in^^ 
 
 *« 
 
Reference Guides 
 
 That Should be Known and 
 How to Use Them 
 
 By 
 Florence M, Hopkins 
 
 , Librarian 
 
 Central High School and Junior College 
 
 Detroit, Michigan 
 
 This Pamphlet Pertains to 
 Webster's New International Dictionary 
 
 TIME REQUIRED 
 
 Four class periods and 
 Preparation of tliree lessons 
 
 THE WILLARD COMPANY 
 
 479 SIXTH STREET 
 
 DETROIT ^ MICHIGAN 
 
Copyright 
 
 by 
 
 FLORENCE M. HOPKINS 
 
 1919 
 
Foreword 1^19 
 
 LIBRARY 
 SCHOOL 
 
 This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
 series constitutes a second edition of "Reference guides that should be known and 
 how to use them," which first appeared in 1916 as a text book for high and normal 
 schools. 
 
 The revision treats important phases of reference work in separate pamphlets, 
 thus making it possible to grade the work, or to select the pamphlets best fitted to 
 meet individual needs. Generally speaking, any one of the pamphlets can be 
 completed in two class periods plus time for the preparation of one lesson be- 
 tween recitations. 
 
 The entire course could be completed by advanced students in five or six 
 weeks of one class and study period per day. The work can also be scattered 
 in different years. If one subject per term were given in consecutive order to 
 English classes, in high schools, beginning with the B8 of junior high and ex- 
 tending through the A12 of senior high, the work could be covered in two or 
 three class and study periods per term; or, if familiarity with reference books is 
 desired early in the school course, the most important subjects could be crowded 
 into the early high school grades. The order in which the subjects of the pamph- 
 lets are listed below suggests a logical sequence, whether the work is given 
 slowly or rapidly or to lower or to upper grade students. 
 
 1 — Webster's New International Dictionary 
 
 2 — New Standard Dictionary 
 
 3 — Encyclopaedias 
 
 4 — Parts of a book 
 
 5 — Atlases; city directories; gazetteers 
 
 6 — Concordances 
 
 7 — Library classification and card catalogue 
 
 8 — Indexes to periodical literature; debates 
 
 9 — Year-books 
 10 — Commercial indexes 
 11 — Important publications of city, state and federal governments 
 
 The inclusion of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes 
 it possible for each student to follow all illustrative examples without making a 
 trip to a library and waiting to have access to the complete reference work. 
 No library will furnish a sufficient number of copies of expensive reference 
 books to supply large classes adequately for detailed study; neither could a 
 library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as badly worn and 
 marked as they would become if many students were required to consult them for 
 prepared lessons. 
 
 1 
 
 415803 
 
Exporieficc Jias.pi:oYed.tbat*the best results can be obtained if the work is 
 begun in'-Sd^'lkrLiaes'i'fecita'ti'oB^'by a librarian or a teacher reading the text 
 with the class. If conducted in this way, no previous preparation will be neces- 
 sary, either by the class or by the one who conducts it. As the reading of the 
 text proceeds, it will be seen that important features of the reference books studied 
 are emphasized by referring to the sample pages embodied in the text. With a 
 little class direction of this kind the students can readily see the plan of the text, 
 and can finish any unread pages independently as an assigned lesson for the next 
 recitation. In classes composed of advanced students, or in cases of absence, 
 the entire work could be done independently. 
 
 The questions on the colored page fastened on the inside of the last cover 
 are designed to emphasize important points and to systematize the work for 
 class records. Blank spaces are left under the questions for the answers. 
 When the questions are assigned as a lesson to be prepared out of class, and 
 the answers are written from memory in the blank spaces during the class 
 recitation following, the points are more thoroughly impressed than they are 
 when the answers are written before coming to class, while having direct access 
 to the text. 
 
 A key, giving the answer to each question, together with its value on the 
 scale of 100, will be found underneath the question sheet when it is removed. 
 By means of this key, students can correct their own or another's work in 
 a few minutes of class time, in case the librarian or teacher cannot give 
 extra time to do so. 
 
 Schools which ask a leading reference question in final examinations find 
 that students give more attention to the work and therefore learn to value its 
 importance. 
 
 The follozving paragraphs are taken from the 
 Foreword of the First Edition 
 
 Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
 lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
 "Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools," from the 
 United States Bureau of Education, 1914 — No. 34. 
 
 Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
 have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
 "book-using skill." 
 
 The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
 
 increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
 
 the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 
 
 Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 
 
 and use of the library lessens the eflSciency of his course. 
 
 Every new student should be required to take 
 some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
 handling of library tools. .... Such a course, more- 
 over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
 of the work required for a degree. 
 
Webster's Dictionaries 
 
 No branch of reference work is so important as is a thorough understanding 
 of what can be found in recent dictionaries. They constitute in pith and essence 
 veritable encyclopaedias, and give in addition much information not found in en- 
 cyclopaedias proper. We have become so accustomed to the word "dictionary" 
 that we have lost a realization of its paramount place among reference books. 
 When the characteristic way of entering information is once thoroughly under- 
 stood, the use of a dictionary becomes a revelation and a delight. 
 
 "Webster's Dictionary" is a title which is probably better known in the coun- 
 try than is that of any other one purely reference book. We have been using 
 different editions of this dictionary for about one hundred years. The first 
 Webster dictionary of any importance was published in 1828. In 1840 the first 
 edition of the famous "Unabridged" appeared. In 1890 the "Unabridged" was 
 thoroughly revised under the title of "International." In 1909 the "Interna- 
 tional" was thoroughly revised under the present title of the "New Interna- 
 tional," v/hich has passed through several editions. 
 
 It is as important to have the last edition of a dictionary as it is to have the 
 last edition of a telephone directory, or a city directory. The word "Webster" 
 is not sufficient, the exact title must also be considered. A careful study of the 
 New International edition of Webster's dictionary is given on the following pages. 
 
 Language Changes 
 
 Language grows and decays just as does everything else connected with life. 
 New v;ords are constantly being born because of new conditions, and old words 
 have pressed out of use, that is have become obsolete. Such words as camouflage 
 and sabotage, for example, are quite recent. We owe a deep debt of gratitude 
 to the scholars who have devoted themselves to the study of how the different 
 languages came into being, and why some have died and why some have so changed 
 that their early forms are no longer used, and how words pass from one language 
 into another, and how different meanings arise for the same word. When we stop 
 to think that the history of each word in the English language is given in our 
 great modern dictionaries, we marvel that we do not so treasure a dictionary 
 that we consider it imperative to understand it clearly, to use it adequately, 
 and to own it. 
 
 A very scholarly history of the English language is given in the front of Web- 
 ster's New international dictionary. Simply to read over the headings of the 
 paragraphs and sections of this history gives one an enlarged grasp of the stages 
 of growth through which the English language has passed. The paragraph 
 below, which is selected from this history, is taken from an Enghsh work which 
 
was written about the year 1300. The English of that time was so different from 
 the present English that we can scarcely read it without a translation. Try to 
 make out what the first line of the old English means before reading the transla- 
 tion given in the paragraph below it, and then compare the other lines of the old 
 Enghsh with the translation. Not only does a complete English dictionary 
 record all words in current use, but it also includes in alphabetical order even 
 such obsolete words as are found in this selection. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 From Page ixxv. 
 § 194. From the Chronicle knoxun as Robert of Gloucester's (11. 7,537-7,647). [South- 
 em Dialect, about 1300.] 
 
 Thus com lo ! Engelond into Normandies bond, 
 
 and the Normans ne couthe speke tho bote hor owe specbe, 
 
 and speke French as hii dude atom, and bor children dude also tecbe ; 
 
 so that heiemen of this lond, that of bor blod come, 
 
 holdetb alle thulke speche that hii of bom nome; 
 
 vor bote a man coune Frenss, me teltb of biiu lute ; 
 
 ac lows men holdetb to Engliss and to bor owe speche jute. 
 
 Translation. — Thus came, lo ! England into Normandy's hand, and the Normans knew 
 not fiow to speak then but their own speech, and spoke French as they did at-bome, and 
 their children did so teach, so that the bigh-meu of this laud, that of their blood came, 
 bold all the-sarae [tbe-ilk] speecli that they of them took ; for unless [but] a man knows 
 French, men reckon [tell] of him little ; but the low men bold to Euglisb, and lo their 
 own speech yet. 
 
 Important Abbreviations to be Noted in Connection with Definitions 
 
 If any definition is not in good current use, an abbreviation follows it, indi- 
 cating why. Such abbreviations as the following should be readily recognized : 
 i?., rare; 055., obsolete; colloq., colloquial, that is, common rather than refined 
 'English; dial., dialect, that is, a corrupt form of a word differing from the standard 
 or literary form. If a word is used in a technical sense, an abbreviation appears 
 to indicate in what special field the word is so used, as: Med. (medical); Myth. 
 (mythology); Econ. (economic); Her. (heraldry). 
 
 A list of all abbreviations used in defining words, is given at the front of the 
 dictionary, immediately preceding the first word of the vocabulary. Abbrevia- 
 tions in ordinary use are not there, but are entered in the dictionary in the alpha- 
 betical order of the abbreviation, as a word is entered. Consult the specimen 
 entry on the next page and tell what the following mean: 
 
 a. abbr. adv. aq. Anat. cap(s). cf. 
 
 dial. exc. ff. fig. fl. fr. 1. c. 
 
 Lit. (beginning with a capital) lit. (beginning with a small letter). 
 
 The Divided Page 
 
 Page 152 from Webster's New international dictionary, which is reproduced 
 on following pages, is used as a basis for illustrating the characteristic way of 
 entering information. Consult the page and notice that below a horizontal line 
 near the bottom there are six columns, and that above it there are three columns. 
 This divided page gains space, and, by placing words of minor importance below 
 the line, saves the necessity of running the eye over every detailed entry when an 
 important word is desired. When looking for a word, try the upper section first; 
 if it is not there, try the lower section; always on the same page. 
 
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Details Illustrated by Words Selected from the Sample Page 
 Above the Dividing Line 
 
 Parts of speech: Consult the word "augur," which comes a little below the 
 middle of the second column of the specimen page, and notice that it is entered 
 three times in black faced type. Each entry begins with a small letter, indicat- 
 ing that augur should not be written with a capital letter in a sentence. What 
 letter signifies that the first "augur" is a noun? What letters, that the second 
 is a transitive verb? What letters, that the third is an intransitive verb? 
 
 Pronunciation: Under "augur, n." the pronunciation is given by respelling 
 the word in parentheses. Notice that the sound for the first syllable is indicated 
 by placing a circumflex over an "o." Glance down to the bottom of the page 
 and find a word containing an "o" with the same mark above it. The first 
 syllable in augur is therefore pronounced like "o" in what word? Notice that 
 the "u" in the second syllable has a curve over it, that is, it is short, but instead 
 of being a "u" of ordinary type it is italicized. What word at the bottom of the 
 page gives the sound for a short italicized "w"? 
 
 Derivation: Other items: In brackets, directly following the pronunciation, 
 the derivation (etymology), or language from which augur is derived is given. 
 Names of languages are abbreviated. "L" of course means Latin. The first 
 definition, numbered "1," is followed by "Rom. Relig.," meaning that the def- 
 inition pertains to Roman Religion. When the meanings of such abbreviations 
 are not easily implied, where, in the complete dictionary itself, can they be found? 
 What prominent author has used definition number 2? Is the work in which he 
 used it given? The derivation (etymology) of "augur, v. t." is given because it 
 differs from that of "augur, n." Are the principal parts of the verb given? 
 What authors have used "augur, v. t."? The derivation of "augur, v. i." is not 
 given because it is the same as the augur just preceding it. What abbreviation 
 is used for Shakespeare, as quoted after definition number 1, under "augur, v. i."7 
 The second meaning of "augur, v. i" should be followed by what prepositions? 
 Notes form a very valuable feature of the dictionary. 
 
 Synonyms: The abbreviation "Syn." after number 2 of "augur, v. t." 
 calls attention to other words similar in meaning. Give the first synonym 
 suggested for "augur, v. t." At the end of the list of synonyms, what word is 
 referred to for other synonyms? Notice that synonyms are given after the last 
 numbered definition. Give the first synonym mentioned for "augmentation." 
 At the end of the note under synonyms for "august, a.," what word is referred to 
 for other synonyms? The fact that a synonym can be found in the dictionary 
 for every important word in the language having a synonym, should be kept in 
 mind by those who wish to cultivate a choice use of words. 
 
 Irregular plurals: Any plural which is not formed by adding "s" to the 
 singular is given after the singular of the word. The pronunciation of a plural 
 which cannot be ascertained from the singular is also given. Consult the word 
 "augury" and give the spelling and pronunciation of its plural. 
 
 Emphasis: After which syllable of the adjective "august" does a heavy 
 accent (') appear, to indicate where the stress of the voice should be placed 
 in the pronunciation of the word? On which syllable should the stress be 
 placed for "August, n."t On which syllable should the stress be placed for 
 
''augment, n."; for "augment, v. t."? On which syllable in "augmentation'^ is 
 the heavy emphasis placed? On which is a slight emphasis placed? 
 
 Subdivisions of definitions: Definition number 2, under augmentation, has 
 several subdivisions which are lettered. What abbreviation, within brackets 
 after subdivision "f," indicates that when augmentation follows "the," referring to 
 a court, it should begin with a capital letter? Try to give the meaning of the 
 abbreviations following the letters from "a" to "e." If they cannot be recog- 
 nized, where can they be found? 
 
 Fictitious characters: Names of important fictitious characters, that is 
 characters which are not real persons, are entered in the vocabulary; above the 
 line if important; below, if unimportant. In which one of Shakespeare's plays 
 does the fictitious character of Audrey appear? Look under "Augean" for a 
 reference in Greek mythology. 
 
 Entries Below the Horizontal Line 
 
 Obsolete spelling: Below the line, in alphabetical order, the word "aufull" is 
 given, followed by what character or symbol? Tell what this character signifies 
 by consulting the bottom of the page. A different, but obsolete, spelling for 
 "awful" was, therefore, what? Consult "auen" below the line and tell what 
 word was once so spelled. 
 
 Rare meanings: Read the rare meaning given for "august" below the line. 
 
 Reformed spelling: Find "augmentativ" below the line and give the abbrevia- 
 tion which is placed after it, but on the line above, because there is not room on 
 the same line. The abbreviation Ref. Sp. indicates that the reformed spelling 
 of augmentative drops the final e. 
 
 Foreign phrases: Phrases in foreign languages which are frequently quoted 
 are given in the dictionary. Those which are most familiar appear above the 
 line; the others below the line. Find "aufond" below the line and name the lan- 
 guage from which it is taken. Find what the two vertical lines in front of it mean 
 by consulting the bottom of the page. Give the meaning for the following, 
 below the line: 
 
 Au grand serieux Aufer te malum ex vobis Audit que vocatus Apollo 
 
 From what author and from which of his works does. the last phrase come? 
 
 Christian names; plurals; miscellaneous: The meanings of Christian names 
 are frequently given below the line. What does the name "Augusta" mean, 
 literally? Names of minor importance in Scripture, literature or mythology 
 are entered below the line; so also are unimportant abbreviations, many ob- 
 solete words, plurals which are very irregular, as teeth or feet. 
 
 Order in Which Different Meanings of a Word are Entered 
 
 Many words in the English language have several distinctly different mean- 
 ings, and are capable of being used as different parts of speech. It is im- 
 portant to realize that the order in which the meanings are entered in Webster's 
 dictionary is historical; that is, the part of speech which was used first is en- 
 tered first, and the several definitions under it are in the order in which the 
 meanings came into use. 
 
Selected entries of v/ords from "naiighf to ''nothing" are given to illustrate 
 the many changes of meaning through which a word may pass, and the order in 
 which these meanings are arranged. Does the word "naught" as an adjective or 
 as a noun come first in the dictionary? Therefore, since words are entered in 
 historical order, which part of speech for "naught" came into the language first? 
 Is the pronunciation of "naught" given under both the noun and the adjective? 
 Is the derivation given under each entry? The derivation of a word is not re- 
 peated every time the word is entered, unless the difference in meaning can be 
 traced to different languages: neither is the pronunciation repeated, unless the 
 words as different parts of speech are differently pronounced. It is necessary 
 sometimes to look back to the first entry of a word, if the derivation or the 
 pronunciation is desired. 
 
 Specimen Entries from Webster's New International Dictionary. 
 
 naught (n8t), n. [ME. naught, nought, naht, nawiht, AS. 
 ndwihi, nauhi, na/U, nowihl, nold ; ne not + a ever + 
 wiht tliiug, whit ; hence, not ev«r :i whit. See no, adv., 
 whit; cf. aught, not.] 1. Nothing; nought. 
 
 Doth Job fear God for „uu.,jht r Job i. !). 
 
 2. V/ickeduas3 ; wrong; evil ; hence, that which is wrong, 
 wicked, or faulty. OOs. Shak. 
 
 3. ThearithmeticalcharacterO;aciplier. SeecrPHEE, n., 1. 
 
 4. A wicked or bad person. Obs. or li. 
 
 to be naught, to go away or be still ; to subside ; — usually 
 
 in mild imprecations equiv. to " be hanged to you." Ob.i. 
 
 "Alarry, sir, be better employed and be naught awhile." 
 
 .Shak. — to call, or speak, all to n., to al)use vigorously. Obs. 
 Bacght, a. 1. Of no account ; worthless ; bad ; useless. 
 It is naught, it is naught, saitli the bujer. Prov. xi. 14. 
 
 2. In Obs. senses : a Hence, vile ; base ; naughty, b 
 
 Hurtful; bad; unfit, c Ruined ; wrecked; lost. 
 Go, get yon to your house ; begone, away I 
 All will be nawsA< else. Shak. 
 
 nangh'tl-ly (n8'ti-lt), adv. In a naughty manner ; specif. : 
 
 a Wickedly ; perversely. Obs. Shak. b Poorly ; badly. 
 
 Obs. Misbehavingly ; as, a child behaves naughtily. 
 naugh'ti-aess, n. Quality or state of being naughty ; 
 
 specif. : a Wickedness ; depravity ; perverseness. Obs. 
 
 b Badness ; faultiness. Obs. c Misbehavior ; as, the 
 
 naughtiness of a child. 
 naugh'ty (no'tl), a. ; nauoh'ti-er T-tY-er) ; natjgh'ti-bst. 
 
 1. Having nothing ; destitute. Obs. 
 
 [Men] that needy be and naujA*!/. Piers Ploumat:, 
 
 2. Worthless ; bad ; disagreeable ; unhealthy. Obs. 
 
 The other basket had very naughty figs. Jei . xxiv. 2. 
 
 3. Wicked ; morally bad ; wrong. Archaic or Euphemiitic. 
 
 So shines a good deed in a naughty world. Ultuk. 
 
 4. Mischievous ; wayward ; guUty of disobedience or mis- 
 behavior ; as, a nauyhiy child. Rare, exc. as applied to 
 children, or in sportive censure. 
 
 5. Insignilicant. Obs. or R. OxJ. E. D. 
 Syn.— SeeBAD. 
 
 ; nong!lt(n8t),n. \_A'&.nomht,-^&T.otn&wiht. SeeNAUQHT.^ 
 
 , 1. Nothing; naught. Archaic. 
 
 \ 2. Nonexistence ; nonentity ; nothing. Archaic. 
 
 3. Arilh. Nothing ; zero ; also, a cipher or zero ; a naught. 
 
 4. A worthless or valueless thing or person ; a nothiiig. 
 
 5. Worthless or evil behavior or character. Obs. 
 
 for noaght. = fob nothing b, C, & 3. Obs. or R.— to be n. 
 = i<j be naught, under naught, n. Obs. <t- R. 
 notll'lng (nuth'Tng), n. [From no, a. + thing."] 1. Not 
 any thing ; no thing (in the widest sense of the word thing) ; 
 nought ; partitively (now rare with an adjective), no share, 
 element, part ; — opposed to anything and something. 
 
 Nothing will come of nothing. ftiak. 
 
 Yet had his aspect nothing of severe. Dr'jden. 
 
 2. That which is or may be taken or considered a£ nonex- 
 istent ; what is of no signiflcance ; as, it is nothing to me. 
 
 Is this nothing t 
 Why, then the world and all that 's in 't is nothing. Shak. 
 
 3. Arith. Absence of all magnitude or quantity, however 
 small ; also, a cipher ; a zero. 
 
 4. That which does not exist ; a nonentity. 
 
 Quite consume us, and reduce 
 To nothing this essential. Milton, 
 
 6. A thing that may be taken as nonexistent ; a thing of no 
 account, value, note, or the like ; specif., a person of no im- 
 portance ; a nobody. 
 
 One that lies three thirds and uses a known truth to pass a 
 
 thousand nothings with. Sliak. 
 
 Wretched nothings, think ye not to flee. ShMty. 
 
 6. Nothingness ; utter insignificance. Obs. Shak, 
 
 7. Hegelianism. That which is characterized by utter ab- 
 sence of determination ; perfect iudistinguishableiiesa. 
 
 all to nothing, by all odds ; to the fullest extent. Rare. — 
 foin. a By no means; in no wise. Obs. b To no purpose; 
 in vain, c Forno reason : grouudlessly. d Without cost ; 
 free. — n. mnch, not a great deal ; very little. — n. off, Naut., 
 an order to the steersman to keep the vessel close to the 
 wind. 
 
 Is the comparison of the adjective "naughty" given? Read the first defini- 
 tion under "naughty." This meaning, which is so completely out of use now, is 
 given first because it is the first meaning the word had. What abbreviation 
 follows definition number 1, indicating that the word is no longer used in this 
 sense? Is definition number 2 in common use? Notice the two words which 
 follow definition number 3: "Archaic" and "Euphemistic." These words in- 
 dicate that naughty is an old or a mild expression for wicked. Definition 
 number 4 is the only meaning of "naughty" which has survived, and even it is 
 rarely used except as applied in what connection? What letter, after definition 
 number 5, indicates that the meaning is rare, if not wholly obsolete? 
 
 How many numbered definitions are given under the word "nothing"? Find, 
 three lines below the last number, the phrase, "all to nothing," and give its 
 meaning. In the second phrase, which is not written out in full, what word is 
 understood by "n," after "for"? How many subdivisions are given under this 
 phrase? After the fifth definition of "nought" find the cross reference for the 
 
 10 
 
equivalent of the phrase "/or nought," and give the meaning for subdivision "b," 
 under ^'for nothing." Give the meaning of the phrase, "to be nought." Give 
 the obsolete meaning of the phrase "to call (or speak) all to naught." 
 
 Miscellaneous Items 
 
 The "I/I6" at the lower right hand of the illustration of "Great Auk" which 
 follows, indicates that the picture is one-sixteenth the size of the real object. If 
 an illustration is larger than the object, the ratio is expressed by multiplying, thus: 
 x2 means that the picture is twice as large as the real object. 
 
 Selected Specimen Entries 
 
 Clll'na (chi'nd), n. 1. [cap.] A country in Eastern Asia. 
 
 2. {pron. chi'nd ; formerly, and still dial. ohTn'I, che'nl, 
 and cha'nl, the last preferred by Walker c. 1800). Porce- 
 lain ware, or porcelain ; — so called (orig. chinaware) in 
 the 17th century, because brought from the far East, and 
 differing from the pottery made in Evurope at that time. 
 Loosely, crockery in general. 
 
 3. a = cHiNAROOT. b The sweet orange. Porto Rico. 
 
 4. Com. Short for China silk. 
 
 china ale, ale flavored with chinaroot. — C. aater, a well- 
 known garden plant of the genus Callist-'phun. See aster. 
 Callistephus. — C. bean, the cowpea. — C. bine. Dyeina. a 
 Soluble blue, b A blue produced by printing on cloth 
 with indigo, reducing, and reoxidizing, thus fixing the in- 
 digo in the fiber. This process has been used iu the Orient 
 for centuries. — C. brier, the bull brier. — c. brotb, broth 
 made with chinaroot. — c. clay, kaolin. — C. crape, crSpe de 
 Chine. — C. fish, any fish of the family Ophicephalidae (see 
 SNAKE-HEAD MULLET). — c. grass, ramie. — C. ink, India ink. 
 
 — C. lake, safranine. — C. mark, any of various moths of the 
 genus Hydrocampa and allied genera, whose larvae are 
 aquatic, feeding on water plants. — C. matting, a kind of 
 floor matting made in China, India, etc., from grass and 
 reeds ; — called also Jndia, or Cavtoii, malting. — c. metal, 
 porcelain or majolica. Ohs. — chi'ca-met'alled (-mSt'Sld), r/. 
 O65. — C. orange. = china, 3 b. — C. pea, an Asiatic faba- 
 ceous shrub (Caragana cham/ayu), the seeds of which are 
 food for poultry. — C. pink, an annual or biennial pink (J>i- 
 anthits chinensis) having variously colored single or double 
 flowers ; — called also Indian pink. — c. ribbon, a very nar- 
 row ribbon, one eighth of an inch wide, used in a kind of 
 embroidery [china-ribbon embroidery), for bookmarks, etc. 
 
 — C. rose, a Any of numerous garden varieties of rose de- 
 rived from Rosa chinensis ; — called also Bengal rose, b 
 An Asiatic malvaceous shruh (Hibiscus rosa-siiiensis) com- 
 monly cultivated in Oriental gardens for the large white 
 or pink flowers, which contain an astringent juice used as 
 a hair dye, and in Java for blacking shoes, whence it is 
 sometimes called shoeblack plant. — c. shell. = egg shell, 
 mollusk. — 0. shot, Indian shot. — C. silk, pongee or, by ex- 
 
 Great Auk (Jj). 
 
 ehlm-pan'zee (chlm-pSn'ze ; chlm'pan-ze'; 277), n. [From 
 the native name : ef . F. ckimpaiixe, chimpanse, chimpan- 
 zee.'] An anthropoid ape (Siviia satyrus, eyn. Anthropo- 
 
 fln'ger (ftij'ger), n. [AS,, finger; akin to D. ringer, OS. & 
 OB.0r.fing<tr, G. finger, Icel.fingr, Sw. & D^n. finger, Goth. 
 figgrs ; origin unknown.] 1. One of the five terminating 
 members of the hand ; a digit of the fore limb ; specif. , one 
 of the four extremities of the hand other than the thumb. 
 
 2. Anything that resembles or does the work of a finger, 
 as the pointer of a clock, watch, or other registering ma- 
 chine; esp., Mack. ,3, small projecting rod, wire, or piece, 
 which is brought into contact with an object to effect, di- 
 rect, or restrain a motion, as a pawl for a ratchet or any 
 of the grippers that hold the paper in a printing press. 
 
 3. The breadth of a finger, or the fourth part of the hand ; 
 a measure of nearly an inch ; a portion of liquor filling a 
 glass to such a measure of depth ; alf o, the length of a fin- 
 ger, a measure in domestic use in the United States, of 
 about four and a half inclies, or one eighth of a yard. 
 
 4. Skill in the use of the fingers, as in playing a musical 
 instrument. Rare. " She has a good7?n£fe7-." Bushu. 
 
 5. A part of a glove into which a finger is inserted, 
 finger and toe. Bo/. = clubkoot. — flngers-and-tbnmbs. or 
 flngers-and-toes, bird's-foot trefoil. Dial. Eng. — to have a 
 finger in, to be concerned in ; to meddle with ; hence, to 
 have a f. in the pie, to be a participant in the mischief, a 
 sliaier in spoils^ etc. — to have at one's fingers' ends, to be 
 thoroughly familiar with. Colloq. 
 
 tension, a thin siik resembling pongee in texture, often 
 colored and figured ; also, a fabric with a silk warp and a 
 cotton filling. — C. silver, a kind of plated nickel alloy re- 
 sembling alfenide. — C. squash, the cushaw. — c. stone, a = 
 kaolin, b = PETUNTSE. — C. straw, ramie. — C. tree, a hand- 
 some Asiatic raeliaceous tree (Mclia arerf«rar/() planted as 
 a shade tree throughout the southern United States and 
 iu tropical countries. It has dense pinnately compound 
 leaves and large panicles of pink flowers succeeded by 
 yellow drupes. The tree is known by many names, as 
 chinaberry, pride of India, pride of China, bead tree, Iv- 
 dian or Persian lilac, azedarach, holy tree, etc. — C. wax. 
 = Chinese wax. — c. wedding. See wedding, Note. — C. 
 withe, a West Indian species of Smilax (S. celastroides). 
 
 What number follows the last pronunciation of chimpanzee just below 
 "Great Auk"? This number always appears when the pronunciation of a word 
 varies. It refers to section 277, which is at the end of the "Guide to Pronuncia- 
 tion," in the front of the dictionary. This section contains an alphabetical list 
 of words differently pronounced, and gives the authority for each pronunciation. 
 Whenever this number, or any other number appears in connection with the pro- 
 nunciation of a word, attention is called to the section so numbered in the Guide, 
 where details regarding some sound in the word will be found. 
 
 How many languages are mentioned in the derivation of "finger"? Where 
 can the meanings of the abbreviations of these languages be found? How many 
 definitions are given under jSnger? After the last definition, give the meaning of 
 the common expression, 'Ho have a finger in the pie." 
 
 Notice that the word ''china" begins with a small letter. What abbrevia- 
 tion under definition number 1 indicates that when the word refers to the 
 
 11 
 
country, it should begin with a capital letter? Definition number 4, relating 
 to commerce, is short for what? 
 
 Encyclopaedic Information 
 
 A vast amount of information, aside from the meaning and derivation of 
 words, is given in modern dictionaries. Such information, called ''encyclo- 
 paedic" because it resembles that found in encyclopaedias, is condensed after 
 the last numbered definition of the word most closely connected with the 
 subject, unless it is important enough to have an entry of its own. Below def- 
 inition number 4, under "china," notice that the first entry, in very fine bold- 
 faced type, is "china ale/^ and that it is followed by a very brief definition. 
 The second bold-faced type entry reads "C. aster"; the third, "C. bean"; the 
 fourth "C. blue." Glance over the bold-face type entries, and notice that the 
 words following "C." (china) are in sub-alphabetical order. Give the reference 
 which follows the sign = after "China orange." When a reference is in capital 
 letters, the form referred to is preferable. Find this reference under subdi- 
 vision "b" of definition number 3, and give the preferred name for China 
 orange. What is the preferred name for China wax? China wedding is explained 
 in a note under what word? Should it begin with a small or with a capital 
 letter? 
 
 The Appendix to Webster's New International Dictionary 
 
 Geographical and Biographical Entries 
 
 Two important features of this dictionary, pertaining to places and to people, 
 appear in the appendix in separate vocabularies. Important places in the world 
 of over 1000 inhabitants are entered under the heading, "Pronouncing Gazetteer 
 
 Specimen Entry from Pronouncing Gazetteer 
 
 ZdnCOln (llij'kttn) CO. SE Ark. 571 D pop. 15, X X Star City & Varner.— co. E Col. 2,570 D 
 pop. 6, X Hugo. — c ). N E Ga. 291 D pop. 9, X Lincolnton. — co. S Ida. 3,283 D pop. 13, 
 X Shoshone. — co. N cen. Kan. 721 D pop. 10, X Lincoln. — co. E cen. Ky. 338 □ pop. 
 18, X Stanford. — par. N La. 472 D pop. 18, X Ruston. — co. S Me. 457 D pop. 18, X Wi9- 
 casset. — CO. SW Minn. 535 D pop. 10, X Lake Benton. — co. S WMiss. 578 D pop. 29, 
 X Brookhaven. — co. E Mo. 607 □ pop. 17, X Trov. — co. N W Mont. 3,530 D pop. 4, X 
 Libby. — co. S W ceu. Nebr. 2,536 a pop. 16, X North Platte. — co. S E Nev. 10,511 O 
 pop. 3, XPioche. — CO. SN. Mex. 4,779 D pop. 8. — its X.— co.W N. 0. 299 D pop. 17, 
 X Lincolnton. — CO. cen. Okla.959n pop. 35, X Chandler. — co. W Ore. 1,008 D pop. G, 
 X Toledo. — CO. E S. Dak. 574 D pop. 13, X Canton. — co. S Tenn. 587 D pop. 26, X 
 Fayetteville. — co. E Wash. 2,302 D pop. 18, X Davenport. — co. S W W. Va. 418 Q 
 pop. 20, X Hamlin. — co. N Wis. 902 D pop. 10, X Merrill. — city. Placer co. Cal. pop. 
 1. — city, X of Logan co. 111. pop. 11. — city, X of Lincoln co. Kan. pop. 2. — vil. Pe- 
 nobscot CO. Me. pop. 2. ^ town, Middlesex co. Mass. pop. 1. — city, * of Nebr. and X 
 of Lancaster co. pop. 44; seat of Univ. of Nebraska. ^ to-rni, Grafton co. N. H. pop. 1. 
 — town. Providence co. R. I. pop. 10. —town, Addison co. Vt. pop. l.^See Lincoln- 
 smsE {Gaz.)..— anc. Lin'dum, mfg. city & county bor. X of Lincolnshire, Eng. pop. 57 ; 
 fine cathedral. See Lincoln green. — co. Ontario prov. Canada, * St. Catharines. — co. 
 New South Wales, Australia, pop. 10. 
 
 Specimen Entry from Biographical Dictionary 
 
 Lombardl (ISm-bar'de), Alfonso. True name Citadella. Italian sculptor. . .1487 — 1537. 
 
 IiOmbroso (lom-bro'zo), Ceaare. Italian physician and criminologist 183C . 
 
 Lam^Uie, fle (de lo'ma'ue'), Louis Leonard. French author 1815 —1878. 
 
 Lamcnosov (la'mi-uS'sof), Mikhail Vasilevich. Russian poet and gram 1711 — 1765. 
 
 London (liin'dun). Jack. American story-writer 1876 . 
 
 Londonderry (lun'dun-dgr'I), Cliarles William Stewart, later Vane, third 
 
 Marquis of. British general 1778 — 1854. 
 
 Long (15ug ; 205), Edwin Longsdeu. English painter 18-29— 1891 ! 
 
 Lons, George. English classical scholar 1800 — 1879 
 
 Long, John Davis. Gov. of Mass. (1880-1882). Sec. of navy (1897-1902) .... 1838 . 
 
 Lons, Roger. English divine and astronomer. lUraninm.'] • 1680 — 1770. 
 
 Long, Stephen Harriman. American engineer and explorer 1784 — 1864. 
 
 Longohainp(lSng'sh5mp; -shSm), William of. Eng. prelate and statesman . 1 —1197. 
 
 Longet (18N'zh6'), Francois Achille. French physician 1811—1871. 
 
 Longfellow (iSug'fSl'o ; 205), Henry Wadsworth. American poet 1807—1882. 
 
 Longhl (16i/ge), Giuseppe. Italian engraver 1766—1831. 
 
 LonglmanOB (ISn'jI-ma'nws). See Artaxerxes I. 
 
 Longlnus (ISn-ji'niis), Dionysius Cassius. Greek philosopher and critic 213?- 273. 
 
 Longnon (li'nySN'), Auguste HonortS. French historical geographer 1844 . 
 
 12 
 
of the World'': this vocabulary is followed by one giving important persons in the 
 world's work, under the heading, '^Pronouncing Biographical Dictionary.'" For 
 illustrative purposes, a specimen entry from each is inserted. 
 
 Under the first entry of Lincoln in specimen from the Gazetteer, find the sec- 
 tion of Arkansas in which Lincoln County in that state is located. The number 
 of square miles this county contains is indicated by what number preceding a 
 square? About how many thousand people live in this county? What are the 
 names of the two county seats? The dash after Varner refers to another 
 county by the name of Lincoln. Notice that the word Lincoln is entered 
 but once in heavy type, and that a dash is used each time another place 
 by that name is listed. The largest political divisions in the United States 
 are entered first, then the smaller ones, and then foreign places. In this case, 
 the largest divisions are counties, which require nearly two-thirds of the space. 
 It would be very confusing to glance through this fine print to find some par- 
 ticular county in a state, unless some system of sub-arrangement could be dis- 
 covered. The first county mentioned is in what state? The last county men- 
 tioned, eight lines from the end, is in what state? The states are evidently sub- 
 arranged alphabetically. Give the number of square miles in Lincoln county in 
 the following states: Tennessee; Maine; Oklahoma. After the counties are ail 
 listed, the cities and towns are given, also sub-arranged under states. What 
 county in Massachusetts has a town of Lincoln? What is the population of 
 Lincoln, New Hampshire? What is the population of Lincoln, England? What 
 prominent building is located there? Reference is made to what word in 
 the general vocabulary of the dictionary for added information? 
 
 Under the Biographical entries, find Edwin Long, and tell why he was promi- 
 nent. Give the dates of his life. What section in the Guide to pronunciation at 
 the front of the dictionary is referred to for particulars regarding the sound of the 
 letter "o" in his name? Give the dates of the life of Henry Wadsworth Long- 
 fellow. When was John Davis Long governor of Massachusetts? Was 
 he living when this edition of the dictionary was issued? Should the "t" in 
 the name "Longef be sounded? What letter is given to indicate the sound 
 of the "g" in this name? 
 
 Other Entries in the Appendix 
 
 Signs; Symbols; Illustrations: The appendix gives many signs and symbols, 
 such as: Astronomical, Chemical, Botanical, Mathematical, Medical, Commer- 
 cial, Musical, Proof-reading. At the end of the appendix, illustrations used 
 throughout the vocabulary are collected and classified. 
 
 Reference History Edition: Explained on pages 14 and 15. 
 
 Plates at the Front 
 
 At the Front: Many valuable plates are given at the front of this dictionary, 
 such as: Flags; national, official, yacht club: State seals: Arms of the various 
 nations. 
 
 13 
 
Reference History Edition of 
 Webster's New International Dictionary 
 
 A special edition of this dictionary gives, in the appehdix, a valuable history 
 of the world so condensed that it amounts to practically a dictionary of dates. 
 The material is so excellently indexed that any important fact in the world's 
 history can be readily found. This edition is usually sold by subscription only. 
 
 To become acquainted with the range of information condensed in the 
 reference history section of this edition, look under the word Immigration, on the 
 following specimen page, and tell what the first year is for which statistics are 
 given. After 1820 statistics are given for each five year period, as indicated by 
 '25, '30, etc. After the year '60 the page on which appear the statistics for the 
 preceding years is given as what? (The 2 following this page means the 2nd 
 column.) What year had the largest number of immigrants before 1873? After 
 1870, are statistics given more frequently than in five year periods? After 1888 
 how frequently are they given? Give the page and column for finding statistics 
 for each of the following years: 1840; 1882; 1895; 1900. What is the last year 
 given? 
 
 Give the page and column where extremely compact information could be 
 found on each of the points given below: 
 
 a. When Idaho was admitted as a state. 
 
 b. When Herod the Great took Jerusalem. 
 
 c. State that is called Hawkeye. 
 
 d. Crusaders at Iconium. 
 
 e. Discovery of the circulation of the blood by Harvey. 
 
 f. Inauguration of William Harrison as president. 
 
 g. Death of Henry VI, King of England. 
 h. Education in Italy. 
 
 i. Industry and labor in India. 
 
 Look up the word "Imports" and tell how the information is entered. 
 
 What date, in heavy type, separates the history of Italy into two divisions? 
 Is India so divided? This date of the treaty of Westphalia divides the history 
 of many modern countries. 
 
 14 
 
A Specimen Entry From Index in 
 Reference History Edition of Webster's New International Dictionary 
 
 |5i5I|5mm| M "mMM I MM MM M MMM | ImmMMm'm 
 
 
 
 15 
 
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 Ui (HO) 
 
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 ; — I -t^ 
 
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 2-5 
 
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 43 T3 
 
 43 d 
 
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 42 CO 
 
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 ■73 ->^ 
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 M O — i o 
 
 O 43 3 
 
 1 42 -^ -5 
 
 CD 5r, !=! 
 
 1^ -d .S 13 
 
 ^ ^ S P 
 
 .4. <D 
 
 d 
 
 !S^O 
 
Questions for 
 The Last Edition of Webster's Dictionary 
 
 Student's name Per cent 
 
 Teacher's name Hour reciting Date 
 
 Have you read the directions on the back of this cover? Answer yes or no. 
 
 1 — What is the exact title of the last edition of Webster's dictionary? ^ 
 
 I 
 
 2 — How are the more important entries separated from the less important ones? g 
 
 3 — a: Are common abbreviations, characters in literature, in mythology, or in Scripture, in the e 
 
 general vocabulary or at the back? 
 
 b : Are such references found always above, or always below, or sometimes above and some- ^ 
 
 times below the horizontal line, according to importance? ^ 
 
 4 — a: When a word has several meanings, is the earliest or the latest meaning entered first? m 
 
 bO 
 b : Is the pronunciation or derivation repeated unless it differs? "O 
 
 5 — Tell how the following are abbreviated when used in connection with the definition of words: 'j; 
 Obsolete; dialectic; colloquial; compare; from; capital; lower case letter (not a capital) .g 
 
 c 
 
 es 
 
 6 — a : Where is a complete hst of abbreviations used in defining words given? Ji 
 
 o 
 
 b: Are abbreviations in general use found in this list, or in the vocabulary? 
 7 — a: Is reformed spelling above or below the line? b: How is it marked? 
 8 — a : Where is the complete key for diacritical marks given? b : Where is a condensed key given? 
 9 — a: Are plurals given and pronounced if regular? b: If irregular? *- 
 
 10 — Tell whether to turn to the front, or to the back, or to the general vocabulary for 'S 
 
 information such as the following: 
 
 K 
 
 a: State seals. b: Square miles in any country. c: Date of life of Milton. ti 
 
 d: Abbreviation used in business, f. o. b. e: Character in Greek mythology, Hercules. .S 
 
 a» 
 
 f: History of the English language, g: Flags of nations, h: Roman numerals. ^ 
 
 o. 
 
 i: Foreign phrases, j: Signs used in music, k: Phrases in common use. 1: Coats of arms. « 
 
 11 — Which edition of this dictionary gives a condensed and well indexed history of the world? « 
 
 o 
 
 12 — a: When the "Gazetteer" lists several cities of the same name, in different states, how are S 
 
 the states sub-arranged? fc- 
 
 © 
 b : If there are foreign places, counties, and cities by the same name, which are entered first, 
 
 and which last? oj 
 
 c: Is population given in nearest hundreds or thousands? £ 
 
 13 — a : What does the number 277 after a word signify? b : Where can paragraph 277 be found? e 
 
 .13 
 14 — a: What do two vertical lines before a word mean? b: A heavy dagger after a word? ^ 
 
 15 — Are synonyms given before or after all definitions of the word? 
 
 16 — If several items of encyclopaedic information are given under a leading word, how are the 
 words of secondary importance sub-arranged? 
 
 17 — The meaning of a common phrase is given at the end of all definitions of some leading word 
 in the phrase. (It maj' be necessary to try several words.) What words in the follow- 
 ing should be consulted? 
 
 With a grain of salt; Irons in the fire; Cat may look at a king. 
 
Directions for Using 
 Perforated Page of Questions and Key 
 
 Which appear on the reverse side of this cover 
 
 The questions which appear on the reverse side of this cover, on a perforated 
 colored sheet, are not difficult, detailed or "catchy." They are intended to 
 emphasize important points and to systematize the work for class records. The 
 answers, which can easily be given after the text has been carefully read, should 
 be written, from memory, in the blank spaces under the questions, preferably in 
 class time unless directed to do otherwise by the one in charge of the work. 
 
 The perforated sheet should be torn out in the presence of the one conduct- 
 ing the class and only after it has been filled in. When directed to remove the 
 questions, insert pencil in the hole and rip around the perforated edges. 
 
 A key, by means of which the work can be checked, is printed on the cover 
 under the question page, but is not revealed until after the question page is 
 removed. This key consists of the same questions, with the correct answer 
 to each printed below it. 
 
 The value of each question, on the scale of 100, is indicated after the answer 
 in the key. By means of this key, students could correct their own or each 
 other's work in a few moments, in case the librarian or teacher could not take 
 the extra time to do so. 
 
 If the one who corrects the paper finds an incorrect answer, the amount to be 
 deducted should be placed on the outer right-hand margin, near the mistake. 
 These amounts should be added, the sum subtracted from 100, and the result 
 placed after the word "Per cent." at the top of the sheet. 
 
 The questions are asked in such a way as to admit of very little variety in the 
 wording of the answers. However, if the wording of a written answer is mani- 
 festly correct, and perfectly clear, but not exactly like the printed answer, of 
 course no deduction should be made. Do not deduct for spelling, nor for 
 abbreviated statements if they are perfectly clear. 
 
 If the one who corrects a paper marks a question wrong which the writer 
 considers correct, the two should examine the key together, or ask advice from 
 the one in charge of the class. 
 

 Refere Guiue^ 
 
 That Shoul-. Known ai; 
 
 How to IJse Them 
 
 •t^ientrai tiigri ;5cnool ana Joruor C 
 
 Def-oii, Michigan 
 
 01 
 
 Hits Pampnict rer tains to 
 New Standard Dictionary 
 
 TIME REQUIRED 
 
 Two cft-efl TicrinrU-. ^, 
 
'mA^^M^'^:^'^:. 
 
 Copyright 
 
 by 
 FLORENCE M. HOPKINS 
 
 19 19 
 
Foreword 
 
 This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
 Beries constitutes a second edition of "Reference guides that should be known and 
 how to use them," which first appeared in 1916 as a text book for high and normal 
 schools. 
 
 The revision treats important phases of reference work in separate pamphlets, 
 thus making it possible to grade the work, or to select the pamphlets best fitted to 
 meet individual needs. Generally speaking, any one of the pamphlets can be 
 completed in two class periods plus time for the preparation of one lesson be- 
 tween recitations. 
 
 The entire course could be completed by advanced students in five or six 
 weeks of one class and study period per day. The work can also be scattered 
 in different years. If one subject per term were given in consecutive order to 
 English classes, in high schools, beginning with the B8 of junior high and ex- 
 tending through the A12 of senior high, the work could be covered in two or 
 three class and study periods per term; or, if familiarity with reference books is 
 desired early in the school course, the most important subjects could be crowded 
 into the early high school grades. The order in which the subjects of the pamph- 
 lets are listed below suggests a logical sequence, whether the work is given 
 slowly or rapidly or to lower or to upper grade students. 
 
 1 — Webster's New International Dictionary 
 
 2 — New Standard Dictionary 
 
 3 — Encyclopaedias 
 
 4 — Parts of a book 
 
 5 — Atlases; city directories; gazetteers 
 
 6 — Concordances 
 
 7 — Library classification and card catalogue 
 
 8 — Indexes to periodical literature; debates 
 
 9 — Year-books 
 10 — Commercial indexes 
 11 — Important publications of city, state and federal governments 
 
 The inclusion of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes 
 it possible for each student to follow all illustrative examples without making a 
 trip to a library and waiting to have access to the complete reference work. 
 No library will furnish a suflficient number of copies of expensive reference 
 books to supply large classes adequately for detailed study; neither could a 
 library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as badly worn and 
 marked as they would become if many students were required to consult them for 
 prepared lessons. 
 
 1 
 
Exp^nence'bfts-.Tsroveti Jthat*;the best results can be obtained if the work ia 
 begun in -regular 51asff recita'tidtfs by a librarian or a teacher reading the text 
 with the class. If conducted in this way, no previous preparation will be neces- 
 sary, either by the class or by the one who conducts it. As the reading of the 
 text proceeds, it will be seen that important features of the reference books studied 
 are emphasized by referring to the sample pages embodied in the text. With a 
 little class direction of this kind the students can readily see the plan of the text, 
 and can finish any unread pages independently as an assigned lesson for the next 
 recitation. In classes composed of advanced students, or in cases of absence, 
 the entire work could be done independently. 
 
 The questions on the colored page fastened on the inside of the last cover 
 are designed to emphasize important points and to systematize the work for 
 class records. Blank spaces are left under the questions for the answers. 
 When the questions are assigned as a lesson to be prepared out of class, and 
 the answers are written from memory in the blank spaces during the class 
 recitation following, the points are more thoroughly impressed than they are 
 when the answers are written before coming to class, while having direct access 
 to the text. 
 
 A key, giving the answer to each question, together with its value on the 
 scale of 100, will be found underneath the question sheet when it is removed. 
 By means of this key, students can correct their own or another's work in 
 a few minutes of class time, in case the librarian or teacher cannot give 
 extra time to do so. 
 
 Schools which ask a leading reference question in final examinations find 
 that students give more attention to the work and therefore learn to value its 
 importance. 
 
 The follotving paragraphs are taken from the 
 Foreword of the First Edition 
 
 Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
 lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
 "Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools," from the 
 United States Bureau of Education, 1914 — No. 34. 
 
 Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
 have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
 "book-using skill." 
 
 The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
 
 increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
 
 the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 
 
 Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 
 
 and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. 
 
 Every new student should be required to take 
 some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
 handling of library tools Such a course, more- 
 over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
 of the work required for a degree. 
 
 2 
 
New Standard Dictionary 
 
 The Standard Dictionary is the youngest of the great dictionaries of the 
 English language; it was first published in 1894; in 1913 it was enlarged and issued 
 under the title, The New Standard Dictionary of the English Language. 
 
 From the beginning of the making of English dictionaries to the present 
 time, each important new dictionary has included some feature not entered 
 in previous ones. How quaint and amusing seems the following, taken from the 
 Cawdrey dictionary of 1604, with its old English spelling: 
 
 A Table Alphabeticall, conteyning and teaching the true writing, and 
 understanding of hard usuall English wordes, borrowed from the Hebrew, 
 Greeke, Latine, or French, &c., with the interpretation thereof by plaine 
 English wordes, gathered for the benefit & helpe of ladies, gentlewomen, 
 or any other unskilfull persons, whereby they may the more easilie and 
 better understand many hard English wordes, which they shall heare or 
 read in scriptures, sermons, or elsewhere, and also be able to use the same 
 aptly themselves. * * * jf ^]^q^ j^g desirous (gentle reader) rightly 
 and readily to understand, and profit by this table, and such like, then 
 thou must learn the alphabet, to wit, the order of the letters as they stand, 
 perfectly without book, and where every letter standeth: as (b) neere the 
 beginning, (n) about the middest, and (t) toward the end. 
 
 The Blount dictionary of 1656 announces that it was prepared for: 
 
 The more-knowing Women, and the less-knowing Men; or indeed for 
 all such of the unlearned, who can but finde in an Alphabet the word they 
 understand not. 
 
 The Cockeram dictionary in 1623 was the first to introduce anything like 
 allusions. Part three is announced as treating of "Gods and Goddesses, Men and 
 Women, Boyes and Maids,' Giants and Diuels, Birds and Beasts, Monsters and 
 Serpents, Wells and Riuers, Hearbes, Stones, Trees, Dogges, Fishes, and the like." 
 
 The Bailey dictionary in 1721 was the first dictionary to include easy words 
 of common speech; this dictionary was also the first to give the derivation of 
 words. Dr. Samuel Johnson introduced quotations to illustrate how standard 
 authors used certain words. His dictionary, which was published in two volumes 
 in 1755, holds a very important place in the history of the dictionaries of the 
 English language. Buchanan, in 1757, marked letters to indicate how words 
 should be pronounced. Recent dictionaries have added many other features. 
 The general and special contributions which the New Standard Dictionary has 
 made will be studied by means of a specimen page, which immediately follows; 
 the explanations directly follow the specimen page. 
 
A specimen page from Fonk and Wagnalls New Standard Dictionary. 
 
 II 
 
 1^ 
 
 15 
 
 ■I 
 
 to ** 
 
 H 
 !!• 
 
 I 
 
 P 
 Si- 
 
 I! 
 II 
 
 
 Copyrigfated by Fnnk and Wagnalls Company, 1913. 
 
A specimtn page from Funk and Wagnalls New Stendard Dictionary. 
 
 Copyrighted by Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1913. 
 
Reformed Spelling 
 
 Many changes are at present being made in the spelling of certain words. 
 It may not be long before the spelling of through will be so generally replaced 
 by its reformed spelling thru that the older spelling will look as strange as 
 does the old spelling of aufull for awful. If scholars of the past generations had 
 never made changes in their manner of spelling, we would still be using such forms 
 as the following: annd (and) ; affterr (after) ; itte isse (it is) ; rihte (right). Indeed 
 so many words have been changed that old English is almost as difficult to read 
 as a foreign language. Many of our modern words also need to be reformed. 
 If go is good spelHng, why have we so long accepted though instead of tho? For 
 years scholars have been working upon the problem of dropping silent letters and 
 of making rules for other changes. The recommendations of two associations, 
 known as the American Philological Association and the Simplified Spelling Board, 
 are accepted as authorities. Many pubfishing houses have adopted their recom- 
 mendations and are printing books and periodicals in the reformed spellings. 
 The rules of the Simplified Spelling Board are given on page 2780 of the New 
 Standard Dictionary. This is the only dictionary which serves as a guide in the 
 matter of finding, directly, what the reformed spelling of a word is, and of 
 giving the authority for it. 
 
 Find the first entry of the word rise on the specimen page and tell how the 
 word directly underneath it, connected by a brace, is spelled. It is followed by 
 what small capital letter raised at the right? The P stands for Philological and 
 means that the reformed spelling of rise is rize according to the recommendations 
 of the American Philological Association. Words followed by 5 are recom- 
 mendations of the Simplified Spelling Board. Find the first entry of the word rip 
 on the page, which is a verb, and give the reformed spelling for the past tense, 
 mentioning the authority. 
 
 Find the first entry of the word ripple and give its reformed spelling, mention- 
 ing the authority. 
 
 Respelling Twice for Pronunciation 
 
 Directly after the brace which joins rise to its reformed spelling, notice 
 that a number 1 is followed by raiz and a number 2, by ris with certain marks. 
 These two numbers represent two keys; each one indicates how the word is pro- 
 nounced, but the symbols used in the separate keys are entirely different and have 
 no relationship whatsoever to each other. These two Keys for pronunciation 
 are a unique and important feature of this dictionary. As they require special 
 attention, their consideration will be reserved until other features are explained. 
 
 Parts of Speech — Disputed Pronunciation 
 
 After the first entry of the word rise has been respelled twice for pronuncia- 
 tion, what letter indicates that the part of speech is a verb? Is reformed spelling 
 given in the principal parts? After a Roman numeral I, in heavy type, what 
 small letter indicates that the verb in its transitive sense is to be considered first? 
 How many definitions are given under the transitive verb? After a Roman 
 numeral II, what letter indicates that the intransitive verb is to be considered 
 second? How many definitions are given for the intransitive verb? About two 
 inches below the last definition of the intransitive verb, the word rise appears 
 
 6 
 
again in heavy type. What part of speech is this second rise? What exceedingly 
 small number is raised at the right of the word? This means that rise as a noun 
 will be entered more than once in heavy type. Whenever the same part of speech 
 of a word is entered more than once in heavy type, it is numbered. How many 
 times is the word rip as a verb entered in heavy type and numbered? How many 
 times is rip as a noun so entered? How many times is ripple as a verb so entered, 
 and how many times as a noun? Under which entry of ripple is the word re- 
 spelled twice for pronunciation? Is the pronunciation repeated every time the 
 word is entered? The word rip is entered nine times. How many times is the 
 pronunciation indicated? 
 
 Notice that rise noun is respelled twice for pronunciation after Key 1, and 
 twice after Key 2. The fact that the final letter may be pronounced either as z 
 or as 5 is indicated in both keys. After Key 2, what Roman numeral is given? 
 This Roman numeral xiii always appears when the pronunciation of a word is 
 disputed. The table of disputed pronunciations is given at the back of the 
 dictionary. 
 
 Tabulations: Abbreviations 
 
 A feature of arrangement which is used largely by the Standard Dictionary 
 is that of tabulating information. Under apples, for example, a table of the 
 varieties of apples is given ; this plan is followed for most of the fruits, such as 
 pears, oranges, peaches, and many others. Under the word color, the colors are 
 tabulated; under grasses, a list of grasses is given; similar tabulations are given 
 for such words as: coins, measures and weights, flags, flowers, seals oj states, sig- 
 nals, dogs, horses, abbreviations, and many others. When the meaning of an ab- 
 breviation is looked for in this dictionary, it is usually found in sub-alphabetical 
 order in a table under the word abbreviation. Certain abbreviations are also en- 
 tered in the vocabulary, as words are entered, often with a cross reference to the 
 table under the word abbreviation. When the abbreviations which are used in 
 connection with the definitions of words are not known, they should be looked 
 up in the table of abbreviations. 
 
 It is very important to know what is signified when certain abbreviations 
 appear in connection with definitions. When a word, in some one of its mean- 
 ings, is not considered as the best of English, attention is called to the fact by 
 preceding the definition for that meaning with one of the following abbreviations: 
 
 Colloq. (colloquial) ; dial, (dialect) ; Slang. 
 
 Definitions which are technical in their meanings are also preceded by abbre- 
 viations, among which the following are frequently seen: 
 
 Anat. (anatomy, pertaining to the body); Med. (medical); Mus. (musical); 
 Phon. (phonetic, pertaining to sound); Naut. (nautical, pertaining to the sea). 
 
 Find the words on the specimen page which are listed below, and give the 
 meanings of the abbreviations which precede the definitions. 
 
 Rise, verb transitive, definition number 1 and also number 2. Rise, verb 
 intransitive, number 15. Rip, verb, number 3, vt and vi. Ripa, noun, 
 number 1. Riparious, adjective. Ripe, adjective, number 6 and also 
 number 8. Ripper, noun, number 1, subdivision 5 under the first definition, 
 also definition number 2. Rise, noun, number 1, definition 8. 
 
Common Meaning First: Derivation Last 
 
 When a word has several different meanings and parts of speech, some plan 
 for the order in which the meanings are entered must be adopted. The usual 
 order has been to give the language from which the word is derived first, to 
 follow this with the oldest meaning the word had, then to give the next oldest 
 meaning, and so on down to the most modern meaning : that is, all entries were 
 made in historical order. The Standard Dictionary has reversed this order 
 by giving the common meaning of the word first, and its derivation last. 
 This plan is used because the editors felt that a dictionary is more fre- 
 quently consulted for the present meaning of a word than it is for its derivation 
 or its older meanings. Since the first definition is apt to be the first one read, 
 they felt that it should be the one most likely to be wanted. Consult the word 
 ripple and give the part of speech and the meaning of the first entry of the word. 
 Notice that this is its ordinary meaning as a verb. Give the definition of the 
 last entry under ripple verb, and notice that it is seldom used in that sense. 
 Read the first and the last definitions for ripple, noun, and notice the relative 
 meanings. If the Webster or the Century dictionary were consulted under this 
 word, the order in which the meanings are entered would be seen to differ from 
 that used in the Standard. 
 
 As the Standard Dictionary gives the common meaning of a word first, 
 because it is the definition most likely to be wanted, it will naturally give the 
 language from which the word is derived last, because this is the item least likely 
 to be wanted. After the last definition of a word, a character appears which 
 resembles a v on its side with the opening towards an abbreviation of the language 
 from which the word is derived. Find this character within brackets at the end 
 of definition number 15 of rise, verb intransitive, and give the abbreviation of the 
 language from which rise is derived. AS. is an abbreviation for Anglo Saxon. 
 Find this same character after the last definition of ripost, noun, and name the 
 three languages through which ripost has come. From what language did 
 n^-rap, noun, come? Did ripe, verb transitive number 1, come from the same 
 language as ripe, the adjective? Under ripple, a reference for its derivation is 
 made to what number of rip as a verb? Find the reference directly after the last 
 definition of rip number 1, verb, and give the abbreviation of the language from 
 which both words come. This dictionary does not give the derivation of words 
 from such languages as the Hebrew, Greek, Arabic, etc. in the alphabets of those 
 languages, but transliterates them into the English alphabet. 
 
 Persons: Places: Other Proper Names 
 
 Persons, places, and important proper names of any kind are entered in the 
 vocabulary in regular alphabetical order as any other word is entered. Consult 
 the proper noun Ripley, number 1, and mention the first person entered by that 
 name. In what year was he born? The number of the month in which he was 
 born is represented by the 4, and the day of the month by the 15 which directly 
 precede the year. Give the month, day and year of his death. What is the 
 given name of the second person entered? What, of the third? The fourth 
 entry is that of a county in the south eastern part of what state? Is the popula- 
 tion given? In what country is the eighth entry situated? Is the population 
 given? Because population is so apt to change from year to year, it is not entered 
 in the vocabulary but is given in a separate table at the back; this makes it easier 
 
 8 
 
to revise from census to census. Where, in England, is Risca located? Where in 
 the dictionary can its population be found? When was the Earl of Ripon born? 
 In which one of Irving's works does the character of Rip Van Winkle appear? 
 Who has impersonated the character in a play? What chapter and verse of 
 Genesis in the Bible, contains the proper noun Riphathl 
 
 Phrases 
 
 Common phrases: The significance of many common phrases in ordinary 
 speech can be found after all definitions of some important word in the phrase. 
 At the very end of all of the entries under rise, verb intransitive, find the phrase, 
 To rise from the ranks , and read its meaning. What phrase directly follows it, and 
 what is its meaning? Under rip, verb, number 1, find the phrase to rip and tear, 
 and give its significance. What abbreviation follows this phrase to indicate that 
 it is not considered refined English? 
 
 Foreign phrases: Many phrases in foreign languages are entered in alpha- 
 betical order in the vocabulary under the first important word of the phrase: a 
 section of the appendix at the back is also devoted to foreign phrases. 
 
 Synonyms and Antonyms 
 
 Synonyms are words which have similar meanings. After all of the defini- 
 tions of a word have been given, if other words can be used to express practically 
 the same meaning, they are listed, or a reference is made to some similar word 
 under which synonyms are given. An easy and pleasant way of enlarging one's 
 vocabulary i,s to consult the dictionary for synonyms of words frequently used. 
 Occasionally a thought can be expressed better by using words opposed in mean- 
 ing, that is, antonyms. The Standard Dictionary is the first dictionary to 
 indicate antonyms; when antonyms are given they directly follow synonyms. 
 
 Find the abbreviation Syn., after the last definition of ripe, adjective, and 
 give the first synonym mentioned, and also the last. Are the words in alpha- 
 betical order? After the last synonym, find the abbreviation Ant., and give the 
 first word mentioned which is opposite in meaning to ripe. Are antonyms in 
 alphabetical order? What word is referred to for synonyms of ripen? Under 
 synonyms for rise, verb, intransitive, notice that a note very carefully explains 
 the different uses. At the end of the note, a reference is made to what other word 
 for more synonyms? 
 
 Miscellaneous Items 
 
 Quotations: Emphasis: Double Hyphen: Obsolete: Variant: Plurals: 
 Illustrations: Paging: Guide Words 
 
 Quotations: When the Standard Dictionary quotes an author to illustrate 
 the use of a word, it uses the author's spelling and always tells exactly where in his 
 works the quotation appears, even giving editions, publishers and dates. Find 
 the quotation selected to illustrate the second definition of ripen, verb, and give 
 the author, his work, the page, the letter used to abbreviate the publisher's name, 
 and the date. Find the corresponding items under definition number 1 of rise, 
 verb transitive; and also for ripple verb, number 1, intransitive, number 1. 
 
 Double hyphen: A double hyphen is used in this dictionary for all compound 
 words, thus clearly indicating when a word is compound and when it is divided by 
 
a dash into syllables. If a single hyphen were used for rip-fishing, after the last 
 definition of rip, noun, number 2, could one know whether this is a compound 
 word, or whether the division by syllables happened to fall at the end of the line? 
 Is the word ris-herm a compound word? Is the word rip-saw compound? 
 
 Emphasis: A syllable which is to receive an emphasis of first importance is 
 followed by one mark of accent ( ') ; that which is to be given an emphasis of 
 secondary importance is followed by two marks of accent ("). Which syllable is 
 to be given the emphasis of first importance in riprap? Which, of secondary 
 importance? Name the syllable which is to be given the emphasis of first 
 importance in each of the following : rip-saw; ripuarian. 
 
 Obsolete: The Standard Dictionary places a dagger (t) after a word when 
 it is no longer used in the sense of the definition which follows the dagger, that is, 
 when the meaning is obsolete. Is the dagger indicating that rip, noun, number 6, 
 is obsolete, placed before or after the "n", for noun? Which ripon is obsolete, 
 noun number 1 or number 2? 
 
 Variant: A double dagger (|) indicates that the word or expression which 
 precedes it, varies from the word consulted. Consult definition number 4 of 
 rip noun, and give a varied spelling and also another word for it. Find ripe, 
 noun, and read the reference for its first definition. Give a variant spelling 
 for ripost, noun; for rippet, and another word for ripple, noun, number 2. 
 
 Plurals: Irregular plurals, teeth or mice, for example, are entered after the 
 singular, preceded by the abbreviation pi.; and also in alphabetical order in the 
 vocabulary, referring to the singular. 
 
 Illustrations: Many valuable plates and illustrations are given. 
 
 Paging; guide words: The pages are given at the top of the inner margins; 
 at the top of the outer margins the first word defined on the facing pages is 
 indicated, with the last one just below it. These words serve as a guide to in- 
 dicate that facing pages contain words which come in alphabetical order 
 between the guide words. 
 
 Encyclopaedic Information 
 
 Recent editions of modern dictionaries give much exceedingly ofondensed 
 encyclopaedic information; that is, they give, in addition to the meaning and the 
 derivation of words, much condensed information of the kind which is found in 
 detail in encyclopaedias. Such information is given after all items have been 
 entered under the leading word of the subject, unless the item is of sufficient 
 importance to have a place of its own in the vocabulary. The following page 
 contains the word father, just as it is entered in the Standard Dictionary, and is 
 inserted to illustrate how encyclopaedic information is entered under some leading 
 word. What is the last number entered in heavy type under the definition of the 
 word father? Into how many subdivisions is this number separated? From what 
 language does father come? The first encyclopaedic entry is adoptive father; 
 notice that it begins with "a". Are there any heavy type entries beginning with 
 b, c, d, or el What word does the "/" stand for in the entry /, confessor? To 
 make clear the fact that the words following "/" are in sub-alphabetical order for 
 some distance down, run over them as follows: Are there any entries for "d", "e"or 
 "/"? What is the entry under "C"? Are there any for "/i"? What are the two 
 
 10 
 
for "«■"? How many definitions are 
 given under father-in-law? Definition 
 number 2 is used colloquially in what 
 country? Is there any entry for ";"? 
 for "K"? for '7"? What is the first 
 entry for "o"? The words following 
 "of" are again in sub-alphabetical order: 
 give the first word in heavy type direct- 
 ly following "of, and also the last. Is 
 there any heavy type entry for "p"? 
 What is the entry for "q"? What sign 
 indicates that father-queller is not now in 
 current use? What are the two entries 
 for "r"? What is the first entry for "s"? 
 The second entry for "s" is the plural of 
 father, which is written out. Notice the 
 strict alphabetical order of "sis" (sister) 
 and "s of" (Fathers of). Name the two 
 sub-entries in heavy type under Fathers 
 of the Church. After all of the subdivi- 
 sions under "f" (for father) have been 
 disposed of, what adjective restores the 
 alphabetical order under "G"? Are the 
 remaining entries in alphabetical order? 
 
 Answer the following questions 
 readily by easily finding the proper 
 sub-alphabetical order: Who has been 
 called, "Father of Epic PoetryV Who 
 (besides George Washington) "Father 
 of His Country^ Who, the "Great 
 White Father?" Who, "Father of Amer- 
 icaV (A double dagger follows what 
 other title, to indicate that he is known 
 by either?) 
 
 Spacimen entry under father from 
 New Standard Dictionary 
 
 ra'tber,n. 1. The male parent of a child. 2. Any mala 
 ancestor; more particularly, the first of a line; fore* 
 father; patriarch. 3. One standing toward another or 
 others in a paternal position; one acting in the ca- 
 pacity of a father; as, the king is father to his people. 
 4. [F-1 The Deity; God; especially, the first person in 
 the Trinity. 
 
 Our Father is the proper desisnation of God nnder the new di»> 
 pensation. J. B. WAhxaa Doe. Holti Svirit p. 117. Is. o. o. 1874.1 
 6. A member of the ancient Roman senate; as, a con- 
 script father. 6. One who or that which causes or 
 
 originates anything; an author; founder; as, Homer is 
 the father of epic poetry; the wish is father to tho 
 thought. "The child is father of the Man," Words- 
 
 WOBTH My Heart Leaps Up 1. 7. 7. A man held in 
 reverence. Specif.: (1) A Roman Catholic priest who 
 Is a member of a religious fraternity; In the United Statea 
 and Ireland, also, a secular priest. (2) A church dignitary; 
 confessor; superior In a monastery. (3) The oldest mem- 
 ber of a class or body; doyen: as, the father of the House. 
 (4) Any aged man, particularly a clergyman: chiefly as a 
 title. ( < AS. feeder.] — adoptive father, one who adopts 
 another's child.— f. confesaor, a priest who confesses a 
 penitent.— P. General, the chief of the Society of Jesus.— 
 f. In God, a bishop, as being divinely appointed.— fa'ttaer* 
 in 'law", n. 1. The father of one's spouse: the correlate 
 of ton'in'law and of aaughteT'iTflaw, %. [CoUoa., Gt. Brlt.l 
 A stepfather.— F. Knickerbocker rHumorous], New York 
 city personified.— f.tlong'Iegs, o. A daddy«long«legs.— F. 
 of Algebra, Francois Vlete (Vleta), the foremost algebraist 
 of the 16th century.— F. of America, Samuel Adams. 
 F. of tbe American Bevolutlont.— F. of AngllnK. 
 Izaak Walton.— F. of Comedy, Aristophanes.— F. of Ec- 
 clesiastical or Church History, Euseblus.— F. of En- 
 glish Learning, Beda: so called by Burke.— F. of English 
 Poetry, Chaucer: so called by Dryden.— P. of English 
 Prose, Roger Ascham.- F. of Epic Poetry, Homer.— F. 
 of German Literature, G. E. Lesslng.-F. of Greek 
 Tragedy, iEachylus.— F. of his Country. 1. Georga 
 Washington. !8. Marcus TulUus Cicero: bestowed upon 
 him by the Roman senate for revealing the conspiracy of 
 Catiline. The title was later given to some of the Cseears, 
 Cosmo de Medici, and certain European princes. 8. An- 
 Orla Dorea (1468-1660): so called on hla statue at Genoa. 
 — F. of hl8 People. 1. Any one of three kings of France. 
 Louis XII., Henry IV., and Louis XVIII. 2. Christian III." 
 of Denmark.- F. of History, Herodotus.— F. of Jests, 
 Joseph MUler.- F. of Letters. 1. Francis I. of France. 
 2. Lorenzo de Medici.— f. of lies. 1. Satan. 2. Herod- 
 otus.- F. of Medicine. 1. Hippocrates. 2. Aretseoe 
 of Cappadocla (2d and 3a centuries).— P. of Orthodoxy*: 
 Athanaalus.— f. of the chapel, the chairman of a chapel 
 of printers.- F. of the Faithful. 1. The sultan of Turkey., 
 as calif or head of the Mohammedan faith: first applied 
 to Mohammed. 2. Abraham.- F. of Waters, the Mlsala- 
 Blppl river.— f.Kjnellert, ». One who kills his father; a 
 parricide.— f. 'right, o. A system of clan organization In 
 which the child takes the clan-name of the father. Com- 
 pare U0THEE»KiGHT.— f.»rnle, o. Sodol. Patriarchy.— f. 
 sister (Scot.), the sister of one's father.— Fathers of tbe 
 Cbnrcb, the early teachers and defenders of Christianity. 
 They are divided Into the antenicene and the posintcene, aa, 
 living before or after the Council of Nice (A. D. 325) . The 
 antenicene Include, among others, the Apostolic Fatbns. 
 contemporaries of the apostles, and the Apologetic Fathers, 
 who defended Christianity against attacks of Jews and 
 pagans. — Great White F., the President of the United 
 States: so called by the American Indians.— Holy F., the 
 Pope.- Most Keverend F. In God, an archbishop: a title 
 of address.— 
 
 Copyrighted by Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1913. 
 
 Because modern dictionaries are packed with encyclopaedic information, 
 they might almost be considered to be the best brief encyclopaedias published, 
 while also fulfilling their functions as dictionaries. 
 
 11 
 
Revised Scientific Alphabet for Pronunciation 
 
 Words are respelled for pronunciation under Key 1 in accord with a plan 
 based on what is called the Revised Scientific Alphabet. A complete explanation 
 of this alphabet, together with its history and the names of the scholars who 
 have spent years of study upon perfecting it, can be found on pages xxiii-xxviii 
 of the preface of this dictionary. The alphabet is called scientific because it 
 indicates a harmony between the vowel sounds in English and corresponding 
 sounds in other languages, and gives only one symbol for each sound. As this 
 plan gives a broad relationship of English to other languages, it is of inestimable 
 value to foreigners, and to students of languages other than English. The plate 
 which is given herewith condenses the symbols for both keys. The keys, as 
 greatly condensed, also appear at the top of facing pages in the vocabulary. 
 Consult the plate for the following explanations: 
 
 In the second column of the plate, second entry from the top, find ai under 
 Key 1, give the corresponding markings under Key 2, and read the illustrative 
 words which follow. Notice that each one has the vowel sound of ai as in 
 aisle. When this sound is to be indicated in the respelling of a word for pronuncia- 
 tion under Key 1, "ai" appears; under Key 2, long i or long y appears. There- 
 fore, how is pine respelled for pronunciation under Key 1? How, for Key 2? 
 Respell the illustrative words following pine, according to Key 1. Turn back 
 to the specimen page from the dictionary, look under rise and under ripen, and 
 notice how plainly Key 1 and Key 2 indicate exactly the same pronunciation in 
 different ways. As the sound of ai, used for Key 1, is also the sound of ai in 
 Italian, Spanish, Greek, and modified in other languages, a certain relationship 
 for this sound is maintained among languages in the scientific alphabet (Key 1). 
 
 A very scholarly study of the comparative sounds in different languages is 
 given on pages xxxii-xxxv of the preface. 
 
 Consult the first column of the plate, under "a", and notice that two shapes 
 are given for it under Key 1 ; written and printed. Notice that the first written 
 "a" mentioned under Key 1 has no mark over it, and that the second hsis a mark 
 of length, a macron. Is the same true of the printed "a"? Find "e" and "i" 
 below the "a", and see if they are marked. When any vowel is unmarked in 
 Key 1, it has its own short name sound; when this name sound is lengthened a 
 mark of length, a macron, is placed over the vowel. The macron is the only 
 mark used in this dictionary. 
 
 As there are two shapes for "a", there are also two shapes for "o" and for 
 "u". The second shape of "o" has a line through its body, and at first glance 
 somewhat resembles an "e" ; the second shape of ''u" is a capital of the same sized 
 type. Does each of these shapes have one unmarked value and one with a ma- 
 cron over it? Read the illustrative words for each of the four values for "o" 
 and for "u". How is the "o" marked in Key 1, when its sound as in "or" is to 
 be indicated? Give the shape and mark for "u" in burn in Key 1. 
 
 By introducing two shapes for a, two for o, and two for u, the five vowel 
 ounds in the EngHsh language have been increased to eight. 
 
 Read the illustrative words for the sound of ''e", under Key 1, when it is 
 unmarked. When the short name sound of "e", as in get, is prolonged, that is 
 really lengthened, it takes the sound of "e" in prey, and the sound is indicated by 
 
 12 
 
Plate showing Keys for pronunciation 
 
 V V 
 
 o «> 
 
 B g S> as • •S 
 
 iM'lill 
 
 ^ g ^ .g. .2 6 I 
 C ^ -T to •*^ b a 
 
 s s s a^ s 
 
 
 >, Is «sf 
 
 "H — >» 
 
 a ri V 
 W C vV 
 
 T3 to lO 
 
 •bo . 
 
 •6 .^-g 
 
 IF 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 em 
 
 S m B «a 
 
 CO 
 
 
 O 
 
 «r 
 
 • 
 
 ( 
 
 II 
 O 
 
 e €8 5 9 
 
 
 5:e 
 
 c g So •- 
 
 I 
 
 " . i I* I 
 
 t ftp! 
 
 
 I -" 
 
 
 ^2 
 
 to 
 
 a 
 
 
 S ^ ? 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 .3 (3 
 
 
 
 .5 >, 
 
 3 •* 
 
 o * 
 
 r^T) 
 
 Mh (1) 
 
 lO c« )«t O 
 
 l« M« M O lO 
 
 « lo 9 lO b 
 
 18 
 
placing a macron over the "e". Under Key 1, in the vocabulary, say is re- 
 spelled for pronunciation, se; weigh, as we; play, as pie. Read the words which 
 illustrate the sound indicated by long "e" under Key 1 in the plate, and respell 
 each one as it will be found in the vocabulary under Key 1. 
 
 What is the first illustrative word given under Key 1 to indicate the sound 
 represented by "i" unmarked? What is the first word given to indicate the 
 sound of "i" marked long? Under Key 1, in the vocabulary, seen is marked stn; 
 fear, fir; niece, nts. Read the words which illustrate the sound indicated by 
 long i, in the plate, and respell each one as it will be found under Key 1 in the 
 vocabulary. 
 
 Just below the line in the middle of the last column, find the character which 
 indicates the sound of "a" in ask. Directly below this character, another charac- 
 ter is given which indicates an unstressed sound as "a" in sofa. This character 
 resembles an inverted "e", or an "a" without the lower right hand shank and is 
 sometimes called the shankless a. Notice directly below it, that an unstressed 
 sound as of "i" in habit is indicated by omitting the dot from the i. 
 
 By studying the illustrative words for the diphthongs in the second column, 
 tell how the following are marked in the vocabulary under Key 1 : out; feud; oil. 
 
 At the bottom of the second column, notice the sound always represented by 
 "s". How is cent respelled under Key 1? Directly above "s" notice how "t" 
 and "h" are joined to represent their sounds in this, and in the next line above 
 note the manner of joining them for their sounds in thin. In the line above thin, 
 notice that when "n" has a left curve below the line that the sound of "ng" is 
 indicated. The sound of "g" and of "k", above, are very simple. At the top of 
 the third column, notice the shape of the z which represents its sound in zest; 
 four lines below, notice its shape to represent its sound in azure. Between these 
 shapes for z, note how "c" and "h" are joined to represent their sounds in chin; 
 how "s" and "h" are joined for their sounds in ship; and that j represents a soft 
 sound as in jet or gist. 
 
 Work out the respelling for pronunciation under Key 1 of the word riotry, 
 as follows : the sound of i in the first syllable is represented by what diphthong? 
 The unstressed sound of o in the second syllable is represented by an "a", with 
 what part omitted? The unstressed sound of the y, is indicated by omitting what 
 from the regular i? Riotry is the first word on the specimen page from the 
 dictionary; turn to it, and test the markings by examining the respelling for 
 pronunciation under Key 1. Note the delicacy of sound thus gained. 
 
 By consulting the plate, tell what the words are which are respelled for 
 pronunciation under Key 1 as follows: 
 
 kl§ pipl pont) £het hit hit kul 
 tak fwrn kwair 6heia I'm parcel jei 
 kosl diloit thau kdki blQ eChar arm 
 
 u 
 
New English Dictionary 
 
 also called 
 
 Murray or Oxford Dictionary 
 
 A specimen entry from Murray's New English dictionary is given on the 
 following page. This is the most exhaustive dictionary ever compiled in any 
 language. It does not contain any encyclopaedic information, biography, 
 geography, abbreviations, phrases or other items which can be found in the 
 Standard and most other modern dictionaries, but is confined to the treatment of 
 words. The work was begun thirty-five years ago, and will be in ten or twelve 
 large volumes when completed. Every word which has ever been a part of the 
 English language is entered. A strict historical order of the different meanings 
 and parts of speech of a word is preserved by dates showing when the word came 
 into the language, and, if it dropped out, when. Quotations are given under each 
 shade of meaning to show how the word was used and spelled by standard authors 
 at the various dates. Some of the quotations from the early English are as 
 difficult to read as though they were written in a foreign language. 
 
 The specimen entry is taken from the upper half of the page containing 
 definitions numbered 50 to 58 of the word stand; the complete dictionary gives 
 over one hundred definitions, and requires nearly fifteen full pages, thirty times 
 the space taken by the specimen entry. 
 
 The first quotation on the page, taken from the "Gest of Rohyn Hode,'' illus- 
 trates how the word stand was used and spelled in the year 1500 (or about that 
 date, as indicated by ''a"). This particular definition is in the sense of taking 
 the place of some person or thing, that is to stand in the place of. Notice how 
 Jest of Robin Hood was then spelled. Read the quotation, and tell how the 
 following words were spelled at that time : 
 
 yeoman; stead; stand; great; need; have. 
 
 Notice that the word have is spelled with a "u" instead of with a "v." Read 
 the quotation on the second line from the top of the second column, under date of 
 1625, and notice that both the words have and lived are spelled with a "w" instead of 
 with a "v," and that the word undaunted is spelled with a "v" instead of with a 
 "u." Under definition number 50, date 1525, how is David spelled, and how, 
 journey? Under date 1205 of this definition tell how the following words were 
 then spelled: right; hand; let; stand. What is the last date under number 50? 
 Number 51 is preceded by a dagger which indicates that the definition of stand 
 as there given is no longer used, that is it is obsolete. At about what date did this 
 meaning of stand come into the language? ("c" means circa, about.) At about 
 what date did it die out of the language? 
 
 The first quotation under number 53, date 1606, is taken from which act, 
 scene, and line of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra? Give the spelling at 
 that date for give, evidence, love. Under 1610 a quotation is given from which act, 
 scene, line of Shakespeare's Tempest? Under 1712 a quotation is given from 
 which number and which paragraph of Addison's Spectator? Notice how 
 differently words were capitalized at that date. 
 
 In what sense is stand defined under number 58? Subdivision "a" refers to 
 persons and animals; subdivision "b" refers to what? Which use is the earlier? 
 
 15 
 
A Specimen Entry from 
 Murray: New English Dictionary (Oxford) 
 
 !iSa Ipll w 
 
 lillillfill } 
 
 _.. p>*>« to^"* § o 5 ca " S ^. 
 
 :3j::^'2-3^ 
 
 
 ,|fj^-a°2<S^ 
 
 a; 
 
 Spillll!?ll|s 
 
 ■".j'^'fe.g.-i^ 
 
Questions for New Standard Dictionary 
 
 Student's name Per cent. 
 
 Teacher's name Hour reciting Date 
 
 Have you read the directions on the back of this cover? Answer yes or no. 
 
 1 — Is the pronunciation of a word given under the first or under the last entry, if it is the same for its different meanings 
 or parts of speech? • 
 
 2 — Where can one find what the reformed spelling of a word is? « 
 
 I 
 
 3 — Under what word are abbreviations entered in tabular f^rm? 9i 
 
 C 
 4 — What does the character which indicates derivation, resemble? (or make the character). 
 
 5 — Is derivation given before or after definitions? aj 
 
 6 — Is the oldest or the common meaning of a word entered first? 
 
 V 
 7 — a: What sign is used to indicate an obsolete word? b: What indicates fariaw/? J^ 
 
 Oi 
 8 — Irregular plurals are entered after the singular, and also where else? .2" 
 
 •O 
 9 — Is a single or a double hyphen used for compound words? . . C 
 
 10 — a: Secondary accent is indicated by how many marks? b: Primary, by how many? "S 
 
 16 — Information regarding items given below can be found in the dictionary. If it should be looked for in the vocabu- 
 lary, place a capital V at the end of the item; if in the appendix, an A. 
 Places; population: persons; characters in fiction; a collection of foreign 
 
 phrases; rules for the simplification of spelling; characters in mythology; abbre- 
 
 viations; common phrases; characters in legend; foreign phrases (not tabulated) ; 
 
 encyclopaedic information; a collection of words differently pronounced. 
 
 17 — Are the two keys for pronunciation on the same or on different principles of sound? 
 
 18 — a: What is the number of the scientific key? b: What, of the text-book key? 
 
 19 — Is the short sound of a vowel indicated by a mark, or by the omission of a mark? 
 
 20 — What is the only diacritical mark used? 
 
 21 — What is left out of "a," to indicate an unstressed sound as in "sofa?" What from "i," for sound in "habit?" 
 
 22 — Indicate the changed shapes used for "o" and "u" (or print the shapes). 
 
 23 — The symbols used for key 1, as they are condensed at the top of facing pages in the vocabulary, are given a few 
 lines below. Consult them and tell what words are respelled as follows under key 1 in the vocabulary. 
 (Vowels come first; then shankless a and dotless i; then diphthongs; then consonants.) 
 
 et win goir) wek faibar mat 
 
 ortistic, art; fat, fare; fast; get, prey; hit, police; obey, go; net, er; full, rule; but, burn; a=fiiial; i=habit, renew; 
 oisle; au= end; iu = feud; dhin; go; Jet; B= aing; so; ^ip; Chin; this; ajure; F. bon, dUne; h= loch. 
 
 24 — By consulting the symbols, respell the following words according to key 1. 
 dear; day; might; door; fur; let. 
 
 11 — When the pronunciation of a word is disputed, what Roman numeral calls attention to the table of disputed 
 pronunciations at the back? 
 
 12 — a: Are Greek letters used in giving derivation of words from the Greek? b: Is a corresponding plan used for all 
 foreign alphabets? 
 
 13 — a: Are synonyms entered before or after definitions? b: How is the word abbreviated? *J 
 
 14 — a: Are antonyms entered before or after synonyms? b: How is the word abbreviated? ^ 
 
 entries under the word dog, noun? g 
 
 15 — Would the significance of the common phrase lo go to the dogs be given near the beginning or near the end of all .»_i 
 
 3? t. 
 
Directions for Using 
 'eriori. eod Page of Questions and K&y 
 
 VVMcM r.TpiaT on the revfcrae aide of tbfs cover 
 
 Tiiio quc.u.. ;--.^.: -^ il.c ^;:v.;rj;: Li.:;, ^i I:-.? cover, on a perforate 
 
 colored sheet, ar cult, detailed or "catchy.". They are intended to 
 
 empbasisse imporr,»u.(. yy^iul^ and to systematize the work for class records. The 
 answers, v/hich can easily be given after the text has been carefully read, should 
 be written, from memory, in the blank spaces under the questions, preferably in 
 ciasB time unless directed to do otherwise by the one in charge of the work. 
 
 on out in the presence of the one conduct- 
 ing the ciasa and culy alter it has been filled in. When directed to remove the 
 questions, i.r.sert pencil in the hole and rip around the perforated edges. 
 
 wnde), 
 reiDOv 
 
 , . , . . ,. i :.n be checked, is printed on the cover 
 
 on page, but. is not revealed until after the question page is 
 
 V.Qy consists of the same questions, with the correct answer 
 
 \': question, on the scale of 100, is indicated after tho answer 
 
 u j;ms of this kty, students could correct their own or each 
 
 % few morr ^,iH^- the librarian or teacher could not take 
 
 1 t .R' wij'j cu.i/.,;i:i.s tiur pa^^ri fiuds an incorrcct answer, the amount to be 
 ' ' t ' ^ .1 ould be placed on the outer right-hand margin, near the mistake. 
 Tho^o <i-;jLDts should be added, the sum subtracted from 100, and the result 
 plat 0-' : Jter the word "Per cent." at the top of the sheet. 
 
 n,sked in such a admit of very little vari&ty in the 
 
 wordiag cd the anK^;\erE. However, if the wording of a written answer is mani- 
 feetly correct, and perfectly clear, but not exactly like the printed answer, of 
 
 should be made. Do not deduct for spelling, nor for 
 r.y if they are pei-fectly clear. 
 
 vne two should examine the t; 
 
 >'-hich the writer 
 • advice fro?.p 
 
Reference Guides 
 
 That Should be Known and 
 How to Use Them 
 
 By 
 Florence M. Hopkins 
 
 Librarian 
 
 Central High School and Junior College 
 
 Detroit, Michigan 
 
 This Pamphlet Pertains to 
 Encyclopaedias 
 
 TIME REQUIRED 
 
 Two class periods and 
 Preparation of one lesson 
 
 THE WILLARD COMPANY 
 
 479 SIXTH STREET 
 
 DETROIT ▼ MICHIGAN 
 
Copyright 
 
 by 
 
 FLORENCE M. HOPKINS 
 
 19 19 
 
Foreword 
 
 This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
 series constitutes a second edition of "Reference guides that should be known and 
 how to use them," which first appeared in 1916 as a text book for high and normal 
 schools. 
 
 The revision treats important phases of reference work in separate pamphlets, 
 thus making it possible to grade the work, or to select the pamphlets best fitted to 
 meet individual needs. Generally speaking, any one of the pamphlets can be 
 completed in two class periods plus time for the preparation of one lesson be- 
 tween recitations. 
 
 The entire course could be completed by advanced students in five or six 
 weeks of one class and study period per day. The work can also be scattered 
 in different years. If one subject per term were given in consecutive order to 
 English classes, in high schools, beginning with the B8 of junior high and ex- 
 tending through the A12 of senior high, the work could be covered in two or 
 three class and study periods per term; or, if familiarity with reference books is 
 desired early in the school course, the most important subjects could be crowded 
 into the early high school grades. The order in which the subjects of the pamph- 
 lets are listed below suggests a logical sequence, whether the work is given 
 slowly or rapidly or to lower or to upper grade students. 
 
 1 — Webster's New International Dictionary 
 
 2 — New Standard Dictionary 
 
 3 — Encyclopaedias 
 
 4 — Parts of a book 
 
 5 — ^Atlases; city directories; gazetteers 
 
 6 — Concordances 
 f 7 — Library classification and card catalogue 
 
 8 — Indexes to periodical literature; debates 
 
 9 — Year-books 
 10 — Commercial indexes 
 11 — Important publications of city, state and federal governments 
 
 The inclusion of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes 
 it possible for each student to follow all illustrative examples without making a 
 trip to a Ubrary and waiting to have access to the complete reference work. 
 No library will furnish a sufiicient number of copies of expensive reference 
 books to supply large classes adequately for detailed study; neither could a 
 library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as badly worn and 
 marked as they would become if many students were required to consult them for 
 prepared lessons. 
 
 1 
 
Experience has- proved tkat' the best results can be obtained if the work is 
 begun iil'*E^^'lkp'fclass'l-feei«ati6ne''by a librarian or a teacher reading the text 
 with the class. If conducted in this way, no previous preparation will be neces- 
 sary, either by the class or by the one who conducts it. As the reading of the 
 text proceeds, it will be seen that important features of the reference books studied 
 are emphasized by referring to the sample pages embodied in the text. With a 
 little class direction of this kind the students can readily see the plan of the text, 
 and can finish any unread pages independently as an assigned lesson for the next 
 recitation. In classes composed of advanced students, or in cases of absence, 
 the entire work could be done independently. 
 
 The questions on the colored page fastened on the inside of the last cover 
 are designed to emphasize important points and to systematize the work for 
 class records. Blank spaces are left under the questions for the answers. 
 When the questions are assigned as a lesson to be prepared out of class, and 
 the answers are written from memory in the blank spaces during the class 
 recitation following, the points are more thoroughly impressed than they are 
 when the answers are written before coming to class, while having direct access 
 to the text. 
 
 A key, giving the answer to each question, together with its value on the 
 scale of 100, will be found underneath the question sheet when it is removed. 
 By means of this key, students can correct their own or another's work in 
 a few minutes of class time, in case the librarian or teacher cannot give 
 extra time to do so. 
 
 Schools which ask a leading reference question in final examinations find 
 that students give more attention to the work and therefore learn to value its 
 importance. 
 
 The following paragraphs are taken from the 
 Foreword of the First Edition 
 
 Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
 lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
 "Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools," from the 
 United States Bureau of Education, 1914 — No. 34. 
 
 Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
 have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
 "book-using skill." 
 
 The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
 
 increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
 
 the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 
 
 Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 
 
 and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. 
 
 Every new student should be required to take 
 some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
 handling of library tools Such a course, more- 
 over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
 of the work required for a degree. 
 
 2 
 
Encyclopaedias 
 
 The word encyclopaedia comes from the Greek, and means, literally, "educa- 
 tion encircled." The English equivalent of the Greek word for "education" is 
 "paideia." By adding the first three syllables of encyclopaedia, "en" (in) and 
 "cyclo" (circle) to "paideia" (instruction or education) the full significance of 
 the development of the word is easily seen. The word "cyclopaedia," practically 
 a synonym of encyclopaedia, is sometimes used for a work confined to topics 
 relating to some one subject; music, for example. 
 
 We are so accustomed to encyclopaedias and dictionaries that it is difficult for 
 us to reahze that the great reference books which we now have in this form are 
 the result of years of experience. The last edition of the "Encyclopaedia Britan- 
 nica" has twenty-nine large volumes. The first edition of this work appeared 
 about one hundred and fifty years ago, in three volumes. The three volumes of 
 the first edition were then considered as exhaustive as are now the twenty-nine 
 volumes of the eleventh edition. 
 
 Alphabetical Order of Articles and Volumes 
 
 All general encyclopaedias have the one purpose of giving at least some infor- 
 mation on almost every topic. The main topics are usually arranged in alpha- 
 betical order, and are readily found by means of the letters printed on the outside 
 of the volumes. Consult the picture of the "Britannica" which follows, and notice 
 that the lower line of letters on each volume is usually the same as the upper fine 
 on the volume following it. This is not designed, but it cannot be avoided if only 
 three letters are used, as articles are separated with reference to making the vol- 
 umes approximately the same size, and not with reference to the exact alphabet- 
 ical division of topics. Can one tell from the letters whether Charles I of England 
 comes in volume 5 or in volume 6? Give the numbers of the volumes which 
 contain articles on the following: Turkey; Rome; Abraham Lincoln; Africa. 
 
 The New international encyclopaedia uses as many letters on the outside of 
 the volumes as are necessary to indicate just where in the alphabet the volume 
 begins and ends. Notice in the line below, which represents volumes in the 
 New international encyclopaedia, that more than three letters are used, and that 
 the letters on the bottom line of a volume are not repeated on the top line of the 
 volume following it. Can one tell immediately in which volume of the New 
 international an article on Charles I of England comes? If only three letters, 
 under "Cha," were printed on the back, could one tell the exact volume for 
 Charles I? 
 
 Vol. I 
 
 Vol. II 
 
 Vol. Ill 
 
 Vol. IV 
 
 Vol. V 
 
 Vol. VI 
 
 Vol. VII 
 
 A 
 
 Archai 
 
 Beed 
 
 Buck 
 
 Chaucer 
 
 Cory 
 
 Domi 
 
 Archae 
 
 Beec 
 
 Buch 
 
 Chat 
 
 Corv 
 
 Dome 
 
 Euth 
 
An illustration of the eleventh edition of the 
 Encyclopaedia Britannica 
 
 Notice that the last volume is an index volume. 
 
Signed Articles 
 
 No matter how well educated a person may be, it would be impossible for him 
 to write all of the articles for a good modern encyclopaedia. The general char- 
 acter of the encyclopaedia is under the direction of editors, but the important 
 articles are written by special students of the different subjects. Some of the 
 articles in the best encyclopaedias are so extensive and scholarly that they would 
 make good standard books on the subjects, if they were published in book form. 
 As we are not apt to regard the authors of articles in an encyclopaedia as seriously 
 as we do authors of books, we are in danger of losing a full realization of the fact 
 that the value of encyclopaedias as well as of books is determined largely by their 
 authors. In a book, the author's name appears on the title page; in an encyclo- 
 paedia, the name is usually given at the end of the article, or at the front of the 
 volume in which his contribution appears. In the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the 
 author's initials appear at the end of the article; his full name at the front of the 
 volume: in the New international encyclopaedia the name of the author or editor 
 appears in the Table of contents at the front. When the authors of important 
 articles in encyclopaedias are given at the end of the articles, the encyclopaedia 
 is said to contain "signed articles." Articles of minor importance are not usually 
 written by specialists, and therefore they are not "signed." No encyclopaedia 
 can be of high standing which does not contain a fair percentage of articles 
 which are either written or edited by "signed" authorities. 
 
 Cross References 
 
 Many times information on a certain subject is scattered under a number of 
 different articles. For example, the article under "Drama" would necessarily 
 make some mention of the theater; the reverse would also be true. Part of the 
 information would therefore be in the volume containing "Drama," and part in 
 the one containing "Theater." When it is necessary to call the attention of the 
 reader to the fact that further treatment of a subject can be found by crossing 
 over to other articles, some form of a "cross-reference" is used. Details of meth- 
 ods used will be illustrated later. 
 
 Best Books Listed: Bibliography 
 
 At the end of articles in the best encyclopaedias, books and pamphlets bearing 
 on the subject are frequently listed in the last paragraph, which is then headed 
 by one of the following words, or its equivalent: Consult; Authorities; References; 
 See; Literature; Bibliography. The last word, "bibhography," comes from 
 the Greek and means "the writing of books." 
 
Encyclopaedias Have Individual Characteristics 
 
 Though all general encyclopedias have many features in common, we need to 
 realize that each one also has individual characteristics. An English encyclo- 
 paedia, for example, would be apt to give fuller and better articles for minor sub- 
 jects relating to England than for those relating to America. 
 
 It is well to know the plan adopted by different encyclopaedias with regard to 
 such general points as the following: 
 
 Method of dividing large subjects; 
 
 Plan of crossing from one reference to another; 
 
 Probability of long or of concise articles; 
 
 Likelihood of a scientific or of a popular treatment of the subject; 
 
 Effect of the date on the article; 
 
 Class of subjects included or excluded. 
 
 Important Encyclopaedic Features 
 Illustrated by Specimen Entries 
 
 Three important modern encyclopaedias have been selected to illustrate general 
 and special encyclopaedic features: 
 
 Encyclopsedia Britannica 
 
 New International Encyclopedia 
 
 Nelson Perpetual Loose-leaf Encyclopedia 
 
 Encyclopaedia Britannica 
 Index Feature 
 
 The Encyclopaedia Britannica cannot be used to the best advantage without 
 thoroughly understanding its very exhaustive index. The index is so extensive 
 that it requires all of the last volume to contain it. Every item of any importance 
 whatsoever which has been mentioned anywhere in any of the volumes of the set, 
 is listed in this index in alphabetical order, and is followed by the volume and page 
 which gives information concerning the topic. This encyclopaedia is printed 
 with two columns on a page. An "a" after a page in the index indicates that the 
 information begins in the upper half of the first column of that page; "b" refers 
 to the lower half of the first column; "c" to the upper half of the second column; 
 and "d"^to the lower half of the second column. 
 
 A specimen entry from the index to the Encyclopaedia Britannica is inserted on 
 the following page. Consult it, and give the volume, page, column and part of 
 the column for the first reference under "Architecture." Give the same for the 
 second and third references mentioned under "Architecture." Notice that after 
 the volumes containing the leading articles have been referred to, the names of 
 the countries and topics, beginning with "Abyssinian," are sub-arranged in 
 alphabetical order. Find "Hittite" remains, and give the volume, page, column 
 and part of column in which the reference concerning them begins. 
 
specimen Entry from the Index of the 
 Encyclopaedia Britannica 
 
 Archibald (the Grim) ; «» 
 
 Douglas, Archibald Dougiae, 
 
 earl of. 
 — , Sir Adams G. B-160c 
 — . E. D. : caesium 4-944o 
 
 kites 18-2S0a. 
 Archibald. La. 17-54 (CI). 
 Arciiibuteo lagopus : set 
 
 Rough-lcggcd buzzard. 
 Archicamerarius : «fe£rzk&m 
 
 merer. 
 Archi-cancellarius : see Arch 
 
 chancellor. 
 Archicardium 16-123di 
 Archicembalo 21-564a ; 6- 
 
 469b. 
 Arcliichlamydeae : see Chori 
 
 peulae. 
 ArchicoeIe23-759b. 
 Arcbidamian War 21-73a. 
 AHCHIDAMUS I. (of Sparta) 
 
 2-367a. 
 
 — II. 2-367a; 21-73b. 
 
 — III.2-367b: 14-b81a. 
 
 — IV. 2-367b ; 25-612d. 
 
 — V.2-367C. 
 Archide3mus8-128b. 
 Archidiaconal court 2-359C. 
 Archidium4-707c. 
 Archidona, Ec. 8-911 (C2) ; 
 
 2O-270a. 
 
 — . Sp. 25-530 (C4) ; popula- 
 tion 17-460b. 
 
 Archie, Mo. 18-608 (B3). 
 
 ■ hieitown.Scot.24-412(E2). 
 
 Archjgallus (priest) 12-402b. 
 ■iting3 28-127a 
 
 Archigones 
 
 'fe-M^t 
 
 surgical 
 
 Archigetes 26-408a : 26-408b 
 
 Archiguiana 28-1007c. 
 
 ARCHIL 2-387C; 16-583d ; 8 
 744c. 
 
 ArchUlion, Ark. 2-552 (F2i. 
 
 ARCHILOCHUS 2-367d, 24 
 228b ; elegy 12-609d ; Qyges 
 legend 12-751a ; Homer's 
 influence 13-632b : Horace's 
 dependence 13-688c ; metri- 
 oaf innovaUons 27-1044e, 
 12-509C, 9-707d, 26-1042b. 
 
 ARCHIMANDRITE 2-368b. 
 
 " J* "Chinafede " (submarine) 24- 
 921b. 
 
 Archimedean solids 22-28C. 
 
 — spiral 2S-692b, 6-964d. 
 
 ARCHIMEDES (mathema- 
 tician) 2-3«8b; conic sec- 
 tions 6-940d ; hydro- 
 mechanic8l4-115a; language 
 12-499a : line deaned 16- 
 721a; mechanics 24-399a ; 
 mensuration of cone 6-897b; 
 quadrature of circle 6-384o 
 
 
 26-647C ; Syracuse 
 
 Archimedes (fossil) 5-311b. 
 
 " Archimedes " (ship) 24-869d 
 
 Archimedes, Principle of 14' 
 117d. 
 
 ARCHIMEDES. SCREW OF 2 
 369c ; 7-53a. 
 
 Archin (measure) 28-491». 
 
 Archinard. L. 24-642d. 
 
 Archinephrosl4-255d. 
 
 Archinne (measure) 28-490a 
 28-491a. 
 
 Archinus (author) 18-4Id. 
 
 Archipalllum 4-407d. 
 
 ARCHIPELAGO 2-3690. 
 
 — , The, Asia M. 2-760 (C5 & 
 A3-B4) : aee also Aegean 
 Sea. 
 
 Archiplata 20-585C. 
 
 Archipoita: seeGollas.Blshop. 
 
 Arcbipolypoda 28-1017d. 
 
 ARCHIPPUS (Athenian poet) 
 2-369d. 
 
 — (bibl.) 21-376a. 
 
 Archipresbytdr 7-896c. 
 
 Archiprovheta (Grimald) 8- 
 518c. 
 
 Archipterygium 14-251d : 14- 
 2o9d. 
 
 Archispirostreptus 18-472o. 
 
 Arcbitarbus2-310b. 
 
 Architects, Koyal Institute of 
 British 10-43d; 2S-316d. 
 
 ArchUeclura, De ( Vitruvius) 28- 
 I50d. 
 
 ARCHITECTURE 2-369d : 4- 
 762b ; 10-363C ; Abyssinian 
 12-232a: Coptic 2-391b ; 
 Central American (ancient) 
 S-677d; design 8-95d ; de- 
 velopment in England 9- 
 621b ; doinestic : see House ; 
 
 English and French 2-432a ; 
 Greek revival (19th cent.) 
 2-427 b ; Hittite remains 13- 
 537c ; Mexican aboriginal 
 ■ liMlngs 5-44lb 
 
 26-309a ; 
 terracotta 26-657d : Vitru- 
 vius' Influence £8-150d. Hee 
 
 Architecture, Chief Orounies of 
 
 (3hute)2-418b ; 15-115c. 
 Archi t6cture,.College of 7- 1 69a. 
 ArchiUkUmik (Lambert) IS- 
 
 866c. 
 Archlteuthls 7-675b ; S-701c; 
 
 24-561a. 
 ARCHITRAVE 2-444o ; IS- 
 
 431b; Doric 20-177O ; Ionic 
 
 20-178C: Koman-Dorlo 20» 
 
 179c. 
 ARCHIVE 2-444c: 13-531o. 
 Arcliives Nationales, Paris 2- 
 
 415b. 
 Archiv filr pathologiiche Ana- 
 :d Fhysiologie 28- 
 
 110a. 
 
 > oloUoIopico iialiano 2- 
 
 ARCHIVOLT 2-444C. 
 
 Archizoea giga.f 26-9063. 
 
 Arch limb (geol.) 10-598a. 
 
 Archlute 17-132d ; 2S-1039a, 
 
 Archodus 14-267c. 
 
 ARCHON (ancient) 2-444c : 2- 
 841d ; judicial functions 
 12 •504a (foil.), 12 -503a; 
 Pericles' measures 21-146a. 
 
 — (medieval and modern) 12- 
 464a, 12-464d ; in Sardinia 
 24-216d. 
 
 — (Gnosticism) 12-1543. 
 Archonides (of Herbita) 12. 
 
 8290 : 25-26C. 
 
 Archonticll2-155d: 14-865c. 
 
 Archornithes 20-325b. 
 
 Arohous, canal, Asia M. : se< 
 Arakhat. 
 
 ARCHPRIEST2-446ft. 
 
 Archuleta Co.. Colo. 6-722 (C4) 
 
 ARCHYTAS 2-446a, 22-699a 
 duplication of cube 7-606d 
 flying inventions l-261d, 3. 
 48c, 15-8390. 
 
 Arci, Henry d'2-34a (foil.). 
 
 Arcia, Braz. 20-759c. 
 
 Arclcentrou3l4-258b. 
 
 Arcidael6-122a; 16.120c. 
 
 Arcifera3-523d; 3.526b ; dis- 
 tribution 3-528C, 28-1013b 
 
 (legate)25-1052b 
 .-,„,!. 25-530 (D-' 
 , It. 26-242 (F5). 
 
 Arciniega, Sp. 25-530 (Dl). 
 
 ARCIS-SUR-AUBE,Fr.2.446c; 
 
 10-778 (03) : battle (1814) 
 
 19-232 (map). 
 Arc lamp 16-659a ; 16-665c ; 
 
 enclosed 16-662C ; inverted 
 
 16-6650. 
 Arco. Ida. 14-276 (04). 
 — , Minn. 18-550 (A6). 
 — . Sp. 25-530 (B3). 
 
 — del Diablo, mt., N.Mex. 19- 
 520 (C5). 
 
 Areola, Con. 24-225 (B3). 
 
 —, 111. 14-304 (D4). 
 
 — , Ind. 14-422 (G2). 
 
 ARCOLA. It. 2-446c; battle 
 (1796) Il-I92d, 11-190 
 (map). 
 
 — . La. 17-54 (b5). 
 
 —.Miss. 18-600 (B2). 
 
 Arcomya 16-124b. 
 
 Arcomyidae 16-124b. 
 
 Arcon, Jean Claude d' ll-942b. 
 
 Arcona, fortress, Ger. l-74a; 
 21-903a; 23-822C. 
 
 — , cape, Ger. 11-808 (PI). 
 
 " Arcona " (cruiser) 24 gild. 
 
 Arconaia 16-123b. 
 
 Arconce, riv., Fr. 24-199b. 
 
 Arcos, Alonzo de 11-94 lb. 
 
 — , Rodrigue. Ponce de Lfton, 
 duked'19-185a; 17-835b. 
 
 Arcos, pt., Azores 3-83 (II.). 
 
 ARCOS DE LA FRONTERA, 
 Sp. 2-446d ; 25-530 (C4). 
 
 ARCOSOLIUM2-446d ;S-492c. 
 
 ARCOT, India 2-448d; 14-382 
 (H13): Clive'3defence(1851) 
 6-532(1. 14-407C, 10-724a. 
 
 — , kingdom, India : see Car- 
 natic. 
 
 — , north, diet., India 2-447a. 
 14-382 (H13); 14-863d. 
 
 — , south, dist., India 2-447 b ; 
 14-382 (H13) ; 14-853d. 
 
 Arc sight 2S-63b. 
 
 Arctic. R.I. 23-249 (B-C2). 
 
 ARCTIC, region 2-447c; 21- 
 938d : climate 21 - 955a ; 
 explorations 11-629C, 21- 
 93Sd ; flora and fauna 21- 
 956c, 11-649C, l-753a; geo- 
 logy 21-954c: hydrographic 
 basin 2-735d ; Ordovician 
 20-2360 (map) ; peoples 21- 
 956d ; shore fishes l4-2G8d ; 
 steamer communication 27. 
 552c. 
 
 •• Arctic •' (liner) 24-886a. 
 
 Arctic Alpine flora 21.780a. 
 
 — fox 10.769d; S-371d; fur 
 11.349d. 11.348b, ll-356b, 
 11.355d. 
 
 Green. 12-543 (02). 
 
 — Ocean 21-938 (A-Bl) ; 21- 
 957b; 19-974a; 19-973c ; 
 circulation 21-958b ; drain- 
 age basin ll-634c ; flora and 
 fauna 21.960a ; navigation 
 25-12d ; Pleistocene 21- 
 836c ; shore-fishos 14-268d ; 
 temperature and salinity 21- 
 958d; whale-fishery 28-572b. 
 
 Arctic oil : »ee Shark liver oil. 
 
 — raspberry 28-907a. 
 
 Arctic Red, riv.. Can. 5-160 
 (02); 17-254d. 
 
 Arctic right-whale : tee Green- 
 land right-whale. 
 
 — sea-cow : see Rhytlnai 
 
 — sperm oil 20.Slb. 
 — ■ tern 26-646b. 
 
 — willow 21-7 80b ; 19.833b. 
 Arctlctis binturong : tee Bin- 
 
 Homer's influeuoo 13.62rc, 
 
 13.6320. 
 ArcUum : see Burdock. 
 Arctocebus calabarensis-: «ee 
 
 Awantibo. 
 Arctocephalus antaretioa 
 
 - f orsteri : see Australian sea- 
 bear. 
 
 - gazella : see Otarla ^azella. 
 
 Arctocyon 7.409b. 
 
 Woodchuck 
 
 — bobac ; see Bobac. 
 
 — caudata : s€e Red marmot. 
 
 — marmotta : see Alpine mar 
 
 - alp in 
 
 — uva-ursi : see Bearberry. 
 Arcto-Tertiary flora 21-779c. 
 Arctotherium 20-900a; S 
 
 376b. 
 Arctowski (explorer) 21.965d. 
 type2S-788b. 
 
 trum 21.717 (Plate). 
 
 — minor ; see Bootes. 
 Arcualia 14.258b (flg.). 
 Arcuated style 27.115b; In 
 
 India 14.432c ; Roman 20. 
 
 181b. 
 Arcuate ligaments 8.166c. 
 ARCUEIL,Fr.2.447d; 10.778 
 
 (C6). 
 
 — Cachan, Fr. : see Arcueil. 
 Arcueil, Society of 3.812c. 
 ARCULF 2.443a; pilgrimage 
 
 Arena Juliani. 
 Arcum.Stellae : see Sagittarius. 
 Arcuothrii 23.2 I8c. 
 Arcus. Ala, 1-460 (C4). 
 Arcos Juliani, aqueduct, Fr. 
 
 2..447d. 
 Arcus senilis 10.96c. 
 Aro welding 28.501c. 
 Arcy, Chevalier d" 3.277d. 
 Arcyria 19.108d ; 19.l08d 
 
 (flg.). 
 Arcyniaceae 19-1053. 
 Ard, bay. Ire. 14.744 (B3). 
 — , lake, Scot. 24-418 (C2) ; 1- 
 
 52d. 
 Arda, riv., Turk. 27-420 (E2) ; 
 
 4-773 (C3) ; 4-773d. 
 — (Hadra), riv.. It. 15.26 
 
 (B2). 
 Ardabda, Russ. : see Theo- 
 
 Ard a'BhoraiD, cape, Scot. 24- 
 
 412 (A2). 
 Ardabil, Pers. : See Ardebil. 
 Ardagan, Russ.As. : see Arda- 
 
 han. 
 Ardagh, Mal.-Gen. Sir John C. 
 
 2-3280 ; 6-158C. 
 Ardagh, Ire. 14-744 (D3) ; 14- 
 
 774b. 
 Ardagh cup 10-344a ; 21.796d ; 
 
 patioa 23.931a. 17*83. 3. 
 791c. 
 Ardakan, Pefa. 21.188 (B2) ; 
 
 Ardara, Ire. 14.744 
 
 Aidaric (of Gepldae) 13.9333. 
 
 Ardashad, Arm. : see Artaiata. 
 
 Ardashes : see Artaiias. 
 
 ARDASHIR (ArUxerxes) I. 2- 
 448b; 2l.219b; 21.321d; fire 
 temple 10.425b ; Hormui 
 foundation 13.694a ; Karun 
 
 Zend Avesta collected 
 968d. 
 
 — II. 2-448d; 21.22 Id; 21- 
 ■222d. 
 
 — in. 2.449a; 21-222b. 
 Ardashir-Khun, Pers. : see Fir- 
 
 uzabad. 
 Ardatov, Russ. (Nbhniy-Nov- 
 gorod)23-872(F4); geology 
 
 11-431 
 
 Ardbeg, pt.. Scot. 23.753b. 
 Ardbrecknish. Soot. 24.418 
 
 Ardclach, Scot. 24.412 (E2) ; 
 geology 19.1S5b; popula- 
 tion 19.155c. 
 
 Ard-comarba (Irish cUurcli) : 
 see Coarb. 
 
 Ardconnel. Scot. 24.418 (A2). 
 
 — , castle, Scot. 24.418 (A2). 
 
 Ardderyd. Cumb. : battle of 
 (573) 7.626a. 
 
 ARDEA, It. 2-449a ; 1S.4 (D4); 
 15.26 (B6); ethnology 15- 
 26b; wall-paintings 23- 
 48Ia. 
 
 Ardea(zool.)13-386d; 13.388b. 
 
 — (agami) : see Heron agaml. 
 
 — (alba) : see Great egret. 
 
 — (bubulcus) : see Butl-backed 
 heron 
 
 — (can3i3i3sima) : sec White 
 
 — (cinerea) : rre Heron, com 
 mon. 
 
 — (egretta) ; see Egret. 
 
 — (garzetta) : see Little egret. 
 
 — (helias) ' " 
 
 — (virescens) : see Green 
 Ardeae3-977b: 3.9653; Bra 
 
 Ardeal, state. Hung. : see Tran 
 
 sylvania. 
 Ardeates, people 15.26b : see 
 
 also Ardea, It. 
 Ardeatina, fort, It. 15.4 (E-F2). 
 — , Via, It. 2.449a. 
 Ardeatini ; see Ardeates. 
 Ardeatinom foedus (444 B.C.) 
 
 491a 
 ARDEBIL (Ardafeil), Pers. 2. 
 
 449b; 21.188 (Al); holy 
 
 carpet S-396 (Plate). 
 — , dist., Pers. 2-449b. 
 ARDfcCHE, dept., Fr. 2-449c ; 
 
 10-778 (G5). 
 — , riv., Fr. 10.778 (G5) ; 23. 
 
 272b. 
 ARDEE, Ire. 2.450a ; 14.744 
 
 (E3). 
 Ardeidae : see Heron. 
 Ardelan, dist., Pers. 21-188 
 
 /A2) ; 1S-951C. 
 — , tribe 1S.949C. 
 Ard el Bathaniyeh, dist., Syr. : 
 
 Robert 
 — . William, 2nd baron Alvan- 
 
 ley : see Alvanley. 
 Arden, Ark. 2-552 (A4). 
 —.Can. 20-114 (El). 
 — , Colo. 6-722 (H3). 
 — , N.O. 19-772 (B4). 
 — , Scot., gcologj- 23.99a. 
 — , Wash. 28.354 (O-Hl). 
 — . W.Va. 28-560 (D2). 
 
 Ardencaple, Inlet, Oreen. 12« 
 543(02). 
 
 ARDEN, FOREST OF, dist., 
 Warwick 2-450b. 
 
 ARDENNES, dept.. Ft. 2-4503; 
 10-778 (02) ) champagne 28- 
 723c; geology 10-778b; iiF- 
 3astnal population 10-7 83c : 
 Walloons 28-286a. 
 
 ARDENNES, 3ist., Belg. 2- 
 450b; 3-668 (E4-H2): geo- 
 logy 3-669b, 6-881), 20-237a, 
 8-125a, 5-583 ; Henaa3 de 
 Montauban 23-96c. 
 
 —.canal, Fr. 10-778 (G2) ; 10- 
 
 Ar3ennes Abbey, Calvados, Fr. 
 
 12-351b. 
 Ardenno It. 26-242 (H4). 
 Ardensul.Philip Rovenlus van: 
 
 Ardent, Raoul i-505d. 
 Ardent (in shipbuilding) 24> 
 
 (B2). 
 
 Ardenza, It. 16-377d. 
 Ardeonaig, Scot. 24-413 (CI) : 
 
 22-731b. 
 Arderne, James 16-556b. 
 — , Dr John 12-724e. 
 Ardes, Fr. 10-778 (F5). 
 Arde3lrCur6etioeo;reeroxehal 
 
 Ardettus. bill, Gr. 2-832 (map); 
 
 dewan, dese; 
 
 Hamdamao. 
 — , pass, Afg. 13.332a ; 13- 
 
 330c. 
 Ardez, Switi. 28-242 (13). 
 Ardfert, Ire. 14-744 (B4) ; 27- 
 
 159a. 
 Ardflnnan, Ire. 14-744 (D4) ; 
 
 castle 4-9173. 
 
 744 (F2). 
 Ar3glen. N.S.W. 19-538 (F2). 
 Ardgour, Scot. 24-412 (C3). 
 — , dist., Scot. 24-412 (C3). 
 Ihi (language) 
 ■4883; 13-478 
 Ardha-narisa (myth.) 13-51IC. 
 Ardhe. riv., Fr.Cong. : see 
 Gribingi. 
 
 iv., Sp. 25-530 (B3) ; 
 
 24-l004a 
 Ardisia S-173C ; 17-282o ; IS' 
 
 287d. 
 Ardistama 13-5353. 
 Ardistan, Pers. 21-188 (B2) ; 
 
 population 21-194b ; tele- 
 graph 21-195d. 
 — , dist^ Pers. 14-867d. 
 ARDITI, LUIGI2-451b. 
 Ardivachar. pt., Scot. 24-412 
 
 (A2). 
 Ardizio, hill. It. 21-2810. 
 Ardlamont, bay, Scot. 24-418 
 
 (A3). 
 — , pt., Scot. 24-418 (A3). 
 Ardle, riv.. Scot. 24-412 (E3). 
 Ardleigh, Ess. 9.424 (IV. D3). 
 Ardler. Scot. 24.418 (El). 
 Ardlui, Scot. 24.418 (B2) ; geo- 
 logy 8.660c. 
 Ardlussa, Scot. 24.4)2 (C3). 
 Ardmeanach. dist., Scot. : see 
 
 Black Isle. 
 Ardmillan, Ire. 14-744 (F2) , 8- 
 
 458a. 
 Ardmillan group 20-236b ; 6* 
 
 300b. 
 Ardminish. Scot. 24-412 (04). 
 Ar3more, Ire. 14.744(D5) ; 28- 
 
 369c. 
 — , Mo. 18-608 (D2). 
 ARDMORE. Okla. 2-451b ; 20- 
 
 58 (D3). 
 — , S.Dak. 25-506 (B4). 
 — , bay. Ire. 14-744 (D5). 
 —,pt.. Ire. 14-744 (F4). 
 — ,nt., Scot. (Islay) 24-41: 
 
 ((54). 
 — ,nt., Scot. (Skye) 24-412 
 
 (B2). 
 Ardmucknish, bay, Scot. : see 
 
 Nell, lake. 
 Ardnacross. bay, Scot. 24-412 
 
 (C4). 
 Ardnadam, Scot. 24-413 
 
 (A-B3). 
 Ardnamurchan, dist., Scot. 24- 
 
 412 (B-C3); 19-I57b; 2- 
 
 486b ; geology 2-487a. 
 — , pt., Scot. 24-412 (B3) ; 2- 
 
 486b. 
 — , sound, Scot. 2S-246d. 
 Ardo. riv.. It. 3-7 10c. 
 Ardobrica, Sp, 7-208d. 
 Ardoch, N.Dak. 19-780 (GI). 
 —.Scot. 4-584 (Bl); 24-418 
 
 (U2) ; Agricola's victory (84) 
 
The volume which follows the first reference given under any subject in the 
 index always refers to the main article on that subject. Main articles can be 
 found more readily by means of the letters on the backs of the volumes than by 
 means of the index, but information which is scattered under a number of dif- 
 ferent headings, or which is too minor to have a separate heading of its own, can 
 best be found through the index. Turn back to the picture of the complete set 
 of the Britannica and, by means of the letters on the outside of the volumes, 
 give the number of the volume containing the main article on "Archimedes." 
 Turn to the index, under "Archimedes" in heavy type, (do not confuse it with 
 "Archimedes, Screw of") and notice that the first volume mentioned in the 
 index is the same as the volume found by means of the letters. Under "Archi- 
 medes" in the index give the volume, page, column and part of column for men- 
 tion of his interest in "language." Give also the reference for his connection with 
 the "Siege of Syracuse," 
 
 Places on Maps Indexed 
 
 Not only does this index refer to all scattered information on any topic, but, 
 in addition, it indexes all places on all maps in the entire set, thus constituting an 
 excellent atlas index also. Consult the map of Rhode Island, which follows, and 
 try to realize what a task it has been to write every place in it on a separate piece 
 of paper, preparatory to making an index. Every place in every map in each of 
 the twenty-eight volumes has been indexed by a similar method. 
 
 Find Waterman on the map of Rhode Island by looking for it near the point 
 where an imaginary line, drawn from B at the top of the map to B at the bottom 
 of the map, would intersect an imaginary line drawn from 1 at the right-hand 
 margin to 1 at the left-hand margin. By a similar method, find: Tiverton, D-2; 
 Rumford, C-1 ; School House Pond, B-3. Turn to the specimen page of the index, 
 find "Arctic" in very fine type just below the words "Arc sight" and just above 
 the word "Arctic" (in heavy type), give the reference for finding it in Rhode 
 Island, and trace it on the map. By consulting the index, give the volume, page 
 and map reference for finding each of the following: Archie, Mo.; Archibald, 
 La.; Archillion, Ark. 
 
specimen Entry of Map from the 
 Encyclopaedia Britannica 
 
 RHODE ISLAND 
 
 Scale, 1:640,000 
 
 _ English Miles 1 
 
 4 6 8 10 12 14 
 
 County Seats 
 
 "ounty Boundaries . 
 Railways...^ 
 
 1^°4S' g Longitude West 71° JO of Greenwich Q 
 
 Emcr 
 
New International Encyclopaedia 
 Entries Under Buffalo 
 
 Consult the sample page from the New international encyclopaedia which 
 follows, and notice that the word Buffalo appears at the top of the first column, 
 and Buffington at the top of the second. Any entries which come alphabetically 
 between these words will be found on this page. Guide words in reference 
 books save the necessity of scanning the whole page. Give the number of times 
 that the word "Buffalo" and its combinations appear. Are the words following 
 Buffalo in sub-alphabetical order? What "cross reference" is given under Buffalo 
 Moth? What, under Buffalo nut? What, at the end of the article, under 
 Buffalo fish? Under Buffalo Bird two references are given; after number 1, 
 (Oxpecker) what abbreviation appears? This abbreviation comes from the Latin 
 words "quod vide," meaning literally, "which see;" that is, under "Oxpecker," 
 more information will be found. This abbreviation of "q. v." is frequently used 
 in reference books, and should be readily recognized. 
 
 The end of the article on Buffalo City, New York, comes at the top of the first 
 column. Five hues from the top of the page, just above the word "Consult," a 
 reference is made to what other articles in the encyclopaedia on Buffalo, N. Y.? 
 The references following the word "Consult" refer to books which give much 
 more complete information about Buffalo, New York, than does any article in 
 the encyclopaedia. What is the first book mentioned? Give the title and date 
 of the history of Buffalo by Powell. At the end of the article "Buffalo Gnat," 
 under "Consult," notice that abbreviations are used for the first reference. 
 These abbreviations refer to a Bulletin in the Division of Entomology of the 
 United States Department of Agriculture. What is the number of this Bulletin? 
 What is the second reference? 
 
 The first entry in heavy type of the word "Buffalo" refers to a small town 
 situated in what western state? This town could be located on the map near the 
 intersections of imaginary lines from what letter and number on the map in the 
 volume containing what state? What was the population of this town in 1910? 
 
 The full article on Buffalo, New York, or on any other large city, is separated 
 into sub-topics, such as: 
 
 Description Government 
 
 Institutions History 
 
 Commerce and industry Map of city 
 
 It is advisable to glance over the sub-topics of any long encyclopaedia article 
 before beginning to read it, as one can thus often find the special information 
 desired very readily. 
 
 Pronunciation of Proper Names: Dates 
 
 Give the dates of the life of Louis Joseph Buffet. Should the last letter of 
 his name be pronounced? 
 
 Where was Adelbert Buffington born? Was he living when this encyclopaedia 
 
 was published? 
 
 10 
 
specimen Entry from the 
 New International Encyclopaedia 
 
 BUFFALO 1 
 
 51) 1SS2. In 1901 (May i to November 1) the 
 rail-American Exposition was held at Buffalo. 
 At this exhibition occurred the assassination of 
 President McKinley, on Friday, Sept. 6, 1901, 
 See Pan-American Exposition. 
 
 Consult: Smith, History of the City of Buf- 
 falo and Erie County ( Syracuse, 1884 ) ; Ketchum, 
 An Authentic and Comprehensive History of Buf- 
 falo (Buffalo, 1864-65) ; Powell, Historic Towns 
 of the Middle States (New York, 1899) ; Sever- 
 ance, Picture Book of Earlier Buffalo (Buffalo, 
 1913). 
 
 BUFFALO. A town and the county seat of 
 Johnson Co., Wyo., 32 miles (direct) southeast 
 of Sheridan (Map: Wyoming, El). The people 
 are engaged principally in agriculture and stock 
 raising. Buffalo is tlie seat of a State Soldiers' 
 and Sailors' Home and has a Carnegie library, 
 courthouse, and county high school, and owns 
 its water works and sewer system. Pop., 1890, 
 1087; 1900, 710; 1910, 1368. 
 
 BUFFALO BEBRY (Shepherdia argentea) . 
 While familiar to horticulturists for many 
 years, the buffalo berry has but recently taken 
 rank as a fruit plant. It is a native of the cold, 
 dry northwestern part of North America, where 
 it has acliieved its greatest success under culti- 
 vation. The buffalo berry is a shrub with small 
 silvery leaves, short thorny spines or branches, 
 upon which the fruits, of about the size of a 
 common currant, are borne. The plant is dioe- 
 cious, consequently both male and female forms 
 must be planted in order to insure fruit produc- 
 tion. The two forms are easily recognized by the 
 form and distribution of the winter buds; the 
 staminate or male plant bears small rounded 
 buds in dense clusters scattered all along the 
 spurs; the pistillate, or female plant, bears 
 fewer and more elongated buds, usually in pairs 
 along the sides of the spurs. The fruits are 
 either red or yellow, are used for jellies, and 
 often serve instead of currants for this purpose. 
 There are no cultivated varieties on the market. 
 The plant is valuable as an ornamental shrub. 
 See El^agnus. 
 
 BUFFALO BILL. See Cody, William F. 
 
 BUFFALO BIRD. A bird closely associated 
 with wild oxen or buffaloes, picking the para- 
 sites from their hides to eat, and warning the 
 animal of possible danger by the expression of 
 its own alarm. 1, An oxpecker (q.v.). 2. A 
 tick bird. See Tick. 
 
 BUFFALO FISH. One of several suckers 
 (Catastomidae) of the Mississippi valley, com- 
 prised in the genus Bubalichthys or Ictiobus, and 
 bo called because of the humped outline of the 
 back, the large head, and dark colors. The red- 
 mouthed buffalo fish (Ictiobus cyprinella) is 
 brownish olive and reaches a length of nearly 
 3 feet and a weight of 20 to 30 pounds. The 
 big-mouthed one (Ictiobus urus) is also large 
 and very dark, with all the fins black ; while the 
 small-mouthed (Ictiobus bubalus altus) is paler 
 and more southerly in its habitat. The flesh is 
 poor. For illustration see Plate of Suckers. 
 See also Fisiieeies. 
 
 BUFFALO GNAT. A gnat of the genus 
 Simulium, closely related, and similar to the 
 northern black fly ( q.v. ) , which swarms in the 
 valleys of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. 
 "They rival the mosquito in their bloodthirsty 
 tendencies," says Howard, "and not only do they 
 attack human beings, but poultry and domestic 
 animals are frequently killed by them. . . ." In 
 certain seasons they multiply enormously, alight 
 
 17 BUFFINGTON 
 
 on cattle (as formerly they did on the bison), 
 and produce death through their poisonous bites 
 as well as from loss of blood. Unlike mosqui- 
 toes, tliey fly and bite in the daytime and are 
 often seen in large numbers flying in bright sun- 
 shine. The larvEB are aquatic, and unlike mos- 
 quitoes again, the larvae of which live in stag- 
 nant water, Si^nuliuin larvae frequent well- 
 aiirated and frequently swiftly running streams. 
 Consult: Bui. 5, Div. Entoni., U. S. Dept. Agri- 
 culture; Osborn, "Insects Affecting Domestic 
 Animals," Dcpt. Agric. (Washington, 18!)0). 
 
 BUFFALO GRASS, or BucHLOii (Buchloe 
 or Bulhilis, dactyloides) . A common grass of 
 the western United States, ranging from Mani- 
 toba to Texas, where it is one of the best pas- 
 ture grasses. It is a low, spreading grass seldom 
 more than 6 inches in height. It spreads rapidly 
 by runners, soon forming a dense sod. The grass 
 is dioecious, the male flowers conspicuous, while 
 the female flowers, which occur on a different 
 plant, are easily overlooked. It is readily propa- 
 gated by seed or sod and is improved by cultiva- 
 tion. Sod transplanted from the plains to Wash- 
 ington, D. C, quickly covered the ground and is 
 perfectly adapted to its surroundings. It turns 
 brown after frost, but during the summer pre- 
 sents a dense growth of fine herbage. It is ap- 
 parently very nutritious and is relished by all 
 kinds of stock. 
 
 BUFFALO MOTH. See Carpet Beetle. 
 
 BUFFALO NUT. See Trapa. 
 
 BUFFER (OE. buffe, slap, blow), Buffing 
 Apparatus. An arrangement projecting from 
 the frame of a railway car to prevent injury 
 from violent contact or collision, or to deaden 
 the effect of the concussions caused when the 
 velocity of a part of the train is checked or 
 when the engine is starting the train. Buffers 
 are used on passenger cars in America and con- 
 sist of three parts — the head, the bar, and the 
 stem. The stem passes through the spring and 
 buffer-spring beam; the shoulder formed by the 
 junction of the stem with the bar bears directly, 
 or by means of a plate, against the spring, which 
 is usually of the volute or spiral type. ' This 
 buffer is placed at the centre of each end of the 
 car. In English railway practice two buffers are 
 used at each end of the car, one at each side of the 
 centre. The general construction is much the same 
 as that described above, except that flat springs, 
 somewhat like a carriage spring, are employed. 
 
 BUFFET, bn'ik\ Louis Joseph (1818-98). 
 A French politician. He was born at Mirecourt, 
 Vosges, and in 1848 entered the Chamber of 
 Deputies. Under the presidency of Louis Napo- 
 leon he held the portfolio of Commerce and Agri- 
 culture. He afterward became leader of a "Tiers 
 Parti," which tried to reconcile liberal reforms 
 with loyalty to the government, and in January, 
 1870, joined M. Emile Ollivier's cabinet as Fi- 
 nance Minister, but resigned in April. He was 
 elected to the National Assembly (1871), of 
 which he became president in 1872, and formed 
 a cabinet in 1875, taking the portfolio of the 
 Interior. In this latter office, however, he made 
 himself obnoxious to the Republican party, and 
 when, in 1876, he failed to secure a reelection to 
 the Assembly, he resigned. During the same year 
 (1876) the Senate elected him a life member. 
 
 BUF'FINGTON, Adelbert Rinaldo (1837- 
 
 ) . An American soldier. He was born at 
 
 Wheeling, W. Va., and graduated at West Point 
 
 in 1861. He was brevetted major in 1865, and 
 
 was commander successively of the United States 
 
New International Year-book 
 
 The New international encyclopaedia publishes a separate volume for current 
 history each year. The topics are arranged in alphabetical order, and constitute 
 an exceedingly valuable encyclopaedia for the events of one year only. The 
 volumes are bound to correspond with the volumes of the regular set. 
 
 Nelson's Perpetual Loose-leaf Encyclopaedia 
 
 An ingenious loose-leaf plan for an encyclopaedia has been devised by Nelson 
 and Company of New York, and published under the title: "Nelson's Perpetual 
 Loose-leaf encyclopaedia." The volumes in this set are not bound in the usual 
 way; the loose leaves are held in place by an adjustable fastening device con- 
 taining prongs which are run through holes punched in the pages for the purpose. 
 The loose-leaf feature makes it possible to insert pages giving recent information 
 in alphabetical order. New leaves containing current subjects are issued every 
 six months, thus keeping the encyclopaedia up to date. This is the only 
 encyclopaedia which can be kept up to date without issuing "year-books." Sub- 
 scribers to this encyclopaedia are given the benefit of an "Information bureau." 
 This bureau answers individual requests for information, and sends the answers 
 in typewritten form on sheets which can be bound in the regular volumes. 
 
 Nelson's Perpetual Loose-leaf 
 Encyclopaedia 
 
 The publishers of Nelson's Loose-leaf encyclopaedia have kindly prepared the 
 following "composite" page showing subdivisions under their article on Japan. 
 The full article on Japan in this encyclopaedia requires over twenty pages. Just a 
 few Unes under each sub-topic are given on this composite page. Glance 
 over the headings of the topics, in the order given; most encyclopaedias treat 
 topics under countries in a similar order. Does the sub-topic which treats of the 
 history of a country come near the beginning or near the end of the article on 
 that country? What sub-topic follows "history" on the specimen page? Notice 
 that this topic gives a list of books. Name a good history of Japan. 
 
 12 
 
specimen Composite Page Entry taken from Article Japan in 
 Nelson's Perpetual Loose -leaf Encyclopaedia 
 
 Japan Japanese Art 
 
 Japan, ja-pan' (called by its in- 
 habitants Nippon or Nihon — 
 i. e., 'sun origin' or 'eastern 
 land'), an empire in Asia consist- 
 ing of a long chain of 4,000 isl- 
 ands which extend from 51° to 
 22° N. lat., and from 119° to 156° 
 E. long., with a total length of 
 about 2,400 miles. Beginning at 
 the north, the empire comprises 
 the volcanic Kuriles, or Chishima 
 which approach close to Kam 
 
 Topography. — Japan is a very 
 mountainous country, the only 
 considerable plain being that of 
 Tokyo. Honshu is traversed 
 from end to end by many broken 
 ranges with numerous branches. 
 In the northeast the highest sum- 
 mits are mostly vol 
 
 Climate and Soil. — The north- 
 ern parts of the empire are pro- 
 portionally much colder than 
 places in the same latitude in 
 Europe and America. In Tokyo, 
 the mean temperature for twenty 
 years ranged 
 
 Flora and Fauna. — With its 
 wide range of climate and its 
 lofty mountains, Japan has a 
 great variety of vegetation. Sav- 
 atier, in his Enumeratio, names 
 2.750 species. The shrubs are 
 mostly evergreen, comprising 
 many with beautiful flowers. 
 There are also numerous ever- 
 green oaks, laurels, and conifers. 
 On the higher grounds are found 
 more deciduous trees, as the elm, 
 beech, walnut, birch, and chest- 
 nut. Bamboo clumps, low palms, 
 and cycads in the lower grounds 
 
 Forestry. — As the result of its 
 unusually humid climate, Japan 
 possesses a very large area of 
 forest land. The types of forest 
 growth correspond to those found 
 in the Atlantic States, including 
 sixty species of conifers and 
 pines, and oak, beech, maple, 
 birch, and other deciduous trees; 
 toward the south, especially in 
 Formosa, are camphor, bamboo, 
 and cinnamon trees. The long- 
 continued use of wood as fuel for 
 the manufacture of ceramics, and 
 the wholesale destruction of 
 wooden houses by fire, however. 
 
 Fisheries. — The fishing indus- 
 try stands high in importance, 
 based upon natural advantages 
 equalled only on the Atlantic sea- 
 board of the United States. The 
 Japanese, as an island people, 
 early adopted a seafaring life; 
 and at least 500 years ago fishing 
 settlements were made on the 
 island of Yesso, attracted by the 
 cod, herring, sar 
 
 Mining. — Japan is only mod- 
 erately rich in mineral wealth. 
 Great progress has been made 
 during the last thirty years in 
 mining, foreign methods and 
 machinery having been freely in- 
 troduced and foreign engineers 
 employed. The mines. 
 
 Agriculture. — Sixty per cent, 
 of the people are agriculturists. 
 As shown in accompanying table. 
 
 
 Acreage. 
 
 Production- 
 
 Rice 
 
 7,507,705 
 
 $10,045,426 
 
 Barley 
 
 1,495,253 
 
 1,958,141 
 
 Rye 
 
 1,700,148 
 
 1,580,022 
 
 Wheat 
 
 1,240,830 
 
 - 1.035,900 
 
 Soybean 
 
 1,223,390 
 
 738,638 
 
 Sweet potatoes 
 
 734.608 
 
 •8,318,820,506 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 172.300 
 
 *1,510,596,902 
 
 Sugarcane 
 
 53,143 
 
 •1,895,313,903 
 
 Tobacco leaf . . 
 
 69,393 
 
 •74,073,464 
 
 Tea 
 
 74,843 
 
 •72,594,606 
 
 Hemp 
 
 29,213 
 
 •21,106,347 
 
 Leaf indigo . . . 
 
 12,655 
 
 •20,391,025 
 
 * Pounds 
 
 Manufactures in Japan are 
 sharply divided into the old his- 
 toric industries and those intro- 
 duced since the revolution of 
 
 1868. The former industries, 
 originating in China, were im- 
 proved by the Japanese through 
 long and 
 
 Commerce. — The situation of 
 Japan is most favorable to for- 
 eign commerce, its island char- 
 acter, limited area of tillable 
 land, and proximity to countries 
 rich in natural resources suggest- 
 ing a compcu^ison with Great 
 Britain. 
 
 The growth of Japan's com- 
 merce, owing to her pec 
 
 Shipping. — From the closing 
 of the ports to foreign commerce 
 in 1638 until their reopening in 
 
 1869, Japanese shipping was at 
 a low ebb, and the size of ves- 
 sels was limited by law. As late 
 as 1892, 77 per cent, of the ships 
 visiting Japanese ports were for- 
 eign, but since that time shipping 
 has developed greatly. In 1913 
 Japan owned 2,072 registered 
 steamers, with a gross tonnage of 
 1,513,941, and 7,343 sailing ves- 
 sels, with a gross tonnage of 487,- 
 347. This result has been accom- 
 plished largely by the granting 
 of subsidies to steam 
 
 Transportation and Commu- 
 nication. — The large number of 
 ports in Japan, the rough con- 
 figuration of the country, and the 
 short distances from inland to 
 sea coast districts have encour- 
 aged water transportation. Or- 
 dinary roads, though greatly im- 
 proved, and now for the most 
 part macadamized, stiU leave 
 much to be desired. 
 
 Railroads. — The first railway 
 in Japan was between Tokyo and 
 Yokohama, 18 miles in length, 
 and was opened in 1872. In 1906 
 the government acquired most of 
 the railways of the count 
 
 Population. — The first reliable 
 census of Japan, taken in 1872, 
 showed a population of 33,110,- 
 825; the census of 1898 re- 
 turned a total of 43,763,153 in- 
 habitants; that of 1908, 49,588,- 
 804 inhabitants in Japan Proper, 
 and 65,682,247 in the Empire. 
 The population of Japan Proper 
 was then divided as follows: roy- 
 al family, 67; nobles, 5,642; 
 knights, 2,218,623; common peo- 
 ple, 47,382,262. In 1914 the pop- 
 
 13 
 
 Religions. — Shinto, the indig- 
 enous religion of Japan, is in the 
 main a nature worship. The 
 gods are innumerable, the chief 
 among them being the sun god- 
 dess, from whom the Mikados are 
 supposed to be de 
 
 Army and Navy. In 1884 the 
 Army was organized on the best 
 European models; and its present 
 high efficiency was demonstrated 
 in the wars with China (1894-95) 
 and with Russia (1904-05). All 
 able-bodied males between the 
 ages of 17 and 40, with the excep- 
 tion of students in foreign coun- 
 tries, elementary school teachers, 
 
 Cooernment — After the revo- 
 lution of 1868 (see History), in 
 which the Shogunate was abol- 
 ished and the actual sovereignty 
 returned to the Emperor, many 
 reforms were effected, the general 
 result of which was to substitute 
 a constitutional monarchy for the 
 former autocracy. 
 
 Finance. — The budget esti- 
 mates for the year ending March 
 31, 1914, placed the total ordi- 
 nary revenue at $264,878,000, 
 and the extraordinary revenue at 
 $28,526,000; the ordinary ex- 
 penditures at $211,009,000, and 
 the extraordinary expenditures at 
 $82,395,000. The 
 
 History. — Early Period. — 
 Modern Japanese historians be- 
 gin with the Mikado Jimmu, who 
 is stated to have ascended tha 
 throne in 660 B.C. But the more 
 trustworthy contemporary rec- 
 ords of China and Korea show 
 that for more than a thousand 
 years after the supposed date of 
 Jimmu's reign, nothing existed in 
 Japan which deserves the name 
 of history. About the date of the 
 Christian epoch, Chinese travel- 
 lers found a monarch established 
 in Yamato, who ruled over a 
 large part of the present Japan. 
 For 
 
 Bibliography. — General His- 
 tory. — The history by Dr. Mur- 
 ray in the 'Story of the Nations 
 Series' is the best; but it is un- 
 critical, especially in the earlier 
 part. A History of the Empire of 
 Japan was compiled by various 
 Japanese authors for the Chicago 
 Exhibition. Griffis' The Mikado's 
 
 Japan — Archaeology. The 
 archaeological remains of the Jap- 
 anese race date from a few cen- 
 turies before the Christian epoch. 
 The most remarkable are the 
 
 Japan — Language and Litera- 
 ture. The Japanese language 
 belongs structurally, like Korean 
 and Manchurian, to the Altaic 
 family, and like other Altaic lan- 
 guages delights 
 
 Japanese Art. In the Me- 
 ckanical Arts the Japanese have 
 attained to great excellence, espe- 
 cially in the branch of metallur- 
 gy, and in the manufacture of 
 porcelain, lacquer ware, and silk 
 fabrics; indeed so exquisite in 
 design and execution 
 
The paragraph headed "Flora and Fauna" pertains to the vegetation and the 
 animal life native to Japan. In many encyclopaedias "Flora" forms one topic, 
 and "Fauna" a separate topic. What is characteristic of the shrubs of Japan? 
 
 Find the sub-topic "Population" and give the census of Japan in 1872. 
 
 Under the topic "Religions," find the name of the native religion of Japan. 
 
 Near the bottom of the second column, find the word "railroads," in italics, 
 and tell under what subdivision it falls. When was the first railroad established, 
 and how long was it? 
 
 W^hat word heads the first sub-topic, near the top of column one? Notice that 
 this topic gives the general character of the surface of the land in Japan. What 
 word, therefore, is used in encyclopaedias for the heading of sub-topics giving 
 corresponding information under any country? 
 
 An Encyclopaedia for Young People 
 
 A good brief encyclopaedia for young people is the 
 
 New StudenCs Reference Work, in 5 Volumes 
 
 The articles are written in simple language and are especially designed to meet 
 the needs of young students from the grammar grades through the high school. 
 It is published by Compton Co., Chicago. 
 
 Young people are very fond of a kind of "Children's Encyclopaedia" entitled: 
 Book of Knowledge 
 
 The articles in this set are attractively written, and are designed more to interest 
 girls and boys in important subjects than to give information upon them in 
 encyclopaedic form. The set is pubHshed by The Grolier Society, New York. 
 This same firm also publish a 
 
 Book of History 
 
 which is correspondingly designed and arranged. Both sets are well indexed 
 and illustrated. 
 
 Fictitious Characters 
 
 and 
 
 Titles of Standard Works of Literature 
 
 The New international encyclopaedia enters important fictitious characters, 
 and titles of standard works of literature in alphabetical order. 
 
 The Encyclopaedia Britannica does not enter characters in fiction; titles of 
 standard works of literature can often be traced through the index. 
 
 The Nelson Loose-leaf encyclopaedia does not enter characters in fiction, neither 
 does it enter titles to standard works of literature. 
 
 Though some encyclopaedias exclude characters in fiction, most encyclopaedias 
 include characters in mythology and legend. 
 
 14 
 
Encyclopaedic Information in Modem Dictionaries 
 
 Recent editions of the Standard, Webster, and Century dictionaries give so 
 much information of an encyclopaedic nature, and in such an exceedingly con- 
 densed form, that they constitute what might be called the most valuable brief 
 ency clop sedias published. Information of this character is given in dictionaries 
 after the last numbered definition of the word. The Century dictionary issues a 
 separate volume for proper names. These dictionaries are also most excellent 
 for fictitious characters. Titles of standard works of literature are not exten- 
 sively included in the Standard or Webster dictionaries. The separate volume 
 of proper names for the Century dictionary is excellent for any important proper 
 name. 
 
 Important Subjects Iiave Special Encyclopaedias and Dictionaries 
 
 The arrangement of reference material in encyclopaedic form has developed 
 marvelously during recent years. One general encyclopaedia is no longer suf- 
 ficient, even for a small library, but it is practically a necessity for a library to 
 contain special encyclopaedias or dictionaries on important subjects. The range 
 •of such reference books is almost limitless; one's acquaintance with them will de- 
 pend largely upon individual needs. Such subjects as the following, and many 
 others also, aside from those mentioned in the list which follows, have important 
 encyclopaedias: Chemistry; Agriculture; Law, many phases; History, general, 
 and different nations; Biography, general, and many phases; Music; Mathe- 
 matics; Horticulture; Political Economy; Engineering. 
 
 Many excellent collections of poems, debates, orations, stories, and of other 
 subjects are issued in volumes arranged in alphabetical order, thus resembhng 
 the form of encyclopaedias. 
 
 Though it is a mistake to confine one's reference work mainly to books of an 
 encyclopaedic nature, it is also a mistake to shght books of this character. 
 
 Important Authors have Special Reference Books 
 
 Even prominent authors, such as Dickens, Scott, Kipling, Browning, and 
 others have special reference books devoted to characters, plots, quotations, and 
 other items connected with their works. A few important books of this nature 
 are mentioned below. 
 
 Author Dictionaries and Synopses 
 
 A synopsis of a work gives a general outline of it. 
 
 Browning. 
 
 Cyclopedia. 
 
 Berdoe. 
 
 Dickens. 
 
 1. Dickens dictionary. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. Dickens synopses. 
 
 PhiHp. 
 Pierce. 
 McSpadden. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 1. Waverly synopses. 
 
 2. Waverly dictionary. 
 
 McSpadden, 
 Rogers. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Shakespeare synopses. 
 Thackeray dictionary. 
 
 McSpadden. 
 Mudge. 
 
 15 
 
Opera Synopses 
 
 American history and encyclopaedia of music. 12 vols. Gives story outline- 
 of operas. 
 
 McSpadden. Opera synopses. 
 Upton. Standard operas. 
 
 Miscellaneous Synopses 
 
 Baker: — Guide to best fiction. 
 
 — Guide to historical fiction. 
 
 The descriptive notes in these guides are so good that they amount almost to 
 synopses. 
 
 Warner: Library of the world's best literature. 30 volumes. Directly pre- 
 ceding the general index, synopses of many works of literature are given; index 
 under title, precedes synopses. 
 
 Book Reviews: Some book reviews are practically synopses. 
 
 Handbooks 
 
 Though handbooks are in no sense encyclopaedias or dictionaries of special 
 subjects, yet they usually pertain to some special need and are generally arranged 
 in alphabetical order. The following are a few, worthy of note: 
 
 Brewer: Reader's handbook (contains synopses of dijew standard works). 
 — Dictionary of miracle. 
 — Historic note book. 
 — Phrase and fable. 
 Harper: Book of facts. A classified encyclopaedia of the history of the world, 
 including literature, art, government — 1 volume. 
 
 a. Topics and countries arranged alphabetically; sub-arranged in tabular and 
 chronological order. The tables are excellent for dates and summaries. 
 
 b. Under large cities a list of its mayors is given at the end of article. 
 
 c. Under any state a list of governors and senators is given at the end of 
 article. 
 
 d. Under countries, a list of its rulers is given at end of article. 
 
 A Few Important Special Encyclopaedias and Dictionaries 
 
 Read the following list of books. They are important in connection with the 
 study of encyclopaedias, but they cannot be treated in detail. 
 
 1. Bliss, William D. P. New encyclopaedia of social reform. 1 vol. 
 
 2. Grove. Dictionary of music and musicians. 5 vols. 
 
 3. Hart, A. B., and others. An encyclopaedia of American government. 
 
 3 vols. 
 
 4. Hastings, Rev. James. Bible dictionary. 1 vol. 
 
 (Many dictionaries and encyclopaedias on Biblical subjects are published.) 
 
 5. Hopkins, A. A. Scientific American cyclopedia of formulas. 1 vol. 
 
 6. Jewish encyclopaedia. 12 vols. 
 
 7. Lippincott. New gazetteer of the world. 1 vol. 
 
 8. Lippincott. Universal pronouncing dictionary of biography and myth- 
 
 ology. 1 vol. 
 
 9. Monroe, Paul. Cyclopedia of education. 5 vols. 
 
 10. Peck, H. T. Harper's Dictionary of classical literature. 1 vol. 
 
 16 
 
encyclopaedia? 
 11 — a. Name three modern dictionaries which give characters in fiction, 
 b. Which one of these three enters proper names in a separate volume? 
 
 12 — In an article on any important subject in a good encyclopaedia where would the best books 
 on the subject be listed? 
 
 13 — In which book, mentioned under "Handbooks/'couldalistof the mayors of a city, or governors 
 of a state, or rulers of a country, be found at the end of the article under the name of the 
 city, state or country? 
 
 Questions for 
 Encyclopaedias 
 
 Student's name Per cent 
 
 Teacher's name Hour reciting Date 
 
 .A 
 
 Have you read the directions on the back of this cover? Answer yes or no. g 
 
 s 
 
 1 — What does the word "encyclopaedia" mean? C 
 
 ("Cyclopaedia" is practically a synonym for encyclopaedia.) ^ 
 
 >, 
 
 2 — What does the abbreviation "q. v." from the Latin "quod vidi", mean literally in English? ^ 
 
 «s 
 oo 
 
 3 — a. Which encyclopaedia is issued in loose-leaf binding? ^ 
 
 -o 
 
 Qi 
 
 h. How frequently are separate leaves, containing current information, issued for the .Oi 
 Loose-leaf encyclopaedia? *-■ 
 
 e 
 
 eg 
 
 4 — Articles under countries in encyclopaedias are usually quite extensively sub-arranged. What ^j 
 
 do the following subdivisions mean? 
 
 Fauna ' Flora 
 
 Topograph}' Bibliography 
 
 5 — Under any country or city, in an encyclopaedia, is the history usually given among the first 
 
 or among the last subdivisions of the article? ^_i 
 
 03 
 
 6 — Under the word "Plato," in the index to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the following reference C 
 
 appears: 12-5 13c. g^ 
 
 What volume, what page, what column, and what part of it is indicated? -g 
 
 7 — Which encyclopaedia issues an excellent separate year-book with topics arranged in alpha- "" 
 
 betical order? fi> 
 
 8 — Name a good encyclopaedia written especially for young people. 2 
 
 9 — Which of the three general encyclopaedias studied enters important fictitious characters? © 
 
 (In other words, which one should be consulted in order to learn in which works of § 
 
 literature the following appear? Betsy Trotwood; Imogene; Mrs. Malaprop.) S 
 
 o 
 
 10 — Though the Encyclopaedia Britannica dees not mention characters in fiction, it does mention "S 
 
 0) 
 
 titles of prominent works of literature; for example the "Rivals." Should minor points, "g 
 
 such as titles, Jae looked for through the index, or in alphabetical order in the body of this g 
 
 g 
 
 US 
 
Directions for Using 
 Perforated Page of Questions and Key 
 
 Which appear on the reverse side of this cover 
 
 The questions which appear on the reverse side of this cover, on a perforated 
 colored sheet, are not difficult, detailed or "catchy." They are intended to 
 emphasize important points and to systematize the work for class records. The 
 answers, which can easily be given after the text has been carefully read, should 
 be written, from memory, in the blank spaces under the questions, preferably in 
 class time unless directed to do otherwise by the one in charge of the work. 
 
 The perforated sheet should be torn out in the presence of the one conduct- 
 ing the class and only after it has been filled in. When directed to remove the 
 questions, insert pencil in the hole and rip around the perforated edges. 
 
 A key, by means of which the work can be checked, is printed on the cover 
 under the question page, but is not revealed until after the question page is 
 removed. This key consists of the same questions, with the correct answer 
 to each printed below it. 
 
 The value of each question, on the scale of 100, is indicated after the answer 
 in the key. By means of this key, students could correct their own or each 
 other's work in a few moments, in case the librarian or teacher could not take 
 the extra time to do so. 
 
 If the one who corrects the paper finds an incorrect answer, the amount to be 
 deducted should be placed on the outer right-hand margin, near the mistake. 
 These amounts should be added, the sum subtracted from 100, and the result 
 placed after the word "Per cent." at the top of the sheet. 
 
 The questions are asked in such a way as to admit of very little variety in the 
 wording of the answers. However, if the wording of a written answer is mani- 
 festly correct, and perfectly clear, but not exactly like the printed answer, of 
 course no deduction should be made. Do not deduct for spelling, nor for 
 abbreviated statements if they are perfectly clear. 
 
 If the one who corrects a paper marks a question wrong which the writer 
 considers correct, the two should examine the key together, or ask advice from 
 the one in charge of the class. 
 
Reference Guides 
 
 That Should be Known and 
 How to Use Them 
 
 By 
 Florence M. Hopkins 
 
 Librarian 
 
 Central High School and Junior College 
 
 Detroit, Michigan 
 
 This Pamphlet Pertains to 
 Parts of a Book 
 
 TIME REQUIRED 
 
 Two class periods and 
 Preparation of one lesson 
 
 THE WILLARD COMPANY 
 
 479 SIXTH STREET 
 
 DETROIT ▼ MICHIGAN 
 
Copyright 
 
 by 
 
 FLORENCE M. HOPKINS 
 
 1919 
 
Foreword 
 
 This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
 series constitutes a second edition of "Reference guides that should be known and 
 how to use them," which first appeared in 1916 as a text book for high and normal 
 schools. 
 
 The revision treats important phases of reference work in separate pamphlets, 
 thus making it possible to grade the work, or to select the pamphlets best fitted to 
 meet individual needs. Generally speaking, any one of the pamphlets can be 
 completed in two class periods plus time for the preparation of one lesson be- 
 tween recitations. 
 
 The entire course could be completed by advanced students in five or six 
 weeks of one class and study period per day. The work can also be scattered 
 in different years. If one subject per term were given in consecutive order to 
 English classes, in high schools, beginning with the B8 of junior high and ex- 
 tending through the A12 of senior high, the work could be covered in two or 
 three class and study periods per term; or, if familiarity with reference books is 
 desired early in the school course, the most important subjects could be crowded 
 into the early high school grades. The order in which the subjects of the pamph- 
 lets are listed below suggests a logical sequence, whether the work is given 
 slowly or rapidly or to lower or to upper grade students. 
 
 1 — Webster's New International Dictionary 
 
 2 — New Standard Dictionary 
 
 3 — Encyclopaedias 
 
 4 — Parts of a book 
 
 5 — Atlases; city directories; gazetteers 
 
 6 — Concordances 
 
 7— Library classification and card catalogue 
 
 8 — Indexes to periodical literature; debates 
 
 9 — Year-books 
 10 — Commercial indexes 
 11 — Important publications of city, state and federal governments 
 
 The inclusion of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes 
 it possible for each student to follow all illustrative examples without making a 
 trip to a library and waiting to have access to the complete reference work. 
 No library will furnish a sufficient number of copies of expensive reference 
 books to supply large classes adequately for detailed study; neither could a 
 library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as badly worn and 
 marked as they would become if many students were required to consult them for 
 prepared lessons. 
 
 ■■mmfrnk 
 
ExpefiftDTG'^ ][ia& proved that the best results can be obtained if the work is 
 begun in regular class recitations by a librarian or a teacher reading the text 
 with the class. If conducted in this way, no previous preparation will be neces- 
 sary, either by the class or by the one who conducts it. As the reading of the 
 text proceeds, it will be seen that important features of the reference books studied 
 are emphasized by referring to the sample pages embodied in the text. With a 
 little class direction of this kind the students can readily see the plan of the text, 
 and can finish any unread pages independently as an assigned lesson for the next 
 recitation. In classes composed of advanced students, or in cases of absence, 
 the entire work could be done independently. 
 
 The questions on the colored page fastened on the inside of the last cover 
 are designed to emphasize important points and to systematize the work for 
 class records. Blank spaces are left under the questions for the answers. 
 When the questions are assigned as a lesson to be prepared out of class, and 
 the answers are written from memory in the blank spaces during the class 
 recitation following, the points are more thoroughly impressed than they are 
 when the answers are written before coming to class, while having direct access 
 to the text. 
 
 A key, giving the answer to each question, together with its value on the 
 scale of 100, will be found underneath the question sheet when it is removed. 
 By means of this key, students can correct their own or another's work in 
 a few minutes of class time, in case the librarian or teacher cannot give 
 extra time to do so. 
 
 Schools which ask a leading reference question in final examinations find 
 that students give more attention to the work and therefore learn to value its 
 importance. 
 
 The following paragraphs are taken from the 
 Forevoord of the First Edition 
 
 Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
 lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
 "Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools," from the 
 United States Bureau of Education, 1914 — No. 34. 
 
 Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
 have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
 "book-using skill." 
 
 The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
 
 increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
 
 the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 
 
 Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 
 
 and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. 
 
 Every new student should be required to take 
 some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
 handling of Hbrary tools Such a course, more- 
 over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
 of the work required for a degree. 
 
 2 
 
Parts of a Book 
 
 The arrangement of material in books usually has the following order, 
 though it varies slightly: 
 
 a. Title: date and owner of copyright on the back. 
 
 b. Page for dedication, if desired. 
 
 c. Preface. 
 
 d. Table of contents. 
 
 e. List of maps and illustrations. 
 
 f. Introduction. 
 
 g. Body of the work. 
 
 h. Appendix; Commentary; Special notes; or other additions, 
 i. Index or indexes. 
 
 Title Page 
 
 The title page is the page on which appear: 
 
 a. The full title of the work. 
 
 b. Its author, editor or compiler, together with indications of any position, 
 achievement, or scholarship which may serve to warrant the confidence of the 
 public. 
 
 c. Number of editions through which the work has passed, if more than 
 one. Sometimes a quotation appears. 
 
 d. The pubhsher and the city in which the firm is located. 
 
 e. On the back of the title page, the date and owner of the copyright are 
 given. 
 
 A copyright is secured through the United States Government Copyright 
 Office, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C, for one dollar. It grants its 
 owner the right to control the issue of all copies for a period of twenty-eight 
 years, and is subject to renewal. 
 
 Frequently the date of printing is given under the publisher's name. If this 
 date is later than the copyright date, it indicates that the book has been re- 
 printed at the later date from plates prepared at the time of the last copyright, 
 but that the book has not been revised or changed. The copyright date is the 
 important one. 
 
Page of Dedication 
 
 When an author desires to pay special tribute to an individual, or to a col- 
 lection of individuals, or to perpetuate some pleasant memory, he often does so 
 through the dedication of his book. If a page is used for this purpose, it follows 
 the title page. 
 
 Preface 
 
 A Preface is a presentation of a book by the author himself to his reading 
 public. It enables him to talk more familiarly with his readers than he other- 
 wise could, and to thank any friends who may have aided him in the preparation 
 of the work. In the preface he usually tells what his aim was in writing the book, 
 and what he hoped to accomplish through it. It is often a very valuable part of 
 a book and generally well worth reading. At the end of the preface, the author's 
 name, or his initials, frequently appear at the lower right-hand side, and the 
 date at the lower left-hand side. The pages are often numbered with Roman 
 numerals to separate the preface from the pages of the book proper. 
 
 Table of Contents 
 
 The Table of contents gives the titles or subjects of the chapters, poems, or 
 other matter contained in the book, listed in the order in which they appear. 
 Frequently the chapters are so completely analysed that a large grasp of the 
 general subject, or a review of it, can be gained by reading over the headings. 
 The table of contents is sometimes paged with the book proper; sometimes it is 
 paged with Roman numerals. 
 
 A specimen entry from the Table of contents of "Universal literature" by 
 Botta, is given to illustrate how completely a Table of contents sometimes 
 analyzes chapters. Consult it, and give the answers to the following questions: 
 
 a. On what page, in Roman numerals, does the "List of authorities" begin? 
 On what page, in Arabic numbers, does the "Introduction" begin? Would page 
 XV (Roman numerals) appear in the book before or after page 1 in Arabic 
 numbers? 
 
 b. Read over the countries on this page whose literature is discussed in the 
 book. 
 
 c. On what page does the chapter on "Chinese literature" begin? On 
 what page does "Japanese hterature" begin? About how many pages are there- 
 fore devoted to "Chinese Hterature?" What is the last topic mentioned under 
 "Chinese literature?" Would this topic begin on a page nearer to page 7 or to 
 page 15? 
 
 d. From what country does the Sanskrit literature come? What are the 
 leading sacred books of this country called? 
 
 e. Is the language of the nation usually considered by this author in con- 
 nection with the literature? 
 
A specimen entry from 
 
 Table of Contents of 
 
 Handbook of Universal Literature by Botta 
 
 Use of plate granted by the courtesy of the publishers 
 Copyrighted by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAfil 
 
 UST OF AUTHORITIES x^ 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The Alphabet. 
 1. The Origin of Letters. — 2. The Phoenician Alphabet and Inscriptions. — 3. The 
 Greek Alphabet. Its Three Epochs. — 4. The Mediaeval Scripts. The Irish. The 
 Anglo-Saxon. The Roman. The Gothic. The Runic 1 
 
 Classification of Languages 3 
 
 CHINESE LITERATURE. 
 1. Chinese Literature. — 2. The Language. — 3. The Writing. — 4. The Five Classics 
 and Four Books. — 5. Chinese Religion and Philosophy. Lao-ts6. Confucius. 
 Meng-ts6 or Mencius. — 6. Buddhism. — 7. Social Constitution of China. — 8. In- 
 vention of Printing. — 9. Science, History, and Geography. Encyclopaedias. — 10. 
 Poetry. — 11. Dramatic Literature and Fiction. — 12. Education in China . . 7 
 
 JAPANESE LITERATURE. 
 1. The Language. — 2. The Religion. — i. The Literature. Influence of Women. — 
 4. History. — 5. The Drama and Poetry. — 6. Geography. Newspapers. Novels. 
 Medical Science. — 7. Position of Woman. — 8. Foreign Interpreters of Japan . 16 
 
 SANSKRIT LITERATURE. 
 1. The Language. — 2. The Social Constitution of India. Brahmanism. — 3. Charac- 
 teristics of the Literature and its Divisions. — 4. The Vedas and other Sacred 
 Books. — 5. Sanskrit Poetry ; Epic ; the Ramayana and Mahabharata. Lyric Po- 
 etry. Didactic Poetry ; the Hitopadesa. Dramatic Poetry. — 6. History and Sci- 
 ence. — 7. Philosophy. —8. Buddhism. —9. Moral Philosophy. The Code of Manu. 
 — 10. Modern Literatures of India. — 11. Education. The Brahmo Somaj . . 20 
 
 BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN LITERATURE. 
 1. The Accadians and Babylonians. — 2. The Cuneiform Letters. —3. Babylonian 
 and Assyrian Remains .35 
 
 PHCENICIAN LITERATURE. 
 The Language. — The Remains 37 
 
 SYRIAC LITERATURE. 
 The Language. —Influence of the Literature in the Eighth and Ninth Century . 38 
 
 PERSIAN LITERATURE. 
 1. The Persian Language and its Divisions. — 2. Zendic Literature ; the Zendavesta. 
 ^3. Pehlvi and Parsae Literatures. — 4. The Ancient Religion of Persia,- Zero- 
 
Illustrations or Maps 
 
 Illustrations and maps are arranged in the order in which they appear in the 
 book, very seldom in alphabetical order. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 An introduction is usually a kind of brief essay on the general subject under 
 discussion. It is sometimes paged in the book proper with Arabic numbers; 
 sometimes, separately with Roman numerals. Many books do not require an 
 introduction. 
 
 Body of the Work 
 
 The body of the work may consist of few or of many pages, or of one volume, 
 or more, according to the plan of the author or the publisher. 
 
 Sometimes an asterisk (*) or a dagger (f) or a number, or a letter, appears in 
 the text to call attention to a note at the foot of the page. 
 
 Appendix or Other Additions 
 
 The appendix, the Special notes, the Commentary, or other additions con- 
 sist of material desirable for explanation or enlargement of the subject-matter of 
 the book itself, but which does not properly belong to the body of the work. 
 
 The Index or Indexes 
 
 An index is an alphabetical arrangement of the topics contained in the book, 
 together with references to the pages on which they are discussed. An index 
 is a very valuable feature of a book; it is found in one of the following positions: 
 
 a. Usually at the back of a one volume work, rarely at the front. 
 
 b. Usually at the back of the last volume, if the work is in more than one 
 volume. When a set of books consists of many volumes, the index is likely to 
 require most, or all, of the last volume. 
 
 c. More than one index is sometimes desirable. In collections of poems, 
 especially, several indexes are found; one of the titles, another of first lines, 
 another of authors. 
 
 d. Occasionally, though very rarely, an index is placed at the front of a 
 book. 
 
 e. Because a book contains an index, it does not follow that the index is a 
 good one. Many books have no index. 
 
 f . If an index has any special features or abbreviations not common to all 
 indexes, look for a note of explanation at the beginning of the index. 
 
 Specimen Entries of a Variety of Indexes 
 
 The pages which follow contain specimen entries of a variety of indexes 
 taken directly from the books as indicated. If each one is studied in connection 
 with the questions just preceding the specimen entry, an ability to use indexes 
 intelligently will be gained. 
 
 6 
 
Questions Upon the Following Specimen Page of the Index to 
 Introduction to American Literature by Pancoast 
 A Work in One Volume 
 
 1. In which part of this one volume work is the index found? 
 
 2. The entry under "Emerson" follows which entry? 
 
 3. What entry follows "Emerson?" (Note the space required for references 
 under Emerson.) 
 
 4. What is the first page referred to under "Emerson," and what punctua- 
 tion mark follows it? 
 
 5. Which is the first page under "Emerson," followed by a dash? This 
 dash indicates that "Emerson" is the subject considered from what page to 
 what page? Between what pages does the next dash appear? 
 
 6. On what pages are the following topics under "Emerson" discussed: 
 Concord Hymn? American Scholar? Brook Farm? 
 
 7. Find "Europe, influence on American literature," in the index, and give 
 the first pages connected with a dash. Give the second, so connected. 
 
 8. Find "English influence" in the index, and give the pages for consecu- 
 tive reading, as indicated by a dash. 
 
 Specimen entry from the index at the back of 
 Introduction to American Literature by Pancoast 
 
 Copyrighted by Henry Holt & Company. 
 
 Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 
 352, 353, 355, 392; The 
 Deserted Plantation, 353; 
 Study List, 360 
 
 Dimne," Finley Peter, 403 
 
 Dwight, Timothy, 102, 103, 
 105, 106, 110, 111, 146, 
 150, 186; America, 103; 
 Conquest of Canaan, 103; 
 Greenfield Hill, 106 
 
 Dyer, 106 
 
 East, the, 376. See New 
 England; Middle States 
 
 Edgar Euntly, 109, 110 
 
 Education, growth in Amer- 
 ica, 18, 19. 24-26, 28, 33- 
 35, 98, 305, 317, 406 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan, 63-66, 
 72, 82, 91, 103, 115, 212, 
 317; Sinners in the 
 Hands of an Angry God, 
 65; On the Freedom of 
 the Will, 66; Study List, 
 72 
 
 Eggleston, Edward, 385, 
 390 ; Hoosier Schoolmas- 
 ter, 385, 390; Roxy, 385 
 
 Eighty Years' War for 
 Liberty, The. 232 
 
 Eliot, John, 26, 54; Bay 
 Psalm Book, 26, 54 
 
 Elsie Venner, 217 
 
 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 7, 
 11, 66, 143, 151, 156, 160, 
 162, 164-178, 180, 185, 
 190, 198, 202, 204, 211, 
 218, 219, 240-242, 252, 
 264, 297, 307, 308, 311, 
 
 EX 419 
 
 317, 365, 376, 407; place 
 in new era in New Eng- 
 land, 165; Nature, 168, 
 169, 202, 214, 365; lec- 
 turer, 169; Concord 
 Hymn, 169; influence of 
 German philosophy, 
 Wordsworth, and Carlyle, 
 169; The American 
 
 Scholar, 170; The Dial, 
 172; Brook Farm, 172; 
 English Traits, 173, 242; 
 philosophic and religious 
 teacher, 175; inequality 
 of style, 175; epigram- 
 matic sentences, 176; his 
 mission to quicken our 
 spirit, 177; Study List, 
 177 
 
 Emmett, Dan, 354; Dixie, 
 354 
 
 English influence, 69, 71, 77, 
 83-85, 91, 96, 103, 105- 
 109, 119, 130, 146, 163, 
 164, 169, 252, 253, 266, 
 376, 396 
 
 English Literature (Moody 
 and Lovett), 395 
 
 English Novel, The (La- 
 nier), 278 
 
 English Traits, 173, 242 
 
 Ephemera, 91 
 
 Eternal Goodness, The, 227 
 
 Europe, influence on Amer- 
 ican literature, 119, 124, 
 134, 152, 155, 163, 164, 
 173, 178, 179, 181-187, 
 195, 203, 218, 242, 243, 
 288-292, 294, 320, 325, 
 326, 328, 329, 331, 332 
 
Questions Upon the Specimen Page of the Index to 
 
 Life of H. W. Longfellow by Samuel Longfellow 
 
 A Work in Three Volumes 
 
 1. Note carefully the following items: 
 
 The number of the volume is not repeated every time reference is made to 
 it. If no volume is given, the last mentioned volume is implied, and the eye must 
 follow back until the number of the volume is found. References to volume 1 
 comes first; to volume 2, next; and to volume 3 last. 
 
 Longfellow's name is abbreviated "L." throughout the index. 
 
 2. This work is in three volumes. In which volume, and in what part of 
 it, is the index found? 
 
 3. Give the volumes and pages for the following: 
 
 a. First reference under Dickens; "L. entertains." This means that 
 an account of how Longfellow entertained Charles Dickens, is found 
 in what volume and on what page? 
 
 b. Letters to Longfellow from Dickens. (Volume? Page?) 
 
 c. Longfellow describes household and friends of Dickens. (Volume? 
 Page?) 
 
 d. Longfellow on the "Wreck of the Golden Mary." (Volume? Page?) 
 
 e. Third visit of Dickens to America. (Volume? Page?) 
 
 f. Longfellow on the death of Dickens. (Volume? Page?) 
 
 4. Under Darley, Felix, give the volume and page for "illustrates Evange- 
 line." 
 
 5. Under "Divine Tragedy" give the volume and page for "Dr. Bushnell 
 on." 
 
Study the questions which draw out the arrangement of this index to a 
 work in three volumes 
 
 A specimen entry from the index at the back of the last or the third volume of 
 Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow by Samuel Longfellow 
 
 Use of plate granted by the courtesy of the publishers. 
 Copyrighted by Houghton, Mifflin & Company. 
 
 458 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 vises Greene to translate the let- 
 ters of, 60, 72 ; Witte's text of , and 
 Bati'a commentary on, 63 ; help- 
 fulness of L.'s friends in criticising' 
 his translation of, 63 (see " Dante 
 Club"); the geo^aphy of, 67; 
 points of interest occurring- during 
 the reading of, 69, TO, 71, 384; 
 notes of L. on the tenth canto of 
 the "Paradiso" of, 78; notes of 
 L. on, Bnished, 79 ; Ticknor on 
 L.'s translation of, 90; the same 
 published, 53, 88, 93; L. quotes 
 the " Inferno " of, 97 ; dinner given 
 by Ticknor & Fields in honor of 
 the translation of, 99 ; the " Rue 
 du Fouarre " in, 125 ; the Duca 
 di Sermoneta as a student of, 128 ; 
 in exile, 147 ; the gondolier's 
 pamphlet on, 184 ; bits of the 
 coffin of, 204, 392, 401 ; L. quotes, 
 213, 317 ; da Imola's commentary 
 on, 318 ; in Dutch, 388 ; L.'s copy 
 of Lord Vernon's edition of, 400 ; 
 bust of, in L.'s study, 401 ; L. 
 quotes, on translation, 410. 
 
 "Dante Club," the, iii. 62, 63, 65- 
 69, 71, 75. 80, 85, 87, 363 ; sketches 
 of, at work, 62, 381. 
 
 D'Arblay, Madame, iii. 15 ; curious 
 story of, 137. 
 
 Darley, FeUx 0. C, ii. 391, 408, 413 ; 
 UlujJtrates "Evangeline," iii. 75. 
 
 Daveis, Charles Stuart, i. 117. 
 
 Day, each, a " branch of the Tree 
 of Life," iii. 409. 
 
 " Daybreak," translated into Portu- 
 guese, iii. 54. 
 
 " Dead Bird, The, a Ballad," i. 75. 
 
 Dead Sea, T. G. Appleton at the, 
 iii. 249. 
 
 Death of a little daughter, L. on the, 
 ii. 130. 
 
 Death and bereavement, L. on, ii. 
 130 ; iii. 7, 97 ; (sorrows), 408. 
 
 Death-penalty, L. on the, iii. 408. 
 
 *' Decoration Day," iii. 322, 324. 
 
 Deering's Woods, near Portland, fre- 
 quented by L. in boyhood, i. 25 ; 
 referred to in "My Lost Youth," 
 i. 25 ; L. speaks of, ii. 364. 
 
 Demidoff, Count Nikolai, i. 139. 
 
 "Democratic Review," L. contrib- 
 utes to the, i. 407. 
 
 Demosthenes, L. quotes, in regard to 
 presuming visitors, iii. 213. 
 
 Dennett, John Richard, iii. 270. 
 
 De Quincey's " Reminiscences," L. 
 on, ii. 229. 
 
 Derby, Lord, on the English hexam* 
 eter, iii. 57. 
 
 Derby, M. C, ii. 372. 
 
 " Descent of the Muses, The," iiL 265. 
 
 De Vere, Aubray, iii. 113. 
 
 De Vere, Scheie, ii. 320. 
 
 Devereaux Farm, L. describes, ii. 58. 
 
 Dewey, Rev. Orville, i. 247. 
 
 D'Hauranne, Duvergier, iii. 48. 
 
 Dickens, Charles, L. entertains, i. 
 279 ; popularity of, 340 ; second 
 visit of, 414; play in New York 
 ridiculing the reception of, 420; 
 letters to L. from, 4-38, 451 ; L. 
 comments on the " American 
 Notes" of, 440; visit of L. to, in 
 London, 416, 440 ; Forster refei3 
 to, and "Martin Chuzzlewit," ii. 
 7 ; L. describes household and 
 friends of, ii. 9 ; L. on the 
 " Wreck of the Golden Maxy " 
 of, 326 ; third visit of, to Amer- 
 ica, iii.. 100; L. entertains, 100; 
 first reading of, 100; L. on the 
 readings of, 101, 102 ; writes to 
 L. on his birthday, 104; L. visits, 
 at Gad's Hill, 114, 119 ; L. on the 
 dsath of, 149. 
 
 " Dick Moon en France," iiL 18. 
 
 Dictionaries, L. on, ii. ;i54. • 
 
 Disraeli, L. speaks of the " Vivian 
 Grey" of, i. SiSQ; of the "Con- 
 tarini Fleming" of, ii. 23-3; 
 Clough speaks of, 257 ; L.' on the 
 " Lothair" of, iii. 149. 
 
 " Divine Tragedy," L. at work upon, 
 iii. 162. 164 ; publication of, 187, 
 190; Bavard Taylor on, 188; a 
 note of L.'s on, 189, 195; sale of, 
 190 ; Dr. Bushnell on, 192 ; hostile 
 notices of, 193. 
 
 Divinity, L.'s views regarding the 
 study of, i. 54. 
 
 Doane, Caroline, letter from L. to, 
 i. 69. 
 
 Dobson, Austin, poem of, to L., iii. 
 402. 
 
 " Dole," discussion on the word, iiL 
 384. 
 
 Dommett, Alfred, L. on the " Ranolf 
 
 and Amohia"' of, iii. 286. 
 " Don Giovanni," L. on, iL 176, 232. 
 Dor^, Guatave, iii. 3. 
 
Questions Upon the Specimen Page From the Index to 
 England in the Eighteenth Century by Lecky 
 A Work in Eight Volumes 
 
 1. Note carefully the following items: 
 
 • The volume is not repeated after a reference has once been made to it. The 
 eye must sometimes run back for several lines before the volume indicated can be 
 determined. 
 
 The abbreviation "ib." is frequently used in this index. This abbreviation 
 comes from the Latin word "ibidem," meaning in exactly the same place as the 
 last mentioned. (It is often abbreviated "ibid" in other reference books.) 
 
 The abbreviations "sq." and "sqq." are also used in this index. These ab- 
 breviations come from different forms of the Latin word "sequens," which word 
 means "following," "Sq." is singular, and signifies that one page follows the 
 reference; "sqq." is plural, and signifies that more than one follows. Sometimes 
 other forms, which mean practically the same are seen, such as "seq.," "seqq." 
 
 2. Under Whitefield, George, give the abbreviation which follows "among 
 colliers." Give the volume and page indicated in this reference. 
 
 3. Find Whitefield's "eloquence as a popular preacher," and give the ab- 
 breviation which indicates that several pages follow page 617. Reference is 
 made to which volume? 
 
 4. Under Whiteboys, "denounced by Catholic clergy," the reference is to 
 what volume? Does the reference cover as many pages as does "outrages not 
 sectarian," just preceding it? Why? The reference following it, "Protestants 
 among Whiteboys" is followed by the letter "n," referring to a "note." In 
 which volume and on what page does the note appear? 
 
 5. Consult the first column, under "Whigs," near the middle, and give the 
 volume and page for "chief elements of party-aristocracy." 
 
 6. Find, near the end of the entry under "Whigs," "true character of the 
 party," and give the volume and page to which reference is made. 
 
 The entry given below illustrates an index which does not use a dash or 
 sqq. to indicate consecutive reading, but instead uses the letters, "ff," for follow- 
 ing pages. The most important pages are marked by an asterisk (*). 
 
 Name the page, marked by an asterisk (*) on which the fullest account of 
 Plato begins. 
 
 Name two other pages which are followed by "ff," indicating that the ref- 
 erence covers more than two pages. 
 
 Name one page followed by a single "f," indicating that only one page fol- 
 lows. 
 
 Plato, 14, 18, 29, 35, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 
 63, 71*ff., 108ff., 114, 127, 129, 
 136, 138, 151ff., 180, 185, 218f. 
 
 In some indexes the most important pages are printed in heavy type. 
 
 10 
 
Study the questions which draw out the arrangement of this index to a 
 work in eight volumes 
 
 A specimen entry from the index at the back of the last or the eighth volume of 
 England in the Eighteenth Century by Lecky 
 
 Use of plate granted by the courtesy of publishers. 
 Copyrighted by D. Appleton & Company. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 647 
 
 304; removal of duty imposed by 
 England, 336 
 
 Wheat, ijrice of, 1650-1750, i. 363, 
 606 sq. ; later prices, vi, 193, 203 sq. 
 
 Wheelplough: introduced into Ireland 
 by the Palatines, ii. 374 
 
 Whigs : prolonged ascendency, i. 1 ; 
 their main principles, 3; detailed 
 contrast with Tories, 3 ; treatment 
 of press, 4 ; why they carried Sep- 
 tennial Act, 6; policy at Revolu- 
 tion, 11 sqq. ; skilful conduct of 
 leaders, 13 ; origin of name 'Whig,' 
 19 ; difficulties after Revolution, 25; 
 defeat of party on accession of Anne, 
 36 ; preponderance in House of 
 Lords (1703), 38 ; great majority in 
 elections (1705), 41 ; pass a Regency 
 Bill, 43; complete Whig ascendency 
 in ministry, 45; foreign policy of 
 Government, 47 ; party division, 
 54 ; Sacheverell, 55 sqq. ; theory of 
 Government, 67 ; Burnet, 87 ; re- 
 ligious legislation, 101 sqq., 274 sqq.; 
 question of succession, 146; elec- 
 tions of 1713, 158; Tory discord 
 and Whig union, 161 ; conference 
 of leaders with Bolingbroke, 175; 
 Irish Commons violently Whig, 177; 
 triumph at George I.'s accession, 
 183; chief elements of party — ari- 
 stocracy, 184 sqq. ; commercial 
 classes, 203 ; Nonconformists, 319 — 
 party violence, 235; rebellion of 
 1715, 339 sqq. ; consolidation of 
 Whig power,346; conditions favour- 
 ing them, 346 sqq. ; religious legis- 
 lation, 273 sqq. ; repeal of laws 
 against witchcraft, 388 ; reform of 
 Calendar, 389 ; laws against Catho- 
 lics, 390, 397 sqq. ; against Popish 
 dignitaries and friars, 319 sq.; 
 penallawsagainstEnglishCatholics, 
 338 sqq.; Whig schism of 1717, 
 345 ; Walpole, 383, 405 ; cessation 
 of political rivalry (1748-64), 406 ; 
 confusion of party lines, 513 ; na- 
 tural history of the two parties, 513 
 sq. ; Toleration Act (1713), ii. 53 ; 
 disorganisation, 505 ; supremacy 
 broken at death of George II., 565 ; 
 Rockingham's ministry, iii. 100 ; co- 
 alition with Chatham, 130; party 
 vicissitudes, 174 sqq.; inexperienced 
 leaders, 103 ; Reform question, 191 ; 
 distinction between Whig and Radi- 
 cal,337; party opposed Subscription, 
 541 ; divided on religious liberty, 
 544; accession of Fox, 571 ; Ameri- 
 candifficulty,586sj.;allegedoriginof 
 
 party colours, iv. 75; advocacy of 
 American cause, 73 ; attempted fu- 
 sion with Rockingham's party, 95 ; 
 return to power (1783), 220; oli- 
 garchical spirit of Old Whigs, 355 
 disruption, 358; coalition of Fox 
 and North, 392; India bill, 312 
 Absentee tax, 438 ; home fortifica- 
 tions, v. 74 ; Prince of Wales, 84 
 Regency question, 103, 106, 111 ; 
 party ceases to be anti-Catholic, 
 188 ; principles on elective system, 
 197; Whig theory of social con- 
 tract, 345 ; schism wrought by 
 French Revolution, 453 ; secessions 
 from Fox, 506 ; true character of 
 the party, 511; schism increased, 
 vi. 16, 136 ; secessions to Pitt 
 (1794), vii. 33; disputes that fol- 
 lowed, 42 sqq. 
 
 Whig Club, Dublin, vi. 458, 471; 
 Northern Whig Club, Belfast, 463 
 
 Whiteboys: origin, ii. 316, 372, iv. 
 351 ; first proceedings ; character 
 of outrages, 353 ; object, 354 ; mur- 
 ders, 356 ; paralyzed law, 358 ; 
 pseudo - Whiteboys, 359 ; attacks 
 on clergy, 360; outrages not sec- 
 tarian, 361 sqq. ; denounced by 
 Catholic clergy, 365 sg. ; Protestants 
 among Whiteboys, 365 ?i. ; deser- 
 tion of Catholic chapels, 367 ; real 
 causes of outbreak, ib. ; measures 
 against, 369; hunting Whiteboys, 
 370; Whiteboy Act, 1787, vi. 408. 
 See Ireland, 1760-1778 
 
 Whitefleld, George : early life and 
 character, ii. 600; visits Georgia, 
 605; preaching in England, 610; 
 field-preaching, 611 ; among coll- 
 iers, ib.; in London, 613; charac- 
 ter and genius, ib. ; failings, 614 ; 
 position in the Church, 615; elo- 
 quence as a popular preacher, 617 
 sqq. ; effects on his hearers, 631 ; 
 matter of his discourses, 623; in- 
 fluence on religious revival, 684; 
 Calvinism : disputes with Wesley, 
 636 ; esteem for Wesley, ib. ; asceti- 
 cism, 641 ; the earthquake alarm of 
 1750, 647; expeditions to America, 
 653 ; advocated slavery, 654 ; work 
 in Wales, 658 ; in Scotland, 660 ; 
 satirized by Pope, 669 ; influence 
 on upper classes, 670 
 
 White, Richard: first to report ap- 
 
 f roach of Hoehe's expedition to 
 reland, vii. 257 ; made Lord Ban- 
 try for his services, 258 
 Whitworth (ambassador to Russia); 
 
 11 
 
Questions Upon the Specimen Page of the Index to 
 Harvard Classics (Dr. Eliot's Five-Foot Shelf) 
 
 A Work in Fifty Volumes 
 
 1. This work is in fifty volumes. Almost all of the last volume is required 
 for the index. 
 
 2. Note carefully the following items: 
 
 The volume is not repeated every time reference is made to it. 
 
 The references are sub-arranged alphabetically in this index; under "Books," 
 for example, a reference to what "Confucius" says about books is sub-arranged 
 under C, what "Locke" says, under L, etc. 
 
 Volumes are given in Roman numerals, and pages in Arabic numbers. 
 
 A dash between pages indicates the number of pages included in the ref- 
 erence, thus 471-8 would mean from page 471 to page 478. 
 
 3. Give the volumes and pages for the following: 
 
 a. Under Books, sub-alphabetical under "t" find "transcripts of their 
 times" and give volume referred to. Which pages give the longest consecutive 
 reference? 
 
 b. What volume and page is referred to for "prefaces" of books? 
 
 c. Give volume and pages for Locke on books for children. 
 
 d. In the second column of the index, under "Bors, Sir," find volume and 
 pages for "Temptation of." 
 
 e. Under "Borgia, Caesar," find volume and pages for "Guido Ubaldo 
 and." 
 
 12 
 
Study the questions which draw out the arrangement of this index to a 
 work in fifty volumes 
 
 A specimen entry from the index at tiie back of the last or the fiftieth volume of 
 Harvard Classics (Dr. Eliot's Five-foot shelf) 
 
 Use of plate granted by the courtesy of the publishers. 
 Copyrighted by P. F. Collier & Son. 
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 165 
 
 Book, custom of saving by the, 
 XXXV, 387 
 
 Book-keeping (see Accounting) 
 
 Book-Worms, The, vi, 277 
 
 Books, Montaigne's Essay on, xxxii, 
 89-105 
 
 Books, Bacon on, iii, 58; Browne 
 on, 285-6, 289 (24); Carlyle on, 
 XXV, 379, 381, 389-90; censorship 
 of (see Censorship) ; Channing on, 
 xxviii, 349-51; Confucius on, xhv, 
 :o (9); Ecclesiastes on, 354 (12); 
 Emerson on, v, 8-12, 97, 122, 183-4; 
 Epictetus on, ii, 170 (145); 
 Goethe on, xix, 28, 45-6; Heminge 
 on fate of, xxxix, 155; Hobbes 
 on, xxxiv 339-40; Hume on use 
 of, xxxvii, 395 (9) ; Locke on, for 
 children, 140-3; Milton on, iii, 
 202-3, 210-12, 214; Mewman on 
 education by, xxviii, 31-8; Pascal 
 on, xlviii, 123 note 9, 417; Pliny 
 on, ix, 244; prefaces of, xxxix, 3; 
 Rousseau on, xxxiv, 303-4; Ras- 
 kin on, xxviii, 99-1 17. 120-1, 
 130-1, 141; Ruskin on, for girls, 
 155-7; tested by durability, xxxix, 
 218-19; transcripts of their times, 
 433-40> 460-1 (see also Read- 
 ing) 
 
 Boorde, Andrew, verses from^ xxxv, 
 304 note 
 
 Bootes, constellation, xx, 417 note 
 5; mentioned by Homer, xxii, 78 
 
 Booth, M. L., translator of Pascal, 
 xlviii 
 
 Border Ballad, by Scott, xli, 764 
 
 Boreas, Orithea and, xxvii, 284; 
 
 Virgil on, xiii, 79, 140 
 
 ife of "' 
 291, 295-6 
 
 Borghild, wife 
 
 Sigmund, xlix. 
 
 Borgia, Caesar, son of Pope Alex- 
 ander, xxxvi, 15; cruelty of, 56; 
 Countess of Forli and, 75; Guido 
 Ubaldo and, 74; Macaulay on, 
 xxvii, 408-9; Machiavelli on, 
 xxxvi, 24-30; Oliverotto and, 33; 
 troops of, 48 
 Borgia, Lucretia, Lines on Hair 
 
 OF, xli, 929 
 Borgnv, wife of Sigmund (see 
 
 Borghild) 
 Borgny, wife of Vilmund, xlix, 457-9 
 Borgoignon, Nicolas, xxxiii, 263 
 
 note 
 Borgoo, the negroes of, v, 207i8 
 Boric Acid, as antiseptic, xxxviii, 
 
 400-1 
 Born, Bertrand de, in Dante's Hell, 
 
 XX, 120 note 
 Borneil, Giraud de, xx, 255 note 3 
 Bornoos, language of, v, 208 
 Boron, Robert de, xxxv, io8 
 Borromeo, Federigo, in The Be- 
 trothed, xxi, 367-76; Abbondio 
 and, 433-44; Lucia and. 413-18, 
 432; in Milan famine, 477-9. 486; 
 
 in plague, 526, 548-9, 552. 554-S; 
 unnamed and, 377-88 
 
 Borrow, George, and the Gypsies, v, 
 448 
 
 Borrowing, Emerson on, v, 99-100; 
 Shakespeare on, xlvi, 102 
 
 Bors, Sir, in The Holy Grail, at 
 the abbey, xxxv, 181-2; birds, 
 omen of, 172, 181-2; at Carbonek 
 Castle, 218-21; at Carteloise 
 (Tastle, 200-2; chastity of, 168, 
 172; Galahad and, no, 114. 190- 
 I, 218, 225; gentlewoman and, 
 176-7; hermit and, 171-2; lady's 
 champion, 172-5; Lancelot and, 
 226; Lionel and, 176, 183-7; I'er- 
 civale and, 187-8, 225-6; at Sar- 
 ras, 223-4; in ship of Faith, 192, 
 200; temptation of, 178-81; visions 
 of, 173-4, 182; wounded knight 
 rescued by, 207 
 
 Borsiere, Guglielmo, xx, 69 and 
 note 4 
 
 Bortolo, in The Betrothed (see 
 Castagneri), xxi 
 
 Bos, Abbe du, on painting and 
 poetry, xxiv, 54 
 
 Bosanquet, F. C. T., reviser oi 
 Pliny, ix 
 
 Bosola, Daniel de, in Duchess of 
 Malfi, Antonio and, xlvii, 740, 
 746-8, 810-11; Cardinal and, 722- 
 3, 799-800, 805-6, 812-14; Cas- 
 truccio and, 737-8; death of, 815; 
 Delio and, 769; Duchess and, 
 727-8, 739, 741-2, 744, 762-3, 764- 
 7, 773-4. 775-6,^ 777-8o, 785-9. 
 792-3; Ferdinand and, 728-30, 
 756-7. 769. 776-7. 780-1, 789-92. 
 797-8, 814; Julia and, 800-2; old 
 lady and, 738-9, 743-4 
 
 Bosquet, M., on cirripedes, xi, 
 
 Bossu, Le, epic code of, xxxix, 405; 
 
 on heroes of poetry, xiii, 24 
 Bossuet, on Cromwell, xxxix, 396; 
 
 Sainte-Beuve, History of, xxxu, 
 
 131-2; Taine on, xxxix, 452 
 Bostock, Mr., Walton on, xv, 414^ 
 
 422-3 
 Boston Hymn, xiii, 1313-16 
 Boston News-Letter, 1-rankhn on, 
 
 i, 20 
 Boswell, James, remarks on Ltfe 
 
 of Johnson, by, xxvii, 164; Burns 
 
 on, vi, 327 note i ; Thackeray on, 
 
 xxviii, 7 
 Boswell, Robert Bruce, translator 
 
 of PHyEDKA, XXvi. I23 , ^, , 
 
 Botallus, on circulation of blood, 
 
 xxxviii, 98 
 Botany, Emerson on science of, v, 
 
 307; Locke on study of, xxxvii. 
 
 Botany Bay, morality of children 
 of, v, 255 _ . 
 I Botero, Giovanni, xxi, 407 
 
 13 
 
Index of authors. Index of first lines. Index of titles. 
 
 The following specimen pages are taken from the indexes of a book entitled 
 "Every day in the Year," compiled by James Ford. Each one of them indexes 
 a poem by H. C. Banner, entitled "The last of the new year's callers," the first 
 line of which is, "The door is shut — I think the fine old face." 
 
 Consult the "author index" and tell how many other poems by the same 
 author are included in the book. 
 
 All first line indexes are arranged with reference to the very first word of the 
 line, even though that word be an article, as "The," "A," or "An;" words fol- 
 lowing an article are in sub-alphabetical order. Find the first line, "The door 
 is shut, I think the fine old face," in the "index of first lines," and give the page. 
 
 A "title index" always disregards the article. Find the title of this poem, 
 "The last of the new year's callers," in the "title index" and tell how the entry 
 indicates that the title properly begins with "The." 
 
 Specimen Entry from Ford: Every Day in the Year 
 
 Copyrighted by Dodd, Mead & Company 
 
 INDEX OF AUTHORS. 
 
 Addison, Joseph 
 
 Alcott, Louisa M 
 
 Aldrich, Thomas B 
 
 ALEXANDER, Cecil F 
 
 Alston, Joseph Blynth 
 
 Anonymous: 
 
 (From London Punch) . 
 
 (From London Punch), 
 
 (From London Punch) . 
 (From London Punch). 
 
 (.Old Ballad) 
 
 258 
 113 
 
 16 
 17 
 19 
 35 
 37 
 57 
 62 
 89 
 
 100 
 
 {Old Ballad) 115 
 
 135 
 
 (Old Ballad) 143 
 
 (From London Punch) 16G 
 
 108 
 
 179 
 
 (Old Ballad) 188 
 
 (From London Punch) 220 
 
 (Old Ballad) 225 
 
 226 
 
 (Old Ballad) 238 
 
 243 
 
 260 
 
 272 
 
 (Old Ballad) 279 
 
 283 
 
 (From London Spectator) .. . 285 
 
 (Old Ballad) 303 
 
 307 
 
 319 
 
 (From Rivington's Gasette) . . 332 
 
 (From Naval Songster) 345 
 
 (Old Ballad) 351 
 
 354 
 
 367 
 
 387 
 
 410 
 
 (From London Public Opinion) 
 
 413 
 
 417 
 
 (Old Ballad) 418 
 
 Arnold, Edwin 222 
 
 Matthew 4, 54, 92, 99, 197 
 
 Anne 245 
 
 126 
 
 Arnold, 
 Askew, 
 Austin, Alfred 
 
 Aytoun, W. E 
 
 43, 45, 
 
 '5, 123, 168, 256, 287 
 
 301 
 
 Beatty, Pakenham 215, 
 
 Beaumont, Francis 50, 
 
 Becker, Charlotte 
 
 Bell, Maurice 
 
 Bennett, Henry 
 
 Bensell, James Berry 
 
 Benton, Joel 44, 
 
 Betts, Craven L, 15, 16, 
 
 58, 64, 79, 130, 135, 172, 238, 271, 354, 
 
 Bierce, Ambrose 
 
 Blackie, John Stuart 203, 
 
 Boker, George H 
 
 53, 144, 164, 176, 193, 234, 297, 361, 
 
 BolEyn, Anne 
 
 Bouve, Thomas Tracy 
 
 Bo WKER, R. R 
 
 Bowles, William Lisle 
 
 Bridges, Robert 276, 
 
 Brodie, Erasmus H 
 
 Brown, Irene Fowler 
 
 Browne, Francis F 
 
 Browne, H. J. D 
 
 Browne, Irving 
 
 Brownell, Henry Howard 
 
 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett 
 
 48, 136, 170, 210, 217, 
 
 Browning, Robert 7, 104, 134, 
 
 Bryant, Cullen, William 
 
 58, 105, 135, 154, 
 Buckingham, Duke oe. — See George 
 
 Villiers. 
 
 BuNNER, H. C 3, 74, 137, 
 
 Burns, Robert 214, 
 
 Burroughs, Althea S 
 
 Byron, Lord 24, 26, 108, 137, 
 
 164, 172, 201, 205, 237, 244, 248, 273, 
 
 276, 307, 320, 323, 332, 362, 363, 403, 
 
 417 
 354 
 
 405 
 
 Campbell, Thomas 102, 335, 393 
 
 Carman, Bliss 9, 358 
 
 Carryl, Guy Wetmore 282 
 
 Gary, Phoebe Ill, 273 
 
 Case, Rev. W 338 
 
 Churchill, Charles 395 
 
 Clare, John 167 
 
 Clarke, Joseph I. C 27, 52, 346 
 
 Coleridge, Hartley 99, 343 
 
 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 192, 256, 288 
 
 Collins, Mortimer 101 
 
 Collins, William 290 
 
 Collyer, Robert 339 
 
 Cone, Joe 88. 190, 318 
 
 CooLBRiT'H, In A D 202, 274 
 
 14 
 
Specimen Entry from 
 Ford: Every Day in the Year 
 
 Copyrighted by Dodd, Mead & Company 
 
 INDEX OF FIRST LINES. 
 
 429 
 
 Queen of the lute and lay! whose song of yore, 
 
 163. 
 Quietly, like a child, 265. 
 
 Rare 
 
 the last from vernal Hellas sent, 
 
 "Read out the names!" and Burke sat back, 52. 
 Rear high thy bleak majestic hills, 250. 
 Remember us poor Mayers all! 143. 
 Revered, beloved — O you that hold, 172. 
 Rhymers and writers of our day, 316. 
 Rid of the World's injustice, and his pain, 59. 
 Right on our flank the crimson sun went down; 
 
 63. 
 Ring out, wild bells, to the wild sky, 421. 
 Ring the bells, nor ring them slowly; 271. 
 Rise, honest Muse! and sing the Man of Ross: 
 
 see. 
 
 Roll forth my song, like the rushing river, 209. 
 Roman Virgil, thou that singest Ilions lofty 
 
 temples robed in fire, 317. 
 Round Quebec's embattled walls, 420. 
 Santa Ana came storming, as a storm might 
 
 come; 70. 
 Sambre and Maese their waves may join; 299. 
 Scarce grown to womanhood, to die a Queen! 
 
 220. 
 Scots, wha hae wi* Wallace bled — 215. 
 Sea-king's daughter from over the sea, 77. 
 Secure in his prophetic strength, 379. 
 Shade of our greatest, O look down today! 233. 
 Shake off your heavy trance, 50. 
 Shall pride a heap of sculptured marble raise, 
 
 89. 
 Shall I strew on thee rose or rue or laurel, 
 
 296. 
 She has gone to the bottom! the wrath of the 
 
 Tide, 207. 
 "She is dead" they say; "she is robed for the 
 
 grave; there are lilies upon her breast; 
 
 249. 
 She is far from the land where her young hero 
 
 sleeps, 315. 
 Shout for the mighty men, 268. 
 Shut fast the door! Let not one vulgar din, 
 
 Silence and Solitude may hint, 152. 
 
 Silent it stands, the shrine within whose walls, 
 
 220. 
 Since thou art dead, Clifton, the world may 
 
 see, 354. 
 Sing, bird, on green Missouri's plain, 272. 
 Sing out, and with rejoicing bring, 414. 
 Sir, I desire you to do me right and justice; 
 
 211. 
 So fallen! so lost! the light withdrawn, 73. 
 So fell our statesman — for he stood sublime, 
 
 17. 
 Some in the promise of an early prime, 166. 
 Some opulent force of genius, soul and race, 
 
 44. 
 Son of the Brittannia's isle, 29. 
 Souls of the patriot dead, 197. 
 Spain's hour has struck. No more her flag, 
 
 130. 
 Spare all who yield; alas, that we must pierce 
 
 one English heart for England! 215 
 Spruce Macaronis, and pretty to see, 289. 
 Sprung from the blood of Israel's scattered 
 
 race, 4. 
 ,St. Anthony at church. 19. 
 St Patrick, slave to Milcho of the herds, 1. 
 St. Stephen's cloistered hall was proud, 337. 
 "Stack Arms!" We gladly heard the cry, 112. 
 
 Stand! the ground's your own, my braves! 
 
 204. 
 States are not great, 342. 
 Statesman, I thank thee! and, if yet dissent, 
 
 15. 
 Steadfast as sorrow, fiery sad, and sweet, 81. 
 Still and dark along the sea, 287. 
 Still onward swept the hurricane of strife, 
 
 400. 
 Stop Christian passers-by — stop child of God, 
 
 255. 
 Stop, Mortal! Here thy brother lies — 390. 
 Straight to his heart the bullet crushed; 127. 
 Sturdy saint militant, stout genial soul, 35. 
 Sweet heart, that no taint of the throne or the 
 
 stage, 372. 
 "Sweet is the holiness of Youth" — so felt, 
 
 235. 
 Sweet scented flowers on beauty's grave, 93. 
 Swift to the dust descends each honored name, 
 
 68. 
 Sunset and evening star, 329. 
 Take away that star and garter — 123. 
 Take back into thy bosom. Earth, 147. 
 Tell ye the story far and wide, 88. 
 That Charles himself might chase, 33. 
 That high-gifted man, 237. 
 
 Then came a bloody battle in the clouds — 384. 
 The actor's dead, and memory alone, 192. 
 The angel came by night, 411. 
 The banner of freedom high floated unfurled, 
 
 351. 
 The bark that held a prince went down, 386. 
 The billowy headlands swiftly fly, 90. 
 The boy stood on the burning deck, 262. 
 The branches creaked on the garret roof, 47. 
 The breaking waves dashed high, 408. 
 The castle_ clock had tolled midnight, 33. 
 The captain of the Shannon came sailing up 
 
 the bay, 187. 
 The cold hands call upon abysmal Gloom: 
 
 141. 
 The Danube to the Severn gave, 310. 
 The door is shut — I think the fine old face, 
 
 S. 
 The fan no longer flutters, 327. 
 The figure that thou here seest put, 134. 
 The first great fight of the war is fought! 142. 
 The forest leaves lay scattered cold and dead, 
 
 343. 
 The fourteenth of July had come, 243. 
 The ghostly wind of Weber's northern pines, 
 
 65. 
 "The glorious days of September, 298. 
 The guardian pines upon the hill, 300. 
 The guns are hushed. On every field once 
 
 flowing, 180. 
 The heart of Merrie England sang in thee, 
 
 351. 
 The heart leaps with the pride of their storv, 
 
 229. 
 The last and greatest Herald of Heaven's 
 
 King, 217. 
 The lightning rends the goodly tree, 97. 
 The Man who fiercest charged in fight, 157. 
 The morning of the launch was fair and 
 
 bright, 138. 
 Thy marvelous genius, perfect as the sun, 
 
 242. 
 The news frae Moidart cam' yestreen, 262. 
 The New- World's sweetest singer! Time may 
 
 lay, 64. 
 The play is done — the curtain drops, 415. 
 
 16 
 
Specimen Entry from 
 Ford: Every Day in the Year 
 
 Copyrighted by Dodd, Mead & Company 
 
 436 
 
 INDEX OF TITLES. 
 
 In Memoriam — J. O A. B. Watrous 
 
 In Memoriam — Prince Leopold 
 
 H. Halloran 
 In Memory of Barry Cornwall 
 
 A. C. Swinburne 
 In Memory of I^ewis Carroll 
 
 From London Punch 
 In Memory of Walter Savage Landor 
 
 A. C. Sv.inburne 
 In the Land Where We Were 
 
 Dreaming D. B. Lucas 
 
 In the Round Tower at Jhansi 
 
 C. G. Rossetti 
 
 Inkerman R. C. Trench 
 
 Inscription for a Monument at 
 
 Vimeiro R. Southey 
 
 International Episode, An C. Duer 
 
 I Remember, I Remember T. Hood 
 
 Ivry T. B. Macaulay 
 
 J. B H. C. Bunner 
 
 Jackson at New Orleans W. Rice 
 
 Fames McCosh R. Bridges 
 
 Jefferson Davis H. L. Peck 
 
 fena F. S. Saltus 
 
 [ohn A. Andrews L. C. Moulton 
 
 fohn Brown Ironquill 
 
 fohn George Nicolay R. IV. Gilder 
 
 John Henry Newman E. Gosse 
 
 John Mitchell /. B. O'Reilly 
 
 Toseph Rodman Drake F. Halleck 
 
 Fudas The Second F. S. Saltus 
 
 Kearsarge, The J. J. Roche 
 
 Keats C. L. Belts 
 
 Keats E. H. Brodie 
 
 Keenan's Charge G. P. Lathrop 
 
 Kidnapping of Sims, The J. Pierpont 
 
 Killing of Macbeth (Macbeth, Act 
 
 \', Scene 8) W. Shakespeare 
 
 Kilmarnock's Lament Old Ballad 
 
 King Henry V at Harfleur (Henry 
 
 V, Act III, Scene l)..If'. Shakespeare 
 Kinship of the Celt, The.../. /. C. Clarke 
 
 Kitchen May-Dav Song Old Ballad 
 
 Kitty Clive C. Churchill 
 
 Lady Franklin Elisabeth Whittier 
 
 Lady Penelope Clifton F. Beaumont 
 
 Lament for Sir Philip Sidney, ilf. Roy den 
 Lament of Anne Boleyn on the F;ve 
 
 of Her Execution A. Boleyn 
 
 Lamentable Ballad of the Bloody 
 
 Brook, The E. E. Hale 
 
 Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in 
 
 New England, The F. Hemans 
 
 Last Ccesar, The T. B. Aldrich 
 
 Last of the New Year's Callers, The 
 
 H. C. Bunner 
 
 Latimer and Ridley W. Wordsworth 
 
 Laud W. Wordsworth 
 
 Laundhing of Cortez' Ships, The 
 
 (From "The Conquest of Mexico") 
 
 K. Cornwallis 
 
 Laus Deo 7. G. Whittier 
 
 Lay of the Brave Cameron, The 
 
 /. S. Blackie 
 
 Lead, Kindly Light J. H. Newman 
 
 Leconte de Lisle E. Gosse 
 
 Leonidas G. Croly 
 
 Lillian Adelaide Neilson C. Scott 
 
 Little Church Round the Corner, The 
 
 A. B. Lancaster 
 
 Little Dead Prince, A D. M. Craik 
 
 Lines P. B. Shelley 
 
 Lines on a Late Hospicious Ewent 
 
 W. M. Thackeray 143 
 Lines on the Death of Gen. Joseph 
 
 Reed P. Freneau 68 
 
 Lines on the Death of Sheridan. T. Moore 237 
 Lines on the Prince of Wales 
 
 H. Frederick 56 
 
 Lines Upon Himself R. Herrick 341 
 
 Logan at Peach Tree Creek.. H. Garland 250 
 
 Lohengrin A. E. Watrous 291 
 
 Longfellow C. L. Betts 64 
 
 Lord Chatham W. Cowper 159 
 
 Loss of the Birkenhead, The.F. H. Doyle 63 
 Loss of the Emigrants, The 
 
 J. B. O'Reilly 101 
 
 Loss of the Eurydice, The E. Gosse 94 
 
 Lost Leader, The R. Broivning 104 
 
 Louis Napoleon Oscar Wilde 188 
 
 Louisa May Alcott L. C. Moulton 70 
 
 M. Carnot's Death J. I. Ingham 215 
 
 Madame Roland Anon 367 
 
 Madcap April T. Jenks 101 
 
 Mahogany Tree, The...H^. M. Thackeray 414 
 
 Mahomet S. T. Coleridge 192 
 
 Man of Ross, The A. Pope 366 
 
 Manila Bay H. E. W., Jr. 142 
 
 Manassas C. M. Warfield 253 
 
 Man's Name, A R. Realf 39 
 
 Marathon (From "Childe Harold") 
 
 Lord Byron 323 
 
 Marco Bozzaris Fits-Green Halleck 280 
 
 Mario F. S. Saltus 399 
 
 Martyrdom of St. Lucy, The Neale 401 
 
 Martyrdom of the Archbishop of 
 
 Paris, The J. M. Neale 218 
 
 Mary Queen of Scots.... H^. Wordsworth 163 
 
 Maryland Battalion, The. .J. W. Palmer 289 
 
 Massacre at Scio, The W. C. Bryant 105 
 
 Maximilian J. G. Saxe 206 
 
 Memorial Dav Cy. Warman 181 
 
 Men Behind the Guns, The. .7. 7. Rooney 230 
 
 Men of Monomoy, The 7. Cone 88 
 
 Men of the Merrimac, The...C. Scollard 189 
 Men of the North and West 
 
 R. H. Stoddard 117 
 
 Mercedes T. W. Parsons 220 
 
 Michael Angelo Buonarotti. .C. P. Cranch 71 
 
 Michael the Archangel D. M. Craik 324 
 
 Miles Keoghs' Horse 7. Hay 219 
 
 Millais's "Huguenots" From the 
 
 London Spectator 285 
 
 Milton E. Myers 396 
 
 Milton C. L. Betts 396 
 
 Milton's Sonnets 7. Milton 397 
 
 Minute Men of Northboro, The..H>'. Rice 129 
 
 Mirabeau Dying W. R. Wallace 103 
 
 Miss Nightingale A. Smith 163 
 
 Mollie Pitcher K. B. Sherwood 221 
 
 Montefiorc A. Bierce 349 
 
 Monterey C. F. Hoffman 321 
 
 Montgomery at Quebec C. Scollard 420 
 
 Mother and Poet E. B. Browning 48 
 
 Mozart's Requiem F. Hemans 394 
 
 Mrs. Hemans B. Hallock 163 
 
 Murder of Darnley, The (From 
 
 "Bothwell") W. E. Aytoun 43 
 
 Murder of Riccio, The W. E. Aytoun 76 
 
 Murder of the Princes in the Tower 
 
 (Rich. Ill, Act IV, Scene 3) 
 
 W. Shakespeare 279 
 
 Nameless One, The 7. C. Mangan 209 
 
 Napoleon R. W. Gilder 152 
 
 Napoleon F. S. Saltus 278 
 
 16 
 
Questions for 
 Parts of a Book 
 
 Student's name Per cent 
 
 Teacher's name Hour reciting Date 
 
 Have you read the directions on the back of this cover? Answer yes or no. 
 
 1 — a. Where is the copyright date usually entered in a book? 
 
 b. From what office, located where, is a copyright secured? 
 
 c. For how long a time does a copyright protect the owner, and what does it cost? 
 
 d. If the date below the publisher's name is later than the copyright date, has the book as a 
 whole been revised, or merely reprinted at the later date? 
 
 2 — In what part of a book does an author usually state his reasons for writing it? 
 
 10 — Are maps and illustrations usually in alphabetical order, or in the order in which they appear 
 in the book? 
 
 11 — Which should one consult, the Table of contents, or the index, for: 
 
 a. A general outline of the subject treated in a book? 
 
 b, A page for some item in the book? 
 
 12 — One reference from the specimen page of the index to Lecky's England in the eighteenth 
 century reads as follows: 
 
 Whitefieid, George: early life and character; II: 600; visits Georgia, 605; in Londoii, 
 613; character and genius, ib. 
 Give the volume and page for the last reference. 
 
 3 — Where is the index usually placed when the work is in : -o 
 
 a. One volume? -, 
 
 c 
 
 b. In two or more volumes (unless the set is very large)? -o 
 
 c. In a work of an unusually large number of volumes? ^ 
 
 "3 
 x: 
 4 — Is an index ever found at the front of a volume? 
 
 5 — Is an index always in one alphabet, or are there sometimes separate indexes for separate topics? 
 
 6 — If an index refers to pages in Roman numerals, would the reference be likely to be found in the ^ 
 front of the book, or in the main body of the book? ^ 
 
 '« 
 
 7 — James Rowland Sill's poem entitled "The Fool's Prayer," the first line of which is "The royal %. 
 
 feast was done," is in a number of collections of poems. To what word in alphabetical 
 order should one turn to find the poem through : 23 
 
 a. At tie index? b. An author index? c. A first line index? .S 
 
 8— What do the following mean? g, 
 
 a. ib. (or ibid) 4) 
 
 b. sq. (sometimes seq.; plural sqq., sometimes seqq.), also f. (plural ff.) a» 
 
 Q 
 
 c. What is sometimes used between pages to show that the reference includes all the inter- E 
 
 vening pages? g 
 
 © 
 
 9 — If an index has some special features or abbreviations not common to all indexes, where are "O 
 they usuallj' explained? S 
 
Directions for Using 
 Perforated Page of Questions and Key 
 
 Which appear on the reverse side of this cover 
 
 The questions which appear on the reverse side of this cover, on a perforated 
 colored sheet, are not difficult, detailed or "catchy." They are intended to 
 emphasize important points and to systematize the work for class records. The 
 answers, which can easily be given after the text has been carefully read, should 
 be written, from memory, in the blank spaces under the questions, preferably in 
 class time unless directed to do otherwise by the one in charge of the work. 
 
 The perforated sheet should be torn out in the presence of the one conduct- 
 ing the class and only after it has been filled in. When directed to remove the 
 questions, insert pencil in the hole and rip around the perforated edges. 
 
 A key, by means of which the work can be checked, is printed on the cover 
 under the question page, but is not revealed until after the question page is 
 removed. This key consists of the same questions, with the correct answer 
 to each printed below it. 
 
 The value of each question, on the scale of 100, is indicated after the answer 
 in the key. By means of this key, students could correct their own or each 
 other's work in a few moments, in case the librarian or teacher could not take 
 the extra time to do so. 
 
 If the one who corrects the paper finds an incorrect answer, the amount to be 
 deducted should be placed on the outer right-hand margin, near the mistake. 
 These amounts should be added, the sum subtracted from 100, and the result 
 placed after the word "Per cent." at the top of the sheet. 
 
 The questions are asked in such a way as to admit of very little variety in the 
 wording of the answers. However, if the wording of a written answer is mani- 
 festly correct, and perfectly clear, but not exactly like the printed answer, of 
 course no deduction should be made. Do not deduct for spelling, nor for 
 abbreviated statements if they are perfectly clear. 
 
 If the one who corrects a paper marks a question wrong which the writer 
 considers correct, the two should examine the key together, or ask advice from 
 the one in charge of the class. 
 
Reference Guides 
 
 That Should be Known and 
 How to Use Them 
 
 By 
 Florence M. Hopkins 
 
 Librarian 
 
 Central High School and Junior College 
 
 Detroit, Michigan 
 
 This Pamphlet Pertains to 
 Atlases — City Directories — Gazetteers 
 
 TIME REQUIRED 
 Two class periods and 
 Preparation of one lesson 
 
 THE WILLARD COMPANY 
 
 479 SIXTH STREET 
 
 DETROIT ' MICHIGAN 
 
Copyright 
 
 by 
 
 FLORENCE M. HOPKINS 
 
 19 19 
 
Foreword 
 
 This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
 series constitutes a second edition of "Reference guides that should be known and 
 how to use them," which first appeared in 1916 as a text book for high and normal 
 schools. 
 
 The revision treats important phases of reference work in separate pamphlets, 
 thus making it possible to grade the work, or to select the pamphlets best fitted to 
 meet individual needs. Generally speaking, any one of the pamphlets can be 
 completed in two class periods plus time for the preparation of one lesson be- 
 tween recitations. 
 
 The entire course could be completed by advanced students in five or six 
 weeks of one class and study period per day. The work can also be scattered 
 in different years. If one subject per term were given in consecutive order to 
 English classes, in high schools, beginning with^the B8 of junior high and ex- 
 tending through the A12 of senior high, the work could be covered in two or 
 three class and study periods per term; or, if familiarity with reference books is 
 desired early in the school course, the most important subjects could be crowded 
 into the early high school grades. The order in which the subjects of the pamph- 
 lets are listed below suggests a logical sequence, whether the work is given 
 slowly or rapidly or to lower or to upper grade students. 
 
 1 — Webster's New International Dictionary 
 
 2 — New Standard Dictionary 
 
 3 — Encyclopaedias 
 
 4 — Parts of a book 
 
 5 — Atlases; city directories; gazetteers 
 
 6— Concordances 
 
 7 — Library classification and card catalogue 
 
 8 — Indexes to periodical literature 
 
 9 — Year-books 
 10 — Commercial indexes 
 11 — Important publications of city, state and federal governments 
 
 The inclusion of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes 
 it possible for each student to follow all illustrative examples without making a 
 trip to a library and waiting to have access to the complete reference work. 
 No library will furnish a sufficient number of copies of expensive reference 
 books to supply large classes adequately for detailed study; neither could a 
 library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as badly worn and 
 marked as they would become if many students were required to consult them for 
 prepared lessons. 
 
Experie^aee' has pto^f/^d' tbkt the best results can be obtained if the work is 
 begun inr^guiar ;cIass;recitatiohs by a librarian or a teacher reading the text 
 with thcoliasfe.' - "ifc'ondWt'e'din'c'his way, no previous preparation will be neces- 
 sary, either by the class or by the one who conducts it. As the reading of the 
 text proceeds, it will be seen that important features of the reference books studied 
 are emphasized by referring to the sample pages embodied in the text. With a 
 little class direction of this kind the students can readily see the plan of the text, 
 and can finish any unread pages independently as an assigned lesson for the next 
 recitation. In classes composed of advanced students, or in cases of absence, 
 the entire work could be done independently. 
 
 The questions on the colored page fastened on the inside of the last cover 
 are designed to emphasize important points and to systematize the work for 
 class records. Blank spaces are left under the questions for the answers. 
 When the questions are assigned as a lesson to be prepared out of class, and 
 the answers are written from memory in the blank spaces during the class 
 recitation following, the points are more thoroughly impressed than they are 
 when the answers are written before coming to class, while having direct access 
 to the text. 
 
 A key, giving the answer to each question, together with its value on the 
 scale of 100, will be found underneath the question sheet when it is removed. 
 By means of this key, students can correct their own or another's work in 
 a few minutes of class time, in case the librarian or teacher cannot give 
 extra time to do so. 
 
 Schools which ask a leading reference question in final examinations find 
 that students give more attention to the work and therefore learn to value its 
 importance. 
 
 The following paragraphs are taken from the 
 Foreword of the First Edition 
 
 Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
 lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
 "Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools," from the 
 United States Bureau of Education, 1914 — No. 34. 
 
 Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
 have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
 "book-using skill." 
 
 The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
 
 increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
 
 the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 
 
 Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 
 
 and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. 
 
 Every new student should be required to take 
 some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
 handling of library tools. .... Such a course, more- 
 over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
 of the work required for a degree. 
 
 2 
 
Atlases: City Directories: Gazetteers 
 
 The preparation of maps and atlases is a feature by itself in book publishing. 
 Special atlases for particular subjects, and general atlases for ordinary use are 
 needed. We, therefore, have atlases for astronomy; railroads; history; commerce; 
 and many other subjects, as well as an infinite number of maps for the world; 
 different countries; different sections of a country; counties; cities; road maps. 
 
 An Atlas Index 
 
 An atlas index guides one to the location of the desired place on the map by 
 means of letters and numbers; or, in geographical atlases, frequently by longi- 
 tude and latitude. 
 
 Indexes of places are arranged under different alphabetical plans in different 
 atlases, as: 
 
 a. At the back of the atlas; all places in one general alphabetical order. 
 
 b. On the back of a map; places on that map only. 
 
 c. On the margins of a map; places on that map only. 
 
 Rand, McNally and Company have allowed a section of their map 
 of Mississippi, in their New imperial atlas, to be slightly adjusted and 
 reproduced for the purpose of illustrating the plan upon which an atlas index is 
 arranged. Notice that capital letters appear at the top and at the bottom mar- 
 gins of the map, a little over an inch apart, and that numbers appear at the right 
 and at the left margins. (As this is a section of a map, the capital letters at the 
 top of the complete map are pushed down.) By means of letters and numbers, 
 the location of any place on the map can be found. Find the town of "Grafton" 
 by looking within a radius of about an inch from the point where an imaginary 
 line from "G" at the top to "G" at the bottom, would cross an imaginary line 
 from "8" at the right, to "8" at the left. The spot cannot always be exactly 
 located, but by looking in all directions near the intersection of lines as indicated 
 the place can be found. Find the following: 
 
 1. Mathews H-7 3. Dexter: Longitude 90 Latitude 31 
 
 2. Folsom D-9 4. Farnell 1-9 
 
 Which gives a closer guide, longitude and latitude, or letters and numbers? 
 
 A specimen entry of the alphabetical index to the complete atlas is repro- 
 duced. This index Usts places in alphabetical order and indicates on what map 
 they can be located. The first Princeton mentioned is in what state? The last 
 Princeton mentioned, which is just above Princeton Depot, is in what state? 
 How are the states sub-arranged? The population is given at the left of the 
 names. What was the population of Princeton, Nebraska, when this map was 
 published? Find Prentiss, Mississippi, in the index and locate it on the map. 
 
 Though an atlas index usually gives population, it does not give such items 
 as the length of a river, the height of a mountain, the area of a state. 
 
specimen Entry from 
 
 Rand-McNally: New Imperial Atlas of the World 
 
 Adapted from Section of Map of Mississippi 
 
 Copyright : Rand-McNally & Company 
 
 
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specimen Entry from the Index to the 
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Historical and Classical Atlases 
 
 An atlas which is intended to show the possessions of different nations at 
 different periods of history is called an "historical atlas." The dark portion of 
 the following map shows what territory the Roman Empire controlled at its 
 greatest extent. What was Spain called when it was part of the Roman Empire? 
 What was France called? 
 
 If an atlas is called "Classical," the maps relate to ancient history only, 
 especially to that of Greece and Rome. 
 
 Specimen Entry 
 
 from 
 
 Historical Maps in the Century Atlas 
 
 '---1 y.^-M,, 
 
 ^^^^—^ 
 
City Maps: Illustrated by Washington, D. C. 
 
 The streets of a city map are usually indexed in a manner similar to the plan 
 used for places in a general atlas. A map of the city of Washington, D. C, is 
 reproduced to illustrate this feature. By means of the letters and numbers 
 given in the index under "Points of interest" on the left-hand margin, find on 
 the following map: 
 
 "Executive mansion" ("White House") and tell what Department Building 
 is on the east side of it, and what is on the west side. 
 
 United States Capitol and tell what long avenue connects it with the "White 
 House." 
 
 Bureau of Engraving and Printing, where postage stamps are made, and tell 
 what street is on the west side of it. 
 
 The city is divided into north-east, north-west, south-east and south-west 
 sections with reference to the Capitol. Beginning just north of the Capitol, the 
 streets which run east and west are lettered A, B, C, etc., as far as M, and are 
 distinguished as north. Corresponding streets south of the Capitol are also 
 lettered from A to M in exactly the same way, and are distinguished as south. 
 Streets running north and south are numbered from First street up, beginning on 
 both the east and the west sides of the Capitol, and are distinguished as east or 
 west. Most of the main avenues are named for states. 
 
 By consulting the index of streets, on the right-hand margin of the map, 
 find: "C" street north of the Capitol, and "C" street south of the Capitol, and 
 tell which is the longer street. 
 
 Find Massachusetts Av., and tell what railroad station is near the eastern 
 end. 
 
 Arrangement of City Directories: Illustrated by Washington, D. C. 
 
 R. L. Polk & Company : Directories 
 
 Information contained in a city directory is usually classified under four 
 main sections, as follows: 
 
 1. "Miscellaneous information,^' giving such points as: location of schools, 
 hospitals, city offices, churches, et cetera. This section is usually placed in the 
 front of the directory and is preceded by an index. 
 
 2. Residents of the city, in alphabetical order by surnames. This con- 
 stitutes the main portion of the directory. 
 
 3. Street and avenue guide, in alphabetical order, by street names, sub- 
 arranged by house numbers; intersecting streets are also indicated. 
 
 4. Business directory, arranged alphabetically under name of business 
 carried on in the city, as: grocers, druggists, lawyers, dentists. 
 
 7 
 
A Map of the City 
 
 Copyright : Rand 
 
 Chut Open 
 
 
 
 Mc?ber*on So. 
 
 
 ~*?Kt, 
 
 ""3 1 
 
 SLT.",: 
 
 Supreme Court 
 
 '•'.■,S,"*i., 
 
 _JUUL^ 
 
 S^ 
 
 UDSD 
 
 
 
 
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 s ^ osja^^Sggi^OT 
 
 Main Portion of 
 
 WASHINGTON, D.C 
 
 SCALE 
 
 Statute Miles. 
 
Washington, D. C. 
 
 Nally & Company 
 
 DDDDDC^ 
 
 INPlllI MP..<U. 1 -n.r^ Coi.v tntloo 
 
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 STREETS. 
 
 A p» 
 
 ^:::::::::::::eS 
 
 c .n« 
 
 California. ..K 3 
 
 Canal 16 
 
 Capitol J 3 
 
 Carroll K6 
 
 Chicago L3 
 
 CoUax Kl 
 
 D G4 
 
 D U7 
 
 De Frees... .J 2 
 Ddawareavc.I9 
 
 De Sales Dl 
 
 E F3 
 
 E H7 
 
 East Capitol .L 5 
 EightecnlU..Cl 
 
 Eighth 07 
 
 KIJ«4«e.....D 4 
 
 Eleventh F7 
 
 F F3 
 
 F 118 
 
 Fen ton pi K I 
 
 Fifth LI 
 
 Fifteenth E6 
 
 First J* 
 
 First K 5 
 
 Fourth Pi 
 
 Fourth L 1 
 
 Four and one 
 
 half. 1 7 
 
 F3 
 
 G II 8 
 
 H i; 2 
 
 H lis 
 
 Heckman....K T 
 
 1 E2 
 
 I H8 
 
 Indiana ave... I 4 
 Jackson .. ..K2 
 JohQ Marshall 
 
 pl...I4 
 
 K .....El 
 
 K H9 
 
 L Vi 
 
 h..-. H» 
 
 l.lpworth pl..F6 
 Louisiana ave. 
 
 G4 
 Lower Water A 4 
 
 M GL 
 
 M H» 
 
 Maine ave H 6 
 
 Market HI 
 
 Maryland ave. 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 ave... J 3 
 •Missouri ave.H 5 
 
 Myrtle K2 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 AS 
 
 New Jersey ave. 
 
 New York ...G 2 
 Nineteenth.. CS 
 
 Ninth G7 
 
 Ohio ave E4 
 
 Parker L2 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 ave..F4 
 Pennsylvania L 6 
 Post Office. ..F 4 
 
 Pierce I I 
 
 Kobln80n....H9 
 
 School H7 
 
 Second 13 
 
 Second L t' 
 
 Seventeenth .D a 
 
 Seventh H7 
 
 Sixth H7 
 
 Tenth G7 
 
 Third 13 
 
 Third LI 
 
 Thirteen and 
 
 one half ..F 4 
 Thirteenth. ..F 6 
 Thomas ave. .El 
 
 Twelfth F7 
 
 Twentieth ...B3 
 Twenty-first -BS 
 Twenty-fourth 
 
 Al 
 Twenty-second 
 
 Twemy-thlrd 
 
 Upppr'vVftter A« 
 
 VIrelnIa G« 
 
 ■Washington 
 
 ave..A» 
 Water Q 8 
 
Miscellaneous Information 
 
 The Washington city directory does not require a special page for "Index 
 to miscellaneous information' as the "Table of contents" answers the purpose. 
 Consult the specimen page of the "Table of contents," which follows, and tell on 
 what page in the directory one could find : 
 
 Homes and Hospitals Churches 
 
 Public Schools Newspapers 
 
 Art Galleries Parks 
 
 List of Residents in City Directories 
 
 The main part of a city directory is taken up with a list of its residents 
 arranged in alphabetical order under surnames, and followed by occupations and 
 addresses. A specimen page of this familiar feature of a directory is not inserted. 
 
 Street and Avenue Guide in City Directory 
 
 Following the names of residents in a city directory, the names of the streets 
 are given in alphabetical order. Under the streets, the house numbers are given 
 in numerical order, and cross streets are indicated where they intersect. 
 
 A specimen entry from the "Street and Avenue Guide" of the Washington 
 city directory follows. Consult it at the top of the first column, under Penn- 
 sylvania Av., and notice that the section of the city referred to is "N. W." 
 meaning North West. Give the following: 
 
 Name of the street which intersects just before 1200, that is, between num- 
 bers 1113 and 1200. 
 
 The municipal building is located at the corner of Thirteen and One-half 
 street and Pennsylvania Av. What offices are in the following rooms of the 
 building: 2, 527? 
 
 What widely known mansion is between Fifteenth and Seventeenth streets? 
 
 What hotel is on a corner near number 1349 on Pennsylvania Av.? 
 
 What business is located at 1227? 
 
 Business Directory in City Directories 
 
 An alphabetical list of the kinds of business carried on in a city follows the 
 street and avenue guide in city directories. Consult the specimen page from this 
 section of the Washington city directory, and give: 
 
 The first hotel mentioned, which is near the bottom of column 1; the last 
 hotel mentioned. How are the names sub-arranged? 
 
 On what street, in the north-western section of the city, is the Dewey hotel? 
 
 How many firms are engaged in hot water heating? 
 
 What section of the directory gives a list of hospitals? 
 
 Who deals in hops at 517 Metropolitan Bank Building? 
 
 10 
 
specimen Entry from 
 
 Table of Contents of the Washington, D. C, City Directory 
 
 Indexing Miscellaneous Information 
 
 R. L. Polk & Company 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 ABBBEVIATIONS XOl 
 
 Agricultural Department 28 
 
 Apartimebt Houses 1856 
 
 Art Galleries 38 
 
 Asylums, Infirmaries, etc 61 
 
 Banks and Trust Companies 38 
 
 Bar Association 68 
 
 B P O Elks 83 
 
 Building Associations 41 
 
 Bureau of Education 36 
 
 Bureau of Engraving and Printing. . 18 
 Bureau of Public Health and Marine 
 
 Hospital Service 20 
 
 Business Associations 42 
 
 BrSlNESS DIRECTORY 1853 
 
 Catbolic Benevolent Societies 42 
 
 Cemeteries '. » 44 
 
 Charitable Societies 44 
 
 Churches 45 
 
 Circuit Court 33 
 
 Citizens Associations 55 
 
 Civil Service Commission ."2 
 
 Clubs 56 
 
 Coast and Geodetic Survey 31 
 
 Colleges and Universities 57 
 
 Commissioners D C 34 
 
 CONGRESSIONAL DIRECTORY .... 89 
 
 Congressional Library 68 
 
 Corcoran Gallery of Art 38 
 
 Court of Appeals, DC 33 
 
 Dental A-ssociations , . . . 61 
 
 Department of Commerce 30 
 
 Denartment of Justice 28 
 
 Department of Labor .31 
 
 Diplomatic Corps 17 
 
 DIRECTORY OF NAJdES .\ . . 95 
 
 Dispensaries 61 
 
 District of Columbia Judiciary .33 
 
 Eagles 83 
 
 Executive Departments 1| 
 
 Fire Department 35 
 
 Foreign Legations . . . , .17 
 
 Foresters 82 
 
 General Land Office 2« 
 
 Geological Survey , 27 
 
 Government ot the DC 34 
 
 Government of the United States. . ; . 17 
 
 Government Parks 88 
 
 Government Printing OflSce 34 
 
 Grftnd Army of the Republic 73 
 
 Halls 88 
 
 Health Department 35 
 
 Hibernians 85 
 
 Homes. Hospitals. Asylums, etc . 61 
 
 House of Representatives 86 
 
 Index to Advertisements 14 
 
 Indian Office 27 
 
 Insane Asylum 64 
 
 In.surance Companies 65 
 
 Interior Department 27 
 
 Interstate Commerce Commi.'^sion. . . 28 
 
 I O of Odd Fellows. 81 
 
 Nth mhm Canal Commission 32 
 
 idloiaxy i 33 
 
 Page 
 
 Juvenile Court 34 
 
 Knights of Columbus 44 
 
 Knights of the Golden Eagle. ... 82 
 
 Knights of Industry 82 
 
 Knights of Malta 82 
 
 Knights of Maccabees •...;.... 82 
 
 Knights of Pythias 83 
 
 Labor Organizations 66 
 
 Ladies of the Maccabees 82 
 
 Legal Societies 67 
 
 Libraries . . . •. 68 
 
 Library of Congress , 68 
 
 Literary Societies 69 
 
 Masonic 79 
 
 Medical Societies 70 
 
 Mercantile Associations 70 
 
 Military 70 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS : 17 
 
 Municipal Court 34 
 
 National Museum 32 
 
 National Zoo Park 32 
 
 Navy Department 23 
 
 Newspapers 71 
 
 Office Buildings 87 
 
 Pan-American Union 17 
 
 Parks 88 
 
 Patent Office 27 
 
 Pension Office 27 
 
 Patriotic Societies , 72 
 
 Police Court 34 
 
 Police Department 35 
 
 Post Office Department 24 
 
 Public Library 69 
 
 Public Schools 36 
 
 Religious Societies 76 
 
 "Royal Arcanum 84 
 
 Safe Deposit Companies 77 
 
 Scientlfif Societies 78 
 
 Secret and Benevolent Societies 79 
 
 Senators 89 
 
 Smithsonian Institution 31 
 
 Social Order of Moose 83 
 
 Soldiers' Home 64 
 
 Sons of Jonadab 79 
 
 Special Department Banks and Bank- 
 ers" of Washington, DC 4 
 
 State Department 17 
 
 STREET DIRECTORY 1477 
 
 Supreme Court DC 33 
 
 Sup'reme Court US '. 33 
 
 Temperance and Reform Societies... 78 
 
 TOO LATES 16 
 
 Treasury Department 18 
 
 United Order of Golden Cro.es 85 
 
 United States Court of Customs, Ap- 
 peals 33 
 
 United States Court of Claims .33 
 
 United States Legations Abroad 18 
 
 War Department 20 
 
 Washington City P O. . . 25 
 
 Woman's Christian Temperance Union 79 
 
 Woodmen of the World 85 
 
 Young Men's Christian Association.. 77 
 
 Young Women's Christian AssocL-^tlon 77 
 
 11 
 
specimen Entry from 
 Street and Avenue Guide of the Washington, D. C, City Directocy 
 
 R. L. Polk & Company 
 
 PennsylTsnla At nw 
 
 STREET AND AVENUE GUIDE— 1918 
 
 Pennsylvania av air 
 
 1101 Retail Merchants Assn 
 " Duplicator Co The 
 " Fracker Willard, mfrs 
 agt - 
 1107 Gait & Bro. jewelers 
 1109-11 Grosner Clarence W, 
 
 men's furngs 
 1113 Mandes Louis, restr 
 D e cor Raleigh Hotel , 
 " Myers Melvin B, barber 
 " Royal Blue Line Sight- 
 Seeing Co 
 
 Twelfth Intersects 
 
 1200 Vacant 
 
 1201 Davis Jas-T & Sons, hats 
 " Dick Edw H, hotel agt 
 
 " Evans. Wilbur B, dentist 
 
 1202 Washington-Virginia By 
 
 Station ./ 
 " Clift Amos P, cigars 
 " Washington- Virginia Ry 
 
 Co 
 
 1203 Vacant 
 
 1204 Lepreux Augustus jr. real 
 
 state 
 " National Assn Stationary 
 Engineers 
 
 1205 Edmonston C R. slasswr 
 
 1206 Mt Vernon Cafe Co 
 
 1208 Hotel West 
 
 " Wilson Lila W 
 
 1209 Internal Revenue Dept 
 
 1210 Stone & Poole, druggists 
 12U Haas I & Co. tailors 
 
 1212 Hodges Richd B, cigars . 
 
 1213 Vacant 
 
 1214 Bromtvell J B Sons, plat- 
 
 ers 
 
 1215 Vacant 
 
 1216 Dade Moses H, restr 
 
 1217 Nntl Token Shop 
 
 1218 Oujeval Albert, tchr lan- 
 
 guages 
 1?19 Klein B W, shoe repr 
 1220-22 Vacant 
 1221 Vacant 
 
 1223 Portner Jos. mens furngs 
 
 1224 Standiford Harry, cigars 
 
 1225 Richards Fountain Pen 
 
 and Gift Shop 
 
 1226 Turner Wm H, barber 
 " Willers Wm 
 
 1227 V/ashington Lunch 
 
 1228 Mann Wm E, shooting 
 
 gallery 
 
 1229 Natl Remembrance Shop 
 
 1230 De Atley Wm. pool 
 " Dove M W, cabtmkr 
 
 12S1 Model Clothes Shop 
 
 1232 Sou Auto Supply Co (br) 
 
 1233 Vacant 
 
 1234 Cunningham Plumbing 
 
 Supply Co 
 
 1235 United Cigar Stores Co 
 
 1236 Heidenbeimer E 1 i a s. 
 
 pavrnbroker 
 " Heid Benj, diamond ex- 
 pert 
 " Ho£f Alvin. lawyer 
 " Hartstall Leon Mrs 
 
 1237 Ogram Thos, E, druggist 
 123:3 AutQ Car Sales & Serv- 
 ice Co (inc) 
 
 Thirteenth Intersects 
 1300-20 Southern Ry Co offices 
 Thirteen and One half 
 Intersects 
 •s s Municipal Building 
 Rooms : ■ 
 
 2 Dept of Playgrounds & 
 
 Office of Boy Scouts 
 of America 
 
 3 Fire Dept Headquarters 
 " Fire Marshal 
 
 4 Supt Dist Bldg 
 
 5 Fire Dept. Chf Engineer 
 
 6 Mail Room 
 
 8 Health Det)t, Permits 
 
 and Complaints 
 10-12 Disbursing Officer 
 11 Detective Bureau, Police 
 
 Dept 
 14-16 Board of Charities 
 
 Apnlication Bureau 
 15 Water Registrar 
 19 Press Room 
 21 B Sanitary Officer 
 24 Supt Engineers Stables I 
 
 101-15 Assessor's Office 
 102 Special Assessments 
 104 Municipal Architect 
 108 Inspector of Buildings 
 114 Inspector of Plumbing 
 1-17 License Office 
 
 119 Licenses Automobiles 
 
 120 Collector of Taxes 
 123-125 Arrears Dept 
 127 Water Main Bills 
 200-2 Laboratories, Health 
 
 Dept 
 
 203 Health Dept 
 
 204 Auditor's 
 
 207 Insiection Service 
 
 209 Records of Birtjis and 
 
 Deaths 
 212 Property Clerk 
 
 214 Purchasing Dept '(store 
 
 Rooms) 
 
 215 Supt of Police 
 219 Police Dept 
 
 221-27 Dept of Insurance 
 300 Sevper Dept 
 306 Supt Water Dept 
 " Eng Water Dept 
 809-11 Public Utilities. Cora 
 310 WateV- Dept (informa- 
 tion) 
 313 Weights. Measures and 
 
 Market Dept 
 316-20 Purchasing Dept 
 319 Board of Charities 
 323-29 Street Cleaning Dept 
 335 Board of Children's 
 
 Guardians 
 402 Surface Division Records 
 
 405 Surueyor's Office 
 
 406 Engineer of Highways 
 
 410 Surface Division Infor- 
 
 maftion 
 
 411 PubUc Service Coriwra- 
 
 tions 
 
 412 Supt »of County Roads 
 413-21 Corporation CounseJ 
 
 - Office 
 414 Supt of Streets 
 419 Corporation Counsel Disc 
 422 Engineer of Bridges 
 426 Supt Trees and Park- 
 ings 
 427-9 Engineer's Dept, Chf 
 
 Clerk 
 428 Surface Division Repairs 
 
 500 District Board Room 
 
 501 Press Reporters 
 
 502 District War Service 
 
 Commission 
 
 503 Home Defense League 
 
 507 Gardiner W Gwynn, Com 
 
 508 Brownlow Louis, Corar 
 
 509 Sec to Board of Com- 
 
 . missioners 
 516 Electrtcal Dept 
 520 Knight John J D, eng 
 
 com 
 527 Insp Cements and As- 
 phalts 
 Street continued 
 1329 Hunsey Building. (For 
 names see 1829-37 E 
 nw) 
 1331-33 'Vacant 
 1339-1343 Post Building 
 " Washington Post 
 " Washington Post Co 
 " Postal Tel-Cable Co 
 Rooms: 
 12-14 Vacant 
 is Kansas City Star 
 " Nesbit Hugh B, corr 
 " Roberts Roy A, corr 
 •' Karger Gustav J, corr 
 " Cincinnati Times-Star 
 24-28 Washn Post 
 31-37 Atlanta Georgian The 
 " Baston American 
 " Chicago American The 
 " Eddy John L, corres 
 " Chicago Examiner The 
 " Los Angeles Examiner 
 "NY American 
 "NY Evening Journal 
 " NY Morgen .Journal 
 " San Francisco Examiner 
 " Tlghe Matthew F, corr 
 38 Allen Ben F, corr 
 " Strayer Louis W, corr 
 
 38 Cleveland 'Pmin-Dealw. 
 " Pittsburgh Dispalch 
 
 43 Vacant 
 
 44 Wash Post 
 
 45 Summers Geo W, corr 
 " Buffalo Coujfier 
 " Pittsburgh Post 
 " Wheeling Register 
 " Muskogee • Timea-Demo- 
 
 crat 
 " Wright Jas L, core, 
 47 Robinson L L,*; corr 
 " Pittsburgh Gazette • . 
 •" Pittsburgh ,ChronIcId 
 
 Telegraph 
 " Hall Henry, Corr 
 '48 Lanihan Engraving Co 
 Street continued 
 1341^nechtel Wm, barber 
 1343 Gerstenberg Ernst, rest 
 1345 Wilder S M, tckt broker 
 " Harding Edw B, mens 
 
 furngs 
 " Natl Engraving Co 
 " US Internal Rev (sales 
 tax div^ 
 1347 Loughran D & Co, whol 
 cigars , 
 
 " Young Mens Hebrew Asgn 
 Soldier Welfare Centre 
 Fourteenth intersects, 
 1347 Vi Frazee-Potomac Lann« 
 
 . '/dry (br) 
 1349 United Cigars Stores Co 
 nw cor The New Willard 
 " Myers Bros, barbers 
 " W U Tel Co 
 " Becke? & Omdorff, cigars 
 " Brown Alice M MrS, pnb 
 sten 
 1400 Cadillac Auto Service 
 " Belt Edgar B, barber 
 " Casassa John B, fruit 
 1402-4 Slossburg J W, restr 
 1406 Vacant 
 1408 Vacant » 
 
 1410 Department of Labor 
 
 " US Employment Service 
 
 1411-13 New Occidental Hotel 
 
 1412-14 Grand Army Hall 
 
 1414-18 Purveying Dept U S 
 
 Public Health Service 
 
 1417 Columbia Sight Seeitfg Co 
 
 " Gray Line Sight Seeing 
 
 Tours 
 
 1419 Pressler Bros, rae^s 
 furngs '" ■ 
 
 1420 Vacant 
 
 1421 MacGregor Robt, tailor 
 
 1422 Bernhardt's Auto Service 
 
 1423 Child's Co, restr 
 
 1424 Poll's Theatre 
 1426 Henley Wm P 
 1431 Augustine & Brys, bar- 
 bers 
 
 1433 Poulos Jas. bootbllc 
 
 1435 Vacant 
 
 1436 Oxford Hotel 
 
 1437 American Ice Co 
 cor Hotel Washington 
 
 Fifteenth lnt«necti 
 Treasury Department 
 1503 Riggs Natl Bank 
 
 " Rittenhouse David, no- 
 tary 
 1505 Natl School of Fine and 
 Applied Art (inc) 
 
 Madison p] begins 
 Lafayett^e Square 
 s 8 The White House 
 
 Jackson pi begins 
 1651 Blair Gist 
 1653 Dept of State (Annex) 
 ne cor Court of Claims 
 War Department 
 Seventeenth Intersects 
 1701 Goodman Henry J & Co. 
 men's furngs 
 
 1703 Fisher Elmer B, jtatr 
 
 1704 United Cigar Stores Co 
 " . McGrann Mary 
 
 1705 Holtzclaw W B. cigars 
 " Raines & Anastasopulos, 
 
 bootblks 
 
 1706 Century Lunch 
 " Johnson John 
 
 1707 Bryan Geo B. restr 
 1708-10 U S Signal Corps 
 
specimen Entry from the 
 Business Directory of the Washington, D. C, City Directory 
 
 R. L. Polk & Company 
 
 1923 
 
 HEA BVSlMTteSS DlR^CTORT— ^1918. HOT< 
 
 Ward A W & Son, 430 10th nw 
 Webster Warren & Co, 301 Southern bldg. 
 Wenger Chas L, 706 Colorado bldg 
 .Zellers & Co. 1331 14tli nw 
 
 Heatlngr and Ventilating 
 Apparativi. 
 
 (Phelps Bros Co (inc), 1335 14th nw 
 STANJIBURY DANIBL R. 1804-06 
 • V Y av nw (See page 1261) 
 
 hipe:s Etc. 
 
 Hopfenmaler Milton, 221 10th nw 
 
 •HoUow Tile. 
 ASHER fire: proofing CO, 914- 
 16 Soutbern Bids (See right side 
 lines and Fire Prooflng;) 
 HAMMETT FlREPROOFING CO 
 (INC), 205-6 Wllklna Bids (See 
 Fire ProoAns) 
 
 • Hops. 
 
 Haas John I, 517 Met Bank bldg 
 
 Horse Clipping. 
 
 J)acobs F P & Co, rear 1611 M nw 
 
 • Hors'feradlsli. 
 
 Heitmuller John H, 445 Center mkt 
 
 Horseshoers. 
 
 Anderson Robt H. 19 N ne 
 Brown & MViCarthy, 214 11th nw 
 Burton Harry T, 228 7th se 
 Coberth Jas D, 3203 Grace nw 
 CoIUns & Follln, 1011 29th nw 
 •Connor Rbbt S. 203 11th nw 
 Dore Robt A, 16;7' L nw 
 Farran J Walter, 218 4th ne 
 Ford Patrick A, rear 420% L.n*» 
 Gain Saml S, rear 1448 P nw 
 Jones Lnther D, 1345 G se 
 Kane Prank H, 1010 C nw 
 Kiefer John P, 1419 ,Irving nw 
 King Benj F, 1611 M nw 
 McKeown Patrick^ rear 1404 S nw 
 Myers Jas A, rear 1520 s nw 
 Netll Jas A, 1226 12th nw 
 Ofenstein G Herbert. 615 N Y av nw 
 Reidy Michael D. 611 C nw 
 Sheehy Thos J, 704-6 D nw 
 Sweeney Edw C, 1006 5th nw 
 Winston Alex A, 1647 Behning rd tie 
 Yobst Bros, 721 15th ne 
 
 Hospitals. 
 
 See Miscellaneous Dept 
 
 Hospital SnppIIes. 
 
 Van Slyke Hospital Cot Co, 503, 700 11th 
 
 •Hot Water Heating. 
 
 BIGGS HE}ATING CO THE (INC), 
 917 H nw 
 
 CONDON D D, 502 Kenols Bldg, 
 lltli cor G nw, Tels Main 2948 
 and Colombia 749 (See Heating 
 and Ventilating and Steam and 
 Hot IVater Heating) 
 
 MUDDIMAN C A & CO, 616 12tK 
 nw and 1204 G n'w (See ribbon 
 marker, rlgbt bottom lines and 
 page 972) 
 
 Hotel Directories. 
 
 American Hotel. Directory, McLachlen 
 bldg 
 
 •HoteTT Supplies. 
 DUiPARaUET, HUOT & MONEUSE 
 CO, 1220 H nw (See left side 
 lines) ^ 
 
 Hotels. 
 
 (Se'e also Apartment Houses) 
 Alton House The, 1123 13th nw 
 American House, 638 Pa av nw 
 Arizona Hotel,- 810 C nw 
 
 Arlington Hotel. 1010-25 Vt a,v DW 
 Ashmore Hotel, 501 I2th nw 
 Astor Hotel, 921 fith nw 
 Atlantic Hotel, 601 Pa av trvr 
 Bancroft Hotel, 800 18th nw 
 Bismark Hotel, 347-53 Pa av nw 
 Boston Hotel, 620 ' Pa ftv nw 
 BRIGHTON HOa<EL, 2123 
 fornla nw (See below) 
 
 Telephone, North 3496 
 
 all|p Urtgtjtott Botf I 
 Apartmen t-Hotel 
 
 Ideally located at an elevation of 
 180 feet. Modern and absolutely flre- 
 proot Rooms and suites by the day, 
 week and month. Cafe American and 
 European plan, 
 
 J. Albert Willson, Mgr. 
 212'? California Street 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Brunswick Hotel, 235 Pa av nw 
 Buckingham The, 920 McPherson pi nw 
 Cairo The, 1615 Q nw 
 Capitol Park Hotel, nw cor N Cap and E 
 Charles Hotel, 485 Pa av nw 
 Commercial Hotel, 640 Pa av nw 
 CONGRESS HALIi HOTEL TUB, 
 
 231-235 N J av near B se 
 Cutler Hotel, lOOojlOll 13th nw 
 Dewey Hotel, 1330 L riw 
 Dolly Madison House, 1014 Vt av nw 
 DriscoU Hotel, 4^47 B nw 
 Dunbarton, Hotel, 623 Pa av nw 
 Dunmore Hotel, 343 Pa av nw 
 Everett Hotel The, 1730 H nw 
 FLORIDA INN THE, 726 ITth nw 
 Florida Inn Annex, 812-14 Conn av aw 
 George Washington Hotel, N Y av cor 
 
 15th nw 
 George Washington Inn (inc), sw cor N 
 
 J av and C se 
 Greason House. 1303 E nw 
 Golden Eagle Hotel, 400-2 N. J av nw 
 Hamilton Hotel, 1001-11 14th nw ' 
 Holmes Hotel, 329-333 Va av BW 
 Hotel Bellevue, ne cor 15th and I nw 
 Hotel Burlington, 1120 Vt av nw 
 Hotel Carol. 809 E nw 
 Hotel Continental, 420 N Capitol 
 Hotel Donald, 1008-12 13th nw 
 Hotel Glover, 11-19 B nw 
 Hotel GTafton, ne cor Conn av and De 
 
 Sales nw 
 Hotel Harrington sw cor 11th and B nw 
 H#tel Harris, 15-19 Mass av nw 
 Hotel Hudson, 1329-31 H nw 
 HOTEL LAFAYETTE, 16thi and 1 
 
 nw, Tel Main 4214 
 Hotel Logan, 28 Iowa Circle nw 
 Hotel Metropolitan. 613 'Pa, av nw 
 
 Is Directory Advertising Read ? 
 
 WhatAreYouDoingNOW? 
 
 The Cost is Small. 
 Returns More Than Satisfactory. 
 
 THINK IT OVER 
 
 And Send For Our Representative. 
 
State Gazetteers 
 
 Directories, quite similar in general arrangement to city directories, are pre- 
 pared for a number of states, and are known as "state gazetteers." A reference 
 book with the word "gazetteer" in the title indicates that the information per- 
 tains to places. In the front of some gazetteers, though not in each one, a brief 
 description of the state as a whole is given, corresponding to the miscellaneous 
 information given for a city in the front of a city directory. 
 
 Alphabetical List of Towns in State Gazetteers 
 
 R. L. Polk & Company: Directories 
 
 The first section of a state gazetteer gives a list of all the towns in the state 
 in alphabetical order; under each town the prominent business firms are listed 
 in sub-alphabetical order. 
 
 Consult the specimen page from the State Gazetteer for Indiana under the 
 alphabetical list of towns, which follows, and read the description of the little 
 town of "Blooming Grove." 
 
 Name the business conducted by the first firm mentioned on the page 
 (AUie & Davies). This firm, and all others mentioned above "Blooming Grove," 
 are located in what town given at the top of the page? 
 
 What kind of business does James M. Hanner conduct in Bloomingdale? 
 
 Under the general description of the town of Bloomington find the names of 
 the newspapers published there. What university is located at Bloomington? 
 
 Find the name of Charles Bell, among the alphabetical list of residents of 
 Bloomington, and tell in what kind of business he is engaged. 
 
 Business Directory in State Gazetteers 
 
 The second section of a state gazetteer is given to an alphabetical list of the 
 kinds of business carried on in the state, followed by the names of the towns in 
 sub-alphabetical order; under the towns, the names of the individual firms are 
 given in a second sub-alphabet. 
 
 Consult the specimen page from the business section of the Indiana State 
 Gazetteer which follows, under "Grocers," and, from the names of the towns in 
 alphabetical order at the right-hand side of the column, find the name of the 
 firm handling groceries in Bloomingdale. Turn back to the specimen page 
 containing Bloomingdale, and tell what the firm handles besides groceries. 
 
 Every business in the state is fisted in a similar way. 
 
 Directories for counties, corresponding in general with state directories, are 
 sometimes published for separate counties of a state. 
 
 Gazetteers of the World 
 
 A gazetteer of the world contains the name of every place in the world which 
 is of enough importance to be entered. The description of the place is brief or 
 full according to the scope of the gazetteer. The following reference books 
 which give information regarding places should be known: 
 
 Webster's New International Dictionary: at the back; very brief. 
 
 New Standard Dictionary: in the body; very brief. 
 
 Century Dictionary: Volume for proper names; very brief. 
 
 Any good encyclopsedia. Most encyclopaedias contain maps. 
 
 Lippincott's Gazetteer of the world. This book, named after the publisher, is 
 the standard one-volume reference book of its kind. 
 
 14 
 
< 
 
 i 
 
 w 
 s 
 
 > 
 
 ffiS 
 
 S^ 
 
 iJ 
 O 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 <o 
 
 Wo 
 mo 
 
 Z" 
 WIS 
 
 >2 
 
 o 
 w 
 z 
 « 
 
 m 
 
 Specimen Entry under Towns from 
 Indiana State Gazetteer 
 
 R. L. Polk & Company 
 
 348 
 
 Bloominerdale 
 
 R. L. POLK & CO.'S (1916) 
 
 Bloomington 
 
 Allie & Davles (Preston L AUie, Omer l 
 
 M Davies), furniture* 
 Bank of Bloomingdale (Capital $10.- 
 
 000). Walter B Shannon pres, Thomas 
 
 H Pence vice-pres, Leonldas J Brown 
 
 cashr 
 Bloomlngdale Mill Co. Fred Durman 
 
 *nngr, grain elevator 
 Bloomingdale Produce Co (Walter B 
 
 Shannon, George W and Abrahani L 
 
 Havens) 
 Bloomingdale World (weekly). Bert L 
 
 Graham, publr 
 Boswell & Co, lumber 
 Brown Leonldas J, cashr Bank of 
 
 Bloomingdale 
 Coffin Frank, postmaster 
 Cox Wm N, tailor and real estate 
 Crump Wm. meats 
 Fellowsi & Booe (Thaddeus Fellows, 
 
 Warren A Booe), real estate and ins 
 Gohman & Davis (Henry Gohman. 
 
 Straugh Davis), grocers and hard- 
 
 ware 
 Graham Bert L, publr Bloomington 
 
 World 
 Green Fred G, physician 
 Hanner James M. genl store 
 Home Telephone Co. Jacob Gillan pres, 
 
 Charles Nelson sec, Wm Chapman 
 
 treas 
 Kltchell Rose Mrs, livery 
 Lamb Clarence V, mens furngs and 
 
 shoes 
 Lasley W A & Son (Wm A and Jewel 
 
 V), genl store 
 Lindley Alvln, confr and stationer 
 Long Minnie, milliner 
 Morgan Robert R. physician 
 Morrison Elvin B, hardware 
 Schatter Ella Mrs. hotel 
 Singleton Christopher S, r r exp ana 
 
 tel agt 
 Union Clay Product Co, John H. CBoyli 
 
 pres and mgr, pottery 
 Van Camp Packing Co. W H Webb mgr 
 Vickory Joseph C, insurance 
 Wood Frank, live stock 
 Wood Orville W, baker and confr 
 Woodard M Foster, physician 
 Woodard Solomon B. insurance 
 
 BLOOMING grove; 
 
 Population, 125. Is a village in town- 
 ship of same name, Franklin county, 7 
 miles from Brookville from which 
 there Is a stage line and rural free de- 
 livery. 
 
 BLOOMINGPORT 
 
 Population, 100. A village in Wash- 
 ington township, Randolph county, 10 
 miles south of Winchester, the county 
 seat and 2 miles from Carlos, the back- 
 ing town and shipping point. Rural 
 ^ free delivery from Lynn. 
 
 BLOOMINGTON 
 
 A city of 12,00 population, located 
 in Bloomington and Perry townships. 
 ^ Monroe county, on C. I. & L. and I. C. 
 and is the county seat. Thpre 
 newspapers, the "Tele- 
 6 phone" and "World-Courier." The In- 
 g dlana State University is located here 
 and there are graded and high public 
 schools. There are 13 churches repre- 
 senting the leading religious denomina 
 
 **. II. R.'s, and is i 
 3 are 4 banks, 2 
 
 tlons. The leading Industries are 
 oolitic limestone, gloves, creosoted ties, 
 furniture, etc. The city has water 
 works and electric light system and a 
 good sewage system, also 6 miles of 
 
 paved streets. The chamber of com- 
 merce is an organization which Is ac- 
 tive in advancing the Interests of the 
 
 city, its progress and Its Industries. 
 
 Exp.. Am. Tel., W. U. Oscar Cravens, 
 
 postmaster. 
 
 Adams T. meats 
 
 Akin Raymond A. physician 
 
 Akin Wm, mens furngs 
 
 Allen A G Mrs, genl Ins 
 
 Ault Bros (Dory L and Samuel N), 
 garage 
 
 Axsiom & HendrlX, 2d-hd goods 
 
 AXTELL HARRY A, Attorney-at-Law, 
 Real Estate, Insurance, Investments. 
 Loans, Etc, East Side Public Square 
 
 Baldwin Piano Co, Ed Williams agt 
 
 Barrow H R, undertaker 
 
 Barton O L. grocer 
 
 Batman Fred H, pnysician 
 
 Batman, Miller & Blair (Ira C Bat- 
 man, Robert G Miller, James Blair), 
 lawyers 
 
 Beck James K, cashr Bloomington 
 Natl Bank 
 
 Becovitz Abraham, junk 
 
 Becovitz Ben, clothing 
 
 Beghtel Flossie, china decorator 
 
 Beldon A H, real estate 
 
 Bell Charles, books 
 
 Bell & McKinley (Oscar G Bell, R C 
 McKinley) clothes cleaners 
 
 Benckart George A, baker 
 
 Bender Bros, clothing 
 
 Bender Frank M, grocer 
 
 Beyer John C. milliner 
 
 Blerley Ora A, bicycle repr 
 
 Blair James W, lawyer 
 
 Blakely Horace, grocer 
 
 Blakcly W O & Sons, grocers 
 
 Bloomington Band, Oscar Seward Idr 
 
 Bloomington Basket Co, C B Townsend 
 mgr 
 
 BLOOMINGTON BOILER WORKS, Wm 
 Canty Propr Smoke Stacks, Flue 
 Welding. All Kinds of Boiler and 
 Sheet Iron ^Vork Promptly Done 620 
 S Morton, Tel 1454 (See page 133) 
 
 Bloomington Bottling Co, W S Brown 
 mgr 
 
 Bloomington Chamber of Commerce. S 
 F Teter pres, R G Brusch sec 
 
 Bloomington Hospital 
 
 Bloomington Ice Co. Wm Smith mgr 
 
 Bloomington Milling Co 
 
 Bloomington National Bank (Capital 
 $100,000). W H Adans pres, James K 
 Beck cashr 
 
 Bloomington National Loan Assn. H D 
 Orchard sec 
 
 Bloomington Poster Adv Co, Lovell Day 
 mgr 
 
 Blomington Public Library, Helen Bar- 
 bour librarian 
 
 Bloomington Telephone (daily), W D 
 Bradfute publr 
 
 Bloomington Wholesale Grocery Co. C 
 C Smallwood mngr 
 
 Bloomington & Bedford Stone Co, H P 
 ■Radley mngr 
 
 BOLLENBACHER GEORGE W, Indiana 
 Oolitic Limestone. Rough, Scabbled. 
 Sawed. Planed, Turned, Dressed, Bed- 
 ford Stone, First Natl Bank Bldg 
 
 Elevator Safety Gates and Fire Door Equipment 
 
 Richmond Safety Gate Co.» • • Richmond; ladlasia 
 
 15 
 
Specimen Entry under Business 
 from Indiana State Gazette 
 
 R. L. Polk & Company 
 
 AMERICAN VALVE and TANK COMPANY 
 
 Indianapolis, Indiana, U. S. A. 
 
 1432 Grocers — Retail 
 
 R. L. POLK & CO.'S (1916) 
 
 Grocers — Retail 
 
 Kastner Andrew 
 
 Kelley C E 
 
 Macker H E 
 
 Niebaum E H & S©n 
 
 Peters F A 
 
 Snyder A R 
 
 Steele John 
 
 Stei&enwald Chas 
 
 Teaney D B 
 
 Wood Harry 
 
 Zeh R S 
 
 Cutshaw D W 
 
 Scott C 
 
 Crothers Frank 
 
 Knauer & Sons 
 
 Crpdian C "(R D) 
 
 Denny E R 
 
 Ford Frank 
 
 Hines J M 
 
 Arnold L E 
 
 Staley Frank 
 
 Gauck John 
 
 Schroeder W J P 
 
 Schuck Henry 
 
 Zierer A J 
 
 Zierer Louis 
 
 Howell R S 
 
 Moore J S 
 
 Allen M F 
 
 Bartlett C V 
 
 Beard J W 
 
 Benzel C H 
 
 Birdwell A & Son 
 
 Bolding Faris 
 
 Buchanan Stephen 
 
 Donica W C 
 
 Elliott G P 
 
 Endris Louis 
 
 Peltner J W 
 
 Fi61d Howard 
 
 Fish John jr 
 
 Gainey H T 
 
 Henderson' Bros 
 
 Ikerd Bros 
 
 Jones Carl 
 
 Kinser Eli 
 
 Lane M ,D 
 
 Long W S 
 
 Owen Charles 
 
 Rainbolt L E 
 
 Rariden Stewart 
 
 Richardson F P 
 
 Shrout J A 
 
 Snow Joseph 
 
 Snow R L 
 
 Stipp B A 
 
 Weaver B C 
 
 Wood R C 
 
 Wood W P 
 
 Aurora 
 
 Avilla 
 Bainbridfre 
 
 Balbec 
 
 Bass 
 
 Batesville 
 
 Battle Ground 
 
 Beech Grove 
 
 Schnvidt Henry 
 
 Wheat W R 
 
 Cochran Edw B (R D) 
 
 Bennett's Switch 
 
 Kraemer Wm 
 Strine C A 
 Smuller Bros 
 -Liechty R E 
 Smith Orva 
 Dixon Daniel 
 Forgey C W 
 Hart J G 
 Horn Chester 
 H;umbaugh Satnticil 
 Ice & Son 
 Klllian & Blcknell 
 Mackey Ralph 
 Russell Bros 
 Threlkefd A P 
 Weldon O. E 
 
 Bennettsville 
 
 Benton 
 
 Bentonville 
 
 Berne 
 
 Bicknell 
 
 Wells Walter 
 
 Whittaker Ottawa 
 
 Clem Cyrus 
 
 Lanzoni Martin 
 
 Lundwell G P 
 
 Calvert E O 
 
 Chaney Charles 
 
 Edington & Knapp 
 
 Plater J B 
 
 Inman J T 
 
 McLaughlin A W 
 
 Stalcup Glenn 
 
 Goham & Davis 
 
 Barton O L 
 
 Bender P M 
 
 Blakely Horace 
 
 Blakely W O & Sons 
 
 Bowles H H 
 
 Brown L J 
 
 Buffalo Allen 
 
 Clark George 
 
 Clark W S 
 
 Collins & Seidle 
 
 Cooper J H 
 
 Gillispie G P (R D) 
 
 Henin W L 
 
 Johnston Wm 
 
 Kelley E A 
 
 Kirby & Norman 
 
 Mc An inch W A 
 
 Miller W A 
 
 Moore Howard (R D) 
 
 Myers F S 
 
 Norris I A 
 
 Ranard R\ L 
 
 Rhodes Mason 
 
 Riggs H F 
 
 Ross J T 
 
 Sentney W S 
 
 Shaffer & Curry 
 
 Siscoe H K 
 
 Smith T H 
 
 Smith & Coffey 
 
 Spencer Homer 
 
 Tandy D L 
 
 Tarkington W D & Co 
 
 Todd Wm 
 
 Walker G A 
 
 Whitaker Morton 
 
 Woodward J W & Son 
 
 Wylie S O 
 
 Blount & Son 
 
 Conklin Lee 
 
 Goodin & DeHaven 
 
 Grove & Hunt 
 
 Kershiner H M 
 
 McCleery Samuel 
 
 Markley & Son 
 
 Painter J H 
 
 Stover G E 
 
 Wiltse C S & Sons 
 
 Bateman U G B 
 
 Baum Bros 
 
 Bordman Clarence (R D) 
 
 Bryan A C 
 
 Crenshaw .fe Youngblood (R D) 
 
 Gentry L C 
 
 Goad G M 
 
 Jeffries N M 
 
 Kelley J W 
 
 Lutz Philip 
 
 Metz C F 
 
 Parker Henry & Son 
 
 Phillips C W 
 
 Reed J B 
 
 Scales & Gowen 
 
 Shields H P 
 
 Stephens ~S L 
 
 Tennyson & Son 
 
 Blanford 
 
 Bloomingdale 
 Bloomington 
 
 Blountsville 
 BlufCton 
 
 ENCLOSURKe 
 
 ELEVATOR. qiSHlER, RAW STOCK OR TOOLS. 
 
 Centiil ^e & Iron Wks., indian apous. ini>. 
 
Questions for 
 Atlases; City Directories; Gazetteers 
 
 Student's name Per cent 
 
 Teacher's name Hour reciting Date. . . 
 
 Have you read the directions on the back of this cover? Answer yes or no. 
 
 What does 3000 mean? What, 50? What is the letter and number guide? 
 
 what? 
 
 -If one wished to locate the office of the Board of Health in a city, the index of what section of a 
 city directory should be consulted? Where in the directory is this section usually located? 
 
 b. Where, in the Standard dictionary? c. Where, in the Century? 
 
 d. Which would give more about the river, the dictionaries or Lippincott's Gazetteer of the 
 
 world? 
 
 e. Would an atlas index give the length of the river? 
 
 f. Would an encyclopaedia give information about the river? 
 
 g. Do encyclopjedias contain maps? 
 
 1 — AH places in the Century atlas are indexed in the back of the book, in one alphabet. After "^ 
 
 each town the population is given, the number of the map on which it is situated, and a s 
 
 letter and number guide for tracing it. One entry reads as follows: Wallace: Idaho, as 
 
 3000; 50; D-2. *5^ 
 
 2 — What kind of an atlas should be consulted to show the size of France at different periods of J^ 
 her history? « 
 
 .& 
 
 3 — If the word "classical" appears in the title of an atlas, do the maps pertain to general or "O 
 to ancient history? « 
 
 a» 
 . "S 
 
 4 — If one wished to locate an unfamiliar place, Schenevus, for example, an atlas index arranged •*■ 
 under which of the following plans should be consulted? (May answer by letter.) 
 
 a. Places on each map on the back of that map. 
 
 b. AU places in one alphabet at the back of the atlas. 
 
 c. Places on each map on the margin of that map. 
 
 C3 
 
 5 — The word "gazetteer" in the title of a book indicates that it gives information pertaining to '§ 
 
 K 
 
 7 — In what section of a city directory could a list of the druggists of the city be found? Where in Q. 
 
 the directory is this section located? « 
 
 s 
 
 8 — In what section, located where in a city directory, could one find between what streets a certain ^ 
 
 house number comes? g 
 
 o 
 
 9 — What publication gives information for a state, similar to that which a city directory gives *^ 
 
 for a city? "5 
 
 I 
 
 10 — a. Where, in Webster's dictionary, could the length of the Amazon river be found? ;§ 
 
Directions for Using 
 Perforated Page of O^^estions and Key 
 
 Which appear on the reverse side of this cover 
 
 The questions which appear on the reverse side of this cover, on a perforated 
 colored sheet, are not difficult, detailed or ''catchy." They are intended to 
 emphasize important points and to systematize the work for class records. The 
 answers, which can easily be given after the text has been carefully read, should 
 be written, from memory, in the blank spaces under the questions, preferably in 
 class time unless directed to do otherwise by the one in charge of the work. 
 
 The perforated sheet should be torn out in the presence of the one conduct- 
 ing the class and only after it has been filled in. When directed to remove the 
 questions, insert pencil in the hole and rip around the perforated edges. 
 
 A key, by means of which the work can be checked, is printed on the cover 
 under the question page, but is not revealed until after the question page is 
 removed. This key consists of the same questions, with the correct answer 
 to each printed below it. 
 
 The value of each question, on the scale of 100, is indicated after the answer 
 in the key. By means of this key, students could correct their own or each 
 other's work in a few moments, in case the librarian or teacher could not take 
 the extra time to do so. 
 
 If the one who corrects the paper finds an incorrect answer, the amount to be 
 deducted should be placed on the outer right-hand margin, near the mistake. 
 These amounts should be added, the sum subtracted from 100, and the res^t 
 placed after the word "Per cent." at the top of the sheet. 
 
 The questions are asked in such a way as to admit of very Httle variety in the 
 wording of the answers. However, if the wording of a written answer is mani- 
 festly correct, and perfectly clear, but not exactly like the printed answer, of 
 course no deduction should be made. Do not deduct for spelling, nor for 
 abbreviated statements if they are perfectly clear. 
 
 If the one who corrects a paper marks a question wrong which the writer 
 considers correct, the two should examine the key together, or ask advice from 
 the one in charge of the class. 
 
Reference Guides 
 
 That Should be Known and 
 How to Use Them 
 
 By 
 Florence M. Hopkins 
 
 Librarian 
 
 Central High School and Junior College 
 
 Detroit, Michigan 
 
 This Pamphlet Pertains to 
 Concordances 
 
 TIME REQUIRED 
 Two class periods aad 
 Preparation of one lesson 
 
 THE WI LLARD 
 
 4 7 9 SIXTH 
 
 DETROIT 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 STREET 
 
 MICHIGAN 
 
Copyright 
 
 by 
 
 FLORENCE M. HOPKINS 
 
 19 19 
 
Foreword 
 
 This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
 series constitutes a second edition of "Reference guides that should be known and 
 how to use them," which first appeared in 1916 as a text book for high and normal 
 schools. 
 
 The Revision treats important phases of reference work in separate pamphlets, 
 thus making it possible to grade the work, or to select the pamphlets best fitted to 
 meet individual needs. Generally speaking, any one of the pamphlets can be 
 completed in two class periods plus time for the preparation of one lesson be- 
 tween recitations. 
 
 The entire course could be completed by advanced students in five or six 
 weeks of one class and study period per day. The work can also be scattered 
 in different years. If one subject per term were given in consecutive order to 
 English classes, in high schools, beginning with the B8 of junior high and ex- 
 tending through the A12 of senior high, the work could be covered in two or 
 three class and study periods per term; or, if familiarity with reference books is 
 desired early in the school course, the most important subjects could be crowded 
 into the early high school grades. The order in which the subjects of the pamph- 
 lets are Hsted below suggests a logical sequence, whether the work is given 
 slowly or rapidly or to lower or to upper grade students. 
 
 1 — Webster's New International Dictionary 
 
 2 — New Standard Dictionary 
 
 3 — Encyclopaedias 
 
 4 — Parts of a book 
 
 5 — ^Atlases; city directories; gazetteers 
 
 6 — Concordances 
 
 7 — Library classification and card catalogue 
 
 8 — Indexes to periodical literature; debates 
 
 9 — Year-books 
 10 — Commercial indexes 
 11 — Important publications of city, state and federal governments 
 
 The inclusion of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes 
 it possible for each student to follow all illustrative examples without making a 
 trip to a library and waiting to have access to the complete reference work. 
 No library will furnish a sufficient number of copies of expensive reference 
 books to supply large classes adequately for detailed study; neither could a 
 library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as badly worn and 
 marked as they would become if many students were required to consult them for 
 prepared lessons. 
 
 mmwt^'^- 
 
Exp.erifijjjQ. has, .proved that. the best results can be obtained if the work is 
 begun in- re^wlatf 'cla^g "rpi^t^^joris by a librarian or a teacher reading the text 
 with the class. If conducted in this way, no previous preparation will be neces- 
 sary, either by the class or by the one who conducts it. As the reading of the 
 text proceeds, it will be seen that important features of the reference books studied 
 are emphasized by referring to the sample pages embodied in the text. With a 
 little class direction of this kind the students can readily see the plan of the text, 
 and can finish any unread pages independently as an assigned lesson for the next 
 recitation. In classes composed of advanced students, or in cases of absence, 
 the entire work could be done independently. 
 
 The questions on the colored page fastened on the inside of the last cover 
 are designed to emphasize important points and to systematize the work for 
 class records. Blank spaces are left under the questions for the answers. 
 When the questions are assigned as a lesson to be prepared out of class, and 
 the answers are written from memory in the blank spaces during the class 
 recitation following, the points are more thoroughly impressed than they are 
 when the answers are written before coming to class, while having direct access 
 to the text. 
 
 A key, giving the answer to each question, together with its value on the 
 scale of 100, will be found underneath the question sheet when it is removed. 
 By means of this key, students can correct their own or another's work in 
 a few minutes of class time, in case the librarian or teacher cannot give 
 extra time to do so. 
 
 Schools which ask a leading reference question in final examinations find 
 that students give more attention to the work and therefore learn to value its 
 importance. 
 
 The following paragraphs are taken front the 
 Foreword of the First Edition 
 
 Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
 lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
 "Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools," from the 
 United States Bureau of Education, 1914 — No. 34, 
 
 Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
 have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
 "book-using skill." 
 
 The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
 
 increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
 
 the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 
 
 Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 
 
 and use of the library lessens the efficienc}^ of his course. 
 
 Every new student should be required to take 
 some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
 handling of library tools. .... Such a course, more- 
 over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
 of the work required for a degree. 
 
Concordances 
 
 A concordance is simply a very complete index, confined to words instead 
 of to subjects. It is designed to help one to find just where a quotation occurs 
 in an author's work, even though only a part of the quotation is known. Only 
 a few very prominent authors such as Shakespeare, Wordsworth, Milton, 
 Tennyson and a few others, have a separate concordance for their works. 
 Cruden's concordance to the Bible was the first concordance ever published 
 (1737). 
 
 Books which collect quotations from scattered sources usually have a very 
 complete index of all important words in the quotations selected, thus making 
 ft kind of miscellaneous concordance. 
 
 The pages which follow are inserted to illustrate how a concordance is to be 
 used. Suppose one wishes to find who is the author of the following quotation, 
 or in which of his works it may be found: 
 
 "Hark! hark! the lark at heaven's gate sings." 
 
 If the author is known, one might consult a concordance of his works to find 
 in which one of them the quotation appears. 
 
 If the author is not known, a book of miscellaneous quotations should be con- 
 sulted. 
 
 A.mong the many good books of quotations there are at least two with which 
 one should be familiar: 
 
 Bartlett: Familiar quotations. 
 
 (Quotations collected under authors. Some Bible quotations included.) 
 
 Hoyt: Cyclopaedia of quotations. 
 
 (Quotations collected under subjects. No Bible quotations.) 
 
An Illustration from Bartlett's Familiar Quotations 
 
 To find the author of a quotation which appears in the collection made by 
 Bartlett, or in almost any other good collection, first consult the index under any 
 prominent word. To illustrate, for the quotation selected, 
 
 "Hark! hark! the lark at heaven's gate sings," 
 
 look in the index under "hark" or "lark" or "heaven's" or "gate." The page 
 following is taken from the index to Bartlett's Familiar quotations under the 
 word "heaven's." Every time the word "heaven's" occurs in any quotation in 
 the book, it is indexed in connection with important catch words in the quotation. 
 Consult the specimen page from the index, find the word "heaven's" (in the pos- 
 sessive case, not plural) and notice that the catch word first mentioned after 
 "heaven's" begins with "b," "best treasures," and that the last catch word 
 begins with "w," "wide pathless way." The important catch words are sub- 
 arranged in alphabetical order. Find the word "gate" alphabetically among 
 the catch words, and give the other words in the quotation which follow it. 
 What page is referred to? 
 
 Page 159 of Bartlett's Familiar quotations is reproduced, and follows the 
 specimen page from the index. Consult it, and mention the author whose name 
 appears on the top of the page. The selections made by Bartlett are classified 
 under author. Glance down the page until the desired quotation, which is quite 
 a long one, is found. After it, the abbreviation "ibid." appears. This abbre- 
 viation comes from the Latin word ibidem, which means in the same place. It 
 is used something as ditto marks might be, to indicate that the quotation comes 
 from exactly the same place as the one directly preceding it, which is scene 3. 
 Act 2, from which this scene comes, is mentioned a few lines above. The 
 name of the play, from which all quotations below it come, CymbeHne, is given 
 one line above Act 2. The quotation therefore comes from what author? What 
 play? What act? And what scene? Be careful to understand why the answers 
 to the above questions should be: Shakespeare; Cymbehne; Act 2; scene 3. 
 
 Give the play, act, and scene for each of the following quotations, all of 
 which appear on the specimen page: 
 
 "Prouder than rustling in unpaid-for silk." 
 
 "I have immortal longings in me." 
 
 "Let's do it after the high Roman fashion." 
 
A Specimen Entry 
 
 from the Index to 
 
 Bartlett's Familiar Quotations 
 
 Copyrighted by Little, Brown & Company 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 1209 
 
 Heaven was not heaven if Phaon, 665. 
 were not heaven if we knew what it 
 
 were, 256. 
 when earth was nigher, 705. 
 will bless your store, 433. 
 winds of, visit her face, 128. 
 wisdom sits alone topmost m, 726. 
 with all its splendors, 733. 
 with earth, melting, 653. 
 Heavens blaze forth the death ol 
 princes, 112. 
 bowed the high, 23. 
 declare the glory of God, 1011- 
 givest the, their holiest hue, 751. 
 hear these tell-tale women, 97. 
 hung be the, with black, 93. 
 opened and blazed, ail the, 680. 
 should fall, if ever the, 957. 
 spangled, a shining frame, 300. 
 that which we caU the, 903. 
 to gain the, 794. 
 Heaven's be^t treasures, 387. 
 breath smells wooingly, 117. 
 chancery, flew up to, 379. 
 cherubim horsed, 118. 
 decree, curst by, 398. 
 ebon vault, 568. 
 eternal year is thine, 270. 
 first law, order is, 319. 
 gate, the lark at, 159. 
 gates, she claps her wings at, 32. 
 hand, argue not against, 209. 
 help is better than early nsing, 976. 
 immortal noon, 566. 
 last best gift, 235. 
 lights, godfathers of, 54. 
 melodious strains, 695. 
 own Ught, 496. 
 pavement, riches of, 225. 
 Sovereign saves, 308. 
 sweetest air, 162. 
 wide pathless way, 250. 
 Heaven-bom band, 465. 
 Heaven-directed to the poor, 321. 
 Heaven-eyed creature, 486. 
 Heaven-kissing hill, 140. 
 Heavenly air is blent with blue, as, 
 729. 
 blessings, 302. 
 cr>'Btal flood, 821. 
 days that cannot die, 469. 
 empire of the, 29. 
 
 Father may assuage, pray the, bbU. 
 gift of poesy, profaned thy, 270. 
 habitants, converse with, 245. 
 harmony, from, 271. 
 hope is all serene, 535. 
 host, ye, 278. 
 
 jewel, have I caught my, 34. 
 lays, pure delight by, 477. 
 maid was young, 390. 
 music, that, 587. 
 paradise is that place, 485. 
 spirits, is there love in, 28. 
 woods and glades, 817. 
 Heaven-taught lyre, 377. 
 Heaviest battalions, 987. 
 
 mourniug, lightest heart mpkes. 653. 
 
 Heaviest words, all, 790. 
 Heaviness, spirit of, 1026. 
 Heavy and red, eyelids, 594. 
 
 change, but O the, 247. 
 Hebrew in the dying Ught, 623. 
 Hector still survives, while, 338. 
 Hecuba to him. what 's, 134. 
 Hedge a king, divinity doth, 142. 
 Hedgehog rolled up, lies like a, 593. 
 Heed for himself, will take no, 470. 
 
 take, lest he fall, 1037. 
 Heeds not he hears not, 623. 
 Heedless, unwise to be, 901. 
 Heel, at his, a stone, 405. 
 
 despot's, is on thy shore, 813. 
 
 of the courtier, 143. 
 
 tread each other's, 308. 
 
 tread upon another's, 143. 
 Heels, Ca>sar with a senate at his, 31* 
 
 detraction at your, 76. 
 
 I took to my, 889. 
 
 of pleasure, treads upon the, 295. 
 
 slippers good to the, 690. 
 
 with an income at its, 415. 
 Height, gray unmeasured, 790. 
 
 objects in an airy, 287. 
 
 of man, measure of the, 905. 
 
 of this great argument, 223. ^ 
 
 sunshine dreaming upon Salmons, 
 
 Heights by great men reached, 643. 
 look beyond the, 784. 
 on the, it is warmer, 997. 
 other, in other Hves, 706. 
 the soul is competent to gain, 480. 
 Heir of all the ages, 669. 
 of fame, great, 251. 
 the world creation's, 394. 
 to, shocks that flesh is, 135. 
 to the first, each second stood, 149. 
 with all her children wants an, 321. 
 Heirs of truth and pure delight. 477. 
 
 imknown, 321. 
 Held thv guard, so grimly, 749. 
 to their faith unseduced, 746. 
 tu, say nothin' thet you can be, 
 737. 
 Helen, hke another, 272. 
 Helen's beauty in a brow of Egypt, 59. 
 Helicon's harmonious springs, 382. 
 Helios, Antigonus the son of, 926. 
 Hell, agreement with, 633, 1026. 
 all places shall be, 41. ^ 
 alternate heaven and, 763. 
 beholding heaven feehng, 526. 
 better to reign in, 224. 
 blasts from, 130. 
 broke loose, all, 234. 
 characters of, to trace, 383.^ 
 contains no fouler fiend, 345. 
 cunning livery of, 48. 
 damned use that word in, lOS. 
 day and night and death and. o(t». 
 detests him as the gates of, 338. 
 fear of, 's a hangman's wlup, 418. 
 for hoarding went to, 95. 
 for horses, England, 192. 
 for women, Italy, 192. 
 
A Specimen Entry 
 
 from 
 
 Bartlett's Familiar Quotations 
 
 Copyrighted by Little, Brown & Company 
 
 SHAKESPEARE. 159 
 
 O, wither'd is the garland of the war, 
 The soldier's pole is fallen,-' 
 
 Antony and Cleopatra. Act iv. Sc. IS 
 
 Let 's do it after the high floman fashion. jbid. 
 
 For his bounty, 
 There was no winter in 't ; an autuum 't was 
 That grew the more by reaping. Act v. Sc. 2. 
 
 If there be, or ever were, one such, 
 It 's past the size of dreaming. lud. 
 
 Mechanic slaves 
 With greasy aprons, rules, and hammers. ibui. 
 
 I have 
 Immortal longings in me. jina 
 
 Lest the bargain should catch cold and starve. 
 
 Cymbeline. Act i. Sc. 4. 
 
 Hath his bellyful of fighting. Act a. Sc. 1. 
 
 How bravely thou becomest thy bed, fresh lily. Sc. 2. 
 
 The most patient man in loss, the most coldest that 
 ever turned up ace. Sc. 3. 
 
 Hark, hark ! the lark at heaven's gate sings, 
 
 And Phoebus 'gins arise,^ 
 His steeds to water at those springs 
 
 On chaliced flowers that lies ; 
 And winking Mary-buds begin 
 
 To ope their golden eyes : 
 With everything that pretty is. 
 
 My lady sweet, arise. ibid. 
 
 As chaste as unsunn'd snow. Sc. 6. 
 
 Some griefs are medicinable. Act Hi. Sc. 2. 
 
 F?onder than rustling in unpaid-for silk. itc. 3, 
 
 1 See Marlowe, page 41. 
 
 2 See Lyly, page 32. 
 
An Illustration from Hoyt's Cyclopaedia of Quotations 
 
 The author of the quotation illustrated through Bartlett's Familiar quota- 
 tions 
 
 "Hark! hark! the lark at heaven's gate sings" 
 
 could also be found in many other collections of quotations. In order to 
 become familiar with different forms of entry, specimen pages from Hoyt's 
 Cyclopaedia of quotations are also reproduced. The quotation could be found 
 under the word ''heaven's" in this book also, but, for the sake of variety, the 
 word "lark" is selected. Notice on the specimen page from the index, which 
 follows, that the catch words under lark are in sub-alphabetical order, and that 
 the word lark is not always repeated, but is frequently represented by the letter 
 "1." Under lark, sub-alphabetical order "the lark," the third catch words are 
 in alphabetical order. Find the catch words, "the 1. at," give the page referred 
 to, and the letter following the page. The letter "h" after 49 refers to the 
 position of the quotation on page 49. The asterisk (*) indicates that the quota- 
 tion is from the author indicated by the * at the bottom of the page. Who is 
 he? What author is indicated by two **? Notice signs at the bottom of the 
 page used for other authors. 
 
 A specimen entry from page 49 follows the index entry. Turn to it and 
 notice that the quotations are lettered in order just before the author's name, 
 beginning with a, and also notice that the authors are in alphabetical order, 
 beginning with M. (Under s, the name Shakespeare is understood through the 
 titles of his plays). Find "h," and give the act, scene, and line from which 
 this quotation comes in a song in the play of Cymbeline. All of the quotations 
 on this page from Hoyt refer to what subject and what division of it as indicated 
 at the top of the page? The quotations in Hoyt are arranged under subject; 
 those in Bartlett are arranged under author. 
 
 Turn again to the index under lark, sub-alphabetical "up springs the lark, 
 shrill," and give the letter on page 49 under which the quotation is placed. Turn 
 to the specimen entry of page 49, find the quotation, and give the author, poem, 
 and line cited. By a similar method find the authors, poems and hues for the 
 following quotations: 
 
 "Sky-poised lark." 
 
 "Gentle lark, weary of." 
 
 Under the word "language" in the index, sub-alphabetical "w," find "with 
 no language but a cry," and name the author by finding his name at the bottom 
 of the page, preceding the sign indicated. 
 
 Trace the following in a similiar way: 
 "Old landlord's hospitable door." 
 "Stick to the last" (not your). 
 "Nothing is too late, till the." 
 
 7 
 
A Specimen Entry from the Index to 
 Hoyt's Cyclopaedia of Quotations 
 
 Copyrighted by Funk & Wagnalls Company 
 LAND. LAUGH. 
 
 989 
 
 Blaves— in a land of light. . .560 h 
 stories from the 1. of spirits383 d 
 
 sweet laud of liberty 469 n 
 
 that travel by 1. or by water607 o 
 the 1. is dearer for the sea. .460 c 
 
 the land of scholars. 115 n 
 
 the land of shadows 344 o 
 
 the land of the free 468 / 
 
 the land retains it never. . .459 n 
 
 the land's betray'dj: 390 b 
 
 they love their land 118 e 
 
 to fight for such a land 469 ^• 
 
 to the use of land 184 o 
 
 what Lis this? yon pretty§. 97 t 
 when many a subject land|| Ma 
 without the use of land 838 v 
 
 Landlady-the 1. andTam ...271aa 
 
 Landlord-L's laugh was 340 k 
 
 old l.'s hospitable doorj. ..ASiio 
 
 Landmark-1. of a new§ 131 c 
 
 Landmarks-at once, and 1. . . 67 d 
 life hath set no 1 348 s 
 
 Lands-have roam'd o'er :i70m 
 
 know the lands are lit 229 o 
 
 lands not yet laid down§... 90 c 
 lands were fairly portioned687 A: 
 leads to thel. where sorrow568 y 
 let other lands, exulting. . .266 x 
 
 the union of lands 627to 
 
 though not of lands 112 n 
 
 to northern lands, again... 391 6 
 to shine in other lands 192 I 
 
 Landscape-asoftl. of mild. 11.655 h 
 darkens the landscape o'er§261 g 
 
 eternal 1. of the pastt 466 p 
 
 golden wand o'er the l.§. . .585 n 
 
 o'er the darken'd 1.** 99 r 
 
 1. lay as if new created§ 542 m 
 
 landscape tire the view. .. 410 « 
 thing in a landscape 549 o 
 
 Landsmen-list, ye 1. all, to. .446 b 
 
 Lane-lane where there is no. 376 o 
 the wonders of the lane 614 b 
 
 Lanes-among the crooked 1 . .3'.'3 k 
 in the leafy 1. and by-paths§ 33 t 
 
 Language-accent is thtj soul. 775 c 
 attempts to use language.. 720 g 
 
 Chatham's 1. was his 48G g 
 
 confound the 1. of the S^Ow 
 
 enlargement of the 1 .514 / 
 
 entrance into the language.COo o 
 eyeshaveonel.everywhere£05 b 
 
 in language plain 450 g 
 
 in tiieological language 5i0 s 
 
 language I have liv'd in*.. 3.53 it 
 1. in her eye, her cheek*. ...339 z 
 
 I. in their very gesture* 310 d 
 
 1. is a city to the building. . 839 u 
 language is fossil poetry . .339 v 
 1. is only the instrument . . .339 a; 
 1. is the expression of ideas 340 g 
 language of another world 1415 j 
 
 language of mankind§ 405 t 
 
 1. of their farm field spolie.340 h 
 
 language of truth is 747 k 
 
 language of truth issimple748 / 
 
 1. quaint and oldeng 218 r 
 
 1. spoken by angels§ 405 w 
 
 language tlie actors spoke. 520 r 
 
 1. wherewith springt 226 e 
 
 1. yet with us abode 574 s 
 
 learning mo your 1.* 840 / 
 
 love's truest language.. . 216 / 
 
 might the language be 90 I 
 
 mystic language bears 219m 
 
 nature'sendofi. isdeclined340 i 
 noble and expressive 1. . . . 447 c 
 
 no language but a cryt 82 A: 
 
 retain an identity of 1 840 g 
 
 speaKs a various language.410 j 
 
 strangled his 1. in his* 591 n 
 
 sweet tears! vheawful 1... .591 j? 
 
 tears are the silent 1 592 r 
 
 the Eternal's language§....255n 
 
 those lips had language 346 u 
 
 to his 1. the license to 665 a 
 
 with no language buta cryt372 s 
 
 you taught me language* . . 340 / 
 Languaged-well 1. Danyel. . .3;39 o 
 Languages-agreat feast of l.*514 1 
 
 1. are no more than the 353 c 
 
 1. especially the deadn 841 s 
 
 silent in seven languages . .554 v 
 
 speaks tliree or four 1.* 353 I 
 
 well worth all languages in 92 g 
 
 Languish-relieve my 1., and. 561 e 
 
 Languor-1. is a punishment. .813 p 
 
 makel. smile, and smooth^ 11 a 
 
 Lantern-bear you the 1.* 84 g 
 
 in thy dark 1. thus close**.. 416 n 
 
 lantern the moon 267 o 
 
 lantern to my feet * 275 s 
 
 the lantern of the night 397 i 
 
 Lanterns-king made 1 421 o 
 
 Laocoon-say of the L. how . .452 k 
 
 Lap-and lap it in Elysium**. 557 j 
 
 drop into thy mother's 1.** 10 s 
 
 Earth's prolific lap 237 o 
 
 fill your lap and fillT 245m 
 
 in her full lap 224 i 
 
 in my mother's lap** 149 i 
 
 lap dogs breathe their last}iJ09 h 
 1. me in soft Lydian airs**. 406 d 
 
 lap of autumn bloom 245 / 
 
 strew the green lap* 249 i 
 
 sun had long since in the 1.584p 
 
 upjon the lap of earth 379 c 
 
 Lapidary-inl. inscriptions a.419 e 
 Lapland-lovely as aLaplandt 12 I 
 Lapse-since thy original 1.**. lA 
 
 to lapse in fulness* 199 t 
 
 Lapwing-a 1. by th' avenging 48 g 
 
 Beatrice like a 1. runs* 48 j 
 
 desert-walks the 1. flies 48 i 
 
 lapwynge full of trecherye. 48 h 
 Larcenous-play her 1. tricks.. 654 u 
 
 Larch-l. has hung all his 614 o 
 
 tuft the larcht 59 e 
 
 Lard-they 1. their lean books.474 I 
 Larded-nuts 1. many swine.. 616 ;i 
 so larded with my matter*.449 b 
 Larder-keeps our larder lean. 23 c 
 Large-heaven not so large as.297 n 
 
 large enough for me 297 n 
 
 twice as large, measured.. .101 I 
 
 Largeness-abound in 1 96 j' 
 
 largeness of his head 246 e 
 
 Larger-1 than this we leave. 132 e 
 
 Lark-gentle 1., weary of* 49 k 
 
 in lark and nightingale 49 6 
 
 it is the lark that sings* 49 i 
 
 I took this lark for a 49m 
 
 it was the lark, the herald* 49 j 
 1. becomes a sightless songtGlO j 
 1. beside the dreary winter.. 135 i 
 1. left his ground nest** — 48 r 
 
 lark that singest like 159 r 
 
 merry lark was up 135 i 
 
 nightingale and not the 1.*. 52 b 
 
 no lark so blithe as he 110 6 
 
 none but the lark so shrill.. 48 q 
 
 note of lark and linnet§ 117 h 
 
 rise -nith the lark 38 e 
 
 rise with the lark and with.503w 
 sing as sweetly as the 1.* . . . 44 m 
 
 sing so like a lark* 55 c 
 
 soars within the little lark.. 48 k 
 sky-poised 1." Hark — hark. 49 c 
 
 the 1. at heaven's gate* 49 A 
 
 the lark begin his flight**. . 49 a 
 
 the lark now leaves his 48 7i 
 
 the lark sung loud, the . . 49 g 
 the lark that shuns on lofty. 49 r 
 the merry lark he soars .... 48m 
 the morning sky the lark. .,445 r 
 to rise with the 1. , and go . . .507 w 
 
 wak'd by the lark* 400 y 
 
 wakes the lark to sing 51 r 
 
 will soar above the* 47 n 
 
 up springs the lark, shriU.. 49 p 
 
 Larks-catch larks if ever the. 252 g 
 
 mounting 1., while Daphne^ 49 d 
 
 thinlc we may have larks. . .167 e 
 
 Larkspur-larkspur listenst...366 r 
 
 Larkspurs-1. many hued 219 / 
 
 Larums-loud 1., neighing*.. .659 e 
 
 Lashed-lash'd into Latin by. .853 g 
 
 Lashes-an' teary roun' thet+.590«; 
 
 1. are the herbs that look. . .191 p 
 
 underneath their long 194 a 
 
 Lass-and a lass is good 280 I 
 
 a penniless 1. wi'alang 657w 
 
 drink to the lass 604 r 
 
 give him his 1. his fiddle 78 s 
 
 here's a health to the lass. .604 t 
 Lasses-then she made theL ..654w 
 
 Lassitude-a pleasing 1 560 I 
 
 Last-after 1. returns the 101 b 
 
 although the last not least*495 j 
 beauteous race the last. . . .229 d 
 comes 1. is commonly best.474jn 
 ever look to his last day — 690 / 
 
 eyes, look your last* 139 / 
 
 for your last day 738 o 
 
 I am the last of my race. . .764 i 
 I drain should be my last... 142 6 
 
 is no last nor first 273 s 
 
 joys too exquisite to last. . .329 s 
 1. at his cross, and earliest. 654 r 
 
 1. day places man in the 600 h 
 
 1. extend the shoe too wide.453 b 
 
 last, not least in love* 304 w 
 
 last of all the Romans* 287 c 
 
 1. piece of good fortune — 700 p 
 1. some people twice the — 524 i 
 
 last till doomsday* 458 v 
 
 last to lay the old aside+. . .212 w 
 
 on his last legs 502/ife 
 
 pleas'd to the 1. he cropsj. .475 r 
 shines upon you is the last. 738 7t 
 
 stick to the lasttt 285 g 
 
 stick to your last 680 jj 
 
 th' approaches of the 1 110 j 
 
 that man may last 319 n 
 
 thel. is inferior to the 679/ 
 
 theL still loveliest, tmi|....034 a 
 
 though last not least 506 o 
 
 Lasting-nothing can be 1 737 o 
 
 Latch-gentle hand was at the044aa 
 
 leaves it upon thelatch§ VS5m 
 
 lifts the 1. and enters with. 9 a 
 
 the latch is fast 415 fc 
 
 to lift the latch, and force. .539 6 
 Latches-rural latches to his* 126 j 
 Latchets-1. of his sandalg ... 187 o 
 Late-better late than never. .496 g 
 
 comfort comes too late* 100 n 
 
 he comes too 1. that comes.594 a 
 joy 1. coming late departs. .329 j 
 1. and soon getting andH. . . .689 ( 
 
 late, but seriously 804 h 
 
 L, so 1. 1 but we can entert.147 o 
 
 lived an age too late 287 j 
 
 love that comes too late*. .362 »• 
 nothing is tool, till the§. ..147 I 
 see thee now, though late. .409m 
 sorrow never comes too 1. . .582 o 
 to-day itself 's too L— the. ..605 k 
 too 1. 1 stayed— forgive the.603 p 
 white rose weeps, she ist. ..366 r 
 you come L, yet you come. 791 g 
 
 Latest-1. spoken still are 664 c 
 
 my latest found** 645 / 
 
 Latin-goodmylord,noLatin*353 k 
 Greek and L. speaks with. .353 / 
 
 he speaks Latin* 353 i 
 
 lash'd into Latin by the 353 gr 
 
 L. was no more difficile 353 d 
 
 small L. and less Greek 550 n 
 
 that soft bastard LatinJ ... .853 e 
 
 Latin-bred-L-b. woman 495 k 
 
 Latitude-which have a 1 263 a 
 
 Lattice-through his 1. peeped.369 d 
 
 through the wreathed I. . . . 56 / 
 
 Laud-wel. and magnifyt — 486 3 
 
 Laudable-harm, is often 1.*.. 5 1 
 
 Lauding-sing we I . and 165 i 
 
 Laugh-and its dread laugh.. .341 g 
 
 and laugh us into sense 341 /i 
 
 angels L, too, at the good. .340 q 
 a rippling laugh and out. . . 43 K 
 
 Shakespeare * ; Milton ♦* ; Wobdswoeth H ; Byeon || ; Tennyson t ; Lowell t+ ; Pope t ; Longfellow §. 
 
specimen Entry from 
 Hoyt's Cyclopaedia of Quotations 
 
 Copyrighted by Funk & Wagnalls Company 
 BIRDS— LARK. BIRDS— LARK. 
 
 To hear the lark begin his flight, 
 And singing startle the dull Night, 
 From his watch-tower in the skies, 
 Till the dappled dawn doth rise. 
 
 a. Milton — L' Allegro. L. 41. 
 
 The bird that soars on highest wing, 
 Builds on the ground her lowly nest ; 
 
 And she that doth most sweetly sing. 
 Sings in the shade when all things rest : 
 
 In lark and nightingale we see 
 
 What honor hath humility. 
 
 b. MoNTGOMEKY — Humility, 
 
 I said to the sky-poised Lark : 
 
 " Hark— hark ! 
 Thy note is more loud and free 
 Because there lies safe for thee 
 
 A little nest on the ground." 
 
 c. D. M. MuLOCK — A Rhyme About Birds. 
 
 No more the mounting larks, while Daphne 
 
 sings. 
 Shall, list'ning, in mid-air suspend their wings. 
 
 d. Pope — Pastorals. Winter. L. 53. 
 
 O earliest singer ! O care-charming bird ! 
 Married to morning, by a sweeter hymn 
 Than priest e'er chanted from his cloister dim 
 At midnight, — or veiled virgin's holier word 
 At sunrise or the paler evening heard. 
 
 e. Adelaide Procter — The Flood of 
 
 Thessaly. 
 O happy skylark springing 
 
 Up to the broad, blue sky, 
 Too fearless in thy winging, 
 Too gladsome in thy singing, 
 
 Thou also soon shalt lie 
 Where no sweet notes are ringing. 
 /. Christin.v G. Rossetti — Gone Forever. 
 
 &i. 2. 
 The sunrise wakes the lark to sing. 
 g. Christina G. Rossetti — Bird Raptures. 
 
 L. 1. 
 Hark ! hark ! the lark at heaven's gate sings. 
 
 And Phoebus 'gins arise. 
 His steeds to water at those springs 
 On chalic'd flowers that lies. 
 h. Cymbeline — Act II. Sc. 3. Song. 
 
 L. 21. 
 
 It is the lark that sings so out of tune, 
 Straining harsh discords and unpleasing 
 sharps. 
 i. Romeo and Juliet — Act III. Sc. 5. 
 
 L. 27. 
 It was the lark, the herald of the morn. 
 j. Romeo and Juliet — Act III. Sc. 5. 
 
 L. 6. 
 Lo ! here the gentle lark, weary of rest. 
 From his moist cabinet mounts up on high, 
 And wakes the morning, from whose silver 
 
 breast 
 The sun ariseth in his majesty, 
 fc. Venus and Adonis — L. 853. 
 4 
 
 Some say, that ever 'gainst that season cornea 
 Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated. 
 The bird of dawning singeth all night long : 
 And then, they say, no spirit dare stir 
 
 abroad ; 
 The nights are wholesome; then no planets 
 
 strike. 
 No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to 
 
 charm, 
 So hallow'd and so gracious is the time. 
 I. Hamlet— Act I. Sc. 1. L. 158. 
 
 Then my dial goes not true ; I took this lark 
 for a bunting, 
 m. AlVs Well That Ends Well— Act II. 
 
 Sc. 5, L. 5. 
 
 Better than all measures 
 
 Of delightful sound. 
 Better than all treasures 
 
 That in books are found. 
 Thy skill to poet were, thou scorner of the 
 ground ! 
 
 n. Shelley — To a Skylark. 
 
 Sound of vernal showers 
 
 On the twinkling grass, 
 Rain-awakened flowers. 
 
 All that ever was 
 Joyous, and clear, and fresh, thy music doth 
 surpass. 
 
 0. Shelley — To a Skylark. 
 
 Up springs the lark. 
 Shrill- voiced, and loud, the messenger of 
 
 morn ; 
 Ere yet the shadows fly, he mounted sing?. 
 Amid the dawning clouds, and from thelT 
 
 haunts 
 Calls up the tuneful nations. 
 p. Thomson — Tlie Seasons. Spring. 
 
 L. 587. 
 
 The lark sung loud ; the music at his heart 
 Had called him early ; upward straight lie 
 
 went. 
 And bore in nature's quire the merriest part, 
 As to the lake's broad shore my steps I bent. 
 q. Charles Tennyson Turner — Sonnet. 
 An April Day. 
 
 The lark that shuns on lofty boughs to build 
 Her humble nest, lies silent in the field. 
 r. Edmund Waller — Of the Queen. 
 
 Ethereal minstrel ! pilgrim of the sky ! 
 
 Dost thou despise the earth where cares 
 
 abound ? 
 Or, while the wings aspire, are heart and eye 
 Both with thy nest upon the dewy ground ? 
 Thy nest which thou canst drop into at will, 
 Those quivering wings composed, that music 
 
 still ! 
 s. Wordsworth — Poems of the 
 
 Imagination. To a Skylark. 
 
4> 
 
 It 
 03 
 <U 
 
 CO 
 
 I 8^ 
 
 ||a 
 
 •St c ^ 
 
 I O i 
 
 a. -* « 
 
 O -a 
 
 
 
 
 g S = 5 tN ^- 
 
 10 
 
I ■♦ 3\ O MV 
 
 11 
 
An Illustration from Bartlett's Concordance to Shakespeare 
 
 The quotation, "Hark! hark! the lark at heaven's gate sings" could also be 
 found in a complete concordance to Shakespeare's works. One of the best 
 concordances to Shakespeare has been compiled by John Bartlett, who also 
 compiled "Familiar quotations." This concordance is a book over half the size 
 of a Webster's New international dictionary. 
 
 Under the word "gate," on the specimen page which precedes, a reference 
 will be found to every play, act, scene and line in which the words gate or gates 
 occur in any of Shakespeare's works. Notice that it requires over half of the 
 page to list all of the references to this one word. Read the first, and then the 
 last reference under gate. The titles of the plays are abbreviated. Unless one 
 is sufficiently familiar with these titles to guess at them from the abbreviations, 
 they would have to be looked up. Are the titles of the plays in sub-alphabetical 
 order? Is there any sub-arrangement by catch words? Near the end of the 
 references under gate, find Cymbeline, and give the act, scene and line for the 
 quotation desired. Is a large concordance easier or more difiicult to use than 
 a small one? 
 
 Find, quite near the end of the references under gate, the play, act, scene 
 and line for the quotation containing the phrase, "Knocking at the gate." 
 
 Find the word "gasp" in heavy type in alphabetical order on the page, and 
 tell in what act, scene and line of Cymbeline the word appears. 
 
 Give the act, scene and line in Merry Wives of Windsor for, "Peace, I say! 
 hear mine host of the garter." 
 
 Give the act, scene and line in Comedy of Errors for, "The reason that I 
 gather he is mad." 
 
 12 
 
An Illustration from Young's Analytical Concordance to the Bible 
 
 Many Bible concordances have been published; some of these are very ex- 
 haustive, others condensed. A brief concordance is often published at the back of 
 the Bible. Very large and complete Bible concordances have been compiled by 
 Alexander Cruden, Robert Young, and James Strong. In each of these con- 
 cordances one could find the exact book, chapter and verse of the Bible in which 
 any ordinary word occurs. 
 
 Consult the specimen entry taken from Young's Analytical Concordance to 
 the Bible, which follows, and tell how many times the word "hunger" is entered 
 in heavy black-faced type. The separate entries of a word indicate a slight 
 difference in the meanings. Notice that this concordance gives the Hebrew 
 characters for the words, after each distinct meaning, to enable a scholar of the 
 Hebrew language to see how exact the translation is. Consult the second entry 
 of the word "hunger" in heavy type (to have or suffer hunger), and tell how 
 many numbered sub-divisions are under it. Near the end of the second sub- 
 division, find the chapter and verse in the book of Romans for the quotation, 
 
 "if thine enemy hunger, feed him." 
 
 Under the word "hundred fold" find the book, chapter and verse for the 
 quotation, 
 
 "Sprang up and bare fruit an hundred fold." 
 
 William Cullen Bryant has edited an jcxcellent collection of short poems 
 entitled 
 
 A New Library of Poetry and Song 
 
 The analytical index of quotations at the back of late editions of this work 
 forms a kind of concordance. 
 
 13 
 
A Specimen Entry from 
 Young's Analytical Concordance to the Bible 
 
 Copyrighted by Funk & Wagnalls Company 
 
 HTTNDSED FOLD — 
 
 l.Uundred steps, times, D'P;;? nxD [ineah paam], 
 a Sa. 24. 3 how many soever they be, an hundred fold 
 
 2. Hundred measures, D'lj;^ hkd [mmh shaar], 
 Gea. 26. 12 received in the'same year an hundredfold 
 
 Z. Hundred fold,€KaTovTaTr\a(Tiwv'helcatontaplasl6n. 
 Matt 19. 29 shall receire an hundred fold, and shall 
 Markio. 30 he shall receive an liundred fold now in 
 Luke 8. 8 sprang up, and bare fruit an hundred lold 
 
 ^.Hundred, e/caroV hekaton. 
 
 Matt 13. 8, 23 some an hundredfold, some sixty fold 
 
 HXTNDEEDTH — 
 
 Hundred, nxa meah. 
 
 Gen. 7. II in the six hundredth year of Noah's life 
 8. 13 in the six hundred tli and first year, in the 
 Neh. 5. II the hundredth (part) of the money, and 
 
 BTUNDEEDS, by — 
 
 By hundreds, a hundred each, avk iicarSf ana h>'.k. 
 Slark d 40 sat down in ranks, [by hundreds], .flf ties 
 
 HTJNGEK. — 
 
 l.Hunger, famine, 3j;t raah. 
 
 Exod. 16. 3 to kill this whole assembly with hunger 
 Deut.28. 48 in hunger.and in thirst, and in nakedness 
 32. 24 burnt with hunger, and devoured with bar. 
 Neh. 9. 15 bread from heaven for their hanger, and 
 Jer. 38. 9 he is like to die for hunger in the jilaee 
 Lam. 2. 19 thy young children, that faint for hunger 
 4. 9 are better than (they that be)slain witli li. 
 Eze. 34. 29 they shall be no more consumed with hu. 
 
 ^.Hunger, famine, \i/j.6s limos. 
 
 Luke 1 5. 17 have bread enough, .and I perish with h. 
 2 Co. II. 27 hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in c. 
 Rev. 6. 8 to kill with sword, and with hunger, and 
 
 "BjySGER, to (have or suffer) — 
 
 1. To hunger, be hungry, ay-i raeh, 
 
 Psa. 34. loTheyounglionsdolack, andsufferhunger 
 Prov 19. 15 sleep ; and an idle soul shall suffer hunger 
 Isa. 49. 10 They shall not hunger nor thirst ; neither 
 Jer. 42. 14 nor have bunger of bread ; and there will 
 
 2. To htinger, irfivi-A) peiiiao. 
 
 Matt. 5. 6 Blessed (are) they which do hunger and 
 
 21. 18 as he returned into the city, he hungered 
 
 Luke 4. 2 when they were ended, he afterward hu. 
 
 6. 21 Blessed., that hmiger now: for ye shall 
 
 6. 25 Woe unto you tliatarefull!foryeshallhu. 
 
 John 6. 35 he that cometh to me shall never hunger 
 
 Kom.12. 20 if thine enemy hunger, feed him ; if he 
 
 1 Co. 4. 1 1 we both hungpr, and thirst, and are naked 
 
 11. 34 if any man hunger, let him eat at home 
 Rev. 7. 10 They shall hunger no more, neither thirst 
 
 HTTilGEPv, to suffer to — 
 
 To cause or suffer to be hungry, ayj raeb, 5. 
 
 Dent. 8. 3 suffered thee to hunger, and fed thee with 
 HTTNGER BnTEIT — 
 Hungry, famished, 3y"J raeb. 
 
 Job 18. 12 His strength shall be hunger bitten, and 
 HTJNG3KED, to be an — 
 To hunger, irtivita peinao. 
 
 Matt. 4. 2 he had fasted . . he was afterward an hung. 
 
 12. t his disciples were an hungered, and began 
 12. 3 what DaWd did, when he was an hungered 
 25. 35 I was an hungered, and ye gave me meat 
 25. 37 Lord, when saw we thee an hungered , and 
 25. 42 I wasanhun^'ered, andyegave e no meat 
 25. 44 when saw we thee an hungered, or athirst 
 
 Mark 2. 25 when he had need, and was an hungered 
 Luke 6. 3 what David did, when himself was auhu. 
 
 HTTNC-KY — 
 
 I. Hungry, famished, 2]}iraeb. 
 
 1 Sa. 2. 5 hungry cease'd : so that the barren hath 
 
 2 Sa. 17. 29 The people (is) hungry, and weary, and 
 
 2 Ki. 7. 12 Theyknowthatwe(be)hungry ; therefore 
 
 Job 5. 5 \VTiose harvest the htmgryeateth up, and 
 
 22. 7 thou hast withholden bread from the h. 
 
 24. 10 they take away the sneaf (from) the hun. 
 
 Pr:n, 107. 5 Hungry and thirsty, their soul faulted in' 
 
 107. 9 and fllletli the hungry soul with goodness 
 
 107. 36 there he maketh tlie hungry to dwell, that 
 
 146. 7 wliich giveth food to the hungry. The L. 
 
 Prov.is. 21 If thine enemy be hungry, give him bread 
 
 27. 7 to the hungry soul everv bitter thing is 
 
 14 
 
Questions for 
 Concordances 
 
 Student's name Per cent. 
 
 Teacher's name Hour reciting Date "S 
 
 i 
 
 Have you read the directions on the back of this cover? Answer yes or no. « 
 
 1 — la a concordance an index of subjects or an index of words? 
 
 
 2 — a. Under what words would the following quotation from the Bible be entered in a good v , 
 
 Bible concordance? "The price of wisdom is above rubies." * ^ 
 
 b. Might this quotation also be found in Bartlett's Familiar quotations? ,_ 
 
 « I 
 
 c. Why would it not be entered in Hoyt's Cyclopaedia of quotations? -g | 
 
 3 — Who has compiled a concordance to Shakespeare's works? 
 
 4 — a. Which of the collections of quotations studied is arranged by subject? -g 
 
 b. Which one is arranged by author? « 
 
 t: 
 
 5 — What abbreviation is used after a quotation in Bartlett's Familiar quotations, to indicate -S 
 that it is found in exactly the same place as is the one directly preceding it? « 
 
 6 — What is given in the index of Hoyt's Cyclopaedia of quotations after the page to aid in readily ■^ 
 
 finding the quotation on the page? ^ 
 
 O 
 
 E 
 
 7 — If a quotation by Alexander Pope is desired, would it be better to use Bartlett's Quotations © 
 
 or Hoyt's? Why? ^ 
 
 a> 
 
 8 — If a quotation on the subject of friendship is desired, would it be better to use Bartlett's ^ 
 Quotations or Hoyt's, and why? C 
 
 . 4> 
 
 9 — a. If one wishes to find in what play, act, and scene a very familiar quotation from Shake- 
 speare occurs, would it be easier to use a complete Shakespeare concordance, or 
 Bartlett's or Hoyt's collection of quotations, and why? 
 
 b. If the quotation is unusual, which would it be better to use? 
 10 — How are leading catch words, under important words in many concordances sub-arranged? 
 
;P^lltlMKilfl^ 
 
 Directions for Using 
 Perforated Page of Questions and Key 
 
 Which appear on the rererse side of this cover 
 
 The questions which appear on the reverse side of this cover, on a perforated 
 colored sheet, are not diflScult, detailed or "catchy." They are intended to 
 emphasize important points and to systematize the work for class records. The 
 answers, which can easily be given after the text has been carefully read, should 
 be written, from memory, in the blank spaces under the questions, preferably in 
 class time unless directed to do otherwise by the one in charge of the work. 
 
 The perforated sheet should be torn out in the presence of the one conduct- 
 ing the class and only after it has been filled in. When directed to remove the 
 questions, insert pencil in the hole and rip around the perforated edges. 
 
 A key, by means of which the work can be checked, is printed on the cover 
 under the question page, but is not revealed until after the question page is 
 removed. This key consists of the same questions, with the correct answer 
 to each printed below it. 
 
 The value of each question, on the scale of 100, is indicated after the answer 
 in the key. By means of this key, students could correct their own or each 
 other's work in a few moments, in case the librarian or teacher could not take 
 the extra time to do so. 
 
 If the one who corrects the paper finds an incorrect answer, the amount to be 
 deducted should be placed on the outer right-hand margin, near the mistake. 
 These amounts should be added, the sum subtracted from 100, and the result 
 placed after the word 'Ter cent." at the top of the sheet. 
 
 The questions are asked in such a way as to admit of very Uttle variety in the 
 wording of the answers. However, if the wording of a written answer is mani- 
 festly correct, and perfectly clear, but not exactly like the printed answer, of 
 course no deduction' should be made. Do not deduct for speUing, nor for 
 abbreviated statements if they are perfectly clear. 
 
 If the one who corrects a paper marks a question wrong which the writer 
 considers correct, the two should examine the key together, or ask advice from 
 the one in charge of the class. 
 
Reference Guides 
 
 That Should be Known and 
 How to Use Them 
 
 By 
 Florence M. Hopkins 
 
 Librarian 
 
 Central High School and Junior College 
 
 Detroit, Michigan 
 
 This Pamphlet Pertains to 
 
 Library Classification; Card Catalogue; 
 
 Special Indexes; Book Selection 
 
 TIME REQUIRED 
 Two class periods and 
 Preparation of one lesson 
 
 THE WILLARD COMPANY 
 
 479 SIXTH STREET 
 
 DETROIT ' MICHIGAN 
 
Copyright 
 
 by 
 
 FLORENCE M. HOPKINS 
 
 1919 
 
Foreword 
 
 This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
 scries constitutes a second edition of "Reference guides that should be known and 
 how to use them," which first appeared in 1916 as a text book for high and normal 
 schools. 
 
 The revision treats important phases of reference work in separate pamphlets, 
 thus making it possible to grade the work, or to select the pamphlets best fitted to 
 meet individual needs. Generally speaking, any one of the pamphlets can be 
 completed in two class periods plus time for the preparation of one lesson be- 
 tween recitations. 
 
 The entire course could be completed by advanced students in five or six 
 weeks of one class and study period per day. The work can also be scattered 
 in different years. If one subject per term were given in consecutive order to 
 English classes, in high schools, beginning with the B8 of junior high and ex- 
 tending through the A12 of senior high, the work could be covered in two or 
 three class and study periods per term; or, if familiarity with reference books is 
 desired early in the school course, the most important subjects could be crowded 
 into the early high school grades. The order in which the subjects of the pamph- 
 lets are listed below suggests a logical sequence, whether the work is given 
 slowly or rapidly or to lower or to upper grade students. 
 
 1 — Webster's New International Dictionary 
 
 2 — New Standard Dictionary 
 
 3 — Encyclopaedias 
 
 4 — Parts of a book 
 
 5 — Atlases; city directories; gazetteers 
 
 6 — Concordances 
 
 7 — Library classification and card catalogue 
 
 8 — Indexes to periodical literature; debates 
 
 9 — Year-books 
 10 — Commercial indexes 
 11 — Important publications of city, state and federal governments 
 
 The inclusion of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes 
 it possible for each student to follow all illustrative examples without making a 
 trip to a library and waiting to have access to the complete reference work. 
 No library will furnish a sufficient number of copies of expensive reference 
 books to supply large classes adequately for detailed study; neither could a 
 library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as badly worn and 
 marked as they would become if many students were required to consult them for 
 prepared lessons. 
 
Experif^nct^ has proved that the best results can be obtained if the work is 
 begun m regular class recitations by a librarian or a teacher reading the text 
 with the class. If conducted in this way, no previous preparation will be neces- 
 sary, either by the class or by the one who conducts it. As the reading of the 
 text proceeds, it will be seen that important features of the reference books studied 
 are emphasized by referring to the sample pages embodied in the text. With a 
 little class direction of this kind the students can readily see the plan of the text, 
 and can finish any unread pages independently as an assigned lesson for the next 
 recitation. In classes composed of advanced students, or in cases of absence, 
 the entire work could be done independently. 
 
 The questions on the colored page fastened on the inside of the last cover 
 are designed to emphasize important points and to systematize the work for 
 class records. Blank spaces are left under the questions for the answers. 
 When the questions are assigned as a lesson to be prepared out of class, and 
 the answers are written from memory in the blank spaces during the class 
 recitation following, the points are more thoroughly impressed than they are 
 when the answers are written before coming to class, while having direct access 
 to the text. 
 
 A key, giving the answer to each question, together with its value on the 
 scale of 100, will be found underneath the question sheet when it is removed. 
 By means of this key, students can correct their own or another's work in 
 a few minutes of class time, in case the librarian or teacher cannot give 
 extra time to do so. 
 
 Schools which ask a leading reference question in final examinations find 
 that students give more attention to the work and therefore learn to value its 
 importance. 
 
 The foUotving paragraphs are taken from the 
 Foreword of the First Edition 
 
 Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
 lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
 "Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools," from the 
 United States Bureau of Education, 1914 — No. 34. 
 
 Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
 have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
 "book-using skill." 
 
 The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
 
 increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
 
 the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 
 
 Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 
 
 and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. 
 
 Every new student should be required to take 
 some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
 handling of library tools. .... Such a course, more- 
 over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
 of the work required for a degree. 
 
 2 
 
Library Qassification and 
 Card Catalogue 
 
 If the hundreds of thousands of vohimes in large Hbraries are to be made 
 available, some carefully planned system for the arrangement of books on the 
 shelves is necessary. Many experiments have been made with different plans, 
 but the one which meets with the greatest favor at the present time is a "Decimal 
 system" devised by Melvil Dewey. 
 
 Dewey or Decimal System of Library Classification 
 
 Under the Dewey or Decimal system of library classification all books on the 
 same subject are kept together by means of numbers. Ten large subjects, each 
 of which is assigned to a hundred division, form the basis of the system. For 
 example, science is represented by 500; literature, by 800; fine arts, by 700. The 
 hundreds are next subdivided into tens, each ten representing some division of the 
 main subject, as: 810, American literature, that is, a particular literature under 
 800; physics is represented by 530, a particular science under 500; music is 
 represented by 780, a particular division of fine arts. Each of the tens is next 
 divided into units: as 811, American poetry, a division of American literature; 
 537, electricity, a division of physics; 784, vocal music, a division of music. 
 
 When possible, certain numbers stand for certain subjects: for example, 
 a "0" always represents something general, whether it occupies the units, tens, or 
 hundreds position. If a book is about England, a "2" will appear somewhere 
 in the book -number; the reverse, however, is manifestly not the case, that is, 
 if a "2" appears in a book-number, the book is not necessarily about England. 
 A careful study of the significance of each number is too detailed for a brief lesson. 
 
 It is necessary to have access to the full classification, with its index, if 
 accurate work is done for a real Ubrary. These tables serve for general out- 
 lines only. 
 
Questions Drawing Out the Arrangement of Table 1, Which Follows 
 
 Consult Table 1, which follows, and read all of the numbers, and the subjects 
 which they represent, from 000 through 900, including also the divisions for 
 biography and fiction, below 900. 
 
 Under what divisions would books on the following subjects be classified? 
 
 1. Chemistry. 9. High school education. 
 
 2. Study of music. 10. David Copperfield; story by Dickens. 
 
 3. Selected poems. 11. History of England. 
 
 4. Life of Whittier. 12, Encyclopaedias. 
 
 5. Philosophy of the Greeks. 12. English grammar. 
 
 6. Books on engineering. 14. A trip through Yellowstone Park. 
 
 7. Religion of the Romans. 15. Government of France. 
 
 8. Century magazine. 16. Medical dictionary. 
 
 How many zeros appear in the first division? As there are only nine di- 
 visions from 100 through 900, and as the system requires ten divisions to carry 
 out the decimal plan, the division of 000 is improvised to meet this need. It is, 
 in all respects, treated like the other divisions. 
 
 Table 1 
 
 Illustrating the Dewey or Decimal System of Library Classification Under 
 
 Hundreds 
 
 000 — General works; such as encyclopaedias, magazines, newspapers. 
 
 100 — Philosophy; such as psychology, ethics, philosophy. 
 
 200 — Rehgion; such as mythology; anj' book on any religion. 
 
 300 — Sociology; such as government, education. 
 
 400 — Language (called also philology); such as any book on any language. 
 
 500 — Science; such as physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics. 
 
 600 — Useful arts; such as engineering, medicine, manufactures. 
 
 700 — Fine arts; such as painting, music, sculpture, architecture. 
 
 800 — Literature; such as poetry, dramas, essays of any country. 
 
 900 — History; such as travel, description, history. 
 
 B — Biography being a very large subject, is often classified by itself, under 
 "B." As the Ufe of a person is simply the history of an individual, instead of the 
 history of a country, some libraries use a division under history, 920, for biog- 
 raphy. 
 
 Fiction — Most libraries do not classify fiction under a number. Books in 
 fiction are usually placed on the shelves in alphabetical order under the firpt 
 letter of the author's surname. Some libraries, however, classify fiction under 
 a division of literature, 800. 
 
 Questions Drawing Out the Arrangement of Table 2, Which Follows 
 
 Table 2, which follows, repeats the main divisions under Table 1, but shows 
 how each subject is separated into ten subdivisions. Consult the table under 
 800, and give the numbers for: French literature, Italian literature, Greek 
 
literature. Under 400, give the numbers for: French language, Italian language, 
 Greek language. Notice that the numbers in the tens position correspond. 
 When a book is about France, "4" will appear somewhere in the number; if the 
 book is about Italy, ''5" will appear; if it is about Greece, "8" will appear. 
 
 Table 2 
 
 Illustrating the Dewey or Decimal System of Library Classification Under 
 Divisions by Tens 
 
 000 GENERAL WORKS. 
 010 Bibliography. 
 020 Library Economy. 
 030 General Cyclopedias. 
 040 General Collections. 
 050 General Periodicals. 
 060 General Societies. 
 070 Newspapers. 
 080 Special Libraries. 
 090 Book Rarities. 
 
 500 NATURAL SCIENCE. 
 
 510 Mathematics. 
 520 Astronomy. 
 530 Physics. 
 540 Chemistry. 
 550 Geology. 
 560 Paleontology. 
 570 Biology. 
 580 Botany. 
 590 Zoology. 
 
 100 PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 110 Metaphysics. 
 
 120 Special Metaphysical Topics. 
 
 130 Mind and Body. 
 
 140 Philosophical Systems. 
 
 150 Mental Faculties. Psychology, 
 
 160 Logic. 
 
 170 Ethics. 
 
 180 Ancient Philosophers. 
 
 190 Modern Philosophers. 
 
 600 USEFUL ARTS. 
 
 610 Medicine. 
 
 620 Engineering. 
 
 630 Agriculture. 
 
 640 Domestic Economy. 
 
 650 Communication and Commerce. 
 
 660 Chemical Technology. 
 
 670 Manufactures. 
 
 680 Mechanic Trades. 
 
 690 Building. 
 
 200 RELIGION. 
 
 210 Natural Theology. 
 
 220 Bible. 
 
 230 Doctrinal. 
 
 240 Devotional and Practical. 
 
 250 Homiletic, Pastoral. 
 
 260 Church. Institutions. 
 
 270 Religious History. 
 
 280 Christian Churches and Sects. 
 
 290 Non-Christian Religions. 
 
 700 FINE ARTS. 
 
 710 Landscape Gardening. 
 
 720 Architecture. 
 
 730 Sculpture. 
 
 740 Drawing. Design. 
 
 750 Painting. 
 
 760 Engraving. 
 
 770 Photography. 
 
 780 Music. 
 
 790 Amusements. 
 
 300 SOCIOLOGY. 
 
 310 Statistics. 
 
 320 Political Science. 
 
 330 Political Economy. 
 
 340 Law. 
 
 350 Administration. 
 
 360 Associations and Institutions. 
 
 370 Education. 
 
 380 Commerce and Communication. 
 
 390 Customs. Costumes. Folklore. 
 
 800 LITERATURE 
 
 810 American. 
 
 820 English. 
 
 830 German. 
 
 840 French. 
 
 850 Italian. 
 
 860 Spanish. 
 
 870 Latin. 
 
 880 Greek. 
 
 890 Minor Languages. 
 
 400 LANGUAGE (Philology) 
 
 410 Comparative. 
 
 420 English. 
 
 430 German. 
 
 440 French. 
 
 450 Italian. 
 
 460 Spanish. 
 
 470 Latin. 
 
 480 Greek. 
 
 490 Minor Languages. 
 
 900 HISTORY. 
 
 910 Geography and Description. 
 
 ♦920 Biography. 
 
 930 Ancient History. 
 
 940 Europe. 
 
 950 Asia. 
 
 960 Africa. 
 
 970 North America. 
 
 980 South America. 
 
 990 Oceanica and Polar Regions. 
 
 •Biography is often classifiedfby a "B" instead of by a number. Fiction is usually classified 
 alphabetically by^the author's surname, and therefore has no number. 
 
Explanation of Cutter Table of Author-marks 
 
 What number, in Table 2, represents American literature under 800? The 
 number for American poetry, a division of American literature, not shown in the 
 condensed table, is 811. It is evident, therefore, that the poems of Longfellow, 
 Whittier, Bryant, Lowell, and all other American poets will have the same num- 
 ber, that of 811, unless some provision is made to distinguish them. It is as im- 
 possible for two books in a library to have exactly the same number, as it would 
 be for two pages in a book to be numbered alike. Libraries avoid such diffi- 
 culties by following the Dewey number with the first letter in the author's sur- 
 name. For Bryant's poems a "B" would follow 811; for Holmes' poems an 
 "H" would follow 811. This would be a very simple solution if there were not 
 several authors whose surnames begin with the same letter, Longfellow and 
 Lowell and Lanier would each be 811 L under this plan, unless a further division 
 were used. Of course, Longfellow might be, "811 Lon," and Lowell, "811 Low," 
 and Lanier, "811 Lan," but this would be confusing. Experience has proved 
 that it is easier to handle books and cards if arranged by numbers than if 
 arranged by letters. 
 
 A key, showing the relation of the alphabet to numbers, has been carefully 
 worked out, and is known as the "Cutter Table of author-marks," These num- 
 bers range between 10 and 100 to correspond with the alphabetical position of the 
 second and third letters of the author's surname. The scale gradually changes 
 from low numbers, which represent letters in the first part of the alphabet, to 
 high numbers, which represent the letters in the latter part of the alphabet. 
 
 Consult the following specimen entry of the "Cutter Table of author-marka" 
 for "B," find "Bry," and give the number in connection with it. The Cutter 
 number for Bryant is B84, because "ry," the second and third letters in Bryant, 
 are near the end of the alphabet, and "84" is a relative distance from 10 to 100. 
 By placing this Cutter number, "B84," after the Dewey number, "811," the 
 complete classification for Bryant's poems becomes 811-B84. This number is 
 used by the majority of libraries of America for Bryant's poems. 
 
 The Dewey and the Cutter numbers for the poems of John Burroughs, an 
 American poet, are 811-B94, Give the Cutter number only for: Botsford; 
 Browning; Burns. When the number for a name cannot be exact, as Bartlett, 
 for example, use the number directly preceding. Give the number for Bamford, 
 Tell, without consulting the table, whether the number following B, in the name 
 Bacon, would be a high or a low number. Which would be the higher number, 
 the one for Bedford, or the one for Bennett? 
 
 The complete table contains, of course, a key for each letter in the alphabet, 
 corresponding to the sample under B. This key is used by almost all libraries; 
 it is particularly valuable for fiction. Most libraries do not place any Dewey 
 number before the Cutter number for fiction. The number for a story by Barrie, 
 entitled "Sentimental Tommy," for example, is B27S. "B27" is the Cutter num- 
 ber for Barrie; "S" represents the first letter of the title. Give the number for 
 a stoi-y by Blackmore entitled "Lorna Doone," Some libraries do not even give 
 a Cutter number for fiction, but put authors alphabetically on the shelf without 
 such close classifying. 
 
 i 
 
For biography, most libraries use a "B" instead of a Dewey number. The 
 "B" is placed first, then the initial letter of the surname of the one written about, 
 with its Cutter number. The Cutter number is then followed by the initial of 
 the author's surname. For example, the book-number for a biography of 
 Daniel Boone, by Abbott, would be B-B64-A. The first "B" classifies the book 
 under Biography. "B64" is the Cutter number for Boone (the one written 
 about). "A" indicates that the author's name begins with "A." 
 
 Specimen entry for "B" from Cutter Table of Author Marks. 
 
 Ba 11 
 
 Bax 33 
 
 Bix 55 
 
 Brim 77 
 
 Bac 12 
 
 Bay 34 
 
 Bl 56 
 
 Bro 78 
 
 Baco 13 
 
 Be 35 
 
 Blaf 57 
 
 Broo 79 
 
 Bad 14 
 
 Beal 36 
 
 Blak 58 
 
 Brow 81 
 
 BaU 15 
 
 Beam Zl 
 
 Blan 59 
 
 Browni 82 
 
 Bain 16 
 
 Bear 38 
 
 Bland 61 
 
 Bru 83 
 
 Bak 17 
 
 Bed 39 
 
 Bio 62 
 
 Bry 84 
 
 Bal 18 
 
 Bel 41 
 
 Bo 63 
 
 Bua 85 
 
 Bald 19 
 
 Bern 42 
 
 Bon 64 
 
 Bue 86 
 
 Ball 21 
 
 Ben 43 
 
 Bot 65 
 
 Bui 87 
 
 Ban 22 
 
 Bene 44 
 
 Bou 66 
 
 Bum 88 
 
 Bar 23 
 
 Beo 45 
 
 Bow 67 
 
 Bura 89 
 
 Bark 24 
 
 Bers 46 
 
 Bowl 68 
 
 Burg 91 
 
 Barm 25 
 
 Bi 47 
 
 Box 69 
 
 Burl 92 
 
 Barne 26 
 
 Big 48 
 
 Boin 71 
 
 Burn 93 
 
 Barr 27 
 
 Bil 49 
 
 Bra 72 
 
 Burr 94 
 
 Bars 28 
 
 Bim 51 
 
 Brae 11 
 
 Burt 95 
 
 Bas 29 
 
 Bio 52 
 
 Bre 74 
 
 Bus 96 
 
 Bat 31 
 
 Bir 53 
 
 Brem 75 
 
 But 97 
 
 Batf 32 
 
 Bis 54 
 
 Bri 76 
 
 Butp 98 
 
 Arrangement of Books on Shelves 
 
 The number by which a book is classified is known as a "call number" 
 because the book is called for by that number. This "call number" is either 
 printed, or written, or pasted by means of a label, on the back of the book to 
 make it easy to find or to replace the volume on the shelf. All books of the same 
 class are together, sub-arranged first by numbers, and then by the letters of the 
 author's name. In a section of literature, for example, books numbered as below 
 would be arranged on the shelves as follows: 
 
 Considering the above as books on a shelf, between what numbers would 
 American literature by Newcomer, 810-N43, be placed? Would Holmes' poems, 
 
 7 
 
811-H73, be "in" or "out" according to the above? Would Lowell's poems, 
 811-L89, be "in" or "out?" Would Longfellow's poems, 811-L83, be "in?" 
 Would Tennyson's poems, 821-T25, be "in" or "out?" 
 
 Shelf Lists 
 
 It is necessary for libraries to have a file of cards arranged in the order in 
 which books are placed on the shelves, to make it possible to determine what 
 books have been assigned to certain numbers, or what books may be missing 
 from any section. These cards are called a "shelf-list;" this list is not ordinarily 
 needed by the users of the library. 
 
 Before taking uf) the next subject, it would be well to memorize the ten main 
 divisions of the Dewey or Decimal classification as given on page 4, Table 1. 
 
Card Catalogue 
 
 A card catalogue of a library consists of written, or typewritten, or printed 
 cards, uniform in size, for all books in the library. Each card represents either: 
 
 An author; A title; A subject; or 
 
 A special chapter or phase of some one book. 
 
 The complete catalogue, therefore, gives full information on such points 
 for all books contained in the library. The cards are usually filed in one 
 alphabetical order, in cabinets made for the purpose; and, to prevent misplace- 
 ment, are fastened by a rod run through a hole in the bottom of each card. 
 
 The accompanying cuts are inserted to show how the cards are arranged 
 in drawers and cases. The first drawer of the case represented by the following 
 cut contains cards for all authors, subjects, titles and other necessary entries, 
 which come in alphabetical order between A and K. Give the letters contained 
 in the second drawer. This case represents a very small library. In large 
 libraries, many drawers are needed; sometimes one or more drawers are required 
 for one letter only. 
 
 The second cut represents the first drawer of the case as it would appear if 
 it were removed. Notice that the card for "Cuba" is in full view. What 
 author's name appears on this card, just below the word Cuba? If this book 
 were to be called for, the number in the upper left-hand corner of the card, 970-F, 
 would be copied by the one desiring the book and handed to some one in charge 
 of the Hbrary. This number indicates where the book is located on the shelves; 
 the "9" indicates that it is in the section of history; the "7," that it is among 
 the books on American history, and the "0," that it treats of some general phase 
 of American history; the "F," represents the initial of the author's surname. 
 Numbers of this kind are known as "call numbers," because books are called for 
 under these numbers. The "call number" is always entered in the upper left- 
 hand corner of the card. It is also placed on the back of the book. 
 
Guide Cards 
 
 Notice that after Cuba, a card headed "Dickens" extends above the other 
 cards. What word, beginning with "E," extends above the line immediately 
 following Dickens? These cards are called "guide cards," because they guide 
 one to the location of certain letters in the catalogue. Are the "guide cards" in 
 alphabetical order? If a card for a book on "Fish" is in the drawer, it would 
 appear between what guide cards? Between what guide cards should one look 
 to see if the library contains a copy of: 
 
 a: Oliver Wendell Holmes' poems, 
 
 b: Book on "Baskets," 
 
 c: A copy of "As You Like It," 
 
 d: Emerson's Essays? 
 
 Library of Congress Printed Cards 
 
 To enable a catalogue to give a complete record of what books a library 
 contains by a certain author, or on a certain subject, or by a certain title, it is 
 necessary to make several cards for each book. This, of course, means a great 
 deal of careful work, which should be done only by those who have been trained 
 in the details of cataloguing methods. As all cards for the same book are nearly 
 the same in different libraries, it is obvious that there is much wasted energy in 
 writing these cards separately for each library. A central bureau has therefore 
 been estabhshed by the Library of Congress for the purpose of supplying other 
 libraries with cards which are printed for the catalogues of their own library. 
 As the Library of Congress receives two free copies of every book which is copy- 
 righted in the United States, its card catalogue has a printed card for all such 
 books. Cards are also printed for all other books in the Congressional library. 
 These cards can be purchased by any library, public or private, for a trifle more 
 expense than that of blank cards. Postage is free, because the work is under the 
 United States government. These cards make it possible for the smallest 
 library to be catalogued as carefully as is a large important one. For details, 
 address: Printed Card Catalogue Division, Library of Congress, Washington, 
 D. C. 
 
 10 
 
A Library of Congress card for Francis Parkman's "California and Oregon 
 trail" follows, reproduced in exact size. All cards needed under different head- 
 ings for this book, such as an author card, a title card, a subject card, are made 
 from this form, which is the only form printed. 
 
 Parkman, Francis, 1823-1893. 
 
 The California and Oregon trail; being sketches of 
 prairie and Rocky Mountain life, by Francis Parkman, 
 jr., with an introduction by Edward G. Bourne, ph. d. 
 :New York, T. Y. Crowell & co. [1901] 
 
 1 p. 1., xix, 416 p. front, (port.) 19'". 
 Added t.-p. : The Oregon trail. 
 
 1. The West— Descr. & trav. 2. Indians of North America— The West. 
 3. Frontier life— The West. 
 
 O" 
 
 1-16630 
 Library of Congress V ) F592.P256 
 
 ©1901 A 12474 
 
 An "author card" made from this printed form, would have the "call num- 
 ber," 917.P256, entered in the upper left-hand corner. The card would be filed 
 in the catalogue in alphabetical order under Parkman. 
 
 A title card, made from this form, would have the title, "California and 
 Oregon trail" written above Parkman, and the call number entered in its proper 
 place. The card would be filed in the catalogue in alphabetical order under 
 California. See reduced cut below. 
 
 
 CaJL4<rvvw>^ <WxdL Onx^^orw "tvxxjJL 
 
 ^ri 
 
 Parkman, Francis, 1823-1893. 
 
 ?i5w 
 
 The California and Oregon trail; being sketclies of 
 prairie and Rocky Mountain life, by Francis Parkman, 
 jr., with an introduction by Edward 6. Bourne, ph. d. 
 New York, T. Y. Crowell & co. [1901, 
 
 
 1 p. 1., xix, 416 p. front, (port.) 19"* 
 
 
 Added t.-p. : The Oregon trail. 
 
 
 1 The West— Descr. & trav. 2 Indians of North America— The West. 
 3. Frontier hfe-The West. 
 
 
 /^~\ 1-16630 
 Library of Congress \] FS92.P256 
 
 ©1901 A 12474 
 
 As the book is about Oregon as much as it is about California, a third card 
 would be made by writing "Oregon trail" above the word Parkman, and enter- 
 ing the call number. (Under the library code of capitalization, ordinary words 
 in a title begin with a small letter). 
 
 11 
 
other entries are needed for this card, beside those for author and title. 
 Three suggested subjects under which it should be entered are numbered and 
 abbreviated a little below the middle of the card. What is suggested for number 
 2? If a card were made for this subject, the words "Indians of North America — 
 the West" would be written on the printed form above the word Parkman, the 
 call number entered, and the card filed in the catalogue in alphabetical order 
 under Indians. 
 
 The sample card which follows shows how carefully every important essay 
 in Lowell's "My study windows" should be catalogued. As the essays in the 
 book do not all bear on the same subject, and as the subjects cannot be surmised 
 from the title, each essay is listed, a httle above the middle of the card, under 
 "Contents." Give the title of the first essay, and also of the second. In the 
 paragraph below "Contents," the important subjects treated in the essays are 
 numbered, indicating that a card should be made for each one. What are the 
 first and second subjects suggested? What is the eleventh subject? After the 
 last subject, the word "title" indicates that a title card should be made. To 
 make this title card, what words should be written above Lowell? What are 
 the dates for the life of James Russell Lowell? Dates are given after the name 
 of each person for whom a subject card is to be made. After number 4, find when 
 Carlyle lived; after number 10, when Emerson lived. Where would the Dewey- 
 Cutter number, which is 814. L95, be entered on each card made? 
 
 Lowell, James Russell, 1819-1891. 
 
 My study windows. By James Russell Lowell .. Bos- 
 ton, New York, Houghton, Mifflin and company (^899) 
 
 4 p. 1 , 433 p 20="^. 
 
 "Forty third impression" 
 
 Contents— My garden acquaintance — A good word for winter —On a 
 certain condescension in foreigners— A great public character —Carlyle. — 
 Abraham Lincoln —The life and letters of James Gates Percival — Tho- 
 reau— Swinburne's tragedies —Chaucer —Library of old authors— Emer- 
 son, the lecturer — Pope 
 
 1 Birds 2 Winter 3 Quincy, Josiah, 1772-1864 4 Carlyle, Thomas. 
 1795-1881 5 Lincoln, Abraham, pres U S , 1809-1865. 6 Percival. James 
 Gates, 1795-1856 7 Thoreau, Henry David, 1817-1862. 8. Swinburne, 
 Algernon Charles. 1837-1909 9 Chaucer. Geoffrey, d. 1400 10 Emerson 
 Ralph Waldo 1803-1882 11 Pope. Alexander, 1688-1744 i Title 
 
 O 
 
 17-16121 
 
 Library of Congress PS2320A1 1899 a 
 
 Practical Suggestions for Using a Card Catalogue 
 
 Though users of a card catalogue do not need to be troubled with the details 
 of cataloguing, which belong to a special feature of library economy, they should 
 thoroughly reahze the value of a card catalogue, and be perfectly familiar with 
 the plan upon which it is arranged; otherwise they cannot be independent, or 
 feel at home, in finding material in large libraries, 
 
 12 
 
Dates; Editions; Publishers 
 
 The habit of noticing the dates and publishers of books should be cultivated. 
 For books on certain subjects the date is very important indeed, while for books 
 on other subjects it is immaterial. A book on submarine boats printed in 
 1910 would be practically useless. It is also advisable to notice whether or 
 not the catalogue contains cards for different editions of a work. Important 
 books usually pass through many editions. Bartlett's "Familiar quotations," 
 for example, has passed through ten editions; the last one, of course, is 
 more complete and better arranged than any preceding edition. Milton, 
 Shakespeare, Dickens, Scott, and the works of many other authors, have passed 
 through a great many different editions. Early editions of the works of a promi- 
 nent author are sometimes exceedingly valuable. 
 
 The publisher of a book is sometimes a clue to its value. Good publishers 
 are anxious to have a reputation for giving satisfactory service, as are all other 
 responsible business houses. A good publisher's name, therefore, means that 
 honest work is practically guaranteed, and that the subject matter of the book 
 has been approved by a responsible firm. 
 
 Find Call Number Under Entry with Fewest Cards 
 
 Before consulting the card catalogue for the call number of a desired book, 
 if the author, subject and title of the book are all known, try to think under 
 which entry the fewest number of cards would have to be handled. For example, 
 should one wish to draw from a large library a copy of the collection of English 
 essays written by John Brown and entitled "Spare hours," the call number for 
 the book would have to be found in the card catalogue under either author, title 
 or subject. Under the author. Brown, John, as many cards would be found 
 as there were books in the library either by or about a man so named. To find 
 the John Brown desired would necessitate the handling of many cards. A still 
 larger number of cards would be found under the subject, "Essays — English." 
 However, under the title, "Spare hours," there would be very little probability 
 of finding any other cards with exactlj^ the same heading. 
 
 Find First and Last Cards for Large Subjects 
 
 When using a card catalogue which contains many cards on a subject, 
 Lincoln or Shakespeare, or some country, for example, find the first card bearing 
 the name, then the last one, and read the headings of "guide" cards which may 
 come between to indicate subdivisions of the topic. If this plan is followed, an 
 estimate of the books which the library contains on the subject can be quickly 
 made. Large topics in a card catalogue are frequently subdivided to corres- 
 pond with the subdivision used in standard encyclopedias. A very large card 
 catalogue can be used as easily as a small one after a little training and prac- 
 tice, but the fact that large subjects must be subdivided, should always be 
 kept in mind. In the case of Shakespeare, in addition to general guide cards, 
 probably each play would be sub-arranged alphabetically, and books or editions 
 pertaining to each one would be listed under a guide card bearing the name of 
 the play. In the case of a country, the guide cards are sometimes quite 
 extensive, but always self explanatory if a little care is used. 
 
 18 
 
special Indexes 
 
 As we have seen, a card catalogue indexes all books which a library contains 
 under as many different headings as are necessary. A card catalogue, however, 
 is necessarily limited in its scope, and cannot index every reference in the library. 
 Magazine articles, for example, are exceedingly valuable for reference work, but, 
 if a card catalogue should attempt to include an index of them, it would become 
 so cumbersome that it would be more annoying than helpful. We therefore have 
 excellent indexes prepared separately for magazines, and issued in printed form. 
 As magazine indexes are explained in another place, no details are given here. 
 The fact that special indexes are prepared for widely different needs should be 
 kept in mind when in search for reference material. Telephone directories, or 
 city directories, are nothing but special indexes. An English dictionary, for 
 instance, is an exhaustive index to the words in the English language; indeed, 
 the dictionary was one of the first indexes attempted; a biographical dictionary 
 is practically an index which lists prominent persons of the world while giving 
 also a brief sketch of each one; a chemical dictionary lists and explains chemical 
 terms; a dictionary of dates arranges historical events in chronological order. 
 
 A few important special indexes are mentioned below. Read the description 
 of each book, and try to realize why it was prepared. 
 
 A. L. A. Portrait index. (American Library Association.) 
 
 An index of portraits contained in over 6,000 volumes of books 
 and periodicals published prior to 1905, listing about 120,000 portraits. 
 
 Baker, Ernest A. Guide to historical fiction. 
 Guide to best fiction. 
 
 Two large volumes. The first one gives historical fiction only; the 
 second one gives fiction which is centered about various subjects, such 
 as music, slum life, blindness, for example. 
 
 Each volume gives: 
 
 a. A guide to the best novels of different countries. 
 
 b. Novels classified by periods and countries, or subjects. 
 
 c. An index by author, title and subject. 
 
 d. Good descriptive notes. 
 
 Granger, Edith. Index to poetry and recitations. 
 
 The Granger index enables one to find familiar selections which are 
 scattered in out-of-the-way books; for example, such favorites as: the 
 "Old oaken bucket;" "'Twas the night before Christmas;" "Darius Green 
 and his flying machine." 
 
 It indexes about 400 volumes of miscellaneous collections of poems, 
 recitations and readings. Each selection is indexed three times; that 
 is, it appears under each of the following indexes which are in different 
 sections of the book: 
 
 The index for the titles of the selections requires about the first 
 third of the book. 
 
 The index for the authors requires the second third. 
 
 The index for the first lines requires the last third. 
 14 
 
If only the first line of the poem or recitation is remembered, look 
 for it in the "First line index;" if only the author is known, look in the 
 "Author index;" if only the title is known, look in the "Title index." 
 Collections are referred to under initials which stand for the words of 
 the titles of the collections, as; BNL refers to a collection of poems en- 
 titled Bryant's New Library of poetry and song; BLP refers to Beacon 
 Lights of Patriotism. The key to these abbreviations appears at the 
 front of the Granger index. Most libraries would have a copy of one 
 or two of the collections of poems and recitations referred to under 
 the title of the selection desired. 
 
 Guides to Genealogies 
 
 Special indexes have been prepared for tracing the history of individual 
 families. These indexes are arranged under the surname of the family, and 
 refer to books which have traced the ancestry of branches of the family 
 bearing that name. Man}^ large public libraries have a special department 
 devoted to the tracing of family histories. For noted English and Scottish 
 families, see: 
 
 Burk's peerage or Burk's landed gentry. 
 
 For American families see, 
 
 Munsell: Index to American genealogies. 
 
 Book Selection 
 
 Many essays, articles and books have been written on the theme of the read- 
 ing of good books. Discussions on this subject, either in print or in conversation 
 or in lectures are always fascinating. We are very likely to listen when one 
 announces some such topic as: Books which have influenced me; Books which 
 I would take if cast upon a desert island; Books which every gentleman's library 
 should contain; or the like. A little book written by Charles Richardson, pub- 
 lished by Putnam of New York, and entitled ''Choice and use of books'' is excep- 
 tionally good on this general subject. 
 
 One of the most important functions of a public library is that of guiding 
 students to the best books; and one of the most vital phases of education is that of 
 training one's self to know where to find lists of the best books on desired subjects. 
 Our need for selection ranges from the best picture books for children to the best 
 books to meet the various phases of older life in stories, or travel, or history, 
 or science, or other interests. The danger of pernicious books, so feared a gen- 
 eration ago, is rapidly passing; the difficulty which the present generation meets 
 is that of being absorbed b}^ the mediocre. If we wish to grow, and to culti- 
 vate a taste for the art in literature, we must do some reading which is above 
 our level. 
 
 16 
 
The American Library Association 
 
 One of the most valuable educational associations of recent years is the 
 American Library Association, though few people, not connected with library 
 work, realize the full extent of its influence. This association is largely responsi- 
 ble for the exceptional service which we have through our excellent pubhc library 
 system in this country. The association publishes a most carefully prepared 
 list of selected books to assist librarians in making a wise choice of good books 
 for their shelves, and, to an unusual extent, lives up to its motto, "Best reading, 
 for the greatest number, at the least cost." The following publications of this 
 Association are excellent for book selection : 78 E. Washington Street, Chicago. 
 
 8000 titles for a popular library {1904). 
 
 3000 titles for a popular library {1911, supplement) . 
 
 "Book list," issued practically monthly. 
 
 Kroeger — Guide to the Study and Use of Reference Books. 
 
 State Library Commissions: Otlier Educational Bodies 
 
 Library commissions, located at state capitals, frequently publish valuable 
 lists, usually free to schools of the state and sold very reasonably outside of the 
 state. The following are especially good: Michigan, Minnesota, New York, 
 Oregon, Wisconsin. 
 
 Much excellent work is done by many state library commissions in the way of 
 sending boxes of books known as traveling libraries to small towns and rural 
 districts. Maryland maintains an automobile traveling library which carries 
 books at frequent regular intervals to isolated places. 
 
 Many local Boards of Education, State Boards of Education, Normal Schools, 
 publishers and other bodies issue lists of books for various needs. 
 
 The United States Bureau of Education issues two good lists, for high 
 schools under the following supervision: 
 
 University High School: University of Chicago, Bulletin 35, 1913. 
 
 Martha Wilson, Supervisor of School Libraries for Minnesota— Bulletin 41, 1917. 
 
 References in Scattered Books 
 
 In addition to the above lists the student should bear in mind that guides 
 to good books, frequently headed "Bibliography," can be found: 
 
 a. At the end of articles in good general encyclopaedias, and in encyclo- 
 paedias and dictionaries of special subjects. 
 
 b. In most good text-books on the subject desired. 
 
 c. In most good special works on the subject desired. 
 
 d. In books giving only bibliography. 
 
 16 
 
Questions for 
 Classification and Card Catalogue 
 
 Student's name Per cent. 
 
 Teacher's name Hour reciting Date 
 
 Have you read the directions on the back of this cover? Answer yes or no. 
 
 1— Fill in the main subjects in the Dewey or Decimal system of library classification which are 
 represented by any five of the following numbers: 
 000 100 200 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 700 
 
 300 
 SOO 
 
 400 
 900 
 
 2 — Fiction, if numbered at all, is usually classified alphabetically imdcr the initial of the author's 
 surname, followed by the Cutter number, and then by the initial of the title. "D55" 
 stands for Dickens; "D55N" stands for Nicholas Nickleby. Give the number for the 
 following stories from Dickens: 
 
 a: Pickwick Papers. b: Martin Chuzzlewit. c: Little Dorrit. 
 
 3 — Most libraries use "B" for Biography instead of a number, following the "B" by the initial 
 letter of the surname of the one written about; this, in turn, is followed by the initial of the 
 surnainc of the one who wrote the biography. Indicate, under a, b, c, d, below what the 
 following signify in a book numbered B-L63-N 
 
 a. The "B" stands for what? 
 
 b. The biography is about a man whose name begins with what letter? 
 
 c. Are the second letters of his name near the beginning of the nlphabet, e. g., Lake; 
 
 or near the end, e. g., Lyons; or about the middle, e. g., Lincoln? 
 
 d. The book is written by a man whose name begins with what letter? 
 
 4 — Under the library code of capitalization do ordinary words in titles begin with a capital letter 
 or with a small letter? 
 
 5 — The following rein-esenls a Library of Congress printed card, reduced. The call number for 
 this card is, 352. G72. Make a title card out of the form, and enter the call number in the 
 proper place. 
 
 Goodnow, Frank Johnson, 1859- 
 
 ... City .government in the United States, by Frank J. 
 Crooduow .. New York, The "Century cc, 1906, 
 
 X. MS p. 20"" (The American state series) 
 F.rjt pub. in 1904. 
 
 Municipal government— U. S. i. Title. 
 
 Library of ConRress 
 
 o 
 
 6 — What words would be written above Goodnow, if a subject card wore made on the preceding 
 form? 
 
 7 — Who has compiled two large indexes to serve as guides to the best fiction? 
 
 8— Who has compiled an index which guides to recitations and poems in scattered books of 
 selection? 
 
 9 — Under what three headings is each selection catalogued in the last mentioned book? 
 10~Name a guide to portraits. 
 
Directions for Using 
 Perforated Page of Questions and Key 
 
 Which appear on the reverse side of this cover 
 
 The questions which appear on the reverse side of this cover, on a perforated 
 colored sheet, are not difficult, detailed or "catchy." They are intended to 
 emphasize important points and to systematize the work for class records. The 
 answers, which can easily be given after the text has been carefully read, should 
 be written, from memory, in the blank spaces under the questions, preferably in 
 class time unless directed to do otherwise by the one in charge of the work. 
 
 The perforated sheet should be torn out in the presence of the one conduct- 
 ing the class and only after it has been filled in. When directed to remove the 
 questions, insert pencil in the hole and rip around the perforated edges. 
 
 A key, by means of which the work can be checked, is printed on the cover 
 under the question page, but is not revealed until after the question page is 
 removed. This key consists of the same questions, with the correct answer 
 to each printed below it. 
 
 The value of each question, on the scale of 100, is indicated after the answer 
 in the key. By means of this key, students could correct their own or each 
 other's work in a few moments, in case the librarian or teacher could not take 
 the extra time to do so. 
 
 If the one who corrects the paper finds an incorrect answer, the amount to be 
 deducted should be placed on the outer right-hand margin, near the mistake. 
 These amounts should be added, the sum subtracted from 100, and the result 
 placed after the word "Per cent." at the top of the sheet. 
 
 The questions are asked in such a way as to admit of very little variety in the 
 wording of the answers. However, if the wording of a written answer is mani- 
 festly correct, and perfectly clear, but not exactly like the printed answer, of 
 course no deduction should be made. Do not deduct for spelling, nor for 
 abbreviated statements if they are perfectly clear. 
 
 If the one who corrects a paper marks a question wrong which the writer 
 considers correct, the two should examine the key together, or ask advice from 
 the one in charge of the class. 
 
>'J^^1 jiJif^'iit^^M^f^Sr^^i^i^iui^If'^- 
 
HOFKIK 
 
Foreword 
 
 This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
 series constitutes a second edition of "Reference guides that should be known and 
 how to use them," which first appeared in 1916 as a text book for high and normal 
 schools. 
 
 The revision treats important phases of reference work in separate pamphlets, 
 thus making it possible to grade the work, or to select the pamphlets best fitted to 
 meet individual needs. Generally speaking, any one of the pamphlets can be 
 completed in two class periods plus time for the preparation of one lesson be- 
 tween recitations. 
 
 The entire course could be completed by advanced students in five or six 
 weeks of one class and study period per day. The work can also be scattered 
 in different years. If one subject per term were given in consecutive order to 
 English classes, in high schools, beginning with the B8 of junior high and ex- 
 tending through the A12 of senior high, the work could be covered in two or 
 three class and study periods per term; or, if familiarity with reference books is 
 desired early in the school course, the most important subjects could be crowded 
 into the early high school grades. The order in which the subjects of the pamph- 
 lets are listed below suggests a logical sequence, whether the work is given 
 slowly or rapidly or to lower or to upper grade students. 
 
 1 — Webster's New International Dictionary 
 
 2 — New Standard Dictionary 
 
 3 — Encyclopaedias 
 
 4 — Parts of a book 
 
 5 — Atlases; city directories; gazetteers 
 
 6 — Concordances 
 
 7 — Library classification and card catalogue 
 
 8 — Indexes to periodical literature; debates 
 
 9 — Year-books 
 10 — Commercial indexes 
 11 — Important publications of city, state and federal governments 
 
 The inclusion of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes 
 it possible for each student to follow all illustrative examples without making a 
 trip to a library and waiting to have access to the complete reference work. 
 No library will furnish a sufficient number of copies of expensive reference 
 books to supply large classes adequately for detailed study; neither could a 
 library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as badly worn and 
 marked as they would become if many students were required to consult them for 
 prepared lessons. 
 
 1 
 
ExpTerience, ti^s pr(>y^(i*jthat the best results can be obtained if the work is 
 begjii iQ'Pe^Ul'af If'Jasfe'Vecitations by a librarian or a teacher reading the text 
 witt* the 'class. If conducted in this way, no previous preparation will be neces- 
 sary, either by the class or by the one who conducts it. As the reading of the 
 text proceeds, it will be seen that important features of the reference books studied 
 are emphasized by referring to the sample pages embodied in the text. With a 
 little class direction of this kind the students can readily see the plan of the text, 
 and can finish any unread pages independently as an assigned lesson for the next 
 recitation. In classes composed of advanced students, or in cases of absence, 
 the entire work could be done independently. 
 
 The questions on the colored page fastened on the inside of the last cover 
 are designed to emphasize important points and to systematize the work for 
 class records. Blank spaces are left under the questions for the answers. 
 When the questions are assigned as a lesson to be prepared out of class, and 
 the answers are written from memory in the blank spaces during the class 
 recitation following, the points are more thoroughly impressed than they are 
 when the answers are written before coming to class, while having direct access 
 to the text. 
 
 A key, giving the answer to each question, together with its value on the 
 scale of 100, will be found underneath the question sheet when it is removed. 
 By means of this key, students can correct their own or another's work in 
 a few minutes of class time, in case the librarian or teacher cannot give 
 extra time to do so. 
 
 Schools which ask a leading reference question in final examinations find 
 that students give more attention to the work and therefore learn to value its 
 importance. 
 
 The following paragraphs are taken from the 
 Foreword of the First Edition 
 
 Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
 lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
 "Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools," from the 
 United States Bureau of Education, 1914 — No. 34. 
 
 Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
 have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
 "book-using skill." 
 
 The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
 
 increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
 
 the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 
 
 Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 
 
 and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. 
 
 Every new student should be required to take 
 some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
 handling of library tools Such a course, more- 
 over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
 of the work required for a degree. 
 
 2 
 
Indexes 
 
 to 
 
 Periodical Literature 
 
 Indexes to the great variety of scattered articles in the best magazines are one 
 of the great achievements of modern reference indexing. Standard magazines 
 constitute our best source for current literature and for information regarding 
 current events. Many articles are of permanent value, while many others are 
 of passing interest only. 
 
 Poole's Index to Periodical Literature 
 
 The first important index to articles in magazines was edited in 1881 by two 
 friends, Poole and Fletcher. They conceived an idea of issuing an index for all 
 of the best magazine articles which had appeared since the earliest magazine 
 publications in this country. Much of the work for this enormous task was 
 volunteered. When it was published, it comprised two large volumes, and bore 
 the title of: "Poole's Index to periodical literature," Volume 1, 1802-1881. 
 For magazines after 1881 a volume was issued every five years until 1906, after 
 which date the work was discontinued. The articles were indexed by subject 
 only; portraits were indicated. The six volumes issued are a great monument to 
 magazine indexing, and the only guide to magazines for, practically, the 19th 
 century. Therefore, most of the best magazine literature which was issued in the 
 past century can be found under subject in these various volumes of Poole's Index 
 to periodical literature, dated as follows : 
 
 Vol. 1: 1802-1881 (2 parts) Vol. 4: 1892-1896 
 
 Vol. 2: 1882-1886 Vol. 5: 1897-1901 
 
 Vol. 3: 1887-1891 Vol. 6: 1902-1906 
 
 Indexes to Current Periodical Literature and Selected 
 United States Government Publications 
 
 The firm which is now doing more thorough and extensive work in the line of 
 indexing current publications than any other firm in the world, is the H. W. Wilson 
 Company of New York. They prepare indexes to nearly all of the good current 
 magazines which are published in the English language, except those pertaining to 
 purely technical subjects, such as medicine, banking, dentistry. These indexes 
 guide to articles in over three hundred current publications, including many 
 important publications of the United States Government. A thorough knowledge 
 of the plan upon which they are arranged is indispensable for good reference work. 
 
The most popular of these indexes, and the one which is the most serviceable 
 for general reference work, is: 
 
 The Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature 
 
 This index, which is explained in detail by means of specimen entries on the 
 following pages, will illustrate the general plan used for other magazine indexes. 
 
 Every month, the "Readers' guide to periodical literature" indexes all articles 
 in about one hundred popular magazines, together with a few important United 
 States Government Pubhcations. The index is arranged in one alphabetical 
 order, and gives for all articles in each magazine indexed : 
 
 Author; subject; title, if a story; portrait. 
 
 Plan on Which Readers' Guide is Cumulated 
 
 If each monthly issue of the Readers' guide contained an index to magazines 
 for one month only, it would be necessary to examine twelve separate indexes 
 in order to cover magazine articles for a year's time. This plan would be very 
 cumbersome indeed. The publishers have therefore adopted a scheme of gather- 
 ing up the separate indexes as they accumulate during the year. This plan, 
 called "cumulative," repeats the indexes in bi-monthly and quarterly issues, 
 arranging the references in each issue in one alphabetical order. It operates as 
 follows: 
 
 The January issue indexes articles in the January periodicals. 
 The February issue indexes articles for January and February. 
 The March issue indexes articles for January, February and March. 
 
 The March issue completes the first quarter. Cumulation is then begun 
 over again for the second quarter. At the end of each quarter the cumulation 
 goes back to January, as: 
 
 The April issue indexes articles in April periodicals only. 
 
 The May issue indexes articles for April and May. 
 
 The June issue indexes articles for six months, from January through June. 
 
 The July issue indexes for July. 
 
 The August issue indexes for July and August. 
 
 The September issue indexes for nine months; January through September. 
 
 The October issue indexes for one month. 
 
 The November issue indexes for October and November. 
 
 The December issue indexes for twelve months, January through December- 
 
 Thus the December number contains all issues for the year, in one alphabet. 
 
 Five December, or yearly issues, cumulated in one alphabet, constitute a 
 volume, as: 
 
 Volume 1: Covers the years 1900-1904. 
 Volume 2: Covers the years 1905-1909. 
 Volume 3: Covers the years 1910-1914. 
 
 4 
 
Consult the specimen entry of "List of Periodicals Indexed" on following 
 page, and tell what magazines are referred to when the Guide uses the following 
 abbreviations: 
 
 Am M 
 
 Bui Pan Am Union 
 
 Cent 
 
 Cur Hist M, N Y Times 
 
 Delin 
 
 Farmers' Bui 
 
 Each issue of the guide contains, at the front, a complete alphabetical list 
 of all abbreviations used for magazines. 
 
 Details of Entries 
 
 Consult the specimen page from the Guide under the letter "F," which follows, 
 and give the title and the author of the first article under the word "Food." 
 What is the abbreviation of the magazine in which this article appeared? Turn 
 to the specimen page containing the "List of Periodicals Indexed" and give the 
 full name of this magazine. The number which follows "Fortn." is the volume of 
 the magazine, and the numbers following 109 are the pages in the 109th volume. 
 The dash between the pages indicates the length of the article; that is, the article 
 begins on page 270 and ends on page 277. "F" indicates that the article was 
 published in February; '18, of course, indicates the year. Read the entries for 
 the second article under "Food," and tell what each one means. 
 
 Give the abbreviation which comes just before the name of the magazine 
 "Outing," in the first article under "Fishing." This abbreviation indicates that 
 the article is illustrated. In what volume of Outing did this article appear? 
 In what month of 1918 was it published? How many pages are devoted to it? 
 
 Who wrote an article about Leo Feist? The abbreviation "por," which 
 follows the author's name, indicates that a portrait of Leo Feist appears in connec- 
 tion with the article. If the name of the magazine in which this article appears is 
 not recognized from the abbreviation "Am M" find it from the specimen page of 
 "List of Periodicals Indexed." Give the volume, number of pages, month and 
 year for the magazines in which this article appears. 
 
 Give an exact reference for portraits of: Edna Ferber; David R. Francis. 
 
 On what day in March of 1918 was a poem pubUshed by Mahlon Leonard 
 Fisher in the Literary Digest? When a magazine is published oftener than once a 
 month, the day of the month is given to distinguish the different issues. 
 
 5 
 
Specimen Entry from 
 
 Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature 
 
 Showing Abbreviations used for Periodicals 
 
 List oi: Periodicals Indexed 
 
 Am City — American City. (C ed) City Edi- 
 tion. $3. Civic Press, Tribune Building, 
 New York. 
 
 —Same. (T and C ed) Town and County 
 Edition. $3. 
 
 — Same. (Both editions to one address) $4 
 
 (C ed) or (T and C ed) in entry indicates 
 
 that article is contained in City edition or 
 
 Town and County edition only. Entries not 
 
 so distinguished refer to either edition. 
 
 Am Econ R — American Economic Review. 
 $5. American Economic Association, 
 Ithaca, New York. 
 
 Am Hist Assn Rept — American Historical 
 Association Report. $3 to members (in- 
 cluding annual subscription to the Amer- 
 ican Historical Review). American His- 
 torical Association, H40 Woodward 
 Bldg., Washington, D. C. 
 
 Am Hist R — American Historical Review. 
 $4. $3 to members of the American his- 
 torical association (including Annual re- 
 port). Macmillan Company, 66 Fifth 
 Ave., New York. 
 
 Am J Soc-rAmerican Journal of Sociol- 
 ogy. $2. University of Chicago Press, 
 Chicago. 
 
 Am M — American Magazine. $2. Crowell 
 Publishing Company, Springfield, O. 
 
 Ann Am Acad — Annals of the American 
 Academy of Political and Social Science. 
 $6. $5 to members of the Academy. 36th 
 St. and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, 
 
 Arch Rec — Architectural Record. $3. 
 Architectural Record Company, 115 West 
 40th St., New York. 
 
 Art and Archaeol — Art and Archaeology. 
 $3. Archaeological Institute of America, 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Art World— Art World and Arts and Dec- 
 oration. $4. Hewitt Publishing Corpora- 
 tion, 470 Fourth Ave., New York. 
 
 Asia — Asia, Journal of the American Asiatic 
 Association. $2. Asia Publishing Co., 
 627 Lexington Ave., New York. 
 
 Atlan— Atlantic Monthly. $4. Atlantic 
 Monthly Company, 41 Mt. Vernon St., 
 Boston. 
 
 Bellman— The Bellman. $4. The Bellman 
 Co., 118 South 6th St., Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 Bib World— Biblical World. $2. University 
 of Chicago Press, Chicago. 
 
 Bird Lore — Bird-Lore. $1.50. D. Appleton & 
 Co., Harrisburg, Pa. 
 
 Bookm — Bookman. $3. Dodd, Mead & 
 Co., 4th Ave. & 30th St., New York. 
 
 Bui Pan Am Union — Bulletin of the Pan 
 American Union. $2. 17th and B Sts., 
 N. W., Washington, D. C. 
 
 Canad M — Canadian Magazine. $2.50. 200 
 Adelaide St. West, Toronto, Canada. 
 
 Cath World— Catiiolic World. $3. 120-122 
 W. 60th St., New York. 
 
 Cent — Century. $4. Century Co., 353 4th 
 Ave., New York. 
 
 Child Labor Bui— Child Labor Bulletin. $2. 
 National Child Labor Committee, 105 East 
 22nd St., New York. 
 
 Conf Char and Correc. See Nat Conf Soc 
 Work 
 
 Contemp — Contemporary Review. $5. 
 Leonard Scott Pub. Co., 249 West 13th 
 St., New York. 
 
 Country Life — New Country Life. $5. Dou- 
 bleday. Page & Co., Garden City, N. Y. 
 
 Cur Hist M, N Y Times— Current History 
 Magazine of the New York Times. $3. 
 New York Times Co., Times Square, New 
 York. 
 
 Cur Opinion — Current Opinion. $3. Cur- 
 rent Literature Pub. Co., 63 W. 36th St., 
 New York. 
 
 Delin — Delineator. $1.50. Butterick Pub. Co., 
 Butterick Bldg., Spring and MacDougal 
 Sts., New York. 
 
 Dial— Dial. $^ The Dial Pub. Co., 152 W. 
 13th St., New York City. 
 
 Edin R — Edinburgh Review. $4.50. Leonard 
 Scott Pub. Co., 249 West 13th St., New 
 York. 
 
 Educa— Education. $3. Palmer Co., 120 
 Boylston St., Boston. 
 
 Educ R — Educational Review. $3. Educa- 
 tional Review Pub. Co., Columbia Univer- 
 sity, New York. 
 
 El School J — Elementary School Journal. 
 $1.50. University of Chicago Press, Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 Everybody's — Everybody's Magazine. $1.50 
 The Ridgeway Company, Spring & Mac- 
 dougal Sts., New York. 
 
 Farmers' Bvd — United States. Department 
 of Agriculture. Farmers' bulletins. A 
 limited number of copies are available far 
 free distribution by Division of Publica- 
 tions, Department of Agriculture, Wash- 
 ington, D. C. 
 
 Fortn — Fortnightly Review. $5. Leonard 
 Scott Pub. Co., 249 West 13th St., New 
 York. 
 
 Fonim — Forum. $2.50. The Forum Pub- 
 lishing Co., 118 East 28th St., New York 
 
 Gard M — Garden Magazine. $2. Double- 
 day, Page & Co., Garden City, N. Y. 
 
 Good H — Good Housekeeping. $1.50. 119 W. 
 40th St., New York. 
 
 Harper — Harper's Monthly Magazine. $4. 
 Harper & Bros., Franklin Square, New 
 York. 
 
specimen Entry from 
 Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature 
 
 Federal reserve board 
 
 Capital Issues committee 
 Supervision of security issues by the United 
 States. A. B. Forbes. Nation 106:372-4. Mr 28 
 •18 
 Feebleminded 
 Folly- of freedom for fools. Survey 39:657 Mr 
 .. 16 '18 
 Feist, Leo 
 Knows all about the popular song business. 
 E. M. Wickes. por Am M 85:48-9 F '18 
 Feminism 
 Feminism business. Woman's H C 45:12 Ap '18 
 Freedom and family life. Unpop R 9:112-22 Ja 
 •18 
 Fenderson, Mark 
 
 Delectable dinners. Woman's H C 45:42 Ap '18 
 Ferber, Edna 
 
 Joy of the job. por Am M 85:34-5 Mr '18 
 Ferguson, Charles 
 Revolution absolute. Bookm 46:647-52; 47:48-57, 
 160-70 F-Ap '18 
 Ferguson, Elsie (Louise) 
 
 Portrait. Am M 85:27 Mr '18 
 Fernandez, Jose Vincente 
 
 Sketch, por Bui Pan Am Union 46:232-4 F '18 
 Fertilizers and manures 
 Fertilizer needs of the United States. H. J. 
 Wheeler. Q J Econ 32:209-37 F '18 
 Feuchtinger, Eugene 
 New method of training the voice. Q J Speech 
 Educ 4:93-102 Ja '18 
 Fiction 
 Eight stories of good cheer; ed. by F: H. Law. 
 
 il Ind 93:418-20, 460-2, 496, 526 Mr 9-30 '18 
 Sentimental America. H: S. Canby. Atlan 121: 
 
 500-6 Ap '18 
 Spring opening in fiction. H. W. Boynton. 
 
 Bookm 47:175-81 Ap '18 
 Story in the making. Unpop R 9:93-6 Ja '18 
 Filene, A. Lincoln 
 Status of the daylight saving plan. Am City 
 18:217-18 Mr '18 
 Filsinger, Mrs Ernst B. See Teasdale, Sara 
 Filters and filtration 
 
 Characteristics of a lime softening filtration 
 plant. W. A. Sperry. il Am City 18:253-7 Mr 
 '18 
 Finance 
 
 Tomorrow of finance. S. N. Patten. Ann Am 
 Acad 76:257-71 Mr '18 
 
 Germany 
 
 Germany's financial burdens 
 
 90-2 Mr 2 '18 
 Germany's financial outlook. H 
 
 19th Cent 83:374-85 F '18 
 
 Great Britain 
 Levy on capital after the war. F. W. P. Law 
 rence. Contemp 113:308-15 Mr "18 
 
 Japan 
 
 Emergency financial measures of Japan. 
 
 Takashima. J Pol Econ 26:302-7 Mr '18 
 
 Russia 
 Bolshevik repudiation. H. 
 
 109:428-37 Mr •IS 
 
 United States 
 Aside from sentiment. Ind 93:529 Mr 30 ^18 
 
 United States- 
 leader. J: K. 
 ,80 Mr 
 
 Finck, Henry Theophilus 
 
 Golden cock. Nation 106:300-1 Mr H '18 
 War-time pleasures of the table. Cent 95:899- 
 904 Ap '18 
 Findlater, Jane Helen 
 Compulsory rations. Liv Age 296:551-60, 607- 
 14 Mr 2-9 '18 
 Findlay, Hugh 
 Better garden this year/Ind 93:359 Mr 2 '18 
 How to plant and raise vines. Art World 3: 
 sup5-8 Mr '18 
 Finland 
 Republic of Finland. A. Yarmolinsky. map Cur 
 Hist M, N Y Times 7,pt2:437-41 Mr 'IS 
 Finney, Ross L. 
 
 Sociological principle determining the elemen- 
 tary curriculum. Scljool and Soc 7:338-49 Mr 
 23 '18 
 
 Fire protection 
 Price of safety against fire. C: Hill. Ind Man- 
 agement 55:217-18 Mr '18 
 Sootless Saturdays. W. A. Mohrbacher. Am 
 City 18:246 Mr '18 
 Fish, Carl fiussell. See Paxson, Frederic L., it. 
 
 auth. 
 Fish as food 
 Contributions of zoology to human welfare. 
 H. M Smith. Science n s 47:299-301 Mr 29 
 
 Food value and digestibility of fish and sea 
 food. P. B. Hawk. Ladies' H J 35:59 Ap '18 
 Fisher, Helen Dwight 
 Boy, the war and the harrow. Survey 39:704-6 
 Mr 30 '18 ■ 
 
 Fisher, Irving 
 Some contributions of the war to our knowl- 
 edge of money and prices; abstract. Am 
 Econ R 8:sup257-8 Mr '18 
 Fisher, IVlahlon Leonard 
 Love of children; poem. Lit Digest 56:36 Mr 9 
 '18 
 Fishing 
 Cast thy lure" upon the waters, il Outing 72: 
 
 44-7 Ap '18 
 Good form in fly-casting. S. Taylor, il Outing 
 72:40-1 Ap '18 
 Fisk, Eugene Lyman 
 
 If you afe 40 or over. Ladies' H- J 35:90 Mr '1? 
 Fiske, Bradley Allen 
 AdmirrJ Fiske on our use of aircraft against 
 the German navy, por R of Rs 57:315-16 Mr 
 
 Fiske, John (Edmund Fiske Green) 
 John Fiske's long struggle for recognition, il 
 Cur Opinion 64:198-9 Mr '18 
 Flaherty, James A. 
 Who are the Knights of Columbus? Ladies' 
 H J 35:66 Mr '18 
 Flamel, Nicholas 
 Ancient defensive armor in modern warfare. 
 Sci Am S 85:180-2 Mr 23 '18 
 Flashlight photography. See Photography, 
 
 Flashlight 
 Fleming, R. 
 
 Fourth dimension. Sci Am S 85:188-9 Mr 23 '18 
 Fletcher, John Gould 
 Earth; poenn. Bookm 47:92 Mr '18 
 New heaven; poem. Yale R n 6 7:527-8 Ap '18 
 Poetry of Conrad Aiken. Dial 64:291-2 Mr 28 
 '18 
 Flexner, Simon 
 Franklin P. Mall: an appreciation. Science n s 
 47:249-54 Mr 15 '18 
 Fliers. See Aviators 
 Flies 
 Effective methods of fly control. T: J. Head- 
 lee. Sci Am S 85:150-1 Mr 9 '18 
 Flies as carriers of contagion 
 Insects and the national health. C: T. Brues. 
 il Sci Monthly 6:202-6 Mr '18 
 Flint implements and weapons. See Stone im- 
 plements and weapons 
 Flood control 
 
 Flood protection for the Miami valley. O. R. 
 Geyer. il map R of Rs 57:291-6 Mr '18 
 Florida 
 Florida surveyed for war and peace. Survev 
 39:598 Mr 2 '18 
 Flour 
 Shall we eat whole-wheat bread? R. A 
 
 Dutcher. Science n s 47:228-32 Mr 8 '18 
 ^\^lat I do with the mixed flours. A. E. Scott, 
 il Ladies' H J 35:33 Ap ^18 
 Flour mills 
 Old-fashioned flour mill. H. Snyder, il Bell- 
 man- 24:207-9 F 23 '18 
 Flowering bush, .story. M E. 
 Woman's H C 45:18-19 Ap 
 Flowers 
 Color in the garden. L. B 
 
 Life 33:26-40 Mr 'IS 
 Wliat's new in vegetaltle 
 il Gard M 27:74-5 Mr '18 
 Flying thoughts. C: B. Nordhoff Atlan 121:5ri4'- 
 
 62 Ap '18 
 Focusing. See Photography — Focusing 
 Food 
 Economic war foods and war-food production. 
 
 S. Morgan. Fortn 109:270-7 F '18 
 Food and common sense. E. Lyttelton. Fortn 
 109:398-407 Mr '18 
 Food— Continued to French; next page 
 7 
 
 Lit Digest 56: 
 J. Jennings. 
 
 S. 
 
 J. Jennings. Fortn 
 
 -world banker and commercial 
 Barnes. World's Work 35:479- 
 
 W Freeman, il 
 '18 
 
 Wilder, il Country 
 and flower seeds? 
 
specimen Entry from 
 Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature 
 
 Food — Continued 
 Food crusade. T: H. Dickinson. Bookm 47: 
 
 U96-8 Ap '18 
 "War-time pleasures of the table. H: T. Finck. 
 Cent 95:899-904 Ap '18 
 Food, Cost of 
 Averting famine. A. C. Laut. New Repub 14: 
 
 254-7 Mr 30 '18 
 How food-prices have advanced here and in 
 other countries. Lit Digest 56:126-8 Mr 16 
 •18 
 Food administration. See United States— Food 
 
 administration 
 Food conservation 
 
 Are we really saving? L. Oppen. il Good H 66: 
 ■ 62 F '18 
 Dining with the Hoovers. D. Harmon. Ladies' 
 
 H J 35:28 Mr '18 
 Food conservation at the source. Ind 93:509 
 
 Mr 30 '18 
 Food fight. E: E. Purinton. Ind 93:455 Mr 16 
 
 '18 
 No conservation in cantonments? New Repub 
 
 14:145-6 Mr 2 '18 
 Somewhere in New England; the chronicle of 
 a Hoover recruit in the rural districts. 
 House B 43:219-20 Mr '18 
 When Mrs Canada goes to market. J. Airlie. 
 II Delin 92:32 Ap '18 
 Food distribution 
 Averting famine. A. C. Laut. New Repub 14: 
 254-7 Mr 30 '18 
 Food laws 
 
 Decade of pure food. Sci Am 118:270 Mr 30 '18 
 Food supply 
 Europe and the food crisis. R of Rs 57:321-2 
 
 Mr '18 
 Our hungry enemies. Lit Digest 56:24-5 Mr 16 
 '18 
 
 Canada 
 Canada and the food problem. H. L. Pang- 
 born. Outlook 118:443-4 Mr 20 '18 
 
 Germany 
 No Russian food for Germany. Lit Digest 56: 
 21-2 Mr 23 '18 
 
 Great Britain 
 Short commons. Liv Age 296:757-9 Mr 23 '18 
 
 Russia 
 No Russian food for Germany. Lit Digest 56: 
 
 21-2 Mr 23 '18 
 Ukrainia's doubtful granary. Bellman 24:232 
 Mr 2 •!& 
 
 United States 
 Our shrinking dinner-pail. Lit Digest 56:17 
 Mr 9 '18 
 Foote, John Talntor 
 
 Otto. Am M 85:9-13-1- Ap '18 
 For my sunny California; story. B. Helmer. 
 
 Overland ns 71:324-8 Ap '18 
 Forbes, Allen B. 
 Supervision of security issues by the United 
 States. Nation 106:372-4 Mr 28 '18 
 Forbes, Bertie Charles 
 
 Ripley's recipe. Am M 85:28-30 Mr '18 
 Foreign banks In the United States, See Banks 
 and banking— United States— Foreign banks 
 Forests and forestry 
 Woodland development and its by-product of 
 fuel. H, J- Koehler; F. F. Moon, il Country 
 Life 33:50-2 Ap '18 
 Forging 
 Organizing to produce shell forgings. F. E. 
 Merriam. il Ind Management 55:193-7 Mr '18 
 Forster, Charles Hancock 
 
 Henri Bergson. Overland ns 71:358 Ap '18 
 Forster, Frank J. 
 Gateway to the garden, il Touchstone 2:559-63 
 Mr '18 
 Fort Worth, Texas 
 City's vast watershed park. W. D. Davis. Am 
 City 18:223-4 Mr '18 
 Fortification 
 German pill box defenses, il lUus World 29: 
 224 Ap '18 
 Forum, Open 
 Open forum in America as a safe-guard 
 against revolution. P. S. Grant. Cur Opinion 
 64:172-3 Mr '18 
 Fosdick, Raymond Blaine 
 Fit for fighting— and after. Scrib M 63:415-23 
 Ap '18 
 
 Teaching Sammy the American for morale. 
 World Outl 4:7-8 Ap '18 
 Foster, Olive Hyde 
 What a garden club has done for its com- 
 munity. Touchstone 2:600-4 Mr '18 
 Foundations, Charitable and educational 
 Place of the educational foHndation in Amer- 
 ican education. C. Furst. School and Soc 7: 
 364-9 Mr 30 '18 
 Founders' association. National. See National 
 
 founders' association 
 Foundry practice 
 Small castings from alloys and scrap metals. 
 W. J. May. Sci Am S 85:171 Mr 16 '18 
 Four piggy-wigs; story. A. E. Cartlidge. il 
 
 Woman's H C 45:46 Ap '18 
 Fourth dimension 
 Fourth dimension. R. Fleming, il Sci Am S 
 85:188-9 Mr 23 '18 
 Fowler, Charles Evan 
 
 Can coal be pumped? Sci Am 118:211 Mr 9 '18 
 France 
 Spirit of France. C: Whibley. Liv Age 296: 
 522-31 Mr 2 '18 
 
 Agriculture 
 See Agriculture — France 
 
 Industries and resources 
 Future of France — and of civilisation. Politi- 
 cus. Fortn 109:213-29 F '18 
 
 Population 
 
 See Population — France 
 Railroads 
 See Railroads — France 
 
 Reconstruction 
 Restoration of a French village. B. A. Clark. 
 
 House B 43:226 Mr '18 
 Yankee peddlers in the Somme; the Smith 
 college relief unit at work. R. Gaines, il Sur- 
 vey 39:594-6 Mr 2 '18 
 Franchise. See Suffrage 
 Francis, David Rowland 
 Portrait. Asia 18:179 Mr '18; World's Work 
 35:462 Mr '18 
 Frank, Glenn 
 
 General staff for peace. Cent 95:860-4 Ap '18 
 Franklin, P. A. S. 
 
 Portrait. World's Work 35:463 Mr '18 
 Fraser, Andrew Henderson Leith 
 Problem before us in India. 19th Cent 83:275- 
 86 F '18 
 Fraser, Sir John Foster 
 How the war transformed England. Cur Hist 
 M, N Y Times 7,pt2:509-14 Mr '18 
 Frederick II (Frederick the Great), king of 
 Prussia 
 Is Frederick worse than he seems? il Lit Di- 
 gest 56:32 Mr 9 '18 
 Free enterprise. See Laissez-faire 
 Freedom of the seas 
 England, America and the sea. Liv Age 296: 
 
 696-8 Mr 16 '18 
 Freedom of the seas. A. M. Wolf son. Ind 93: 
 490 Mr 23 '18 
 Freeman, Harry H. 
 City manager plan, with proportional repre- 
 sentation, for Kalamazoo. Am City 18:248 
 Mr '18 
 Freeman, Lewis R. See Speranza, Gino, jt. auth. 
 Freeman, Mrs Mary Eleanor (Wilkins) 
 
 Flowering bush. Woman's H C 45:18-19 Ap '18 
 Freezing of pavements. See Roads — Frost action 
 Freight car service 
 Principles and practices of car service regula- 
 tion. H. E. Byram. Ann Am Acad 76:25-33 
 Mr '18 
 Regulation of car service under government 
 control of operation. J: J. Esch. Ann Am 
 Acad 76:34-41 Mr '18 
 Freight vessels 
 Pulling the teeth of torpedoes; Hudson Max- 
 im's safety freighter. E. T. Bronsdon. il diag 
 lUus World 29:216-18 Ap '18 
 French, William Fleming 
 Railroading behind the lines. Illus World 29: 
 
 219-23 Ap '18 
 What Uncle Sam thinks of ^he specialist. Illus 
 World 29:188-92 Ap '18 
 
Did the first mentioned article written by Hugh Findlay appear in a monthly 
 magazine, or in a magazine published more frequently than once a month? 
 
 Who wrote the story entitled "Flowering bush"? Is the article illustrated? 
 Is the story entered under the author's name also? 
 
 All articles of importance are entered under both author and subject. Con- 
 sult the following articles and tell from the context under what other word, either 
 as subject or author, they would again be indexed: 
 
 Article written by Charles Evan Fowler. 
 
 Article under "Flies: Effective method of fly control." 
 
 Article entitled, "Price of safety against fire." 
 
 Consult the article "Finance," and name the countries which appear as sub- 
 headings under it. Are these countries in alphabetical order? Are the countries 
 under "Food supply" in alphabetical order? Is the arrangement of topics under 
 the word "France" alphabetical? What is the first topic? Notice that no 
 magazines are given under it, but that the reader is referred to the word 
 "Agriculture" as a main topic, and to France as a sub-topic under it. Under 
 what word should one look for population in France? Under what word are 
 articles for railroads listed? 
 
 Many times a subject has subdivisions under both topics and countries. 
 In such a case, the topics appear first, in alphabetical order, followed by the 
 countries, in alphabetical order. It is important to know this arrangement when 
 consulting large subjects. The sub-arrangement under "Education" for ex- 
 ample, sometimes requires several pages. The sub-arrangement under "Euro- 
 pean war" requires very many pages. 
 
 Sub-entries Under Large Subjects 
 
 The following specimen pages under Railroads are taken from the Readers' 
 Guide to illustrate the method of subdividing large topics. Read the title of the 
 first article listed under the word Railroads (plural). Directly below this title, 
 under "see also," find and name the first subject under which other magazine 
 articles are fisted. What is the last of these subjects? After these references, 
 the first sub-topic under railroads which is entered in bold face type in the center 
 of the column is Accidents. Glance through the corresponding sub-topics and 
 notice that they are in alphabetical order. Find the sub-topic Valuations; the 
 next sub-topic is a country beginning with A. Countries are given after topics. 
 Are countries also arranged alphabetically? Notice that references under United 
 States require nearly an entire page. What sub-topic is given under United 
 States? 
 
 By consulting the several subdivisions, find the following: 
 
 The volume, page and date for an article in the Scientific American on: 
 
 Growth of railroads in China. 
 
 Fighting snow drifts on the railways. 
 
 Who is the author of an article on Japanese railway welfare work? 
 
 Who wrote an article entitled, Financing the railroads? 
 
422 
 
 Specimen Entry from 
 Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature 
 
 READERS' GUIDE TO 
 
 Radiometer 
 How wireless helps the mariner; keeping nav- 
 igation posted by means of the radiometer 
 and tiie radiophore. R. A, Lavender, il diag 
 Sci Am 118:34U Ap 13 '18 
 Radiophore 
 
 How wireless helps the mariner; keeping 
 navigation posted by means of the radiom- 
 eter and the radiophore. R. A. Lavender, 
 il diag Sci Am 118:340 Ap 13 '18 
 Radiotelegraphy. See Wireless telegraphy 
 Radiotelephony. See Wireless telephony 
 Radict.herapy 
 Electricity in medicine; diathermy and radi- 
 ography. Sci Am S 86:30 Jl 13 '18 
 Radium 
 Madame Curie and radium. R. J. Strutt. Liv 
 Age 297:247-9 Ap 27 '18; Same. Overland ns 
 72:51-3 Jl '18 
 Radium as the great medical mystery. Cur 
 Opinion 64:408 Je '18 
 Radium of romance. D. L. Sharp. Atlan 122:67- 
 
 76 Jl "18 
 Raemael<ers, Louis 
 Louis Raemaekers. F. Van Emden. il Int 
 
 Studio 65:sup8-12 Jl 'IS 
 Raemaekers, a mainspring of armed force. 
 S. S. Menken, por Cent 95:557-60 F '18 
 Rag rugs. See Rugs 
 Rag-time 
 American influence on modern French music. 
 
 S. F. Damon. Dial 65:93-5 Ag 15 '18 
 What is ragtime? H. Hubbs. Outlook 118:345 F 
 27 '18 
 Raided; story. St J: G. Ervine. Cent 97:116-20 
 
 N '18 
 Raiders 
 German raiders which put out to sea without 
 crews, il Sci Am 117:377 N 24 '17; Same 
 cond. Lit Digest 56:24 Ja 12 '18 
 8ee also Seeadler (raider); Wolf (raider) 
 RaFI-creep. See Rails 
 Railey, Hilton How/efl 
 
 Making over men. Ind 93:176 F 2 'IS 
 Railroad bonds. See Bonds, Railroad 
 Railroad commissions 
 Regional railroad commissions: their relation 
 to the state commissions and to the inter- 
 state commission. J. E. Love. Ann Am Acad 
 76:252-6 Mr '18 
 Railroad employees. See Railroads — Employees 
 Railroad engineers 
 Great work of American railroad men in 
 France, il Scrib M 64:60-70 Jl '18 
 Railroad law 
 Next step in railway legislation. D: Y. 
 
 Thomas. Unpop R 9:49-57 Ja '18 
 Status of existing railroad laws and regula- 
 tive agencies under federal control. E. Wat- 
 kins. Ann Am Acad 76:121-4 Mr '18 
 Railroad signals. See Railroads— Signals 
 Railroad ties 
 Better railroad ties. O. P. M, Goss. il Sci 
 
 Am 117:453 D 15 '17 
 Longitudinal sleepers for railways and tram- 
 ways, il plans Sci Am S 85:172 Mr 16 '18 
 Successful concrete railway ties. D: Williams, 
 il Illus World 30:177-9 O '18 
 Rallro-ads 
 New transcontinental railways. Lit Digest 58: 
 24-5 Ag 31 '18 
 
 See ulso Dining cars; Electric railroads; 
 Freight and freightage; Locomotives; Motor 
 trucks on rails; Ship railroads; Sleeping 
 cars; Street railroads 
 
 Accidents 
 Curbing the crossing maniac, il Illus World 
 29:175 Ap '18 
 jSfee also Railroads — Signals 
 
 Cars 
 Bee Cars; Freight car service 
 
 Crossings 
 See Grade crossings 
 
 Electrification 
 Electrified government railways. Lit Digest 
 
 56:27 Mr 30 '18 
 Electrifying the locomotive. F. Telford, il 
 
 Illus World 29:879-81 Ag '18 
 Over the Rockies by electricity. J. Andereon. 
 il St N 45:654-6 My '18 
 
 Employees 
 
 Adjustment of labor's demands during federal 
 control of railroad operation. G. B. Plumb. 
 Ann Am Acad 76:59-69 Mr '18 
 
 Million government railway men. Survey 39: 
 399 Ja 5 '18 
 
 New railroad wage order. Survey 40:874 S 14 
 '18 
 
 Railroad labor adjustment. O. Tead. Public 
 21:46-9 Ja 11 '18 
 
 Railroad wages. Public 21:624-5 My 18 '18 
 
 Report of the Railroad wage commission. 
 J. H. Parmelee. Am Econ R 8:654-9 S '18 
 
 Toward democratic conticl; Mr McAdoo's ap- 
 pointment of W. S. Carter as director of 
 labor in the new railroad administration. 
 New Repub 14:163-4 Mr 9 '18 
 
 War- wages for railroad m.en. Lit Digest 57:11 
 My 25 '18 
 
 When ladies learn the art of railroading, il 
 Sci Am 118:571 Je 22 '18 
 See also Eight-hour law. Railroad 
 Equipment and supplies 
 
 Buying whole railroads and reducing them to 
 junk. Cur Opinion 65:274-5 O '18 
 
 Physical needs of the railways under govern- 
 ment control. J. H. Parmelee. Ann Am Acad 
 76:42-58 Mr '18 
 See also Locomotives 
 Finance 
 
 Financing the railroads. A. D. Noyes. Nation 
 106:632 My 25 '18 
 
 Government control and railway finance. Out- 
 look 118:71 Ja 9 '18 
 
 Last year's increases in railroad revenue. Lit 
 Digest 57:88 Je 8 '18 
 
 Problem of railroad finance. L. Criscuolo. Ind 
 95:432 S 28 '18 
 
 Railroad control becomes self-sustaining. Lit 
 Digest 59:79 O 5 '18 
 
 Railroad finance from the standpoint of effi- 
 ciency. H, C. Kidd. Sci Monthly 6:241-5 Mr 
 '18 
 
 Recent railroad earnings, gross and net, and 
 earnings under federal control. Lit Digest 
 56:100-2 Mr 30 '18 
 
 Recent railroad failures and reorganizations, 
 1907-17. S. Daggett, map Q J Econ 32:446-86 
 My '18 
 
 Taking the railroads out of Wall Street. R. L. 
 Barnum. Nation 106:643-5 Je 1 '18 
 .;8'ee also Railroads— Rates; Railroads— Se - 
 curities; Railroads — Valuation 
 
 Freight 
 
 See Freight and freightage 
 
 Government ownership 
 See Railroads and state 
 
 Law 
 
 See Railroad law 
 
 Management 
 
 See also Railroads — Finance; Railroads and 
 state — United States — Government control 
 
 Rates 
 
 Higher rates and net railroad revenue. Lit 
 
 Digest 57:64-5 Je 29 '18 
 How could nationalization of rate regulation 
 
 best be accomplished? M. S. Decker. Ann 
 
 Am Acad 76:229-38 Mr '18 
 Legal questions involved in nationalization of 
 
 rate regulation. W: E. Lamb. Ann Am Acad 
 
 76:239-51 Mr '18 
 Necessity for exclusive federal control over 
 
 state and interstate rates. E. J. Rich. Ann 
 
 Am Acad 76:214-28 Mr '18 
 
 10 
 
specimen Entry from 
 Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature 
 
 PERIODICAL LITERATURE 
 
 423 
 
 Railroads — Rates — Continued 
 Point now reached in the federal regulation, 
 
 of intrastate rates. J, A. Little. Ann Am 
 
 Acad 76:202-13 Mr '18 
 Problem of the transcontinental rate structure. 
 
 P. D. Converse. J Pol Econ 26:291-301 Mr 
 
 '18 
 Railroad rates and wages. J Pol Econ 26: 
 
 748-9 Jl '18 
 
 Regulation 
 See Railroads and state 
 Securities 
 Adjustment of labor's demands during federal 
 
 control of railroad operation. G. E. Plumb. 
 
 Ann Am Acad 76:59-89 Mr '18 
 As to the pendulum's return swing in rails 
 
 after the war. Lit Digest 57:106-8 Ap 13 '18 
 Better day for railroad stocliholders. Lit Di- 
 gest 58:82-4 Jl 13 '18 
 Desirable scope and method of federal regu- 
 lation of railroad securities. M. Thelen. Ann 
 
 Am Acad 76:191-201 Mr '18 
 Dividends and savings of railroads under 
 
 government control. Lit Digest 56:78 Ja 19 
 
 '18 
 Few foreign holdings now of American rail 
 
 securities. Lit Digest 56:59 Ja 5 '18 
 Future of railroad stocks. L. Criscuolo. Ind 
 
 93:214-15 F 2 '18 
 Government operation of American railroads. 
 
 C. Thorne. Ann Am Acad 76:84-110 Mr '18 
 Railroad earnings now heavy. Lit Digest 59: 
 
 92-4 N 9 '18 
 Railroad security issues under government 
 
 operation. T: Conway, jr. Ann Am Acad 76: 
 
 111-20 Mr '18 
 Railway dividends under government control. 
 
 Lit Digest 56:97 F 9 '18 
 Reorganized railway. Outlook 120:73 S 11 '18 
 State regulation of the securities of railroads 
 
 and public service companies. M. L. Bar- 
 ron. Ann Am Acad 76:167-90 Mr '18 
 Who owns the railroads of the United States? 
 
 Cur Opinion 64:139 F '18 
 
 See also Bonds, Railroad; Railroads — ^Valu- 
 ation 
 
 talgnals 
 Clear track ahead for Uncle Sam. R: West. 
 
 il IIlus World 28:824-5 F '18 
 Position-light signals for railroad service. 
 
 A. H. Rudd. Sci Am S 86:139 Ag 31 '18 
 Price of forgetfulness. Lit Digest 58:20 Ag 24 
 
 '18 
 
 Snow protection and removal 
 Concrete snowsheds of novel design. 11 Scl 
 
 Am 118:59 Ja 12 '18 
 Fighting snow drifts on the railways, il Sci 
 
 Am S 85:164 Mr 16 "18 
 Trees to keep the snow back, il Lit Digest 56: 
 
 31-2 Mr 16 '18 
 See also Windbreaks 
 
 Standards 
 Standardization of freight cars and locomo- 
 tives. W. G. McAdoo. Sci Am S 86:261 O 26 
 
 '18 
 
 Statistics 
 Documents and statistics pertinent to current 
 
 railroad problems. C. H. Crennan and W. E. 
 
 Warrington. Ann Am Acad 76:282-304 Mr '18 
 
 Ticket offices 
 Union ticket office. Sci Am 118:512 Je 1 18 
 Ties 
 See Railroad ties 
 
 Track 
 Longitudinal sleepers for railways and tram- 
 ways. 11 plans Sci Am S 85:172 Mr 16 '18 
 
 Valuation 
 
 Federal valuation of railroads in lelation to a 
 definite policy of national railway control; 
 with discussion. J: Bauer. Am Econ R 8: 
 supll3-40 Mr '18 
 
 Has the importance of federal valuation of 
 railroads been increased or lessened by fed- 
 era! control of operation? H. B. Whaling. 
 Ann Am Acad 76:125-30 Mr '18 
 
 Africa 
 
 Steam train. World Outl 4:21 F '18 
 
 See also Cape-to-Cairo railway; Katanga 
 railway 
 
 Asia 
 New route to India. Ind 93:479 Mr 23 '18 
 See also Bagdad railway 
 Australia 
 Australia's first transcontinental railroad, il 
 
 map Sci Am 118:212-13 Mr 9 '18 
 Miles of railway through waterless country. 
 
 il Sci Am 117:497 D 29 '17 
 Railway built through a thousand waterless 
 miles, map Lit Digest 57:21-2 My 18 '18 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 Finishing the Oruro-Cochabamba railway line. 
 W: Henderson, il Pan Am M 26:235-9 Mr '18 
 
 Brazil 
 
 On the rainbow route in the Andes. W. W. 
 Rasor. map Pan Am M 27:328-8 O '18 
 
 China 
 
 Growth of railroads in China, il Sci Am 118: 
 346 Ap 13 '18 
 
 Europe 
 
 Bordeaux-Odessa vs. Berlin-Bagdad, map 
 World's Work 35:388-90 F '18 
 
 France 
 
 French railroads and American engineers, il 
 
 Lit Digest 59:23-4 N 16 '18 
 Some aspects of French railway war finance. 
 
 S. E. Howard. Q J Econ 32:309-32 F '18 
 
 Germany 
 
 German railways in war-times. Lit Digest 56: 
 133-4 Mr 16 '18 
 
 Great Britain 
 Past and future of railways. J. H. Balfour- 
 Browne. 19th Cent 83:619-36 Mr '18 
 
 See also Railroads and state — Great Brit- 
 ain 
 
 Japan 
 Japanese railway welfare work. S. Noda. 
 Survey 39:544 F 16 '18 
 
 Mexico 
 
 British railways in Mexico. Liv Age 296:381 
 
 F 9 '18 
 Condition of Mexican railways. Pan Am M 
 
 28:46-8 N '18 
 
 Netherlands 
 Dutch-German railways and their signifi- 
 cance. D. C. Boulger. 19th Cent 83:1116-24 
 Je '18 
 
 Paraguay 
 Paraguay central railway; an up-to-date line 
 in the heart of South America, map Pan Am 
 M 27:316-17 O '18 
 
 Persia 
 Between the Tigris and the Indus. T: H. 
 Holdich. Sci Am S 84:394-5 D 22 '17 
 
 Russia 
 
 Russian railroads are not so crippled as has 
 been represented. Cur Opinion 64:222-4 Mr 
 
 •18 
 See also Murman railway 
 
 United States 
 
 Future of railroads. L. Criscuolo. Ind 93:532-3 
 
 Mr 30 '18 
 Old-time government control. H: Hazlitt. Na- 
 tion 106:99-100 Ja 24 '18 
 1,300 miles of railroad junked. Lit Digest 56: 
 
 24 Ja 19 '18 
 Recent railroad failures and reorganizations, 
 
 1907-17. S. Daggett, map Q J Econ 32:446-86 
 
 My '18 
 Responsibility for railway chaos. T. W. Van 
 
 Metre. New Repub 14:17-20 F 2 '18 
 Superfluous railv/ays. Lit Digest 57:20 My 25 
 
 •18 
 
424 
 
 Specimen Entry from 
 Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature 
 
 READERS' GUIDE TO 
 
 Railroads — United States — Continued 
 
 United States railway system, ii Sci Am IIS: 
 49 Ja 12 '18 
 
 See also Interstate commerce commission; 
 Railroads and state — United States 
 
 War measures 
 Federal control of railroads in war time. M. 
 
 Thelen. Ann Am Acad 76:14-24 Mr '18 
 Problems of military transportation, "W: H. 
 
 Carter. No Am 207:52-6 Ja '18 
 Time tables and garden truck. 11 Gard M 28: 
 24 Ag '18 
 
 Ses also Railroads and state— United States 
 — Government regulation 
 Railroads, IVlilitary 
 
 I^earning- to run a railroad in the dark. Lit 
 Digest 59:40 O 26 '18 
 Railroads and state 
 Precedents for private ownership and gov- 
 ernment operation of transportation facili- 
 ties. D. F. Wilcox. Ann Am Acad 76:70-83 
 Mr '18 
 Supersiition of the state. C. S. Jones. Liv 
 
 Age 298:497-8 Ag 24 'IS 
 World's railways as owned, or not owned, by 
 governments. Lit Digest 55:112 D 29 '17 
 See also Public utilities— Regulation 
 Canada 
 Canada to run her own railways. Lit Digest 
 59:20-1 O 5 '18 
 
 France 
 
 Some aspects of French railway war finance. 
 
 S. E. Howard. Q J Bcon 32:309-32 F '18 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 British railways during and after the war. 
 
 S. Brooks. No Am 207:196-208 F '18 
 How stockholders fare when a government 
 
 manages their railways. Lit Digest 56:56-8 
 
 Ja 5 '18 
 
 United States 
 Can the railways ever be unscrambled? J, G: 
 
 Frederick. Public 21:1452-4 N 30 '18 
 Failures and possibilities in railroad regula- 
 tion. T. W. Van Metre. Ann Am Acad 76: 
 
 1-13 Mr '18 
 Federal valuation of railroads in relation to a 
 
 definite policy of national railway control; 
 
 with discussion. J: Bauer. Am Econ R 8: 
 
 supll3-40 Mr '18 
 Government and the railroads. L. Grahame. 
 
 Pan Am M 26:94-6 D '17 
 Government and the railways. Nation 105: 
 
 656-7 D 13 '17 
 Government and the railways. Outlook 117: 
 
 674-5 D 26 '17 
 Government ownership of railroads. World's 
 
 Work 35:475-6 Mr '18 
 Government ownership of railroads. S. Bell. 
 
 Outlook 118:343-4 F 27 '18 
 How could nationalization of rate regulation 
 
 best be accomplished? M. S. Decker. Ann 
 
 Am Acad 76:229-38 Mr '18 
 How the new railway plans would work. 
 
 R. L. Barnum. Nation 105:676 D 13 '17 
 Instead of public ownership. A. Johnson. New 
 
 Repub 14:345-7 Ap 20 '18 
 Is the government competent to run the rail- 
 roads? Lit Digest 55:7-8 D 22 '17 
 Is Uncle Sam to keep the railroads? D. Wil- 
 
 helm. il Ind 96:286-74- N 30 '18 
 Legal questions involved in nationalization of 
 
 rate regulation. W: B. Lamb. Ann Am Acad 
 
 76:239-51 Mr '18 
 Necessity for exclusive federal control over 
 
 state and interstate rates. E. J. Rich. Ann 
 
 Am Acad 76:214-28 Mr '18 
 Necessity for public ownership of the rail- 
 ways. F: C. Howe. Ann Am Acad 76:157-66 
 
 Mr '18 
 Next step in railway legislation. Unpop R 9: 
 
 49-57 Ja '18 
 One nation; one railroad. Ind 92:467 D 8 '17 
 Paving the way for public ownership of rail- 
 ways. C. D. Thompson. Public 21:1408-10 
 
 N 16 '18 
 Railroad crisis. L. Criscuolo. Ind 93:44-^ Ja 
 
 5 '18 
 Railroad crisis. O. Tead. New Repub 13:143-4 
 
 D 8 '17 
 
 Railroads. T. H. Price. Outlook 117:678-9 D 
 
 26 '17 
 Railroads and the government. C: F. Speare. 
 
 R oi' lis 57:73-6 Ja '18 
 Railroads and the new democracy. F. C. 
 
 Howe. Public 21:14-17 Ja 4 '18 
 Railways and government intervention. T: F. 
 
 Woodlock. Nation 105:686-7 D 20 '17 
 Railways in peace and war. S: O. Dunn. Yale 
 
 R n s 7:362-81 Ja '18 
 Reconstitutmg railroad regulation. G: A. Post. 
 
 Ann Am Acad 76:139-41 Mr '18 
 Solving the railroad problem. World's Work 
 
 35:234 Ja '18 
 Suggested plan for perm.anent governmental 
 
 supervision of railroad operation after the 
 
 war. A. W. Smith. Ann Am Acad 76:142-56 
 
 Mr '18 
 To run thirty-eight railroads as one. Lit Di- 
 gest 55:19-20 D 8 '17 
 See also Interstate commerce commission 
 Oovernment operation 
 Control of railroads after the war. H: A. Pal- 
 mer. Ann Am Acad 76:131-8 Mr '18 
 Director general's problems. World's Work 
 
 35:352-4 F '18 
 Documents and statistics pertinent to current 
 
 railroad problems. C. H. Crennan and W. E. 
 
 Warrington. Ann Am Acad 76:272-81 Mr '18 
 Federal control of railroads in war time. M. 
 
 Thelen. Ann Am Aead 76:14-24 Mr '18 
 First steps in government operation. Outlook 
 
 118:83 Ja 16 '18 
 Government and the railroads. L. Grahame. 
 
 Pan Am M 26:220-1 F '18 
 Government and the railroads. J. B. Walker. 
 
 il Sci Am 118:314-15 Ap 6 '18 
 Government as railway manager. T: H. Price. 
 
 Outlook 119:551-2; 120:19-22 Ag 7. S 4 '18 
 Government control and railway finance. 
 
 Outlook 118:71 Ja 9 '18 
 Government control of railroads. J Pol Econ 
 
 26:91-2. 412-13 Ja. Ap '18 
 Government control of railroads. Public 21: 
 
 1260-1 O 5 '18 
 Government control of transportation. J Pol 
 
 Econ 26:307-9 Mr '18 
 Government forced to take the railroads. Lit 
 
 Digest 56:7-8 Ja 5 '18 
 Government operation. R. L. Barnum. Nation 
 
 106:72-3 Ja 17 '18 
 Government operation of American railroads. 
 
 C. Thorne. Ann Am Acad 76:84-110 Mr '18 
 Government operation of the railways. Out- 
 look 118:10 Ja 2 '18 
 Government operation of the railways: has It 
 
 come to stay? T. H. Price. Outlook 118: 
 
 102-7 Ja 16 '18 
 Lo! the poor passenger. Bellman 24:119 F 2 
 
 •18 
 Making the most of railway controi. New Re- 
 pub 13:298-300 Ja 12 '18 
 Million government railway men. Survey 39: 
 
 399 Ja 5 '18 
 National control of utilities. Ind 93:9 Ja 5 
 
 '18 
 New railway era. Outlook 118:519-20 Ap 3 
 
 •18 
 No free transportation. Ind 93:167-8 F 2 'IS 
 Our railroads under government control. 
 
 R. V. Wright. World's Work 36:293-7 Jl '18 
 Problem of railroad finance. L. Criscuolo. Ind 
 
 95:432 S 28 "18 
 Publicity and the railroads. Public 21:782-4 
 
 Je 22 '18 
 Putting government to work. Public 21:75-6 
 
 Ja 18 '18 
 Railroad administration to date. W. Weyl. 
 
 New Repub 17:43-4 N 9 '18 
 Railroad contract, R. L. Barnum. Nation 107: 
 
 78 Jl 20 '18 
 Railroad control becomes self-sustaining. Lit 
 
 Digest 59:79 O 5 '18 
 Railroad security issues under government 
 
 operation. T: Conway, jr. Ann Am Acad 76: 
 
 111-20 Mr '18 
 Railroads after the war. World's Work 35: 
 
 474-5 Mr '18 
 Railroads under government control. Cur 
 
 Hist M, N Y Times 7,pt2:248-53 F '18 
 Railroads under government control. R. Ii. 
 
 Barnum. Nation 106:368-70 Mr 28 '18 
 
 12 
 
Under United States, sub-topic Government operation, the titles of the articles 
 are arranged with reference to the first word in the title. Give the name of the 
 magazine which contains an article entitled, Making the most of government 
 control. Who wrote the article, Railroad contract f 
 
 Name the two volumes of the Outlook which should be consulted for the 
 complete article entitled, Government as railway manager. 
 
 Three Other Periodical Indexes of the 
 Wilson Company 
 
 If the plan upon which the Readers' guide is issued is thoroughly understood, 
 it is a very simple matter to use all other indexes to periodical literature, even 
 though the details of arrangement may differ slightly. Read the headings 
 of the three periodical indexes mentioned below, and from the titles try to 
 realize the field which each one covers. 
 
 Agricultural Index. 
 
 Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature Supplement. 
 
 Industrial Arts Index. 
 
 Which of the three indexes mentioned above would it be best to consult for 
 articles on "Milk"? 
 
 Which one supplements, but does not duplicate, the Readers' Guide? 
 
 Which one would give the best references for "bridges"? 
 
 13 
 
Miscellaneous Publications of the Wilson Company 
 958-964 University Ave., New York 
 
 The publications of the Wilson Company which are listed below are not, 
 strictly speaking, periodical indexes. However, as they are published by the 
 firm which issues most of the magazine indexes, and as they are very valuable 
 for reference work, they are given in this connection. They may be omitted, 
 if desirable. 
 
 Children's catalogue: list of 3000 books; arranged by author, title, subject, 
 grades indicated. 
 
 Index to short stories (1 volume). 
 
 Index to St. Nicholas (2 volumes). 
 
 Public affairs information service (w^eekly; indexing out-of-the-way articles). 
 
 Cumulative book index (bi-monthly). 
 
 United States catalogue of books in print: arranged by author, subject, title: 
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 Debaters' handbook series (20 volumes). 
 
 Book review digest (monthly) . 
 
 Index to legal periodicals (quarterly). 
 
 Annual Magazine — Subject Index 
 
 The Boston Book Company publishes an annual index to magazines and 
 social publications of general interest, but does not duplicate, to any extent, the 
 publications of the Wilson Company. This index is entitled : "Annual Magazine 
 — Subject Index." It includes many English magazines, and makes a special 
 feature of dramatic literature. 
 
 Engineering Index 
 
 The Engineering magazine gives, in each issue, a very valuable index to 
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 for the year under the title: "Engineering index." 
 
 Individual Magazine Indexes 
 
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 appeared in their own publications. 
 
 International Military Digest 
 
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 which bear on military subjects. The topics, which are entered in alphabetical 
 order, give a monthly review of the current literature of military science. Cumu- 
 lated annually. Edited at West Point, and published at 241 West 37th Street, 
 New York. 
 
 14 
 
Suggestions on Debating 
 
 The fact that valuable mental training is gained through debating is so general- 
 ly recognized by educators that high schools, colleges and universities encourage 
 the formation of local debating teams and the custom of interscholastic debates, 
 as they encourage interscholastic athletic contests for the sake of physical develop- 
 ment, 
 
 A debater must train himself to think accurately and fairly on all sides of the 
 question debated, both for the sake of carrying his own points and to enable him 
 better to anticipate arguments which may be used by his opponents: he should 
 know how to find the material which bears on his subject, and how to organize it 
 well: he should be able to present his arguments clearly and forcefully, and in an 
 attractive manner. Work of this character calls for thought of a high order, and 
 is therefore of great educational value. 
 
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 unless it is upon a subject which admits of opposing view-points. If some live 
 subject is chosen which discusses the welfare of society, either in a local or in a 
 general sense, the interest of an audience would be insured, and the debaters' 
 sympathies enlarged, w^iich would more than compensate for the time and thought 
 put upon the question. 
 
 Finding Material for Debates 
 
 One of the best guides for the general subject of debating comes in the Debaters' 
 Handbook Series, published by the H. W. Wilson Company, and is entitled 
 
 Debaters' Manual 
 
 This book covers the following points: 
 
 How to prepare a debate. 
 
 Debating societies: their organization and management. 
 List of selected books on debating and public speaking. 
 Debating organizations in the United States. 
 Suggested subjects for debates. 
 
 Many other books have been published which list subjects that are suitable 
 for debates, together with a brief outline of arguments on both sides, and refer- 
 ences for detailed study. Many of these books reprint debates which have been 
 given on the subjects, or articles in magazines and pamphlets which bear upon 
 the subjects. The most noteworthy of such books in the 
 
 Debaters' Handbook Series 
 
 This series consists of about twenty volumes, each volume being devoted to 
 some one topic. An introduction, reprinted articles on both sides of the question, 
 and references for detailed study are the features which are thoroughly and at- 
 tractively given in each volume upon the subject which that volume presents. 
 However, a careful debater will not be content with a prepared brief only, but 
 will also do independent research work for himself. He will realize that his 
 opponent can have access to the same brief that he has access to, and can thus 
 be prepared to meet any arguments which are there suggested or outlined. 
 
 15 
 
Such books are intended to stimulate independent thought, not to stifle it; other- 
 wise a debate becomes little more than a recitation. 
 
 Any one who will use the magazine indexes freely and intelligently can find 
 references on almost any hve subject. A card catalogue will often guide one to 
 books on the general subject. Conversation upon the subject is an excellent 
 quickener; but reflection and a sympathetic clear grasp of both sides of the 
 question are the best assets for original forceful work. 
 
 Package Libraries for Debaters 
 
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 magazines on many debatable subjects can be purchased, or rented for a low rate, 
 from the H. W. Wilson Package Library, 958-964 University Ave., New York. 
 
 Many state universities maintain package libraries for the debating societies 
 in their respective states, and circulate them through their university extension 
 departments. Usually these packages can be borrowed, under guarantee of 
 safe return and postage, by any society in the state which is giving an important 
 debate or public discussion. The following state universities maintain a package 
 debating library: 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Local public libraries frequently prepare packages of cUppings for debating 
 societies in their localities. 
 
 The Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh has issued an inexpensive index, 
 supplements, which list many subjects for debate, indicating in what „..iv 
 briefs or references on the subjects can be found. 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Texas 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Utah 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 Washington 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 16 
 
Questions for 
 Periodical Literature 
 
 Student's name Per cent 
 
 Teacher's name Hour Reciting Date 
 
 Have you read the directions on the back of this cover? Answer yes or no. 
 
 1 — With what year does the Readers' guide to periodical hterature begin? g 
 
 How frequently thereafter are the large volumes issued? ^ 
 
 2 — What word is used to indicate that monthly and yearly issues are gathered together in one 
 alphabet at regular intervals? 
 
 3 — Indicate, below each month, the number of months which that issue of the Readers' guide 
 includes : 
 
 January; 
 
 February; 
 
 March; 
 
 April; 
 
 May; 
 
 June; 
 
 July; 
 
 August; 
 
 September; 
 
 October; 
 
 November; 
 
 December. 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 — The following entry ie taken from the Readers' guide: § 
 
 John Muir in his laboratory — Alaska. S. H. Ji 
 
 Young, il por World Outl 4:6-7 My '18 ^ 
 
 a. What two words indicate the name of the magazine? 
 
 b. Where, in the Readers' guide, could the full name of the magazine be found? 
 
 c. In what volume of "World Outl" does the article appear? 
 
 d. The article begins on what page? Ends on what page? 
 
 e. What does "il" mean? What dees "por" mean? 
 
 f. In what month of what year was the article published? 
 
 1 
 
 g. When the day of a month is given in a reference, does the magazine publish one or 
 
 more than one issue per month? « 
 
 h. Under what words in the Guide would the article be indexed? '^ 
 
 S 
 5 — When large subjects are subdivided in the Guide under both topics and countries, are coun- 
 
 tries arranged in alphabetical order before or after topics? ^ 
 
 6 — What magazine index includes magazines published from, practically, 1800-1900? O 
 
 7 — Name a monthly publication which gives a digest of current topics on military science. ^ 
 
 8 — Which of the Wilson publications indexes: £ 
 
 a. Magazines devoted especially to industrial and trade interests? ^g 
 
 b. Magazines relating to agricultural subjects? -, 
 
 c. Magazines intended to supplement those in the Readers' guide? ^ 
 
 9 — Selections from what important publications, which do not appear in magazine form, are 
 made by the Wilson Company- for their inde.xes to current periodical literature? 
 
 10 — Portraits which appeared in magazines are indexed: 
 
 a. Where before 1900? 
 
 b. Where after 1900? 
 
l^geof Question?* aad SI 
 
 m the revFrse R^de* of tb?e cotei 
 
 leet Rhou 
 
 " intended tu 
 
 ' J j'^ c' •- r-'cords. 'J h'> 
 
 ;'3 been oarefulij' read, ?ho' 1 < 
 
 " 1" t^<" question?, preferf^-^^v r 
 
 4iargeof the wor\ 
 
 ; presence of the one CO V (.;,;!> 
 ■rn isik-u uu When directed to reroo- e i/-^ 
 Mid rip around the perforated edges. 
 
 *piii:e, but is not revealed until after the question page is 
 'his kny ix)rs5f?tR of the same questions, with the correct answer 
 
 fl ftrw m( 
 
 du 1^0. 
 
 100, 13 indicated after the answer 
 ^ could correct their own or each 
 
 \ iLc p;ipc): Ui;u£: an iiioorrcct answer, the amount lo be 
 
 d on the out^r right-hand margin, neaj the mistak©. 
 
 ■' '^'lA""^ tho F'\m P"''.btrs/;tf^d fr''>.rn 100., sud the result 
 
 .^rs. Ii*.>wc\''f3i', it tb>- : ;<; of a wntten answer is mani- 
 
 crfectly clear, but i; ..'y like the printed answer, o! 
 
 . ".ould be made. Do x\ot o.-du^:i for f:po]I;oi?. nor for 
 •: tbey are perfectly clear. 
 
Reference Guides 
 
 That Should be Known and 
 How to Use Them 
 
 By 
 
 Florence M. Hopkins 
 
 Librarian 
 
 Central High School and Junior College 
 
 Detroit, Michigan 
 
 This Pamphlet Pertains to 
 Year-books 
 
 TIME REQUIRED 
 
 Two class periods and 
 Preparation of one lesson 
 
 THE WILLARD COMPANY 
 
 479 SIXTH STREET 
 
 DETROIT ▼ MICHIGAN 
 
Copyright 
 
 by 
 
 FLORENCE M. HOPKINS 
 
 1919 
 
Foreword 
 
 This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
 series constitutes a second edition of "Reference guides that should be known and 
 how to use them," which first appeared in 1916 as a text book for high and normal 
 schools. 
 
 The revision treats important phases of reference work in separate pamphlets, 
 thus making it possible to grade the work, or to select the pamphlets best fitted to 
 meet individual needs. Generally speaking, any one of the pamphlets can be 
 completed in two class periods plus time for the preparation of one lesson be- 
 tween recitations. 
 
 The entire course could be completed by advanced students in five or six 
 weeks of one class and study period per day. The work can also be scattered 
 in different years. If one subject per term were given in consecutive order to 
 English classes, in high schools, beginning with the B8 of junior high and ex- 
 tending through the A12 of senior high, the work could be covered in two or 
 three class and study periods per term; or, if familiarity with reference books is 
 desired early in the school course, the most important subjects could be crowded 
 into the early high school grades. The order in which the subjects of the pamph- 
 lets are hsted below suggests a logical sequence, whether the work is givei- 
 slowly or rapidly or to lower or to upper grade students. 
 
 1 — Webster's New International Dictionary 
 
 2 — New Standard Dictionary 
 
 3 — Encyclopaedias 
 
 4 — Parts of a book 
 
 5 — Atlases; city directories; gazetteers 
 
 6 — Concordances 
 
 7 — Library classification and card catalogue 
 
 8-^Indexes to periodical literature; debates 
 
 9 — Year-books 
 10 — Commercial indexes 
 11 — Important publications of city, state and federal governments 
 
 The inclusion of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes 
 it possible for each student to follow all illustrative examples without making a 
 trip to a library and waiting to have access to the complete reference work. 
 No library will furnish a sufiicient number of copies of expensive reference 
 books to supply large classes adequately for detailed study; neither could a 
 library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as badly worn and 
 marked as they would become if many students were required to consult them for 
 prepared lessons. 
 
 1 
 
Experience has proved \h&\ the best results can be obtained if the work la 
 begun in regular clfessTecitationy by a librarian or a teacher reading the text 
 with the class. If conducted in this way, no previous preparation will be neces- 
 sary, either by the class or by the one who conducts it. As the reading of the 
 text proceeds, it will be seen that important features of the reference books studied 
 are emphasized by referring to the sample pages embodied in the text. With a 
 little class direction of this kind the students can readily see the plan of the text, 
 and can finish any unread pages independently as an assigned lesson for the next 
 recitation. In classes composed of advanced students, or in cases of absence, 
 the entire work could be done independently. 
 
 The questions on the colored page fastened on the inside of the last cover 
 are designed to emphasize important points and to systematize the work for 
 class records. Blank spaces are left under the questions for the answers. 
 When the questions are assigned as a lesson to be prepared out of class, and 
 the answers are written from memory in the blank spaces during the class 
 recitation following, the points are more thoroughly impressed than they are 
 when the answers are written before coming to class, while having direct access 
 to the text. 
 
 A key, giving the answer to each question, together with its value on the 
 scale of 100, will be found underneath the question sheet when it is removed. 
 By means of this key, students can correct their own or another's work in 
 a few minutes of class time, in case the librarian or teacher cannot give 
 extra time to do so. 
 
 Schools which ask a leading reference question in final examinations find 
 that students give more attention to the work and therefore learn to value its 
 importance. 
 
 TTie following paragraphs are taken from the 
 Foreword of the First Edition 
 
 Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
 lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
 "Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools," from the 
 United States Bureau of Education, 1914 — No. 34. 
 
 Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
 have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
 "book-using skill." 
 
 The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
 
 increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
 
 the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 
 
 Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 
 
 and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. 
 
 Every new student should be required to take 
 some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
 handling of library tools Such a course, more- 
 over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
 of the work required for a degree. 
 
 2 
 
Year-books and Almanacs 
 
 It is always difficult to find information on current or recent events. News- 
 paper articles are unsatisfactory, scattered, and not well adapted for permanent 
 reference work. The best provision made for information on recent topics comes 
 in the form of year-books and magazines. The wide range of subjects included 
 in year-books is seldom fully realized. 
 
 The date on the backs of year-books is frequently one year in advance of 
 the year for which the dates are recorded. 
 
 The World Almanac 
 
 The following specimen pages are taken from the World almanac. This 
 almanac is a year-book so practical for ready reference and so reasonable in price 
 that it should be not only in all libraries, but also in homes as well. It is printed 
 on cheap paper, in exceedingly fine type, and contains many advertisements, 
 which account for its low price. There are very few books of any kind which 
 have as large a sale as does the World almanac. 
 
 General Index: World Almanac 
 
 The first specimen page inserted is taken from the general index, under the 
 letters "G," "H," and "I." The index appears at the front of the book, just 
 after the colored pages containing the advertisements, instead of at the back, 
 which is the usual place for an index. To gain an idea of the range of subjects 
 treated, consult the sample page of the index and give the pages on which the 
 following information could be found: 
 
 1. Fuel administrators. 
 
 2. Insignia rankings in Army and Navy. 
 
 3. Holidays which are legal in United States. 
 
 4. Cost of Royal Family in Great Britain. 
 
 5. War loans of Great Britain. 
 
 6. Officers of Industrial Workers of the World. 
 
 7. Price of Hay. 
 
 8. Number of members in British House of Commons. 
 
 9. Game laws of United States. 
 
 10. The volume for what year contains a list of impeached governors? 
 
 3 
 
specimen Entry 
 
 from the Index to the 
 
 World Almanac 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Friends. Church of 493 
 
 " Churches, Brooklyn 903 
 
 Man. & Bronx 
 
 Fruits, Edible, of Forest Trees. . .313 
 
 Fuel Administrators, Federal. ... 356 
 " Value of Wood 
 
 Fur Skins, Imports 
 
 Fusing Points 
 
 Futurity Races 540 
 
 Gallantry Medals 2H 
 
 Game Law Officials 570 
 
 •■ Laws. U. S 564-574 
 
 Gary School System (Vol. 1916). 
 
 General Convention of the New 
 
 Jerusalem 492 
 
 " Eleo. Co., War Taxes of 288 
 
 " Record of Events 339-345 
 
 Generals of U. S. Army Since 1776 
 (Vol. 1902). 
 
 Geographical Research 415 
 
 Geological Strata 60 
 
 Geology, Progress in. 1917 705 
 
 Geometrical Progression 81 
 
 Georgia, Election Returns . . . 781 
 
 " Railroad Commission 608 
 
 •' Revenue and Expenditures . 727 
 
 Gerard, Ambassador, Left Ger- 
 many (Chronology) 
 
 German Answer to Pope's Peace 
 
 Note 197-: 
 
 " Casualties in War ; 
 
 • "• Colonies, Finances of 666 
 
 " Empire, Finances of 
 
 " Evangelical Synod, Brooklyn.903 
 
 •• Note to Mexico 322 
 
 " Peace Proposal (Vol. 1917). 
 ■■ Proposal on "U Boat" War- 
 fare 169 
 
 ■' Reiclisbank 451 
 
 '• Ships Seized, Renamed 370 
 
 '• States, Finances of 666 
 
 ■■ "Unrestricted Warfare" Note.169 
 " War Loans 267 
 
 Germany 732 
 
 " Ambassadors to U. S 729 
 
 " Cabinet of 754 
 
 " Child Labor in War 376 
 
 " U. S. Ambassadors to 729 
 
 Girls' Clothing and Health 707 
 
 " National Honor Guard 816 
 
 Glasgow, Exports to U. S 307 
 
 Goelet Family (Vol. 1917). 
 
 Gold, Canadian Production 304 
 
 •• Exports from N. Y 920 
 
 " Imports at Port of N. Y. . . .920 
 
 " in Burmah 420 
 
 " in U. S 
 
 " Japan's Imports. 426 
 
 " Production in U. S., 1916 657 
 
 " South African Output 455 
 
 " U. S. Production 452 
 
 " World's Production and 
 
 Coins 461-462 
 
 Golf Records 532,533 
 
 Good Templars 18 
 
 Gould Family (Vol. 1917). 
 
 Government of N. Y, City . . .867-868 
 
 " N. Y. State 770 
 
 " U. S 741-743 
 
 Governors Impeached (Vol.1914). 
 " N. Y. State, and Colonial . . . 775 
 " of States 767 
 
 Graduates, College, Oldest 631 
 
 Grain Corporation, U. S. Food 
 
 Administrators 314 
 
 " Lake Tonnage Decrease 317 
 
 •' World's Need 289 
 
 Grand Army of the Republic 37.T 
 
 Graphite 304 
 
 Great Britain, Amb'dors to U. S . 731 
 
 PODUlation. . . . 736-737 
 
 Revenue in 1917., .309 
 
 Royal Family. .. .733 
 
 " Co8tof.732 
 
 U.S. Amb'dors to. 731 
 
 War & Coal Min'g.309 
 
 •• Expendltures.372 
 
 •• " " Expense 
 
 ! PAGE 
 
 Great Britain, War Loans 
 
 Women Workers. . 309 
 Creator New York, Assembly 
 
 Districts I 
 
 Greece ' 
 
 ■' Cabinet of ' 
 
 " Finances of i 
 
 Greek Calendar 
 
 " Orthodox Catholic Church. ..493 
 Church 49: 
 
 " Weights and Measures 8( 
 
 Grindstones 30-1 
 
 Guam 149 
 
 Guardians of Liberty ' 
 
 Guatemala, Finances of 666 
 
 " Gov't and Description 
 
 Gums, Imports 
 
 Guncotton 
 
 Gymnastics 544 
 
 Gypsum 304 
 
 Hack Fares, N. Y. City 892 
 
 Hague Convention (Vol. 1916). 
 
 " Court of Arbitration 152 
 
 Halifax, Exports to U. S 74( 
 
 Hall of Fame 874 
 
 Halley's Comet 5C 
 
 Handball 51( 
 
 Harness Horse Racing 543,544 
 
 Harrlman Family (Vol. 1917). 
 Havemeyer Family (Vol. 1917) 
 
 Hawaii, Commerce of 484 
 
 ■• Election Returns 782 
 
 " Railroad Commission 60 
 
 " When Annexed 14 
 
 Hay, Farm Price of 48 
 
 ■• U. S. Crop 30 
 
 Hayti, Finances of 666 
 
 " Gov't and Description 430 
 
 •• Medals for Gallantry In 211 
 
 Hazards, Rate of, in Factories. . . 512 
 Health, Cost of Supervision In 
 
 Industry 38 
 
 " Department Directory, New 
 
 York City 77 
 
 " Food Relation to 402 
 
 ' Relation of Children and 
 
 Clothing to 
 
 •• V. S. Public Service 
 
 Hebrew War Relief 
 
 Height and Weight of Men and 
 
 Women 
 
 Hell Gate Arch Bridge 
 
 Hemp, Philippine Exports 
 
 Hides, Imports 
 
 " Uruguayan Exports 437 
 
 Hierarchy, Roman Catholic, U.S. 495 
 High Buildings in N. Y. City. . . 919 
 
 Historic Events, Anniv's of "' 
 
 Hockey 
 
 Hogs, Farm Price of 
 
 " Number in U. S 
 
 Holidays, Easter Sunday 34 
 
 " European Business 731 
 
 " Legal 29 
 
 " Old English 33 
 
 Holland 732 
 
 " Cabinet of 7.54 
 
 • Exports and Imports 
 
 " Finances of 
 
 " Industrial Condition ' 
 
 " Merchant Fleet, War's Effect 
 
 " Wages and Living Cost 310 
 
 Homes and Asylums, New York 
 
 City 895-1 
 
 Honduras, Finances of 
 
 " Gov't and Description 
 
 Hongkong, Foreign Trade 
 
 Hoover Food Economy Appeal 
 
 to Nation 157 
 
 Hops, England and Wales, Pro- 
 duction 303 
 
 Horses, Bred in England and 
 
 Wales 
 
 " Farm Prices of 
 
 " Value of 
 
 Hospitals, Brooklyn and Queens.894 
 
 " Manhattan and Bronx 896 
 
 House of Commons, British 734 
 
 PAGS 
 
 How to Get Peace, the Presi- 
 dent's Way 357 
 
 Hudson and Manhattan R. i. 
 
 Co. Subway 880 
 
 River Tunnels 886 
 
 Humidity in U. 3. Cities 65 
 
 Hundred Years Ago 32 
 
 Hungary, Ambassadors to U.S.. .728 
 
 " Cabinet of 754 
 
 ' U. S. Ambassadors to 728 
 
 ' War Loans 267 
 
 Hurricane and Storm Warnings.. 69 
 I 
 
 Idaho Election Returns 782 
 
 " Railroad Commission 608 
 
 " Revenues and Expenditures. .727 
 
 " Tax Rates 668 
 
 Illinois. Election Returns . 782-783-784 
 
 " Railroad Commission 608 
 
 " Revenues and Expenditures . 727 
 
 Illitoracy. World Statistics 511 
 
 Immigration, Irish 489 
 
 " U. S 645 
 
 Imports, Chief Articles, by U. S.682 
 
 " Coffee to U. S 296-297 
 
 " Port of New York 920 
 
 " South American 440,661 
 
 Improved Order of Red Men .... 18 
 
 Income Tax, English 302 
 
 " Payers. British 143 
 
 InU. S 257 
 
 " Table of Ass'sment. 246 
 
 " War Provisions 246 
 
 Independent Order Free Sons of 
 
 Israel 279 
 
 India, British, Finances of 666 
 
 " Crops, 1917 662 
 
 " Government of 735 
 
 Indian, American, Statistics. . . .620 
 
 " Commissioners 742 
 
 Indiana, Election Returns. . .784-785 
 
 " Riiilroad Commission 608 
 
 ■■ Revenues and Expenditures . 727 
 Indo-China, French, Finances of.666 
 
 Industrial Occup. Population 125 
 
 " Plants, Employment 668 
 
 " Poisons, Deaths from 405 
 
 '• Workers of World 139 
 
 Industry, Cost of Health Super- 
 vision in 382 
 
 " France. Condition of 401 
 
 Infant Mortality Rate 641 
 
 Infantile Paralysis, State Rec- 
 ords 643 
 
 Infantry. Equipment of U. S. .. .265 
 
 Inheritance Tax Laws 717 
 
 Injunctions Under Anti-Trust 
 
 Law 158 
 
 Injury Rate, Metal Mines 512 
 
 Insignia, Army Campaigns 214 
 
 " Rankings in Army and Navy.216 
 Institution for the Improved In- 
 struction of Deaf Mutes 885 
 
 Insurance, Health 691 
 
 " Japanese 291 
 
 " Soldiers' and Sailors' 226-230 
 
 " Statistics 473-476 
 
 " War Tax 253 
 
 Interborough Rapid Transit Com- 
 pany Subways 887 
 
 Intercollegiate Football 556-557 
 
 Interest (Single) Table 81 
 
 ■ (Compound) Table 82 
 
 Table, 314 and 4 Per Cent. 
 
 Bonds 288 
 
 Interior, Secretaries, U. S. De- 
 partment 742-757 
 
 Internal Revenue Collectors ... 257 
 Revenue, New War Provis'ns.246 
 
 Receipts 255 
 
 by States 
 and Terri- 
 
 Sui 
 
 .256 
 
 imary 
 
 .255 
 
 International Apple Growers' 
 
 Association 5»i 
 
 Diplomats 730 
 
 Order of Kings Daughters 
 and Sons 733 
 
Five specimen pages from the World almanac for 1918 follow in their successive 
 order, 369, 590, 617, 621, 767. Consult the respective pages as referred to in the 
 paragraphs below to become familiar with the method of entering corresponding 
 information in the issue of any other year. Of course, when the special informa- 
 tion given in these pages is subject to change it may not apply to other years. 
 
 Officers of Prominent Organizations: World Almanac 
 
 One valuable feature of this almanac is that it gives the officers of almost any 
 organization which is of national interest, together with their official addresses. 
 Page 369 is reproduced to show the officers of the National Council of Boy Scouts. 
 Consult the page and tell : 
 
 1. Who is first Honorary President of the National Council of Boy Scouts? 
 
 2. Who is President, and what is his official address? 
 
 3. Who is National Scout commissioner, and what is his official address? 
 
 4. Who is President of the American Sociological Society (given near the 
 bottom of the page), and what is his official address? 
 
 Motor Car Laws: World Almanac 
 
 Page 590 of the World almanac is also reproduced. This page begins the 
 list of the motor car laws of the various states. Glance over the headings of the 
 columns. 
 
 Give the speed limit for built up sections in Arizona. 
 
 Read all regulations under "speed and lights" for Connecticut. 
 
 Educational Statistics: World Almanac 
 
 Page 617 gives statistics of the common schools of the United States. Con- 
 sult the reproduction of the page and tell whether the states are arranged in 
 alphabetical order, or according to geographical position. 
 
 Is the summary of the United States as a whole given at the bottom, or at 
 the top of the table? 
 
 Give the numbers for the general summary for the United States, as they 
 appear under the columns headed as follows: 
 
 Pupils enrolled. 
 
 Whole number of teachers. 
 
 Total amount expended for schools. 
 
 Cost per capita of average attendance. (Per capita means per person.) 
 
 Universities and Colleges: World Almanac 
 
 Consult page 621, also reproduced, and give the following: 
 Location of Butler College; 
 President of Butler College; 
 
 Number of students in attendance at the Agricultural College of Utah; 
 Number of instructors in Baylor University. 
 
 5 
 
Governors of States: World Almanac 
 
 Consult page 767, which Usts the governors of the states, notice the head- 
 ings of the columns, and give: 
 
 1. The state which pays the largest salary to her governor. 
 
 a. The governor of this state when this table was prepared. 
 
 b. The length of the governor's term of office for this state. 
 
 2. The state which elects a governor for one year at a time. 
 
 3. The state which elects her governor for five years. 
 
 4. The governor of Virginia when this table was prepared. Tell whether 
 he was a Democrat or a Republican by the letter which follows his name. 
 
 Consult the lower part of the page, and give the salary per diem (i. e., per 
 day) for the members of the legislature of: 
 
 Georgia; Alaska: Alabama; Kentucky. 
 
specimen Entry 
 from page 369 of the World Almanac 
 Illustrating Offices of Organizations 
 
 The American Sociological Society . 369 
 
 NAMES OF NEW DESTROYERS ANNOUNCED— Co?j?««ued. ~ 
 
 Lieut. Hugh W. McKee was killed while leading an attacls on the Corean forts at Kango-hoa Island 
 In 1871. 
 
 Rear-Admiral Lewis Ashfleld Kimberly took part In many operations on the Mississippi during the 
 Civil War. 
 
 Capt. George Little, as Commander of the Winthrop in 1771, captured several British vessels. Later, 
 commanding the frigate Boston, he captured the French ship Le Bercean after a remarkable engagement. 
 
 Midaliipman Joseph Israel volunteered his services against Tripolitan sMps in the harbor of Tripoli 
 and was promoted to Acting-Lieutenant by Commodore Preble. He was aboard the Intrepid when she 
 was blown up in 1804. 
 
 Midshipman James Butler Sigoitrney commanded the Asp, a schooner, in defense of Chesapeake Bay 
 In the War of 1812. After beating off three British ships, the Asp was attacked and boarded, and Mid- 
 shipman Sigourney was killed while still holding his post. 
 
 Rear-Admiral Silas Gorton Stringham took part in the war with the Barbary powers and the suppression 
 of piracy in the West Indies; in the Mexican War commanded the U. S. S. Ohio; and as Commander of 
 the Atlantic Squadron in the Civil War attacked Forts Hatteras and Clark. 
 
 Rear-Admiral Cornelius Kinchilee Stribling was Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy 
 from 1851 to 1853 and commanded the East Gulf blockading squadron in the Civil War. 
 
 Capt. Isaiah Robinson served in the War of the Revolution. 
 
 Capt. Lambert Wickes was in the Revolutionary War, Captain of the Reprisal, which ship captured 
 a nimiber of British vessels. 
 
 Capt. Melancthon Taylor Woolsey commanded the Oneida and the naval station at Sacketts Harbor 
 In the War of 1812. 
 
 Commodore William Wister McKean commanded the Niagara, which in 1860 transported the first 
 Japanese Embassy home from the United States. He was until 1862 in command of the East Gulf blockad- 
 ing squadron. 
 
 Capt. Seth Harding, as Commander of the brigantine Defense, captured seven British vessels in three 
 separate battles in 1776. 
 
 Rear-Admiral Donald McNeill Fairfax served in the Pacific Squadron during the Mexican War. In 
 1861 he was on the San Jacinto and boarded the British vessel Trent when it was captured with the Con- 
 federate commissioners. 
 
 The Murray is named for two gallant officers. Capt. Alexander Murray during the Revolutionary 
 War, with five ships, had many engagements with the British. Rear-Admiral Alexander Murray was 
 prominently engaged in the North Atlantic blockading squadron during the Civil War. 
 
 THE BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA. 
 
 AN active campaign in the interest of the production and conservation of food has been conducted, 
 resulting in the increased production of food products by Scouts and Scout officials. Thousands of boys 
 have worked on farms and in agricultural camps during the season, and reports at this time show that thou- 
 sands of acres have been planted by Scouts. The Boy Scouts participated in the first Liberty Loan, visit- 
 tog 139,645 homes and securing $23,238,250 subscriptions. They also got subscriptions for the second loan. 
 The Scouts are participating in Red Cross activities, acting as messengers and taking part in the various 
 •ampaigns and activities of the Red Cross. The local Boy Scout organizations within a radius of 50 miles 
 of the Atlantic Gulf and the Pacific Coast are ready for Immediate services in case the Coast Guard is drawn 
 Mpon for other duties. In every city and town where Scouts are organized they are in immediate touch with 
 these committees for active service. 
 
 The Boy Scouts of America was incorporated February 8. 1910, and given a Federal charter protect- 
 tog the name, uniform, badges, insignia, etc., June 15, 1916. It has as its Honorary President the Hon. 
 Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States, and Hon. William H. Taft, Col. Theodore Roosevelt, 
 and Daniel Carter Beard as its Honorary Vice-Presidents. Associated with these in approval and pro- 
 motion of the movement are eminent citizens from ail walks of public life, who are members of the National 
 Council and of the local councils in the cities and towns of the whole country, and a host of others who 
 earnestly co-operate in the work. The Scouts are organized in patrols and troops. Eight boys constitute 
 a patrol, one of whom is chosen as the Patrol Leader. Four patrols make up a troop. The Scout Master 
 le the adult leader of the troop. Already there are about 320 local councils in as many cities throughout 
 the United States, and under the direction of each there are from five to one hundred and fifty Scout Masters 
 in charge of troops. In the past year arrangements were completed whereby the isolated boy — the boy 
 who lives in a village or on a farm and cannot organize a troop — may become a Pioneer Scout, officially 
 affiliated with the national movement and eligible to aU the pleasures and benefits of scouting. Over 9,000 
 Scout Masters are already registered with the national organization, representing about 250,000 boys that 
 are being reached by the movement. Work to some extent has been started in practically every city In 
 this country having a population of 4,000 or over, besides in the Hawaiian Islands, the Philippine Islands, 
 Porto Rico and Guam. Any boy, of any class or creed, over 12 years of age, is eligible to become a Scout. 
 The initial requirements are that he know the Scout salute, sign and laws, and that he take the Scout oath. 
 By meeting certain requirements, he is in line to become a Tenderfoot, Second-Class and First^Claas 
 Scout. The national organization is largely maintained by public subscriptions. Sustaining and Contribut- 
 ing Memberstilps are issued to men and women throughout the country who are financially assisting in the 
 development and promotion of this organization among boys. 
 
 National Headquarters of the Boy Scouts of America, No. 200 Fifth Avenue, New York City. 
 OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL. 
 
 Honorary Presidera — Hon. Woodrow Wilson. 
 Honorary Vice-President — Hon. William H. Taft. 
 Honorary Vlce-Prestdem— Col. Theodore Roosevelt. 
 Honorary Vice-President — Daniel Carter Beard. 
 President — Colin H. Livingstone, Washington, D. C. 
 Vice-President— Mortimer L. Schifl, New York, N. Y. 
 Vice-President — B. L. Dulaney, Bristol, Tenn. 
 Vice-Presideru — Milton A. McRae, Detroit, Mich. 
 Vice-President — Arthur Letts, Los Angeles, Cal. 
 Vice-President — A. Stamford White, Chicago, 111. 
 National Scout Commlssiotter — Daniel Carter Beard, 
 Flushing, N. Y. 
 
 Treasurer — George D. Pratt, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Chief Scout Executive — James E. West, 200 Fifth 
 
 Avenue, New York City. 
 
 Members of the Executive Board — Daniel Carter 
 Beard, Ernest P. BickneU, Benjamin L. Dulaney, 
 Robert Garrett, Charles D. Hart, Franklin Chase 
 Hoyt, John Sherman Hoyt, Charles C. Jackson, 
 Jeremiah W. Jenks, Colin H. Livingstone, Milton 
 A. McRae, William D. Murray, Charles P. NeiU, 
 John H. Nicholson, George D. Porter, George D. 
 Pratt, Frank Presbrey, G. Barrett Rich, Jr., Mor- 
 timer L. Schiff, F. L. Seely, A. Stamford White. 
 
 THE AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 Presidera — George E. Howard, University of Nebraska. Former Presidents — Albion W. Small, Uni- 
 versity of Chicago; George E. Vincent, Rockefeller Foundation, New York, N. Y. First Vice-President 
 — Charles H. Cooley, University of Michigan. Second Vice-President — Frank W. Blackmar, University 
 Of Kansas. Secretary-Treasurer — Scott E. W. Bedford, University of Chicago. 
 
 AppUcationa for membership and all inquiries concerning the general business of the society should be 
 addressed to the American Socloloelcal Society, Fifty-eighth Street and Ellis Avenue. Chlcaeo. 111. 
 
specimen Entry 
 
 from page 590 of the World Almanac 
 
 Illustrating Motor Car Laws 
 
 590 
 
 Motor Car Laws of the Various States. 
 
 
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 3 fez 2 
 
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 S,'S"2S-3 
 
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 3C "; 
 
 sawn 
 
 2o§7 
 
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Specimen Entry 
 
 from page 617 of the World Almanac 
 
 Illustrating Statistics of Education 
 
 Statistics of Education — Continued. 
 
 617 
 
 THE COMMON SCHOOLS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1916. 
 
 (Prepared for The World Almanac by the United States Bureau of Education.) 
 
 United States 
 
 N. Atlantic Division . 
 N. Central Division. . 
 S. Atlantic Division.. 
 S. Central Division . . 
 Western Division 
 
 N. Atlantic Division 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire . . 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Massachusetts. . . 
 Rhode Island .... 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New Yorli 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania .... 
 
 N. Central Division: 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Missouri 
 
 North Dakota . . . 
 
 South Daliota 
 
 Nebrasiia 
 
 Kansas 
 
 S. Atlantic Division: 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 District of Columbia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 West Virginia . . . 
 North Carolina . . 
 South Carolina . . 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida.., 
 
 S. Central Division 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Texas 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Western Division: 
 
 Montana 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Colorado 
 
 New Mexico. . . . 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Utah 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Washington 
 
 Oregon 
 
 California 
 
 149.149 
 67,461 
 65,380 
 
 604,023 
 
 1.625,777 
 
 540,287 
 
 1,504,794 
 
 905,071 
 564,252 
 1,084,640 
 620,861 
 458,102 
 481,583 
 525,579 
 721,752 
 151,647 
 134,136 
 292,725 
 402,860 
 
 45,327 
 
 243,077 
 59.526 
 486,134173.02 
 313,873178.25 
 
 Average 
 Dally 
 
 Attend 
 ance. 
 
 537.008 
 610,235 
 514,601 
 492,756 
 320,300 
 1,017,083 
 447,726 
 515,493 
 
 102, 
 32,6.30 
 
 184,471 1 
 77,06: 
 51,077 
 
 108,359 
 13,358 
 95,772 
 
 245,419 
 
 142,365 
 
 539, 
 
 116, 
 
 54,485 
 52,393 
 
 508,668 
 71,613 
 
 182,477 
 ,318,605 
 
 768,451 
 463.920 
 974,495 
 504.979 
 371.494 
 365,432 
 398,143 
 528,455 
 104,996 
 93,837 
 216,264 
 311,267 
 
 49,625 
 339,317 
 223,: 
 446,191 
 279,071 
 460,832 
 144,419 
 
 354,147 
 430,480 
 323.487 
 301,922 
 235,933 
 
 Ss 
 
 54.8 170.7 
 
 69.7 178 
 83.4 178 
 
 69.8 141.0 
 71.3 
 
 144.0 
 123.8 
 135.0 
 123.0 
 134.9 
 68.0 135.0 
 68.0 134.9 
 152. 
 
 Whole 
 No. of 
 Teach- 
 
 191,441 
 
 127,692 
 410,978 
 
 73.1 
 
 176.7 
 153.0 
 167.0 
 
 66.7 142.5 
 
 67.1 
 
 6,965 
 3,083 
 2,992 
 17,487 
 2,773 
 6,423 
 53,593 
 16,741 
 42.727 
 
 31 
 
 19,648 
 33,364 
 20,979 
 
 8,093 
 7,057 
 
 12 
 
 15,243 
 
 1,062 
 6,460 
 1,787 
 13,120 
 10,324 
 14,550 
 
 1,333 
 
 12,870 
 12,921 
 11,056 
 10,953 
 7,621 
 27,358 
 10,662 
 12,721 
 
 4,731 
 1,735 
 6,573 
 1,944 
 
 3,506 
 9,295 
 6,173 
 17,323 
 
 $70.21 
 80.15 
 
 53.38 
 56.74 
 48.31 
 88.03 
 74.27 
 68.16 
 101.70 
 95.34 
 54.42 
 
 44.79 
 63.04 
 112.34 
 
 48.50 
 
 42.57' 
 54.14 
 44.49 
 55.86 
 
 Estimated 
 
 Value of All 
 
 Public 
 
 Property 
 
 Used for 
 
 School 
 
 Purposes. 
 
 6,777 
 4,915,758 
 96,521,456 
 10,081,135 
 27,719,683 
 244,739,916 
 69,293,018 
 154,363,21- 
 
 113,597,716 
 54,849,09f 
 
 135,357,49; 
 57,930,121 
 24,141,885 
 50,459,377 
 39,356," ' 
 54,882,; 
 12,115,050 
 10,994,385 
 23,644,515 
 31,168,702 
 
 1.650,000 
 12,000,000 
 12,309,995 
 16,004,359 
 15,599,531 
 11,48! 
 
 8.117,280 
 15,048 "- 
 
 7.409,947 
 
 10,898,517 
 3.110,300 
 13,580,248 
 45,368,247 
 12,660,849 
 20,696,930 
 
 9,244,559 
 2,666,059 
 15,364,405 
 2,915,000 
 3,463,517 
 11,619,642 
 1,565,497 
 9,202,457 
 32,751,202 
 18.019,461 
 84,721,886 
 
 Total 
 Amount 
 Expended 
 
 for 
 Schools. 
 
 $640,717,053 
 
 205,626, 
 
 248,131,425 
 42,274,: 
 63,256,942 
 81,428,375 
 
 3,999,( 
 2,148,985 
 2,300.630 
 27,342,1 
 3,603,535 
 9,688,037 
 68,761,125 
 26,110,991 
 61.670,950 
 
 40,633,720 
 24,018,125 
 44,011,662 
 24,069,810 
 16,680,866 
 20,911,,' 
 20,764,865 
 17,780,426 
 7,309,342 
 5,748,086 
 10,825,325 
 15,377,830 
 
 366,189 
 5,236,645 
 3.676.894 
 7.306,058 
 6,459, 
 5,493,051 
 3,570,939 
 6.346.714 
 3,818,675 
 
 8,342,: 
 6,783,. 
 5,010,426 
 2,806,562 
 5.511,763 
 21,093,143 
 4,454,737 
 9,253,569 
 
 6,492,588 
 1,438,509 
 7.533,093 
 1,993,054 
 2,667,077 
 4,476,642 
 765,900 
 4,134,167 
 
 13,080,272 
 6,715.416 
 
 32,126,657 
 
 $41.72 
 
 7.12 52.20 
 7.72 48.64 
 " " 19.78 
 21.32 
 9.53 67.08 
 
 34.31 
 39.44 
 43.91 
 53.75 
 50.32 
 53.09 
 52.15 
 61.89 
 
 52.88 
 51.77 
 45.16 
 47.66 
 44.90 
 57.22 
 52.15 
 
 61.26 
 
 50.06 
 49.40 
 
 24.06 
 30.93 
 74.09 
 21.53 
 28.85 
 12.31 
 12.80 
 13.77 
 
 23.56 
 15.76 
 15.49 
 9.30 
 
 55.90 
 38.79 
 77.85 
 50.84 
 76.26 
 63.56 
 68 33 
 52.59 
 78.17 
 
specimen Entry 
 
 from page 621 of the World Almanac 
 
 Illustrating List of Universities 
 
 Universities and Colleges of the United States. 
 
 621 
 
 PRINCIPAL UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The statistics embraced in this table were communicated to The World Almanac by the Presidents 
 Of the respect ve instltations, and represent their condition for 1917 
 
 Persons writing to the different institutions for catalogues should inclose postage stamp for reply, and 
 also indicate the reason for request. 
 
 Adelphi College 
 
 Adrian College 
 
 Ag.&Mech.Col.ofTex 
 Agnes Scott College... 
 
 Alabama Poly. Inst.. 
 
 Albany College 
 
 Albion College 
 
 Albright College. . . . 
 Alcorn A. & M. Col.. 
 Alfred University . . . 
 Allegheny College . . . 
 
 Alma College 
 
 Amer. Col. Surgeons. 
 
 American Univ 
 
 Amherst College .... 
 Annap. & Balti. U. .. 
 
 Antloch College 
 
 Arkansas College .... 
 Ark. Cum'rl'd Col. . . 
 
 Asbury College 
 
 Atlanta University. . 
 Auburn Theol. Sem'y. 
 Augsburg C. & T. Sem 
 Augustana College — 
 
 Austin College 
 
 Baker University 
 
 Baldwin- Wallace Col . 
 
 Barnard College 
 
 Bates College 
 
 Baylor University .... 
 
 Bellevue College 
 
 Beloit College 
 
 Benedict 
 
 Berea College 
 
 Bethany College 
 
 Bethany College 
 
 Bethel College 
 
 Blackburn College... . 
 Bonebrake Th. Sem.. .. 
 on University .... 
 
 Bowdoin College 
 
 Bowdon College 
 
 Brldgewater College . . 
 Brlgham Young Col.. . 
 Brown University .... 
 
 Bryn Mawr Col 
 
 Bucknell University... 
 
 Butler College 
 
 Campbell Jr. College. 
 
 Campion College 
 
 Canlsius College 
 
 Carleton College 
 
 Carlislelndianlnd.se. 
 Carnegie Inst, of Tech. 
 Carson Newman C. . . 
 
 Carroll College 
 
 Carthage College 
 
 Case So. Appl. Science 
 
 Catawba College 
 
 Cathedral College ... 
 Catholic Univ. Am.. . . 
 CedarvlUe College. . . . 
 
 Central College 
 
 Central College 
 
 Central WesleyanCol. . 
 
 Centre College 
 
 ChicoraCol.forWomen 
 Christian Bros. Col . . . 
 Christian Bros. Col . . . 
 Citadel Mil. College.. 
 
 Clark College 
 
 Clark University 
 
 Clark University 
 
 Clarkson College Tech. 
 Clemson Agri. College 
 Coe CoUege 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. . 
 
 Adrian, Mich 
 
 College Sta., Tex. , 
 
 Decatur, Ga 
 
 Logan, Utah 
 
 Auburn, Ala 
 
 Albany, Ore 
 
 Albion, Mich 
 
 Myerstown, Pa... 
 
 Alcorn, Miss 
 
 Alfred, N. Y 
 
 Meadville, Pa 
 
 Alma, Mich 
 
 Chicago, ni 
 
 Washington, D. C 
 
 Amherst, Mass. .. . 
 
 Baltimore, Md 
 
 Yellow Springs, O.. 
 
 Batesville, Ark 
 
 ClarksvlUe, Ark . . . 
 
 Wilmore, Ky 
 
 Atlanta, Ga 
 
 Auburn, N. Y 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn 
 
 Rock Island, 111. . . 
 
 Sherman, Tex 
 
 Baldwin, Kan 
 
 Berea, Ohio 
 
 Manh'n Boro, N. Y 
 
 Lewiston, Me 
 
 Waco, Tex 
 
 Bellevue, Neb 
 
 Beloit. Wis 
 
 Columbia, S. C. . . 
 
 Berea, Ky 
 
 Lindsborg, Kan. . 
 Bethany, W. Va.. . 
 
 Newton, Kan 
 
 CarlinvlUe, Ul 
 
 Dayton, Ohio 
 
 Boston, Mass 
 
 Brunswick, Me 
 
 Bowdon, Ga 
 
 Brldgewater, Va . . . 
 
 Logan, Utah 
 
 Providence, R. I. . 
 Bryn Mawr, Pa. . . 
 Lewlsburg, Pa. . . . 
 Indianapolis, Ind . . 
 
 Holton, Kan 
 
 P'rie du Chien, Wis. 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y 
 
 Northfleld, Minn . . 
 
 Carlisle, Pa 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. . . . 
 Jeff. City, Tenn . . . 
 
 Wauke.sha, Wis 
 
 Carthage, 111 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio . . . 
 
 Newton, N. C 
 
 New York City. . . 
 Washington, D. C. 
 Cedarville, Ohio. . 
 
 Fayette, Mo 
 
 Pella, Iowa 
 
 Warrenton, Mo. . . 
 
 Danville, Ky 
 
 Columbis., S.C 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 
 
 Memphis, Tenn. . . 
 Charleston, S. C. . . 
 Worcester, Mass. . . 
 
 Atlanta, Ga 
 
 Worcester, Mass. . . 
 
 Potsdam, N. Y 
 
 ison Col., S. C. 
 Cedar Rapids. la. . 
 
 I Non-Sect. . 
 Meth. Prot. 
 
 Istate 
 
 I Non-Sect. . 
 
 State... 
 Presbyterian 
 Meth. Epis. 
 Unit'dEvan 
 State 
 
 Presbyterian 
 Presbyterian 
 Independent 
 Non-Sect. . . 
 Presbyterian 
 Lutheran 
 
 Presbyterian 
 Meth. Epis. 
 Meth. Epis. 
 Non-Sect. . 
 Non-Sect . . 
 
 Baptist 
 
 Presbyterian 
 Non-Sect . . . 
 
 Baptist 
 
 Non-Sect . . . 
 Lutheran . . . 
 Disciples. . . 
 Mennonite.. 
 
 None 
 
 U. Brethren. 
 Non-Sect . . . 
 Non-Sect . . . 
 
 State 
 
 Brethren. . . 
 Latter Day.. 
 
 Non-Sect . . . 
 Non-Sect . . . 
 Non-Sect. .. 
 
 City 
 
 Catholic 
 
 Non-Sect! . . 
 Non-Sect. . . 
 Non-Sect . . . 
 
 Baptist 
 
 Presbyterian 
 Lutheran . . . 
 Non-Sect . . . 
 RefChinUS 
 
 Catholic 
 
 Catholic .... 
 Ref . Presb . 
 Meth. Ep. S. 
 
 Baptist 
 
 Meth. Epis. 
 Presbyterian 
 Presbyterian 
 destroyed b 
 Catholic... . 
 
 State 
 
 Non-Sect . . . 
 Meth. Epis.. 
 Non-Sect . . . 
 Non-Sect. . . 
 
 State 
 
 Non-Sect.. . 
 
 F. D. Blodgett, B. A., M 
 Aubrey F. Hess, Ph. D . 
 Wm. B. Bizzell, M. A., D.C.L 
 F. H. Gaines, D. D., LI 
 Elner George Peterson. 
 Chas. C. Thach, M. A., LL. D 
 WallaceH. Lee, A. M., LL. D 
 Sam. Dickie, A. M„ LL. D. 
 L.ClarenceHunt,M.A.,B.D 
 r^vi J. Rowan, B. S., Ph. D. 
 Rev. BootheC. Davis, LL. D 
 W. H. Crawford, D.D., LL.D. 
 Harry Means Crooks,LL.D 
 
 W. S. Lacy, A. M., B. D. . 
 
 J. L. Spence, A. M 
 
 Henry C. Morrison, D. D. 
 
 Edward T. Ware 
 
 Rev. G. B. Stewart, D. D . 
 Geo. Sverdrup, B. A., M. A 
 
 Thos. Stone Clyce, D. D . . 
 Samuel A. Lough, Ph. D.. . . 
 
 Arth. L. Breslich.Ph. D 
 
 Nicholas M. Butler, LL. D 
 Geo. C. Chase, D. D., LL. D. 
 Samuel P. Brooks, LL. D 
 David R. Kerr, D. D., LL. D. 
 
 Melvin A. Brannon 
 
 Byron W. Valentine, A. B. . 
 Wm. G. Frost, Ph. D., D. D 
 Rev. E. F. Plhlblad, A. M. 
 Thos. E. Cramblet, A. M . . 
 
 J. W. Kliewer, S. T. B 
 
 Rev. Wm. M. Hudson, D. D. 
 J. P. Landla, D. D., Ph. D. 
 
 Lemuel H. Murlin, D. D 
 
 Kenneth E. M. Sills 
 
 N. J. Warren, A. B., A. M... 
 I.S.Flory,B.A.,Ph.D.,A.M 
 C. N. Jensen, M.S.A., Ph. D 
 
 M. C. Thomas, LL. D. 
 John H. Harris, LL. D. 
 Thos. Carr Howe 
 
 George J. Krim, S. J 
 
 D. J. Cowling, Ph. D., D. D 
 
 Oscar H. Lipps (Supt.) 
 
 A. A. Hamerschlag, D. Sc. 
 
 J. M. Burnett, A. B., D. D 
 
 O. Carrier, A. M., D. D 
 
 Rev. H. D. Hoover, Ph. D 
 
 Charles S. Howe, Ph. D 
 
 Rev. J. D. Andrew, A.M.. 
 Very Rev. Wm. F. Hughes.. 
 Rt. Rev. T. J. Shahan, D.D. 
 Rev.W. R. McChesney,Ph.D 
 Paul H. Linn, A. B., A. M. 
 John Wm. Bailey, Ph. D . . 
 O. E. Kriege, A. M., D. D. 
 Wm. A. Ganfield, M. A. .. . 
 Rev. S. C. Byrd, A. M., D. D. 
 y Are Oct. 5, 1916. 
 
 Bro. John Joseph 
 
 Col. J. O. Bond, LL. D 
 
 Edmund C. Sanford, Ph. D 
 
 John P. Brooks, Sc. D 
 
 W. M. Riggs, B. .S., LL. D 
 JohnA.Marqui».D.D.,LL.D 
 
 2S 
 
 Vol- 
 umes In 
 Library 
 
 5,500 
 
 8,000 
 31,000 
 26.500 
 
 7,500 
 23.500 
 10.000 
 
 1,500 
 30,600 
 44,000 
 26,820 
 
 5,000 
 3.000 
 3,000 
 17,000 
 37,900 
 7,000 
 
 8,000 
 48,000 
 18,767 
 
 1.180 
 42,581 
 29,663 
 
 6,875 
 60,000 
 
 7.900 
 33,761 
 10,000 
 10,000 
 
 5,200 
 
 2,000 
 
 4,100 
 62,000 
 113,000 
 
 8,000 
 12,000 
 
 7,500 
 
 75.000 
 30,000 
 14,000 
 
 2.500 
 16,556 
 45,000 
 30,000 
 
 4,000 
 350,000 
 
 3,000 
 10,500 
 12,264 
 12,527 
 10,000 
 28,000 
 130,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 8,000 
 10,350 
 35,000 
 
 4,500 
 
 10,000 
 6,300 
 
 75,000 
 3 005 
 
 65,000 
 5,00C 
 
 30,000 
 
 aooo 
 
 10 
 
specimen Entry 
 
 from page 767 of the World Almanac 
 
 Illustrating List of Governors 
 
 Pay and Terms of Members of Legislatures. 
 
 767 
 
 STATE AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. 
 
 Alabama . . . . 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Arkansas . . . . 
 California . . . 
 Colorado . . . . 
 Connecticut . 
 Delaware . . . . 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky .... 
 Louisiana. . . . 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland .... 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi . . . 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nebraska. . . . 
 
 Kevada 
 
 K. Hampshire. 
 New Jersey . . . 
 Kew Me.xico . . 
 
 New York 
 
 N. Carolina . . . 
 Korth Dakota. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Porto Rico . 
 Rhode Island . 
 S. Carolina . . . 
 South Dakota. 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington . . . 
 West Virginia . . 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Governors. 
 
 Charles Henderson, D 
 
 John F. A. Strong, D* . . . . 
 
 G. \V. P. Hunt, D 
 
 Chas. H. Brough, D 
 
 William D. Stephens, Prog 
 
 Julius C. Gunter, D 
 
 Marcus H. Holcomb, R 
 
 John G. Townsend , Jr., R . . 
 
 Sidney J. Catts, D 
 
 Hugh M. Dorsey, D 
 
 Lucius E. Pinkham, D* 
 
 Moses Alexander, D 
 
 Frank O. Lowden, R 
 
 James P. Goodrich, R 
 
 WUliam L. Harding, R . . . . 
 
 Arthur Capper, R 
 
 Augustus O. Stanley, D. . . . 
 
 R. G. Pleasant, D 
 
 Carl Milliken, R 
 
 !rson C. Harrington, D . 
 
 Samuel W. McCall, R 
 
 Albert E. Sleeper, R 
 
 J. A. A. Burnquist, R 
 
 Theodore G. Bilbo, D 
 
 Frederick D. Gardner, D . . . 
 
 Samuel V. Stewart, D 
 
 K. Neville, D 
 
 Emmet D. Boyle, D 
 
 Henry W. Keyes, R 
 
 Walter E. Edge, R 
 
 W. E. Llndsey, D 
 
 Charles S. Whitman, R 
 
 Thomas W. Bickett, D 
 
 Lynn J. Frazier, R 
 
 James M. Cox, D 
 
 R. L. Williams, D 
 
 James Withycombe, R . . . . 
 
 M. G. Brumbaugh, R 
 
 Arthur Yager, D* 
 
 R. Livingston Beeckman, R 
 Richard I. Manning, D . . . . 
 
 Peter Norbeck, R 
 
 Tom C. Rye D 
 
 "' P. Hobby, D 
 
 Simon Bamberger, D 
 
 Horace F. Graham, R. . 
 
 ' :. Stuart, D 
 
 Ernest Lister, D 
 
 John J. Cornwell, D . . . , 
 
 ". PhiUpp, R 
 
 Frank L. Houx, D 
 
 $7,500 
 7,000 
 4,000 
 5,000 
 10,000 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 4,000 
 6,000 
 5,000 
 7,000 
 5,000 
 12,000 
 8,000 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 6,500 
 7,500 
 5,000 
 4.500 
 10, 
 
 5,000 
 7,000 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 7,500 
 2,500 
 7,000 
 3,000 
 10,000 
 5,000 
 10,000 
 6,500 
 5,000 
 10,000 
 4,500 
 5,000 
 10,000 
 8,000 
 3,000 
 
 L'gth 
 Term, 
 Years. 
 
 Jan. — , 
 
 t 
 Dec. 31, 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 July — , 
 Nov. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Dec.—, 
 Jan. — , 
 Dec. — , 
 May — , 
 Jan. 1, 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. 2, 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Dec. 31. 
 Jan. 1, 
 Dec. 31, 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. 11, 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. 12, 
 Jan. — , 
 Jan. — , 
 Feb. 1, 
 Jan. 14, 
 Mar. 4, 
 Jan. 1, 
 Jan. 1, 
 
 Legislatures. 
 
 Jan. 
 Mar. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Apr. 
 June 
 Feb. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. ■ 
 May- 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Feb. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 Jan. 
 
 10,1919 
 5, 
 8,1919 
 —,1919 
 8,1919 
 1,1919 
 3,1919 
 —,1919 
 3,1919 
 27,1918 
 21,1919 
 —,1919 
 3,1919 
 2,1919 
 8,1919 
 9,1919 
 
 3,1919 
 
 —,1918 
 3,1918 
 2,1919 
 7,1919 
 
 —,1919 
 8.1919 
 1,19!9 
 7,1919 
 
 15,1919 
 3,1919 
 8,1918 
 9,1919 
 2,1918 
 3,1919 
 2,1919 
 1,1919 
 
 —,1919 
 8,1919 
 2,1919 
 12,1918 
 2,1918 
 8,1918 
 2,1919 
 1,1919 
 
 —,1919 
 8,1919 
 8,1919 
 
 —,1919 
 
 —,1919 
 9,1919 
 10,1919 
 
 Quad 
 Bien. 
 Bien. 
 
 Ann. 
 Bien. 
 Bien. 
 
 50 days 
 60 days 
 60 days 
 60 days 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 60 days 
 60 days 
 50 days 
 60 days 
 
 60 days 
 None. 
 
 61 days 
 None. 
 50 days 
 60 days 
 60 days 
 None. 
 90 days 
 None. 
 None. 
 90 days 
 None. 
 120 dys 
 60 days 
 60 days 
 60 days 
 None. 
 None. 
 60 days 
 None. 
 60 days 
 60 days 
 None. 
 60 days 
 40 days 
 None. 
 60 days 
 60 days 
 40 days 
 60 days 
 75 days 
 60 days 
 60 days 
 None. 
 60 days 
 60 days 
 45 days 
 None. 
 40 days 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov 
 
 Nov.- 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Apr.- 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov.- 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov.- 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 -,1920 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 -1920 
 9,1918 
 6,1917 
 -,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 4,1919 
 5,1918 
 -1920 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 6,1917 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1913 
 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 Nov.- 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 Nov. 
 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1911 
 5,1918 
 5,191« 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 6,191T 
 -,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 5,1918 
 
 D., Democratg. R., Republicans. Prog., Progressive. * Territorial Governors are appointed by the 
 President, t Next Presidential election November 2, 1920. t Teim has expired but is being held over. 
 
 PAY AND TERMS OF MEMBERS OF LEGISLATURES. 
 
 States 
 
 Salaries of 
 Members, 
 Annual or 
 Per Diem, 
 while in 
 Session. 
 
 TER.^<S OF 
 
 Members, 
 
 States 
 
 AND 
 
 Terri- 
 tories. 
 
 Salaries of 
 Members, 
 Annual or 
 Per Diem, 
 while in 
 Session. 
 
 Terms of 
 
 Members. 
 
 Years. 
 
 States 
 
 AND 
 
 Terri- 
 tories. 
 
 Salaries of 
 Members, 
 Annual or 
 Per Diem, 
 while in 
 Session. 
 
 terms of 
 
 members. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Terri- 
 tories. 
 
 Sena- 
 tors. 
 
 Repp- 
 s' nta- 
 tlves. 
 
 Sena- 
 tors. 
 
 Repp- 
 s' nta- 
 tives. 
 
 Sena- 
 tors. 
 
 Rep'- 
 
 S'nta- 
 tives . 
 
 Alabama. . 
 Alaska. . . . 
 Arizona. . . 
 Arkansas.. 
 California. 
 Colorado. . 
 
 Delaware.. 
 Florida... 
 Georgia... 
 Hawaii . . . 
 
 Idaho 
 
 niinois.... 
 Indiana.. . 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas... 
 Kentucky. 
 
 $4 per diem 
 $15 •' 
 $7 
 $6 
 
 $1,000 term. 
 $1,000 " 
 $300 term.. 
 $5 per mem 
 
 $4 
 
 $600sea'n.. 
 $5 per diem 
 $3,500 ses'n. 
 $6 per diem 
 $1,000 ses'n. 
 $3 per diem 
 $10 •• 
 
 4 
 4 
 2 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 4 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 Louisiana . 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland . 
 
 Mass 
 
 Michigan.. 
 Minn 
 
 IIS- 
 
 Nebraska'.' 
 Nevada... 
 N. Hamp.. 
 N. Jersey.. 
 N. Mexico 
 N.York.. 
 
 S:gfk°''^ 
 
 $5 per diem 
 $400 ann. . . 
 $5 per diem 
 $1,000 ann.. 
 $800ses'n.. 
 $1,000 ses'n. 
 
 $5 per diein 
 $10 •• 
 $10 " 
 $600 term.. 
 $200 term . . 
 $500 ann... 
 $5 per diem 
 $1,500 ann.. 
 $4 per diem 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 \ 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 4 
 2 
 3 
 
 t 
 2 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 4 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Okiah-'ma'. 
 
 Penna .'.'.'. 
 Porto Rico 
 R. Island.. 
 S. Carol'a . 
 S. Dakota. 
 Tenn 
 
 S!aT.:::: 
 
 Vermont.. 
 Virginia. . . 
 Wash'ton. 
 W. Va . . . . 
 Wlsc'nsin. 
 Wyoming . 
 
 $1,000 ann.. 
 $6 per diem 
 
 $1,500 ses'n. 
 $5 per diem 
 
 $200 term . . 
 $5 per diem 
 
 $5 
 $4 
 $4 
 
 $480 ses'n.. 
 $5 per diem 
 
 $500 ann... 
 $8 per diem 
 
 2 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 2 
 
 2 
 4 
 4 
 2 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 All ot the States and Teirrttoriee pay mileage also, except New Jersey. 
 
 11 
 
The Who's Who Series 
 
 An important series of year-books known as the "Who's Who" series is 
 published, giving brief information regarding prominent living people, including 
 their addresses. Two very important ones are: 
 
 Who's Who (A person prominent anywhere in the world). 
 Who's Who in America. 
 
 Other books of the series are confined to persons prominent in certain kinds 
 of work, or in certain localities, such as: 
 
 a. Who's who in finance. 
 
 b. Who's who in science. 
 
 c. Who's who in music. 
 
 d. Who's who on the stage. 
 
 e. Woman's who's who in America. 
 
 f . Who's who in different religious denominations. 
 
 g. Who's who or year-book for many localities, countries, states, cities, profes- 
 sions, and for other purposes. 
 
 h. "The Dau's Blue books," issued for different cities, give a list of persons promi- 
 nent in social life, thus forming a kind of local "Who's who." 
 
 The specimen pages from "Who's who in America" which follow, will serve 
 to give an illustration of the plan upon which most of the "Who's who" books 
 are arranged. The name selected is Henry Ford, the automobile manufacturer. 
 The sketch of a person's life in any of the Who's who series is short, and is greatly 
 condensed by using many abbreviations, such as: "b" for "born;" "m" for "mar- 
 ried;" "ed" for "educated;" "s" for "son;" "d" for "daughter;" "e.d." for "eldest 
 daughter." Read the article, guessing at as many of the abbreviations as pos- 
 sible. Whenever a book uses special abbreviations, an alphabetical list of them, 
 followed by their meanings, appears in the front of the book. Notice that the 
 address of Henry Ford is given at the end of the sketch of his life. This is an 
 important feature in all "Who's who" books. 
 
 At the back of "Who's who in America," a "Geographical Division" is given 
 which classifies all names in the book under state and city. This enables one to 
 find who are especially prominent in certain localities. Consult the specimen 
 page from Michigan, and name a prominent person in Au Sable, giving the page 
 ni the book on which a sketch of his life would be found. Who is the most 
 prominent man in Big Rapids, and what ofiice has he held? Name a pubUsher 
 living at Birmingham. 
 
 12 
 
A Specimen Entry 
 from 
 Who's Who in America 
 
 FOBD 
 
 845 
 
 FORD 
 
 Am. Hist. Assn., Am. Polit. Science Asen., 
 Miss. Valley Hist. Assn., Phi Beta Kappa, 
 Theta Delta Chi. Clubs: City (Chicago); Cam- 
 pus (Minneapolis). Author: Hanover and Prus- 
 sia, 1903. Co-editor Makers of Modern Ger- 
 many. Contbr. to hist, periodicals. Address: 
 University of Minn., Minneapolis. 
 
 FORD, Henry, automobile mfr.; 6. Greenfield, 
 Mich., July 30, 18U3; s. William and Mary (Lito- 
 got) F. ; ed. dist. sch., Greenfield; w. Clara J. 
 Bryant, of Greenfield, Apr. 11, 1888. Learned 
 machinist's trade; in Detroit since 1887; was 
 chief engr. Edison Illuminating Co.; organizer, 
 1903, and pres. Ford Motor Co. (largest mfr. 
 of automobiles in the world, employing over 
 20,000 persons; turns out over 2,000 automo- 
 biles a day). Announced Jan., 1914, plan of 
 profit-sharing involving distribution of $10,- 
 000,000 annually to employees. Mem. Soc. Auto- 
 mobile Engrs., Detroit Bd. of Commerce. Ma- 
 son. Clubs: Detroit, Bankers', Detroit Ath- 
 letic, Fellowcraft, Country, Bloomfleld Hills 
 Country, Detroit Golf, Detroit Boat, Wolverine 
 Auto, Automobile of America. Chartered ship, 
 and at own expense conducted party to Europe, 
 leaving New York Dec. 4, 1915, with object of 
 organizing a conf. of peace advocates to influ- 
 ence belligerent govts, to end the war; returned 
 homo after reaching Christiania, Norway, but 
 members of the party proceeded to Stockholm, 
 Sweden, and Copenhagen, Denmark, and through 
 Germany to The Hague, effecting an orgn. rep- 
 resented abroad by a spl. committee. Home: 
 Dearborn, Mich. Office: Woodward Av., High- 
 land Park (Detroit), Mich. 
 
 FORD, Henry Jones, university prof.; 5. at 
 Baltimore, Aug. 25, 1S51; s. Franklin and An- 
 nie Elizabeth (Jones) F. ; grad. Baltimore City 
 Coll., 1868. Editorial writer, Baltimore Ameri- 
 can, 1872; has been city editor Baltimore Sun; 
 mng. editor Baltimore American, 1875-9; edi- 
 torial writer New York Sun, 1879-83; on staff 
 Baltimore Sun, 1883-5; mng. editor Pittsburgh 
 Commercial Gazette, 1885-95; mng. editor Pitts- 
 burgh Chronicle Telegraph, 1895-1901; editor 
 Pittsburgh Gazette, 1901-5; lecturer on polit. 
 science, Johns Hopkins, 1906, 1907; prof, poli- 
 tics, Princeton, since June, 1908. Auihor: The 
 Rise and Growth of American Politics, 189S; 
 The Cost of Our National Government, 1909; 
 The Scotch-Irish in America, 1915; The Natural 
 History of the State, 1915. Also many articles 
 on poht. science. Address: Princeton, N.J. 
 
 FORD, H(oratio) Clark, lawyer, banker; Au- 
 gust 25, 1853-Aug. 25, 1915; see Vol. VIII (1914- 
 1915). 
 
 FORD, Hngh, stage dir.; 6. Washington, D.C.; 
 8. George and Henrietta (Price) F.; ed. Van der 
 Naillen Sch. of Mines and Engring., San Fran- 
 cisco; m. Jessie Weir Izett, of Denver, Mar. 27, 
 1898. Began in Lvceum Theatre, New York, 
 1895; gen. stage dir. Century Theatre, New 
 Y'ork; gen. stage dir. for Liebler c& Co.; asso. 
 dir. for Gaston Meyer's productions in London 
 and Paris; now dir.-gen. Famous Players Film 
 Co. Clubs: Lambs, Players. Address: Lambs 
 Club, New York. 
 
 FORD, James Lanren, author; 6. St. Louis, 
 Mc, July 25, 1854; s. James K. and Louisa 
 (Livermore) F. Author: The Literary Shop; 
 Hypnotic Tales; The Third Alarm: Bohemia 
 Invaded; Dr. Dodd's School; Dolly Dillenback; 
 Cupid and the Footlights; The Brazen Calf; 
 The Wooing of Follv 1906; Every Day in the 
 Year (poetical epitome of the world's history), 
 1914; The Great Mirage, 1915. Address: Care 
 N6W York Herald, New York, N.Y. 
 
 FORD, Jeremiah Denis Matlilas, univer- 
 sity prof.; b. Cambridge, Mass., July 2, 1873; 
 s. J. D. and Mary Agnes (Collins) F.; A.B.. 
 Harvard, 1894, A.M., 1895, Ph.D., 1897, study- 
 ing in Coll. Law Sch. and Grad. Sch.; 616ve 
 ficole des Ilautes fitudes, U. of Paris, 1897-8, 
 student at the Sorbonne, £cole des Chartes 
 and College de France; m. Anna Winifred 
 Fearns, of Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 1, 1902. 
 Instr. French, Harvard, 1895, until went to 
 Paris as Harris fellow of Harvard U. in resi- 
 dence at U. of Paris; again instr. French, 
 1898-1900, instr. Romance langs., 1900-2, asst. 
 prof., 1902-7, Smith prof. French and Spanish 
 langs., 1907 — , Harvard U. and Radcliffe Coll. 
 Chief examiner for Spanish under Coll. En- 
 trance Exam. Pd., 1908—. Fellow Am. Acad. 
 Arts and Sciences; mem. Modern Lang. Assn. 
 America (v.-p. 1910-11), Am. Dialect, Soc, Dante 
 Soc, Soci6t6 Amicale Gaston, Paris; corr. mem. 
 Hispanic Soc. America, Royal Spanish Acad. 
 Catholic. Author: The Old Spanish Sibilants 
 (Vol. VII of Harvard Studies and Notes), 1900; 
 Exercises in Spanish Composition, 1901; Spanish 
 Grammar, 1904. Editor: Chivalrous Romances 
 In Italian Verse, 1904; Goldoni's Curioso Acci- 
 dente, 1899; Moratin's Sf de las nifias, 1899; 
 Alarc6n's Capitan Veneno, 1900; A Spanish 
 Anthology, 1901; Old Spanish Readings, 1906; 
 Selections from Don Quijote, 1908. Was Italian 
 and Spanish editor New International Ency- 
 clopedia, 1901-4; contbr. of Spanish and Italian 
 articles to Johnson's Encyclopedia, and Cath- 
 olic Encyclopedia. Contbr. to philol. pubis.; 
 general editor of Henry Holt & Co.'s Spanish 
 series. Address: 9 Riedesel Av., Cambridge, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 FORD, Jobn, judge; b. Knowlesville, N.Y., 
 July 28, 1862; s. Michael and Sarah (O'Mal- 
 lev) F.; A.B., Cornell, 1890; m. Lulu Fairchild 
 Van Aken, Sept. 16, 189L Mem. N.Y. Senate, 
 19th N.Y. Dist., 1896-1901; framed, introduced 
 and put through legislature the Franchise 
 Tax Law, now in operation in N.Y. ; candi- 
 date for comptroller, New Y'ork. 1905; justice 
 Supreme Ct. of N.Y., 1st Dist., 1906-20. Author: 
 (1st prize essay) The American Policy of Pro- 
 tection Applied to American Shipping En- 
 gaged in International Commerce (Am. Pro- 
 tective Tariff League, New Y'ork), 1S90; Pocket 
 Cyclopedia of Protection, 1892. Address: Bret- 
 ton Hall, New York. 
 
 FORD, Jolin Donaldson, rear-admiral 'U.S. 
 N.; 6. Baltimore, May 19, 1840; s. Thomas C. 
 and Isabella (Logie) F. ; ed. pub. schs., Balti- 
 more; grad. Md. Inst. Sch. of Design, 1861, 
 receiving Peabody prize; grad. Potts Sch. of 
 Mech. Engring., 1862; m. Laura Jane Darling, 
 of Baltimore, Apr. 30. 1866. Entered U.S.N. 
 as 3d asst. engr.. July 30, 1862; promoted 2d 
 asst. engr., Feb. 13, 1864; 1st asst. engr., June 
 6, 1868; passed asst. engr., Feb. 24, 1874; chief 
 engr., Dec 27, 1890. During Civil War took 
 part in recapture of Baton Rouge, La., Mar., 
 1863, battles of Mobile Bay, 1864; was on Ari- 
 zona, destroyed by fire off Poverty Point, 
 Mississippi River, Feb. 27, 1865, etc.; was 
 wrecked, in the Sacramento, on Coramandel 
 coast of India, June, 1867; served on many 
 expdns. and stas. ; detached and ordered to 
 start Baltimore Manual Training Sch., Mar. 
 13, 1884; at Md. Agrl. and Mech. Coll., 1894-6; 
 on U.S.S. Brooklyn, 1S96-8 (relative rank of 
 comdr., 1897); U.S.S. Baltimore (flagship), Jan. 
 25, 1898; and fleet engr.. Pacific Sta. ; joined 
 Asiatic fleet; took part in the actions of 
 May 1 and August 13, 1898; the destruction 
 
 13 
 
A Specimen Entry 
 
 from Geographical Division of 
 
 Who's Who in America 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS— MICHIGAN 
 
 WORCESTER — Continued, 
 
 Wilson, Louis N., librarian, 2704 
 Winslow, Samuel E., congressman, 
 
 2n4 
 Wire, G. E., librarian. 2717 
 
 WEENTHAM— 
 Keller. Helen A., author, 1348 
 
 YAEMOUTH— 
 Thacher. Thomas 0.. congressman. 
 2434 
 
 YARMOUTHPORT— 
 Crosby, Raymond M., illustrator, 574 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 ADRIAN— 
 
 Anthony. Brayman W., college pres.. 
 60 
 ALBION— 
 
 Barr, Charles E„ college prof., 130 
 Carlton, fYank T., economist, 398 
 Dickie, Samuel, college pres., 658 
 Fall, Delos, educator. 784 
 Gardner, Washington, congressman, 
 
 ALMA — 
 
 Crooks. Harry M.. college pres., 573 
 King. Louisa Y., 1383 
 
 ALPENA— 
 Scott, Frank D., congressman. 2185 
 
 ANN ARBOR— 
 Adams, Henry C. college prof., 14 
 Angell, James B., educator, diplo- 
 matist, 59 
 Bailey, Benjamin P., electrical engi- 
 
 Barret't, Albert M.. psychiatrist, 131 
 Bates, Henry M.. lawyer, 147 
 Beakes, Samuel W., congressman. 157 
 Beal, Junius E., publisher, 158 
 Beman. Wooster W.. univ. prof.. Ii5 
 Bigelow, S. Laurence, chemist, 200 
 Bishop, William W., librarian, 208 
 Bogle, Thomas A., lawyer, 238 
 Bonner, Campbell, college prof., 243 
 Boucke. Ewald A., prof. German, 252 
 Bradley, Glenn D.. author. 268 
 Campbell. Edward D.. chemist. 385 
 Canfield, Arthur G., college prof.. 390 
 Carrow. Flemming, physician, 409 
 Case, Ermine C. paleontologist. 417 
 Chute, Horatio N.. physicist. 456 
 Clark, John E.. physician, 463 
 Comfort, Will L^ novelist. 510 
 Cooley, Cliarles H.. university prof.. 
 
 528 
 Cooley, Mortimer E.. engineer. 529 
 Cross, Arthur L.. university prof., 575 
 Curtiss, Raliih H., astronomer, 591 
 Davis, Raymond C. librarian. 621 
 Dcmmon. Isaac N., univ. prof., 641 
 
 Eggert, Carl E., univ. prof., 739 „ , 
 Florer, Warren W., univ. prof., 834 
 Glover, James W., college prof., 951 
 Gomberg. Moses, chemist, 959 
 Gram. Lewis M., prof, struct. 
 
 engring. , 978 
 Hale, WUUam J., chemist. 1036 
 HaU, Arthur G.. coU. prof.. 1037 
 Hewlett, A. Walter, physician, 1146 
 Hinsdale, Wilbert B., physician, 1167 
 Hobbs, WUliam H., geologist. 1173 
 Hoff, Nelville 8., dentist, 1179 
 Huber, G. Carl, physician, 1235 
 Hussey, William J., astronomer, 1258 
 Hutchins, Harry B., univ. pres., 
 
 1260 
 Johnston, Clarence T.. civil engr., 
 
 1315 
 Jones, Edward D., univ. prof., 1320 
 Karpinski, Louis C, univ. prof.. 1338 
 King. Horace W., engineer. 1382 
 Kinne, Edward De W., judge, 1386 
 Koch, Theodore W., librarian, 1406 
 Kraus, Edward H., mineralogist, 1412 
 Langley, John W,, educator 1433 
 Lee, Samuel T., consul, 1459 
 Leverett, Frank, geologist, 1470 
 Levi, Moritz, univ, prof., 1471 
 
 Lloyd, Alfred H., univ. prof.. 1497 
 Lockwood, Albert, pianist, 1500 
 Lombard. Warren P., coll. prof., 1506 
 Lorch, EmU, prof, architecture, 1512 
 Markley, Joseph L., coll. prof., 1577 
 Meader, Clarence L.. coll. prof^ 1669 
 Myers, Dean W., physician, 1786 
 Nancrede, C. B. Guerard de, sur- 
 
 Pattcrson, George W., coll. prof., 
 
 Phillips, Ulrich B., univ. prof.. 1942 
 Pillsbury, Walter B., psychologist. 
 
 Reeves, Jesse S., coll. prof., 2037 
 Eeighard, Jacob, zoologist, 2040 
 Riggs, Henry E., civil engr., 2068 
 Rood, John R., law author, 2105 
 Roth, Filbert, forestry expert, 2116 
 Sadler, Herbert C, naval architect, 
 
 Sanders, Henry A., philologist, 2147 
 Schaeberle, John M., astronomer, 
 
 2163 
 Schlotterbeck, Julius O., pharmacog- 
 
 nosLst. 2171 
 Scott, Fred N., univ. prof., 2185 
 Springer, Durand W., sec. N. E. A., 
 
 2318 
 Stanley, Albert A., univ. prof.. 2324 
 Steere, Joseph B., scientist, 2333 
 Stevens, Alviso B., univ. prof.. 2342 
 Stevens, Frederick W., lawyer, 2343 
 Tatlock, Henrv, clergyman, 2416 
 Taylor, Fred M., univ. prof., 2420 
 Tnieblood, Thomas C, univ. prof.. 
 
 Turner. Edward R., univ. prof., 2497 
 van Tyne, Claude H., historian, 2526 
 Aaughan, Victor C, univ. dean, 2529 
 J^agner, Charles P., coll. prof., 2551 
 M arthin, Aldred S., pathologist, 2586 
 Wenley, Robert M., univ. prof., 2624 
 White. Alfred H., chem. engr.. 2642 
 Wilgus, Horace La F., prof, law, 
 
 Williams, Gardner S., consulting 
 
 engr., 2684 
 Winkler, Max, philologist, 2711 
 Ziwet, Alexander, univ. prof., 2773 
 
 AU SABLE— 
 Loud, George A., congressman, 1517 
 
 BATTLE CREEK— 
 Bush. Florence L., author, 360 
 Geisel, Carolyn, physician, lecturer, 
 
 921 
 Kellogg, John H,, physician, 1352 
 
 BAY CITY— 
 Clements, William L., mfr., 476 
 Gause, Frank A., educator. 916 
 Parker, Franklin E., lumber mfr., 
 
 1880 
 Woodruff, Roy O., congressman, 2735 
 
 BIG BAY— 
 Longjear, John M., capitalist, 1510 
 
 BIG RAPIDS— 
 Ferris. Woodbridge N., governor, 804 
 
 BIRHINGHAU— 
 Booth, George G., publisher, 247 
 
 BLOOMFIELD HILLS— 
 Donnelly, John C., lawyer, 680 
 
 CALUMET— 
 MaoNaughton, James, mine engr., 
 
 1553 
 
 CASSOPOLIS— 
 Bennett, Frank M.. naval officer, 179 
 
 CHARLOTTE— 
 Smith, John M. C, congressman, 
 2281 
 
 COLDWATER— 
 Bennett, Ida D.. author. 180 
 
 DEARBORN- 
 Ford, Henry, automobile mfr., 845 
 
 DETROIT — 
 
 Aaron Charles D,, physician, 1 
 Angell, Alexis C, judge, 59 
 Barkley, James M., clergyman, 124 
 Bartlett, Alice E., author, 137 
 Hartlett, Frank W., naval officer, 137 
 Blair, Prank W., banker, 217 
 Booth, George G.. publisher. 247 
 Booth, Ralph H., publisher, editor, 
 
 Bowen, Lem W., busmess man, 257 
 Brooke. Flavius h., judge, 294 
 Buggelh, Blanche S.. author, 335 
 Bulkley. Harry C, lawyer, 335 
 Burch, Edward P., electrical engr., 
 
 340 
 Burrowes, Katherine, music educator. 
 
 Burton, Clarence M., lawyer, 357 
 BuUer, Edward H., banker. 362 
 Campau. Daniel J., lawyer, 384 
 Campbell, Henry M., lawyer, 386 
 Carhartt, Hamilton, cotton mfr., 396 
 Carpenter^ William L., lawyer. 405 
 Carrow, Flemming, physician, 409 
 Carstens, J. Henry, siirgeon, 411 
 Chadsey. Charles E., supt. schs., 423 
 Chahners, Hugh, mfr.^ 425 
 Chapin Ray D., mfr., 436 
 Clark, Emory W., banker, 460 
 Codd, George P., lawyer, 488 
 Cofhn, Howard E., consulting engr.. 
 
 Conn, George C, railway official, 516 
 Coolif^e, Charles A., brigadier-gen. 
 
 Courtis] Stuart A., teacher. 518 
 Courtis. William M., mining engr., 
 
 Couzens, James, manufacturer, 549 
 Cramer. John L., railway official, 
 
 Denby, Charles, mfr., 642 
 Denby. Edwin, ex-congressman, 642 
 Donaldson, John M.. architect. 679 
 Donnelly, John C, lawyer, 680 
 Doremus. Frank E., congressman, 683 
 Doyle, Edward H., banking commr., 
 
 Dwyer, Jeremiah, stove mfr.. 719 
 Emerson, Justin E.. phvsican, 758 
 Erichsen, Hugo, physician, 764 
 ferry. Dexter M., Jr., business man. 
 
 805 
 Foley, John S., bishop, 837 
 Ford, Henry, automobile mfr., 845 
 Fortune, J. Robert, mech. engr., 850 
 Pox, Emma A., teacher of parlia- 
 mentary law, 859 
 Pox, Frances M., author. 859 
 Fraser. Elisha A., lawyer, 867 
 Freer, Charles L., capitalist. 871 
 Gaige, Charlotte M., educator. 893 
 Goodale, George P., dramatic critic, 
 
 960 
 Grant, Claudius B., judge, 979 
 Greusel. John H., journalist. 1001 
 Grylls, Humphry J. M., architect. 
 
 1014 
 Hecker, Prank J., capitalist, 1119 
 Herman, Raphael, manufacturer. 1137 
 Hodgsdon, Daniel B., officer If. S 
 
 Coast Guard, 1178 
 Hosmer, George S., judge, 1211 
 Howland, William, musician. 1229 
 Hubbard. Frank W.. banker, 1233 
 Huget. J. Percival, clergyman, 1237 
 Hutchins. Jere C. street ry. mgr., 
 
 1260 
 Isham, Frederic S., author, 1275 
 Jennings, Charles G., physician, 1297 
 Jones, Lewis H., mfr., 1324 
 Joy, Henry B., automobile mfr.. 1331 
 .Toy, Richard P., banker, 1332 
 Kahn, Albert, architect, 1335 
 Keena, James T., lawyer, 1344 
 Keep, William J., mfr.. 1315 
 Kent. Charles A., lawyer. 1363 
 Kiefer. Guy L.. physician. 1374 
 Kimball. George H.. consulting engr., 
 
 Kirchner, Otto, lawyer, 1389 
 Kuhn. Franz C, lawyer, 1417 
 Land. Charies H dentist, 1428 
 
 14 
 
The American Year-book 
 
 Another annual of great importance is the American year-book. More at- 
 tention is given to topics than to tables in this book. It reviews the main events 
 of the year under such headings as: 
 
 history; science; engineering; industries. 
 
 The book is well indexed at the back. Topics on the following page have 
 been selected from a Table of Contents. Consult the page, notice the large 
 topic headings, glance over the sub-headings under each, and then try to 
 realize the vast range of subjects treated, and the value of such a book for 
 current events. Name the headings under which topics giving information on 
 the following are classified as sub-headings: 
 
 1. Strikes (near bottom of second column) come under what head? 
 
 2. City government by commission (first column) comes under what head? 
 
 3. Revolution in Russia (first column) comes under what head? 
 
 4. Troubles of the railroads (third column) comes under what head? 
 
 5. Mobilization of agriculture (second column) comes under what head? 
 
 6. Flood protection work on the Mississippi (third column) comes under 
 what head? 
 
 7. Tendencies in education (third column) comes under what head? 
 
 8. Foods and food chemistry (third column) comes under what head? 
 
 New International Year-book 
 
 The New international year-book, which supplements the New international 
 encyclopaedia yearly, is probably the largest, and certainly is one of the best 
 year-books published. 
 
 Nelson's Loose-leaf Encyclopaedia 
 
 The Nelson's loose-leaf encyclopsedia is kept up to date by means of issuing 
 current topics on loose leaves every six months. As the leaves are the same 
 size as those of the encyclopsedia, the pages containing topics on current history 
 can be bound in the regular volumes of the set. 
 
 English Year-books 
 
 The following English year-books are excellent as general records of the 
 world's current history, but are especially good for topics pertaining to England: 
 
 Hazell's annual. 
 Statesman's year-book. 
 Whitaker's almanac. 
 Annual register. 
 
 15 
 
A Few of the Hundreds of Timely Subjects 
 
 Military and Naval Affairs 
 
 Conscription 
 
 OflBcers' Training Camps 
 
 Army Camps and Canton- 
 ments 
 
 Our Army in France 
 
 Shipbuilding Affairs 
 
 Transportation Problems on 
 Land and Sea 
 
 Arms and Ammunition 
 
 Our Naval Forces Abroad 
 
 Military and Naval Casual- 
 ties 
 
 Aviation 
 
 The Liberty Motor 
 
 Etc., etc. 
 
 Administration 
 
 New administrative organi- 
 zations for war purposes 
 
 Contributions of the States to 
 war organization 
 
 Progress of Woman's Suffrage 
 
 The Massachusetts Consti- 
 tutional Convention 
 
 City government by Com- 
 mission, and City Man- 
 ager 
 
 The housing problem in in- 
 dustrial centers 
 
 Important judicial decisions 
 affecting patents, pro- 
 hibition, interstate com- 
 merce, etc. 
 
 Progress of uniform State 
 legislation 
 
 Criminal laws for alien 
 enemies 
 
 International Relations 
 
 Declarations of war by Cuba, 
 China, Brazil, etc. 
 
 Military and naval opera- 
 tions of the European 
 war 
 
 Plans for Allied unity 
 
 Russia seeks peace 
 
 Cabinet changes in Great 
 Britain, France, Italy 
 and Germany 
 
 Revolution in Russia 
 
 Abdication of the Greek 
 Monarch 
 
 Restoration of the Monarchy 
 in China, and the coun- 
 ter revolution 
 
 Constitutional government 
 restored in Mexico 
 
 German intrigues in South 
 America 
 
 Conscription in Canada, and 
 the general elections 
 
 The Halifax disaster 
 
 History 
 
 Entry of the United States 
 into the European War 
 
 Germany's crimes against the 
 United States 
 
 The President's messages 
 
 Pacifism and disloyalty 
 
 War legislation 
 
 Conscription 
 
 Liberty loans 
 
 Organization of the United 
 States for war 
 
 Mobilization of agriculture, 
 transportation and in- 
 dustries 
 
 Purchase of the Virgin 
 Islands 
 
 A new Organic Act for Porto 
 Rico 
 
 Etc., etc. 
 
 Public Works and 
 National Defense 
 
 Minerals for war purposes 
 Revival of transportation on 
 
 inland waterways 
 Traffic of the Panama canal 
 Progress of Municipal Owner- 
 ship 
 Public Service Commissions 
 The army and navy under 
 war conditions, active 
 service abroad 
 Military and naval casualties 
 
 Economic and Social 
 Problems 
 
 A year of stupendous in- 
 dustrial activity 
 
 Immense volume of foreign 
 trade 
 
 War industries 
 
 High prices 
 
 Taxation 
 
 Banking conditions 
 
 National insurance for 
 soldiers and sailors 
 
 Recreation for soldiers and 
 sailors 
 
 Protection of morals in camps 
 and cantonments 
 
 Mental testing of recruits 
 
 Prison reform 
 
 Progress of prohibition 
 
 Socialism and the war 
 
 Restriction of immigration by 
 the illiteracy test 
 
 Federal provision for voca- 
 tional education 
 
 War charities 
 
 The labor situation 
 
 Strikes 
 
 Activities of the I. W. W. 
 
 Laws for the protection of 
 labor 
 
 Rural Sociology 
 
 Industries 
 
 Campaign for agricultural 
 
 production 
 New food fishes 
 War demands for mineral 
 
 products 
 Mining 
 Manufactures 
 Development of merchant 
 
 marine 
 The Emergency bill 
 Troubles of the railroads and 
 
 their solution 
 
 Engineering 
 
 Completion of the Quebec 
 bridge 
 
 Rapid construction of the 
 cantonment 
 
 Opening of the New York 
 State barge canal 
 
 Flood protection work on the 
 Mississippi 
 
 Utilization of water powers 
 
 Application of electricity in 
 war 
 
 Engineers in military service 
 
 The automobile industry 
 
 Military aeronautics 
 
 The Liberty Motor 
 
 Plans for an immense Ameri- 
 can air service 
 
 Ship-building on a tremen- 
 dous scale 
 
 Science 
 
 Mathematics 
 
 Astronomy 
 
 Geology in war 
 
 Topography and strategy 
 
 Arctic and Antarctic explora- 
 tion 
 
 Foods and food chemistry 
 
 Soil chemistry 
 
 The search for new fertilizers 
 
 The electric furnace and its 
 products 
 
 Potash resources and their 
 utihzation 
 
 Military medicine 
 
 War surgery 
 
 Health and sanitation in the 
 army 
 
 Fossil man 
 
 The Humanities 
 
 War service of the churches 
 Union movements among 
 
 Lutherans 
 The Zionist movement 
 Camouflage 
 
 Foreign music and musicians 
 Depression in the theatre 
 Tendencies in education 
 
 There are Thirty-Two Departments, Each Containing a Wealth of Informative 
 Material Similar to the Subjects Above 
 
 16 
 
Questions for 
 Year-books 
 
 Student's name Per cent 
 
 Teacher's name Hour reciting Date 
 
 Uave vou i-oad tlie directions on the l)ack of this cover? Answer yes or no. S 
 
 1 — What voar-lxiok ^ivcs hriof slcctohos of the hves of prominent living people? •-• 
 
 a. In Aniorica. b. In tlio world. S 
 
 2 — In what jtart of tlio article in the "Who's who" scries of year-books is the address of the bjo 
 
 person |.i;iven".' "^ 
 
 •S" 
 *C 
 
 3 — What are llie meanings of the following abbreviations used in a condenseil sketch in the s 
 
 '•\Vh<i's who" scries? "» 
 
 9i 
 
 ni b s ed © 
 
 4 — D. e!4 llio furrrni 'Wlio's who" series eontain sketches of lives of persons not living? 
 
 .') — What very inexpeiisive almanac gives a vast amount of information in a greatly condensed form? "^ 
 
 a 
 
 V 
 
 i> — Where is tlie index placed for the almanac alluded to in the last question? ^ 
 
 7- -AVhich f.f the year-books studied gives the names and the official addresses of the officers of any <u 
 
 impvortant society in the United 8tat.cs, under the name of the society, not under the name ^ 
 
 (if tlic person? ' O. 
 
 a> 
 
 4J 
 
 S — Which series of year-books gives information under the name of the person, not untler the c 
 
 name of a socieiv or i)osition'.' S 
 
 o 
 
 — Would it be l)ett(>r to consult the World almanac or the American year-book for information "^ 
 
 in tal)u!ar fi^rm? "S 
 
 M 
 
 c 
 
 10 — Wliich cncyclo])a^dia }Mil)lishes a valuable year-book every 3'ear? ^ 
 
 11 — Which encyclopa>dia keeps up to date by means c)f loos(^ leaves? 
 
 12 — Do the events recorded in a year-book always pertain to tlie year on the back of the book, 
 or do they frequently pertain to events for the year prcceiting? 
 
 13 — Name at le:ist two good year-liooks pubhshed in England. 
 
Directions for Using 
 Perforated Page of Questions and Key 
 
 Which appear on the reverse side of this cover 
 
 The questions which appear on the reverse side of this cover, on a perforated 
 colored sheet, are not difficult, detailed or "catchy." They are intended to 
 emphasize important points and to systematize the work for class records. The 
 answers, which can easily be given after the text has been carefully read, should 
 be written, from memory, in the blank spaces under the questions, preferably in 
 class time unless directed to do otherwise by the one in charge of the work. 
 
 The perforated sheet should be torn out in the presence of the one conduct- 
 ing the class and onlj'^ after it has been filled in. When directed to remove the 
 questions, insert pencil in the hole and rip around the perforated edges. 
 
 A key, by means of which the work can be checked, is printed on the cover 
 under the question page, but is not revealed until after the question page is 
 removed. This key consists of the same questions, with the correct answer 
 to each printed below it. 
 
 The value of each question, on the scale of 100, is indicated after the answer 
 in the key. By means of this key, students could correct their own or each 
 other's work in a few moments, in case the librarian or teacher could not take 
 the extra time to do so. 
 
 If the one who corrects the paper finds an incorrect answer, the amount to be 
 deducted should be placed on the outer right-hand margin, near the mistake. 
 These amounts should be added, the sum subtracted from 100, and the result 
 placed after the word "Per cent." at the top of the sheet. 
 
 The questions are asked in such a way as to admit of very little variety in the 
 wording of the answers. However, if the wording of a written answer is mani- 
 festly correct, and perfectly clear, but not exactly like the printed answer, of 
 course no deduction should be made. Do not deduct for spelling, nor for 
 abbreviated statements if they are perfectly clear. 
 
 If the one who corrects a paper marks a question wrong which the writer 
 considers correct, the two should examine the key together, or ask advice from 
 the one in charge of the class. 
 
Reference Guides 
 
 That Should be Known and 
 How to Use Them 
 
 By 
 
 Florence M, Hopkins 
 
 Librarian 
 
 Central High School and Junior College 
 
 Detroit, Michigan 
 
 This Pamphlet Pertains to 
 Commercial Indexes 
 
 TIME REQUIRED 
 Two class periods and 
 Preparation of one lesson 
 
 THE WILLARD 
 
 4 7 9 SIXTH 
 
 DETROIT 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 STREET 
 
 MICHIGAN 
 
Copyright 
 
 by 
 
 FLORENCE M. HOPKINS 
 
 1919 
 
Foreword 
 
 This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
 series constitutes a second edition of "Reference guides that should be known and 
 how to use them," which first appeared in 1916 as a text book for high and normal 
 schools. 
 
 The revision treats important phases of reference work in separate pamphlets, 
 thus making it possible to grade the work, or to select the pamphlets best fitted to 
 meet individual needs. Generally speaking, any one of the pamphlets can be 
 completed in two class periods plus time for the preparation of one lesson be- 
 tween recitations. 
 
 The entire course could be completed by advanced students in five or six 
 weeks of one class and study period per day. The work can also be scattered 
 in different years. If one subject per term were given in consecutive order to 
 English classes, in high schools, beginning with the B8 of junior high and ex- 
 tending through the A12 of senior high, the work could be covered in two or 
 three class and study periods per term; or, if familiarity with reference books is 
 desired early in the school course, the most important subjects could be crowded 
 into the early high school grades. The order in which the subjects of the pamph- 
 lets are listed below suggests a logical sequence, whether the work is given 
 slowly or rapidly or to lower or to upper grade students. 
 
 1 — Webster's New International Dictionary 
 
 2 — New Standard Dictionary 
 
 3 — Encyclopaedias 
 
 4 — Parts of a book 
 
 5 — Atlases; city directories; gazetteers 
 
 6 — Concordances 
 
 7 — Library classification and card catalogue 
 
 8 — Indexes to periodical literature; debates 
 
 9 — Year-books 
 10 — Commercial indexes 
 11 — Important publications of city, state and federal governments 
 
 The inclusion of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes 
 it possible for each student to follow all illustrative examples without making a 
 trip to a library and waiting to have access to the complete reference work. 
 No library will furnish a sufficient number of copies of expensive reference 
 books to supply large classes adequately for detailed study; neither could a 
 library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as badly worn and 
 marked as they would become if many students were required to consult them for 
 prepared lessons. 
 
Experience has proved tliat uhe best results can be obtained if the work is 
 begun in regular clas?, recitations by a librarian or a teacher reading the text 
 with the class. It" conducted in' this way, no previous preparation will be neces- 
 sary, either by the class or by the one who conducts it. As the reading of the 
 text proceeds, it will be seen that important features of the reference books studied 
 are emphasized by referring to the sample pages embodied in the text. With a 
 little class direction of this kind the students can readily see the plan of the text, 
 and can finish any unread pages independently as an assigned lesson for the next 
 recitation. In classes composed of advanced students, or in cases of absence, 
 the entire work could be done independently. 
 
 The questions on the colored page fastened on the inside of the last cover 
 are designed to emphasize important points and to systematize the work for 
 class records. Blank spaces are left under the questions for the answers. 
 When the questions are assigned as a lesson to be prepared out of class, and 
 the answers are written from memory in the blank spaces during the class 
 recitation following, the points are more thoroughly impressed than they are 
 when the answers are written before coming to class, while having direct access 
 to the text. 
 
 A key, giving the answer to each question, together with its value on the 
 scale of 100, will be found underneath the question sheet when it is removed. 
 By means of this key, students can correct their own or another's work in 
 a few minutes of class time, in case the librarian or teacher cannot give 
 extra time to do so. 
 
 Schools which ask a leading reference question in final examinations find 
 that students give more attention to the work and therefore learn to value its 
 importance. 
 
 The follotving paragraphs are taken from the 
 Foreword of the First Edition 
 
 Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
 lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin oa 
 "Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools," from the 
 United States Bureau of Education, 1914 — No. 34. 
 
 Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
 have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
 "book-using skill." 
 
 The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
 
 increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
 
 the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 
 
 Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 
 
 and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. 
 
 Every new student should be required to take 
 some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
 handling of library tools Such a course, more- 
 over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
 of the work required for a degree. 
 
 2 
 
Comniercial Indexes 
 
 One usually thinks of reference work as being confined to a search for infor- 
 mation on some scholarly subject; it is, nevertheless, just as truly reference work 
 to try to find the publisher of a newspaper, or the manufacturer of a typewriter, 
 or any other desired information, as it is to look for the date of the life of Shake- 
 speare, for example. 
 
 We therefore have a great variety of guides both for commercial and academic 
 needs. Many commercial guides relate to purely technical fields, and are used 
 only by those whose interests require them. Many of the general commercial 
 and civic guides, however, should be known by every intelligent person. Those 
 to be studied in the following pages will serve to give a comprehensive idea of 
 the kind of information which can easily be found, and also how to find other 
 guides which will give details when they are needed. 
 
 City and State Business Directories 
 
 Telephone and City Directories 
 
 A telephone directory or a city directory is simply a business reference book. 
 At the back of most telephone and city directories a list of firms engaged in any 
 kind of business in the city can be found, arranged alphabetically under the 
 name of the business or profession. Most city directories, at the front, give a 
 guide to valuable miscellaneous information pertaining to the city, such as: city 
 offices, schools, churches, hospitals, etc. The alphabetical arrangement of streets, 
 sub-arranged by house numbers, in the back of a city directory, is an essential 
 guide when one needs to find between what streets a certain house number comes. 
 The index of streets on the city map is also indispensable, guiding one, as it does, 
 to the location of the street on the map bj^ suggesting that the street could be 
 found at the intersection of imaginary lines drawn from a certain letter on one 
 margin of the map to a certain number on the margin at right angles to it, fol- 
 lowing the general method used by atlases. 
 
 State Gazetteers 
 
 For many states a gazetteer is published which gives information for the 
 towns in the state corresponding to that given for cities in city directories. In 
 some, but not in all of these state gazetteers, miscellaneous information regarding 
 the state as a whole is given at the front, such as: State Boards, State institutions. 
 State officials. The main portion of these gazetteers is taken up with an alpha- 
 betical list of the towns in the state, giving a brief description of each one, the 
 population, and an alphabetical list of important residents. At the back of 
 these gazetteers, an alphabetical list of the kinds of business carried on in the 
 state is given, indicating what towns have firms carrying on each business. (A 
 fuller description of city and state directories, with specimen pages, is given in 
 the pamphlet on atlases.) 
 
Business Under 
 City; County; State; Federal Governments 
 
 A large amount of the business of the country is carried on under the govern- 
 ment. Most of our educational institutions are under local or state control; the 
 parcel post has displaced much of the express business; many city water and 
 lighting plants are under the city government; railway and telegraph systems 
 are largely owned by the Federal government. Some branches of the government 
 business are self-supporting, such as the postal or telegraph service, while many 
 others are supported by taxation, such as education, fire and police protection. 
 The expenses, extent of work done, names of officials and other items con- 
 nected with a business which is under any branch of the government are reported 
 by that branch as an official report. The most important of such reports are 
 kept in public libraries, and also in the office of the department reporting. 
 
 Business Under 
 Private Firms in the United States 
 
 Lists of the most important leading firms in the United States are published 
 and are frequently revised. Information of this nature is arranged under two 
 headings: 
 
 Alphabetically under the name of the firm. 
 
 Alphabetically under the name of the business or of the article manufactured. 
 
 Each of these methods of indexing are illustrated by specimen pages follow- 
 ing this general outline. 
 
 Alphabetically Under the Name of the Firm 
 
 Three leading manuals are published yearly which give business statistics 
 under the names of the firms: 
 
 Moody: Analyses of Investments. 
 Moody Manuals. 
 Manual of Statistics. 
 
 The "Moody Analyses of Investments^' gives ratings for the purpose of 
 protecting an investor as well as for the purpose of protecting credit. It is as 
 important to be able to learn whether the stocks and bonds in which one is think- 
 ing of investing are safe, as it is to know whether a check received is good. The 
 "Moody Investors' Service" issue three large volumes as follows: 
 
 Analyses of Railroads (called the "Green Book"). 
 
 Analyses af Public Utilities and Industrials (called the "Red Book"). 
 
 Analyses of Government and Municipal Securities (called the "Blue Book"). 
 
 These books can be found in most large libraries. Under each firm or cor- 
 poration mentioned in any volume, such items as the following are given: State 
 laws under which the business was incorporated; brief history of the firm; capital 
 stock; business managers; equipment, rating, and a per cent suggesting safety for 
 investment. 
 
 Details will be illustrated later by means of specimen pages. 
 
 4 
 
The "Moody manuals" give most of the items included by the Moody In- 
 vestors' Service, but they omit the item of margin of safety for the investor. 
 The Moody manuals are issued in three large yearly volumes, and current 
 quarterly supplements, as: 
 
 Industrials; Public Utilities; Railroads. 
 
 The Manual of Statistics, known as the Stock exchange hand book, condenses 
 into one volume selected information similar to that contained in the three 
 volumes of the Moody manuals. 
 
 Alphabetically 
 Under the Name of the Business or of the Article Manufactured 
 
 Two leading manuals are published yearly which give business information 
 under the name of the business or of the article manufactured: 
 
 Hendricks: Commercial Register. 
 
 Thomas: Register of American Manufacturers. (This book gives names of firms in 
 an appendix on blue paper, but gives information under articles manufactured, in the body of 
 the register.) 
 
 Details will be illustrated later by means of specimen pages. 
 
 Business Under 
 Private Firms in the World 
 
 Alphabetically 
 Under the Name of the Business or of the Article Manufactured 
 
 A very large volume of nearly 3,000 pages of exceedingly fine print gives the 
 leading firms in the entire world, arranged under business. It is known as: 
 Kelly: Directory of Merchants, Shippers and Manufacturers of the World. 
 
 A specimen page from the index to this book will be studied later. 
 
 Credit Rating Books 
 
 It is thoroughly understood in the business world that no firm gives credit to 
 an unknown firm without first finding to what extent its credit is good; that is, 
 its "rating." 
 
 The two best known rating agencies issue the following publications, which 
 give the financial standing of firms in the United States and Canada: 
 Bradstreet: Book of Ratings. 
 Dun: General Reference Book. 
 
 Both of these publications are confined to private subscriptions; neither of 
 them can be found in public libraries. There are many other general credit 
 rating agencies in the United States; most cities have their local agencies. 
 
 Business Magazines; Newspapers 
 
 Almost every profession or business in existence has its own magazine, or 
 special publication. A list of the general and special magazines and newspapers 
 which are published in the United States is issued every year in a directory 
 entitled: 
 
 Ayers: Newspaper Annual and Directory. 
 
 This publication will be illustrated by specimen pages later. 
 
 5 
 
Mailing Lists 
 
 A large amount of business is carried on through the mail, such as the 
 sending of bills, checks, announcements. For the purpose of advertising, it is 
 desirable to have lists of persons or firms especially interested in the articles or 
 business to be announced. It is very important, therefore, to know where to 
 find classified lists which can be depended upon to be kept up to date regarding 
 addresses, positions, firm names or other items subject to change. Permanent 
 lists of the most important professions and business in the United States are 
 printed in regular book form, and frequently revised. Amongst the many 
 directories or registers issued are the following: Medical directory; Dental 
 register; Directory of the legal profession; Educational directory; Furniture 
 dealers; Crockery dealers; Engineers; Insurance; Motion pictures; Hotels. 
 
 Mailing lists for many purposes can be secured from R. L. Polk and Company, 
 publishers of city directories and state gazetteers. Detroit, Mich. 
 
 The following mentioned book gives valuable information regarding obtain- 
 able lists for almost any purpose: 
 
 W. S. Thompson: Directory of Mailing Lists: Putnam. New York. 
 
 This book is full of suggestions as to where to find society lists, lists of offi- 
 cials, lists in year-books, and lists in many out-of-the-way plaAes. It also gives 
 a guide to credit rating books. 
 
 Laws of Business 
 
 Though only a lawyer knows the details of legal transactions, every intelligent 
 person should know something about the forms and the legal requirements 
 relating to such general items as the drawing up of contracts, the formation of 
 partnerships, the giving or taking of a mortgage, and many other items. A 
 reliable book which has been prepared by a Harvard University professor of 
 commercial law for just such needs, is: 
 
 Parsons: Laws of Business. Scranton, Hartford, Conn. 
 
 Details: Illustrated by Specimen Pages 
 
 The first specimen entry, on page 9, is taken from the index of 
 Thomas: Register of American Manufacturers. 
 
 Glance over the page to gain an idea of the vast number of items which such 
 a register must include. Find a note under the word "nails" and tell how many 
 kinds of nails are manufactured. Note the long list of articles manufactured for 
 use in connection with nails, and tell how the list is sub-arranged. How many 
 kinds of needles are manufactured? What column, instead of page, is referred 
 to for the list? A part of one of the pages devoted to needles in the body of the 
 Register is reproduced, and follows the specimen entry from the index. Consult 
 it, and name a firm manufacturing hoot and shoe needles in South Framingham, 
 Mass. What is the letter at the outer margin opposite the name? The capital 
 letters following each firm name indicate an estimation of the amount of money 
 invested. The following schedule is given on the inside of the front cover: 
 
AAAA 
 
 over $1,000,000 
 
 B over $50,000 
 
 F over $2,500 
 
 AAA 
 
 500,000 
 
 C " 25,000 
 
 G " 1,000 
 
 AA 
 
 300,000 
 
 D " 10,000 
 
 H " 500 
 
 A 
 
 100,000 
 
 E " 5,000 
 
 X no estimate 
 
 A rating of "H," in this Register, therefore, does not mean an unreliable 
 firm, but simply a firm with a small capital. Give the exact address of a firm 
 manufacturing hand sewing needles. Which firm, manufacturing crochet needles, 
 has the largest capital invested? 
 
 The specimen entry on page 11 is from a part of one page of the index of 
 Hendricks: Commercial Register. 
 
 Consult it and tell what number is referred to for the manufacturers of slate 
 pencils. Turn to the page following the index, which is a reproduction of part 
 of one of the pages devoted to pencils, and give the address of a firm in Tennessee 
 which manufactures slate pencils. Glance a little above the slate pencil manufac- 
 turers, find the lead pencil manufacturers and give the address of the Eagle Pencil 
 Company. Under Pens, steel, find the address of the Spencerian Pen Company. 
 Does Hendricks Register indicate the ratings of the firms? 
 
 Both the Thomas and the Hendricks registers are valuable as mailing lists. 
 
 The specimen entry on page 13 is taken from a section of one of the pages 
 in the index of 
 
 Kelly: Merchants, Shippers and Manufacturers of the World. 
 
 Consult it and tell on which page in the directory the names of firms handling 
 pencils in the following cities could be found: Calcutta; Milan; Warsaw; Phila- 
 delphia. Which is the larger industry, the manufacturing of pencils or of per- 
 fumery? How many pearl button manufacturers are listed? What is the only 
 city in the world listed as manufacturing pencil sharpeners? 
 
 The specimen entry which follows Kelly is from the first page of the index 
 to the Class and trade publications in 
 
 Ayers: Newspaper Annual and Directory. 
 
 Consult it and note the variety of subjects on this one page. On what page 
 in the annual could one find a list of publications devoted to the following in- 
 terests: Bee keeping; aviation; coal and coke; confectionery and ice cream; deaf; 
 blind; business and office methods; commercial and industrial; advertising? 
 
 The second specimen entry from this newspaper annual is taken under 
 Missouri in the body of the book. Consult it under Joplin, and give the editor 
 of a paper published there by the name of "News Herald." In what year was 
 this paper established? How large is the circulation of the Sunday edition? 
 Which paper in Joplin has the largest circulation? When was the paper es- 
 tablished in Jefferson City called "Capital News"? Notice that a brief descrip- 
 tion of each town is given. In what county of Missouri is Jerico Springs located? 
 What paper is published there? Is the alphabetical arrangement of the page 
 
 7 
 
with reference to towns or names of the papers? The main directory is arranged 
 under states; under each state the towns in it are sub-arranged alphabetically. 
 Could one find the editor of a paper called the "Courrier," for example, without 
 first knowing where the paper is published? 
 
 The specimen entry on page 16 is taken from 
 Moody: Analyses of Investments 
 
 Consult it under '^Johnston Telephone Company," at the paragraph headed 
 "History," and tell when the firm was incorporated, and under which state laws. 
 How many telephones does the company own? How many miles of wire are 
 required? What is the population served? 
 
 Under Management, find who is the president of the company. When and 
 where is the annual meeting held? 
 
 Under Comparative Income Account tell what was the amount for the gross 
 revenues in 1917: What per cent was earned on the stock in 1917? Compare 
 these items with those for 1912 as given in the last column. 
 
 Under Table A, Bond records, give the date for the maturity of the bonds. 
 The interest is payable in what months? What is the average income available? 
 What per cent represents a very high safety of investment? (A very much lower 
 per cent for this item would still be considered good under the schedule adopted 
 by this company.) Is the security and the salability of these bonds considered 
 good? What is the net rating? 
 
 The significance of the letters for rating in the Moody Investors Service 
 is not the same as that for the Thomas Register. All the bonds and stocks are 
 classified and rated in accordance with their position and security. Thus, the 
 highest grade issues receive an "Aaa" rating, the next grade "Aa," then "A," 
 "Baa," "Ba," "B," "Caa," etc., until the very poorest securities are reached. 
 A security given an "Aaa" rating is to be regarded as practically ideal in both 
 security and market; one given a "Baa" rating is slightly speculative, but general- 
 ly good as a "business man's investment;" a "Ba" rating means a "speculative" 
 investment; a "B" rating means a speculation, while a "Caa" rating is almost 
 exclusively speculative. The user of the books is thus able to ascertain at a 
 glance the exact character and standing of any security he holds or contemplates 
 purchasing. 
 
A Specimen Entry from the Index of 
 Thomas: Register of American Manufacturers 
 
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 O^OhO. 
 
 (1h oi»p^K « 
 
 s » 
 
 l"§ 
 
 
A Specimen Entry from the Body of 
 Thomas: Register of American Manufacturers 
 
 PA.: SCRANTON: 
 Electric City Silk Co. (Silk) * 
 
 R. I.: PROVIDBNCi;: 
 Anderson & Brant Co., 129 Summer (Ladies'). F 
 Hope Webbing Co., Inc. (Tubular Wash Ties) 
 
 A A A A 
 
 THNN.: CHATTANOOGA: 
 
 Mason & Wingers K 
 
 WASH.: SEATTLE: 
 
 Washington Neckwear Mfg. Co., Mutual Life 
 
 Bldg X 
 
 WIS.: MILWAUKEE: 
 
 Friedman, L., 326 B'way C 
 
 Scheftels & Simson Co., B. S., 353 B. Water.. D 
 
 NECKWEAR: KNIT. 
 
 MASS.: SHELBURNK FALLS: 
 
 Orange Knitting Co A 
 
 R Y.: ALBANY: 
 
 Stoneman, Geo. T. (Silk) D 
 
 N. T.: BROOKLYN: 
 
 Bernstein & Nlchthauser (Knitted Neckties). 
 
 381 Myrtle Ave D 
 
 Mayhew, Francis H., 397 Bridge D 
 
 N. T.: NEW YORK CITY: 
 
 Alden Mills, 346 Bway F 
 
 Artistic Neckwear Co., 79 E. 130th X 
 
 Church, Webb & Close, 20 W. 37th F 
 
 Colonial Mfg. Co. (Ladies' Knit), 200 5th Ave.X 
 
 Dorfman Bros., 55 W 3d D 
 
 Franklin Knitting Mills, 511 E. 72d D 
 
 Glickman-Miller Co., 65 W. Houston F 
 
 Keys & Lockwood (Tieu), 33 E. 17th C 
 
 Leinkram Knitting Mills, Harry N. (Men's 
 
 Ties), 88 Walker B 
 
 Samuels & Co., F. H. (Ties), 141 W. 36th X 
 
 Trabulski, N. & J., & Co., 475 B'way K 
 
 Weber & Co., M., 79 Fifth Ave B 
 
 N. Y. : WOODHAVEN: 
 
 Nusbaum & Co., D". (Knitted Ties) A 
 
 OHIO: CLEVELAND: 
 Welsenberg-Guggenhelm Co. (Knit), 224 High 
 
 Ave B 
 
 PA.: HANOVER: 
 
 O'Neill Silk Co. (Tubular Silk) X 
 
 PA.: PHILADELPHIA: 
 Belmont Mfg. Co., 1302 W. Columbia Ave. ...B 
 
 Carney & McLaughlin, 1021 Callowhill X 
 
 Clark Mfg. Co. (Ties), Pastorius and Osceola, 
 
 G't'n D 
 
 Colonial Knitting Mills Co. (Silk Neckties). 
 
 1011 Chestnut E 
 
 Edwards & Troth Co., 27 N. 10th P 
 
 Federal Knitting Co. (Silk Neckties), 1015 Dia- 
 mond D 
 
 Glen Knitting Co. (Ties), 2d and Westmore- 
 land B 
 
 Globe Knitting Mills, 27 S. 7th St E 
 
 Largman Bros. (Silk), 10th & Berks C 
 
 Largman, Oppenhelm & Co. (Neckties), 428 
 
 N. 13th A 
 
 Laurel Knitting Co. (Silk), 73 Laurel C 
 
 McCutcheon & Bro.. T. P. (Silk), 1027 Arch...B 
 Minoru Hosiery Mills (Neckties), 420 N. Mar- 
 shall B 
 
 Pioneer Knitting Mills, 40 N. 3d E 
 
 Quaker Knitting Co., 115 N. Carnac F 
 
 Sheplan & Sabul, 15th & Wallace B 
 
 Bteln & Sondhelmer, 112 N. 12th C 
 
 Tlllyer, Albert, & Co., 1221 Arch (Ladies')... E 
 United States Trimming Co. (Crocheted 
 
 Neckties), 1410 6th B 
 
 WIS.: MILWAUKEE: 
 
 Phoenix Knitting Works (Cotton, Wool, 
 Worsted and Silk), 216 B'way AA 
 
 NECKYOKES (see Yokes: Neck). 
 NEEDLES: MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 MASS.: SOMERVILLE: 
 Paty Needle Co B 
 
 MASS.: WEST MEDWAY: 
 United Awl & Needle Co C 
 
 N. J.: NEW BRUNSWICK: 
 New Brunswick Noedle Co X 
 
 K. T.: NEW YORK CITY: 
 
 BOKEB. H., & CO., INC., Bway ft I>aan© 
 
 AA.AA 
 Dleckerhoft, Raffloer & Co., 564 B'way.. AAAA 
 
 Find & Co.. A. (Imp.). 93 Chambers A 
 
 Oreene, Frank P., 39 Broad D 
 
 Irving Mfg. Tool Co.. 1B7 Chamber« X 
 
 Lederer. F E., 71 Greene (International Needle 
 Co.) B 
 
 5422 
 
 NEEDLES: BOOT & SHOE. 
 
 MASS.: HAVERHILL:— Keith, Irving L F 
 
 MASS.: SOUTH FRAMINGHAM: 
 Long Machinery Co., K. H A 
 
 NEEDLES: BROOM MAKERS. 
 
 CONN.: WATERVILLE: 
 
 Berbecker & Rowland Mfg. Co A 
 
 MASS.: NORTH HADLEY: 
 
 Dickinson & Son, C ..D 
 
 NEEDLES: CARPET. 
 
 CONN.: WATERVILLE: 
 Berbecker & Rowland Mfg. Co A 
 
 NEEDLES: COMBER. 
 
 MASS.: BOSTON: 
 
 Leigh & Butler, 232 Summer (Imptrs.) .C 
 
 MASS.: LOWELL: 
 
 Bagshaw, W. H., Co .A 
 
 N. J.: NEWARK: 
 
 Crabb & Co., Wm., 3d, cor. 4th A 
 
 PA.: PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 Hood Co., R. H., 1842 G't'n Ave C 
 
 R. I.: PROVIDENCE: 
 
 Bragg, John I., 24 Atwood Q 
 
 Townsend, Tho^., 157 Orange B 
 
 R. L: WOONSOCKBT: 
 
 Woonsocket Comb Co O 
 
 NEEDLES: CROCHET. 
 
 CONN.: CHESTER: 
 
 BATES, C. J.. & SON B 
 
 CONN.: DEEP RIVER: 
 
 Potter & Snell C 
 
 CONN.: ESSEX: 
 
 Tiley Pratt Co C 
 
 N. Y.: NEW YORK CITY: 
 
 American Hard Rubber Co., 11 Mercer (Hard 
 Rubber) AAAA 
 
 Brabant Needle Co., 47 Great Jones St....D 
 
 NEEDLES: DARNING. 
 
 CONN.: WATERVILLE: 
 Berbecker & Rowland Mfg. Co A 
 
 NEEDLES: DENTISTS HYPODERMIC. 
 
 N. Y.: NEW YORK CITY: 
 
 Consolidated Dental Mfg. Co., 134 Washing- 
 ton PI B 
 
 OHIO: CLEVELAND: 
 
 United States Dental Mfg. Co., 6505 Conrad 
 Ave D 
 
 NEEDLES: DIPPING. 
 
 WIS.: MILWAUKEE. 
 White, David, Co., 421 E. Wat^r D 
 
 NEEDLES: ENGRAVING. 
 
 N. y.: NEW YORK CITY: 
 
 SENEFELDEK LITKO. STONE CO., 187 
 Washington 1 
 
 NEEDLES: FLOUR BAG. 
 
 CAL.: OAKLAND: 
 
 Barr Bros. Co., Inc 
 
 NEEDLES: HAND SEWING. 
 
 ILL.: CHICAGO: 
 Boye Needle Co., 4343 Raveuswood Ave B 
 
 NEEDLES: HARNESS. 
 
 CONN.: WATERVILLE: 
 
 Berbecker & Rovviand Mfg. Co A 
 
 NEEDLES: HOSIERY (see also Needles, 
 Knitting Machine). 
 
 PA.: MONT CLARE: 
 Mont Clare Needle Co D 
 
 NEEDLES: HYPODERMIC (see also Need- 
 les, Dentists; also Syringes). 
 
 MASS.: BOSTON: 
 
 Randall-Faichney Co., 76 Atherton X 
 
 Wilson & Wilson X 
 
 5423 
 
A Specimen Entry from the Index of 
 Hendricks: Commercial Register 
 
 No. 
 
 Peanut planters 11033 
 
 roasters 12536 
 
 roasting machines 8067 
 
 separators 13308 
 
 threshers & cleaners. .15550 
 
 Pear canners (see canned 
 
 goods) 1829 
 
 Pearl ash 260 
 
 button machinery & 
 
 tools 8760 
 
 button turning lathes.. 7288 
 
 buttons 1739 
 
 shells 13499 
 
 Peat fuel machinery 8761 
 
 moss 9947 
 
 Peavey handles 5821 
 
 picks 10859 
 
 sockets 13836 
 
 Peavtes 10777 
 
 Pebble dryers (see sand 
 & gravel heaters & 
 
 dryers) 12908 
 
 mills 9761 
 
 surface roofing 12716 
 
 Pebbles, flint 4873 
 
 Pedals, automobile 
 
 horn 10778 
 
 bicycle 10779 
 
 motor cycle 10779 
 
 mufller cut-out 10780 
 
 Pedestals, ornamental. .10781 
 
 radiator 107S2 
 
 sun dial 10783 
 
 wooden 10783a 
 
 Pedometers 10784 
 
 Peeling tables 14654 
 
 & seeding machines, 
 pumpkin 8871 
 
 Peg awls 338 
 
 boards 983a 
 
 tooth harrows 5953 
 
 & lace hole cutters, au- 
 tomatic 15099 
 
 Pegs, dental polishing. .10784a 
 
 dobby 3865 
 
 husking 10785 
 
 shoe 10786 
 
 wood 10787 
 
 Pen cases 2121 
 
 clips 2713 
 
 grinders 5633 
 
 & ink artists, architec- 
 tural 1264 
 
 Pencil boxes 234 
 
 box locks 1264 
 
 cases 2121 
 
 clips 2713 
 
 composition mixing ma- 
 chines 87fila 
 
 holders 6260 
 
 sharpeners 13389 
 
 timber 10788 
 
 Pencils, advertising 10789 
 
 camel's hair 10790 
 
 chalk. propelling & 
 
 repelling 10791 
 
 clutch 10792 
 
 copying Ink 10793 
 
 crayon (see crayons & 
 pencils, metal work- 
 ers, etc.) 3414 
 
 drawing 10795 
 
 French chalk 10796 
 
 graphite 10797 
 
 lead 10798 
 
 lumber 10799 
 
 metal workers' 3414 
 
 slate 10800 
 
 talc & soapstone 10801 
 
 water color 10802 
 
 Pendant switches 14598 
 
 telephones 14935 
 
 Pendants, wiring 10803 
 
 Pendulameter 10804 
 
 Penholders 10805 
 
 Pennant felts 4625 
 
 mfrs 10806 
 
 Pens, bull 10807 
 
 calf 10807 
 
 cow 10807 
 
 fountain 4995 
 
 gold 10808 
 
 gold plated 10809 
 
 ruling 10810 
 
 show card printing. . .10811 
 
 No. 
 
 Pens, steel 10812 
 
 Pensticks 10812a 
 
 Penstocks 10813 
 
 Pepper shakers 13377 
 
 Perch plates 11113 
 
 Perches, examining 10814 
 
 Perchloride. iron 6700a 
 
 Percolators. c h e m ical 
 
 works 10815 
 
 coffee 10816 
 
 garbage, grease, etc.. 10816a 
 
 pharmaceutical 10817 
 
 Percussion caps (see am- 
 munition) 155 
 
 Perforated belting 747 
 
 metals 9696 
 
 music rolls 12685 
 
 radial block chimneys.2456 
 screens for coal, etc.. 13148 
 
 slat settees 13325 
 
 Perforating machines 8762 
 
 presses 11602 
 
 rule, cutting & creas- 
 ing 12805 
 
 Perforators, check 2427 
 
 postage stamp 10818 
 
 Perfume dresser stands 
 
 & bottles 10818a 
 
 Perilla oils 10324b 
 
 Permanent magnets 9515 
 
 tracks & switches 15847a 
 
 Permanganate of pot- 
 ash 11414 
 
 Permissible explosives. . .4489 
 
 Peroxide, barium 517 
 
 of hydrogen 10819 
 
 of manganese 10820 
 
 of sodium 10821 
 
 Pestles 10821a 
 
 Petrol depth gauges 5308a 
 
 Petrolatum 10822 
 
 Petroleum can ma- 
 chinery 8763 
 
 coke 2865 
 
 & its products 10823 
 
 Pevey cards 15046 
 
 Pew end mfrs 10824 
 
 plates 11114 
 
 racks 12081 
 
 Phaetons 1972 
 
 P h a r maceutical appa- 
 ratus 8764 
 
 machinery 8764 
 
 percolators 10817 
 
 stills 14320 
 
 Pharyngoscopes 10825 
 
 Phase rotation indicators. 6568 
 
 shifters 13523 
 
 Phenol 10825a 
 
 apparatus lOSMb 
 
 stills 14320a 
 
 Phenolphthalein 10826 
 
 Phonograph horns 6438 
 
 needles 10116 
 
 record holders, wire.. 12227 
 
 reproducers 10826a 
 
 springs 14026a 
 
 Photographic film ma- 
 chinery S770a 
 
 Phonographs (see talking 
 
 machines) 9244 
 
 Phosphate, acid 43 
 
 carriers 1977 
 
 of ammonia 10827 
 
 mill machinery 8765 
 
 rock 10S28 
 
 rock dryers 4135 
 
 sodium 13857 
 
 Phosphine 10829 
 
 Phosphor bronze 10830 
 
 bronze alloys 125a 
 
 bronze balls 467 
 
 bronze bushings 1716 
 
 bronze castings 2184 
 
 bronze ingots 6596 
 
 bronze nuts 10213 
 
 bronze rivets 12517 
 
 bronze rods 12575 
 
 bronze rolling mills. . .12651 
 
 bronze screws 13215 
 
 bronze sheets 10831 
 
 bronze springs 14027 
 
 bronze washers 16646 
 
 bronze wire 16956 
 
 bronze wire rope 16973 
 
 11 
 
 No. 
 
 Phosphor copper 10832 
 
 shafts 13373 
 
 tin 10833 
 
 Phosphoric acid 44 
 
 Phosphorizers 10834 
 
 Phosphorous 10836 
 
 ferro 4654 
 
 melting bars, low 575 
 
 Phosphorum copper 10835 
 
 Photo-engravers' lining- 
 beveling machines. . .8557 
 -engravers' machinery . 8766 
 
 -engravers' nails 10085 
 
 -engravers' outfits ...10419 
 -engraving arc lamps.. 7151 
 -micrographic appara- 
 tus 10840 
 
 mount beveling ma- 
 chines 8767 
 
 Photograph card beveling 
 
 machines 8768 
 
 machines 8769 
 
 Photographers, architec- 
 tural 10837 
 
 Photographic copying 
 
 machines 8770 
 
 glass 5461 
 
 mounts 10021 
 
 paper 10699 
 
 squibs 14081 
 
 Photomailers 10838 
 
 Photometer lamps 7204 
 
 meters 9728 
 
 Photometers 10839 
 
 Photo-micrographic ap- 
 paratus 10840 
 
 Instruments 6635a 
 
 transferrmg machines. 8767a 
 
 Physical apparatus 10S41 
 
 laboratories 7092 
 
 Piano action machinery. 8771 
 
 actions 63 
 
 benches 773 
 
 cases 2122 
 
 casters 2141 
 
 felts 4626 
 
 hammer shank tongs. .15680 
 
 hammers 5782 
 
 hardware 5933 
 
 hinges 6113 
 
 locks 7551 
 
 machines 15307 
 
 makers' clamps 2601a 
 
 makers' pliers 11169 
 
 makers' tweezers 16188 
 
 motors, automatic 9985 
 
 mouldings 10001a 
 
 plates 11115 
 
 player hardware mfrs.. 5932 
 player parts, wood.. . .10841a 
 
 varnishes 16454 
 
 wire 16957 
 
 Pianos 10842 
 
 Pick clocks 2729 
 
 eye forging machines. .8772 
 eye forging presses. . .11603 
 
 handles 5843a 
 
 -up carts 2100 
 
 -up fire tongs 15681 
 
 -ups, trolley wire 10860 
 
 Pickaroons 10842 
 
 Picker leather 15308 
 
 parts 15309 
 
 pins 15310 
 
 sticks 15311 
 
 teeth 15312 
 
 Pickers, bean 10844 
 
 burr 15313 
 
 coffee 10845 
 
 corn 10848 
 
 cotton 15314 
 
 cotton filled 15315 
 
 fruit 10846 
 
 grape (see pickers, 
 
 fruit) 10S46 
 
 hair 15316 
 
 hair pickers 11863 
 
 loom 15317 
 
 mixing 15318 
 
 pea 10847 
 
 peanut 10845 
 
 rag or shoddy 15319 
 
 & cleaners, stock 15320 
 
 & buskers, corn 10848 
 
A Specimen Entry from the Body of 
 Hendricks: Commercial Register 
 
 10796— Pencils (French Chalk) 
 
 Nevins Saml. Co.. 109 S 2d, Phlla., Pa. 
 
 10797— *Pencils (Graphite) 
 
 DIXON JOSSPH CRrCIBLE CO. 
 
 "Dixon's" Office & Drawing Pencils), 
 
 Jersey City, N. J. 
 
 iSee adv index at end of book 
 
 10798— Pencils (Lead) 
 
 American Lead Pencil Co. ("Venus," "Vel- 
 vet"), 220 5th av. New York 
 
 Best Richard, 54 Lafayette, New York 
 
 Blaiadell Paper Pencil Co. (Paper), 141 
 Berkeley. Phila., Pa. 
 
 Brown Gordon (Paper), 25 Elm, New York 
 
 DIXON JOSEPH CRUCIBLE CO.. Jersey 
 City, N. J. See adv index at end of book 
 
 Eagle Pencil Co., E 13th, New York 
 
 Faber A. W. (Castell"), 41 Dlckerson, 
 Newark, N. J. 
 
 Faber Eberhard Pencil Co., 39 Green- 
 point av, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Faber Johann (Imp.), 54 Lafayette, New 
 York 
 
 Hardtmuth L. & C. ("Kooh-I-Noor"), 34 
 E 23d. New York 
 
 Keeran & Co. (Ever-Sharp Pencil), 
 Bloomlngton, 111. 
 
 National Pencil Co., Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 10799— *Pencils (Lumber) 
 
 Adams D. C. Crayon Co. (Crayons), 125 
 Market, St. Louis, Mo. 
 See adv index at end of book 
 
 DEKON JOSEPH CRUCIBLE CO. (Graph- 
 ite), Jersey City, N. J. 
 See adv index at end of book 
 
 10800— Pencils (Slate) 
 
 Doggett Stanley (Artificial), 11 CUfC, New 
 York 
 
 Illf elder B. & Co. (Artificial), 29 Union 
 sq. New York 
 
 Steward D. M. Mfgr. Co. ("Compo."), Chat- 
 tanooga, Tenn. 
 
 10801— Pencils (Talc & Soapstone) 
 
 ADAMS D. C. CRAYON CO., 125 Market, 
 
 St. Louis. Mo. 
 f>ee adv index at end of book 
 Cohutta Talc Co. (Soapstone; also Crayon), 
 
 Dalton. Ga. 
 DIXON JOSEPH CRUCIBLE CO., Jersey 
 
 City, N. J. See adv index at end of book 
 Dcggett Stanley, 11 Cliff, New York 
 Steward D. M. Mfg. Co., Chattanooga, 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 10802— Pencils (Water Color) 
 
 AMERICAN CRAYON CO.. 1300 Hayes av, 
 Sandusky, O. See adv index at end of book 
 
 10803— Pendants (Wiring) 
 
 Fletcher Mfg. Co. ("Etherldge"), Dayton, 
 
 1 080-1 — Pendulameter 
 
 Norton Grinding Co., Worcester, Mass. 
 
 10805 
 
 Penholders 
 
 Amer. Lead Pencil Co., 220 5th av. New 
 
 York 
 Center Shaft Penholder Co., Hanover, Pa. 
 Dixon Joseph Crucible Co., Jersey City, 
 
 N. J. Sf.e adv index at end of book 
 Esterbrook Steel Pen Mfg. Co., Camden, 
 
 N. J. 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1847 
 
 E. B. ESTES (Si SONS 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 PENHOLDERS — Commercial, School and Advertising 
 PLAIN, POLISHED AND ENAMELED IN ANY STYLE 
 
 358 5th AVENUE "^ NEW YORK CITY 
 
 Faber Eberhard Pencil Co., 37 Greenpolnt 
 
 av, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Pencil Printing Co. (Advertising), 140 S 
 
 4th, Phila., Pa. 
 Union Pearl Works (Pearl), 43 W 27th, 
 
 New York. Works: Brooklyn, N. T. 
 
 10S05— Pennant Mfrs. 
 
 See also Flag Mfrs. 
 
 Annin & Co., 99 Fulton, New York 
 
 Art Graphic Co., 129 Fulton, New York 
 
 Beverly Mfg. Co., Stanton, Va. 
 
 Bradford & Co., St. Joseph, Mich. 
 
 Chicago Pennant Co.. 6142 Cottags Orov* 
 av, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Donaldson Art Sign Co,, 21st & L. N. R. R. 
 Cov, Cincinnati, O, 
 
 Hoffmann-Corr Mfg. Co.. 313 Market. 
 Phlla., Pa. 
 
 Moiteiison Samuel & Co., 833 W Jackson 
 l)lvd. Chlcaijo. III. 
 
 Pacific Pennant & Novelty Co.. Los An- 
 geles, Cal. 
 
 Pennant Novelty Co., 322 B'way, New 
 York 
 
 Rod Pennant Mfjr. Co., S Watklns, Brook- 
 lyn, N. Y. 
 
 Sternthal F. (Felt). 217 W Madison, Chi- 
 cago, IlL 
 
 Triangle Pennant Co., 160 N 5th av, Chi- 
 cago, 111. 
 
 Wales H. A. Co. (Who. Dlrs.), Bridgeport. 
 Conn. 
 
 10807— Pens (Calf, Cow & BuU) 
 
 James Mfg. Co. ("James"), Ft. Atkinson. 
 
 Wis. 
 Llbby C. A. Co. ("Llbboy"), Oshkosh. Wis. 
 Louden Machinery Co., Fairfield, la. 
 Rassmann F. Mfg. Co.. Beaver Dam. Wis. 
 
 Pens (Fountain) 
 See Fountain Pen Mfrs. 
 
 10808— Pens (Gold) 
 
 Acme Gold Pen Co., 17 Vandewater, New 
 
 York 
 Gaydoul Gold Pen Co., 50 John, New York 
 Hicks Wm. Mather, 235 Greenwich, New 
 
 York 
 Horn M. T. Co., 114 Park pi. New York 
 Pearce F. T. Co., 85 Sprague, Providence. 
 
 R. I. 
 Todd Edw. & Co.. 1 W 34th. New York 
 Willard Pen Co., Bayonne, N. J. 
 
 10809— Pens (Gold Plated) 
 
 Hunt C. Howard Pen Co. (For Foun- 
 tain Pens), Camden, N. J. 
 
 Turner & Harrison Pen Mfg. Co. (For 
 Fountain Pens), 1211 Spring Garden, 
 Phila., Pa. 
 
 10810— Pens (Ruling) 
 
 Alteneder Theo & Sons, 945 Ridge av. 
 
 Phila., Pa. 
 Dredge A. Kuling Pen Co., 75 Gold. New 
 
 York 
 Hickok W. O. Mfg. Co., Harrlsburg, Pa. 
 KeufCel & Esser, Hoboken, N. J. 
 
 10811— Pens (Show Card Printing) 
 
 Keuffel & Esser ("Payzant"), Hoboken. 
 
 10812— 
 
 Pens (Steel) 
 
 Esterbrook Steel Pen Mfg. Co., Camden, 
 
 N. J. 
 Graft Geo. B. Co. ( "Graff co Silver Steel"), 
 
 294 Washington, Boston, Mass. 
 Hunt C. Howard Pen Co., Camden, N. J. 
 Mason W. L. & Co. ("Mason's"), Keene, 
 
 N. H. 
 JTiller Bros. Cutlery Co., Merlden, Conn. 
 Spencerian Pen Co., 349 B'way, New York 
 Turner & Harrison Pen Mfg. Co., 
 
 ("Isaacs"), 1211 Spring Garden, Phlla., 
 
 Pa. 
 
 10812a— *Pensticks 
 
 Estes E. B. & Sons. 35S 5th av. New York 
 Bee adv index at end of book 
 
 10813— Penstocks 
 
 Atlantic Works, 80 Border, East B, Bos- 
 ton, Mass. 
 
 BIGGS BOILER WORKS CO. (Steel). 
 Case av & Williams. Akron. O. 
 
 See adv index at end of book 
 Brennan John & Co.. 24th & M. C. R. R., 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Casey-Hedges Co., Chattanooga. Tenn. 
 Connery & Co., 2d & Luzerne, Phlla., Pa 
 Cox & Sons Co., 5th & Chestnut, Phli».» 
 
 Pa. 
 
A Specimen Entry from the Index of 
 Kelly: Merchants, Shippers and Manufacturers of the World 
 
 Wtstpotfc 
 
 - 271 
 
 Wheeling • 
 
 - 1822 
 
 Wi.Kisor . . - 272 
 
 WiiiDipeff. 
 
 . 287 
 
 Wiuona - 
 
 - 1S2.) 
 
 Wiiiston-Salem 
 
 - 1826 
 
 Yarmouth - • 2>i2 
 
 Yonkcrs - 
 
 - - 1S2S 
 
 Yp?ilanti - 
 
 . 1S29 
 
 Patent Solicitors :— 
 
 Hamilton - 
 
 - 236 
 
 Mojitreal - 
 
 - 247 
 
 Toronto - 
 
 - 26S 
 
 Vaucouver 
 
 - 291 
 
 \Viniiii>eg- 
 
 - 2^7 
 
 Pat<i8 de Chartrcs :— 
 
 Chartr.-s - 
 
 - 612 
 
 Pat6s do Foieo Cras :- 
 
 Paris 
 
 .fi82 
 
 Schiltigheim 
 
 . 899 
 
 Sti'a>.^burg 
 
 • !»00 
 
 Touiouso - 
 
 - 607 
 
 Pattern Card Makers :- 
 
 Aaolieii— iix - 
 
 la 
 
 Chrvpelle 
 
 - 637 
 
 Bcrliu 
 
 ct;3 
 
 Pattern Makers 
 
 ;_ 
 
 Chicago • 
 
 1577 
 
 Dc'Uoit 
 
 ICOC 
 
 ilanover (Pa.) 
 
 1626 
 
 Milwaukee 
 
 - 1G02 
 
 New Glasgow 
 
 280 
 
 RoohesU-rcX.Y 
 
 ) 1773 
 
 Pattern Makers' 
 
 Supplies : 
 
 Dresden - 
 
 • 708 
 
 Pavement Light Mtrs. :- 
 
 Loudon 
 
 22-'»8 
 
 Brussels 
 
 441 
 
 Paris 
 
 582 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 17.';2 
 
 Svdney - 
 
 ■ 120 
 
 Paving: Companies :— 
 
 Guulph . . 
 
 - 235 
 
 Kansas City 
 
 - 163'» 
 
 Melbourne - }46 
 
 New York 
 
 1721 
 
 Newark (X. J.) 
 
 1671 
 
 Oklahoma City 
 
 1738 
 
 Simcoe 
 
 260 
 
 Topeka 
 
 - 1814 
 
 Pavlngf Tile Manufotrs.— 
 
 See also Tile Manu- 
 
 facturers—Paving :— 
 
 London 
 
 - 220G 
 
 Provinces- 
 
 2828 
 
 Aubague - 
 
 4!'6 
 
 Brazil - 
 
 - 1C.I8 
 
 Bicscia 
 
 967 
 
 EdwanJsville - 
 
 - ](!10 
 
 Galesburg 
 
 - 1619 
 
 Ghent 
 
 - 415 
 
 Huntington (W 
 
 . Va.)1631 
 
 M.-.astricht 
 
 - 934 
 
 Mai ona.io 
 
 -2022y 
 
 Kaniur 
 
 - 454 
 
 Pisa 
 
 - l')05 
 
 Streator 
 
 - 1808 
 
 Touruai 
 
 457 & 4.i8 
 
 Treviso - 
 
 • 1015 
 
 Pea-Soup Sausages :— 
 
 H-il .ronn- ■ 
 
 - 787 
 
 Peanut Dealers : 
 
 
 
 CambridK-e City 
 
 - 3660 
 
 Cleveland - - 
 
 - 16!i0 
 
 New York 
 
 - 1721 
 
 Norfolk . - 
 
 - 1736 
 
 Oiiklflnd - 
 
 . 1737 
 
 Paris (Tex.) - 
 
 - 1741 
 
 Penri;. - - 
 
 - 1744 
 
 Petersburg 
 
 - 1745 
 
 San I'raucisco - 
 
 • 1794 
 
 Tvx..rkiua • 
 
 - 1812 
 
 Peanut Butter M 
 
 anfrs.: - 
 
 . 1668 
 
 .NatKk - 
 
 New ^^•cstInin■^t 
 
 or • 28:. 
 
 Peanut Roaster i 
 
 k Vending 
 
 Wagon Manu 
 
 frs.:- 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 . loS5 
 
 Pearl Beads :- 
 
 
 Vienna - - 
 
 3^8 
 
 Pearl Cutters :- 
 
 
 Mar - - . 
 
 792 
 
 Nixdorf - - 
 
 - 365 
 
 P»*rt ifterohanU 
 
 —See also 
 
 Precious btOB 
 
 e DIr.-.:- 
 
 JUrcoiM 
 
 
 Kursk - - - 1131 
 Menoniouie - - 1658 
 Mohileff-o.-Dniepr - 1133 
 Mohilefl-o.-Dniestr - 1133 
 Morschansk - - 1133 
 Pensa - - - 1147 
 Poltawa - - - 1163 
 Szombathely - - 424 
 Wormerveer - - 946 
 Worouesch - - 1167 
 Zaai.dam - - - 947 
 
 Pearl Button Manuf rs. : 
 LaOiOsse- . - l(j42 
 Moline - - - 1664 
 Muscatine- - 106 i 
 
 Peek^klll - - - 1743 
 
 Pearl Goods Manufrs. :— 
 Neuukirchen - am - 
 
 .'^tciuMde - 364 
 
 New York - - 1721 
 Providence - - 1706 
 
 Pearl Handle & Scale Cut- 
 ters—See Cutlery 
 
 Pearlers:— 
 Broome 179 
 
 Onslow - - 1,-1 
 
 Thurtdiy IsKnd - 171 ' 
 
 Pebble Flints Mors. : — 
 Arnstadt- - - 642 
 Copenhagen 474 
 
 Dieppe 516 
 
 Jemappes 449 
 
 Le Treport - - 530 
 ViHentrois- - - 612 
 
 Peels (Lemon, Orange & 
 Citron) in Brine:— 
 BaBtia - - - 613 
 Mcsiina ■ 1027 
 
 Palermo - 1029 
 
 Syracusa - - - 1029 
 
 Pen & Peniiolder Manu- 
 facturers — See Steel 
 Peu & Penholder Mufrs. 
 
 Pencil Importers :— 
 Osaka - - - 1410 
 
 Pencil Manufacturers:— 
 LotJ<lon - - 22,9 
 
 .Provinces - 2938 
 
 AJtheide 867 
 
 Broach 13 
 
 Budw«is 345 
 
 Calcutta 19 
 
 Copenhagen 476 
 
 Delhi - 24 
 
 Frtibefg - 733 
 
 Furih 735 
 
 Givet - - - 522 
 Eauibnrg (slate; - "77 
 Jersey City - 1636 
 
 Mahrisch.Neustadt - 362 
 Milan - - - 994 
 Moscow - 1140 
 
 Munich - - - 834 
 New York- - - 1710 
 Niirnberg (slate) -- 84-> 
 Oeslau (slate) • - 847 
 Paris- - , - - 582 
 Philadelphia - - 1750 
 Probstzella (Blate) - 856 
 Regensburg - - 8)8 
 Riga- - - 1156 
 
 Stein - - 874 
 
 Steiuach - • 874 
 
 Szirazv:im- - - 423 
 Turin - - - 1015 
 Vaso (slate) - - 3i 
 Vienna - • 4iiO 
 
 Vysocan - - - 3 13 
 Warsaw - - -1190 
 Zagreb - - - 425 
 
 Pencil (Lead & Colored) 
 
 Manufacturers :— 
 
 NUrnlxjr!^ - - - 844 
 
 Pencil Case Manufrs. :— 
 Londou - - - 2259 
 Provinces - - - 29 8 
 Marlaschein - • 363 
 New York - 1721 
 
 Niirnberg- - - 844 
 Prague - - - 372 
 
 Pencil Machinery Kfrs. :— 
 NeA- Yo k - - 1721 
 Nurnbcrg- - - f^44 
 Saginaw - - . 1777 
 
 Penoll Sharpener Manf rs : 
 New York- - - 1721 
 
 Pendant M&nufaotra, :— 
 
 Szeged 
 
 - 423 
 
 Perfumery Mfenufotrs.- 
 
 Pepper Plantations 
 
 
 See also Eau de Cologne : 
 
 Coimbatore 
 
 T 83 
 
 London - 
 
 . 2259 
 
 Dnmbara - 
 
 • 61 
 
 Provincefl • 
 
 • S9S8 
 
 Qalle- - - 
 
 - 6S 
 
 Isle of Man - 
 
 - 3078 
 
 Hantaue - 
 
 - 69 
 
 Aimeria - 
 
 - 1202 
 
 Mysore 
 
 - 36 
 
 Altona-Ottcaisen 
 
 • 640 
 
 P.nak - - 
 
 • 335 
 
 AJtstetten- 
 
 . 133« 
 
 Sabaug - 
 
 - !i52 
 
 Amsterdam 
 
 - 925 
 
 Sebattik - 
 
 - 303 
 
 Andernach-on-Rhine 641 
 
 Watiegama 
 
 - 55 
 
 Argenteuil 
 
 - 495 
 
 Wynaad - 
 
 - 44 
 
 Baltimore - 
 
 - 1529 
 
 Peppermint Manufrs. :— 
 
 Barcelona 
 
 • 1307 
 
 Lyons 
 
 - 639 
 
 Basle- 
 
 - 1338 
 
 Paris - 
 
 - .'.82 
 
 Berlin - - 
 
 - 6t,3 
 
 St. Etienne 
 
 - 600 
 
 B aiikenburg-Harz 
 
 - 670 
 
 Saint Oueu 
 
 - 589 
 
 *odeubach 
 
 • 341 
 
 Peppermint (Oil of) Mfrs.: 
 
 Boun-ou-Rhiue- 
 
 - 671 
 
 Kalamazoo 
 
 - I.i37 
 
 Bordcaux - 
 
 - 803 
 
 Mishawaka - 
 
 - lK.i3 
 
 Boston 
 
 - 154& 
 
 Newark (N. T.) 
 
 - 1672 
 
 Braga - - 
 
 - 1081 
 
 Yokohama 
 
 - 1421 
 
 Bremen - 
 
 - 67ft 
 
 Perambulator Manufrs.— 
 
 Breslau , - 
 
 . 67S. 
 
 See also Baby Carriage 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 - 684 
 
 Manufrs. ; also 
 
 Child- 
 
 BuPBOs Aires - 
 
 - 2014 
 
 reu's Cart &. Carriage 
 
 Cadiz - - 
 
 - 12U 
 
 Manufacturers : 
 
 — 
 
 Cairo 
 
 . 317 
 
 London 
 
 2259 
 
 Cannes - 
 
 ■ 509 
 
 Provinces 
 
 
 Cartagena 
 
 .2023c 
 
 Ansbach 
 
 .,41 
 
 Cassel 
 
 . 685 
 
 Auckland 
 
 194 
 
 Chicago - - 
 
 . 1678 
 
 Bozkov 
 
 367 
 
 Cleveland - 
 
 . 1588 
 
 Brattlehoro" - 
 
 1548 
 
 Cologne - 
 
 • 6S3,, 
 
 Christchurch - 
 
 - 1m8 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 ■ 476 
 
 Deynze 
 
 443 
 
 Dessau 
 
 - 702 
 
 Eilenburg 
 
 - 717 
 
 Detroit - 
 
 . 1606 
 
 Finsterwalde - 
 
 - 724 
 
 Dresden - 
 
 . 709 
 
 Hamm - - 
 
 -. 780 
 
 DUsseldorf 
 
 - 714 
 
 Hobart - 
 
 - 176 
 
 Finaterwalde - 
 
 - 724 
 
 Krai Vinohrady 
 
 - 40". 
 
 Florence - 
 
 - 976 
 
 Lenzburg - 
 
 • 1349 
 
 Frankfort - on - the 
 
 • 
 
 Lichtenfels 
 
 - 813 
 
 Main - - 
 
 . 730 
 
 Lieguitz ■ 
 
 . 813 
 
 Purruckabad - 
 
 - 26 
 
 Malmo 
 
 1266 
 
 Gefie- 
 
 - 1262 
 
 Melbourne 
 
 - 146 
 
 Geneva - - 
 
 - 1347 
 
 Milwaukee 
 
 - 16til 
 
 Genoa 
 
 - 981 
 
 Murgenthal 
 
 - 1351 
 
 Gera 
 
 . 736 
 
 Nymegea - 
 
 - 935 
 
 Ghazipur - 
 
 - 25 
 
 Oederau 
 
 - 847 
 
 GolfeJuau-Val-Lanris 622 
 
 Paris 
 
 - 682 
 
 Gothenburg • 
 
 . 1257 
 
 Pe-fth - 
 
 - 186 
 
 Grasse 
 
 - 622 
 
 Rothenburg - ob - der- 
 
 Graz - 
 
 . 349 
 
 Tauber - 
 
 - 863 
 
 Guadalajara - 
 
 - 1602 
 
 Sydney 
 
 - 120 
 
 Halle 
 
 . 746 
 
 Tiiburg 
 
 - 944 
 
 Hamburg - 
 
 . 774 
 
 Tours 
 
 - 609 
 
 Hanover - 
 
 - 784 
 
 Troyes 
 
 - 609 
 
 Harburg-on-the Elbe 785 
 
 Utrecht - 
 
 - 945 
 
 Heilbronn- 
 
 . 788 
 
 Vienna - 
 
 - 400 
 
 Hildesheim - 
 
 . 780 
 
 Wellington 
 
 - 217 
 
 Jackson - 
 
 . 1634 
 
 Zeitz - - 
 
 . m 
 
 Jamnagar 
 
 - 27 
 
 Perborate of Soda Mfrs. : 
 
 Jersey City - 
 
 - 1636 
 
 Provinces- 
 
 - 2938 
 
 Jungbuuzlaa - 
 
 - 363 
 
 Percussion Cap Mfrs. :- 
 
 Karlsruhe 
 
 - 795 
 
 London - 
 
 - 2259 
 
 Kazanlik - 
 
 . 464 
 
 Provinces 
 
 - 2938 
 
 KJschineff 
 
 . 1129 
 
 Barmen • 
 
 617 
 
 Klaeenfurt 
 
 - ^364 
 
 Lajta-Ujfalu - 
 
 - 423 
 
 Koniggrartz 
 
 . 355 
 
 Prague - 
 
 - 372 
 
 Kbnigsberg 
 
 . 7a9 
 
 Biga- 
 
 - 11.56 
 
 Krakow - - 
 
 - 366 
 
 Vieuna 
 
 - 400 
 
 Leipzig • 
 
 - 810 
 
 Voshiu 
 
 - 405 
 
 Lemberg - 
 
 - 858 
 
 Perforated Plate Mfrs. :- 
 
 As.chen — Ajx - la - 
 
 Leyden 
 Linkoping 
 
 • 934 
 - 1263 
 
 Ghapelle 
 Chicago ■ 
 Cologne - 
 Cologne-Kalk • 
 Hanover - 
 
 - 637 
 1578 
 
 - 693 
 
 - 69, 
 
 • 784 
 
 Lisbon - 
 
 Logansport 
 
 LoweU - • 
 
 Lyons 
 
 M.alaga • - 
 
 1087 
 - 1646- 
 . 1651 
 . 539 
 . 1225 
 
 Leiuzig 
 Maubeuge- 
 Munich - 
 
 - 810 
 
 Manila 
 
 . 1997 
 
 - 649 
 
 Marseilles - 
 
 . 648 
 
 - 834 
 
 Melbourne 
 
 - 146 
 
 New York 
 
 - 1721 
 
 Mexico 
 
 1608 
 
 Prague - 
 Ragulin 
 Saiiit-Di6 - 
 
 - .373 
 
 - 857 
 . 5 9 
 
 Milan 
 
 Montpellier 
 Moscow . - 
 
 994 
 662 
 1140 
 
 Siegcu-on-tbe-Sieg • 870 
 Perforating Machine 
 
 Munich • 
 Naples 
 New York 
 
 834. 
 1000. 
 1721 
 
 Manufacturers 
 
 — 
 
 Newark (N.J.) - 
 
 1671 
 
 Loudon - 
 
 • 2259 
 
 Newburgh 
 
 1674 
 
 Provinces- 
 
 - 2938 
 
 Nice 
 
 556 
 
 Berlin 
 
 - 6..3 
 
 Norwich (N.Y.) 
 
 1737 
 
 Leipzig - 
 
 - 811 
 
 Niirnberg. 
 OfTenbach 
 
 844 
 
 Paris 
 
 - 882 
 
 848 
 
 Perforators-Metal 
 
 -See 
 
 giympia • 
 Orebro • • 
 
 17M 
 
 also Metal Pcrforatoret 
 
 U<» 
 
 Fr*nkfort-oD-tbe- 
 
 OMka - • 
 
 HU 
 
A Specimen Entry from Index to 
 
 Glass and Trade Publications in 
 
 Ayers: Newspaper Annual and Directory 
 
 Page 
 
 AccoDNTS— »e« Butinei) and Office Method! 1245 
 
 Advketisins 1240 
 
 Akronadtic 1240 
 
 ASKNTS 1249 
 
 Agnostic. Fbek Thought, etc 1240 
 
 Agricultural 1229 
 
 American Indian 1240 
 
 Anti-Clerical— see Patriotic, etc 1284 
 
 Anti-Pkohibition— »e« Liquor and Anti-Prohibi- 
 tion 1274 
 
 Antiquarian— i«« Collectors, etc 1246 
 
 Anti-Tuberculosis 1210 
 
 Akchitectub* and Buildiko 1241 
 
 ART 1242 
 
 Astrological 1242 
 
 Athletics and Physical Ccltubb 1242 
 
 auctioneers 1242 
 
 Authors— »«e Books, etc 1244 
 
 Automobile, Gas Enginks, btc 1242 
 
 AVIATION— we Aeronautic 1240 
 
 Awningb.Shadks, Tents, etc 1243 
 
 Baking 1243 
 
 Banking- see Financial and Batiking 1260 
 
 Barbers and Hairdressers 1243 
 
 Barrels, Boxes and Packages 1243 
 
 Bee Keeping 1243 
 
 Blacksmiths and Horse Shoers 1244 
 
 Blind, The 1254 
 
 Bookkeeping— see Business, etc 1245 
 
 Books, Book Trade and Writers 1244 
 
 Botanical— see Scientific 1291 
 
 Bottling 1244 
 
 Boxes— see Barrels, Boxes and Packages 1243 
 
 Boy Scouts 1244 
 
 Brewing- see Liquor and Anti- Prohibition 1274 
 
 Brick, Tile, etc 1244 
 
 Brushes and Brooms— see House Furnishing 
 
 Goods 1267 
 
 Building and Building Materials— see Archi- 
 tecture and Building 1241 
 
 Building Associations— see Miscellaneous 1299 
 
 Building Management 1244 
 
 Business and Office Methods 1245 
 
 Butchers and Meat Packers 1245 
 
 Canning and Preserving 1245 
 
 Carpets— see Purniture, Upholstery and Carpels... 1262 
 
 Carriages and Harness 1 
 
 Catering— see Hotel, etc 1266 
 
 Cats— see Dogs, etc 1255 
 
 Cement and Concrete 1245 
 
 Cemetery- see Landscape Gardening, etc 1272 
 
 CHACTAuauA— see Entertainment, etc 1258 
 
 Chemicals and Chemistry 1245 
 
 Chess and Checkers 1245 
 
 Children, Care of 1246 
 
 China— see PoHerj/ and Glass 1286 
 
 China Decoration— see Art 1242 
 
 Page 
 
 Civil Service 1248 
 
 Clay— se« Brick, etc 1244 
 
 Cleaning and Dyeing 1246 
 
 Clothing and Furnishing Goods 1248 
 
 Coal, Coke, etc 1246 
 
 Cold Storage- see Ice, etc 1267 
 
 Collectors, Numismatic, Philatelic, etc 1246 
 
 Collegiate 1247 
 
 Coloring Materials— see Painting, etc. 1284 
 
 —also Cleaning and Boeing, etc 1246 
 
 Coming Conventions 1253 
 
 Commercial and Industrial 1253 
 
 Commercial Travelers 1254 
 
 Concrete— see Cement and Concrete 1245 
 
 Confectionery and Ice Cream 1254 
 
 Contracting, Excavating, etc 1254 
 
 Contracts (Public) 1254 
 
 Co-operative Trading 1254 
 
 Cordage— see Miscellaneous 1299 
 
 Cosmetics— see -Soap, ete 1293 
 
 Cotton 1264 
 
 Cotton Goods— see Textile 1297 
 
 County Government— see J>fumcipo«, etc 1280 
 
 Country Life- see Suburban, etc 1295 
 
 Creamery— see Milk, etc 1279 
 
 Crockery— see Pottery and Glass 1288 
 
 Culinary— see Food and Culinary 1262 
 
 Dairy— see Milk, etc 1279 
 
 Dancing 1254 
 
 Deaf, The 1254 
 
 Decorating— see Painting, etc 1284 
 
 Dental 1255 
 
 Department Stores— see Miscellaneous 1299 
 
 Dogs and Pets 1255 
 
 Dramatic and Theatrical 1256 
 
 Drugs and Drug Trade 1255 
 
 Dry Goods 1256 
 
 Dyeing— see Cleaning and Dyeing 1246 
 
 Educational 1256 
 
 Electrical 1258 
 
 Engineering— see Mechanical and Engineering— V2n^ 
 
 also Contracting, etc 1254 
 
 Entertainment, Lyceum, Chautauqua, etc...1258 
 
 Esperanto 1259 
 
 Excavating— see Contracting, etc. 1254 
 
 Export Trade 1259 
 
 Express 125 it 
 
 Fancy Goods— see iVbtions and JbiJtcj/ Goods 1284 
 
 Farm Implements, Tractors, etc 1259 
 
 Fashion 12.59 
 
 Ff.ed— see Hay and Feed 1265 
 
 Fertilizer 12B0 
 
 Financial and Banking 1260 
 
 Firemen and Police 1261 
 
 Fish, Fisheries and Fish Culture 1261 
 
 Five AND Ten Cent Goods 1261 
 
 Florist and Floriculture 1261 
 
 14 
 
A Specimen Entry from Body of 
 Ayers: Newspaper Annual and Directory 
 
 tstaD, '^Col, 'SIza, Siil). Qro, 
 JACKSON t, pop. 2,ia5 (N8); Cape Girardeau Co. (S.E.), pop. 27,621. lo m. N.W. of 
 Cape Girardeau. St. L., Iron Mtn. <fe S'thrn ; Cape Girardeau N'thrn R.Rs. Tel. Kxp. 
 Banks. Flour mills, tile factory, brick yards, poultry dressing and refrigerating plant. 
 Ships wheat, live stock, etc. Active trade center. 
 
 DeutscherVolksfreund (German) Thursday Republican 1886 13 13ixl9i 1.50 1,100 
 
 Fkkdertck E. Kiks <fe Bro., Kditorsand Publishers. 
 
 Missouri Cash-Book (;7se«mn«.s). .Thursday Democratic 1870 13 13ixl9J 1.00 11,240 
 
 C. C. Oliver, Editor and Publisher. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, pop. *300 (H 3); RANDOLPH Co. (N.C.), pop. 26,182. 14 m. N. of 
 Moberly. Wabash R.R. Tel. Exp. Bank. Coal mining, general farming and stock raising. 
 
 Times Friday Independent.. 13 llxl7J 1.00 
 
 E. C. Lankenau, Editor and Publisher. 
 
 JAMESON, pop. *400 (E 2%); Daviess Co. (N.W.), pop. 17,605. 30 m. NW. of Chillicothe. 
 Wabash R.R. Tel. Exp. Banks. Farming, stock raising, fruit growing. 
 
 Gem Thursday Independent.. 1913 13 llxl7a 1.00 {500 
 
 Allen F. Wade, Editor and Publisher. 
 
 J AMESPORT, pop. 611 (E 3) ; Daviess Co. (N.W.), pop. 17,605. 20 m. N. W. of Chillicothe 
 
 Chic, R. I. <fe Pac. R.R. Tel. Exp. Banks. Mineral spring of medicinal value. Live 
 
 stock and gram shipped. 
 Gazette Thursday Democratic 1877 13 13ixl9J 1.00 650 
 
 Thomas K. Shaw, Jr., Editor and Publisher. 
 JASPER, pop. 664 (D 8); JASPER Co. (S.W.), pop. 89,673. 23 m. N.E. of Jopliu. Mo. Pac. R.R. 
 
 Tel. Exp. Banks. Flour mill, grain elevators. Agricultural district. Large stock shipments. 
 News Thursday Local 1898 13 llxI7| 1.50 700 
 
 Arthub F. Drake, Editor and Publisher. 
 JEFFERSON CITY t, pop. *12,780 (H 5) ; COLE Co. (C), pop. 21,957. The State Capital. On 
 
 Missouri R.. 110m. W. of St. Louis. Mo., Kans. & Tex.; Mo. Pac; Chic&Alton R.Rs. Tel. 
 
 Exp. Banks. Flour mills, foundry and machine shops, breweries, shoe, paper box. bottling, 
 
 wagon, ice, overalls, broom, saddle tree and motor factories and other industries. Coal 
 
 and limestone exist in vicinity. General trade center. State House, .State Library, Lincoln 
 
 Institute (a negro normal school), the State Penitentiary, etc. 
 Capital News Morn. ex. 3fon... Independent.. 1910 13 15^x191 4.80 2,875 
 
 Charles H. Bcchanan, Editor ; Capital News Printing Company (Inc.), Publishers. 
 
 Democrat-Tribune Evg. ex. Sun Democratic 1902 13 15ix21| 4.80 1,825 
 
 Democrat-Tribune Thursday Democratic 1875 13 13Jxl9| 1.00 2,100 
 
 Joseph Goldman. Editor; Cole County Democrat Pbintins Company, Publishers. 
 Missouri School Journal Monthly Educational ... 1882 15 5x8J 1.25 {2,000 
 
 Walker & Harris, Editors; Missouri School Journal Publishing Company. 
 Missouri Volksfreund (German)..Thursday Ind.Dem 1876 13 I5ix20 LOO 2,235 
 
 John F. Koester, Editor and Publisher. 
 Mother's Appeal Monthly Philanthropic 1914 15 5x8 1.00*12,000 
 
 JuLLA A. Baker, Editor; Baker Publishing Corporation. 
 
 Post Evg. ex. Sun Republican 1908 13 15ix2I 4.80 1,750 
 
 Post Saturday Republican 1894 13 I5ix2I 1.00 1,500 
 
 Joseph Sailer, Editor and Publisher. 
 Western Messenger (Negro) Friday Baptist 1899 13 13Jxl9i 1.00 1,500 
 
 Jno. Goins, D.D., Editor and Publisher. 
 JERICO SPRINGS, pop. 395 (D 7); Cedar Co. (S.W.), pop. 16,080. 48 m. N.W. of Spring- 
 field. Nearest railroad sta., Sheldon. Mo. Pac. R.R. Tel. Exp. Banks. Coal, lead and 
 
 zinc. Mineral spring. Fire clay mines. Farming and grazing district. 
 Optic Friday Independent.. 1888 13 15ix21J LOO *460 
 
 A. M. Heifnek, Editor; H. T. Heifner, Publisher. 
 
 JONESBURG, pop. 456(K5); Montgomery Co. (E.), pop. 15,604. 71 m.W.N.W.of St. Louis. 
 Wabash R.R. Tel. Exp. Bank. Mill. Farming. 
 
 Journal Thursday Democratic 1879 13 15ixl9| 1.00 782 
 
 J. T. <fe Mrs. J. T. Jones. Editors and Publishers. 
 
 JOPLIN, pop. *32,848 (D 8); JASPER Co. (S.W.), pop. 89,673. 68 m. S. of Springfield. Mo. 
 & N. Ark.: Mo.,Okla. <feGulf ; St. L. & S. Fran.; Mo. Pac; K. City S'thrn; Mo., Kans. 
 <fe Tex. R.Rs. Tel. Exp. Banks. Rich lead and zinc mines ; coal abundant. Manufac- 
 tures include large lead works, cooperage works, large flour mills, eight foundries and ma- 
 chine shops, and various minor industries. Agriculture. 
 
 Afro-American Leader (Negro) ...Saturday Republican 1915 13 13ixl9i L50 
 
 Melkssa Fuell-Cuther, Editor ; C. W. Cuther, Publisher. 
 
 American Zinc and Lead Journal Monthly Mining* Mfg. 1915 17 81x11^1.00 {4,400 
 
 Frank Eberle <fe Company, Publishers. 
 
 (Morn. ex. J/ow... Democratic 1896 12^ 17Jx20 5.20 
 
 GlobeiUses mats) < A. B.C. Statement (tveek-days) , 22,577 
 
 ( Sunday edition A. B. C. Statement, 26,896 
 
 P. R. CoLDBEN, Editor; Joplin Globe Publishing Company (Inc ). 
 
 Labor Tribune Friday Labor 1915 13 I5ix21| 1.00 
 
 Joplin Labob Union Association, Publishers. 
 
 Missouri Trade Unionist Wednesday Labor 1907 13 13Jx20 1.00 2,500 
 
 Chablks W. Fkab. Editor and Publisher. 
 
 (Evg. ex. Sat. <fe) Ind. Rep 1872 12i 17^x20 5.20 
 
 News Herald J. Su7i. (San. y A. B. C. Statement (week-days), 14.319 
 
 (Morn.) j Sunday edition.... A. B.C. Statement, 13,938 
 
 L. M. Davis. Editor; Joplin News-Hebald Newspaper Company, Publishers. 
 
 Southwestern Automobilist Monthly { Good Roads. } ^^^^ ^ ^i'^^" ^'^ ^'^^ 
 
 Charles W. Feab, Editor and Publisher. 
 World Friday Independent.. 1915 13 13ixI9J LOO 
 
 Chablks E. Brown, Editor and Publisher. 
 
 Circulation: Bold face— sworn. :j(c Detailed statement, t Publisher's report. Plain figures estimated. 
 Population: U. S. Census, 1910. *Estimated. t County Seat. ♦Width (pica ems). »Type page (inches). 
 
 15 
 
specimen Entry from 
 Moody: Analyses of Investments 
 
 
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 16 
 
Questions for 
 Commercial Indexes 
 
 Student's name Per cent 
 
 Teacher's name Hour reciting Date 
 
 Have you read the directions on the first page of this sheet? Answer j-es or no. "S 
 
 l^In what part of a city directory could a list of local hotels be found? ^ 
 
 e 
 s 
 
 2 — If a list of the hotels in each town of a state is desired, what publication should be consulted? ^ 
 3 — If a list of the hotels in the United States is desired, what special directory should be consulted? ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 4 — What book is devoted especially to indicating where mailing lists of business firms engaged J^ 
 in almost any kind of business can be found? a; 
 
 'Zm 
 
 5 — a. Does the rating of "A" in the Thomas register indicate the reliability of the firm, or a "^ 
 certain capital invested? eu 
 
 b. Does the rating of "A" in the Moody Investors Service indicate capital invested or ^ 
 
 safety of purchase of stocks and bonds? 
 
 c. Does the Hendricks register give ratings? 
 
 6 — Which of the publications mentioned in the last question would give the name of the president 
 
 of the Shredded Wheat Biscuit Company, and a brief history of the firm? « 
 
 7 — Which of the publications mentioned in question 5 would give a list of firms engaged in the « 
 
 manufacturing of tvpewriters in the United States under the word "typewTiters"? ^ 
 
 8 — Give the surname for each of the credit rating books which are not open to the public, and — 
 can be consulted only by subscribers. g. 
 
 9 — Give tie surname of the book which classifies the leading firms of the world under the article ^ 
 manufactured or the business conducted, the title of which is, Directory of merchants, "^ 
 
 shippers, and manufacturers of the world. ^ 
 
 I 
 
 10 — a. Give the surname of the Newspaper annual a7id directory explained in the text. i^ 
 
 O 
 
 b . Is this directory arranged under the names of the papers and magazines, or under -o 
 the states and towns in which they are issued? .£ 
 
 c Should the body of this directory, or an index to an appendix, be consulted to find Jo 
 
 what papers are devoted to certain interests; drugs, for example? C 
 
 V 
 
 Xi 
 
 d. To what word should one first turn in this directory to find the name of the editor ^ 
 
 of the Republican, published in Springfield, Massachusetts? 
 
 e. Give the second word which should be consulted alphabetically for question "d" 
 
 above, and after it the third word. 
 
 11 — a. The reports of what city department should be consulted to determine the expense of 
 policing a city? 
 
 b. Name two places where such reports are usually filed. 
 
Directions for Using 
 Perforated Page of Questions and Key 
 
 Which appear on the reverse side of this cover 
 
 The questions which appear on the reverse side of this cover, on a perforated 
 colored sheet, are not difficult, detailed or "catchy." They are intended to 
 emphasize important points and to systematize the work for class records. The 
 answers, which can easily be given after the text has been carefully read, should 
 be written, from memory, in the blank spaces under the questions, preferably in 
 class time unless directed to do otherwise by the one in charge of the work. 
 
 The perforated sheet should be torn out in the presence of the one conduct- 
 ing the class and only after it has been filled in. When directed to remove the 
 questions, insert pencil in the hole and rip around the perforated edges. 
 
 A key,, by means of which the work can be checked, is printed on the cover 
 under the question page, but is not revealed until after the question page is 
 removed. This key consists of the same questions, with the correct answer 
 to each printed below it. 
 
 The value of each question, on the scale of 100, is indicated after the answer 
 in the key. By means of this key, students could correct their own or each 
 other's work in a few moments, in case the librarian or teacher could not take 
 the extra time to do so. 
 
 If the one who corrects the paper finds an incorrect answer, the amount to be 
 deducted should be placed on the outer right-hand margin, near the mistake. 
 These amounts should be added, the sum subtracted from 100, and the result 
 placed after the word "Per cent." at the top of the sheet. 
 
 The questions are asked in such a way as to admit of very little variety in the 
 wording of the answers. However, if the wording of a written answer is mani- 
 festly correct, and perfectly clear, but not exactly like the printed answer, of 
 course no deduction should be made. Do not deduct for spelling, nor for 
 abbreviated statements if they are perfectly clear. 
 
 If the one who corrects a paper marks a question wrong which the writer 
 considers correct, the two should examine the key together, or ask advice from 
 the one in charge of the class. 
 
Reference Guides 
 
 That Should be Known and 
 How to Use Them 
 
 By 
 Florence M. Hopkins 
 
 Librarian 
 
 Central High School and Junior College 
 
 Detroit, Michigan 
 
 This Pamphlet Pertains to 
 
 Important Publications of City, State and 
 
 Federal Governments 
 
 TIME REQUIRED 
 
 Two class periods and 
 Preparation of one lesson 
 
 THE WILLARD COMPANY 
 
 479 SIXTH STREET 
 
 DETROIT ' MICHIGAN 
 
Copyright 
 
 by 
 
 FLORENCE M. HOPKINS 
 
 1919 
 
Foreword 
 
 This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
 series constitutes a second edition of "Reference guides that should be known and 
 how to use them," wtich first appeared in 1916 as a text book for high and normal 
 schools. 
 
 The revision treats important phases of reference work in separate pamphlets, 
 thus making it possible to grade the work, or to select the pamphlets best fitted to 
 meet individual needs. Generally speaking, any one of the pamphlets can be 
 completed in two class periods plus time for the preparation of one lesson be- 
 tween recitations. 
 
 The entire course could be completed by advanced students in five or six 
 weeks of one class and study period per day. The work can also be scattered 
 in different years. If one subject per term were given in consecutive order to 
 English classes, in high schools, beginning with the B8 of junior high and ex- 
 tending through the A12 of senior high, the work could be covered in two or 
 three class and study periods per term; or, if familiarity with reference books is 
 desired early in the school course, the most important subjects could be crowded 
 into the early high school grades. The order in which the subjects of the pamph- 
 lets are listed below suggests a logical sequence, whether the work is given 
 slowly or rapidly or to lower or to upper grade students. 
 
 1 — Webster's New International Dictionary 
 
 2 — New Standard Dictionary 
 
 3 — Encyclopaedias 
 
 4 — Parts of a book 
 
 5 — ^Atlases; city directories; gazetteers 
 
 6 — Concordances 
 
 7 — Library classification and card catalogue 
 
 8 — Indexes to periodical literature; debates 
 
 9 — Year-books 
 10 — Commercial indexes 
 11 — Important publications of city, state and federal governments 
 
 The inclusion of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes 
 it possible for each student to follow all illustrative examples without making a 
 trip to a library and waiting to have access to the complete reference work. 
 No library will furnish a sufficient number of copies of expensive reference 
 books to supply large classes adequately for detailed study; neither could a 
 library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as badly worn and 
 marked as they would become if many students were required to consult them for 
 prepared lessons. 
 
Experience has proved that the best results can be obtained if the work is 
 begun in regular class reciiaiioas by a librarian or a teacher reading the text 
 with the class. If conducted in this way, no previous preparation will be neces- 
 sary, either by the class or by the one who conducts it. As the reading of the 
 text proceeds, it will be seen that important features of the reference books studied 
 are emphasized by referring to the sample pages embodied in the text. With a 
 little class direction of this kind the students can readily see the plan of the text, 
 and can finish any unread pages independently as an assigned lesson for the next 
 recitation. In classes composed of advanced students, or in cases of absence, 
 the entire work could be done independently. 
 
 The questions on the colored page fastened on the inside of the last cover 
 are designed to emphasize important points and to systematize the work for 
 class records. Blank spaces are left under the questions for the answers. 
 When the questions are assigned as a lesson to be prepared out of class, and 
 the answers are written from memory in the blank spaces during the class 
 recitation following, the points are more thoroughly impressed than they are 
 when the answers are written before coming to class, while having direct access 
 to the text. 
 
 A key, giving the answer to each question, together with its value on the 
 scale of 100, will be found underneath the question sheet when it is removed. 
 By means of this key, students can correct their own or another's work in 
 a few minutes of class time, in case the librarian or teacher cannot give 
 extra time to do so. 
 
 Schools which ask a leading reference question in final examinations find 
 that students give more attention to the work and therefore learn to value its 
 importance. 
 
 The fotlotving paragraphs are taken from the 
 Foreword of the First Edition 
 
 Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
 lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
 "Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools," from the 
 United States Bureau of Education, 1914 — No. 34. 
 
 Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
 have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
 "book-using skill." 
 
 The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
 
 increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
 
 the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 
 
 Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 
 
 and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. 
 
 Every new student should be required to take 
 some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
 handling of Hbrary tools Such a course, more- 
 over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
 of the work required for a degree. 
 
 2 
 
Public Documents 
 
 Public Documents include publications of the nation, state, county and city. 
 Many reports and special pamphlets issued by these governing bodies contain 
 much very valuable material, the general nature of which should be familiar to 
 every person, though most of the reports pertain to statistics, detailed local 
 matters, laws, and other interests by far too cumbersome for examination except 
 by those personally concerned. Reference work among public documents is a 
 branch by itself. However, the plan on which they are issued should be un- 
 derstood, and a few of the main publications made familiar. 
 
 The affairs of government are usually managed by "Boards" or "Com- 
 missions" having charge of different needs, within limited districts, such as 
 Education; Health; Fire; Police; Lighting; Water; and many others. A city, 
 for example, has its own local Board of Education; a county its County Commis- 
 sioner of Education; and a state, its State Board of Education. The United 
 States sustains a Bureau of Education, which receives reports from each state, 
 issues valuable pamphlets, and serves as a center for unifying the educational 
 interests and statistics of the entire country. 
 
 A corresponding sequence is true for health reports; labor reports, and many 
 others. A very close study is made of agricultural interests through state and 
 United States Boards of Agriculture. The Agrictdtural Year-book, which is 
 issued by the United States government in larger numbers than any other one 
 book in the country, contains articles selected from the many publications of 
 the United States Department of Agriculture. This year-book, which is of 
 great value for agricultural subjects, can be found in most public libraries. 
 
 Each individual Board in these vast numbers of cities, counties, and states 
 is making a special study of conditions under its own care, and the United States 
 government a corresponding study for the interests of the country as a nation. 
 Even nations of the world interchange their documents. The great machinery 
 of government is kept in operation through taxes which are collected by tax 
 commissions under local, county and state control. Since public documents do 
 not have to make money and are never advertised, we are apt to forget them, 
 and thereby miss much valuable reference material. 
 
 City Publications 
 
 Many cities publish a manual, free, which indicates how the city is managed, 
 who the officials are in different departments, and many other items. Each de- 
 partment makes a yearly report of expenses and of the work which it has ac- 
 complished. These reports are usually kept on file in local public libraries, as well 
 as in the offices of the city departments themselves. It is interesting to examine 
 local reports occasionally. The number of gallons of water pumped for one's 
 
 3 
 
own city, the miles of water pipe needed to deliver them, and many other items 
 connected with the water supply could be found in the report of the Water Com- 
 mission. The number of fires, their causes, the amount of loss, and other items 
 can be found in the reports of the Fire Commission. The number of pupils in 
 each grade in the city schools, the value of school property, the cost per pupil for 
 instruction could be found in the report of the Board of Education. Almost any 
 item in connection with the government of a locality can be found by consulting 
 the reports of the Board under whose management it falls. The report of what 
 local Board or Commission should be consulted for such information as the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 Number of cases of scarlet fever; 
 
 Number of arrests made or of licenses granted; 
 
 Value of the city parks; 
 
 Number of books in the Public Library. 
 
 State Publications 
 
 Most states publish a volume each legislature giving a general survey of the 
 work carried on by the state issuing it. The titles of these books vary in different 
 states, but one of the following words is usually found in connection with the 
 name of the state — "Manual," "Blue Book," "Red Book," "Directory," "Register." 
 Every citizen should be familiar with the publication issued for his own state. 
 The items included differ slightly in different states, but each one would probably 
 contain : 
 
 a. Constitution of the United States. 
 
 b. Its own state constitution. 
 
 c. Members of the United States Congress. 
 
 d. Members of its own state legislature. 
 
 e. Items of concern in each of its own counties. 
 
 f. State institutions. 
 
 g. Officials in prominent state positions, 
 h. Index at back. 
 
 Reports and publications from such state boards and commissions as the 
 following should be recognized as sources for much valuable information: 
 
 Labor Commission; Library Commission; Bank Commission; Dairy and Food 
 Commission; Insurance Commission; Fish Commission; Board of Agriculture; 
 Board of Education; Board of Health; Board of Corrections and Charities. 
 
 Each state has its own laws published separately, and indexed. 
 
 Monthly List of State Publications 
 
 Aside from their regular official reports, most of these Boards or Commis- 
 sions publish pamphlets containing special investigations made in their own 
 fields. In order to create a center from which such reports can be made known, 
 they are sent to the Library of Congress, in Washington, for record and cata- 
 loguing. They are listed every month under the title, "Monthly list of state 
 publications," and are indexed at the end of the year under author and subject. 
 These reports and publications have a wider range than is generally supposed, as 
 could be seen by consulting this index under such words as "milk," "flies," 
 "birds," "music," "books." 
 
United States Publications 
 
 The work of the United States government is divided into ten departments 
 as follows: 
 
 1. Agriculture 6. Interior 
 
 2. Commerce 7. Navy 
 
 3. Justice 8. Post Office 
 
 4. Labor 9. Treasury 
 
 5. State 10. War 
 
 Most departments are subdivided into bureaus and divisions, each branch 
 of which publishes valuable reports and statistics pertaining to its own subject. 
 
 Reports of investigations; resolutions; petitions; journals, etc., which are 
 closely related to the immediate work of Congress, are issued in a series as 
 "House" and "Senate" documents. These documents when bound are 
 numbered consecutively from Congress to Congress. 
 
 The publications from departments, bureaus, Senate and House fill between 
 three and four hundred large volumes for each Congress. 
 
 It is manifestly impossible to give more than a suggestion of this vast field 
 of work in a brief outline. The following statement, taken from the "Price 
 lists," is a description by the government itself of its own publications: 
 
 ''The government of the United States is the greatest of all publishers of scientific 
 works. It employs thousands of scientists, who are engaged the year round in making 
 researches and investigations in all branches of agriculture, in geology, in mining, in 
 electricity, in chemistry, in astronomy, in engineering, in aviation, in preventive 
 medicine, in forestry, in irrigation, and in almost all other branches of scientific 
 inquiry. 
 
 The results of all these activities, from the most comprehensive and effective 
 organization ever known, are constantly reduced to print and poured out in an inces- 
 sant flood from the LARGEST PRINTING WORKS IN THE WORLD. 
 
 The greater number of them are sold by the Superintendent of Documents, 
 located in the government printing office. The government did not establish this sales 
 office for the purposes of profit, but as a public convenience. The prices charged cover 
 only paper and printing, no charge being made for the services of the statesmen and 
 scientists who are the authors of the astonishingly varied books, pamphlets, periodicals, 
 and maps, and no commissions being allowed to anybody. The documents even have 
 the freedom of the mails and are sent without cost" {postage). 
 
 The Superintendent of Documents is not authorized to supply free copies 
 of the documents themselves, and it is useless to ask him to do so. Frequently, 
 however, individuals, libraries, schools, and other bodies that need these docu- 
 ments for public use can secure certain ones free, from a congressman or from 
 the bureau or department issuing the pubUcation, so long as the "free list" lasts; 
 thereafter they must be paid for, at cost of production, and ordered through the 
 Superintendent of Documents. 
 
Price Lists 
 
 In order to inform the public as to what pubhcations are for sale, the Super- 
 intendent of Documents issues small classified catalogues, known as "Price lists." 
 Each "Price list" enumerates United States government publications pertaining 
 to some one subject, and indicates the price for which each publication can be 
 secured. These prices range from a few cents to several dollars. A reproduc- 
 tion of the subjects, as numbered for the "Price Lists," is given herewith. Price 
 Lists will be sent free by the Superintendent of Documents at Washington upon 
 application. As time goes on, no doubt much exceedingly valuable information 
 on the recent war will be classified under Price lists. Much of the material 
 issued by the Public Information Committee will be of permanent value. 
 
 To gain some idea of the range of subjects included in Price lists, read the 
 subjects on the accompanying specimen page for the numbers mentioned below. 
 Lists can be asked for by subjects if the numbers are not known. 
 
 21; 24; 31; 33; 39; 53; 54. 
 
 The paragraph below on Milk is taken from Price number 11, on Foods 
 and Cooking, to illustrate details. What is the title of the article first men- 
 tioned under Milk? It was prepared in what year? How many pages are de- 
 voted to it? It appeared as what number in what publication? The full article 
 can be secured for what price from the Superintendent of Documents? (The 
 number at the end of the line (A 1. 9: 413) is the classification number.) What 
 three articles are listed in the contents? 
 
 In what year-book for what year does the second mentioned article appear? 
 It can be secured, separately, for what price? What other Price Lists are referred 
 to for other articles on Milk? 
 
 MILK. 
 
 Care of milk and Its use in home. 1910. 20 pages. (Farmers' Bulletin 413.) 
 Paper. 5c. A 1.9: 413 
 
 Contents. — Care of milk m tbe home. — Flome pasteurization of milk. — Food 
 value of milk. 
 
 Condensed and desiccated milk. Pages 335 to 344. [From Agriculture Year- 
 book. ] 912.] Paper, 5c. • A 1.10' : 595 
 
 Digestibility of raw. pasteurized, and cooked milk. (In Fiirmers' Bulletin 
 149, pages 27 and 28. Reptint 1909.) Paper. 5c. A 1.9: 149 
 
 Use of milk as food. 1909. 44 pages, illus. (Farmers' Bulletin 363.) Pa- 
 per. 5c. A 1.9: 303 
 
 See also Price lists 38. Animal Industry, and 51, Health. Disease, and Sanita- 
 
 tiOD. 
 
PRICE IISTS AND LEAFLETS 
 
 Descriptive lists of United States public documents relating to special sub- 
 jects that are for sale by tbe Superintendent of Documents at Washington are 
 eent on application. The numbers and subjects of the lists available follow : 
 
 PRICE LISTS 
 
 10. Laws of United States. 
 
 15. Geological Survey publications. 
 
 It!. Secretary's Office Agriculture 
 Dept. List of Farmers' bulle- 
 tins. Agriculture Department 
 Reports, and Yearbooks, includ- 
 ing publications on miscellane- 
 ous agricultural subjects. 
 
 18. Engineering: Mechanics. Publica- 
 
 tions relating to mining, fuel- 
 testing, electricity, river and 
 harbor improvements, etc. 
 
 19. Army and Navy. Publications of 
 
 War and Navy Departments and 
 documents relating to the Army 
 and Navy. 
 
 20. Lands. Publications of General 
 
 Land Office, and other documents 
 relating to conservation, drain- 
 age, forest reservations, and irri- 
 gation. 
 
 21. Fishes. 
 
 24. Indians. 
 
 25. Transportation. Publications of 
 
 Interstate Commerce Commis- 
 sion, and other documents relat- 
 ing to -.roads, railroads, inland 
 waterways, and shipping. 
 28. Finance. Publications of the 
 Treasury Department and Na- 
 tional Monetary Commission, and 
 other documents on banking, cur- 
 rency, etc. 
 
 31. Education. 
 
 32. Noncontiguous territory. Publica- 
 
 tions on Alaska, Canal Zone. 
 Cuba. Guam, Hawaii, Philippine 
 Islands, and Porto Rico. 
 
 33. Labor questions. 
 
 35. Geography and explorations. Pub- 
 
 lications of Coast and Geodetic 
 Survey, and Government explora- 
 tions in the West and in foreign 
 countries. 
 
 36. Periodicals published by various 
 
 Government bureaus. 
 
 37. Tariff. 
 
 38. Animal Industry Bureau. Publica- 
 
 tions relating to domestic ani- 
 mals, poultry, and dairy industry. 
 
 48. 
 
 50. 
 
 57. 
 
 Biological Survey. Publications 
 relating to birds and harmful 
 animals. 
 
 Chemistry Bureau. Publications 
 on chemical analyses of food and 
 drug products. 
 
 Entomology Bureau. Publications 
 on insects. 
 
 Experiment Stations Office. Pub- 
 lications relating to nutrition, 
 drainage and irrigation investi' 
 gations, and agriculture exten- 
 sion work. 
 
 Forest Service. Publications ou 
 trees, lumber, wood preservation^ 
 and forest management. 
 
 Plant Industry Bureau. Publica- 
 tions on seed selectloii, breeding, 
 and diseases of economic plants. 
 
 Public Roads Office. Publications 
 on experiments with road mate- 
 rials and in road building. 
 
 Soils. 
 
 Statistics Bureau, Agriculture De- 
 partment. 
 
 Weather Bureau. Publications on 
 weather forecasts and statistics 
 of temperature, rainfall, and 
 river stages. 
 
 American History Publications on 
 politicil and military history of 
 the United States and diplomatic 
 relations with foreign countries. 
 
 Health and hygiene. Publications 
 on dietary studies, milk supply, 
 food adulteration, sanitation, and 
 disease. 
 
 Poultry: Birds. 
 
 Mai)s published by various Govern- 
 ment bureaus. 
 
 Political economy. Publications on 
 immigration, corporations, initi- 
 ative and referendum, recall, etc. 
 
 National Museum publications. 
 
 Smithsonian Institution publica- 
 tions, including publications of 
 Ethnology Bureau and American 
 Historical As.sociation. 
 
 Astronomical papers of the Naval 
 Observatory. 
 
 The foregoing by no means embrace all the subjects treated in public docu- 
 ments. If you fail to see here what you want, send your inquiries to tbe^ 
 Superintendent of Documents and they will be answered. 
 
 WMhington: Government Printing Ofllce: Xay, 1913.. 
 
Document Catalogue: Monthly Catalogue: Check List 
 
 Every other year since 1895, each Congress has prepared a complete cata- 
 logue of all publications issued during its sessions, under the title Document 
 catalogue. Each one of these catalogues is a large volume over half the size of a 
 Webster dictionary. Each one gives in alphabetical order by subject and author 
 a guide to what has been published by the United States government for the 
 Congress indicated on the back. These catalogues are to the United States 
 government publications what the Readers' guide and other magazine indexes 
 are to magazine articles. Their great value is not understood as fully as it should 
 be. As the catalogues index practically everything, by subject and author, they 
 necessarily contain much material which is of little or no service to the general 
 public, as well as much that is of great value. 
 
 Each month all of the current reports are indexed, under departments, in 
 the "Monthly catalogue," which keeps the Document catalogue up to date. 
 
 A publication known as Check List gives a complete list of documents ar- 
 ranged by departments. 
 
 The Following Specimen Entry Under Mosquitoes, in Volume 10 of the 
 Document Catalogue, is Used as an Illustration 
 
 Mosquitoes. 
 
 Currie, D. H. Mosquitoes in relation to transmission of leprosy (with 
 bibliography). (In Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. 
 Public health bulletin 39. Sept., 1910, p. 3-19.) 
 
 What is the title of the article? What office issues it as a bulletin number 
 what? What date? How many pages does it contain? Articles are also indexed 
 under author; under what name, therefore, would this, and any other articles for 
 this catalogue by this author, appear? "With bibliography" means that it con- 
 tains a list of references. 
 
 The next article under "mosquitoes" gives as one of the references the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 S. doc. 822, p. 239-'450. 61st Cong., 3rd sess., in v. 61; 5919. 
 
 This refers to Senate document number what? Pages? Congress and session? 
 Volume for this Congress? 5919 is the large serial number on the back of the 
 volume, regardless of the Congress. 
 
 One of the entries under "Beans" reads as follows: 
 
 Beans. 
 
 Dubois, W. L. Analyses of canned peas and beans, showing compo- 
 sition of different grades. Mar. 28, 1910. 9 p. (Chemistry Bureau. 
 Circular 54.) 
 
 Under what Bureau was it issued? As circular number what? And at what 
 date? How many pages in the article? What subject is of as much importance 
 in the article as "beans"? It would, therefore, be entered again under what 
 other word? What entry will it have besides subject; and, therefore, under 
 what name? 
 
Miscellaneous Publications Which Should Be Known 
 
 From the almost limitless number of United States Public Documents, at 
 least those mentioned below should be known for purposes of general reference. 
 Read the description of each one carefully. 
 
 Congressional Directory 
 
 Directory of the members of Congress; official duties of the depart- 
 ments of the government; foreign consuls; many other items connected 
 with the government. 
 
 Contents in the front, arranged alphabetically, to serve as an index. 
 
 Congressional Record 
 
 A daily record of the speeches and proceedings of Congress while 
 it is in session. 
 
 Indexed every two weeks; index fully cumulated every Congress. 
 
 Action taken regarding Senate or House bills can be traced by 
 the numbers of the bills at the back. 
 
 Statistical Abstract 
 
 A valuable one volume yearly abstract of many volumes of statis- 
 tics, compiled from the different departmeni s. 
 
 Census Abstract: Statistical Atlas 
 
 A complete census of the United States is taken every ten years. The re- 
 turns of each census are issued in many large volumes. For general reference, 
 the many details are condensed in two ways; by tables, in the Census abstract; 
 and by a color and chart scheme for showing statistics, in the Statistical 
 atlas. 
 
 Selected Publications Indexed in Magazine Indexes 
 
 The publications mentioned below are of such value that the H. W. Wilson 
 Co. index them in their different guides as regularly as they do magazines. Read 
 the lists carefully, as they indicate the publications which are the most practical 
 for general needs, and those which every citizen should know about. 
 
 In the Readers' Guide are indexed : 
 
 Farmers' Bulletins; Agricultural Year-book; Bureau of Education Bulletins; 
 Bureau of Labor Bulletins. 
 
 In Industrial Arts are indexed : 
 
 Department of Agriculture Bulletins; Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com- 
 merce, Special Agents Series; Bureau of Mines — Bulletins, Miners' Circular, 
 Technical Papers; Bureau of Standards — Bulletins, Circulars, Technical Papers; 
 Special Consular Reports. 
 
 In Public Affairs Information Service are indexed : 
 
 Miscellaneous publications too varied to mention. 
 
National Library Service 
 
 It is proposed to create a National Library Service, for progressive readjust- 
 ment and for the purpose of making more available the educative resources of 
 the Government. Headquarters, National Library Service, Bureau of Educa- 
 tion, Washington, D. C. 
 
 National Manuals 
 
 Many nations publish a kind of government year-book or manual giving 
 the names of those employed in army, navy, post offices, and other positions, 
 together with miscellaneous information. In Great Britain, the publication is 
 called the Blue Book; in France, the Yellow Book; in Italy, the Green Book; in 
 United States, the Official Register {Blue Book). 
 
 Study of Specimen Entries 
 
 The specimen pages following are taken from a Statistical abstract, to illus- 
 trate the variety of items included in that publication. A Statistical abstract is 
 issued each year. 
 
 Consult the table headed "Education" and give the following: 
 Total expenditures for schools in the United States for the years 1871 and 
 1916. 
 
 Total number of teachers in 1900. 
 
 Number enrolled in the public schools in 1875. 
 
 Consult the table headed "Annual Average Export Prices of Leading Articles 
 of Domestic Production," and find the following: 
 Price of butter per pound at ports in 1893; 1917. 
 Price of anthracite coal per ton in 1893; 1896. 
 Price of bacon per pound in 1907; 1917. 
 
 Consult the table headed "Cities Having 60,000 Inhabitants or Over in 1917 " 
 and find the following: 
 
 Cities which had 50,000 inhabitants or over in 1850. 
 
 Between what decades the following cities jumped from under 50,000 in- 
 habitants to over: Washington; Omaha; Tampa, Duluth; Denver; Berkeley. 
 
 Consult the table headed "Summary of Strikes in Coal Mines" find the 
 following : 
 
 Number of men on strike in bituminous mines in 1910 and in 1916. 
 
 Consult the table headed "Fire Losses in the United States," and find the 
 following : 
 
 Amount of loss by fire in 1875; in 1916; in 1806. 
 
 Compare the last mentioned table with the one headed Education and tell 
 whether education or fires represent the greater amount for the following years: 
 1879; 1906. 
 
 The last page is a map of the United States showing the increase of popu- 
 lation by states for the census of 1900, as represented in the Statistical atlas 
 of that census. Consult the key in the lower left hand corner, find the shading 
 which represents an increase of less than ten per cent, and name the most 
 western state so shaded. Name the largest state which increased between 30 
 and 50 per cent. What was the per cent of increase for California? For 
 Montana? 
 
 10 
 
EDUCATION. 
 
 No. 71.— STTMMASY OF SCHOOL POPULATION,* 1871 TO 191G: Enrollment, 
 Attendance, Superintendents and Teachers Employed in, and Expenditures 
 FOR, Public Schools.^ 
 
 [Source: Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior.] 
 
 
 Population, 
 
 6 to 18 
 
 years of 
 
 age.» 
 
 Pupils. 
 
 Teachers. 
 
 
 School 
 year. 
 
 Number 
 
 enrolled in 
 
 public 
 
 schools. 
 
 Average 
 
 daily 
 
 attendance. 
 
 Male.. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Salaries of 
 superintend- 
 ents and 
 teachers. 
 
 Total 
 expendi- 
 ture. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 12,305,600 
 12,565,600 
 12. 833, 700 
 13,112,900 
 13,405,200 
 
 7,561,582 
 7,815,30? 
 8,003,614 
 8,444,251 
 8,785,678 
 
 4,545,817 
 
 4,668,844 
 4,745,459 
 6,050,840 
 6,248,114 
 
 90,293 
 94,992 
 97,790 
 103,465 
 108,791 
 
 129, 932 
 134,929 
 139,723 
 144,982 
 149,074 
 
 220,226 
 229,921 
 237, 613 
 248,447 
 257,865 
 
 42,580,853 
 46,935,681 
 47,932,050 
 50,785,656 
 54,722,250 
 
 69,107,612 
 74,234,476 
 76, 238, 464 
 80,054,286 
 83,504,007 
 
 1876...... 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 13,708,000 
 14, 026,£00 
 14,350,000 
 14,702,800 
 15,066,-?67 
 
 8,869,115 
 8,965,006 
 9,438,883 
 9,604,458 
 9,867,605 
 
 5,291,876 
 6,426,59& 
 6,783,065 
 5,876,077 
 6, 144, 143 
 
 109,780 
 114,312 
 119,404 
 121,490 
 122,795 
 
 149, 838 
 152, 738 
 157,743 
 158,840 
 163,798 
 
 259,618 
 267,060 
 277,147 
 280,330 
 286, 593 
 
 55,368,166 
 54,973,776 
 56,155,133 
 64,639,731 
 65,942,972 
 
 J83, 032,578 
 79,439,826 
 79,083,260 
 76,192,375 
 78,094,687 
 
 1881 
 
 3882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884...... 
 
 1885 
 
 15,379,290 
 15,704,660 
 16,044,410 
 16,401,280 
 16,773,ia0 
 
 10,000,896 
 10, 211, 678 
 10,651,828 
 10,982,364 
 11,398,024 
 
 6,145,932 
 6, 331, 242 
 6,652,892 
 7,065,696 
 7,297,629 
 
 122,611 
 118,892 
 116, 388 
 118,905 
 121,702 
 
 171,349 
 180, 187 
 188,001 
 195, 110 
 204,164 
 
 293,860 
 299, 079 
 304, 389 
 314,015 
 325,916 
 
 58,012,463 
 60,594,933 
 64,798,859 
 68,384,275 
 72,878,993 
 
 83,642,964 
 88,990,486 
 96,750,003 
 103,212,837 
 110,328,376 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 1888...... 
 
 1890::::" 
 
 17,122,060 
 17,482,020 
 17,827,310 
 18, 168, 580 
 18,513,201 
 
 11,664,460 
 11,884,944 
 12,182,600 
 12,392,260 
 12, 722, 581 
 
 7,626,351 
 7,681,806 
 7,906,986 
 8,005,969 
 8,163,635 
 
 123, 792 
 127,093 
 126,240 
 124, 467 
 125,625 
 
 207, 601 
 212, 367 
 220, 894 
 232,110 
 238,397 
 
 331,393 
 339, 400 
 847,134 
 356,577 
 363,922 
 
 76, 270, 434 
 78, 639, 964 
 83,022,562 
 87, 568, 306 
 91,836,484 
 
 113, 322, 545 
 115,783,890 
 124,244,911- 
 132,539,783 
 140,506,715 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 18,897,076 
 19,194,233 
 19, 620, 964 
 20,137,521 
 20,440,479 
 
 13, 060, 132 
 13, 255, 921 
 13,483,310 
 13,996,357 
 14,243,765 
 
 8,408,323 
 8, 660, 603 
 8,837,199 
 9,263,360 
 9,648,722 
 
 123,360 
 121,673 
 122, 472 
 126,402 
 129,706 
 
 245,028 
 252, 053 
 260,278 
 263,547 
 268,336 
 
 368, 388 
 374,226 
 382, 750 
 388,949 
 398,042 
 
 96,303,069 
 100,298,2.56 
 104,560,3.39 
 109,202,405 
 113,872,388 
 
 147,494,809 
 155,817,012 
 164,171,057 
 172,502,843 
 17.5,809,279 
 
 1890 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 20, 863, 807 
 21,114,812 
 21,572,114 
 21,917,865 
 21,404,322 
 
 14,498,956 
 14,823,059 
 15,103,874 
 15,176,219 
 15,503,110 
 
 9, 781, 475 
 10,052,654 
 10, 356, 458 
 10, 328, 396 
 10,632,772 
 
 130,873 
 131, 221 
 132,257 
 181,207 
 126,588 
 
 269,923 
 273,737 
 278,-556 
 283,065 
 ^>96,474 
 
 400,296 
 404,958 
 410,813 
 414,272 
 423,062 
 
 117,139,641 
 119,310,503 
 124,192,270 
 129,345,873 
 137, 687, 746 
 
 183, 498, 965 
 187,682,269 
 194,292,911 
 200,154,597 
 214, 964, 618 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1903 
 
 1904 
 
 1905 
 
 21,982,797 
 22, 278, 693 
 22, 055, 001 
 23, 028, 748 
 23,410.800 
 
 15,688,602 
 15,917,385 
 15, 999, 717 
 16, 256, 038 
 16,468,30q 
 
 10,714,613 
 11,064,164 
 11,053,158 
 11,318,256 
 11,481,531 
 
 126,491 
 120,883 
 116, 72a 
 113,744 
 110,682 
 
 805,292 
 320,936 
 833,144 
 841,498 
 349, 737 
 
 431,783 
 441,819 
 449,864 
 456,242 
 460,269 
 
 143,286,204 
 151,443,081 
 157,635,732 
 167, 824, 753 
 177,462,981 
 
 227,465,664 
 238,262,299 
 262,804,081 
 273,216,227 
 291,616,660 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908....... 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 23, 792, 723 
 24,262,936 
 24,613,708 
 24,239,820 
 24,360,888 
 
 16,641,970 
 16,890,818 
 17,061,962 
 17,606,175 
 17,813,862 
 
 11,712,300 
 11,925,672 
 12, 154. 172 
 12,684,837 
 12,827,307 
 
 109,179 
 104,414 
 104,495 
 108,800 
 110,481 
 
 356,884 
 376,902 
 390, 968 
 398, 153 
 412,729 
 
 . 466,063 
 481,316 
 495, 463 
 606,453 
 623,210 
 
 186,483,464 
 202,047,814 
 219, 780, 123 
 237,013,913 
 «263,916,470 
 
 807,765,659 
 336,898,333 
 371,344,410 
 401,397,747 
 426,250,434 
 
 1911 
 
 1912 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916..... 
 
 24,745,562 
 25,167,446 
 2.5,587,331 
 26,002,153 
 26,425,100 
 26,846,976 
 
 18,035,118 
 18,182,937 
 18,609,040 
 19,153,786 
 19,693,007 
 20,351,687' 
 
 12,871.980 
 13,302.303 
 13,613,656 
 14,216,459 
 14,964,886 
 15,358,927 
 
 110,328 
 114,559 
 113,213 
 114,602 
 118,435 
 1^,038 
 
 423,278 
 432, 730 
 452,270 
 465,3% 
 485,506 
 499,333 
 
 633,606 
 647,289 
 665,483 
 680,058 
 604,001 
 622,371 
 
 '266,678,471 
 < 284,^5, 162 
 <.-^04, 431,681 
 « 323, 610 915 
 < 344, 668, 690 
 <364,789,265 
 
 446,726,929 
 482,886,793 
 621,546,375 
 655,077,146 
 605,460,785 
 640,717,003 
 
 • Includes public, graded, and high schools, hut excludes private schools. 
 ».Alaska and Hawaii not included. Indian Territory not Included prior to 1901. 
 » Estimated^ except United States census years. 
 « Includes salaries of teachers and principals only. 
 
 32951°— s A 1917- 
 
 -8 
 
 113 
 
 11 
 
ANNUAL AVEEAGE DOMESTIC EXPORT PRICES. 
 
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 12 
 
P0PX7LATI0N OF PRINCIPAL CITIES. 53 
 
 No. 30.— CITIES HAVING 60,000 OB MORE INHABITANTS IN 1917: 
 Population at Each Census, 1850 to 1910, with Estimates for July 1, 1917. 
 
 (Source: Reports of the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce.] 
 
 City. 
 
 1850 
 
 ,1860 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 
 
 1890 
 
 1900 
 
 1910 
 
 1917 
 
 
 3,266 
 
 3,477 
 
 10,006 
 69,422 
 
 16,512 
 90,758 
 
 27,601 
 94.923 
 
 42,728 
 94,151 
 
 69,067 
 100,253 
 
 93,604 
 106,632 
 
 Albany, N.Y 
 
 60,703 
 
 62,367 
 
 Allentowu, Pa...' 
 
 3,779 
 
 8,025 
 
 13,884 
 
 18,003 
 
 25,228 
 
 35,416 
 
 51,913 
 
 65,109 
 
 
 
 3,591 
 9,554 
 
 10,610 
 21,789 
 
 19, 710 
 37,409 
 
 30,337 
 65,533 
 
 38,973 
 89, 872 
 
 
 59,712 
 190,144 
 
 Atlanta, Ga ..... 
 
 2,572 
 
 154,839 
 
 Atlantic City, N.J... 
 
 
 
 1,043 
 
 5^,477 
 
 13,055 
 
 27,838 
 
 46, 150 
 
 59;515 
 
 Augusta, Qa 
 
 (') 
 
 12,493 
 
 15,389 
 
 21,891 
 
 33,300 
 
 39,441 
 
 41,040 
 
 50 642 
 
 Baltimore, Md 
 
 Bavonne, N. J . .... 
 
 169,054 
 
 212,418 
 
 207,354 
 
 332,313 
 
 434,439 
 
 508, 957 
 
 558.485 
 
 594,637 
 
 
 
 
 9,372 
 
 19,033 
 5,101 
 
 32, 722 
 13,214 
 
 55.545 
 40,434 
 
 72,204 
 60,427 
 
 Berkeley, Cal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,325 
 
 
 17,317 
 
 3.086 
 
 35,005 
 26, 178 
 
 39,647 
 244,000 
 
 48,443 
 132,085 
 
 54,864 
 189,716 
 
 Birmingham, Ala 
 
 ,^ 
 
 
 Boston, Mass 
 
 136,881 
 
 177,840- 
 
 250,526 
 
 302,839 
 
 448,477 
 
 500,892 
 
 670,585 
 
 767,813 
 
 Bridgeport, Conn.... 
 
 3 7,500 
 
 3 13, 299 
 
 18, %9 
 
 27,643 
 
 48,806 
 
 70,996 
 
 102,054 
 
 124,724 
 
 Brockton, Mass 
 
 3,939 
 
 6>584 
 
 8,007 
 
 13,608 
 
 27,294 
 
 '10,003 
 
 50,878 
 
 69,152 
 
 Buffalo, N.Y 
 
 42,201 
 
 81,129 
 
 117,714 
 
 155, 134 
 
 255, 604 
 
 352,387 
 
 423,715 
 
 475,781 
 
 Cambridge, Mass 
 
 Camden, N.J 
 
 15,215 
 
 26,060 
 14,358 
 
 39,634 
 
 52,609 
 
 70,028 
 
 91,880 
 
 104,839 
 
 114,293 
 
 9,479 
 
 20,045 
 
 41,659 
 
 58,313 
 
 75,935 
 
 94,538 
 
 108,117 
 
 Canton, Ohio 
 
 2,603 
 
 4,041 
 
 8,660 
 
 12, 258 
 
 26, 189 
 
 30, 007 
 
 50,217 
 
 02,566 
 
 Charleston, S. C 
 
 42,985 
 
 40,522 
 
 48,956 
 
 49, 984 
 
 54,955 
 
 55,807 
 
 68,833 
 
 61,041 
 
 Chattanooga, Tenn.. 
 
 
 
 6,093 
 
 12,892 
 
 29,100 
 
 30, 154 
 
 44,004 
 
 61,575 
 
 Chjcago,Ill.. 
 
 29,903 
 115,435 
 
 109,260 
 161,014 
 
 298,977 
 210,239 
 
 503 185 
 
 1 099 850 
 
 1,098,575 
 <331,8G6 
 
 2,185,^ 
 363,591 
 
 2,547,201 
 414,248 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 
 
 255, 139 
 
 296, 90S 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio 
 
 17,034 
 
 43,417 
 
 92, 829 
 
 160, 146 
 
 261,353 
 
 6384,111 
 
 500, 603 
 
 692,259 
 
 Columbus, Ohio 
 
 17,882 
 
 18,554 
 
 31,274 
 
 51,047 
 
 88,150 
 
 125,560 
 
 181,511 
 
 220, 135 
 
 Covkigton, Ky 
 
 9,408 
 
 10,471 
 
 24,505 
 
 29, 720 
 
 37,371 
 
 6 46.975 
 
 53,270 
 
 59, 623 
 
 Dallas, Tex 
 
 
 
 
 10,358 
 
 38,007 
 
 ' 46, 268 
 
 92, 104 
 
 129, 73S 
 
 Dayton, Ohio j: 
 
 10,977 
 
 20,081 
 
 30,473 
 
 38,078 
 
 61,220 
 
 85,333 
 
 116,577 
 
 128,939 
 
 
 
 
 4,759 
 12,035 
 79,577 
 
 35,629 
 22,408 
 116, .340 
 
 106,713 
 50,093 
 205,870 
 
 « 140, 472 
 
 213,381 
 80,308 
 405,706 
 
 208,439 
 104,052 
 619,048 
 
 
 
 3,965 
 45,619 
 
 Detroit, Mich 
 
 21,019 
 
 2 290,277 
 
 Duluth, Mmn 
 
 
 80 
 
 3,131 
 
 »838 
 
 33,115 
 
 52, %9 
 
 78,466 
 58,547 
 
 
 EastSt. Louis, 111... 
 
 
 
 5,644 
 
 9,185 
 
 15,109 
 
 »0 30,710 
 
 77 312 
 
 Elizabeth, N. J 
 
 
 11,567 
 
 20,832 
 
 28,229 
 
 37, 764 
 
 52, 130 
 
 73,409 
 
 88,830 
 
 EI Paso, Tex 
 
 ^"^.S 
 
 (») 
 
 (") 
 
 730 
 
 10,338 
 
 15,906 
 
 39,279 
 
 09,149 
 
 
 9,419 
 11,484 
 
 19,646 
 21,830 
 
 
 
 
 60,525 
 69,047 
 
 76,592 
 76,981 
 
 Evansville,lnd 
 
 3,235 
 
 29,280 
 
 50, 756 
 
 69, 007 
 
 Fall River, Mass 
 
 11,524 
 
 14,026 
 
 20, 706 
 
 48,961 
 
 74,398 
 
 104,803 
 
 119,295 
 
 129,828 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 38,550 
 03,933 
 
 57,386 
 73,014 
 
 FortWavne.Iud.... 
 
 4,282 
 
 (") 
 
 17,718 
 
 26,880 
 
 35^393 
 
 45,115 
 
 Fort Worth, Tex.... 
 
 
 
 
 6,663 
 
 23,076 
 
 26, 688 
 
 73,312 
 112,571 
 
 
 Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 
 2,686 
 
 8,085 
 
 16,507 
 
 32,016 
 
 60,278 
 
 87,565 
 
 132,861 
 
 Harrisburg, Pa 
 
 Hartford, Conn 
 
 7,834 
 
 13,405 
 
 23,104 
 
 30, 702 
 
 39,385 
 
 50, 107 
 
 04, 186 
 
 73, 276 
 
 3 17,966 
 
 3 29,152 
 
 37, 180 
 
 42,015 
 
 53,230 
 
 79,850 
 
 98,915 
 
 112,831 
 
 
 
 
 20, 297 
 10, 733 
 
 
 43,648 
 35,037 
 
 59, 304 
 45,712 
 
 70,324 
 57,730 
 
 78,324 
 66,503 
 
 Holyoke, Mass 
 
 3,245 
 
 4,997 
 
 21,915 
 
 Houston, Tex 
 
 2,396 
 
 4,845 
 
 9,382 
 
 10,513 
 
 27,557 
 
 44, 633 
 
 78,800 
 
 116,873 
 
 Indiauapolis, Ind 
 
 8,091 
 
 18,011 
 
 48,2)4 
 
 75,056 
 
 105,430 
 
 12170,963 
 
 233, 050 
 
 283,622 
 
 Jacksonville, FJa 
 
 1,045 
 
 2,118 
 
 6,912 
 
 7,650 
 
 17,201 
 
 28,429 
 
 57,699 
 
 79,065 
 
 Jersey City, N. J 
 
 6,856 
 
 29,220 
 
 82,540 
 
 120, 722 
 
 163,003 
 
 206,433 
 
 267, 779 
 
 312,557 
 
 Johnstown, Pa 
 
 1,209 
 
 -.,185 
 
 6,028 
 
 8, .380 
 
 21,805 
 
 1^36,744 
 
 55,482 
 
 70,473 
 
 Kalamazoo, Mich.... 
 
 2,507 
 
 6,070 
 
 9,181 
 
 11,937 
 
 17,853 
 
 24,404 
 
 39,437. 
 
 50,408 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .38,316 
 132,710 
 
 
 82,331 
 248,381 
 
 102,096 
 305,816 
 
 Kansas City, Mo 
 
 
 4,418 
 
 32, 200 
 
 55,785 
 
 "164.745 
 
 Knoxville, Tenn.... 
 
 2,076 
 
 (") 
 
 8,682 
 
 9,093 
 
 22,535 
 
 32,637 
 
 36,340 
 
 59,112 
 
 Lancaster, Pa 
 
 12,309 
 
 17,603 
 
 20,233 
 
 25, 769 
 
 32,011 
 
 41,459 
 
 47,227 
 
 51,437 
 
 Lawrence, Mass . 
 
 8,282 
 
 17,039 
 
 28, 921 
 
 39, 151 
 
 44,054 
 
 62, 559 
 
 85,892 
 
 102.923 
 
 Little Rock, Ark.... 
 
 2,107 
 
 3,727 
 
 12,380 
 
 13, 138 
 
 25,874 
 
 1«33,556 
 
 45,941 
 
 58,716 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal 
 
 1,010 
 
 4,385 
 
 5.728 
 
 11,183 
 
 50,395 
 
 "104,266 
 
 319,198 
 
 535,485 
 
 Louisville, Ky 
 
 43, 194 
 
 08,033 
 
 100, 753 
 
 123, 758 
 
 161,129 
 
 18 205,173 
 
 223,928 
 
 240,808 
 
 ' Not returne \ separately in 1850; in 1852, according to a local census, Augusta had a population of 
 
 '2 Includes population of Ensley city and Pratt City town, annexed in 1910. 
 
 s Population of town; town and city not returned separately. 
 
 < Includes adjacent territory, annexed in 1903 and 1909. 
 
 s Includes South Brooklyn village annexed in 1905. 
 
 •Includes Central Covington and Latonia towns, annexed in 1906 and 1907, respectively. 
 
 'Includes Oak Cliff town, annexed in 1903. 
 
 e Includes Delray village, annexed in 1906. 
 
 9 E.xcludes Duluth village (population 2,645) set apart by act of legislature Feb. 23, 1877, but which 
 again became part of the city by the act of Mar. 2, 1887. 
 
 10 Includes Wmstanley Park village, annexed in 1902. 
 iiNot returned separately. 
 
 >2 Includes Irvington town, annexed in 1902. 
 
 >3 Includes Roxbury Borough, annexed in 1901. 
 
 "Includes Argentine city, annexed in 1910. 
 
 >5 Includes that part of Kaw Township outside of Kansas City, annexed in 1909. 
 
 i« Includes ward 8, taken to form a part of Argenta City in 1904. 
 
 " Includes San Pedro city, annexed in 1904. 
 
 w Includes Crescent Hill town, annexed in 1900. 
 
 13 
 
64 
 
 POPULATION OF PRINCIPAL CITIES. 
 
 No. 30. — CiTiE3 Havinq 50,000 or More Inhabitants in 1917: Population at 
 Each Census, 1850 to 1910, with Estimates fohTJuly 1, 1917— Continued. 
 
 Lowell, Mass 
 
 Lynn, Mass , 
 
 Maiden, Mass , 
 
 Manchester, N. H.... 
 
 Memphis, Tenn , 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis , 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn. . . , 
 
 Mobile, Ala .• , 
 
 Nashville, Tenn , 
 
 Newark, N.J 
 
 New Bedford, Mass... 
 New Britain, Conn. . . 
 New Haven, Conn..., 
 
 New Orleans, La 
 
 New York, N.Y.^.., 
 
 Manhattan 
 
 Bronx 
 
 Brooklyn 
 
 Queens , 
 
 . Richmond 
 
 Norfolk, Va 
 
 Oakland, Cal 
 
 OklahomaCity, Okla. 
 
 Omaha. Nebr 
 
 Passaic, N. J 
 
 Paterson, N. J. ... 
 
 Pawtucket, R.I 
 
 Peoria, 111 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa.s... . 
 
 Portland, Me 
 
 Portland, Greg 
 
 Providence. R. I 
 
 Pueblo, Colo ^.. 
 
 Beading, Pa 
 
 Richmond, Va , 
 
 Rochester, N. Y 
 
 Rockford.Ill , 
 
 Sacramento, Cal 
 
 Saginaw, Mich 
 
 St. Joseph, Mo 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 
 
 St. Paul, Minn 
 
 Salt LakeCity, Utah., 
 
 ^an Antonio, Tex 
 
 Ban Diego, Cal 
 
 San Francisco, Cal 
 
 Savannah, Ga , 
 
 Schenectady, N. Y.., 
 
 Scranton. Pa 
 
 Seattle, Wash 
 
 Sioux City, Iowa 
 
 Somerville, Mass... . 
 
 South Bcnd.Ind 
 
 Spokane, Wash 
 
 Springfield, 111 
 
 Springfield, Mass 
 
 Springfield, Ohio . . . 
 
 Syracuse, Nt Y 
 
 Tacoma, Wash 
 
 Tampa, Fla 
 
 33,333 
 14,257 
 
 3,620 
 13,932 
 
 8,841 
 20,061 
 
 20,515 
 10,105 
 
 18,443 
 
 36,827 
 19,083 
 
 5,865 
 20,107 
 22,623 
 45,246 
 
 2,564 
 29,258 
 16,988 
 71,941 
 22.300 
 
 * 20,345 
 116,375 
 696,115 
 515,547 
 8.032 
 138,882 
 18,593 
 15,C01 
 14,326 
 
 3,753 
 
 5,095 
 
 121,376 
 
 67,863 
 20, 815 
 
 41,513 
 
 15, 743 
 27,570 
 3d, 403 
 
 6,820 
 
 3,488 
 
 (10) 
 
 "34,776 
 15,312 
 8,921 
 
 3,540 
 1,652 
 
 4,533 
 11,766 
 
 5,108 
 22,271 
 
 '974 
 
 * 39, 267 
 
 168,675 
 1,174,779 
 
 813,669 
 23,593 
 
 279,122 
 32,903 
 25, 492 
 14,620 
 1,543 
 
 l,i 
 
 19,586 
 4,200 
 
 14, 045 
 565,529 
 
 77,923 
 
 26,341 
 2,874 
 
 SO, 600 
 
 23,162 
 37,910 
 48,204 
 6,979 
 13,785 
 
 8^932 
 160,773 
 10, 401 
 8.236 
 8,235 
 731 
 56, 802 
 22. 292 
 9,579 
 9,223 
 
 9,320 
 15, 199 
 
 7,002 
 28, 119 
 
 (10) 
 
 40,928 
 28,233 
 7,367 
 23,536 
 40,226 
 71,440 
 13,066 
 32,034 
 25,865 
 105,059 
 21,320 
 
 ♦ 50, 840 
 
 191,418 
 , 478, 103 
 
 942,292 
 37,393 
 
 419,921 
 45,468 
 33,029 
 19,229 
 10,500 
 
 10,083 
 
 33,579 
 6,619 
 22,849 
 074,022 
 139.256 
 31,413 
 8,293 
 68,904 
 
 33,930 
 51,038 
 62,380 
 11,049 
 16,283 
 
 7,460 
 19,505 
 310,864 
 20,030 
 12,854 
 12,256 
 
 2,300 
 149,473 
 28,235 
 11,026 
 35,092 
 
 1,107 
 
 3,401 
 14,685 
 
 7,206 
 
 17,364 
 20,703 
 12,652 
 43,051 
 
 59, 475 
 38,274 
 12,017 
 32,630 
 33,592 
 115,587 
 46,887 
 29,132 
 43,350 
 136,508 
 26,845 
 11,800 
 ♦ 62,882 
 216,090 
 1,9U,698 
 1,164,673 
 61,980 
 599, 495 
 56,559 
 38,991 
 21,966 
 34,555 
 
 30,518 
 6,532 
 51,031 
 19,030 
 29,259 
 
 847,170 
 
 2.35,071 
 33,810 
 17,577 
 
 104,857 
 3,217 
 43,278 
 63, 600 
 89,366 
 13,129 
 21,420 
 10,525 
 32,431 
 
 360,518 
 41,473 
 20,768 
 20,550 
 2,637 
 
 233, 959 
 30,709 
 13,655 
 45,850 
 3,533 
 7,306 
 24,933 
 13,280 
 
 19,743 
 33,340 
 20,730 
 51,792 
 
 720 
 
 77,696 
 65,727 
 23,031 
 44,126 
 64,495 
 
 204,468 
 
 1M,738 
 31,076 
 76,168 
 
 181,830 
 40,733 
 16,519 
 81,298 
 
 242,039 
 
 2.507,414 
 
 1,441,216 
 
 83,908 
 
 838,547 
 87,050 
 51,693 
 34,871 
 48,082 
 4,151 
 
 140,452 
 13,028 
 78,347 
 27,633 
 41,024 
 1,046,964 
 
 343,904 
 36,425 
 46,385 
 
 132, 146 
 24,558 
 53, 661 
 81^388 
 
 133,890 
 23,584 
 26,386 
 46,322 
 62, 324 
 
 451,770 
 
 133, 156 
 44,843 
 37,673 
 16,159 
 
 298,997 
 43, 189 
 19, 902 
 75,215 
 42,837 
 37,806 
 40,152 
 21,819 
 19, 922 
 24, %3 
 44, 179 
 31,895 
 88, 143 
 36,006 
 5,532 
 
 94,969 
 68,513 
 33,664 
 56,987 
 1102,647 
 285,315 
 
 202, ns 
 
 342,008 
 80, 805 
 3 248,849 
 62, 442 
 28,202 
 
 108,027 
 
 287, 104 
 3,437,202 
 1,850,093 
 
 200,507 
 1,166.582 
 
 152, 999 
 67,021 
 •51,612 
 66, 900 
 10,037 
 
 102,555 
 27,777 
 
 105,171 
 39,231 
 
 '58,458 
 
 I 293 697 
 
 '462! 801 
 
 50,145 
 
 90,426 
 
 175,597 
 28,157 
 78,901 
 
 ♦94,765 
 
 162, 608 
 31,051 
 29,282 
 42,345 
 
 102,979 
 
 575,2.38 
 
 163,065 
 53,531 
 53,321 
 17,700 
 
 342,782 
 54, 244 
 31,682 
 
 102,026 
 •2 86,146 
 33,111 
 61,643 
 35,999 
 36. .343 
 »3 35,328 
 62,059 
 38,253 
 
 108,374 
 
 37.714 
 
 « 16,387 
 
 105,294 
 89,336 
 44,404 
 70,063 
 131,105 
 373,857 
 301,408 
 51,521 
 110,364 
 347,469 
 96,652 
 43,916 
 133,605 
 339,075 
 4,766,883 
 2,331,542 
 430,980 
 ,634,351 
 284,041 
 85,909 
 67, 452 
 150, 174 
 64,205 
 124,006 
 54,773 
 125,600 
 51,622 
 66,950 
 ,549,008 
 533, 905 
 58,571 
 207,214 
 224,326 
 44,305 
 90,071 
 127, 628 
 218, 149 
 45,401 
 
 so'sio 
 
 77,403 
 687,029 
 214,744 
 92,777 
 96,614 
 39,578 
 416,912 
 65,064 
 72,826 
 129,867 
 237, 194 
 47,828 
 77,236 
 53, 084 
 104,402 
 51,678 
 88,926 
 46,921 
 137,249 
 83.743 
 37,782 
 
 114,366 
 104,534 
 52,243 
 79,607 
 151,877 
 4;5,003 
 373,448 
 50,201 
 118,136 
 41,3,783 
 121,622 
 55.383 
 152,275 
 377,010 
 5,737,492 
 2,682,978 
 599,215 
 1,976,103 
 379,396 
 99,803 
 91,148 
 206,4C>5' 
 97,533 
 177,777 
 74,478 
 140,512 
 60,666 
 72,13-1' 
 1,735,51-4: 
 586,103 
 64,720 
 308,3G'3 
 259,895 
 50,084 
 111,607 
 158,702 
 261,714 
 56,739 
 63,984 
 56,409 
 86,498 
 768,630 
 252,465 
 121,623 
 128,215 
 56,412 
 471.023 
 69,250 
 103,774 
 149,541 
 366,445 
 68,563 
 88,618 
 70,967 
 157,655 
 62,623 
 108,663 
 52,296 
 158,559 
 117,446 
 56,251 
 
 I Includes Lenox town, annexed in 1909. 
 
 « Includes precinct 27, Garrity's, and other territory annexed in 190S. 
 
 « Includes Vails Borough, annexed in 1905. 
 
 * Population of town; town and city not returned separately. 
 
 » Population of New York &nd its boroughs as now constituted. 
 
 « Includes Berkley town, annexed in 1906. 
 
 ' Includes North Peoria village, annexed in 1900. 
 
 •Includes population of Allegheny: 1850,21,202; 1860, 28,702; 1870, 53,180; 1830, 78,682; 1890, 105,287; 
 1900, 129,896; and otlier adjacent territory annexed in 1905, 1906, 1907, and 1908. 
 
 Includes population of Manchester city, annexed in 1910. 
 
 >o Not separately returned. 
 
 »' Population as reported by State census of 1852; the returns for 1850 for San Francisco were destroyed 
 by fire. 
 
 1= Includes Ballard city, Columbia town, and We^>. Seattle precinct, annexed in 1907. 
 
 '^ Includes Ridglcy village, annexed in I9n. 
 
 >< Tampa town. 
 
 *' Includes a part of precinct 6, comprising a portiou 0! Brook town, anne.Ted (n 1307. 
 
 14 
 
POPULATION, BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. 
 
 55 
 
 No. SC-CmES Having 50,000 or More Inhabitants in 1^17: Population' at 
 Each Census, 1-850 to 1910, with Estimates for July* 1, 1917--€ontinued. 
 
 City. 
 
 1860 
 
 1860 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 
 
 1890 
 
 1900 
 
 1910 
 
 1917 
 
 Terre Haute, Ind 
 
 Toledo, Ohio 
 
 4,051 8,594 
 
 16, 103 
 31,584 
 22,874 
 46,465 
 28,804 
 109, 199 
 10,826 
 
 26,042 
 50,137 
 29,910 
 56,747 
 33,914 
 177,624 
 17,806 
 4,911 
 23,339 
 42,478 
 58,291 
 18,892 
 13,940 
 15,435 
 
 30,217 
 81,434 
 57, 458 
 60,956 
 44,007 
 230,392 
 28,646 
 23,853 
 37,718 
 61, 431 
 84,655 
 32,033 
 20,793 
 33,220 
 
 36, 673 
 
 131,822 
 73,307 
 
 » 75,057 
 56,383 
 
 278,718 
 51,139 
 24,071 
 61,721 
 76,508 
 
 118,421 
 47,931 
 33,708 
 44,886 
 
 58. 157 
 168, 497 
 96,815 
 76,813 
 74,419 
 331,069 
 73,141 
 52,450 
 67, 105 
 87,411 
 145,986 
 79,803 
 44,750 
 79,006 
 
 67.361 
 
 Trenton, N.J 
 
 Troy,N.Y 
 
 Utica,N. Y 
 
 Washington, D.C.2... 
 Waterburv, Conn 
 
 6,461 
 28,785 
 17,565 
 40,001 
 
 17,228 
 39,235 
 22,529 
 61,122 
 
 202,010 
 113,974 
 78,094 
 89,272 
 369,282 
 89,201 
 
 Wichita, Kans 
 
 
 
 Wilkes-Barre.Pa 
 
 WUmington, Del 
 
 Worcester, Mass 
 
 Yonkers,N. Y 
 
 2,723 
 13,979 
 17,049 
 
 4.253 
 21,258 
 24,960 
 
 10, 174 
 30,841 
 41,105 
 
 73,597 
 78,334 
 95.369 
 166. 106 
 
 York, Pa 
 
 Youngstown, Ohio. . . 
 
 6,863 
 
 8,605 
 2,759 
 
 11,003 
 8,075 
 
 1C3.065 
 52,770 
 
 
 112,282 
 
 •Includes territory ,£ 
 
 inncxed in 
 
 1901. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 «Ssiv'e!°° ^' '^''^'^ '™™ ^^ ^^ ^^^° ^°' *^ ^^*™* °^ Colombia, with which the city is now 
 
 No. 172.— SUMMARY 'OF STRIKES IN COAL MINES: Number op Men on 
 Strike, Days Lost, and Average Days Lost per Man, Calendar Years 1905 
 TO 1916. 
 
 [Source: Reports of the Geological Survey, Department of the Interior-! 
 
 Year. 
 
 Men on 
 
 strike. 
 
 Working 
 days lost. 
 
 Average 
 days lost 
 permau. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Men on 
 strike. 
 
 Working 
 days lost. 
 
 Average 
 davs lost 
 per man. 
 
 1905 
 
 37,542 
 372,343 
 
 32,540 
 145,145 
 
 24,763 
 218,493 
 
 796,735 
 19,201,348 
 
 462,392 
 6,449,938 
 
 723,634 
 19,250,524 
 
 21.0 
 
 51.5 
 14.0 
 38.0 
 29.0 
 88.0 
 
 1911 
 
 41,413 
 311,056 
 
 135,395 
 161,720 
 67,190. 
 170,633 
 
 983,737 
 12,527,305 
 3,049,412 
 11,013,667 
 2,467,431 
 3,344,586 
 
 24.0 
 40.0 
 22.5 
 68.0 
 
 37; 
 
 1900 
 
 1912 
 
 1907' 
 
 1913 
 
 19081 
 
 1914 
 
 19091 
 
 1915 
 
 1910 
 
 1916 
 
 
 
 'Bituminous mines only. 
 
 No. 358.— FIRE LOSSES IN THE UNITED STATES 
 
 endar Years 1875 to 191G. 
 
 Estimated Value, Cal- 
 (Source: Annual reports of the National Board of Fire Underwriters,] 
 
 Year. 
 
 Loss. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Loss. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Loss. 
 
 1875 
 
 Dollars. 
 78,102,285 
 64,630,600 
 68,265,800 
 64,315,900 
 77,703,700 
 74,643,400 
 81,280,900 
 84; 505, 024 
 100,149,228 
 110,008,611 
 102,818,796 
 104,924,750 
 120,283,055 
 110,885,665 
 
 1889. 
 
 Dollars. 
 123,046,833 
 108,993,792 
 143,764,967 
 151,516,098 
 167,544,370 
 140,006,484 
 142, 110, 233 
 118,737,420 
 116,354,575 
 130,693,905 
 163,597,830 
 160,929,805" 
 165,817,810 
 161,078,040 
 
 1903 
 
 Dollars. 
 145, 302, 155 
 
 
 1890 
 
 1904 
 
 229,198,050 
 
 1877 
 
 1891 
 
 1905.. 
 
 105,221,650 
 
 1878 
 
 1892 
 
 1906 
 
 618,611,800 
 
 
 1893 
 
 1907 
 
 215,084,709 
 
 1880 
 
 1894 
 
 1908. 
 
 217,885,850 
 
 
 1895 
 
 1909 
 
 188, 705, 150 
 
 
 1896 
 
 1910 
 
 214,003,300 
 
 1883 
 
 1897 
 
 1911 ; 
 
 217,004,575 
 
 
 1898 
 
 1912 
 
 200,438,900 
 
 1885 
 
 1899 
 
 1913 
 
 203,763,550 
 
 
 1900 
 
 1914 
 
 221,439,350 
 
 
 
 1915 
 
 172,033,200 
 
 1888 
 
 1902 ... 
 
 1916 
 
 214,530,995 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
o 
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 T 
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 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 I— 
 
 Q- 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 cc 
 
 UJ 
 
 16 
 
Questions for Public Documents 
 
 Rtudent's name For cent. 
 
 Teacher's name Hour reoitinc; Date 
 
 Have you read the directions on the hack of this cover? An-^wer yes or no. 
 
 I 
 
 1 — ^What publications should be cuasulted for: g 
 
 a. Leading city officials (Xame city publication). Ȥ 
 
 S 
 
 b. Leading state officials (Name state publication). ,jg 
 
 c. lieading United States officials (Name Uniterl Stales publication). i^ 
 
 so 
 
 2 — WTiich of the Wilson periodical indexes includes tlie Farmers' Bulletins, the Agricultural M) 
 
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 a 
 •C 
 
 3 — a. From what office in Washington, D. C, can one secure small classified catalogues cf the 
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 f) — a. What is the catalogue called which lists all United States publications fur each congress, 
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 taining to all deT)artments? 
 
 ! 
 
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 a) 
 
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 s 
 
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 ■♦- 
 
 •O 
 
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 division? ^3 
 
 S 
 
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 congress in the form known as "C'ongressi .nal documents." 
 
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