KOEHLEKS 
 WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 OF DISCIPLINARY 
 PHYSICAL TRAINING 
 
 )l. H J.KOEHLEO.SA. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 OF 
 
 DISCIPLINARY PHYSICAL TRAINING 
 
KOEHLER'S 
 WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 OF 
 
 DISCIPLINARY PHYSICAL TRAINING 
 
 BY 
 
 LIEUT. COL. H. J. KOEHLER, U.S.A. 
 
 Director of Military Gymnastics, Swordsmanship, etc., United States 
 
 Military Academy; Instructor at United States Training 
 
 Camps and Cantonments, 1917 and 1918; Instructor 
 
 at Business Men's and Militia Camps, 
 
 1915 and 1916 
 
 WITH A FOREWORD BY 
 
 NEWTON D. BAKER 
 
 SECRETARY OF WAR 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 
 
 1919 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1919* 
 BY E. P, DUTTON & COMPANY 
 
 All Rights Reserved 
 
 Printed In the United States of America 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 This manual is based upon the experience 
 gathered in this work at the United States Mili- 
 tary Academy during a period extending over more 
 than a generation, and upon the direct personal 
 application of the results of this experience to 
 approximately 200,000 men in our new Army, 
 37,000 of whom were aspirants for commissions. 
 
 In general, the manual is a revision of Special 
 Regulations, No. 23, Field Training of the Soldier, 
 a syllabus prepared by the author, and published 
 by the War Department, by the direction of the 
 Secretary of War, making it mandatory upon all 
 to carry out this work in the service in accordance 
 with these special regulations. 
 
 The reason for its publication at the present 
 time is to meet the frequent demands made by 
 those, in and out of the service, who having had a 
 practical personal experience with this method, and 
 who, realizing the present importance of physical 
 training to our people in general, were kind enough 
 to urge its publication in order that this method and 
 any merits it may possess might become as acces- 
 sible and wide-spread as possible. 
 
 To facilitate its application the subject has there- 
 fore been treated as simply and comprehensively, 
 and with as much detail as possible, so that drill 
 instructors of even limited experience, and the inter- 
 
 388284 
 
vi INTRODUCTION 
 
 ested layman may follow it intelligently and be 
 able to carry out its intent successfully. Wherever 
 possible technical terms and professional terminology 
 have been translated into every-day English. 
 
 Though the manual is intended primarily for the 
 instruction of recruits in the service, civilians who 
 expect to be inducted into the service, and those 
 who do not but who are desirous to add to their 
 general efficiency, will find it to their advantage 
 to become thoroughly proficient in what it pre- 
 scribes. By doing so select men will not only be 
 physically fit and qualified to successfully meet the 
 demands made upon them when they enter the ser- 
 vice, but prepared to take advantage of any oppor- 
 tunity for early advancement that may present it- 
 self. 
 
 The manual will also adapt itself readily to the 
 needs of schools, colleges and other institutions in 
 which the object of bodily training is disciplinary 
 and educational and not only physical. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 SECTION PAGE 
 
 I GENERAL OBJECT i 
 
 Efficiency of military establishments De- 
 mands of modern warfare Importance of 
 physical training Standard set by military 
 requirements Health and organic vigor de- 
 termining factors Development of recupera- 
 tive and resistive powers Health, strength 
 and vigor a means Discipline of the mass 
 Discipline to be voluntary Definition of dis- 
 cipline Relation between discipline and phys- 
 ical training Summary of objects to be at- 
 tained. 
 
 II GENERAL SCOPE 7 
 
 Scope of field physical training Setting-up 
 exercises Conditioning and restorative exer- 
 cises Rifle exercises Bayonet training 
 Vaulting and obstacles Athletic contests 
 and games. 
 
 Ill METHODS 10 
 
 The employment of various forms of training 
 Condition and aptitude of men Classifica- 
 tion of the men Time devoted to training 
 The morning period The afternoon period 
 The arrangement of instruction material 
 The disciplinary exercises The setting-up 
 exercises Marching Jumping Double tim- 
 ing Endurance runs Contests Group con- 
 tests, games, etc. Endurance course, 
 vii 
 
viii CONTENTS 
 
 SECTION PAGE 
 
 IV INSTRUCTORS 21 
 
 Officers in charge of instruction Number to 
 be instructed at one time Drills to be attrac- 
 tive The function of every military drill 
 Instructors to be an inspiration Exercise the 
 means, not the end Exercising to the point 
 of exhaustion Uniform to be worn After 
 reveille drills Instructors to prepare lessons 
 Number of times an exercise should be re- 
 peated Explanations, when not to make 
 them Frequency of rests. 
 
 V COMMANDS 27 
 
 The importance of commands Instructors 
 to cultivate ability to command Power and 
 control exercises Articulation, enunciation 
 and diction Division of commands Com- 
 mands of continuance Commands for exer- 
 cises performed statically Commands for 
 continued exercises Interval between com- 
 mands. 
 
 VI MASS COMMANDS 34 
 
 Introduction of mass commands Method of 
 procedure Commands for setting-up exer- 
 cises Commands for military movements. 
 
 VII POSITIONS AND FORMATIONS ... 42 
 
 The position of attention The position of at 
 ease and rest Formations. 
 
 VIII STARTING POSITIONS 53 
 
 Starting positions Disciplinary exercises, 
 facings and salute. 
 
CONTENTS ix 
 
 SECTION PAGE 
 
 IX SETTING-UP EXERCISES FOR RECRUITS 
 
 AND THE TRAINED SOLDIER ... 65 
 
 What the course comprises Number of 
 times an exercise should be performed Pro- 
 gressive difficulty and how obtained Ter- 
 minology Respiration and its relation to ex- 
 ercise Lessons. 
 
 X TRAINING OF THE TRAINED SOLDIER 148 
 
 How this course differs from the recruit 
 course Composition of lessons Instructors 
 to make course attractive Trained soldiers 
 condition course Recreational activities 
 Example lessons. 
 
 XI RIFLE EXERCISES 162 
 
 Object of rifle exercises Starting position 
 Exercises. 
 
 XII CORRECTIVE EXERCISES 174 
 
 Minor defects remedied by regular training 
 Cooperation with instructor necessary 
 Drooping head Round and stooped shoul- 
 ders Weak back Weak abdominal muscles 
 To increase depth and width of chest Flat 
 feet. 
 
 XIII CONTESTS AND GAMES 178 
 
 The object of these contests Individual con- 
 tests Group contests and games. 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 I have been asked to write a word of introduc- 
 tion to the West Point Manual prepared by Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel H. J. Koehler, Master of the Sword 
 and Instructor of Military Gymnastics and Phys- 
 ical Culture at the United States Military Acad- 
 emy at West Point. 
 
 For many years Colonel Koehler has had charge 
 of physical education at the Military Academy and 
 those who have attended graduation exercises at 
 West Point have seen the finished product of his 
 system in those wonderful, tense lines of alert, 
 erect young men, who stand like statues on review, 
 showing the human body, as it seems to me, in its 
 greatest perfection; its muscles easy and strong, 
 its proportions set off by the tight-fitting uniform, 
 with new elements of handsome grace born of cor- 
 rect carriage and graceful action. One exclaims 
 involuntarily when he sees the Corps that if the 
 physical discipline at West Point had only an aes- 
 thetic value it would be quite worth while. And 
 I doubt if anybody is able to move about the 
 grounds at West Point, however drooping his own 
 figure has become from sedentary habits and inat- 
 tention to physical culture, without for the time 
 being walking more erectly, giving freer expansion 
 to his lungs and a somewhat more elastic spring 
 to his step. 
 
xii FOREWORD 
 
 But the advantage of this discipline is not merely 
 to make men look fit, but actually to make them be 
 fit. The mind inevitably shapes itself with the 
 body in which it resides, and the moral equivalents 
 come with these physical attributes; men whose 
 systems are renewed by wholesome physical exer- 
 tion, who are well and strong, whose heads are set 
 square on erect shoulders, look their fellow-men 
 straight in the eyes and both show and expect moral 
 erectness as the normal attitude. 
 
 When America went into the European war 
 we summoned from civil life thousands of young 
 men to enter officers' training camps. Many of 
 them had had college athletic experience, all of 
 them were educated, and some of them had had 
 military training either at Plattsburg or as a part 
 of their life at school or college. Colonel Koehler 
 became an instructor in these training camps, 
 bringing with him from West Point his method 
 formed by years of experience, and adapted to the 
 special purpose of fitting men rapidly for military 
 service. Those who had an opportunity to see the 
 effect of his instruction were amazed at the rapid- 
 ity with which the sense of responsibility and the 
 authoritative personality which must be back of 
 effective command were created, and if we could 
 follow Colonel Koehler's graduates, either from 
 the Military Academy or from these training 
 camps, to the battle fields of France we would find 
 an impressive story of physical and moral adequacy 
 which made these young officers themselves able 
 to endure the hardships of modern war and also 
 able with the democracy of sympathy which char- 
 
FOREWORD xiii 
 
 acterizes life in America, to lead and inspire train- 
 ing in their men which made them fit for their 
 part in these fiery trials. 
 
 The appearance of Colonel Koehler's manual 
 will, there lore, make available to a large number 
 of people the principles of a system which is the 
 product of experience, and which has stood the 
 test under critical conditions, and whatever form 
 our future training of boys and young men in this 
 country may take it is greatly to be hoped that we 
 will not again fall into the habit of slighting the 
 body as we were on the point of doing when the 
 war forced us to realize its importance as the basis 
 of our national strength. 
 
 The great lesson of this war, of course, is the 
 sanctity of the moral foundations of civilization 
 for which the war itself was fought; but as we 
 have prepared and fought a great many incidental 
 revelations have come to us, and among them few 
 are more important than what we have learned 
 about young men associated in a great cause, in a 
 wholesome environment, and given an opportunity 
 to develop their best talents under inspiring cir- 
 cumstances; we have learned that the natural ten- 
 dency of young men is up and not down, that young 
 men in Armies prefer to lead upright and noble 
 lives and that the spontaneous emotions of youth 
 are generous and brave. I have myself become 
 so convinced of this that if I were told of an 
 Army that it oppressed the weak and pillaged and 
 destroyed the homes of the defenseless, I would 
 immediately assume that the responsibility lay with 
 those in the higher commands; perhaps not nee- 
 
xiv FOREWORD 
 
 essarily that they ordered or authorized the acts, 
 but that they at least had not given the natural 
 man in the ranks a free opportunity to develop. 
 
 The soldierly virtues which our men have shown 
 are, of course, not all due to their physical train- 
 ing; their sound health does not rest entirely upon 
 the exercises which individuals have taken, but as 
 a part of the whole system the physical training 
 of the individual and the mass is very important, 
 and those who are responsible for our educational 
 processes in the future cannot wisely overlook the 
 experience of our Army in this regard, for a round 
 education must hereafter have its professorships 
 and some such intelligent plan for the culture of 
 of the mind, and its professorships of the body, 
 the body as that of Colonel Koehler will be needed 
 to replace the aimless and casual exertions of unin- 
 structed playgrounds and unled games. Colonel 
 Koehler's manual is, of course, primarily adapted 
 to the making of soldiers, but it can be easily used 
 for those who may never see military service, and 
 its greatest value lies in the fact that it is orderly 
 and systematic, and rests upon principles apart 
 from the mere excitement of the moment which 
 the casual game gives to the player. 
 
 After all how can one plead too strongly for 
 this cause? What can be more obviously advan- 
 tageous to us as a nation than that our youths 
 should be straight and strong, that we should learn 
 to carry our heads erect, that we should stand 
 squarely on our feet, and walk with a firm and 
 confident tread, that we should learn to associate 
 ourselves with others until we become effective in 
 
FOREWORD xv 
 
 mass action, coordinating our movements and 
 subordinating our wills to the voice of rightful 
 authority when the question is the common good? 
 Does it not go without saying that we will be the 
 better in every way for being a strong and vigor- 
 ous people? Incidentally, we will be more compe- 
 tent commercially, more happy spiritually, braver 
 for the tasks that still lie before us if our bodies 
 are made too handsome to entertain an unhand- 
 some spirit. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 OF 
 
 DISCIPLINARY PHYSICAL TRAINING 
 
DISCIPLINARY PHYSICAL 
 TRAINING 
 
 SECTION I 
 GENERAL OBJECT 
 
 PARAGRAPH 
 
 Efficiency of military establishments I 
 
 The demands of modern warfare . . . 2-3 
 
 Importance of physical training .... 4-6 
 
 Standard set by military requirements . . 7-8 
 
 Health and organic vigor determining factors . 9 
 Development of recuperative and resistive 
 
 powers 10 
 
 Health, strength and vigor a means . . .11 
 
 Discipline of the mass 12 
 
 Discipline to be voluntary 13 
 
 Definition of discipline 14 
 
 Relation between discipline and physical train- 
 ing . . . . . . . .15 
 
 Summary of objects to be attained 16 
 
 1. Efficiency of Military Establishments. 
 That the efficiency of a military establishment is 
 in direct ratio to the physical fitness and aptitude 
 of its individual units has never been demonstrated 
 as conclusively as it has during the present war. 
 
 2. The Demands of Modern Warfare. The 
 demands made upon those engaged in this titanic 
 struggle are so far in excess of what was thought 
 
 i 
 
2 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 to be the limit of human endurance, judged by a 
 before-the-war standard, that it is impossible to 
 even conjecture now what that limit actually is. 
 
 3. Despite the fact that the military profession 
 has not hesitated to impress almost every known 
 science into its service, in an effort to successfully 
 overcome man's endurance, these efforts have proved 
 futile up to the present time, as the trained man 
 has demonstrated his ability to hold his own against 
 these almost unbelievable odds, and in the end it will 
 be discovered that it is the carefully trained and 
 conditioned man who alone can make victory pos- 
 sible. 
 
 4. Importance of Physical Training. With 
 these facts before us it follows logically that the 
 physical training, development and conditioning of 
 those recruited for the military service must be the 
 first and most vital concern of a nation at war. 
 
 5. Training men physically for offensive and 
 defensive purposes is as old as warfare itself and 
 from the very beginning up to the present time it 
 alone has remained the one constant and unvary- 
 ing factor in the education of the soldier, upon 
 which, more than upon all other components of this 
 education combined, success has depended. 
 
 6. From the military point of view the indi- 
 vidual can be considered only with reference to the 
 requirements of the service, and these demands de- 
 termine the nature and extent of his training. In 
 other words, in the final analysis, the recruit can 
 not be considered a dependable and effective unit 
 until he succeeds in measuring up to the standard 
 of these requirements. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 3 
 
 7. Standard Set by Military Requirements. 
 Since this standard so far exceeds the standard re- 
 quired of men in the ordinary walks of life, with 
 respect to severity, variety and general intensive- 
 ness of its demands, it is necessary that the soldier 
 possess more than the average amount of organic 
 vigor, muscular and nervous strength and endur- 
 ance. Aside from these it is also necessary that the 
 power of resistance to disease, somatic vigor, in- 
 herent in every individual, in a greater or lesser 
 degree, be fully developed in order that he may 
 successfully withstand the hardships of field service 
 without diminishing his effectiveness. 
 
 8. The Object of Military Physical Training. 
 The object, therefore, that a course in military physi- 
 cal training must seek to attain is the development 
 of every individual's physical attributes to the full- 
 est extent of their possibilities, in order to enable 
 him to enter upon the duties his profession imposes 
 upon him with the greatest confidence in his ability 
 to discharge these duties successfully under any 
 and all circumstances and conditions. 
 
 9. Health and Organic Vigor the Determin- 
 ing Factors. Since the nature and extent of all 
 physical training is determined by the state of 
 health of the participants, every rational course in 
 such training, military or otherwise, must have the 
 development of the human organism in its entirety 
 for its primary object. 
 
 This can only be accomplished if the means em- 
 ployed will give to each organ that which will aid 
 it in its development, assist it in the discharge of 
 its peculiar functions and establish a coordinated, 
 
4 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 organic balance between the organs upon which 
 the condition of perfect health depends. 
 
 10. Development of Recuperative and Re- 
 sistive Powers. To insure the maintenance of this 
 balance the training must endeavor to develop the 
 recuperative and resistive powers of the vital or- 
 gans in such a degree that each has a surplus of 
 energy at its disposal against which it may draw in 
 its own favor or in favor of the others when the 
 exigency for such compensation presents itself. 
 
 11. Health, Strength and Vigor a Means. 
 Though robust health, strength and organic vigor, 
 etc., are the basis and the determining factors in the 
 training of soldiers, they are, from a military point 
 of view, but a means, and will avail the soldier but 
 little to attain the other objects of his training until 
 he has learned to carefully conserve the former and 
 use the latter to the best advantage to himself and 
 to the mass of which he is a member. In other 
 words, the possession of these means makes it pos- 
 sible for him to develop the mechanical require- 
 ments of his profession, efficiency in which in turn 
 develops self-reliance, confidence, courage and self- 
 control or personal discipline. 
 
 12. Discipline of the Mass. It is this dis- 
 cipline of the individual that determines the dis- 
 cipline of the mass, which is brought about by the 
 welding together of the sum of these personal at- 
 tributes, and which, plus self-control and the mutual 
 confidence they engender between the individual 
 units, makes for corps spirit that inspires organiza- 
 tions to dare because of the confidence of the ability 
 to do. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 5 
 
 13. Discipline to Be Voluntary and Intelli- 
 gent. In the pursuit of discipline superiors should 
 be guided by the rule of reason rather than by the 
 authority vested in them by the commission they 
 hold. iThe American officer must be essentially a 
 leader, but only he will be a successful leader who, 
 in his efforts to instill the spirit of discipline in his 
 men, succeeds in impressing upon them that dis- 
 cipline, true discipline, the only kind a sovereign 
 people should ever be subjected to, is one that ap- 
 peals to the head and the heart even more than it 
 does to the handsj 
 
 This appeal tolne intelligence and the finer sen- 
 sibilities of the men, particularly of the men com- 
 posing a selected army, can be counted upon to 
 awaken in them a sense of their responsibilities, 
 and by doing so it will strengthen an officer's control 
 immeasurably, no matter how strict or exacting he 
 may be, so long as he does not lose the sense of the 
 proportion of justice and remains humane. 
 
 14. Definition of Discipline. Such discipline 
 may therefore be defined as the voluntary, intelli- 
 gent, coordinated and cheerful subordination of 
 every individual in an equal degree with every 
 other individual of the mass to which he belongs, 
 and of which he is an interdependent and not an 
 independent unit, through which the object of the 
 mass can alone be attained. 
 
 15. Relation Existing Between Physical 
 Training and Discipline. The intimate relation- 
 ship that exists between physical training and dis- 
 cipline is not appreciated as it should be even by 
 many in the military profession. To these, physical 
 
6 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 training means physical effort with little or no 
 bearing upon discipline. 
 
 The experience of the author, stretching over a 
 lifetime at the Academy, but particularly that 
 gained in training several hundred thousand men, 
 directly and indirectly, in which men of every walk 
 of life, in every part of our country were involved, 
 proved conclusively that the disciplinary value of 
 military physical training equaled, if it did not sur- 
 pass, its purely physiological value. 
 
 In fact, it proved itself, when applied to the 
 great army precisely as it has proved itself here at 
 the Academy, to be the best and most efficacious 
 means in the development of discipline, in the in- 
 dividual and in the mass, at the disposal of those in 
 charge of recruit instruction. 
 
 1 6. Summary of Objects to Be Attained 
 Through This Training. Summarized briefly the 
 objects this training must seek to attain are : 
 
 (a) The development of general health and vigor and 
 how to conserve them. 
 
 (b) The development of muscular strength, energy, en- 
 durance, etc., and how to convert these most advan- 
 tageously into the mechanical requirements of the pro- 
 fession. 
 
 (c) The development of the discipline of the indi- 
 vidual and of the mass. 
 
 (d) The development of self-reliance, confidence and 
 courage. 
 
 (e) The development of smartness, enthusiasm, alert- 
 ness and precision, and personal and organization pride. 
 
SECTION II 
 GENERAL SCOPE 
 
 PARAGRAPH 
 
 The scope of field physical training . . .17 
 
 Setting-up exercises 18 
 
 Conditioning and restorative exercises . . 19 
 
 Rifle exercises 20 
 
 Bayonet training 21 
 
 Vaulting and obstacles 22 
 
 Athletic contests and games . . . .23 
 
 17. The Scope of Field Physical Training is 
 necessarily limited to those activities that can be 
 indulged in without the aid of any appliances, or 
 with the aid of such as may be improvised, and, 
 finally, with such as the equipment of the soldier 
 provides. 
 
 These activities embrace : 
 
 (a) Setting-up exercises 
 
 (b) Marching and exercises in marching 
 
 (c) Double timing and exercises in double timing. 
 
 (d) Jumping 
 
 (e) Rifle exercises 
 
 (f) Bayonet training 
 
 (g) Vaulting exercises and overcoming obstacles 
 (h) Athletic games and contests 
 
 1 8. Setting-up Exercises. These exercises are 
 to be considered the basis for all other activities. 
 
8 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 Their importance can not be overestimated, as by 
 means of them alone it is possible to effect an all- 
 around development impossible by any other means, 
 while their disciplinary value is at least as great as 
 their physical value. 
 
 In the prescribed course only those exercises have 
 been included whose value from a physiological and 
 military point of view is unquestioned. 
 
 19. Conditioning and Restorative Exercises. 
 Following the setting-up exercises and supplemen- 
 tary to them, the lessons should include such general 
 conditioning exercises as marching and exercises in 
 marching, double timing and exercises in double 
 timing, jumping, and finally the restorative or con- 
 cluding exercises, which are composed of move- 
 ments that tend to diminish the heart action, regu- 
 late respiration, and restore normal condition. 
 
 20. Rifle Exercises. The purpose of these is 
 to develop handiness in the wielding of the piece 
 and accustoming the men to its weight. As the 
 weight is considerable, especially to the raw recruit, 
 it is recommended that instructors be reasonable in 
 the employment of these exercises. It is recom- 
 mended that only those prescribed in this manual 
 be used. 
 
 21. Bayonet Training. Aside from its mili- 
 tary importance, bayonet training is a most valu- 
 able adjunct to the physical training course, as it 
 calls into action practically every muscle of the 
 body, and makes for alertness, quickness of per- 
 ception, decision, aggressiveness and confidence. 
 
 It is now given such prominence in the training 
 of the men that it has been made a distinct and 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 9 
 
 separate course, hence it is not included in this 
 manual. 
 
 22. Vaulting and Obstacles. Vaulting and 
 overcoming obstacles are exercises of application 
 and should be practiced upon such appliances as 
 vaulting bars, walls, fences and ditches or upon 
 natural or improvised obstacles. 
 
 23. Athletics, Contests and Games. These 
 should be considered recreational and only those ac- 
 tivities should be indulged in in which it is possible 
 to employ large numbers at the same time. It is 
 best to select those activities in which the element 
 of personal contact predominates. 
 
SECTION III 
 METHODS 
 
 PARAGRAPH 
 
 The employment of various forms of train- 
 ing 24-25 
 
 Condition and aptitude of men ... 26 
 
 Classification of the men 27 
 
 Time devoted to the training .... 28 
 
 The morning period 29-30 
 
 The afternoon period 31 
 
 The arrangement of the instruction material 32 
 
 The disciplinary exercises .... 33 
 
 The setting-up exercises 34-3$ 
 
 Marching 39-48 
 
 Jumping 49 
 
 Double timing 50-58 
 
 Endurance runs 59 
 
 Contests 60-63 
 
 Group contests, games and athletics . . 65 
 
 Endurance course 65-67 
 
 24. The Employment of Various Forms of 
 Training. In the employment of the various forms 
 of military physical training it is most essential that 
 well denned methods should be introduced in order 
 that the objects of this training may be attained 
 in a thorough, systematic and uniform manner. 
 
 This has been neglected in our service up to the 
 present time and so long as this training is not co- 
 ordinated and all are not compelled to follow the 
 
 10 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 11 
 
 same methods we shall fail to obtain the results 
 from it that we should. 
 
 25. In planning a method of procedure the fol- 
 lowing factors must be considered : 
 
 (a) The object of the training 
 
 (b) The scope 
 
 (c) The condition and physical aptitude of the men 
 
 (d) The time devoted to it and its division 
 
 (e) The instruction material and its application 
 
 The object and scope have already been fully dis- 
 cussed. 
 
 26. The Condition and Aptitude of the Men. 
 The question of the condition and aptitude of the 
 men is a very important one and should always de- 
 termine the nature and extent of the task expected 
 of them. Never, during the recruit period, should 
 the task be made the determining factor. This is 
 frequently lost sight of by well-meaning but over- 
 zealous instructors, who by confusing quantity with 
 quality always succeed in defeating the very pur- 
 pose of this training. 
 
 As condition and aptitude increase, as they will 
 if the application of the work has been rational and 
 progressive, the standard of the severity of the drill 
 should be gradually increased until all are able to 
 measure up to the standard set by the military re- 
 quirements. This under ordinary conditions will re- 
 quire several months of training. 
 
 27. The Men to Be Divided into Two Classes. 
 The men should be divided into two general classes : 
 the recruit and the trained soldier class. No man 
 should be considered a trained soldier until he has 
 served at least three months in the recruit class. 
 
12 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 28. The Time Devoted to This Training. 
 This should be divided into two daily periods each 
 of an hour's duration for recruits; one period to be 
 held in the morning and the other in the afternoon. 
 
 29. The Morning Period. This should begin 
 not earlier than an hour or an hour and a half after 
 breakfast. At no time should these drills be held 
 immediately after or before a meal; to do so is 
 likely to affect the digestive operation seriously. 
 The practice of exercising men strenuously imme- 
 diately after reveille and just before breakfast is a 
 vicious one and should never be tolerated. At such 
 a time digestion is of more importance than exer- 
 cise. 
 
 30. The morning period should embrace the fol- 
 lowing forms of exercise in the order named : 
 
 (a) Disciplinary exercises, two minutes 
 
 (b) Setting-up exercises, twenty minutes 
 
 (c) Marching and exercises in marching, from five to 
 eight minutes 
 
 (d) Jumping exercises, from five to eight minutes 
 
 (e) Double timing, from three to five minutes 
 
 (f) Contests, ten minutes 
 
 31. The Afternoon Period. This period 
 should be employed in: 
 
 (a) Bayonet training, from twenty to thirty minutes 
 fb) Games and contests, alternating daily with con- 
 ditioning exercises; double timing to develop endurance; 
 vaulting and overcoming obstacles, from fifteen to 
 twenty minutes 
 
 (c) Rifle exercises, ten minutes 
 
 32. The Arrangement of Instruction Material. 
 This should be progressive, every lesson being com- 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 13 
 
 plete in itself with respect to the results it is in- 
 tended to attain. 
 
 33. The Disciplinary Exercises. These em- 
 brace the starting positions; the position of at ease 
 and rest; the position of attention and the facings. 
 
 When a snappy and accurate performance of 
 these exercises is insisted upon, the recruit's mind 
 is concentrated upon the work to follow. 
 
 34. The Setting-up Exercises. These em- 
 brace exercises for all parts of the body; arms, 
 neck, shoulders, trunk and legs are employed in each 
 lesson, for the purpose of every lesson is the har- 
 monious development of the entire body. Thus each 
 lesson embraces the following exercises arranged in 
 the following physiological sequence : 
 
 (1) Introductory arm movement 
 
 (2) Leg exercise 
 
 (3) Trunk exercise, turning 
 
 (4) Leg or foot exercise 
 
 (5) Trunk exercise, dorsal (bending forward) 
 
 (6) Shoulder exercise 
 
 (7) Trunk exercise, lateral (bending sideward) 
 
 (8) Arm exercise 
 
 (9) Trunk exercise, abdominal (bending backward) 
 (10) Balancing exercise 
 
 (n) Breathing exercise 
 
 This sequence should be adhered to in general in 
 every lesson. 
 
 35. All exercises must be performed with the 
 greatest accuracy, precision and* smartness, and 
 proper posture must constantly be insisted upon. 
 
 In order to develop an intelligent responsiveness, 
 
14 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 attention should be called to the object of each exer- 
 cise. 
 
 36. Each movement of every exercise should 
 first be performed separately at a command that is 
 indicative of the movement required and the various 
 positions should be held momentarily while correc- 
 tions are made before moving into the next position. 
 
 This static performance insures accuracy and pre- 
 cision. After repeating an exercise in this manner 
 several times, the exercise should be continued in a 
 regular cadence, which, however, should be so di- 
 vided that it will bring out the full physiological 
 value of the movements. 
 
 37. In order to inculcate rhythm and coordinated 
 mass movement and flexibility, such exercises as 
 lend themselves to rhythmical repetition may be per- 
 formed in that manner, provided it does not detract 
 from their physiological value. 
 
 38. As the value of all exercises depends upon 
 the manner of their application and not upon the 
 exercises themselves, the cadence must be made to 
 fit the exercise and not the exercise the cadence. 
 
 39. Marching and Exercises in Marching. 
 The object of these exercises is the development of 
 proper posture, poise and carriage while marching. 
 The exercises taken in connection with marching 
 are intended to develop control, coordination, sup- 
 pleness and endurance. 
 
 40. The length of the full step in quick time, as 
 prescribed in the drill regulations, is thirty inches, 
 measured from heel to heel, and the cadence is 120 
 steps per minute. 
 
 By common consent this has been changed to a 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 15 
 
 step twenty-eight inches long and to a cadence of 
 from 126 to 130 steps per minute. 
 
 The change was adopted for the purpose of 
 "quickening" the men, to make them more alert 
 and add to the smartness of their actions and ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 41. In marching in quick time the head and 
 trunk should remain precisely as they are while 
 standing at attention. As the left foot is advanced 
 the right forearm is swung forward and inward, 
 obliquely across the body, until the thumb, palms 
 being turned in, reaches a point about the height 
 of the belt. The forearm swing ends the moment 
 the heel strikes the ground, when the forearm, with 
 muscles relaxed, is allowed to swing down and back 
 until the thumb is about a breadth of the hand to the 
 rear of the buttocks. As the right arm swings back 
 the left arm is swung forward with the right foot 
 in precisely the same way. 
 
 42. In order to avoid any rotation about the 
 spine and to avoid any shoulder movement, the 
 upper arms are never allowed to pass the perpendicu- 
 lar in the forward swing. 
 
 43. The legs must be fully extended as they 
 are carried forward but all jarring of the body must 
 be avoided when the heels are brought in contact 
 with the ground. When the heel is planted the 
 weight of the body is rolled forward to the toes 
 from which the body is thrust forward. 
 
 44. The feet should remain parallel when march- 
 ing, toes turned squarely to the front. This posi- 
 tion of the feet should be insisted upon at all times, 
 except when standing in the position of attention. 
 
16 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 45. The poise of the body must be free from 
 all restraint and stiffness and the arm swings, while 
 as uniform as the leg motions, must be free from 
 all exaggeration. 
 
 46. When exercises are taken in connection with 
 marching the cadence of the exercise must always 
 determine the cadence of the step. 
 
 47. In marching at half step, the character and 
 the cadence of the step remain unchanged; only the 
 length of the step is affected. All tendency to shuf- 
 fling, raising the knees unduly or "digging" the toes 
 in should be avoided. 
 
 48. In marking time, the heels should be raised 
 first and the toes last, the foot being replaced in re- 
 verse order. All tendency to raise ^nd lower the 
 foot in a flat-footed manner, raising the whole foot 
 at the same time with little or no ankle motion, 
 detracts from the smartness of the movement and 
 adds to the tendency toward flat-footedness. 
 
 49. Jumping. When indulged in for the pur- 
 pose of developing coordination, form and control, 
 rather than for the purpose of covering distance, 
 it should be confined to jumps of moderate length. 
 
 When the men have learned to coordinate and can 
 perform the jumps in proper form and with pre- 
 cision, they should be caused to extend themselves 
 gradually in order that they may be able to negotiate 
 such obstacles as may confront them in the field suc- 
 cessfully. 
 
 Jumping being an exercise of more than ordinary 
 severity instructors are warned to proceed cautiously. 
 
 50. Double Timing. The object of double 
 timing is the quick advancement of troops at as 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 17 
 
 little physical expense as possible and at a rate of 
 speed which is determined by the distance to be 
 covered, the urgency of the case, and what is ex- 
 pected of the men when they reach their destination. 
 
 51. The saving in physical effort is made by 
 diminishing the character of the leg motions, thereby 
 reducing the flight of the body when neither foot 
 is on the ground. 
 
 The muscles of the entire body should be relaxed 
 as much as possible ; the trunk, resting squarely upon 
 the hips, is allowed to incline forward until the cen- 
 ter of gravity falls on a point about the length of a 
 step in front of the body. 
 
 The arms are flexed at the elbows, hands closed 
 and raised until they are half way between the 
 waist and the shoulders. As the foot is advanced 
 the opposite arm is swung forward and inward from 
 the shoulder, thereby assisting in forcing the body 
 forward on its ever changing points of support. 
 
 The knees are slightly flexed constantly and 
 should never be fully extended. 
 
 52. The feet should be parallel and raised with 
 the soles as nearly parallel with the ground and as 
 close to it as the terrain will permit. In striking 
 the ground the heels come in contact with it first, 
 the toes, however, being raised just sufficiently to 
 keep the foot from jamming up into the shoe and 
 causing the toes to be chafed by rubbing against the 
 front of the shoes. 
 
 53. When correctly assumed, the attitude of the 
 body is such that the weight is constantly falling 
 forward and the legs are moved forward in an ef- 
 fort to establish an ever changing equilibrium. 
 
i8 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 The shoulders should travel forward in as nearly 
 a horizontal plane as possible. If this is done all 
 jarring of the pack and the attendant discomforts 
 this jarring causes to the shoulders and back is 
 avoided. 
 
 54. Breathing should be carried on through the 
 nostrils as much as possible and in order to facilitate 
 respiration as much as possible the chest muscles 
 should be relaxed as much as circumstances and 
 equipment will permit. 
 
 55. The cadence is 180 steps per minute and the 
 length of the stride is thirty-six inches. 
 
 56. When properly performed this gait will pro- 
 duce the maximum of results through the minimum 
 of effort. 
 
 57. There is no exercise that will develop con- 
 dition, vigor and endurance, lung and leg power in 
 general as double timing at a moderate rate of speed 
 will. On account of its severity and tendency to 
 permanent injury to the heart, instructors are cau- 
 tioned to proceed carefully, particularly when han- 
 dling green men. 
 
 58. Exercises while double timing are intended 
 to develop flexibility, agility and general mobility 
 and to prepare men for the endurance runs. 
 
 59. Endurance Runs. These should form a 
 part of the afternoon period. From lasting only a 
 few minutes in the beginning of the training, the 
 time should be gradually extended until, through 
 daily drills, the men are in such condition at the end 
 of the recruit period of training that they can 
 double time for a very considerable length of time 
 without becoming unduly fatigued or distressed. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 19 
 
 The trained soldier should practice the endurance 
 runs fully equipped. 
 
 60. Contests. These should be such as bring 
 the men into personal contact with each other. They 
 should be personal encounters that aside from their 
 physical value bring out and develop the individual's 
 aggressiveness, agility, quickness of perception, and 
 add to his confidence and morale. 
 
 61. In contests in which superiority is deter- 
 mined by skill and agility few if any restrictions 
 need be placed upon the efforts of the contestants. 
 In those contests, however, that are determined by 
 strength and endurance it is well to call a "draw" 
 when the contests are likely to be drawn out to the 
 point of exhaustion. 
 
 62. Two of these contests should be included in 
 every lesson, except in the preliminary ones, and 
 contests requiring skill and agility should alternate 
 with those that depend upon strength and endur- 
 ance. 
 
 The contests should be made as recreational as 
 possible in order that the men may relax. 
 
 63. As many as possible should be engaged at 
 the same time, the men being paired off in accord- 
 ance with weight, strength and general aptitude. 
 
 64. Group Contests, Games and Athletics. 
 These should form a part of the afternoon period 
 and be purely recreational in order that the men 
 may thoroughly relax from those forms of physical 
 activities that require constant concentration. 
 
 65. Endurance Course. A regular measured 
 course should be provided for these runs, and as its 
 purpose is the development of the ability to over- 
 
20 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 come obstacles as well as the development of endur- 
 ance, the course should have various kinds of ob- 
 stacles. 
 
 66. It is recommended that the course measure 
 100 yards in length and be provided with the fol- 
 lowing obstacles, the interval between them to be 
 approximately ten yards. 
 
 (a) The starting line. 
 
 (b) A ditch with perpendicular sides, 4^ feet deep; 
 for jumping into and climbing out of. 
 
 (c) A row of 2.y 2 foot fixed hurdles; for hurdling. 
 
 (d) A bar fence with top bar adjustable up to five 
 feet; for vaulting. 
 
 (e) An 8 foot shallow ditch ; for broad jumping. 
 
 (f) A 6 foot sandbag wall with perpendicular sides; 
 for climbing up and jumping off. 
 
 (g) A closed 6^2 foot fence; for scaling. 
 
 (h) A 4J/2 foot elevated balance run. This is con- 
 structed of four twelve foot planks, twelve inches wide, 
 elevated three feet from the ground; the planks are laid 
 end for end in about a 30 degree zig-zag; for balance 
 running. 
 
 (i) A row of 2 1/2 foot fixed hurdles; for hurdling. 
 
 (j) The finish line. 
 
 Other obstacles may be introduced and if natural 
 obstacles are available they should be utilized. 
 
 67. The course should be wide enough to accom- 
 modate at least sixteen men at the same time. By 
 starting the men at intervals of ten yards a single 
 course will be sufficient to engage 160 men at one 
 time. 
 
SECTION IV 
 INSTRUCTORS 
 
 PARAGRAPH 
 
 Officers in charge of the instruction . . 68-71 
 
 Number to be instructed at one time . . 72 
 
 Instructors to be conscientious 73 
 
 Drills to be attractive 74-75 
 
 The function of every military drill . . 76 
 
 Instructors to be an inspiration ... 77 
 
 Exercise the means, not the end ... 78 
 
 Exercising to the point of exhaustion . . 79 
 
 Uniform to be worn 80 
 
 After reveille drills 81 
 
 Instructors to prepare the lessons ... 82 
 Number of times an exercise should be re- 
 peated 83 
 
 Explanations, when not to make them . . 84-85 
 
 Frequency of rests 86 
 
 68. The Officer in Charge of This Instruction. 
 
 For disciplinary purposes and also to give to this 
 training the importance and dignity it merits, it is 
 absolutely necessary that its direction be placed in 
 charge of instructors who are regularly commis- 
 sioned in the service. 
 
 One of these should be placed in charge and held 
 responsible for everything pertaining to this train- 
 ing in the division to which he is assigned. 
 
 69. This division inspector-instructor should 
 have associated with him a regularly commissioned 
 officer in every regiment or its equivalent. 
 
 21 
 
22 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 70. These regimental inspector - instructors 
 should have charge of the training in their respec- 
 tive regiments. They should instruct and train at 
 least one officer in each battalion to act as their 
 assistants in supervising the work. 
 
 71. The battalion inspector-instructors should 
 in turn instruct the platoon leaders of their unit, so 
 they may be competent to conduct this work intelli- 
 gently under the supervision of the battalion-in- 
 structor. 
 
 72. Number of Men to Be Instructed. As a 
 rule this instruction should not be imparted to a 
 unit greater than a platoon. For disciplinary pur- 
 poses and in order to weld the command into a 
 compact, alert and quick unit and foster a spirit 
 of enthusiasm which can not be accomplished by 
 any other means as effectively as by this, the whole 
 company should be drilled as a unit at least once a 
 week. 
 
 When the men become proficient a whole bat- 
 talion should occasionally be drilled together. 
 
 73. Instructors Must Be Conscientious. In- 
 structors must go at this work conscientiously ; they 
 must be qualified in every way to conduct this work 
 successfully, for in no part of the instruction of the 
 men does the individuality of an instructor count 
 for as much as it does in this phase of it. 
 
 Instructors must therefore always be an example 
 to the men; be stripped and ready for action and 
 prepared not only to describe an exercise minutely 
 and clearly but to perform it with precision and 
 accuracy. 
 
 74. Drills Must Be Made Attractive. The 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 23 
 
 drill should be made as attractive as possible. It 
 should act as an exhilarant and be gone at with en- 
 thusiasm, but this will not result if the mind, which 
 exerts more influence upon the body than any ex- 
 traneous influence, is not employed; for it is im- 
 possible to brighten or make a man quick and active 
 physically if his mental faculties are being dulled, 
 and vice versa. 
 
 75. The relation between mental and physical 
 activity is so intimate that it is impossible to ignore 
 the one without seriously affecting the other. 
 
 This fact can not be impressed upon instructors 
 too forcibly. A drill made monotonous by the con- 
 stant repetition of the same exercises is bound to 
 become irksome and finally results in becoming all 
 but useless, because by not employing the mind 
 the spirit and enthusiasm are killed in even the 
 most enthusiastic and conscientious, and the drill 
 becomes a mechanical drudgery. 
 
 76. The Function of Every Military Drill 
 should appeal to the mental as well as to the physi- 
 cal side of the men. By enlisting their intelligence 
 in what is required of them a cheerful, intelligent 
 and enthusiastic responsiveness always results. 
 
 An instructor who does not grasp this will find 
 himself unable to arouse the men to the point where 
 they will voluntarily extend themselves to the limit 
 of their capabilities. 
 
 77. Instructors Must Be an Inspiration. 
 They should, if possible, be men of better than or- 
 dinary physique, and possess the ability to incite 
 the men to give the best that is in them. This 
 means that they must possess an unusual amount of 
 
24 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 muscular and nervous energy, which they must be 
 prepared to spend unstintingly. 
 
 78. Exercise the Means, Not the End. In- 
 structors should constantly bear in mind that the 
 exercises are the means and not the end, and that 
 it is the application of an exercise rather than the 
 exercise itself upon which successful results de- 
 pend. Whenever a doubt arises in an instructor's 
 mind as to the effect of an exercise, he should al- 
 ways err on the side of safety as underdoing is 
 rectifiable, overdoing is often not. 
 
 79. Exercising to the Point of Exhaustion. 
 To exercise men to the point of exhaustion is not 
 only liable to result seriously to the men, but it 
 kills their spirit and enthusiasm, and without these 
 successful military training of any kind is impos- 
 sible. It cannot be impressed too urgently upon in- 
 structors and upon others connected with the train- 
 ing of recruits that this drill, particularly the morn- 
 ing drill, must leave the men fit, able and eager for 
 their other tasks; with an increased rather than 
 with a diminished amount of energy and enthu- 
 siasm. Instructors who do not possess the faculty 
 of obtaining this result should not be intrusted with 
 this instruction. 
 
 80. Uniform to Be Worn. The uniform worn 
 will depend upon the season of the year and the 
 state of the weather. At no time should a uniform 
 that does not admit of the freest possible movement 
 of the body be worn. 
 
 During the warm months of the year, under- 
 shirts and loosely laced breeches without leggings 
 should be prescribed ; the olive drab shirts being sub- 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 25 
 
 stituted for the undershirt during the colder months 
 or during inclement weather. 
 
 Under ordinary conditions the regulation shoe 
 will be prescribed, but tennis shoes may be substi- 
 tuted when these are in the possession of the men. 
 
 Hats, caps or blouses will not be worn. If a 
 head covering is worn it should be removed. 
 
 After exercising, the men should be instructed 
 to remove the underclothing and socks, and if time 
 and facilities permit they should be instructed to 
 bathe. 
 
 81. After Reveille Drills. The perniciousness 
 of the practice of exercising men strenuously imme- 
 diately after rising and before eating has been dealt 
 with elsewhere. 
 
 82. Instructors Must Prepare Lessons. In- 
 structors are cautioned that success can only be ex- 
 pected if they work along the lines of carefully 
 prepared lessons, all aimed at the attainment of the 
 ultimate general object. 
 
 83. Number of Times an Exercise Should Be 
 Repeated. As stated before, it is impossible to 
 lay down a hard and fast rule governing the num- 
 ber of times any particular exercise should be re- 
 peated. In this matter instructors must exercise 
 their own judgment, which should be based upon 
 the condition of the men, aptitude, time of day and 
 the nature of the exercise. 
 
 Should any question relating to this arise in the 
 mind of the instructor he is again warned to err 
 upon the side of safety. 
 
 84. Explanations Made While Men Are in a 
 Constrained Attitude. Instructors must avoid the 
 
26 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 tendency to make explanations, suggestions or long- 
 drawn-out corrections while the men are in a con- 
 strained position, as it never fails to detract from 
 the snappiness of the drill and needlessly exhausts 
 the men. 
 
 With practice, instructors will develop the faculty 
 of interpolating cautions and corrections and to in- 
 spire the men to increased effort and snap while 
 they are exercising, without interfering with the 
 performance of the exercise or its cadence. 
 
 85. When explanations, corrections, etc., are 
 made the men should be placed in some position 
 which will insure their being able to give the in- 
 structor their full attention. All long-drawn-out 
 explanations should be avoided; those given should 
 be brief, concise and definite. 
 
 86. Frequency of Rests. In the beginning fre- 
 quent rests should be given, later as the men im- 
 prove in condition the frequency and duration of the 
 rests should be gradually decreased. 
 
 Short snappy drills are always to be preferred to 
 long and tedious ones. 
 
SECTION V 
 COMMANDS 
 
 PARAGRAPH 
 
 The importance of commands ... 87 
 
 Instructors to cultivate ability to command 88 
 
 Chest voice 89-90 
 
 Power and control exercises .... 92 
 
 Articulation, enunciation and diction . . 93 
 
 Division of commands 94 
 
 Commands of continuance .... 95 
 
 Commands for exercises performed statically 96 
 
 Commands for continued exercises . . 97-101 
 
 The interval between commands . 102 
 
 87. The Importance of Military Commands. 
 It is impossible to overestimate the importance of 
 the ability to give commands properly. Besides be- 
 ing the means through which an instructor com- 
 municates what is required of those in his charge, 
 and when this requirement is to go into effect, 
 commands must also convey the nature of the per- 
 formance of the requirement. 
 
 Invariably a movement is performed precisely as 
 it is ordered. If the command is delivered con- 
 cisely, distinctly, in proper cadence, and with energy 
 and snap, the performance will be found to fit the 
 command; just as it will fit a command that is 
 given in a lifeless and slovenly manner. In other 
 
 27 
 
28 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 words, an instructor will always find the response 
 to his command to be a direct reflection of his ef- 
 forts, or lack of them, in this regard. 
 
 88. Instructors to Cultivate the Ability to 
 Command. Instructors should practice giving 
 commands assiduously until their vocal organs de- 
 velop the requisite amount of quality and power and 
 until they succeed in fully controlling the pitch and 
 tone of their voice. Every individualhas a certain 
 pitch that will carry farther and is more distinct 
 than any other; this he should make it his business 
 to develop. 
 
 89. Chest Voice. Commands should be deliv- 
 ered with what is commonly known as a "chest 
 voice." in contradistinction to what is known as a 
 "head voice." The former is usually a low-pitched 
 voice that will carry farther, be more distinct and 
 require less exertion than the latter. 
 
 90. In order to cultivate this chest voice the 
 muscles of the chest, neck and those that control 
 the larynx should be relaxed, so that the trachea or 
 windpipe may be fully distended when the air is 
 being forced up through it and against the vocal 
 cords by the action of the diaphragm. 
 
 91. The mouth must be opened fully and with 
 the assistance and proper use of the tongue, teeth 
 and lips the words of the command should be ar- 
 ticulated and enunciated with the utmost distinct- 
 ness and precision and with sufficient volume to fit 
 the occasion. 
 
 92. Power, Pitch and Control Exercises. The 
 following simple exercises are recommended to cul- 
 tivate these: 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 29 
 
 Take a moderately deep inhalation, and then following 
 the instructions given above, utter hong with as much 
 volume as possible and in the proper pitch for a period 
 of from four to five seconds; inhale again and in the 
 same manner as before give utterance to the word kong. 
 
 To vary the sounds this practice should be fol- 
 lowed by using the words sing-song and ding-dong. 
 These words are recommended because they are 
 simple, easily remembered and because they are com- 
 posed of sounds that adapt themselves best in bring- 
 ing out the intent of the instruction. 
 
 93. Articulation, Enunciation and Diction. 
 All the words of a command, particularly of the 
 preparatory commands, must be articulated dis- 
 tinctly; the enunciation must be clear, have the 
 proper entonement, possess the right inflection and 
 power and be convincing ; the diction must be pure ; 
 the substitution of sounds that in many instances 
 have no relation whatever to the sounds of the 
 words for which they are substituted should be 
 avoided. 
 
 94. Division of Commands. There are two 
 kinds of military commands, the preparatory and 
 the executive. The preparatory command describes 
 and specifies what is required and the executive 
 calls what has been described into action. 
 
 Preparatory commands are printed in ordinary 
 type and the executive commands in CAPITALS. 
 
 Thus: i. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 
 
 All preparatory commands must be given with a 
 rising inflection and the instructor must have the 
 
30 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 feeling that he is lifting the entire command with 
 his voice and creating an eagerness on the part of 
 the men to be off, so to speak, when the executive 
 command, which usually consists of one word, is 
 literally shot at them. 
 
 95. Commands of Continuance. This is a 
 command that is used in the repetition of an exer- 
 cise and may be expressed in words or in numbers ; 
 in either case, however, it must be used not only to 
 indicate the cadence or rhythm of the exercise but 
 it must also be indicative of the manner in which 
 each movement of an exercise is to be performed. 
 
 Through the proper use of these commands long 
 explanations are avoided and instructors are able to 
 place themselves in absolute accord with the men by 
 conveying the "feel" of an exercise to them. 
 
 Thus: I. Bend trunk forward, 2. EXERCISE. O-n-e, 
 two, o-n-e, two, etc. 
 
 Here the long drawn out o-n-e indicates that the 
 movement should be performed slowly, while the 
 short, snappy two indicates a quick recovery. 
 
 96. Commands for Exercises Performed Stat- 
 ically. If it is the purpose of the instructor to have 
 exercises performed statically, i. e., have the men 
 pause in position after every movement of an exer- 
 cise, the instructor will use words indicative of the 
 successive movements rather than numerals. 
 
 Thus: i. On toes, 2. RISE. 3. Knees, 4. BEND. 5. 
 Knees, 6. EXTEND. 7. Heels, 8. DOWN or 
 i. Trunk forward, 2. BEND. 3. RECOVER. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 31 
 
 In these commands the executive word must also 
 indicate how what is required is to be performed. 
 In the first of these exercises the word RISE is 
 spoken sharply and quickly, indicating snap and 
 quick action ; the word BEND is drawn moderately, 
 indicating moderately slow performance; the word 
 EXTEND is given in the same way, while the word 
 DOWN is spoken moderately fast and definitely, in- 
 dicating moderately fast performance and finality. 
 
 In the second exercise the word BEND is drawn 
 considerably, indicating slow performance, while the 
 word RECOVER is spoken moderately fast and 
 sharp. 
 
 The word RECOVER is generally used to bring 
 the men back to the original starting position. 
 
 97. Commands for Continued Performance. 
 In these the preparatory commands must explain 
 the entire exercise, while the command of execution, 
 which is almost always confined to the word EXER- 
 CISE, calls for the continuation of the exercise, 
 the commands fitting the repetitions being confined 
 to numerals. 
 
 98. When large bodies of men are exercising to- 
 gether it is advisable to follow up the explanatory 
 preparatory command with another preparatory 
 command that will prepare the men for the com- 
 mand of execution. This will insure the exercise 
 being performed simultaneously. 
 
 Thus: i. Swing arms downward and sideward, 2. In 
 cadence, 3. EXERCISE. 
 
 99. To discontinue an exercise performed in this 
 manner, the command HALT is given in place of 
 
32 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 the last numeral, which, in order to prepare the 
 men for the command halt, should always be given 
 with a rising reflection. 
 
 Thus: i. Thrust arms forward, 2. EXERCISE. One, 
 two, one, two, one, HALT. 
 
 100. When numerals are used they should al- 
 ways be equal to the number of movements compos- 
 ing the exercise. Thus, an exercise of two move- 
 ments will be repeated at one, two; one of four 
 movements will require four counts, etc. 
 
 101. If any particular movement of an exer- 
 cise is to be performed with more energy than the 
 others, the numeral corresponding to that move- 
 ment should be emphasized. 
 
 Thus: i. Rise on toes, 2. EXERCISE. One, two, one, 
 two, etc. 
 
 Here the emphasis is placed upon the upward 
 movement, consequently one, which corresponds to 
 that movement, is emphasized. 
 
 1 02. The Interval Between Commands. The 
 interval between the preparatory and executive com- 
 mands should be long enough to insure the average 
 man having understood the former before the latter 
 is given. 
 
 Under ordinary circumstances the cadence, par- 
 ticularly in marching and in the manual, should be 
 given in the cadence of the quick time, allowing 
 three beats to elapse between the end of the prepara- 
 tory and the beginning of the executive commands. 
 
 103. In marching, the interval between the pre- 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 33 
 
 paratory and the executive command should be 
 three paces, the command Halt, whenever it is pos- 
 sible, falling on the right foot. This insures clos- 
 ing with the right foot, which should be brought 
 in contact with the left with a click. 
 
SECTION VI 
 MASS COMMANDS 
 
 PARAGRAPH 
 
 Introduction of mass commands . . . 103-107 
 
 Method of procedure 108-111 
 
 Commands for setting-up exercises . . 112-114 
 
 Commands for military movements . . 115-123 
 
 103. Mass Commands. This innovation, first 
 tried experimentally at one of the Officers' Training 
 Camps by the author, has provided recruit instruc- 
 tion with a means more far-reaching in importance 
 than anything that has yet been introduced. 
 
 Through it, it has been possible to give to large 
 masses of men all the benefits accruing from indi- 
 vidual instruction by constituting each one more or 
 less his own drill instructor. 
 
 104. The advantage of this method over the old 
 one is found in the fact that every individual is made 
 to rely upon his own initiative and intelligence. 
 He not only learns the commands, and how and 
 when to execute them properly, but, being his own 
 drill master, to all intents and purposes, he learns 
 how to give the commands himself and to execute 
 them at his own command given in unison with the 
 rest of the members of his unit. 
 
 105. As every individual is required to give the 
 commands as if he alone were giving them for the 
 
 34 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 35 
 
 entire unit, the volume and smash of these com- 
 bined voices literally impels every man to extend 
 himself to the limit in executing the movements 
 properly. 
 
 1 06. As a result of these mass commands diffi- 
 dence and temerity and the awkwardness due to 
 them disappear almost instantly, and in their place 
 confidence, self-reliance, assertiveness, enthusiasm 
 and proficiency, and a sense of rhythm and coordina- 
 tion are developed in a degree impossible by any 
 other means. 
 
 107. The time required to attain the same de- 
 gree of proficiency is less than one-half what it is 
 under the old methods, and the product of this new 
 method is in every way superior to that of the old. 
 
 1 08. The Method of Procedure of This In- 
 struction. When the men are first assembled they 
 are informed what is expected of them. Then every 
 movement is explained to them in detail and so far 
 as it is possible to do so the reasons for the move- 
 ment are given. The command which calls the re- 
 quirement into action is then repeated for them and 
 the instructor then personally gives the command 
 and performs the movement several times himself. 
 He then causes the men to give the command, with- 
 out, however, permitting them to perform the move- 
 ment, until they have learned to give the command 
 properly. 
 
 When they have learned to do this he causes 
 them to give the commands and to perform the 
 movement themselves. 
 
 109. To overcome timidity and self-conscious- 
 ness and to instill confidence and assertiveness in 
 
3 6 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 place of them, as well as to teach the men how to 
 use their voices properly, the instructor will cause 
 the men to repeat the voice exercises described in 
 Paragraph 92 for several minutes. 
 
 This is first to be done in an ordinary tone of 
 voice, the volume to be gradually increased until 
 every man is able to perform these exercises with 
 the full force of his voice. 
 
 no. After explaining the voice exercises and 
 illustrating them personally the instructor will com- 
 mand : i. Voice drill, using the word Hong-Kong; 
 2. Inhale; 3. NOW. 
 
 At now the men will sound the word hong and 
 continue until the instructor raises his hand, when 
 they cease, and inhaling rapidly, at the instructor's 
 signal, they will sound the word kong until he gives 
 them the signal to discontinue. 
 
 in. In teaching the men the commands it will 
 be found necessary to divide the commands, teach- 
 ing them the preparatory command first and then 
 the executive command, combining them only when 
 they have learned to give each correctly. 
 
 112. Mass Commands for Setting-up Exer- 
 cises. When mass commands for the setting-up 
 exercises are used, the instructor may cause the men 
 to repeat the entire preparatory command after him. 
 The simpler way, however, is for him to give the 
 preparatory command himself and then have them 
 put the exercise into motion by commanding: I. In 
 cadence, 2. EXERCISE. 
 
 The men will do their own counting, coming to a 
 halt at their own command upon the instructor's 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 37 
 
 signal, given by raising the arm or arms at the be- 
 ginning of an exercise's last repetition. 
 
 113. All mass commands are given by the men 
 at the instructor's command: COMMAND. 
 
 Illustration : 
 
 The instructor cautions i. Hands on hips, 2. COM- 
 MAND. The mass responds I. Hands on hips, 2. 
 PLACE. 
 
 The instructor cautions I. Lower arms, 2. COM- 
 MAND. The mass responds I. Arms, 2. DOWN. 
 
 In performing a continued exercise the men are 
 first caused to assume the required starting posi- 
 tion, as illustrated above. The instructor then gives 
 the preparatory command and the mass the execu- 
 tive command. 
 
 Illustration: 
 
 The instructor cautions I. Raise arms to thrust, 2. 
 COMMAND. The mass responds Arms to thrust, 2. 
 RAISE. 
 
 The instructor cautions i. Thrust arms forward, 
 swing side, swing forward, and recover in four counts, 
 2. COMMAND. The mass responds i. In Cadence, 2. 
 EXERCISE, and counts one, two, three, four, until the 
 signal to discontinue is given on one, when the count 
 will be one, two, three, HALT. 
 
 114. Mass Commands for Military Move- 
 ments. The procedure in mass commands for the 
 purely military exercises is as follows : 
 
 (i) Instructor i. Call the command to attention, 2. 
 COMMAND. Mass i. Company (or whatever the unit 
 may be), 2. ATTENTION. 
 
38 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 (2) Inst. i. Cause the command to stand at ease, 2. 
 COMMAND. Mass i. At, 2. EASE. 
 
 (3) Inst. i. Dress to the right, 2. COMMAND. 
 Mass i. Right, 2. DRESS. 
 
 (4) Inst i. Front the- command, 2. COMMAND. 
 Mass i. FRONT. 
 
 (5) Inst. i. Face to the right, 2. COMMAND. 
 Mass i. Right, 2. FACE. 
 
 (6) Inst. i. Mark time, 2. COMMAND. Mass i. 
 Mark time, 2. MARCH. 
 
 (7) Inst. i. Halt the command, 2. COMMAND. 
 Mass i. Company, 2. HALT. 
 
 115. When the command to halt the command 
 is given, the instructor should give the command of 
 command when the left foot is being placed on the 
 ground. The men will then give the cautionary 
 command Company when the left foot is next 
 placed on the ground and counting one as the left 
 foot comes down again, two on the right foot, three 
 on the left, and give HALT on the right foot. This 
 will cause the right foot to close the march, which 
 should always be done with a click of the heels. 
 
 (8) The instructor having given the cautionary com- 
 mand to halt the company, the mass commands: i. Com- 
 pany, one (left), two (right), three (left), HALT. 
 
 This same method is used when the company is on 
 the march. 
 
 1 1 6. For the purpose of instruction and to keep 
 the men alert it is a good policy not to prompt the 
 necessary command when it can be avoided, thus, 
 in changing formations from line to column or the 
 reverse the instructor should express the change he 
 desires and the direction of the change. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 39 
 
 The company being in line and at a halt, to change 
 it to column to the right 
 
 (9) Inst. i. Change to column to the right, 2. COM- 
 MAND. Mass i. Squads right, 2. MARCH, one, two, 
 three, Company, one, two, three, HALT. 
 
 In squads right or left the command of execution 
 is followed by three counts, then the cautionary 
 command Company is given, followed by three more 
 counts, and then the command Halt is given. 
 
 In squads right and left about, the command of 
 execution is followed by six counts, then the cau- 
 tionary command Company is given, followed by 
 three counts and HALT, as in squads right or left. 
 
 117. When the company is in line and at a 
 halt and the instructor wishes to move it to the 
 right, or left, in column he indicates his wishes by : 
 
 (10) Inst. i. Move the company in column to the 
 right, 2. COMMAND. Mass i. Squads right, 2. 
 MARCH. 
 
 To change from line to column to the right and 
 to move the column to the left: 
 
 (n) Inst. i. Change to column to the right and move 
 to the left, 2. COMMAND. Mass I. Right by squads, 
 2. MARCH. 
 
 The change from line to column to the right and 
 move in column to the right: 
 
 (12) Inst. i. Change to column to the right and move 
 to the right, 2. COMMAND. Mass Squads right, 2. 
 Column right, 3. MARCH. 
 
40 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 1 1 8. Being on the march and wishing to change 
 the direction, the instructor commands: i. Change 
 direction to the right, or left, 2. COMMAND, 
 which will be followed by the mass giving the regu- 
 lar commands. 
 
 119. The company being on the march in column 
 and wishing to change direction to the rear he com- 
 mands: i. Change direction to the right, or left 
 rear, 2. COMMAND, the mass corresponding with 
 
 1. Squads right, or left about, 2. MARCH. 
 
 1 20. Being on the march in line and wishing 
 to change to column and halt, the instructor com- 
 mands: i. Change to column to the right and halt, 
 
 2. COMMAND, the mass command is the same as 
 in (9). 
 
 121. With these examples for illustrations in- 
 structors should have no difficulty in instructing the 
 men to give the proper commands for all of the 
 company movements. 
 
 122. When on the march the instructor must 
 caution the men that an interval of three paces 
 should always elapse between their preparatory 
 command and the command of execution; that the 
 command of execution for the halt should be given 
 preferably on the right foot; that it is best to give 
 the command of execution for squads right or left 
 or right and left about on the right foot, because 
 it is usual to allow an odd number of steps for the 
 performance of these movements, 5 or 7 for squads 
 right or left and n for squads right or left about, 
 and giving the command on the right foot will there- 
 fore insure stepping off in the new direction with 
 the left foot 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 41 
 
 123. The command for marching by the flanks 
 and obliquing should be given on the foot corre- 
 sponding to the direction; to the rear should be 
 given on the right foot, and that for halting when 
 side-stepping should be given when the heels are 
 being brought together. 
 
SECTION VII 
 POSITIONS AND FORMATIONS 
 
 PARAGRAPH 
 
 The position of attention .... 124-130 
 The position of at ease and rest . . . 131 
 
 Formations 132-134 
 
 124. Position of Attention. This is the posi- 
 tion an unmounted soldier assumes when in ranks 
 or whenever the command attention is given. Figs, 
 i a and ib, 
 
 In the training of any one nothing equals the im- 
 portance of proper posture; it is the very founda- 
 tion upon which the entire fabric of a successful 
 course in physical training must be founded. 
 
 125. This is particularly true in the development 
 of men for the military profession, for aside from 
 its physiological influence, it exerts the traditional 
 military psychological influence which inspires men 
 to cultivate those qualities, smartness, precision, 
 poise and pride in personal appearance, that have 
 always been identified with the military and which 
 have always been found coincident with discipline. 
 
 126. The position must be one of mental as well 
 as of physical preparedness and alertness, and for 
 that reason it must be free from all mental and 
 physical constraint. 
 
 All muscles employed must be contracted only 
 42 
 
,'X 
 
 FLO. la. 
 
44 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 enough to maintain the position and every tendency 
 toward rigidity should be avoided, as the position 
 is one that depends upon coordination and not upon 
 unnecessary muscular effort. 
 
 127. Instructors are cautioned to describe, illus- 
 trate and explain the position of the various parts 
 of the body in this position, carefully calling atten- 
 tion to common errors and explaining their origin. 
 Proper attitude and posture must be insisted upon 
 both in and out of ranks until the men assume it 
 from habit. 
 
 128. At the command: 
 
 I. Company, 2. ATTENTION. 
 
 The position will be assumed as described below. The 
 best results are obtained when the command Company 
 is used as a cautionary command and such commands 
 should always be given as sharply and as imperatively as 
 possible. This is followed by making tv/o commands of 
 the word attention, the first two syllables being used as 
 a preparatory and the last as an executive command: 
 A-T-T-E-N-SHUN. 
 
 The men are cautioned not to move until the last 
 syllable, uttered with a distinctive snap, is given, when 
 they spring into the following position, bringing the heels 
 together with a click. 
 
 129. (i) HEELS ON A LINE, PARALLEL TO THE FRONT. 
 
 If the heels are not on a line the hips and shoulders are not 
 square. 
 
 (2) FEET TURNED OUT EQUALLY, FORMING AN 
 ANGLE OF 45 DEGREES. 
 
 If the feet are not turned out equally the same faults will oc- 
 cur as above. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 45 
 
 (3) KNEES ARE EXTENDED, WITHOUT STIFFNESS. 
 
 The muscles should be contracted just enough to keep the 
 knees straight, if these are extended stiffly, mobility is lost. 
 
 (4) THE TRUNK ERECT UPON THE HIPS. 
 
 The spine is extended throughout its entire length. The men 
 should endeavor to make themselves as tall as possible, straight- 
 ening out the spine from the waist up until the back is as flat 
 as it can be made. In stretching the spine the chest will be 
 raised and arched in a natural manner. This, however, should 
 be done without raising the shoulders or interfering with 
 natural respiration. 
 
 The buttocks are brought forward until they are well under 
 the trunk and as this is done the ankle joints are flexed for- 
 ward until the weight of the body rests chiefly upon the balls 
 of the feet, the heels touching the ground lightly. 
 
 (5) SHOULDERS SQUARE, FALLING NATURALLY. 
 
 Being square means having the line of the shoulder ridge 
 and the point of the shoulder at right angles to a general 
 plane running through the body from front to rear. The 
 shoulders should never be forced back of this plane, but out 
 rather in line with it, the men endeavoring to make themselves 
 as broad as possible without, however, crooking the elbows. 
 
 (6) ARMS HANGING NATURALLY. 
 
 The arms extended by their own weight hang down at the 
 sides naturally, the thumb at the trouser seam, little finger to 
 the rear and palms turned in toward the thigh. 
 
 If the arms are extended downward forcibly a faulty curve 
 in the lumbar region will ensue and a so-called "sway-back" 
 will result. 
 
 (7) HEAD ERECT, NECK VERTICAL, EYES UP. 
 
 The head is raised until the neck is vertical, the chin being 
 elevated slightly above the horizontal ; the eyes should be fixed 
 upon some object at their own height. 
 
 130. When this position is properly assumed, a 
 vertical line drawn from the center of the top of 
 the head will pass in front of the ears, shoulders 
 and thighs and find its base at the balls of the feet. 
 
46 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 131. The Position of At Ease and Rest. To 
 
 prevent nullifying the beneficial effects of this train- 
 ing the men should be cautioned about assuming 
 any position that tends to do this. Standing on one 
 leg, folding arms in front of the chest, allowing 
 the head and shoulders to droop forward, or the 
 body to sag at the waist must be persistently dis- 
 countenanced, until the men form the habit of rest- 
 ing with feet separated on the same line, both being 
 squarely on the ground, with hands clasped behind 
 the back; head, shoulders and trunk erect. To in- 
 culcate this habit it is well to insist that the men 
 assume the following prescribed position at the 
 command : 
 
 i. At, 2. EASE. Fig. 2. 
 
 The preparatory command being drawn out and 
 the executive command being given with a distinct 
 snap. 
 
 The left foot is moved smartly to the left in line with the 
 right a distance from 12 to 14 inches, and the hands are 
 clasped behind the buttocks, arms extended naturally. 
 
 The trunk, chest, head and eyes are held pre- 
 cisely as in the position of attention. The weight 
 of the body is distributed equally and silence and im- 
 mobility are maintained. If it is desired to rest the 
 men, the command 
 
 I. REST, 
 
 should be given after the position of at ease has been 
 assumed. While immobility and silence need then 
 be no longer maintained, the men should not, how- 
 
48 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 ever, be permitted to assume a slouchy or slovenly 
 resting position. 
 
 132. Formations. The following formation is 
 recommended for the setting-up exercise; it being 
 the least complicated, most compact, least confusing, 
 and requiring less time than any other. It can be 
 applied with equal facility and promptness to any 
 unit, as it requires no more time to form a regiment 
 than it does to form a squad. 
 
 133. The unit to be drilled is formed in column 
 facing the instructor, short men in front. Fig. 3. 
 
 At the command: 
 
 I. Extend on number one, 2. MARCH, 
 
 numbers one stands fast, numbers two, three and 
 four turn to the left, and taking up a double time, 
 numbers two take two steps and face to the front, 
 with arms in the side horizontal, numbers three and 
 four taking respectively four and six steps before 
 facing and raising arms sideward. Fig. 4. 
 
 This interval will be sufficient to leave a space 
 of about 12 inches between the finger tips of the 
 respective numbers. 
 
 At the command : 
 
 I. Arms, 2. DOWN, 
 
 the arms are lowered smartly to the sides. The 
 front and rear rank men are now covered and too 
 close to each other to carry on the exercises. To 
 provide ample space for all, the instructor com- 
 mands : 
 
 i. Rear rank, to the right (left), 2. UNCOVER. 
 
>o 
 
 1 
 
 (ft 
 
52 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 At the command uncover each rear rank file 
 stride-jumps squarely into the middle of the interval 
 on the right. In doing this he swings his right leg 
 sideward, and thrusting his body off with the left 
 foot, he lights on his right foot and brings his left 
 heel smartly against his right with a click. Fig. 5. 
 
 To assemble the company, the instructor com- 
 mands : 
 
 i. Assemble on number one, 2. MARCH. 
 
 At the command march, numbers one of the front 
 rank stand fast, the others return to their original 
 places in the column in double time. 
 
 134. At the option of the instructor other for- 
 mations may be used, such as the drill regulations 
 prescribe, as taking distance or taking intervals. 
 
SECTION VIII 
 STARTING POSITIONS 
 
 PARAGRAPH 
 
 Starting positions 1 35~ 1 37 
 
 Disciplinary exercises, facings and salute . 138-140 
 
 135. Starting Positions. These are the posi- 
 tions from which the various exercises originate and 
 terminate. 
 
 In nearly all arm exercises it is necessary to as- 
 sume one of these starting positions. 
 
 In performing exercises with other parts of the 
 body they are used as aids; to add difficulty to a 
 movement; or to give to a movement, in which the 
 arms are not employed, a uniform, finished appear- 
 ance. 
 
 (i) i. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Arms, 4. DOWN. 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 At raise, the arms, fully extended, are raised smartly to the 
 front horizontal ; palms of hands down, fingers closed and ex- 
 tended, thumbs under the index fingers. Distance between 
 hands is the width of the chest. 
 
 At down, the arms are lowered smartry to the position of at- 
 tention, without allowing them to touch the sides, however. 
 
 The recovery of the position of attention must 
 always be precise and smart and be accompanied by 
 a slight elevation of the chest, which gives it a de- 
 
 53 
 
56 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 cided military appearance and makes for control 
 and discipline. 
 
 THIS RULE IS GENERAL. 
 
 (2) i. Arms sideward, 2. RAISE. 3. Arms, 4. DOWN. 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 At raise, the arms are raised smartly to the side horizontal, 
 palms down, fingers and thumbs as before. 
 
 (3) i. Arms forward-upward, 2. RAISE. 3. Arms, 4. 
 
 DOWN. Fig. 8. 
 
 At raise, the arms, fully extended, are raised forward and 
 upward until they are perpendicular. Elbows are straight, 
 arms pressed back well, palms turned in, the distance between 
 them being the width of the chest, fingers and thumbs as be- 
 fore. In this position the arms and the entire spine should 
 be stretched upward as much as possible. 
 
 At down, the arms are lowered smartly to the sides with a 
 forward motion. 
 
 (4) i. Arms sideward-upward, 2. RAISE. 3. Arms, 4. 
 
 DOWN. 
 
 At raise, the arms are raised to the same perpendicular posi- 
 tion with a lateral motion. 
 
 At down, they are lowered laterally. 
 
 (5) i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Arms, 4. DOWN. 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 At place, the elbows are flexed smartly tind the hands placed 
 on the hips, thumbs to the rear, finger tips in line with the side 
 trouser seams, elbows well back. 
 
 At down, the position of attention is resumed smartly. 
 
 (6) i. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE, 3. Arms, 4. DOWN. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 At raise, the forearms are flexed and raised to the horizon- 
 tal, elbows back, hands closed tightly, knuckles down and in 
 the plane of the front of the body; distance between hands 
 the width of chest. 
 
 At down, recover position of attention smartly. 
 
/Yg. 9 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 59 
 
 (7) i. Hands on shoulders, 2. PLACE. 3. Arms, 4. 
 
 DOWN. Fig. ii. 
 
 At place, the arms, flexed at the elbows, are raised smartly 
 with a lateral motion; wrist flexed and finger tips touching 
 shoulders lightly, upper arms horizontal, elbows back. 
 
 At down, the arms are lowered quickly with a forward 
 movement. 
 
 (8) i. Fingers in rear of head, 2. LACE. 3. Arms, 4. 
 
 DOWN. Fig. 12. 
 
 At lace, flex and raise the arms laterally as in 7, lacing the 
 fingers in rear of the head, elbows up at an angle of 45 de- 
 grees, and pressed well back. 
 
 At down, the arms are lowered directly forward and down- 
 ward. 
 
 136. These positions should be practiced fre- 
 quently until they are performed accurately, snap- 
 pily and precisely. They have been called the "man- 
 ual of arms" of the physical training drill and hold 
 the same position with respect to their disciplinary 
 value that the rifle manual does in the military 
 drills. 
 
 In all of them the position of the trunk, chest 
 and head must not be deranged. 
 
 137. For the sake of variety and to develop 
 smartness and snap and precision the men should be 
 caused to go from one of these positions to an- 
 other. For instance : 
 
 i. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Sideward, 4. MOVE. 5. 
 Upward, 6. RAISE. 7. Hands on shoulders, 8. PLACE. 
 9. On hips, 10. PLACE. 11. To thrust, 12. MOVE. 13. 
 Arms, 14. DOWN. 
 
 The command of execution should fit the move- 
 ment, thus, all changes in the horizontal plane are 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 61 
 
 performed at the command move; a change from 
 the horizontal to the perpendicular at the command 
 raise; from the perpendicular plane to the hori- 
 zontal at the command lower and when the hands 
 come in contact with the body at the command 
 place. 
 
 138. Disciplinary Exercises. These, besides 
 the starting positions, include the facings and the 
 hand salute. 
 
 (1) i. By the numbers, 2. Right (left), 3. FACE. 4. 
 
 TWO. Fig. 13. 
 
 At face, the body is turned to the right (left) on the right 
 (left) heel and the ball of the left (right) foot. In turning 
 the spine is well extended, chest arched and chin up; the 
 left (right) knee is extended, the toes of the rear foot touch- 
 ing the ground lightly. 
 
 At two, the rear foot is brought up smartly, the heels be- 
 ing brought together with a distinct click. 
 
 (2) I. By the numbers, 2. About, 3. FACE. 4. TWO. 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 At face, the ball of the right foot, knee extended, is placed 
 about half a foot-length to the rear and slightly to the left 
 of the left heel. The spine is well extended, chest and chin 
 up. 
 
 At two, the body is turned about smartly on the heel of the 
 left and the ball of the right foot, without deranging the 
 position of the trunk or head and without allowing the arms 
 to swing. 
 
 When the principles of these facings are under- 
 stood and properly executed they are performed 
 without the numbers. 
 
 In order to inculcate smartness the heels should 
 always be brought together with a sharp click. 
 
 139. Hand salute. This is the courtesy that is 
 extended between men of the service. It should be 
 
Ftg.14- 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 63 
 
 impressed upon the men that it is a courtesy, manda- 
 tory upon all grades and not a sign of inferiority. 
 It is also an outward expression of discipline. The 
 salute should always be rendered smartly and snap- 
 pily, with head up and eyes upon the officer saluted. 
 A junior will always salute a senior, maintaining 
 the position of the salute until it is acknowledged. 
 
 The distance a salute should be rendered in need 
 never exceed 30 paces. 
 
 Whenever in doubt it will be well to err upon 
 the side of courtesy. 
 
 At the command : 
 
 i. Hand, 2. SALUTE. 3. TWO. Fig. 15. 
 
 At salute, the right hand, flexed at the elbow, is raised 
 vertically till the finger tip of the index finger is brought in 
 contact with the head dress slightly above and in a direct line 
 with the corner of the right eye. Fingers are extended and 
 joined, the thumb under the index finger; palm to the left, 
 wrist extended in prolongation of the forearm, which is in- 
 clined at an angle of about 45 degrees ; the upper arm is 
 moved forward about 30 degrees from the body and the elbow 
 is moved out slightly. 
 
 140. In saluting a senior on the right or left the 
 head is turned in the direction smartly, the trunk 
 also being turned slightly. Head and trunk are 
 brought to the original position smartly as the hand 
 is being lowered. 
 
 For the sake of proper execution the men may 
 be caused to salute to the right and left at command. 
 
 i. To the right (left), Hand, 2. SALUTE. 3. TWO. 
 
 At these commands the salute will be rendered 
 45 degrees to the right or left. 
 
Fig j 51. 
 
SECTION IX 
 SETTING-UP EXERCISES FOR RECRUITS 
 
 PARAGRAPH 
 
 What the course comprises .... 141-142 
 Number of times an exercise should be 
 
 performed 143 
 
 Progressive difficulty and how obtained . 144-147 
 
 Terminology 148 
 
 Respiration and its relation to exercise . 149-151 
 
 Lessons 152-165 
 
 141. What the Course Comprises. The 
 
 course consists of one preliminary and six regular 
 lessons. Each lesson should be thoroughly mastered 
 before an advance lesson is attempted. 
 
 It is recommended that one week each be devoted 
 to the preliminary and the first lesson, and two weeks 
 to each of the following five. 
 
 142. Nothing should be sacrificed for the sake 
 of making the drill spectacular; the physiological 
 value of every exercise should be brought out fully 
 and the disciplinary value, precision, smartness, ac- 
 tivity and unity of action must be insisted upon con- 
 sistently and persistently. 
 
 By doing this instructors will lay the best founda- 
 tion for the ready and precise acquirement of all 
 other drills. 
 
 143. The Number of Times an Exercise 
 
 65 
 
66 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 Should Be Performed. This has not been pre- 
 scribed, as the number of repetitions any body of 
 men may indulge in with benefit to themselves de- 
 pends entirely upon the strength, condition and apti- 
 tude of the men and upon the efficiency, competence 
 and judgment of the instructor, who will find that 
 he is defeating the purpose of this training if he 
 fails to take these into consideration and does not 
 proceed carefully and progressively both as to the 
 quantity and the quality of the task he is exacting. 
 
 144. Progressive Difficulty and How Ob- 
 tained. In general the amount of energy required 
 to perform an exercise may be progressively in- 
 creased by increased repetitions or increased ca- 
 dence. When this is done the increased difficulty 
 is derived from increasing the action of the same 
 muscles. 
 
 145. Increased difficulty may also be obtained 
 by adding progressively to the radius of action of 
 a movement or by changing the radius in conjunc- 
 tion with the principal movement. 
 
 In this case new muscle groups are employed or 
 greater effort is demanded by those already engaged, 
 on account of the wider radius they are caused to 
 cover. 
 
 146. Thus in the trunk exercise the part about 
 which the movement takes place is held fixed by the 
 hands in the beginning; when sufficient coordina- 
 tion and control have been developed and these parts 
 can be controlled without the aid of the hands, the 
 radius of the exercise is augmented by assuming 
 certain horizontal or perpendicular positions with 
 the arms. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 67 
 
 Finally, difficulty may be added by changing the 
 radius of action from one plane to another, or from 
 one position to another in the same plane, simulta- 
 neously with the principal movement. 
 
 147. From the beginning the men must be 
 coached to develop proper coordination and sense 
 of rhythm in order that they may be able to move 
 any part of the body independently of the others, 
 or without deranging the position of that part of 
 the body that is not employed. 
 
 148. Terminology. In order to simplify the 
 course as much as possible technical terms have 
 been avoided and words in every-day use have been 
 substituted, making it unnecessary for the men to 
 memorize a lot of terms that mean nothing to them. 
 
 Instructors should confine themselves to the ter- 
 minology used in this manual; if substitutions are 
 made they should be along the lines of simplification, 
 and not of involution. 
 
 All preparatory commands should be sufficiently 
 explanatory to convey what is required understand- 
 ingly to even those of less than average intelligence. 
 
 149. Respiration and Its Relation to Exer- 
 cise. This is important; proper breathing should 
 always be insisted upon ; holding the breath or im- 
 peding natural respiration should be avoided. 
 
 150. Every exercise should, if possible, be ac- 
 companied by an uninterrupted act of respiration, 
 the inhalation and exhalation of which depend to a 
 great extent upon the nature of the movement. 
 
 Inhalation should accompany those movements 
 that tend to elevate and expand the thorax and ex- 
 
68 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 halation those that exert pressure against the chest 
 walls. 
 
 151. It is recommended that the men be in- 
 structed to arch and elevate the chest in conjunc- 
 tion with every movement that will permit this being 
 done. "Chests up" is even more important than 
 "heads up" as the latter usually results from doing 
 the former. 
 
 152. Preliminary Lesson. The men having 
 formed as described in Paragraph 132, the instructor 
 will proceed with the first lesson. 
 
 PRELIMINARY LESSON. 
 
 (A) DISCIPLINARY EXERCISES. 
 
 v* V 
 
 The position of attention (Par. 124) 
 The position of at ease (Par. 131) 
 The position of rest (Par. 131) 
 The facings (Par. 138) 
 
 All of these should be explained. 
 
 (B) THE STARTING POSITIONS (Par. 135) 
 
 (C) SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 
 
 First Exercise. 
 
 I. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Swing arms sideward 
 and forward, 4. EXERCISE. Count two, and perform 
 moderately fast. 
 
 The arms, being fully extended, palms down, are swung 
 sideward and to the rear until they are in the plane of the 
 shoulder without deranging the position of the body or head, 
 and back to the front horizontal ; chest is elevated with side- 
 ward motion. 
 
 To discontinue any exercise that is performed rhythm- 
 ically or in cadence command: 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 69 
 
 I. HALT, in place of the last count. 
 At that cgmmand the starting position is resumed. 
 THIS RULE IS GENERAL. 
 
 To resume the position of attention, command: 
 i. Arms, 2. DOWN. 
 
 Second Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACED. Rise on toes, 4. EXER- 
 CISE. Fig. 16. Count two, with the accent on the first 
 count. Performed moderately fast. 
 
 The body, knees fully extended, is brought smartly to the 
 toes; the heels are lowered gently. When the body is raised 
 the chest should be arched and elevated. 
 
 Discontinue as in the first lesson. 
 
 Third Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Bend neck forward, 
 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 17. Count two, perform slowly, 
 drawing out the first count. 
 
 The chin is drawn in and the neck is bent forward as much 
 as possible, without raising the shoulders or bending at the 
 waist. When the neck is bent the chest is elevated. 
 
 Discontinue as before. 
 
 Fourth Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Bend neck backward, 
 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 18. Count two, and perform as 
 in the Third Exercise. 
 
 The neck is bent backward at the base as far as possible, 
 elevating the chin as little as possible, and keeping shoulders 
 square; elevate chest on first count. 
 
 Discontinue as before. 
 
72 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 Fifth Exercise. 
 
 I. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Turn trunk to the 
 right (left). Fig. 19. Count two, perform slowly, draw- 
 ing out the first count. 
 
 The trunk should first be stretched upward and the chest 
 elevated, and the trunk turned to the right as far as possible, 
 with hips fixed firmly. The head should not be turned, but 
 move with the trunk. 
 
 Discontinue as before. 
 
 Sixth Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE. 3. Half bend knees, 
 slowly, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 20. Count two, accent on 
 second count. 
 
 The heels are raised and the knees bent outward, point of 
 knees over toes, until the legs and thighs form an angle of 
 about 90 degrees. The recovery is moderately fast. Head, 
 trunk and chest erect. 
 
 Discontinue as before. 
 
 Seventh Exercise. 
 
 I. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Bend trunk forward 
 with back arched, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 21. Count two, 
 perform slowly, drawing out first count; recover moder- 
 ately fast. 
 
 The trunk is stretched and chest elevated, and the body bent 
 forward as far as possible, the back arched, head remaining 
 fixed. 
 
 Discontinue as before. 
 
 Eighth Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE. 3. Move shoulders for- 
 ward and backward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 22. Count two, 
 perform slowly, drawing second count. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 75 
 
 The shoulders are moved forward and stretched back and 
 out until they are square. The chest is elevated and the trunk 
 stretched on the second count. 
 
 Discontinue as before. 
 
 Ninth Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Bend trunk sideward, 
 right (left), 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 23. Count two, 
 perform slowly, drawing out first count. 
 
 The trunk is stretched, chest elevated and the body bent 
 sideward as far as possible at the waist, hips are fixed and 
 perpendicular, the back is arched and the head moves with 
 the trunk. 
 
 Discontinue as before. 
 
 Tenth Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Stretch arms sideward, 
 4. EXERCISE. Count two, perform first movement 
 slowly and recover smartly. 
 
 Stretch the arms sideward, palms up, in the widest possible 
 radius, until they are on a level with and in the plane of the 
 shoulders, stretching the trunk and elevating the chest. 
 
 Discontinue as before. 
 
 Eleventh Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Bend trunk back- 
 ward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 24. Count two, perform 
 slowly, drawing out first count. 
 
 The trunk is stretched, chest elevated and the body bent 
 backward, in the region of the shoulder blades, as far as 
 possible. Hips fixed and perpendicular, abdomen drawn up 
 well, shoulders square and head fixed. 
 
 Discontinue as before. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 77 
 
 Twelfth Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Raise knee to front 
 horizontal, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 25. Count two, perform 
 slowly but smartly when used as a balancing exercise, 
 but quickly when used as a leg exercise. 
 
 The thigh, leg flexed at right angles to it, is brought to the 
 front horizontal smartly, held momentarily and lowered 
 slowly, trunk erect and perpendicular. 
 
 Discontinue as before. 
 
 Breathing Exercise. 
 
 i. Raising arms sideward-upward, 2. INHALE. 4. 
 Lowering arms sideward, 5. EXHALE. 
 
 At inhale the arms are raised laterally with a long inhala- 
 tion and held in the perpendicular momentarily; at exhale the 
 arms are brought down smartly laterally with a forcible ex- 
 halation. 
 
 Note. Men should be cautioned to inhale through the 
 nostrils; and exhale through the mouth. 
 
 (D) MARCHING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Explanation of the military gait, carriage 
 and arm swings, etc. (Paragraphs 39-48.) 
 
 2. Marching in column in quick time and halting. 
 
 3. Same, marking time and half stepping. 
 
 4. Marching on toes. 
 
 i. On toes, 2. MARCH. 3. Quick time, 4. MARCH. 
 
 At march the heels are raised from the ground and the leg 
 is swung forward in the full step. At quick time the ordinary 
 march is resumed. 
 
 In all exercises in marching the hands should be placed 
 on the hips or arms held in the thrust position. 
 
 (E) DOUBLE TIMING EXERCISES. 
 
 i. Explanation of the double timing. (Para- 
 graphs 50-58.) 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 79 
 
 2. Marching in quick time and changing to the 
 double and back again to quick time and 
 halting. 
 
 FIRST LESSON 
 
 A. DISCIPLINARY EXERCISES, as in the preliminary les- 
 son. 
 
 B. STARTING POSITIONS, as in the preliminary lesson. 
 
 C. SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 
 
 First Exercise. 
 
 I. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Swing arms sideward 
 and downward, 4. EXERCISE. Count four; accent on 
 one; perform moderately fast. 
 
 Arms fully extended are swung to the side horizontal 
 (one) ; back to the front horizontal (two) ; downward and 
 backward (three) ; to the front horizontal (four). Palms 
 are down and the chest is elevated at one and three. 
 
 Second Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Rise on toes, swing- 
 ing arms upward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 26. Count two; 
 accent on one; perform moderately fast. 
 
 The body is brought to the toes smartly and the arms swung 
 upward snappily, palms in (one) ; heels are lowered gently 
 and arms brought to front horizontal (two). 
 
 Third Exercise. 
 
 I. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Turn head, right and 
 left, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 27. Count four, drawing one 
 and three; recover moderately fast. 
 
 Turn the head to the right, chin up and chest elevated, with- 
 out deranging the shoulders (one) ; recover (two) ; the same 
 to the left (three and four). 
 
82 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 Fourth Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Turn trunk, right and 
 left, stretching arms sideward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 28. 
 Count four, drawing one and three; recover moderately 
 fast. 
 
 The body is turned as in Fig. 19 and the arms are stretched 
 sideward, palms down (one) ; recover starting position (two) ; 
 repeat to the left (three and four). 
 
 Fifth Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Rise on toes and full 
 bend knees, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 29. Count four, ac- 
 cent on one. 
 
 The body is brought to the toes smartly ; chest elevated and 
 head erect (one) ; the knees are "separated and bent slowly 
 to the squatting position (two) ; knees are extended (three) ; 
 heels lowered (four). 
 
 Sixth Exercise. 
 
 I. Hands on shoulders, 2. PLACE. 3. Bend trunk for- 
 ward, stretching arms sideward; 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 
 30. Count two, drawing one; recover slowly. 
 
 Bend the trunk forward as in Fig. 18 and stretch arms to 
 the side horizontal, palms down (one) ; recover starting posi- 
 tion (two). Back is arched and chest raised. 
 
 Seventh Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms sideward, hands closed, 2. RAISE. 3. Rotate 
 arms forward, and backward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 31. 
 Count two; perform moderately fast. 
 
 The arms, hands closed, are rotated forward along their 
 long axis, as far as possible (one) ; and backward as far as 
 possible (two). 
 
Fi 8 .3l 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 87 
 
 Eighth Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Bend trunk sideward, 
 stretching arms sideward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 32. 
 Count two, drawing one; perform moderately fast. 
 
 Bend the trunk as in Fig. 23 and stretch the arms from 
 the front to the side horizontal (one) ; recover starting posi- 
 tion (two). Chest elevated; body stretched; head moves with 
 the body. 
 
 Ninth Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 I. Stretch arms forward, sideward, upward, sideward, 
 forward, and recover, 2. EXERCISE. Count six; per- 
 form slowly; recover smartly. 
 
 Arms are stretched forward to their fullest extent, palms 
 down (one) ; sideward, palms up (two) ; upward, palms in 
 (three) ; sideward (four) ; forward (five) ; recover attention 
 (six). 
 
 Tenth Exercise. 
 
 I. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Bend trunk backward 
 stretching arms sideward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 33. 
 Count two, drawing one; perform slowly. 
 
 Bend the trunk as in Fig. 24 and stretch arms to the side 
 horizontal, palms down (one) ; recover starting position 
 (two). 
 
 Eleventh Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Extend leg forward 
 and backward, 4. EXERCISE. Figs. 34 and 35. Count 
 four; perform snappily, holding each position momen- 
 tarily. 
 
 Extend the leg and foot forward by a quick contraction of 
 the muscles, toes depressed (one) ; close heels smartly (two) ; 
 extend the leg backward the same way (three) ; close heels 
 (four). Trunk erect; chest and head up. 
 
/Vg.32 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 91 
 
 Twelfth Exercise. 
 
 I. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Bend knees to the 
 squatting position, placing hands on the ground, 4. EX- 
 ERCISE. Fig. 36. Count two, accenting both counts; 
 perform smartly, holding position momentarily (one) ; 
 recover starting position (two). 
 
 Breathing Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Raising arms forward-upward, 2. INHALE. 3. Low- 
 ering arms sideward smartly, 4. EXHALE. 
 
 (D) MARCHING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Marching in quick time as in the preliminary exer- 
 cise. 
 
 2. I. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE. 3. Raising knees for- 
 ward, 4. MARCH. 5. Quick time, 6. MARCH. The knees 
 are raised to the horizontal, toes depressed. 
 
 3. i. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE. 3. Thrust arms for- 
 ward, 4. EXERCISE. 5. Quick time, 6. MARCH. 
 
 The arms are thrust forward on the left foot and returned 
 to the starting position on the right foot. This rule is gen- 
 eral ; every initial movement begins on the left foot. 
 
 4. i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Raising heels, 4. 
 MARCH, 5. Quick time, 6. MARCH. The heels are 
 raised until the leg is horizontal. 
 
 (E) DOUBLE TIMING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Double time as in first lesson. 
 
 2. i. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE. 3. On toes, 4. 
 MARCH, 5. Double time, 6. MARCH. Heels are kept 
 off the ground. 
 
 3. i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Raising heels, 4. 
 MARCH, 5. Double time, 6. MARCH. 
 
 (F) RESTORATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 i. Breathing exercise, raising and lowering arms lat- 
 erally. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 93 
 
 SECOND LESSON 
 First Exercise. 
 
 A. DISCIPLINARY EXERCISES. 
 
 B. STARTING POSITIONS. 
 
 C. SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 
 
 i. Hands on shoulders, 2. PLACE. 3. Extend arms 
 forward and swing sideward, 4. EXERCISE. Count four, 
 accenting one and four; perform moderately fast. 
 
 The arms are extended forward, palms down (one) ; swung 
 to the side horizontal (two) ; to front horizontal (three) ; 
 recover starting position (four). Chest is elevated with side 
 swing and elbows are brought back smartly with the recovery. 
 
 Second Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on shoulders, 2. PLACE. 3. Rise on toes, ex- 
 tending arms upward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 26. Count 
 two, accenting one; perform snappily. 
 
 Rise on toes and extend arms upward, palms in (one) ; re- 
 cover starting position (two). The trunk is stretched with 
 the upward movement. 
 
 Third Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Bend neck forward 
 and backward, and turn head to the right and left, 4. 
 EXERCISE. Figs. 17, 18 and 27. Count eight, draw- 
 ing all odd counts. Perform as described in the prelim- 
 inary and first lessons. 
 
 Fourth Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms sideward, 2. RAISE. 3. Turn trunk, right and 
 left, stretching arms upward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 37. 
 Count four, drawing one; perform slowly. 
 
 Turn the trunk as in Fig. 19 and stretch arms upward, 
 palms in (one) ; recover starting position (two) ; repeat 
 to the left (three and four). 
 

 I 
 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 95 
 
 Fifth Exercise. 
 
 I. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Full bend knees, swing- 
 ing arms sideward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 38. Count two, 
 accenting one and two; perform smartly. 
 
 Bend the knees to the squatting position and swing the arms 
 to the side horizontal, palms up (one) ; recover starting posi- 
 tion (two). Chest is elevated with sideward swing; head 
 erect. 
 
 Sixth Exercise. 
 
 i. Fingers in rear of head, 2. LACE. 3. Bend trunk 
 forward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 39. Count two, drawing 
 one; recover smartly. 
 
 The body is stretched upward from the waist, chest elevated, 
 and then bent forward (one) ; recover the starting position 
 smartly (two). Elbows remain in the horizontal in the for- 
 ward movement. 
 
 Seventh Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE. 3. Move shoulders for- 
 ward, upward, backward and recover, 4. EXERCISE. 
 Count four, drawing all but the last count; recover 
 smartly. 
 
 Relax and move shoulders forward (one) ; raise them in 
 that position (two) ; force them well back (three) ; lowered 
 to starting position (four). 
 
 Eighth Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms sideward, 2. RAISE. 3. Bend trunk sideward, 
 right and left, stretching arms upward, 4. EXERCISE. 
 Fig. 40. Count four, drawing one and three; recover 
 smartly. 
 
 Bend the body sideward as in Fig. 23, and stretch the arms 
 upward (one) ; recover starting position (two) ; repeat to 
 the left (three and four). The trunk is stretched from the 
 waist as the arms are raised. 
 
ioo KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 Ninth Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 I. Flex forearms vertically and extend arms upward, 
 2. EXERCISE. Fig. 41. Count four, accenting all 
 counts; perform quickly and snappily. 
 
 Flex forearms, palms in (one) ; extend arms upward 
 (two) ; return to flexed position (three) ; recover attention 
 (four). 
 
 Tenth Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Bend trunk backward, 
 raising arms forward-upward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 42. 
 Count two, drawing one; perform slowly. 
 
 Raise arms forward-upward, turning palms in, and bend the 
 trunk backward (one) ; recover starting position (two). The 
 trunk and arms should be fully extended; chest up; head 
 moving with the trunk. 
 
 Eleventh Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Extend right and left 
 leg backward, stretching arms sideward, 4. EXERCISE. 
 Fig. 43. Count four, accenting one and three; perform 
 snappily and hold position momentarily; recover quickly. 
 
 The leg should remain fully extended, toes depressed, and 
 the arms should be stretched sideward in the plane of the 
 shoulders, palms up. Chest is elevated and back arched with 
 first movement. 
 
 Twelfth Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Bend to squatting position, hands on the ground, 
 2. BEND. Fig. 36. 3. Extend right and left legs back- 
 ward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 44. Count four, accenting 
 one and three; perform moderately fast. 
 
 The leg is extended to the rear smartly (one) ; recover 
 squatting position (two) ; repeat with left leg (three and 
 four). 
 
: : 
 
 * ! 
 
 KOEHLER'S WEST 
 
 Breathing Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 I. Stretching arms obliquely sideward-upward, 2. IN- 
 HALE. 3. Lowering arms to attention smartly, 4. EX- 
 HALE. 
 
 (D) MARCHING EXERCISES. 
 
 I. Repeat marching in quick time, etc., as in the pre- 
 liminary lesson. 2. Hands on hips, 3. PLACE. 4. Swinging 
 extended leg forward ankle high, 5. MARCH. 6. Quick 
 time, 7. MARCH. Fig. 34. Count two, perform smartly. 
 
 The leg, fully extended, toes depressed, is swung forward 
 smartly until the foot is ankle high. 
 
 I. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Swing arms sideward, 
 4. EXERCISE. 5. Quick time, 6. MARCH. Count two, 
 accenting one ; perform smartly, elevating chest with first 
 movement. 
 
 (E) JUMPING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Preliminary jumping exercises. Figs. 45 and 46. 
 
 Raise arms forward and rise on toes; swing arms down- 
 ward to the rear and bend knees ; swing arms to front hori- 
 zontal and extend knees quickly to the on-toes position; re- 
 cover attention smartly. 
 
 Repeat, counting four. 
 
 2. Repeat the above, jumping in place. Fig. 47. 
 
 As the feet leave the ground, the toes are closed, legs ex- 
 tended, back arched and head up. In alighting the toes are 
 turned out, knees are bent, and the arms are in the front 
 horizontal (Fig. 45) ; the recover to the position of attention 
 is performed quickly and smartly. 
 
 (F) DOUBLE TIMING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Double time as in the preliminary exercises. 
 
 2. Double time, raising knees forward. 
 
 3. Swinging extended leg forward. 
 
 (G) RESTORATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 i. Breathing exercises, raising arms forward and low- 
 ering them laterally. 
 
io6 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 THIRD LESSON. 
 
 (A) DISCIPLINARY EXERCISES, as in the other lessons. 
 
 (B) STARTING POSITIONS, as in the other lessons. 
 
 (C) SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 
 
 First Exercise. 
 
 I. Right arm forward-upward, 2. RAISE. 3. Swing 
 right arm downward and left upward and recover, 4. 
 EXERCISE. Fig. 48. Count two, accenting both counts ; 
 perform moderately fast. Right arm is swung down and 
 left up (one) ; left down and right up (two). 
 
 The arms must remain fully extended, palms in, and swung 
 as far to the rear as possible without deranging the position 
 of the trunk or head. 
 
 Second Exercise. 
 
 I. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE. 3. Hopping on toes, 4. 
 EXERCISE. Count two, accenting both counts; per- 
 form quickly. 
 
 Knees remain extended, the thrust coming from the toes, 
 heels free from the ground. Trunk is extended, chest and 
 head elevated. 
 
 Third Exercise. 
 
 I. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Repeat head turnings 
 and neck bendings. 
 
 Fourth Exercise. 
 
 I. Arms upward, 2. RAISE. 3. Turn trunk right and 
 left, stretching arms to side horizontal, palms down, 4. 
 EXERCISE. Fig. 28. Count four, drawing one and 
 three; recover moderately fast. 
 
 Turn the trunk as in Fig. 19, stretching arms fully to side 
 horizontal (one) ; recover starting position (two) ; repeat to 
 the left (three and four). 
 
io8 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 Fifth Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE. 3. Quarter, half and full 
 bend knees, thrusting arms sideward, 4. EXERCISE. 
 Count four, accenting three; perform moderately fast. 
 
 Quarter bend knees (one) ; lower to half bend (two) ; 
 lower to full bend and thrust arms sideward (three) ; recover 
 starting position (four). Arms must not be moved until the 
 full bend is taken, then they should be thrust out smartly and 
 returned smartly in the recovery. 
 
 Sixth Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Bend trunk forward, 
 stretching arms sideward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 30. 
 Count two, drawing one; perform slowly. 
 
 Elevate the chest and bend forward, stretching arms to side 
 horizontal, knuckles up (one) ; recover starting position 
 (two). 
 
 Seventh Exercise. 
 
 From attention : 
 
 i. Flex shoulders forward and stretch them backward, 
 2. EXERCISE. Fig. 49. Count two, drawing two; per- 
 form slowly. 
 
 The shoulders are relaxed and moved forward and in, arms 
 rotated inward (one) ; roll the shoulders back until they are 
 square, rotating arms outward and elevating chest (two). 
 
 Eighth Exercise. 
 
 I. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Bend trunk sideward, 
 right and left, extending opposite arm upward, 4. EXER- 
 CISE. Fig. 50. Count four, drawing one and three; re- 
 cover smartly. 
 
 Bend trunk, fully stretched from the waist, to the right and 
 extend left arm upward slowly (one) ; recover starting posi- 
 tion (two) ; repeat to the left (three and four). 
 
/K 
 
i io KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 Ninth Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Flex arms horizontally and fling them sideward, 
 2. EXERCISE. Fig. 51. Count four, accenting one and 
 three; perform quickly and snappily. 
 
 The forearms with elbows well up (one) ; fling them to the 
 side horizontal, palms down (two) ; recover flexed posi- 
 tion (three); and attention (four). 
 
 i. Arms sideward, 2. RAISE. 3. Bend trunk backward, 
 stretching arms upward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 42. Count 
 two, drawing one; recover slowly. 
 
 Chest is raised and trunk stretched upward with the arm 
 movement as the trunk is bent backward. 
 
 Eleventh Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Raise leg and arms forward; swing leg backward 
 and arms sideward and recover in reverse order, 2. EX- 
 ERCISE. Figs. 52 and 43. Count eight, accenting all 
 counts; perform smartly, holding each position momen- 
 tarily. 
 
 Arms and leg are brought forward smartly (one) ; leg 
 is swung to the rear and arms sideward (two) ; recover first 
 position (three) ; and recover attention (four). Repeat to 
 the left, counting from five to eight. This should be per- 
 formed smartly and accurately; as the leg is swung back the 
 chest is elevated. 
 
 Twelfth Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Bend to the squatting position, hands on the ground, 
 Fig. 36, 2. BEND. 3. Extend both legs backward to the 
 leaning rest and recover the squatting position, 4. EX- 
 ERCISE. Fig. 53. Count two, accenting one; perform 
 slowly. 
 
 Legs arc extended backward (one) ; recover squatting posi- 
 tion (two). As the legs are extended backward the head and 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 113 
 
 shoulders should be moved forward over the hands in order 
 to get the support well under the body. Body is kept rigid. 
 
 Breathing Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 I. Rise on toes, stretching arms forward-upward, 2. 
 INHALE. 3. Lower heels, and arms laterally, 4. EX- 
 HALE. 
 
 (D) MARCHING EXERCISES: 
 
 1. Repeat ordinary quick time marching, half stepping 
 and marking time. 
 
 2. Swinging extended leg forward, knee high, 2. 
 MARCH. 3. Quick time, 4. MARCH. Count two. The 
 leg is swung forward as in the Second Lesson. 
 
 3. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Bend trunk forward, 
 4. EXERCISE. 5. Quick time, 6. MARCH. Count two; 
 perform in slow cadence. 
 
 Bend trunk forward as the left foot strikes the ground 
 (one) ; raise the trunk as the right is planted (two). 
 
 E. JUMPING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Repeat the exercises in the Second Lesson. 
 
 2. Standing broad jump: 
 I. Ready, 2. JUMP. 
 
 At ready the arms are brought to the front horizontal and 
 the body is raised on toes; at jump the jump is performed 
 and the position of attention is resumed. As it is the in- 
 tention to teach form and control, these jumps should not 
 be more than about 4 feet. 
 
 3. Three successive jumps. 
 
 These are to be performed without pausing. 
 
 F. DOUBLE TIMING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Repeat the exercise of the Second Lesson. 
 
 2. Swinging extended leg forward knee high, 2. 
 MARCH. 3. Quick time, 4. MARCH. 
 
 3. Crossing legs, 2. MARCH. 3. Quick time, 4. 
 MARCH. Legs are well crossed without deranging the 
 trunk. 
 
114 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 G. RESTORATIVE EXERCISES: 
 
 1. Raise and lower knees slowly, muscles relaxed. 
 
 2. Breathing exercise. 
 
 H. CONTESTS :. 
 
 1. Single pole pushing. Par. 185. 
 
 2. Cock fight. Par. 189. 
 
 FOURTH LESSON 
 First Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE, 3. Thrust arms upward; 
 swing downward, and recover, 4. EXERCISE. Count 
 four, accenting one and four; perform smartly. 
 
 Thrust arms upward, knuckles out (one) ; swing them 
 downward (two) ; swing them upward (three) ; recover 
 thrusting position (four). Body must remain stable and 
 erect. 
 
 Second Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Rise on toes, swinging 
 arms downward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 54. Count two, 
 accenting one; perform snappily. 
 
 Rise on toes and swing arms backward, palms in, elevating 
 chest (one) ; recover starting position (two). 
 
 Third Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE, i. Repeat neck bendings 
 and head turnings. 
 
 Fourth Exercise. 
 
 i. To side straddle, arms sideward, 2. HOP. 3. Turn 
 trunk right and left, lacing fingers in rear of head, 3. 
 EXERCISE. Fig. 55. Count two, drawing one; re- 
 cover smartly. 
 
 Turn trunk right and lace fingers behind the head (one) ; 
 recover starting position (two) ; repeat to the left (three and 
 four). Distance between heels in the straddle is about 30 
 

 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 117 
 
 inches. Elbows are up and well pressed back, chest elevated 
 and head up. 
 
 To recover the position of attention from the straddle, 
 command : 
 
 i. To the position of attention, 2. HOP. 
 
 Fifth Exercise. 
 
 i. To the side straddle, hands on hips, 2. HOP. 3. Rise 
 on toes and bend knees slowly, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 56. 
 Count four, accenting one and four and drawing two and 
 three. 
 
 Rise on toes smartly, chest up (one) ; bend knees as low 
 as possible slowly (two) ; extend knees slowly (three) ; lower 
 heels (four). 
 
 Sixth Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Bend trunk forward, 
 swinging arms downward and upward, 4. EXERCISE. 
 Fig. 57. Count two, accenting both counts; perform 
 smartly. 
 
 Bend trunk forward, swinging arms downward, and up- 
 ward to the rear as far as possible (one) ; recover starting 
 position smartly (two). 
 
 Seventh Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE. 3. Thrust right arm 
 down, left upward, recover, and reverse. Fig. 58. Count 
 four, accenting one and three; perform quickly and for- 
 cibly. 
 
 Thrust right down and left up (one) ; recover thrusting 
 position (two) ; thrust right up and left down (three) ; re- 
 cover thrusting position (four). 
 
 Eighth Exercise. 
 
 i. To side straddle, arms sideward, 2. HOP. 3. Bend 
 trunk sideward, right and left, stretching arms upward, 4. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 119 
 
 EXERCISE. Fig. 59. Count four, drawing the first and 
 third counts; recover smartly. 
 
 Bend trunk right and stretch arms upward (one) ; recover 
 starting position (two) ; repeat to the left at (three and 
 four). 
 
 Ninth Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Swing arms, forward, sideward, upward, sideward, 
 forward and downward. Count six, accenting all counts; 
 perform quickly. 
 
 Arms are swung forward (one) ; sideward (two) ; up- 
 ward (three) ; sideward (four) ; forward (five) and down- 
 ward (six). 
 
 Tenth Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on shoulders, 2. PLACE. 3. Bend trunk back- 
 ward, stretching arms sideward, palms down, 4. EXER- 
 CISE. Fig. 33. Count two, drawing one; recover 
 smartly. 
 
 Arms are stretched slowly but fully and as the trunk is be- 
 ing bent back. 
 
 Eleventh Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Stride forward left, arms forward; stretch arms 
 sideward and raise right leg backward ; recover stride po- 
 sition; and resume position of attention, 2. EXERCISE. 
 Figs. 60 and 43. Count eight, accenting two and six; 
 perform smartly and hold each position momentarily. 
 
 Stride, 20 inches, forward left and raise arms forward 
 (one) ; and raise right leg backward (two) ; lower right leg 
 and move arms forward (three) ; recover attention (four) ; 
 repeat with right stride from (five to eight). Chest elevated, 
 head up, back arched. 
 
 Twelfth Exercise. 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Leaning rest and recover, 2. EXERCISE. Fig. 53. 
 Count four, accenting all counts; perform smartly. 
 
122 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 Bend to squatting position, hands on the ground, Fig. 36, 
 (one) ; extend legs backward to leaning rest (two) ; recover 
 squatting position (three) ; recover attention (four). 
 
 Breathing Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Raise arms sideward, upward, 2. INHALE. 3. Cross 
 arms over head and lower forward smartly, 4. EXHALE. 
 
 (D) MARCHING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Repeat the last lesson. 
 
 2. I. Swing extended leg forward waist high, 2. 
 MARCH. 3. Quick time, 4. MARCH. Count t>vo, ac- 
 centing one; perform smartly. 
 
 3. i. Raise knee and extend leg forward, 2. MARCH. 
 
 3. Quick time, 4. MARCH. Count six, accenting all 
 counts; perform in slow cadence. 
 
 4. i. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE. 3. Thrust arms for- 
 ward and sideward, 4. EXERCISE. Count four, accent- 
 ing all counts. 
 
 E. JUMPING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Repeat last lesson. 
 
 2. Stan'ding hop and jump. 
 
 3. Standing hop, step and jump. 
 
 F. DOUBLE TIMING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Repeat last lesson. 
 
 2. i. Swing leg backward, 2. MARCH. 3. Quick time, 
 
 4. MARCH. The extended leg is raised backward. 
 
 3. i. Galloping on the right, left, foot, 2. MARCH. 3. 
 Double time, 4. MARCH. The right foot is advanced as 
 the left foot is brought up to it. 
 
 G. RESTORATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Bend trunk forward and backward, leisurely and 
 relaxed. 
 
 2. Breathing exercises as above. 
 
 H. CONTESTS. 
 
 1. Double pole pushing. Par. 186. 
 
 2. One legged tug. Par. 190. 
 
124 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 FIFTH LESSON. 
 
 (A) DISCIPLINARY EXERCISES, as in the previous les- 
 sons. 
 
 (B) STARTING POSITIONS, as in the previous lessons. 
 
 (C) SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 
 
 First Exercise. 
 
 I. Arms upward, 2. RAISE, i. Circle arms inward and 
 outward, 2. EXERCISE. Count four, accenting all 
 counts; perform moderately fast. 
 
 Arms, relaxed at shoulders, are crossed over head and 
 swung in a complete circle downward, parallel with front of 
 body, back to the starting position (one) ; pause in the over- 
 head position (two) ; they are then swung outward and down- 
 ward and upward in front of the body, to the starting posi- 
 tion (three) ; pause in the over-head position (four). These 
 circles may also be made continuous in either direction. 
 
 Second Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Hop to the side straddle on toes, swinging arms 
 sideward-upward, and recover, 2. EXERCISE. Count 
 two, accenting both counts; perform quickly. 
 
 Legs are separated by hopping to the side straddle on toes, 
 arms swinging upward laterally (one) ; legs are closed, 
 remaining on toes, and arms are lowered laterally (two). 
 
 Third Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. Repeat the neck exer- 
 cises. 
 
 Fourth Exercise. 
 
 1. To side straddle, arms forward, fingers laced, 2. 
 HOP. 3. Turn trunk right and left and swing arms side- 
 ward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 61. Count four, accenting 
 all counts; perform moderately slow. 
 
126 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 Turn trunk to the right, forcing the laced hands as far 
 as possible to the right (one) ; recover starting position 
 (two) ; repeat to the left (three and four). 
 
 Feet remain on ground firmly and the knees remain fully 
 extended; chest and head up. May also be taken in two 
 counts; one right, two left. 
 
 Fifth Exercise. 
 
 i. To the squatting position with hands on hips, 2. 
 BEND. 3. Extend knees slowly, stretching arms upward 
 and recover smartly, 4. EXERCISE. Figs. 29 and 26. 
 Count two, drawing the first count. 
 
 Extend knees slowly to "on toes" position, stretching arms 
 and trunk upward, palms in (one) ; recover the squatting po- 
 sition smartly (two). 
 
 Sixth Exercise. 
 
 I. To the side straddle, arms upward, 2. HOP. 3. Bend 
 trunk forward, swinging arms between legs, 4. EXER- 
 CISE. Fig. 62. Count two, accenting both counts; per- 
 form smartly. 
 
 Bend trunk forward as far as possible ; swinging arms be- 
 tween the legs (one) ; recover starting position (two). 
 
 Knees remain extended rigidly and arms are brought well 
 up in the recovery. 
 
 Seventh Exercise. 
 
 I. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE. 3. Thrust arms forward, 
 sideward, upward and downward, 4. EXERCISE. Count 
 eight, accenting the odd counts; perform snappily. 
 
 Thrust arms forward (one) ; recover (two) ; thrust side- 
 ward (three) ; recover (four) ; thrust upward (five) ; recover 
 (six) ; thrust downward (seven) ; recover (eight). 
 
 Eighth Exercise. 
 
 i. To side straddle, arms upward, fingers laced, 2. HOP. 
 3. Bend trunk sideward, right and left, 4. EXERCISE. 
 Fig. 63. Count four, drawing one and three; perform 
 slowly. 
 
o 
 
Fig. 63 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 129 
 
 Bend trunk sideward right, keeping arms stretched well 
 up, left hand pressing against right (one) ; recover (two) ; 
 repeat to the left (three and four). Knees are straight and 
 feet flat on the ground. This may be performed in two counts 
 also; bending to the right at one, to the left at two. 
 
 Ninth Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on shoulders, 2. PLACE. 3. Extend right 
 arm upward, and left arm sideward; recover and re- 
 verse, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 64. Count four, accenting 
 one and three; perform smartly. 
 
 Extend right upward, palm in, and left arm sideward, palm 
 down (one) ; recover starting position (two) ; extend left 
 upward and right sideward (three) ; recover (four). 
 
 Tenth Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Bend trunk backward, 
 rotating and stretching arms sideward, 4. EXERCISE. 
 Count two, drawing the first count; recover smartly. 
 
 Bend the trunk backward and stretch arms, rotating them 
 slowly, palms up, to the side horizontal (one) ; recover start- 
 ing position (two). Trunk should be stretched and chest ele- 
 vated in first movement. 
 
 Eleventh Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Lunge forward right 
 and left, swinging arms sideward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 65. 
 Count four, accenting all counts; perform smartly. 
 
 Lunge forward right and swing arms sideward (one) ; re- 
 cover starting position (two) ; repeat with the left leg (three 
 and four). Chest is elevated; head up. 
 
 Twelfth Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Leaning rest, bend and extend arms and recover, 
 2. EXERCISE. Count six, accenting one, two, five and 
 six, and drawing three and four. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 133 
 
 Bend to squatting position, hands on the ground (one) 
 Fig. 36; extend legs backward to leaning rest (two) Fig. 53; 
 bend arms (three) Fig. 66. Extend arms (four) ; recover 
 squatting position (five) ; recover position of attention (six). 
 
 Breathing Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Stretching arms forward, sideward and upward, 2. 
 INHALE. Lower arms sideward, move forward and re- 
 cover, 3. EXHALE. Count six, drawing all counts but 
 the last; the recovery is smart. 
 
 The inhalation and exhalation and the arm movements 
 are performed slowly; only the recovery is smart. 
 
 D. MARCHING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Repeat last lesson. 
 
 2. i. Raise knees, rising on toes of opposite leg, 2. 
 MARCH. 3. Quick time, 4. MARCH. 
 
 3. i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE, 3. Bend trunk for- 
 ward on left foot and extend left arm downward, touch- 
 ing ground, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 67. Count four; per- 
 form in slow cadence. 
 
 Step forward with the left foot, bending the knee and body 
 forward and extending left arm downward (one) ; recover 
 as the right foot is moved forward (two) ; allow two paces 
 to elapse, counting (three) on the left foot and (four) on 
 the right before repeating the exercise. The recovery must 
 be complete, the chest being elevated and head erected as the 
 trunk is raised. 
 
 E. JUMPING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Repeat last lesson. 
 
 2. Preliminary running broad jump. Walk six paces 
 energetically, take off with the right foot, swinging the 
 arms and left leg forward with the take off and alight 
 on both feet. Repeat, taking off with the left foot. 
 
 3. Run forward slowly 12 paces, and take off with the 
 right foot, as described above. Repeat, taking off with 
 the left foot. 
 
 As these jumps are practiced for form and not for 
 distance, they should be of moderate length, from 6 to 8 
 feet. 
 
134 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 F. DOUBLE TIMING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Repeat last lesson. 
 
 2. Double time sideward to the left, right leg crossing 
 over in front of the left, 2. MARCH. 3. Double time, 4. 
 MARCH. 
 
 3. Same to the right, left crossing over in front of 
 right. 
 
 G. RESTORATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Perform shoulder and trunk movements. 
 
 2. Repeat breathing exercises prescribed in this lesson. 
 
 H. CONTESTS. 
 
 1. Cane wrestling. Par. 182. 
 
 2. Squatting tug. Par. 184. 
 
 SIXTH LESSON. 
 
 (A) DISCIPLINARY EXERCISES, as in previous lessons. 
 
 (B) STARTING POSITIONS, as in previous lessons. 
 
 (C) SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 
 
 First Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE. 3. Thrust arms forward 
 and swing sideward; recover and thrust arms forward 
 and swing downward, 4. EXERCISE. Count eight, ac- 
 centing all counts; perform smartly. 
 
 Thrust arms forward (one) ; swing sideward (two) ; swing 
 forward (three) ; recover thrust position (four) ; thrust po- 
 sition (five) ; swing downward (six) ; swing forward 
 (seven) ; recover thrust position (eight). 
 
 Second Exercise. 
 
 I. To the side straddle position, 2. HOP. 3. On toes, 
 4. RISE. 5. HOP. Count two, accenting both counts; 
 perform smartly. The hopping is performed in the 
 straddle position. 
 
 Third Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Repeat neck bendings 
 and head turnings. 
 
Fig.68 
 
Fig. 71 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 139 
 
 Fourth Exercise. 
 
 i. To side straddle position, arms sideward, 2. HOP. 
 
 3. Turn trunk, right and left, stretching arms upward, 
 
 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 68. Count four, drawing out the 
 first count; recover smartly. 
 
 Turn trunk right slowly, stretching arms upward slowly, 
 palms in (one) ; recover starting position (two) ; repeat to 
 the left (three and four). 
 
 Fifth Exercise. 
 
 i. To the squatting position, arms sideward, knuckles 
 up, 2. BEND. 3. Rock on knees and circumduct arms 
 backward, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 69. Count two, accent- 
 ing both counts; perform smartly. 
 
 This exercise consists of a series of continuous extensions 
 and flexions of the knee joints accompanied by short backward 
 circumduction of the arms. The chest is elevated and the 
 head is erect. 
 
 Sixth Exercise. 
 
 i. To the side straddle position, hands on hips, 2. HOP. 
 3. Bend trunk forward, extending arms downward; re- 
 cover starting position, and rise on toes and extend arms 
 upward, 4. EXERCISE. Figs. 70 and 71. Count four, 
 drawing the first and accenting the other three counts. 
 
 Bend trunk forward, extending arms downward, finger tips 
 touching ground, palms in (one) ; recover starting position 
 (two) ; extend arms upward and rise on toes (three) ; recover 
 starting position (four). 
 
 Seventh Exercise. 
 
 From attention : 
 
 i. Flex shoulders forward, bend trunk backward, 
 stretching arms sideward, palms up; recover in reverse 
 order, 2. EXERCISE. Figs. 49 and 72. Count four, 
 drawing out the first three counts and accenting the 
 fourth. 
 
f\j 
 
 s 
 
 I* 
 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 141 
 
 Flex shoulders forward (one) ; stretch arms to side hori- 
 zontal, palms up and bend trunk backward (two) ; resume 
 flexed position (three) ; recover attention smartly (four). 
 Chest is elevated with sideward stretch. 
 
 Eighth Exercise. 
 
 i. To the side straddle position, arms sideward, 2. 
 HOP. 3. Bend trunk sideward right and left, stretching 
 opposite arm upward and the other downward to the 
 rear, 4. EXERCISE. Fig. 73. Count four, drawing the 
 first count; recover moderately fast. 
 
 Stretch and bend the trunk to the right, stretching the left 
 arm, palm in, up and close to the head ; the right arm, palm 
 down, to the rear (one) ; recover the starting position (two) ; 
 repeat to the left (three and four). This exercise may also 
 be performed in two counts, bending to the right at one, and 
 to the left at two. Legs remain extended, back is arched and 
 chest and head are up. 
 
 Ninth Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Flex forearms vertically; raise elbow to horizontal 
 flexed position; fling arms sideward and recover in re- 
 verse order, 2. EXERCISE. Figs. 43 and 51. Count 
 six, accenting all counts; perform snappily. 
 
 Flex forearms vertically (one) ; raise elbows smartly to 
 horizontal flexed position (two) ; fling arms sideward, palms 
 down, (three) ; resume the second pose (five) ; recover at- 
 tention (six). 
 
 Tenth Exercise, 
 
 i. Arms forward-upward, 2. RAISE. 3. Bend trunk 
 forward, swinging arms downward, Fig. 57, bend trunk 
 backward, swinging arms upward, Fig. 42, 4. EXER- 
 CISE. Count two, drawing out both counts; perform 
 moderately slow. 
 
 Bend trunk forward, swinging arms downward and upward 
 in the rear (one) ; swing arms forward and upward and bend 
 trunk backward (two). 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 143 
 
 Eleventh Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 I. Swing extended leg sideward and arms sideward- 
 upward, 2. EXERCISE. Fig. 74. Count four, accent- 
 ing all counts; perform moderately fast. 
 
 Swing right leg sideward, arms swinging upward laterally 
 at the same time (one) ; recover attention (two) ; repeat 
 with left leg (three and four). Legs are stiffly extended and 
 elevated as high as possible; chest and head up. 
 
 Twelfth Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 I. Leaning rest with legs straddled; bend and extend 
 arms and recover, 2. EXERCISE. Count six, accent- 
 ing one and two and five and six, and drawing out three 
 and four. 
 
 Bend to squatting position, Fig. 36 (one) ; extend straddled 
 legs backward to leaning rest (two) ; bend arms, Fig. 66 
 (three) ; extend arms (four) ; recover squatting position 
 (five) ; recover attention (six). 
 
 Breathing Exercise. 
 
 I. Stretching arms forward, sideward and upward, ris- 
 ing to toes, 2. INHALE. Lower arms sideward, move 
 forward and recover attention smartly, 3. EXHALE. 
 
 D. MARCHING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Repeat last lesson. 
 
 2. i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Bend trunk for- 
 ward and extend arms downward on left foot, Fig. 75 ; 
 recover hands on hips; extend arms upward, rising on 
 toes, 4. MARCH. 5. Quick time, 6. MARCH. Count 
 four; perform in slow cadence. 
 
 Bend trunk forward and extend arms downward as left 
 foot is planted (one) ; raise trunk and place hands on hips as 
 right foot is planted (two) ; extend arms upward, rising on 
 toes as left foot is planted (three) ; and recover starting posi- 
 tion (four). 
 
146 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 3. i. Arms sideward, palms up, 2. RAISE. 3. Cir- 
 cumduct arms backward on left foot, 4. EXERCISE. 5. 
 Quick time, 6. MARCH. Count, accenting both counts. 
 
 The arms are circumducted backward in a 12 inch circle on 
 the left foot; pause on the right foot. This exercise may 
 also be made continuous. Circle arms on both the right and 
 left foot. Arms must be in the plane of the shoulders. 
 
 E. JUMPING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Repeat last lesson. 
 
 2. Hop, step and jump from a walking start. 
 
 3. Same, from a running start. 
 
 4. Running broad jump for distance. 
 
 F. DOUBLE TIMING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Repeat last lesson. 
 
 2. Raising knees, or heels, or swinging leg forward. 
 
 3. Double time with jumping stride. 
 
 The stride is lengthened and the body thrust from the 
 ground as high as possible. 
 
 G. RESTORATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Slow, relaxed arm raisings laterally. 
 
 2. Repeat breathing exercises of this lesson. 
 
 H. CONTESTS. 
 
 1. Leg wrestling. Par. 193. 
 
 2. Tug Royal. Par. 192. 
 
SECTION X 
 
 TRAINING OF THE TRAINED 
 SOLDIER 
 
 PARAGRAPH 
 
 How this course differs from recruit course 159 
 
 Composition of lessons 160 
 
 Instructors cautioned to make course at- 
 tractive 161 
 
 Trained soldiers' conditioning course . . 162 
 
 Recreational activities 163 
 
 Example lessons . . . . . .164-165 
 
 159. How the Course Differs from the Re- 
 cruit Course. This course differs from the re- 
 cruit course in that it is less for the purpose of in- 
 struction but more for the purpose of keeping the 
 already trained man fit and prepared for any emer- 
 gency. 
 
 As the trained soldier is kept constantly engaged 
 in more or less strenuous military drills and as he 
 is also in such physical condition that he can in- 
 dulge in the more strenuous and intensive forms of 
 bodily activities with benefit to himself, the time 
 devoted to this training may be reduced materially 
 in his case. 
 
 1 60. Composition and Number of Lessons. 
 Two lessons for the trained soldier are given here. 
 They are to serve as examples to instructors who 
 
 148 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 149 
 
 may at their discretion substitute others, so long as 
 they adhere to the general principles, both military 
 and physiological, laid down in this manual. 
 
 The amount and degree of the work must be 
 fitted to the capabilities of the men and the time 
 allotted to this training. 
 
 161. Instructors Cautioned to Make Drills 
 Interesting. As a rule it is very much more diffi- 
 cult to maintain the requisite amount of enthusiasm 
 amongst the trained men than it is amongst re- 
 cruits. Instructors are therefore cautioned to avoid 
 everything that is likely to detract from the spirit 
 and enthusiasm of the training. 
 
 The drill must be made interesting so that the 
 men enter into it eagerly. This will not result, 
 however, if work required of them is not varied 
 enough to engage the mind as well as the body. 
 
 To attempt to get results by means of the same 
 exercises constantly repeated is impossible with the 
 American soldier. Being an intelligent, thinking in- 
 dividual, he demands to be treated as such. He will 
 not respond unless the work appeals to his intelli- 
 gence. 
 
 Monotonous drills become mere mechanical drudg- 
 ery; they are worse than useless, as they benefit 
 the men but little physically, and detract seriously 
 from their discipline. 
 
 162. The Trained Soldiers' Conditioning 
 Course. The value of the setting-up exercises in 
 the trained soldiers' training is chiefly disciplinary, 
 suppling and coordinating, for which from 20 to 
 30 minutes per day is sufficient. 
 
 The chief object in the conditioning course 
 
ISO KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 should be to properly prepare the men for the hard- 
 ships of field service. . For this reason the major 
 part of the time set apart for this training should 
 be devoted to running, jumping, without equipment 
 in the beginning, but with a gradually increasing 
 amount of equipment as they become hardened and 
 fit, and to the rifle exercises and bayonet training. 
 
 The morning period should be devoted to about 
 twenty minutes of strenuous setting-up exercises. 
 
 The afternoon period should embrace the vari- 
 ous forms of conditioning activities; double timing, 
 jumping, obstacle course, rifle exercises, and bayo- 
 net training. 
 
 163. Recreational Activities. These must be 
 voluntary to be truly recreational. The men should 
 be permitted to choose the activity they prefer to 
 indulge in, but all men should be induced to engage 
 in some form of activity. 
 
 164. Example Lessons for Trained Soldiers. 
 
 First Lesson. 
 
 (A) STARTING POSITIONS, as in recruit instructions. 
 
 (B) SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 
 
 First Exercise. 
 
 I. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE. 3. Thrust arms forward 
 (one) swing downward (two) ; swing forward; (three) ; 
 recover thrust position (four), 4. EXERCISE. Accent 
 all counts and perform smartly. 
 
 Second Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 I. Flex forearms horizontally (one), Fig. 51; fling 
 arms sideward and rise on toes (two) ; recover flexed 
 
152 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 position (three); recover attention (four), 2. EXER- 
 CISE. 
 
 Third Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Bend neck forward 
 (one) ; recover (two) ; bend neck backward (three) ; 
 recover (four); turn head right (five); recover 
 (six) ; turn left (seven) ; recover (eight), 4. EXER- 
 CISE. 
 
 Perform initial movements slowly; recoveries moder- 
 ately fast. 
 
 Fourth Exercise. 
 
 I. To side straddle position, arms sideward, 2. HOP. 
 
 3. Turn trunk to the right, stretching arms upward and 
 rising on toes (one) ; recover starting position (two) ; 
 same to the left (three and four). 
 
 Perform initial movement slowly and recover smartly. 
 
 Fifth Exercise. 
 
 I. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE. 3. Bend knees to squat- 
 ting position, thrusting arms forward (one) ; in the 
 squatting position, swing arms sideward (two) ; swing 
 arms forward (three); recover starting position (four), 
 
 4. EXERCISE. 
 Perform smartly. 
 
 Sixth Exercise. 
 
 i. To side straddle, arms sideward, 2. HOP. 3. Bend 
 trunk sideward right, stretching left arm up and right 
 arm down, Fig. 73 (one) ; recover starting position (two) ; 
 repeat to the left (three and four). 
 
 Seventh Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Flex forearms vertically (one) ; extend arms up- 
 ward and hop (two) ; flex arms (three) ; recover atten- 
 tion (four), 2. EXERCISE. 
 
 Accent the second and third counts. 
 
154 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 Eighth Exercise. 
 
 i. To the side straddle, hands on hips, 2. HOP. 3. Bend 
 trunk forward, extend arms downward (one) ; Fig. 70, 
 recover starting position (two) ; extend arms upward, 
 body on toes (three) ; Fig. 71, recover starting position 
 (four), 4. EXERCISE. 
 
 Perform smartly. 
 
 Ninth Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 I. Raise arms to front horizontal and extend leg for- 
 ward, Fig. 52 (one) ; swing arms sideward, palms up, 
 and extend leg backward (two) ; Fig. 43, recover initial 
 position (three) ; and position of attention (four), .2. 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Perform smartly, holding each position momentarily. 
 
 Tenth Exercise. 
 
 I. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Bend trunk backward, 
 stretching arms forward and upward, Fig. 42 (one) ; re- 
 cover starting position (two), 4. EXERCISE. 
 
 Eleventh Exercise. 
 
 I. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE. 3. Move shoulders for- 
 ward, Fig. 22 (one) ; raise shoulders (two) ; force them 
 back (three); recover (four), 4. EXERCISE. 
 
 Perform slowly. 
 
 Twelfth Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 I. Bend knees to squatting position, Fig. 36 (one) ; 
 extend legs to leaning rest, Fig. 53 (two) ; bend arms, 
 Fig. 66 (three); extend arms (four); recover squatting 
 position (five) and attention (six), 4. EXERCISE. 
 
 All except arms movements should be performed 
 smartly. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 155 
 
 Breathing Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Stretch arms forward, sideward and upward, 2. IN- 
 HALE. Lower arms in reverse order, 2. EXHALE. 
 
 SECOND LESSON 
 
 (A) STARTING POSITIONS. 
 
 (B) SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 
 
 First Exercise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Swing arms forward (one) ; sideward (two) ; up- 
 ward (three) ; sideward (four) ; forward (five) ; re- 
 cover attention (six), 2. EXERCISE. 
 
 Perform quickly. 
 
 Second Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on shoulders, 2. PLACE. 3. Rise on toes, ex- 
 tending arms upward (one) ; recover (two) ; perform 
 smartly and quickly, 4. EXERCISE. 
 
 Third Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Repeat neck bendings 
 and turnings. 
 
 Fourth Exercise. 
 
 i. To the side straddle position, arms forward, fingers 
 laced, 2. HOP. 3. Turn trunk to the right and left and 
 swing arms sideward, fingers remaining laced; to the 
 right (one) ; left at (two). Fig. 61. 
 
 Perform briskly. 
 
 Fifth Exercise. 
 
 i. To the squatting position, arms sideward, palms up, 
 2. BEND. Fig. 69. 3. Rock on knees and circumduct arms 
 backward. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 157 
 
 Sixth Exercise. 
 
 I. To the side straddle position, arms sideward, 2. 
 HOP. 3. Bend trunk sideward, right, swinging left arm 
 upward, and right to the rear, Fig. 73 (one) ; bend to 
 the left, swinging right arm up and left to the rear 
 (two), 4. EXERCISE. 
 
 Perform slowly. 
 
 Seventh Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE. 3. Thrust arms forward 
 (one) ; sideward (three) ; upward (five) ; and down- 
 ward (seven) ; recovering thrust position at two, four, 
 six and eight, 4. EXERCISE. 
 
 Perform briskly. 
 
 Eighth Exercise. 
 
 i. To the side straddle position, arms upward, 2. HOP. 
 3. Bend trunk forward, swinging arms downward, be- 
 tween legs, Fig. 62 (one) ; swing arms upward and bend 
 trunk backward (two), 4. EXERCISE. 
 
 Perform moderately fast. 
 
 Ninth Exercise. 
 
 i. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE. 3. Swing right leg for- 
 ward horizontally and extend right arm forward, Fig. 
 76 (one) ; recover (two) ; left leg and left arm forward 
 (three); recover (four), 4. EXERCISE. 
 
 Perform briskly. 
 
 Tenth Exercise. 
 
 i. Arms forward, 2. RAISE. 3. Lunge forward right, 
 swinging arms sideward, Fig. 65 (one) ; recover (two) ; 
 same with left (three and four), 4. EXERCISE. 
 
 Eleventh Exorcise. 
 
 From attention: 
 
 i. Flex shoulders forward, Fig. 49 (one) ; roll shoul- 
 ders backward (two) ; recover attention (three), 2. EX- 
 ERCISE. 
 
160 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 Twelfth Exercise. 
 
 I. To the squatting position, hands on the ground, 2. 
 BEND, Fig. 36. 3. Extend legs to side straddle position, 
 Fig. 77 (one) ; recover squatting position (two). 
 
 Perform slowly. 
 
 Breathing Exercise. 
 With arm stretchings as in the First Lesson. 
 
SECTION XI 
 RIFLE EXERCISES 
 
 PARAGRAPH 
 
 Object of rifle exercises .... 166-167 
 
 Starting position 168 
 
 Exercises 169 
 
 1 66. The Object of the Rifle Exercises is to 
 develop the muscles of the arms, shoulders and 
 back so the men become accustomed to the weight 
 of the piece and learn to wield it with that "handi- 
 ness" so essential to its successful use in firing, bay- 
 onet training and in the manual of arms. 
 
 When these exercises are combined with move- 
 ments of the various other parts of the body, they 
 serve as a very efficient, though a rather strenuous, 
 method of all around development. 
 
 167. As the weight of the piece is considerable, 
 instructors are cautioned to be reasonable in their 
 demands, particularly when handling new recruits. 
 
 During recruit instruction it is therefore recom- 
 mended that only those exercises described here be 
 practiced. 
 
 1 68. Starting Position. All the exercises start 
 from the following position, Fig. 78: 
 
 The piece is held in the low extended arm horizontal, the 
 right hand grasping the small of the stock and the left hand 
 the barrel just below the upper hand. The knuckles are turned 
 
 162 
 
164 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 to the front and the distance between the hands is slightly 
 greater than the width of the shoulders. This position is 
 assumed at the command : 
 
 i. RIFLE EXERCISE. 2. To the starting position, 3. 
 RAISE. 
 
 Being at an order, the piece is brought to the position of 
 port arms smartly and then lowered to the low horizontal posi- 
 tion described above. 
 
 To resume the position of attention, command: 
 i. Order, 2. ARMS. 
 
 The position of port arms is assumed and .the piece brought 
 to the order from that position. 
 
 First Exercise. 
 
 i. Raise piece to front extended arm horizontal, 2. 
 EXERCISE. Fig. 79. Count two. 
 
 The piece is brought to the front horizontal, arms straight, 
 knuckles up (one) ; recover starting position (two). 
 
 Second Exercise. 
 
 169. Exercises. 
 
 
 
 i. Raise piece to high'extended arm horizontal, 2. EX- 
 ERCISE. Fig. 80. Count two. 
 
 The piece is raised over-head, arms extended (one) ; re- 
 cover starting position (two). 
 
 Third Exercise. 
 
 i. Raise piece to right and left side horizontal, 2. EX- 
 ERCISE. Fig. 81. Count two. 
 
 The piece is raised to the right side horizontal, right arm 
 extended, left arm bent (one) ; recover starting position 
 (two) ; repeat to the left (three and four). 
 
Fig. 80 
 
166 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 Fourth Exercise. 
 
 I. Raise piece to front perpendicular, right (left) hand 
 up, 2. EXERCISE. Fig. 82. Count two. 
 
 The piece is brought to the front perpendicular, right hand 
 up, arms extended (one) ; recover starting position (two) ; 
 repeat with left hand up (three and four). 
 
 Fifth Exercise. 
 
 i. Raise piece to front bent arm horizontal, waist high, 
 2. EXERCISE. Count two. 
 
 The forearms are flexed until the piece is horizontal and 
 close to the body fore-arms horizontal, (one) ; recover start- 
 ing position (two). Perform smartly. 
 
 Sixth Exercise. 
 
 I. Raise piece to front bent arm horizontal, shoulder 
 high, -2. EXERCISE. Fig. 83. Count two. 
 
 The piece is raised as in the Fifth Exercise to the height 
 of the shoulders (one) ; recover starting position (two). 
 
 Seventh Exercise. 
 
 I. Raise piece to rear bent arm horizontal, on shoul- 
 ders, 2. EXERCISE. Fig. 84. Count two. 
 
 The piece is raised overhead with extended arms and 
 lowered to the shoulders (one) ; recover the starting posi- 
 tion by extending the piece overhead and lowering it for- 
 ward. 
 
 Eighth Exercise. 
 
 i. Raise piece to right and left high side perpendicu- 
 lar, right (left) arm up, 2. EXERCISE. Fig. 85. Count 
 four. 
 
 The piece is raised to the high side perpendicular on the 
 right, right arm up, left arm across body (one) ; recover start- 
 ing position (two) ; repeat on the left with left hand up at 
 (three and four). 
 
170 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 Ninth Exercise. 
 
 I. Raise piece to front bent arm horizontal, shoulder 
 high, and extend upward, 2. EXERCISE. Count four. 
 
 The piece is brought to the bent arm horizontal at the 
 shoulders (one) ; extended upward (two) ; to the shoulders 
 (three) ; recover starting position (four). 
 
 Tenth Exercise. 
 
 I. Raise piece to front bent arm horizontal, shoulder 
 high, and extend forward, 2. EXERCISE. Figs. 80 and 
 83. Count four. 
 
 Same as in the Tenth Lesson, extending forward. 
 
 Eleventh Exercise. 
 
 i. Raise piece to extended high horizontal and lower 
 to shoulders, 2. EXERCISE. Figs. 83 and 84. Count 
 four. 
 
 The piece is brought to the overhead horizontal, arms ex- 
 tended (one) ; lowered to the shoulders (two) ; extended 
 overhead (three) ; recover starting position (four). 
 
 Twelfth Exercise. 
 
 I. Raise piece to front extended arm horizontal and 
 flex to right side horizontal, 2. EXERCISE. Figs. 79 
 and 81. Count four. 
 
 The piece is brought to the front horizontal, arms extended 
 (one) ; the left arm is flexed and the piece moved to the 
 right side horizontal (two) ; resume the front horizontal 
 (three) ; recover starting position (four). 
 
 Thirteenth Exercise. 
 
 I. Raise the piece to right side horizontal, extend to 
 the high extended arm horizontal, lower to the left side 
 horizontal and recover, 2. EXERCISE. Count four. 
 

172 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 The piece is raised to the right side horizontal (one) ; to the 
 high horizontal (two) ; to the left side horizontal (three) ; 
 recover starting position (four). Repeat to the left, counting 
 from five to eight. 
 
 Fourteenth Exercise. 
 
 I. Raise piece to high extended arm horizontal, 2. 
 RAISE. 3. Swing piece to the right and left, 4. EXER- 
 CISE. Count four. 
 
 From the high horizontal the piece is swung in a circle, 
 parallel with the front of the body, downward to the right 
 and upward on the left to the starting position (one) ; pause 
 at (two) ; repeat, swinging downward on the left and upward 
 on the right at (three and four). 
 
eo 
 
SECTION XII 
 CORRECTIVE EXERCISES 
 
 PARAGRAPH 
 
 Minor defects remedied by regular training 170-171 
 
 Cooperation with instructor necessary . . 172 
 
 Drooping head 173 
 
 Round and stooped shoulders . . . 174 
 
 Weak back 175 
 
 Weak abdominal muscles .... 176 
 
 To increase depth and width of chest . 177 
 
 Flat feet 178 
 
 170. Based upon the theory that if an equal 
 amount of exertion is required of all parts of the 
 body, the weaker ones will increase in strength much 
 more rapidly than the stronger ones will, thus con- 
 stantly diminishing the difference between the two 
 until the difference ceases to be marked or material, 
 minor physical defects can be readily overcome by 
 the ordinary physical drills, providing those drills 
 be harmonious, that is, if all corresponding parts 
 of the body are employed equally. 
 
 171. This is particularly true in the training of 
 younger persons. When defects are of long stand- 
 ing, due to faulty posture, occupation or the result 
 of previous illness, special instruction may be nec- 
 essary, but this must not interfere with the man's 
 participation in the regular physical drills, unless 
 
 174 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 175 
 
 it is found that he is unable to participate in them ; 
 such cases should be treated specially. 
 
 172. To insure success, instructors must en- 
 deavor to enlist the cooperation of the men they are 
 treating, for without it little will be accomplished 
 in aggravated cases. 
 
 Only the most common physical defects and cor- 
 responding corrective exercises are noted here. 
 
 173. Drooping Head. Exercise the muscles 
 of the neck, by bending, turning and circling the 
 head, muscles moderately tense. See Figs. 17, 18 
 and 27. 
 
 Cultivate the habit of keeping the chin elevated 
 and eyes directed upward. 
 
 174. Round or Stooped Shoulders. 
 
 1. Stretch arms sideward from the front to the side 
 horizontal, turning palms up as the arms move sideward ; 
 pause in the side horizontal, stretching the arms well out 
 in the plane of the shoulder. Inhale and elevate the 
 chest with the sideward movement ; exhale and relax with 
 the forward movement. 
 
 2. Swing arms sideward from the front to the side hori- 
 zontal, palms down, muscles relaxed. 
 
 3. Circle arms upward and backward slowly from the 
 front horizontal and back to that position, muscles mod- 
 erately tense. Inhale with the upward and exhale with 
 the backward-downward movement. 
 
 4. Move shoulders forward, muscles relaxed, then raise 
 them in that position; force them back in that elevated 
 position slowly, with muscles tense, until they are in the 
 proper plane, inhaling at the same time; pause and then 
 relax to the normal position, exhaling at the same time. 
 
 175. Weak Back. 
 
 I. Bend trunk forward, with back arched. Fig. 30. 
 
176 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 2. Bend trunk forward, with back arched, stretching 
 arms sideward from the front horizontal. Fig. 30. 
 
 3. Bend trunk sideward, without and with arm move- 
 ments. Figs. 23, 32 and 40. 
 
 4. Lie on floor, face down, and raise head and shoul- 
 ders or the extended leg or legs backward-upward. 
 
 176. Weak Abdominal Muscles. 
 
 1. Bend trunk backward, without and with arm stretch- 
 ings. Figs. 33, 42 and 72. 
 
 2. Turn trunk right and left. Figs. 28 and 42. 
 
 3. Lie on floor, face up, raise extended leg or legs to 
 the perpendicular; raise head and shoulders from the 
 floor, or raise trunk to sitting position. 
 
 177. To Increase Width and Depth of Chest. 
 
 1. Arm stretchings upward from front horizontal, mus- 
 cles moderately tense, elevating the chest and inflating 
 the lungs. 
 
 2. Arm stretchings sideward and then upward from 
 front horizontal, elevating and inhaling as in I. 
 
 3. Stretch arms upward and downward laterally from 
 attention, allowing arms, palms to the front, to cross over- 
 head. 
 
 4. Circle arms upward and backward from the front 
 horizontal, muscles moderately tense. 
 
 178. Flat Feet. The following exercises have 
 been recommended by the Medical Corps of the 
 Army for the purpose of developing the muscles of 
 the feet and legs, improving foot disabilities and 
 preparing normal feet for more strenuous duty. 
 
 They should be included in the setting-up exer- 
 cises, and made obligatory with those suffering from 
 flat-footedness and those predisposed to that condi- 
 tion. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 177 
 
 1. Stand with feet parallel and rise on the outer bor- 
 ders of the feet, without twisting the legs or bending the 
 knees. 
 
 2. With feet parallel, walk on outer borders. 
 
 3. Stand with feet parallel, or slightly toed-in, and 
 circumduct hips outward (twist legs), keeping knees 
 straight and the great toes in contact with the ground, 
 heels raised, pressing ankle joints out. 
 
 4. Stand with feet parallel; rise on toes; descend, let- 
 ting only the outer borders of the feet touch the ground ; 
 flatten the feet on the ground. 
 
 5. With feet parallel, curl toes under feet and relax. 
 
 6. Cultivate the habit of standing and walking with 
 feet parallel, and extending knees fully. 
 
SECTION XIII 
 CONTESTS AND GAMES 
 
 PARAGRAPH 
 
 The object of these contests . . . 179-181 
 
 Individual contests 182-193 
 
 Group contests and games .... 194-208 
 
 179. In all of the individual contests the men 
 are brought into personal contact; they are per- 
 sonal encounters which, aside from their physical 
 value, bring out and develop aggressiveness, agility, 
 quickness of perception, confidence and morale and 
 do it in a more or less recreational way, thus giving 
 the men an opportunity to relax from the sterner 
 and more serious aspects of their training. 
 
 1 80. In contests in which superiority is deter- 
 mined by skill and dexterity few if any restrictions 
 need be placed upon the efforts of the contestants; 
 in those contests, however, that are determined 
 chiefly by strength and endurance it is well to set 
 the efforts a limit in order to avoid their being 
 drawn out to the point of exhaustion. The men 
 should be paired off according to their weight, agil- 
 ity or strength in order to equalize the chances. 
 
 181. Two of these contests should be included 
 in each lesson, except the first two. Contests that 
 require skill and agility should alternate with those 
 requiring strength and endurance. 
 
 178 
 
^^^HHHM^ A^BIj^HHPJ^ 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 181 
 
 182. Cane Wrestling. Fig. 86. The cane 
 used should be about an inch in diameter, of hard 
 wood, three feet long; the ends to be rounded off. 
 
 The contestants grasp one end of the cane with 
 the right hand, knuckles down; the left hand, 
 knuckles up, grasps it close to the opponent's right 
 hand. 
 
 The object is to wrest the cane from the opponent 
 by twisting it out of his hands. The loss of grip 
 with either hand terminates the bout. This con- 
 test brings about all the muscles of the body into 
 play, but principally those of the shoulders, arms, 
 upper back and chest. 
 
 183. Pole Twisting. Fig. 87. The contestants 
 grasp a short pole, about four feet long and two 
 inches in diameter, with both hands, knuckles up, 
 right hand outside the opponent's left, with arms 
 extended overhead. The object is to make the pole 
 revolve in the opponent's hand by forcing it down. 
 
 The muscles of the- forearms, shoulders, chest 
 and upper back and abdomen are employed in this 
 contest. 
 
 184. Squatting Tug. Fig. 88. Contestants 
 sit on the ground facing each other, legs extended, 
 soles of feet in contact, and grasp a pole, such as is 
 used in the pole twisting, in their hands, knuckles 
 up, right hands outside. 
 
 The object is to pull the opponent to his feet. 
 Arm, shoulder, chest, back, abdominal and leg mus- 
 cles are used in this contest. 
 
 185. Single Pole Pushing. Fig. 89. The con- 
 testants grasp a pole about six feet long and two 
 inches in diameter, with both hands ; the end of the 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 183 
 
 pole is under the right arm and shoulder ; and brace 
 themselves. 
 
 The object is to push the opponent backward. 
 This contest should be practiced with the right and 
 left foot forward. 
 
 The extensor muscles of the legs and all of the 
 trunk and arm muscles are employed. 
 
 1 86. Double Pole Pushing. Fig. 90. This 
 contest is similar to the single pole pushing except 
 that two poles are used instead of one. 
 
 187. Individual Tug-of-War. Fig. 91. The 
 contestants face each other, each holding the end of 
 an eight foot, half inch rope in both hands, feet 
 separated, left foot in front. 
 
 At "Go" they turn about, raising the rope over 
 the left shoulder and endeavor to pull the opponent 
 away with them. 
 
 This should be practiced with either foot and 
 hand forward. 
 
 Most of the muscles of the arms and trunk and 
 the extensor muscles of the legs are brought into 
 action. 
 
 1 88. One Arm Wrestle. Fig. 92. The con- 
 testants face each other, grasping right hands, feet 
 separated, right foot forward, with the outside 
 borders of the right feet in contact. 
 
 The object is to endeavor to make the opponent 
 raise his rear foot or change the one in front, by 
 pulling, twisting or pushing his right arm. 
 
 This should be practiced with either foot and 
 hand. 
 
 The muscles of the right arm and side and the 
 leg muscles are brought into action. 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 185 
 
 189. The "Cock Fight." Fig. 93. Contest- 
 ants, hop on one foot, arms folded tightly over the 
 chest. 
 
 The object is to make the opponent change from 
 one foot to the other, or bring both feet in contact 
 with the ground, by butting him with the fleshy 
 part of the shoulder. This should be practiced with 
 either foot. 
 
 The leg muscles of the leg used are brought into 
 action. 
 
 190. One-Legged Tug. Fig. 94. Contestants, 
 hopping on one foot, grasp hands and endeavor to 
 pull opponent forward by hopping on one foot. 
 This should be practiced with either foot. Bringing 
 the raised foot in contact with the ground ends the 
 bout. 
 
 191. The "Cock Fighters' Siege." Fig. 95. 
 One contestant stands with one foot in a fifteen- 
 inch circle, the other foot outside of it, arms folded. 
 Two other contestants, hopping as in 189, endeavor 
 to butt him out of the circle or make him raise the 
 foot in the circle.' The one occupying the circle 
 in the meantime endeavors to overcome the attack- 
 ers by butting them with his shoulder, or by dodging 
 them in order to make them change feet or bring 
 some other portion of their body, except the foot 
 they are hopping on, in contact with the ground. 
 As soon as one of the attackers is put out another 
 takes his place; the one who succeeds in defeating 
 the one holding the circle displaces him. 
 
 The leg muscles are brought into action in this 
 contest. 
 
 192. Tug Royal. Fig. 96. Three or four con- 
 
i88 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 testants face each other, grasping hands, about a 
 circle drawn on the ground from three to three and 
 a half feet in diameter. 
 
 The object is to make one of this number step 
 into the circle. 
 
 About every muscle in the body is brought into 
 play in this contest. 
 
 193. Leg Wrestling. Fig. 97. Contestants lie 
 upon the ground on their backs, right shoulders in 
 close contact, right elbows closely locked. Each 
 then swings his right leg upward a given number 
 of times; when the last upper swing occurs the legs 
 are locked and the object is to press the opponent's 
 leg down until he rolls over. The arms must be 
 kept tightly locked. This should be practiced with 
 either leg. 
 
 The leg and the abdominal muscles are brought 
 into action in this contest. 
 
 GROUP CONTESTS AND GAMES 
 
 194. Group contests and games in which a large 
 number may be employed simultaneously and in 
 which the attention and interest of all those par- 
 ticipating must constantly be on the alert, should 
 always be given the preference over those in which 
 only a few are engaged at the same time and which 
 do not require the alertness of mind mentioned 
 above. 
 
 The spirit of rivalry between the groups must be 
 incited and kept alive if the full value of these 
 games and contests are to be obtained. 
 
 195. Group contests may consist of the usual 
 
IQO KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 athletic games, providing the time for them is avail- 
 able, such as baseball, basketball, soccer, football, 
 tug-of-war, relay races, etc. Or they may consist 
 of the usual field and track events, with the differ- 
 ence that the performance of every individual mem- 
 ber of the group shall be counted in the final score ; 
 be cumulative, in other words. 
 
 197. For recreational purposes games of the 
 character of the following should be encouraged. 
 
 198. Bear in the Pit. The players, about six- 
 teen men, form a circle, grasping hands; one is 
 chosen as the bear and takes his place in the center 
 of the circle. His endeavor is to break through 
 this chain of hands, or get through it by going un- 
 der or over the arms of his fellows. If he succeeds 
 in breaking through he is chased by the other 
 players and the one who succeeds in capturing him 
 in turn becomes the bear. 
 
 Skill, outwitting the other players by feinting 
 false attacks, etc., rather than force should be used. 
 
 199. Bull in the Ring. The players form a 
 circle similar to that described in 198; the bull in 
 the circle endeavors to break through the ring by 
 forcing the grip between two players. If he suc- 
 ceeds ke i.i chased by the two whose hands he 
 parted; the one capturing him then becomes the 
 bull. 
 
 200. The Red Ace. To be played by from 
 twenty to thirty players who are equally divided and 
 who stand behind two parallel lines, drawn upon 
 the ground with an intervening space of from fif- 
 teen to twenty yards between them. The red ace 
 takes his position in the center of this space. At 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 191 
 
 the signal "red ace," given by the player in the 
 center, the players rush over from one line to the 
 other, the "red ace" endeavoring to touch as many 
 as he can during the rush. Those touched or tagged 
 become "red aces" and join the original "red ace" 
 in the center till all have become "red aces." 
 
 To develop alertness the original "red ace," who 
 alone continues to give the signal for the rush, may 
 resort to any means that will tempt the players be- 
 hind the line to make a false start and cross the 
 line. For this purpose he may call out "black ace," 
 "blue ace," or any other color he chooses, or he may 
 make a false start. All those drawn over the line 
 by these tactics join the "red ace" in the center. 
 
 20 1. The Flag Rescue. To be played by from 
 fifteen to twenty players. The players form a 
 loose circle about a player in the center. All play- 
 ers are numbered. The center man is in possession 
 of a stick about three feet long which he holds in 
 a perpendicular position, with his index finger, in 
 the center of the circle. As he releases his finger 
 he calls out a number and the player whose num- 
 ber is called must rush forward and endeavor to 
 catch the stick before it falls to the ground. The 
 one succeeding in doing this then exchanges places 
 with the player in the center. The game is kept 
 alive by mixing up the numbers as much as pos- 
 sible and bringing the stick back to the perpendicu- 
 lar as quickly as possible. 
 
 202. Cleaning the Trench. May be played by 
 any number. The players take position, facing each 
 other on either side of a line drawn upon the ground. 
 At the signal "Over the top," given by one of the 
 
192 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 players who acts as referee, the players endeavor 
 to pull those opposed to them over to their side of 
 the line; holds on any part of the body are per- 
 missible, and as many as choose may come to the 
 rescue of any player. A player is captured and 
 joins his captors when his whole body is drawn 
 over the line. 
 
 203. Third Relief (Three Deep). This may 
 be played by from twenty to forty men. The play- 
 ers form in a circle facing in two deep, each pair 
 in file, with a distance of about two feet between 
 files and an interval of from three to four feet be- 
 tween the pairs. One player is the third relief and 
 another the sergeant of the guard or chaser. 
 
 The sergeant chases the third relief about the out- 
 side of the circle. The third relief may "post" him- 
 self in front of either of any of the two players 
 standing in file; the one immediately behind him 
 at once becomes the third relief, and in order to 
 avoid the sergeant he must endeavor to post him- 
 self before the sergeant can touch him. Should the 
 sergeant succeed in doing this the third relief be- 
 comes the sergeant and the sergeant the third re- 
 lief. 
 
 204. Swat the Kaiser. This game may be 
 played by from twenty to thirty men. The players 
 form a closed circle with hands, palms up, behind 
 them. The "swatter," armed with a doubled belt, 
 metal ends in his hand, passes around the outside 
 of the circle, crying, "On to Berlin, on to Berlin;" 
 as he does so he secretively deposits the belt in the 
 hands of a player in the circle, but keeps on crying 
 out as before, passing on until he is ready to give 
 
KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 193 
 
 the signal, "Swat the Kaiser." At that signal the 
 one who has received the belt begins to belabor the 
 player on his right, who, in order to avoid being 
 "swatted," runs about the circle, chased by the 
 swatter until he reaches his former place, the orig- 
 inal swatter filling the place of the active one. 
 
 205. Do This, Do That. This may be in- 
 dulged in by any number. All players face a leader 
 or instructor and imitate any movement he may per- 
 form when the caution "Do this" precedes the move- 
 ment but refraining from imitating the movement 
 when the cautionary command is "Do that." Any 
 player caught off his guard, by imitating a "Do 
 that" movement twice, is out, and assumes an "at 
 ease" position until the game is completed, which 
 occurs when only one survivor is left. 
 
 The object of this game is to teach quickness of 
 perception and control. 
 
 206. Dodge Ball. Any number of men may 
 play this game. The players are equally divided, 
 one half forming a loose circle great enough in 
 diameter to accommodate the other half, who are 
 scattered about the interior of the circle with suffi- 
 cient room to move about freely. 
 
 The players forming the circle are supplied with 
 a basketball with which they try to hit one of the 
 center men, who endeavor to dodge the thrown ball 
 in any way they see fit. As soon as a man is hit 
 he joins the circle men and the game continues till 
 but one man is left. When played by a large num- 
 ber two balls may be used. In case two men are 
 hit in a single throw, only the first is counted out. 
 
194 KOEHLER'S WEST POINT MANUAL 
 
 207. Medicine Ball Race. This is played by 
 teams composed of from eight to sixteen men. 
 
 The players of each team stand straddle-legged 
 in a column of files, with an interval of about four 
 or five feet between the files. Every man's station 
 is marked on the ground. At a signal from the 
 referee or starter the first man starts the ball rolling 
 backward between his legs, each member of the 
 team endeavoring to add to the speed of the ball 
 by striking it with the hands as it is passing through 
 his legs. When the ball reaches the last man he 
 picks it up, runs forward to the starting point with 
 it and starts the ball rolling again, each member 
 of the team moving back one station as the ball 
 is being brought up to the starting point. This is 
 repeated until the original leader brings the ball 
 back to the starting point. 
 
 If no medicine ball is available one may be im- 
 provised by stuffing the outer skin of a basketball 
 tightly and lacing it. 
 
 The game may also be played by passing any 
 object from hand to hand. In that case the files 
 must be close enough to facilitate the passing. 
 
 208. These are but a few of the games that lend 
 themselves to the purpose for which they are in- 
 tended ; others of a smiliar character may be added 
 or substituted, always, however, with a view to 
 making them recreational, instructive and entertain- 
 ing. 
 
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