l| ?1 3 O w 'Td <- re rn* O S ^ >- C JS: P S- ? IB 1 3 g x, <- w r. 5 w fD (S ^ -( N re 3 t 5 ! M. fD O 1 H n> s H re n h, m re u> ^^ r* O H**H :mber 31, 1902. THE PHONOGRAPHIC i-t v; -5' 6' 3 3 CL 3 a, o a n especially for the purpose of encouraging s that this offer is made. This coupon will ; the best possible aid, not only in mastering mation as to shorthand matters in general a lligent phonographer. nn Pitman System of Phonography. It ii st of learners of the system, and is recon PHONOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE is published monl ^ 1 o ^ S v- S 4 n o o p Sa a 4 fD r* 3> O 3 3 g ^ fD "1 <->> O P l-( Ct- u i! fD - O fD *"rt 3 3. re p " rv II r* re ft purchaser of this book is entitled to receive SPECIAL SUBSCRIPTION JEROME B. HOWARD, Ei E PHONOGRAPHIC i i rf j . t/i M t/J 3 O c cL H w H j^ 2 c o re 5" fj' fD ft ^5* /^^ S* ^~ B o O *^^ H M *^5 S v52 re *-rf 3 < Da O P H 14 o ~> 3 M c r r/ j t t i M tances v r*- ^ ^ ^ re oq "i "1 2> S O w g n vi re ;? ^ 3 p 3 -t * x 2* & , w 2 Ha fD OP g,^ 3 B! w" !i PHONOG 3 * o -, jl O o r * C rt t E N o r-t " "o ? 3 3 >i r? 1 re o o ^ 1 I-H - P S O 3 re P f r n> ' 0. p] B n 5" 3 o a^ ^ Q n OQ re 3 "^ p C o S] O 3. c g M K-^ T; "^ *T3 ET ^' ^^ - ^^ rn c-t- *> J3 Ei- 3" 5' ? rt. 'p o' 5i a* o . 51 o O CT5 OTQ fD O 3 3 re re 1 THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF SHORTHAND. THE Manual of Phonography. BY BENN PITMAN AND JEROME B. HOWARD. CINCINNATI : THE PHONOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE COMPANY. NEW YORK : THE BAKER AND TAYLOR COMPANY. 1902. COPYRIGHT, 1860, HY BENN PITMAN. COPYRIGHT, 1885, BY BENN PITMAN AND JEROME B. HOWARD. COPYRIGHT, 1897, BY THE PHONOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE COMPANY. PREFACE. This work is a presentation of the system of phonetic shorthand, the elementary parts of which were originally invented by Isaac Pit- man, of Bath, England, in 1837 ; which was modified, improved, and named "Phonography" by him, in 1840; and which, developed and perfected through the suggestions, experiments, and tests of a multi- tude of practical writers in England and America, reached, substan- tially, its present form in the later fifties. The first edition of this Manual, written by Benn Pitman (brother of the inventor of phonography) in 1855, appeared in no fewer than five distinct issues before 1860, when the work was first revised. Numerous issues followed up to 1885, in which year it was again revised in collaboration by Benn Pitman and Jerome B. Howard, by whom the present revised and improved edition is also prepared. But slight additions have been made to the materiel of the system in the course of. these several revisions ; neither has the plan of presentation been essentially changed, it being felt that any marked alteration of method would be accompanied by a diminution of that clearness and simplicity for which the book has been so long conspicuous among shorthand text-books and which have made it so eminently successful for both self and class instruction. The chief advances in the present revision consist in a somewhat modified and improved order of pre- senting the several appendages, in the earlier introduction of logo- grams, with suitable exercises, and in the addition of a new and co- pious set of dictation exercises. It is natural, considering the astonishing spread of phonography of late years, that many variations upon the recognized system should be published and to a limited extent adopted. The authors of this work have felt, however, after careful examination and test of many hun- dreds of supposed improvements, that they were, for the most part, the expression of mere individual taste or caprice. Those slight changes and improvements adopted in the present revised edition are (3) THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. believed to be such as are of real importance. They have all stood the test of some years of actual practise and have received the general approval of reporters and phoneticians. It is natural, too, that many conscientious teachers, zealous to help their students over the road to phonographic proficiency in the short- est possible time, should have worked out what they believe to be improved modes of presenting the system, and we have, therefore, had offered to us a remarkable variety of " short-cut" methods pur- porting to teach "the reporting style from the beginning." The essential fallacy which underlies these endeavors to impart a working knowledge of the abbreviated form of phonography before giving the student a rational understanding of the system in its broad, element- ary aspect, has been generally recognized by enlightened teachers. Continued experience amply demonstrates that in phonography, as in some other things, " the longest way 'round is the shortest way home." Sound reporting habits can not be developed by methods of instruc- tion which neglect thorough training in the elementary parts of the system. The " corresponding style," too often despised for its own sake, is found, after all, to be the safest and shortest road by which the learner may reach the coveted skill of the amanuensis or reporter. It will be perceived from the foregoing that the present work is the oldest as well as the newest shorthand instruction-book now in print in this country. It has been for over forty years the standard text- book of phonography in America, while the form of phonography it presents, and which through it has come to be often called " the Benn Pitman system," is written by a very large majority of American pho- nographers. This fact received signal recognition when the following words were printed in the report of the United States Commissioner of Education for the year 1887-88: "To supply the increasing de- mand for stenographers, schools of shorthand and typewriting have been established in various parts of the country, and, with few excep- tions, all business colleges now have a 'department of shorthand.' A number of systems are taught but that of Benn Pitman is more generally used than any other in this country, and may be called the American System.'' CONTENTS. PAGE. Preface 3 Introduction 9 Table of Consonants 13 Consonants 14 Exercise on Consonants 15 Consonants Continued 16 Exercise on Joined Consonants with Angles 17 Consonants Concluded 18 Exercise on Joined Consonants without Angles 19 Long Vowels ... 20 Exercise on Vowels Following Consonants 21 Exercise on Vowels Preceding Consonants 21 Long Vowels Concluded 22 Exercise on Words Contaning Long Vowels 23 Short Vowels 24 Exercise on Short Vowels 25 Diphthongs 26 Exercise on the Diphthongs 27 Coalescents 28 Exercise on the Coalescents 29 Concurrent Vowels 30 Exercise on Concurrent Vowels 31 The Aspirate . 32 Exercise on the Aspirate 33 Upward and Downward L, R, and Sh 34 Exercise on Upward and Downward L and R 35 Logograms 36 Exercise on Vowel Logograms 37 Consonant Logograms 38 Exercise on Consonant Logograms 39 Consonant Logograms Concluded 4 The Nominal Consonant 4 Exercise on Consonant Logograms II 41 Diphthong, Coalescent and Aspirate Logograms 42 Exercise on Diphthong, Coalescent and Aspirate Logograms 43 Appendages 44 Circles S and Z 44 Exercise on the Circles S and Z 45 (5) CONTENTS. PAGE Circles S and Z Concluded 46 Words containing Circles S and Z 47 Circle Ses, Sez, Zes, Zez 48 Exercise on the Large Circles 49 Loop-st 50 Loop-str 50 Exercise on the Loop-st 51 Exercise on the Loop-str 51 Circle and Loop Logograms 52 Exercise on the Circle and Loop Logograms. . . 53 The N-hook 54 Exercise on the N-hook : 55 The F-V Hook 56 Exercise on the F-V Hook 57 The Shun-hook 58 Exercise on the Shun-hook 59 Final-hook Logograms 60 Punctuation, etc 60 Exercise on the Final-hook Logograms 61 The Small W-hook 62 Exercise on the Small W-hook 63 Double Consonants 64 Exercise on the L-hook 65 Double Consonants Continued 66 Exercise on the R-hook 67 Double Consonants Concluded 68 Exercise on the Irregular Double Consonants 69 Exercise on Intervocalization 69 Triple and Quadruple Consonants 70 Exercise on Triple and Quadruple Consonants 71 The Backward N-hook 72 The Large W-hook 72 Exercise on the Backward N-hook 73 Exercise on the Large W-hook 73 Initial-hook Logograms 74 Initials, etc 74 Exercise on the Initial-hook Logogram;. 75 The Halving Principle 76 Exercise on the Halving Principle 77 The Halving Principle Concluded 78 Exercise on the Halving Principle. II 79 Half-length Logograms So Exercise on the Half-length Logograms Si Half-length Logograms Concluded 82 Omitted Consonants. . 82 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. PAGE. Exercise on the Half-length Logograms II 83 The Doubling Principle 84 Exercise on the Doubling Principle 85 Double-length Logograms 86 Compounded Logograms 86 Exercise on the Double-length Logograms 87 The Ticks 88 Disjoined Affixes 88 Exercise on the Tick-the 89 Exercise on the Tick A-an-and 89 Disjoined Affixes Concluded 90 Exercise on the Disjoined Suffixes 91 Exercise on the Disjoined Prefixes 91 Outline Formation 92 Exercises in the Corresponding Style 93 Outlines of Words of Frequent Occurrence, Unnecessary to Vocalize .... 102 Table of Grammalogues 103 Table of Logograms 106 Writing Exercises , 109 The Reporting Style 172 Reporting Logograms 177 Contractions 178 Phrases 179 Words, Contractions and Phrases for Business Amanuenses. ........ 180 Exercises in the Easy Reporting Style 181 Appendix A Speech 189 Appendix B A Scheme of Phonographic Notation by Means of Common Types 193 Appendix C Extended Alphabet 195 Index 197 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. INTRODUCTION. 1. Sound-Writing. Phonography is the art of writing according to sound. This is done by means of signs which represent the sounds of speech. A scientific system of phonetic writing must give to each elementary sound of the language a separate and distinct sign, which sign shall under all circumstances represent its own proper sound and it only. This phonography does, and as the signs are of the shortest and most easily-formed kind, phonography is, as a matter of necessity, a brief and practical system of shorthand. 2. Deficiencies of the Roman Alphabet. The ordinary longhand script is utterly inadequate for the purpose of rapid writing. Not only is the outline of the letters needlessly long and complicated, but the letters are not sufficient in number to represent the English language phonetically. With only twenty-six letters (of which three are prac- tically useless) we are required to write a language which contains more than forty elementary sounds. Some of these elements must un- der such circumstances be represented by the clumsy expedient of com- bining two or more letters to represent a single sound. Thus, there is no single letter to stand for the first sound in the word thy, nor one for that which ends the word sing. But the worst feature of our ordinary orthography is that no single sound is represented uniformly by any one sign or combination of signs. Thus, although the same sound begins the words fall and phrase, this sound is represented in one case by f and in the other by ph ; the vowel sound heard in the words ape, aim, veil, day, grey, sleigh, though one and the same in all, is variously represented by a, at, ei, ay, ey, eigh. Irregularities of this kind abound to such an extent in the ordinary representation of English as to make "orthography" a distinct branch of education, to acquire a tolerable mastery of which several years of school life must be given. (9) THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 3. The Phonetic Alphabet. In phonography the simple plan is adopted of spelling each word exactly according to its sounds. Every sound has its own sign which is used for it and for no other sound. The consonants are represented by lines straight and curved while the vowels are written by small signs dots and dashes placed beside the consonant signs. From the nature of the phonographic system, the consonants must be considered first. The term "consonant" is here used as meaning any sound which is not a vowel. For a scientific classification of the sounds of the English language see Appendix A. 4. Consonants. The strokes which are used in phonography to represent the consonants are derived from the following geometrical diagrams r j ( .X 1 Tt will be seen that the circumference of the circle is divided into four equal parts, first; by a horizontal and a vertical line, and second, by lines slanting to the right and to the left midway between the horizontal and vertical lines. This gives in all four straight lines and eight curves, clearly distinguished from each other by form or direction. If these twelve strokes be made both light and heavy we have a total of twenty-four strokes suitable for the representation of the cpnsonants. 5. Explodents. Those consonants which are abrupt and explosive in their nature are called explodents and they are uniformly repre- sented by the straight lines, as follows : p b t d ch j kg \ \ I ' / / Lips Teeth Hard palate Soft palate The order in which these sounds are arranged accords with the posi- tion of the articulating organs by which they are obstructed, beginning with the lips, the most external, and proceeding in regular order back to the soft palate, the most internal. 6. Shade. It will be seen that advantage is taken of the relation- ship existing between the whispered and voiced consonants to represent the whispered member of each pair by a light sign and the voiced sound by the same sign thickened. Similar sounds are thus repre- sented by similar signs. The mind perceives and the hand feels the THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. consistency of making a thin stroke for a light sound and a heavier stroke for its deeper and louder mate. 7. Continuants. The continuants, as their name implies, are sounds capable of an indefinite degree of prolongation. They are uniformly represented by curved lines. The continuants are divided into three classes called, according to the nature of their articulation, fricatives, liquids, and nasals. 8. Fricatives. The fricatives are those continuants which are produced by means of a friction or rustling of the breath upon the organs of articulation through a much contracted, though not quite closed, opening. Like the explodents, they exist uniformly in pairs, and the distinction between the whispered and voiced members of each pair is maintained by making the strokes light and heavy. They are f v th dh s z sh zh Lips Teeth Hard palate 9. Liquids. The liquids are less closely obstructed than the frica- tives, and take their name from the fact that their flowing nature enables them to combine readily with other consonants. They are 1 r r ^ 10. Nasals. Nasals are obstructed in such a manner as to force the expired breath through the nose. They are all represented by horizontal curves, thus : m n ng 11. Coalescents. All the obstructed sounds of the language are thus provided with signs. It is necessary, however, for practical con- venience, to provide strokes for the representation of w and y, sounds which hold a middle position between consonants and vowels. These sounds occur only immediately preceding a vowel with which they intimately combine, and they are therefore termed coalescents. They are written in phonography w y ^\ r THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 12. Aspirate. Practical convenience demands that the unobstructed whisper, or aspirate, //, shall also be given a stroke sign, h 'S* 13. Supplementary Strokes. Besides the foregoing signs, we have x^" as an additional stroke for r (the sign being more slanting than that for ch), and the stroke >"^ which is not needed for the representa- tion of any elementary sound and which is usefully employed to write the frequent combination tnp, and rarely nib. 14. Tabulation. The table on the following page shows the con- sonant signs divided into groups according to the classes of sounds represented. In the second column a name is provided for each con- sonant for convenience in speaking of it. It must, however, be clearly understood that, although the name of \ is " pe," its value in writing words is'simply the whispered sound heard at the beginning of the word/w/ or at the end of the word rope, as shown in the third column. It will be observed that the sound J does not begin or end any true English word. It is heard, however, medially in many words like pleasure, treasure, vision, etc. In the last column are given the letters which most frequently represent the consonants in ordinary spelling. " Dh " is used to indicate the voiced sound heard at the beginning of thy, as the ordinary spelling does not employ a distinctive sign or even a distinctive combination of signs to represent this sound. The letters in this column are printed in accordance with the scheme of typic no- tation shown in Appendix B. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 13 CONSONANTS, their Signs, Names and Powers. PHONOGRAPH. NAME. EXAMPLE OF ITS POWER. LETTER. Initial. Final. \ \ pe be /ost ro/e ^oast ro^e P B te /eem fa/e T Explodcnts / de chay deem fade chest etch D Ch / jay jest edge J kay cane loc^ K _ gay -ain log G ' ^. ef /ear sa/e F ^ ve z/eer save V 1. c \ ith the //zigh wrea/>4 fhy \\rea.the Th Dh 1 ) ess sea\ hiss S ^ \ ze zeal his Z J - ish sure lash Sh Continuants ^ J \ r zhe - lay your (Fr.) rou^e /u// fa// Zh L Kj I \ ar roar for R \ em met seem M | J _ en net seen N I ., way yea jet W Y Aspirate ^^ hay //and .... H Supplementary ' / Strokes I x-^ ray einp roar for .... caw/ Mf 14 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. CONSONANTS. 15. Direction of Strokes. Of the consonants on the opposite page every straight line is written in the direction of one of the lines in the first of the following diagrams, in which the lines are so drawn as to end at a common point. Number 2 is horizontal, number 4 vertical, and number 3 just midway between them. Number I slopes at an angle of 30 degrees, and number 5 at an angle of 60 degrees, from the horizontal base-line upon which phonography is always sup- posed to be written. The curves are written in the directions shown in the other two diagrams. In both, lines 2 and 4 are horizontal and vertical, respectively, and all remaining lines exactly half way between. 16. Direction of Writing. All horizontal strokes are written from left to right. All vertical and slanting strokes from top to bottom with the following exceptions : ^^ and )) ShZh JJ JJ JJ JJ JJ JJ L rrrrrrrrrr R ^^^^^^^^"^"^ W Y rrrrrrrrrr H //////// / s 1 6 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. CONSONANTS. Continued. 21. Combinations of Consonants. All the consonants of a com- bination or word must be written without lifting the pen, the second stroke beginning where the first ends, the third beginning at the end of the second, etc. See lines I to 3. 22. Strokes of Variable Direction. When consonants are joined to each other they should be written in the same direction as when standing alone, except s J/^, which when standing alone is written down, but when joined to another stroke may be written either up or down ; and f. /, which when standing alone is written up, but when joined to another stroke may be written either up or down. Upward .) is named j/y and downward ) w// ; upward f is named lay and downward (ft* 23. The Base-Line. All phonographic outlines are written with reference to a base-line, either imaginary or, what is much to be pre- ferred, actually ruled on the paper. Various kinds of combinations are written with regard to the line as follows; a. Combinations of horizontal letters should rest upon the line. See line 4. b. Combinations containing but one descending or ascending stroke rest on the line. See lines 5 to 10. c. In combinations where a horizontal stroke is followed by a descending one the first stroke should be written sufficiently high to allow the second to rest upon the line. See line II. d. When two descending strokes are combined, as in lines 12 to 14, the first should be written down to the line and the second below it. e. When two ascending strokes are combined the first begins upon the line. See line 15. 24. Checks. In every case there is a distinct angle between the consonants as combined on the opposite page. These ingles should be clearly formed in writing and there should be a slight pause or check of the hand at each angle, so that the momentum of the hand acquired in writing the preceding stroke shall not produce any dis- tortion in the form of the stroke which follows. See directions to the student, page 109. and writing exercises page 112. THE MANUAL OB PHONOGRAPHY. Exercise on Joined Consonants. With Angles. n r r u 3 X^ 4 , ^ sL_ U L_ 6 ^V . Z_ /-^ /--. S- t- ^ L. L U L_ N ^ L_ U \_ A A C C ^i S S l8 THE MANUAL OF*PHONOGRAPHY. CONSONANTS. Concluded. 25. Continuous Joinings. When there is no angle between two adjacent strokes in a combination, there should be no check or pause of the hand between them and the movement should be smooth and continuous from the beginning of the first stroke to the end of the second. Such joinings are of various kinds according to the relation of the strokes to each other: a. Straight strokes doubled (see line l) ; />. Adjacent quadrants (see line 2) ; c. Tangent joinings of (i) straight strokes with curves (see lines 3 and 4) and (2) opposite curves (see line 5). 26. Modified Shadings. When heavy strokes are joined without angles they often lose or gain shading at some part of their length. a. When a heavy straight stroke is joined to a light stroke it is written wedge-shaped so that there shall be no shade at the point of joining. See lines 6 and 7. b. When a heavy curve joins a heavy stroke it is made heavy throughout the entire half which lies next to the joining. See line 8. 27. Slurs. Certain joinings of / and / with the curves \ \ ) ), and of /^ with ^_^ -^s ' "* ' - strictly require a slight angle at the point of joining. In practise, however, this angle is ignored and the two strokes are written with continuous motion. See line 9. In like manner the joinings of / and .svfc with ( ( ) ) ^~~* s~~^ ^. ' x / and with each other are written with continuous motion, eliminating the angle which strictly belongs at the point of joining. See line 10. These modified joinings are called slurs. 28. Utility of Continuous Joinings. The joinings on the opposite page are usually somewhat difficult for beginners to form. When, however, they have been completely mastered, they impart exceeding grace and fleetness to the movement of the hand, and the outlines in which they occur are among the most rapidly-formed in phonography. They should therefore be carefully practised ; but the learner should not try to write them rapidly at first. Extreme care should be taken to get correct proportions. Speed and ease in writing them will come if the outlines are slowly and carefully written many times. This is indeed true of all phonographic outlines, but especially so of those written with continuous motion. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Exercise on Joined Consonants. Without Angles. I'//' THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. LONG VOWELS. 29. The Vowel Scale. The alphabet of a language professedly contains a letter for every sound heard in the distinct utterance of that language. The Roman alphabet does not, as has been shown, provide a sufficient number of letters to represent the obstructed sounds, or consonants, of the English language ; it is still more de- ficient in providing representative signs for the unobstructed voiced sounds, or vowels, of the language. In phonography the a-e-i-o-n scale is therefore abandoned, and one more philosophic and "complete adopted in its stead. 30. The Long Vowels. Provision is first made for the six primary or long vowels of the language, as heard in the following words: eel aim alms all old ooze 31. Long Vowel Signs. The first three sounds are represented by a dot placed respectively at the beginning, middle, and end of a conso- nant ; the last three by a short stroke or dash similarly placed. These dots and dashes are written close to, but should not touch, the stroke consonant to which they are placed ; thus, e a ah aw 00 The upright line (the sign for t) to which the vowel-signs are here writ- ten, is used merely to indicate the places of the vowels, at the beginning, middle, and end of the consonant. These signs may be conveniently designated as first-place, second-place, and third-place vowels. 32. Direction of Dashes. The dashes have the same relative direction to all strokes ; that is, they are placed at right angles to the stroke no matter what its direction may be. When written to curves, dashes are always at right angles to the imaginary line which joins -- the beginning and end of the curve; thus, _\_ 33. Order of Reading. A vowel-sign, when written on the left side of an upright or sloping stroke, is read before the stroke to which it is placed ; when written on the right side, it is read after the stroke to which it is placed. When a vowel-sign is written to a horizontal character, it is read before when placed above, and after when placed below the stroke. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Exercise on Vowels Following Consonants. i- i. r K L > ). r r C Exercise on Vowels Preceding Consonants. i i "I -I -I .r r r ^r r 14 -) THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. LONG VOWELS. Concluded. 34. Vowel Places. The unvarying rule for placing and reading the vowel-signs, is to reckon from the beginning of the stroke to which they are attached. Thus, the strokes^ x x x " and ^^ being writ- ten upward, the vowel places are reckoned from the bottom, that is, from the beginning of the stroke. 35. Names of the Vowels. The vowels should always be pro- nounced as single sounds ; thus, e, as heard at the beginning of eel ; a, as in ape; ah, as at the beginning of arm (not as a-attch) ; au as awe (not a-you) ; o as owe ; oo as at the beginning of ooze (not as double-o). 36. Consonants Written First. All the consonants of a word must be written without lifting the pen, and the vowel or vowels written afterward. The consonants of a word form what is termed its phonographic outline, or skeleton. 37. Phonetic Spelling. Such are the deficiencies of the common alphabet, and the consequent unphonetic character of English ortho- graphy, that the spelling of a word can seldom be taken as a guide to its pronunciation. In writing phonographically, therefore, the student must note what are the actual sounds of which a word is composed, and then write the signs provided for the representation of those sounds. It may not at first be easy for the student to de- termine what are the exact sounds in any given word, but the difficulty of determining will diminish at every attempt, and the practise of noting the deliberate utterance of a word, as distinct from its usual colloquial sound, will tend to give accuracy and finish to the student's own pronunciation. 38. Method of Practise. It is advised that before attempting to write the exercise on page 114, the student spell every word in it phonetically ; that is to say, analyze each word into its phonetic elements ; that is to say, determine what consonants and vowels are heard in the word, and in what order. Thus the word take contains but three elements first, the consonant /, second, the vowel a (second- place dot), and third, the consonant k ; though has only two elements the consonant dk, and the vowel 6 (second-place dash.) This practise need not be confined to the writing exercises, and should be pursued persistently until all difficulty is entirely overcome. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY Exercise on Words Containing Long Vowels. < A __ < J c v \ V" X ] X > XI XT XI 'x A r A" 24 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. SHORT VOWELS. 39. Short Vowel Scale. In addition to the six long vowels, there are six short vowels used in English speech, as heard in the following words : it ell am odd up pull Between the short and long vowels there exists a close relationship, which results from the fact that the position of the organs of speech in pronouncing the long vowels is nearly the same as that required for the utterance of the short ones, as will be perceived on pronounc- ing the words, eat ale alms awed ope pool 40. Short Vowel Signs. The short vowels are therefore appro- priately represented by dots and dashes, written in the same places as for the long vowels, but made light to indicate their briefer character. Light dots may be written with a mere touch of pen or pencil to the paper. A little pressure which causes a slight separa- tion of the pen points will produce a heavy dot, and with a pencil the same effect is produced by giving it a very slight turn between the thumb and finger. Avoid the vicious method of making dots of any kind by drawing a small circle and "filling in." 41. Vowels between Consonants. When a vowel is to be writ- ten between two consonant strokes, it is possible to write it either after the first, or before the second stroke. If, however, a vowel falls within the apex of the angle it becomes ambiguous, since it is possible to read it as a third-place vowel after the first stroke or as a first-place vowel before the second stroke; thus [ might be read either tick or tack. To avoid such ambiguity it is only necessary to observe the following rules : a. First-place vowels are written after the first consonant. b. Second-place vowels are written after the first consonant when they are long, and before the second when they are short. (The length of a second-place vowel is thus determined by the consonant to which it is written, if it should not be by its size. ) c. Third-place vowels are written before the second consonant. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Exercise on Short Vowels. r V L_ 5- L_ Cr \ 26 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. DIPHTHONGS. 42. Vowel Glides. A diphthong is not a simple speech-element, but is the result of continuous voice-production during a change made in the shape of the oral cavity. A diphthong may therefore be described as a glide from the position of one vowel to that of another. There are but three diphthongs in our language, and they may be heard at the begin- ning of the words isle, oil, owl, respectively. 43. Diphthong-Signs. As the diphthongs are compound sounds, so they are represented by compound signs : / is a glide from the position of v m to the position of and is written See lines i to 6. Oi is a glide from the position of | to the position of and is written See lines 7 to 9. Ow is a glide from the position of , to the position of and is written See lines 10 to 12. In writing these characters, both strokes should be formed before lifting the pen from the paper. 44. Places of Diphthong-Signs. The place of a diphthong-sign is properly determined by that of the final vowel of the glide. / and oi are therefore written in the first place and ow in the third. However, as v is represented by an absolute sign, that is, one which does not depend upon its place for its legibility, it may, for greater convenience, be written in any place. The rules given in par. 41 apply to diphthongs as well as to vowels. Oi is written after the first and ow before the second of two con- sonants between which they occur. / may be written either after the first, or before the second consonant. 45. Direction of Diphthong-Signs Invariable. The diphthong- signs should always point exactly up and down. They never change their direction to correspond with that of the stroke to which they may happen to be written. In this respect they are unlike the dash vowel-signs. Compare par. 32. 46. Joined Diphthong-Signs. When i or oi begins a word, and when i or ow 'ends a word, the diphthong-sign may be joined to the ad- jacent stroke without lifting the pen whenever it forms a distinct angle with it. See lines 13 to 15. NOTE. On account of its great frequency the word now may be imperfectly but conveniently vocalized by attaching only the second half of the diphthong- sign without lifting the pen ; thus v ** now. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 27 A A( 13 15 Exercise on the Diphthongs. ! v ^ ( v ) v V ( ^ ' I Vv t Ly ^ /' V ( L X3 A r N ^ \rv\r vv ^\ M . J <^ x K v A/' b' 1. c \ 28 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. COALESCENTS. 47. Two-fold Nature of the Coalescents. The vowels oo and ee, the two extreme members of the long-vowel scale, are, from the ex- ceeding closeness of their formation in the mouth, of such a nature that any vowel may readily follow either of them and coalesce with it in the same syllable, forming a combination much like a diphthong. In such cases oo and ee are formed even closer than usual, and so nearly approach true obstructed sounds that they are often consid- ered as consonants and given consonantal representation by the strokes ^ and f to which the vowel which follows may be written. 48. Coalescent Vowel-Signs. It is convenient, however, to use vowel-signs for the coalescents in combination with the vowels, thus: we I wa c | wah c | waw 1 wo \ woo J ye I ya "| yah J yaw | yo \ yoo ] These signs are shaded to indicate the coalescence of oo and ee with the long vowels, but with short vowels they are light. 49. The Triphthong Wi. When w coalesces with v the resulting triphthong is written 50. Direction of Coalescent Vowel-signs Invariable. All these signs retain their own direction and do not vary with the stroke to which they are placed. Compare paragraphs 32 and 45. 51. Joined Coalescent Vowel-signs. Like the diphthongs (see par. 46) the first-place and third-place coalescent vowel-signs may be joined to the adjacent stroke, whenever they form a distinct angle. NOTE. When u is joined after n it may be slightly slanted as in rennv, line 15. 52. Rules for the Strokes and Vowel-signs for W and Y. a. When a word begins with w or y (i) the vowel-sign is used if it can be joined to the following consonant without lifting the pen (see lines I to 3), but (2) if this cannot be done the stroke form is written (see lines 4 to 7) except in cases where its joining with the following stroke is inconvenient, and then (3) the disjoined vowel-sign is used as in lines 8 to 10. b. When w or y occurs medially or in coalescence with a vowel at the end of a word the vowel-sign is generally pre- ferred. See lines n to 15. c. When a word begins with a vowel followed by w or y the stroke must be used, as ^ awake. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Exercise on the Coalescents. ,1 2 1- sl 13 14 1 7s i f "V r\ 7 v_ "I I U. "\ V U-^ I I C i 30 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. CONCURRENT VOWELS. 53. Consecutive Vowels Written Separately. a. When a word begins with two consecutive vowels the first is written further away from and the second nearer to the following stroke. See line i. l>. When a word ends with two consecutive vowels the first is written nearer to and the second further away from the preceding stroke. See line 2. c. When two consecutive vowels occur in the middle of a word the first is written to the preceding stroke and the second to the following stroke (see lines 3 to 6) unless (d] the angle between the two strokes is so acute as to render it impracticable to write a third- place vowel within it, in which case both vowels may be written to one of the strokes, as at the end of line 6. 54. Dissyllabic Diphthongs. When the first of two concurrent vowels is long and the second is an unaccented short or obscure vowel they may be conveniently written with the following compound signs: e'-u *"( a'-u <| ah'-u J aw'-u ^| o'-u >| oo'-u > | in which u stands for any short or obscure unaccented vowel. See lines 7 to 9. A little tick may in like manner be struck at an acute angle after a" diphthong or coalescent-sign to indicate a following un- accented short or obscure vowel. See lines 10 and n. 55. Approximate Representation of Concurrent Vowels by Coalescent Vowel-Signs. When the first of two concurrent vowels is an unaccented I or a coalescent-sign of the y series may be conveniently employed to represent the two vowels. See lines 12 to 15. This indicates a pronunciation which though not strictly accurate is sufficiently so for practical purposes and is, indeed, often employed by the poets. Thus, Shakespeare uses period sometimes as a word of two \X| sometimes as one of three syllables \Si (See Antony and Cleopatra, act iv, for both uses). Exercise on Concurrent Vowels THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. THE ASPIRATE. 56. The Tick-h. When h hegins a word and is followed by k, g, s, z, lay, ar, m, mp or w, the aspirate is represented by a light short tick struck down invariably in the direction of ch. See lines I to 5. Tt will be observed that the tick is employed in every ca'se where it forms an acute angle with the following stroke. NOTE. In order to produce a distinct outline the tick may be made somewhat longer before Jay than in other cases. 57. The Stroke-h. When // begins a word and is followed by any stroke other than those mentioned in the preceding paragraph, the stroke form ^/ should be used. See lines 6 to 10. The stroke is also employed, of necessity, when there is no other consonant in the word and when a vowel begins the word followed by //. See line n. 58. The Dot-h. a. When h is medial, that is to say, when it has one or more consonants preceding and following it, the regular form of representation is by a dot placed before the sign of the vowel which follows the aspirate, as shown in line 12. />. The dot aspirate is used initially before joined coalescents and in a very few other words. See line 13. When the dot aspirate is placed to a dash it should be writ- ten at its side rather than at the end. When it is placed to a dot it should be in such a position that a line connecting the two dots would be at a right angle to the stroke to which they are placed. 59. Medial H. While the dot is the normal form for representing the medial //, the tick is more convenient when it forms an acute angle with both the preceding and following strokes (see line 14) and even the stroke may be employed to advantage in a few cases. See line 15. When the stroke h is written medially it is sometimes im- possible perfectly to form the hook which in such cases must be adapted to the preceding stroke as a slight offset. 60. Wh. The student may find some difficulty at first with such words as those at the end of line 5 until he has learned that all words beginning with 10/1 in the ordinary spelling really begin with the sounds hw that -why would be much more properly spelled hn'y. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 33 Exercise on the Aspirate. r r . i\ r r r ., 1 1 J vi 34 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. UPWARD AND DOWNWARD L, R AND SH. 61. Initial L. a. When / begins a word followed by k, g, m, mp or , use lay (see lines i and 2) ; but (b) should an initial vowel pre- cede / followed by these strokes, use el (see line 3). 62. Final L. a. When / ends a word after f, v, ray or two con- current vowels, one of which is accented, use el (see lines 4 and 5) ; but () should a final vowel follow / thus preceded, use /ay (see line 6). f. When / following n or ng is the last consonant in a word, use el whether a vowel follows or not (see line 7). 63. L in Other Cases, a. When / precedes ng, use el. See line 8. b. When / is the first or last consonant in a word in any case not covered by the foregoing rules, use lay unless an inconvenient outline would result from so doing, in which case el may be used. c. When / is medial, use either el or lay according to convenience. 64. Initial R. a. When r begins a word, use ray (see line 9), except (6) when followed by m or mp, in which case ar should be used (see line 10). c. When a vowel begins the word and is fol- lowed by r, use ar (see line li) except (5 X // >/ -< K 36 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. LOGOGRAMS. 68. Unequal Recurrence of Words. It is an ascertained fact that fewer than two hundred words, through being frequently re- peated, make up at least one-half the bulk of any ordinary written or spoken discourse. To write these words with their full phonographic representation would be inconvenient even in the fullest style of pho- nography, and impossible in the briefer form known as the "reporting style," where the object to be attained is to keep pace with the utter- ance of a rapid speaker. 69. Logograms. These words are, therefore, abbreviated in pho- nography and written for the most part, with but a single motion of the pen, and in anv,case with but a single sign vowel or consonant. These signs are eailed logograms, and the words they represent are called gramrffalogues. A logogram always consists of some part of the complete representation of its grammalogue, and, in most cases, that part is chosen which is most likely to suggest the full word. 70. Vowel Logograms. The following are the vowel logograms: the* a an, and \ I ' -* \ all* too, two already* before ought*, aught* who i x \ i of* to or* but on* should Those marked with an asterisk are written above the line, as high as the top of a stroke I. The dashes are utilized by writing them in three directions, both on and above the line. Thus each is made to do duty as six distinct Iggograms. The dash-logograms are all struck down except on and should, which should be written in the direction of ray. When the same sign stands for more than one word the words are of such a nature that their meanings do not clash, the context making perfectly clear which is intended. The student is advised to commit to memory the words in the last two lines of this list in the order in which they are given, and, while repeating them a great many times, to associate in his mind the signs with the words, remem- bering the changes of direction and the alternation of position. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 37 Exercise on Vowel Logograms. /TV. s \ N n) ^ x \ V N r I- S (' ^ 7 - Cr x . ^ ^ 8 N x 9 < , r . i- ^ o ( ^ <. x x , r\ , ( A. H 15 6 7 Exercise on Consonant Logograms II. S , V ' s. ^"^ \ s ^-x r \ /'I ~Y \ v \ O . L_ ^v I \V r x i * / r A \ V. . C 13 14 r / ..( N xt > I ^_^ - C s \ .r .1 42 THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. DIPHTHONG, COALESCENT AND ASPIRATE LOGOGRAMS. with ^ were what would ye yet beyond you v / A I, eye how he 74. Coalescent Logograms Unshaded. We, ye and you are theoretically written with heavy signs, but in practise it is not neces- sary to shade them. 75. "Ye" Distinguished from "I." The sign for ye should be carefully curved at the bottom in order that in rapid writing it may not clash with /. 76. Direction of "He." The disjoined tick-> representing he should invariably be struck down in the direction of the stroke ch. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 43 3 V 4 Ai 5 6 7 Exercise on Diphthong Logograms. ^ /? '^ V ( V ^ J \ S\ V c I . > - . ( . r c. x ^ rx \ X \ <^\ x \ y N J 13 .H 15 X .( . c ^ 44 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. APPENDAGES. 77. Briefer Signs Supplied. With the signs already given it is possible to write any word in the language in a manner phonetically correct and complete. But while these signs are much briefer than those of ordinary longhand, they are still inadequate for the purposes of a practical shorthand. Certain of the most frequently-recurring sounds are therefore represented by additional signs circles, hooks and loops called appendages, because they are attached in various ways to the strokes. By means of these supplementary signs the ut- most desirable brevity of form is secured. 78. Two Kinds of Curvilinear Motion. In writing and drawing, all curved lines are made with one of two kinds of motion. In tracing the upper half of a circle the hand moves either from left to right or from right to left. The movement of the hand in the former case may be called evolute ( J ; that made in the latter involute motion. ~\ *** f ) f S*. y 0^> wi The strokes ^~> are ma de with evolute and > with involute motion. In attaching the appendages to strokes either kind of motion may be employed according to circumstances. CIRCLES S AND Z. 79. Manner of Attaching the Circles. One of the most fre- quently-recurring pairs of sounds in the language is s-z. These sounds are represented by the most easily-formed appendage a small circle , which may be attached at either the beginning or the end of any stroke, as follows: a. When attached to a straight stroke, it is written with involute motion. See lines I and 4. />. When attached to a curve it takes the motion of the curve ; that is, it is written on the concave side. See lines 2, 3, 5 and 6. c. When between two straight strokes the circle is written with involute motion if the straight strokes are in the same direction (see line 7), but if they are of a different direction the circle is written in the shortest way, that is, on the out- side of the angle. See line 8. d. When written between two curved strokes it is usually placed inside of the first (see lines 9 and 10), though rarely inside of the second (see line n). e. When written between a straight and a curved stroke it is invariably placed within the curve, see lines 12 to 15. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 45 Exercise on the Circles S and Z. i X XL I / / _ _^ 3 Vo v^) "o vj 9 N^,^ 1 d b 4^ v^ r ^ L ^ /^ 15 Q_ - ^- -^ ^ V u 46 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. CIRCLES S AND Z. Concluded. 80. Vocalization of Outlines Containing Circles. In vocalizing, that is, inserting vowels in, outlines in which the circle-.? or 2 is used, the unvarying rule is that the vowels are written and read with reference to the stroke and not with reference to the circle, to which a vowel can never be placed ; thus, N r _ / j .r pea tea caw age asli eel v. c ^ f J -c peace tease cause sage sash seal 81. Rules for Writing Stroke and Circle Forms of S-Z. a. When a word ends with j- or z use the circle See lines I to 4, except (6) when the s or z is preceded by two vowels one of which is accented, when the stroke should be used. See line 5. c. When a word begins with s use the circle (see lines 6 to 8), except (i/) when the s is fol- lowed by two vowels, one of which is accented, when the stroke should be used (see line 9). e. When a word ends with a vowel, pre- ceded by s or z, use the stroke. See line 10. f. When a word begins with a vowel followed by s or z use the stroke. See line II. g. When a word begins with z use the stroke. See line 12. h. When s or z occurs in the middle of a word the circle is generally used. See lines 13 to 15. 82. Rules for Reading. a. When an outline begins with a circle, the word begins with j. b. When an outline ends with a circle, the word ends with s or z. 83. Vowel Expression between a Stroke and a Circle. It must be remembered that the rules given in paragraph 41 apply only to vowels written between two stroke consonants. When one consonant is represented by a circle the intervening vowel must of course be placed to the stroke. Thus ~L /A 2 X C / X .1 4 r \ T) / ^ J ) s T) VV ^ 6 T .f /\ r "^ r i .r 14 ,5 V / h, K ) ^ b X 48 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. CIRCLE SES, SEZ, ZES, ZEZ. 85. Representation of Plurals. It will have been perceived that one of the most important uses of the circle s-z is the representation of the plural number of nouns. In cases where the singular already ends with a circle the plural is formed by enlarging the circle. See lines I to 8. When the singular ends with .r the corresponding plural ending is sez. When the singular ends with 2 the corresponding plural ending is zez. Similarly, when the outline of the infinitive of a verb ends with a small circle, the circle is enlarged to form the third- person singular, indicative. 86. The Large Circle in other Cases. The syllables ses and zez, as well as sts and zes, are also represented in other cases by the large circle. See lines 9 and 10. 87. Sez-ez. When the singular ends with a large circle the plural is formed by adding a small circle-::, and the verb is treated similarly. See line 1 1. 88. Suggestive Vocalization of the Large Circle. It will, be observed that, unlike any phonographic character heretofore given, the large circle has a syllabic and not an elementary value, and that the vowel in the syllable represented is normally 3^ Vo V*, Vto O (^ , A. . A A /X 4 D o ^_p ^_9 3 ^ 5 NO \D X, X} V) NO 6t b fc- b- I b 7pJ ,_D -^ _$ ^ -^ 8 xx> vD VD VD v 9 ^ 9 \ n . Q O f >3 o f O <0 -^P \/ / *-P \. 10 V. ^^ v_K No V -V ^ r / jj . Q Q /'^ :C n 1 g) \D -No _^ fe _^^ ^f ^ 13 \3 < x- <^>^S> N n -ix S^> 14 . Q V / \. V^_ I 5^ -C \ ^ ^ *A v^. I THE MANUAL OF 1'HONOGRAPHY. LOOP-ST. gi. The Small Loop. St with no intervening voVel is represented in phonography by a small loop one-half the length of the stroke to which it is attached, written in the involute direction to straight strokes and on the concave side of curves (compare paragraph 79). It is used chiefly (a) at the end of strokes (see lines I to 3) but (^) may also be initial (see lines 8 to 10). It is used to a slight extent (c) in the middle of words (see line n), but never when the stroke which follows is of such a direction as to cut through the stroke to which the loop is attached. The loop cannot be used in words like vestige, 92. Vocalization of Outlines Containing Loops. As in the case of the circle (see paragraph 80) a vowel cannot be placed to the loop, but must be written and read with reference to the stroke. 93. Rules for the Use of Loop-St. a. When a word begins with st use the loop. b. When the word begins with a vowel followed by st use the stroke-.?, c. When the word ends with st use the loop. d. When the word ends with a vowel preceded by st use the circles and stroke-/, as gust ~~f => , gusty ~"j~T . e. When a vowel occurs between s and /, the loop cannot be used. 94. Representation of Zd. a. The small loop may be used to represent zd at the end of outlines which contain two or more strokes (see line 5). b. After a single stroke the form | must be used (see line 6) except (f) after ( // ^_^ and <^ when the loop may be used, but must be shaded (see line 7). 95. Loop and Circle Combined. When the loop st is followed by s, the circle should be written through the stroke as in line 4. These forms are chiefly used in writing the plural of nouns, and the third-person singular of verbs. LOOP-STR. 96. The Large Loop. A large final loop written involute on straight strokes and on the concave side of curves, represents str with- out intervening vowels (see lines 12 and 13). This loop extends about two-thirds the length of the stroke to which it is attached and is never used initially. When a vowel ends a word after str the loop cannot be employed. 97. Large Loops and Circles Combined. The circle s follows the loop str (see line 14) just as it follows the small loop (compare line 4). THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 51 Exercise on the Loop-st. s. s & r IT / w j > e ~\ ^ -0 8-\ \ -p -r / / ^ 9 ^^ ^ '0 ' fc7~^ d^""* ^x <^\ r\ p kncrws, \, does. 100. Loop-st Added to Logograms. The loop-j^ may be added to a logogram which represents an adjective, to form the superlative degree, as >^P youngest. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 53 Exercise on the Circle and Loop Logograms. J \ e- . r j \ , i r, i j / \o N t _ ) ^^_ 6 fe > ^ < i No. I ^ -p 1 x , 2 -f . U .3 ' r, I HI \ / ^ 4 ^ r J i u 1 9 '-^ X /o C! N v / O n D \ . \ 54 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. THE N-HOOK. 101. Manner of Attachment. A small final hook may be attached to any stroke to represent w. When attached to straight strokes the -hook is written in the evolute direction (see lines I to 3) ; when attached to curves it is written on the concave side of the curve (see lines 4 to 6). 102. Rules for Stroke and Hook Forms of N. a. When n is the last sound in a word use the hook as pen \ ; except (6) when the n is preceded by two vowels, one of which is accented, in which case the stroke form should be used, as pecan \^_^ ; c. When a word ends with a vowel preceded by n use the stroke, as penny \_^/ 103. Medial Use of N-hook. The -hook is most frequently used at the end of words, but it is sometimes employed in the middle of an outline, in order to obtain a more convenient form. See line 7. 104. Combined N-hook and Circles. The circle s-z may be written within the w-hook and the combination thus obtained is read ns or z. See line 8. This combination is chiefly useful in writing the plurals of nouns outlines of the singular of which end with an - hook, but it is often used in other cases, and sometimes medially, as in line 9. 105. Contracted Combination on Straight Strokes. When s or 2 ends a word after an -hook attached to a straight stroke, the combi- nation may be contracted to a small circle written with evolute motion. See lines 10 to 12. This will not be mistaken for the circle s, which is always written after straight strokes with involute motion. See paragraph 79 a. 106. Combined N-hook and Circle-sez. N-sez is written (a] after a straight stroke with a large evolute circle (see line 13). The large circle, however, cannot be written (b) within the -hook after a curve, but must be written after the stroke-w, as shown in line 14. 107. Combined N-hook and Loop. In like manner the loops st and str are expressed as following the w-hook on straight strokes by writing them with evolute motion (see line 15), whereas the simple st and str following a straight stroke are written with involute motion (see paragraphs 92 and 97). Of course, neither loop can be written within an w-hook following a curve. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 55 Exercise on the N-hook. r > > / 9 r- S 12 13 '4 15 \ X Jn J- .1 r ci r~ ~r / ~ hook, but it is also used in other cases. The large circle and the loops do not combine with the/-z' hook. 1 120. Compound Strokes in Relation to the Base-line. The attachment of an appendage circle, hook or loop to a stroke does not in any way affect the relation of such stroke to the base-line. Thus, /"and kn are so written that the stroke shall precisely coincide with the base-line => -, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 57 Exercise on the F-V Hook V \ IT "I Ir V /" "V V t VX '3 tsj/x C _| A| ' _ I/ /' 58 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. THE SHUN-HOOK. 113. The Shun-hook. The syllable which is variously repre- sented in longhand by sion, sian, shion, tion, tian, don, dan, may in phonography be expressed by a large final hook. 114. Manner of Attachment. a. Following curves the jv$-hook is written on the concave side. See lines I andr2. b. Following straight strokes the ^;/-hook may be written on oiinor side, with the following restrictions: (i) When the straight stroke is preceded by an appendage, or by a curved stroke which joins it at a tangent (com- pare par. 25), the sAurt-hook is written on the side opposite the pre- ceding curve (see lines 3 to 5). (2) When no such curve or appendage precedes the straight stroke, the shun-hook is written on the side op- posite the accented vowel (see lines 6 and 7), except (3) after | / / to which it is written on the right side (see line 8). (4) When the shitn-hocik is used in the middle of outlines it may be written on either side of the straight stroke, according to convenience. (See 1. 9.) 115. Rules for the Use of Shun-hook and Sh N-hook. a. When shun ends a word use the skun-\\ook, except (b) when it is pre- ceded by two vowels, one of which is accented, in which case the form ^y should in general be used. See line 10. However, (<:) in words like association, initiation, etc., where shun is preceded by a stroke-.?/', the shnn-\\oo\i is preferable, as also in a few other cases where very awkward outlines would result from the use of <-/ 116. Combined Shun-hook and Circle-s. The circles may be written within the s/iun-hooli to indicate the plural. See lines n and 12. 117. Backward Shun-hook. After the circle-* or contracted ns (see par. 105) shun is written as a small hook turned through the stroke. See lines 13 and 14. The vowel which comes between the circle and the shun is expressed by writing the dot before the combined circle and hook for a first-place vowel, and after the combined circle and hook for a second-place vowel. No third-place vowel occurs in any word written with a backward shun-\\ook. The circle-j may be written within the backward shun-\iook. See line 15. 118. Zhun Distinguished from Shun. When the syllable ex- pressed by the s/mn-hook is pronounced zhun the fact may be indicated by shading the hook (see line 2), but this is unnecessary in practise. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 59 14 Exercise on the Shim-Hook. <> i n, l_5 r / / I V, 60 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. FINAL-HOOK LOGOGRAMS. \ upon Vo phonography N^ above \ been (s then than [ whatever J ten f alone I difier ed t ent-ce J done '~~s man ft whichever J general-ly men * => gave 3 can opinion* = gone*" _, again > ? none PUNCTUATION, ETC. 119. Punctuation. The same marks of punctuation are used in phonography as in longhand except the period x , the exclamation mark J, , the dash -/- and the hyphen ^ . The comma should be written with a carefully-shaded dot (,) that it may not be mistaken for the logogram would. The parenthesis should be written either decidedly long longer than double-length th or .r or with a short cross stroke y \" . A second form of the period / , of the quo- O V 7 and of the interrogation mark T is some- times used by reporters. The hyphen is not used in writing com- pound words in phonography when the outlines of the component words join readily. Thus, words like day-book and air-gun are written with single outlines. In words like chain-gang, cast-off, the hyphen may be used. 120. Capitalization. Properly speaking, there is no such thing as capitalization in phonography, but a proper noun or adjective may be indicated by underscoring it twice ; thus, 121. Figures. Except the grammalogues one, two, three, six, ten, twelve, figures are best expressed by the Arabic numerals. Ordinals may generally be expressed by Arabic cardinals, except first, second, third, sixth, tenth, twelfth, which should be written phonographically. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 61 Exercise on the Final-hook Logograms. -, * 4 5 \ 6 L 7 . I >1 O 2 I Xvl \ J V \ J / x \ .a*. ^ II Al 13 H r r ..n~r;-i?, c :> , \ ^ v c \ ^ / ( 62 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. THE SMALL W-HOOK. 122. The Small W-hook. A small hook at the beginning of /, ray, m, and n represents w. See lines I to n. 123. Attachment to Curves. Like all other hooks the w-hook takes the motion of the curve ; that is to say, it is written on the concave side of the curve. 124. Attachment to Ray. Attached to ray the w-hook is written with involute motion. 125. Vocalization of Outlines Containing the W-hook. The unvarying rule in vocalizing outlines containing the w-hook is to write and read the vowels with reference to the stroke and not with refer- ence to the hook, to which a vowel can never be placed. In this re- spect the w-hook is like the circle-.?. Compare paragraph 80. 126. Rules for Writing the Stroke and Hook Forms of W. a. When a word begins with w and the following consonant is /, ray, m or n, use the w-hook, except when the w is followed by two vowels, one of which is accented ; thus, write wear \ b. When a word begins with a vowel followed by w use the stroke ; thus, ware c^"^ > aware X^^ 127. Medial Use of Small W-hook. While the small w-hook is most useful at the beginning of words it may occasionally appear in middle, as in line 7. 128. Combined Circle-s and W-hook. S preceding w may be expressed by placing the circle within the hook. See lines 12 and 13. 129. Hw. When h precedes w it may be indicated by shading the hook. See lines 14 and 15, and compare paragraph 60. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 63 r 11 (J- 12 -ft 13 c?~^ 14 6 Exercise on the Small W-hook. r r r rv ^r YI v/ V "5 _ x THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. DOUBLE CONSONANTS. 130. The Liquids. The peculiar quality of / and r, which causes them to be classed as " liquids," is their power of combining with or, so to speak, flowing into other consonants. Either /or rmay combine with a preceding consonant and 'unite closely with it in the same syl- lable. The combinations thus formed may be aptly spoken of as doiMe consonants. These combined sounds are heard at the beginning of such words as play, pray, blew, brew, fly, fry. 131. The L-hook. Double consonants of the / series are repre- sented in phonography by attaching a small initial involute hook to the stroke consonant which precedes the /. The / hook is regularly attached to the following strokes only: ^ //, \ bl, \ tl, \ dl, / chl, //7e ^>c gl, V/, ^vl, ^thl, (^dhl, cJ ski. Shi is always written upward and never stands alone, but must be joined to some other stroke, as it would otherwise be read shn. See pars. 22 and 101. 132. Double Consonants Considered as Indivisible Compounds. The learner must accustom himself to thinking of a double-conson- ant sign as representing an indivisible compound, and should not consider the hook as separately representing the /. It is therefore best, in speaking of the double consonants, to name each by a single syllable ; thus \ is//, as heard in the last syllable of the word apple, and no\.pee-el, which would indicate \f . 133. Vocalization of Double Consonants. Double consonants are vocalized exactly like simple consonants. If a vowel follows a double consonant, both consonants represented by the combined sign are read before the vowel. See lines i to 8. If a vowel precedes the double consonant it is read before either of the consonants represented by the combined sign. See lines 9 to 15- 134. Imperfect Hooks. When the /-hook appears in the middle of an outline it cannot always be made perfect in form, but must sometimes adapt itself to the preceding stroke as a slight offset, more or less closely resembling the form of the perfect hook. See lines 14 and 15, and compare par. 59. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 8\ 9\ 10 Exercise on the L-Hook. \ \v V \ V \ XD \ V V 14 '5 /\ (i -v. 66 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. DOUBLE CONSONANTS. Continued. 135. The R-hook. Double consonants of the r series are repre- sented by attaching a small initial evolute hook to the following strokes: \pr, \6r, I tr, I dr, / c/ir, / jr, c kr, c gr, \fr, \ vr, ) thr, ) dhr, _J shr, Jr zhr. 136. R-hook on Curved Strokes. As a hook can be written only on the concave side of a curved stroke, it is evident that the /-hook can be regularly attached to involute and the r-hook to evolute curves only. But as the combination rr is relatively infrequent and is easily written with the joined strokes, and as the combinations lur, sr, zr are already well provided for in the phonographic system (see pars. 79 and 123), a great advantage is obtained by writing _/>-, vr, thr, dhr as shown in the last paragraph. These signs, it will be seen, agree exactly with the straight strokes in this respect, that the r-hook com- binations are simply the /-hook combinations inverted. If the sign // \ for instance, be made of a piece of wire, and then turned over, it becomes pr \; in like manner by inversion ft \_ becomes fr \ rl \^ becomes vr \ //// (_ becomes thr ), dhl \ becomes dhr ) 137. Mnemonics for L and R-hooks. If the Zeft hand be held up with the first finger crooked, the outline of the // will appear, and by turning the hand in the various positions of/, t, ch, k, all the double con- sonants of the /-hook series will be formed. In like manner, the .tfight hand will give the r-hook series. The learner may also remember that the involute motion with which the /-hooks are formed is "Zeft-hand" motion, and the evolute motion which forms the r-hooks is "A'ight-hand " motion. See paragraph 78. 137*7. Tick-h before Double Consonants. Tick-^ may be writ- ten before any double consonant except /'/, gl, shl, rl, ml, kr, gr, fr, vr, Ir, mr. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 67 Exercise on the R-hook. V X V ,o '3 14 15 N, I -1 -1 7 > J f > s t - 3- V S P- 68 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. DOUBLE CONSONANTS. Concluded. 138. Irregular Double Consonants. Since the small initial hook attached to ( ^_^ represents w (see paragraph 123) it is evident that / and r-hooks cannot be regularly attached to these strokes. The combinations rl, ml, nl, ngl and Ir are therefore distin- guished by making the hook large (see lines I to 4), and the combi- nations mr and nr by shading the strokes (see lines 5 and 6). These signs are termed irregular, ml and nr being especially so. 139. Use of the. Double Consonant-signs. In general, the double consonant-signs should not be used when a distinct long vowel, a diphthong or an accented short vowel occurs between the two conso- nants, as in the words pole \f~ " , pile >/ , repel /f\f~ ', but should be used when no vowel occurs between the letters (see page 65, lines I to 8 ; page 67, lines I to 8) or when the vowel is an unac- cented short or obscure vowel (see page 65, lines 9 to 15; page 67, lines 9 to 15). 140. Intervocalization of Double Consonants. Strict adherence to the rule given in paragraph 139 would occasionally cause long and awkward outlines for words which might be written with convenient forms could a vowel be expressed as between the two consonants of a double consonant. Intervocalization may therefore be indicated in such cases by writing, in the same position as for the regular sign, a small circle before the double consonant stroke to represent the heavy dot vowels, and after the stroke to represent the light dot vowels (see lines 7 to 9). The dash vowels, diphthongs and coales- cent-signs, both light and heavy, are struck through the double con- nant stroke (see lines 10 to 14). If the first or third-place dash inter- feres with an initial or final hook or circle, place it just before the beginning or just after the end of the stroke. The beginner should use intervocalization with caution, employing it chiefly in outlines of considerable length. NOTE. When a word begins with rand /is the next consonant the intervocal- ized r/-hook is generally employed, in order to avoid the inconvenient forms which result from the use of ray-el and ray-lay ; thus write with the r/-hook the words rail, roll, rule, relative, relation, realm, relish, and the like. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 6 9 Exercise on the Irregular Double Consonants. v. 3 -**- Exercise on Intervocalization. v . ^ U 70 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. TRIPLE AND QUADRUPLE CONSONANTS. 141. Triple Consonants. When s precedes the double consonants a series of triple consonants is formed, as heard at the beginning of such words as splash, spray, straw, scream, etc. This series of sounds is expressed in phonography by writing the circle-j within the / or r-hook, as in lines I to 3. 1410. Vocalizing of Triple Consonants. When a vowel is written after a triple consonant it 'is read last (see line i), but when it is placed before, it is read after the s and before the double con- sonant. See lines 2 and 3, and compare par. &2a. 142. Medial Triple Consonants. Triple consonants are fre- quently found in the middle of words (see lines 4 to 8), and in such cases the circle may represent z as well as s. 143. Imperfect Triple Consonants. When a circle is written within an imperfect double consonant hook (see paragraph 134) the circle cannot be perfectly formed and written completely within the hook. It must therefore be lengthened into a loop in such a direction as shall indicate the hook as distinctly as possible. See line 8. In a few cases an imperfect str follows the w-hook, as in line 9. 144. Irregular Triple Consonants. When skr, sgr, sfr, or svr follows t or d, and when spr or sbr follows ch or j, the loop becomes so imperfect as to be too difficult for practise and the forms are therefore written irregularly, as shown in line 10. 145. Initial Spr Series. When the circle precedes a straight double consonant of the r-hook series at the beginning of a word, it is not necessary to write it within the hook, but the whole combina- tion may be contracted to a small circle on the evolute side of the stroke (see lines n to 14). This will be perfectly legible, as the small circle is always written to straight strokes with involute motion to re- present s. See par. 79 a, and compare par. 105. . 146. S before Stroke-h. By analogy with the spr series, s may be written before stroke-/* with the outline f , This form is rarely used but may be employed in writing such words as Soho, Sa/iara. 147. Quadruple Consonants. The loop-.rf may be expressed as preceding a straight stroke of the r-hook series at the beginning of the word by writing the loop with evolute motion. See line 15, and compare par. 107. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 71 Exercise on Triple and Quadruple Consonants. \ V V Vf \ \ \ -r .r v 13 \ A- * T- f~y- 0. h h every, very c^ where C^x only J three when* one p tell, till twelve call* difficult-y \ principle-al-ly / their, there \ remember-ed _/ sure-ly I truth _s pleasure dear Mr., remark , , able-} ,_ care \ from more near, nor * INITIAL LETTERS, Etc. 155. Initials. Initials of names or titles may be written in phono- graphy or in longhand, many writers preferring the distinctiveness of the latter method. In any case, C, G (soft), Q and ^Tmust be written in longhand, as there are no phonographic equivalents for these letters. In writing vowel initials phonographically the nominal consonant must be used. See paragraph 73. 156. Emphasis. Emphasis is expressed by striking a wave line (^^-^^] under a single word and a straight line under several con- secutive words. 157. Accent. If for any critical purpose it is necessary to indicate the accent of a word, it may be done by writing a small cross beside the accented vowel ; thus, *)' ^'.raj, )* r.?0y / ' THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 75 Exercise on the Initial-hook Logograms. 4. C T \on Y I / J C -3 J \ f x \ " s \ ^ 76 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. THE HALVING PRINCIPLE. 158. Vocal Affinity. A strong affinity exists, in the English and in other languages, between sounds of a like nature with respect to vocality that is to say, a voiced sound is much more likely to be immediately followed by a voiced than by a whispered sound ; con- versely, a whispered sound is more likely to be immediately followed by a whispered than by a voiced sound. This is observed in plurals, which are regularly formed by adding s (a whispered sound) to the form of the singular when that ends with a whispered sound, as lock, locks; and z (a voiced sound) when the singular ends with a voiced sound, as log, logs (=logz). Vocal affinity has an equally strong il- lustration in the formation of the past tenses of weak verbs those of which the past tense is usually represented by ed in the ordinary spell- ing. The sound which forms these past tenses is t (whispered) when- ever the present tense ends with a whispered sound, as pluck, plucked (=pluckt), and d (voiced) whenever the present tense ends with a voiced sound, as plug , plugged (=plugd). 159. The Halving Principle. The frequent occurrence of t and d in past tenses, as well as in other cases, is provided for in phonography by what is called the "halving principle." By halving a consonant stroke, t or d is added according as the stroke is light or heavy t being added to a light stroke and d to a heavy stroke. See lines I to 3. 160. Vocalization of Half-lengths. a. A vowel before a half- length stroke is read first. See line 4. b. A vowel after a half-length stroke is read next after the primary letter but before the added t or d. See line 5. 161. Halving of L, R, M, N. The rule for writing given in par. 159 would agree exactly with the phonetic principle stated in par. 158 if it were not for the fact that /, r, m, and , although voiced sounds, are represented by light lines, contrary to the general method of re- presentation explained in par. 6. When these strokes are halved t is added because they are light. See line 6. But as these strokes re- present voiced sounds it is desirable to add the voiced sound d ; and this is done by shading the strokes when halved for that purpose. See line 7. This necessitates that y, w, mp and ng never be halved. Half-length Id should always be written down. 162. Tick-h on Halved Strokes. The tick-A is attached to half- length exactly as it is to full-length strokes. See line 8. 163. Circles and Loops on Halved Strokes. The circles and loops are attached to half-length exactly as they are to full-length strokes. See lines 9 to 12. 164. Halved Double and Triple Consonants. The /and r-hook strokes, as also the large w-hook strokes, are halved like simple strokes. See lines 13 to 15. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 77 Exercise on the Halving Principle. b 7 r> 1 T T 11 \o 12 "\ 1 3 ^ 14 ^ 1- i h t-i X 1 i 13 i-l 14 k rl il vo*l \ 8o THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. HALF-LENGTH LOGOGRAMS. I did* could got* get after thought* without that* let lord,* read* ~> word might* immediale-ly* made nature not* under 172. Logogram for " Read." The word read in the foregoing table is the present tense of the verb. The past tense and participle are written /\ 173. Position of Half-length Logograms. Half-length logo- grams are written both on and above the line in accordance with the principle explained in paragraphs 70 and 71. A half-length logogram marked * is so written that its highest point may be exactly as far above the line as the top of a stroke-/. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Si 2 . _ 3 -^ - 4! = 5 C)Uv - 6 7 = C Exercise on the Half-Length Logograms. - ~ r < / :f Nj .. o C o <^ < -a N \ J I I 01 ^ -- .. {, 14 1 \ x \ 82 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. HALF-LENGTH LOGOGRAMS. Concluded. particular-ly* "\ part spirit* behind* P told 1 toward 77 child* C_ gentleman gentlemen* called* cared accord-ing-ly* quite* account cannot* g reat world seemed* mind* 174. Omitted Consonants. In many words an explodent imme- diately follows a continuant produced in the same position of the articulating organs (see Appendix A) and is itself immediately followed by some other consonant. In such cases the explodent may generally be omitted without lessening the legibility of the word. The follow- ing are the only important instances of such omission : a. P omitted after m : l^ ^ A b. A' omitted after ng : a-S c. T omitted after 's : \ x- "\ Though such license is not to be encouraged in pronunciation, it actu- ally exists in the unconstrained, colloquial speech of most persons. The phonographic outlines which result from such omission are in a practical sense so much superior to the full forms, that for all ordi- nary purposes they should be written. NOTE For graphic convenience may be omitted from the prefix trans. Thus transmit may be written Js instead of _r^ . Tras may be substituted for trans with perfect safety as to legibility, since there is not a single word in the English language which begins with the syllable tras. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Exercise on Half-Length Logograms II. where, become, before-.hand, behindhand., caller, careful, careless, childhood, childish, childless, -m>able, indeed, \ni1ifferent-ce, inset, in- side, into, inward, justness, letter-writer, lordly, manful, mankind, man-of-war, men-of-war, minded, misunderstood, moreover, natural, nearer, nearly, nearness, nobody, noway, nowhere, nowise, ow^-sided, onward, parted, partly, pleasurable, j?jrfold, j/^rpence, so-called, some- how, something, somewhere, spirited, spin/less, spiritual, surer, surety, teller, telltale, tenfold, thereafter, thereat, thereby, therefor-e, there-of, there-on, thereto, t/tere\\nto, thereupon, there-.with, threefold, t/ireepence, thoughtful, thoughtless, to-day, to-morrow, ftco-faced, twofold, uncalled- for, uncared-for, underbid, underdo, undergo, tinderhand, underrate, underscore, undersigned, understand, understood, tindertake, under- went, underwriter, undid, undo, untoivard, unusual, uphold, upright, upset, /ward, K'flj'-bill, wayward, welfare, well-being, well-born, well- bred, wW/-known, w^rrabouts, whereas, whereat, whereby, wherefore, whereof, whereton, whereupon, wherewith, workman, worldly, would-be. NOTE. Whenever the logogram men is joined finally in compounding, the vowel must be written, as there would otherwise be danger of reading it man. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Exercise on the Double-Length Logograms. 1 1 r __ s A ^ ' \ o s\ x 2 ' ^n\ 3 ~ s * S ( -r* v 3 ^ X r r- i- ^ J v_ 4 5 6 7 8 \ / J' X ^* . C V />^ x v <}; / (' I ~N/^ \ 9 .) f ( / C C N 4 ' .5 f . > / ' ( THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. THE TICKS. 184. The Ticks. The articles the, a, an, and the conjunction and are frequently written in phonography by means of a short tick joined to the outline of the next preceding or the next following word. The ticks are unshaded and are about as long as a vowel dash ; that is, about one-fourth the length of the stroke /. The ticks should be used only when they make convenient joinings. A tick can never be joined when it makes an angle of more than ninety degrees with the stroke to which it is attached (unless a circle intervenes between it and such stroke), nor can it be joined on the concave side of a curve. 185. Tick-the. The tick which represents the may be joined to the preceding word and is written downward in the direction of ch (see lines I to 5) or upward in the direction of r (see lines 6 to 8), as may be most convenient. 186. Tick a-an-and. The words a, an, and and are all represented by the same tick. When joined to the preceding word the tick may be written in the direction of t (see lines 9 and 10) or of k (see lines II and 12), as may be more convenient; it is, however, preferably written to the following word, when it is invariably written in the direction of k. See lines 13 and 14. When it follows I / / it is written irregularly, as shown at the beginning of line 12. DISJOINED AFFIXES. 187. Disjoined Affixes. Certain frequently-recurring affixes are conveniently represented by special signs which are disjoined from the outline of the main word or "stem." Disjoined suffixes are placed near the end of the stem-outline and disjoined prefixes near its be- ginning. 188. Disjoined Suffixes. a. -ing. When the stem ends with involute motion the stroke ^s is generally the best form, as also it is after the strokes /* < ^-^ ,. N s~^.- After evolute motion and after all other straight strokes use a small dot immediately following the stem-outline. See page 91, line i. b. -ings. When -ing is represented by a dot, the plural should be represented by a small circle placed in the position of the dot. See page 91, line 2. c. -ing-the. When the follows a word ending with the dot-z'wf, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Exercise on the Tick-the. ,^ 'V t, v.y. /t > > 2 / ^_/ S ^ 5\ > I J / / A ^ 6/ / J ^ '\ ^ 7 J- ^ r a' <-ir -s-\t ^ -~ > jl ^ i XL L / 1 1 S- V \r C- 13! 1 7 7 X T 14 7 7 T 1 (p 90 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. DISJOINED AFFIXES. Concluded. -ing-the may be expressed by writing the tick in the position of the dot. See opposite page, line 3. After ch,j, s, z, s/i, and zh the disjoined tick may be struck in the direction of p. d. -/)'. In all cases where final / does not join conveniently, -ly may be expressed by a disjoined stroke-/. See line 4. In rapid writing it is sometimes convenient to write the disjoined / downward rather than upward. e. -l-ty, -r-ty, usually -ility, -ality, and -arity, are expressed by dis- joining that stroke which represents the consonant immediately pre- ceding the affix. This disjoined stroke should be written close to and a little below the portion of the outline which precedes it. See line 5. f. -ship is expressed by a disjoined stroke sh. g. -self, -seh'es. -self is expressed by a disjoined circle-.? written at the side of the last stroke of the stem, -selves is expressed by a large circle similarly placed. 189. Disjoined Prefixes. a. Con-, Com-, Cog-. Con- and its modifications com- and cog- are represented by a light dot immediately preceding the beginning of the stem-outline. See line 8. When either of these syllables is found in the middle of a word, that is to say, when it is preceded by another prefix, the con, com, or cog is expressed by its omission, the portion of the word which precedes it being written near the beginning of the stem-outline. See line 9. This preceding portion may be vocal- ized for exactness, but in general this is not necessary. b. Counter-, Contra-, Contri-, Contra- are expressed by a short tick generally in the direction of ch, but before ray and m it may be written in the direction of/. See line 10. c. Circum- is expressed by a disjoined circle-J placed at the side of the first stroke of the stem-outline. See line n. d. Self- is expressed by the disjoined circle-.? placed at the side of the first stroke of the stem-outline. If self- is followed by -con-, -com-, or -cog-, the circle should be written in- the position of the dot con; that is, at the beginning of the stroke. See line 12. e. Inter-, Intro-, Enter- are expressed by half-length n disjoined. See line 13. f. Magni-, Magna- are expressed by stroke-w disjoined. See line 14. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Exercise on Disjoined Suffixes. / A 3> y 4V > 5 < 6 - -3 7 . -r -* v^j. ' I -7; 92 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. OUTLINE FORMATION. 190. New Kind of Practise Recommended. The student who has thus far carefully studied the text and illustrations and who has mastered the writing exercises, is prepared to benefit by practise of a new kind ; that is, copying into phonography connected matter taken, say, from any well-written English book or from the editorial page of a daily newspaper, and also, writing from dictation such matter at a rate of speed just within his power to follow the reader and write accurately. In writing such matter he will, of course, come upon many words not contained in the writing exercises of this Manual, but if these writing exercises have been faithfully practised and truly mastered, the student will have acquired a thorough familiarity with all the leading principles of outline formation and will write most of these new words without hesitation. 191. Variety of Outlines Possible. Occasionally, however, he will meet with problems which will have to be solved. Since /, d, f, v, s, z, sh, zh, /, r, n, w, y and h are represented in phonography in more than one way, it is evident that many words may be written with several possible outlines. The word abbreviation, for instance, has no less than twenty-one possible forms, though not more than two of these can be considered as in any way available in practise. 192. Initial and Final Consonants. The observant student of the foregoing pages will have recognized the fact that most of the rules respecting outline formation therein given are such as apply to the manner of writing the first and last consonants of outlines. See paragraphs 56, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 81, 93, 94, 96, 102, 105, 106, 107, no, 115, 126, 145, 147, 148, 170. These rules are sufficiently extensive in their application to leave little, if any, doubt as to how to write initial and final consonants. 193. Medial Consonants. No hard and fast rules can be formu- lated for determining the manner of writing those consonants which lie between the first and last consonants of any word. In many, indeed most, cases it is the necessary result of the kind of phono- graphic material available for writing the word. In certain cases, however, the medial consonant is capable of se'veral forms of expres- sion and the learner may sometimes well be in doubt in determining whether to express medial consonants by means of appendages and THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 93 EXERCISES IN THE CORRESPONDING STYLE. Benevolence. J , . ") IL, s A- - - . -^ 1 4 \, c If, J 7 ^^^, / ) %., .U .i A , ) > r ' ^ ) '^- 4 *", ~ . C \ I , -1 I ^ r \ >v v, . V r, " 94 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. modified strokes or to write them out "in full" with the alphabetic strokes. In the case of medial s and z no difficulty is felt, for the circle is almost invariably the available and desirable form. See paragraph 81 h. The medial use of the loop to represent st is quite restricted (see paragraph 91 c] owing to the fact that in most cases the loop would, if used, be followed by a stroke written in such a direction as to cut through the stroke to which the loop is attached. Most of the doubtful cases are, therefore, those of medial consonants which may be expressed by hooks. 194. Motives of Outline Formation. The two all-important considerations which must guide the phonographer in determining whether to use the hook or the stroke representation of such medial consonants are certainty in reading and facility in writing, which are, indeed, only equivalent expressions for legibility and speed. Growing out of these considerations are certain "motives" of outline formation which in the absence of definite rules, must determine the particular form to be used. These may best be illustrated by outlines contain- ing a medial n. They are : a. Balance of Motion. It is desirable to avoid the occurrence of the same kind of curvilinear motion both preceding and following a straight stroke and at a tangent thereto. For this reason words like branch, apprentice, springe, cringe, grange, are written with the stroke-w, and words like plunge, sponge, blanch, blench, are written with the hook. This secures in both cases what has been aptly called the "balance of motion" and maintains the straightness of the stroke, which otherwise, in rapid writing, would tend to become a curve. b. Avoidance of Obtuse Angles. It is desirable to eliminate obtuse angles, as checked joinings (see par. 24) are easily and rapidly made in exact proportion to the diminution of the angle. For this reason words like serenity, warranty, wrench, range, are written with the stroke-;/ instead of the hook, and words like tinge, dingy, Dante, are written with the hook instead of the stroke. c. Avoidance of Unnecessary Checks. It is desirable to reduce the number of checks in any outline, and for this reason the use of the hook in such words as clinic, tinge, jaunty, canopy, chinchilla, is prefer- able to the use of the stroke. d. Avoidance of Abrupt Checks. It is desirable to avoid abrupt THE MANUAL CF PHONOGRAPHY. 95 , h_ C ^ V , ./ Bridging East River. o o l8ll V. r \ . s 96 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. or "jerky" checks and to substitute for them, whenever possible, such as produce smooth, flowing outlines. Thus, the stroke is to be pre- ferred to the hook in such words as month, Monday, eminence, promi- nence, manage, impinge, etc. e. Avoidance of Imperfect Hooks. It is desirable to avoid imperfect hooks, especially such as are highly imperfect, and for this reason the use of the stroke in words like tonic, carbonic, panic, is preferable to the use of the hook. In like manner, in words like assignor, dinner, joiner, the wr-hook is preferable to the w-hook followed by a down- ward r. f. Derivation. It is desirable to write derivative words in accord- ance with the outlines used for the primitive words from which they are immediately taken. For this reason it is better to use the hook in such words as finer, finest, finely, fineness, finery, thus building the outlines for these words upon the form of the primitiveyJW. 195. Conflicting Motives. It will be seen that in deciding the outline for a given word we may have to consider two or even more conflicting motives, each of which, if considered by itself, would lead to an outline different from that indicated by the others. In such cases the balance of advantage must be kept in view ; and here it is that outline-building affords some play for individual judgment and taste. Happily, the opinions of the best reporters do not vary widely in such matters; but there will probably never be absolute uniformity of practise among them, as some will always attach greater value to certain motives than do others. Whatever variation may exist, how- ever, among well-trained phonographers will not in the slightest de- gree affect their power to read each other's notes, so long as the latter are written with reasonable care as to penmanship. 196. Use of the "Phonographic Dictionary." Whenever in copying printed matter into phonography the learner meets with a word the correct outline for which does not unhesitatingly come into his mind, he should carefully weigh the principles and motives of outline formation which should lead him to a decision, and he should then write the word in accordance with his own judgment. On read- ing his notes for all notes should be carefully read and criticised by the learner each doubtful word should be marked and the student's outline compared with that given for the word in the Phonographic Die- THK MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 97 c ^ x r _ i r ( x v / -- X ^ , "3 r ..i \ f V . THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. tionary. Should any discrepancy exist between the two, he should then endeavor to discover the reason therefor, and by repeatedly copying the Dictionary form make it thoroughly his own. In writing from dic- tation, the young phonographer must not pause to split hairs in deciding upon a dubious outline, but should promptly and boldly write an outline for the word, which, if not the best possible, shall, at least, express all its consonants in their proper order and in such form as to be vocalizable. On reading the notes so taken, the outline should be marked and compared with the Dictionary form. The Dictionary should never be used to save tJie learner the trouble of thinking how an outline should be written. Successful phonographers are not made by any process of mere memorizing of outlines. If, however, the Dic- tionary is consulted after the student has done his best in any case, it will prove a helpful friend and an invaluable timesaver, especially to the self-instructed student. 197. The Study of Printed Phonography. The learner who wishes to avail himself of all possible helps will not neglect to read and copy a great deal of printed phonography. By observing, com- paring and reflecting upon the outlines which he will there find, he will rapidly gain familiarity with the best methods of outline forma- tion. It is also an excellent exercise to transcribe into longhand printed phonographic pages which have been carefully read and studied and then turn the matter back into phonography either by copying or from dictation. The fidelity with which notes so written correspond to the printed notes should then be observed and discrep- ancies marked for special practise. Suitable printed phonography for the kind of practise here recommended will be found on the pages opposite this chapter, in the Phonographic Readers, and in monthly instalments in the pages of the Phonographic Magazine. 198. Deviations from the Standard in Rapid Writing. As the student through prolonged and faithful practise gains more and more familiarity with phonographic forms, he will find it easier and easier to execute them with the pen or pencil rapidly and gracefully. In so doing minor deviations from the absolute standard of proportion, slant and shade will of necessity creep into his writing, but these should be carefully kept within the narrowest limits consistent with an easy and natural style of writing. The student who has most THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 99 Franklin as a Printer. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. conscientiously adhered to the exact standard of proportion in the earlier stages of his practise will be the one who can, with greatest safety and in the shortest time, adopt a dashing, cursive mode of writing without diminishing the legibility of his notes. No fixed standard of size can be prescribed which will be equally suitable to all writers, but the size adopted in these pages is that best adapted to the average phonographer, who should avoid, on the one hand, a large and clumsy style of writing, and, on the other, one too much cramped and condensed. The matter of chief importance, however, whatever standard of size may be adopted, is to retain the proper proportion be- tween the full-length, half-length and double-length strokes. This caution is especially necessary in the case of strokes which stand alone not joined to other strokes. Many learners show a tendency to efface the distinction between the three sizes of strokes by making the half-lengths a little too long and the jdouble-lengths a little too short. This should be carefully guarded against and if any deviation from the true standard be allowed it should be in precisely the oppo- site direction that of making the half-lengths a trifle shorter and the double-lengths a trifle longer than their true proportions. No detri- ment to legibility can result from this course, and, unless it be pushed to an unreasonable extent, it will impose no restriction upon the writer's speed. 199. The "Corresponding Style." The student whose object in learning phonography is simply to find in it a convenient and time- saving substitute for longhand in letter-writing, diarizing, personal memoranda, and the like, need give his further attention only to the faithful practise of vocalized phonography as explained in the fore- going paragraphs. He will, however, find it convenient to omit the vowels from the frequently-recurring words given on page 102. The form of writing thus produced has been called, for the sake of dis- tinction, the "corresponding style" of phonography. No doubt, however, most learners of the art desire to acquire at least that degree of skill in phonographic writing which will enable them to take dictations with considerable speed, and such are advised to proceed at once to the study of the "easy reporting style" on page 172. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. ' t ( (o ! I ) < J 5-e- *L \ r^\ U -H? IO2 THK MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. OUTLINES OF WORDS OF FREQUENT OCCURENCE, UNNECESSARY TO VOCALIZE. -= /-. against ( > also S~ f~ little ^ long r^ . always d America make * '~, many i ^ x among - ^_p^ answer f material / method \ V article being / belief-ve ^~\ ^~C Misses / Mrs "--- -r / month \ V^ better ' v_iX necessary c between '-^ came *--P v_^ necessity N nothing OS ' certain ' 1 credit \^ perhaps X_^ person /^ -^ ^-^i earnest ^~- enough ^-j s^ quality rapid <^-x c^ firm S s) refer V ^ forget, forgot (/ relation -\ further s~^ s\ render > ^ // 1^^^ heretofore S v< report -i ^--j hundred " indeed ;> ^_^ return "^ 6 seldom I sometime a-~^^ 1 take indebted s "^- independent 1 instead ^~ intend 1 s> p turn v twenty S ] \ into ^ unless keep whether c / learn ' likewise / s\ work been \, differ- ed f ent-ce [ accord-ing-ly* <= before difficult-y = account =, behind* ^ do 1 advantage / beyond* done J after \^ but I Every ^ again = Call* c First all * N called* <^_ for ^ alone f can - 3 from ^ already* ' cannot* ~~^> full-y A an care Gave = and cared ^~ general-ly / another . could gentleman (/ any* ^^ child* gentlemen* ' are // come get as o common* give-n* aught* f Deai- gone* -^ * The logogram is written above the line. IO4 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. TABLE OF GRAMMALOGUES. Continued. good lord ~> not - got Made Of* \ great man ^~~s on ' Has matter , . one ^ have ^^ may only ^ he* me opinion* ^ him men* or* I his o might ought* ' how A mind* ^ Part ^ I more e^ particular-ly ^ immediate-ly ^ most ^^s> phonography V, important-ce* /~^ Mr. princip , , \ in ^ my Quite c_ is* o Nature Read* ^ it 1 near* <^^ remark* ^ its ^ neither -- _^ remember-ed X Just / next ^y Said r Know ^^. no seem* o Let f~ none ^__? seemed* ^ letter f nor* s^_s seen* ^ THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 10$ TABLE OF GRAMMALOGUES. Concluded. shall-t J three J what* D should till f whatever \ six* o o to N when* c > so ) together where ^/ some 6 - told P which / spirit* \ too \ whichever & such / toward T who / sure-ly _/ truth will (^ Tell twelve \j with* c ten J two \ without ( than >> Under -~> word "^ that* ( up \ world remember-ed / which 3 account ^ behind* / such .- _ called* it S child* c accord-ing-ly* L its / advantage c^ cared J ten / just C_ quite* {, whatever v general-ly give-n* f tell, till men* V^ phonography J shall-t f^~~^ man V. full-y .x sure-ly ~^ Mr., remark* 1 from tS usual-ly might* v^ have f will -^ immediate-ly* every, very \ think f alone C well > made ^ seemed* ) three r let ^ ^ mind* ( thought* f letter s~^ important-ce* \ them Vo this //^ are t/ where ed ' s improve- ment , ^ matter \5 than, then (/ world ^_^. in, any* *) the ir re "> lord, read* ^_^ no, know ( that* "^ word q_^ seen* 108 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. TABLE OF LOGOGRAMS. Concluded. ^? next ^ way I or* v ? opinion* f your I but ? none b yours / on* o__^ when* / he* / should <^^i one . the* v I* <^y only a A how c: ' nor, near* an, and c we* ^ not* \ all* c with* -.j nature ^ too, two c were ^ under 1 already* 3 what* ^ went 1 before ^ would neither* / ought, aught* o ye* ^ another / who <-> you thing* \ of* u yet ^s young \ to " beyond* WRITING EXERCISES. DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT 200. Necessity for Writing Exercises. The explanations and reading exercises in the preceding portion of this book will, if care- fully studied, enable the learner correctly and rapidly to read printed phonography. The power to do this, however, does not of necessity imply the power to write phonography either correctly or rapidly. The way to learn to write phonography is to write it, and no learner can hope to become a skillful reporter, who is not willing to cover reams of paper with phonographic notes written with painstaking care. The following exercises have been prepared with great care in order to furnish the exact kind of writing practise needed by the student as he progresses from point to point in learning the system, and until he has fully mastered these exercises, he should confine his writing practise strictly to them, after which he may with advantage practise upon a great variety of matter of his own selection. 201. Writing Materials. Before setting out to write the exercises, the student must, of course, provide himself with the necessary writ- ing materials, consisting of paper, pen and ink, and pencil, and the very best quality of each should be selected. All are so cheap that no economy can be exercised in chosing an inferior grade. 202. Paper. Phonography should be written on ruled paper only. Expressly for the use of learners copy-books are prepared with double lines between which the phonographic characters are to be written. Double-ruled paper, though not a necessity to the "beginner, is a great help to him, as it assists him to secure uniformity of size in writing. The student is advised to get at least four phonographic copy-books, or their equivalent in "student's paper" to be used as hereafter directed. 203. Pen and Ink Pencil. Pen and ink are, under all ordinary circumstances, to be preferred to the pencil, and the learner should begin to use them at once. A rather fine-pointed, soft, steel pen should be selected, such as the Phonographic Institute Steel Pen No. . (109) THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. I, the Spencerian Nos. I and 2, or the Gillott No. 332. Many excellent inks are in the market, and it is unnecessary to specify any particular make. Use the pen generally and occasionally the pencil, but do not confine yourself exclusively to either. The pencil, when used, should be of medium hardness and small diameter, such as the Phonographic Institute Lead Pencil. 204. Manner of Holding the Pen or Pencil. The opinion of phonographers will probably remain divided as to the best method of holding the pen or pencil. The learner is advised to hold his pen or pencil in the manner usual in writing long-hand between the thumb and the first and second fingers unless he finds that in so doing, he is unable easily and accurately to write the stroke / in an exactly vertical direction. If after a few day's practise any difficulty which may be found in doing this does not disappear, he may find it of advantage to hold the pen between the first and second fingers, keeping it in place with the thumb. Whichever method is adopted, the hand should be supported lightly on the nails of the third and fourth finger, and the student should sit squarely in front of the desk or table, steadying his body with the left arm, so that the right arm may be perfectly free and unimpeded as the hand glides smoothly and easily from the beginning to the end of each line of writing. 205. Preparation for the Writing Exercise. The learner should take up writing Exercise I, and each exercise thereafter, only after having made careful preparation for each, in turn, by studying the text corresponding to it and copying many times the reading exercise on the page opposite the text. He is advised to do this in the follow- ing manner: Take one of the four copy-books referred to in para- graph 202 and mark it "Practise Book." Write in this practise book each outline of the engraved reading exercises on page 17, plac- ing each outline on a separate line and at the extreme left end thereof. When the exercise is thus finished, it will be in column at the left side of several succeeding pages of the book. These outlines should now be carefully criticised and corrected by the teacher, or by the student himself, if self-instructed. Now begin with the first line, and fill it with as many repetitions of the outline that begins it as can be made to go on the line without undue crowding. Each form should be made slowly, neatly and carefully, and each should be THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. compared with those preceding it, so that any inaccuracy in its formation may be improved upon in the next. When all the lines are filled in this manner, the work should again be criticised, but this time at the right side of the page. All slovenly, misshapen, or otherwise defective outlines should be marked and rewritten in the second copy-book (which should be marked "Correction Book"), at least one line being written of each corrected outline. 206. How to Practise the Writing Exercise. When this tho- rough preparation has been completed, the learner should take up the writing exercise. Write the words "in column," in the third copy- book, which should be marked " Exercise Book." This first, or left-hand, column should then receive careful criticism from the teacher, or from the student himself, after which each line should be carefully filled. Finally, the right-hand column should be criticised, and all defective outlines again practised in the correction book. 207. Dictation Exercises. So much practise of the lesson, slowly and carefully written, will have fitted the learner to benefit greatly by the dictation exercise which follows the writing exercise. This should now be read aloud by the teacher or other reader, and the words should be written and rewritten in the fourth copy-book (marked " Dictation Book") until the learner can write every word in it with- out an instant's hesitation. It is not recommended that the learner should try to write the outline itself with any great speed, though, of course, he should be prompt and waste no time in writing it. No speed will be gained by trying to " hurry up " but rather by acquiring perfect familiarity with each principle in turn through such frequent repetition of the dictation exercise as will insure that every outline can be written with perfect promptitude and with no trace of the hesi- tation which comes of having to "stop to think," even momentarily, how any outline shall be written. 208. Hints to Self-instructed Learners. Write slowly and care- fully at the outset. The foundation of a good style of writing can be laid only by precision in the formation of the phonographic cha- racters in the early exercises. Form your first outlines just as if you were drawing rather than writing them. Rapidity can be secured by repetition and practise, and by diligent practise both rapidity and accuracy may be attained. If, however, your desire to write fast is THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. permitted to outweigh your resolution to write well, you will not only delay your attainment of real swiftness, but you will, most likely, confirm in yourself a slovenly and illegible habit of writing. During the first month of your practise you should make it a rule [a] to name each character aloud as you write it ; (6) to trace each character as you read it. By pronouncing each character aloud as you write it, the ear, eye and hand are trained at the same time the ear to recog- nize the sound, the hand to shape the sign, and the eye to judge of the accuracy of the formation. No student can expect to become a good writer of phonography, whose ear, eye and hand have not been equally and harmoniously trained. When reading printed phono- graphic exercises, or your own writing, let your practise be to trace the outline of each word as you read it, by using a wooden stick sharpened to a point, or a pen without ink. It will greatly facilitate your acquirement of phonography carefully to read and review each day the exercises written on the preceding one. They should be read and re-read, aloud, until this can be done without hesitation. The neglect of this rule will waste your time, cause you to over-look much that; you might profitably review, and in other ways hinder your progress. Do not read through the entire book before beginning to write, but master each writing exercise in turn before proceeding to the study of the next principle. Still less need you display your skill by attempting to " puzzle out " sentences at the end of the book, before you are familiar with the elements of which they are composed. This advice will be needed only by those who have not the good sense to perceive, or whose minds have not been so far disciplined by study as to know that no art or science can be truly mastered, the study of which is not begun and continued in a systematic manner. EXERCISE I. Combinations of Consonants. See paragraphs 21 to 24. Pars. 21 and 22. P-lay, b-ray, d-lay, ch-lay, j-ray, v-lay, s-lay, lay-b, lay-d, lay-f, lay-dh, ray-d, ray-p, ray-v, ray-ish. Par, 23 a. K-m, k-ng, g-mp, m-g, n-k, n-ng. Par. 23 b. P-g, b-k, b-mp, t-m, t-ng, d-m, d-ng, ch-mp, j-g, j-n, f-ng, v-n, th-m, s-m, ish-k, ish-n, lay-n, ray-n, ar-g, ar-n, w-ng, k-lay, g-ray, mp-lay. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 113 Par. 23 c. K-b, k-ch, k-v, k-ish, g-t, g-f, g-ish, m-ch, mv, mb-d, n-b, n-ch, n-v, n-el. Par. 23 d. P-d, p-f, p-ar, b-j, b-dh, t-p, t-th, t-ar, d-ch, d-z, ch-p, ch-d, j-b, j-s, f-p, f-ch, f-s, f-el, v-el, th-f, ar-ar, w-j, w-ar, y-el. Par. 23 e. Lay-ray, lay-lay, ray-lay, h-lay. Dictation Exercise. P-ray, b-lay, t-lay, t-ray, d-ray, d-shay, ch-ray, j-lay, f-lay, f-ray, v-ray, th-ray, z-lay, z-ray, ish-ray, lay-p, lay-t, lay-ch, lay-j, lay-v, lay-th, ar-lay, ar-ray, ray-b, ray-t, ray-ch, ray-j, ray-th, ray-z, ray-zh, ray-el, k-n, k-mp, g-m, g-n, g-ng, m-k, m-m, mb-m, n-g, n-n, ng-k, p-k, p-m, p-mp, b-g, b-m, t-k, t-g, t-mp, t-n, d-k, d-g, d-mp, d-n, ch-k, ch-m, ch-n, j-k, j-m, j-mp, f-m, f-n, v-m, v-mp, v-ng, th-k, th-mp, s-k, s-n, z-n, ish-g, ish-m, lay-m, lay-mp, ray-k, ray-g, ray-ng, ar-k, ar-m, ar-mp, w-k, w-g, y-k, y-m, k-ray, g-lay, m-lay, m-ray, mp-ray, k-p, k-t, k-d, k-j, k-f, k-th, k-z, g-p, g-b, g-d, g-j> g-th, g-z, ni-t, m-d, m-j, m-f, m-th, mp-t, mp-ch, n-p, n-t, n-d, n-j, n-f, n-z, n-ish, n-ar, p-t, p-ch, p-j, p-th, p-ish, b-t, b-ch, b-v, b-th, b-ish, b-ar, t-b, t-ch, t-dh, t-el, d-p, d-b, d-j, d-th, d-el, d-ar, ch-b, ch-t, ch-f, ch-ar, j-t, j-d, j-el, j-ar, f-b, f-d, f-j, f-th, f-z, f-ish, v-t, v-ch, th-d, th-ch, th-v, th-el, w-p, w-b, w-k, w-g, lay-lay, ray-lay, t-m-lay, d-m-ray, t-mp-lay, ray-p-ar, n-t-m, n-v-d, b-lay-t, n-g-j, b-k-m, t-ray-f, p-ar-lay, ray-v-n, d-n-ng, ar-m-d, ray-b-k, b-ray-d, v-lay-v, k-v-t, d-n-d, lay-v-t, ray-b-ray, lay-lay-t, ar-m-v, t-ray-n, v-ray-t, m-ray-t, k-ray-d, ray-d-lay, n-f-m, lay-v-ng, m-ray-k, ray-n-d, g-lay-f, t-n-s, el-k-lay, f-m-lay, f-ray-th, d-k-d, m-m-ray, p-ray-ish, h-p-lay, ray-b-t, d-p-t, n-t-ray, p-ray-t, p-ray-d, ray-ng-k, d-shay-ng, k-m-Iay, m-lay-t, n-b-lay-t, k-p-lay-ray, p-ray-s-d, b-m-ray-ng, n-t- ray-el, ar-m-v-ng, n-t-ray-t, mp-lay-f-ng, n-t-lay-p. EXERCISE II. Combinations of Consonants. Continued. See paragraphs 25 to 28. Par. 25 a. P-p, d-d, k-k. Par. 25 b. F-shay, th-ng, lay-w, m-z. Par. 25 c. P-ng, t-ish, t-v, v-k, m-p, f-ar, dh-s, z-th, lay-shay, m-n, n-m, w-f. Par. 26 a. B-n, d-t, ch-j, g-k, th-b. Par. 26 b. B-ng, d-v, dh-b, zh-y, w-v. Par. 27. Ch-th, j-dh, z-ch, dh-shay, lay-s, el-ng. Dictation Exercise. B-b, t-t, ch-ch, j-j, g-g, ray-ray, v-shay, th-n, dh-n, lay-ar, ar-ish, m-s, mp-s, p-n, p-s, p-z, t-zh, t-f, k-ar, f-k, th-p, lay-k, w-t, y-t, v-ar, th-s, s-th, s-dh, ish-el, zh-el, ar-f, ar-v, m-ng, mp-n, n-mp, ng-m, p-b, b-p, b-s, t-d, d-ish, d-f, j-ch, k-g, g-ar, f-g, lay-g, m-b, b-z, d-zh, v-g, v-w, dh-z, z-dh, mp-z, w-d, y-d, y-zh, ch-dh, 114 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. j-th, s-ch, s-j, z-j, th-shay, m-ish, mp-ish, lay-z, el-n, f-el-ng, n-m-lay, p-s-lay, el-ng-th, k-v-lay-ar, t-d-m, el-n-j, n-f-ar-m, k-r-k, ra-n-f-k-t-ray, m-n-p-lay, m-ng-k, f-k-t, h-ray-t, ray-ray-lay, n-m-t, m-n-t-lay, w-v-d, v-k-t-ray, b-ng-k, k-k-ray, lay-shay-t, f-el-shay, f-shay-n-s, p-lay-s, m-lay-ish, d-mp-ish. EXERCISE III. Words Containing Long Vowels. See paragraphs 29 to 33. Write the six long vowels after the consonants p, t, g, f, s, ray, m, n. Write the six long vowels before the consonants b, d, ch, v, s, ish, ar, m, ng. Write the six long vowels after lay, hay, (see par. 34). Dictation Exercise. Be, bay, bah, baw, bow, boo; dee, day, dah, daw, dough, doo ; key, kay, kah, kaw, ko, koo; re, ray, rah, raw, ro, roo ; the, thay, thah, thaw, tho, thoo ; she, shay, shah, shaw, sho, shoo ; lee, lay, lah, law, low, loo ; we, way, wah, waw, wo, woo ; epe, ape, ahp, awp, ope, oop; etc, ate, aht, awt, ote, oot ; eke, ake, ahk, awk, oke, ook ; efe, afe, ahf, awf, ofe, oof; eeth, ayth, ahlh, awth, oath, ooth ; eeze, aze, ahz, awz, oze, ooz ; eel, ale, ahl, av--l, ole, ool ; een, ane, aim, awn, own, oon. EXERCISE IV. Words Containing Long Vowels. Continued. See paragraphs 34 to 38. In writing this exercise the pupil must pay no attention to the usual spelling of a word, but simply to its sound when deliberately pro- nounced. Write lay, shay and ray unless /, sh and r are printed with an italic letter, when el, ish nudar should be used. Me, may, nay, no, gnaw, see, say, bee, bay, bah, tea, toe, pay, day, do, though, haw, paw, eat, hay, oat, ate, ale, owes, ooze, each, chew, team, hoe, jaw, meek, peak, poke, name, came, babe, balk, both, mail, bathe, peel, Paul, beam, teach, maim, teeth, tale, boat, tall, fade, deep, peep, sha.de, shape, shave, sheep, daub, deal, beak, dale, also, below, detail, vacate, dado, aid, caw, daw, ease, cheek, gnawed, heap, jay, rage. Dictation Exercise. Ace, ache, age, ail, aim, ape, awed, awes, awl, bail, bait, bake, bale, ball, bajb, barge, beach, beat, became, bedaub, belay, beneath, bole, bought, bow, bowl, cage, cake, caked, cape, caulk, caulked, cawed, chalk, cheap, choke, coach, coal, cocoa, code, coke, comb, coo, cope, cork, dame, date, debauch, decay, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. deem, defame, delay, depot, doe, doge, dole, dome, dote, dough, eel, eke, elope, Esau, eve, evoke, evoked, fa, faith, fame, fay, fee, feed, female, fief, Fiji, foam, foe, folk, forego, foresee, forge, fork, form, forth, gage, gale, gall, Galway, game, gay, go, goal, goat, gorge, heath, heed, jail, Jew, Jerome, Job, Joe, joke, jole, kale, keel, keep, key, keyed, knave, knee, laid, lathe, lave, law, lay, lea, leach, leaf, leal, leap, leash, leave, Leech, Leith, Lethe, liege, loaf, loath, loathe, lobe, lope, low, lowed, ma, mail-coach, make, Malay, male, mall, Maumee, maw, May-day, may-pole, meal, Mobile, mole, mope, moped, moth, mow, nape, neap, neigh, neighed, oaf, oak, oath, oatmeal, obey, ode, off, opaque, Osage, own, pa, page, paid, pail, pall, pawed, pay-day, pea, peach, peal, peeped, peerage, Phosbe, poach, pole, pope, porch, pork, potato, saw, shah, shake, shale, shame, shawl, .S/iawnee, she, sheaf, sfieath, j//eathe, sheave, shoal, shoe, show, sAowed, sow (v.}, tail, take, talk, tame, tape, teak, teem, teethe, thaw, thawed, theme, they, thief, thieve, thong, thonged, toll, tomato, tome, torch, tow, vague, veto, vetoed, vogue, wade, wage, wait, wake, wave, waved, weak, weigh, weighed, weight, woe, woke, woo, wove, wreath, wreathe, wrong, wronged, Ya/e, yaw/, yea. EXERCISE V. Words Containing Short Vowels. See paragraphs 39 to 41. First-place light dot: Bit, pick, tick, ditch, pitch, pig, pith, big, Dick, dig, dip, dim, tip, pity, pitchy, finny, pithy, ditty, Biddy, busy, tinny. Second-place light dot (written before the second consonant): Etch, beck, debt, bet, peck, peg, egg, edge, deck, fed, death, beg, jet, fetch, keg, Betty, jetty, Jenny, penny, bevy, Jessie. Third-place light dot : Pad, patch, add, ash, at, tack, bag, bat, pap, batch, nag, match, tap, baggy, taffy, natty, chatty, Fanny. First-place light dash : Odd, botch, pop, pod, bog, bob, fog, knock, dodge, top, dock, Tom, dot, jockey, Johnny, Bobby, poppy, copy, bonny, doggy. Second-place light dash: Up, us, pup, bug, touch, tuck, duck, pug, tub, tug, buck, tongue, Dutch, dug, puppy, putty, buggy, duchy, dummy, puffy, touchy. Third-place light dash : Cook, hood, book, look, took, nook, pussy, cuckoo, cooky, goody. Dictation Exercise. Abbey, abbot, acid, academy, Adam, adage, agile, agility, agilely, agate, aiming, alley, alp, amity, anthem, Il8 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE VIII. Words Containing Medial A. Careful speakers make a clear distinction between the a in ask, mica, avow, etc., and the vowel in alms, far, guard on the one hand, and the vowel in am, fat, gad on the other. This medial sound of a may be distinctly represented by sign number 9 in Appendix C, but in practical writing it should be written with either the light or heavy third-place dot, according to the preference of the writer some approaching in their own speech more nearly to one and some to the other. The usual pronunciation of most speakers undoubtedly more nearly resembles the sound of the third-place light dot and that sign is accordingly used in printed phonography. Use the third-place light dot : Ago, aback, taboo, agap, aloof, appall, abate, ability, mamma, toga, Ithaca, Java, comma, Elba, papa, Judah, Panama, malady. Dictation Exercise. Abas/t, abet, agape, agog, Agatha, ahead, Aleppo, a/ong, Alva, among, anatomy, apathy, Apollo, apology, apeak, avai/, awake, awoke, away, bigamy, botany, canoe, cockatoo, Dana, data, demagogue, demagogy, efficacy, fatigue, inca, Jaffa, Jonah, lava, Mecca, Mocha, manna, Malta, Numa, omega, .S^eba, votary. EXERCISE IX. Words Containing U (E, I) before R. The vowel heard in hurt, err, fir, (heard only before the consonant r) is in quantity a long vowel, but in quality it very closely resembles the second-place light dash, with which for practical purposes it is written. A sign to express this sound with critical exactness is pro- vided in Appendix C. "Err, hurry, Perth, perch, birth, bearer, birch, Burke, lurk, lurch, earl, urge, Kirk, mirth, merge, derth, dirge, purr, burrow, Burney, dirty, cur, shirr, murk, murky, Murphy. Dictation Exercise. Use the writing exercise. EXERCISE X. Words Containing Diphthongs. See paragraphs 42 to 46. I: Tie, bile, dire, pyre, pie, eyes, vie, thigh, thy, nigh, bite, dyke, type, knife, chide, chime, gibe, live, guile, five, lyre, rhyme, mime, Ni/e, tiny, idol, ally, China. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. OI : Toy, boy, oil, coy, foi/, toil, boil, decoy, enjoy, annoy, alloy, noisy, oily, boiler, toiler, uncoil, envoy. OW : Out, bout, our, owl, cowl, mouth, gouge, thou, fou/, couch, vouch, allow, endow. Dictation Exercise. Abijah, afou/, aisle, allow, alloyed, allied, ally, allowed, alive.) annoy, annoyed, aside, avow, bite, biped, bow, boy, bough, by, chyme, chide, coy, cow, defy, decoy, defied, deny, denied, decoyed, die, dime, dike, Dinah, Dido, dignify, Dow, doit, dowdy, edify, Eliza, enjoy, endow, espied, espy, eyed, eyebeam, eyetooth, eyeteeth, fie, fife, foci, Gemini, gout, gouty, guy, haut- boy, hide, high, ice, icy, Ida, Ike, imbibe, item, ivy, joy, kneehigh, knife, lie, lousy, magi, magpie, mica, Mike, mow, mouth, now, noisy, ossify, out, outvie, pie, pike, pica, pile, pipe, pied, piped, pouch, shy, sow,Vthigh, thy, thou, tie, time, tiny, tide, tied, tidy, toy, toyed, type, typify, untie, untied, unalloyed, unallowed unannoyed, Vandyke, vie, viny, vow. EXERCISE XI. Words Containing Coalescents. See paragraphs 47 to 52. Write the long we, wa, wah, etc., before t. Write the short wi, -we, wa, etc., before /. Write the long jy^, ya, yah, etc., before t. Write the short _yz', ye, ya, etc., before /. Par. 52 a - (i) Weave, wit, wight, widow, widely, witch, war^, Waba^/z, yearly. Sometimes a first-place coalescent may be introduced into the middle of an outline : Unweaving, unwitty, outwit, bewitch. (2) Weep, wave, wait, wet, wage, weak, awake, wing, yam, yoke. (3) Woof, youth, watch, Eugenia, unity. Par. 52 b. Fume, dupe, occupy, gewgaw, puny, beauty, immunity, tulip, cubic, assume, Teutonic. Few, new, sue, anew, avenue, bedew, endue vendue. Dictation Exercise. Wife, wive, witty, wot, weed, weedy, wad, wide, withe, withy, witchery, \vis/i, was/iy, walk, weaving, year, yawl. Wavy, wade, wake, wag, waving, waved, web, weight, weighty, wed, wedge, wipe, wick, wink, wove, wooed, woke, Ya/e, yellow, yea. ">Euphony, use, usurp, unify, waif, yacht, Yarrow, Yankee, yore. Assuming, beweep, cube, Cuba, cupola, cubeb, duke, duty, feud, fumy, fuzee, Lucy, Luna, mewed, occupied, pneumatic, puke, pupa, Punic, putid, thwack, tube, tunic, tumefy. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Adieu, ague, Bellevue, cue, dew, due, emu, hew, hue, lieu, pew, renew, thew, undue, venue, view. Await, aware, away, awake, awoke. EXERCISE XII. Concurrent Vowels. See paragraphs 53 to 55. Par. 53 a. Iota, lanthe, Ionic, aorta, Iowa, Eo/ic, iambic, iodic. Par. 53 b. Payee, bayou, avowee, Leo, Fabii, genii, radii, Ohio, Pompeii, cacao, Bilbao. Par. 53 c. Miami, duello, evacuate, naTve, chaotic, poetic, duet, in- nuendo, coact. Par. 54. Idea, Noah, haying, poem, viewing, Moab, deify, neigh- ing, Jewish, bias, Josiah, poesy, peon, piety, moiety, shadowy, vowing, yEneid, Naj//ua, Medea, diet, bowie-knife, buoyancy, vacuity, gaiety, embower, diadem, Joab, lion, variety. Par. 55. Aria, opium, idiom, piazza, mania, Harriet, India, idiot, ammoniac, pneumonia, caveat, tedium, envying, espionage. Dictation Exercise. Attenuate, Diana, duenna, Fayette, hyena, ipecacuanha, Joanna, Louisa, naivete, naively, Tioga, towage, un- poetic, vacuum, Wyoming. Acuity, j^gean, yEneas, annuity, annoying, avowing, bayonet, being, boa, Boaz, Bowie, Boadicea, buoyant, buoyantly, chaos, coyisA, Darius, deity, defying, deifying, dietetic, diatonic, duad, edifying, eying, feeing, fiat, Genoa, gnawing, Goliath, hewing, Hiero, hoeing, Howard, ingenuity, inveighing, Isaiah, Jewess, ]oas/i, joyous, joy- ously, Judea, knowing, knowingly, Leah, Leon, Messiah, meadowy, naiad, ossifying, Owen, owing, Paean, Padua, panacea, pioneer, pious, piously, poet, j//owy, j^owish, suet, thawing, theory, Tobias. Acadia, ammonia, aria, babyish, Batavia, begonia^ cameo, deviate, demoniac, Dieppe, Ethiop, Ethiopia, Euphemia, Eugenia, Fabia, Guiana, Guienne, Iliad, Ionia, Lydia, maniac, monomania, Numidia, odium, olio, Paphia, Pavia, tapioca, theology, Vienna. EXERCISE XIII. The Aspirate. See paragraphs 56 to 60. Par. 56. Hem, whom, hazy, heal, Hawley, halo, hallow, hair, hock, hug, humming, whiggijA, help, Hiram, harp, herb, humpy, whiplash, humanity, hilarity, hectic, homely, hurl, hellish, hackney. Par. 57. Happy, hub, heed, heyday, hoed, heathy, higher, hurry, hewer, hyena, hitch, hedge, hang, hinge, hayrick, Harvey, hurrahing, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. heavily, hugely, hubbub, horrid, harrowed, honeydew, head/ong, Hungary. Hay, haw, hah, hoe, hew, high, ahead, ahoy, aha, oho, Ohio, aheap, Ahab. Par. 58 a. Bohemia, Mohawk, Jehovah, hedgehog, uphill, mohair, outhouse, woodhouse, ice-house, watch-house, whitehead, widowhood, mahogany, a/cohol, Rehoboam, hardihood. Par. 58 /$. Wheat, whit, white, whitlow, Whitely, buckwheat, half, halve, hath, half-pay, halfpenny. Par. 59. Unhook, inhale, cohere, bunghole, rehear, unhealthy, inhumanity, unhealthily, inhere, inhume. Elihu, unhitch, Ivanhoe, haha, thickhead, unhinge, unhanged, bulkhead. Dictation Exercise. Ham, haul, hale, Hal, hawk, hack, hag, Hague, haggi^, Hallam, harem, harm, hark, harpy, harr/;, hawkeyed, hail-fellow, harmony, harming, harelip, hallowed, Halliday, hell, hear, her, hemming, Hecuba, health, healthy, Herrick, hereby, hemp, hemorrhage, healthily, heeltap, heraldic, healer, hearsay, heresy, Helena, hill, hiccup, hilly, hillock, Himalaya, hickory, Hil- lery, Hilda, home, holly, hollow, hole, howl, hook, hog, homage, hoggis/i, Hoyle, homily, homeopathy, Holyrood, horror, homing, horny, holiday, hum, huzzy, huzzah, hull, hulk, hump, humbug, humility, Hulda, Hume, hymning, hymenial, whanged, whanging, whack, whet, whey, whig, whip, whipsaw, whole, why. Hap, hautboy, Haiti, hairy, harrow, Harry, Hannah, hatch, has/i, haying, haunch, hank, hanging, harrowing, harangue, haply, happily, Hadley, haycock, Havana, Harriet, hardy, harried, handy, hanged, harangued, haranguing, handily, heap, Hebe, heavy, head, heady, heath, hero, hewing, heroic, Hervey, herring, Headley, heavier, hejira, hedgerow, hearty, head-gear, heartily, heritage, heretic, hid, hide, highly, Hiero, Hindu, hope, hoop, hobby, hod, hood, hoary, houri, Hodge, hoeing, horrify, Howard, honeyed, hoe, hobnob, horrific, hodgepodge, hoity-toity, horridly, huffy, hurrah, hutch, hung, hunch, hunk, hurrying, hurried, huge, hurriedly, hunchback. Abhor, abhorring, babyhood, behead, Bohea, boyhood, kneehigh, unhappy, unhoop, unhung, unhappily, unhardy, unhandy. . EXERCISE XIV. Upward and Downward L. See paragraphs 61 to 63. Par. 6 1 a. Use lay: Limb ; loam, leak, lock, luck, lackey, Lena, looming, lunch, lounge, lookout, lineage, lenity, Laocoon, legate, luggage, locket, lacked, leagued, lugged, logbook, locate. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAl'HY. Par. 61 b. Use el: Alum, alack, Illinois, alumni, Allegheny, eliminate, alcoholic (second /up), alkali (second /up). Par. 62 a. Buell, fill, phial, fuel, vial, vowel, ideal, Joel, befell, unveil, barrel, royal, burial, Israel, ethereal, defile. Par. 62 b. Filly, Philo, fellow, volley, uvula, namely, handily, merrily, Riley,- merely, rarely, charily. Par. 62 c. Nile, knoll, annual, biennially, vanilla, kingly, Nelly, manual, longingly, Manila. Par. 63 a. Along, appalling, pulling, bawling, oblong, feeling, filing, fowling, availing, dialing, headlong, link, length, longing, annealing, chilling, keeling, culling, galling, befalling, unfeeling, cajoling, Par. 63 b. Use lay: Leap, elope, Lybia, lobe, elf, alpha, levee, Livy, olive, love, alva, Lethe, lath, leech, ledge, elegy, Elias, lassie, Louisa, lousy, laity, Alida, allopathy, Levite, limbo, Paul, pell, pull, bile, bowl, Moll, mule, tool, easel, agile, chyle, ghoul, billowy, Beu- lah, Milo, wittily, Delia, oddly, dahlia, Athalia, easily, July, gully, effectual, camomile. Write both 1's up: Labial, lamely, leal, loll, Lisle, loyal, Lowell, lull, lily, loyally, lowly. Par. 63 c. Use lay: Bulge, bullock, filthy, foliage, dilemma, caliph, pillage, apologue, Bellevue, Volga, mulatto, mileage, Molucca, unallied, gullied, Islam, epilepsy, palladium, belladonna, balcony, phillipic, milldam, deathlike, antelope, bullfinch. Use el: Film, filmy, vellum, Philomel, Philomela, Philomena, avalanche, monologue. Write both 1's up ; Belial, lullaby, Carlisle, coolly. Write both 1's down: Filial, unfilial. Dictation Exercise. Lame, lamb, lake, lack, laming, launch, lackaday, lackey, lagged, leaky, league, leg, Icon, leakage, legatee, leaked, legged, Lima, lime, lick, like, lion, Limburg, licked, liked, llama, loamy, loom, look, log, looked, locked, logwood, logged, logom- achy, lucky, Luke, Luny, lunge, Lynch. Alamo, alma, alike, alchemy, alackaday, elm, elk, Electa, Ilion, illuminate, illuminati, Olney, Olinda, ulna, alimony. Afoul, avail, avowal, Baal, befall, befool, beryl, bowel, dial, duel, dual, espial, fall, fail, feel, fell, file, foil, foal, fool, fowl, jewel, Merrill, parole, peril, towel, vail, veal, vile, viol. Cheerily, duello, ethereally, fallow, felly, folly, follow, heavily, THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. 123 ideally, narrowly, Ophelia, Raleigh, rally, relay, royally, Rolla, tho- roughly, valley, villa, wifely. Anneal, annul, annually, biennial, Emanuel, gushingly, knell, magnolia, manilla, Manuel, nail, Neal, newly, nighly, null, unkingly, youngly. Appealing, bailing, befooling, billing, boiling, bowling, coiling, cooling, dealing, defiling, doling, dulling, falling, failing, felling, filling, foiling, foaling, fooling, fopling, fueling, gulling, jeweling, killing, kneeling, knelling, lank, lengthy, lingo, long, lung, nailing, Oolong, paling, pealing, piling, polling, tilling, toiling, tolling, un- coiling, unfailing, veiling, youngling. Alabama, alarm, album, Albany, albino, Aleppo, alibi, alive, alluvia, allege, allied, alloyed, allopathic, Alp, aloof, also, Elba, elegaic, Elijah, Eliza, eulogium, elbow, eulogy, Iliad, lap, laugh, lave, lava, lathy, lathe, latch, lady, Lacy, lasso, lazy, laid, laughing, laving, lathing, leaf, leafy, leave, Levi, levy, lessee, levity, leaving, levying, lip, Liffy, life, live, Livia, Lieth, lithe, liege, lied, Livonia, living, lifetime, lop, loop, lobby, loaf, love, loath, loathe, lodge, Louis, lofty, loving, loathing, logic, luff, Lucy, Lydia, Olivia. Adelia, Amelia, appeal, appall, appellee, Angelo, Apollo, ball, bail, Bailey, ballet, balmily, Beal, bell, belie, belay, belly, bellow, below, beguile, Bengal, bill, billow, binomial, boil, Boyle, bull, bully, bylaw, callow, cabal, Camilla, calmly, chill, chyle, chilly, coil, coal, cool, cowl, comely, cupola, dale, daily, dally, deal, dell, delay, dill, dimly, Doyle, dole, doll, dolly, dull, duly, edile, effectually, Emilia, Emily, foggily, gall, gale, gaudily, gaily, galley, Gallia, gill, giddily, goal, Goliah, guile, gull, haply, happily, haughtily, Hadly, horridly, hurriedly, hugely, Isabella, jail, jalap, jelly, jole, jolly, jollity, Julia, jubilee, Juliana, keel, Kelly, kill, mall, mail, Malay, maypole, mam- malia, mantilla, meal, mealy, mellow, mill, mile, mole, Molly, Mobile, moodily, monthly, Mongolia, mull, nebula, nebulae, needily, oatmeal, opal, Osceola, outlie, outlaw, outlay, pail, pale, pal, Paley, peal, pec- cadillo, pill, pile, pillow, pillowy, pigtail, Piccadilly, Poll, pole, pool, Polly, pulley, tall, tale, tallow, tally, tallowy, tamely, Thule, tile, timely, toil, toll, uncomely, uncouthly, uncoil, unduly, untimely, up- lay, weightily, widely. Ability, Abimelich, agility, Amalek, anthology, apologue, apology, asleep, asylum, athletic, bailiff, Baalam, belch, belove, Bellamy, be- lied, beldame, Belknap, Belinda, Belgium, bilge, bilk, Bilboa, bow- leg, Bolivia, bowlegged, bulk, bulky, bullied, bulldog, bucolic, Caleb, calico, colic, colleague, dallied, delta, deluge, Delphic, delve, delv- ing, dialogue, eclogue, entomology, epilogue, etymology, evolve, evolving, failure, fealty, felony, filth, filch, foolery, Galway, Gallo- way, gallop, Galena, Gallic, Gaelic, galaxy, Goliath, Golgotha, gulf, gulp, italic, Kilkenny, Malachi, Malaga, Malta, malady, mameluke, Malvina, Malcolm, mail-coach, matchlock, melody, milch, milk, 124 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. milky, Milwaukee, mildew, mollify, moldy, Moloch, Molucca, Mol- davia, nymphlike, oblique, obligate, ophthalmia, outleap, outlive, palmetto, pelf, pelvic, Philip, pillory, pillowed, polity, Pollock, pop- lar, pomology, polemic, Polynesia, polygamy, Ptolemy, pulp, pulpy, public, rallied, theologic, tillage, tulip, unallayed, unalloyed, valve, villainy, village, vilify, vilifying. Baliol, Delilah, filially, Galilee, lilac, lolled, loyalty, lulled, owl- like, unfilially. EXERCISE XV. Upward and Downward R. See paragraphs 64 to 66. Par. 64 a. Rock, rogue, ruby, wreathe, roach, reissue, rag, rang, Raleigh, racy, renew, ready rebuke, royalty, rank, ravage, Roanoke, wryneck, rickety, wronged, rivet, retouch, radiate, reanimate. Par. 64 b, Ream, aroma, arm, ram, roomy, remove, roaming, rim, romp, ramifying, ruminate. Par. 64 c, Era, ire, awry, array, arrow, Eric, ergo, earl, our, orally, arrear, Aurora, irony, erelong, arrogate, arctic. Par. 64 d. Europe, orb, aerify, arch, aorta, arrayed, Arabic, archly, urbanity. Par. 65 a. Peer, pour, power, fire, affair, fewer, attire, widower, newer, char, corps, cower, lawyer, allayer, allure, headgear, Navarre, esquire, polar, boiler, miller, dealer, wrongdoer, reviewer. Par. 65 b. Mere, myrrh, amour, abhor, uproar, barrier, terror, narrower, higher, career, courier, empire, empower, interior. Par. 65 c. Opera, apiary, borrow, bureau, fairy, ivory, merry, Torrey, deary, dairy, theory, narrow, hedgerow, curry, cherry, Laura, foolery, mummery, imagery, notary, Victoria, capillary, Murray. Par. 66. Use ray: Heroic, horrid, purify, puerile, periwig, barony, forge, verify, mirth, merino, mirage, tardy, theorem, rarify, carriage, peril, parade, furrowed, deride, perfidy, Barnaby, veranda, temerity, debarring, unborrowed. Use ar : Farm, forego, lyric, Newark, Jerome, Parma, formula, fire- lock, decorum, alarm, aeriform, uniform, caloric, Carlisle. Dictation Exercise. Raw, ray, rake, rap, rajah, Ravenna, rabbi, wrath,, wrathy, rage, rash, rally, rainy, Raphael, rayed, raid, range, rabbit, rack, reap, repay, review, reavow, reach, retchy, revealing, reengage, rejudged, recoiling, regaling, relay, reed, red, reedy, re- peal, repel, rebel (f), Rebecca, refuge, refugee, revive, reveal, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 125 revenue, revoke, reviewing, reassume, renewal, renewing, rejudge, reechoed, recoil, regalia, regale, repaid, rebate, rebut, retail, retire, reattach, retake, readily, repealing, repelling, rebelling, revivify, re- viving, Rhoda, rick, rig, rip, ripe, rib, rich, ridge, ridgy, ring, Riley, Riga, rid, ride, riot, richly, ringing, rightly, rocky, rook, rope, ropy, rob, robe, rouge, rowing, royal, rowell, Rolla, royally, Rousseau, rosy, Rosa, Rooney, rod, road, rood, rondeau, rue, rug, rupee, rub, Ruth, rush, Russia, rude, ruddy, ruining, rudely, ruing, rye, wreak, wreck, wreathe, wretch, wreathing, wrench, writhe, writhing, wringer, wroth, wrothy, wrong, wronging, wrung. Ramify, ramming, ramp, remedy, reembody, removing, reemerge, remarrying, rheum, rime, riming, Rome, roam, room, rum, rumage, rump. Air, airy, airily, area, ark, arena, army, Arno, armada, arming, arcade, Arcadia, Argyle, armadillo, archaeology, argue, Aurelia, ear, early, earldom, error, Erie, Ira, Irish, oral, Orrery, Uriah, Yarrow, year, yearly, York, Yorick. Arabia, Arab, Araby, Arabella, archy, archduke, archduchy, aright, earth, earthy, earthly, erratic, erudite, European, orthoepy, urge. Adair, adore, afire, afore, afar, ajar, arrear, assayer, avower, bar, beer, bear, bier, bore, boor, bower, bowler, buyer, Burr, car, catarrh, chair, chore, core, cur, cure, dare, door, dower, dyer, easier, essayer, fare, far, failure, fear, feeler, fir, filler, fowler, four, gear, gore, guitar, gyre, heavier, inure, jar, jeer, layer, lear, liar, lore, lower, lure, lyre, Malabar, molar, ne'er, nigher, pallor, paler, pear, peeler, pillar, pore, poor, purr, pyre, rapier, repair, repealer, tare, tar, taller, tailor, tear, tire, tiller, tiler, tore, tour, tower, toiler, unbar, unfair, valor, vilifier, 'waylayer. Admirer, anterior, aspire, bearer, borrower, carrier, currier, em- pire, Farrier, furor, hewer, inferior, immure, impair, impure, juror, mare, mayor, mar, mirror, Moor, mure, Myer, rare, rear, repairer, roar, terrier, unmoor, weightier. Assyria, Aurora, aviary, barrow, Barry, bewray, Bowery, bury, burrough, Gary, cheery, chary, Cora, Darrow, Derry, diary, diarrhea, dowry, Ellery, Elmira, emery, Ezra, farrow, ferry, fiery, forray, furry, furrow, fury, gory, Harry, hegira, Iberia, Jerry, jury, Kerry, Leary, Lyra, Mary, marrow, marry, malaria, memory, miry, morrow, Moray, mulberry, Norah, Orrery, parry, Palmyra, Perry, Peoria, Peru, peri, Pharaoh, raree, rotary, tarry, Tara, thorough, tiara, tory, tyro, vary, victory. Abhorring, acerb, acerbity, admiring, aforetime, aspiring, barb, barge, barrack, barrel, Barbery, beryl, birth, birch, Borneo, borrow- ing, borrowed, Borodino, Bordeaux, burial, Burke, burgh, burying, burrowing, buried, burrowed, carp, Caribee, carrying, carried, career- ing, cherub, cheerily, charily, Cherokee, cherubim, cherubic, char- 126 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. ioteer, Corfu, Corunna, corrode, curb, currying, curried, dearth, debark, demurring, dirty, dirge, Doric, emerge, embark, embargo, embowering, emburied, Escurial, ethereal, Faraday, faradic, farthing, ferriage, ferrying, ferried, forage, foredoom, foreknowing, furrowing, garb, gorge, gyratory, Harvey, harangue, Harriet, hardy, harried, harrowed, harangued, haranguing, Herrick, Hervey, hearth, hearty, heartily, heritage, horrify, Howard, horrific, horridly, hurrying, hurried, hurriedly, immuring, inamorata, inherit, Israel, Jared, Lo- retto, March, marriage, mark, marrying, marring, married, merely, merrily, merge, Meredith, mooring, Mordecai, Morocco, Murdock, murky, notoriety, outmarch, outpouring, outreach, outrage, outride, outroot, parity, parody, parole, parch, park, parrying, parried, para- bole, parabola, parvenu, parterre, paradigm, period, Perth, perch, peerage, peruke, perfume, periodic, pirouette, pirogue, porch, por- ridge, pork, Pomerania, purvey, purity, purge, purifying, purveying, Pyrrhic, rarity, rarely, rarifying, reared, roaring, roared, targe, tarry- ing, tarried, Tartary, tardily, terrify, terrific, terrifying, thoroughly, thorny, thyroid, thoroughfare, tirade, torch, torrid, tyranny, unmar- ried, unvaried, unvarying, unmarrying, unmooring, unearthly, up- right, uproot, usurp, varied, verifier, verifying. Alarming, cargo, carl, choleric, cork, delirium, fairly, farewell, farm- ing, form, fork, forky, formulae, forming, forelock, forereach, inform, Jeremy, Jeremiah, joram, Kirk, lark, lurk, Palermo, poorly, power-loom, uncork, unfairly, virago. EXERCISE XVI. Upward and Downward Sh. Par. 67. Use ish: Abash, ambush, marshy, Ishmael, coyish> unshod, charade, famish, Russia, push, shy, hush, oceanic, barouche, shank, perish, shadowy, gnash, cashier, wash, shearer, bushy, rush, gush, mash. Use shay: Dash, sheave, fish, abolished, whitish, shelve, lavish, shyly, foo/ish, cheviot, polishing, Shiloh, toyshop, elfish, shell, fore- shadow. Dictation Exercise. Acacia, apish, ash, ashy, Asia, Ashby, ashore, Ashantee, babyish, bearish, bishop, boyish, bush, bullrush, cassia, cash, calabash, chamois, cherish, Chicago, doggish, foppish, gash, gush, gushingly, hash, Irish, issue, issued, Jewish, Joshua, mash, marsh, mashed, mawkish, mesh, mush, Nashua, Nashville, newish, Oceanica, pasha, parish, Persia, pish, popish, rash, rakish, reissue, Romish, roguish, rush, rubbish, Shaw, shah, shape, shabby, shame, sham, Shawnee, shake, shag, shaggy, share, shade, shad, shampoo, shamrock, shady, shadow, shabbily, shaming, shamming, shanty, she, sheep, Sheba, Shem, sheath, sheathe, sheer, sherry, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 127 shed, Shenandoah, sheepish, sheathing, ship, shiny, shied, shipwreck, shipshape, shiboleth, shod, show, showy, shoe, shop, showish, shock, shook, shore, shower, showery, showed, shoed, shoetie, unshady, unsheathe, unsheathing, washy, Wabash, waggish, wish. Ashley, chevalier, dashing, dish, dishing, efficiency, fishy, fireship, knavish, lashed, lavishing, polished, ravish, ravishing, shave, shav- ing, shawl, shale, shallow, shallop, shallowly, sheaf, Shelby, shelf, shilling, shoal, shoaly, shove, shoving, Theodosia, tissue, toyish, tush, wettish. EXERCISE XVII. Mp and Mb. When a vowel comes between the two consonants use the two strokes : Mope, moped, map, mapped, mop, mopped, Mab, mob, mobbed. When no vowel intervenes, use the stroke s~^\ Imp, dump, limp, bumping, temple, Pompeii, amply, impel, rumple, lamp, dimple, jump, camp, shampoo, umpire. Limbo, timbal, embargo, ambiguity, rumble, embalm, nimbly, bamboo, fumble. Dictation Exercise. Ample, bump, camping, champ, chump, damp, damping, dumpy, dumping, empire, empower, impale, impair, impede, impeach, impiety, impute, impure, jumping, limply, lump, pimple, pomp, Pompey, pump, ramp, romp, rump, tamping, thump, thumping, wampum. Ambush, Bombay, embark, embalming, embower, embowering, embody, imbuing, jumble, mumble, nimble, ramble, reembody, shamble, thimble, tumble, unimbued. EXERCISE XVIII. Vowel Grammalogues. Par. 70. Write the signs for the grammalogues, filling a line with each sign : The, a, an, and, all, too, two, already, before, ought, aught, who, of, to, or, but, on, should. I. Take no oath; make no vow; but if thou make it keep it. 2. They who do ill to-day may feel ill to-morrow. 3. Day by day, do each daily duty and be happy. 4. Fear to do wrong to anybody, but be ready to do right to all. 5- To much love of money may make a thief of anybody. 6. Love should teach us to pity and help the poor and weak. 7- A knave or a fool may lure the weak to folly. 8. They who make the debt may fail to pay aught of it. 9. All of us I 128 THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. ought to be loving, each to each. 10. Enjoy thy youth and thy hope before they fade away. II. They do ill who add length to a tale already too long. 12. The foolish heed nothing but to eat and be merry. 13. The ill hap of an hour may take away the joy of a life- time. 14. If two share a joy they add joy to joy. 15. Take time to toil and time to enjoy the effect of toil. I EXERCISE XIX.\ Simple Consonant Grammalogues. Page 38. Write the signs for the grammalogues, filling a line with each sign: Up, be, it, do, which, advantage, common, come, give, to- gether, for, have, think, them, so, was, shall, shall, usual, usually. I. The falling out of them who love doth renew love. 2. They who do ill shall come to feel ill. 3. They usually fail who fear to make the essay. 4. They who think life was given us merely to enjoy it know nothing of life. 5. The right way of living ought also to be the usual way. 6. Do wrong and thou shall pay for it. 7- They who think of nothing but to enjoy life live bul poorly. 8. Many ask for money bul few are ready lo give it. 9. They who toil for a. living usually have no lime to enjoy it. 10. They who aim to make a show of having much money usually have much ado to keep it up. II. The rich and the mighty usually aim at power to which they have no righl. 12. If the mighty take advantage of the weak,the weak usually aim al revenge on the mighty. 13. No remedy of the law should be out of reach of the common folk. 14. The love of money and the love of humanity rarely go together. 15. Many have so much to do they do it but poorly. EXERCISE XX. Simple Consonant Grammalogues. Concluded. Page 40. For each of the following grammalogues write the corre- sponding logogram, filling a line wilh each : Will, are, me, my, him, may, imporlanl, imporlance, improve, improved, improvemenl, in, any, no, know, thing, young, way, your. I. They are but poor who have too much. 2. Know the way to make your life a happy life make it a busy life. 3. They are happy who toil day by day for both bodily and mental improve- THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 129 ment. 4. Each day and each hour should be improved by the young. 5. The fool will feel no love for them who wish to teach him to im- prove. 6. They who know anything which may be important for all to know ought to say so right away. 7. Aim to know each thing which may be of much importance in your life. 8. Love me, love my dog. 9. They who go into debt may wait long before they come out. 10. Death will come alike to youth and age, to rich and poor, to mighty and lowly. II. The fool will beat the bush and the knave will catch the game. 12. Give an inch to many and they will take an ell. 13. The fool will eat the cake and think to have it too. 14. They who are far ahead to-day may be far to the rear to-morrow. 15. Keep thy shop and thy shop will keep thee. EXERCISE XXI. Diphthong, Coalescent, and Aspirate Grammalogues. Page 42. For each of the following grammalogues write the corre- sponding logogram, filling a line with each : I, how, we, with, were, what, would, ye, yet, beyond, you, he. I. Show me a liar and I will show you a thief. 2. Do what you ought to do and you will be happy. 3. Aim to be in fact what you would appear to be. 4. The poor at all time ye have with you. 5. He .who would be happy should also be busy. 6. They are happy who know how to improve each day and hour. 7. We all carry with us a weight of debt which we should have paid long ago. 8. We ought to look beyond the fear of to-day and reach out to the hope of to-morrow. 9. We have to thank our own folly for much of the ill we bear. 10. You may hear fair talk come out of the mouth of any knave. II. Many know why they ought to do right, and yet dare to do wrong. 12. If no money were to be had we should all be rich and poor alike. 13. They who keep at home all the time know noth- ing beyond home. 14. I am rich enough if I am happy with what I have. 15. They are lucky who love to do what they are paid to do. EXERCISE XXII. Joining of Circles S and Z. See paragraph 79. Par. 79 a. P-s, t-s, ray-s, s-p, s-g, n-t-s, k-ch-s, t-ray-s, n-h-s, s-p-t, s-p-ray-b, s-t-k, s-g-n-f, s-ray-v, s-t-s, s-ray-s, s-t-k-s, s-j-k-s, s-ray-p-s. THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. Par. 79 & F-s, dh-s, ar-s, w-s, s-th, s-ng, ray-th-s, p-z-s, k-lay-s, m-n-s, s-f-t, s-th-k, s-s-t, s-z-ar, s-n-ch, s-ar-s, s-lay-s, s-m-s, s-w-s, s-v-ng-s, s-dh-ng-s, s-z-ar-s, s-ar-k-s, s-n-f-s. Par. 79 c. P-s-t, p-s-k, p-s-j, t-s-t, t-s-k, d-s-k, d-s-ray-el, k-s-d, g-s-p, ray-s-p, ray-s-ray. Par. 79 d, F-s-el, f-s-n, v-s-el, v-s-n, th-s-el, s-s-ar, lay-s-lay, el-s-ng, ar-s-n, m-s-ish, m-s-m, mp-s-m, n-s-m ; f-s-m, v-s-m, th-s-m, n-s-lay-ray, v-s-lay-j, th-s-lay. Par. 79 e. D-s-ar, ch-s-el, ch-s-n, j-s-n, k-s-m, ray-s-v, ray-s-ng, h-s-ng, f-s-k, lay-s-p, m-s-t, m-s-ray, n-s-ray. Dictation Exercise. B-s, d-s, ch-s, j-s, k-s, g-s, h-s, s-p, s-t, s-d, s-ch, s-j, s-k, s-ray, ray-p-s, ray-b-s, b-d-s, j-j-s, p-k-s, b-g-s, s-t-k, s-ch-k, s-j-k, s-k-p, s-p-s, s-b-s, s-t-s, s-ch-s, s-j-s, s-k-s, s-g-s, s-p-k-s, s-b-ray-b-s, s-d-ray-s, s-ch-k-s, s-k-b-s, s-g-t-s. V-s, th-s, s-s, z-s, ish-s, zh-s, lay-s, m-s, mp-s, n-s, ng-s, y-s, s-f, s-v, s-dh, s-z, s-ish, s-zh, s-lay, s-ar, s-m, s-mp, s-n, s-w, s-y, ray-f-s, n-v-s, ray-dh-s, ray-ish-s, ray-zh-s, t-ar-s, n-m-s, f-ng-s, t-w-s, f-el-s, s-v-n, s-dh-ng, s-z-ar, s-ish-b, s-lay-p, s-ar-lay, s-m-lay, s-mp-lay, s-n-p, s-ng-ar, s-w-mp, s-f-s, s-v-s, s-th-s, s-dh-s, s-z-s, s-ish-s, s-zh-s, s-ar-s, s-m-s, s-n-s, s-ng-s, s-y-s, s-f-el-s, s-th-k-s, s-s-t-s, s-ish-p-s, s-el-ng-s, s-m-k, s-mp-lay-s, s-ng-k-s, s-w-mp-s. P-s-d, p-s-j, b-s-ray, b-s-t, p-s-ch, p-s-k, t-s-d, d-s-t, d-s-d, d-s-g-s, ch-s-t-s, j-s-t-s, k-s-p-s, k-s-t, k-s-k, k-s-ray, g-s-t-lay, g-s-ray, ray-s-t, ray-s-d, ray-s-k. F-s-f, f-s-shay-s, f-s-ar, f-s-ng, v-s-f-s, v-s-ar, v-s-ng, n-th-s-ng, s-s-n, el-s-v, lay-s-ar, lay-s-m, el-s-n, ar-s-ar, ar-s-m, m-s-v, m-s-s, m-s-lay, m-s-ar, m-s-n, m-s-ng, mp-s-v, mp-s-lay, n-s-f, n-s-v-ray, n-s-el, n-s-n, n-s-ng. ' P-s-f-el, p-s-el, p-s-ar, p-s-m, p-s-n, p-s-ng, b-s-v, p-s-lay, b-s-ar, b-s-m, b-s-n, b-s-ng, t-s-f, t-s-ar, t-s-n, d-s-v, d-s-el, d-s-n, d-s-ng, ch-s-ar, ch-s-ng, j-s-f, ray-j-s-ng, k-s-ng, g-s-ng, ray-s-lay, ray-s-n, h-s-lay, h-s-n, f-s-t, f-s-d, v-s-t, lay-s-t, m-s-k, mb-s-k-d, n-s-t, ng-s-t. EXERCISE XXIII. Words Containing Circles S and Z. See paragraph 81. Par. 8l a. Base, decks, keels, hops, palace, rouse, oppose, tongs, collapse, rankness, veracious, educe, chops, happiness, genius, lus- cious, Thomas, annex, tameness, waves, unwise, peruse, arduous. Par. 81 b. Pious, bias, Elias, Louis, joyous, ^Eneas, Jewess, chaos, Tobias, Darius, Boaz. Par. 8l c. Seat, said, snow, snub, spool, scathe, Celia, soothing, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 13! sleeve, solemn, serious, suffice, selvage, secular, solidity, ceremony, survive, sparrow, Swede, silly, Samuel, swamp, scourge, savagely, superb. Par. 8l d. Science, sawyer, sewer, suet, sower, scion, Suez, Siam, Sienna, sciatic, sciatica, sewage, cyanic. Par. 8l e. Sigh, pussy, icy, policy, Odessa, Esau, fuzzy, spicy, foresee, Chelsea, daisy, busy, gassy, mossy, Melissa, Lucy, pursue, racy, jealousy, legacy, Tallahassee, boozy, fussy, buoyancy. Par. 8i/~. Ace, asp, assail, use, assume, eschew, aside, aspire, asleep, asylum, esquire, acerb, Escurial, askew, ask, easily, usage, Israel, useless. Par. 8 1 g~. Zeal, zero, Zion, zealous, Zodiac, zigzag. Par. 81 h. Use the circle: Cask, hasp, husky, hasty, decease, poison, abusive, disposal, terseness, duskiness, callousness, expelling, exterior, disuse, desperado, upset, evasive, incendiary, disseminate, basin, unmask, ferocity, obelisk, pencil, lusty. Use the stroke : Piously, ensued, pursued, reassume, busied, lazily, palsied, mossiness, joyousness, ingenuously, sauciness, lassoes. Dictation Exercise. Abyss, accuse, adduce, advise, ages, allows, amuse, ambitious, appease, atlas, borax, bulbous, caress, cautious, canvass, choice, coppice, debase, deepness, delicious, diffuse, docks, dubious, edges, efface, effects, embarrass, emulous, ethics, famous, fabulous, ferocious, gauze, guileless, harass, harness, hence, heedless, hitches, homeless, huskiness, ibex, illness, impose, incubus, invoice, jealous, jocose, keys, lapse, lawless, lettuce, lifeless, luminous, menace, memorize, minus, monotonous, muddiness, nameless, narrowness, notice, obvious, officious, onyx, orifice, pathless, pause, pierce, poetess, populous, porpoise, pumice, radius, reforms, repose, ready- ness, rejoice, ruthless, shapeless, shears, shies, terrace, these, thick- ness, topaz, tortoise, tumulus, uncase, unhappiness, usurious, various, victimize, vicious, wades, watches, weakness, wishes, witness, yel- lowness. Cease, city, circus, psalm, safe, same, sauce, sallow, sash, sabbath, savage, salary, sagely, sailor, salvage, sanitary, sadness, sagacious, scope, scheme, scour, scorch, scarce, seedy, sedge, severe, seeming, serried, search, secure, series, sedately, serenity, sedulous, service, sieve, sinew, sightly, silica, sinuate, singer, since, signify, silliness, sketch, slay, slave, slimy, slouch, slushy, slang, sluggish, slyness, smoky, smirk, snipe, snuff, snatch, sootiness, soulless, soothe, soak, soggy, sorrowed, sorely, social, solace, solemnly, solidify, spark, speedy, spoil, spunk, sparse, spice, spurious, sphere, spacious, stoic, subdue, summary, superior, survey, succumb, suppose, suffuse, suffo- 132 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. cate, surname, suffix, surpass, surmise, sunrise, switch, swampy, sym- phony, syllabic, synagogue. Abbacy, also, Asa, assay, Betsey, Boadicea, cozy, dizzy, dozy, easy, efficacy, embassy, ensue, epilepsy, essay, fallacy, foci, foxy, fuzee, Genesee, goosy, gypsy, hearsay, heresy, idiocy, intimacy, Jessie, Josiah, josey, juicy, Lacy, lasso, lassie, leasee, Louisa, Macy, massy, malmsey, Manasseh, mazy, Messiah, Nassau, Nancy, noisy, Odyssey, papacy, panacea, palsy, Pharisee, piracy, Pisa, piazza, posse, poesy, posy, potassa, Ramsey, Rousseau, say, see, so, sow, sue, 'i asso, Ten- nessee, Theresa, tipsy, uneasy, unsay, Vesey, waxy. Acid, acerbity, ass, assayer, Asaph, assignee, assuage, Assyria, assuming, aspiring, assumes, auspice, Azores, easel, ease, easier, easi- ness, essayer, espial, espy, Eskimo, espionage, espouse, Ezra, ice, iciness, Islam, Isaac, Isabella, Osceola, ossify, Osage, ossifying, ossi- fies, us, usurp. Tsar, Tsarina, Xenia, zany, Zachariah, Zera, Zebedee, Zebediah, Zephaniah, Zedekiah, Zenobia, zinc, zoology. Abusing, absolve, absence, accede, accustom, aimlessly, alongside, ambiguously, animosity, answer, apposite, arson, assiduously, auda- city, bazaar, baseness, beset, beseech, bespeak, bison, buxom, capa- city, cancel, caustic, censor, chancel, chasm, chastise, citizen, copiously, codicil, damson, dancer, deceive, deceit, desire, design, deficit, de- risive, density, despair, dismay, dismal, dislike, disguise, dusky, ecstasy, elicit, embezzle, ensign, episode, espousal, evincing, excite, expel, excuse, falsely, fasten, facility, fossil, garrison, ghostly, gossip, henceforth, heroism, hillside, immensely, imbecile, injustice, inspire, incense, jealously, jocoseness, knapsack, larceny, license, maxim, message, medicine, misery, modesty, nasal, nuisance, obscure, odiously, pacify, paucity, pensive, rancid, raisin, Saxon, specify, tersely, tena- city, tocsin, unsafe, visage, wholesome. Use the stroke : Busily, busier, ceaseless, dizziness, doziness, inaus- picious, insomuch, juicyness, lazier, lassies, lessees, maziness, noisi- ness, pursuer, reassuming, rosiness, saucily, soothsayer, unassayed, unassuming, unaspiring, unessayed, uneasily, uneasiness, uningen- uously. EXERCISE XXIV. Circles Ses, Sez, Zes, Zez. See paragraphs 85 to 90. Par. 85. Pieces, offices, tosses, horses, kisses, axes, abases, heir- esses, bodices, affixes, embosses, atlases, taxes, advices, elapses, alli- ances, orifices, annoyances, geniuses, forces, carouses, sluices, auspices, poleaxes, sciences, doorcases. Arises, roses, amuses, pauses, noises, accuses, adzes, peruses, advises, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 133 refuses, agonizes, mazes, sneezes, polarizes, memorizes, anatomizes, victimizes, poises, opposes, indisposes, arouses, theorizes. Par. 86. Abscess, recess, success, possess, dispossess, repossessing, possessive, necessity, excessive, necessitous, successful, inaccessible. Par. 87. Abscesses, Moses's, recesses, excesses, accesses, successes, possesses, repossesses, dispossesses. Par. 88. Basis, Jesus, Texas, colossus, desist, incisive, exist, ex- haust, coexist, undecisive, capsizing, subsist, solecism, exorcism, exercising, emphasized, ellipsis, amanuenses. Dictation Exercise. Abysses, abuses (), allowances, announces, annexes, auspices, bases, boxes, bookcases, caresses, chases, chalices, choruses, coppices, coerces, collapses, debases, defaces, deduces, Dennis's, doses, duchesses, edifices, effaces, effervesces, ellipses, em- barrasses, entices, enforces, erases, faces, fixes, foxes, fusses, gases, goddesses, harnesses, headpieces, Horace's, hocuses, hostesses, ibexes, invoices, incases, injustices, juices, laces, lapses, lattices, leases, lionesses, likenesses, losses, masses, menaces, mixes, minxes, mosses, molasses, Morris's, musses, nieces, novices, notices, omnibuses, ounces, paces, parses, packhorses, paradoxes, peeresses, pierces, pick- axes, poultices, porpoises, pulses, purses, races, reduces, reposes, rehearses, repulses, reinforces, senses, solaces, sources, spices, sphinxes, suffices, tailoresses, terraces, Thomas's, topazes, uncases, unhorses, vases, vexes, voices, waxes, weaknesses, witnesses. Abuses (v), amazes, anathematizes, apologizes, botanizes, buzzes, causes, catechizes, cheeses, chooses, devises, deposes, deputizes, diffuses, dozes, dogmatizes, effuses, espouses, fuses, gauzes, gazes, guises, harmonizes, idealizes, infuses, loses, macadamizes, muses, noses, phases, poetizes, popularizes, raises, revises, rises, rouses, ruses, snoozes, solemnizes, spouses, supposes, suffuses, symbolizes, teases. Access, accessible, accessorial, accessory, excess, excessively, in- accessibly, Moses, necessary, necessitously, necessitousness, possessed, possessing, possessor, repossess, repossessed, successfully, successive, successively, unpossessed, unsuccessful, unsuccessfully. Amanuensis, Anchises, apotheosis, bases (plural of basis], capsize, capsized, decisive, decisively, dieresis, diagnosis, dissuasive, em- phasize, emphasizing, Ephesus, exacerbescence, exercise, exegesis, exercisable, exhauster, exorcise, exorcised, exorcising, gallicism, Genesis, hypothesis, hypotheses, indecisively, indecisiveness, insist, italicise, Mississippi, Nemesis, Parnassus, resist, stases, stoicism, synopsis, synthesis, thesis, theses, Ulysses, unsuspicious, unsuspi- ciously, witticism, Manassas. 134 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE XXV. Loop-st. See paragraphs 91 to 95. Par. 91 a. Post, best, faced, moist, attest, educed, assist, wrist, roast, hoaxed, ballast, utmost, affixed, mixed, lanced, robust, earnest, inmost, announced, annexed, egotist, solaced, bombast, Methodist, repulsed. Par. 91 b. Stub, state, stood, style, stool, steer, star, stage, stoke, stupid, stammer, steaming, steadier, stealthy, sterile, steerage, staunch,' stump, stopcock, stateroom, stiffness, stillness, staircase, stumble, stoutest. Par. 91 c. Destiny, atheistic, theistic, suggestion, mystify, sophistic, sophistical, statistic, statistics, statistical, statistically. Par. 93 d. Pasty, bestow, testy, dusty, gusty, fusty, vasty, lusty, rusty, musty, nasty, hasty. Par. 93 e. Upset, beset, besought, posset, outset, gusset, faucet, russet, receipt, recite. Par. 94 a. Deposed, advised, espoused, refused, revised, deputized, fossilized, despised. Par. 94 b. Appeased, opposed, effused, teased, caused, suffused, unopposed, supposed. Par. 94 c. Noised, raised, roused, perused, theorized, caroused, agonized, sneezed, polarized, tyrannized, harmonized, imperialized, monopolized, symbolized. Par. 95. Guests, tastes, joists, infests, elegists, boasts, vests, lasts, feasts, outcasts, pianists, enthusiasts, gusts, divests. Dictation Exercise. Abased, accost, adjust, amethyst, anatomist, atheist, based, baptist, behest, Belfast, bigamist, boxed, botanist, burst, cast, caressed, catechist, chest, chemist, copyist, coerced, col- lapsed, defaced, detest, digest, dismissed, dishonest, dogmatist, duel- ist, effaced, elapsed, embossed, enticed, enforced, enthusiast, eulogist, evinced, fenced, fixed, forest, forecast, fossilist, geologist, ghost, harvest, holocaust, homeopathist, idealist, immersed, incased, incensed, induced, invest, jest, jurist, kissed, last, lapsed, licensed, locust, lyrist, machinist, menaced, mist, minced, modest, molest, monopolist, nest, noticed, orthoepist, outpost, papist, physiologist, pierced, poulticed, psalmist, rehearsed, rejoiced, reinvest, richest, royalist, seacoast, shamefaced, sliced, sophist, spaced, tallest, text, theist, theorist, tossed, tourist, topmast, unchaste, unhorsed, unharassed, unjust, un- mixed, unvexed, vast, vilest, waxed, witnessed, zest. Stack, staff, stag, stairway, stale, stalk, stamina, stamp, stammerer, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 135 stamping, stammeringly, stanza, stare, starch, stark, starling, starry, statue, stately, statuary, states, stateliness, staunchness, stave, staves, steam, steady, steamer, steadily, stealthily, steadiness, steadfast, steadiest, stead, steep, steed, steel, steeliness, Stella, stem, stemming, stench, step, sterility, sterling, stethoscope, stick, stickiness, stigma- tize, still, stiletto, stimulus, sting, stingy, stingless, stinginess, stir, stirrup, stithy, stitch, stock, stockade, stockstill, stole, stolid, stolidity, stomach, stoop, stop, stoppage, store, storm, storied, storage, storm- ing, stout, stoutly, stove, stubby, stuck, stucco, stuccoed, studious- ness, study, studio, studious, stuff, stumping, stung, stupefy, stupidity, stupidly, sturdy, stylish. Anatomized, apologized, catechized, chastised, devised, demised, diffused, disposed, disguised, eulogized, excused, ill-disposed, infused, macadamized, magnetized, reposed, systematized. Abused, amazed, amiised, aroused, assized, buzzed, dozed, fused, mused, poised, unappeased, unopposed. Bastes, beasts, boosts, busts, coasts, costs, dusts, fasts, fists, lists, lusts, machinists, masts, pastes, pests, pietists, recasts, repasts, rests, roosts, rusts, tests, theists, toasts. EXERCISE XXVI. Loop-str. See paragraphs 96 and 97. Par. 96. Pester, boaster, faster, duster, coaster, castor, bolster, barrister, Munster, lobster, chorister, Zoroaster, register, barge-master, songster, teamster, master, dexter, Axminster. Par. 97. Fosters, toasters, hucksters, festers, youngsters, posters, ulsters, barristers, dabsters, jesters, bolsters, suggesters, readjusters, canisters, ballet-masters. Dictation Exercise. Alabaster, ancestor, banister, ballet-master, barrack-master, canister, Chester, dabster, detester, digester, feaster, fester, foster, forester, gamester, holster, huckster, impostor, jester, juster, luster, minster, muster, pastor, paymaster, pilaster, poster, poetaster, readjuster, sinister, singing-master, suggester, taster, toaster, ulster, vaster. Webster, youngster. Ancestors, banisters, barge-masters, barrack-masters, bolsters, boasters, castors, Chester's, choristers, coasters, detesters, digesters, dusters, feasters, foresters, gamesters, holsters, impostors, masters, musters, pastors, paymasters, pesters, pilasters, poetasters, registers, singing-masters, songsters, teamsters, Webster's. EXERCISE XXVII. Circle and Loop Grammalogues. For each of the following grammalogues write the corresponding 136 THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. logogram, filling a line with each; Is, his, as, has, this, its, yours, some, six, said, such, seem, seen, first, just, must, most, next. I. Of two ills the less is always to be chosen; of six ills the least. 2. He who goes to borrow shall some day sorrow. 3. To die is a debt we must all of us pay at last. 4. They who think least are the most ready to talk. 5. In the first years of our life we must lay by for the last. 6. Our time is as a shadow which passeth away. 7. He who takes the first step in the path of dishonesty must take the next. 8. He who has a tongue in his head should keep it in check. 9. He has no time who makes no use of time. 10. They may be said to have much who enjoy much. II. Sorrow and shame await such as despise the day of small things. 12. A rank knave may seem to speak jusi like any honest fellow. 13. If you fill the purse of any hale fellow you may lack enough to fill yours. 14. Many fear the just use of a thing because they have seen its abuse. 15. If we are wise we will seek to make this day the best day in our lives. EXERCISE XXVIII. The N-hook. See paragraphs 101 to 107. Par. 102 a. Union, dampen, happen, often, heaven, amain, widen, attain, weaken, seven, Spain, skein, pagan, obtain, balloon, barren, famine, violin, muffin, deepen, dudgeon, harpoon, region, enjoin, cannon. Par. 102 b. Paeon, peon, Gihon, ^Egean, Cayenne, Guienne, Leon, lion. Par. 102 c. Penny, puny, ebony, funny, euphony, Vienna, minnow, hominy, ammonia, mania, tawny, Dinah, downy, ninny, Genoa, Jenny, Juno, canoe, Helena, Olney, luna, arena, rainy. Par. 103. Pinch, bench, finish, vanish, lonely, gainsay, potency, paganish, barrenly, habitancy, vacancy, milliner, turnkey, laconic, refining, envenom, cadenza, sponge, scantily, poignancy, penance, evenness, monarch, addendum. Par. 104. Fence, fans, veins, ovens, thins, lanes, lens, earns, nouns, oceans, vigilance, excellence, assigns, Athens, redolence, lonesome, ransom, sponsor, Spencer, kinsman. Par. 105. Pins, pains, happens, bounce, whitens, tunes, dawns, widens, dunce, rinse, chance, wakens, wagons, pounce, opens, ven- THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 137 geance, diligence, dispense, assistance, instance, impudence, elegance, expanse, heightens. Par. 106 a. -Pounces, tenses, chances, dances, dispenses, re- sponses. Par. 106 b. Fences, offenses, evinces, minces, essences, lances, lenses, summonses, dissonances, resonances, excellences. Par. 107. Pounced, bounced, danced, chanced, canst, against, rinsed, instanced, dispensed, distanced. Punster, spinster. Silenced, fenced, evinced, minced, lanced, summonsed. Leinster, minster. Dictation Exercise. Abstain, acorn, adorn, anon, arraign, assign, aspen, bane, bastion, beckon, bobbin, button, bullion, campaign, cabin, champion, cheapen, chin, colon, coin, dawn, detain, discern, din, engine, examine, felon, festoon, foreign, gammon, haven, hair- pin, herein, heroine", heathen, Hessian, hearken, hidden, homespun, humane, illumine, Italian, Japan, keen, keystone, lampoon, lapstone, lagoon, lemon, legion, linen, liken, masculine, marine, machine, milestone, minion, muslin, open, orphan, oxygen, pain, patten, pip- pin, piston, rain, refine, remain, renown, reckon, ripen, roughen, saturnine, Satan, scan, sexton, serene, shorn, silken, sloven, smitten, spin, stiffen, stolen, stern, summon, sultan, sullen, sustain, surgeon, talon, thin, thine, thorn, turn, uneven, urban, wagon, weapon, whet- stone, woven, yearn. Aphony, Arno, assignee, avenue, Binney, bonny, bony, China, coney, Dana, Diana, duenna, Egina, Eugenia, Fanny, fenny, finny, genii, Guinea, Guiana, Havana, hackney, Harney, hernia, horny, Illinois, irony, Jonah, Joanna, Kinney, Lena, mania, many, money, Mooney, Pawnee, pony, Ranney, renew, Rooney, Taney, tiny, ulna, viny, veiny. Athenian, bandog, banish, bunch, bunchy, buttonweed, button- wood, buttonhole, canary, cabinboy, conic, Cognac, downfall, evanish, evening, fawning, fanning, feigning, feigningly, finisher, finishing, fining, finance, leanly, leaner, Leonora, leavening, lineally, linear, manure, malignly, millenium, millinery, millionaire, Minorca, moon- beam, monarchy, monarchic, Monroe, occupancy, openness, opulency, paunch, piquancy, ponderous, poppinjay, punisher, pulmonic, punch, punish, ravening, redolency, roughening, skindeep, softening, spinach, Spanish, supineness, thinness, thinning, tinfoil, towntalk, vainness, vanishing. Arraigns, dissonance, evince, fawns, feigns, fines, fins, heavens, Hessians, impatience, irons, lance, leans, lines, loins, loans, loons, manes, mince, mines, moans, nuns, offense, omniscience, patience, resonance, shins, shines, summons, thanes, thence. 138 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Accidence, attains, atones, awakens, bans, beans, bins, bones, boons, buns, canes, chins, chains, cons, cones, coons, dance, deans, deigns, dens, dense, distance, dins, dines, dons, downs, duns, ex- pense, gains, gowns, guns, impotence, inelegance, joins, kens, pawns, pans, pence, pens, Phillipines, pines, Poins, puns, rains, response, rounce, runs, sapience, suspense, tans, teens, tense, tines, Tompkins, tons, tones, towns, weakens. Assistances, bounces, diligences, distances, dunces, elegances, ex- penses, expanses, instances, rinses, suspenses, vengeances. EXERCISE XXIX. The F-V Hook. See paragraphs 108 to 112. Par. no a. Puff, beef, doff, chaff, calf, Cough, reef, rebuff, tariff, sheriff, scuff, seraph. Pave, dive, rave, heave, dative, repave, Argive, bereave. Par. no b. Puffy, edify, defy, coffee, purify, verify. Agave, bevy, Batavia, Davy, Java, Jehova, covey, anchovy, purvey, Fairview, larva, larvae, Harvey, Hervey, survey. Par. in. Buffer, taffeta, toughen, toughness, defeat, chaffing, chafing, cougher, rifle, raffle, rougher, refer. Recover, recovery, paver, paving, obviate, bivouac, devote, devotee, rival, revery, revere. Par. 112. Puffs, doffs, coughs, reefs, rebuffs, tariffs, carafes, seraphs. Calves, achieves, raves, heaves, archives, serves. Dictation Exercise. Buff, caitiff, carafe, chief, chafe, chuff, cough, coif, cuff, deaf, epitaph, gaff, giraffe, guff, hoof, huff, Jeff, rife, roof, rough, scoff, skiff, surf. Achieve, archive, behave, Dave, dove (past tense of dive}, dove (a bint), gyve, hive, hove, Jove, khedive, reave, rive, rove, serve, up- heave, votive. Beefy, beatify, chaffy, citify, deify, horrify, Jaffy, Morphy, Murphy, rarify, speechify, taffy, terrify. Beefs, buffs, caitiffs, chiefs, chafes, coifs, cuffs, epitaphs, gaffs, gi- raffes, hoofs, roofs, scoffs, scuffs, sheriffs, skiffs, surfs. Argives, behaves, bereaves, dives, gyves, hives, khedives, paves, reaves, repaves, rives, roves, upheaves. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 139 EXERCISE XXX. The Shun-hook. .See paragraphs 113 to 118. Par. 1 14 a. Fashion, evasion, omission, oration, abolition, viola- tion, intimation, mention, division, ignition, ascension, domination, assignation, reanimation, expostulation, starvation, definition, postu- lation, distension, assassination, collision, fascination, inanition, repulsion. Par. 114^(1). Section, fiction, adhesion, eviction, hesitation, infection, deception, suspicion, recitation, exception, execution, ex- action, benefaction, emancipation, institution, restitution, ulceration, deification, subsection. Par. 114^(2). Option, passion, auction, cushion, abortion, diction, adoration, allegation, erection, inaction, caption, apparition, abjec- tion, adaption, reduction, libation, extortion, iteration, separation, seduction, restoration, castigation, rejection, assertion. Par. 1143(3). Edition, optician, obtusion, erudition, agitation, repetition, invitation, cogitation, facilitation, expedition, affectation. Par. 114^(4). Optional, additional, rational, auctioneer, occa- sional, dictionary, sectional, executioner. Par. 115^. Tuition, situation, variation, evacuation, attenuation, deviation (v-hook), alleviation, radiation, insinuation, expiation, extenuation, affiliation, delineation, humiliation, palliation, retal- iation. Par. 115^"- Association, vitiation, emaciation, initiation, renun- ciation. Par. 116. Passions, visions, emotions, orations, actions, mansions, revisions, sections, locations, exertions, portions, associations, temp- tations, assertions, occupations, injections, inventions, distinctions, suspicions, resolutions, abortions, delusions, opticians, repetitions, allegations. Par. 117. Position, physician, secession, excision, causation, supposition, vexation, indecision, dispossession, annexation, dis- pensation. Positions, abscissions, decisions, recessions, excisions, impositions, sensations, dispositions, annexations, pulsations. Dictation Exercise. Ablution, abomination, absolution, accu- mulation, admission, adulation, allusion, ambition, ammunition, 140 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. animation, appellation, assumption, ascension, attention, cessation, coalition, coagulation, collation, damnation, delusion, derision, de- famation, demolition, detention, derivation, dejection, destination, designation, devotion, diffusion, dilation, divination, dissension, dissimulation, dissemination, distinction, donation, effusion, evolu- tion, elation, elevation, elimination, emulation, exhalation, expansion, formation, hallucination, illusion, immolation, impulsion, inhalation, infusion, invasion, involution, invention, intimation, locomotion, lotion, mansion, manipulation, mission, motion, munition, nation, notion, oblation, oppugnation, ovation, pension, pollution, popu- lation, reascension, remission, resignation, resolution, retention, revision, ruination, rumination, salivation, scintillation, session, stag- nation, suffusion, tension, undulation, vaccination, vacillation, vatici- nation, vision. Affection, avocation, bisection, citation, cohesion, destitution, discussion, dislocation, dissection, dissipation, edification, elucidation, excitation, exertion, exhibition, exudation, faction, gestation, im- bibation, inception, laceration, legation, location, locution, mani- festation, ossification, oxidation, pacification, reception, restitution, revisitation, revocation, selection, station, suction, vacation, vene- section, visitation, vocation. Aberration, abnegation, action, acceleration, adoption, admiration, alienation, allocation, amelioration, apportion, arrogation, aspiration, benediction, caution, cooperation, corrosion, decoction, defection, demarkation, distortion, ejection, election, elocution, elongation, enaction, eruption, eradication, exacerbation, exaggeration, exhilara- tion, fumigation, inhibition, injection, incubation, inspiration, irri- gation, irruption, litigation, melioration, negation, occasion, occupa- tion, operation, peroration, portion, potion, reaction, reapportion, reelection, reenaction, reiteration, reparation, rogation, rustication, subjugation, suspiration, usurpation, variagation. Addition, amputation, annotation, capitation, deputation, dictation, eructation, felicitation, habitation, imputation, inundation, limitation, mutation, notation, palpitation, partition, petition, potation, rendition, rotation, vegetation. Actionary, additionally, cautionary, electioneer, exceptional, extor- tioner, occasionally, petitionary, petitioner, rationally, stationary, stationer, stationery. Additions, admissions, allusions, appellations, auctions, avocations, benedictions, cautions, carnations, castigations, citations, collations, collisions, coronations, cushions, deputations, definitions, derivations, destinations, designations, deceptions, decoctions, divisions, dicta- tions, discussions, distortions, dissensions, donations, ebullitions, editions, effusions, ejections, elisions, elections, elongations, eleva- tions, emissions, eruptions, eructations, eradications, evasions, exag- gerations, exceptions, executions, exhibitions, exhalations, expansions, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 14! expeditions, fashions, fascinations, fusions, habitations, illusions, impulsions, inhalations, inspirations, institutions, intimations, innun- dations, invitations, legations, libations, limitations, lotions, mani- festations, mentions, missions, motions, nations, notions, occasions, omissions, operations, ovations, partitions, pensions, petitions, pota- tions, potions, reascensions, receptions, refashions, remissions, ren- ditions, renovations, renunciations, ruminations, selections, separa- tions, sessions, stations, undulations, vacations, visitations, vocations. Abscission, accession, accusation, apposition, decision, deposition, disposition, dissuasion, fossilization, incision, imposition, laxation, nationalization, opposition, possession, pulsation, reannexation, re- cession, repossession, sensation, solemnization, succession, symboliza- tion, taxation. Accessions, accusations, causations, depositions, dissuasions, dis- pensations, incisions, laxations, oppositions, physicians, possessions, reannexations, secessions, solemnizations, successions, suppositions, symbolizations, vexations. EXERCISE XXXI. Final Hook Grammalogues. Page 60. For each of the following grammalogues write the corre- sponding logogram, filling a line with each : Upon, been, ten, done, general, generally, can, again, gone, phonography, than, then, alone, man, men, opinion, none, above, whatever, differ, differed, different, difference, gave, whichever. I. The man who lives but for his own sake is lower than the beasts. 2. No opinion is so general but some will refuse to receive it. 3. The rich man generally becomes possessed by his riches and then he is a slave. 4. The man who takes pains may attain success by which- ever road he has gone to seek it. 5. If the young but gave a small portion of time to master phonography they would save it again and again. 6. Whatever you have to do, do as soon as you can. 7. If I have done all I can, I have done all you can ask. 8. Any man can give an opinion but few can take advice. 9. Men's opinions have always differed and it is safe to say they always will differ. 10. A fool can give an opinion upon ten different topics before a wise man can upon two. II. If phonography were generally written we should all save much time which now is lost. 12. Nothing is mine alone; but mine to use, to enjoy and to share with my fellow men. 13. Men have long been of different opinions as to the right of any man to own a portion of the earth. 14. No mere difference of opinion can 142 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. f justify violence in man against man. 15. Set your affections on things above and on none of the things on the earth. EXERCISE XXXII. The Small W-hook. See paragraphs 122 to 129. Par. 122. Wail, wall, walrus, wane, war, warden, warm, wan, wealth, weariness, welcome, welfare, wench, wile, willow, win, wince, window, wolf, woman, woolly, wordy, worried, worthless, warranty. Par. 127. Edwin, unworn, beware, outworn, halfworn, Epworth, unworthy, unwearied, wayworn. Par. 128. Swam, swain, swarm, swarthy, swerve, swill, swirl, swollen, sworn, boatswain. Par. 129. Whale, whaler, wheel, whelm, whence, whilom, whimsi- cal, whirling, whine, whorl, whinny, wheelman, wharfage, whaleback. Dictation Exercise. Wailer, wain, Wainwright, wale, Wallack, Waller, Wallis, wall-less, Walloon, wallop, wallow, wan-faced, wanly, wanness, wanton, wantonness, war-chief, war-dance, war-horse, war- knife, war-path, war-ship, war-song, war-whoop, war-worn, ware, warehouse, wareroom, warfare, warily, wariest, warlike, warming, warmth, warn, warner, warp, Warren, warring, warrior, wary, weal, wealthy, wean, wear, wearer, wearing, wearisome, weary, Welch, welkin, Wellington, Welsh, wen, werwolf, wiliness, wilier, wily, wincing, window-seat, Windsor, wine, Winnebago, winner, winning, winnow, winsome, winsomeness, wire, wire-edge, wire-puller, wiri- ness, wiry, wolf-dog, wolfish, wolf-skin, wolves, womanish, women, woman ishness, women-folk, won, wool, woolen, woolpnck, work, workaday, workhouse, worm, worm-eaten, wormwood, worn, worri- some, worry, worst, worth, worthily, worthier, worthlessly, worthy. Forswear, forsworn, swallow, swallowed, swan, swarming, swarth- ier, swarthiest, swarthiness, swear, swell, swim, swimmer, swimming, swine, swinish, swirling, swoon, swore, swum. Whaleboat, whalebone, whaleman, whale-oil, wharf, wharfmnn, wharfmaster, wheelbarrow, Wheeler, wheel-house, wheelway, wheel- Work, wheel-worn, wheelwright, whelk, whelp, wherry, while, whilst, whim, whimsically, whimsicalness, whimsy, whining, whiningly, whir, whirl, whirligig, whirlpool. EXERCISE XXXIII. The L-hook. See paragraphs 130 to 134. Par. 133. Plea, plow, blow, flee, flow, claw, clay, glue. Apple, able, idle, addle, eagle, ogle, awful, evil, oval, idol. Apply, ably, idly, eclat, ugly, awfully. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 143 Plum, Plato, pledge, bluff, bleach, flume, flowery, flag, claim, glassy, bleat, clinch, gluttony, blossom, classic, flax, plowman, flagon, planet, platonic, flamingo, clemency, globular, flabbiness, clearance. Abler, oblige, idler, applies, addles, afflict, appliance, eclipsing, acclivity, eclectic, affluence, acclamation, ableness. Woful, waggle, Bible, facial, meekly, tickle, employ, ireful, chapel, goggle, magical, chemical, devilish, speckle, suitably, diplomacy, radical, obstacle, vocalist, legibly, roguishly, emblem, deplore, shuf- fler, unstable. Par. 134. Petal, battle, Mitchell, nobly, wriggle, novel, bungle, finical, terrible, assailable, revival, ineffable, cavalry, memorably, reflect, scuffle, indelible, unclasp, replevin, anglicize, amicably, fiddler, inflame, unlovely, dominical. Dictation Exercise. Blew, blue, clayey, Chloe, cloy, clue, flaw, flay, flew, flue, fly, glee, glow, gluey, play, ply. Blackmail, blame, blasphemy, blazed, blazoning, blazon, blemish, blessedly, blight, bliss, blithe, block, blockhead, bloodiness, blueish- ness, blush, clammy, clarifying, clarion, clash, clause, cleanse, clearly, clench, clerical, clerk, climax, clip, clog, closely, cloth, clownish, club, clumsy, flaccid, flange, flab, flash, flask, flaxen, fleece, Flemish, flog, floridly, florist, flounce, flower, fluency, fluid, glance, glass, glazed, gleam, glen, glibly, glimpse, glisten, globe, globule, glossy, glottis, phlegm, plan, plank, plastic, platoon, please, pleased, pliancy, pluck, plumbago, plume, plunge, plus, Plymouth. Acclaim, acclimation, afflatus, affliction, afflictive, applaud, applause, apple-pie, apples, applicable, applicably, application, awfulness, eagles, eclipsed, effloresce, effluence, effluvia, effluvium, evil-doer, evilness, evils, idleness, idles, idols, ogles. Amiable, arable, audible, available, beneficial, biblical, bubble, buckle, bugle, cackle, cheaply, chivalry, cubical, curable, declare, declivity, desirably, diploma, double, edible, eligible, employer, es- pecial, esplanade, faculty, fickle, firefly, fumbler, geological, giggle, heretical, hovel, idiotical, implore, infallible, inimitable, juggler, knavishly, lavishly, likelihood, localism, logical, mystical, nimble, official, oracle, palatial, pebble, periodical, pliable, poetical, powerful, pupil, removal, resumable, shovel, shuffle, shuttle, smuggle, stifle, stoical, table, tangible, teachable, theistical, thickly, thievishly, tick- lish, tipple, total, useful, vocal, weavil, wiggle. Admirable, affable, alienable, angler, answerable, barnacle, bell- flower, Bethel, bevel, botanical, bottle, bungler, cauliflower, cavalcade, cavil, chilblain, circle, couple, cynical, dangler, definable, dissoluble, doleful, empirical, enable, enviable, feeble, fiddle, gavel, gobble, haggle, Hannibal, healable, hierarchal, ignoble, inclosed, .inclusive, 144 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. inflict, invariably, jungle, knuckle, levelness, libel, lovable, mingle, miserable, movably, muffler, navigable, nibbler, nickle, novelty, paddle, panoply, pedal, rabble, rankly, reasonable, receivable, reflex, regal, repealable, replaced, repletion, shackle, snaffle, tangle, tech- nical, tinkle, uncle, volubly, wrangle, wrinkle, wrathful. EXERCISE XXXIV. The R-hook. See paragraphs 135 to 137. Par. 135. Pry, bray, free, trio, draw, throw, shrew, crow, gray. Offer, eater, eider, ether, usher, acre, augur. Affray, agree. Prop, prowl, breathe, dream, trudge, freak, crumb, drag, shrill, grieve, bruise, thrice, bright, broken, driven, frenzy, prepare, tragic, brevity, critic, trustee, prince, trickle, crisis. April, abridge, utterly, across, egregious, overlap, atrocity, adroit, ushers, oversee, apron, approve, address, attrition, oppressed, over- turn, overflow, egress, overcome, Africa, eagerly, oppressor, average, approach, aphorism. Poetry, powder, fiber, major, labor, teacher, leisure, robber, knocker, victor, gentry, poultry, fabric, theatric, alacrity, lethargy, spatter, slavery, flavor, clever, improper, chagrin, impress, increase, patronage, preacher. Defray, wafer, baker, talker, Dover, jobber, checker, algebra, out- break, diagram, chatter, tigress, depravity, astrology, epigram, mim- icry, taper, arbor, chaffer, begrime, joker, wicker, tether, diaphragm. Dictation Exercise. Brew, brow, crew, cry, dray, drew, dry, fray, fro, fry, grow, pray, prow, threw, through, tray, tree, trow, try. Adder, aider, author, azure, eager, either, ichor, ochre, odor, ogre, Ophir, other, otter, outer, utter. Brain, bravery, breach, bribe, brick, bridle, brisk, broom, crab, crank, crawl, crayon, create, credence, crime, crisp, crop, crossed, cruelty, crusty, drain, dreary, drench, drive, droll, drop, drowsy, drudge, frail, frame, fresco, fresh, fresher, frost, frothy, grab, gra- cious, graphic, grasp, grass, greedy, groom, grudge, gruel, phrase, prefix,, premium, price, princess, prism, process, progress, promise, propose, proxy, shrimp, shrine, shrink, shrivel, thread, thresh, thrifty, throes, trace, tracery, track, traffic, trail, train, trash, treatise, trellis, trim, trouble. Aberdeen, Abraham, Abrahamic, Abram, abrasion, accretion, acri- mony, addressed, addressing, Adrian, afresh, African, aggregate, aggression, aggressive, aggrieve, agreeable, agreeably, Agrippa, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 145 Akron, appraised, appreciable, apprisal, approachable, approbation, approbative, approval, approve, apropos, atrocious, authoress, author- ize, authorized, ebriety, Ephraim, Euphrates, O'Brien, offers, ogress, O'Grady, oppress, oppressing, oppression, oppressive, opprobrious, opprobrium, overalls, overbear, overblown, overbuy, overdo, over- done, overdose, overdraw, overgrowth, overhang, overhear, overlay, overlook, overmuch, overpass, overpay, overpower, overreach, over- ride, overrun, overruling, overshadow, overweening, overwhelm, over- whelming, overwork, utterable, utterer. Angry, archer, badger, barber, betray, blubber, cambric, camphor, cater, cleverly, cockerel, copper, daughter, dodger, electric, embroil, enshrine, entry, favorer, federation, feverish, gather, harbinger, heifer, highpriest, hither, hopper, hungry, impressed, improvise, intrigue, labyrinth, library, liquor, livery, lodger, lounger, maneuver, mongrel, obliger, obtrusion, paper, pilgrim, pusher, rasher, reapproach, recross, rector, redress, refresh, reproach, rigor, shelter, shiver, shoulder, snapper, sugar, sulphur, tatter, tawdry, unbroken, unthrifty, viper, voucher, wagers, withdrawal, worker. Algebraic, ascribe, Australasia, autocracy, autocratic, autographic, beaker, beggar, beggarly, begriming, begrudge, Beverly, biographic, checkers, chider, chowder, choker, chopper, dapper, daybreak, decree, decrial, defrayer, degree, depressed, deprive, dethrone, digger, digress, fireproof, geographer, geographic, harper, hypocrisy, jabber, Jeffrey, jeopardy, Jethro, jigger, leapfrog, mackerel, maker, meager, outbrave, outcry, outgrown, Picardy, pickerel, pucker, Shadrach, smoker, tiger, tigerish, Tipperary, toper, tubercle, tucker, typography, watchmaker, wavers, weaker, weaver, Weber, weeper. EXERCISE XXXV. Irregular Double Consonants. See paragraphs 138 and 139. Par. 138. Panel, final, venal, tunnel, kennel, unless, original, nominal, flannel, spinal, signal, diagonal, analyze, channel, penalty, funnel. Exceedingly, glowingly, jugglingly, shufflingly, cavilingly, love- ingly, bloomingly, obligingly, flamingly, glaringly, sparingly. Enamel, animal, camel, enameling, malignity, animalness. Laurel, coral, carol, caroling, spiral, spirally, rural, ruralness. Choler, collar, scholar, Schiller, nailer, kneeler, color, Kneller, cooler. Humor, roamer, warmer, calmer, former, Limerick, schemer, primer, tremor, grammar. 146 THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. Inner, minor, tenor, tannery, mineral, funeral, manner, joiner, shiner, trainer. Dictation Exercise. Aboriginal, analogical, analogically, analyst, analyzed, analyzer, annals, autumnal, Bacchanal, channeling, diag- onally, diurnal, enliven, fennel, finally, funnel, hexagonal, impanel, impaneling, kenneling, marginal, marginally, nominally, octagonal, originally, paneling, penal, seminal, tunneling, venally. Blamer, brimmer, chimer, clamorous, defamer, dreamer, drummer, enamor, ephemeral, farmer, femoral, formerly, framer, glimmer, grimmer, hammer, hammering, hammers, Homer, humoring, humors, rimer, rumor, rumoring, skimmer, trimmer. Banner, deanery, dinner, donor, Eleanor, generous, honor, honoring, honors, Minerva, owner, panorama, pecuniary, Sumner, tanner, tinner, ulnar, veneration, ignorance. EXERCISE XXXVI. Intervocalization. See paragraph 140. Par. 140. Generic, marble, paralysis, locality, develop, analogy, anarchic, philology, telescope, barter. Verb, border, affirm, nerve, church, portray, Virgil, allegorical, burglar, Normandy, Birmingham, fulcrum, purple, moralist, porce- lain, devolve, divulge, colony, tolerably, inculcate. Picture, puncture, fiduciary, lecture, rupture, capture, rapture, reticule, agriculture, lecturer, recapture, disfigure, circular, figurative, ridicule. Par. 140 (Note). Roll, enroll, unroll, enrolling, rail, railway, rail- road, rule, ruler, ruleable, unrolling, relation, relative, realm, relish, relevancy, roller, rolling, railing. Dictation Exercise. Analogous, chargeable, chargeably, envelop (v), generical, impartial, legality, marshal!, marvel, overcharge, par- allel, paralytic, philologic, philosopher, philosophic, philosophize, philosophy, sharpening. Adverb, adverse, allegorically, allegory, averse, aversely, aversion, burglary, colonial, Columbus, demonology, diabolical, diabolically, diverse, endorser, ethnology, hyperbole, impervious, infernal, inverse, isothermal, moralized, murmurer, murmuring, permeable, perjure, perjury, personage, personify, phonology, portrayer, purplish, reaf- firm, renerve, sycamore, technology, tolerable, turtle, unburthen, un- church, verbal, verbally, vermifuge, vernal, version. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 147 EXERCISE XXXVII. Triple and Quadruple Consonants. See paragraphs 141 to 147. Par. 141. Splash, splice, spleen, splutter, splatter, splicing, spliced, splenetic, splenetical, spleenishness, Sclavonic. Supply, sable, civil, settle, satchel, cycle, civilize, Cyclops, sepul- cher, sepulchral, cypher, sever, simmer, soother, sooner, suffers, southern, sufferable, sublimely, saddlebow, swaddle, supplication. Par. 142. Possible, physical, display, plausible, briskly, classical, disoblige, disclaim, exclaim, medicinal, discipline, obtrusively, de- pressingly, displeasing, exclusion, grotesquely, repressible, untrace- able, disciple, noticeable, deducible, unappeasable, exclusive. Pastry, fastener, mastery, destroy, dishonor, extra, prisoner, pastur- age, rostrum, extreme, fixture, depositor, bestride, mistress, solicitor, distrust, expressly, pedestrian, apostrophize, prosperous, obstre- perous, blusterer, blazonry, frustration, terrestrial, expressively, disthrone. Par. 143. Intrinsical, explosive, explicit, explanation, feasible, taxable, invisible, whisper, gesture, disprove, ancestry, prescription, proscribe, bescrawl, disproportion, disperse, disburden, registration, disapproval, shoestring, massacre, dulcimer, risible, crucible, explain. Menstruum, monstrous, monster, monstrosity, monstrously, monstrous- ness, minstrel, minstrelsy, demonstrable, demonstrably, demonstrative, demonstrativeness, demonstration. In writing the following words it is necessary to write the circle on the outside of the preceding curve, contrary to the general rule: Misapply, vesper, vestry, masonry, offspring, nostrum, nostril, soph- istry, songstress, vestryman. Write the word necessarily with a large circle within the r/-hook. Par. 144. Tasker, dissever, disagree, decipher, disagreeable, dis- graced, disfranchise. Par. 145. Supper, sober, cedar, swagger, soprano, cypress, citron, sojourn, superfine, secretion, superficial, sacrificed, suppression, So- crates, supercargo, superstition, Sacramento, supreme, secrecy, super- vision, superfluity, suppressed, sacristy, superinduce, swaggerer. Skirmish, scurrilous, spry, strew, spring, strife, stream, strike, strong, scrawl, sprain, spread, struggle, scruple, sprinkle, strengthen, 148 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. scripture, strangulation, strode, scurvily, springtide, scrupulous, stress, straddle. Write the word sister with the large initial evolute circle. Par. 147. Stutter, stutteringly, slabber, stacker, stager, stagger, stalker, steeper, stepper, stitcher, stoker, stooper, stopper, stouter, stupor, stutterer. Dictation Exercise. Ciphers, civilian, civilized, civilizing, civilly, cyclopedia, psychological, sables, saddle, saffron, salver, saner, savor, seemer, seether, sepulture, settler, severance, sickle, sickliest, sick- liness, sickly, sidle, signer, sinner, southerly, subliming, sublimity, subtle, suckle, suffer, sufferableness, sufferance, sufferer, suffrage, summer, summering, supple, suppleness, suppliance, supplicater, sup- plies, suttler, swivel, sibyl, sibylline. Adducible, appeasable, appeasableness, chastisable, chess-player, classically, despisable, disable, disbelief, disbelieve, disciplinarian, disclose, disobligation, disobliger, disobligingly, disobligingness, dis- place, displaced, displacing, displayer, displease, displeased, dis- pleasedness, disposable, disqualify, dropsical, exclaimer, exclaiming, exclamation, exclamative, 'exclusively, exclusiveness, impressible, intrusively, lackadaisical, medicinally, passable, passably, paschal, peaceable, peaceableness, peaceably, pedestal, phthisical, phys- ically, plausibleness, plausibly, possibleness, possibly, purchasable, reducible, rcducibleness, seducible, sidesaddle, traceable, tra- ducible. Abstraction, abstrusely, admixture, ambassador, Amsterdam, apo- strophe, apostrophized, atmosphere, atmospheric, baptistry, besieger, besprinkle, bestraddle, bestrewn, bestrode, blusteringly, boisterous- ness, bowstring, chemistry, crusader, designer, destroyer, destruction, dextrous, dissuader, distraction, distress, distressed, distressfully, dis- tribution, emblazonry, excrescence, excursion, excursive, expositor, express, expressed, expressible, expression, expressness, expurgation, exterminate, extirpation, extraction, extremity, extrication, extrinsic, fellow-sufferer, gastric, hemisphere, illustration, imposture, lucifer, masterly, misapprehension, mispronounce, mistrust, mixture, or- chestra, orchestral, outstrip, pasture, poisoner, preposterous, prosper, prosperously, prostration, receiver, reciprocity, restriction, super- structure, tapestry, whomsoever. Bescrawling, bescribble, dayspring, disapprobation, disapproba- tional, disapprobatory, disapprove, disapproving, disapprovingly, disburse, disbursed, disburser, disbursing, dispersed, dispersing, dis- persion, disproportionable, disproportionableness, disproportionately, disproportional, disproportionally, disproportionate, disproportion- ately, encyclopedia, encyclopedist, explain, explainer, explanatori- ness, explanatory, explicable, explicitly, explicitness, explode, explo- ration, explore, explorer, explosion, feasible, fusible, ineffaceable, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 149 inexplicable, inexplicably, infusible, intrinsically, masker, passover, prescribe, prescription, refusable, visible, visibly, wiseacre. Cheese-press, deceiver, decipherable, descry, disaffirm, disaffirming, disagreeableness, disagreeable, disfranchised, disfrachising, disgracing, disgracious, disseverance, disseveration. Gibber, cider, Cyprus, saber, sacker, sacrificer, sacrificial, sacrificing, sacrilegious, sacrilegiously, sacrilegiousness, sadder, sager, sapper, sappers, satyr, seeker, setter, sicker, sipper, soberness, sobriety, solder, sucker, suitor, superadd, supercilious, superciliously, super- ciliousness, superexcellence, superficially, superficialness, superfluous, superfluously, superfluousness, superhuman, superinduced, super- inducing, supernumerary, superscribe, supersede, superstitious, super- stitiously, superstitiousjiess, supervene, supervise, supervised, super- vising, supervisor, suppers, suppress, sweeter. Scraggy, scramble, scrap, scrape, scraper, scratch, scratches, scream, screamer, screech, screen, screw, scribble, scribbler, scribe, scrip, scriptural, scrivener, scrofulous, scrub, scrupulously, scrupulousness, scurrilously, scurrilousness, scurviness, skirmisher, sprang, sprawl, spree, sprees, sprig, springiness, sprinkler, spruce, sprucely, spruce- ness, sprung, strain, strainer, strap, strata, straw, stray, streak, strength- ening, strengthless, stretch, strewn, stride, striker, string, stringiness, stringy, strip, stripe, strive, stroke, stroll, stroller, strop, strove, strow, strown, struck, strung. EXERCISE XXXVIII. The Backward N-hook. See paragraph 148. Par. 148 a. Unscrew, unsoberly, unstring, unstrung, inscribe, in- superable, insuperableness, insuperably, insuppressible, unsuppressed, instruction, unscriptural, unscripturally, unscrupulous, unscrupul- ously, unscrupulousness, inscriber. Par. 148 b. Insolence, unseemly, unseemliness, unsoldierly, un- soldierlike, unsolicitous, unceremonious, insurrection, insurrectionary. Dictation Exercise. Use the writing exercise. EXERCISE XXXIX. The Large W-hook. See paragraphs 149 to 153. Par. 150 a. Twain, twang, tweak, tweezers, twice, twig, twin, twinkle, twitter. Dwarf, dwarfish, dwell, dweller, dwelling-house, Dwight, dwelling- place. Guiacum, guaniferous, guano, guava, Guelph. 150 THE MANUAL OF 1'HONOGRAPHY. Quack, cuirass, quake, qualm, quarter, queenly, quench, quiver, query, quibble, quicken, quiescence, quietly, quill, quirk, quiz, quota, quadruple, quarrel, queer, Quebec, quorum, Quincy, Quixotic, quicksilver. Equip, equable, aquiline, equalize, equator, equilibrium, equation, equivoke, equinox, equivocate, equity, equally, equestrian, equi- angular. Par. 150 b. Inquire, require, inquisition, requisition, Piqua, liquid, liquefy, liquefaction, adequacy. Par. 152. Sequacious, sequacity, sequel, sequence, sequential, sequester, sequestration, sequin, disquiet, disquisition, obsequious, obsequies, exquisite, exquisitely, exquisiteness. Dictation Exercise. Cuirassier, cuish, cuisine, quacked, quack- ery, quackish, quicksilver, quad, quadragesima, quadrangle, quad- rangular, quadrennial, quadrille, quadrillion, quadrinomial, quadri- syllable, quadrisyllable, quadroon, quadrumana, quadrumanous, quadruplication, quaff, quag, quagga, quaggy, quagmire, quail, quailing, quaked, Quaker, Quakerish, Quakerism, qualmish, quaran- tine, quarreler, quarreling, quarrelsome, quarried, quarrying, quar- terly, quartermaster, quarterstaff, quarto, quash, quatrain, quaver, quean, queasiness, queasy, queen, queenlike, Queenstown, queer- ish, queerly, quell, queller, quelling, quencher, quenchless, quer- ied, querist, quern, querulous, querulously, querulousness, querying, quest, quibbler, quick, quickener, quicklime, quickly, quickness, quickset, quid, quidity, quiesce, quiet, quieter, quietest, quietness, quietus, quilling, quincunx, quinine, quinsy, quintillian, quip, quire, quirkish, quitch, quixotical, quixotically, quixotism, quixotry, quizzed, quizzer, quizzical, quoth, quotidian. Aquarian, aquarium, aquatic, aqueous, aqueousness, equably, equal, equalization, equalized, equalizing, equaling, equanimity, equatorial, equerry, equestrianism, equilibration, equilibrious, equilibrist, equil- ibrity, equine, equinoctial, equipage, equipoise, equitation, equivocal, equivocally, equivocation, equivocator. EXERCISE XL. Initial Hook Grammalogues. Page 74- For each of the following grammalogues write the corre- sponding logogram, filling a line with each : Well, where, when, one, tell, till, twelve, call, difficult, difficulty, full, fully, only, principle, principal, principally, remember, remembered, truth, dear, care, from, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. every, very, three, their, there, sure, surely, pleasure, Mr., remark, remarked, remarkable, remarkably, more, near, nor. i. It has been well remarked, "No smoke can arise till there has been a fire." 2. By close study and faithful practise many have been able to master phonography in a remarkably brief time. 3. We may rightly call health the vital principle of pleasure. 4. Few of us always remember how very important it is to do well whatever we may have to do. 5. Our principal care should be to live fully with all our faculties at work to some useful purpose. 6. When twelve honest men have no difficulty to agree, the law takes their decision as being the truth. 7. It is difficult to tell the truth in all cases, but it is surely a brave and noble thing to do. 8. Every pleasure we enjoy, it should be remembered, flows principally from our actions. 9. He who goes far from home is sure to remark many strange sights. 10. We leave more to do when we die than we have done. II. Every pleasure seems dear to us in proportion as it is near. 12. Think of three things : Whence you come, where you go, and to whom you must answer. 13. It was Washington Irving who first wrote the re- markable expression, "the almighty dollar." 14. Only by full and free discussion can men hope to reach the truth in many difficult cases. 15. An honest man will make no rash promises, nor fail to keep one if he makes it. EXERCISE XLI. The Halving Principle. See paragraphs 158 to 164. Par. 159. Fit, aft, east, sheet, hushed, caught, act, heaped, packet, merit, tippet, turret, eject,' enact, adopt, hesitate, fatal, esteem, active, depict, fortune, petrify, plucked, enriched, vanished. Ebbed, deed, goad, bead, joyed, avoid, bathed, vivid, tugged, rigid, unaided, jogged, caged, wisdom, turbid, candid, scathed, judicious, abduct, provide, dragged, avidity, argued, elbowed. Par. 161. Let, art, mat, knit, omit, pilot, helmet, alert, twilight, bullet, hermit, walnut, remote, unhurt, quilt, ignite, metal, oratory, native, antic, eminent, cutlet, ejaculate, return, climate. Led, aimed, oiled, aired, yard, hand, award, pared, behold, field, veiled, timid, attired, assailed, index, scold, soundly, framed, en- deavor, twirled, shared, pallid, indigo, astound. 152 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Write in full: Weighed, winged, unweighed, hanged, whanged, imbued, honey-tongued. Par. 162. Hooked, hurt, halt, hemmed, herd, humid, hardness. Par. 163. Spot, sift, ceased, satiate, scout, smite, sonnet, sold, swiftly, biscuit, phosphate, dissipate, lacerate, insatiate, except, be- sieged, peasant, desert, desolate, result, resound, absurd, officered, jostled, insert. Shouts, coats, wickets, pockets, edicts, garrets, lofts, agitates, benefits, carpets, units, pellets, magnets, buds, intents, snorts, penants, lads, viands, enfolds, buzzards, spouts, summits, resorts, chestnuts. Steeped, stuffed, stitched, stalked, stubbed, stilt, start, steamed, midst. Par. 164. Plate, prate, split, flute, clot, fright, effort, trait, threat, crate, penult, replete, patriot, autocrat, flatly, freightage, sprout, straight, secrete, floatage, recruit, couplet, flotilla. Blade, broad, dread, grade, upbraid, inbred, breadth, gladly, idled, hammered, agreed, bubbled, leveled, wavered, Arnold, Madrid, nibbled, juggled, shoveled, bannered, figured, summered, degrade, injured, sobered. Quote, twit, quit, acquit, adequate, requite, squat, banquet, lan- guid, adequately, requital, antiquate, equitable, equitably, aquatical, adequateness. The following words are written with halved double consonants intervocalized : Beard, build, bird, averred, chart, gold, courtly, sport, cathartic, partner. Dictation Exercise. Abashed, accetify, actively, acute, adoptive, afoot, approached, apricot, apt, aqueduct, ascertain, attract, auster- ity, baked, barefoot, befitting, bethought, capital, captive, category, catnip, clipped, cogitate, cottage, cutlery, delicate, dipped, earthed, elective, enwrapped, epileptic, epitomize, equipped, eradicate, eti- quette, fatally, fate, fetlock, flushed, freshet, gnashed, hitched, hood- winked, hopped, hospital, iced, imitator, infatuate, initiatory, latched, lavished, looped, mimicked, mocked, muriate, nourished, novitiate, octillion, October, officiate, operative, optical, ostrich, palpitate, pirate, pitfall, Potomac, pottery, rectify, shut, sketched, suppurate, surfeit, taught, thwacked, tomahawked, touched, tripped, unyoked, upshot, whacked, wished. Adjudicated, aided, alleged, arranged, assuaged, avenged, avowed, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 1 53 bedewed, bequeathed, bodied, breathed, brigade, damaged, deluged, died, dodged, eased, emerged, endued, enraged, enslaved, envied, evading, fatigued, fervid, forbid, frigid, gibed, graduate, jawed, ju- dicial, livid, managed, morbid, mouthed, moved, nerved, obduracy, obeyed, obliged, overjoyed, pervade, pillaged, plagued, ranged, rem- edied, reviewed, robbed, shadowed, sheaved, shelved, shrived, smoothed, sordid, subdued, surveyed, tagged, turbidly, twinged, unargued, vowed, wagged, wedged, wreathed. Abhorrent, acclimate, aconite, advent, affiliate, antedate, Antioch, antiquary, antler, appellate, aromatic, arterial, artful, artillery, as- sault, assimilate, asthmatic, belittle, bergamot, Charlotte, cocoanut, collate, daylight, dilatory, efficient, effluent, elate, emulate, entity, gamut, gently, granite, humilate, idiomatic, infinite, intense, intimate, involute, Israelite, lateness, lighthouse, linnet, litany, lottery, lunatic, maturely, metaphor, meteoric, mignonette, motley, mutable, mute, nativity, naught, nautical, nettle, nightshade, notably, notebook, oblate, oratorio, oriental, ornately, parentage, permeate, polite, pol- lute, pullet, remotely, spoliate, support, ultimate, vacant, vintage. Afield, alarmed, allude, allured, annealed, apalled, assumed, availed, becalmed, bewailed, blamed, blurred, cajoled, cashiered, charred, colonade, crawled, devoured, drawled, eastward, endless, erred, evi- dent, fathomed, fattened, felled, froward, gnarled, hardened, hold, Indian, indict, indicate, intend, laudably, medallion, meddler, media- tor, medical, medicate, medley, mermaid, minuend, mode, modicum, modify, ordeal, ordinary, overheard, owned, pinioned, poured, pre- sumed, quailed, redeem, repealed, skimmed, spared, steward, teamed, termed, thrilled, thumbed, tolled, toughened, towered, unappalled, unequalled, upheld, valid, vineyard, whelmed, whirled, yelled. Hacked, haltingly, heard, heart, heartless, hilt, hired, Holt, horde, hugged, hurd, hurtful, hurtfully, hurtless, unheard, exhumed. Absent, absolute, accent, assassinate, bisect, buzzard, castled, cemetery, chastened, deceived, decimate, desired, dispite, disavowed, disobeyed, disowned, dissect, dissolute, disunite, disused, excelled, excitate, execute, exult, fascinate, fastened, gaslight, gasped, hast- ened, insect, lessened, lizard, macerate, misdeed, misguide, obsolete, occiput, pleasant, poisoned, psaltery, puzzled, rasped, reasoned, re- ceived, recent, resolute, resumed, risked, rosebud, sapped, scent, seared, sect, seethed, seized, skate, skittish, sleet, sobbed, softly, somewhat, soured, spite, spittle, summed, switched, testate, tusked, unsent, unsold, unsound, worsted (), wainscot. Abides, annotates, aspects, associates, ballots, baronets, baskets, bids, buckets, colonades, comets, corrupts, cuts, dedicates, deputes, descends, despots, dictates, directs, disunites, emeralds, enumerates, epaulets, epithets, evades, exacts, hearts, hordes, hornets, housemaids, Huguenots, inducts, inoculates, inserts, intends, latchets, leads, mates, modes, notes, officiates, omelets, oscillates, parapets, pats, 154 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. pheasants, plummets, populates, ports, prophets, pulpits, refutes, restates, retards, rivulets, scouts, shots, sonnets, swords, tanyards, tenants, thefts, tilts, tracts, vegetates. Amidst, staked, stabbed, staved, stalled, stared, starred, stacked, stepped, stemmed, steeled, steered, stilled, stirred, stopped, stooped, stocked, stored, styled. Affright, chaplet, elect, clout, Crete, crout, Detroit, entreat, flat, flatten, flatfish, fleet, fleeting, fleetly, flight, flit, flitting, float, float- ing, flout, fluting, fraught, freight, fret, fruit, fruitage, hypocrite, plat, plate, plight, plot, Pratt, secret, split, sprat, sprite, street, strut, throat, treat, trite, trot, trout. Abjured, abroad, addled, angled, augured, babbled, beggared, beveled, bled, bleed, Bradley, braid, braved, breed, Bridewell, broad, broadly, coddled, cudgeled, cupboard, Donald, doubled, dried, en- abled, enamored, fabled, favored, feathered, fiddled, gathered, glued, gobbled, haggard, haggled, half-blood, half-breed, harbored, hobbled, home-bred, honored, hovered, Hubbard, humbled, humored, hundred, hybrid, ill-bred, imbrued, joggled, labored, libeled, low-bred, meas- ured, niggard, peddled, powdered, quivered, rumored, severed, shivered, sidled, simmered, sobered, swaggered, tethered, unbraid, undried, unhonored, waddled, wagered, warbled, well-bred, wheedled, wiggled, wriggled. Bald, bard, beardless, begird, board, bold, cart, cartage, cortege, court, courthouse, gird, guard, guardless, ignored, inert, overboard, rebuild, regard, short. EXERCISE XLII. The Halving Principle. Concluded. See paragraphs 165 to 171. Par. 165. Paint, haunt, faint, vaunt, mount, lint, arrant, count, latent, fountain, patent, blunt, occupant, augment, scant, unbent, invent, ardent, reappoint, obedient, opulent, authentic, adamant, an- cient (shay), element, reverent. Hound, opened, fiend, amend, twined, assigned, loaned, bondage, vender, random, candor, surround, rejoined, second, brained, cleaned, aground, appendage, turned, buttoned, japanned, unearned, laundry, imagined, Ireland, reverend (thicken the n-/wok.) Yawned, impugned, ambient. Faints, events, vaunts, chintz, mends, amends, plants, attends, lowlands. Tuft, hoofed, rift, chafed, coughed, cleft, handcuffed, graft. THE MANUAL OF 1'HONOGRAPHY. 155 Paved, heaved, raved, achieved, derived, curved, served, approved, aggrieved, retrieved. Hefts, hafts, rifts, rafts, gifts, clefts, crafts, grafts, tufts. Fashioned, passioned, impassioned, motioned, auctioned, cautioned, occasioned, cushioned. Par. 166. Wilt, welt, wart, want, wont, wallet, thwart, athwart, wanting, waltz, swart, thwarting. Willed, walled, weaned, weird, waned, wayward, reward, unwind, wilds, swelled, sward, wildfowl, windpipe, windlass, whirlwind, up- ward, backwardly, winding-sheet. Par. 167. Marred, admired, matured, glared, moored, answered, exert, article, separate, venerate, iterate, mart. Writ, wrought, write, rot, rate, rote, rut, rat, root, rout, aright, riot. Par. 168. Card, feared, lured, warmed, acquired, unfeared, shield, midnight, slurred, flowered, maidenly, apprehend. Par. 169. Finest, roughest, briefest, gravest, gruffest, oftenest, vainest. Par. 170 a. Baited, habited, jotted, quieted, seated, obviated, berated, effected, attenuated, defeated, located, denoted, related, in- vited, actuated, elicited, blotted, delegated, decocted, far-sighted, righted, rooted, gray-headed, created, coquetted. Weeded, headed, padded, faded, sided, paraded, divided, dissuaded, exceeded, applauded, threaded, shrouded, proceeded, undecided, cor- roded, pleaded. Par. 170 b. Plied, flowed, clawed, prayed, offered, treed, crowed, chattered, pickled, bottled, buckled, employed, tackled, replied, nib- bled, shuffled, papered, betrayed, tapered, tattered, decreed, recurred, untried, colored, suffered. Par. 170^-. Piped, waved, mapped, leaked, leagued, kicked, quaked, judged, gagged, charged, slaked, roared, deified, caulked. Par. 170 d. Radiated, waited, awaited, whetted, audited, dotted, dieted, doted, edited, dated, undated, unedited, situated, instituted, repudiated, inundated. Par. 170 e. Paid, tied, thawed, showed, cawed, laid, gnawed, wallowed, alloyed, wearied, hurried, annoyed, echoed, pitied, emp- tied, renewed, copied, borrowed, mellowed, rallied, queried, unoc- cupied, bestowed, canopied. 156 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. But verbs ending in -fy may form the past tense by halving the f: Horrified, vilified, typified, terrified, qualified, beautified, pacified, mortified. Par. 170 f. Acted, petted, budded, footed, matted, wilted, halted, warded, wanted, haunted, wounded, cheated, quoted, pelted, operated, founded, melted, ticketed, repeated, landed, sifted, counted, courted, plotted, assented. Par. 170 . Treated, deeded, lauded, awarded, folded, darted, anointed, imitated, agitated, unlighted, unaffrighted, gifted, irritated, annotated, unshielded. Par. 171. Rapid, wicked, method, afraid, hatred, infidel, include, orchard, freedom, cold, record, multitude, leopard, pedagogue, kid- nap, longitude, intrepid. Corvette, doubt, vote, budget, beautify, detach, litigate, private, credit, emigrate, generate, covert, gratify, candidate, vertex, built, mortal, invert, guiltless, vertical, inhabit, anecdote, brought. When the present tense of a verb ends- with loop-sf, the past tense ends in circle-.? and a half-length t : Hoisted, wasted, posted, feasted, vested, twisted, attested, assisted, arrested, accosted, breasted, trusted, enlisted, digested, requested. In the following past tenses the halving principle is not employed, but the stroke-*/ follows lay : Healed, hailed, whistled, raffled, riv- aled, embezzled, hurled. In the following past tenses the stroke-*/ follows ;/; Reeled, roiled, railed, ruled, rolled, enrolled, unrolled. When a word ends with t or d preceded by two vowels one of which is accented, use the stroke : Create, fiat, duad, poet, Croat. Dictation Exercise. Adherent, affront, ailment, amount, anoint, appellant, appoint, arrogant, assailant, ascent, attaint, attentive, avaunt, banter, bent, brunt, burned, cant, cantata, canter, chant, countess, current, dent, eloquent, emollient, enchant, errant, event, fiendish, finder, flaunt, foment, gaunt, grant, hint, hunter, hydrant, identify, infant, jaunt, Kentucky, lenient, meant, mountain, pageant, painter, parent, payment, pent, phantom, pint, pliant, pointer, pon- der, potent, print, quaint, quantity, quantum, recount, remount, rental, repent, runt, sequent, silent, stint, talent, taunt, tint, torrent, urgent, violent, warrant. Abound, adorned, append, around, ascend, atoned, attained, band- age, bandit, binder, bond, boned, candle, chained, churned, coined, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 157 crowned, demand, diamond, dinned, drained, enjoined, entwined, errand, fanned, feigned, found, gleaned, groaned, happened, har- pooned, hidebound, hind, Holland, horned, Iceland, inland, ironed, island, jocund, kindle, land, legend, maligned, mender, moaned, obtained, offend, oppugned, ordained, pained, pawned, pined, planned, Poland, quandary, redound, refund, remind, roundly, shunned, spend, stained, summoned, thickened, thinned, tinned, unbend, unopened, vend, warned, whitened, widened, woodland, yearned. Acquaints, binds, blends, daunts, finds, fonts, friends, grinds, hunts, joints, lends, mends, mints, moments, mounds, offends, points, pounds, raiments, rents, rinds, slants, stands, stunts, tyrants, vents. Abaft, bereft, chaffed, craft, cuffed, dwarfed, gift, haft, heft, huffed, puffed, quaffed, raft, rebuffed, reefed, reft, rift, roofed, scoffed. Achieved, behaved, behooved, bereaved, braved, carved, caved, craved, graved, grieved, grooved, gyved, hived, proved, reprieved, reproved, roved, unapproved, unpaved, upheaved. Awkward, backward, hillward, homeward, inwardly, leeward, outward, outwardly, rearward, rewarding, southward, thwartingly, unwinding, wailed, wand, ward, warding, waywardly, weld, wend, Wentworth, wheeled, whined, wield, wiled, wind, wind (v), windfall, winding, windward, wired, wooled, wound, wounding. Artifice, aspirate, aspired, assort, chariot, chlorate, claret, debarred, demerit, demurred, embowered, eviscerate, exhort, gored, mired, moored, pirate, quart, retort, saturate, smart, smeared, ulcerate, un- admired, unanswered, unmoored. Cleared, cord, curd, cured, declared, dockyard, fired, floored, inquired, leered, lowered, madden, maiden, maidenhood, required, scared, scarred, scoured, secured, sheet-lead, squared, swarmed, un- acquired, unwarmed, wormed. Abated, abetted, abnegated, abominated, affected, affectedly, alien- ated, alleviated, animated, batted, bayoneted, besotted, bigoted, bit- ted, bloated, bonneted, booted, bruited, cited, closeted, coacted, coveted, debated, debited, derogated, detonated, devoted, dominated, effeminated, elevated, eliminated, evacuated, excited, fumigated, gazetted, gibbeted, glutted, grated, greeted, incited, inhabited, inno- vated, jutted, litigated, mediated, narrated, quick-witted, rabbeted, rated, rebated, rebutted, receipted, recited, rioted, riveted, rotted, routed, sated, sighted, suited, sweated, targeted, unabated, unabetted, unexcited, unquieted, unsated, unseated, unsuited, variegated. Added, beheaded, ceded, coincided, crowded, decided, decidedly, derided, dividedly, embedded, flooded, hooded, light-headed, many- headed, persuaded, preceded, raided, receded, shrouded, spaded, speeded, thick-headed, unfaded, unheeded, unweeded, weak-headed, widowed, wrong-headed. Accoutered, applied, baffled, battered, beetled, butchered, but- tered, checkered, chuckled, ciphered, collared, coupled, cried, 158 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. dappled, decried, defrayed, deployed, deterred, enameled, flayed, freed, fried, implied, incurred, insured, kenneled, knuckled, muffled, paneled, pattered, peopled, peppered, played, ploughed, preyed, rippled, shackled, settled, sickled, soldered, strayed, succored, suck- led, supplied, tickled, tippled, titled, tittered, toppled, tottered, tunneled, tutored, twittered, unapplied, uncheckered, unoffered, un- shipped, ushered, uttered, victualed, wafered, whiskered, whispered, whittled. Abhorred, bilked, bobbed, caked, churched, cocked, cooked, lagged, legged, licked, liked, locked, logged, looked, lugged, mobbed, moped, mopped, peeped, piped, popped, reared, uncharged, un- churched, waved. Allayed, allied, arrayed, balconied, barbecued, belied, bullied, buried, burrowed, canopied, carried, chewed, cooed, cowed, curried, dallied, deep-laid, dirtied, disallowed, disarrayed, dismayed, espied, ferried, furrowed, gullied, hackneyed, hallooed, harried, hollowed, honeyed, issued, jockeyed, keyed, lied, married, narrowed, neighed, occupied, parried, pawed, pied, pillowed, quarried, repaid, rescued, shied, shoed, spewed, tallied, tarried, tattooed, thick-laid, tied, tongue- tied, toyed, unallayed, unallied, unallowed, unalloyed, unannoyed, unarrayed, undecayed, undismayed, unespied, unhackneyed, un- hallowed, unpitied, unthawed, untied, varied, waylaid, winnowed, worried. Acetified, classified, crucified, fortified, liquified, modified, molli- fied, notified, purified, rarified, ratified, rectified, tumified, unpacified, unpurified, unqualified, verified. Abounded, acquitted, addicted, admitted, adopted, affiliated, allot- ted, amended, appended, ascended, associated, assorted, balloted, bearded, boarded, boded, bolted, brooded, chatted, clotted, collated, delineated, diluted, elected, emaciated, enacted, ended, fitted, floated, glided, goaded, guarded, hazarded, heated, hinted, humiliated, igni- ted, initiated, invaded, jaded, jolted, knighted, lifted, lighted, mer- ited, noted, nodded, offended, omitted, ousted, palliated, patted, piloted, pocketed, populated, pounded, quilted, refuted, retaliated, saluted, shifted, shouted, skated, slighted, sounded, spotted, tainted, thwarted, turreted, unitedly, violated, wafted, warranted, wielded. Afforded, carded, cogitated, corded, diluted, dictated, elided, en- filaded, enfolded, escaladed, estated, forded, heralded, herded, hoarded, laded, leaded, loaded, molded, open-hearted, remolded, retreated, sorted, twitted, unfolded, unhoarded, unloaded, unyielded, weak-hearted, yielded. Alfred, beatitude, codify, desuetude, dotard, epidemic, escapade, federal, fortitude, inaptitude, inifinitude, inquietude, jeopard, lassi- tude, latitude, methodical, methodically, prodigious, prodigy, quiet- ude, rapidity, rectitude, seclude, solitude, torpidity, trade, turpitude, wickedness. THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. 159 Abrogate, accredit, adulterate, affidavit, aggravate, Albert, alpha- betic, attribute, avert, beautifier, beautiful, beautifully, beautifying, Bridget, brutish, curvate, curvet, debate, debit, detached, doublet, doubtable, doubtful, doubtfully, editorial, editorially, Egbert, ener- getic, evitable, exhibit, geodetic, girt, habit, habitable, Herbert, hereditary, imbrute, incubate, inertly, inundate, invite, itinerate, Jacobite, legitimacy, legitimate, migrate, misdoubt, mortality, mor- talize, mortally, myrtle, overt, overtly, rebuilt, redoubtable, reno- vate, repudiate, Robert, vegetable, verbatim, vertically, vertigo, vortex. Ballasted, basted, blasted, boasted, bursted, coasted, detested, dusted, entwisted, fasted, foisted, harvested, hasted, infested, in- vested, jested, molested, pasted, posted, rested, rusted, tasted, tested, thirsted, toasted, unattested, untasted, untwisted, unvisited, vis- ited. Hauled, hilled, howled, hulled, hustled, inhaled, muzzled, ravelled, revelled, rifled, ruffled, unmuzzled. EXERCISE XLIII. Half-length Grammalogues. Page 80. For each of the following grammalogues write the corre- sponding logogram, filling a line with each : Did, could, got, get, good, after, thought, without, that, let, lord, read, word, might, made, immediate, immediately, nature, not, under. I. A rose without a thorn is a thing not found in nature. 2. Let us dare to do our duty as we understand it. 3. Gain not base gains; they are the same as losses. 4. A word spoken in due season, how good it is. 5. He that makes haste to be rich shall not be innocent. 6. Even a fool if he hold his peace is thought wise. 7. When a man gets rich by some new trick others immediately try to do likewise. 8. In striving after a remote possession men often lose the chance of immediate gain. 9. A wise man will desire no more than may be got with honesty. 10. If all men did right, lawyers, doctors and preach- ers might starve. II. We might all be far happier could we but learn to wait in patience. 12. It is as hard to do business without money as it is to see without eyes. 13. That man alone is free who is lord of his own desires. 14. While we read we should think ; when we act we should have thought. 15. He who has made an enemy has done a sad day's work. 160 THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE XLIV. Half-length Grammalogues. Concluded. Page 82. For each of the following grammalogues write the corre- sponding logogram, filling a line with each: Particular, particularly, part, spirit, behind, told, toward, child, gentleman, gentlemen, called, cared, accord, according, accordingly, quite, account, cannot, great, world, seemed, mind, went. i. We are told that an ounce of wit that is bought is worth a pound that is taught. 2. A true gentleman will act from principle and will not fear what the world says. 3. They who care not what the world thinks are quite likely to be misunderstood. 4. It is not enough to have great talents ; we should also be able to turn them to account. 5. Train up a child in the way he should go and when he is old he will not depart from it. 6. Those who have suffered most should feel most pity toward others. 7. Judge not according to appearances; the spirit we cannot see with our eyes. 8. The great spirits of this world leave a great name behind them. 9. We cannot judge the whole nature of a man from any particular act. 10. A healthy mind and a free spirit cannot abide in an unclean body. II. They cannot be called gentlemen who have never cared for the feelings of others. 12. Plenty of exercise and sleep are important to health, particularly in youth. 13. When the cat went away, the mice lived in the pantry. 14. Play your part with such ability as you possess and you shall have your reward accordingly. 15. They live ill at ease who live not in accord with the spirit of their own times. EXERCISE XLV. Words from which Consonants are Omitted. See paragraph 174. Par. I74. Tempt, damped, thumped, camped, swamped, trumped, exemption, prompt, assumption, glimpse, encamped. Par. 174 <$. Anxious, distinction, function, sanctity, injunction, instinctive, punctuate. Par. 174 c, Postmark, postdate, post-paid, postman, post-office, postscript, postpone, postponed, postfix, postdiluvial, pasteboard, waistcoat. Par. 174. Note. Transpose, transplant, transpire, transport, trans- parent, transfuse, transfer, transform, transfix, transfigure, transmit, THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. l6l transitive, translate, transcend, transact, transcript, transcribe, trans- gress, transverse, transpierce, translucent, transmigrate, transitory. Dictation Exercise. Assumpsit, attempt, attempted, bethumped, champed, clamped, cramped, crimped, decamped, exempt, jumped, lumped, pumped, stamped, stumped, sumptuous, symptom, tempted, tramped, unattempted, untempted. Adjunctive, anxiety, disjunction, disjunctive, distinctive, extinction, injunction, junction, punctuated, sanction, subjunctive, unction. Transacted, transaction, transactor, transalpine, transatlantic, trans- cendency, transcendent, transcendental, transcendentalism, trans- cendently, transcriber, transcription, transferable, transferred, trans- ferrence, transfiguration, transfixed, transfixing, transformation, transformed, transfusible, transfusing, transfusion, transgressed, transgressing, transgressional, transgress! ve, transgressor, transitive- ness, transitorily, transitoriness, translatable, translated, translation, translator, translucency, translucid, transmigrant, transmigration, transmigratory, transmissible, transmission, transmissive, trans- mittable, transmitted, transmutation, transmute, transparency, trans- parently, transpierced, transpired, transplanted, transplanter, trans- portable, transportation, transporter, transposal, transposition, trans- ubstantiate, transubstantiation, transversely, Transylvania. EXERCISE XLVI. Double-length Strokes. See paragraphs 175 to 182. Par. 175. Water, meter, thermometer, trumpeter, rafter, lifter, fighter, waiter, loiter, inviter, swelter, dissenter, winter, voter, de- serter, minister, shatter, remitter, alter, lateral, porter, flutter, fritter, smaller, diameler. Fodder, shudder, seceder, alder, wander, gender, tender, tinder, hoarder, warder, order, defrauder, deluder, ardor, hinder, cylinder, freeholder, oleander, bewilder. Par. 176. Weather, father, grandfather, godfather, forefather, lather, whether, nether, thither, whither, lither, wither, mother, grandmother, godmother, smother. Par. 177. Anker, hanker, thinker, franker, rancor, drunker. Anger, finger, linger, conger, monger, younger, longer, stronger. Par. 178. Scamper, damper, hamper, pamper, tamper, stamper, temper, distemper, simper, bumper, thumper, jumper. Amber, chamber, bed-chamber, presence-chamber, limber, clamber, timber, umber, cumber, encumber, cucumber, lumber. l62 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Par. 181. Material, materially, entirely, entire, materiality, ma- terialize. Farther, further, murder, larder. Par. 182. Modern, eastern, astern, modernize, northern, subaltern, intern, slattern. Past tenses of verbs whose present forms end with double-lengths are generally written with half-length double consonants : Watered, loitered, faltered, sweltered, muttered, ordered, weathered, smoth- ered, scampered, simpered, murdered, furthered. After double-length n, ng and sh, however, past tenses are formed by adding the stroke-^/ to the form of the present: Entered, wintered, anchored, fingered, shattered, shuddered, engendered. Dictation Exercise. Aerometer, barometer, bolter, chronometer, colter, deadwater, enter, falter, fetter, filter, fitter, halter, hexameter, knitter, laterally, latterly, laughter, lighter, literal, literally, literati, litter, liturgy, micrometer, midwinter, mutter, neuter, niter, obliterate, palter, philter, polluter, prompter, Psalter, reenter, salter, saunter, shifter, shutter, simitar, slater, slaughter, smelter, smiter, sumpter, supporter, tempter, transmuter, unfetter, vaulter, waterlogged, welter. Asunder, attainder, backslider, boulder, cinder, coriander, defender, disorder, elder, Endor, engender, hazarder, holder, householder, in- vader, joinder, ladder, madder, molder, nadir, orderly, provender, provider, rejoinder, render, retarder, sender, smokier, sunder, sur- render, tender, thunder, upholder, wilder, winder, wonder, yonder. Anchor, canker, danker, drinker, flanker, lanker, ranker, sinker, tinker, winker, younker. Altered, bewildered, chambered, cumbered, disordered, distemp- ered, fathered, fettered, filtered, fluttered, hampered, lathered, lit- tered, lumbered, moldered, mothered, paltered, pampered, slaught- ered, smoldered, tampered, timbered, unfettered, wildered, withered. Angered, cankered, hankered, hindered, lingered, reentered, ren- dered, sauntered, surrendered, tendered, thundered, tinkered, wan- dered, wondered. EXERCISE XLVII. Double-length Grammalogues. Page 86. For each of the following grammalogues write the corre- sponding logogram, filling a line with each : Neither, another, letter, matter. I. This world is nothing except as it tends to another. 2. To a good speaker the matter is of more importance than the manner. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 163 3. That which you sow to-day you will at some future time reap. 4. One man may bring a horse to water but a hundred cannot make him drink. 5. What one day gives us another may take away from us. 6. Let all things be done decently and in order. 7. If thine enemy hunger feed him ; if he thirst give him to drink. 8. Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's. 9. When it is evening we say it will be fair weather if the sky is red. IO. Be not ignorant of anything in a great matter or a small. 1 1 . Many waters cannot quench love, neither can the floods drown it. 12. Cast thy bread upon the waters; for thou shall find it after many days. 13. They who are perfect in the letter of the law often miss the spirit. 14. They seldom succeed in anything who always turn from one thing to another. 15. To serve the public faithfully and at the same time please it entirely is a thing not to be done. EXERCISE XLVIII. Compounded Logograms. Par. 183. Use the list of words given in the text. This list con- tains almost all the useful English words written according to this principle. EXERCISE XLIX. The Ticks. See paragraphs 184 to 186. Par. 185. Write the downward : After-the, all-the, are-the, as-the (write as involute), be-the, between-the, come-the, down-the, for-the, in-the, like-the, mind-the, nor-the, of-the, that-the, to-the, gives-the, whence-the. Write the upward : Am-the, but-the, can-the, do-the, from-the, shall-the, than-the, seems-the, just-the. Par. 186. Write the tick downward: Been-a (an), gives-a (an), if-a (an), in-a (an), knows-a (an), mind-a (an), nor-a (an), says-a (an), shall-a (an), thinks-a (an), where-a (an), yet-a (an). Write the tick to the right: As-a (an) (write as involute), at-a (an), can-a (an), from-a (an), does-a (an), just-a (an), say-a (an), would-a (an). Write the tick to the right : A-day, a-first, a-great, a-just, a-life, a-part, a-thought, a-time, a-truth, a-very, a-work, a-breath, a-chance, 164 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. a-creclit, a-debt, a-delight, a-failure, a-form, a-fragment, a-gradual, a-half, a-jury, a-limit, a-province, a-rail. An-addition, an-affection, an-appropriation, an-attempt, an-authen- tic, an-aversion, an-elevation, an-illogical, an-illustration, an-oath. And-a, and-after, and-as, and-at, and-every, and-first, and-great, and-have, and-he, and-just, and-let, and-other, and-part, and-the, and-them, and-truth, and-with, and-you, ancl-your, and-also, and-fail, and-furnish, and-generally, and-relish, and-warn. Dictation Exercise. ; Been-the, by-the, comes-the, give-the, has- the, have-the, if-the, is-the, know-the, knows-the, likes-the, love-the, loves-the, make-the, makes-the, not-the, on-the, only-the, seen-the, should-the, take-the, takes-the, think-the, thinks-the, though-the, under-the, up-the, upon-the, were-the, when-the, where-the, with-the, without-the, work-the, works-the. At-the, had-the, into-the, made-the, may-the, or-the, say-the, says- the, see-the, sees-the, so-the, there-the, unto-the, was-the, what-the, which-the, who-the, would-the. After-a (an), between-a (an), for-a (an), give-a (an), have-a (an), know-a (an), like-a (an), likes-a (an), love-a (an), loves-a (an), make-a (an), makes-a (an), not-a (an), only-a (an), sees-a (an), take-a (an), takes-a (an), under-a (an), upon-a (an), were-a (an), when-a (an), with-a (an), work-a (an), works-a (an). But-a (an), do-a (an), had-a (an), has-a (an), into-a (an), is-a (an), or-a (an), see-a (an), so-a (an), than-a (an), there-a (an), unto-a (an), was-a (an), what-a (an), which-a (an), who-a (an). A-brief, a-broad, a-burden, a-chamber, a-court, a-crime, a-curse, a-daughter, a-death, a-defense, a-delusion, a-demonstration, a-depart- ment, a-descent, a-desire, a-despot, a-disadvantage, a-dispensation, a-doubt, a-duty, a-family, a-fantastic, a-farther, a-fashion, a-favor, a-feature, a-few, a-finish, a-foundation, a-frequent, a-friend, a-further, a-general, a-gentle, a-grand, a-joy, a-judgment, a-judicious, a-lady, a-law, a-letter, a-light, a-like, a-little, a-luxury, a-partial, a-partner, a-permit, a-person, a-phenomenon, a-preparation, a-president, a-prob- lem, a-procession, a-proclamation, a-promise, a-promotion, a-railway, a-relief, a-relish, a-temptation, a-theory, a-touch, a-vacancy, a-vege- table, a-very, a-vindication, a-violent, a-vision, a-voice, a-voter, a-war, a- warehouse, a- warrant, a- worthy. An-adequate, an-admission, an-advantage, an-advocate, an-atmos- phere, an-attendance, an-attraction, an-available, an-avocation, an- avoidance, an-edition, an-education, an-efifect, an-effort, an-evasion, an-event, an-evidence, an-evolution, an-illusion, an-office. And-add, and-admit, and-advise, and-affect, and-afterwards, and- allow, and-always, and-an, and-appreciate, and-attempt, and-attract, and-avoid, and-brief, and-broad, and-desire, and-devise, and-display, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 165 and-do, and-down, and-each, and-effect, and-evade, and-evidence, and-false, and-few, and-find, and-for, and-form, and-from, and- gentlemen, and-had, and-half, and-has, and-his, and-if, and-is, and-it, and-join, and-judge, and-life, and-like, and-little, and-often, and-out, and-over, and-particularly, and-permission, and-prepare, and-proceed, and-profit, and-prove, and-relate, and-take, and-that, and-there, and- they, and-think, and-this, and-thou, and-treat, and-truly, and-turn, and-vain, and-very, and-we, and-were, and-whatever, and-where, and-which, and-who, and-will, and-without, and-work, and-ye, and-yet. EXERCISE L. Disjoined Affixes. See paragraphs 187 to 189. Par. 188 a. Use the stroke-zw^v Pacifying, vicing, thawing, scath- ing, fishing, lashing, piling, puzzling, annoying, chastening, ringing, pacing, reposing, abusing, tracing, dressing, casing, chasing, creasing, glazing, suffusing, revising, rousing, puffing, yawning. Use the dol-t'ng: Essaying, obeying, hopping, eating, awaiting, aiding, witching, hedging, awaking, hooking, hugging, hollowing, allaying, abashing, moping, mining, making, sharing, shining, plow- ing, loosing, arousing, ranging, abandoning, enchanting. Par. 188 b. Etchings, whippings, doings, washings, icings, echo- ings, hallooings, sayings, emptyings, meanings, teachings, twitchings, ravings, riggings, joinings, copings, drawings, ratings, chidings, coat- ings, swellings, ceilings, musings, openings, gruntings Par. 188 c. Buying-the, watching-the, arraying-the, packing-the, touching-the, brewing-the, hunting-the, guiding-the, erasing-the, whitening-the, dividing-the, abbreviating-the, sharpening-the, govern- ing-the, estimating-the, prosecuting-the, discounting-the, befriending- the, exhausting-the, managing-the, arranging-the, quieting-the, mock- ing-the, shadowing-the, augmenting-the. Par. 188 ) of two unmodified strokes without appendages. Derivative words, moreover, should be written in the position of those primitives from which they are immediately taken. As to longer outlines, it is never necessary to write them in position ex- cept for the purpose of distinguishing certain clashing words written with the same outline, as prominent may be distinguished from permanent by writing the former in the first and the latter in the second position. 217. Other Means of Distinguishing "Clashing" Words. Clashing words may sometimes be distinguished more conveniently than by position-writing, (a] by varying their consonant outlines as pure may be distinguished from/ must be written. 223. Preparation for Amanuensis Work. The student whose immediate object is to fit himself to do the work of a business aman- uensis should now turn back to page 112 and rewrite in the report- ing style the entire body of exercises beginning on that page and ending on page 171, omitting all vowels except such as in paragraph 213 are directed to be retained, and placing in position all words which fall under the rules of position-writing as given in paragraph 216. Special attention should be paid to the dictation exercises and each one should be written and rewritten from dictation till the learner feels no hesitation in placing each word on paper as soon as it is heard. The words and phrases on pages 177, 178, 179 and 180 should then be written very many times so as to thoroughly memorize each, after which the learner should take up dictation practise on new matter selected from a great variety of sources, and especially on model business letters which may be found in the books of " Business Letters," published by the Phonographic Institute Company. A few weeks of faithful practise for several hours daily will give the learner sufficient speed for all the requirements of ordinary business dictation. If, however, he is ambitious to fit himself to fill the more difficult and, therefore, the more lucrative positions of this kind, and especially if he desires to develop that degree of skill demanded for court and legis- lative reporting, he is urged to take up the study of the Reporter's Companion, which will lead him to the briefest and most legible style of writing used by practical reporters. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 177 s REPORTING able LOGOGRAMS. ./ %.. much \ number ^- ^ ^ about ago am 1 appear often (\ opportunity ""r at > because I . 7 other _J out 1 belong-ed n dollar T over owe-d, oh L 1 duration ' during i ^~s own v people-d each "^ either ^P possession ^ practise-ical England-ish ^~= ^- even f real-ly P satisfaction ' satisfy-ied several ever "~ fact x; 1" follow-ed "^ half hand ff- similar-ly-ity /^ somewhat X suggest / surprise r hence / hold, held ^ holy I hope 4 / . * thank-ed / those ~\ though 1 thousand ^ ^-- however V r time v until impossibie-y-ility ~~~^ influence V.... / use (n) Vs use (v) influenced kingdom / large r within ^"^ woman 178 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. CONTRACTIONS. 7 N '\ acknowledge / 11 " ^l 1 never /*" nevertheless anybody \ / capable-ility / change-d ^p nobody -^^>>^' notwithstanding n character characteristic ' 1 \ November / object >|^ danger ^ December >^^ objection ~ peculiar-ly-ity 1 determine 1 determination >t / passenger ^^^ phonographer >. disadvantage \ establish-ed-ment [ 'X phonographic practicable-ility i February ^v . * independent-ce \\ probable-y-ility \o purpose ^S indiscriminate ^ - b indispensable \jS public rather ^_^ v__D influential ' information s /s. regular-ly-ity S \ represent-ed s\ /v representation ' \3 / ^* representative ^ intelligence c/ If intelligent ~y _p intelligible ^. of those * ought to be should be *\ 1 should do j should have V^ ( so that t *}/ that is do not had not T~ \ has not \has been have been have not 6 he has . he is / -v he may there are ^ / this is "fc those who v . to be v-^. his own > | to do / United States "-^ we are c ^- we have v^ 6 \ve will / which he knows who have s~\ who can f -^ ' ^ will be ^ 5 will not ' with which bill of lading Ohio N^A^.^\^X^ Pennsylvania per cent jP \p please advise r c X business commercial-ly ^ dear sir deliver-ed-y District of Columbia ./ electric-al-ly-ity " enclosure express first-class "1 free on board V_o post-office /^ ^ f/r C/~\ ra ih"oad railway S? 1 .s*^ regret to say ) respect-ful-ly [^ South Carolina ^ territory # ( the first ' f this letter yf Q truly yours United States c ^_^^ **\X\ very much ^/ very respectfully >V. very truly ,, / Virginia c/^ we are in receipt-of we enclose c/^ c/\^, we remain with reference-to cS ^\ with regard-to with respect-to S~ ^\ y ur letter f yours respectfully b*- b^ yours truly \S~ yours very truly ^ * I trust that in order-to in our 5i -j > '^^Va m rece ipt-of in reference-to ^""^ in regard -to in reply-to <: ~\ v ' ; ~ J \ V * n respect- to in response-to v~x in stock Iowa ' ^> ^^^ ^ s * P r ' ce machinery \^ ""/ manufacture-d Massachusetts ^ merchandise ) more than EXERCISES IN THE EASY REPORTING STYLE. Speech of Patrick Henry. DELIVERED MARCH 28, 1775, BEFORE THE VIRGINIA CONVENTION OF DELEGATES. (181) KEY. Speech of Patrick Henry. MR. PRESIDENT: It is natural for man to indulge in the illusions of hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth and listen to the song of that siren till she transforms us into beasts. Is this the part of wise men engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty ? Are we disposed to be of the number of those who having eyes see not, and having ears hear not, the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation ? For my part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to know the whole truth ; to know the worst and to provide for it. I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided ; and that is the lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past. And judging by the past, I wish to know what there has been in the conduct of the British ministry for the last ten years to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the house. Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received ? Trust it not, sir; it will prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our petition comports with these warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation ? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled that force must be called in to win back our love ? Let us not deceive ourselves, sir. These are the implements of war and sub- jugation the last arguments to which kings resort. I ask gentlemen, sir, what means this martial array if its purpose be not to force us to submission ? Can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it ? Has Great Britain any enemy in this quarter of the world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies ? No, sir, she has none. They are meant for us ; they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry have been so long forging. And what have we to oppose to THK MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. '83 ~-~>~\ X ^Vo C ^ r ) \ J '/, -A . "\ -*f ? /* > J N L P ' \ ^^ \ ^\ J r > ^ \ \ > /^ v<- " '^f _:__r~ l -\_i <\ > > -.N^--- ------ ,/ . ( ' ^ , I l86 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone ; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery ! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston ! The war is inevitable and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come! It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry peace, peace but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle ? What is it that gentlemen wish ? What would they have ? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery ? Forbid it, almighty God ! I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death ! Business Letters. i. LA CROSSE LUMBER Co., LA CROSSE, Wis. Gentlemen: Referring to the claim presented by you April 21, 1897, for alleged overcharge in weight on various shipments of pulp wood forwarded from Waterloo, Wis., to La Crosse, during the month of April, 1897: These claims you base on estimated weight of this wood as per circular No. 224. For your information I would say that cir- cular No. 224 is applicable only to cases in which the actual weight of the wood in question cannot be ascertained. The weights upon which the freight charges referred to in your claim were collected were actual as ascertained by careful weighing. Under these circum- stances we must respectfully decline to reduce our charges to those for estimated weights. No overcharge exists on this shipment and your claim is respectfully declined. Yours, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. I8 7 Business Letters. 224 ,r >./ ^ */ 22 4 97 r; ^\ ) .... 20 V 357 l88 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 2. MR. M. H. SMITH, SALES AGENT TRIUMPH COAL Co., CHESTER, PA. Dear Sir : I am to-day in receipt of your order dated July 20, for Lehigh coal. It contains only one order for Schuylkill coal. From this it would appear that you have misconstrued my letter of July 25. What I would like you to do is to send no orders to me at Philadel- phia but for Schuylkill and Hazleton coal. All your other orders should go to Maple Hill as heretofore. I will make a memorandum of your order No. 357 on the sheet re- ceived this morning and forward the other orders to my office in Maple Hill. Trusting I have made this plain and that in future I may receive only orders for Schuylkill and Hazleton coal at this office, I remain Yours truly. APPENDIX A. SPEECH. 1. SPEECH, physiologically considered, is the result of the joined operation of the vocal and articulating organisms upon the current of expired breath. 2. Underlying both these organisms, and essential to both, are the lungs, which, with reference to speech, simply perform the office of a pair of bellows, drawing in and expelling the air. It is the return current of air, which, having become vitiated in the process of oxy- genating the blood, is expelled preparatory to taking in a fresh sup- ply, that forms the material basis of speech. 3. THE VOCAL ORGANISM consists of the trachea, the larynx, and the pharynx. The first of these (often called the wind-pipe) is the air-tube which forms the direct avenue through which air enters and leaves the lungs. At its upper extremity it widens into a pear- shaped box of cartilage called the larynx, which is situated in the fore part of the neck above the trachea and below the base of the tongue. The larynx is formed of several thin plates of cartilage articu- lating upon each other, which are so provided with muscles as to be capable of considerable variation in their relative position. Within the larynx, and stretched across it from back to front, are the two vocal cords or ligaments. The edges of these two ligaments, when stretched by the muscular action of the larynx, are parallel and nearly or quite in contact, forming an elastic, membraneous dia- phragm or partition in the air passage at this point. The slit or open- ing between the vocal ligaments is called the glottis. The produc- tion of high or low sounds depends upon the tension of the vocal ligaments, and, perhaps to some extent, upon some modification in the shape of the larynx and in the length of the trachea. When the vocal ligaments are tightened and the edges brought nearly or quite in contact, expired breath can not pass through without caus- ing a vibration, thereby producing a sound, the pitch of which, as 1 9O THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. before said, depends upon the tension of the ligaments. The phar- ynx is a muscular and membraneous passage which connects the cav- ity of the mouth with the larynx and esophagus (or gullet) below and with the nasal passage above. Though not strictly employed in the production of sound it aids by its resonance in intensifying the vibrations of the vocal ligaments. 4. THE ARTICULATING ORGANISM is peculiar to man, in whom alone of all the animal creation it is found in any considerable per- fection. It consists of two groups of organs. Those of one group the Hard Palate and the Teeth are fixed and unchangeable in shape; those of the second, group the Lips, Tongue and Soft Palate are soft and flexible, and may, therefore, change their shape and relative position, adapting themselves to the fixed organs and to each other in various ways. The great variety of positions assumed by these organs, forms a chain of contacts running from the lips the most external to the soft palate the most internal ; and thus a cor- responding variety of modifications may be given to the expired breath. 5. A correct physiological classification of the elements of speech can be obtained only by considering the sounds in relation to these two organisms. If a sound of speech be considered with reference to the vocal organism it will be found to be either (a) voiced or (6) whispered that is to say, it is produced either (a] with a vibration of the vocal cords, or else (/;) without such a vibration. If it be con- sidered with reference to the articulating organism, it will be found to be either (i) obstructed ot (2) tmobstructed that is, in its production (i) there exists a contact between certain of the articulating organs, or (2) there is no such contact. It is evident, furthermore, that while a given sound belongs to a certain class (a or 6), with reference to the vocal organism, it may belong to either class (i or 2), with reference to the articulating organism ; and thus, of necessity, we have the four grand divisions of the elements of speech, as follows: a i. Sounds that are voiced and obstructed (sonants). a 2. Sounds that are voiced and unobstructed (vowels). f> I. Sounds that are whispered and obstructed (surds). b 2. Sounds that are whispered and unobstructed (aspirates). THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 191 6. A careful study of the diagram on page 192 will assist the student to understand this classification, and, at the same time, in- dicate what particular sounds belong to each class. On the line joining the words "voiced" and "obstructed," the sonants are ar- ranged, according to the order of their formation, along the line of articulations running from the lips to the soft palate ; and the vmue/s, surds, and aspirates are similarly arranged upon their respective lines. With respect to length, sounds may be either short (abrupt), or long (continuous), and in the diagram the short sounds are uniformly placed immediately above the line and the long sounds immediately below it. The medial quality of the vowel a is indicated by its being placed exactly on the line. The Nasal Continuants, HI, n, and ng are indicated in italic type, and the Liquids / and r in a heavy-faced letter. The diacritical marks placed to the vowels and aspirates are those employed in Webster's International Dictionary, as follows: a heard in ale. a " " add. a " " air. a " " arm. a " " ask. a " " all. e " " eve. end. e heard in ermine. I " " ill. o " 6 " Old. odd. rude. us. put. bo C W w ~ ai t- <: tn a APPENDIX B. A SCHEME OF PHONOGRAPHIC NOTATION BY MEANS OF COMMON TYPES. The following plan for indicating the construction and vocalization of phonographic outlines by means of common types was first printed in the Phonographic Magazine for June I, 1895. It is built mainly upon a scheme of characteristics, as follows : CAPITALS are the characteristic representatives of strokes. ROMAN CAPITALS are the characteristic representatives of of downward and horizontal strokes : P, B, T, D, Ch, J, K, G, F, V, Th, Dh, S, Z, Sh, Zh, L, R, M, N, Ng, W, Y, Mp. ITALIC CAPITALS are the characteristic representatives of up- ward strokes: Sh, L, R, H. SMALL CAPITALS are the characteristic representatives of modifica- tions by halving and doubling: T, U; THR, DHR, TR, DR, KR, GR, R. Lower-case letters are the characteristic representatives of append- ages and vowels. Roman lower-case are the characteristic representatives of circles : s; z; ss; sz; zs; zz ; ss,z; sz,z ; zs, z ; zz, z. Italic lower case are the characteristic representatives of hooks and loops : /, r, w, hw, n, f, v, s/tn, zhn ; st, zd, str, Diacritical vowel-signs are the characteristic representatives of the vowels : e a a a o u I e a 6 u u and, with lower-case w and y, of the coalescents : we wa wa wa wo wu wl w6 wa wo wu wu ye ya ya ya yo yu yl ye ya y6 yu yu d93) 194 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Grouped vowel-signs, without diacritics, are the characteristic re- presentatives of the diphthongs: ai, oi, au, (wai). Dissyllabic diphthongs are indicated by the sign A between the component vowels: CAU, aAu, aAu, aAu, OAU, UAU. aiAU, oiAu, auAU. weAii, etc. ; yeAu, etc. Special representation tick-//: Roman lower-case h. dot-/i : Roman lower-case heavy face h. large ?o-hook : lower-case heavy face italic w. Suffixes are spelled out and separated from the stem by an inverted period; thus, "contain" is written con-T. Disjunction or the breaking of an outline is indicated by X between the parts ; thus, " freighted " is written FrrXD. Joining of a diphthong or coalescent to an outline is indicated by -)-, as " idea," ai-f-DeAU. The use of the phonographic hyphen is indicated by = between the parts; thus, " story-teller " is written .r/R=T/R. Vowel and tick wordsigns are spelled out ; as, I, of, you, he. Proximity is indicated by between the outlines; thus, "wonder of the world " is written wNDR. .wRo. Position is indicated by a superior figure J or 3, placed immediately after the capital letter which stands for the positioned stroke. When no figure appears the outline is in the second position, or on the line. Phrasing is indicated by connecting the words with hyphens. Thus, " in-the " is written N'-the. The first sentence on page 93 is represented as follows : MaiKV ShuPaK, a swlS DdKTr of seZeBrlTi N'-the Las/ seNT- yuJ?I, Z aFew VizlTfiD Bai PeP/ of Du/lNg-f/m and-Fa/?TyuN. The first two sentences on page 181 are represented as follows : M'r-PrzDwT T-z NrL F M to iNoLJ N'-the \L*zhm of P3. iv R aPr to Shr R3 ai-fZ Gnst-a. PwFL Tr and-LsN to-the sNg 1 of- DhT saitf T/ Sh" TrsFRMz S NT APPENDIX C. THE EXTENDED ALPHABET. 1. For the representation of foreign sounds not heard in English, and for a more exact representation of English than is given in ordi- nary phonography, an extended alphabet is required and is here presented. 2. The twelve-vowel scale does not provide distinctive signs for the vowels heard in earth, air and ask. These are given in the following table, numbered I, 2 and 9. 3. The remaining signs in the table are for the representation of sounds foreign to the English language. They are, of course, useful only to those persons who have "a speaking acquaintance " with the language represented. Long Vowels. 1 e I earth (Eng. ), le (Fr.) 2 e : [ frere (Fr.), air (Eng.) 3 a ;| pite (French) 4 u | griin (Ger.), lune (Fr.) 56'] bos (German) 6 a || Aehre (German) Nasal Vcnvels (French). 13 in si fin- 14 en I en danse. 15 on J | bon 1 6 un 2! brun 17 ien I JulJien I Short Vowels. 7 i I ici (French) 8 6 : | ete (French) 9 a J patte (Fr.), ask (E.) 10 u 'I Fiille (German) 11 6 'I Bocke (German) 12 a || Manner (German) Consonants. 18 ch -s- ich (Ger.) loch (Sc.) 19 gh g einige (German) 20 11 /*" Llanelly (Welsh) ~~s (/ 21 r \ 7 1 amor (Italian) INDEX. Figures preceded by "p." refer to page : all others refer to paragraph. A, tick, 186. Abbreviation, principles of, 211. Accent, 157. Affinity, vocal, 158. Affixes, disjoined,/. 88, /. 90, 187. Alphabet ; deficiencies of the Roma n , 2 ; phonetic, 3. Amanuenses, words, contractions and phrases for business, /. 180. Amanuensis work, preparation for, 223. And, tick, 186. An, tick, 186. Appendages,/. 44. Approximate representation of concur- rent vowels by coalesce.it vowel-signs, 55- Aspirate, p. 32, 12 ; logogram, /. 42. Attachment; of the circles, 79, 90; of the/"-z> hook, 108 ; of the w-hook, 101 ; of the shun-hook, 114; of the small w-hook to curves, 123 ; of the small w- hook to ray, 124. B, _y-hook attached to, 154. Backward; w-hook, /. 72, 148; shun- hook, 117. Base line, 17, 23 Briefer signs supplied, 77. Business amanuenses, words, contract- ions and phrases for, /. 180. Capitalization, 120. Checks, 24. Circle ; and -hook combined, 104; large, 85-86 ; logograms, /. 52 ; -j added to logograms, 99; -s and^-w hook com- bined, 112; -f and loop combined, 95, 97; -s and shun-\ioo\i combined, 116; -.r and small w-hook combined, 128; -J before large w-hook, 152 ; vowel ex- pression between a stroke and a, 83. Circles; attachment of, 79; large, dis- tinguished, 89; manner of writing dis- joined, 98; on halved strokes, 163; rules for reading the, 82 ; s and z, p. 44, /. 46; j and z distinguished, 84; ses, sez, zes, zez, p. 48 ; suggestive vo- calization of the large, 88 ; vocalization of outlines containing, 80. Clashing words, means of distinguishing, 216-217. Coalescent; direction of vowel-signs in- variable, 50 ; logograms, p, 42 ; logo- grams unshaded, 74; vowel-signs 48; vowel-signs, approximate repr senta- tion of concurrent vcwels by, 55; vowel-signs, joined, 51. Coalescents, /. 28, n ; twofold nature of, 47. Combinations of consonants, 21. Combined ; circle-.? and small w-hook, 128 ; f-v hook and circle-^, 112; loop and circle, 05, 97; -hook and circles, 104 ; -hook and circle-sez, 106 ; n- hook and loop, 107 ; shun-hook and circles, 116. Compounded logograms, 183. Compounds, double consonants consid- ered as indivisible, 132. Concurrent vowels, p. 30; approximate representation by coalescent vowel- signs, 55. Conflicting motives, 195. Consecutive vowels written separately, S3- Consonant; logograms, p. 38 ; nominal, 73- Consonants, /. 13, /. 14, /. 16, p. 18, 4 ; combinations of, 21; double, p. 64, p. 66, p. 68 ; double, considered as indivis- ible compounds, 132; imperfect triple, 143 ; initial and final, 192 ; irregular double, 138 ; irregular triple, 144 ; me- dial, 193 ; medial triple, 142 ; omitted, 174, 218; quadruple, 147; table of,/. 13, 14, triple, 141 ; triple and quad- ruple, /. 70; vocalization of double, 133, 140 ; written first, 36. Continuants, 7. Continuous joinings, 25; utility of, 28. Contracted ns on straight strokes, 105. Contractions,/. 178, 218; for business amanuenses, /. 180. Corresponding style, 199, 209 ; exercises in the, /. 93. Curvilinear motion, two kinds of, 78. Dashes, direction of, 32. Deficiencies of the Roman alphabet, 2. Der added by doubling, 175. Derivative words, logograms represent, as well as primitives, 71. Deviations from the standard in rapid writing, 198. Dher added by doubling, 176. Dictation exercises, 207. Dictionary, use of the Phonographic, 196. Diphthong, direction of signs invariable, 45 > logograms, /. 42 ; position of signs, 44 ; signs, 43 ; signs joined, 46. Diphthongs,/. 26; dissyllabic, 54. Direction of coalescent vowel-signs in variable, 50; of dashes, 32; of diph- thong signs invariable, 45; of he, 76; of strokes, 15; of writing, 16; strokes of variable, 22. (i97) 198 Disjoined ; affixes, /. 88, p. 90, 187; cir- cles and loops, manner of writing, 98 ; prefixes, 189 ; suffixes, 188. Dissyllabic diphthongs, 54. Dot-A, 58. Double consonants, p. 64, p. 66, p. 68 ; considered as indivisible compounds, 132; halved, 164; intervocalization of, 140 ; irregular, 138 ; vocalization of, 135, 140. Douole-consonant signs, use of the, 139. Double-length ; logograms, /. 86 ; mp- mb, 178 ; ng, 177. Double-lengths ; intervocalization of, 181 ; joined at an angle, 180; -hook added to, 182; vocalization of, 179. Doubling ; principle, p. 84 ; ter and der added by, 175 ; ther and dher added by, 176. Downward, upward and, /, r and s h, p. 34- Easy reporting style, 210; exercises in the,/. 181. Emphasis, 156. Exercises ; dictation, 207 ; how to prac- tise the writing, 206 ; in the corre- sponding style, p. 93 ; in the easy reporting style, p. 181 ; necessity of writing, 200; preparation for the writ- ing, 205; writing,/. 109. Explodents, 5. F; and v distinguished, 109 ; rules for stroke and hook forms of, no. /'"-hook,/. 56; and circle-j combined, 112; attachment of the, 108; medial use of the, in. Figures, 121. Final ; consonants, 192; /, 62 ; r. 65. Final-hook; logograms, /. 60; strukes. halved, 165. Foreign words, large a/-hook in, 153. Free use of the halving principle, 171. Fricatives, 8. Glides, vowel, 42. Grammalogues, table of, /. 103. //; dot, 58; medial, 59 ; stroke, 57; tick, 56 ; tick on halved strokes, 162. Half-length; logograms, /. 80, p. 82; logograms, position of, 173; J, 169. Half-lengths; joined at a tangent, 168 ; vocalization of, 160. Halved ; double and triple consonants, 164 ; final-hook strokes, 165 ; ray, 167 ; strokes, circles and loops on, 163 ; strokes, tick-A on, 162; w-hook strokes, 166. Halving ; of /, r, m, n, 161 ; principle, /. 76, /. 78, 159; principle, free use of the, 171. He ; direction of, 76; in phrases, 220. Hints to self-instructed learners, 208. Holding the pen or pencil, manner of, 204. Hook ; attachment of ihef-v, 108 ; back- ward n, p, 72, 148; /-i/, /. 56; /, 131 ; large w, p. 72, 149 ; logograms, initial, /. 74; n, p. 54; r, 135; r on curved strokes, 136; shun, p. 58, 113; small w, p. 62, 122 ; y attached to b, 154. Hooks, imperfect, 59, 134. Horizontal logograms, position of, 72. Hiv, 60, 129. Hyphen, use of the, in phonography, 121 note. /; distinguished from ye, 75 ; in phrases, 220. Imperfect; hooks, 59, 134; triple con- sonants, 143. Initial; consonants, 192; hook logo- grams, /. 74 ; I, 61 ; r, 64 ; spr series, H?- Initials, 155. Ink, 203. Intervocalization ; of double consonants, 140; of double-lengths, 181. Irregular ; double consonants, 138; triple consonants, 144. Joined ; coalescent vowel-signs, 51 ; diphthong signs, 46. Joinings ; continuous, 25 ; utility of con- tinuous, 28. Kinds of curvilinear motion, two, 78. L ; final, 62 ; halving of, 161 ; initial, 61 ; upward and downward, /. 34. Large; circle, 85-86; circles distin- guished, 80 ; circle, suggestive vocali- zation of the, 88 ; loop, 96 ; loop and circle combined, 97 ; w-hook, p. 72, 149 ; ro-hook in foreign words, 153 ; TV- hook preceded by circle-.?, 152; iv- hook, rules for the use of the, 150. Learners, hints to self-instructed, 208. Z-hook, 131 ; and r-hook, mnemonics for, 137. Liquids, 9, 130. Logogram ; aspirate,/. 42 ; for read, 172. Logograms, /. 36, 69 ; circle added to, 99; circle and loop,/. 52; coalescent, / 42 ; coalescent, unshaded, 74; com- pounded, 183; consonant,/. 38; /. 40; diphthong,/. 42; double-length,/. 86; final-hook, /. 60 ; half-length, /. 80 ; /. 82 ; initial-hook, /. 74 ; loop-j^ added to, loo ; position of half-length, 173; position of horizontal, 72; reporting, /. 177; represent derivative words as well as primitives, 71 ; table of,/. 106; vowel, 70. Long vowels,/. 20, /. 22, 30. Long vowel signs, 31. Loop; and circle combined, 95, 97; and tt-hook combined, 107 ; large, 96 ; logo- grams, /. 52 ; manner of writing dis- joined, 98; small, 91 ; -st, p. 50; -st added to logograms, 100 ; -sir, p. 50; -st, rules for the use of the, 93. Loops ; on halved strokes, 163 ; vocaliza- tion of outlines containing, 92. M, halving of, 161. Manner; of attaching the circles, 79, 90; of attaching the f-v hook, 108 ; of at- taching the n-hook, 101 ; of attaching the jAww-hook, 114; of holding the pen or pencil, 204 ; of writing disjoined circles and loops, 98. Materials, writing, 201. Mb, double-length, 178. Means of distinguishing clashing words, 216-217. Medial; consonants, 193; h, 59; r, 66; triple consonants, 142; use of the f-v hook, in ; use of the -hook, 103; use of the small if-hook, 127. Method of practise, 20, 38. Mnemonics for / and r hooks, 137. Modified shadings, 26. Motion, two kinds of curvilinear, 78. Motives; conflicting, 195; of outline formation, 194. Mp, double-length, 178. TV; halving of, 161 ; rules for stroke and hook forms of, 102. Names of the vowels, 35. Nasals, 10. Ng, double-length, 177. A^-hook, /. 54 ; added to double-lengths, 182 ; and circles combined, 104 ; and c\rc\e-sez combined, 106 ; and loop combined, 107 ; backward, p. 72 ; me- dial use of, 103. Nominal consonant, 73. Now, imperfect vocalization of, 46 note. .Vs contracted on straight strokes, 105. Omission; of consonants, 174, 218; of vowels, 212 ; of words, 222. Order of reading, 33. Outline formation, p. 92 ; motives of, 194. Outlines; containing circles, vocaliza- tion of, 80; containing loops, vocaliza- tion of, 92; containing the small iu- hook, vocalization of, 125 ; of words of frequent occurrence unnecessary to vocalize, p. 102 ; variety of, possible, 191 ; written in position, 216. Paper, 202. Past tenses, rules for writing, 170. Pencil, 203; manner of holding the, 204. Pen, 203 ; manner of holding the, 204. Phonetic; alphabet, 3; analysis of qu, 151 ; spelling, 37. "Phonographic Dictionary," use of the, 196. Phonography, study of printed, 197. Phrases, /. 179 ; for business amanuen- ses, /. 180; /and he in, 220; position of, 221. Phrase-writing, 219. Plurals, representation of, 85. Position ; of diphthong signs, 44 ; of half- EX. 199 length logograms, 173 ; of horizontal logograms, 72 ; of phrases, 221 ; what outlines should be written in, 216. Position-writing, 214; how employed, 215. Practise ; method of, 20, 38 ; new kind recommended, 190. Prefixes, disjoined, 189. Preparation ; for amanuensis work, 223 ; for the writing exercises, 205. Primitives, logograms represent deriva- tive words as well as, 71. Principle; doubling,/. 84; free use of the halving, 171 ; halving,/, 76, /. 78, 159. Principles of abbreviation, 211. Printed phonography, study of, 197. Punctuation, 119. Quadruple consonants, /. 70, 147. Qu, phonetic analysis of, 151. R; final, 65 ; halving of, 161 ; initial, 64 ; medial, 66; upward and downward, / .34- Rapid writing, deviations from the stand- ard in, 198. Kay, halved, 167. Read, logogram for, 172. Reading, order of, 33. Recurrence of words, unequal, 68. Reporting logograms,/. 177. Reporting style, /. 172 ; easy, 210 ; exer- cises in the easy, p. 181. Representation ; of concurrent vowels by coalescent vowel-signs, approxi- mate, 55 ; of plurals, 85 ; of zd, 94. /?-hook, 135 ; and /-hook, mnemonics for, 137 ; on curved strokes, 136. /?/-hook intervocalized used in writing certain words, 140 note. Roman alphabet, deficiencies of the, 2. Rules ; for reading the circle, 82 ; for the stroke and hook forms ofy~and?>, no; for the stroke and hook forms of , 102; for the strokes and vowel-signs for TV and y, 52 ; for the use of large w- hook, 150; for the use of loop-j/, 93; for the use of j^aw-hook and sh n- hook, 115; for writing past tenses, 170; for writing the stroke and circle forms of s-z, 81 ; for writing the stroke and hook forms of iu, 126. 5V and 2 ch-cles distinguished, 84 ; before stroke-^, 146 ; half-length, 160 ; rules for writing stroke and circle forms of, 81. Scale ; short vowel, 39 ; vowel, 29. Self-instructed learners, hints to, 208. 5?J-circle, /. 48. .SVz-circle, /. 48; and w-hook combined, 106. Sh, 67 ; upward and downward, p. '34. Sez-es, 87. Shade, 6, iq; modified, 26. Short vowels, /. 24. Short vowel ; scale, 39 ; signs, 40. Shun distinguished from zkun, 118. Shun-\\oo\i, p. 58, 113 ; and circle-.? com- bined, 116; and sh -hook, rules for the use of, 115; attachment of, 114; backward, 117. Signs ; briefer, supplied, 77 ; diphthong, 43 ; diphthong joined, 46; direction of diphthong, invariable, 45 ; long vowel, 31; position of diphthong, 44; short vowel, 40 ; use of the double-conso- nant, 139. Size of strokes, 18. Slurs, 27. Small loop, 91. Small TO-hook, p. 62, 122 ; and circle-.? combined, 128 ; attachment to curves, 123; attachment to ray, 124; medial use of the, 127. Sound-writing, i. Spelling, phonetic, 37. Spr series, initial, 145. -SV-loop, p 50 ; rules for the use of the, 93. SVr-loop, /. 50. Stroke ; and a circle, vowel expression between a, 83 ; and circle forms of s-z, rules for writing, 81 ; and hook forms of n, rules for, 102 ; and hook forms of TV, rules for writing the, 126; -h, 57; -h preceded by s, 146. Strokes ; and vowel signs for -w and y, rules for, 52 ; circles and loops on halved, 163 ; direction of, 15 ; halved final-hook, 165; halved w-hook, 166; of variable direction, 22 ; size of, 18 ; supplementary, 13; tick-A on halved, 162. Suffixes, disjoined, 188. Supplementary strokes, 13. Table of consonants, /*. 13, 14; of gram- malogues, /. 103 ; of logograms, /. 106. Tangent; half-lengths joined at a, 168; joinings, 25. Tenses, rules for writing past, 170. Tcr added by doubling, 175. Tltr, tick, 185. Ther added by doubling, 176. Tick ; a, an, and, 186; the, 185. Tick-A, 56 ; on halved strokes, 162. Ticks, /. 88, 184. Triphthong ivt, 49. Triple consonants, p. 70, 141 ; halved, 164; imperfect, 143; irregular, 144; medial, 142. Two-fold nature of coalescents, 47. Unequal recurrence of words, 68. Upward and djwnward /, r, and sh,p. 34. U:ility of continuous joinings, 28. I'; f and, distinguished, 109 ; rules for stroke and hook forms of, no. Variable direction, strokes of, 22. Variety of oir'ines possible, 191. F-hook, p. 56 ; and circle-j combined, 112 ; attachment of, 108 ; medial use of the, in. Vocal affinity, 158. Vocalization ; of double consonants, 133, 140; of double-lengths, 17^-181; of half-lengths, 160; of now, imperfect, 46 note; of outlines containing cir- cles, 80; of outlines containing loops, 02 ; of outlines containing the small w- hook, 125; of the large circle, suggest- ive, 88. Vowel ; expression between a stroke and a circle, 83 ; glides, 42 ; logograms, 70; places, 34: scale, 29; short, scale, 39. Vowels; between consonants, 41 ; con- current, p. 30 ; consecutive, written separately, 53; long, /. 20, p. 22, 30; names of the, 35 ; omission of, 212 ; re- tained in certain cases, 213; short,/. 24- Vowel-signs; approximate representa- tion of concurrent vowels by coales- cent, 55 ; coalescent, 48; direction of coalescent, invariable, 50; joined coa- lescent, 51 ; short, 40; strokes and, for w and y, rules for, 52. W; and y, rules for the strokes and vowel-signs for, 52 ; rules for writing the stroke and hook forms of, 126. Wh, 60, 129. ff-hook ; attachment of small, to curves, 123 ; large, p. 72, 149 ; large, in foreign words, 153; large, preceded by circle -s, 152; medial use of the small, 127; rules for the use of the large, 150; small, p. 62, 122 ; small, and circle-.? combined, 128; strokes halved, 166 ; vocalization of outlines containing the small, 125. 11-7, triphthong, 49. Words; for business amanuenses, /. 180; large w-hook in foreign, 153; logo- grams represent derivative, as well as primitives, 71; means of distinguishing clashing, 217 ; of frequent occurrence, unnecessary to vocalize, outlines of, /. 102 ; omission of, 222 ; unequal re- currence of, 68. Writing ; direction of, 16 ; materials, 201. Writing exercises, /. 109; how to prac- tise the, 206; necessity for, 200; prep- aration for the, 205. ]", rules for the strokes and vowel-signs for 70 and, 52. )> distinguished from /, 75. )"-hook attached to b, 154. Z ; rules for writing stroke and circle forms of, 81 ; J and, circles distin- guished, 84. Zd, representation of, 94. Zi'f-circle, /. 48. /?cz-circle, /. 43. Zkun distinguished from shun, nS. THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF SHORTHAND. CATALOG OF Phonographic Works BY BENN PITMAN AND JEROME B. HOWARD. PUBLISHT BY THE PHONOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE COMPANY, CINCINNATI, O. There is no question whatever of the truth of the statement that the Benn Pitman System is more generally used than any other in this country ; at least this would appear to be true, from the reports made to this Bureau of various institutions teaching shorthand. Hon. W. T. Harris, Commissioner of Education {Washington, D. C. ), November 19, 1898. The following is a graphic summary of the Table of Statistics on the Teaching of Shorthand in the United States, in the Bureau of Education Circular of Information No. I, 1893, pages, 40 to 141 : / Benn Pitman, 747 teachers, ~l 34-7%- ^ ^ ^^^ Graham, 363 teachers, 1 6. 8 $,. ME B. HOWARD. Contains reading exercises engraved in easy reporting style, and is keyed by "McGuffey's Revised Sixth Eclectic Reader." 52 pp., paper 25 The Reporter's Companion. By BENN PITMAN and JEROME B. HOWARD. A Guide to Verbatim Reporting; for professional re- porters and those who desire to become such. In this work, which should be studied only by those who have first mastered the Manual of Phonography, the Principles of Abbreviation used in the Brief Reporting Style of Phonography are clearly explained and amply illustrated. Thousands of reporters have acquired their ability to write verbatim with no other instruction than that afforded by this and the preceding set of books. 187 pp., cloth I OO The Phonographic Dictionary and Phrase Book. By BENN PIT- MAN and JEROME B. HOWARD. Contains a vocabulary of 120,000 words, including every useful word in the language and a large num- ber of proper and geographic names, legal, scientific, and technical terms, engraved in phonography with a parallel key in ordinary type. Concerning each word information is given on the following points: I. Spelling; 2. Accentuation; 3. Pronunciation; 4. Capitalization; 5. Fully-vocalized (or Corresponding Style) phonographic outline; 6. Reporting Style outline ; 7. Compounding ; 8. Principal phrases which it begins. The phonographic outlines are clearly and beauti- fully engraved, no roundabout, complicated "nomenclature" being employed. [Specimen pages will be sent on request.] 55 2 P a es > octavo, cloth 3 Business Letters. No. i. Miscellaneous Correspondence. Written in the Reporting Style of Phonography, with Key. By BENN PITMAN and JEROME B. HOWARD. The letters have been selected from actual correspondence in various branches of business, and, being free from difficult technicalities, are such as will furnish the best prac- tise for young students of shorthand who are ready to begin fitting themselves for the duties of the shorthand correspondent or business amanuensis. 32 pp., paper 25 Instructions in Practical Court Reporting. By H. W. THORNE. The standard work on this important subject. Exemplifies, explains and instructs as to all the details of trials, teaching the shorthand writer how to use his skill in making a report. Contains valuable suggestions to lawyers and law students found in no other work. Has received emphatic testimonials from official court reporters, judges, lawyers, law lecturers, teachers of shorthand and the press. 237 pp., cloth I oo Books Printed in Phonography. On Self-Culture, Intellectual, Physical, and Moral. A vade mecum for young men and students. By JOHN STUART BI.ACKIE, professor of Greek in the University of Edinburgh. Printed in the Easy Re- porting Style of Phonography in accordance with the Manual of Phonography by Benn Pitman and Jerome B. Howard. 67 pp. Paper 35 Plain Talk. By C. H. SPURGEON. Written in Corresponding Style. 32 pp., paper 25 3 Rip Van Winkle and The Creole Village. By WASHINGTON IRVING. In Easy Reporting Style. 32 pp., paper 25 The Battle of Waterloo. Compiled from Creasy's "Fifteen Decisive Battles," and other sources. By BENN PITMAN. In Brief Reporting Style, with maps. No key. 31 pp., paper 25 [See also The Phonographic Library, page 6.] Typewriter Instruction Books. Remington Typewriter Lessons, for the use of Teachers and Learners. Designed to develop accurate and rapid operators. By MRS. M. V. LONGLEY. 48 pp., paper 50 Caligraph Lessons, for the use of Teachers and Learners. Designed to develop accurate and rapid operators. By MRS. M. V. LONGLEY. 48 pp., paper 50 The Smith Premier Typewriter Instructor. By the Eight-Finger Method, in which the most rapid and least tiresome mode of writing every word correctly is clearly indicated, including suggestions and exercises for acquiring the art of writing by position, without looking at keyboard ; containing also practical exercises in correspondence, business and legal papers, testimony, contracts, specifications, orna- mentations, etc., etc. By ELIAS LONGLEY. 48 pp., paper 50 The Yost Typewriter Instructor. By the Eight- Finger Method, etc. By ELIAS LONGLEY. 48 pp., paper 50 The National Typewriter Instructor. By the Eight- Finger Method, etc. By ELIAS LONGLEY. 48 pp., paper 50 Longley's Typewriter Instructor. In accordance with a scientific keyboard, etc. Py ELIAS LONGLEY. 48 pp., paper 50 The Touch Writer. A text-book for self- and class-instruction in the art of operating the typewriter without looking at the keyboard. By J. E. FULLER. Shift-Key Edition, designed for the Remington, Densmore, Rem-Sho, Underwood, and other writing-machines navinga shift-key and the "universal" keyboard. Paper, 48pp., 50 Double-Keyboard Edition, designed for the Smith Premier, Jewett, Yost, New Century Caligraph, and other writing-machines having a iouble "universal" keyboard. Paper, 48 pp 50 4 Miscellaneous. How Long A Symposium. Consists of contributions on the length of time required for obtaining -verbatim speed in shorthand writing, from the following eminent reporters : Jerome B. Allen, Eliza B. Burnz, Chas. E. Weller, Wm. A. Croffut, H. W. Thome, Henry M. Parkhurst, Spencer C. Rodgers, Daniel C. McEwan, Thomas Allen Reed, Wm. Whitford, Edw. B. Dickinson, Philander Deming, Julius Woldemar Zeibig, Benn Pitman, Theo. F. Shuey, Thos. Towndrow, Theo. C. Rose, Sherburne Wesley Burnham, Wm. Henry Burr, Elias Longley, Dennis F. Murphy, Edw. F. Underbill, Adelbert P. Little, Chas. C. Marble, John B. Carey, Frederic Irland, David Wolfe Browne. A remarkable assemblage of opinions and experiences. Full of happy suggestions to teachers and self-instructed learners of shorthand. Illustrated with a finely-engraved portrait of each con- tributor. 189 pages. Paper, 50 cents ; Cloth 75 The Teaching of Shorthand. By G. A. CLARK. This essay was awarded a prize of Two Hundred and Fifty Dollars offered by the editor of the Phonographic Magazine, in which it was originally printed. It should be read by every progressive teacher of shorthand, regardless of systems. Paper 25 The Mastery of Shorthand. By DAVID WOLFE BROWN, Official Reporter, National House of Representatives. An essay on mastery by a master. One of the most important contributions to the litera- ture of shorthand pedagogy. It deserves an attentive reading by every thoughtful teacher of phonography. Paper 35 Phonography What it Is and What it Does. By BENN PITMAN. Gives a concise account of the nature and capabilities of phonography (including a compend of the art, with engraved examples accompanied by key- words); also a brief historical account of the origin and devel- opment of phonography in England and America. Paper 3 Special imprint editions for teachers at greatly-reduced rates. Baby Talk. A text-book for Babies on the Art of Learning to Speak. By P. W. A happy thought, happily formulated by a phonographer, for assisting parents to lead very young children, unconsciously to them, into a knowledge and correct use of the phonetic elements of English. Paper 25 The Dictater. A Collection of Graded Dictation Exercises for the use of Teachers and Students of Shorthand. By MiNA WARD. Consists of exercises suitable for class-room dictation, counted and arranged to facilitate reading at any desired speed. The exercises are also ar- ranged in order according to the average number of syllables in the words which each contains. Cloth I oo 5 The Stenographer's Dictation and Form-Book. A guide to practical work for students in shorthand and typewriting, containing court records, business letters, and law forms. By CLAYTON C. HERR, (Official Reporter of the McLean County, 111., Circuit Court since 1876,) and ANNA M. CAMPBELL, assistant. Cloth, 262 pp ...... i 50 The Game of Shorthand. An amusing and instructive game of cards for shorthand writers as well as for those unacquainted with the art. While playing this game all the leading principles of Phonography can be learned. Can be played by any number of persons, and delights young and old alike. In box, together with rules for Paying .............................................................................................. 75 Divided Proverbs. A new, amusing and instructive game for every- body ; but especially intended for teachers and students of the English, German, French and Spanish languages. The game is composed of well-selected proverbs from the languages above mentioned. Each proverb is divided into two parts, and each part is on a separate card. Rules for playing a fascinating game accompany each set of cards, 50 Periodical Publications. The Phonographic Magazine. Edited by JEROME B. HOWARD. Publisht once a month. Each number contains beautifully-engraved Phonography, mostly in Brief Reporting Style, with Key ; facsimile notes and portraits of celebrated reporters, besides original and con- tributed articles of general phonographic interest. The Magazine is now in its fifteenth volume, is a periodical complement to the text- books, and the authentic organ of the Benn Pitman system of Phonog- raphy. Subscriptions may begin with any number. Specimen copy free. Price, per annum (invariably in advance) ........................ 50 Vois. I to XI, in parts, each volume, $l.oo; Bound in cloth.... 2 oo Vols. XII to XIV, in parts, 50 cents a volume ; cloth ................ i 50 The Phonographic Library. Each number contains a complete work of standard literature printed in Brief Reporting Style. All back numbers can be furnisht except those markt *. Either series finely bound in cloth ................................................ I 75 Single numbers ................................. ,. .............................................. 10 First Series. No. i. Sir Roge. Kingsley ; 3. The G Legend of Sleepy Second Series. No. 13. The Tattler's Court, by Joseph Addison; 14. Jackanapes, by Juliana Horatia Ewing ; 15. Theseus, by Charles Kingsley ; 16. The King of the Golden River, by John Ruskin ; 17. Pax Vobiscum, by Henry Drummond ; 18. The Marquis Jeanne Hyacinthe de St. Palaye, by J. H. Shorthouse ; 19. The Specter Bridegroom, and The Devil and Tom Walker, by Washington Irving; 20. The Study of the Law, by Timothy Walker; 21. Marjorie Fleming, by Dr. John Brown ; 22. The Sons of Philemon, by Gertrude Hall ; 23. Dream Life and Real Life, by Olive Schreiner; 24. The Lost Arts, and Other Addresses, by Wendell Phillips. Phonographic Stationery. Reporting Paper, per quire, 6 cents, postpaid n Per ream, $l.oo; five reams, $4.50, sent by express at purchaser's charge. In ordering, specify whether single or double-line paper is wanted, and whether for pen or pencil. Learner's Paper, wide double lines, like the ruling of the Phonographic Copy-Book. Can be used with either pen or pencil, per quire, 6 cents, postpaid II In quantity, same prices as Reporting Paper. Reporting Case. A leather cover adapted to holding one or two quires of reporting paper, which can be removed when used and the case replenisht. Indispensable when the reporter, having no table, is obliged to rest his paper on his knees. Sheep I oo Morocco I 50 The "Phonographic Institute" Note Book. 200 pages, 4^x8^ inches, pen or pencil paper, single or double line, as ordered. Boards, Each, 15 cents, postpaid 25 Per dozen I 5 When more than three note books are ordered, they will be sent by express, at purchaser's charge, unless otherwise directed. The " New Legal " Note Book. 100 pages, 5^ x 8^ double col- umn, pen or pencil paper, single or double ruled. Tag-board covers, bound with tape so as to open flat. Each, 10 cents, postpaid.... 18 Per dozen i oo When more than six legal note books are ordered, they will be sent by express, at purchaser's charge, unless otherwise directed. The "Phonographic Institute" Steel Pen, expressly manufactured for us for phonographic writing and reporting. These pens have especially fine, smooth points, and pleasant, uniform action. The peculiar shape is such that a great deal of ink is held by the pen with- 7 out danger of dropping, thus reducing to a minimum the frequency of dipping the pen. No. i, fine points. No. 2, medium points. No. 3, coarse points. Per dozen, 10 cents ; per gross I oo The "Phonographic Institute" Lead Pencil (actual diameter shown in cut), made expressly for us, with the finest grade of black, tough lead, and especially recommended for phonographer's use. Per dozen, 50 cents ; per gross 5 oo Phonographic Tracts. For distribution by teachers and others. No. i. What They Say about Phonography Opinions of Fifty Eminent Men and Journals. 2. Some Reasons why You should Learn Phonography. 3. Can Phonography be Self-Taught ? 4. The Long Gains of Shorthand. 5. Phonography in the Public Schools. 6. Shorthand for Clergymen. 7. Modifications of Phonography Wise and Otherwise. 8. Points of Difference between the Benn Pitman and the Present English Style of Phonography. 9. What Official Reporters Say about the Benn Pitman System. 10. The Educational Value of Shorthand. 11. What Some Leading Schools and Colleges Say about the Benn Pitman System. Each, per 100, 10 cents ; per thousand, 75 cents ; with imprint, I oo Copies of this Catalog, for distribution, free. The works herein described are for sale by all booksellers, or will b forwarded by us, uostpaid (except when postage charges are given), on receipt of the prices specified. Safe delivery by mail is guaran- teed only when order is accompanied by eight cents additional foi registration fee. No goods will be sent by express C. O. D. unless order is accompanied by at least one-fourth of the price, to insure payment of charges. Teachers of Phonography and Booksellers sup- plied at a liberal discount. All orders must be accompanied by a remittance. Send post-office money order, express money order, New York or Cincinnati draft. N. B. Local checks will not be accepted. Address, THE PHONOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE COMPANY, CINCINNATI, O. UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 000 735 457 4