Cleland. Cla3T)ots, an old castle in the E of Dundee parish, Forfarshire, 1 mile NW of Broughty FeiTj-. It is popu- larly regarded as the residence of a mistress of Cardinal Beaton ; but it really was not buUt for some years after the cardinal's assassination. The legend of its brownie is given on pp. 326, 327, of Chambers's Popular Bhymcs of Scotland [Sd ed. 1S70). Clayquhat, a mansion in the northern division of Blairgo^^Tie parish, Perthshire, 7 miles NNW of Blair- gowrie town. Clayshank. See Clachshant. Clearburn, a loch on the mutual border of Yarrow and Ettrick parishes, Selkirkshire, 9 mUes ESE of the head of St Mary's Loch. Lying nearly 1000 feet above sea-level, it measures 2| furlongs by 1 ; and sends off a streamlet of its own name, 1 J mile west-south-westward, to Eankle Burn, at the site of Buccleuch Castle. Cleat, an estate, with a mansion, in Westray island, Orkney. The mansion stands near Pierwall village, 20 miles N of Kirkwall. Cleaven Dyke. See Caputh. Cleddin, a burn in Old Kilpatrick pjirish, Dumbar- tonshire. Part of the fosse of Antoninus' Wall is trace- able in a field near it. Cleghom, a mansion, an estate, and a station in Lanark parish, Lanarkshire. The mansion stands near the station, on the right bank of Mouse Water, 2^ mUes NE of Lanark town, and is an old but comfortable edifice, surrounded by a finely-wooded park. Its o^mer, Wm. Eliott-Lockhart, Esq. (b. 1833 ; sue. 1878), holds 2280 acres in the shire, valued at £2554 per annum. The estate includes a romantic ravine along the course of Mouse Water ; had anciently a chapel ; and contains vestiges of a Roman camp, 600 yards long and 420 broad, supposed to have been formed by Agricola. The station is on tlie Glasgow and Carstairs section of the Caledonian railway, 2f miles W of Carstairs ; and ad- joins the junction of the branch line to Lanark and Douglas. Cleish, a village and a parish in the S of Kinross- shire. The village stands on the N border of the parish, near the left bank of Gairney Water, 2^ miles SSE of Cleish Road station, 2J W by N of Blairadam station, and 3 SSW of Kinross, under which it has a post office. The parish is bounded N by Fossoway and Kinross, NE by Portmoak, E by Ballingry, S by Beath and Dunfermline, W by Dunfermline, and NW by Fossoway. Its greatest length from E to W is 6i miles ; its breadth from N to S varies between IJ and 2^ miles ; and its area is 6214| acres, of which 14 are water. Black Loch (2x1 furl.) and Loch Glow (6 x 3 J fuid.) lie on the Dunfermline border ; near them, in the interior, are the stUl tinier Lurg and Dow Lochs. The Pow Bum traces the north-western, Gairney Water the northern, and the early course of the sluggish Ore great part of the southern, boundary ; and the two first receive from the interior ten or twelve northward-flowing rividets. In the E are Blairadam Inn (337 feet above sea-level), Brackly Wood (1072) on a western outsku-t of Benarty, and Blackdub (393) ; westward, the surface attains 707 feet near Blairadam, 933 in Cowden Wood, 589 near West Mains, and 1240 on Dumglow, the highest of the Cleish Hills. The rocks are variously eruptive, Silurian, and carboniferous. Basalt is quarried, and excellent sandstone is plentiful ; good limestone occurs, and coal was formerly worked. The arable soU, in the W, is clay ; further E is good loam ; still further E is gravel and sand ; in the SE is stiff retentive loam ; and else- where is of various character. The grass on the highest hiUs is of fine quality, and forms excellent pasture for sheep. Traces of an ancient fort or camp are on one of the summits of the Cleish Hills ; and m-ns, containing human bones and pieces of charcoal, have been found under former cairns. A rock, the Lecture Stone, is in a stone dyke J mUe E of the parish church ; and was used, in pre-Reformation days, as a rest for the coffin during the reading of the bm-ial service. A stone, in- serted in a bridge at the E end of the parish, bears an inscription indicating the road here to have been that by which Queen Mary fled from Loch Leven Castle. The schoolhouse, in which the poet Michael Bruce (1746- 67) was schoolmaster, stood on what now is the farm- stead of Gairney Bridge ; and the public house, in which Ebenezer Erskine and the three other fathers of the Secession formed themselves into a presbytery (15 Dec. 1733), stood on the site of that farmstead's stables. The principal mansions are Blairadam and Cleish Castle. The latter, 7 furlongs W of the village, is a fine old structm-e ; its owner, Harry Young, Esq. (b. 1816 ; .sue. 1840), holds 1910 acres in the shire, valued at £1979, 10s. per annum. Eight lesser proprietors hold each an annual value of upwards of £50. Cleish is in the presbji;ery of Kinross and synod of Fife ; the living is worth £188. The church, rebuilt in 1832, is a very neat edifice con- taining over 400 sittings ; a public school, with accom- modation for 81 children, had (1880) an average atten- dance of 42, and a grant of £46, 63. Valuation (1882) £6775, 8s. Pop. (1801) 625, (1831) 681, (1861) 649, (1871) 539, (1881) iQS.—Ord. Sur., sh. 40, 1867. Clelajid, a village of N Lanarkshire, chiefly in Shotts parish, but partly also in Bothwell. With a station on the Morningside branch of the Caledonian, it stands near the left bank of South Calder Water, 3| miles ESE of Holytown, 7 E of Bothwell village, and 3^ E by N of Motherwell, under which it has a post office. It mainly depends on the large neighbouring collieries of the Omoa and Cleland Coal and Iron Company ; at it are an Established chapel of ease (1877), a Free church, and St Mary's Roman Catholic church (1877), to the last of which, designed bj' Messrs Pejdn, a presbytery was added in 1881. Cleland and Omoa public school and Cleland Roman Catholic school, with respective accommodation for 300 and 254 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 199 and 240, and gi-ants of £190, 7s. 2d. and £182. Pop. (1861) 1233, (1871) 819, (1881) 1626. Cleland and Midcalder Railway. See Caledonian Railway. 265 CLEPHANTOWN Clephantown, a village in Croy parish, 61 miles SW of the town of Nairn, near the left bank of Nairn river. Clephington. See Dundee, Clerkington, an estate, with a mansion, in Hadding- ton parish, Haddingtonshire, 1^ mile SW of Haddington tovra. Its owner, Capt. James Flower Houstoun (b. 1842 ; sue. 1879), holds 5148 acres in the shii'e, valued at £2268 per annum, Clerkston, See Claekston, Clermiston, an estate, with a mansion, in Corstorphine parish, Edinburghshire. The mansion stands f mile N of Corstorphine village, and was built in 1792, at a cost of £3000, The estate belonged in 1771 to the eminent phj-sician Sir Alexander Dick, forming till then a part of the barony of Corstorphine, and was afterwards sold to Samuel Mitchelson, who built the mansion. Sold again in 1795 to George Robinson for £11,000, and yet again in 1836 to Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey, for £15,250, it is now the property of "Wm, Macfie, Esq,, who owns 124 acres in the shire, valued at £443 per annum, Clett, a rocky islet of Thurso parish, Caithness, about 80 yards from the extremity of Holburn Head. Rising to a considerable height from the sea, it is covered in summer by vast flocks of sea-fowl, and offers a grand appearance amid the surf of billows during storms. Cleugh, a bum in Sorn parish, Ayrshire, rising, at 980 feet above sea-level, on the NW slope of Blackside, and running 4 miles south-westward to the river Ayr, between Sorn Castle and Som church. It intersects the castle grounds, traversing a richly-wooded glen, and making several romantic falls, Cleugheam, a shooting-lodge of the Earl of Eglinton, in East Kilbride parish, Lanarkshire, 5| miles S of East Kilbride station, Cleugh-Heads. See Applegaeth, Clickaroier, a lake near Lerwick, in Shetland, It has an island crowned with one of the largest round towers or burgs in Shetland ; and, being partially drained in 1874, it was fomid to contain, at its southern extremity, some curious ancient sepulchral remains. Cliff, a sound or strait and a hill-ridge in the SW of of Shetland, The sound separates West Barray island from the Quarff district of the mainland ; measures 6J miles in length, and from nearly ^ mile to 2 miles in width ; has a depth of 8 or 10 fathoms ; is flanked, on both sides, by high grounds ; and cannot be safely navi- gated in stormy weather. The hill-ridge, in Quarff district, flanking the eastern shore of the sound, has a maximum altitude of more than 500 feet. Cliff, a beautiful loch in Unst island, Shetland, the largest of several in the valley which bisects the island from end to end. It measures about 3 miles by ^ mile ; contains loch-trout, running 3 to the lb. ; receives the Burn of Baliasta ; and sends off Cliff Burn to the Bay of Burrafirth, Clifton, a village in Killin parish, Perthshire, J mile N of Tyndrum station. Lead mines, belonging to the INIariiuis of Breadalbane on the top of a hill £ mile WSW, employed over 100 men in 1839, but are now dis- continued, Clifton, the seat of malleable iron works in Old Monk- land parish, Lanarkshire, in the vicinity of Coatbridge, In 1879 it had 19 puddling furnaces and 3 rolling mills. Clifton Hall, a mansion in the Edinburghshire section of Kirkliston parish, standing amid a beautiful park, wiiich is bounded by the river Almond and the Union Canal, 2 miles W of Ratho, Its owner. Sir Jas, Ramsay- Gibson-Maitland, fourth Bart, since 1818 (b. 1848 ; sue. 1876), holds 4505 acres in the shire, valued at £14,246 per annum. Clifton Park, an estate in Morebattle and Linton parishes, NE Roxburghshire, The mansion on it is in Lmton parisli, 1^ mile NNW of Moreljattle village ; its owner, Rt. Hy. Elliot, Esq, (b. 1837 ; sue. 1873), holds 5258 acres in the shire, valued at £5178 per annum, 266 CLOSEBURN Clifton Hill (905 feet), 3^ miles to the E, is a beautiful dome-shaped eminence, on the right bank of Bowmont Water. Clintmains, a hamlet in Merton parish, SW Berwick- shire, near the left bank of the Tweed, 1^ mile NE of St Boswells, under which it has a post office. Clints of Drumore, a height (950 feet) in the NE of Kirkmabreck parish, SW Kirkcudbrightshire, 9 furlongs N of Drumore station. Clintwood, a vanished castle in Castleton parish, Roxburghshire, i^ miles NE of Newcastleton, Clippens-Square. See Balaklava. Cloanden, an estate, with a mansion, near Auchter- arder, SE Perthshire. Its owner, the widow of Robert Haldane (d. 1877), holds 747 acres in the shire, valued at £683 per annum. Clober, an extensive bleachfield and a mansion in New Kilpatrick parish, Stirlingshire, on AUander Water, ^ mile NNW of Milngavie. The bleachfield turns out annually about 3J million yards of cloth. The mansion is a modern edifice, in the old English manor style, after designs by Mr Baird of Glasgow. Cloch, a small headland in Inuerkip parish, Renfrew- shire, at the southward bend of the Firth of Clyde, 1£ mile E by S of Dunoon, 3 miles SSE of Strone Point, and 3§ SSW of Barons Point. It has a lighthouse, a circular tower rising 76 feet above the water's level, built in 1797, and showing a fixed white light ; and it commands a very brilliant view of the opposite shores of the Firth. Clochan, a village in Rathven parish, NW Banff- shire, 2^ miles S by E of Port-Gordon. It has a post oflice under Fochabers. Clochcan, a hamlet in Old Deer parish, NE Aberdeen- shire, 3 miles SW of Stuartfield. A public school at it, with accommoelation for 110 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 107, and a grant of £72, Is. Clochnabane. See Clachnaben. Clochoderick, a huge isolated rock on the SW border of Kilbarchan parish, Renfrewshire, 2J miles SW of Kilbarchan town. It measm-es 22 feet in length, 17 in breadth, and 12 in height ; consists of greenstone, the same in kind as that of neighbouring hills ; and has been deemed ' Druidical,' but appears to be nothing more than a fragment of a compact hill mass, gradually isolated by the slow disintegration and washing away of surrounding softer portions of trap rock. Clocksbriggs, a railway station near the mutual boun- dary of Forfar and Rescobie parishes, Forfarshire, on the Arbroath and Forfar railway, 2| miles E by N of Forfar. Cloflin, a bum in the W of Moffat parish, Dumfries- shire. Formed by three head-streams, it runs 2 miles eastward to Evan Water, at a point 2J miles WNW of Moffat town. Cloghill, an estate, with a mansion, in Newhills parish, Aberdeenshire, 5 miles W by N of Aberdeen. Clola, a hamlet in Old Deer parish, E Aberdeenshire, 3 miles S of Mintlaw, under which it has a post office. At it is also a Free church, rebuilt about 1863. Cloncaird Castle, a mansion in Kirkmichael parish, Ayrshire, on the right bank of Girvan Water, 5 miles ESE of Maybole. Dating partly from the 16th century, with a huge square tower, it received additions in 1814, forming an entirely new front. Clonyard. See Colvend. Closebum (12th century Kyloshem, ' church of Osbern '), a village and a parish of Nithsdalc, Dumfries- shire. The village, standing 238 feet above sea-level, has a station on the Glasgow and South-Western railway, llf miles NNW of Dumfries, 2| SSE of Thornhill, and 80J SSE of Glasgow ; at it are a post office under Thorn- hill and an inn. The parish is bounded N by Crawford in Lanark- shire, NE by Kirkpatrick-Juxta, E by Kirkmichael, SE by Kirkmahoe, SW by Keir, and NW by Morton. Its greatest length, from N by E to S by W, is 9| miles ; from E to W it has a varying breadth of 5 and 7 J miles, whilst in the S converging to a point ; and its area is 29,347i CLOSEBURN acres, of which 245| are water. The Nixn flows 1 J mile S by E through the western corner of the parish, tlien 5J miles SSE along the boundary ^vith Keir ; the Water of Ae, hurrying 8 miles southward from its source upon Queensberry Hill on its way toward Kinnel Water, and so to the Annan, roughly ti'aces all the eastern border ; whilst from Morton Closeburn is parted by Cample Water, winding southward and westward to the Nith. A number of burns run to these streams from the interior — Hen Grain, Clerk Grain, Pishnack Burn, Bran Burn, Capel Water, and Windygill Burn, south-eastward to the Ae ; Crichope Burn, south-westward to the Cample ; and Clauchrie Burn, southward to the Nith. Of these the most notable is Crichope Burn, which, rising in a moss near the northern extremity of the parish, forms, not far from its source, a beautiful cascade, the ' Grey Mare's Tail,' over a precipice of nearly 100 feet in sheer descent. Half a mile lower down the water has, in the course of ages, hollowed out to itself a nar- row passage through a mass of red freestone, where a peculiarly romantic linn is upwards of 100 feet from top to bottom, and, although 20 feet deep, is yet so strait at its head that one might easily clear it, but for the yawning gulf below and the din of the water running its dark com'se. * Inaccessible in great measure to man, this linn,' says the Old Statistical, ' was deemed the habi- tation of imaginary beings, and at the entrance there was a curious cell, the "Elf's Kirk," which, proving a good freestone quarry, has lately been demolished, and from the haunt of elves has been converted into abodes for men. In the days of the Covenanters, the religious, flying from their persecutors, found a safe hiding-place in Crichope Linn ; and a chair, cut out by Nature in the rock, was in later times the resort of a shoemaker, and ever since has borne the name of the " Sutor's Seat." ' By Sir Walter Scott, in his Old Mortality, this place was chosen for BaKour of Burley's lair. The only two sheets of water now of any size are Loch Ettrick (2^ x 1 furL) and Townhead Loch (2^x1 furl.). Castle Loch having been drained in 1859. Where the Nith quits the parish, close to Auldgirth station, the surface sinks to 92 feet above sea-level, thence rising northward and north-north-eastward to 784 feet near High Auldgirth, 847 at Clauchrie Hill, 1011 at Auchencairn Height, 1006 at Glencorse Hill, 1156 at Great Hill, 1045 at Sowens Knowe, 1431 at Queen Hill, 1675 at Wee Queensberry, 2285 at Queexsberry, 1989 at Garroch Fell, and 2190 at Gana Hill, which culminates right on the Lanarkshire border. The rocks are chiefly Silurian and Devonian. Laminated sandstone, suitable for pav- ing and slating, and limestone, have both been largely ■worked, the latter since 1770. The only ground com- paratively level, between the railway and the Nith, has a fine rich loamy soil, which on the lower uplands changes to light dry earth, and fui-ther N to desolate moss and moor. Along the Nith the parish is finely planted, containing 1158 acres of woodlands ; but few of the trees are more than 80 years old. Near the Castle is a sul- phureous, and at Town-Cleugh, a chalybeate, spring. About a mile of the Catrail may be traced near Town- foot farm-steading ; on Bammuir Hill is a ' Druidical ' circle ; and at diflerent points there are seven tumuli and six cairns, the largest of which. Mid and Pottis Shank Cairns, are respectively 217 and 220 feet in cir- cumference, and 12 and 9 feet high. Bronze celts and tripods have also been discovered, and two Roman cinerary urns were exhumed in 1828 in the garden of Wallace Hall. Closeburn's most interesting antiquity, however, is Closeburn Castle, a quadrangular tower, which, 56 feet high, has walls from 6 to 12 feet high, and consists of a gi-ound-floor and three vaulted apart- ments. Hill Burton describes it as a featureless Scotch peel, which never seems to have possessed the Norman archway depicted in Grose's Antiquities; but, according to Dr Ramage, the Norman mouldings have in reality been plastered over. The barony of Kylosbern belonged to the crown in the reign of David I. (1123-54) ; his grandson, Alexander II., confirmed its possession, in 1232, to Ivan de Kirkpatrick, ancestor of that Roger de CLOVENFORDS Kirkpatrick who in 1305 ' made siccar ' of the Red Comyn at Dumfries, and also of the Empress Eugenie. Thomas Kirkpatrick, for loyalty to Charles I., in 1685 received a baronetcy, the eighth and present holder of which is Sir James Kirkpatrick (b. 1841 ; sue. 1880) ; but the estate was sold in 1783 to the Rev. Jas. Stuart- Menteth, and in 1852 to Douglas Baird, Esq. , whose twin co-heiresses, Mrs Fred. Ern. Villiers and Viscountess Cole, together hold 13,550 acres in the shire, valued at £11,219 per annum. A mansion built by the first baronet was, through the carelessness of drunken servants, burned to the ground on the night of 29 Aug. 1748, with all the family papers, portraits, and plate ; the present Closeburn Hall is a very fine Grecian edifice. Wallace Hall School, giving education in English, mathematics, and modern and classical languages, was founded in 1723 by Jn. Wallace, merchant in Glasgow, and a native of Closeburn. The dwelling-house was built in 1795, and the whole was greatly improved in 1842 ; Crauford Tait Ramage, LL.D. (1803-81), a zealous antiquary and man of letters, was rector from 1841. Natives of Closeburn were Dr John Hunter (1746-1837) and the Rev. Dr Gillespie (1778-1844), both professors of humanity at St Andrews, and Dr Aglionby Ross Carson (1780-1850), rector of Edinburgh High School; Rt. Paterson ('Old Mortality ') has likewise been claimed, but really was born in Hawick. The fanatical Elspeth Buchan, with several of her followers, lodged in the outhouses of New Cample farm — now ' Buchan Ha' ' — from April 1784 to March 1787 ; once she was assailed as a witch, but pro- tected by the sheriff", who afterwards tried 42 of the rioters. Closeburn has memories, too, of Burns, who about 1788 paid many a visit at the old castle to WiUie Stewart, the father of ' Lovely Polly,' and factor to Mr Menteth (W. M'Dowall's Burns in Dumfriesshire, 1870, pp. 22-25). Four proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 2 of between £100 and £500, and 3 of from £20 to £100. Comprising the ancient parish of Dalgarnock since 1697, Closeburn is in the presbytery of Penpont and synod of Dumfries ; the living is worth £364. The church (1741 ; 650 sittings) was very dila- pidated in 1875, when there was talk of building a new one on a different site. There is also a Free church ; and Closeburn public and Lakehead girls' schools, with re- spective accommodation for 60 and 110 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 42 and 40, and grants of £28, 3s. and £28, 19s. Valuation (1881) £18,333, lis. Pop. (1801) 1679, (1831)1680, (1841) 1530, (1851)1732, (1861) 1651, (1871) 1612, (1881) lol2.—0rd. Sur., shs. 9, 10, 15, 16, 1863-64. See pp. 167-304 of C. T. ^Ram- age's Drumlanrig Castle and Closeburn (Dumf. 1876). Clouden. See Cludex, Clousta, a bay or voe in Sandsting and Aithsting parish, Shetland, penetrating the land for 1| mile in a southerly and south-easterly direction. It affords ex- cellent anchorage and good shelter. Clova, a hamlet and a quoad sacra parish of N For- farshire, in Cortachy and Clova parish. The hamlet, Millton of Clova, stands, at 800 feet above sea-level, on the left bank of the South Esk, 14 mile SSW of Loch Brandy, 15 miles N by W of Kirriemuir, and 19 S by W of Ballater ; at it are a good inn, a public school, and the chirrch, which, almost rebuilt in 1730, contains 250 sittings. Its padlocked jougs were presented in 1870 to the Edinburgh Antiquarian Museum. On a neighbouring knoll are the ruins of a castle, the seat once of a branch of the Ogilvies. The parish is in the presbytery of Forfar and synod of Angus and Mearns ; its minister's stipend is £120. Pop. (1871) 151, (1881) 105.— 0?y7. Sur., sh. 65, 1870. Clova House. See ArcniNDOiR and KeiVrk. Cloven Crags, See Perth. Clovenfords, a small village in Caddonfoot quoad sacra parish, and in the Selkirkshire section of Stow parish, on the left bank of Caddon Water, 9 furlongs N of its influx to the Tweed, and 3^ miles W of Gala- shiels. At it are a station on the Peebles and Galashiels section of the North British, a post office under Gala- shiels, an inn, and the Tweed vineries, a splendid 267 CLOVEN HILLS establishment heated by 5 miles of hot-water pipes, and j-ielding yearlj- 15,000 lbs. of grapes. John Leyden was schoolmaster here iu 1792 ; Scott often came hither in the fishing season ; and "Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy here passed the night of 18 Sept. 1S03. Cloven Hills. See Forkes. Cloven Stone. See Fixdhorx. Clovulin, a village in the district and 1 mile WSW of the viUage of Ardgour, N Argyllshire, near the AV shore of Locli Linnhe. Clow, a burn in Pettinain parish, Lanarkshire, run- ning to the Clyde. Cloy, a burn on the E side of Arran, Buteshire. It rises at 1480 feet above sea-level, and runs 4 miles NE and N by W to a confluence with the Shurtg and Rosie Burns, their united waters entering Brodick Bay I mile further N. Cluanadh. See Clt:nie, Aberdeenshire. Cluany, Loch. See Cltjxie. Cluden, a small river of Kirkcudbright and Dumfries shires. It is formed by the confluence of the Cairx and Old Water of Cluden, close to the beautiful Routing Bridge, on the mutual boundary of Kirkpatrick-Irongray parish in Kirkcudbrightshire, and Holywood in Dum- friesshire, 6f miles "\VNW of Dumfries by road. Thence it winds 6g miles east-south-eastward along the boundary between the shu-es, and falls into the ' sweeping Nith ' at Lincluden, 1^ mile N by "W of Dumfries. It figures in our pastoral poetry as 'lonely Cluden's hermit stream,' but nevertheless has a soft and lovely character, con- nected rather with fields and woods and lawns than sheepwalks. It contains large yellow trout and a few pike ; and is ascended by salmon, grilses, sea-trout, and herlings. Its salmon are a distinct variety from those of the Nith, thicker and shorter in the body, much shorter in the head, and generally of a darker hue.— Ord Sitr., sh. 9, 1863. Cluden, Old Water of. See Old "Water. Cluggy. See Castlecltjggt. Clumlee, a hamlet and a headland in the E of Dun- rossness parish, Shetland, 17 miles SSW of Lerwick. Clumley, Loch. See Saxdwick. Clune, an estate in the E of Carnock parish, Fife, 2h miles "WNW of Dunfermline. It contains Balclune and Easter Clune hamlets ; and includes rising gi'ounds which command magnificent views. Clunes, a station in Kirkhill parish, JN" Inverness- shire, on the Highland railwaj', 7^ miles "W by N of Inverness. Near it is Clunes mansion. Clunie (Gael, cluaine, 'place of the good pasture'), a parish in Stormont district, NE Perthshire, whose church, on the "W shore of the Loch of Clunie, is b\ miles "W by S of the post-town, Blairgowrie, and which contains the post-office hamlet of Forneth. Irregular in outline, it is bounded N by Kirkmichael, E by the Blackcraig section of Blairgowrie, Kinloch, and Caputh, S"W by Caputh, "W by Caputh and Dowally-Dunkeld, N"W by Logierait. Its greatest length, from NNW to SSE, is 7| miles ; its breadth, from E to "W, varies between i and 3J miles ; and its area is 11,678 acres, of which 294^ are water, and 1458 belong to two detached portions, Essendy (If x | mile) and Gom-die (Ig x ^ mile), which, lying less than h mile SE of the main body, are separated therefrom by Caputh. Baden Burn, rising on Meall Dubh, flows 2 miles SSE through the southern interior, then 2| miles along the Blairgowrie boundary, which for \l mile more is traced by Lorxty Burn, flowing If mile ESE through Clunie from Loch Benachally. BucKXY Burn, again, runs 2 miles S and "W along the western border, and through the interior to the Lunax, which itself winds 3 miles ESE through the southern division of the parish to the Loch of Clunie, next l^ mile E to the Loch of Drumallie. The Loch of Clunie, in shape resembling a triangle with southward apex, has an equal utmost length and breadth of 5 furlongs, is 84 feet deep, and contains pike, perch, trout, and eels ; Loch Bexachally (7 x 3^ furl.) is the other chief Bheet_ of water. The surface sinks in the furthest S to 230, in the SE to 195, feet above sea-level : thence ris- 268 CLUNY ing northward to 653 feet on the Craig of Clunie, a romantic mass of trap rock, and to 560 near Stars of Forneth, 1045 on Arlick, 1594 on Bexachally, 1692 at Craig "Wood, and 1775 on Meall Dubh, which cul- minates right on the Kirkmichael boundary. In the detached portions are Gourdie Hill (517 feet) and Aiken- head (296). Granite, quartz, sandstone, and limestone are plentiful ; and a fine blue slate, copper pyrites, and sulplaate of barvtes are found. Mineral springs are at Milton of Clunie, and a little to the E of Bogmile. The soil of the arable lands is generally light and gravelly, but yields good crops. Nearly 3000 acres are either regularly or occasionally in tillage, and himdreds of acres, waste not long ago, are covered now with thriv- ing plantations of larch and Scotch pine. A number of cairns have disappeared, but part of the Picts' Dyke is traceable near Buckny Burn ; near the church is a standing stone ; and eight parallel mounds and trenches, known as the Steeds' Stalls, and said to have been formed by an advanced guard of the Caledonian host to watch the movements of the invading Romans, are on the SE slojje of Gourdie Hill. On a large green knoll, too, 50 feet high, to the "W of the Loch of Clunie, are vestiges of a ' summer palace or hunting-seat of Kenneth Macalpin,' according to the Old Statistical; and on an islet in the loch itself are the ruins of Clunie Castle. The islet, half an acre in extent, is evidently artificial, a crannoge probably or lake-dwelling ; the castle, with walls 9 feet in thickness, is said to have been built by George Bro\™, Bishop of Dunkeld from 1485 to 1514, to have been a residence of the Earls of Airlie, and to have been the birthplace of the Admirable Crichton (1560-83). The last it certainly was not, for he was born at Eliock in Dumfriesshire ; possibly, however, part of his boyhood was spent in this parish, where his father purchased an estate. Forneth and Gourdie are the principal mansions ; and 4 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 5 of between £100 and £500, and 3 of less than £100. Clunie is in the presbytery of Dunkeld and synod of Perth and Stirling; the living is worth £271. The parish church, rebuilt in 1840, is a good Gothic structure, with a tower and 600 sittings ; a Free church stands in the Essendy section. A public school, ^^•ith accommodation for 106 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 76, and a grant of £86, 16s. Valuation (1881) £8018, 8s. 5d. Pop. (1801) 913, (1831) 944, (1861) 699, (1871) 603, (ISSl) 582.— Orf?. Sur., sh. 56, 1870. Clunie, a loch of Glenshiel and Urquhart parishes, on the mutual boundary of Ross and Inverness shires, 16 miles "W by N of Fort Augustus. Lying 606 feet above sea-level, it has a length from "W to E of 4| miles, whilst its width varies between 1 furlong and ^ mile. At its head it receives the river Clunie, flowing 4| miles eastward, and at its foot sends off the river Moriston to Loch Ness ; its northern shore is skirted by "Wade's military road from Fort Augustus to Invershiel, and also, closer, by the more modern road thither from In- vennoristo]]. A dreary, featureless lake, but one that affords good trout-fishing.— Orc^. Sur., sh. 72, 1880. Clunie Water, a stream of Crathie and Braemar parish, SW Aberdeenshire, formed by two head-streams, Bad- doch Burn and AUt Bhruididh, which rise at 2500 feet above sea-level, close to the Perthshire and Forfarshire borders. Thence it runs 7 miles north-by-eastward along rocky Glen Clunie, and falls into the Dee, 1 mile below Castleton of Braemar. Its chief afiluent is Cal- laber Burn. The Queen's ' last expedition ' with the Prince Consort (16 Oct. 1861) lay up Glen Clunie.— Ord Sur., sh. 65, 1870. Cluny, a parish of Aberdeenshire, whose church .stands 2 miles SSW of Monymusk station on the Alford "Valley railway, this being 20J miles NW of Aberdeen. It has a post office xmder Aberdeen, with which it communi- cates daily by coach. Irregular in shape, it is bounded N by Monymusk, NE by Kemnay, E by Skene, S by Echt and Midmar, SW by Kincardine O'Neil, and "VV by Tough. Its greatest length from E to W is 7i miles; its breadth from N to S varies between 1 and 3| miles ; CLUNY and its land area is 9741 acres, including a detached portion (1^ x 1 mile) lying J mile S of the -n-estem ex- tremity of the main body, and surrounded by Midmar and Kincardine O'Neil. Much of the southern boundary is traced by Kinnernie Burn ; of the northern, by Tor Burn, -u-hich from the interior receives the Bum of Cluny, with its affluents, the Douglas, Corsindae, and Linton rivulets. The drainage belongs thus partly to the Dee, but chiefly to the Don. The surface sinks on the Tor Burn to 260 feet above sea-level, and over the eastern half of the parish nowhere much exceeds 600 feet ; westward it rises to Black Hill (608 feet) and Green Hill (1607), which culminates right upon the Jlidmar border. Granite is the prevailing rock ; and the soils vary from deep yellowish loam along the streams to light, dr}^, moorish earth on the hUl slopes. A large area is under wood, the plantations of Scotch tirs and larch ranging in age from 20 to 100 years, and in extent from 1 to 900 acres. Antiquities are three Caledonian circles, five standing-stones, and, in the western half of the parish, the ruins of Tilliecairn Castle, once held by Matthew Lumsden, who died in 1580, and who was author of A Genealogical History of the House of Forbes. Cluny Castle, rebuilt (1840-72) on the site of the 15th century stronghold of a Huntly Gordon, stands 1\ mile S of Monymusk station, and is a stately castellated pile of grey granite, with centi'al quadrangle, high parapets and corner turrets, a richly decorated oratory, and a pinetum comprising 400 varieties. Its owner, the widow of John Gordon, Esq. of Cluny (1822- 78), who held 20,395 acres in the shire, valued at £13,714 per annum, in 1880 married Sir Reginald Cath- cart, Bart, of KUlochan. (See also Belchestke.) Other mansions are Castle Feasep. and Linton House, the latter 3 miles SSE of Monymusk station ; and in all 4 proprietors hold each an annual value of more, and 6 of less, than £100. Cluny is in the presbytery of Kin- cardine O'Neil and synod of Aberdeen ; the living is worth £224. The parish church is a plain old building ; and there is a Free church near Linton House. Four schools — Cluny public and Free Church, Corennie Gor- don's female, and Castle Fraser proprietary — with re- spective accommodation for 153, 99, 64, and 29 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 60, 71, 57, and 21, and grants of £43, 10s. , £43, Is. 4d. , £48, 17s. , and £13, 16s. Valuation (1881) £7526, 13s. 9d. Pop. (1801) 821, C1S41) 959, (1861) 1254, (1871) 1366, (1881) 1298.— Ord Sur., sh. 76, 1S74. Cluny, a village in Auchterderran parish, Fife, 1 mUe E of Cardenden station, and 4 miles NW of Kirkcaldy. Extensive collieries are in its eastern vicinity. Cluny Castle, a mansion in Laggan parish, Inverness- shire, on the left bank of the Spey, 8f miles WSW of Kingussie, by the road thence to Loch Laggan. It is the seat of the chiefs of the Clan Macpherson, a line re- markable for its loj'alty to the house of Stewart, in the persons of Queen Mary, Charles I., the Old Chevalier, and Prince Charles Edward. The Climy Macpherson at the time of the '45 distinguished himself at Clifton and Falkirk, and for nine years after led the life of a fugitive on his own estate, £1000 being set upon his head, and his house being plundered and burned. In the present castle — a massive turreted, two-storied, granite edifice — are various relics of the rebellion, as the target, lace wrist-ruffles, and an autograph letter of the Prince. There is also the black pipe chanter, on which depends the welfare of the house of Cluny, and which all true members of the Clan Vuirich believe to have fallen from heaven in place of that lost at the conflict on the North Inch of Perth. Cluny Castle was visited by the Queen and Prince Consort, from Ardverikie, in 1847. Its present Q-mier, Ewen Macpherson of Cluny Macpherson (b. 1804 ; sue. 1817), holds 42,000 acres in the shire, valued at £4251 per annum. — Orel. Sur., shs. 63, 64, 1873-74, Cluny, Hill of. See Forres. Cluny or Cluonie, Loch. See Cltjnie, Clyde (Celt, clirud, 'strong ;' the Clotct of Ptolemy), a river and a firth of western Scotland, and one of the chief commercial highways of the world. As to where CLYDE river ends and firth begins, authorities difi'er. At Glas- gow, say some ; at Dumbarton, more ; and not until Gourock, according to Sir John Hawkshaw : where it seems best to side with the majority. Another moot point is as to the Clyde's true source. Little Clydes Burn, its commonly reputed head-stream, rises in Craw- ford parish, S Lanarkshire, 3^ miles NAV by N of the meeting-point of Lanark, Peebles, and Dumfries shires, at 1550 feet above sea-level, between Pin Stane (1695 feet) and Clyde Law (1789), and within 'i mile of head- streams of the Annan and the Tweed, So that, accord- ing to the time-honoured rhjTne — ' Annan, Tweed, and Clyde Rise a' out o' ae hill-side ; Tweed ran, Annan wan, Clj-de fell, and broke its neck owre Corra Linn.' Thence it runs 4J miles W by S, falling into the Clyde proper 3| miles SSE of Crawford village. The ' Clyde proper,' we say, inasmuch as the CI jade's real source, must rather be looked for in Daer Water, which rises in the extreme S of the parish of Crawford and of the shire of Lanark, at 2000 feet above sea-level, on the XE slope of Gana Hill (2190 feet), within \ mile of the Dumfries- shire border and of a sub-affluent of the Annan. It flows thence lOJ miles northward to a confluence with Patrail or Powtrail Water, which, also rising in Crawford parish, and also close to the Dumfriesshii-e boundary, has a north-north-easterly course of 7 mUes ; and their united waters from this point onward are called, in the Ordnance Maps, the River Clyde, The river Clyde has a total length, if one follows its windings, of 106 miles, viz., 17^ from the head of Daer Water to its union with the Powtrail, 7 thence to Craw- ford, 361 from Crawford to Lanark Bridge, 14^ from Lanark to Hamilton Bridge, 2| from Hamilton to Both- well Brig, 14 from BothweU to Glasgow Bridge, 10 from Glasgow to Old Kilpatrick, and 4 from Old KUpatrick to Dumbarton. Its drainage area has been estimated at 1481 square miles, of which 39 belong to the South Calder, 50 to the North Calder, 22 to the Rotten Calder, 127 to the Kelvin, 93 to the White Cart, 107 to the Black Cart, and 305 to the Leven. Excepting for an eastward bend near Biggar, round the eastern base of Tinto, the Clyde at first" takes an almost due northerly course to the near vicinity of Carnwath, receiving, on the left hand, Elvan AVater, Glengonner Water, Dun- eaton Water, Roberton Burn, and Garf Water ; on the right, Little Clydes Burn, Midlock Water, Camps Water, and Medwyn Water. Along its left bank lie the parishes of Crawford, Crawfordjohn, Wiston-Roberton, Syming- ton, Covington, and Pettinain ; along its right, of Crawford, Lamington-Wandel, Culter, Biggar, and Liberton. Next it winds west-by-southward, south- westward, and north-westward to Lanark, receiving Douglas Water on the left, at the point where it makes its sharp north-westward bend ; forming above Lanark the famous falls of Bennington, Corra, and Dundaff Linns ; and having Pettinain, Carmichael, and Lesma- hagow parishes on the left, Carnwath, Carstairs, and Lanark on the right. From Stonebyres Linn, below Lanark, the last of its four falls, it sweeps north-west- ward to Hamilton, and on to BothweU and Uddingston, along the ' Troiigh of the Clyde,' its principal affluents here being the Nethan and the Avon to the left. Mouse Water and the South and North Calders to the right, whUst parishes on the left hand are Lesmahagow, Dal- serf, Hamilton, and Blantyre, and on the right hand Lanark, Carluke, Cambusnethan, Dalziel, and BothwelL From just below Uddingston to Rutherglcn its course lies almost due W, with Cambuslang and Rutherglen parishes on the left, Old Monkland, Shettleston, and Calton on the right, and the Rotten Calder on the left being its principal tributary. Lastly, from Rutherglen to Dumbarton it resumes a north-westerly course, Govan, Renfrew, Inchinnan, and Erskine parishes lying to the left, Glasgow, Maryhill, Renfrew, New and Old Kilpatrick, and Dumbarton to the right, whilst on the left hand it receives the confluent White and Black Cart, 2G9 CLYDE and on the right the Kelvin and the Leven. The ap- proximate altitude of its channel is 2000 feet above sea- level at the source, 655 at Thankerton, 400 above Ben- nington Linn, and 170 below StonebjTes Linn. Such are the general features of the river Clyde, details being supplied in the articles on the above-named parishes, and the sub-articles therein referred to. But we cannot refrain from quoting this masterly sketch by Professor Geikie : — ' Of the three rivers, the Clyde, the Forth, and the Tay, perhaps the most interesting is the Clyde. Drawing its waters from the very centre of the Southern Uplands, it flows transverse to the strike of the Silurian strata, until, entering upon the rocks of the lowlands at Roberton, it turns to the NE along a broad valley that skirts the base of Tinto (2335 feet), at this point of its course approaching within 7 miles of the Tweed. Between the two streams, of course, lies the watershed of the country, the drainage flowing on the one side into the Atlantic, on the other into the North Sea. Yet instead of a ridge or hill, the space between the rivers is the broad flat valley of Biggar, so little above the level of the Clyde that it would not cost much labour to send that river into the Tweed. Indeed, some trouble is necessary to keep the former stream from eating through the loose sandy deposits that line the valley, and finding its way over into Tweeddale. That it once took that course, thus entering the sea at Ber- wick instead of at Dumbarton, is probable ; and if some of the gravel mounds at Thankerton could be reunited, it would do so again. The origin of this singular part of the watershed is probably traceable to the recession of two valleys, and to the subsequent widening of the breach by atmospheric waste and the sea. From the western margin of the Biggar flat the Clyde turns to the NW, flo\A-ing across a series of igneous rocks belonging to the Old Red sandstone series. Its valley is there wide, and the ground rises gently on either side into low undulating hills. But often bending back upon itself and receiving the Douglas Water, its banks begin to rise more steeply, untU the river leaps over the linn at Bonnington into the long, narrow, and deep gorge in which the well-known Falls are contained. That this defile has not been rent open by the concussion of an earthquake, but is really the work of subaerial denuda- tion, may be ascertained by tracing the unbroken beds of Lower Old Red sandstone from side to side. Indeed, one could not choose a better place in which to study the process of waste, for he can examine the e9"ects of rains, springs, and frosts, in loosening the sandstone by means of the hundreds of joints that traverse the face of the long cliffs, and he can likewise follow in all their detail tlie results of the constant wear and tear of the brown river that keeps ever tumbling and foaming down the ravine. A little below the town of Lanark, Mouse Water enters the Clyde through the dark narrow chasm beneath the Cartland Crags. There, too, though ' " It seems some mountain, rent and riven, A channel for the stream has given," yet after all it is the stream itself that has done the work. Nay, it would even appear that this singularly deep gorge has been in great measure cut out since the end of the Age of Ice, for there is an old channel close to it filled up with drift, but through which the stream has evidently at one time flowed. Running still in a narrow valley, the Clyde, after receiving Mouse Water, hurries westward to throw itself over the last of its linns at Stonebyres, and to toil in a long and dark gorge until, as it leaves the Old Red sandstone, its valley gradually opens out, and it then enters the great Lanarkshire coalfield. From the top of the highest Fall to the foot of the lowest, is a distance of 3| miles, in which the river descends about 230 feet, or 61 feet in a mile. From Stonebyres Linn to the sea at Dum- barton, the course of the Clyde is a distance of fully 42 miles, yet its fall is only 170 feet, or about 4 feet ^ inch in a mile. As it winds among its broad meadows and fair woodlands, no one ignorant of the geology of the district would be likely to imagine that tliis wide level 270 CLYDE valley really overlies a set of strata which have been tilted up and broken by innumerable dislocations. Yet such is the fact. The flat haughs of the Clyde were not laid out until after the curved and fractured coal- measures had been planed down, and no extant trace of these underground disturbances remained. The sea may have had much of the earlier part of the work to do, and may have lent its aid now and again during the successive uprisings and sinkings of the land, but we shall, perhaps, not greatly err in attributing mainly to the prolonged action of rains and frosts, and of the Clyde itself, the excavation of the broad valley in which the river flows across the coalfield until it reaches the sea between the hills of Renfrew and Dumbarton.' The Firth of Clyde has a length of Gi^ miles, viz., 4| from Dumbarton to Port Glasgow, 2| from Port Glasgow to Greenock, 5 from Greenock to opposite Kirn, and 52 thence to Ailsa Craig, midway between Girvan and the Mull of Kintyre. Its breadth is 1 mile at Dum- barton ; 3f miles from Greenock to Helensburgh ; 1^ from Kempock Point to Kilcreggan ; 3| from Cloch Point to Barons Point, 3 to Strone Point, and IJ to Dunoon ; 2 from Wemyss Point to Inellan pier ; 5J from Largs Bay to Scoulag Point ; 1| from Largs to the nearest part of the Great Cumlarae ; 2^, at the narrowest, from the Great Cumbrae to Bute ; 1 J from Bute to the Little Cumbrae ; 9§ from Farland Head to Sannox in NE Arran ; 13 from Turnberry to Dippin Head in SE Arran ; and 37 from Girvan to the Mull of Kintyre. It divides in its course the shires of Renfrew and Ayr from those of Dumbarton, Argyll, and Bute, having, on the left hand, the jjarishes of Erskine, Port Glasgow, Greenock, Innerkip, Largs, West Kilbride, Ardrossan, Stevenston, Irvine, Dundouald, Monkton, Prestwick, Newton-upon-Ayr, Ayi', Maybole, Kirkoswald, and Gir- van ; on its right, Cardross, Roseneath, Dunoon-Kil- mun, Bute, and Kintyre. Both shores are bordered with the low green platform of the old sea-margin — a natural terrace thickly fringed with towns and villages and plea- sant mansions. Beautiful itself, with its backgrounds of hill and mountain, the Firth of Clyde sends off" five branches that equal, if not surpass, it — Gare Loch, Loch Long, Holy Loch, Loch Striven, and the Kyles of Bute. The tide ascends it up to Glasgow ; and as low as Green- ock its channel is beset with shoals and banks, which appear at low water, but which, ceasing there, give place to the unbroken stretch of firth that, widening and con- tracting, then widening out again, at last bends south- ward on its way to the open sea. In 1566 the townsfolk of Glasgow, Renfrew, and Dum- barton attempted, seemingly with scant success, to open up a formidable sandbank at Dumbreck, above Dumbar- ton ; in 1622 the magistrates of Glasgow, buying 13 acres, laid out thereon the town of Port Glasgow, with harbours and the first graving-dock in Scotland ; in 1688 they built a quay at the Broomielaw ; and in 1740 'the Councill agreed that a tryal be made this season of deep- ening the river below the Broomielaw, and remitted to the Magistrates to cause do the same, and go the length of £100 sterling of charges thereupon, and to cause build a flatt-bottomed boat, to carry ofi^ the sand and chingle from the banks.' In 1755 Smeaton presented a report, in which he notes that of twelve diff"erent shoals between Glasgow and Renfrew the ' shoalest ' places, Poiuthouse Ford and Hirst, had a depth of IJ and 1^ feet at low, and 3,1 and 3;^ feet at high, water ; these, now the west- ern limit and within the harbour of Glasgow, having a present depth of 14 at low, and 24 feet at higli, water. By Smeaton's advice, the first Act of Parliament (1759) was applied for, whose preamble runs : — ' Whereas the river Clyde from Dumbreck to the Bridge of Glasgow is so very shallow in several parts thereof that boats, lighters, barges, or other vessels cannot pass to or from the City of Glasgow except it be in the time of flood or high-water at spring-tides ; and if the same was cleansed and deepened, and the navigation thereof made more commodious by a lock or dam over the same, it would be a great advantage to the trade and manufactures of the city and parts adjacent and to the public in generaL' ORDNANC JOHN BARTHOLOMEW EDINBURGH -^3'£'nA'KI ij'' TKi] DLTDJ!^ r^ CLYDE But the earliest marked improvement in the navigation was started in 1768 by Mr John Golborne of Chester, who initiated the s}'stem of contracting the river by the construction of rubble jetties, and of removing the gravel shoals by dredging and ploughing. His ' Estimate of the Expense of Improving the Na\ngation of the Clyde ' amounted to only £8640. In 1769 James Watt, examin- ing the declivity of the river's bed from the Broomielaw Quay to Dumbreck Ford, found the low- water depth to be 14 inches at Hirst Ford, and at Dumbreck Ford 2 feet. The second Act was passed in 1770, under which, three years later, Golborne contracted to make Dum- breck Ford 6 feet deep and 300 feet wide at low water ; its actual depth was 14 feet in 1781. Next Rennie in 1799 recommended the shortening of some of Golborne's jetties, the lengthening of others, and the construction of 200 new ones, from 50 to 550 feet long, between Glas- gow Bridge and Bowling ; and both Telford and Rennie presented reports in 1806 and 1807, which were followed by new Acts of 1809 and 1825, the first giving power to deepen the river till it is at least 9 feet deep in every part thereof between Glasgow and Dumbarton, the se- cond to deepen it between Glasgow and Port Glasgow till such time as it is at least 13 feet deep. The deepen- ing, widening, and straightening of the channel was carried on till 1836, when Mr Walker reported that ' there is now at the Broomielaw from 7 to 8 feet at low water, while the lift of a neap-tide at Glasgow Bridge — which was only sensible in 1755 — is 4 feet, and of a spring- tide 7 or 8 feet, making 12 feet depth at high water of a neap, and 15 feet of a spring, tide ; so that the river which, by artificial means, was to be rendered capable of taking craft of about 30 or 40 tons to Glasgow, has, by what Golborne calls " assisting nature," been rendered capable of floating vessels nearly ten times the burthen.' A fifth Act was passed in 1840 ; and under this, with minor Acts'of 1857 and 1873, the river improvements have since been carried out, with the result that the available depth of channel — only 15 feet at high water in 1839 — is now 24 feet, and that the river's bed is now as deep at Glas- gow as at Port Glasgow, being virtually level throughout. The changes, again, in the width of the river at various points is shown in the follomng table : — Where at. ISOO. 1S40-49. ISSl. Mouth of the Cart, SOO ft. 275 ft. 500 ft. Renfrew, .... 340 „ 245 „ 410 „ Finnieston Quay, . .. ICO „ 400 „ Napier's Dock, . . •• 150 „ 490 „ Narrowing the channel by jetties, ploughing, and harrowing have all at times been employed, but dredg- ing has been the principal means. The first steam- dredger was started in 1824, and 'it is undoubtedly,' says Mr Deas, ' to the application of steam power to dredgers, and to the adoption of steam hopper barges for carrying away the dredged material to the sea, that the rapid enlargement of the river and harbour in recent years are due ; but for the introduction of the latter it would have been well-nigh impossible to have dis- posed of the enormous quantity now lifted' — 1,180,000 cubic j-ards in the year 1877-78 ; 1,502,696 in 1878-79 ; 1,392,604 in 1879-80; and 23,606,382 in the 36 years 1844-80. 'The deepening and widening,' he sums up, ' of the Clyde have increased the value of the lands on its sides through Glasgow and seaward a hundredfold ; created Govan, Partick, and the various other burghs which environ Glasgow ; given wealth to thousands, and the means of life to hundreds of thousands ; and what has been the total expenditure up to 30 June 1880 — only £8,786,128, of which £2,306,766 was paid for interest on borrowed money.' The revenue of the Clyde Trustees was £311,502 in 1878-79; £323,804 (the' largest ever received) in 1879-80 ; and £248,062 in 1880-81. The CLYDE expenditure in the last year was £222,431, including £64,460 for dredging and general maintenance ; and in the same year the goods exported and imported amounted to 3,053,113 tons. Details of the Clyde's commerce and full descriptions of its harbours must be reserved for articles on the head ports, Glasgow, Port Glasgow, Greenock, Ardrossan, Troon, Ayr, and Campbeltown ; but its shipbuilding trade, dating from 1718 or thereabouts, and now the most important in the kingdom, may here be glanced at. In January 1812, Henry Bell launched on the Clyde his Comet, the first European boat successfully propelled by steam ; during the seven years 1846-52 there were built here 247 steamships of 147,604 tons. Of vessels, both sailing and steam, Clyde yards turned out 220 of 184,000 tons in 1864 ; 232 of 174,978 (8 war ships) in 1868 ; 240 of 194,000 (3 war) in 1869 ; 234 of 189,800 (1 war) in 1870 ; 231 of 196,200 (6 war) in 1871 ; 227 of 232,100 in 1872 ; 194 of 261,455 in 1873 ; 225 of 266,200 (4 war) in 1874 ; 276 of 228,200 (3 war) in 1875 ; 266 of 204,770 (4 war) in 1876 ; 223 of 168,000 (2 war) in 1877; 279 of 221,432 (10 war) in 1878 ; 191 of 168,460 in 1879 ; 241 of 239,015 (8 war) in 1880 ; and 194 of 259,445 in the first ten months of 1831. In 1880 paddle-wheel steamers aggregated 7368 tons, screw steamers 195,575, and sailing vessels 15,206 tons ; whilst the total value of vessels built was esti- mated at about £6,000,000. The river improvements are credited with having destroyed one industry — the salmon fishing that flour- ished once above Dumbarton. Even to-day the Clyde Trustees pay upwards of £200 a year to the burgh of Renfrew for damage done to its fisheries. It seems questionable, however, whether the fish could have sur- vived another hurtful agency — that pollution, namely, which has formed the subject of Reports by Dr Frank- land and Mr Morton in 1872, Mr M'Leod in 1875, and Sir John Hawkshaw in 1876. According to Mr M'Leod, nearly 100 miles of natural and artificial sewers, within the bounds of Glasgow city alone, conveyed to the Clyde, by 42 outlets (33 of them below the weir), the sewage of 101,368 dwelling-houses and 16,218 sale shops, ware- houses, factories, and workshops, whilst 31 factories discharged their waste outflow by private drains directly into the river. Experiments made with floats in 1857- 58 by Messrs Bateman and Bazalgette showed that sewage entering the river at the centre of the city, when the volume of water jwas small, travelled only 2J miles a week ; [and this slow progress can hardly have been quickened by the levelling of the river's bed below Glas- gow, or by the large abstraction of water caused by the River Supply Works at Westhorn, 2J miles above the city, which, -nith two reservoirs, each holding 400,000 gallons, were completed in 1877rat a cost of £30,000. So that, ' in summer weather, the time during which the river is made to loiter on its way to the sea is more than suflicient to establish in full operation those pro- cesses of putrefactive fermentation — inevitable whenever the thermometer exceeds 55° Fahr. — to which the for- mation of sewer gas and other filthy products of this fermentation is due. ' Glasgow is the chief, but by no means the only oS"ender ; the paraffin oil, iron, coal, paper, cotton, and dye works, of New Lanark, Blantyre, Airdrie, Coatbridge, and other seats of industry all helping to swell the liquid mass of pestilence. Schemes have been proposed to remove, or at any rate abate, the nuisance ; but their consideration must be reserved for our article on Glasgow. In the waters of the upper Clyde and its tributaries good trout fishing still may be got, at Abington, Roberton, Lamington, and Crossford ; and even still a few salmon ascend as high as the Falls. Strangely enough, too, they and their fry are now and then taken above the Falls ; but these must be Tweed fish, and not Clyde fish at all, carried over from Biggar AVater in times of heavy spate. On the Clyde's memories we must not linger, more than to indicate the curious contrasts offered along its banks — hill-forts and a Roman road in Crawford parish, and the Caledonian railway ; the ' Mucklewraths ' ot 271 CLYDEBANK COALHALL Bothwell Brig, and Livingstone toiling in Blantjre cot- ton-mill ; Blantyre's and Bothwell's ruins, and Cambus- lang, ■with its memorable ' Wark ; ' Glasgow's cathedral, and Glasgow's factories ; Antoninus' "Wall and the chim- nej's of Paisley ; Dumbarton Kock, and Port Glasgow ; Greenock, and Cardross where died the Bruce ; Agricola's and Haco's war-galleys, and the royal yachts of Victoria and Alexander. Our river has found its sacer vatcs in John "Wilson, whose Clyde, A Descriptive Poem, appeared in 1764 ; but a finer, because less laboured, picture of its beauties is given by Dorothy "Wordsworth, who, with her brother and Coleridge, drove down its valley from Lanark to Dumbarton in the August of 1803. See pp. 31-62 of her Tour in Scotland (ed. by Princ. Shairp, 1874) ; Prof Arch. Geikie's Scenery of Scotland, viciccd in connection with its Physical Geology {1S65) ; Sir John Hawkshaw's Eejjort on tlic Pollution of the Clyde and its Tributaries (1876); an article on 'Glasgow and the Clyde,' by M. Simonin in the Nouvelle Bcvue for Novem- ber 1880 ; and Mr James^Deas' River Clyde and Har- hour of Glasgow (lSSl).—Ord. Sur., shs. 15, 23, 24, 31, 30, 29, 21, 13, 1864-73. Clydebank, a village in Old Kilpatrick parish, Dum- bartonshire, and a quoad sacra parish, partly also in Renfrew parish, Renfrewshire. The village, on the right bank of the Clyde, 2 miles N"W of Renfrew, is of recent growth, chiefly consisting of the houses of workmen em- ployed in a great shipbuilding establishment ; at it are a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and tele- graph departments, a handsome Established chui'ch, which. Early English in stj'le, was built in 1876 at a cost of £3000, a U.P. church, and a public school. The last, with accommodation for 400 children, had (ISSO) a day and evening average attendance of 199 and 32, and grants of £203, Os. 6d. and £16, 15s. 6d. The quoad sacra parish, St James, was constituted in 1875, and is in the presbytery of Dumbarton and synod of Glasgow and Ayr. Clyde Iron-works, a village, with large pig-iron works, in the S"W corner of Old ilonkland parish, Lanarkshire, on the right bank of the Clyde, in the southern viciaity of Tollcross, 3 miles ESE of Glasgow. The works em- ploy the most improved methods of smelting ; draw their supplies of blackband ironstone from Old and New Monkland and parishes ; and had 6 furnaces buUt and 4 in blast in 1S79. Clydesdale, either the entire basin of the Clyde or the immediate valley of the river, or the part of that valley within Lanarkshire, or the section of the valley between Lanark and Bothwell. The first and second of these senses of the name are ancient and almost ob- solete. The third is still in use, designating a region famous for mineral wealth, for manufacturing industry, and for a splendid breed of cart-horses. The fourth, too, is still in use, characterising a famous orchard region. Clydesdale gives the title Marquis (ere. 1643), in the peerage of Scotland, to the Duke of Hamilton. See Clyde and L.\^*AEKSHIEE. Clydesdale Iron-works, a manufacturing village in Bothwell parish, Lanarkshire, near Holytown station. Pop. (18S1) 522. Clydesdale Junction Railway. See Caledoniak Railway. Clynder, a village in Roseneath parish, "W Dumbarton- shire, on the "W side of Gare Loch, 1 mile ]SrN"W of Roseneath village ; at it are a post ofiice under Helens- burgh, an hotel, and a new iron "CT.P. church (1881). The uplands around are favourite sites for hives, their heather being singularly rich in nectar and pollen. In 1880 it was not uncommon for a hive brought hither from Thorliebank or PoUokshields, weighing IS lbs., to lie brought home in sis or seven weel^' time weighing 57 ; but of the 100 or so hives set up near Clynder in 1881, the heaviest weighed only 39 lbs. gross. Clyne, a parish of E Sutherland, containing the coast village of Brora, with a station on the Sutherland rail- way and a post office. It is bounded N"^'' bv Farr, N by Kildonan, NE by Kildonan and Loth, SE by the German Ocean, and S"W by Golspie and Rogart. Its 272 ^ i- <= utmost length is 21h miles from N"W to SE, viz., from Creag nah-Iolaire to Brora ; its width from NE to S"W varies between 3i and 8^ mUes ; and its area is 75,911f acres, of which 283| are foreshore and 1110 water. The seaboard, 3| miles long, is low and sandy, followed at no great distance by the railway. The river Brora flows If mile E along the Rogart boundarv, next 12| miles ENE, SE, and E, throiigh the interior to the sea at Brora vUlage ; its principal afliueut, the Black- "WATER, rising on Ben-an-Armuinn, in the N"W angle of the parish, runs 15J mUes S"W, partly along the Rogart boundary, but chiefly through the interior, and itself receives Skixsdale river, which has a winding course — eastward, south-eastward, and southward — aU within Cljme parish, of 13 miles. Loch Brora (4f miles x 3 J fmi. ) is much the largest sheet of water. Others are Gorm Loch Beag (3x14 furl.) and triangular Gorm Loch Mor (4x3^ furl.) to the N, and Loch Bad na h-Earba (3^ x 2 furl. )and An EUthirich (3x2 fm-1. ) to the S, of the Blackwater ; besides Lochs Bad an Aon-Tighe (6x2 furl.), Bean'XACH (4Jx3 furl.), and Gruideach (3^ X 2 furl. ) on the Rogart border, and 22 tinier tarns. The surface has a general north-westward rise, elevations to the S of the Brora and the Blackwater being *Cagar Feosaig (1239 feet), *Beinn nan Com (1706), Carrol Rock (684), Kilbrare HiU (1063), and Cnoc Leamhnachd (961), where asterisks mark those summits that culminate on the border of the parish ; and to the N, Socach HiU (730), *Ascna Greme (924), Beinn Choi (1767), Ben Smeorale (1592), *Meall an Liath Mor (1608), Cnoc a Ghrianian (689), *Cnoc a Chrubaich Mhoir (1368), *Cnoc an Leathaid Mhoir (1423), Creag Mhor (2338), and *Creag nah-Iolah-e, the two last being summits of BEX-AX-ARiiuiN^-. Jurassic rocks occur along the coast, and include coal, sandstone, limestone, and shale. The soil around Brora is light and gravelly, naturally poor ; but, for its hilly character, the parish comprises a considerable amount of arable land, held mostly in small holdings. Of sheep farms the largest is Kilcolmkill, on the northern shore of Loch Brora, it being leased in 1879 by General Tod Brown for £1171. At Clynelish, IJ mUe NN"^'' of Brora, is the only distil- lery in the county ; its whisky is widely celebrated, and it distils between 1300 and 1400 quarters of barley per annum. Other industries have been already noticed under Brora. Kilcolmkill occupies the site of a Colum- ban cell, and was a seat of a branch of the Gordons ; the Duke of Sutherland is almost sole proprietor. Clyne is in the presbytery of Dornoch and synod of Sutherland and Caithness ; the living is worth £241. The parish church, built about 1770, and enlarged and repaired in 1827, contains 900 sittings, and stands If mile NN"W of Brora. At the latter there is also a Free church ; and Clyne public school, with accommodation for 250 children, had (1879) an average attendance of 41, and a grant of £34, 13s. 6d. Valuation (1SS2) £5785. Pop. (1801) 1643, (1851) 1933, (1861) 1886, (1871) 1733, (1881) lSl2.—0rd. Sur., shs, 103, 109, 108, 1878-80. Clynelish. See Clyxe. Cljrth, a coast hamlet of Latheron parish, Caithness, 2^ miles E of Lybster. A strong castle on a rock here, overhanging the sea, belonged to one Gimn, justiciary of Caithness, who was basely murdered by Keith, Earl Marischal, in 1478. A baylet, Clyth harbour, lies open to the SE ; and a stream, Clyth Burn, runs 3^ miles south-south-eastward to the sea. A public school, called Newlands of Clji;h, ^rith accommodation for 150 chil- dren, had (1880) an average attendance of 81, and a grant of £70, 17s. 6d. Cnoc. See Knock. Coalden, a collier village in Auchterdcrran parish, Fife, li mile E by N of Cardenden station, and 4| miles NN"W of Kirkcaldy. Coalford, a village of central Fife, 2 miles from Lady- bank station. Coalhall, a village in the southern detached district of Stair parish, Ayrshire, on Drongan estate, 7 miles E by S of A}T. An extensive pottery of black and COALHEUGH brown earthenware here has long exported its produce to many parts of Scotland, and even to America. Coalheugh, a copious chalybeate spring in Cromarty parish, Cromartyshire. Situated in the front of a wooded ravine, it originated in an abortive boring for coal, and has been surmounted by a small dome of hewn stone. Coalsnaughton, a collier village of Clackmannanshire, in the parish and 1 mile S by E of the to\vn of Tilli- coultry. It has a public school. Pop. (1861) 795, (1871) 723, (1881) 899. Coalstoun or Colstoun House, a mansion in the parish and 2^ miles S of the town of Haddington, on the right bank of Gifford or Coalstoun Water. Here in a silver box is preserved the ' Coalstoun pear,' one ver- sion of whose legend runs as follows : — In the 13th cen- tury a Broun of Coalstoun married the daughter of Hugo of Yester, the famous warlock of Gifford, described in Marmion. As the bridal party was on its way to church, the ^vizard-lord stopped it l3eneath a pear-tree, and, plucking one of the pears, gave it to his daughter, saying that he had no dowry to bestow, but that as long as that gift was safe good fortune would never desert her or her descendants In 1805, Christian, only child and heiress of Chs. Broun of Coalstoun, married the ninth Earl of Dalhousie ; and, in 1863, Susan Geor- giana, daughter and co-heiress of the Marquis of Dal- housie, married the Hon. Rt. Bourke (b. 1827), who has sat for Lynn from 1868 to 1881, and who was foreign under-secretary from 1874 to 1880. Their Haddington- shire estate, 2702 acres, is valued at £4843 per annum. Coalton, a village in Kettle parish, Fife, 1^ mile SE of Kettle toAvn. Coalton, a village in Wemyss parish, Fife, near the coast and 1^ mile N of West Wemyss. Coaltown, a village, with a public school, in Markinch parish, Fife, 2 miles S of Markinch toAvn. Coalybum, a hamlet on the SE border of Linton parish, Peeblesshire, with a station (Macbie Hill) on the Leadburn and Dolphinton railway, 4| miles WSW of Leadburn Junction. Coalyland or Collyland. See Alloa. Coatbridge, a town of Old Monkland parish, Lanark- shire. It stands, at 300 feet above sea-level, on the Monkland Canal, and in the midst of a pei'fect network of railways, being 2 miles W by S of Airdrie, 8f E of Glasgow, and 34 W by S of Edinburgh. Fifty years since it was only a village ; and its rapid extension is due to its position in the centre of Scotland's chief mineral field. The Airdrie and Coatbridge district com- prises 21 active collieries ; and in or about the town are 5 establishments for the pig-iron manufacture — Calder, Carnbroe, Gartsherrie, Langloan, and Summerlee — of whose 41 furnaces 29 were in blast in 1879, when 8 malleable iron-works had 113 puddling furnaces and 19 rolling mills. Nor are these the only industries ; boilers, tubes, tinplate, firebrick and fireclay, bricks and tiles, oakum, and raihvay waggons being also manufac- tured. Coatbridge, in its growth, has absorbed, or is still absorbing, a number of outlying suburbs — Langloan, Gartsherrie, High Sunnyside, Coats, Clifton, Drumpel- lier, Dund}'\'an, Summerlee, Whifflet, Coatdyke, etc. ; and the appearance of the whole, redeemed though it is by some good architectm-al features, is far more curious than pleasing. Fire, smoke, and soot, mth the roar and rattle of machinery, are its leading characteristics ; the fiames of its furnaces cast on the midnight sky a glow as if of some vast conflagration. Wholly almost of recent erection, it has stations on the Caledonian and North British railways, a post office, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and railway telegraph departments, branches of the Clydesdale, National, Royal, and Union banks, 24 insurance agencies, 2 hotels, a literary associa- tion, gas-works, a water company conjointly with Airdrie, and a Saturday paper, the Airdrie and Coatbridge Adver- tiser (1855). A theatre and music hall, seating 2000 spec- tators, was opened in 1875 ; and at Langloan is the West End Park, where in 1880 a red granite fountain, 20 feet high, was erected in memory of Janet Hamilton (1795- 1873), the lowly Coatbridge poetess. Gartsherrie quoad 18 COCKBURNLAW sacra church(1839 ; 1050 sittings) cost over £3300, and isa prominent object, with a spire 136 feet high ; and Coats quoad sacra church (1875 ; 1000 sittings) is a handsome Gothic edifice, built from endowment by the late George Baird of Stitchell. Of 4 Free churches— Middle, East, West, and Whifilet — the finest was built in 1875 ; and other places of worslii pare a U.P. church (1872), a Con- gregational church, an Evangelical Union church, a Bap- tist church, a AVesleyan church (1874), St John's Epis- copal church (1843-71), and two Roman Catholic churches, St Patrick's (1848) and St Mary's, Whifflet (1874). Besides other schools noticed under Old Monkland, Coatbridge public school, Langloan public school, and St Patrick's Roman Catholic school, with respective ac- commodation for 795, 388, and 582 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 751, 373, and 456, and grants of 739, 10s., £282, 14s. 2d., and £347, 7s. Pop. (1831) 741, (1841) 1599, (1851) 8564, (1861) 12,006, (1871) 15,802, (1881) 17,500, or, with Whifflet, 21,329.— Ord Sicr., sh. 31, 1867. See Andrew Miller's Eise and Pro- gress of Coatbridge and the Surrounding Neighbourhood (Glas. 1864). Coatdyke, a village chiefly in Old Jlonkland, but partly also in New Monkland, parish, Lanarkshire, 1 mile WSW of Airdrie, and 1 E of Coatbridge, under which it has a post office, with money order and savings' bank departments. A U. P. mission station was opened here in 1881. Pop. (1881) 1701. Coates or West Coates. See Edinbttkgh. Coats, a quoad sacra parish formed in 1874 from the civil parish of Old Monkland, Lanarkshire, and includ- ing part of the town of Coatbridge. It is in the pres- bytery of Hamilton and synod of Glasgow and Ayr. Pop. (1881) 3928. Cobairdy, an estate, with a modern mansion, in Forgue parish, NW Aberdeenshire, 5 miles NE of Himtly. Its owner, Rt. Simpson, Esq. (b. 1801), holds 1703 acres in the shire, valued at £1660 per annum. Cobbler. See Ben Arthur. Cobinshaw, a station and an adjoining reservoir in West Calder parish, Edinburghshire. The station is on the Caledonian railway, 18 miles SW of Edinburgh. The reservoir, lying 880 feet above sea-level, has an utmost length from SSW to NNE of 1^ mile, whilst its breadth varies from 1 to 3^ furlongs. Its head just falls within Lanarkshire, and its western shore is closely followed by the Carstairs and Edinburgh fork of the Caledonian rail- way. Formed to supply the Union Canal, it presents the appearance of a bleak natural lake ; in 1877 Mr Jn. Anderson stocked it with 20,000 salmon and sea-trout ova from the Tay, which seem to thrive well, ranging from 2 to 3 lbs. in August 1880. Coburty. See Aberdoue, Aberdeenshire. Cochno. See Cockno. Cochrage Muir, an extensive tract of barren uplands in Kinloch, Clunie, and Blairgowiie parishes, Perthshire, 44 miles NW of Blairgo\me town. Covered with moss and heather, it long supplied peats to a large extent of surrounding country ; and it accidentally took fire in the summer of 1826, and continued to burn till saturated with the snows of the follomng winter and spring. Cochrane, an ancient barony on the W side of Abbey parish, Renfrewshire. It belonged from the 14th cen- tury to the family of Cochrane, of whom Sir Wm. Coch- rane of Cowdon was ennobled as Baron Cochrane of Dundonald in 1647, as Earl of Dundonald and Lord Cochrane of Paisley and Ochiltree in 1669. By the eighth Earl it was sold about 1760 ; and the gi'eater part of it now belongs to Houstoun of Johnstone. Cockairney, an estate, with a mansion, in Dalgety parish, Fife, 1^ mile W of Aberdour. Cock Bum. See Cockum. Cockbumlaw, a conspicuous hill in Dunse parish, Berwickshire, culminating 4 miles NNW of Dunse town. Its base, 6 miles in circuit, is on three sides encompassed by the AVhitadder ; its conical toj), rising to the height of 1065 feet above sea-level, shows traces of an ancient camp, and serves as a landmark to mariners ; and its rocks are granitic, while those of all the neighbouring 273 COCKBURNSPATH Lammermuirs are greywacke. On the NE slope are the scanty remains of Edinshall (Edwin's hall), one of the three ' brochs ' or dry-built round towers that are known to exist on the Scottish mainland to the S of the Cale- donian valley. This one consisted of two concentric circles, the diameter of the innermost being 40 feet, the thickness of the walls 7 feet, and the spaces between the walls 7 and 10 feet. The said spaces were arched over, and divided into cells of 12, 16, and 20 feet. The stones were not cemented by any kind of mortar ; they were chiefly whinstone, locked into one another with grooves and projections. For a discussion of the origin of these ' brochs,' see MousA. Cockbumspath (anc. Colbrandspath), a village and a coast parisli in the N of Berwickshire. The village stands f mile inland, and | mile S of Cockbumspath station on the North British railway, this being 21 miles NW of Berwick-upon-Tweed, 7 SE by E of Dun- bar, and 36i E of Edinburgh. A neat clean place, with an antique cross in its midst, it has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegi-aph departments, an inn, and a fair on the second Tuesday of August. The parish contains also Cove fishing hamlet, and comprises the ancient parishes of Cockbumspath and Aldcambus. It is bounded NW by Oldhamstocks in Haddingtonshire, NE by the German Ocean and Cold- ingham, SE by Coldingham and the Berwickshire sec- tion of Oldhamstocks, and S W by Abbey St Bathans. Its greatest length from E to W is 6g miles ; its greatest breadth from N to S is i\ miles ; and its area is 12,951| acres, of which 2S1| are foreshore, and 18^ water. Dean or Dunglass Burn flows 2 miles along the Hadding- tonshire border to the sea ; Eye "Water, from near its source, traces 2f miles of the south-western boundary ; an affluent of the Eye drains the south-western interior ; and most of the rest of the parish is drained by Herriot Water and Pease Burn to the sea. The coast is all bold and rock-bound, rising to 117 feet at Reed Point, 203 near Red Rock Cave, 200 at Craig Taw, and 362 near Redheugh ; the perils of the neighbouring waters were terribly instanced by the Cove disaster of 14 Oct. 1881. The interior for some distance inland, particularly in the NW, is arable and in high cultivation, yet has generally an uneven surface ; elsewhere this parish is mainly an eastward prolongation of the Lammermuirs, consisting of smooth rounded hills, intersected by deans or deep vales. To the E of the railway the surface at- tains 771 feet above sea-level at Greenside Hill, 803 at Meikle Black Law, and 727 at Penraanshiel Camps ; to the W, 823 near Edmondsdean, 909 at Eelie Hill, 731 at Blackburn Rig, 943 at Little Dod, and 1042 at Corse Law, which culminates right on the SW border. At Cove, Redheugh, Sicear Point, Pease Dean, and Dun- glass Dean are highly interesting objects which will be separately noticed. The rocks are chiefly Silurian ; and in some parts, particularly on the coast, they present remarkable phenomena. Sandstone, of the Devonian formation, and of a quality valued chiefly for its power of resisting heat, is quarried near the mouth of Pease Burn. The soil here and there is rich and strong, but as a rule is light. Nearly 6000 acres are in cultivation, about 550 are under wood, and all the remaining area is either pastoral or waste. Cockbumspath Tower, a ruined old fortalice, near the railway, 1 mile E of Cock- bumspath \allage, stands on the edge of a ravine or pass, which it seems to have been intended to defend, and be- longed successively to the Earls of Dunbar, to members of the royal family, and to the Earls of Home. Some have identified it with ' Ravenswood Castle,' in Scott's Bride of Lammermoor. Roman urns and otlier Roman relics have been found in various places ; and remains of Cale- donian and Scandinavian camps are on several hills or vantage grounds. Cockbumspath is in the ])resbytery of Dunbar and synod of Lothian and Tweeddale ; the living is worth £449. The parish church, a building of great antiquity, dating from at least 1163, was repaired in 1875-76 at a cost of £600, and contains 400 sittings. A Free church, for Cockbumspath and Old- 274 COCKPEN hamstocks, is situated in the latter parish ; aud a U.P. church, with 420 sittings, is at Stockbridge, 1 mile SW of Cockbumspath village. A public school, with ac- commodation for 184 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 91, and a grant of £76, 13s. 6d. Valua- tion (1SS2) £11,773, 8s. Pop. (1801) 930, (1851) 1196, (1861) 1194, (1871) 1133, (1881) 1130.— Or^. Sur., shs. 33, 34, 1863-64. Cockenzie, a fishing village in Tranent parish, Had- dingtonshire, If mile NNE of Tranent station, and 1 NE of Prestonpans, under which it has a post oflice. At it are an hotel, saltworks, a harbour, a handsome public school, an Established chapel of ease (1838 ; 450 sittings), and a Free church ; and a model fishing village is now (Nov. 1881) in course of erection between it and Port Seton, which lies i mile to the east-north-eastward. The harbour, Port Seton, opened in 1880, and constructed of concrete at a cost of £11,800, including £2000 from Lord Wemyss, has a draught at high- water of 16 feet, and covers nearly 8 acres. The parapeted E wall, 730 feet long and 21^ feet high, with a cross-pier or ' ham- merhead,' and the W breakwater, 450 feet long, from 12 to 6 broad, and 19| high, leave an entrance 125 feet wide. In Nov. 1881 there belonged to this harbour 35 deep-sea boats and 24 yawls, the former manned each by 7, the latter by 5, hands. Cockenzie House adjacent has long been a seat of the Cadells, distinguished mem- bers of which family are Scott's publisher, Rt. Cadell (1788-1849), and the Australian explorer, Francis Cadell (b. 1822). Here the victors of Prestonpans discovered Cope's military chest, containing £2500. Pop. of Cockenzie and Port Seton (1861) 649, (1871) 1055, (1881) 1612. Cockham. See Cockum. Cocklaw, a farm in Walston parish, Lanarkshire. Remains of an ancient circular cami) are on high ground here ; consist of two concentric mounds and ditches ; and measure, within the inner circle, 201 feet in diameter. Cocklaw. See Caveks. Cockle, a burn in the NE of Linlithgowshire, run- ning through Dalmeny Park to the Firth of Forth. Cocklerue or Cuckold-Le-Roi, a hill on the mutual border of Linlithgow and Torphichen parishes, Linlith- gowshire, 2 miles SSW of Linlithgow to^vn. It has an altitude of 912 feet above sea-level, and it commands a brilliant view of the basin and screens of the Forth from Ben Lomond to North Berwick. The name is supposed, in Glennie's Arthurian Localities (1869), to refer to Guinevere's betrayal of the Blameless King. Cockno, a hill, a loch, and a burn in the E of Old Kilpatrick parish, Dumbartonshire. The hill is one of the Kilpatrick range, and culminates 2 miles NNW of Duntocher at 1140 feet above sea-level. The loch lies at its NE side, and is \ mile long, with a varpng width of ^ and If furlong. The bui-n issues from the loch, and runs 2J miles southward, past Cockno House, to Dun- tocher Bum at Duntocher. Cock of Arran. See Arran. Cockpen, a parish in the E of Edinburghshire, con- taining at its NW comer the village of Boxxyrigg (2 miles SW of Dalkeith), and also the villages or hamlets of Hunterfield, Poltonhall, Prestonholm, and Westhall, with part of Lasswade. It is bounded W and N by Lasswade, NE and E by Newbattle, and S by Car- rington. Its greatest length, from NW to SE, is 3J miles ; its greatest breadth is 2i miles ; and its area is 2950 acres. The South Esk, entering the parish from the S, intersects it for nearly li mUe; traces afterwards part of its boundary with Newbattle, receiving there Dalhousie Burn ; and the North Esk flows, for a brief distance, along the Lasswade border. The land-surface is flatfish, though rising southward from less than 200 to over 400 feet above sea-level ; it exhibits everywhere a rich and highly-cultivated aspect, and along the banks of the streams is often singularly picturesque. The rocks are chiefly of the Carboniferous formation. Coal is worked ; sandstone and limestone abound ; and copperas has been obtained from a species of moss. The soil over a small part of the northern district is a very fine rich COCKPOOL loam, on a sanch' or gi-avelly bottom ; and elsewhere is generallj' a stifBsh clay. Cockpen House, the mansion of the ' Laird of Cockpen ' of Lady Nairne's famous song, stood on a romantic spot about a furlong E of Dal- housie Castle. Dalhousie Castle and Hillhead House, the former centring round it most of the interest of Cockpen's historj', are the principal mansions ; and 5 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and up- wards, 8 of between £100 and £500, 23 of from £50 to £100, and 33 of from £20 to £50. Giving off part of its civil area to Stobhill quoad sacra parish, Cockpen is in the presbytery of Dalkeith and synod of Lothian and Tweeddale ; the li\-ing is worth £180. The parish church (1820 ; 625 sittings), on rising ground above the left bank of Dalhousie Burn, 1 mile SE of Bonnyrigg and 1 SSW of Dalhousie station, is a crucifonn Per- pendicular edifice, with a conspicuous tower ; in its churchyard lie several members of the Dalhousie family. Within the castle grounds are remains of the old First Pointed parish church. Bonnyrigg has a Free church ; and Cockpen public, Bonnyrigg public, and Bonnyrigg girls' schools, with respective accommodation for 126, 205, and 237 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 80, 188, and 213, and grants of £66, 18s., £154, lis., and £179. Valuation (1882) £20,842, including £1678 for railways. Pop. of q. s. parish (1871) 2481, (1881) 3432 ; of civil parish (1801) 1681, (1831) 2025, (1851) 3228, (1861) 2902, (1871)3346,(1881) 4545.— Orrf. Sicr., sh. 32, 1857. See Peter Mitchell's Parish of Cockpen in the Olden Times (Dalkeith, 1881). Cockpool, an old castle, reduced now to the merest vestiges, in Ruthwell parish, SW Dumfriesshire, 1^ mile SSW of Comlongan Castle. Cockutn, a troutful rivulet, partly of Berwick, but chiefly of Edinburgh, shire. It rises in Channelkirk parish at 1050 feet above sea-level ; runs f mile west- south-westward to the border of the shires ; and, after following it for \ mile southward, winds 3| miles south- south-westward ; and falls into Gala Water in the north- ern vicinity of Stow village. Coe, a river of Lismore and Appin parish, N Argyll- shire, formed by a number of scaur-born torrents, 1000 feet above the level of the sea, and running 8 miles west- by-northward to Loch Leven at Invercoe. It traverses Loch Triochatan, on its way through the desolate defile of Glexcoe ; and its waters contain abundance of river and sea trout and salmon. Some writers suppose it to be the Cona of Ossian, who, says tradition, was born upon its banks. — Ord. Siir., sh. 53, 1877. Coeffin. See Castle-Coeffin. Cogriebum. See Johnstone. Cogsmill, a hamlet, vnfh a public school, in Cavers parish, Roxburghshire, 5 miles SSE of Hawick. Coich. See Quoich. Coigach, a coast district in Ullapool quoad sacra and Lochbroom quoad civilia parish, Cromartyshire. Ad- joining the north-western extremity of Ross-shire, and bounded W by the Minch, NE by Sutherland, it mea- sures 22 miles from NW to SE, and 7^ miles in the op- posite direction ; includes Rhu More promontory, be- tween Loch Enard and the Summer Isles ; and is a strictly highland region, diversified ^^•ith glens and numerous small lakes, whilst containing the beautiful vales of Strathceannard and Rhidorch. It has a Free church and a post office under Ullapool, which lies 28 miles to the SE. Pop. (1871) 1239, (1881) 1167. Coila. See Coyl. Coilantogle, a ford on the river Teith in Callander parish, Perthshire, immediately below the river's efflux from Loch Vennachar, 2^ mUes WSW of Callander town. It was ' Clan Alpine's outmost guard,' the place where Roderick Dhu stands vantageless before Fitz-James, in the Lady of the Lake ; but it has lost its romance by the erection of a hu^e sluice of the Glasgow waterworks. Coilholme. See Tarbolton. Coilsfield, an estate, -with a mansion, in Tarbolton parish, Ayrshire. The mansion, standing on the right bank of the Water of Faile, 1 J mile ESE of Tarbolton village, was the seat, from the middle cf the 17th to the COLDINGHAM close of the 18th century, of the ancestors of the Earl of Eglinton, and is immortalised in Burns's lovely lyric — • Ye banks, and braes, and streams around The castle o' Montgomery, Green be your woods, and fair your flowers. Your waters never drumlie ! Tliere Simmer first unfauld her robes. And there the langest tarry ; For there I took the last fareweel O' my sweet Highland Mary.' She, Mary Campbell, was byres-woman at Coilsfield in 1786 ; and here, near the confluence of Faile and Ayr, is the scene of the sorrowful parting. Coilsfield has been considerably altered since Burns's day, being now a Classic-looking edifice, finely embosomed by trees ; it has, moreover, taken a new name — Montgomerie. The owner, Wm. Paterson, Esq. (b. 1797), holds 2552 acres in the shke, valued at £3127 per annum. A circular mound, to the S of the mansion, is traditionally regarded as the tomb of Auld King Coil, that ' sceptred Pictish shade' from whom Coilsfield, Coylton, and Kyle are said to have got their names. It was opened in May 1837, and found to contain several cinerary urns. Coiltie, a rivulet of Urquhart and GlenmoristoD parishes, Inverness-shire. Issuing from Loch nam Meur, on a western shelf of Mealfourvonie mountain, at an altitude of 1575 feet above sea-level, it rushes impe- tuously 9f miles east-north-eastward to Loch Ness, at the mouth of Glen Urquhart, near Drumnadrochit hotel. It passes through Loch Aolaich, and afterwards traver- ses a broken channel, overhung by precipices and wood, and in times of freshet moves in such bulk and force as to sweep before it enormous masses of stone. Its waters, owned by Lord Seafield, contain abundance of small tmwt.— Ord. Sur., sh. 73, 1878. Coinneag, Loch. See Charnac. Coire or Loch a' Choire, a lake in Daviot and Dun- lichity parish, Inverness-shire, lOi miles SSW of Inver- ness. Lying 865 feet above sea-level, it has an utmost length and breadth of 5 and 2f furlongs ; contains fine trout ; and sends off a stream 5 furlongs southward to Loch Ruthven. Coire Nam Meann, a loch in the SE of Farr parish, Sutherland, which, lying 801 feet above sea-level, has an equal length and breadth of 4| furlongs, and sends off a stream J mile north-eastward to Loch Learn na Clavan. Coire na Sith, a loch in the SW of Farr parish, Sutherland, communicating with Loch Naver, 8 mUes to the eastward. Lying 990 feet above sea-level, it has an utmost length and breadth of 4 and 3^ furlongs. Coir nan Uriskin. See Bealach-nam-Bo. Coiruisk. See Coruisk. Colbost, a hamlet of Duirinish parish, in the NW of the Isle of Skye, Inverness-shire, on the AV shore of Loch Follart, 2 miles W of Dunvegan. A public school at it, with accommodation for 83 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 50, and a grant of £51, 14s. Coibrandspath. See Cockburnspath. Coldingham ( Urhs Coludi of Bede, c. 700), a village and a coast parish of NE Berwickshire. The former by road is 3 miles WNW of Ej^emouth, 4^ NNW of Ayton, and 3^ NNE of Reston jf unction, this being 11 miles N W of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and 46% ESE of Edinburgh. ' Situated in a valley,' says Mr Hunter, 'about a mile distant from the sea, the small town meets the eye of the stranger only on his near approach by the several descents, and with striking and picturesque effect. The cottages present a scattered appearance, those on the northern side, called Boggan, being perched on the steep bank of the Reckleside or Gosemount Burn. On the southern side flows another deep-channelled stream- let, the Court Burn, the main part of the town being situated between them, and the two uniting about a furlong below.' At the village itself are a post oflice under Ayton, mth money order and savings' bank de- partments, 2 inns, a volimtcer hall (1872), a public school, a Congregationalist church (1878), and a new U.P. church (1870 ; 550 sittings), Early English in style, with a slated spire : whilst a gentle eminence to the S 275 COLDINGHAM is crowned by the ancient Priory. Fairs are held on the second Tuesday, old st3'le, of July and October. Pop. (1S61) 655, (1871) 647, (1S81) 572. The parish contains also the villages of Coldingham Shore, Reston, Auchcncra-\v, and Grant's House. It is bounded N and NE by the German Ocean, E by Eye- mouth and Ayton, SE by Ayton, S by Chirnside, SW by Bunkle, W by Abbey St Bathans and Oldhamstocks (detached), and NW by Cockburnspath. Its length from E to W varies between 2£ and 7^ miles, its breadth from N to S between 3 and 7^ miles ;" and its area is 24,325^ acres, of which 233 are foreshore, and 71i water, while 80§ belong to Highlaws, a detached portion, surrounded by Eyemouth parish. A stretch of the shore at Colding- ham Sands and the farm of Northfield is smooth and of tolerably easy access ; but mostly the coast is bold and rock-bound, its cave-pierced clifls of porjihyry and grey- wacke, the haunt of myriads of sea-fowl, rising steeply from the sea to heights of from 257 to 710 feet. Its ex- tent within Coldingham is fully 10 miles, if one follows all the indentations and promontories, chief of which latter are those of St Abbs and Fast Castle, 2^ miles NNE and 4 NAV of the village. Within 300 yards but 400 feet above the level of the ocean, 1 mile WSW of St Abbs Head, lies Coldingham Loch, a bleak, triangu- lar lake, which, measuring 3 by 2 furlongs, is several fathoms deep, and contains abundance of perch. Eye Water, first running If mile NNE along the Oldham- stocks border, from Grant's House station next winds 8 miles ESE through the southern interior, and then flows 1| mile SE, either on or near to the boundary with Ayton, 2 miles of which have already been traced by Ale Water, rising in and flowing through this parish. Dulaw, Abbey, and three or four more burns run right to the sea ; and, indeed, the whole surface is channelled by innumerable rivulets. From E to W it attains, to the N of the Ale, 387 feet above sea-level near White- cross, 310 at St Abbs Head, 528 at Earnsheugh, 448 near Boggangreen, 659 at Baskinbrae, 743 at Cross Law, 715 at Laverock Law, 644 at Brown Rig, and 710 near the site of Soldiers Dyke ; between the Ale and the Eye, 660 near Hillend, 782 at Houndwood Camp, 738 at Drone Hill, 686 at Cowel Hill, and 653 at the site of St David's Cairn ; to the S of the Eye, 432 near Stone- shiel, 503 at Greenhead, 860 at Horsley Hill, 614 near Brockholes, and 560 at Brockhole Hill — heights tliat be- long to an eastern extension of the Lammermuirs. The rocks are chiefly Silurian, with intrusions, however, of trap ; the soils are various and not particularly fertile. A considerable aggregate of flat arable land forms the bottom of the valleys ; and just about the middle of the parish is ' Coldingham Moor,' a tract of between 5000 and 6000 acres, which, once a mixture of moor, forest, and moss, looked in last century a treeless waste, but now in great measure has been reclaimed and brought under the plough. About 500 acres are clothed with plantation, 100 with natural wood. Mansions are Cold- ingham Law House, Homefield, Highlaws, Press House, Tcmpleliall House, Berrybank, Coveyheugh, Fairlaw House, Houndwood House, Newmains, Renton House, Stoneshiel House, and Simnyside; and 12 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 25 of between £100 and £500, 6 of from £50 to £100, and 22 of from £20 to £50. A native Avas Geo. Dunbar (1774- 1851), Greek Professor in Edinburgh University. Fast C.\STLE is a principal antiquity ; and at Renton, at Houndwood, at East and West Preston, were fortalices or castles belonging to Logan of Restalrig, its wicked lord, all of which were demolished during last century to furnish building materials. Traces of four camps — two native and two Roman — are on the heights to the W and S of St Abbs ; and on St Abbs stood Ebba's monastery. It seems, however, thence to have been transferred to the after site of the Benedictine priory, where foundations were excavated in 1854 of an earlier church with circular E apse. The priory itself was founded or refounded in 1098 by Eadgar, King of tlie Scots, the son of Malcolm Ceannmor and St Margaret, lie having wrested the sceptre from Donald, with Wil- 278 COLDSTREAM liam Rufus' assistance, and fighting beneath the banner of St Cuthbert. To St Cuthbert, then, with SS Mary and Ebba, he consecrated this his votive ottering, and granted it to St Cuthbert's canons regular of Durham. So that, though situate in Scotland, and though en- dowed by Scottish kings and nobles, Coldingham priory was long subordinate to the English Church, which ex- ei'cised over it absolute control, and appropriated great part of its extensive revenues. In 1488 an attempt to suppress it and annex its property to the Chapel Roj'al of Stirling led to the Douglas rebellion which, ending with James III.'s downfall at Sauchie Burn, left the Homes masters of Coldingham till 1504. An Act of that year annexed it to the Crown ; and in 1509 it was finally severed from Durham, and placed under the Abbey of Dunfermline. So it continued till 1560, when it shared in the fate of other religious houses. Its nearness to the Border had exposed it to frequent calami- ties ; and thrice it sustained great hurt by fire — in 1216, 1430, and 1545. Cromwell, too, did great damage to the buildings, which later served for quarry to the village ; so that little remains now to show their former glories but the E and N walls of the choir of the church, serai-Norman without, and lapsing into almost First Pointed within. Cruciform in plan, this church con- sisted of a nave and choir, each 90 by 25 feet, with a transept, 41 by 34, at whose NW angle a massive square tower, which fell little more than a century since, up- rose to a height of 90 feet and upwards. The choir, patched up into a parish church, was restored (1854-55) at a cost of £2200, including £625 from the Board of Works. The W and S walls of 1662 were then rebuilt, and the corner towers carried up to their original height ; the whitewash was removed from the exquisite carvings, a flat stained-wood roof introduced, aS porch added, and the interior rebenched, containing now 410 sittings. The result is creditable to the early restorers. In the presbytery of Chirnside and synod of Merse and Teviot- dale, the civil parish has been, since 1851, divided into the quoad sacra parishes of Coldingham and Hound- wood, the former a living worth £397. In it 3 public schools — Coldingham, Coldingham Moor, and Colding- ham Shore — with respective accommodation for 190, 32, and 91 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 131, 34, and 63, and grants of £96, 12s., £40, 6s., and £54, Is. 6d. ; Houndwood containing 3 other public schools. Valuation (1882) £31,973, 17s. Pop. of civil parish (1801) 2-391, (1831) 2668, (1861) 3241, (1871) 3093, (1881) 3159 ; of quoad sacra parish (1881) 1644 ; of registration district (1881) 2675.— 0?yZ. Sur., sh. 34, 1864. See A. Carr's History of Coldingham Friory (Edinb. 1836); J. Raines' Corresjjondence, Inventories, Ac- count Rolls, and Law Proceedings of the Friory of Coldingham (Surtees Soc, Durham, 1841) ; and W. K. Hunter's History of the Priory of Coldingham (Edinb. 1858). Coldinghamshire, an ancient jurisdiction in Berwick- shire, comprehending the parishes of Coldingham, Eye- mouth, Ayton, Lamberton, and Aldcamhus, and parts of the parishes of Mordington, Foulden, Chirnside, Bunkle, and Cockburnspath, in all amounting to about one-eighth of the entire area of the county. The nature of the jurisdiction is ill defined, but seems to have been chiefly, if not wholly, ecclesiastical, and connected with Coldingham Priory. Coldingham Shore, a fishing village in Coldingham parish, Berwickshire, li mile NE of Coldingham village. It has a public school and a boat harbour, formed in 1833 at a cost of £1200 ; and it carries on fishing for herrings, cod, haddocks, turbot, lobster, and crabs, whilst conducting an extensive trade in the curing of herrings. Three of its fishers were lost in the great gale of 14 Oct. 1881. Pop. (1881) 298. Coldrochie. See Monkydie. Coldside, a hamlet in the parish and 5 miles NE of the village of Canonbie, SE Dumfriesshire. Coldstone. See Locjie-Cold-stone. Coldstream, a Border town and j)arish of S Berwick- shire. The town, 100 feet above sea-level, stands on the COLDSTREAM left bank of the broad winding Tweed, and of its affluent, Leet Water, 47 miles SE by E of Edinburgh by road, whilst Smeaton's fine five-arched bridge (1763-66) across the Tweed leads 1 J mile east-south-eastward to Cornhill village, in Norham parish, Northumberland, at which is Coldstream station on the North-Eastem railway, 13| miles SW of Berwick-upon-Tweed, 10 ENE of Kelso, and 62 SE by E of Edinburgh. On the English side are the ruins of Wark Castle, the field of Flodden, and the scene, some fancy, of the ' Hunting of the Chevyat ;' and Coldstream itself derived importance from its ford, the first above Berwick of any consequence. By this pas- sage Edward I. invaded Scotland in 1296 ; and down to 1640, when Montrose led the Covenanters southwards, many other armies, Scottish and English, crossed thereby, to ravage the country of their respective foes. Later, till 1856, its position made Coldstream a chapel of ease, as it were, to Gretna Green, among the more notable of its runaway marriages being that of Lord Brougham (1819). Not a stone remains of the wealthy Cistercian priory, founded in 1143 by Cospatrick, Earl of March, for nuns brought from ^Vhiston in "Worcester- shire. It stood a little eastward of the market-place ; and in 1834 many bones and a stone cofiin were dug up in its burying-ground, where, according to tradition, the prioress had given sepulture to the foremost of the Scot- tish slain at Flodden. The Chartulary of this priory was edited for the Grampian Club by the Kev. C. Rogers in 1879. A yet more interesting building, a house at the E of the market-place, has likewise dis- appeared ; but its successor bears the following inscrip- tion — ' Headquarters of the Coldstream Guards 1659 ; rebuilt 1865.' The Coldstreams were formed by General Monk in 1650 from the two regiments of Fenwick and Haslerig ; Borderers chiefly, tried and hardy men, they marched with him up and down Scotland, discomfiting all enemies of the Commonwealth from Berwick to Dundee, and from Dundee to Dumfries, till, after ten years spent in Scotland, they followed him to London, there to restore King Charles II. The present town, although irregiilarly built, is very pretty, with its nice modern cottages and gardens. It has a post office, ■with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, branches of the British Linen Co. (1820) and Bank of Scotland (1855), a local savings' bank (1842), 2 hotels, gas-works, water- works (1852), a town-hall, a mechanics' institute (1863), a pubUc library, a working men's club, a masonic lodge (1861), a dispensary, a volunteer corps, a horticultural society, a brewery, and a fortnightly Saturday paper, the Coldstream Guard (1879). A burgh of barony and a police burgh, it is governed by a baron bailie, under the Earls of Haddington and Home, and by 8 police commissioners. Courts sitting here are noticed under Berwickshire ; and fairs are held at ComhiLL on the first Monday of March (hiring), the Wed- nesday after the second Tuesday of July (lamb and wool), and 26 Sept. (draft ewes). At the E end of the town is a handsome monument, 70 feet high, erected in 1834 to the memory of Charles Marjoribanks, Esq., M.P. for Berwickshire. His statue surmounting it, from the chisel of Mr H. Ritchie of Edinburgh, was shattered by lightning (1873), but was replaced in the following year by another, 4 tons in weight, by the Border sculptor, Mr Currie of Damick. The parish church (1795 ; 1100 sittings) has a spire and clock ; and other places of worship are a Free church (600 sittings), and2U.P. churches, East (700) and^ West (1000 sittings). Three public schools — New Road, North, and Hirsel Law, the last about 2 miles NNW of the town — with respective accommodation for 150, 225, and 110 chil- dren, had (1880) an average attendance of 62, 161, and 56, and grants of £42, 5s., £134, 15s., and £40, 16s. Pop. (1841) 1913, (1851) 2238, (1861) 1834, (1871) 1724, (1881) 1616, The parish, till 1716 called Lennel or Leinhall, is bounded N by Swinton and Ladykirk, SE and S by Northumberland, and W by Eccles. Rudely resemb- ling a kite in outline, \\-ith Todrig at top and Home Fai-m at bottom, it has an utmost length from ENE to COLINSBURGH WSW of 61 miles, an utmost breadth from NW to SE of 4f miles, and an area of 8534^ acres, of which 214J are water. The Tweed, here a glorious fishing river, sweeps 8§ miles along all the English Border, forming a horseshoe bend at the town, and there receiving the ditch -like but troutful Leet, which, after tracing 2 miles of the Eccles boundary, strikes 4f miles south- eastward through the interior. Graden and Shiels Bums run east-north-eastward to the Tweed ; the only large sheet of water is Hirsel Loch (2 x 1^ furl. ). The surface, with a general north-westward rise, nowhere sinks much below 100, or exceeds 246, feet above sea-level ; shel- tered by both the Cheviots and the Lammermuirs, it lies exposed to the NE only, whence, in the gale of 14 Oct. 1881, its trees sustained considerable damage. A band of barren moor, from E to W, is now nearly all reclaimed ; and the entire area, with very slight excep- tion, is either richly cultivated or imder wood. The woods cover a comparatively large extent, particularly on the Hirsel estate. The rocks include white and red- dish sandstone, clay marl, limestone, and gj-psum ; the first of which forms an excellent building material, and has been worked in three quarries. Quartz crystals, calcareous crystals, prehnite, and selenite are found. The soil, near the 'Tweed, is light ; further inland, in- clines to clay ; and almost everywhere is rich and fertile. Remains of a fortification, probably later than the introduction of cannon, are on the barony of Snook ; and an ancient cross, called Maxwell's, stood between Lennel church and Tweed-mill, but was removed about 1730. An episode still to be noticed is Bums's visit of 7 May 1787, which he described in ' Alfred Jingle' style : ' Coldstream — went over to England — Cornhill — glorious river Tweed — clear and majestic — ^fine' bridge. Dine at Coldstream with Mr Ainslie and Mr Foreman — beat Mr F. in a dispute about Voltaire. Tea at Lennel House with Mr Brydone , . . my reception extremely flattering — sleep at Coldstream. ' The said Mr Patrick Brydone (1741-1818), who died at Lennel House, was author of a well-kno\vn Tour through Sicily and Malta. The principal mansions, all noticed separately, are The Hirsel, The Lees, Hope Park, Lennel House, and MUne Graden ; and 6 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 11 of between £100 and £500, 6 of from £50 to £100, and 41 of from £20 to £50. Cold- stream is in the presbytery of Chirnside and synod of Merse and Te\dotdale ; the living is worth £460. Valuation (1882) £20,300, 19s. lOd. Pop. (1801) 2269, (1831) 2897, (1851) 3245, (1861) 2823, (1871) 2619, (1881) 2561.— Orrf. Sur. sh. 26, 1864. Coldwells. See Crtjdex. Cole Castle. See Castle-Cole. Colfin, a station in Portpatrick parish, Wigtownshire, on the Dumfries and Portpatrick railway, at Colfin Glen, 3 J miles ENE of Portpatrick town. Colgrave, a sound or strait in Shetland, separating Yell island on the W from Fetlar on the E. It contains Hascosay island ; and it varies in width from 3 miles in the N to 9 in the S. Coligarth, a district of Lady parish, Sanday island, Orkney. On a barren moor extending along its SW side are three large tumuli, and a number of smaller ones. A headland called Coliness or the Ness of Coli- garth projects north-westward into Otterswick Bay, and has foundations of an ancient chapel, as well as a very large artificial mound, in which was found, in 1838, an ancient iron spear-head, 7 inches long. Colin. See Collix. Colinsburgh, a village of Kilconquhar parish, in the East Neuk of .Fife. It stands within 2 miles of, and 120 feet above, the Firth of Forth, If mile N by W of Kilconquhar station, tliis being 12i miles E of Thorn- ton Junction, and 32i NE of Edinburgh. Founded by and named after Colin, third Earl of B.vlcarkes, about 1718, it is a burgh of barony ; and has a post ofiice, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, a branch of the Commercial Bank, gas- works (1841), an hotel, a public school, a U.P. church (1800 ; 300 sittings), agiicultural and horticultural 277 COLINTON societies, a Thursday market, and fairs on tlie second Thursday of June and October. Pop. (1841) 482, (ISGl), 438, (1871) 351, (1881) 3S2.—Ord. Sur., sh. 41, 1857. Colinton, a village and a parish of Edinburghsliire. The village, 4 miles SW by S of Edinburgh, is charm- ingly situated in a hollow on the Water of Leith, which here is spanned by a high stone bridge ; at it are a station on the Balerno loop-line of the Caledonian (1874), a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, 2 inns, the parish church, and a public school. In his Miller of Deanhaugh (1844), the late Jas. Ballantyne described it ' with its romantic valley, its lines of cottages embedded in the hollows, its kail- yards and their rows of currant-bushes, its sylvan path- way threading the mazes of wood, deep, deep down in the beautiful dell.' The village has changed a bit since then, but always for the better, a good many comfort- able, old English-looking houses having arisen upon its upper oiitskirts within the last two or three years. Pop. (1851) 120, (1881) 276. The parish, containing also the villages of Juniper Green, Hailes, Longstone, and Slateford, is travei'sed across the NW corner by the Caledonian railway and the Union Canal, and through the north-western interior by the Balerno line. Till 1697 it was called Hailes, and thence till 1747 Hailes or CoUingtoune. It is bounded NW by Corstorphine, NE by St Cuthberts, E by Liber- ton, SE by Lasswade and Glencross, SW by Penicuik and Cui-rie. Its greatest length, from N to S, is 3^ miles ; its greatest breadth is 3^ miles ; and its area is 5659J acres, of which 20^ are water. Triangular Torduff reservoir (3 x | furl. ), the lower of the two Edin- burgh Compensation Ponds, falls within the south- western border ; and through the north-western interior, from Juniper Green to Slateford, the Water of Leith •winds 3 miles east-north-eastward along a lovely little wooded dell. Another streamlet is the Burn of Braid, running 3^ miles north-eastward, from above Bonally into St Cuthberts, and joined near Dreghorn Castle by Howden Burn. From the ilats of Corstorphine the sur- face rises south-south-eastward to the northern slopes of the Pentlands, in the NW and N sinking to less than 300 feet above sea-level, whilst in the S it attains 1280 feet, Castle-Law (1595 feet) and Bells Hill (1330) culminating in Glencross and Penicuik parishes. In the NE is Chaiglockhart, a beautiful westward ex- tension of the Braid Hills. Most of the parish, down to the 17th century, seems to have been a desolate moor. But now the greater part is in a state of high cultivation, beautified by hedgerows, parks, and woods ; and even lower acclivities of the Pent- lands, up to 700 feet above sea-level, have recently been jilanted or brought under the plough. Excellent springs on the lands of Comiston, Swanston, and Dreg- horn long furnished Edinburgh with its chief artificial water supply. The rocks of the Pentlands are prin- cipally porphyrites, those of the low grounds calci- ferous sandstones. Excellent sandstone is largely quarried at Redhall and Hailes, and has been much employed in Edinburgh architecture. The soil ranges in character from good alluvium, through several sorts of loam, to moorish earth. About seven-elevenths of the entire area are arable, and nearly one-fourth is hill pasture. Colinton House, in the northern vicinity of Colinton village, was rebuilt by the eminent banker. Sir William Forbes of Pitsligo, Bart. (1739-180G), who died at it, as also did Jas. Abercromby, Lord Dunferm- line (1776-1858), for four years Speaker of the House of Commons. It is now the seat of Jn. Moubray Trotter, Esq. Other mansions arc Bonally, Dreghorn, Redford, Comiston, Hailes, Redhall, and Craiglockhart ; and other illustrious names connected with this parish are those of the Rev. Arch. Alison, Jn. Allen, Lord Cockburn, the Rev. Jn. Dick, D.D., Lord Dreghorn, Prof. Wm. B. Hodgson, Lords President Gilinour and Lockhart, David Mallet, and Lord Woodhall. Two prominent buildings are the Edinburgh new Workhouse and tlie Hydro- Ijathic Establishment, both near Craiglockhart Hill. Some sixteen corn and paper mills are on the Water of 278 COLL Leith ; and an extensive bleachfield is at Inglis Green. The Roman road from York to Carriden passed through the lands of Comiston, where also was a large ancient camp. Two very large conical cairns, which adjoined this camp, are supposed to have marked the scene of an important battle ; and a rude whinstone monolith, the Kel Stane or Games Stone, not far from there, is of course referred to the mythical Camus of Baiiuy. Ten pro- prietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 10 of between £100 and £500, 7 of from £50 to £100, and 31 of from £20 to £50. Colinton is in the presby- tery of Edinburgh and synod of Lothian and Tweeddale. The parish church, at the village, containing 660 sittings, was built in 1771, and enlarged in 1837. At Craiglock- hart is an iron Established mission church (1880), at Juniper Green a new Free church (1880 ; 620 sittings), and at Slateford a U.P. church (1784; 520 .sittings). Five public schools — Colinton, Juniper Green infant and industrial. Juniper Green male, Longstone female, and Slateford — with respective accommodation for 161, 85, 85, 90, and 129, had (1880) an average attendance of 121, 54, 110, 60, and 80, and grants of £86, 7s. 6d., £40, 18s., £96, 13s., £35, 12s., and £26. Valuation (1860) £15,714, (1882) £34,675, including £7589 for railway and waterworks. Pop. (1801) 1397, (1831) 2232, (1861) 2656, (1871) 3644, (1881) 4347.— Ord Sur., sh. 32, 1857. See Thos. Murray's Biographical Annals of the Parish of Colinton (Edinb. 1863). Colintraive, a village in Inverchaolain parish, Argyll- shire, on the NE side of the Kyles of Bute, 7^ miles by water NW by N of Rothesay. With a number of pretty villas, it has a post office under Greenock, an inn, and a small steamboat pier. Coll, a coast village in the parish and 6 miles NNE of the town of Stornoway, Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Ross- shire. In a neighbouring clifi' is a cave with two vaulted chambers, the entrance, 8 feet high and 14 wide ; the interior, 15 high and 30 long ; and the sides, so studded with mussels as, on a clear day, to reflect a variety of colours. A burn, the Coll or Amhuinn Chuil, formed by two head-streams, runs 2:^ miles south-eastward to Broad Bay, in the southern vicinity of the village. Coll, an island and a parish in the Hebrides of Argyll- shire. The island lies parallel with the NW coast of Mull, 7i miles WNW of Callioch Point, 16 of Tober- mory ; and by a steamboat route of 57^ miles, communi- cates with Oban, under which it has a post office, with money order and savings' bank departments. It is 12^ miles long from ENE to WSW, whilst its breadth varies between 1 and 3i miles. The coast, in general, is bold and rocky ; and the interior is diversified with eminences, but nowhere exceeds 326 feet above sea-level. Mica slate is the predominating rock. Eight or nine lochs yield capital trout-fishing, and the shooting also is good. ' Reaping, mowing, and thrashing machines are com- mon,' says Mr Duncan Clerk, 'and the lands are managed in accordance with the most improved method of culture. The manufacture of butter and cheese is carried on ex- tensively and successfully, some dairies keeping upwards of SO Ayrshire cows. The pasturage is said to be rich in milk-producing qualities ; and considerable numbers of pure Highland cattle are bred on several of the farms. Sheep — Cheviots, blackfaced, and crosses — are kept, the number of them in 1877 being 6718, of cattle 1147, of horses 121, and of pigs 164.' Antiquities are the bury- ing-grounds of Crosspoll and Killunaig, the latter with a ruined chapel ; two standing-stones, 6 feet high ; vestiges of eight Scandinavian forts ; and, at the head of a southern bay, the castle of Breacacha, said to have been built by one of the Lords of the Isles. Conflicts be- tween the Macneils and Macleans, the Macleans and Macdonalds, make up the history of Coll, which in 1773 received a week's visit from Johnson and Boswell. John Lome Stewart, Esq. of Breacacha Castle (b. 1837 ; sue. 1878), is almost sole proprietor, holding 14,247 acres, valued at £4118 per annum ; and there are eight chief tenants. The parish, annexed to Tiree in 1618, but re- constituted in 1866, comprises the pastoral isles of Gunna, Eilcanmore, Soay, and Oransay. It is in the COLLAGE presbytery of JIuU and synod of Argj'll ; the living is wortli £168. The parish church (1802 ; 350 sittings) stands near the middle of the island. There is also a Free church ; and two public schools, Acha and Ama- bost, with respective accommodation for 72 and 49 children, had (ISSO) an average attendance of 35 and 22, and grants of £41, 16s. and £32, 13s. Valuation (1881) £4180, 13s. Pop. (1801) 1162, (1851) 1109, (1S61) 781, (1871) 723, (1881) 643. CoUace, a village and a parish of Gowrie district, E Perthshire. The \'illage stands 4 miles S by E of AVood- side station, and 8 NE of its post-toTsm Perth ; it con- sists of two parts, called CoUace and Kirkton of Collace, the latter J mile SW of the former. The parish, containing also the village of Kinrossie, is bounded NW and NE by Cargill, E by Abernyte, SE by Kinnaird and the Bandirron section of Caputh in Forfarshire (detached), and SW by St Martins. Its greatest length from E to W is 3J miles ; its greatest breadth from N to S is 2§ miles ; and its area is 2933 acres, of which 6 are water. The surface, flatfish in the N and W, has a general east-south-eastward rise, attain- ing 383 feet above sea-level near Milnton, 440 near Saucher, 532 near Balmalcolm, 1012 on Dunsinane Hill, and 1182 on Black Hill, of which the two last culmi- nate close to the Abernyte border and belong to the Sidlaw range. Excellent sandstone is plentiful ; and the northern district, with its light black loamy soil, is in a state of the highest cultivation, whilst the south- eastern is variously hill-pasture and upland heath. A fifth or rather more of the area is under wood. Dun- sinane Hill and Dunsinane House, the two chief features of the parish, are separately noticed ; to the owner of the latter the entire parish belongs. Collace is in the presbytery of Perth and synod of Perth and Stirling ; the living is worth £219. The parish church (1813 ; 410 sittings) is a neat Gothic edifice, with a square tower. There is also a Free church ; and a public school, with accommodation for 130 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 75, and a grant of £64, 5s. Valua- tion (1881) £3739, 19s. lid. Pop. (1801) 562, (1831) 738, (1861) 534, (1871) 456, (1881) 409.— Orc^. Sur., sh. 48, 1868. CoUa Firth, a bay and a hamlet in Northmaven par- ish, Shetland. Collaimey, a ruined fortalice in Dunbog parish, Fife, 4 J miles E by S of Newburgh. For nearly five centuries it belonged to the Barclays, hereditary bailies of rega- lity of Lindores. CoU-Eam Castle, the seat of Alex. Mackintosh, Esq., in the parish and near the town of Auchterarder, Perth- shire. Completed in 1872, it is a picturesque old- fashioned building, with its wainscoting, painted glass, and vaulted ceilings, and commands a magnificent view. College. See Edixbukgh and Glasgow. Collessie, a post-office village and a parish in the N of Fife. The village has a station on the North British railway, 2i miles NNW of its post-town Ladybank, this being 28^ miles NNE of Edinburgh, and 18| SE by E of Perth. The parish contains also the important junction and the rising police burgh of Ladybank, and the villages of Giffordtown and Edenstown. It is bounded N by Abdie, NE by Jlonimail, E by Cults, S by Kettle, SW by Auchtermuchty, and N W by Newburgh. Its greatest length from E to W is 4f miles ; its greatest breadth from N to S is 3| miles ; and its area is 8702| acres, of of which 5| are water. The river Eden flows 2^ miles along all the Kettle border, and lower down, 1\ mile along the boundary with Cults ; its channel was straight- ened about 1787, so that its floods have long been a thing of the past. Rossie Loch, too, which covered upwards of 300 acres, was drained in 1740, its bed being now good meadow and pasture land. Part of the ' Howe of Fife,' the surface, sinking to 100 feet above sea-level in the E, is almost a dead flat over much the larger portion of the parish, but, close to the western and the northern border, attains 427 feet near Craigoverhouse and 642 at Woodhead. Greenstone has been quarried, COLLUTHIE as also sandstone in a less degree ; and marl is plentiful. The soil of the arable lands is deep and fertile, resting upon a trap-rock bottom, and having a fine southern exposure ; since 1860 great improvements have been carried out on the Melville estate, in the way of build- ing, wii'e-fencing, clearing, replanting, and reclaiming. Plantations cover a considerable extent, about one- seventh of the entire area. Near the village are a mega- lith 6 feet in gii'th by 9 in height, and a tumulus, ' Gask Hill,' which, measuring 120 by 100 feet, and 12 feet high, was opened in 1876 by Mr Anderson of the Edinburgh Antiquarian Museum. In the N W, too, stood two ancient forts, commanding the pass from central Fife to Strathearn ; and near the easternmost one coins have been found of Edward I. of England, along with a cinerary urn and other relics of antiquity. Hugh Blair, D.D. (1718-1800), author of Lectures on Rhetoric, commenced his ministry here in 1742 ; and the courtier and diplomatist, Sir James Melville (1535-1607), held the estate of Hallhill. The principal mansions are Mel- ville House, Kinloch,Pitlair,Rankeilour, Meadow Wells, Rossie, and Lochiehead. Collessie is in the presbytery of Cupar and synod of Fife ; the living is worth £436. The parish church is a very old building, long and nar- row, with not more than 600 sittings ; but in 1881 the erection was sanctioned of another Established church — to seat 400 and cost £2050 — at Ladybank, where a new Free church was built in 1876 at a cost of £3000. Two public schools, Collessie and Ladybank, with re- spective accommodation for 129 and 273 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 78 and 236, and grants of £73, 13s. and £227, 16s. Valuation (1881) £13,182, .3s. Pop. (1801) 930, (1831) 1162, (1861) 1560, (1871) 1703, (1881) 1982, of whom 1072 were in Ladybank.— Orel. Sur., sh. 40, 1867. Collie Law. See Channelkiek. Collieston. See Colliston. Collin, a village, with a public school, in Torthorwald parish, Dumfriesshire, near the left bank of Lochar Water, 1 J mile N by W of Racks station, and 3| miles E of Dumfries, under which it has a post office. Collin, an estate, with a mansion, in Rerwick parish, S Kirkcudbrightshire, 8 miles SSE of Castle-Douglas. Collin. See Scone. Collinswell, an estate, with a mansion, in the parish and 1 mile WNW of the town of Burntisland, Fife. Collinton. See Colinton. Colliston, an estate, with a mansion, in the Glenessland district of Dunscore parish, Dumfriesshire, about 7 miles WSW of All] dgirth station. It belonged to the father of the eminent John Welch (1570-1623), who probably was born here ; and it is now the property of Chas. Copland, Esq. (b. 1849 ; sue. 1870), who holds 2554 acres in the shire, valued at £1995 per annum. Colliston, a fishing village in Slains parish, Aberdeen- shire, on a romantic small baj', ^ mile S of Slains church, and 6 miles E by S of Ellon, under which it has a post office. Eighty years since a famous smuggling place, it offers a picturesque appearance, straggling among cliffs and over braes ; and it carries on a vigorous trade in fishing for haddocks, cod, whitings, and turbot, and in preparing 'Colliston speldings,' or haddocks dried on tlie rock. Colliston, a village in St Vigeans parish, Forfarshire, 4 miles NW of Arbroath. It has a station on the Ar- broath and Forfar section of the Caledonian, a new board school (1877), a Free church, and an Established church. The last, erected as a chapel of ease in 1871, and raised to quoad sacra status in 1875, was enlarged by the addition of a transept in 1876, and now contains 500 sittings. Colliston House, in the vicinity, is said to have been built by Cardinal Beaton for his son-in-law. CoUuthie, a mansion in Moonzie parish, NW Fife, 4^ miles NW by N of Cupar. Said to have been built about 1356 by Sir William Ramsay, son-in-law and suc- cessor of the last Earl of Fife of the ancient Macduff line, it is manifestly of later date, yet is remarkable for the thickness of its walls, and for arched doors and win- dows : and it long suffered such neglect as to become 279 COLLYLAND nearly uninhabitable, till about IS 10 it underwent tliorough renovation, being now the seat of Jn. Inglis, Esq., who owns 485 acres in the shire, valued at £1125 per annum. Colluthie Hill (430 feet) to the S of the mansion, is rocky on the top, and has been planted. CoUyland. See Coalyland. Colmkill. See Skye. Cobnonell, a village and a coast parish of Carrick, S Ayrshire. The village, a neat little place, stands on the left bank of tne Stinchar, 4| miles W by S of Pinwherry station, and 10^ S by W of Girvan, under which it has a post and telegraph office ; at it are the parish church, a Free church, a United Original Secession church, and a public school A fail- is held on the first Monday of May, 0. s. The parish contains also the coast village of Lendal- foot and the stations of Pinmore, Pinwherry, and Barr- hill on the Girvan and Portpatrick Junction railway (1876), these being 5, 8, and 12i miles S of Girvan. It is bounded N by Girvan ; NE by Barr ; E by Minnigaff, in Kirkcudbrightshire ; S by Penninghame, Kirkgowan, and New Luce, in Wigtownshire ; SAV by Ballantrae ; and NW by the North Channel. Its greatest length is 13 miles from NW to SE, viz., from Lendalfoot to Loch Maberry ; its -width from NE to SW varies between 3| and 7| miles ; and its area is 48,153f acres, of which lS4i are foreshore and 479 water. The Stinchar winds 7\ miles south-westward through the NW interior, then 2 miles along the Ballantrae border ; at Pinwherry it is joined by the Duisk, which, formed by the Pollgowan and Feoch Burns, runs 6 miles north-westward past Ban-hill, itself receiving by the way a score at least of rivulets. By the Ceee, flowing 6i miles along all the Minnigaff boundary, the SE corner of the parish is drained to the Solway Firth, whither also two lakes on the AVigtownshire border discharge their effluence — Lochs Dornal (5x4Jfurl.) and Mabekry (1^ mile x 3 furl.). On the Barr boundary lie Loch Goosey (3x2 furl. ) and smaller Lochs Crongart and Fanoch ; whilst in the interior are Drumlamford (2 x l^ fui-1.) and thir- teen yet tinier lakelets. The coast-line, 6i miles long, is closely followed, at a height of from 12 to 59 feet above sea-level, by the shore road from Girvan to Bal- lantrae, just beyond which the surface rises rapidly to 200 feet at Bennane Head, 500 at Carleton, and nowhere much less than 100. Inland, the chief elevations to the NW of the Stinchar are conical Knockdolian (869 feet), Knockdaw HUl (850), and Fell (810) ; to the SE of it, Dalreoch Hill (604), Pinwherry Hill (548), Wee W^heeb (649), Kildonan (659), Shiel Hill (751), and Barjarg Hill (554). The formation is Lower Silurian. The vales contain a good deal of fertile alluvial land, and gi-eat improvements have been effected within the last forty years, especially on the Corwar estate, where fully 3500 acres of wild heathery moor and 200 of deep moss have been reclaimed, and now yield excellent pastui-age. Great attention is paid to sheep and dairy farming, particularly to cheese-making ; and the harvest of the sea is not neglected. Craigneil is a fine old ruin of the 13th century, and other ruined fortalices are at Knock- dolian, Knockdaw, Carleton, Kirkhill, and Pinwherry. The mansions are Ballochmorrie, Corwar, Daljarroch, Drumlamford, Kildonan, Knockdolian, and Pinmore ; and 12 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 13 of between £100 and £500, 4 of from £50 to £100, and 4 of from £20 to £50. Giving off" AuNSHEEN quoad sacra paiish, Colmonell is in the pres- bytery of Stranraer and synod of Galloway ; the living is worth £300. The parish church, built in 1772, con- tains 500 sittings ; in its kirkyard lie three martyred Covenanters, one of whom, IVIatthew M'llraith, was slain, says his epitaph, by order of ' bloody Claver- house.' Five public schools — Banhill, Colmonell, Cor- war, Lendalfoot, and Pinwherry — with respective ac- commodation for 146, 137, 60, 48, and 69 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 117, 75, 41, 22, and 57, and gi-ants of £90, 12s., £55, 19s., £41, 15.s. 2d., £26, 6s., and £47, 3s. Valuation (1881) £25,502, 7s. 6d., including £628 for railway. Pop. (1801) 1306, 280 COLPT (1841) 2801, (1861) 2588, (1871) 2293, (1881) 2191, of whom 1132 were in ("olmonell registration district. — Orel. Sur., shs. 7, 8, 1863. Colmslie. See Allex. Colms, St. See Combs. Colonsay and Oronsay, two Inner Hebridean islands of Argyllshire, separated by a sound of only 100 yards at the narrowest, and dry at low water for tliree hours. Colonsay, the northernmost and much the larger of the two, has a good eastern harbour at Schallasaig, which, 16 miles NNW of Port Askaig in Islay, may be reached from Glasgow b)' the Oban steamer, and at which are an inn and a post office (Colonsay) under Greenock. Its length from NNE to SSW is 8 miles, and its breadth varies between 1^ and 3:^ miles ; whilst 3 by 2 miles is Oronsay's utmost extent. The surface is irregular, rising to 493 feet in Carn-nan-Eun to the N of Colonsay, where two lochs yield capital trout fishing. The shoot- ing also is good. Mica slate, passing into chlorite and clay slate, and mixed with quartz and limestone, is the leading formation ; the soil is well suited for either crops or cattle ; and so mild is the climate that fuchsias, hy- drangeas, and the like, flourish unchecked by winter cold. A paper read before the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (June 14, 1880) described a bone cave lately discovered in Colonsay by Mr Symington Grieve, and comprising chambers 230 feet in extent, some of which contain a local deposit of stalagmite, and, underneath, successive layers of ashes, charcoal, and bones of the common domestic animals. The most interesting anti- quities, however, are the ecclesiastical, second only to those of lona. Columba and Oran, his colleague, are said, though not by Skene, to have first settled here, after quitting Ireland in 563, and to have given name to the two islands ; but the Austin Priory of Oronsay must have been founded long after, most likely in the 14th century by a Lord of the Isles as a cell of Holyrood. Early English in style, its roofless church measures 77i by 18 feet, and contains a number of curious effigies, figured in Gordon's Monasticon (1868). Near it, too, are a beautifully sculptured cross, 12 feet high, and the mutilated fragments of another. From the Macduffies, their ancient lords, the islands passed in the 17tli cen- tury to the Macdonalds of the Colkitto branch, and next to the Duke of Argyll. The latter in 1700 exchanged them for Crerar, in South Knapdale, with Donald M'Neill, two of whose descendants have shed great lustre upon Colonsay in law and in diplomacy. These are Duncan M'Neill (1794-1874), who was raised to the peerai-e as Lord Colonsay in 1867 : and his brother, the Right Hon. Sir John M'Neill, G.C.B. (1795-1883), of Buruliead, Liberton, who was principal proprietor, holding 11,262 acres in Argyllshire, valued at £2172 per annum. Colonsay House (1722 ; enlarged about 1830), in the northern part of the island, is the present seat of their nephew. Sir John Carstairs M'Neill, K.C.M.G., C.B.,V.C. (b.l831; ere. 1880). An obelisk of red iluU granite, 30 feet high, was erected in 1879 to the memory of Lord Colonsay, in place of one destroyed three years before by lightning. Long annexed to Jura, the islands now form a parish in the presbytery of Islay and Jura and synod of Argyll ; the living is worth £170. The church, built in 1802, contains 400 sittings ; and Colonsay public and'Kilchattan Christian Know- ledge Society's school, with respective accommodation for 50 and 51 children, had (ISSO) an average attend- ance of 20 and 30, and grants of £29, 3s. and £36, 7s. Valuation (1881) £3131, 18s. Pop. (1801) 805, (1851) 933, (1861) 598, (1871) 456, (1881) 395. Colonsay, Little, an island of Kiluinian parish, Argyllshire, in tlie mouth of Loch-na-Keal, off the AV side of Mull, between Ulva island and Stalfa, 3 miles W of Inchkenneth. It exhibits a columnar basaltic forma- tion, similar to that of Staffa, but of less striking char- acter, and its soil is less fertile than that of Ulva or Gomctra. Colpieden, a hamlet 2 miles from Kettle in Fife. Colport. See Coulpokt. Colpy, a hamlet in Culsalmond parish, Aberdeenshire, COLQUHALZIE on a small bum of its own name, 4 miles ENE of Insch, under wliicli it has a post office. Two cairns are near it. Colquhalzie, an estate, with a mansion, in Trinity Gask parish, Perthshire, on the right bank of the Earn, 4^ miles NNW of Auchterarder. Colquhony, an inn and a ruined castle in Strathdon parish, W Aberdeenshire. The inn stands on the river Don, a little above Castle Xewe, 16 mUes WSW of Alford, and is a central point for visiting the upper or mountainous portion of the Don's valley. The castle is said to have been begun by Forbes of Towie early in the 16th century, but to have never been finished. Colsay, a small island of Dunrossness parish, Shet- land, 8 miles NXW of Sumburgh Head. It used to pasture a good many sheep of a large English breed, but it is now devoted to the grazing of cattle. Colsnaughton. See Coalsxaughtox. Colstane. See Logie-Coldstoxe. Coltbridge. See Edixburgh. Coltfield, a hamlet in Alves parish, Elginshire, 4 miles S of Burghhead. Coltness, an estate, vrith. a mansion, in Cambusnethan parish, Lanarkshire. The mansion, near the left bank of South Calder Water, f mile N of Wishaw, is a large and handsome edifice, with modem renovations, and contains a picture gallery nearly 200 feet long. The estate, having passed from the Somervilles in 1553 to Sir Robert Logan of Restalrig, came a century later to Sir James Steuart, twice Lord Provost of Edinburgh, who brought up Archbishop Leighton, and whose chap- lain Hugh Mackail, the martyred Covenanter, was cap- tured here in 1666 ; his grandson, Sir Jas. Steuart, second Bart. (1681-1727), was Solicitor-General for Scot- land ; and his great-grandson, Sir James Denham Steuart (1713-80), was a zealous Jacobite and an able political economist. The baronetcy became extinct in 1839 ; and Coltness is now the property of Jas. Houlds- worth, Esq. (b. 1825 ; sue. 1868), who owns 3717 acres in the shire, valued at £11,498 per annum. For Colt- ness Iron-works see Xewmaixs. Colvend, a post-office hamlet and a coast paiish of SE Kirkcudbrightshire. The hamlet lies IJ niile XXE of Urr Waterfoot, and 5J miles SSE of its post-town and station Dalbeattie, this being 14J miles SW of Dumfries. The parish contains also the hamlets of Rockcliff, Kippford, Barnbarroch, and Southwick ; and compre- hends the ancient parish of Southwick. It is bounded NW by Kirkgunzeon, NE by New Abbey, E and SE by Kirkbean, S by the Solway Firth (here 14 to 15 miles wide), and "W by Buittle. Its greatest length from E to W is 7 mUes ; its greatest breadth from N to S is 4J miles ; and its area is 23,472^ acres, of which 4001^ are foreshore, 13^ 'inks,' and 191 water. Urr Water flows 4:^ miles south-south-eastward along all the Buittle boundary to the Solway, near Kippford ^videning into a roomy estuary, in which Rough Island (2x1 fuii.) belongs to Colvend ; whilst South^sick Water in the E, formed by the Maidenpap, Drumcow, and Boreland Burns, winds 7 miles south-south-eastward and south- westward, traversing, ere it falls into the Firth, the broad expanse of Mersehead Sands. In the south- western and western interior are White, Clonyard, Bar- ean, Auchensheen, and Cloak Lochs, the first and largest of which measures 3 by 2 furlongs. Between Urr Waterfoot and Douglas Hall, a range of reddish lichened copse-clothed cliflfs, the haunt of myriads of sea-fowl, rises to 200 feet at Castle HiU of Bar- cloy, and 400 at White HiU, heights that command a glorious prospect. Along it are Gutchei-s Isle, Cow Snout, GUlies Craig, Portowarren Bay, the Brandy Cave of some Dick Hatteraick, the Piper's Cove, the Mur- derer's Well, two natural archways called the Needle's Eye, and Lot's Wife, a piUar of Silurian rock. Inland the rugged surface attains 900 feet on Bainloch Hill, 500 on Banks and Clonyard Hills, 800 on Redbank Hill, 1000 on Maidenpap, 1350 on Cuil Hill, and 1335 on Meikle Hard Hill, the two last culminating right on the C0L2EAN CASTLE New Abbey boundary, within which fall the siunmits of Boreland Hill (1632 feet) and Criffel (1867). Bar- ren granite hills these, with sour and scanty pasturage, they belong to the Stewartry's third and most easterly group of primary rocks, which commences near the river Nith in the parish of New Abbey, and runs south- westward across Kirkgunzeon and Colvend to the coast. Most of the surface is believed to have anciently been forest ; and plantations and natural wood stUl cover a considerable area. The eastern heights are almost en- tirely heathy ; and many of the others have, at best, a poor shallow soil, and are largely oveiTun with broom and furze and bramble. Much, however, of the low grounds has naturally a good soil ; much of the slopes has been well reclaimed ; and many of the farms are in a high state of cultivation. MiUstones were formerly quarried ; and a copper mine, said to have j-ielded a rich ore from a tolerably thick seam, was also at one time worked. The Castle HUl of Barcloy is crowned by a fosse and the foundations of a wall ; on Fort Hill is a \-itrified fort. Barean Loch contains a crannoge or lake- dwelling ; a ruined ivy-clad chapel adjoins St Laurence's Well, near Fairgirth House ; and the remains of Auchen- skeoch Castle stand near the head of Southwick Water. The property is divided among 19 landowners, 6 holding each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 6 of between £100 and £500, 1 of from £50 to £100, and 6 of from £20 to £50. Colvend is in the presbytery and synod of Dum- fries ; the living is worth £285. Its chm-ch was built in 1771 ; whilst Southwick church, which was used as late at least as 1743, is either of Norman or First Pointed origin. A granite shell, 64 by 25 feet, and 14 high, it lies between Clifton Crags and Bainloch HiU ; was dedi- cated to Our Lady of Southwick, to whom Edward I. paid his devotions ; and in its kirkyard has many old curious gravestones. Three pubUc schools — Barnbar- roch, Colvend, and Southwick — with respective accom- modation for 108, 81, and 120 chUdi-en, had (1880) an average attendance of 48, 48, and 100, and grants of £43, 9s., £43, 4s., and £87, 7s. Valuation (1881) £12,487, 17s. Id. Pop. (1801)1106,(1841)1495, (1861) 1366, (1871) 1318, (ISSl) USl.— Orel. Sur., sh. 5, 1857. See W. R. M. M'Diarmid's Handbook to the United Parishes of Colvend and Southv/ick. Colville. See Cclros-s. Colzean Castle, the principal seat of the Marquis of Ailsa and Earl of Cassillis, in Kirkoswald parish, AjTshire, 4;^ mUes W of Maybole. It stands near the verge of a basaltic cliff that rises 100 feet from Colzean Bay, and it was built in 1777 and following years after designs by Robert Adam. A magnificent castellated edifice, it commands a brUliant prospect of the Firth of Clyde, with a fuU view of AUsa Craig, 15 mUes to the south-westward ; its entire buildings cover no less than 4 acres of ground ; and landward it is engirt with beautiful terraced gardens and a large finely-wooded park. Near the castle, and directly under some of the buildLings, are the Coves of Colzean. These coves or caves are six in number. Of the three towards the W, the largest has its entry as low as high-water mark ; the roof is 50 feet high, and looks as though two huge rocks had faUen together, forming a Gothic arch. With varying breadth, it extends for about 200 feet, and communicates with the other two, which are both much smaUer but of the same irregular shape. The coves to the E like^rise com- municate with one another, and have much the same height and figure as the former. For two things the Coves are famous, one, that soon after the Revolution they gave shelter to Sir Archibald Kennedy, the Cove- nanters' foe ; the other, that in 1634 there was ' in them either a notable imposture or most stiange and much-to- be-admired footsteps and impressions which are here to be seen of men, children, dogs, coneys, and divers other creatures. These here conceived to be spirits, and if there be no such thing but an elaborate practice to de- ceive, they do most impudently betray the truth ; for one of this knight's sons and another GaUoway gentle- man affirmed unto me that all the footsteps have been put out and buried in sand overnight, and liave been 281 COLZIUM HOUSE observed to be renewed next morning.' The original castle of Colzean, ' ane proper house with very brave yards,' was built by that Sir Thomas Kennedy, younger son of Gilbert, third Earl of Cassillis, who was mur- dered near Ayr in 1602, at the instigation of Mm'e of Auchendrane. Sir "William Breretou, a Cheshire gen- tleman, whose Travels we have already quoted, describes it as 'a pretty pleasant-seated house or castle, which looks full upon the main sea. Hereunto we went, and there found no hall, only a dining-room or hall, a fair room, and almost as large as the whole pile, but very sluttishly kept, unswept, dishes, trenchers, and wooden cups, thrown up and down, and the room very nasty and unsavoury.' By the death without issue of the eighth Earl of Cassillis in 1759, the murdered Sir Thomas's namesake and sixth descendant succeeded to the earldom, whereto was added the marquisate of Ailsa in 1831. Arch. Kennedy, present and third marquis, and fourteenth earl (b. 1847 ; sue. 1870), owns 76,015 acres in the shire, valued at £35,839 per annum. — Orel. Sur., sh. 14, 1863. CoMum House, a seat of the Edmonstones of Dux- TREATH, in the parish and 1 mile NE of the town of Kilsyth, S Stirlingshire, in the mouth of a romantic glen of its own name. The ruined walls of an ancient castle, the predecessor of the present mansion, crown a fine elevation a little to the E. Combs, St, a fishing village in Lonmay parish, NE Aberdeenshire, 5 miles ESE of Fraserburgh. It carries on valuable cod and herring fisheries ; contains a public school ; and down to 1608 had a church, dedi- cated to St Colm or Cohimba. Comely Bank, a small Edinburgh suburb in St Cuth- berts parish, on the low road to Queensferrj', i mile WNW of Dean Bridge. Comiston House, a mansion in the E of Colinton parish, Edinburghshire, near the Braid Hills, 3i miles S by W of Edinburgh. Built in 1815, it is the"seat of Sir William Forrest, third Bart, since 1838 (b. 1823 ; sue. 1883), who owns 500 acres in the shire, valued at £1290 per annum. Comiston Springs here began so early as 1681 to contribute water supply to Edinburgli. Comlongan, an ancient castle in Ruthwell parish, SW Dumfriesshire, 1-^ mile NW of Ruthwell village. A quadrangular edifice, measuring 60 feet alosig each side, and 90 feet in height, it was constructed to serve as a strong fortalice, with port-holes and battlements ; its walls are so thick as to include within them small apart- ments. It is still in good preservation ; and, having long been the seat of the Murrays of Cockpool, it now belongs to the Earl of Mansfield. Commondyke, a collier hamlet in Auchinleck parish, AjTshire, 3 miles NNE of Cumnock. Pop. (1871) 396, (1881) 438. Commonhead Station. See Airdrik. Commore Dam, a reservoir or artificial lake in Neil- ston parish, Renfrewshire, 2 miles SSW of Neilston village. Lying 600 feet above sea-level, it is fed from Harelaw Dam, and sends off its superfluence to Levern "Water; measures IJ by 1 furlong; and is 24 feet deep. Compass Hill. See Canna. Compstone, an estate, with a fine modem mansion, in Twynhohn parish, Kirkcudbrightshire, near the right bank of Tarf "Water, a little above its confluence with the Dee, 2^ miles N by "W of Kirkcudbright. It has long been the property of a branch of the Maitlands, to which belonged ,the two brothers and eminent Scotch judges, Thomas Maitland, Lord Dundrennan (1792- 1851), and Francis Maitland, Lord Barcaple (1809-70). Its present owner, David Maitland, Esq. of Dundrennan (b. 1848 ; sue. 1861), holds 2304 acres in the shire, valued at £2145 per annum. In old Compstone Castle, now represented only by three tottering walls of a tower, the soldier-poet, Alexander Montgomery, composed The Cherrie and the Slae (1595). Connie, a village and a parish of Strathearn, central Perthshire. The village stands, 200 feet above sea-level, on the left bank of the Earn (here spanned by an old 282 COMRIE five-arch bridge), immediately below ITie confluence of the Ruchill and above that of the Lednock. It is 6J mUes W of Crieff, 6i E by S of St Fillans, 13^ of Loch- earnhead Hotel, and \vith all three communicates by coach. 3 Z-shaped in plan, and sheltered by wooded slopes, it is a pleasant little place, a burgh of barony under the Dundas family ; and it has a post office under Crieff, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, a branch of the Commercial Bank, 5 insurance agencies, 2 chief inns, a reading-room, a masonic lodge, gas-works, ploughing and horticultural societies, and fairs on the third Wednesday in March, the second in May and July, the last in October, and the first in December. The parish church (1804 ; 1026 sittings) has a lofty spire, and crowns a gentle eminence beside the Earn. A new Free church (1879-81 ; 650 sittings) is one of the finest in Scotland, French Gothic in style, with a clock-tower and an adjoining hall ; its cost, exceeding £10,000, was defrayed b}'' a bequest of the late Miss M'Farlane of Comrie. A U.P. church, rebuilt in 1866, is also a good Gothic edifice ; a minister of its predecessor was father of the well-kno^vn George GilfiUan (1813-78), Comrie's most gifted son. The cemetery contains a granite obelisk, 13 feet high, erected in 1880 to the memory of Dr Leith ; and another, 72 feet high, was reared in 1815 on Dunmore Hill (841 feet), 1^ mile N by W of the village, to commemorate Viscount Melville's death four years before at Dunira. Kowhere else in Britain are earthquakes so frequent as at Comrie, a frequency due, it would seem, to its geo- logical position, which recent survey has shown to be on the great line of fault that separates the Lowlands and the Highlands. In 1875 an ingenious apparatus was established at the village, to register the force and direction of the shocks, among the most noteworthy of which have been those of 23d Oct. 1839 and 10th Jan. 1876. An infant and female and a public school, with respective accommodation for 84 and 268 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 42 and 168, and grants of £42, 5s. and £157, 18s. Pop. (1834) 978, (1861) 789, (1871) 746, (1881) 1098. The parish, containing also the villages of Dalgin- ross, Ross, and St Fillans, comprises the ancient parishes of Comrie and Dundurn, the greater part of TuUiekettle, and portions of Muthill, Monzievaird, and Strowan. It is bounded N by the Ardeonaig section of Killin and hy Kenmore, E by Monzievaird-Strowan, SE by IMuthill and by two detached portions of Monzievaird-Strowan, SW by Callander, W by Balquhidder, and NW by the Achmore section of AVeem. It has an utmost length of 11 miles from E to W, viz., from the Lednock, a little above Comrie, to the Ogle ; its breadth from N to S varies between 8 and 12 miles ; and its area is 62,932i acres, of which 2340§ are water. By Loch Earn and the river Earn the parish is divided into imequal halves, that to the N being somewhat the larger. "The loch is 6^ miles long by 5 furlongs wide, and lies 306 feet above sea-level ; the river, issuing from it, winds 7 miles east- south-eastwai'd through the interior to the village, and thence 9 furlongs on or close to the Monzievaird boundary, where it sinks to less than 200 feet above the sea. At the village it is joined by the hazel-fringed Water of Ruchill, which, from the SAV border hurries 9^ miles north-eastward through ' lone Glenartney ; ' and by the Lednock, rising between Creag Uigeach and Ruadh Bheul, and running 11 miles south-eastward, down its deep, wooded gorge, where it forms the Deil's Caldron and other less-famed falls. Between it and Loch Earn lies Loch Boltachan (2x1|- furl.). To the N of the river and Loch Earn the chief elevations from E to W are Dunmore Hill (841 feet), Crappich Hill (1467), Creag Liath (1636), * Creag Mhor na li-Iolaire (1783), Ben Chonzie (3048), *Crcag nan Eun (2990), *Creag Uigeach (2840), Meall nam Fiailh (2000), * Ruadh Bheul (2232), Sron Mhor (2203), and * Meall na Cloiche (2175), of which those marked with asterisks culminate on the boundaries of the parish ; to the S rise Ben Halton (2033), Birran or Dundurn (2011), a nameless summit in the Forest of Glenartney (2317), *Meall Odhar (2066), COIffKIE Meall na Fearna (2479), Ben Yoklicii (3224), and *Stuc a Chroin (3189). Such are the outlines of Connie's romantic scenery, here grandly savage, there softly picturesque, to be filled in ■with greater minuteness in articles on its lochs and rivers, its mountains, and val- le3's, and mansions. The line of junction between the Old Red sandstone and the slates passes diagonally from Glenartney into the Monzievaird hills ; and Upper Strathearn to the NW of this line, i. e. the greater part of this parish, is wholly composed of slate rocks, which present many glacial phenomena, whilst the level strath appears to have been the bed of an ancient lake. Granite boulders are numerous along the Lednaig, whose channel is crossed by a great dyke of greenstone. Slate, trap, and limestone have all been quarried ; and lead and iron ores are also found, the latter being at one time largely worked. The soil in some parts of the glens approaches to loam, but is a light, sharp, stony gravel of no great fertility over most of the arable lands. These occupy barely one-ninth of the entire area, and woods and plan- tations cover some 3000 acres. The chief antiquities are three stone cii'cles and the remains of Agiicola's stationary camp at Dalginross. Comrie House, near the Lednock, a little behind the village, is charmingly seated amid surrounding woods ; and other mansions are Aberuchill, Ardvoirlich, Dalhonzie, Drumearn, and Dunira, 6 pro- prietors holding each an annual value of £500 and up- wards, 2 of between £100 and £500, 5 of from £50 to £100, and 9 of from £20 to £50. Giving off something to Balquhidder, and taking in something from ]\Ion2ie- vaird, Comrie is in the presbytery of Auchterarder and sjmod of Perth and Stirling ; the living is worth £387. Three public schools — Glenartney, Glenlednock, and St Fillans — with respective accommodation for 23, 30, and 40 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 11, 8, and 24, and grants of £26, 2s. 6d., £21, 2s., and £36, 5s. Valuation (1881) £16,247, 6s. 8d. Pop. (1801) 2458, (1831) 2622, (1861) 2226, (1871) 1911, (1881) 1726.— Orel. Sitr., shs. 47, 46, 39, 1869-72. See Beauties of Upper Strathearn (3d ed., Crieff, 1870). Comrie, a ruined fortalice in a detached section of Weem parish, Perthshire, on the river Lyon, a little above its influx to the Tay, and 2 J miles NNE of Ken- more. Comrie, a hamlet in Culross parish, Perthshire (de- tached), I mile W by N of Oakley, and 5 miles of Dun- fermline. A little to the W is Comrie Castle. Comyn's Castle. See Dalswinton. Cona, a stream in the Argyllshire portion of Kilmalie parish, flowing 9J miles east-by-southward to Loch Linuhe, which it enters 6| miles SW of Fort William, and joined, Ih, mile above its mouth, by the Scaddle. On its left bank, f mile from Loch Linnhe, and 5 miles N by E of Ardgour, stands Conaglen, a seat of the Earl of Morton, who holds 46,883 acres in the shire, valued at £1685 per annum. See also Dalmahoy. Cona. See Coe. Conachan. See St Kilda and Inch-Conachan. Conait or AUt Conait, a rivulet in Fortingal parish, NW Perthshire. It issues from Loch Dhamh (1369 feet), and, traversing Loch Girre, runs 4J miles eastward and south-eastward to the Lyon, 8 miles NNW of Killiu. With a total descent of 600 feet, it forms some beautiful cascades, especially in the last mile of its course. Conan (Gael, caoin-an, 'gentle river'), a river of SE Ross-shire, formed, at an altitude of 180 feet above sea-level, by the confluent Sheen and Meig, in Contin parish, 3f miles W by N of Contin church. Thence it runs 9| miles east-by-southward and 2f north-north- eastward, till it falls into the head of Cromarty Firth, 1 mile S of Dingwall. On its left lie the parishes of Contin, Fodderty, and Dingwall, on its right of Urray and Urquhart - Logie - Wester ; and its chief affluents are the Blackwater on the left, the Orrin on the right. The fishing, which is every^vhere preserved, is better for salmon than trout ; pearl-mussels have been occa- sionally found, containing magnificent pearls. The Highland railway crosses it, in the vicinity of Conan Bridge village, by a fine viaduct, which, 435^ feet long, CONNELL PARK has five very sharply-skewed arches, and commands a charming view of a reach of the river's valley and of the upper waters of Cromarty Firth. Hugh Miller, in My Schools and Schoolmasters, devotes many pages to the Conanside of 1821, with its broad lower alder-fringed reaches, its noble hills, its woods of Tor Achilty, Brahan Castle, and Conan House, its winter floods, and its water- wraith.— Ord Siir., sh. 83, 1881. Conan-Bridge, a village in the Ross-shire section of Urquhart and Logie-Wester parish, on the right bank of the river Conan, 2^ miles SSW of Dingwall, under which it has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments. It took its name from a bridge over the Conan, on the road from Beauly to Dingwall, which, built in 1809 by the parliamentary commissioners at a cost of £6854, is a stone five-arch structure, with a water-way of 265 feet. The village has a station (Conan) on the Highland railway, an inn, and a public school Pop. (1841) 842, (1861) 501, (1871) 385, (ISSl) 385. Conan House, a mansion in the Ross-shire section of Urquhart and Logie-Wester parish, near the right bank of the Conan, 1 mile S by W of Conan Bridge. It is a seat of Sir Kenneth Smith Mackenzie of Gairloch, sixth Bart, since 1702 (b. 1832 ; sue. 1843), who owns 164,680 acres in the shire, valued at £7843 per annum. Condie, an estate, with a mansion, in Forgandenny parish, SE Perthshire, 4 miles SW of Bridge of Earn. Since 1601 a seat of a branch of the Oliphants, it now is held by Lawrence Jas. Oliphant, Esq. (b. 1846 ; sue. 1862), who o^vns 2667 acres in the shire, valued at £2301 per annum. Condorrat, a village in Cumbernauld parish, Dum- bartonshire, 2f miles SW of Cumbernauld village, and 6 NNW of Au'drie, under which it has a post ofiice. An Established chapel of ease, built here in 1875, contains 400 sittings, and cost, with a manse, £2600. Pop. (1861) 559, (1S71) 565, (1881) 610. Coneach. See Coinich. Conerock, a conspicuous eminence (808 feet) in Rothes parish, Elginshire, IJ mile SSW of Rothes village. Wooded to the top, it presents a contorted appearance, and it chiefly consists of quartz, containing beautiful rock crystals. Congalton, an ancient barony in Dirleton parish, Had dingtonshire. Conghoillis, an ancient parish in Forfarshire, nearly or quite identical with the modern Ixveekeilor. Conglass, a rivulet in Kirkmichael parish, BanS"shire, running 8 miles north-westward, along a moimtain glen, to the river Aven, 3 miles NXW of Tomintoul. Conheath, an estate, with a mansion, in Caerlaverock parish, Dumfriesshire, 4J miles SSE of Dumfries. It w-as purchased in 1876 by David Watson Rannie, Esq. Conicavel, a village in Edenkillie parish, Elginshire, near Darnaway, and 3i miles SSE of Brodie station. It has a Christian Knowledge Society's school. Con, Loch. See Chon. Connel Ferry, a ferry, IJ furlong wide, across the entrance of Loch Etive, in Argyllshire, on the line of road from Oban to Ballachulish. It is traversed by a tiny steamer, and has an inn on either shore, Avhilst on the southern is Connel Ferry station upon the Callander and Oban railway, 6 miles NE of Oban, under which there is a post office of Connel. The loch's channel, suddenly contracting here, is barred two-thirds across by rocks left bare to the height of 5 feet at low water, over which the ebbing tide pours in tumultuous cataract. These so-called Falls of Connel have been identified with Ossian's Falls of L-ora. Coimell, a shallow loch in Kirkcolm parish, AV Wig- townshire, 9 furlongs W of Loch Ryan, and 6 miles NNW of Stranraer. AVith an equal length and breadth of 3i furlongs, it sends off a burn, running 4 miles southward and eastward to Loch Ryan. On a hill (314 feet), 3 furlongs SE of the loch, are remains of a largo cairn. Cairn Connell. Connell Park, a village in New Cumnock parish, E Ayrshire, li mile SW of New Cumnock village. 283 CONNICAVAL ConnicavaL See Coxicatel. Conniiigsburgli, a hamlet and an ancient parish in the S of Shedani The hamlet lies on the E coast of the mainland, 9 miles SSW of Lervrick. and has a Free chnreh. The parish, extending across the mainland from Aiths Toe to Cliff Sonnd.is bounded X by Ler- wick parish ; it contains a ridge of eminenc-es, running nearly parallel vrith the coast-lines, and called the Con- ningsburgh Hills ; and it is now annexed quoad civilia to Duniossness, and quoad sacra to Sandwick. Conon. See Cosa>". Conrie, a rimlet of Strathdon parish, "VT Aberdeen- shire, winding 3f miles north-by-eastward to the Don at Culfork. Contell, a hamlet 2 miles from Lochgelly, in Fife. Content. See Watt Acrrowx. Contin, a very large Highland parish of central and south-eastern Eoss-shire. Its church and school, towards the SE comer, stand on the right bank of the Blackwater, a little abore its influx to the Conan, 4:\ miles SW of Strathpeflfer station, on the Dingwall and Skye railway (ISrO), this being 4th miles X by W of Dingwall, under which Contin has a post office. Itself it contains three stations on that railway, Garre. Lochluichart:, andAchna- sheen, distant respectirely from Dingwall llf , 17, and 27 J miles. Bounded XW by Loohbroom parish, XE and E by Fodderty, S by Urray, and "Why outlying portions of Fod- derty and by Lochcarron and Gairloch parishes, it has an im^ular outline, and sends off a long south-western wing, in which are Loehs Fannich, Rosque, and Ben- achian. Its greatest length is 22i miles from XW to SE, viz., from Ben Deaig to the Conan ; its width varies between 4| and 16i miles. The principal streams are the Sheex and Meig, uniting to form the Coxax, and the Blackwatze, joining the latter at Moy. Lakes, with their utmost length and width and altitude above sea- lerel, are Lochs Achiltt (7x3 furl, 170 ft.), Gap.te (lix i mile, 220 ft.}, Lochaut (If mile x 6i furl, 270 ft.'), Fa^ts-ich (6| mile x 6| furL, S22 ft."), Eo-sqite (3 X ^ mile), Benachran (2 x 1 mile), A Garbh Eaoin (4i x 3 fori., 900 ft.), and Coire Lair (6x1 furL, 9S0 ft). There are, besides, close upon fifty smaller lochs, most of them, like the above, affording capital angling. The surface sinks in the extreme SE to 53 feet above sea- level, thence rising westward to Cam Sgolbaidh (1342\ •Cam na Cloiche Moire (1936), *Meall nan Damh (219S), and Sgurr ilairc-snidhe (1899), where asterisks n^rk those summits that culminate on the borders of the fiarish ; north-westward to Cam na Buaile (650\ Cnoc Dnbh (749), Cam Faire nan Con (1210), Meail Mhic lomhair (19S4), Beinn Liath ithor (246i), Tom Ban Mor (2433). Meall Leacachain (202S). Meallan Ban <3120), and Bex De veg (3547) : whilst in the SW wing rise *Beinn Liath Bheag (2173 ;. S^urr Mor (3637). Meallan Eairigidh (3109), An Coileachen (3015), *A Chain each (3276), Beinn nan Eamh (2333), and Fionn Bheinn (3060). The Old Bed sandstone stretches into the lower parts of the parish, and is covered in places with a strong reddish day : in the uplands gneiss is the leading formation, mixed with its sul^rdinate rocks. The soil of the arable lands ranges from strong clayed loam to light friable moold ; and great improvements have been effected on the Coul estate, 1400 acres having been here reclaimed within the last thirty -five years, and bearing now rich crops of all descriptions. In the lower grounds, too, plantations and natiual wood — a remnant this of the primeval forest — cover a considerable area, yet smaU to that occapied by sheep-walks, deer forest, and desolate upland moors. Mansions are Coul and Craig- darroch ; and 8 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and npwards, 3 of between £100 and £500, 2 of from £50 to £100, and 4of from£20 to £50. Giving off portions to the qu'oad sacra parishes of Caraach and Einlochlui- chart, Contin is in the presbytery of Dingwall and synod of Boss ; its living is worth £315' The parish church is an old building, and there is one Free church for Contin and Fodderty, another for Strath conan and Strathgarve. Two public schools, Contin and Scatwell, with resp>ective accommodation for 100 and 40 children, had (1860) an 2*4 COREHOUSE average attendance of 64 and 14, and grants of £54, lis. and £26, 10s. 6d. Yaluation .ISSl) £17,949, 9s. 9d. Pop. of civil parish (ISOl) 1944, (1S31) 2023, (1S61) 1509. (1S71) 1550. (ISSl) 1453; oi quoad sacra parish aS71) 729, (ISSl) 70S.— Orrf. ^wr., shs. S3, 93, 92, ISSl. Conval, Meikle, a summit (1S67 feet) in Mortlach parish, Banffshire, 2f miles SW of Dufftown, and 2J EXE of the summit of Ben Riunes. Little Conval (ISIO feet) rises If mile X by E, and is crowned with vestiges of a ' Danish ' camp. Conval or Coinne-mheall. See Bexmoee-Assyxt. Conveth, an auoient parish of Inverness-shire, now annexed to Kiltai-lity, and forming its south-eastern section. Coodham, an estate, with a mansion, in Symington parish, Ayrshire, 4 miles SSW of KUmamock. Origin- allv a seat of the Fairlies, it was sold in 1S71, for £27,SS0, to Wm. Hy. Houldsworth, Esq. (b. 1S34), who owns 585 acres in the shire, valued at £1151 per a-n-nnm. CJookney, a quoad sacra parish in Fetteresso parish, Kin- cardineshire, 5imilesXby Wof its post-town Stonehaven, and 2i WXW of Muchalls station. Its church was built about 1817 as a chapel of ease, and contains 700 sittings ; and a public school, with accommodation for 99 children, had (ISSO) an average attendance of 70 and a grant of £39, 9s. The parish is in the presbytery of Fordun and svnod of Angus and Meams ; its minister's stipend is £120. Pop. (1561) 1952, (1S71) 20S0, (1881) 1976.— Orrf. Sur., sh. 67, 1871. CooUns. See Cuchtxlixs. Copay, an uninhabited islet in the Sound of Harris, Outer Hebrides, Inverness -shire. Copenshay or Copinshay, an island of Durness parish, Orkney. 23 miles E by S of the SE extremity of the Dur- ness portion of the mainland. Measuring 1 by | mile, it has lofty cliffs, denizened in the summer months by myriads of sea -fowl, whose eggs and feathers have considerable value. An island, called Horse of Copen- shay, lies \ mile off its XE end. Coppercleuch, a post office in the Megget section of Lyne parish, S Peeblesshire, near the western shore of St Mary"s Loch, and 17 miles WSW of its post-town Selkirk. Coppersmith- See CocKBrRXSPAXH. Coquet, a river briefly connected with Oxnam par- ish, E Eoxburghshire. It rises among the Cheviots, close to the English Border, and, following it for f mile, turns into Xorthumberland, there to run 35 miles to the sea at Warkworth, opposite Coquet island. Coquhalzie. See Colquhalzie. Corah. See Kiekgttxzeox. Corbelly. See Dumeeies. Corbie. See Aeitt. CorbiehalL See Caestaies. Corbiehall, a suburb of Borrowstonnness, Linlithgow- shire. Corbie Pot, a romantic glen in Maryculter parish, Kincardineshire, on the mutual border of Maryculter and Kingussie estates. It is notable for the number and variety of its indigenous plants. Corchinan. See Bogie. Core or Cor. See Tweed. Coreen Hills, a mountainous range along the north- western border of the Howe or Yale of AKord, Aber- deenshire, culminating in Lord Arthur's Caim (1699 feet^, on the mutual boundary of Alford and Tullynessle parishes, 5 miles WXW of Alford village. Their lami- nar mica-slate, of a brownish -black colour, has long been worked. Corehouse, an estate, with a mansion, and a ruined baronial fortalice, in the XE of Lesmahagow parish, Lanarkshire, 2§ miles S of Lanark. A 'neat, white, lady-Uke house,' according to Dorothy Wordsworth, the mansion crowns a cHff, at the left side of the river Clyde, a little below Coeea Lrxx, from which it is almost hidden by lofty trees. It was the seat of the late George Cranstoun, who was raised to the bench as Lord Corehouse in 1826 ; its present owner, Chs. Edw. CORELLAN CORRICHIE Harris Edmonstoune-Cranstoim, Esq. (b. 1841 ; sue. 1869), holds 2860 acres in the shire, valued at £1893 per annum. The ruins of Corra Castle, on the verge of the weather-worn Old Eed sandstone cliff immediately above the linn, so overhangs the surging river sweep- ing on to the fall, as, during spates, to nod and vibrate from base to summit. Both the estate of Corehouse and the fall of Corra Linn are said to have been named from Cora, a shadowy Caledonian princess, who leaped on horseback over the cliff into the cataract. Not the old castle onl}^, but the very cliff above and about and below the linn, trembles from concussion of high floods. As "Wordsworth sings : — ' Lord of the vale ! astounding Flood ! The dullest leaf in this thick wood Quakes — conscious of thy power ; The caves reply with hollow moan, And vibrates to its central stone Yon time-cemented Tower.' Corellan, an islet of Poltalloch estate, South Knap- dale parish, Argyllshire. It serves for grazing, and is famed for the quality of its beef and mutton. Corgarfif, a quoad sacra parish of W Aberdeenshire, comprising the upper or western portion of Stkathdon parish, and thus containing the sources and head- streams of the river Don. Formed in 1874, it is in the presbytery of Alford and synod of Aberdeen. Its church, on the Don's left bank, 1274 feet above sea-level, and 7i miles WSW of Strathdon church, was built in 1835, and, with a manse, cost nearly £1000, defrayed by Sii' Charles Forbes, Bart. Near it are a post office under Aberdeen, a Christian Knowledge Society's school (1832), and a Roman Catholic chapel (1802). Corgarff Castle, 14 mile higher up, on the oj^posite bank of the Don, is a small, oblong, four-storied building with wings, which, purchased by Government in 1746 from Forbes of Skel- later, was garrisoned from 1827 till 1831 by 58 soldiers to support the civil authorities in the suppression of smug- gling. The tragic story of the burning of its predecessor by Sir Adam Gordon of Auchindoun, in 1551, 1571, or 1581, has been repeated by a number of topographers, who often, however, relate the same event as occurring in 1751 at the Castle of Towie, to which indeed it properly belongs. — Orel. Sur., sh. 75, 1876. Corhabbie Hill, a summit (2563 feet) on the mutual border of Mortlach and Inveraven parishes, Banftshii-e, 72 miles SSW of DufftoTvn, and 4| SSE of Ben Rinnes. Corkindale Law. See Neilstox. Cormorant's Cave. See Staffa. Comcaim, Banffshire. See Cornhill. Comcocklemoor. See Lochmabex. Comhill, an estate, with an elegant modern mansion, in Culter parish, E Lanarkshirej 2J miles SW of Biggar. It was purchased from the Handyside family, in 1866, by Alex. Kay, Esq. , who owns 833 acres in the shii'e, valued at £388 per annum. Comhill, a village in the Corncairn or northern district of OrdiquhUl parish, Banffshire, on an affluent of the Burn of Boyne, with a station on the Banffshire railway, 8| niiles SW by W of Banff, under which it has a post and telegraph office. Fairs are held here on the second Thursday of every month. Cornie Bum. See Abeecorx. Comton, a place in Logie parish, Stirlingshire, If mile N of Stirling. It was the scene of the battle of Stirlixg in 1297. Corodule, a cave on the E side of South Uist island, Inverness-shire, contiguous to the sea, at the foot of a high hill-range, between Lochs Skipport and Eynort. It gave shelter to Prince Charles Edward for some days in May 1746. Corpach, a village in Kilmalie parish, Argyllshire, at the entrance of Upper Loch Eil and at the southern extremity of the Caledoxiax Caxal, 2^ miles NNW of Fort "William. The landing-place of passengers by the steamers on the route between Oban and Inverness, it communicates with Banavie by omnibus ; at it are an hotel, the jirish church of Kilmalie, and a Free chm'ch. Corr, A-Choire, or Coir' an Fheama, a loch of Farr parisli, central Sutherland, 6 miles SE of Altnaharrow inn at the head of Loch Naver, from which lake it is screened by Benclibrick (3154 feet). Lying itself 570 feet above sea-level, it has an utmost length from SW to KE of 3^ miles, whilst in -width it varies between 2 J and 3^ furlongs. At its head it communicates with Loch a "\'ellich, and from its foot sends off a stream to the river Naver. Its trout are large and plentiful. — Onl Sur., sh. 106, 1880. Corrachree, an estate, with a modern mansion, in Logie-Coldstone parish, Aberdeenshire, 2 miles SW of Tarland. Corrah. See Corah. Corra Linn, a fall on the river Clyde, on the boundary between Lanark and Lesmahagow parishes, Lanarkshire, 4 mile below Bennington Linn, and If mile S of Lanark town. It makes a total descent of 84 feet, but it en- counters two ledges of rock, and so is practically a series of cascades — first, a fall of a few feet ; next, after a brief break, another of 30 feet ; then, a tumultuous rapid of 30 j-ards ; and, lastly, a grand concluding leap into ' a basin, enclosed by noble rocks, with trees, chiefly hazels, birch, and ash, growing out of their sides wherever there is any hold for them. ' The river, from Bonnington Linn, is all a continuous rapid, along the bottom of an Old Red sandstone chasm, narrow and 70 to 100 feet high, do^^-n which it hurries, tmder deep gloom and with hoarse, hollow, ever-growing roar. But, at Corra Linn, its previous tumult increases to thunder, its dash of waters is canopied with clouds of spraj', sparkling at times with all the colours of the rainbow ; and its cata- racts blend with the scenery of a surroimding rocky amphitheatre, which rises in places to 120 feet, to pro- duce an effect that is almost overwhelming. A gorge about 8 feet wide, a little above the linn, shows traces of an ancient drawbridge ; is reached, from the brink of the chasm, by a narrow path down a shelving descent ; and commands a striking view of the ruined castle of Corehouse. One excellent view, both of the linn itself and of an expanse of coujitry westward to a distant sk}'- line, is got from a pavilion built in 1708 on a bank overlooking the cliffs, and furnished with mirrors which reflect the scenery. Another, with backgrounds away to Ben Lomond, and with many intervening features of high interest, is got at a spot opposite the darkest part of the linn's amphitheatre, reached by a pleasant slop- ing path. And the best close view of the linn itself, commanding its aspects in their highest force, is got from a spot at the bottom of the amphitheatre, directly in front of the linn, down a rustic staircase of wood- work and natural rock, designed in 1829 by Lady Mary Ross, the then proprietris. Corra Linn entrances all beholders, however fastidious or far-travelled they may be, and it has been more studied by draughtsmen, more sung by poets, than almost any other place in Scotland. See Clyde, Corehouse, and pp. 36, 37, of Dorothy Wordsworth's Tour in Scotland (ed. by Princ. Shairp, 1874). Corran, a headland in Cowal, Argyllshire, at the deflection of Loch GoU from Loch Long. Corran. See Jura. Corran Narrows, a strait, li furlong wide between Loch Linnhe and Lower Loch Eil. On the E shore stands Corran Inn, 8f miles SW of Fort William ; on the W are Corran lighthouse and Ardgour hamlets ; and a ferry plies between. The lighthouse shows a fixed white light up Loch EU and down Loch Linnhe, and a fixed red light toward the Narrows from Ardshiel Point to Coireherrich Point, both visible at a distance of 10 nautical miles. Corrennie, a long hill ridge on the mutual border of Tough, Cluny, and Kincardine O'Neil parishes, Aber- deenshire, culminating in Benaquhallie at a height of 1621 feet above sea-level. Corrichie, a marshy hollow almost surrounded by summits of the Hill of Fare, in the N of Banchory- Ternan parish, on the border of Kincardine and Aber- deen shires, 3i mi-'is SW of Echt, and 15 W of Aber- 285 CORRIE deen. It is traversed by a brook of its own name, a head- stream of the Black Burn ; and it was the scene, on 28 Oct. 1562, of an action between the forces of Queen JIary under the Earl of Moray, and the followers, barely 500 in number, of the Earl of Huntly, who was easily routed, himself being smothered in his armour, and Sir John Gordon, his son, and Mary's would-be suitor being executed at Aberdeen, with others of the family. From a natural granite seat hard by the Queen is said to have afterwards beheld the battlefield ; and it and a spring still bear the names of the Queen's Chair and Queen Mary's "WelL A good old ballad celebrates the skir- mish. Corrie, a village on the E coast of Arran island, Bute- shire, 5^ miles N by E of Brodick. It has a jDost office under Ardrossan, an inn, and a small harbour ; it com- municates regularly -ft-ith the steamers plying betAveen Greenock and Lamiash ; and it exports large quantities of limestone, quarried in the neighbourhood. Corrie, an ancient parish of Annandale, Dumfries- shire, since 1609 annexed to Hutton, and forming^ its southern section. Corrie Water, rising near the Esk- dalemuir border at SCO feet above sea-level, runs 7 miles south-south-westward through the interior, and along the boundary with Applegarth and Dryfesdale, and falls into the Water of Milk, 3;^ miles E by N of Lockerbie. Corrie church stood 1 mile E of Corrie "Water, and Ih mile NNE of its confluence with the Milk. See Hutton. Corriegills, a point on the eastern coast of Arran, Buteshire, immediately S of the entrance to Brodick Bay. It exhibits veins of eruptive rocks ascending through sandstone, and presents an enormous boulder, which figures conspicuously over a, great extent of coast. Corriehabbie. See Corhabbie. Corrieknows, a farm on the SE border of Cummer- trees parish, Dumfriesshire, 14 mile W of Annan. A vast quantity of ancient swords, spears, battle-axes, and other muniments of war, were found here about the year 1828, and are supposed to have been relics of some great unrecorded battle, fought before the time of the founding of Annan. Corriemony, a finely-wooded estate, with a mansion, in Urquhart and Glenmoriston parish, Inverness-shire, at the head of Glen Urquhart, 9 miles W of Drurana- drochit on Loch Ness. Its owner, Jn. Francis Ogilvy, Esq. (b. 1836 ; sue. 1877) holds 10,856 acres in the shire, valued at £1085 per annum. On the estate is a public school. Corriemuchloch, a hamlet in the N of CriefF parish, Perthshire, 1-^ mile SSW of Amulree. It was the scene of the ' Battle of Corriemuchloch ' — a repidse by smug- glers of a party of Scots Greys. Corriemulzie, a burn in the Braemar section of Crathie parish, SW Aberdeenshire, running 2| miles- W and N to the Dee, near Marr Lodge, 3 miles WSW of Castleton. It traverses a narrow birch-clad ravine ; and in its short career has a total descent of 1150 feet, form- ing one very beautiful cascade. Corrievrechan (Gael. ' Brecan's cauldron '), a strait between the Argyllshire islands of Jura and Scarba. Scarcely a mile across, it lies about 2 miles W of the route of the Oban steamers, and is seldom traversed by boats, never by ships. The tides — running sometimes 13 miles an hour — here meet round a steep pjTamidal rock, which rises from a depth of 100 fathoms to within 15 feet of the surface, and cause a whirlpool, dangerous enough to small craft in stormy weather and at flood- tides. This whirljiool by fancy has been exaggerated into another MalstriJm, the haunt of strange and liorrible sea-monsters. Also of mermaidens, for Leydon's version of the Gaelic legend tells how Macphail of Colonsay, passing the Corrievrechan, was carried off by one, and for years kept in pleasant durance in a cavern beneath the sea. According to Joyce's Irish Names and Places (2d ser. 1875), the name Corrievrechan was first applied to a wliirlpool in the sound between Rathlin Island and the coast of Antrim, and was thence transferred to the Scotch locality, most likely by the monks of lona, 286 CORSOCK Corriskin. See ConuisK. Corryarrick (Gael, coire-cirigh, 'rising ravine'), a dreary mountain ridge on the mutual border of Boles- kine and Laggan parishes, central Inverness-shire, 7 miles SSE of Fort Augustus. Parting Glenmore from Upper Strathspey, it culminates in Corryarrick Hill (2922 feet) and Carn Leac (2889), midway between which, at 2507 feet above the sea. Wade formed about 1735 his military road from the Bridge of Laggan to Fort Augus- tus. ' This,' says Hill Burton, 'the most truly Alpine road in the British dominions, has been left to decay, and large portions of it have been swept away by tor- rents, so that the zigzag lines by which the military engineer endeavoured to render the steep side of an abrupt mountain accessible to ai'tiller}', have been tumbled into heaps of rubbish like natural scaurs.' See also H. Skrine's Three Successive Tours in the North of England and Great Part of Scotland (Lond. 1795). Corrybeg, a hamlet in Kilmalie parish, N Argyllshire, on the northern shore of Upper Loch Eil, 8 miles WNW of Fort AVilliam. Corrybrough, an estate, with a mansion, in Moy and Dalarossie parish, Inverness-shire, on the right bank of the Findhorn, 16 miles SE of Inverness. Its owner, Arthur Thos. Malkin, Esq. (b. 1S03 ; sue. 1842), owns 6900 acres in the shire, valued at £625 per annum. Corry Our. See Muthill. Corryvarligan, a mountain pass on the mutual border of Inverness and Ross shires, traversed by a wild road from Loch Hourn Head to Shielhouse on Loch Duich. It has, at the summit point of the road, an elevation of 2000 feet above sea-level ; and it commands there a very striking view. Corryvrekin. See Cobrievrechan. Corsancone, a hill (1547 feet) in New Cumnock parish, Ayrshire, 3| miles E by N of New Cumnock village. Corsbie, a ruined tower in the parish and 1^ mile ENE of the village of Legerwood, E Berwickshire. See also Penninghame. Corse. See Coull. Corseglass. See Dalry, Kirkcudbrightshii-e. Corsehill, an estate in Stewarton parish, Ayrshire. Belonging to Sir William J. M. Cuniughame, Bart., it has a ruined ancient castle, celebrated by the author of 'My Grandfather's Farm ;' and there are lime-works on it. Corsemill or Crossmill, a village in Abbey parish, Renfrewshire, on the left bank of the Levern, 1 mile NNE of Barrhead. Corsewall, a mansion, a ruined castle, and a headland with a lighthouse in Kirkcolm parish, W Wigto'wnshire. The mansion stands, amid finely-wooded policies, near the W shore of Loch Ryan, in the northern vicinity of of Kirkcolm village, and 6 miles NNW of Stranraer ; its owner, Jn. Carrick-Moore, Esq. (b. 1805 ; sue. 1860), holds 3362 and 2069 acres in Wigtown and Ayr shires, valued at £2920 and £1726, 10s. per annum. The castle, 3 miles NW, is now only part of a thick-walled tower 20 feet high ; and, in the latter part of last century, was found to contain a cannon 7 feet long. The headland is situated 1 mile NAV of the castle, and 2\ miles WSW of Milleur Point at the entrance to Loch Ryan. Its light- house, built in 1815-16 at a cost of £7835, is 92 feet high, with a lantern raised 112 feet above high-water level, and shows every minute a revolving light, alternately red and white, and visible for 15 nautical miles. Corskie. See Gabtly. Corsock, a small village and a quoad sacra parish in Kirkcudl)rightshire. The village stands on the eastern verge of Parton parish and on the right bank of Urr Water, 6 miles NE of Parton station, and 10 N of Castle-Douglas ; at it are a jiost ofiicc under Dalbeattie, a temperance hotel, the quoad sacra church (1839), a Free church, and a public school, which, with accom- modation for 119 children, had (1880) an average at- tendance of 97, and a grant of £78, 4s. The i>arish, comprising portions of the civil parishes of Parton, Bal- maclellan, and Kirkpatrick-Durham, contains also Nether Corsock hamlet, 2 miles S by W of the village ; and Corsock Loch (2^ x Ig furl.), f mile W by S. Ou Hall- CORSTORPHINE croft farm stood Corsock Castle, the residence of Robert Nelson, the Covenanting confessor ; and Corsock House •was the seat of the late Mr Murray Dunlop, M.P. for Greenock, to whose memory a granite obelisk has been erected. Corsock is in the presbytery of Kirkcudbright and synod of Gallowaj' ; the minister's stipend is £120. Pop. (1861) 544, (1871) 563, (1881) 551.— Ord. Sur.^eh. 9, 1863. Corstorphine, a village and a parish of NW Edin- burghshire. The village stands at the south-western base of Corstorphine Hill, on the Glasgow road, 3 miles W by S of Edinburgh, with which it communicates twelve times a day by omnibuses running in connection ■with the Coltbridge tramcars, whilst f mile SSE is Cor- storphine station on the Edinburgh and Glasgow section of the North British. Sheltered from cold winds, and Ijdng open to the sun, it commands a fair prospect across the wide level plain to Craiglockhart and the Pentlands, and is itself a pleasant little place, with a few old houses, and many more good cottages and first- class villas, a growth — still growing — of the last few years. At it are a post office, with money order, sav- ings' bank, and railway telegraph departments, 4 inns, a subscription library, a public school, the antique parish church, and a Free church (1844) with spire and S wheel ^vindow. A sulphureous spring here was held in high medicinal repute about the middle of last century, when Corstorphine was a fashionable resort of Edinburgh citizens, and had its balls and suchlike amusements of a watering-place. To the E, on the lower slope of the hill, is the Convalescent Home (50 beds) of the Royal In- firmary, Edinburgh, a plain but dignified building, which, standing in spacious grounds, was planned by Messrs Peddle & Kinnear, and opened in 1867 ; its ordinary expenditure for the year ending 1st Oct. 1881 was £1404, 9s. 2d. To the S, between the village and the station, is the Edinbui-gh University cricket, football, and running ground, with a good pavilion ; and nearer the village are the curious old burg-like dovecot of Cor- storphine Castle and the bronze-leaved ' Corstorphine Plane,' which, said to have been brought as a sapling from the East by a monk about 1429, is 73 feet high, and girths 13 feet at 5 feet from the ground. Beneath it in 1679, James, second Lord Forrester, was stabbed by his paramour, one Mistress Nimmo, who was beheaded at the Cross of Edinburgh. These Forresters held Cor- storphine barony from 1376, and in 1633 received their title, which in 1808 devolved upon Viscount Grimston, the after first Earl of Yerulam. Their castle was burned to the ground about 1790. In the '45 Corstorphine figured as the scene of the ignominious dispersal of a body of Gardiner's dragoons, and as the place where Prince Charles Edward received two deputations from the Edinburgh magistrates. It has been lighted^with gas since 1860, and a water supply was introduced from Clubbiedean and the Pentlands in July 1881, Pop. (1841) 372, (1861) 688, (1871) 680, (1881) 952. The parish, containing also the village of Gogar, is bounded N by Cramond, E by St Cuthberts, S by Colin- ton, SAV by Currie and Ratho, and W by Ratho. From E by N to W by S it has an utmost length of 4^ miles ; its width varies between 7 furlongs and 2J miles ; and its area is 3653| acres. The Water of Leith above Saugh- ton just touches the saath-eastern corner ; in the north- western flows Gogar Barn; any other streams are little more than ditches. The surface is almost an unbroken plain, sinking little below and little exceeding 200 feet above sea-level, save in the NE, where Corstorphine Hill slopes gradually upwards, its highest point (520 feet) being crowned by square, five-storied, turreted Cler- miston Tower, 70 feet high, built in 1872 on occasion of the Scott Centenar}'. Clothed with Scotch firs and hardwood trees, this hill figures widely in the Lothian landscape, and itseK commands a magnificent view, especially from its steeper eastern side, where, at a point called 'Rest-and-be-Thankful,' two benches were placed in 1880 by the Cockburn Association. Thence one beholds the spires and towers of Edinburgh, its schools and hospitals, the Castle and Calton hills, with CORTACHY AND CLOVA Salisbury Craigs and Arthur's Seat for background, and, to the left, the sparkling waters of the Firth of Forth. The rocks belong mainly to the Calciferous lyimestone series, but diorite intrudes on Corstorphine Hill, and here it was that Sir James Hall first called attention to stri- ated rock-surfaces due to glacial action. Sandstone was once extensively quarried on the hill itself and on the lands of Ravelston for building in Edinburgh ; and trap rock, blue in hue and compact in structure, is worked at West Craigs and Clermiston for dykes and road-metal. The soU of this parish — the ' Garden of Edinburgh ' — is mostly a rich black loam, with patches of clay and sand. The fields are carefully managed, and bear fine crops in rotation ; and much of the ground is laid out in well-tilled gardens, which furnish fruit and vegetables for the Edinburgh market. The country is nicely wooded, and contains a number of fine residences — Corstorphine House, Beechwood, Belmont, Hillwood, Hill House, Millburn Tower, Ravelston, Clermiston, Gogar House, Gogarbum, etc. Five proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 16 of between £100 and £500, 9 of from £50 to £100, and 16 of from £20 to £50. David Scot, M.D., an eminent Hebraist and man of letters, was minister from 1814 down to his death in 1834. Corstorphine, including portions of the ancient parishes of Gogar and St Cuthberts, is in the presbytery of Edinburgh and synod of Lothian and Tweeddale ; the living is worth £361. A chapel, subordinate to St Cuthbert's church in Edinburgh, is noticed as early as 1128, and afterwards was parish church till its demoli- tion in 1644, when its place was filled by a collegiate neighbour. Of this, in November 1881, an intelligent native assured the writer that it was ' wonderfully ancient, built by the Hottentots, who stood in a row and handed the stones on one to another from Ravel- ston quarry.' Ancient it most unquestionably is, but it was founded in 1429 by Sir John Forrester for a pro- vost, 4 other prebendaries, and 2 singing boys, and dedicated to St John the Baptist. In style Second Pointed, cruciform in plan, it comprises a chancel and N sacristy, a nave, transepts, a little western galUee, and a low unbuttressed tower, pinnacled and capped by a short octagonal spire, where pigeons have built their nests. The older portions, or those that escaped the hand of the 'restorer' in 1828, are curiously roofed with flags of stone, and lavishly sculptured with the Forrester bearings — three bugles, stringed. The interior has been piteously maltreated, the nave and transepts having been patched into a kind of meeting-house (536 sittings), whose bareness is hardly redeemed by a stained-glass window to the memory of John Girdwood (ob. 1861), whilst the chancel serves merely for a vestibule, and is blocked up with a modern gallery staircase. Where stood the altar is now a doorway ; but the pre-Reforma- tion piscina and sedilia remain, along with a perfect hour-glass ; and here lie two of the three Forrester effigies, life-size and mail-clad, in arched recesses. These, with their dames by their side, are the two Sir Johns, the founder and his son, who died in 1440 and 1454 ; the third, in the S transept, is a grandson, Sir Alexander, though it has often been falsely asserted to be Bernard Stuart, the celebrated Viceroy of Naples, who died, it is true, at Corstorphine in 1508, but who seems to have been buried in the Blackfriars church of Edinburgh. Without, in the churchyard, are many quaint old head- stones, among them one, a natural smoothed boulder, to 'John Foord, sheepherd ' (1795), another to 'Francis Joseph Trclss, native ;. Hungarj^ and lete tenent at Saughten Hall' (1796). The public school, with accom- modation for 230 children, had (1880) an average attend- ance of 187, and a grant of £160, 7s. Valuation (1860) £13,118, (1882) £22,585, including £530 for railway. Pop. (1801) 840, (1831) 1461, (1861) 1579, (1871) 1788, (1881) 2156.— Orel. Sur., sh. 32, 1857. Wee vol. i. of Billings* Baronial Antiquities (1845) ; David Laing's Rcgistrtim Domus de Soltre, etc. (13annatync,Club, 1861) ; and his paper on ' The Forrester Monuments ' in Frocs. Soc. Ants. Scot. (1876). Cortachy and Clova, a long, narrow parish of NW 287 CORTES Forfarshire, containing the hamlets of Clova and Cor- tachy, the lattef lying towards the SE corner, 5 miles N by E of Kirriemuir, under which it has a post office. Bounded N by Glenmuiek in Aberdeenshire, NE by Lochlee and Lethnot, 6SE by Tannadice, S by Kirrie- muir proper, SW by Kingoldrum, Ujjper Kirriemuir, and Glenisla, and NW by Orathie-Braemar in Aberdeen- shire, it has an utmost length of lOg miles from NW to SE, viz. , from Cairn Bannoeh on the Aberdeenshire bor- der to the confluence of the Prosen and South Esk ; a breadth that varies between 1 furlong and 5^ miles ; and an area of 43,322 acres. Three lakes are Lochs Esk (IJ X 1 furl.), Br.\ndy (| X J mile), and Wharral (3 J x 1^ furl.). The South Esk, rising in the NW corner at 3150 feet above sea-level, runs 20:^ miles south-eastward and south-south-eastward through the interior, then 3f miles along the Tannadice border, receiving on the way White Water, flowing 6;^ miles east-south-eastward along Glen Doll ; the Burn of Heughs, flowing 4J miles south- south-westward, and the East Burn of Moye, flowing 5 miles south-soufh-westward along the Tannadice border. The Calty, again, runs 4 miles S by E upon the boundary with Upper Kirriemuir to Pkosen Water ; and this in its turn winds 5f miles SSE and ESE to the South Esk along all the Kingoldrum and Kirriemuir border. The smface sinks in the extreme SE to less than 400 feet above sea-level, thence rising to Tulloch Hill (1230 feet), the Goal (1466), the Hill of Couternach (1667), Fin- bracks (2478), Ben Tirran (2860), *Driesh (3105), *Mayar (3043), *Roustie Ley (2868), Tolmount (3143), *Broad Cairn (3268), and *Cairn Bannoeh (3314), where asterisks mark those summits that culminate on the borders of the parisli. The rocks include Old Red sand- stone, clay and mica slate, gneiss, serpentine, trap, and granite ; and the soils are as varied as the rocks, in some parts argillaceous, in others a fine gravelly loam, and elsewhere thin, hard, and sandy or stony. The arable lands of the haughs by the watersides bear but a small proportion to hill-pastures and to the deer-forests of Cortachy, Clova, and Bachnagairn ; in Glen Clova, whose flora is rich in rare plants, the hill-sides are par- tially green up to a high elevation, whilst almost to the tops the heather is mixed with ' month ' or ' moss ' grasses. The property is mostly divided between the Earl of AiRLiE and Donald Ogilvy, Esq. of Balnaboth House, the former owning the southern or Cortachy, the latter the northern or Clova, division. The late Earl was a noted improver of cattle; and his polled herd, commenced about 1865, won many coveted prizes. His seat here, Cortachy Castle, finely embosomed by wooded policies on the South Esk, near the hamlet, is a Scottish baronial edifice of some antiquity, whicli escaped the great fire of 14 Sept. 1883, when the large addition (1872) by the late Mr David Bryce, R.S.A., was destroyed. It has its ghost, or ghostly music rather, wliich, variously described as that of a single drum or a whole brass band or (more vaguely) heavenly, presages death or gout in the family. Disjoined quoad sacra from Clova, Cortachy is in the presbytery of Forfar and synod of Angus and Mearns ; the living is worth £299. The church, rebuilt in 1829 at a cost of more than £2000, is a pretty edifice, and contains 550 sittings. Two pub- lic schools, Cortachy and Clova, with respective accom- modation for 169 and 60 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 33 and 9, and grants of £33, 17s. and £7, 9s. 6d. Valuation (1881) £7516, Is. 4d. Pop. of civil parish (1801) 906, (1831) 912, (1861) 653, (1871) 554, (1881) 442 ; oi q. s. parish (1881) 323.— Crrf. Sur., slis. 56, 65, 1870. Cortes, a hamlet in Rathen parish, E Aberdeenshire, near Lonmay station. Coruisk or Corriskin, a fresh-water loch on the mutual border of Strath and Bracadale parishes, in the SE of the Isle of Skye, Inverness-shire, ^ mile N of the head of salt-water Loch Scavaio, which communicates by steam- launch with Kilbride upon Loch Slapin (14 miles), as that again by public conveyance witli Broadford (6 miles). Witli utmost length and breadth of 1^ and ^ mile, it is of profound depth ; contains sea-trout : sends 288 CORVICHEN oflf a rivulet, the 'Mad Stream,' to Loch Scavaig, whilst fed itself by hundreds of silvery torrents ; and on its surface bears three green islets, that ofi"er a striking con- trast to the desolation around. For Coruisk lies, still and sombre, in the cup of the mighty Cuchullins, which shoot up their bare jagged peaks 3000 feet and more into the sky. • To quote Scott's Lord of the Isles — ' Rarely human eye has known A scene so stern as that dread lake, With its dark ledge of barren stone. Seems that primeval earthquake's sway Hath rent a strange and shatter'd way Through the rude bosom of the hill. And that each naked precipice, Sable ravine, and dark abyss. Tells of the outrage still. The wildest glen, but this, can show Some touch of Nature's genial glow : On high Benmore green mosses grow. And heath-bells bud in deep Glencroe, And copse on Cruachan-Ben ; But here, above, around, below. On mountain or in glen, Nor tree, nor shrub, nor plant, nor flower. Nor aught of vegetative power. The wearj' eye may ken. For all is rocks at random thrown, — Black waves, bare crags, and banks of stone. As if were here denied The summer sun, the spring's sweet dew, That clothe with many a varied hue The blackest mountain-side.' Whereon Turner, whose pencil delineated the scene to illustrate Sir Walter's poem, remarked, that ' no words could have given a truer picture of this, one of the wildest of Nature's landscapes.' Of many pi'ose de- scriptions the finest perhaps is that from the Journal of Norman Macleod, under date 1 Sept. 1837: — 'Having left our horses at Camasunary, we ascended by a rough road to a pass, from which we obtained a view of Coruisk. Wilson being a bad walker, I was up nearly half an hour before him. Besides I wished to behold Coruisk alone ; and, as I ascended the last few blocks of stone which intercepted my view, I felt my heart beat and my breath- ing becoming thicker than when I was climbing — for I had rested before in order to enjoy the burst undisturbed — and a solemn feeling crept over me as I leapt on the crest of the hill, and there burst upon my sight — shall I attempt to describe it ? How dare I ? Around me wei-e vast masses of hypersthene, and the ridge on which I stood was so broken and precipitous that I could not follow its descent to the valley. At my feet lay the lake, sUent and dark, and round it a vast am- phitheatre of precipices. The whole Cuchullins seemed gathered in a semicircle round the lake, and from their summits to their base not a blade of verdure, — but one bare, black precipice, cut into dark chasms by innumer- able torrents, and having their bases covered by debris and fallen rocks. Nothing could exceed the infinite variety of outline — peaks, points, teeth, pillars, rocks, ridges, edges, steps of stairs, niches — utter wildness and sterility. From this range there are gigantic projections standing out and connected with the main body. And there lay the lake, a part hidden from our view, behind a huge rock. There it lay still and calm, its green island like a green monster floating on its surface. I sat and gazed; "my spirit drank the spectacle." I never felt the same feeling of the horribly wild — no, never ; not even in the Tyrolese Alps. There was no- thing here to speak of life or human existence. "I held my breath to listen for a sound, but everything was hushed ; it seemed abandoned to the spirit of soli- tude." A few wreaths of mist began to creep along the rocks like ghosts. Laugh at superstition for coupling such scenes with Avitches and water-kelpies ! I declare I felt superstitious in daylight there. Oh, to see it in a storm, with the clouds under the spur of a hurricane, raking the mountain summit !' {Memoir, 1876). See also chap. v. of Alexander Smith's Summer in Skye (1865), and chap. xxvi. of William Black's il/adcap Violet (1876). Corvichen. See Dbumblade. t^. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. FormL9-10m-6,'52(A1855)444 000 160 987 *DA 869 G89o v.l