NCTUATION GIFT OF HAND-BOOK PUNCTUATION, WITH INSTRUCTIONS FOR CAPITALIZATION, LETTER-WRITING, AND PROOF-READING, W. J. COCKER, A. M. A. S. BARNES & Co., NEW YORK, CHICAGO, AND NEW ORLEANS. 1878. Copyright, 1878, by W. J. Cocker. PREFACE. As the pronunciation of words is determined by the usage of the best speakers, so, in a great measure, the punctuation of sentences is based on the usage of the best writers. Rec- ognizing this fact, the author has aimed, 1. To state, such general rules as are recognized by most writers of good English. 2. To illustrate these rules by examples taken from many of our best English classics. 3. To give some of the differences in usage that exist even among the best of writers. It is frequently asserted that even good writers differ so much in their use of punctuation marks that it is impossible to lay down any general rules, and that it is better for each one to consult his own taste and judgment. With equal reason it might be said that inasmuch as good speakers, and even lexicographers, differ in the pronunciation of words, there- fore each speaker should make his own taste and judgment the standard for correct pronunciation. A writer's mode of expressing his thoughts will determine the character and number of the punctuation marks that he uses, and it is chiefly owing to this that even good writers differ somewhat in punctuating what they have written. There are some rules that are invariable under all circumstances ; the use of others depends on the mental characteristics of the writer ; and there are still other rules, the application of which is determined by the writer's taste alone. By gestures, tones of voice, oratorical pauses, emphasis, and in various ways, a speaker can make his meaning clear 43892G IV PREFACE. to his listeners ; and so a writer should certainly use all the aids which punctuation, capitals, and italics afford, in pre- senting clearly what he has written for the perusal of others. Business men, however, seem to think that they are not amenable to the rules that govern good writers. They affirm, that they have no time to punctuate their letters, and yet they subject others to the necessity of expending time and patience in trying to make out their meaning. Serious misunderstandings have arisen between business men, in consequence of the omission or incorrect use of punctuation marks, and expensive lawsuits have originated in the care- less punctuation of legal instruments. Very little attention is paid in our public schools to punc- tuation, and the rules usually given in English Composition are either disregarded or not properly understood. This may, perhaps, be accounted for by the fact that the rules are wanting in clearness, and are not sufficiently illustrated by examples. The aim of this volume is to remedy, in some measure, these evils, and to secure more attention to what ought to be a prominent part of school instruction. The evils of bad punctuation are really more serious than the evils of bad spelling, and no student can be said to have learned to read well, much less to write well, who has not studied punctuation intelligently. We would suggest that this hand-book be used at Rhetor- ical Exercises, and that when essays, orations, criticisms, &c., are handed to the teacher for correction, he should use a red or a blue pencil, so that corrections may be the more readily recognized. Besides the corrections in grammar, spelling, &c., he should be careful to supply punctuation marks when needed, cross out needless ones, and, of course, make such other corrections as may be necessary. When the produc- tions are returned to the pupils, the teacher should first point out the necessity of using certain marks, in order to define and bring out the meaning, and to show the relation between the different members of a sentence. Having thus shown the need of punctuation marks, then reference should be made to some of the simpler rules, to impress this need on the mind. Great care should be taken not to perplex the mind with too many rules before the necessity is created for their use. The great difficulty in the study of punctuation has been that many rules are committed to memory be- fore the need of their use has arisen, so that the mind is per- plexed and bewildered instead of enlightened. The rule, it must be remembered, does not create the necessity; the necessity creates the rule. Then, again, we think a great mistake is made by having the beginner punctuate what some one else has written. The better plan is for the pupil, at the very outset, to punctuate what he himself has com- posed, and in his effort to bring out his o\vn meaning clearly, he will, with the aid of a few rules, almost intuitively fall into the habit of punctuating correctly. The following suggestions may be of service : 1. Do not give a pupil a rule to learn, unless it is clearly founded upon examples taken from what he himself has written. 2. Take, at first, the simplest, most frequently used, and most readily understood rules. 3. Advance slowly, remembering that a few simple prin- ciples clearly understood, are of much more practical benefit than a number of misty rules hastily committed to memory. In the preparation of this hand-book, the author is under obligations to various authorities, but he is more especially indebted to Wilson's " Treatise on Punctuation." W. J. COCKER, ADRIAN, Mich., Dec, 26, 1877. nntente. I. PUNCTUATION . . II. CAPITALS III. LETTER-FORMS . PP- *- 53 54- 7o 71-100 IV. PROOF- READING " 101 -i 14 V. INDEX * 115-127 Imtthm&m* The principal punctuation marks are, 1. The Comma , 2. The Semicolon ; 3. The Colon 4. The Period The comma indicates a somewhat close relation- ship between the parts of a sentence; the semico- lon, a more distant relationship ; the colon indicates that the parts are almost independent of each other; the period marks the close of a sentence, and indi- cates that a thought is complete. In simple sentences, when the words are closely united together, and the relationship of the words to each other is readily perceived, there is usually no need of any punctuation marks, except a period at the close. It should always be borne in mind that punctuation marks are used primarily to assist in bringing out the meaning of the writer, and not to embellish a written or a printed page. In sen- tences made up of parts that are closely related to each other J but, at the same time, distinct in charac- ter, commas should be used. They are way-marks for the accommodation of the reader. A produc- tion unpunctuated presents as dreary a prospect to the reader, as the level plain of Chaldaea presents to the perplexed traveler who has lost himself among the sandy mounds on the banks of the Eu- phrates, and has nothing by which to direct his course. When the different parts of a sentence are some- what disconnected, and not closely related to each other, a semicolon or colon should be used. Sen- tences are sometimes very long and complicated. It is then necessary to separate the main divisions by semicolons, and the smaller by commas. Some- times the smaller parts of a sentence are separated by commas and semicolons, and the main divisions by colons. The other manes in use are, 1. The Interrogation Point ? 2. The Exclamation Point ! 3. The Dash 4. Marks of Parenthesis ( ) 5. Brackets [ ] 6. Quotation Marks **'* 7. The Apostrophe 8. The Hyphen Q. Miscellaneous marks. THE COMMA. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. In order to properly understand some of the rules that are given in the following pages, it is ab- solutely necessary to have a clear understanding of the difference between a sentence and a clause. A sentence is a combination of words expressing a complete thought, and usually followed by a period ; a clause is a distinct part of a sentence. Some sen- tences are simple in form, and have but one subject and one finite verb ; as, " Language is part of a man's character." Coleridge. Other sentences are made up of clauses, each clause having a sub- ject and a verb; in other words, several clauses are sometimes joined together to form one sentence ; as, " New forms of beauty start at once into existence, and all the burial places of the memory give up their dead." Macaulay. It will be easily seen that clauses will be more readily recognized with the eye, and more easily comprehended, if they are separated from each other by punctuation marks. This will be especially so, if the clauses are long. In preparing this hand-book, the aim has been to avoid, as much as possible, the use of technical terms. Whenever such terms are used, explana- tions will usually be found under the head of Re- marks. 5 RULE I. Independent Clauses Independent clauses should be separated from each other by commas. EXAMPLES. "Savage was discomposed by the intrusion or omission of a comma, and he would lament an error of a single letter as a great calamity." Dr. John- son. " Man wants but little here below, Nor wants that little long." Goldsmith. " Take short views, hope for the best, and trust in God." Sydney Smith. REMARKS. 1. An independent clause is one that is not dependent on any other clause for the completion of its meaning ; as, Take short views | hope for the best | and trust in God. Inde- pendent clauses are frequently connected by and, or, nor, but. 2. When the clauses are short and closely united, the comma may be omitted ; as, " Death had lost its terrors and pleasure its charms." 3. When the clauses are long and divided into smaller portions by commas, they should be separated from each other by semicolons. See Rule I. p. 23. RULE II. Dependent Clauses Dependent clauses should be separated from each other by commas. 7 EXAMPLES. " If a man does not make new acquaintances as he advances through life, he will soon find himself left alone. A man, Sir, should keep his friend- ship in constant repair." Dr. Johnson. "When Dr. Franklin wished to gain his enemy, he asked him to do him a favor." " Clap an extinguisher upon your irony, if you are unhappily blest with a vein of it." Lamb. "Although we seldom followed advice, we were all ready enough to ask it." Goldsmith. REMARKS. 1. A clause is said to be dependent, when it depends on some other clause to complete its meaning; as, When Dr. Johnson wished to gain his enemy | he asked him to do him a favor. The first clause of this sentence would not be complete in meaning without the second. Dependent clauses usually commence with if, when, since, because, until, &c. 2. When clauses are closely connected, the comma may be omitted ; as, Mozart published some music when seven years of age. RULE IH. Relative Clauses. i. A relative clause should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma. 2. But the comma should be omitted, when the relative clause is so closely connected with what precedes that it cannot be dropped without destroy- ing the sense. EXAMPLES. 1. "Men in a corner, who have the unhappiness of conversing too little with- present things." Swift. " The waters are nature's storehouse, in which she locks up her wonders." Izaak Walton. "He had on a coat made of that cloth called thunder-and-lightning, which, though grown too short, was much too good to be thrown away." Goldsmith. 2. "Althworthy here betook himself to those pleasing slumbers which a heart that hungers after goodness is apt to enjoy when thoroughly satisfied." Fielding. " A man who is good for making excuses is good for nothing else." Dr. Franklin. " Like Caesalr, Cortes wrote his own commenta- ries in the heart of the stirring scenes which form the subject of them." Prescott. REMARKS. 1. Relative clauses are generally introduced by the rela- tive pronouns ivho, -which, that, or -what. 2. A comma should be placed before the relative clause, even when it is necessary to complete the meaning of the antecedent, a. When the relative is immediately followed by a word or an expression inclosed in commas ; as, "As a man, he may not have deserved the admiration which he received from those, who, bewitched by his fascinating society, worshiped him nightly in his favorite temple at Button's." Macaulay. b. When the relative has several antecedents that are separated from each other by commas ; as, "All those arts, rarities, and inventions, which vulgar minds gaze at, the ingenious pursue, and all admire, are but the relics of an intellect defaced with sin and time." South. 3. The words of -which are sometimes preceded by a comma, even when they are necessary to complete the meaning of the antecedent: as, "His mind was formed of those firm materials, of w r hich nature formerly hammered out the Stoic, and upon which the sorrows of no man living could make an impression." Fielding. RULE IV. Parenthetical Words and Phrases. When single words and phrases break the connec- tion between closely related parts of a sentence, they should usually be separated by commas from the rest of the sentence. 1. Words used parenthetically, therefore, namely, however, indeed, finally, moreover, perhaps, consequently, nevertheless, &c. 2. Phrases used parenthetically, in short, in fact, in reality, in truth, in a word, no doubt, of course, you know, as it were, &c. EXAMPLES. 1. "As an orator, indeed, he was not magnetic or inspiring". G. W. Curtis. " There is, perhaps, no surer mark of folly, than to attempt to correct the natural infirmities of those we love." Fielding. " There is, however, a limit at which forbearance ceases to be a virtue." Burke. 2. " I had grown to my desk, as it were, and the wood had entered my soul." Lamb. " In short, he is a memorable instance of what has been often observed, that the boy is the man in miniature." Boswell. REMARKS. 1. Words and phrases are said to be used parenthetically, when they obstruct, as it were, the flow of the sentence, and might be dropped without destroying the sense. 2. Whenever parenthetical words and phrases readily coalesce with the rest of the sentence, it is better to omit punctuation marks ; as, " I am therefore exceedingly unwil- ling that anything, however slight, which my illustrious friend thought it worth while to express, with any degree of point, should perish." Bos-well. 3. A distinction should be made between words used par- enthetically, and adverbs qualifying particular words; as, " And with learning was united a mild and liberal spirit, too often wanting in the princely colleges of Oxford." Macau- lay. " That, too, has its eminent service." Burke. II RULE V. Parenthetical Expressions. Expres- sions of a parenthetical character should be separa- ted from the rest of the sentence by commas. EXAMPLES. " She was tumbled early, by accident or design, into a spacious closet of good old English reading, without much selection or prohibition, and browsed at will upon that fair and wholesome pasturage." Lamb. *' He [Sheridan] who, in less than thirty years afterward, held senates enchained by his eloquence and audiences fascinated by his wit, was, by com- mon consent both of parent and preceptor, pro- nounced a most impenetrable dunce." Moore. " It is clear that Addison's serious attention, dur- ing his residence at the university, was almost en- tirely concentrated on Latin poetry." Macaulay. REMARKS. 1. A distinction should be made between parenthetical words and parenthetical expressions. a. Parenthetical words can be omitted without destroy- ing the sense. See examples under Rule IV. b. Parenthetical expressions obstruct the flow of the sentence, but can not be omitted without either de- stroying the sense, or changing the meaning intended to be conveyed. See examples given above. 2. When parenthetical expressions are short, or closely connected with the rest of the sentence, it is better to omit punctuation marks. 12 3. Writers differ very much in omitting or using commas in parenthetical expressions. It is sometimes immaterial whether punctuation marks are used or not, but, in many cases, there are few rules so well adapted to bring out the meaning of the writer. RULE VI. Inverted Expressions Expressions which are not in their natural order, are frequently separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma. EXAMPLES. " In everything that relates to science, I am a whole Encyclopaedia behind the rest of the world." Lamb. " In all unhappy marriages I have seen, the great cause of evil has proceeded from slight occa- sions." Steele. REMARKS. 1. The natural order of the first sentence is, I am a whole Encyclopaedia behind the rest of the world in everything that relates to science. 2. When the inverted expression is closely connected with what follows, the commas should be omitted ; as, " Of Addison's childhood we know little." Macaulay. " That inward man I love that's lined with virtue." Beau- wont and Fletcher. RULE VII. Short Quotations Short quota- tions should be separated from what precedes by a comma. EXAMPLES. The Italians say, " Good company in a journey makes the way to seem shorter." A writer in Lippincotfs Magazine says, " It is the little courtesies that make up the sum of a happy home." Schiller has said, " Men's words are ever bolder than their deeds." REMARKS. 1 . An expression resembling a quotation should be pre- ceded by a comma ; as, " Therefore the question still returns, What is the First Principle of all things?" 2. Quotations and general statements introduced by that are frequently preceded by a comma ; as, " Tacitus says of Agricola, that he governed his family, which many find to be a harder task than to govern a province." Arthur Helps. ' 3. When single words or a part of a sentence are quoted, a comma should not be used ; as, " His wife was a domesti- cated, kind-hearted old soul, who had come with him ' from the queen city of the world/ which, it seemed, was Phila- delphia." Dickens. 4. Quotation divided. "A man could not set his foot down," says Cortes, " unless on the corpse of an Indian." Prescott. 5. When the quotation is a long one, it should be preceded by a colon. RULE VIII. Person or Thing Addressed. The name of the person or thing addressed, together with its modifying words, should be separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. M EXAMPLES. " Now, Macaulay,when I am gone, you'll be sorry that you never heard me speak." Sydney Smith. "Why, Romeo, art thou mad?" Shakespeare. " My lords, we are called upon, as members of this house, as men, as Christians, to protest against such horrible barbarity!" Pitt. REMARK. When strong emotion is expressed, an exclamation point should be used; as, "O Hamlet! thou hast cleft my heart in twain." Shakespeare. RULE IX. Participial Clauses Participial clauses, having no grammatical connection with the rest of the sentence, should be separated from what follows, and, if they do not commence a sen- tence, from what precedes, by commas. EXAMPLES. " Success being now hopeless, preparations were made for a retreat." Alison. " Such being their general idea of the gods, we can now easily understand the habitual tone of their feelings towards what was beautiful in nature." Ruskin. REMARK. Being or having been is usually the sign of a participial clause. 15 RULE X. Verb Omitted. When a verb, pre- viously used, is omitted, a comma usually takes its place. EXAMPLES. "Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend." Bacon. "Chaucer painted persons; Spenser, qualities." REMARKS. 1. When the comma takes the place of an omitted verb, the main clauses or numbers shoulJ be separated by semi- colons. 2. Sometimes a comma does not take the place of an omitted verb ; as, " Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested." Bacon. " Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man." Bacon. RULE XL Appositives. A noun in apposition and its modifiers should be separated by commas from the rest of the sentence. EXAMPLES. " When death, the great Reconciler, has come, it is never our tenderness we repent of but our severity." George Eliot. " The exploits of Mercury himself, the god of cunning, may be easily imagined to surpass every- thing achieved by profaner hands." Leigh Hunt. i6 REMARKS. 1. An appositive is a word, placed by the side of some other word to explain or characterize it. 2. The comma should be omitted, a. When two nouns without modifiers are in apposition ; as, Cicero the orator was born near Arpinum. If the sentence was, Cicero, the greatest of Roman orators, was born near Arpinum, commas would be necessary. b. When a noun and a pronoun are in apposition ; as, Mercury himself surpassed everything achieved by profaner hands. c. When two pronouns are in apposition ; as, He him- self did this. d. Between the parts of a person's name; as, George William Curtis. 3. In annexing titles to a person's name, whether the titles are abbreviated or written in full, commas must be used ; as, Richard Whately, D. D., Archbishop of Dublin. RULE XII. Words in Pairs. Words in pairs should have a comma between each pair. EXAMPLES. " In all the characters, patriots and tyrants, haters and lovers, the frown and sneer of Harold were discernible in an instant." Macaulay. "Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable." Webster. RULE XIII. Unconnected Words When two words, of the same part of speech, are not connec- ted by a conjunction, a comma should be placed between them. 17 EXAMPLES. " He had in himself a radiant, living spring of generous and manly action." Burke. " A still, small voice." Kings. " Where sits our sulky, sullen dame, Gathering her brows like gathering storm, Nursing her wrath to keep it warm." Burns. REMARKS. 1. When two nouns, the subjects of a verb, are not con- nected by a conjunction, a comma should be placed between the two words and also after the second ; as, " Indignation, expostulation, were powerless upon him as a mist upon a rock." Macdonald. 2. When two adjectives come together, the first qualify- ing the second adjective and also the noun, a comma should not be used ; as, A beautiful white horse. 3. A word repeated for emphasis usually has a punctua- tion mark before and after it ; as, "Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink." Coleridge. " Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that believeth 011 me, the works that I do shall he do also." John xiv. 12. RULE XIV. A Series of Words. \. When a series of words, of the same part of speech, are connected by and, or, nor, they should not be sepa- rated from each other by punctuation marks. " The fruits and flowers and shrubs sent forth grateful perfumes." Irving. i8 Some writers place a comma before each and. This, how- ever, is not necessary. 2. When a conjunction is used only with the last word in the series, a comma should be placed be- fore the conjunction and between the other words. The fruits, flowers, and shrubs sent forth grate- ful perfumes. 3. When the conjunctions are omitted, a comma should be placed between each word and also at the end of the series. The fruits, flowers, shrubs, sent forth grateful perfumes. REMARKS. 1. When the last word in the series precedes only a single xvord, the comma should be omitted ; as, "A refined, thought- ful, warm-hearted, pure-souled Englishman." 2. When two words or expressions are connected by or, the latter explaining the former, the explanatory word or expression should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or commas ; as, " The love of variety, or curios- ity of seeing new things, which is the same, or at least a sister passion to it, seems woven into the frame of every son and daughter of Adam." Sterne. RULE XV. Phrases and Clauses Phrases and clauses, either with or without conjunctions, having a mutual relation to some other word in the sen- tence, should be separated from each other and from what follows by commas. 19 EXAMPLES. " Purity of style, and an easy flow of numbers, are common to all Addison's Latin poems." Macaiday. " The unbought grace of life, the chief defense of nations, the nurse of manly sentiment and heroic enterprise, is gone." Burke. " The little that is known, and the circumstance that little is known, must be considered as honor- able to him." Macaulay. " Books that you can carry to the fire, and hold readily in your hand, are the most useful after all." Dr. Johnson. REMARKS. 1. A phrase is one of the smaller divisions of a sentence, and consists of two or more words. Apart from the rest of the sentence, it is incomplete in meaning. It does not, like a clause, include a subject and a verb. 2. When two brief expressions are connected by a con- junction, it is better to omit punctuation marks; as, "Good company and good discourse are the very sinews of virtue." Izaak Walton. 3. When words and phrases form a series, a conjunction being used only with the last phrase, they should be sepa- rated from each other and from what follows by commas ; as, " Virtue, merit, and everything that is praiseworthy, will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery." Addison. RULE XVI. Logical Subject. When the log- ical subject ends with a verb, or is separated into parts by commas, or is unusually long, a comma should be placed between the logical subject and the main verb. EXAMPLES. " This imaginary promise of divine aid thus mysteriously given, appeared to him at present in still greater progress of fulfillment." Irving. " The voice of praise, too, coming from those to whom we had thought ourselves unknown, has a magic about it that must be felt to be understood." Charles Lever. " Those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them, are not without their secret anguish." Addison. REMARKS. 1. The logical subject consists of the name of the person or thing, of which something is affirmed, together with its modifying words. It is " the subject according to the real meaning or logic of the sentence." 2. Some writers always place a comma before the verb, when its subject consists of many words. RULE XVII. Contrasted Expressions. Con- trasted expressions or comparisons should be sepa- rated by a comma. EXAMPLES. " Of the other two men, one was a species of giant, the other a sort of dwarf." Hugo. " The more I reflected upon it, the more impor- tant it appeared." Goldsmith. "As the hart panteth after the water brooks, so panteth my soul after thee, O God." Psalms. " Master books, but do not let them master you. Read to live, not live to read." REMARKS. 1. When the comparison is short and the words closely connected, the comma may be omitted. 2. When so that, so as, rather than, more than, connect expressions, the comma is usually omitted; as, " Ingratitude never so thoroughly pierces the human heart as when it proceeds from those in whose behalf we have been guilty of tran sgression ." Fielding. When, however, the expressions themselves are divided into smaller parts by commas, or are unusually long, they should be separated by a comma ; as, " So over-violent, or over-civil, That every man with him was God or Devil." Dryden. 3. When two short expressions are united by as or than, a comma should not be used ; as, " He knew what's what, and that's as high As metaphysic wit can fly." Butler. When, however, the expressions are long, it is better to use a comma; as, "I have no more pleasure in hearing a man attempting wit and failing, than in seeing a man trying to leap over a ditch and tumbling into it." Dr. Johnson. 4. When the first expression is negative and the other affirmative, a comma should be placed between the expres- sions and before the negative word, if it does not commence a sentence; as, "The world generally gives its admiration, not to the man who does what nobody else even attempts to do, but to the man who does best what multitudes do well." Macaulay. If, however, a finite verb immediately precedes the nega- tive word, the comma should be omitted ; as, " Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but m rising every time we fall." Confucius. RULE XVIII. Numeral Figures. Arabic numbers should be separated into periods of three figures each, commencing at the right. EXAMPLE. 2,509,909,456. REMARK. Dates should not be separated into periods ; as, 1877. RULE XIX. Expressions at the End of Sen- tences. It is frequently necessary, at the end of a sentence, to separate an expression beginning with a preposition from the rest of the sentence, in order to avoid ambiguity. EXAMPLES. " He trudged along, unknowing what he sought, And whistled as he went, for want of thought." Dryden. " Angling is always to be considered as a stick and a string, with a fly at one end and a fool at the other." Swift. GENERAL REMARK. A comma should always be used, when it aids in bringing out the meaning of the writer, or in avoiding ambiguity. 23 THE SEMICOLON. RULE I. Long Sentences. When the smaller divisions of sentences are separated by commas, the main divisions should be separated by semicolons. EXAMPLES. " Sheridan, Pitt, and Fox all drank hard and worked hard ; they were all great in the councils of the nation, but not one could rule his own house- hold." London Athenceum. "Stiff in opinions, always in the wrong; Was every thing by starts, and nothing long." Dryden. " Nor is it always in the most distinguished achievements that men's virtues or vices may be best discerned; but very often an action of small note, a short saying, or a jest, shall distinguish a person's real character more than the greatest sieges, or the most important battles." Plutarch. RULE II. Expressions Complete in Themselves. Short expressions, complete in themselves but slightly connected in meaning, may be separated by semicolons. EXAMPLES. " We do not want precepts so much as patterns ; an example is the softest and least invidious way of commanding." Pliny. j, f " It is a beautiful thing to model a statue and give it life ; to mould an intelligence and instil truth therein is still more beautiful." Hzigo. " There are on every subject a few leading and fixed ideas ; their tracks may be traced by your own genius as well as by reading." Sheridan. REMARK. When as introduces an example, a semicolon should be placed before and a comma after it. RULE III. Series of Expressions. When several clauses follow each other in succession, having a common dependence on some part of the sentence, they should be separated from each other by semicolons, and from the clause on which they depend, by a comma. EXAMPLE. " If such men will make a firm and solemn pause, and meditate dispassionately on its importance; if they will contemplate it in all its attributes, and trace it to all its consequences, they will not hesi- tate to part w^ith trivial objections to a constitution, the rejection of which would, in all probability, put a final period to the Union." Hamilton. REMARK. Commas may be used instead of semicolons, when the clauses are short ; as, " When public bodies are to be addressed on momentous occasions, when great interests are at stake, and strong passions excited, nothing is valuable in speech farther than it is connected with high intellectual and moral endowments." Webster. 25 GENERAL REMARK. When the members of a sentence seem to be loosely connected, they are frequently separated by semicolons. EXAMPLES. " Honest name is goodly ; but he that hunteth only for that, is like him that hath rather seem warm' than be warm." Sir Thomas Wyatt. " Some blemishes may undoubtedly be detected in his character; but the more carefully it is exam- ined, the more will it appear sound in the noble parts." Macaulay. Some writers use commas in the examples given above in preference to semicolons, and usage varies so much among our best writers that it is impossi- ble to lay down a general rule that will be applica- ble in all cases. If it is desirable to indicate a some- what close connection between the members of a sentence, a comma should be used ; if the connec- tion is slight, it is better to use a semicolon. THE COLON. RULE I. Long Sentences When the smaller divisions of sentences are separated by semicolons, the main divisions should be separated by a colon. 26 EXAMPLES. " Emulation is a dangerous passion to encourage, in some points, in young men ; it is so linked with envy : if you reproach your son for not surpassing his school-fellows, he will hate those who are before him." Sheridan. "A man over ninety is a great comfort to all his elderly neighbors: he is a picket-guard at the extreme outpost; and the young folks of sixty and seventy feel that the enemy must get by him before he can come near the camp." O. W. Holmes. RULE II. A Quotation. A colon should pre- cede a long quotation. If, however, the quotation is short, it is better to use a comma. EXAMPLES. Socrates recommended to one of his disciples the following prayer : " O Jupiter, give us those things which are good for us, whether they are such things as we pray for, or such things as we do not pray for; and remove from us those things which are hurtful, though they are such things as we pray for." When the Earl of Dudley took leave of Sydney Smith, on going from London to Yorkshire, he said : " You have been laughing at me constantly, Sydney, for the last seven years, and yet, in all that time, you never said a single thing to me that I wished unsaid." 27 REMARK. 1. When the quotation is long, or it begins a new para- graph, a dash is frequently placed after the colon. 2. When a direct quotation is introduced into the middle of a sentence, a comma should be used ; as, " He was sur- prised, but replied, ' I am not the king, he is there,' pointing at the same time to a different part of the hall." Lingard. RULE III. Enumeration of Particulars. A colon should precede an enumeration of particulars, when they are formally introduced by thus, fol- lowing, as follows, this, these, &c. EXAMPLES. " We hold these truths to be self-evident : that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with inalienable rights: that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Jefferson. " The penalty is graduated thus : the mildest, confiscation; the moderate, closing the shop; the severest, exposure." Lippincotf s Magazine. REMARKS. 1. When the particulars are preceded by a colon, they are usually separated from each other by semicolons, as in the examples given above. 2. If the particulars are not introduced by thus, following, &c., they should be preceded by a semicolon ; as, " Grammar is divided into four parts ; Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody." 3. When the particulars are preceded by a semicolon, they are usually separated from each other by commas. 28 4- Sometimes a comma and dash are used instead of a semicolon; as, "Grammar is divided into four parts, Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody. GENERAL REMARK. The colon is used by some writers to separate short expressions that are complete in themselves, but slightly connected in meaning. EXAMPLES. " But men are men : the best sometimes forget." Shakespeare. "It [the Seine] is the wash-tub and summer bath-tub of its citizens; it was the birthplace of Paris, and it is too often the grave of her children." Lippincotfs Magazine. If a conjunction is used, it is better to use a semi- colon; as, " She cannot separate her name from his without lessening it; for it is equally incrusted with his greatness as with his faults." Lamartine. She cannot separate her name from his without lessening it : it is equally incrusted with his great- ness as with his faults. The colon is not as commonly used as formerly. A semicolon would be preferred by very many writers in all sentences similar to the examples given above. See Rule II. p. 23. 2 9 THE PERIOD. RULE I. Complete Sentences. A period should be placed at the end of a sentence, when it is com- plete in meaning and construction, and is declara- tive or imperative in its nature. EXAMPLES. " Swift boasted that he was never known to steal a hint." Macaulay. " But evil is wrought by want of thought, As well as want of heart." Hood. " It is a great evil not to be able to bear an evil." Bion. REMARK. A period should always be placed after the title of an essay, oration, after a signature, an address of a person, &c. RULE II. Abbreviations. A period should be used after every abbreviation. EXAMPLES. Dr. Samuel A. Jones. Mr. C. R. Miller. Mrs. T. S. Applegate. Miss Hattie E. Knapp. Esq., Esquire. Jan., January. Mich., Michigan. Hon., Honorable. Pro tern., for the time being. Ans., Answer. D. D., Doctor of Divinity. B. C., before Christ Rev., Reverend. P., page; pp., pages. Pres., President. [tary. Rec. Sec., Recording Secre- N. Y., New York. A. D., in the year of our Lord. A. M., Master of Arts. M. C., Member of Congress. No., in number, number. Co., County. &c. or etc., and so forth. REMARKS. 1. It should be remembered that the period thus used, sim- ply indicates an abbreviation, and that punctuation marks are to be used, in addition to the period, when required. When a word, written in full, requires a punctuation mark after it, the same punctuation mark should be used after the word, when it is abbreviated ; as, Adrian, Michigan, January 5, 1877; Adrian, Mich., Jan. 5, 1877. 2. Some proper names are not abbreviations, and conse- quently a period should not be used ; as, Ben Jonson, Fred Knapp. When Ben. stands for Benjamin, and Fred, for Frederick, a period should be used. 3. When numerals are represented by the letters of the alphabet, periods are placed after them; as, Gen. vii. i, 7, 8. 4. In numbering pages, no mark should be placed after i, 2, 3, 4, &c. 5. When a letter, used as an abbreviation, is doubled to indicate the plural, the period should be placed after the last letter; as, pp. for pages, LL. D. for Doctor of Laws. 6. In abbreviating words, sometimes the first letters are used, sometimes the first and last, and sometimes the first and some letter near the middle of the word ; as, Ala. for Alabama, Chas. for Charles, Wm. for William, MS. for manuscript. 7. A list of abbreviations will be found at the close of any good dictionary. INTERROGATION POINT. RULE I. Direct Question A direct question must be followed by an interrogation point. EXAMPLES. " Who ever knew truth put to the worse, in a free and open encounter ? " Milton. "Are you good men and true ? " Shakespeare. EXCLAMATION POINT. RULE I. Strong Emotion The exclamation point is used after expressions denoting strong emotion. EXAMPLES. " Discipline of mind ! say rather starvation, con- finement, torture, annihilation." Macaulay. " My valor is certainly going ! it is sneaking off! I feel it oozing out, as it were, at the palms of my hands." Sheridan. " How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is To have a thankless child !" Shakespeare. REMARK. To express an unusual degree of emotion, more than one exclamation point may be used. RULE II. Interjections. All interjections ex- cept O may be followed by an exclamation point. EXAMPLES. " But, alas ! to make me The fixed figure of the time, for scorn To point his slow unmoving finger at." Shakespeare. " Oh ! blessed temper, whose unclouded ray- Can make to-morrow cheerful as to-day." Pope. " O thou invisible spirit of wine, if thou hast no name to be known by, Jet us call thee devil !" Shakespeare. 33 REMARKS. 1. When the connection between the interjection and what follows is very close, it is sometimes better to put the exclamation point at the end of the sentence ; as, " Oh for that ancient spirit Which curbed the Senate's will ! " Macaulay. 2. When it is desirable to express strong feeling through- out an entire sentence, the exclamation point should be placed at the end ; as, " Ho, trumpets, sound a war- note ! Ho, lictors, clear the way !" Macaulay. RULE III. Address. Expressions of address, when emphatic, may be followed by an exclamation point. EXAMPLES. " Lord ! what music hast thou provided for the saints in heaven, when thou afFordest bad men such music [music of the nightingale] on earth." Izaak Walton. "Hail, candle-light! without disparagement to sun or moon, the kindest luminary of the three." Lamb. "Sweet Auburn! loveliest village of the plain." Goldsmith. "Ah! happy years! on-ce more who would not be a boy." Byron. 34 THE DASH. RULE I. Broken Sentences. When a sentence is broken off abruptly, or there is an unexpected change in the sentiment, or hesitation is to be indi- cated, a dash should be used. EXAMPLES. Prince. " I tell you what, my cousin Buckingham, " Buck. " What, my gracious lord ?" Shakespeare. " I only feel Farewell Farewell ! " Byron. "You will think me foolish; but but may it not be that some invisible angel has been attracted by the simplicity and good faith with which our children set about their undertaking? May he not have spent an hour of his immortality in playing with those dear little souls?" Hawthorne. "Men will wrangle for religion; write for it; fight for it; die for it; anything but live for it" Colt on. RULE II. Concluding Clause When several expressions follow each other in succession, having a common dependence on the concluding part of the sentence, a dash is frequently placed before the clause on which they depend. 35 EXAMPLES. " If you think it a crime in this writer that his language has not been braided and festooned as elegantly as it might be; that he has not pinched the miserable plaits of his phraseology, nor placed his patches and feathers with that correctness of millinery which became him, then find a civil and obliging verdict against the printer!" Curran. " To foster industry, to promote union, to cherish religious peace, these were the honest purposes of Lord Baltimore during his long supremacy." Bancroft. REMARKS. 1. A dash is sometimes used to give prominence or em- phasis to an emphatic conclusion ; as, " Fortune, friends, kin- dred, home, all were gone." Prescott. 2. When such words as namely, that is, &c., are omitted, a dash is sometimes used ; as, " Many actions, like the Rhone, have two sources, one pure, and the other impure." Hare. 3. When a word or an expression is repeated for emphasis, a dash should be placed before it; as, "It is this, I conjure Your Lordships, for your honor, for the honor of the nation, for the honor of human nature, now intrusted to your care, it is this duty that the Commons of England, speaking through us, claims at your hands." Sheridan. RULE III. Subjects. When the subject of a general statement, or the subject of a quotation, is in the same paragraph with the subject-matter, a dash should separate the subject from what follows. 36 EXAMPLES. The Bible "A person who professes to be a critic in the niceties of the English language ought to have the Bible at his fingers' ends." Macaulay. Letter-Writing. " Common interests are neces- sary to give permanent stability to epistolary con- nections. We may love a man dearly, and yet find no time to write ten lines to him." Prom the Ger- man of Rudolph Lindau. REMARKS. 1. A subject is a word or expression about which some statement is made. 2. A dash should be placed between a quotation and the author from whom the quotation is taken. 3. When a question and an answer are in the same para- graph, a dash is frequently inserted between the two ; as, " Saw you my lord?" "No, lady." 4. When as, thus, as follorvs, &c., introduce an example or a quotation, a dash should be placed after the comma or colon, if what follows commences a new paragraph ; as, "All we possess, and use not on the road, Adds to the burden we must bear." Goethe. RULE IV. Letters or Figures Omitted. When letters or figures are omitted, a dash should be used to indicate the omission. EXAMPLES. " Why, to comfort me, must Alice W n be a goblin ? " Lamb. Mark xi. i-io. Gen. v. 3-9. 37 REMARK. 3-9 is equivalent to 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. GENERAL REMARK. The dash is frequently used to give prominence or emphasis to an expression. EXAMPLES. " In the quiet air, there was a sound of distant singing, shepherd voices." Dickens. " Wealth has its temptations, so has power." Robertson. " The poorest man may in his cottage bid defi- ance to all the force of the crown. It may be frail; its roof may shake; the wind may blow through it; the storms may enter, the rains may enter, but the king of England cannot enter! all his forces dare not cross the threshold of the ruined tenement." Pitt. RULE V. Parenthesis. Two dashes are some- times used instead of the usual marks of paren- thesis. EXAMPLES. "A yellow claw the very same that had clawed together so much wealth poked itself out of the coach window, and dropt some copper coins upon the ground." Hawthorne. 38 "Jackson the omniscient Jackson he was called was of this period. He had the reputation of possessing more multifarious knowledge than any man of his time." Lamb. REMARKS. 1. When the sentence, without the parenthesis, would require a comma where the dashes are used, each dash should be preceded by a comma ; as, " See that aged couple, a sad sight, truly, John Proctor, and his wife Elizabeth." Hawthorne. 2. If the parenthetical expression is a question or expresses emotion, an interrogation or an exclamation point should be placed before the second dash ; as, " The laurel of the hero alas for humanity that it should be so ! grows best on the battle field." 39 MARKS OF PARENTHESIS. RULE I. Parenthesis. When an expression breaks the connection between the different parts of a sentence, and might be omitted without affect- ing the sense or the construction, it should be inclosed in parenthetical marks. EXAMPLES. " Of all sound of all bells (bells, the music nigh- est bordering heaven) most solemn and touching is the peal which rings out the Old \ ear." Lamb. " The tuneful Nine (so sacred legends tell) First waked their heavenly lyre these scenes to tell !" Campbell. " Their intellectual wardrobe (to confess fairly) has few whole pieces in it." .Lamb. REMARKS. i. When parenthetical marks are used, it is sometimes necessary to use additional marks. a. When the sentence, without the parenthesis, requires a punctuation mark where the parenthetical marks are used, the punctuation mark should be placed after the last mark of the parenthesis ; as, " Know then this truth (enough for man to know), 4 Virtue alone is happiness below.' " Pope. 40 b. Sometimes the parenthesis requires a punctuation mark before the last mark of the parenthesis; as, " Spill not the morning (the quintessence of the day !) in recreations." Thomas Fuller. c. When a punctuation mark immediately precedes the last mark of the parenthesis, and a punctuation mark is also needed where the parenthetical marks are used, it should be placed before the first mark of the paren- thesis ; as, " F. was the most gentlemanly of oilmen. He had two Latin words almost constantly in his mouth, (how odd sounds Latin from an oilman's lips !) which my better knowledge since has enabled me to correct." Lamb. 2. An interrogation point inclosed in parenthetical marks (?) implies that an assertion is doubtful. 3. An exclamation point inclosed within parenthetical marks (!) expresses irony or contempt. 4. Parenthetical marks are not as frequently used as for- merly, the comma and dash being often preferred. BRACKETS. RULE I. Quoted Passage When words are inserted by another into a quoted passage, either to correct a mistake or explain the meaning, they should be inclosed in brackets. EXAMPLES. "A variety of pleasing objects meet [meets] the eye." " c My dear lady,' returned the schoolmaster [Mr. Graham], ' when I have on good grounds made up my mind to a thing, I always feel as if I had prom- ised God to do it; and indeed it amounts to the same thing very nearly. Such a resolve, then, is not to be unmade, except on equally good grounds with those upon which it was made.'" George Macdonald. REMARKS. 1. Punctuation marks are sometimes required, when the brackets are used. The same remarks apply to the brackets that apply to parenthetical marks. 2. In reporting speeches, brackets are used, when words are introduced by the reporter which do not form a part of the speech; as, " We would have our Union to be a union of hearts, and we would have our Constitution obeyed, not merely because of 42 force that compels obedience, but obeyed because the people love the principles of the Constitution [long continued applause], and to-day, if I am called to the work to which Abraham Lincoln was called sixteen years ago, it is under brighter skies and more favorable auspices. [Applause.] I do hope, I do fervently believe, that, by the aid of divine Providence, we may do something in this day of peace, by works of peace, towards re-establishing, in the hearts of our countrymen, a real, a hearty attachment to the Constitution as it is, and to the Union as it is. [Long continued applause]. PRESIDENT HAYES. Chicago Tribune. 3. Parenthetical marks are frequently used instead of brackets. 43 QUOTATION MARKS. RULE I. Direct Quotation When the exact words of another are given, they should be inclosed in quotation marks. EXAMPLES. " He had the longest tongue and the shortest temper of any man, high or low, I ever met with." Wilkie Collins. Prescott, in his " Conquest of Mexico," tells us that intemperance among the Aztecs "was pun- ished in the young with death, and in older persons with loss of rank and confiscation of property." REMARKS. 1. When the exact words of another are not given, quota- tion marks should not be. used; as, Longfellow says, " Deeds are better things than words are." Longfellow somewhere says that deeds are better than words. 2. When words are quoted from a foreign language, they should be printed in italics, and the quotation marks omitted ; as, "They have their good glebe lands /;/ manu, and care not much to rake into title deeds/' Lamb. 3. When words are to be italicized, a straight mark should be drawn underneath the words. 44 4- When a quotation is followed by a comma, semicolon, colon, or period, the punctuation mark should be placed within the quotation marks ; as, " Mr. M' Adam writes some- times with genuine humor, and an occasional entirely origi- nal simile shows evidence of the possession of what phrenol- ogists call the faculty of ' comparison ; ' but the charm of the book is its rare perspicacity." Harpers Magazine. 5. When a quotation is followed by an exclamation or an interrogation point, the punctuation mark should be placed within the quotation marks, if it forms a part of the quota- tion ; as, " I feel almost like groaning, when a young mother shows me some marvel of embroidery or machine-stitching, saving triumphantly, 'There, I did every stitch of that my- self ! ' " Scribncr^s Monthly. 6. When a quotation is followed by an exclamation or an interrogation point, the punctuation mark should be placed outside of the quotation marks, if it belongs to the whole sentence and not to the quotation ; as, " We wonder what Handel would have said to Mozart's scoring of * I know that my Redeemer liveth ' ! " Atlantic Monthly. " Why cannot we hear, for instance, the wonderful curioso, ' He gave his back to the smiters,' that forms the second part of the air, 'lie was despised,' and the duet for contralto and tenor, 'O death where is thy sting ' ? " Atlantic Monthly. RULE II. Titles of Books Titles of books are generally inclosed in quotation marks. EXAMPLES. Morris's " Story of Sigurd." Scribner^s Monthly. " The Mikado's Empire." N. A. Review. "Daniel Deronda." Contemporary Review. The Rev. W. W. Capes's history of " The Early Roman Empire." Appletotfs Journal. 45 REMARKS. 1. The names of magazines and papers are generally printed in italics; as, The Atlantic, N. T. Nation, Fraser's Magazine, Appletorfs Journal, Nature, Popular Science Monthly. 2. In examining The Atlantic, Nation, Scribner's Monthly, Harper's, Appletorfs Magazine, Lippincotf s, Popular Science Monthly, Galaxy, Eclectic, N. A. Review, New Englander, London ^tiarterly, British Quarterly, Westminster Review, Edinburgh Review, Contemporary Review, The Fortnightly Review, we find that thirteen of these use quotation marks, and four use italics, in referring to the titles of books; eleven use italics, and six use quotation marks, in referring to maga- zines and papers. RULE III. A Shwtation 'within a Quotation. When there is a quotation within a quotation, sin- gle marks should be used in addition to double marks. EXAMPLES. "Who was the blundering idiot who said that c fine words butter no parsnips.' Half the parsnips of society are served and rendered palatable with no other sauce." Thackeray. " There is a small but ancient fraternity, known as the Order of Gentlemen. It is a grand old or- der. A poet has said that Christ founded it; that he was 4 the first true gentleman that ever lived.' " Winthrop. REMARKS. i. Sometimes the quotation within a quotation has a word or phrase that is quoted. The word or phrase must be in- closed in double marks. 2. In quoting Scripture, it is customary to place only double marks at the beginning and end of the quotation; as, " And Jesus, moved with compassion, put forth his hand, and touched him, and saith unto him, I will ; be thou clean." Mark t, 41. RULE IV. Paragraphs. When several para- graphs are quoted in succession, double marks should be placed at the beginning of each para- graph, and at the end of the entire quotation. EXAMPLE. " The children woke. The little girl was the first to open her eyes. " The waking of children is like the unclosing of o o flowers, a perfume seems to exhale from those fresh young souls. Georgette, twenty months old, the youngest of the three, who was still a nursing baby in the month of May, raised her little head, sat up in her cradle, looked at her feet, and began to chatter. "A ray of morning fell across her crib; it would have been difficult to decide which was the rosiest, Georgette's foot or Aurora." Hugo* REMARKS. 1. A paragraph usually consists of several sentences. It begins on a new line, and is distinguished by a blank space on the left, at the commencement of the paragraph. 2. When parts of a quotation are omitted, use several stars to indicate the omission ( * * * * ), or place double marks at the beginning and end of each detached part of the qviotation. 47 THE APOSTROPHE. RULE I. Letters Omitted. The apostrophe is used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters. EXAMPLES. " O Marcia, O my sister, still there's hope ! "- Addis on. " Thou knowest 'tis common ; all, that live, must die, Passing through nature to eternity." Shakespeare. REMARK. The apostrophe is made like a comma, but is placed above the line. RULE II. Possession. The apostrophe is used to denote possession. EXAMPLES. Taine's " English Literature." Rawlinson's " An- cient Monarchies." REMARKS. I. The apostrophe and s should be used with nouns in the singular, even when the word ends in 5 or x; as, u Dickens's Works." Applet 011* s Journal. " Cox's General History of Greece." Harper's Magazine. " Evans's observations." Edinburgh Review. " Mr. Hayes's responsibility." N. T. Nation. 4 8 In addition to the periodicals given above, The Atlantic, Scribner*s Monthly, Lippincotfs Magazine, Popular Science Monthly, Galaxy, N. A. Revic~M, London >iiarterly, British Quarterly, Fortnightly Review, use the additional s. The Westminster omits the additional s. In the Contemporary and Edinburgh Review, the .v is used by some writers and omitted by others. 2. In the plural of nouns, the apostrophe and s are used to denote possession, when the word does not end in _v / as, men's deeds. If the word ends in s, the apostrophe only is used; as, my neighbors' house. 3. The apostrophe should not be used before 5 in ours, yours, hers, theirs, its. 49 THE HYPHEN. RULE I. Compound Words The hyphen is used to connect the parts of a compound word. EXAMPLES. " My household-gods plant a terrible fixed foot, and are not to be rooted up without blood." Lamb. "The breezy call of incense-breathing morn." Gray. REMARKS. 1. A compound word is formed by placing together two simple words. 2. Sometimes several words are connected together by hyphens ; as, " He had a lively touch-and-go-away with him, very pleasant and engaging I admit." Wilkie Collins. 3. When a compound word comes into very general use, the hyphen is sometimes omitted ; as, railroad, steamboat, bookstore. 4. To-day, to-night, to-morrow, should always be written with a hyphen. 5. When there is any doubt whether two words should be united by a hyphen or written as one word, some standard dictionary should be consulted. It will, however, be found that even dictionaries differ somewhat in the use and omis- sion of the hyphen in compound words. In order to pre- serve some uniformity in spelling and in the formation of 50 compound words, every \vriter should make either Webster or Worcester the final authority. RULE II. Prefixes. When a prefix ends in a vowel, and the word to which it is joined com- mences with a vowel, they should be separated by a hyphen. EXAMPLES. Re-admit, co-ordinate, pre-existenc'e, pre-emi- nent. REMARKS. 1. A prefix is a letter, syllable, or word, placed before some word, thus forming a new word. 2. If, instead of two vowels, a vowel and a consonant come together, the prefix and the word to which it is jokied should usually be written as one word ; as, rewrite, predetermine. 3. Vice-president, and most words with vice as a prefix, should be written with a hyphen. 4. Some writers use the diuresis instead of the hyphen. With prefixes it is better to use the hyphen, but in other words containing two vowels that do not form a diphthong, the diaeresis should be used ; as, Zoology. RULE III. Division of Words. When it is necessary to write part of a word at the end of a line and part at the beginning of the next line, the division should be made at the end of a syllable, and the parts should be connected by a hyphen, at the end of the line. EXAMPLE. " Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a sub- o ject ourselves, or we know where we can find in- formation upon it." Dr. Johnson. REMARKS. 1. It is better to divide a word as near the middle as possi- ble. 2. When two word^ one at the end of a line and the other at the commencement of the following line, are separated by a punctuation mark, it should be placed at the end of the line, and never at the beginning. MISCELLANEOUS MARKS. I. Two Commas ( " ) indicate that the word un- der which they are placed is to be repeated. Charles Harrison, Adrian, Mich. Clinton Hardy, II. The Caret ( /\ ) indicates that something is written above the line that forms a part of the sen- tence. It is only used in writing. lije oj danyeb and ho/i., am If not called for in 10 days, return to A. S. BARNES & Co., 34 & 36 Madison Street^ CHICAGO. fi Claude Weavel, /<>'j (giiy. A letter of Introduction should be left unsealed. Jfilobe nce When a letter is intrusted to an acquaintance or to a friend for delivery, it should not be sealed. LETTER-FORMS. I. Adrian, Mich., Nov. 6, 1877. n j Mr. William K. Bixby, ) Houston, Texas. III. Dear Sir, IV. Your favor * v J Vei T trul y> * I Joseph M. Blain. In the letter-form above given, there are five parts to be considered : I. THE HEADING. II. THE ADDRESS. III. INTRODUCTORY WORDS. IV. THE BODY OF THE LETTER. V. THE CONCLUSION. I. THE HEADING. Definition* The heading consists of the name of the city in which the writer lives, the state, the month, the day of the month, and the year; as, Adrian. Mich., Nov. 6, 1877. REMARKS. 1. Great care should always be taken to give in the head- ing, not only the city, but also the state. If the letter should be sent to the Dead Letter Office, the heading will properly indicate the place to which the letter is to be returned. 2. The heading indicates to the person who receives the letter where an answer is to be sent. 3. Sometimes the day of the week is given ; as, Adrian, Monday, Nov. 5, 1877. Punctuation. A comma should be placed after the city, state, and date. A period should be placed at the end. If a word is abbreviated, a period should be used to indicate the abbreviation, and a comma should also be used, if the word writ- ten out in full would require a comma ; as, Adrian, Michigan, November 6, 1877. Adrian, Mich., Nov. 6, 1877. REMARKS. 1 . Some writers thoughtlessly place a comma between the name of the month and the day of the month ; as, Novem- ber, 6, or Nov., 6. The 6 forms an essential part of the month, and should not be separated from it by a punctua- tion mark. 2. It is better to omit st, th, or d after the number indicat- ing the day of the month. It certainly looks neater to write the date without the marks and dots that sometimes disfig- ure the heading ot letters. 3. Some prefer to place the number before the name of the month; as, Adrian, Mich., 6 Nov., 1877. This, however, is not the usual practice. 85 Large Cities. In large cities where letters are delivered by letter-carriers, it is necessary to give, in the heading of a letter, the number of the house and the name of the street. The order should be number, street, city, state, month, day of the month, year; as, 215 Prospect St., Cleveland, Ohio, March 5, 1877. REMARKS. 1. Sometimes the size of the paper necessitates the use of three lines for the heading. If this should be necessary, the number of the house and the name of the street should be on the first line; the city and state, on the second; the month, the day of the month, and year, on the third. Each line should commence farther to the right than the preced- ing; as, 215 Prospect St., Cleveland, Ohio, March 5, 1877. 2. As few lines as possible should be used in the heading. In sending letters from well known cities like New York, Philadelphia, &c., it is not necessary to give the state. When the name of the state is omitted, the heading can usually be written on two lines. 3. A period should be placed after St., because it is an abbreviation. A comma should also follow the period, be- cause the word written in full would require a comma. 215 Prospect St., is one item ; Cleveland, a second ; Ohio, a third ; March 5, a fourth; 1877, a fifth. 86 A Small Town or Village. If the place in which the writer lives, is a small town or village, 7 O 7 the name of the place, county, and state should be given; as, Palmyra, Lenawee Co., Mich., Sept. 13, 1877. REMARKS 1. The county should be given so that an answer to the letter may be properly directed. 2. If the writer lives in the country, the post-office where his letters are received, should be given, and not the place where he lives. Hotels When a letter is written at some prom- inent hotel, it is customary to give the name of the hotel in the heading; as, Grand Central Hotel, New York, Jan. 10, 1877. Seminaries and Colleges. -In writing from a seminary, college, or university, the name of the institution is sometimes given; as, Female Seminary, Cleveland, Ohio, April n, 1877. Position The heading should be written on the first line, on the right hand, commencing about the middle of the line. If more than one line is re- 87 quired, the second line should commence farther to the right than the first, and the third than the second. REMARKS. 1. When a letter does not fill a full page, the heading should not be written on the first line. The space at the head of the letter should be about the same as at the bottom. In business letters, this is not necessary. 2. Some write the city, state, month, &c., at the close of a letter. This is not however, the usual form. I. THE ADDRESS. Definition. The address in the inside of a letter should be the same as the address on the envelope. It consists of the title and name of the person to whom the letter is written, and the place of his res- idence; as, Mr. William K. Bixby, Houston, Texas. REMARKS. There are several reasons why the address should be writ- ten within the letter : i. Business men usually take an impression or make a copy of all letters written by themselves or their agents. It is a great convenience to have the address within the letter, so that it can be referred to, if necessary, at any time. 2. If the envelope is accidentally torn off, or is lost by not being properly sealed, the letter can still be forwarded to its destination, if the address is written within. 3. It is frequently the habit, on receiving a letter, to de- stroy the envelope. Sometimes, after the envelope is de- stroyed, the letter is lost. If there is an inside address, the letter, if found, can be returned. Punctuation. A comma should be placed after the name of the person and of the city. A period should be placed at the end. REMARKS. 1. By placing to before the address, it will be seen that a period is required at its close, just as a period is required at the end of the address on the envelope ; as, To William K. Bixby, Houston, Texas. 2. Some writers place a colon after the name of the state, but the practice is not a correct one. A semicolon should never be used. Large Cities. When the person to whom the let- ter is written, lives in a large city, the number and name of the street should be given, as on the out- side address; as, A. S. Barnes & Co., 34 and 36 Madison St., Chicago. REMARK. If three lines are necessary, the title and name should be on the first line, the number and street on the second, the city and state on the third. 89 Small Towns and Villages. When, the letter is addressed to a small town or village, the county in which the town or village is situated, should be given; as, Mr. George Harvey, Palmyra, Lenawee Co., Mich. REMARK. / The title and name should be on one line; the town or village, county, and state should be on the second. Letters to Intimate Friends or Relatives. -In writ- ing letters to intimate friends or relatives, the address should be written at the close of the letter, at the left, commencing on the line immediately follow- ing the signature. It would be too formal to write the address at the head of the letter, and it would not be in keeping with the introductory words which immediately follow; as, Milburn Wagon Works, Toledo, Ohio, Nov. 2, 1877. Dear Mother, Your letter * * * Very affectionately, Edgar W. Curtis. Mrs. James E. Curtis, Adrian, Mich. 90 REMARK. When the heading occupies only one line, it is better to leave a blank line between the heading and the address. Position. The address should commence on the left, and should be written on, at least, two lines. The title and name should be on one line; the city and state, on the second, and farther to the right. The address, if possible, should be written on two lines. If the heading consists of two or three lines, the address should commence on the line immediately following the heading. If the heading consists of one line only, a blank line should be left between the heading: and the address. III. INTRODUCTORY WORDS. Definition. The introductory words consist of the greeting or salutation; as, Dear Sir, REMARKS. 1. Sometimes only one word is used in the greeting; as, Sir, Gentlemen. 2. When Sir, Gentlemen, Friend, Father, &c., are used as introductory words, they should always commence with a capital, as a mark of respect. In greeting friends or rela- tives, do not belittle them with small letters. 3. When dear, respected, honored, and words of a like character, are not the first words of the salutation, they should commence with a small letter; as, My dear Sir, My respected Friend. If they commence the salutation, capitals should be used ; as, Dear Father, Respected Friend. Punctuation. A comma should be placed after the salutation, and a dash may also be used. The use of the dash, however, is simply a matter of taste. REMARKS. 1. A colon should not be placed after the greeting, except in official or very formal salutations. See p. 100. 2. A semicolon should never be used. Position. The introductory words may be writ- ten in three different positions : 1. When the address occupies two lines, the sal- utation should be written on the line immediately following, commencing a little to the right of the second line of the address ; as, Mr. Harry B. Hutchins, Mt. Clemens, Mich. Dear Sir, 2. If the address consists of three lines, the first word of the salutation commences on a line with the number of the street ; as, A. S. Barnes & Co., 34 and 36 Madison St., Chicago. Gentlemen, 92 3- If the address is written at the close of the letter, the introductory words should commence on a line with the body of the letter, that is, with the marginal line; as, Dear Manning, Rest you merry in your own opin- ion. Opinion is a species of property ; and though I am always desirous to share with my friend to k: certain extent, I shall ever like to keep some tenets, and some property, properly my own. * * * # # Your well-wisher and friend, C. Lamb. forms of Salutation Custom authorizes the use of several forms of salutation. These may be arranged under four heads : 1. To Strangers. <_> Sir, Madame, Miss . 2. To Acquaintances. Dear Sir, Dear Madame, Dear Miss My dear Sir, My dear Madame, My dear Miss , imply a better acquaintance than Dear Sir, &c. 3. To Friends or Relatives. Dear Friend, My dear Father, Dear Henry, &c. 4. To Business Firms or Corporate Bodies. Sirs, Gentlemen, Ladies. 93 Salutations to Young Ladies Owing to the fact that we have no word corresponding to Sir that can be used in addressing young ladies, there is sometimes an uncertainty as to the proper salu- tation to be used. Although Madame may refer to a married or an unmarried lady, it is not an appropriate word with which to address a young lady. There are three forms that may be used: i. To a Stranger. Decatur, 111., May 6, 1877. Miss Delia L. Corbus, Respectfully, William C. Johns. Miss Delia L. Corbus, Adrian, Mich. The name is given as the salutation, and the full address is given at the close of the letter. 2. To an Acquaintance. Adrian, Mich., Sept. 3, 1877. Dear Miss Dewey, Very truly, Thomas M. Hunter. Miss Ella Dewey, Hotel Madison, Toledo, Ohio. 94 3- To an Intimate Friend. In writing to inti- mate friends, the character of the letter, and the intimacy of the writers, will suggest the proper forms. Salutations to Married Ladies. 1. To a Stranger. Mrs. J. C. Hill, Adrian, Mich. Madame, 2. To an Acquaintance. Mrs. W. S. Sears, Adrian, Mich. Dear Madame, 3. To a Friend. 66 Summit St., Toledo, Ohio, Dec. i, 1877. Dear Mrs. Millard, ****** Very truly, Franklin Hubbard. Mrs. A. L. Millard, Adrian, Mich. IV. BODY OF THE LETTER. The First Word. The first word should com- mence on the line immediately following the intro- 95 ductory words, and directly under the comma or the dash of the salutation; as, Dear Sir, Your letter ***** REMARK. Some writers commence the body of the letter on the same line with the greeting. Margin. It is the usual custom to leave a mar- gin on the left of a written page. This varies according to the taste of the writer and the size of the page. Paragraphs. A new paragraph should com- mence whenever a new subject is introduced, and, with the exception of the first paragraph, which begins directly under the comma or the dash of the salutation, each paragraph should commence a little to the right of the marginal line. V. THE CONCLUSION. Definition The conclusion is made up of two parts, words of respect or affection, and the sig- nature of the writer; as, Very truly, Joseph M. Blain. REMARKS. 1. Various forms of respect or affection are used in con- cluding letters; as, Respectfully, Most respectfully, Very affectionately, &c. 2. In using words of respect or affection, the first word only should be capitalized. In the salutation, Sir, Friend, &c., should commence with a capital, as a mark of respect; but in the conclusion of a letter, it would, to say the least, be in bad taste to give the same prominence to one's own worth. 3. The conclusion should always be in keeping with the introductory words. If Sir were used in the salutation, it would not be proper to use Very affectionately at the close. 4. Although custom sanctions the use of Your obedient servant, Your most obedient servant, and similar forms, the practice is not to be commended. These expressions are associated with a past age, when men depended on the uncertain patronage of the great. Punctuation A comma should be placed after the words of respect and affection, and a period should be placed at the end of the signature. REMARK. There is great carelessness exhibited by all writers in punctuating their names. A period should always be placed at the end of the signature, to indicate that the signature is complete. If the different parts of the name are written out in full, no punctuation marks should be placed between them ; if, however, any part of the name is abbreviated, a period should always be used to indicate the abbreviation ; as, Ettie Shier, Laura B. Palmer, Geo. L. Bennett. Position The conclusion should be written on, at least, two lines. The words of respect and affection should be written on the line immediately following the close of the letter, on the right, com- mencing near the middle of the line ; the signature should be on the line immediately following the words of respect and affection, a little farther to the right. The Signature. In signing one's name, there are several important facts to be remembered : 1. The writer's full name should always be given, especially in business letters and in letters contain- ing money, so that the letter can be returned, if, for any reason, it is sent to the Dead Letter Office. This, of course, can not be done unless the writer's name is given in full. Thousands of dollars are lost every year by writers thoughtlessly signing' themselves Nellie, Fred., &c. 25,000 letters, con- taining $1,301,780, were sent to the Dead Letter Office in the year 1877. 2. A lady, in writing to a stranger, should always sign her name so that the person receiving the let- ter will know, in answering, whether to address a single or a married lady; as, Miss Maria S. Colvin, Mrs. David Finley. 3. It is frequently the custom for married ladies to use their husband's name; as, Mrs. E. B. Pond. Widow ladies use their Christian name. 4. If the person writing a letter to a stranger, occupies a responsible or official position, he should give this in connection with his signature, so that the person to whom the letter is written, may have some means of knowing how much attention to give to the letter. SUMMARY. I. To a Relative. Ann Arbor, Mich., Nov. 15, 1877. Dear Father, Your letter * * * '* ********** Affectionately, James A. Stacy. C. A. Stacy, Esq., Adrian, Mich. II. To an Intimate Friend. The form of a letter to an intimate friend should he the same as the preceding one. Salutation to a married lady, p. 94. III. To an Acquaintance. Bay City, Mich., Dec. 4, 1877. Mr. Wm. B. Mumford, Adrian, Mich. Dear Sir, Your letter * * ********** Very truly, William T. Smalley. 99 1. Salutation to a married lady, p. 94. 2. Letter-form to a young lady, p. 93. IV. To a Stranger. The same form should be used as to an acquaint- ance, with the exception of the salutation, which should be Sir, Madame, or Miss Letter-form to a young lady, p. 93. V. Letter ivith Number and Street. 34 and 36 Madison St., Chicago, Sept. 12, 1877. Mr. Charles Scribner, 124 Grand St, N. Y. Dear Sir, Your favor * * *********** Respectfully, A. S. Barnes & Co. 1. For another form, see p. 91. 2. County and state, pp. 86, 89. 3. Hotels, pp. 86, 93. 4. Seminaries and colleges, p. 86. VI. Official Letters. 150 Summit St., Toledo, Ohio, Dec. 10, 1877. Hon. Samuel J. Randall, Speaker of the House, Washington, D. C- Sir: * * ****** Very respectfully, Fred. L. Geddes. 100 To the Common Council of the City of Adrian. Gentlemen : Respectfully, W. S. Wilcox. For the use of the colon, see p. 91, Rem. I. 101 INTRODUCTION. Most business men, and all professional men, have occasion, more or less, to have something printed for their own use, or to write something for the public press, so that a correct knowledge of some of the simpler marks used by proof-readers, in making corrections and additions, seems imper- ative. The advice sometimes given to allow the printer to make all corrections, since he is more likely to know what corrections are necessary, is destructive to a clear presentation of what another has written. The printer may understand better than the writer the mechanical part of his work, but " mind reading " has not yet reached such per- fection that the compositor can tell, in all instances, what meaning the writer really wishes to convey, and a misconception on the part of the printer may be the means of changing the sense of a whole paragraph. In preparing anything for the press, a few facts should be remembered: 1. It is never allowable to write on both sides of a sheet of paper. Only one side should be used, and each page should be properly numbered. 2. The manuscript should be prepared with great io 3 care. It should be properly punctuated, capital- ized, and broken into paragraphs. In fact, the copy placed in the hands of the printer should be in a condition to be exactly reproduced. Some expect the printer to dress up in proper form their half expressed, poorly written, and badly punctua- ted sentences, and if their hieroglyphics and abbre- viations are not deciphered to suit their unreasona- ble expectations, they rail against incompetent printers and blundering proof-readers. 3. Some writers thoughtlessly leave many points unsettled in the manuscript, so as to see " how they look in print, 7 ' then fill the proof with numberless corrections and additions, and expect the printer to make such changes as the impulse of the moment has suggested. This is certainly a great injustice to the compositor, who usually receives no remu- neration for this additional tax on his time and patience. No half finished manuscript ought to be allowed to go into the printer's hand. 4. Whenever it is really necessary to strike out several words, enough words should be substituted in their places to fill the vacant spaces. io 4 DEFINITIONS. Copy. This word really means something to be imitated, and it is used by printers when referring to the manuscript of a writer. Proof-Sheet. When the copy is set up in type, an impression in ink is taken for corrections. This is called a proof-sheet. In correcting proof, the first thing to be done is to place the copy in the hands of some one to read aloud, while the proof- reader pays attention principally to omissions, the spelling and capitalization of words, and punctua- tion. After this, the proof should be carefully examined to detect what are called typographical errors, that is, mistakes in type. Revise. After the corrections indicated in the proof are made, another impression is taken. This is called the revise. The revise should be carefully compared with the proof, to see that all corrections are made. INTRODUCTORY REMARK. Mistakes in the proof should be called attention to by certain marks which will hereafter be de- scribed, and the corrections should be indicated in the margin, on the right or left of the line in which they occur. If mistakes are found near the begin- ning of the line, the corrections should be placed in the margin on the left, otherwise they should be placed on the right. The numbers in the follow- ing statements refer to lines of the specimen proof- sheet on pages in, 112. I. Wrong Letters and Punctuation Marks Tlie most common mistakes in a proof-sheet are wrong letters and punctuation marks. When these are noticed, a line should be drawn slopingly, from right to left, through each, and the correct letter or punctuation mark witten in the margin. It is bet- ter to repeat the line with the correction in the margin, so as to attract attention to the desired change; as, 2, 4, 8. A sloping line should always be placed between corrections opposite the same line, and the corrections should be placed in the order in which they occur. REMARKS. 1. The correction in the margin should always be placed to the left of the sloping line; as, 2, 3, 4, 8. 2. The period, dash, hyphen, quotation marks, apos- trophe, and reference marks should be distinguished in the margin, thus: ~t l~l v v v v For illustrations, see 6, 10. 3. If it is necessary to change a capital letter to a small letter, draw a line through the capital, and either write a io6 small letter in the margin, or the abbreviation /. m. scatters over /lalfthe world the bar- 15 '6 /. c. vest of EGYPT. l6 '7 LJ The place which the wisdom or 17 lS policy of antiquity had destined for , 8 the -the- residence of the Abyssinian , 9 princes, was a spacious valley in the X kingdom of Amj^ara, suFrounded on every side by mountains, of which the summits overhung s ^ the middle part. The only passage by which it -eeld- be entered, was a cavern^of A which it has been \long) /disputed 26 whether it was the work /of nature 2 ; 2S or of hu m an industry. DR. JOHNSON. DESCRIPTION OF A PAL- ACE IN A VALLEY. YE who listen with credulity to the whispers of fancy, and pursue with eagerness the phantoms of hope; who expect that age will perform the promises of youth, and that the de- ficiencies of the present day will be supplied by the morrow, attend to the history of Rasselas, prince of Abyssinia. Rasselas was the fourth son of the mighty emperor, in whose dominions the father of waters begins his course; whose bounty pours down the streams of plenty, and scatters over half the world the harvests of Egypt. The place which the wisdom or policy of antiquity had destined for the residence of the Abyssinian princes, was a spacious valley in the kingdom of Amhara, surrounded on every side by mountains, of which the summits overhung the middle part. The only passage by which it could be entered, was a cavern that passed under a rock, of which it has long been disputed whether it was the work of nature or of human industry. DR. JOHNSON. The first number of each reference refers to the page. Abbreviations, how indicated, 29, II.; list of, 29, 30; addi- tional marks, 30, i ; proper names, 30, 2 ; numerals, 30, 3 ; numbering pages, 30, 4; letter doubled to indicate the plural, 30,5; how to abbreviate words, 30, 6; Mr., Mrs., etc., 74, i, 2. Addressed, person or thing, 13, VIII.; strong emotion, 14 Rem.; 33, III. Address of envelopes, most important part of letter-writing, 73; position, 74; punctuation, 74; honorary titles, 75; large cities, 76; small towns and villages, 77; addressed envel- opes, 77; letters with special request, 78; stamp, 78; forms of address, 78-82. Address, inside, definition of, 87 ; punctuation of, 88 ; large cities, 88; small towns and villages, 89; intimate friends and relatives, 89; position, 90. Adjectives, two, 17, 2; in a series, 18, i. Adverbs, 10, 3. Advertisements, capitalization of, 62, 3. Almighty God, 64, 2. And, or, nor, connecting words in a series, 17, XIV.; words and phrases, 19,3; phrases and clauses, 18, XV.; 19, 2; or between two w r ords or expressions, the latter explain- ing the former, 18, 2. Answer and question in the same paragraph, 36, 3. Apostrophe, the, 47, 48 ; form of, 47, Rem ; denotes what, 47, II See Possession. Appositives, 15, XL; definition of, 16, i ; two nouns in appo- sition, 16, 2, a; noun and pronoun, 16, 2, b; two pronouns, 16, 2, c; parts of a person's name, 16, 2, d. Arabic numbers, 22, XVIII. As, 21, 3; introducing an example, 24, Rem.; as with a dash, 36, 4. As it were, 9, IV. ; as follows, 27, III. Aunt, when to commence with a capital, 63, 2, 3; 90, 2 ; 96, 2. Author from whom a quotation is taken, 36, 2 manuscript of, 72, 102, 103 ; correction of proof, 102. B Because, 7, i. Being or having been, 14, Rem. Bible, references to. See References. Body of the letter, the first word, 94; margin, 95; para- graphs, 95. Books, titles of, 44, II.; chapter, 62, 2; title-pages, 62, VIII. Brackets, 41, 42 ; additional marks, 41, 1 ; reporting speeches, 41, 2; parenthetical marks, 42, 3. Broken letters in proof, 109, X. Broken sentences, 34, I. Brother, when to commence with a capital, 63, 2, 3 ; 90, 2 ; 96, '2. But, 6, i. c Capitals, 54-70; usage formerly, 55; tendency at the pres- ent day, 56; value of capitals, 56; how indicated in writ- ing, 53, V.; in proof, 107, VI.; title-pages, 62, VIII. Caret, 52, II.; in proof, 106, III Chapter, first word of, 62, 2. Church, when written with a capital, 60, 3 Clauses, definition of, 5 ; independent, 6, 1. ; dependent, 6, II.; relative, 7, 8, 9; participial, 14, IX.; series of, 24, III.; con- cluding, 34, II.; short, 24, Rem. See Expressions, Colon, the, 25-28; indicates what, 3, 4; not used as much as formerly, 28. Comma, the, 5-22; indicates a close relationship, 3, 4; omit- ted, 3; 16, 2; 21, i, 2, 3; preferred sometimes to semico- lons, 25. Commas, two, placed under a word, 52, I. Complete sentences, 29, I.; title of essay, oration, etc-, 29, Rem. Compound words, 49, I.; definition of, 49, i. Concluding clause, 34, II. ; emphatic conclusion, 35, i ; namely, that is, etc., omitted, 35, 2 ; word or expression repeated, 35, 3. Conclusion of a letter, definition, 95 ; punctuation, 96; posi- tion, 97, signature, 97. Conclusion, emphatic, 35, I. Contrasted expressions or comparisons, 20, XVII.; compar- ison, short, 21, i.; so-that, rather-than, etc., 21, 2; as, than, 21, 3; first expression negative, the other affirmative, 21,4. Consequently, 9, IV. Copy, definition of, 104. Correction in proof to be disregarded, 109, IX. Cousin, when to commence with a capital, 63, 2, 3; 90, 2; 96, 2. Crooked words in proof, no, XII. D Dagger, double dagger, uses of, 53, VI. Dash, 34-38; additional punctuation marks, 38, i, 2. Days of the month, 60, VI.; spring, summer, etc., 61, Rem. Dates, 22, Rem. Deity, the, 63, X. ; difference among writers, 63, i ; First Cause, etc., 64, 2; King of kings, etc., 64, 3; eternal, divine, etc., 64,4; pronouns, 64, 5; 65, 6; god, goddess, deity, 65, 7. Democrat, 60, V. iiS Dependent clauses, 6, II.; definition of, 7, i; omission of comma, 7, 2. Devil, 59, 3. Diaeresis, 50, 4. Diphthongs, how indicated in proof, no, XIV. Direct question, 31, I. Direct quotation. See Quotation. Divine, 64, 4. Division of words, 50, III.; where to divide a word, 51, i. Divisions of sentences, 23, I.; 25, Gen. Rem. Divisions of a statement, 69, XVII.; how readily recog- nized, 70, i ; usage of some writers, 70, 2 ; sentences broken off to attract attention, 70, 3. East, when to commence with a capital, 59, i. Ellipsis, marks of, 52, III. Emotion, strong, 32, I.; unusual degree, 32, Rem. Emphasis, words repeated for, 17, 3; use of the dash to give prominence, 37, Gen. Rem.; 35, i. Enumeration of particulars, 27, III.; particulars preceded by a colon, 27, i; not introduced \$y thus, j olio-wing , etc., 27, 2; particulars preceded by a semicolon, 27, 3; comma and dash sometimes used, 28, 4. Envelopes, addressed, 77; with special request, 78; with stamp, 78. Esq., 74, 3. Eternal, referring to the Deity, 64, 4. Example, punctuation of words preceding, 24, Rem.; firsl word of, 66, 4. Exclamation point, 32, 33; inclosed within parenthetical marks, 40, 3. Expressions, inverted, 12, VI.; two brief, 19, 2; contrasted, 1 1 9 20, XVII.; complete in themselves, 23, II.; 28, Gen. Rem.; series of, 24, III.; negative and affirmative, 21, 4; at the end of sentences, 22, XIX.; equivalent to senten- ces, 57, 2. F Father, when to commence with a capital, 63, 2, 3. Federalist, 60, V. Figures omitted, 36, IV.; Arabic, 22, XVIII. Finally, 9, IV. First Cause, First Principle, 64, 2 ; Father of mercies, Father of spirits, 64, 3. First word in a sentence, 57, I. ; in expressions numbered, 69, XVII.; after a period, 57, 3. Following, 27, III., 2. Foreign words, 43, 2. Forms of address, 78-82. Friend, when to commence with a capital, 63, 3 ; 90, 2 ; 96, 2. G General remarks, 28, 37, no. God, 63, 64 ; goddess, 65, 7 ; God of hosts, 64, 3. Gospel, 61, 3. Greeting. See Introductory words. H Handbills, use of capitals in, 62, 3. Heading of letters, 83; definition, 83; punctuation, 84; large cities, 85; a small town or village, 86; hotels, 86; semina- ries or colleges, 86 ; position, 86. Heaven and hell, 59, 3. Heavenly, applied to the Deity, 64, 4. Hers, 48, 3. Hesitation, how indicated, 34, 1. His, Him, referring to the Deity, 64, 5. 120 His Excellency, 76, 5; 62, IX.; address of envelope, 80. Hon., 75, 4; 62, IX. However, 9, IV. Hyphen, the, 49-5 1 ; connecting several words, 49, 2 ; omit- ted, 49, 3 ; doubt as to the use, 49, 5. I I, 68, XV. If, 7, i. Indeed, 9, IV. Independent clauses, 6, I.; definition of, 6, i; comma omit- ted, 6, 2 ; separation by a semicolon, 6, 3. Infinite One, 64, 2. In short, in fact, in reality, 9, IV. Interjections, 32, II.; exclamation point at the end of a sen- tence, 33, i, 2. Interrogation point, 31, I.; inclosed in parenthetical marks, 40, 2. Introductory words of letters, definition, 90; punctuation, 91 ; position, 91 ; forms of salutation, 92 ; salutations to young ladies, 93 ; to married ladies, 94. Introductory remarks, 5, 73. Inverted expressions, 12, VI.; explanation, 12, i; omission of comma, 12, 2. Inverted letter in proof, 107, IV. Italics, how indicated, 53, V.; 107, VI.; words from a for- eign language, 43, 2 ; written with or without a capital, 60, Rem. K King of kings, 64, 3. L Leaders, 53, IV. Letters or figures omitted, 36, IV.; 3-9 equivalent to, 37, Rem Letters omitted, 47, I.; the apostrophe, 47, Rem. Letters, care in writing, some facts, 73. Letter -forms, 71-100. List of abbreviations, 29, 30; 30, 7. LL D., 30, 5; 75, 3. Logical subject, 19, XVI. ; definition of, 20, I ; custom of some writers, 20, 2. Long sentences, 25, I. Lord ot lords, 64, 3. M Madame, 93, 94. Marks of parenthesis, 39, 40; additional marks, 39, I ; dashes, 37, V. ; comma, 40, 4. Mark of attention in proof, no, XV. Members of sentences, 25, Gen. Rem. Miscellaneous marks, 52, 53. Miss.- 74, i; 93. Months and days, names of, 60, VI. ; autumn, spring, etc., 61, Rem More than, 21, 2. Moreover, 9, IV. N Name, person's, 16, 2, d.; abbreviated, 30, 2 ; 74, 2; 96, Rem. period used after name, 29, Rem. See Signature. Namely, 9, IV.; 35, 2. Nations, names of, 59, IV.; Italics and Italicized, 60, Rem. Negative expressions, 21, 4. Nevertheless, 9, IV. Nor, 6, i. Not, contrasted expressions 21, 4. 122 North, when to commence with a capital, 59, i . Nouns in apposition, 15, 16. See Words. Numeral figures, 22, XVIII. ; dates, 22, Rem. O O, 68, XV.; not followed by an exclamation point, 32, II. Of which, 9, 3; of course, 9, IV. Omitted, letters or figures, 36, IV.; 47, I. Omissions, how indicated, 52, II.; in proof, 106, III. Or, 6, i ; 1 8, 2. Ours, 48, 3. Pages, numbering of, 30, 4. Paragraphs, quoted, 46, IV. ; sign of, 53, VI. ; in proof, ioS, VIII. Parallel lines, 53, VI. Parenthesis, 39, I.; additional marks, 39, i, a, b, c; comma and dash often preferred, 37, V.; 40, 4; doubtful assertion, 40, 2 ; irony or contempt, 40, 3. Parenthetical words and phrases, 9, IV. ; definition of, 10, i ; when commas are omitted, 10, 2 ; parenthetical words and adverbs, 10, 3. Parenthetical expressions, n, V.; distinction between paren- thetical expressions and parenthetical words, u, i, a, b; when commas are omitted, n, 2. Parties, names of, 60, V. See Sects. Participal clauses, 14, IX.; sign of, 14, Rem Perhaps, 9, IV. Period, indicates what, 3; uses of, 29, 30, Persons and places, names of, 58, III.; North, South, etc., 59, i ; words derived from names of persons, 59, 2 ; Satan, devil, 59,3. 123 Person or thing addressed, 13, VIII.; strong emotion, 14, Rem. Personification, 67, XIV. Phrases and clauses, 18, XV.; definition of a phrase, 19, i; of a clause, 5 ; when commas are omitted, 19, 2 ; words and phrases in a series, 19, 3 ; parenthetical phrases, 9, 10. Poetry, first word of each line, 58, II. Political parties, 60, V. Possession, 47, II.; singular of nouns, 47, i; plural of nouns, 48, 2 ; ours, yours, etc., 48, 3. Prefixes, 50, II. ; definition of, 50, i ; vowel and consonant 50, 2 ; vice-president, etc., 50, 3 ; when to use the diaeresis, 50,4- Prince of life, Prince of kings, 64, 3. Projecting leads in proof, no, XIII. Pronouns referring to the Deity, 64, 5 ; 65, 6. Proof-reading, 101-114; its importance, 102; preparation of manuscript, 102, 103; copy, proof-sheet, revise, 104; wrong letters and punctuation marks, 105, I. ; wrong words, 106, II.; omissions, 106, III.; inverted letter, 107, IV.; strike out, 107, V. ; capitals and italics, 107, VI. ; spacing, 108, VII.; paragraphs, 108, VIII. ; correction to be disregarded, 109, IX.; broken letters, 109, X.; transpose, 109, XL; crooked words, no, XII. ; projecting leads, no, XIII.; diphthongs, no, XIV.; mark of attention, no, XV.; Gen. Rem., 1 10. Proof-sheet, definition of, 104; specimen proof, in, 112; corrected proof, 113, 114. Punctuation, its importance, iii., iv. ; how to teach it, iv. ; V.; principal punctuation marks, 3; other marks, 4; punctuation marks, why used, 3, 4. Q Question, direct, 31, I.; question and answer in the same paragraph, 36, 3. 1 2 4 Quotation, short, I2,VIL; long, 13, 5; 26, II.; 27, i; expres- sions resembling a quotation, 13, I ; introduced by that, 13, 2; 65, i; single words quoted, 13, 3; 65, 2; 66, 3; quota- tion divided, 13, 4; quotation in the middle of a sentence, 27, 2 ; quotation within a quotation, 45, i ; 46, 2 ; parts of a quotation omitted, 46, IV., 2 ; first word of a quotation, 65, XI. ; examples as illustrations, 24, Rem. ; 66, 4. Quotation marks, 43-46; direct quotation, 43, I.; exact words not given, 43, i ; words from a foreign language, 43, 2 ; quo- tation followed by a comma, semicolon, colon, period, 44, 4; by an exclamation or interrogation point, 44, 5, 6; titles of books, 44, II.; quotation within a quotation, 45, III.; paragraphs, 46, IV. Quoted passage, 41, I. R Republican, Radical, 60, V. Rather than, 21, 2. Reference marks, 53, VI. References, 68, XVI.; volume and chapter, 69, i; to the Bible, 69, 3; volume and page sufficient, 69, 2. Relative clauses, 7, III.; commas when used, 7, III., i; when omitted, 7, III., 2 ; introduced by ivho, etc., 8, i ; exceptions, 8, 2, 3. Reporter, remarks by, 41,' 2. Resolutions, 66, XII.; Resolved and That, 66, Rem. Revise, definition of, 104. Salutations. See Introductory words. Scriptures, sacred writings, 61, 3. Sects, names of, 60, V.; Republican, etc., 60, i, 2; Church, 60, 3. Section mark, 53, VI. I2 5 Semicolon, 23-25; indicates distant relationship, 3, 4; often preferred to a colon, 28; semicolon and comma, 25. Sentence, definition of, 5 ; 57, i ; long sentences, 23, I. ; mem- bers of, 23, II.; 25, Gen. Rem.; 28, Gen. Rem.; complete sentences, 29, I.; broken sentences, 34, I.; first word of, 57, I. ; expressions equivalent to a sentence, 57, 2 ; word following a period, 57, 3; word following an interrogation or an exclamation, 58, 4. Series of words, 17, XIV.; commas, when not used, 17, XIV., i; when used, 18, XIV., 2, 3; last word preceding a single word, 18, i; two words connected by or, 18, 2; series of phrases and clauses, 18, XV.; of expressions, 24, III. Short quotations. See Quotations. Signatures, 29, Rem. ; 97, 98. Since, 7, i. Sister, when to commence with a capital, 63, 2 ; 90, 2 ; 96, 2. Sir, 63, 3. Son of man, 64, 3. So that, so as, 21, 2. South, 59, i. Spacing in proof, 108, VII. Specimen proof, in, 112. Special words, capitilization of, 66, 67. Spring, summer, 61, Rem. Stamp, 78. Star, reference mark, 53, VI. Strike out in proof, 107, V. Strong emotion, 32, I.; unusual emotion, 32, Rem. Subject, logical, 19, XVI. ; definition of, 20, i ; subject of statement or quotation, 35, III.; definition of, 36, i ; author, 36, 2; question and answer, 36, 3; z: s* m^^ j^^j, A} 00 o 5 S ^ -<