UC-NRLF 313 575 )9 o 1 bC a t * * * * signal ser- geant,! . 1 'A i i i ] Vz 1 (Nineteenth line from foot of page 140.) For telegraph office 1 * * * 1 General Orders, No. 12. Headquarters op the Army, Adjutant General's Office, Washingtoyiy January 17, 1899. By direction of the Secretary of War, paragraph 1006 of the Regulations is hereby amended by inserting in U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 95 the nineteenth line from foot of page 140, after the words "signal sergeant, "f the following: "enlisted men of the Signal Corps when employed as signal ser- geant, "f 249. A. R., 1010. A sergeant major, quartermaster sergeant, sergeant of the post noncommissioned staff, hospital steward, veterinary surgeon, signal sergeant, and chief musician may each be allowed one cooking stove in lieu of one heating stove. 250. A. B., 1013. Lamps having one or two burners, with circular wicks of about li inches inside diameter, will be issued as follows : To troops in barracks, at the rate of one burner for every ten men and every fraction thereof, when the fraction is five or more, of the maxi- mum strength allowed the organization, and such num- ber of lamps or lanterns for lighting interior passage- ways as may be necessary, not to exceed three in each barrack. Companies messing separately will be allowed three additional burners. To each noncommissioned staff ofl&cer and to each first sergeant, a lamp with a single burner. For hospitals, such number of burners, not to exceed one for each ward or room, as may be deemed necessary by the post surgeon and post com- mander. The lamps with wicks of less than one inch diameter, if on hand, will not be superseded except as they become unserviceable and are beyond repair. Two of these burners will be allowed in lieu of one of larger size, and parts for their repair will be furnished when called for. 96 operation and maintenance of Circular \ Headquarters of the Army, V Adjutant General's Office, No. 5. j Washington, April 4, 1896. * * * * ^f 3. Lamps for Signal Corps Sergeants.— Sergeants of the Signal Corps, when not serving in a detachment, will be provided a lamp with a single burner by the Quartermaster's Department, the same as is provided for members of the noncommissioned staff under para- graph 1013 of the Regulations. 251. A. R., 1109. The following persons are entitled, at public expense, to a double berth in a sleeping car, or to the customary stateroom accommodations on steam- ers where extra charge is made for the same : Officers of the Army traveling on duty with troops, civilian clerks and agents in the military service when traveling under orders on public business, sergeant majors, ord- nance, commissary, and quartermaster sergeants (post or regimental), hospital stewards, chief musicians, principal musicians, chief trumpeters, saddler ser- geants, and sergeants of the Signal Corps, when travel- ing under orders on public business without troops; also invalid soldiers when so traveling on the certificate of a medical officer showing the necessity therefor. Officers of the Army traveling with troops on day jour- neys are entitled to seats in day parlor cars, provided such privilege is not covered by sleeping-car accommo- dations already held by them. General Orders, 1 Headquarters of the Army, V Adjutant General's Office, No. 40. ) Washington, June 24, 1897. * * * * •X- * * * Officers of the Army traveling on duty, civilian clerks and agents in the military service when U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 97 traveling under orders on public business, sergeant majors, ordnance, commissary, and quartermaster ser- geants (post or regimental), hospital stewards, chief musicians, chief trumpeters, saddler sergeants, and ser- geants of the Signal Corps, when traveling under orders on public business without troops. * -x- * * * General Orders, ) Headquarters of the Army, I Adjutant General's Office, No. 90. J Washington, May 5, 1899. * * ^ * * * * * Officers of the Army traveling on duty with troops ; Army nurses, civilian clerks, and agents in the military service, when traveling under orders on public business; sergeant majors, ordnance, commissary, and quartermaster sergeants (post or regimental), hospital stewards, chief musicians, principal musicians, chief trumpeters, saddler sergeants, and sergeants of the Sig- nal Corps, when traveling under orders on public busi- ness without troops ; also invalid soldiers when so trav- eling on the certificate of a medical officer showing the necessity therefor. When the number of officers traveling with troops is too small to justify the hire by the Quartermaster's Department of a standard sleeping car for their accom- modation, they shall be furnished with such part of a tourist sleeping car or other suitable sleeping car, prop- erly curtained off for their accommodation, as the Quartermaster's Department may provide for their use during the journey. ****** General Orders, J Headquarters of the Army, C Adjutant General's Office, No. 111. ) Washington, June 17, 1899. * * * * * * Officers of the Army traveling on duty with troops ; Army nurses, civilian clerks, and agents in the 2218 7 98 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF military service, when traveling under orders on pub- lic business; sergeant majors, ordnance, commissary (post or regimental), quartermaster (post or regi- mental), and electrician sergeants, hospital stewards, chief musicians, chief trumpeters, principal musicians, and sergeants of the Signal Corps, when traveling under orders on public business without troops ; 252. A. R., 1119. The baggage to be tran^orted on public expense, including mess chests and personal baggage, upon change of station, will not exceed the following weights : Rank. In the field. Changing station. * * * * * * * * and sergeant of the Signal Corps, each Pounds. Pounds. 500 These allowances are in excess of the weights trans- ported free of charge under the regular fares by public carriers. They may be reduced pro rata by the com- manding officer, if necessary, and may, in special cases, be increased by the War Department on transports by water. Shipments of officers' allowance of baggage will in all cases be made at carrier's risk, including those over roads where tariffs provide for extra charge therefor. General Orders, No. 7. Headquarters of the Army, Adjutant General's Office, Washington, January 14, 1899. Rank. In the field. Changing station. * * * * * * * and sergeant of the Signal Corps, each Povnds. Pounds. 500 U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 99 For officers, when embarking under orders for ex- tended service over the sea for duty, the allowance of baggage to be transported by the Quartermaster's De- partment from initial point to point of embarkation and from port of destination to garrison station will be three times the allowance prescribed above for change of sta- tion. These allowances are in excess of the weights trans- ported free of charge under the regular fares by public carriers. TELEGRAPHING. 253. A. R., 1206. The telegraph will be used only in cases of urgent and imperative necessity, in which the delay consequent upon transmission by raail would be prejudicial to the public interests. 254. A. R. , 1207. The prescribed telegraphic code will be accounted for on the post return and transferred upon change of post commanders. The post commander is required to retain the code in his custody, and is respon- sible for the key and its proper use. Department com- manders from time to time, and particularly when post commanders are changed, will make use of the code. 255. A. R., 1208. Accounts for telegrams on military business, prepared on the prescribed form in the name of the telegraph company rendering the service, and accompanied by the original telegrams, will be paid by the Quartermaster's Department, with the following exceptions : 1. Accounts for telegrams which pass over any of the lines constructed and operated along the bond-aided Pacific railroads. 100 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF 2. Accounts for reimbursement of amounts paid by officers for telegraphic service, which will be prepared upon prescribed form. 3, Accounts for telegrams on public business of a con- fidential nature when, in the opinion of the officer receiv- ing or sending them, it is improper that copies should accompany the accounts, or where copies can not be procured. When it is questionable whether the tele- grams are on official business or that the telegraph should have been used, such accounts will be accompa- nied by full explanations from the officer who sends or receives the telegrams. The accounts excepted in this paragraph will be for- warded to the Quartermaster General for settlement. In settling accounts for telegrams which pass over the lines of more than one company (bond-aided ex- cepted), payment maybe made on the original telegram, to the initial company, for the entire service. 256. A. R., 1209. Telegrams making application for leave of absence or extension of leave, or of inquiry whether leave has been granted, and the replies made thereto by telegraph, will not be sent or paid for as public dispatches. 257. A. R., 1210. In framing telegrams all words not important to the sense will be omitted. The last name of the officer addressed, or his title, and the last name of the sender are generally sufficient. 258. A. R. , 1211. In counting the words of telegraphic messages the following rules will be observed : Names of cities and places, when used to designate such cities or places, and words properly connected by a hyphen, will be counted as one word. Numerals will be ex- pressed in words, and will not be counted as hyphened U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 101 words. Names of places and persons when given to things will be counted according to the number of dis- tinct words in each. Names such as Van Vliet or St. Nicholas will be counted as one word. All words con- tained in an official telegram will be counted, including name and title of party addressed and of the sender, but excluding the name of the place from which sent, date, and the words "official business," which should appear on each telegram. 259. A. R., 1212. No settlement will be made with the telegraph office to which a telegram is sent unless satisfactory proof be furnished that the office from which it was sent has neither made nor will make any charge for the service. 260. A. R., 1213. In each territorial department a quartermaster will be assigned by the department com- mander to the duty of adjusting and settling telegraph accounts, under the instructions of the Quartermaster General. 261. A. R., 1214. Blank forms for official telegrams will be furnished by the Quartermaster General for the use of all persons in the military service. When such forms are not used the sender will prepay the message, and will be reimbursed as provided in paragraph 1208. 262. A. R., 1215. Nothing is required of officers send- ing telegrams beyond the delivery of the message to the company. The proper quartermaster will receive from telegraph companies their accounts, with proofs of service (which should be original telegi*ams whenever practicable), and will prepare and certify vouchers for the same and pay them, or forward them for settlement, as is required in paragraph 1208. Information desired 103 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF by telegraph companies in regard to military business will be obtained from the Quartermaster's Department. 263. A. R.,1216. When telegrams are sent "collect" by private individuals, the nature of the telegrams should govern the action of the disbursing quartermas- ter. If strictly on Government business, payment will be made by the United States. TELEPHONING. 264. A. R., 1217. When telephoning is practicable, accounts for the same may be paid from the appropria- tion for the payment of telegraphic service. 265. A. R., 1301. The following officers, in addition to those whose pay is fixed by law, are entitled to pay as mounted officers: Officers of the staff corps below the rank of major, officers serving with troops of cav- alry, officers of a light battery duly organized and equipped, authorized aides duly appointed, officers serving with companies of mounted infantry, and offi- cers on duty which, in the opinion of the department commander, requires them to be mounted, and so certi- fied by the latter on their pay vouchers. Acting judge- advocates of military departments, duly detailed, are entitled, while so serving, to the rank, pay, and allow- ances of captains of cavalry. General Orders, J Headquarters of the Army, > Adjutant General's Office, No. 88. ) Washington, May 4, 1899. * * * * * * * * , authorized aids duly appointed, officers serving as military attaches to the embassies and lega- tions of the United States at foreign capitals, officers serving with companies of mounted infantry, and offi- cers on duty which, in the opinion of the Secretary of U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 103 War, or the department or corps commander, requires them to be mounted and so certified by him on their pay- vouchers. Acting judge advocates of military departments, duly detailed, are entitled, while so serving, to the rank, pay, and allowances of captains of cavalry. 266. A. R., 1363. Payments to enlisted men will be made on muster and pay rolls, with the following ex- ceptions: Enlisted men retired and men of the post noncommissioned staff, or acting as such, and sergeants of the Signal Corps on duty where there are no other troops. These will be paid on their descriptive lists by the chief paymaster of the department or a paymaster designated by him ; if not under the orders of the de- partment commander, they will be paid by a paymaster designated by the Paymaster General, Payments to discharged soldiers will be made by any paymaster, imder the provisions of paragraphs 1382 to 1388. General Orders, ) Headquarters of the Army, I Adjutant General's Office, No. 183. \ Washington, December 8, 1S98. By direction of the Secretary of War, paragraph 1363 of the regulations is amended to read as follows : 1363. Payments to enlisted men will be made on mus- ter and pay rolls, with the following exceptions : En- listed men retired and men of the post noncommissioned staff, or acting as such, and sergeants, cori)orals, and privates of the Signal Corps on duty where there are no other troops. These will be paid on their descriptive lists by the chief paymaster of the department or a pay- master designated by him ; if not under the orders of 104 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF the department commander, they will be paid by a pay- master designated by the Paymaster General. Pay- ments to discharged soldiers will be made by any paymaster, under the provisions of paragraphs 1382 to 1388. 267. A. R., 1537. The Chief Signal Officer is charged, under the direction of the Secretary of War, with the direction of the Signal Bureau ; with the control of the officers, enlisted men, and employees attached thereto ; with the construction, repair, and operation of military telegraph lines ; with the supervision of such instruc- tion in military signaling and telegraphy as may be prescribed in orders from the War Department ; with the procurement, preservation, and distribution of the necessary supplies for the Signal Corps. He has charge of all military signal duties, and of books, papers, and devices connected therewith, including telegraph and telephone apparatus and the necessary meteorological instruments for target ranges and other military uses ; of collecting and transmitting information for the Army, by telegraph or otherwise, and all other duties pertaining to military signaling. 268. A. R., 1538. Vacancies in the grade of first lieu- tenant in the Signal Corps are filled by transfer from the line of the Army. To be eligible, an officer must be less than thirty years of age, have served at least two years as an officer in the line, and have passed a satisfactory examination before a board of officers of the Signal Corps. Applications for examination will be made to the Adjutant General of the Army. Should the applicant be directed to appear before a board, he will, after passing a satisfactory examination as to his physical qualifications, be examined upon the following U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 105 subjects, or such others as the Secretary of War may prescribe : Theoretical and practical electricity, modern languages, chemistry and optics, military surveying and reconnoissance. The board will inquire into and con- sider the special military fitness for the Signal Corps of the candidate, and require from him an essay on a military subject. 269. A. R., 1539. The number of sergeants of each class at each signal station will be fixed by the Chief Signal Officer. They will be enlisted, and may be mus- tered, at his discretion, in the class for which compe- tent and in which there is a vacancy. Sergeants are promoted and reduced in the classes of their grade, as fixed by law, by the Chief Signal Officer. 270. A. R., 1540. An officer having charge of the de- scriptive list of a sergeant of the Signal Corps not mus- tered at a garrisoned post will forward monthly to the Chief Signal Officer direct a copy of all remarks made on the descriptive list, also of the list when transfeiTed to any other officer. 271. A. R., 1541. The senior signal officer of an army in the field commands the signal parties serving therein. Orders affecting them will be transmitted through him, and he will be responsible that they are fully instructed, adequately supplied, and that they properly perform their duties. He wnll keep himself informed of the position of the army and of the enemy, and, under the instruction of the general commanding, will establish his stations. He will submit reports of operations to the general commanding, and forward copies thereof t^ the Chief Signal Officer in "Washington, to whom he 106 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF will report monthly his station, the strength and con- dition of his parties, and all other matters pertaining to their duties and equipment. 272. A. E.., 1543. When telegraph lines are by order of the Secretary of War placed under charge of signal officers, they will be held responsible for their construc- tion, maintenance, and operation. Commanding officers and others will see that the special "duties of these offi- cers are not interfered with, and upon proper applica- cation wiU render any assistance in their power. 273. A. R., 1543. Official and military messages will have precedence. Communications transmitted by tele- graph or signals are always confidential, and will not be revealed except to those officially entitled to receive them. 274. A. R., 1544. Department commanders will require suitable instruction and practice in military signaling in their departments. To this end they will cause a signal officer to be detailed at each post who will give necessary instruction and supervise field prac- tice during at least two months of the year. Constant instruction will be maintained until at least one officer and four enlisted men of each company are proficient in the exchange of both day and night signals by flag, torch, and heliograph. The detail will be changed from time to time. For each month in which instruction and practice are held reports thereof will be rendered to the Chief Signal Officer through department com- manders. U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES General Orders, ) Headquarters of the Army, V Adjutant General's Office, No. 4. ) Washington, Fehmiary 5, 1896. 1. By direction of the Secretary of War, the follow- ing is published for the information of the Army : Proficiency, under paragraph 1544 of the Army Regu- lations, will be attained when the officers and men under instruction shall be able to send and receive by flag and torch at the rate of five words per minute, and by heliograph and lantern at the rate of eight words per minute, with the minimum distance between sta- tions of 5 miles, every five letters of the written message to be counted as one word. •x- * * * * General Orders, ) Headquarters of the Army, V Adjutant General's Office, No. 32. ) Washington, August 1, 1896. * 4fr * Mr * 2. The proficiency required by paragraph 1544, Army Regulations, will be considered to have been attained by an officer or enlisted man under instruction when, at a distance of 4 miles from the connecting station, he can send and receive five words per minute, each five letters of the written message to count as one word. Paragraph 1, General Orders, No. 4, February 5, 1896, fr«m this office, is modified accordingly. ***** General Orders, j Headquarters of the Army, I Adjutant General's Office, No. 17. ) Washington, March 26, 1897. ***** 11. The following modification of existing instruc- tions, ordered by the Secretary of War, are published for the information and guidance of all concerned : 108 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF The proficiency required by paragraph 1544, Army Regulations, will be considered to have been attained by an officer or enlisted man under instructions when, at a distance of 4 miles from the connecting station, he can send and receive, by flag or torch, and heliograph, four words per minute, each five letters of the written message to count as one word. Section 2, paragraph 11, General Orders, No. 32, August 1, 1896, from this office, relating to military signaling, and so much of Paragraph IV, General Orders, No. 41, September 4, 1896, from this office, as prescribes the qualifications for gunnery specialists, are modified accordingly. General Orders, ) Headquarters of the Army, I Adjutant General's Office, No. 114. ) Washington, June 22, 1899. 1. By direction of the Acting Secretary of War, para- graph 1544 of the Regulations is amended to read as follows : 1544. Department commanders will supplement the operations of the Signal Corps of the Army by such instructions in practice in military signaling as they deem necessary for the public service. Instruction in the line of the Army contemplates that each independ- ent command should have at least two officers and two enlisted men able to exchange messages in the Army and Navy Code at short distance by day and night. 275. A. R., 1545. As the Army Signal Code differs from the Navy code, code cards and instructions in detail for using each will be furnished by the Chief Signal Officer upon application. U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 109 General Orders, ) Headquarters op the Army, I Adjutant General's Office, No. 32. \ Washington, August 1, 1896. The report of a joint Army and Navy Board appointed to investigate the subject of signal codes having been approved, the Myer Code, in use by the Army prior to 1886, as modified by the above-mentioned board, will, on and after October 1, 1896, be used for visual signal- ing in the Army and for intercommunication with the Navy. The use of the American Morse Code, as pre- scribed in General Orders, No. 59, June 28, 1889, from this ofl&ce, will thereafter be discontinued exoept for telegraphic purposes. 3, Cards and pamphlets containing full instructions for using the code will be furnished by the Chief Signal Officer of the Army upon application. 276. A. R. , 1546. Signal supplies will be furnished by the Signal Bureau to posts and such organizations as require them, on requisitions approved by department commanders. They will be receipted for by signal officers and will be accounted for to the Chief Signal Officer on forms furnished for the purpose. Telescopes, field glasses, heliographs, and telephones, when unserv- iceable, will not be submitted to an inspector for con- demnation without previous authority of the Chief Signal Officer. 277. A. R., 1547. Quartei*masters and commissaries will issue to signal parties serving in their vicinity such 110 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF supplies from their respective departments as may be necessary for their proper equipment and subsistence, on the requisition of the officer in charge of such parties. 278. A. R. , 1551. Officers or enlisted men who, in their own right or by right of inheritance, are members of military societies of men who served in the armies and navies of the United States in the war of the Revolu- tion, the war of 1813, the Mexican war, and the war of •the rebellion, or are members of the Regular Army and Navy Union of the United States, may wear on all occasions of ceremony, when full dress is required, the distinctive badges of such societies — badges to be worn on the left breast of the coat suspended by a ribbon from a bar of metal passed through their upper ends, and tops of the ribbons forming a horizontal line, the outer end of which will be from three to four inches below the top of the shoulder, according to height of wearer. Medals of honor and the several distinctive marks given for excellence in rifle practice may also be worn in the same manner by officers and enlisted men upon all occa- sions of ceremony. Insignia "buttons" will not be worn. 279. Circular ^ Headquarters of the Army, V Adjutant General's Office, No. 18. ) Washingto7i, March 29, 1899. * * * ^«- * 1. Checks. — A disbursing officer is not authorized to draw checks in his own favor, or to bearer (par. 596, A. R. ) , for making payments of amounts not exceeding $20, unless such checks bear indorsed upon them the names of the persons to whom the amounts drawn are U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. Ill to be paid, or accompanied by a list or schedule, made a part of the checks, containing the same information. (Decision Asst. Sec. War, March 18, 1899—213731 A.G.O.) 280. General Orders, ) Headquarters of the Army, I Adjutant General's Office, No. 9. \ Washington, January 16, 1899. 1. To curtail the large expense incident to cable com- munication, the Secretary of War directs that only such words be used in cable dispatches as are neces- sary to clear comprehension of their contents. Here- after messages by cable from abroad to officials at the War Department will be addressed with the following abbreviations : Secwar (Secretary of War). Asecwar (Assistant Secretary of War). Genwar (Commanding General Army). Agwar (Adjutant General). Inspecwar (Inspector General, War Department). Jagwar (Judge- Advocate General). Quag war (Quartermaster General). Com war (Commissary General). Signals (Chief Signal Officer). Pay war (Paymaster General). Cengwar (Chief of Engineers). Cord war (Chief of Ordnance). Surgwar (Surgeon General, War Department). 2. By direction of the Secretary of War, the Chief Signal Officer of the Army is charged with the prepa- ration of a suitable telegraphic cable code for the official use of the Army, and until such code is perfected the 112 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF * * Western Union Telegraphic Code " is adopted as a snp plement to the "Telegraphic Code to Insure Secrecy in the Transmission of Telegrams" (War Department code now used) , and will be furnished on requisition. Extra sheets containing sentences peculiarly suited for mili- tary use will be prepared by the Chief Signal Officer and forwarded from time to time for insertion in this code. Such special vocabularies and instructions as may be incorporated in this code must be closely fol- lowed. The two codes must not be used conjointly. 281. General Orders, \ Headquarters of the Army, V Adjutant General's Office, No. 80. ) Washington, April 2J^, 1899. * * •x * * 29. The rank of noncommissioned officers will be marked on the blouse and overcoat by chevrons of cloth, and on the uniform dress coat, except for the Hospital Corps, by chevrons of gold lace. The chevrons will be worn points down ; those upon the uniform dress coat and blouse will be above the elbow ; those on the overcoat will be below the elbow, with the point i inch below the cuff. The cloth chevrons to be of the same color as the fac- ings of the uniform dress coat, except those worn by the Hospital Corps, which will be of emerald green. Those for the overcoat of infantry will be of dark-blue cloth. The Engineer and Signal Corps chevrons are to be piped with white cloth. The bars of the chevrons will be i inch wide, separated by silk stitching, white for hospital stewards, acting hospital stewards, engineers, Signal Corps, and for overcoats for infantry ; black for all others ; the upper and lower edges to be finished or U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 113 bound with a similar stitching. The arms of the chev- ron bars to be 6 or 7 inches long, to be the arcs of a circle of about 25 inches radius, and to meet at an angle of about 96 degrees ; distance between extreme outer ends about 9 inches. Rank will be indicated as follows : * * . * * * Sergeant of the first class of the Signal Corps.— Three bars and an arc of one bar, inclosing a device con- sisting of crossed signal flags, red and white, and a burning torch in yellow. Sergeant of the Signal Corps.— Same as for ser- geant of the first class, omitting the arc. Corporal of the Signal Corps. — Two bars inclos- ing same device as for sergeant of the first class. First-class Private of the Signal Corps. — Device consisting of crossed signal flags, red and white, and a burning torch in yellow. 4fr * •St ■}«• * GOLD LACE CHEVRONS. The gold lace chevrons will be of the same dimensions as cloth chevrons, stitched upon cloth of the same color as the facings of the uniform dress coat. * * * Those for the Signal Corps to have the crossed signal flags and torches of the same color and dimensions as those for the cloth chevrons and embroidered in silk and bullion in high relief. SERVICE CHEVRONS. All enlisted men who have served faithfully for one term of enlistment, for either three years or five years, will wear as a mark of distinction, upon both sleeves of the uniform dress coat, below the elbow, a diagonal half chevron of gold lace, ^ inch wide, stitched upon a piece of dark-blue cloth of the color of the uniform 2218 8 114 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF dress coat, and extending from seam to seam, the front end nearest the cuff, and i inch above the point of the cuff. * * # * * To Indicate Service in War. — A diagonal half chevron of gold lace, ^ inch wide, with piping on each side, i inch wide, of cloth of the same color as the fac- ings of the arm of service in which the soldier earned the right to wear it; those for engineers to have, in addition, a stitching of white silk on each side of the gold lace. To be worn on both sleeves of the uniform dress coat. * * _ * * * War service in other arms will be indicated by pip- ings of the color worn by the arm in which such service was rendered, except in the Engineer Corps, in which case the outer edges of the scarlet pipings shall have a row of white silk stitching. All soldiers who have served during the war of the rebellion and who were honorably discharged, all who served in the Indian campaigns enumerated in general orders from the Headquarters of the Army, and all who have served or may serve in the Army of the United States in war, or in such Indian campaigns approaching the magnitude of war as may from time to time be so designated by the Secretary of War, are entitled to wear the "service in war " chevron. All enlisted men who, between April 31, 1898, and April 11, 1899, were assembled in camps or rendezvous in the United States, or into separate bodies, such as regiments, brigades, divisions, or corps, for the purpose of carrying on military operations and bringing to a conclusion the war with Spain, and all who embarked on transports for campaigns against the enemy in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the islands of the Pacific, or on the U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 115 high seas, or elsewhere, are entitled to wear the "serv- ice in war" chevron. The foregoing will not apply to enlisted men who were perforniing service in garrisons on the Western frontier, which is requisite m time of peace, and in no wise considered a part of the Army- assembled to carry on the war with Spain. The chevrons to indicate service and service in war, if more than one, will be worn one a Dove the other in the order in which they were earned, i inch distance between them. But one chevron will be worn for each enlistment, the "service in war" chevron being worn in place of the "service" chevron for each enlistment in which the right to wear it was earned. War and service chevrons will be issued without charge. * X- * * * Chevrons for Field Uniforms (Khaki).— As de- scribed, but of such materials as may be found most suitable for service. stripes for trousers. 33. Sergeants to wear a stripe 1 inch wide ; corporals and lance corporals holding renewed appointments to wear a stripe i inch wide, and musicians to wear two stripes, each i inch wide, of cloth conforming to color of facing. * * * * # Sergeants of the Signal Corps. — Black stripes, 1 inch wide. All stripes to be of cloth. No stripes will be worn upon the field (khaki) trousers. undress cap. * * * * Badge of corps or letter of company of yellow metal, unless otherwise specified, according to patterns in the 116 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF office of the Quartermaster General, placed in front so that the top of the badge will be slightly below the top of the cap, as follows : For the Signal Corps.— Two crossed signal flags and a burning torch of white metal, inclosed in a wreath of dead or unburnished gilt metal. 282. War Department, Circular. Signal Office, Washington, March 14, 1899. Grades in the enlisted force of the Signal Corps, with rate of monthly pay under first enlistment, are : First-class sergeant $45 Sergeant _ . 34 Corporal 20 First-class private 17 Second-class private 13 In addition to the above, each enlisted man will receive rations, clothing, and quarters in kind, and medical attendance when required. Vacancies in the Signal Corps are usually filled by transfer of noncommissioned officers of the line, after examination by an officer of the Army. Exceptions may be made in favor of applicants from civil life having special knowledge of telegraphy, electrical devices, etc. The term of enlistment is three years, and men trans- ferred are expected to complete their full term of enlist- ment in the Signal Corps. U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 117 As a rule, the applicant must be single and between 21 and 30 years of age (but enlisted men who are good telegraph operators and civilians having special qualifi- cations will be received between 18 and 35, written con- sent of parents or guardian being required in the case of minor applicants for enlistment) . The Chief Signal Officer must be satisfied as to the following points in the case of each applicant : 1. Character, such as would be given on the discharge of a soldier. 2. Habits, especially as to sobriety. 3. Mental capacity, with reference to applicant's ability to successfully take the theoretical course of instruction given to members of the Signal Corps, which embraces electricity, telegraphy, telephony, and photography. In cases of enlistment, a certificate as to the above- mentioned points will be required from some well-known individual. In cases of transfer from the line of the Army, such a certificate will be required from the cap- tain commanding the company to which the applicant is attached, which certificate will also show the appli- cant's present physical fitness, especially as to robust- ness, hearing, acuteness of vision, freedom from color blindness, and his weight. Transfers and enlistments will generally be as second- class privates, but in exceptional cases as first-class privates, future promotion depending upon the merits and services of the man. Being acceptable, the applicant's name will be placed upon the list, from which selections will be made as vacancies occur, due weight being given to length of service and age. A. W. GREELY, Brigadier General, Chief Signal Officer, U. S. A, 118 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF Circular J Headquarters of the Army, V Adjutant General's Office, No. 22. ) Washington, April 18, 1899. 2. All recruiting officers are hereby directed to enlist suitable men for the Signal Corps, U. S. Army, when requested to do so by the Chief Signal Officer of the Army, or by any officer of the Signal Corps, either in person or by letter. The enlistment papers of men en- listed for the Signal Corps will be sent direct to the Chief Signal Officer. Men thus enlisted will be sent by the recruiting officers to such points as may be desig- nated by the officers of the Signal Corps requesting the enlistments. Should no place be designated, enlistments made in pursuance of these instructions will be reported by telegraph to the Chief Signal Officer for his orders regarding the disposition to be made of them. Circular. War Department, Signal Office, March 2, 1899. The following communication bearing on the subject of enlistment in the Signal Corps, U. S. Army, is pub- lished for the information of all concerned : War Department, Adjutant General's Office, Washington, March 1, 1899. The Chief Signal Officer, Washington, D. C. Sir : In reply to your communication of February 24, 1899, 1 have the honor to Inform you that the Secretary of War has approved your request for authority to enlist U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 119 or reenlist suitable married men in the Signal Corps without referring the papers to this office in each case. Very respectfully, THOMAS WARD, Assistant Adjutant General. Note. — Papers covering the enlistment or reenlist- ment of Signal Corps men must be made in duplicate, and both copies forwarded at once to the Chief Signal Officer of the Army, who is required by the Regulations to render a recruiting return to the Adjutant General Notes on Construction and Maintenance of Tele- graph Lines. (Pars. 283 to 289 from Pope's "Modern Practice of Electric Telegraph.") THE WORKING CAPACITY OF TELEGRAPH LINES. 283. In order to secure the best possible result in the working of telegraph lines we must keep down the resistance of the conductors in the circuit and increase the resistance of the insulator to the greatest prac- ticable extent. In other words, the resistance must be as small as possible in the route we wish the electric current to travel, and as great as possible in every other direction. The practical ivorking value of a telegraph line is the margin between the joint resistance of the conductor and the insidator and that of the insulation alone. The tension of the retracting spring of the relay armature when upon a "working adjustment" is the measure of this margin or difference. It is evident that this margin may be increased in two ways, viz : (1) By increasing the insulation resistance. (2) By decreasing the resistance of the conductor. ADVANTAGES OF TESTING BY MEASUREMENT. 284. The testing of lines by actual measurement lies at the very foundation of all efforts to improve the working of our telegraphic system. The insulation resistance of each of the principal circuits should be measured every morning and a record of the results kept for reference. In England the standard of insula- tion is 1,000,000 ohms per mile in the worst weather. Therefore, a line of 200 miles should not give less than (121) 132 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF 1,000,000/200 = 5,000 ohms. If it gives less than this, the low resistance is due to defective insulation. The line should, in that case, be tested in many separate sections, either from the terminal office or by a visit to each section. If the resistance per mile is the same for each section, the fault is probably owing to the nature of the insulation; but if, as is usually the case, some sections are very much worse than others, the trouble will be found in contact with trees, broken insulators, and the like. A visit to the faulty locality will disclose the cause of the evil. TESTING FOR CONDUCTIVITY RESISTANCE. 285. The metallic resistance of the line wires should be occasionally tested in sections in the finest weather. The resistance should be uniformly in proportion to the length of the wire. If any section discloses an unusu- ally high resistance per mile, it is very probable that there are rusty, unsoldered joints in the line, or that the ground connections are defective. It is difficult for those who have not tried it to believe the vast improve- ment that may be made in any line in a few days by actual measurement and an inspection of the sections which give indications of being defective. It is not an uncommon occurrence to find that a single unsoldered joint in galvanized-iron wire, which appears perfectly firm and sound, will give a resistance, when tested by the galvanometer, equal to many miles of line. A line containing many bad j oints will frequently work better in wet than in dry weather, as the moisture increases the conductivity of the oxide between the wires at the joints. LEADING WIRES INTO OFFICES. 286. The wires leading into offices are fruitful sources of escapes and other interruptions, as the work is often very unskillfully or carelessly done. U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 123 The best way to lead wires through the side of a building is to inclose them in hard-rubber tubes, or use a wire well insulated with rubber compound. Single leading-in wire is furnished on requisition. GROUND CONNECTIONS. 287. It is of the utmost importance that the ground plate at each end of the line should make a perfect con- nection with the earth. The plate must be large, and buried deep in wet soil, below the reach of frost. BATTERIES. "When the batteries and instruments are equal at each end of a line, a given fault will interfere most with the working of the circuit when in the center. When the fault is near one end of the line the station farthest from it will receive the weakest signals and the station nearest it the strongest signals. In increasing the battery power for working over an escape the addition should be made to the battery near- est the fault. 288. Distribution of Battery Power.— If the insu- lation of a line was perfect at all times the position of the battery in the circuit would be a matter of indiffer- ence. As all lines, however, are subject to more or less leakage or escape throughout their entire length, the whole battery should not be located at one end of a long line, for in this case signals would be received much better at one end of the line than the other. The usual arrangement is to place half the battery at each end of the line, although if the escape be uniform throughout the entire length of the line the effect upon its working will be the same, whether all the battery is placed in the center of the line or a portion of it in the center and the remainder divided equally between the two ends. 124 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF If a certain portion of the line is especially defective in its insulation, the distribution of battery power may sometimes be varied in accordance with the principles laid down with manifest advantage. The insulation of the batteries themselves is a matter of great importance and should never be neglected. 289. Working Several Lines from One Battery. — It has been for many years the practice in this country to work a considerable number of lines at the same time from a single battery. The number of wires that can be worked in this manner without interference de- pends entirely upon the proportion between the internal resistance of the battery employed and the joint resist- ance of all the circuits connected with it. If the resist- ance of the battery itself is inappreciably small in comparison with that of the lines connected with it, the current on any given circuit will vary but little, whether the others be opened or closed. With the Grove battery of, say, 50 cups, it is possible to work as many as forty or fifty well -insulated lines of 300 miles or more in length without appreciable interference. The great objection to this system is that in wet weather the resistance of the lines is enormously di- minished and the interference of one circuit with another, as a necessary consequence, greatly increased. It is a common practice when this occurs to increase the number of cups in the battery, which in most cases has a tendency to aggravate the very evil it is sought to remedy ; for with every such addition the resistance of the battery becomes greater in proportion to that of the lines, and the currents more unsteady and fluctuat- ing. No small part of the trouble experienced in work- ing lines in wet weather arises from this cause, although usually attributed entirely to defective insulation. It is true, however, that the latter indirectly causes the difficulty by lessening the resistance of the wires. U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 125 Exi)eriments made on a very wet day upon a number of circuits of nearly the same length (100 miles) lead- ing out of New York City proved that when one such wire was attached to a carbon battery of 60 cups the addition of three other sirdilar wires reduced the cur- rent on the first one 12 per cent. It is a common prac- tice to attach as many as eight wires to such a battery, which in the above case would have reduced the cur- rent about 25 per cent. It is the opinion of many scientific experts in practical telegraphy that increased efficiency, as well as economy, would result from working telegraph lines with a single series of Daniell's battery, in its most approved form, upon each circuit. The objection urged against this battery is the increased amount of room it takes up, as well as its somewhat greater original cost. (The Cal- laud form of Daniell's battery is used by the Signal Corps. It has a resistance of 4 to 6 ohms. ) As long as the present system remains in vogue, care ought to be taken that the different circuits leading from the same battery are as nearly as possible equal in resistance; and it must not be forgotten that the interference caused by attaching too many wires to a battery can not be remedied by the addition of more cups for intensity. The amount of battery required should not exceed 1 Callaud cell for each 75 ohms of resistance. The resistance of No. 9 B. W. G. iron wire should not exceed 20 ohms per mile. The resistance of No. 14 B. W. G. iron wire should not exceed 55 ohms per mile. The resistance of the relays furnished is marked on the instrument ; if there is no mark, they may be taken at 150 ohms. 126 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF (Par. 290 from Kempe.) SIMPLE TESTING. 290. 1. In order to be able to make measurements of any kind, it is necessary to have certain standard units with which to make comparisons. For example, in the case of length or weight we have as standards the foot and the pound. Some of the units are dependent upon two of the other units; the unit of "work," for exam- ple, is the foot-pound, or the work done in raising a pound one foot high. Now, in electrical measurements we require units of a like character. Those with which we have to deal chiefly are electro-motive force, the unit of which is called the volt; resistance, the unit of which is the ohm; also we have the unit of current, which is dependent upon the two foregoing units, and which is called the ampere. 2. If the two poles of a battery be joined by a con- ductor a current will flow, and the strength of this current will vary directly as the electro-motive force of the battery, and inversely as the total resistance in the circuit. This relation is known as the "Ohm's law." If the electro-motive force is expressed in volts and the resistance in ohms, the resulting current will be the amperes. 3. Suppose, now, a battery of a resistance r and elec- tro-motive force E, a galvanometer of resistance G, and a wire of resistance p be joined up in circuit, as shown by fig. 1. By the foregoing law the strength of cur- rent C which will flow out of the battery and through the galvanometer will be C = ^ p + r-\-G' The current in flowing through the galvanometer produces a deflection of its needle, which deflection U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 127 will remain constant provided the electro-motive force of the battery and also the resistances remain constant. If, now, jp be a wire whose resistance we require to find, and which we can replace by another wire the value of whose resistance can be varied at pleasure, then by FicfJ. adjusting this latter so that the deflection of the gal- vanometer needle becomes the same as it was before the change of resistances was made this resistance gives the value of our unknown resistance p. This method of testing, known as the substitution method, although exceedingly simple, is a very good and accurate one if a little ordinary care be taken in making it. Its correctness is only limited by the sensi- bility of the galvanometer to small changes of strength in the current affecting it and by the accuracy with which the variable resistance can be adjusted. It should be mentioned, however, that, for reasons which will become obvious when the subject of testing is gone further into, the resistance of the battery and galvanometer used in making a test of the kind should be small compared with the resistance being measured. 128 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF 4. Next, suppose the galvanometer to have its scale so graduated that the number of divisions on it will, by the deflection of the needle, accurately represent the comparative strength (C) of currents which may pass through it. Let the battery, galvanometer, and resistance be joined up as at first, then, as before, C = ^— -; or, E=C {x> + r+G). p+r+G ^ Now remove p and insert any other known resistance, R, in its place. Calling the new strength of current Ci, then ^'= R + ^+G ' orE=C,(R + r-\-G). But we have seen that E= C (p + r + G); therefore, C{p + r+G) = C^{R+ +G), or p + r+G =-^{R + r+G); that is, C p=-^{E + r+G) - ir+G) Formula(l). Now, as we have supposed the deflections of galvanom- eter needle to be directly proportional to the strengths of current which produce them, we may, instead of C and (7i, write in our formulae the deflections of the galvanometer needle which those strengths produce. Calling, then, a the deflection obtained with the strength C, and a I that with the strength Ci, our formula (1) becomes p=^{R + r+G) -{r+G) Formula (2). In order to find p, it is necessary to know G, which is usually marked on the galvanometer by the manufac- turer, r also must be known, but as it is difficult to r • U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 139 determine its value accurately, it is best to use a battery whose resistance is very small in comparison with the other resistances in the circuit, and which may con- sequently be neglected. In this case we may write our formula p=:^{E+G)-G Formula (3). Having then obtained a with p and ai with R, we can find the value of p. For example : "With a galvanometer whose resistance was 100 ohms and a battery whose resistance could be neglected we obtained with an unknown resistance, p, a deflection of 30 divisions (a), and with a resistance of 320 ohms (R) in place of p a deflection of 20 divisions (ai). What was the unknown resistance p ? p = I? (320 4- 100) - 100 = 180 ohms. 5. Next, suppose it is required to find the resistance of a galvanometer. From equation (3), by multiplying up, we find that pa = Ra -h Oai — Ga, and by arranging the quantities and changing signs we get Ga — Gai = Rai —pa, or therefore, G{a — ai)=Rai—pa; G = ^^ Formula (4). If, then, with a known resistance, p, we obtain a de- flection of a divisions, and with another known resist- ance, R, we obtain a deflection of at divisions, we can determine G. 2218- tSO OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF For example : With a galvanometer (G) and a battery whose resist- ance could be neglected we obtained with a resistance of 200 ohms (p) a deflection of 30 divisions (a), and with a resistance of 350 ohms (R) a deflection of 20 divisions (ai). What was the resistance of the galva- nometer ? ^ 350X20-200X30 _„ , ^ = 30-20 = ^^^ ^^"^'• 6. Lastly, when the resistance of our battery is con- siderable, and it is required to find its value, from equa- tion (2), by multiplying up, we find pa = Rai + rai + Gai —ra — Ga ; by arranging the quantities and changing signs we get ra — rai = Rai — pa -f Gai — Ga, or r (a — ai) = Rai — pa— G (a — ai) ; that is, Rai —pa ^ -r^ -, /^x r= „ ^ — G Formula (5). a — (Xi For example : With a galvanometer whose resistance was 100 ohms {G) and battery (r) we obtained a resistance in a cir- cuit of 150 ohms (p) a deflection of 40 divisions (a), and with a resistance in circuit of 300 ohms (i?) a deflection of 30 divisions (ai). What was the resistance of the battery? 300 X 30 - 150 X 40 40-30 100 = 200 ohms. 7. The foregoing formulae may be considerably sim- plified if we so adjust our resistances that one deflection becomes half the other ; or, in other words, if we take J U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 131 a 2" then becomes a p=:^{E + G)-G = -^^-G; therefore, 2p = R+0-2G = R-G, or 8. Similarly we should find that formula (4) for de- termining the resistance of a galvanometer becomes G = E-2p and formula (5) for determining the resistance of a battery, r = R-(2p + G), p being in all cases the resistance which gives the large deflection, and JR, being the larger resistance, which halves it. 9. Still further simplifications of the two latter for- mulae may be obtained if, when observing the first de- flection, a, we have no resistance in circuit (except, of course, that of the galvanometer, or of the battery, ±lie resistance of either of which we are measuring) ; that is to say, if we have p = 0, we then get G = R (A) and r = R-G .- (B) That is to say, in case (A) the resistance inserted in order to halve the deflection id the resistance of the galvanometer, and in case (B) the resistance inserted, minus the resistance of the galvanometer, is the resist- ance of the battery. 132 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF In the latter case, by using a galvanometer of negli- gible resistance, we get r = R (C) The formulae (A) and (C), although they have been arrived at by mathematical analysis, are really quite obvious, since it must be clear that the halving of the deflection — that is, of the current — must be effected by doubling the resistance of the circuit — that is, by adding a resistance equal to the only resistance which is in the circuit in the first instance, that is the resistance of the galvanometer or the battery, as the case may be. 10. When the resistance we have to measure is very high compared with the resistance of the galvanometer and battery used for measuring, then in our equation (formula 2), p = ^{R + r + G)-{r + G), we may practically, especially when great accuracy of measurement is not required, put O as well as r equal to 0, in which case To measure a resistance according to this formula, we should first join up, as shown by fig. 1, our battery, gal- vanometer, and standard resistance (as it is called), which in our formula is R, and having noted the de- flection tti, should multiply the latter by R; this gives us what is called the constant, p (the resistance to be determined) is then inserted in the place of jB; a new deflection, a, is obtained, by which we divide the con- stant, and thus get the value of p. This method of measuring the resistance is the one generally employed in taking tests for insulation resist- ance of telegraph lines, the standard resistance, jB, being usually 1,000 ohms. U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 133 When the insulation resistances of several lines are to be measured, the constant would first be taken and worked out, and the several lines to be measured being inserted, one after the other, in the place of the resist- ance R, the deflections are noted; then the constant being divided by the several deflections the resistances are thus obtained* For example : With a battery, a galvanometer, and a resistance of 1,000 ohms (R) in circuit, we obtain a deflection of 20 divisions (ai) ; then constant = 1,000 X 20 = 20,000. Taking away our resistance and inserting — Wire No. 1, we obtain a deflection of 5 divisions; wire No. 2, a deflection of 6 divisions ; wire No. 3, a deflection of 12 divisions ; wire No. 4, a deflection of 3 divisions. The resistance of our wires would then be — No. 1, 20,000 -J- 5 = 4,000 ohms ; No. 2, 20,000 H- 6 = 3,333 ohms ; No. 3, 20,000 -T- 12 = 1,666 ohms; No. 4, 20,000 H- 3 = 6,666 ohms. These results are the total insulation resistances of the wires, which may be of various lengths. To get compar- ative results, it is necessary to obtain the insulation re- sistance of some unit length of each wire, such as a mile. Now, it will be readily seen that the greater the length of the wire the greater will be the leakage, and consequently the less will be the insulation resistance ; or, in other words, this resistance will vary inversely as the length of the wire. To obtain, then, the insulation resistance, or "insulation," as it is simply called, all we have to do is to multiply the total insulation by the length of the wire. Thus, for example, if No. 1 wire were 100 miles long, its insulation per mile would be 4,000 X 100 = 400,000 ohms. 134 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF It is usual to fix a standard insulation per mile, and if the result is below the same the line is considered faulty. Two hundred thousand ohms per mile is the standard adopted by the Postal Telegraph Department. 11. The rule of multiplying the total insulation by the mileage of the wire to get the insulation per mile is not strictly correct, more especially for long lines, as it assumes that the leakage is the same at every point along the line. This, however, is clearly not the case, as a little of the current leaking out at one point leaves a smaller quantity to leak out at the next. In fact, we really measure the last portion of the line with a weaker battery than we do the first. The true law is, however, somewhat complex. 12. We have hitherto considered the galvanometer deflections to be directly proportional to the currents producing them, but in no galvanometer is this the case if the deflections are measured in degrees ; in such a case they are proportional to some function of those degrees, such as tangent. Thus, if we were reading off the scale of degrees on a tangent galvanometer — that is to say, a galvanometer in which the strengths of currents are directly proportional to the tangents of the angle of deflection which those currents produce— we should have to find the tangents of those degrees of deflection before multiplying and dividing. For example : If with a tangent galvanometer we obtained with our standard resistance of 1,000 ohms a deflection of 20°, and with the unknown resistance {p) a deflection of 15^ we should have ^^tan 80° X 1,000^ jgjx 1^0^^^3S8 „^„, tan, 15 ./iioo When measuring the insulation resistance of a line of telegraph, having taken the constant, we should join U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES 135 up our instruments and line as shown in fig. 2. In making a measurement of this kind it is usual to have the positive pole of the battery to earth, so that a nega- tive (zinc) current flows out to the line, as a zinc cur- rent will show best any defective insulation in the wire, a positive current having the effect, to a certain extent, of sealing a fault up, more especially if the defect is in any underground work which may be in the circuit. F^.2. Insulated, JSarth, The foregoing method of measurement is, as a rule, sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes. Greater accuracy may, however, be obtained with but little extra trouble by allowing for the resistance of our bat- tery and galvanometer in the following manner : Instead of multiplying the constant deflection by the 1,000 ohms standard resistance, multiply it by 1,000 i)lus the resistance of the galvanometer and battery, and, having divided the result by the deflection obtained with the line wire in circuit, subtract from the result the resistance of the galvanometer and battery. For example : With a standard resistance of 1,000 ohms, a tangent galvanometer of a resistance of 50 ohms, and a battery of a resistance of 100 ohms, we obtain a deflection of 30 % and with the line wire in circuit a deflection of 10°. 136 .OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF What was the exact insulation resistance of the line ? Insulation ) tan. 30° (1,000 + 50 + 100) resistance tan. 10 . 577X1,150 176 (50 + 100) 150 = 3,760 ohms. In order to save calculation it is very convenient to have a table constructed on the following plan ; Constant read- ings through 1,000 ohms. Earth readings. 1° 2° 3° j 4° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 20,852 21,992 . 23,146 24, 318 25, 507 10, 423 10, 993 11,570 12,155 12, 750 6, 945. 7,324.6 7,709.3 8,099.5 8,495.5 1 5. 205. 5,489.5 5,777.9 6,070.2 6. 367. 1 In this table the first vertical column represents the deflections in degrees obtained with a tangent galva- nometer through a standard resistance 'of 1,000 ohms, and the top row of degrees are the deflections obtained with the line wire in circuit. The numbers at the points of intersection of a vertical with a horizontal column give the resistances corresponding to those deflections, these resistances being calculated from the formula tan. constant reading x 1000. tan. earth reading. Insulation resistance =- Thus the constant deflection, or reading, with the 1,000 ohms standard resistance being 22°, and the deflec- tion with the line wire (the earth reading) being 2', the resistance required is seen at a glance to be 11,570 ohms. (Par. 17.) U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 137 (Par. 291 from "American Telegraph}-.") WESTERN UNION TANGENT GALVANOMETER. 291. This form of tangent galvanometer, as con- structed for service, is known as the Western Union Standard. The coils of wire of the galvanometer are contained in a vertical, circular grooved frame. This frame is about six inches in diameter. The resistance spools are inclosed in a circular box, under the base of the instrument ; the base is composed of hard rubber. The instrument is supported on three adjustable legs, by means of which it is leveled. The needle is bal- anced on a jeweled pivot ; sometimes it is suspended from the arch of the coil or other suitable point. The length of the needle is | inch. As it would be inconvenient to read deflections from the needle itself, owing to the small circle which it would describe, there is fastened to it, at right angles, a long, light pointer of some nonmagnetic material, such as aluminum, the ends of which extend to curved scales on the circumference of a dial placed immedi- ately beneath the ends of the pointer. Any deflection of the needle deflects the pointer to an equal angle. On one-half of the dial the degrees of a circle up to 90°, on each side of a zero, are marked. When normally at rest, the needle, being then under the directive influ- ence of the earth's magnetism •only, points north and south. When current is not flowing in the coil it is turned so as to be directly in line with the needle. Consequently, the pointer at such times will lie at right angles to the plane of the coil, and its ends will be over the zeros of the scales. When current is caused to flow in the coil the needle is deflected, and the extent of this deflection is shown in degrees by the pointer. 292. Table of Tangents.— If the strength of cur- rents flowing in the coil were directly proportionate to 138 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF the angles of deflection of the needle, we would know that if a given current deflected the needle to, say, 20°, a current which would deflect it to 40° would be of double the strength of the first current. But as such is not the case, it is necessary, in using the tangent galva- nometer, first to note the degrees of deflection of the npedle and then ascertain the tangent of the angle of the deflection. To facilitate the finding of these tangents, a table of tangents is easily employed. In the following table it is assumed that the tangent of the angle of 45° is unity, or 1, and that the tangential line is divided into any number of divisions of equal length. For instance, the tangent of 45° being 1, tangent 2 represents a space on the line from 1 equal to that which 1 represents from to 1, and so on. These divisions are assumed to be di- vided again into 100 or 1,000 parts. Thus, by reference to the table it is found that the tangent of 20° is 0.364— that is, xVoV of 1. These tables are then used in the following way : For example, assume that the needle is deflected by a given current to an angle, of 20°, and that a different current deflects it to an angle of 36°. By reference to the table of tangents it is found that the tangent of 20° is 0.364 and the tangent of 36°, 0.728. As the currents in question are proportional to these tangents, it is evi- dent that the last current has twice the strength of the first, since 0.364 is to 0.728 as 1 is to 2. Knowing this law, then, and utilizing it in connection with Ohm's law, it is quite easy to avail of it in testing. For instance, if with a given electro-motive force and a given resistance in a circuit a deflection of 36° is ob- tained, and with the same electro-motive force but a dif- ferent resistance 20° is obtained, we conclude that this last resistance is just double that of the former. For, U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 139 as we have just seen, since the tangent of 20° is .364, namely, half that of the tangent of the angle of 36^, which is .728, it follows that the current strength must have been halved to cause the diminished deflection, and, by Ohm's law, it is known th'at with a constant electro-motive force the halving of the current strength in a circuit must be due to a doubling of the resist- ance, etc. In some forms of tangent galvanometers one-half of the circumference of the dial is allotted to a scale on which the tangent of the angle, instead of the degree of the angle, is marked. This avoids reference to a table in calculating results, and when rough results only are desired it is a convenient arrangement, but when greater accuracy is required the table should be referred to. 140 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF Table of tangents. Degrees. Tangents. Degrees. Tangents. 1 1 Degrees. Tangents. 1.00 .0175 9.75 .1718 18.50 .3346 1.25 .0218 10.00 .1763 18.75 . 3395 1.50 .0262 10.25 .1808 19.00 .3443 1.75 .0306 10.50 .1853 19.25 .3492 2.00 .0349 10.75 .1899 19.50 .3541 2.25 .0393 11.00 .1944 19.75 .3590 2.50 .0437 11'. 25 .1989 20.00 .3640 2.75 .0480 11.50 .2035 20.25 .3689 3.00 . 0524 11.75 .2080 20.50 .3739 3.25 .0568 12.00 .2126 20.75 .3789 3.50 .0612 12.25 .2171 21.00 .3839 3.75 .0655 12.50 .2212 21.25 .3889 4.00 .0699 12.75 .2263 21.50 .3939 4.25 .0743 13.00 .2309 21.75 .3990 4.50 .0787 13.25 .2355 22.00 .4040 4.75 .0831 13.50 .2401 22.25 .4091 5.00 .0875 13. 75 .2447 22.50 .4142 5.25 .0919 14.00 .2493 22.75 .4193 5.50 .0963 14.25 .2540 23.00 .4245 5.75 .1007 14.50 .2586 23.25 .4296 6.00 .1051 14.75 .2633 23.50 .4348 6.25 .1095 15.00 .2679 23.75 .4400 6.50 .1139 15.25 .2726 24.00 .4452 6.75 .1184 15.50 .2773 24.25 .4505 7.00 .1228 15.75 .2820 24.50 .4557 7.25 .1272 16.00 .2867 24.75 .4610 7.50 .1317 16.25 .2915 25.00 .4663 7.75 .1361 16.50 .2962 j 25.25 .4716 8.00 .1405 16.75 .3010 25.50 .4770 8.25 .1450 17.00 .3075 25.75 .4823 8.50 .1495 17.25 .3105 26.00 .4877 8.75 .1539 17.50 -.3153 26.25 .4931 9.00 .1584 17.75 .3201 1 26.50 .4980 9.25 .1629 18.00 .3249 26.75 .5040 9.50 .1673 18.25 I .3298 ' 27.00 .5095 U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 141 Table of tangents — Continued. Degrees. Tangents. Degrees. Tangents. Degrees. Tangents. 27.25 .5150 36.00 .7265 44.75 .9913 27.50 .5206 36.25 .7332 45.00 1.0000 27.75 .5261 36.50 .7400 45.25 1.0176 28.00 .5317 36.75 .7467 45.50 1.0088 28.25 .5373 37.00 .7536 45.75 1.0265 28.50 .5430 37.25 .7604 46.00 1.0355 28.75 .5486 1 37.50 .7673 46.25 1.0446 29.00 .5543 j 37. 75 .7743 46.50 1.0538 29.25 .5600 1 38.00 .7813 46.75 1.0630 29.50 .5658 38.25 .7883 47.00 1.0724 29.75 .5715 38.50 .7954 47.25 1.0818 80.00 .5774 38.75 .8026 47.50 1.0913 80.25 .5832 39.00 .8098 47.75 1.1009 80.50 .5890 39.35 .8170 48.00 1. 1106 30.75 .5949 39.50 .8243 48.25 1.1204 31.00 .6009 39.75 .8317 48.50 1.1303 31.25 .6068 40.00 .8391 48.75 1.1403 31.50 .6128 40.25 .8466 49.00 1.1504 31.75 .6188 40.50 .8541 49.25 1.1606 32.00 .6249 40.75 .8617 49.50 1.1708 32.25 .6310 41.00 .8693 49.75 1. 1812 32.50 .6371 41.25 .8770 50.00 1.1918 32.75 .6432 41.50 .8847 50.25 1.2024 33.00 .6494 41.75 .8925 50.50 1.2131 33.25 .6556 42.00 . 9004 ! 50.75 1.2239 33.50 .6619 43.25 .9083 51.00 1.2349 33.75 .6682 42.50 .9163 51.25 1.2460 34.00 .6745 42.75 .9243 51.50 1.2571 34.25 .6809 43.00 .9325 51.75 1 . 2685 34.50 .6873 43.25 .9407 52.00 1.2799 34.75 .6937 43.50 .9490 52.25 1.3915 35.00 .7002 43.75 .9573 52.50 1.3033 35.25 .7067 44.00 .9657 52.75 1.3151 35.50 .7133 44.25 .9742 53.00 1.3370 35.75 .7199 44.50 .9827 53.25 1.3393 142 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF Table of ^ang^ew^s— Continued. Degrees. Tangents. \ Degrees. Tangents. Degrees. Tangents, 53.50 ! » 1.3514 1 62.25 1.9007 71.00 2. 9042 53.75 1.3638 \ 62.50 1.9210 71.25 2.9460 54. 00 1.3764 1 62.75 1.9416 71.50 2.9887 54.25 1.3891 1 63.00 1.9626 71.75 3.0326 54.50 1.4019 j 63.25 1.9840 72.00 3.0777 54.75 1.4150 63.50 2.0057 72.25 3. 1240 55.00 1.4281 63.75 2.0278 72.50 3.1716 55.25 1.4415 64.00 2.0503 72.75 3.2205 55.50 1.4551 64.25 2.0732 73.00 3.2709 55.75 1.4687 64.50 2. 0965 73.25 3.3226 56.00 1.4826 64.75 2. 1203 73.50 3.3759 56.25 1.4966 65.00 2.1445 73.75 3.4308 56.50 1.5108 65.25 2. 1693 74.00 3.4874 56.75 1.5253 ; 65.50 2. 1943 74.25 3.5457 57.00 1.5399 1 65.75 2.2199 74.50 3. 6059 57.25 1.5547 66.00 2.2460 74.75 3. 6680 57.50 1.5697 ! 66.25 2.2727 75.00 3.7321 57.75 1.5849 I 66.50 2.2998 75.25 8.7983 58.00 1.6003 1 66. 75 2.3276 75.50 3.8687 58.25 1.6160 j 67.00 2. 3559 75.75 3. 9375 58.50 1.6319 67.25 2.3850 76.00 4.0108 58.75 1.6479 67.50 2.4142 76.25 4.0867 59.00 1.6643 67.75 2.4443 76.50 4.1653 59.25 1. 6808 68.00 2.4751 76.75 4.2468 59.50 1.6977 : 68.25 2. 5065 77.00 4.3315 59.75 1.7147 68.50 2.5386 77.25 4.4194 60.00 1.7321 68.75 2.5715 77.50 4.5107 60.25 1.7450 i 69.00 2. 6051 77. 75 4.6057 60.50 1. 7675 \ 69.25 2. 6395 78.00 4. 7046 60.75 1.7856 \ 69.50 1 2.6746 78.25 4. 8077 61.00 1.8040 69.75 2.7100 78.50 4.9152 61.25 1.8228 70.00 2.7475 78.75 5. 0273 61.50 1 1.8418 70.25 2. 7852 79.00 5.1446 61.75 ! 1.8611 70.50 2.8239 79.25 5.2672 62.00 1.8807 70.75 2.8636 79.50 5. 3955 U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 143 TahU 5 of fangren^s— Continued. Degrees. Tangents. Degrees. Tangents. Degrees. Tangents. 79.75 5.5301 ! 83.50 8. 7769 87.25 20.8188 80.00 5.6718 i 83.75 9. 1309 87.50 22. 9038 80.25 5.8197 i 84.00 9.5144 87.75 25.4517 80.50 5.9758 ; 84.25 9.9310 88.00 28. 6363 80.75 6. 1402 ' 84.50 10. 3854 ' 88.25 32. 7303 81.00 6. 3138 84. 75 10.8829 : 88.50 38. 1885 81.25 6.4971 ' 85.00 11.4301 , 88.75 45. 8294 81.50 6.6912 85.25 12.0346 89.00 57. 2900 81.75 6.8969 85. 50 12.7062 , 89.25 76.3900 82.00 7. 1154 85. 75 13.4566 ! 89.50 114.5887 82.25 7.3479 86.00 14.3007 \ 89.75 229. 1817 82.50 7.5958 ! 86.25 15.2571 90.00 00 82.75 7.8606 86.50 16.3499 ! 83.00 8.1443 86.75 17.6106 ' 83.25 8.4490 87.00 19.0811 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE USE OF TELEPHONES. 293. All officers to whom telephones are issued will thoroughly familiarize themselves with their construc- tion, their use, and the means of discovering and cor- recting the usual faults which may develop during service, and they are charged with seeing that the fol lowing rules are strictly enforced : The dismounting of any part of the telephone, even by experts, will only be resorted to when absolutely necessary to secure satisfactory communication. Only those who are familiar with the instrument will be allowed to disconnect the various parts of or dis- mount the instrument. The windings of the armature, coils of call bell, and bobbin of receiver should never be unwound. The diaphragms of the receiver and trans- mitter are not to be disturbed — e. g. , by poking with a 144 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF pencil, etc. The battery connections and tops of cells are to be kept clean and free from salts, solutions np to proper strength, and water up to water line on cells. In case of failure to work, all circuits, both inside and out of the instrument, should be carefully inspected and the tests mentioned below applied. In case remedy can not be applied at post, report circumstance to signal officer in charge. Connect, using office wire, line post to line and ground post to ground plate, which should be of ample size and located in damp earth. One end of wire should be firmly soldered to ground plate and other end attached to ground post. The wire should be as straight as possible, without unnecessary bends or convolutions. During all storms, or when left on target range over night, lightning arresters should be short-circuited by inserting plug in the hole between the plates. When using instrument, call by briskly turning the handle of the call box and wait until call is answered by a ring before unhooking the receiver; when through talking, hook up the receiver and ring off. Never leave the instrument with the receiver off the hook. 294. Faults and their Location.— Under ordinary conditions of line and when instruments are in adjust- ment faults are not liable to be developed. If a fault de- velops, the first thing to do is to thoroughly inspect the circuits of the magneto call box, transmitter, and re- ceiver, see that all wires are intact, contact points bright, all screw contacts tight, no wires touching or crossing each other, soldered joints firm, the automatic cut-out working freely, back and front contacts good, and plates of lightning arrester and space between them free from dust or metallic particles. The usual faults are developed under one of the fol- lowing conditions : First, station can not ring ; second, station can ring, but speech can not be heard in either U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 145 direction ; third, station can ring and can hear, but can not be heard. In the first case the fault is either in the call box or on the line ; in the second case the speaking circuit is either short-circuited or there is some break in the connections ; in the third case the fault is in the primary circuit of the transmitter and due to bad cell, bad contact in automatic cut-out, a break or short circuit in the primary or secondary coil of the trans- mitter, or, in the case of a solid-back transmitter, broken mica diaphragm, which has allowed the carbon particles to escape from between the carbon electrodes. When station can not ring, short-circuit the line and ground posts of the instrument by a short piece of wire, and if on turning the crank the bell rings, the fault is not in the box itself but on the line. The following are the usual faults in the different parts of the instrument : Receiver. — Diaphragm too close to pole piece, not allowing sufficient space for vibration. This is fre- quently caused by the receiver having been dropped ; remedy, carefully tap the magnets back into case with a hammer. Diaphragm buckled, caused by having been poked with a pencil, etc. ; replace with a new one. Dirt between pole piece and diaphragm ; remedy, wipe pole piece and diaphragm with a piece of soft cloth. Bad soldered connections between terminals and wires lead- ing to coils; this produces an intermittent fault, and can be detected by pressing on the terminals in different directions while listening and blowing on the transmit- ter. Short circuit in receiver cords, due to defective insulation of the cords ; it is tested for by detaching cord from receiver and box and placing the two terminals from the same end of the cords on line and ground posts of magneto box and turning handle of magneto box ; if the cord can be rung through there is a short circuit, and a new cord is necessary. 2218 10 146 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF Transmitter, Long-distance. — Open circuit in trans- mitter, caused by breaking of mica washer and parti- cles of carbon running out between the electrodes ; this can be detected by inspection. Magneto Call Box. — In the magneto call box short circuits are sometimes caused by particles of brass being ground off the driving gear and falling across wires ; a thorough dusting of the box will overcome this. The sticking and not making contact for speaking of the automatic cut-out switch when receiver is removed may be remedied by strengthening the spring, cleaning the bearings, and thoroughly lubricating with black lead. Oil must not be used, as it serves to collect dust and dirt. Bad contacts on lever can be corrected by scraping surfaces bright and black-leading them. In case the contact springs do not touch, bend them over until they do. Weak polarized magnets for bells should be re- placed and the bells so adjusted that the hammer moves freely between them, striking each in succession. See that the plug for lightning arrester is not in circuit. Batteries. — Cracked cells, allowing solution to run away, loose, dirty, or corroded terminals, faulty con- nection of wire to zinc rod, zinc rod used up, solution too low or too weak. The battery should be kept filled between the water lines marked on the cell, the top kept thoroughly clean and free from salts, and the solution up to proper strength, otherwise good results can not be obtained from the transmitter. All directions neces- sary for the setting up of the Leclanche cell, supplied with the instrument, are to be found on the printed directions attached to the cell. 295. The following books are furnished to officers in charge of lines : American Telegraphy, Maver. Manual of Telephony, Preece and Stubs. Practical Telegraphy, Cully. U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 147 Dynamo Electric Machinery, vols. 1 and 2, S. P. Thompson. Kempe's Handbook on Electrical Testing. Book on Wiring, Roebling. The Voltaic Cell, Park Benjamin, Electricity and Electric Telegraphy, Prescott. Bloxam's Chemistry, Organic and Inorganic, Thomas and Bloxam. Handbook of Electric Telegraphy, Lockwood. Electrical Dictionary, Houston. The Electric Telegraph, Pope. Text-book of Physics, Everett. The Electrical Engineer's Pocket Book, Kempe. Instructions for the Use of Telephones, Reber. Instructions for Use of Voltmeter and Ammeter, Sig- nal Office. WIRE. 296. Except for special purposes, where the specifica- tions must be clearly set forth, requisitions for wire will be confined to the following-named classes, which com- prise the standard wires of this service : Galvanized -iron wire, No. 9 (see Specifications, par. 229). Adopted for use in permanent lines. Galvanized- iron wire, No. 14 (see par. 229) . This may be used for semipermanent lines, or where the distance is comparatively short. Hard-drawn copper wire (generally No. 10 or 12). Used for permanent telephone lines, or in other special cases. Seven -stranded wire, consisting of one copper wire overlaid by six steel wires. (About 100 pounds per mile, with breaking strain of 500 pounds. ) It is designed for use with the fiying telegraph train. 148 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF Aluminum-bronze wire (weighs about 8 pounds to the mile). This is used in connection with hand reels for connecting outposts at short distances. "Seven-stranded wire, mentioned above, insulated and braided. Weighs about 240 pounds to the mile, and is generally run out from reels placed on cable wagon, or may be run out with litter reels. It is used when lances or poles are not available ; also for temporary lines on the ground or through marshes and woods. Should be replaced by aerial lines and recovered as soon as possible. Lead-covered cable, containing appropriate number insulated conductors, to be used underground in connec- tion with fire-control or cable system. Inside twisted pair, for office or telephone, used inside houses or through perfectly dry places. Can not be sub- jected to strain or moisture. Outside twisted pair, insulated, hard-drawn copper conductor, used for outside work and for damp places. Each wire has a breaking strength of 200 pounds. Single outside wire, the same as one conductor of the outside twisted pair, for leading-in purposes. Light copper-armored cable, to be used for river cross- ings or temporary work for connecting ships with shore. Weighs 387 pounds per mile. Office wire, paraffin insulation, No. 14 or 18, used for making ordinary office connections. PRINCIPAL INSTRUMENTS FURNISHED. 297. 1. Morse relay, key, and sounder. 2. Main-line sounder. 3. Pocket relays. 4. Repeaters. 5. Duplex and quadruplex instruments. 6. Vibrator, type "D." This instrument sends vibra- tory currents of high intensity, to be used on badly U. S. MILITARY TELEGRAPH LINES. 149 insulated wire. It may also be superimposed on the ordinary Morse circuit, and used in connection there- with either for telegraphing or telephoning. 7. Vibrator, type "C," used for the same purpose as vibrator, type "D," but in addition sends a current that gives the ordinary Morse sounds on the telephone. In this vibrator there is a condenser connected with the instrument, and in placing it on the Morse line it is only necessary to place condensers around the Morse instru- ments in circuit. At terminal stations vibrators, whether of tpye "C" or "D," must be placed in front of Morse instruments. 8. Portable telephone, iypQ "E," containing call box, head receiver, and transmitter. 9. Wall-set telephones. 10. Desk-set telephones. All of the above telephones are of the bridging type. 11. Condensers, ^ and y^ micro-farad, used for placing vibratory system on Morse circuit. 12. Voltmeter and ammeter. 13. Resistance coils. BATTERIES. 298. Batteries furnished are Eagle, Callaud, Le- clanche, dry, and storage. INDEX. Paragraph. Act of Congress for protection of military telegraph lines 231 Accounts current 196 By officers in charge 129 Disposition of, at this office 132 Stations, this lines receipts 126 Other lines receipts 127 When to be forwarded 128 Annual supply table 233 Arresters, lightning, care of 31 Auction sales, proceeds, how accounted for 197 Batteries 228-292 Distribution of power 288 Caring for 21, 22, 23 To be cleaned and renewed in sections 21 Chief operators responsible tor good condition of 16,21 Working several lines from 289 Battery cells or jars 203 Battery coppers 23, 228 Bicycles, care of ;_ 227 Bills and vouchers 146, 157, 158 Bills, this line against other lines 143, 144 Other lines against this line 140, 141 Boards of survey 175, 176, 178, 196, 206 Books furnished officer in charge 296 Boxes, call, magneto 194 Cable code 280 Callaud battery, directions for setting up 228 Call bells 29. 199 Calls. (See OfBce calls.) Cash books 116 Certificates of expenditure. 19*3, 196, 202 Check errors, record of 147,153 Adjustment of 62, 63 Check ledger, how kept 112,113 Check report 114 (161) 152 INDEX. Paragraph. Chief operator, duties of 16,17,18,19,20,21,23,29,157 Eecommendations to be made by 19 Chief Signal Officer 117,118,129,156, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 171, 190, 197, 208, 214,215, 217, 219, 233 Army and Navy signal codes 275 General duties of 267 Instruction and practice in signaling 274 Signal Corps sergeants 269, 270 Signaling operations in the field . 271 Signal supplies 276 Circuit, contention for, prohibited 39 Communications, official ^- 214, 215, 216, 217 Condemned property, how disposed of 197 Connections, battery 203 Coppers, battery 23, 228 Damages, claims for 78 Delivery of messages. (See also Messages.) Notice of, may be telegraphed to sender 60 Free witliin limits of town 71 By special messenger, money received for 106 Disbursing officer, not authorized to draw checks in his own favor 279 Duplication of messages to be avoided 63 Employees, civilian, employment of 154,156 Final settlement with 155,210 Enemy, information of, to be telegraphed 4 Enlisted men ' 3,4, 7, 154, 161, 164-168, 175, 176, 195, 198, 207, 210, 212, 213, 210, 217 Returning to the United States 162 Estimate for Signal Corps stores 220 Errors in mes-ages received 62 In checks. {See Check errors.) In property papers 199,208,209 Responsibility for 58 Error cards 149, 150, 151 Sheets 148,152 Expendable property 200 Field glasses 3, 182, 19 Final payment of employees 155,210 Tranks granted by the Chief Signal Officer 87 Galvanometer, W. U. tangent . 291 Ground plates, wires, how connected 28,287 When not to use 30 Ground, use of, at intermediate stations 29,30 INDEX. 153 Paragraph. Heliographs 182, 199 Hours of duty 34,36 To be reduced on Sundays and holidays 38 Temporary absence 37 Indians, hostile, information concerning, to be telegraphed 4 Injury to telegraph lines, penalty of 231,2.32 Inspection of property 182 Instruments, telegraph, unauthorized uso of, prohibited 10 Number on hand to be reported when making requisition 14 When to cut off, from line 30,32 Kind needed at each office 27 Furnished, principal ones 291 How to connect 28 Transfer of, between offices not allowed 15 Adjustment of : 51 Insulators 204 Inventory and inspection returns 182,184 Inventory of property 173 .Jars, battery 199, 203 Journal, telegraph, to be kept by chief operators 17 Copy of, to be forwarded monthly 1 18 Offices to be referred to by name 18 Ledger. (See Check ledger.) Kept by officer in charge 124 Lightning arresters, care of 31 Line material, when expendable 204 Line receipts "This line:" Definition of _ - 97, 98 Must be covered into United States Treasury 97 * To be accounted for separately 99 Remittances of. 117,118,119,120,121 How deposited by officer in charge 122 Line receii)ts "Other lines:" Definition of 97, 99 To be accounted for separately 99 For special delivery or postage 139 Remittances of 116, 126 To be turned over to commercial companies 116,123 Line telegraph _._ - - 122,193,204,230-232 List of expendable property 201 List of forms issued - 236 Loss of property, action to be taken 196,206 Mail, messages forwarded by — 106 154 INDEX. Paragraph. Mail packages 226 To be registered 125,225,226 Memorandum receipts 212 Messages, telegraph: OflBcial, to pass free over military lines 6, 64, 101 Character of, to be verified 85 OflBcial, to have precedence over all others 64 How checked 101, 102, 105 Government rates for 89 On War Department business, hovir checked 85, 101 War Department, monthly statement of 103 War Department, original copies of, to be sent to disbursing quartermasters „ 104 Transmission of names in 57 Messages not to be destroyed 81 Private, conditions under which transmitted 6,86 To be considered in care and trust of Government 7 Information concerning, not to be given except as provided 7 Copies of, not to be furnished except by proper authority 8 Conditions when copies of, may be exhibited 9 Strict privacy of, to be observed 7,8 Must be written on form 40, 41 Press, treatment of, in active service 86 Order of transmission of 42 Order of transmitting the several parts of 83, 86 Date and time of filing to be noted on 47 Must be carefully read before sending 48 Must be transmitted as received 53 Containing improper language not to be accepted 55 Number of and time of sending must be noted on 61, 67 Time of receipt to be noted on 67 Transferred to other lines 43, 107 Transferred to other lines where two or more are available— 44, 45, 46 To be filed for future reference 81 Betained copies, how destroyed 81 Delivery of, may be reported by telegraph 60 Supposed errors in 62 Duplication of G3 Where from and destination to be written out in full 67 Repeated back when requested 68 Relaying of 69, 70 Free delivery of, where made 71 Receipts for, to be obtained and preserved 73 INDEX. 155 Paragraph. Messages, telegraph — Continued. Nondelivery of, to be explained 73,76 Delivery by mail or special messenger 106 Answers to, how to obtain 72, 77 Claims for damages for loss of or error in 78,79 Checking of, rules for 92,93,94 Number of words in, must agree with check 84 Counting words, rules for 92,93,94 Numbers or figures in 96 Cipher, how to count and charge for ^ 95, 96 Cipher or preconcerted, require signature of commanding officer 6 Address of sender of 49 Not to be sent from dictation 64 Transmission of, to be regulated to suit ability of receiver 56 « Office, limits of use of ; preference over private 65,66 Instructions for delivery of 74, 76 Undelivered, disposition of . 80 Night rates 96 Tariff of rates for private 1 96 Rates for Government 89 When to be transmitted free 87 If not free, must be prepaid or guaranteed 100, 109 Responsibility for charges on, when sent collect 108, 110, 111 Criticising military operations not to be sent 6 Checking of, rules for, in Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and Philip- pine Islands 93, 94, 96 Checking of, rules for, in the United States 93, 94, 96 Statement of uncollected 134, 135, 137, 138 Guaranteed 100, 109, 135, 136 Messenger, special, money for 106 Military colleges 211, 222 Military telegraph lines 1, 3, 7, 42, 98, 107 Commanding officer 2, 4, 6, 8, 272 Confidential communication . 273 Messages ___ 273 Signal officer 272 Money accounts. {See Line recpipts.) Money value of articles, how accounted for 196 Muster rolls and pay rolls . 161 Night messages, tariff on 96 Nomenclature not to be changed 189, 190 Office, accepted messages to be transmitted before closing 36 Office calls, how sent and answered 62 156 INDEX. Paragraph. Officers in charge 10, 18, 20, 24, 38, 39, 86, 88, 90, 115, 122, 126, 127, 132, 141, 144, 145, 147, 149-151, 153, 156, 157, 160, 163, 165, 166, 168, 207, 217 Remittances made to 1 17, 118, 119, 121 Deposits to be made by 122, 123, 124, 125 , Settlements by, with other lines 116,125 Accounts current rendered by 129 Final settlement with civilians by 155,210 Reports of funds to be rendered by 129, 159 Forms to be rendered by 159 Ledger to be kept by ; 124 Official messages. {See Messages.) Oil for signaling 221 Operators, duties of_ 2, 4, 6, 12, 13, 22, 24, 26, 34, 39, 50, 52, 53, 56-59, 61-63, 72, 73, 77, 78, 84, 103, 108, 116, 118, 126, 142, 144, 150-152, 156, 157 Prohibited from contracting debts or obligations on account of Government 11 Care of batteries by 21,22,23 Hours of duty 34,35 Information concerning matters not understood 236 Temporary absence of 37 Orders, copies of, to be furnished Chief Signal Officer 163 Personal reports of enlisted men 165 Poles, telegraph 203,207 Postage on messages 106 Practice kits 222 Property, accountability 24,166,167, 186,236 Responsibility and care for 11, 12 Transfer of, not to be made 15 Public, and labor not to be perverted to private use 15 Condemned 199 Expendable 182, 200, 201 Final returns 169 Invoices, but not received, aetion to be taken 171, 180 Purchased at station 179 Receipts 172 Received without invoice 180 Retained returns J 170 Returns, when made "- 168 Shortage, lost or unserviceable 174, 175, 196, 204, 205 Transfers ot 169,177 Unexpendable 182, 188, 200 Unserviceable 282, 183, 184, 188 Shipment of 178, 181, 185,187 Quartermaster 40, 104, 121, 125, 255, 260-263 INDEX. 157 Paragraph. Rates, tariff, for private messages 96 For Government messages 98 Receipts, for messages to be obtained 73 For money paid out 130, 131 For property 172,198 Receivers, telephone 223 Relay, ac^ustment of 61 Relayed messages 69, 70 Remittances of line receipts 143, 144, 146 Rented telephones and transmitters 194 Repairs, general, special authority for, needed 26 Ordinary, to be made as necessary 26 Repeated messages 68 Report, annual, by chief operators . 19 Labor and material 26 Repairman 25 0. B. & W. D 103 Statement of remittances to the Chief Signal OflBcer 118 Officer in charge 169, 160 On condition of line 160 Consolidated, officer in charged 161 Personal 161, 162,168 Quartermaster's, for hire of quarters 164 Requisitions 14, 219 Retained property returns 170 Returns, headings of form not to be changed 189 Articles, like names, different pattern 191 Sabbath: Duty and labor 242 Orderly observance 242 Scouting parties 4 Signal Bureau, management and direction 267 Signal codes, Army and Navy 270 Signal Corps, enlistments in 282 Changes of stations of enlisted men 246 Eligibility of officers to command 238 Extra-duty details of enlisted men 240 Muster and pay roll ^ 246 Signal Corps officers : Appointments 268 Departments 241 Eligibility to command 238 Fuel and stoves for officers 248 158 INDEX. Paragraph . Signal Corps officers— Continued. Military telegraph lines 250 Posts 243 Promotion 239 Senior, with army in the field 271 Signal supplies 276 Pay as mounted officers 265 Signal Corps sergeants : Accountability for property 245, 266 Baggage 252 Classification 269 Descriptive list 270 Enlistments and muster 269,270 Number at signal station 269 Payments 266 Promotion and reduction 269 Quarters, fuel, and stoves 248, 249 Rank and precedence of first-class 237 Sleeping cars 251 Lamps for 250 Signal Corps supplies : Accountability 276 Condemnation 276 Purchase, preservation, and care 276 Transportation 247 Signaling instruction : Army and Navy Code ._ 275 Supervision by Chief Signal Officer 267 Signal officer in charge 4 Signals, office 50, 52 Private 50, 52 Special 4,52 Signal parties : Eeports, duties, strength, etc 271 Supplies, quartermaster and subsistence 277 Signal stations, establishment in the field 271 Sergeants, Signal Corps 269 Society badges worn on occasions of ceremony 278 Staff's, signal 199 Statement of funds by officers in charge 159 Stationery 12, 233, 234 Station records 206 Stations, discontinued, disposition of property 186 INDEX. 159 Paragraph. Stolen property__«.^» 205 Supplies 233 Not to be purchased by operators 13 Supply table 233 Sulphate of copper 23,228 Tangents, table of 292 Telegraph, instruction, supervision by the Chief Signal Officer 267 Lines, rules governing use of, in active service 86 Lines, military, under whose charge and control 1 Object of construction of 2,255,260 Penalty for injury to 231,232 Testing of, daily 17,18 Advantage of testing by measurement 284 Working, capacity of 283 Telegraphing, official 5, 64, 85, 89, 101, 102, 103, 105 Accounts 266, 266, 258, 263 Blank forms 261 Code 254 Confidential 255 Counting words 258 Collect, sent by private individuals 263 Leaves of absence 256 Settlement of accounts 259, 260, 262 UseoL 263 Unimportant words 257 Telegraphy, instruction, supervision by the Chief Signal Officer 267 Telephones 182,192,194,223,224,264,293-8 Telephoning apparatus 267, 276 Telescopes 182 Testing : Battery by hydrometer 2;$ Conductivity and resistance 285 Measurements, by 284 Of line daily — 17, 18 Simple 290 Transfer offices, rules at 103, 107, 133, 134, 137, 138, 142 Transmittal, letters of 218 Transmitters 192, 194, 223 Unexpendable property 200 Uniforms ._ _ — 269 Unserviceable property • 175 Vises and straps 199 Vouchers, how prepared 167, 168 160 INDEX. Paragraph. Vouchers, missing, action to be taken 171 War Department telegrams : How to be checked __ 85, 101 Monthly statement of transfer 103 Original copies to be sent to quartermaster 104 How transferred 43,107 Wire 229 Leading into office 23, 228 Zincs, battery 23,228 • 1 {3 498 Ay