UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MEDICAL CENTER LIBRARY SAN FRANCISCO Gift of University of California Berkeley A , Asa GRAY'S NEW MANUAL OF BOTANY (SEVENTH EDITION ILLUSTRATED) A HANDBOOK OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF THE CENTRAL AND NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AND ADJACENT CANADA REARRANGED AND EXTENSIVELY REVISED BY BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON ASA GRAY PROFES8OK OF SYSTEMATIC BOTANY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY AND MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF HOTANY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY II >8 NEW YORK :. CINCINNATI : CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1908, BY THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE w- P. i CONTENTS PREFACE ......... ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES .... TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES .... SUMMARY KY DIVISIONS, CLASSES, ETC. SUMMARY BY MINOR GROUPS ..... EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS EMPLOYED . DESCRIPTIVE FLORA . . . . . . . GLOSSARY ......... INDEX . PAGE 5 9 23 27 27 28 31 33 875 885 PREFACE IN bringing Dr. ASA GRAY'S well-known Manual to date and into accord with modern views of classification and nomenclature, the present editors have found it necessary to rearrange it throughout, rewrite considerable portions, modify at least slightly nearly all the descriptions, and adopt certain principles of nomenclature (notably the one relating to the first specific name) somewhat at variance with Dr. Gray's practice. Although these changes have been numerous and in some respects fundamental, it is believed that they are all in thorough accord with the liberal spirit of progress which character- ized his own successive publications. Wherever possible and in all cases of doubt, the wording of the sixth edition, prepared by Dr. SERENO WATSON and Professor JOHN MERLE COULTER, and pub- lished in January, 1890, has been retained. In the arrangement of the plant-families and in grouping them in orders, the admirable system of Eichler, in recent years much elaborated and perfected by Engler and Prantl, has been followed with a few deviations of minor importance. The term order, used by Dr. Gray as synonymous with family, is here employed, according to the recommendation of the International Botanical Congress at Vienna, to designate a group of superior rank ; the same, in fact, which has sometimes been called a cohort. Orders, in this sense, are not capable of sharp definition in the manner of species, genera, or even families, nor is it to be supposed that one order begins in development where the preceding ends. They are rather to be conceived as representing somewhat parallel and long- disconnected lines or tendencies in evolutionary development. The grouping of the families into orders is shown in the tabular view on pages 23-27. To cover a more natural floral area and to make the Manual con- venient for a greater number of users, some alterations have been made in the geographic limits adopted in the sixth edition. These changes result in (1) the exclusion of the territory at the west between the 96th and 100th meridians, a region now known to include a con- 6 PREFACE siderable percentage of plants characteristic of the Great Plains and not harmonious with the flora which the present work is especially designed to treat; and (2) the inclusion of the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and the greater part of Quebec and Ontario. As thus modified, the limits are as follows : on the north, the 48th parallel from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Lake Superior, and the international boundary thence to the northwest corner of Minnesota; on the west, the western boundary of Minnesota and northwestern Iowa, thence southward along the 96th meridian; on the south, the southern boundaries of eastern Kansas, Missouri, Kentucky, and Virginia. In the preparation of this edition valued assistance has been received from Professor A. S. HITCHCOCK of the United States Department of Agriculture, who has elaborated the Gramineae; Mr. OAKES AMES, Assistant Director of the Botanic Garden of Harvard University, who has treated the Orchidaceae; President EZRA BRAINERD of Middlebury College, who has revised the genus Viola; Mr. A. A. EATON of the Aines Botanical Laboratory, who has treated the technical genera Equisetum and Isoetes; Dr. J. M. GREEXMAN of the Field Museum of Natural History, who has revised Senecio; Mr. W. W. EGGLESTOX, who has revised the exceed- ingly difficult genus Crataegus; and Miss MARY A. DAY, Librarian of the Gray Herbarium, who has given much clerical and biblio- graphical assistance throughout the preparation and proof reading of the text. Many of the older figures, formerly grouped in plates, have been redrawn and for greater convenience placed in the text, and to these have been added a much larger number of new ones drawn chiefly by Mr. F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS, but in part also by Professor J. FRANKLIN COLLINS of Brown University and Mr. P. B. WHELPLEY. All the illustrations of the Orchidaceae have been not only skillfully executed but generously contributed by Mrs. OAKES AMES. The fact that it has been possible thus to extend the illustration of the Manual has been due in great part to the interest and liberality of the VISITING COMMITTEE OF THE GRAY HEKUA- RIUM. Many botanists throughout the country, notably the members of the New England Botanical Club, have furnished specimens and notes which have been exceedingly helpful in determining the geo- graphic range and limits of variation. To all who have thus in different ways aided in the preparation of the present work, the editors wish to express their sincere appreciation and cordial thanks. At the International Botanical Congress, held at Vienna, June, PREFACE 7 1905, it was fortunately possible to reach a substantial agreement on the controversial subject of nomenclature. Some mutual con- cessions were necessary, but it is believed that they will be cheer- fully made by those who are really seeking harmony in this matter. The editors have, therefore, scrupulously endeavored to bring the nomenclature of the Manual into accord with the Vienna agreement, in order that American botanical nomenclature may be freed as speedily as possible from peculiarity or provincialism and assume the form which has received international sanction. The most im- portant change in this respect which characterizes the present edition in distinction from the previous editions is the adoption of the earliest specific name instead of that specific name which was first combined with the correct generic name. With this change it becomes more important to trace the previous use of specific names under other genera, and, to facilitate this, it seems wise to adopt the double citation of authorities. In the capitalization of specific and varietal names, it has been thought best to adopt the custom of many promi- nent botanists from Linnaeus himself to the distinguished editors of the Index Kewensis. The chief change in this respect from the usage of previous editions consists in the decapitalization of geo- graphic adjectives, such as canadensis, americana, and the like. In regard to these words it should be borne in mind that they are not English and therefore not subject to the rules of English grammar. They are a part of an international system of Latin nomenclature, which should not be modified by different nations by introducing peculiarities of their several languages. Many generic and other names, which were in use prior to 1753, were adopted by Linnaeus and his followers. These names are indicated in the Manual by brackets inclosing the name of the pre-Linnean author ; thus, Poly- podium [Tourn.] L. In the treatment of the ever increasing number of foreign plants which have been recorded within our range, it has seemed desirable to include in the Manual only those which have given some evidence of self-dissemination and shown some tendency to become permanent members of our flora. Waifs, ballast-weeds, and plants persisting locally after cultivation have in general been omitted. During the last twenty years there has been an unprecedented activity in the characterization of new species and varieties within our range. The present editors have considerably delayed the issue of this work in order to examine these new propositions and give them recognition in all cases where their merit could be 8 PREFACE demonstrated. In a few instances, however, it has been impossible from lack of material or data either to include as valid or to reduce definitely to synonymy such species and varieties, and it has accord- ingly seemed best not to mention them. It is not thereby meant that they are not of value, but merely that evidence of their distinct- ness has not been available. Botanical names, being in many instances latinized forms of geographic, aboriginal, or personal designations, are not always capable of easy or consistent pronunciation. From long-established custom they are usually pronounced in English-speaking countries according to the pronunciation of Latin after the English method, exceptions being frequent in such, names as Michauxiana, which is commonly pronounced meshoiina, or by others meshoziana, to avoid the awkward pronunciation which the word would have according to the English rules. The subject is one into which considerations of taste, convenience, and custom enter to such an extent that it is most difficult to lay down definite principles free from pedantry. However, as a general guide, the names in this, as in previous edi- tions, are marked with accents, the accented syllable being deter- mined as far as possible by the well-known rules of Latin quantity. In cases of doubtful quantity, in such names as Berlandiera, Palme ri, Bacopa, etc., it has seemed best to treat the penultimate vowel as long, according to the usage of most British and Continental writers. Two accents are used, the grave ( v ) to indicate the long English sound of the vowel, the acute (') to show the shortened or other- wise modified sound. For aid in determining the accented syllable, the editors are in several instances indebted to Dr. A. S. I'KASK. In consideration of recent differences in nomenclatorial practice, and with a wish to make the Manual as convenient as possible for all users, synonyms have been inserted freely to show the equiva- lence of different names, especially of those permitted by the Rochester and American Codes but not sanctioned by the Interna- tional Rules. It has been necessary to make these citations exceed- ingly brief, the specific namo, when the same, being omitted; <>jj. under Ranunculus Cymbalarin I'ursh, the synonym O.r//>/n /;>/>/* I'rnntl means that the species has been treated by I'nmtl under the identi- cal specific name (Cymbalaria) in Oxggraphify a genus not maintained in the present work. n. L. K. M. L. F. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES (Carried out, in some cases, to subfamilies and genera) \ DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA Fern-like, moss-like, rush-like, or aquatic plants without true flowers. Reproduction by spores (without embryos). A. Floating plants with small 2-ranked leaves; sporocarps borne on the under side of the stem SALVINIACEAE, 50 A. Terrestrial or submersed plants, not floating B. B. Stems conspicuously jointed, their nodes covered by toothed sheaths; sporangia on the scales of terminal dry cone-like spikes EQUISETACEAE, 51 B. Stems without conspicuous sheathed joints C. C. Leaves closely imbricated or very narrow; sporangia sessile, axillary. Stem short, corm-like; leaves elongate, awl-shape or linear, in a rosette ISOETACEAE, 58 Stem elongate, creeping (sometimes underground) or branch- ing ; leaves very short, crowded or imbricated. Sporangia of two kinds, some containing many minute spores (microspores), others bearing few (usually 3-4) much larger macrospores SELAGINELLACEAE, 57 Sporangia bearing uniform minute spores LYCOPODIACEAE, 54 C. Leaves (fronds) not closely imbricated; if narrow, without axillary sporangia D. D. Leaves (fronds) 4-foliolate, clover-like; sporocarps (inclosing the sporangia) stalked from the creeping stem MARSILEACEAE, 49 D. Leaves (fronds) not 4-foliolate, simple or variously cleft; spo- rangia not inclosed in basal sporocarps E. E. Fertile fronds, or fertile portions of the fronds conspicu- ously unlike the sterile F. F. Slender twining or climbing plant, the frond with alter- nate paired and stalked palmately lobed divisions Lygodium, 46 F. Neither twining nor climbing G. G. Sterile fronds linear-filiform, tortuous; the fertile fili- form, tipped by a 1-sided short (3-8 mm. long) pinnate fertile portion Schizaea, 45 G. Sterile fronds (or segments) broader H. H. Sterile segment of the frond simple; the fertile a long-stalked simple spike OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 47 H. Sterile and fertile fronds or segments more or less cleft I. 9 10 ANALYTICAL KEY I. Rootstock almost none, the solitary (rarely 2) fronds appear- ing to rise from a cluster of fleshy roots ; lower segment sterile, upper fertile and bearing 2-rowed globular sporangia Botrychium, 47 I. Rootstock well developed, elongate or stout, the roots fibrous; fronds numerous or the fertile and sterile clearly distinct J. J. Fertile fronds or segments scarcely or not at all leaf-like, the sporangia globose or in bead-like rows. Sporangia globose, thin-walled, 2-valved, densely crowded, not 2-ranked OSMUNDACEAE, 46 Sporangia globose and distinct or connected in bead- like chains, firm, 2-ranked Onoclea, 45 J. Fertile fronds or segments green and leaf-like, at least above ; the sporangia not globose POLYPODIACEAE, 33 E. Fertile fronds or segments essentially like the sterile. Sporangia sessile at the base of a bristle-like receptacle and surrounded by a cup-like involucre ; frond of a single layer of cells HYMENOPHYLLACKAE, 33 Sporangia stalked, with no bristle-like receptacle; frond of more than one layer of cells POLYPODIACEAE, 33 DIVISION II. SPERMATOPHYTA Plants with true flowers containing stamens, pistils, or both. Reproduc- tion normally by seeds containing an embryo. SUBDIVISION I. GYMNOSPERMAE Ovules not in- a closed ovary. Trees and shrubs with needle-shaped, linear, or scale-like mostly evergreen leaves, and monoecious or dioecious flowers K. K. Flowers themselves catkin-like or borne in catkins, which be- come cones or berry-like PINACEAK, ('.'_ K. Flowers solitary, axillary ; seed solitary, more or less enveloped in a pulpy disk TAXACEAE, 02 SUBDIVISION II. ANGIOSP^RMAE Ovules borne in a closed ovary, which at maturity becomes the fruit. CLASS i. MONOCOTYLEDONEM: Stems without central pith or annular layers, but having the woody til>rs distributed through them (a transverse slice showing the fibers as dots scat- tered through the cellular tissue). Embryo with a single cotyledon, the early leaves always alternate. Parts of the flower usually in threes or sixes, never iii fives. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Our species, except in the genus Smilu.r. herbaceous L. L. Small lens-shaped, ellipsoidal, or tlask-shape.1 five-swimming aquatics without true leaves l.i- MNACKAB, 259 L. Plants witli stems ami leaves (sometimes scale-like) M. ANALYTICAL KEY 11 M. Perianth free from the ovary or none N. N. Perianth wanting or of scale-like or bristle-form divisions O. O. Flowers inclosed or subtended by imbricated husk-like scales (glumes) ; grass-like plants with jointed stems, sheathing (mostly narrow) leaves, and 1-seeded fruit. Stems hollow, round or flattened ; leaf-sheaths split ; anthers attached by the middle GRAMINEAE, 86 Stems usually more or less triangular, solid; leaf-sheaths not split ; anthers attached at the base CYPERACEAE, 171 O. Flowers not inclosed in husk-like scales (though sometimes in involucrate heads) P. P. Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy, the upper leaves often floating. Flowers perfect NAJADACEAE, 69 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Flowers in globose heads SPARGANIACEAE, 68 Flowers axillary, solitary NAJADACEAE, 69 P. Terrestrial or marsh plants Q. Q. Leaves petioled, the blade net-veined ARACEAE, 257 Q. Leaves linear or sword-shaped, parallel-veined, notpetioled R. R. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Flowers in cylindrical spikes TYPHACEAE, 67 Flowers in heads. Heads spheroidal, pubescent, involucrate ERIOCAULACEAE, 260 Heads globose, glabrous, not involucrate SPARGANIACEAE, 68 R . Flowers perfect. Flowers in a dense spike, this borne on the margin of a 2-edged scape ; root aromatic Acorus, 258 Scapes or peduncles cylindrical. Ovaries 3-6, separating at least when ripe JUNCAGINACEAE, 79 Ovary single, 3-carpeled JUNCACEAE, 267 N. Perianth always present, herbaceous or colored, neither scale- like nor bristle-form S. S. Pistils numerous in a head or ring ALISMACEAE, 80 S. Pistil one, compound (cells or placentae mostly 3) T. T. Stamens 3. Moss-like, aquatic ; flowers solitary MAYACACEAE, 263 Rush-like marsh or bog plants ; flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads. Flowers racemose or spicate JUNCAGINACEAE, 79 Flowers in dense scaly heads XYRIDACEAE, 262 T. Stamens 4 Maianthemum, 291 T. Stamens 6 U. U. Stamens all alike and fertile. Gray scurfy moss-like epiphyte BROMELIACEAE, 265 Not epiphytic. Ovary of nearly separate carpels JUNCAGINACEAE, 79 Ovary (often angled or lobed) not deeply cleft. Divisions of the perianth alike or nearly so. Perianth woolly HAEMODORACEAE, 296 Perianth not woolly. Plant rush-like; perianth small, greenish or purplish brown JUNCACEAE, 267 12 ANALYTICAL KEY Plant not rush-like LILIATKAK. 279 Divisions of the perianth unlike, 3 green sepals ami 3 colored petals. Stem-leaves ovate or oblong, 3 in a whorl Trillium, 293 Stem-leaves linear or nearly so ; flowers umheled COMMELINACEAK, 2W U. Stamens dissimilar, or only 3 with fertile anthers. Perianth of 3 herbaceous sepals and 3 colored ephemeral petals COMMKLINACEAK. 2U4 Perianth tubular, 0-lobed PONTKDKKIACK AK, I'tii; M. Perianth present, adnate to the ovary V. V. Stamens 1-2 ; flowers irregular. Anthers 2-celled; seeds many ORCHIDACEAE, 304 Anthers 1-celled; seeds solitary MARANTACEAE, 304 V. Stamens 3 or more ; flowers mostly regular or nearly so W. W. Climbing plant with net-veined ovate leaves DIOSCOREACEAE, 297 W. Not climbing; leaves parallel-veined. Perianth woolly, only partially adnate to the ovary HAEMODORACEAE, 290 Perianth not woolly, adnate to the whole surface of the ovary. Aquatics; flowers dioecious or polygamous HYDROCHARITACEAE, 85 Terrestrial ; flowers perfect. Stamens 6 AMARYLLIDACEAE, 297 Stamens 3. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant; stamens opposite the outer segments of the perianth IRIDACEAK, 299 Leaves not 2-ranked, the cauline scale-like; stamens opposite the inner segments of the perianth BURMANMACEAE, 304 CLASS 2. DICOTYLEDONEAE Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a zone between the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves net-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Parts of the flower mostly in fours or fives X. X. Corolla none ; calyx present or absent Y. Y. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both sorts in catkins '/.. /. Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads. Fertile flowers in a short catkin <>r catkin-like head l'i: ncACEAE, 344 Fertile flowers single or clustered; the sterile in slender catkins (except in F \< i \i Leaves simple; fertile flowers 1-3 in a cup or involucre F UJACKAK, 337 Z. Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads n. a. Ovary many-ovuled ; fruit many-seeded. Ovary and pod 2-celled; seeds not tufted I,iii>ii , rarely 4 ; filaments not con- spicuously thick EUPHORBIACEAE, 540 j. Ovary not 3-celled ; juice not milky k. k. Flowers in numerous small involucrate heads; fruit a 3-angled achene Eriogonum, 353 k. Flowers not involucrate. Leaves covered at least beneath with stel- late hairs ; embryo straight EUPHORBIACEAE, 540 14 ANALYTICAL KEY Leaves without stellate hairs ; embryo curved or coiled. Stipules scarious ILLECEBRACEAE, 376 Stipules none. Leaves opposite. Plant fleshy Salicornia, 369 Not fleshy. Flowers in heads or spikes, these often panicled ; anthers 1-celled AMARANTHACEAE, 371 Flowers sessile in forks of branching inflorescence ILLECEBRACEAE, :>76 Leaves alternate. Flowers and bracts scarious AMARANTHA* KAK. .">71 Flowers small, chiefly greenish ; no scarious bracts CHENOPODIACEAE, 364 /. Shrubs or trees. Leaves small, linear or scale-like ; low heath-like shrubs EMPETRACEAE, 551 Leaves oblong to orbicular; never heath-like. Leaves opposite. Fruit 3-celled, not winged RHAMNACEAE, 5M Fruit 2-celled, a double samara ACERACEAK. r>;>7 Fruit 1-celled, a single samara OLEACEAE, 6.50 Leaves alternate. Ovary 3-celled RHAMNACEAE, 500 Ovary 1-2-celled. Styles and stigmas 2 URTICACEAE, 344 Style and stigma 1. Anthers opening lengthwise THYMELAEACEAE. .">*'.) Anthers opening by uplifted lids LAURACEAK. -\\:\ d. Ovary inferior or so closely and permanently invested by the calyx as to appear so. Parasites on the branches of trees LORANTHACEAK, ."-"I Aquatic herbs HALORAGIDACEAE, 602 Terrestrial. Herbs with calyx colored like a corolla. Leaves opposite, simple NYCTAGINACEAE, 375 Leaves alternate, pinnate Smii/innnrba, 494 Leaves alternate, simple Comandra, 350 Shrubs or trees. Leaves scurfy ELAEAONACKAK, .v.m Leaves not scurfy, opposite \<'*tronia, 350 Leaves not scurfy, alternate. Style 1, stigmatic down one side; flowers solitary, in pairs, or in umbel-like clusters \IISMI, 111'". Style 1, short; stigma terminal ; flowers racemose I'l/rulur/n, :r>o Styles 2 HAMAMELIDATI AI . }:>_' 6. Ovary or its cells containm-- many ovules I. I. Calyx mine: ovary and fruit naked. Aquatic herb PODOSTEMACEAE, 441 Tn-e ,,r shrill) HAMAMELIDACEAE. 4.VJ /. Calyx present in. ///. Ovary superior. ANALYTICAL KEY 15 RANUNCULACEAE, 392 Penthorum, 442 AIZOACEAE, 377 RANUNCULACEAE, 392 CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 377 Glaux, 647 LYTHBACEAE, 591 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 351 Ludvigia, 594 Chrysosplemum, 448 Ovaries 2 or more, separate Ovary single. Ovary 5-celled, 5-beaked ; leaves scattered Ovary 3-5-celled ; leaves opposite or whorled Ovary 1-2-celled. Leaves compound Leaves simple. Calyx of separate sepals Calyx 5-toothed or -cleft Calyx 4-toothed ra. Ovary and pod inferior. Ovary G-celled ; stamens 6-12 Ovary 4-celled ; stamens 4 Ovary 1-celled ; stamens 8-10 X. Both calyx and corolla present n. n. Corolla of separate petals o. o. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10 (rarely 9-10 in Pola- nisia), and more than twice as many as the sepals or calyx- lobes p. p. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils q. q. Pistils several or many, wholly distinct or united at base into a strongly lobed or several-beaked ovary r. r. Aquatics with peltate leaves NYMPHAEACEAE, 389 r. Terrestrial plants. Climbers. Leaves alternate MENISPERMACEAK, 410 Leaves opposite Clematis, 402 Not climbing. Filaments united into a tube MALVACEAE, 566 Filaments not united. Leaves opposite, entire CALYCANTHACEAE, 409 Leaves alternate. Stamens on the calyx Stamens on the receptacle or disk. Trees or shrubs. Sepals and petals imbricated Sepals and petals valvate Herbs q. Pistils strictly one as to ovary; the styles or stigmas may be several s. s. Leaves punctate with translucent dots HYPERICACEAE, 571 s. Leaves not punctate t, t. Ovary simple, 1-celled. Ovules 2 ROSACEAE, 454 Ovules many. Leaves 2-3-ternately compound or dissected RANUNCULACEAE, 392 Leaves peltate, lobed Podophyllum, 411 t. Ovary compound. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals 2 (rarely 3), caducous; juice milky or col- ored ; placentae parietal PAPAVERACEAE, 414 Sepals 2; juice watery; placentae central PORTULACACEAE, 387 ROSACEAE, 454 MAGNOLIACEAE, 408 ANONACEAE, 410 RESEDACEAE, 439 16 ANALYTICAL KEY Sepals 4; juice watery : placentae parietal CAPPARIDACKAE, 438 Sepals 3 or 5, persistent; juice watery; placentae parietal CISTACEAE, 57<> Ovary several-celled. Calyx valvate in bud. Herbs or rarely shrubs; stamens united; anthers 1-celled MALVACEAE, 566 Trees ; anthers 2-celled TILIACEAE, 5 Calyx imbricate in bud. Shrubs ; stamens on the base of the petals TERNSTROEMIACEAE, 570 Aquatic or marsh-dwelling herbs. Leaves tubular or trumpet-shaped ; placentae in the axis SARRACENIACEAE, 439 Leaves (when mature) flattish, never tubular or trumpet-shaped ; ovules on the partitions of the ovary NYMPHAEACEAE, 389 p. Calyx more or less adherent to a compound ovary. Ovary 7-30-celled. Cells many-ovuled ; aquatic herbs NYMPHAEACEAE, 389 Cells 10, each 1-ovuled ; trees or shrubs Amelnm-hit-r. 4. r > ( .) Ovary 6-celled Asururn, 352 Ovary 1-5-celled. Fleshy-stemmed, without true foliage; petals many CACTACEAE, 5860 Ovary 1-celled. Anthers opening by uplifted lids BERBEKIDACEAI 1 1 1 Anthers not opening by uplifted lids. Style 1, unhranehed : stigma 1 I'KIM II.A- KAE, 643 Styles, style-branches, or stigmas more than 1. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2 PoRTULACACE \ Sepals i>*i*. ">42 Flowers perfert 1 'LI M i; \. . I N LCRAB, Hi: 1 . n. Stamens not of the saint- number as the petals, or if of the same nnmb.-r alternate \\ith them V. v. Calyx frer in. m the ovarv, i.e. ovary wholly superior w. ANALYTICAL KEY 17 tv. Ovaries 2 or more, wholly separate or somewhat united x. x. Stamens united with each other and with a large thick stigma common to the 2 ovaries ASCLEPIADACEAE, 663 x. Stamens free from each other and from the pistils y. RUTACEAE, 537 Zanthorhiza, 408 Ailanthus, 538 CRASSULACEAE, 441 y. Stamens on the receptacle, free from the calyx. Leaves punctate with translucent dots Leaves without translucent dots. Trees or shrubs ; leaves pinnate. Low shrub ; leaflets mostly 5 Tree ; leaflets 11 or more Herbs. Leaves fleshy Leaves not fleshy. Ovaries or lobes of the ovary 2-5, with a common style. Ovary 2-3-lobed LIMNANTHACEAE, 551 Ovary 5-lobed GERANIACEAE, 534 Ovaries with separate styles or sessile stigmas RANUNCULACEAE, 392 y. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Plant fleshy; stamens just twice as many as the pistils CRASSULACEAE, 441 Plant not fleshy ; stamens not twice as many as the pistils. Stipules present ROSACEAE, 454 Stipules none SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444 w. Ovary 1 z. z. Ovary simple with 1 parietal placenta LEGUMINOSAE, 499 z. Ovary compound, as shown by the number of its cells, placentae, styles, or stigmas A. A. Ovary 1-celled. Corrolla irregular. Petals 4; stamens G FUMARIACEAE, 416 Petals and stamens 5 VIOLACEAE, 579 Corolla regular or nearly so. Ovule solitary. Trees or shrubs ANACARDIACEAE, 552 Herbs CRUCIFERAE, 418 Ovules more than one. Ovules at the center or bottom of the cell. Petals not inserted on the calyx CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 377 Petals inserted on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx LYTHRACEAE, 591 Ovules on 2 or more parietal placentae. Leaves punctate with translucent dots HYPERICACEAE, 571 Leaves beset with gland-tipped bristles DROSERACEAE, 440 Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular. Petals 4. Stamens essentially equal ; pod usually stiped CAPPARIDACEAE, 438 Stamens unequal, 2 being shorter than the other 4 ; pod sessile CRUCIFERAE, 418 Petals 3 or 5. Ovary stiped PASSIFLORACEAE, 587 Ovary sessile. GRAY'S MANUAL 2 18 ANALYTICAL KEY Calyx 5-lobed or of 5 equal sepals SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444 Calyx of 3 equal or 5 very unequal sepals CISTACEAE, 57t> A. Ovary 2-several-celled B. B. Flowers irregular C. C. Anthers opening at the top. Anthers 6-8, 1-celled POLYGALACEAE, 538 Anthers 10, 2-celled Rhododendron, 031 C. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of the gibbous calyx Cuphca, 593 Stamens 5-10 and petals hypogynous or nearly so. Ovary 3-celled ; trees or shrubs Aesculus, 559 Ovary 5-celled ; herbs BALSAMINACEAE, SCO B. Flowers regular or nearly so D. D. Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals. Trees or shrubs. Stamens fewer than the 4 petals OLEACEAE, f>50 Stamens more numerous than the petals ACEKACKAK, 557 Herbs. Petals 5 HYPERICACEAE, 571 Petals 4 CRUCIFERAE, 418 D. Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals E. E. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. Herbs. Flowers monoecious or dioecious EUPHORBIACEAE, 540 Flowers perfect and symmetrical. Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals. Ovary 2-3-celled LIMNANTHACEAE, 551 Ovary 5-celled GERANIACKAE, 534 Cells of the ovary twice as many as the sepals. Leaves abruptly pinnate ZYGOPHYLLACEAE, 536 Leaves simple LINACKAK, 531 Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound. Leaves 3-foliolate, punctate Ptelea, 537 Leaves pinnate, not punctate SAPINDACEAE, 559 Leaves simple. Leaves palmately veined ACERACEAE, 557 Leaves pinnately veined. Leaves alternate. Climbing shrub Celastrus, 557 Erect shrubs or trees. Flowers racemose CYRII.LACKAI Flowers solitary or cymose Au.v< i- \ Leaves opposite CELASTK u K A K, 550 E. Ovules, and usually seeds, several or many in each cell F. F. Leaves compound. Tree or shrub STAPHYLKA< KA K, 557 Herbs; leaves alternate, or all radical. Leaflets 3, obcordate OXALIDACKAK, .">;;_' Leaflets more numerous, pointed Astillx', 444 F. I,i-:ives simple. Stipules present between opposite leaves ELATINACKAK, 575 ANALYTICAL KEY 19 Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. Stamens 5, united at base into a 10-toothed cup or tube ; leaves all radical Galax, 642 Stamens free from each other. Style 1. Stamens free from the calyx ERICACEAE, 625 Stamens inserted on the calyx LYTHRACEAE, 591 Styles 2-5, or splitting into 2 in fruit. Stamens free from the calyx; leaves opposite CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 377 Stamens inserted on the calyx ERICACEAE, 625 v. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half G. G. Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs CUCURBITACEAE, 764 G. Not tendril-bearing H. H. Ovules and seeds more than 1 in each cell. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2 ; ovules borne at the base of the ovary PORTULACACEAE, 387 Sepals or calyx-lobes 4-5 ; placentae 2-3, parietal SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444 Ovary 2-many-celled. Anthers opening by pores at the apex MELASTOMACEAE, 593 Anthers not opening by pores. Stamens inserted on or about a flat disk which covers the ovary CELASTRACEAE, 556 Stamens inserted on the calyx. Style 1 ; stamens 4 or 8 (rarely 5) Styles 2-3, distinct ; stamens 5 or 10 H. Ovules and seeds only 1 in each cell. Stamens 5 or 10. Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, not prickly Leaves compound, or prickly Herbs. Fruit dry, splitting at maturity ; styles 2 Fruit berry-like ; styles 2-5, separate or united Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Style and stigma 1 ; fruit a drupe CORNACEAE, 623 Styles or stigmatic branches or sessile stigmas usually more than 1 ; fruit not drupaceous. Shrubs or trees HAMAMELIDACEAE, 452 Herbs. Style 1 ; stigma 2-4-lobed ONAORACEAE, 594 Styles or sessile stigmas 4 HALORAGIDACEAE, 602 n. Petals more or less united I. I. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla J. ONAGRACEAE, 594 SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444 Crataegus, 460 ARALIACEAE, 605 UMBELLIFERAE, 607 ARALIACEAE, 605 J. Ovary 1-celled. Placenta 1, parietal Placentae 2, parietal Placenta at the center or base of the ovary J. Ovary 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled J. Ovary 3-oc-celled K. K. Stamens free from the corolla. Style 1 ; leaves simple Styles 5 ; leaves 3-foliolate LEGUMINOSAE, 499 FUMARIACEAE, 416 STYRACACEAE, 649 POLYGALACEAE, 538 ERICACEAE, 625 OXALIDACEAE, 532 20 ANALYTICAL KEY K. Stamens attached to the base or tube of the corolla. Saprophytic herbs without green foliage Monotropoideae, 626 Not saprophy tic ; foliage green. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs; anthers mostly 2-celled. Filaments united into 1-5 groups. Ovary superior TERNSTROEMIACEAE, 570 Ovary at least partly inferior STYRACACEAK, 649 Filaments free from each other. Style 1 ERICACEAE. 6i>"i Styles 4 EBENACKAE, 648 Herbs; anthers 1-celled. Filaments united into a tube MALVACEAE, 566 Filaments distinct, 2 at each notch of the corolla Adoxa, 761 I. Stamens not more numerous than the corolla-lobes L. L. Stamens of the same number as the corolla-lobes and opposite them. Corolla appendaged with scales inside ; ovary 5-celled ; trees or shrubs SAPOTACEAE, 648 Corolla not appendaged with scales inside; ovary 1-celled; herbs. Style 1; fruit a several-many-seeded capsule PRIMULAOEAE, 643 Styles 5 ; fruit a 1-seeded utricle PLUMBAGINACEAE, 643 L. Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes or fewer M. M. Ovary free from the calyx-tube (superior) N. N. Corolla regular O. O. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes P. P. Ovaries more than 1, or, if 1, deeply lobed Q. Q. Ovaries 2, or, if 1, 2-horned. Stamens united ASCLEPIADACEAE, 663 Stamens distinct. Stipules or stipular membrane or line between opposite leaves; ovary 2-horned L.OGANIA< KAK. 6.~>2 Stipules none ; ovaries 2. Leaves kidney-shaped, alternate Dichondra, (Ui'.t Leaves not kidney-shaped, chiefly opposite APOCYNACKAK, <<>1 Q. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Leaves alternate BORAGIXAI KAK. 67'. Leaves opposite LABIATAK, 6'.) P. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed R. R. Ovary 1-celled. Seed 1; corolla scarious PLANTAGINACEAK. 7\'.'< Seeds several-many. Leaves entire, opposite ( JKNTIANACKA ' Leaves toothed, lobed, or compound. Whole upper surface of corolla \\hite-hearded; leaflets 3, entire M> ni/nnthes, 660 Corolla not conspicuously bearded ; leaves, if compound, \viih toothed leaflets HYDKOI-IIYI.I.ACKAK, 676 R. Ovary 2-10-celled. Leafless twining parasites Ciixrufn, 671 Leaves opposite, their bases connected by a stipular line LOGANIACEAE, :> U. Stamens united by their anthers ; these joined in a ring or tube. Flowers separate, not involucrate ; corolla irregular LOBELIAOEAE, 768 Flowers in an involucrate head COMPOSITAE, 770 TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES TREATED IN THIS WORK ORDERS, FAMILIES, ETC. GENERA. SPECIES. VARIETIES AND NAMED FORMS. DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA Order I. FILICALES Fain. 1. Hymenophyllaceae .... Native. Introd. Native. Introd. Native. Introd. 1 18 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 5 2 4 3 68 18 6 4 3 1 1 2 1 2 19 1 58 2 3 9 2 2 10 12 3 13 1 24 2 9 44 4 19 3 312 322 7 9 6 8 1 12 1 4 3 1 66 11 22 5 T 5 10 12 2 2 17 ii 42 135 1 1 5 " 3. Schizaeaceae " 5. Ophioglossaceae " 6. Marsileaceae Ord. II. EQUISETALES Ord. III. LYCOPODIALES Fain. 9. Lycopodiaceae " 11. Isoetaceae DIVISION II. SPERMATOPHYTA SUBDIVISION I. GYMNOSPERMAE Ord. IV. CONIFERALES SUBDIVISION II. ANGIOSPERMAE CLASS I. MONOCOTYLEDONS AE Ord. V. PANDANALES " 15 Sparganiaceae Ord. VI. NAJADALES Fain. 16. Najadaceae " 19. Hydrocharitaceae Ord. VII. GRAMINALES Ord. VIII. ARALES " 23 Lemnaceae Ord. IX. XYRIDALES " 29. Pontederiaceae TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES ORDERS, FAMILIES, ETC. Ord. X. LILIALES Fain. 80. Juncaceae 2 " 81. Liliaceae 29 " 32. Haemodoraceae 2 " 83. Dioscoreaceae 1 " 84. Amaryllidaceae 5 " 35. Iridaceae 3 Ord. XI. SeiTAMiNALES Fam. 36. Marantaceae 1 Ord. XII. ORCHIDALES Fam. 37. Burmanniaceae " 38. Orchidaceae 18 CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONEAE Subclass I. Archichlamydeae Ord. XIII. PIPERALES Fam. 89. Piperaceae Ord. XIV. SALICAI.ES Fam. 40. Salicaceao 2 Ord. XV. MYRICALES Fain. 41. Myricaceae 1 Ord. XVI. LKITNERIALES Fam. 42. Leitneriaceae Ord. XVII. JlJGLANDALES Fam. 43. Juglandaceae Ord. XVIII. FAOAI.ES Fam. 44. Betulaceae 5 " 45. Fagaceae 3 Ord. XIX. URTICALES Fam. 46. Urticaceae 11 Ord. XX. SANTALALES Fain. 47. Santalaceae " 48. Loranthaceae 2 Ord. XXI. ARISTOLOCIIIALES Fam. 49. Aristolochiaceae .... Ord. XXII. POLYGON ALES Fam. 50. Polygonaceae Ord. XXIII. CHENOPODIALBS Fam. 51. Chenopodiaceao " 52. Amaranthaccao 4 " 58. Phytolaccaceae 1 " 54. Nyctaginaceae 1 " 55. Illecebraceae 2 " 56. Aizoaceao 1 Ord. XXIV. CARYOIMIYLLALES Fam. 57. Caryophyllaceae 7 " 58. Portulacaceao 4 Mnl. X X V. I: AM N< i i \ i.i I K:iin. 59. Ceratopliylliiccac 1 " 60. Nyiii|ili;tc:i<'c!if " f>\. llMiiuiiculiiccao 1'.' GENERA. Native. In trod SI-HI IKS. Native. Introd VABERIM AM> N \.MKI> KuKMS. Native. Introd. If, TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES 25 ORDERS, FAMILIES, ETC. Fam. 63. Calycanthaceae 1 " 64. Anonaceae 1 " 65. Menispermaceae 3 " 66. Berberidaceae 5 " 67. Lauraceae 4 Ord. XXVI. PAPAVERALES Fain. 68. Papavcraceae 3 " 69. Fumariaceae 3 " 70. Cruciferae 16 " 71. Capparidaceae 2 " 72. Eesedaceae Ord. XXVII. SARKACENIALES Fain. 73. Sarraceniaceae 1 " 74. Droseraceae 1 Ord. XXVIII. KOSALES Fain. 75. Podostemaceae 1 " 76. Crassulaceae 3 " 77. Saxifragaceae 14 " 78. Harnamelidaceae 3 " 79. Platanaceae 1 " 80. Eosaceae 20 " 81. Legurninosae 42 Ord. XXIX. GERANIALES Fain. 82. Linaceae 1 " 83. Oxalidaceae 1 " 84. Geraniaceae 1 1 85. Zygophyllaceae " 86. llutaceae 2 " 87. Simarubaceae " 88. Polygalaceae 1 " 89. Euphorbiaceae 10 " 90. Callitrichaceae 1 Ord. XXX. SAPINDALES Fain. 91. Buxaceae 1 " 92. Empetraceae 2 93. Limnanthaccae 1 " 94. Anacardiaceae 1 " 95. Cyrillaceae 1 " 96. Aqnifoliaceae 2 " 97. Celastraceae 3 " 98. Staphyleaceae 1 " 99. Aceraceae 1 " 100. Sapindaceae 2 " 101. Balsaminaceae 1 Ord. XXXT. EIIAMNALES Fain. 102. Ehamnaceae 3 " 103. Vitaceae 3 Ord. XXX 1 1. MALVALES Fain. 104. Tiliaceae 1 " 105. Malvaceae ....... 8 Ord. XXXIII. VIOLALES P\im. 106. Ternstroemiaceae . 2 GENERA. Native. Introd SPECIES. Native. Introd. 1 9 50 3 1 181 145 VARIETIES AND NAMED FORMS. Native. Introd. 26 TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES ORDERS, FAMILIES, ETC. GENERA. SPECIES. VARIETIES AND NAMED FOKM-. Native. In trod. Native. Introd. Native. Introd. Fam. 107. Hypericaceae " 108 Elatinaceae 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 6 1 7 3 8 29 2 25 3 1 10 1 1 3 3 4 10 3 5 6 3 5 7 8 21 8 24 2 8 8 1 8 1 1 1 17 1 1 2 1 1 5 14 5 5 25 4 13 48 2 2 6 1 3 10 4 48 12 7 57 13 78 3 1 17 2 1 5 9 4 34 5 31 19 14 16 M 11 77 If 86 16 5 1 6 1 1 3 1 2 2 20 1 5 2 4 1 2 9 1 16 2 l-J 14 V 8 1 1 3 1 1 9 3 2 7 1 17 5 1 3 3 3 2 1 4 1 It 3 7 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 " 109 Cistaceao " 110. Violaceae . . ... " 111. Passifloraceae " 112. Loasaceae Ord. XXXIV. OPUNTIALES Fain 1 13 Cactaceae Ord. XXXV. MYRTALKS Fam. 114. Thymelaceae " 116. Lythraceae " 117. Melastomaccae " 118. Onagraceae '. " 119 Haloragidaceae Ord. XXXVI. UMBEI.I.ALES Faiu 120 Araliaceae " 121 Umbelliferae " 122. Cornaceae Subclass II. Metachlamydeae Ord. XXXVII. ERICALES Fam 123 Ericaceae " 124. Diapensiaceae Ord. XXXVIII. PRIMULA LKH Fain. 125. Plumbaginaceae " 126 Primulaceae Ord. XXXIX. EBENALES Fam 127 Sapotaceae " 129 Styracaceae Ord. XL. GENTIANALES Fam 130 Oleaceae . . " 131 Loganiaceae " 132 Gentianaceae '' 183. Apocynaceae " 134 A sclepiadaceac <>nl. XI, I. PoLEMONIALES Fam. 185. Convolvulaceae " 136 Polemoniaceae . " 1^7. Hydrophyllaceae " 188. Boraginaccae . " 139 Verbenaceae " 140. Labiatao " 142. Scrophulariacoiif 1 \'<. Lt'iitibukiriaceao " HI. <)rul);inchaccae 1 !.">. r.i^iiDniitccao " 140. Martyniacoac " 117. Acantliacoae " 148. Phrvmaceae TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES 27 GENERA. SPECIES. VARIETIES AND NAMED FORMS. Native. Introd. Native. Introd. Native. Introd. Ord. XLII. PLANTAGINALES Fam 149 Plantaginaceae . . 2 \i> 3 2 Ord. XLIII. KUBIALES Fain. 150. Eubiaceae . . 7 2 34 8 8 " 151 Caprifoliaceae . 8 35 6 8 " 152. Valerianaceae 2 8 2 3 3 5 Ord. XLIV. CAMPANULALES Fain. 154. Cncurbitaceae 4 4 155. Campanulaceae 2 1 8 5 lr 1 " 156. Lobeliaceae 1 13 3 " 157. Compositae 81 25 430 89 123 13 SUMMARY BY DIVISIONS, CLASSES, ETC. DIVISION, CLASS, ETC. GENEUA. SPECIES. VARIETIES AND NAMED FORMS. Native. Introd. Native. Introd. Native. Introd. Pteridophyta 31 790 10 780 184 335 261 180 180 26 154 88 66 115 3298 25 3273 993 2280 1249 1031 666 3 663 92 571 321 250 61 705 2 703 236 467 253 214 40 40 5 35 15 20 SUMMARY BY MINOR GROUPS Families . . 157 Genera native . . introduced total . . Species native . . introduced total . . Varieties, named forms, etc. native . . introduced total 821 180 3413 .. 666 766 40 1001 4079 806 Whole number of different plants (species, varieties, and named forms) treated in this work . 4885 EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES A. Br. Braun, Alexander. Adans. Adanson, Michel. A. DC. Ve Candolle, Alphonse. Ait. Alton, William. Ait.f. Aiton, William Townsend. AIL Allioni, Carlo. Anders. Andersson, Nils Johan. Andr. Andrews, Henry C. Andrz. Andrzejowski, Anton Lukiano- wicz. Ard. Arduino, Pietro. Am. Arnott, George A. Walker. Asch. Ascherson, Paul, Aust. Austin, Coe Finch. B. & H. Bentham, George, and Hooker, Joseph Dalton. Bab. Babington, Charles Cardale. Baill. Baillon, Henri Ernest. Baldw. Baldwin, William. Barn. Barneoud, F. Marius. J9arni.oi'KM>iurM. Veins reticulated ; fronds simple, rooting at the tip . . .12. CAMI-TOSOUI *. /. Sori orbicular or reniforrn g. g. Indusium evident at least when young ; fertile fronds leaf-like h. h. Indusium fixed by the center. Indusium orbicular-peltate, without a sinus . . . .13. POLYSTK-HI'M. Indusium reniform or if orbicular with a narrow sinus . . 14. ASPIMIM. h. Indusium attached at the side 15. CYSTOHTKIMS. g. Indusium obscure, lunate ; fertile segments much contracted, pod-like 18. ON>.IK\. e. Indusium inferior, cup-like or involucre-like. Indusium 2-valved, cup-like 17. DICKSONIA. Indusium cleft into narrow segments 1C. WOODSIA. * 1. POLYP6DIUM [Tourn.] L. POLYPODY Fruit dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond in one or more rows each side of the midrib or central vein, or irregularly scattered, each borne in our species on the end of a free veinlet. Rootstocks creeping, branched, often covered with chaffy scales, bearing scattered roundish knobs, to which the stipes are attached by a distinct articulation. (Name from TTO\U-, many, and TTO^S, fnnt, alluding to the branching rootstock.) 1. P. vulg^re L. Fronds evergreen, oblong, smooth both sides, 8-40 cm. high, simple and deeply pinnatifid ; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse or some- what acute, remotely and obscurely toothed; veins once or twice forked; fruit dotslarge, midway between the midrib tn-l,s. simply pinnatifid ; the divisions oblong-linear, obtuse ; frnit '/"/s rufln-r .s, //*///, >i,-nr tJie inurifin ; veins forking, free in the N. American plant! ( /'. inramnn S\v.) Rocks and trunks of trees, Va. and O. to la., and southw. ; reported on Staten I., N. Y. (Trop.) POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 35 2. PHEG6PTERIS (Presl) Fe'e. BEECH FERN Fruit dots small, round, naked (no indusium), borne on the back of the veins below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock. Our species have free veins and bright green mem bran aceous fronds, decaying in early autumn. (Name composed of #77765, an oak or beech, and Trrfyts, fern.) * Fronds twice pinnatiftd ; pinnae all sessile, adnate to the winged rhachis. 1. P. polypodioides Fee. Fronds triangular, longer than broad (8-26 cm. long), hairy on the veins, especially beneath ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, the lowest pair deflexed and standing forward ; their divisions oblong, obtuse, entire, the basal decurrent upon the main rhachis ; fruit dots all near the margin. (P. Phegopteris Underw.) Damp woods, Nfd. to N. Y., " Va.," Wise., la., Wash., and Alaska. (Eurasia.) 2. P. hexagon6ptera (Michx.) Fe'e. Fronds triangular, usually broader than long (14-30 cm. broad), slightly pubescent and often finely glandular beneath: pinnae lanceolate ; upper segments oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, those of the very large lowest pinnae often elongated and pinnately lobed, basal ones very much decurrent and forming a continuous many-angled wing along the main rhachis ; fruit dots near the margin ; some also between the sinus and the mid- rib. Rather open woods, centr. Me. to w. Que., w. to Minn., and southw. ; common. Larger and broader than the last, which it often closely resembles. * * Fronds ternate, the three divisions petioled ; rhachis wingless. 3. P. Dry6pteris (L.) Fe'e. (OAK FERN.) Fronds smooth, broadly triangular (1-1.5 dm. wide), the three triangular primary divisions all widely spreading, 1-2-pinnate ; segments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed ; fruit dots near the margin. Rocky woods ; common northw. (Eurasia.) 4. P. Robertiana (Hoffm.) A. Br. Fronds minutely glandular and some- what rigid, dull green ; lowest inferior pinnae of the lateral divisions smaller in proportion than in the last species. (P. calcarea Fe'e.) Shaded limestone, " Lab." and Anticosti to N. B., la., and Man. ; rare. (Eu.) 3. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. CLOAK FERN Fruit dots roundish or oblong, placed near the ends of the veins, soon more or less confluent into an irregular marginal band, with no proper involucre. Veins always free. Fronds of small size, 1-4-pinnate, the lower surface almost always either hairy, tomentose, chaffy, or covered with a fine waxy white or yellow powder. (Name from v66os, spurious, and Xcura, a cloak, the woolly coating of the original species forming a spurious covering to the sporangia.) 1. N. dealbata (Pursh) Kunze. Fronds triangular-ovate, 3-8 cm. long, 3-4-pinnate ; rhachis and branches straight, black and shining ; ultimate pin- nules ovate-oblong, scarcely 2 mm. long, white and powdery on the lower surface. (N. nivea, var. Davenp.) Clefts of dry calcareous rocks, Mo., Kan., and southwestw. July, August. 1" 4. ADIANTUM [Tourn.] L. MAIDENHAIR Fruit dots marginal, short, borne on the under side of a transversely oblong, crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin of a lobe of the frond reflexed to form an indusium ; the sporangia attached to the approximated tips of the free forking veins. Main rib (costa) of the pinnules none (in our species) or at the lower margin. Stipes black and polished. (The ancient name, from a- privative and diaivu, meaning unwetted, the foliage repelling rain-drops.) 1. A. pedatum L. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender stalk (2-5 dm. high), the recurved branches bearing on one side several slender spreading pinnate divisions ; pinnules numerous, short-stalked and obliquely triangular-oblong, entire on the lower margin, from which the vines all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other. Rich moist woods. July. 36 POLYPOD1ACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 2. A. Capillus-Veneris L. Fronds (1-5 dm. high) with a continuous main rhachis, ovate-lanceolate, often pendent, 2-3-pinnate at the base, the upper third or half simply pinnate ; pinnules wedge-obovate or rhomboid, 15-32 mm. long, deeply and irregularly incised ; veinlets flabellately forking from the base ; invo- lucres lunulate or transversely oblong. Moist rocky places, s. N. Y. (?) ; s.e. Pa. to Ky. and Fla.; also S. Dak. and south west w. (Widely distr.) 5. PTERIS L. BRAKE or BRACKEN Sporangia in a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire margin of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge which forms a continuous membranaceous indusium, attached to an uninterrupted transverse vein-like receptacle connecting the tips of the forked free veins, with or without an obscure inner indusium. Fronds 1-3-pinnate or decompound. (The ancient Greek name of Ferns, from trrephv, a winy, on account of the prevalent pinnate or feathery fronds.) 1. P. aquilina L. (COMMON BRAKE.) Frond dull green (2-0 dm. wide), ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (2-9 dm. high), the widely spread- ing branches twice pinnate ; pinnules oblong -lanceolate ; the upper undivided ; the lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round with the indusium, which is really double in this species. (Pteridium Kuhn.) Thickets and hillsides, common. Aug. (Widely distr.) Var. PSEUDOCAU- D\TA Clute is a form with many of the pinnules, especially the terminal ones, narrow, entire, and much elongated. Mass, to N. J., south w. to Fla. and Tex. 6. CHEILANTHES Sw. Sporangia borne on the thickened ends of free veinlets, forming small and roundish distinct or nearly contiguous marginal fruit dots, covered by a mostly whitish and membranaceous, sometimes herbaceous, common indusium, formed of the reflexed margin of separate lobes or of the whole pinnule. Low, mostly with 2-3-pinnate and hairy or chaffy, rarely smooth fronds, the sterile and fertile nearly alike, the divisions with the principal vein central. Some species with continuous indusium connect this genus very closely with the next. (Name composed of "xetXos, margin, and &v6os, a flower, from the marginal sori.) * Fronds smooth, or at most hairy. 1. C. alabamSnsis (Buckley) Kunze. Fronds smooth, chartaceous (7-20 cm. long), ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnae numerous, oblong-lanceolate ; pin- nules triangular-oblong, rather acute, often auriculate or lobed ; iiit/Ksiiini /"/////////// 'irt inf- lated rusty hairs, twice pinnate; pinnae rather distant, triangular-ovate; pin- nules oblong, crowded (4-8 mm. long), more or less incised, //// cm I* f tin' roundish or oblong lobes reflexed and forming separate herbaceous involucres, which are pushed back by the ripened 'sporangia. (C. vestita Sw.) Clefts of rocks, Ct. to Minn., Wyo., and south w. * * Fronds icoolly or tomentose. :'.. C. tomentbsa Link. Fronds (1.6-5 dm. high) lanceolate-oblong, densely tomentose with slen<\ whitish ol>xnirrl{i m'/ictili)inu]<'s tlis- tiin-t, minute i 1-2 nun. long), roundish-obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the upper surface less woolly, tin- rrth'snl /////// i,tnr{iin f<>n,n'<-iuits ititliix/um. Mts. of Va. and Ky. : thence \v. and s.mthw. Stipe and rliachis rather stout, brown, covered with narrow chaffy scales and whitish hairs. (Mex., W. I.) 4. C. Feei Moore. Stipes slender, at first hairy, black or brown, shining; POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 37 fronds (8-17 cm. high) ovate-lanceolate, woolly with soft whitish distinctly articulated flattened hairs, becoming smoother above, twice or thrice pinnate; pinnae (8-12 mm. long) ovate, the lowest distant, the others contiguous ; pin- nules crenately pinnatifid, or mostly divided into minute and roundish densely crowded segments (1-2 mm. long), the herbaceous margin recurved and forming an almost continuous indusium. (C. lanuginosa Nutt.) In dense tufts, on dry rocks and cliffs, 111. to Minn., thence w. and south w. 7. PELLAEA Link. CLIFF BRAKE Sporangia in roundish or elongated clusters on the upper part of the free veins, distinct, or confluent laterally so as to imitate the marginal continuous line of fructification of Pteris, commonly covered by a broad membranaceous and continuous (rarely interrupted) general indusium, which consists of the reflexed and altered margin of the fertile pinnule or division. Small ferns, with 1-3- pinnate fronds, the fertile ones with narrower divisions than the sterile, but otherwise similar. Stipes generally dark-colored, smooth, and shining. (Name from 7reXX6s, dusky, alluding to the stipe.) 1. P. atropurpurea (L.) Link. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on the midribs and especially on the dark purple and polished stalk and rhachis, 1-6 dm. high ; fronds coriaceous, pale, once or below twice pinnate ; the divi- sions broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, some- what heart-shaped or else truncate at the stalked base ; veins about twice forked. Dry calcareous rocks, "N. H." and Vt. to R. I., Ga., and westw. ; not common. July. Var. CRISTATA Trel. is a form with dichotomously forked pinnae, somewhat crowded toward the summit of the frond. Eureka, Mo. (G. Pauls}. s : 8. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. ROCK BRAKE Fruit dots roundish or elongated and extending far down on the free forking ems. Margins of the fertile segments herbaceous or more or less scarious, at first reflexed and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat and exposing the confluent sporangia. Low ferns, with smooth 2-3-pinnate tufted fronds, the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and with narrower divisions. (Name from KpvTTTbs, hidden, and ypa^^-f), a line, alluding to the lines of sporangia at first concealed by the reflexed margin.) * Revolute margins of the fertile frond bearing a distinct scarious indusial border; ultimate segments of the sterile fronds lance-linear, acute. 1. C. de"nsa (Brack.) Diels. Fronds not very dissimilar, 8-20 cm. high ; stipes purplish brown ; segments of the sterile fronds lance-linear, very acute, incisely serrate. (Pellaea Hook.) Calcareous or serpentine walls of ravines, etc., Mt. Albert, Gaspe" Co., Que. ; Grey Co., Ont. ; and in the far west. * Rf volute margins of the fertile frond scarcely modified; ultimate segments of the sterile fronds broader. 2. C. acrostichoides R. Br. Fronds markedly dissimilar ; segments of the ertile linear (6-10 mm. long), of the sterile ovate-oblong, obtuse, serrulate ; stipes straw-colored, scaly especially toward the base. Crevices of rocks, Arctic Am. to L. Huron, L. Superior, Col., and Cal. 3. C. Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. Fronds markedly dissimilar; segments of e fertile linear-oblong to lance-linear; those of the sterile ovate to obovate- nabelliform, crenulate, decurrent at their cuneate bases. (Pellaea gracilis Hook.) Shaded chiefly calcareous rocks, Que. and N. B. to Vt., Ct., n. Pa., 111., and north westw. ; local. (Asia.) 9. WOODWARDIA Sm. CHAIN FERN Fruit dots oblong or linear, arranged in one or more chain-like rows on trans- verse anastomosing veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium fixed by 38 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) its outer margin to the fruitful veinlet, free and opening on the side next the midrib. Veins more or less reticulated, free toward the margin of the frond. Large ferns, with pinnatifid or pinnate fronds. (Named for Thomas J. Wood- ward, an English botanist.) 1. ANCHISTEA (Presl) Hook. Sterile and fertile fronds alik< ; n-inx form- ing only one row of meshes (oriole*). 1. W. virginica (L.) Sm. Fronds (6-14 dm. high) pinnate, with numerous lanceolate pinnatifid pinnae ; segments oblong ; veins forming a row of narrow areoles along the midrib both of the pinnae and of the lobes, the outer veinlcts free ; fruit dots oblong, one to each areole, confluent when ripe. AVet swamps, N. S. to Fla., La., Mich., and Ont. Rootstocks creeping, often 2-3 m. long! July. 2. LORINSERIA (Presl) Hook. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; veins of the sterile fronds forming many rows of meshes. 2. W. areolata (L.) Moore. Fronds pinnatifid ; sterile ones (2-6 dm. high) with lanceolate serrulate divisions united by a broad wing ; fertile fronds taller, with narrowly linear almost disconnected divisions, the areoles and fruit dots (8-10 mm. long) in a single row each side of the secondary midrib ; rootstocks creeping. (W. angustifolia Sm.) Wet woods, s. Me. to Fla. and Tex. ; also Ark. and Mich. ; rare. Aug., Sept. 10. ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT Fruit dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate ; the straight or rarely curved indusium fixed lengthwise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the fertile vein ; in some species a part of the fruit dots are double, the fertile vein bear- ing two indusia placed back to back. Veins free in all our species. (Name from a- privative and -i'late from a broad base, the lower ones shorter, often proliferous, as is the apex <>t the frond; fruit dots much as in the last; stipes black and polished, as is (he lower part of the midrib, especially beneath. Limestone cliffs, Vt. ( Miss \Vool- son, Miss Smith) to Mo., and southw. ; very rare. A noteworthy hybrid be- tween A. platyneuron and Camptosorus rhizophyllus ; its origin early suspect* d by M. G. Berkeley and recently demonstrated by Miss Margaret Xlossoii. This fern is more abundant and probably self-perpetuating in Ala. * * Fronds narrow, linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, with numerous pinnae ; these entire to serrate or rarely incised. -- Pinnae not auncled. 2. A. viride Tluds. Fronds (5-13 cm. tall) tufted, linear in outline, pale ,, t, softly In-rliacenux ; pinnae roundish-ovate or OVOt&rkombotd, short- stalked, crenately toothed (4-9 mm. long), the mid vein indistinct and forking; POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 39 the slender stipe brownish and passing into a green herbaceous rhachis. Shaded limestone ; Nfd. to n. N. E., w. and'northw ; rare. (Widely distr.) 3. A. Trich6manes L. Fronds (8-22 cm. long) in dense spreading tufts, linear in outline, dark green and more rigid; pinnae roundish-oblong or oval (3-7 mm. long), entire or crenulate, rarely incised, unequal-sided, obliquely wedge-truncate at base, attached by a narrow point, the midvein forking and evanescent ; the thread-like stipe and rhachis purple-brown and shin- ing. Shaded rocks. July. (Widely distr.) Forma INCISUM Moore with deeply pinnatifid pinnae has been reported from Vt. (Miss Grout, Mrs. Norton). -- *- Pinnae more or less auricled. 4. A. parvulum Mart. & Gal. Fronds upright (1-25 dm. high), narrowly linear-oblanceolate ; pinnae (4-12 mm. long) rigid and thickish, mostly opposite, nearly sessile, somewhat deflexed, oblong, obtuse, entire or crenulate, auricled on the upper or both sides ; sori rather few, as near the margin as to the continu- ous midvein ; stipe and rhachis black and shining. (A. resiliens Kunze.) Mts. of Va. to Kan., and southw. Intermediate between the last and the next. 5. A. platyneuron (L ) Oakes. Fronds upright (2-5 dm. tall), linear- oblanceolate in outline, fertile ones much the taller ; pinnae (1-3 cm. long) firmly membranaceous, mostly alternate, sessile, spreading, oblong or oblong- linear, finely serrate or even incised, the base auricled on the upper or both sides ; sori many, nearer the elongated midvein than the margin ; stipe and rhachis blackish-purple and shining. (A. ebeneum Ait.) Rocky open woods, s. Me. to Col., and southw. (W. I., S. Am., Afr.) Var. SERR\TUM (E. S. Miller) BSP. is a form with at least some of the pinnae deeply jagged-serrate. Var. INCISUM (E. C. Howe) Robinson has very brittle stipes and the pinnae deeply pinnatifid. (A. ebeneum, var. Hortonae Davenp.) Vt. to Md., Mo., and "Ark." ; rare. 6. A. Bradley! D. C. Eaton. Fronds oblong-lanceolate (4-20 cm. tall); stipe blackish and somewhat shining ; pinnae membranaceous, rather numerous, the lower ones no larger than the middle ones, all short-stalked, oblong-ovate, obtuse, incised or pinnatifid into oblong toothed lobes. On rocks, e. N. Y. to Ky., I" Mo.," and southw. ; rare. * * * Fronds ovate-lanceolate to deltoid, 2-3-pinnate or -pinnatifid. 7. A montanum Willd. Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base (5-13 cm. long), subcoriaceous, pinnate ; pinnae ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately cleft into oblong or ovate cut-toothed lobes, the upper gradually simpler ; rhachis green, broad and fiat ; stipe brown at base. Cliffs and rocks, from Ct. to O., Ky., "Ark.," and southw. July. 8. A. Ruta-muraria L. Fronds deltoid-ovate (3-7 cm. long exclusive of the n stipe), subcoriaceous, laxly 2-3-pinnate at base, the pinnae alternate ; ultimate segments few, stalked (3-14 ram. long), from narrowly cuneate to roundish-obovate, toothed or incised at the apex ; veins forking ; sori 2-4 on a segtfient ; rhachis and stipe green. Limestone cliffs, Vt. to Ont., Mich., Mo., and southw. ; scarce. July. (Eurasia.) K2. ATHYRIUM (Roth) J. Sm. Indusium straight or more often curved, fre- quently crossing the vein ; fronds tall, strictly herbaceous ; the stipes green or greenish not filiform, the bundles concentric and uniting above into a 3-4:-armed central bundle; scales delicate, of thin-walled cells. Athyrium Roth as redefined by Milde. * Fronds simply pinnate ; indusium straight or but slightly curved. 9. A. angustifblium Michx. Fronds 6-12 dm. high; pinnae (8-12 cm. long) numerous, short-stalked, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or crenulate, those of the fertile* frond narrower; fruit dots linear, 20-40 each side of the midvein ; indusia slightly convex. (Athyrium Milde.) Rich woods, w. Que. and N. H. to Minn., and southw. Sept. * * Fronds bipinnatifid ; indusium straight or slightly curved. 10. A. acrostichoides Sw. Fronds (6-11 dm. high) pinnate; pinnae deeply 40 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate (7-13 cm. long) ; the lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 3-6 pairs of oblong fruit dots, some of them double. (A. thelypteroides Michx. ; Athyrium acrostichoides Diels.) Rich woods, N. S. to Ga., Ala., and Minn. ; not rare. (Asia.) * * * Fronds bipinnate ; indusia at least in part reniform or horseshoe-shaped. 11. A. Filix-f6mina (L.) Bernh. (LADY FERN.) Fronds (4-10 dm. high) ovate-oblong or broadly lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, numerous ; pinnules confluent on the secondary rhachis by a narrow margin, oblong and doubly serrate, or elongated and pinnately incised with cut-toothed segments ; fruit dots short, variously curved, at length confluent. (Athyrium Roth.) Moist woods ; common and presenting many varying forms. July. (Cosmop.) 11. SCOLOPENDRIUM Adans. HART'S TONGUE Fruit dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, contiguous by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the lower side of the next superior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening along the middle. (The ancient Greek name, employed because the numerous parallel lines of fruit resemble the feet of the centipede, or Scolopendra.) 1. S. vulgare Sm. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-heart-shaped base, entire or wavy-margined (12-45 cm. long, 2-6 cm. broad), bright green. (Phyllitis Scolopendrium Newm.) Shaded ravines and under limestone cliffs ; Woodstock, N. B. ; Grey and Bruce Cos., Ont. ; centr. N. Y. ; and Tenn. ; very rare. Aug. (Mex., Eurasia.) 12. CAMPTOS6RUS Link. WALKING LEAF Fruit dots oblong or linear, as in Asplenium, but irregularly scattered on either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, those next the midrib single, the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs (so that their two indusia open face to face) or to become confluent at their ends, thus form ing crooked lines (whence the name, from Kanwrbs, flexible, and 6s, for fruit tint). 1. C. rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Fronds evergreen, subcoriaceous, growing in tufts, spreading or procumbent (1-3 dm. long), gradually narrowed from a cordate or auricled base to a long and slender acumination, which often roots at the end and forms a new plant. Shaded, especially calcareous rocks; centr. Me. to Ottawa, thence to Minn., and southw. to Kan. and Ga. The auricles are sometimes greatly elongated, and even rooting ; in another form they are lacking. 13. POLYSTICHUM Roth Fronds tufted at the end of a stout rootstock, chiefly of firm or leathery texture, evergreen ; stipes and rhachises chaffy. Sori orbicular, opening on all sides of the circular peltate centrally attached indusium. (Name from TroXtf-, many, and ffrlxos, row, the sori of some species being in many ranks.) * Fronds narrowly oblong or lanceolate, simply pinnate, the pinnae sometimes again cleft. - Upper (spore-bearing') pinnae of the fertile fronds much contracted. 1. P. acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. (CIIRIST.M \- FI:I;\.) Fronds _-" dm. r. the scaly stipe, 5-15 cm. in length; phuHtc li<'lrr<' cm. broad), deeply pinnatifid ; the division* (8-16 yw/r.v) crowded or distant, linear-oblong, obtuse, obscurely serrate or cut-toothed, the basal sometimes pinnately lobed ; POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 43 veins pinnately forking, the lowest anterior veinlets bearing the fruit dots near the midvein ; indusium orbicular with a shallow sinus, smooth and naked. (Dryopteris cristata, var. Underw.) Swampy woods, N. H. to N. C., and westw. to Wise. July. Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy (like the stipes) with large bright-brown scales. Appears to hybridize with A. marginale, as does also the typical form of the species. 10. A. spinul&sum (O. F. Miiller) Sw. Stipes with a few pale-brown deciduous scales; frond ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinnae oblique to the rhachis, elongated-triangular, the lower pairs broadly triangular ; pinnules set obliquely on the midribs, connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, acute, incisely serrate or pinnatifid with spinulose-toothed lobes ; indusium smooth and without mar- ginal glands. (Nephrodium Strempel ; Dryopteris Kuntze.) Rich woods, Nfd. to Va., Ky., and north westw. (Greenl., Eu.) A. PITTSFORDENSE (Slos- son) Eastman, a supposed hybrid with A. marginale, occurs in Vt. and on Staten I., N. Y. Var. intermddium (Muhl.) D. C. Eaton. Scales of the stipe few, brown with a darker center; frond broadly oblong-ovate, tripinnatifid ; pinnae spreading, oblong-lanceolate, the lower unequally triangular-ovate ; pinnules crowded, ovate-oblong, spreading, pinnately cleft; the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed at the apex ; margin of the indusium denticulate and beset with minute stalked glands. (Nephr odium spinulosum, var. Davenp. ; Dryopteris spinulosa, var. Underw.) Woods, common. Var. dilatatum (Hoffm.) Hook. Scales of the stipe large, brown with a dark center ; frond broader, ovate or triangular-ovate in outline, tripinnatifid ; pin- nules lance-oblong, the lowest often much elongated ; indusium glandular- ciliolate. (Nephrodium spinulosum, var. fructuosum Gilbert). N. S. to Va., and N. Y. (Eu.) Forma ANADENIUM Robinson is in all respects like var. dila- tatum, but with the indusium destitute of glands (the var. dilatatum of Am. auth. chiefly, not Hook.) Common, chiefly in rocky upland woods. (Asia.) Var. concordianum (Davenp.) Eastman. Fronds tripinnate; pinnules (of the 3d order) small (4 mm. long), elliptical, spinulose-denticulate ; indusium glandular-puberulent. Concord, Mass. (Purdie). 15. CYST6PTERIS Bernh. BLADDER FERN Fruit dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins ; the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by abroad base on the inner side (toward the midrib) partly under the fruit dot, early opening free at the other ~side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat jagged, soon thrown back or withering away. Delicate ferns with 2-3-pinnate fronds ; the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of K^TTIS, a bladder, and TTT^IS, fern, from the inflated indusium.) 1. C. bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Frond lanceolate, elongated, attenuate (3^6 dm. long), 2-pinnate ; the pinnae lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal; the rhachis and pinnae often bearing bulblets underneath, wingless; pinnules crowded, oblong, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium short, truncate on the free side. (Filix Underw.) Shaded ravines, chiefly on calcareous rocks. July. 2. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. Frond oblong-lanceolate (1-3 dm. long, besides the brittle stalk which is fully as long), 2-3-pinnate; the pinnae and pinnules ovate or lanceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly acute, decurrent on the margined or winged rhachis; indusium tapering or acute at the free end. (Filix Underw.) Shaded cliffs, rocky woods, etc.; common and varying greatly in the shape and cutting of the pinnules. July. (Cosmop.) 16. W06DSIA R. Br. Fruit dots round, borne on the back of simply forked free veins ; the very thin and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around the receptacle, under the sporangia, either small and open, or else early bursting at the top into 44 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) irregular pieces or lobes. Small and tufted pinnately divided ferns. (Dedi- cated to Joseph Woods, an English botanist.) * Stalks obscurely articulated some distance from the base ; fronds chaffy or smooth, never glandular ; indusium divided nearly to the center into slender hairs which are curled over the sporangia. 1. W. ilvSnsis (L.) R. Br. Frond oblong-lanceolate (5-15 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide), smoothish and green above, thickly clothed underneath as well as the stalk with rusty bristle-like chaff, pinnate ; the pinnae crowded, oblong, obtuse, sessile, pinnately parted, the numerous crowded segments oblong, obtuse, obscurely crenate ; the fruit dots near the margin, somewhat confluent when old. Exposed rocks ; arctic Am., s. to N. E., the Great L. region, and in the mts. to N. C. June. (Eurasia.) 2. W. alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray. Frond narrowly oblong-lanceolate (4-13 cm. long, 6-34 mm. wide), smooth above, sparingly paleaceous-hirsute beneath, pinnate ; the pinnae triangular-ovate, obtuse, pinnately lobed, the lobes few and nearly entire; fruit dots rarely confluent. (W. hyperborea R. Br.) N. B., Que., n. Vt., n. N. Y., Ont., and northw. ; rare. (Eurasia.) 3. W. glabSlla R. Br. Smooth and naked throughout; frond linear and very delicate (4-16 cm. high), pinnate ; pinnae roundish-ovate, the lower ones rather remote (3-9 mm. long), obtuse, crenately lobed ; fruit dots scanty ; the hairs of the indusium fewer than in the last two species. On moist mossy rocks, Nfd. to n. N. E., N. Y., Minn., and northw. to Alaska and Greenl. (Eurasia.) * * Stalks not articulated ; fronds never chaffy, often glandular-pubescent. t- Indusium of a few broad segments, at first covering the sorus completely. 4. W. obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Frond broadly lanceolate, minutely glan- dular-hairy (2-5 dm. high), pinnate or nearly bipinnate ; pinnae rather remote, triangular-ovate or oblong (2-6 cm. long), bluntish, pinnately parted : segments oblong, obtuse, crenately toothed, the lower pinnatifid with toothed lobes ; veins forked, and bearing the fruit dots on or below the minutely toothed lobes ; indu- sium at length splitting into several spreading jagged lobes. Rocky banks and cliffs, " N. S.," and centr. Me. to Ga., and westw. Var. ANGIJSTA Peck is a form with very narrow fronds (35 cm. long and 4 cm. wide) and pinnae. High- lands, N.Y. -- - Indusium entirely concealed beneath the sorus, divided into very narrow segments or reduced to minute hairs. 5. W. oregana D. C. Eaton. Glabrous ; fronds bright green , soft in texture, narrowly lance-oblong (12-23 mm. wide), bipinnatifid, pinnae triangular-oblong, obtuse ; the segments oblong or ovate, obtuse, crenate-serrulate, the teeth or margin nearly always reflexed. Limestone cliffs and ledges, Bic, Que. ; s. shore of L. Superior (Robbins), northw. and westw. 6. W. Cathcartiana Robinson. Finely glandular-puberulent ; fronds (2-3 dm. high) rather dull green, of firm texture, lanceolate (25-55 mm. broad), bipinnatifid ; pinnae oblong, the lower distant ; segments usually separated by wide sinuses, oblong, denticulate. (W. scopulina Man. ed. 6, not D. C. Eaton.) Rocky river banks, w. Mich. (\Vheeler}, and n.e. Minn. (Miss Ellen Cat heart.) 7. W. scopulina D. C. Eaton. Loosely hispidulous with minute white hairs, and finely glandular-puberulent; segments approximate, crenate-serrulate. Limestone cliffs; Gaspe" Co., Que. ; S. Dak.; Rocky Mts., etc. ; reported from Minn, and n.w. la. 17. DICKS6NIA L'He'r. Fruit dots small, globular, marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein or fork ; the sporangia borne on an elevated globular receptacle, inclosed in a membranaceous cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top, and on the outer si.lc partly adherent to a reflexod toothlet of the frond. (Named for Jame:; Dickson, an English cryptogamic botanist.) SCHIZAEACEAE (CURLY GRASS FAMILY) 45 1. D. puncti!6bula (Michx.) Gray. (HAY-SCENTED FERN.) Fronds minutely -glandular and hairy (5-10 dm. high), ovate-lanceolate and acuminate in outline, pale green, very thin, with strong chaffless stalks rising from slender extensively creeping naked rootstocks, mostly bipinnate ; primary pinnae lanceolate, pointed, the secondary pinnatifid into oblong and obtuse cut-toothed lobes ; fruit dots minute, each on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. (D. pilosiuscula Willd.; Dennstaedtia punctilobula Moore.) Common in moist and shady places, N.S. to Ala., rarer westw. to Minn. Frond sweet- scented especially in drying. Forma CRISTATA (Maxon) Clute has the pinnae cristate-forked at tip. Mass, and Vt. Forma SCHIZOPHYLLA Clute has fronds often more deeply forked and the ultimate segments incised. Mass, and Ct. 18. ONOCLEA L. Sporangia borne on elevated receptacles, forming roundish sori imperfectly covered by very delicate hood-shaped indusia- attached to the base of the re- ceptacles. Fertile fronds erect, rigid, with contracted pod-like or berry-like divisions at first completely concealing the sporangia, and at last, when dry and indurated, cracking open and allowing the spores to escape. Sterile fronds foliaceous. Rootstocks creeping and constantly forming new plants. (Name employed by Dioscorides for some probably boraginaceous plant.) 1. EUONOCLEA Hook. Fertile fronds bipinnate. 1. 0. sensibilis L. (SENSITIVE FERN.) Fronds scattered ; the sterile ones long-stalked, the lamina 1-3 dm. long, deltoid-ovate, pinnatifid into a few oblong-lanceolate sinuately lobed or nearly entire segments ; veins reticulated with fine meshes ; fertile fronds contracted, closely bipinnate, the pinnules rolled up into berry-like bodies. Moist meadows and thickets, very common. (E. Asia.) Sports are frequent, especially bipinnatifid foliaceous fronds with rounded lobes, free veins, and sometimes abortive sori, the so-called var. OBTUSILOBATA (Schkuhr) Torr. Jj 2. STRUTHI6PTERIS Mett. Fertile fronds pinnate. 2. 0. Struthi6pteris (L.) Hoffm. (OSTRICH FERN.) Fronds growing in a crown ; sterile ones short-stalked (6-30 dm. high), broadly lanceolate, narrowed toward the base, with many linear-lanceolate pinnatifid pinnae ; veins free, the veinlets simple; fertile frond shorter, with pod-like or somewhat necklace- shaped pinnae. (Matteuccia Todaro.) Alluvial soil, Nfd. to Va., and north- westw. July. The rootstock sends out slender underground stolons, which bear fronds the next year. (Eurasia.) SCHIZAEACEAE (CURLY GRASS FAMILY) Sterile fronds tufted and linear-filiform (Schizaea) or resembling a twining aerial stem with alternate paired palmately lobed leaves (Lygodium}. Sporangia borne in double rows on narrow fertile segments, ovate, sessile, having a com- plete transverse ring at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal slit. 1. Schizaea. Sterile fronds rigid, simple or dichotomously branched. Plant dwarf, not climbing. 2. Lygodium. Fronds with paired alternate stipitate leaf-like segments. 1. SCHIZAEA Sm. CURLY GRASS Sporangia large, ovoid, striate-rayed at the apex, opening by a longitudinal cleft, naked, vertically sessile in a double row along the single vein of the nar- row divisions of the pinnate (or radiate) fertile appendages to the slender and 46 OSMUNDACEAE (FLOWERING FERN FAMILY) simply linear, or (in foreign species) fan-shaped or dichotomously many-cleft fronds (whence the name, from , to split}. 1. S. pusilla Pursh. Sterile fronds linear, very slender, flattened and tortuous; the fertile ones equally slender (0.5 mm. wide), but taller (5-12 cm.) and bearing at the top the fertile appendage consisting of about 5 pairs of crowded pinnae (each 2-3 mm. long). Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J. ; N. S. ; very local. Sept. (Nfd.) 2. LYG6DIUM Sw. CLIMBING FERN Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously lobed (or com- pound) divisions in pairs, with mostly free veins ; the fructification on separate contracted divisions or spike-like lobes, one side of which is covered with a double row of imbricated hooded scale-like indusia, fixed by a broad base to short oblique veinlets. Sporangia much as in Schizaea, but oblique, fixed to the veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each indusium. (Name from \vywdrjs, flexible.) 1. L. palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. Very smooth ; stalk-like fronds slender, flexile and twining (3-10 dm. long), from slender running rootstocks; the short alternate branches or petioles 2-forked ; each fork bearing a round-heart- shaped palmately 4-7 -lobed frondlet ; fertile frondlets above, contracted and several times forked, forming a terminal panicle. Low moist thickets and open woods, s. N. H. to Fla., Tenn., and Ky. ; local. Sept. OSMUNDACEAE (FLOWERING FERN FAMILY) Leafy plants (ours herbaceous), with creeping rhizomes. Sporangia naked, globose, mostly pediceled, reticulated, with no ring or with mere traces of one near - the apex, opening into two valves by a longitudinal slit. Stipes winged at the base. 1. OSMUND A [Tourn.] L. FLOWERING FERN Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the frond destitute of chlorophyll, very much contracted, and bearing on the margins of the narrow rhachis-like divisions short-pediceled and naked sporangia ; these globular, thin and reticu- lated, large, opening by a longitudinal cleft into two valves, and bearing near the apex a small patch of thickened oblong cells, the rudiment of a trans- verse ring. Fronds tall and upright, growing in large crowns from thickened rootstocks, once or twice pinnate ; veins forking and free. Spores green. (Osmunder, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity, Thor.) * Sterile fronds truly bipinnate. 1. 0. regalis L. (FLOWERING FERN.) Very smooth, pale green (0.3-1.6 m. * -/'high) ; sterile pinnules 13-25, varying from oblong-oval to lance-oblong, finely serrulate, especially toward the apex, otherwise entire, or crenately lobed toward the rounded, oblique and truncate, or even cordate and semi-auriculate base, sessile or short-stalked (2-5 cm. long) ; the fertile racemose-pan icled at the summit of the frond. (O. spectabilis Willd.) Swamps and wet woods, common. The cordate pinnules sometimes found here are commoner in Europe. May, June. (Eu.) Forma ORBICUL\TA Clute has narrow fronds and few (3-7) roundish crowded pinnules on each pinna. Hartland, Vt. (Kmjylrs). * * Mcrili-frnmls once pinnate ; pinnae deeply jiinntttijhl ; tin- Inbi-s < ntirc. 2. 0. Claytoniana L. Clothed with loose wool when young, soon smooth ; fertile frondf taller than the .sV/r/Vr (-l-j dm. high) ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, with oblong obtuse divisions ; KI,,,U- (_>-:>/>,///>! ////, middle pinnae fertile, these entirely pinnate ; sporangia greenish, turning brown. Low grounds, common. May. Fruiting as it unfolds. (Himalayas.) Var. D&BIA Grout is a peculiar OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY) 47 form with the pinnules of the sterile frond widely separated, the outer ones enlarged and pinnatifid, in s. Vt. (Grout). 3. 0. cinnambmea L. (CINNAMON FERN.) Clothed with rusty wool when young ; sterile fronds tallest (at length 0.8-1.6 m. high), smooth when full grown, the lanceolate pinnae pinnatifid into broadly oblong obtuse divisions ; fertile fronds separate, appearing earlier from the same rootstock and soon withering (2-9 dm. high), contracted, twice pinnate, covered with the cinna- mon-colored sporangia. Swamps and low copses, common. (Eurasia.) Var. FROND6SA Gray is an occasional state in which some of the fronds are sterile below and more sparsely fertile at their summit, or rarely in the middle. Var. INCISA J. W. Huntington is a form with the inner pinnules of some of the pinnae more or less cut or pinnatifid. Var. glandulbsa Waters. Rhachis and lower surface of the sterile frond permanently glandular-pubescent. R. I., N. J., and Md. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY) Leafy and often someiohat fleshy plants; the leaves (fronds') simple or branched, often fern-like in appearance, erect in vernation, developed from under- ground buds formed either inside the base of the old stalk or by the side of it, and bearing in special spikes or panicles rather large subcoriaceous bivalvular spo- rangia formed from the main tissue of the fruiting branches. Prothallus under- ground, not green, monoecious. A small family, separated from Ferns on account of the different nature of the sporangia, the erect vernation, etc. 1. Ophioglossum. Sporangia cohering in a simple spike. Veins reticulated. 2. Botrychium. Sporangia in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Veins free. 1. OPHIOGL6SSUM [Tourn.] L. ADDER'S TONGUE Rootstock erect, fleshy and sometimes tuberous, with slender fleshy roots which are sometimes proliferous; bud placed by the side of the base of the naked stalk ; fronds with anterior and posterior segments as in Botrychium, but the cmiaceous sporangia connate and coherent in two ranks on the edges of a simple spike. Sterile segment fleshy, simple in our species; the veins reticulated. Spores copious, sulphur-yellow. (Name from 6ts, a serpent, and y\&Nv,/^//<-w/,/ forking; fertile segment panicled, 2-3-pinnate. Open places, e. Que. to Vt., n. O., L. Superior, and north w. ; rare. (Widely distr.) FIG. 1. Also on wooded cliffs near Syracuse, N. Y., where tending to a more slender form with decidedly stipitate sterile segment and subremote more narrowly cuneate pinnae (B. onondagense Underw.). 2. B. simplex E. Hitchcock. Fronds small (5-10 or rarely 25 cm. high) ; ste.rile segment short-petioled from near base, middle, or sum- mit of the stalk, thickish, simple, and roundish, or pinnately 3-7-lobed ; the lobes roundish- obovate, nearly entire, decurrent on the broad and flat indeterminate rhachis, the terminal one usually emarginate ; the veins all forking from the base; fertile segment simple or 1-2- pinnate. (B. tenebrosum A. A. Eaton.) N. S. to Md., Ont., Minn., and Rocky Mts. ; rare. (Eu.) FIG. 2. Var. COMPOSITCM Lasch. Sterile segment binate or ternate ; the divisions pin- natifid. Occurring with and clearly passing into the typical form. 3. B. lanceolatum. (Gmel.) Angstroem, var. angus- tisegmSntum Pease & Moore. Fronds small (1-2.5 dm. high) ; the sterile segment closely sessile at the ^ top of the long and slender stalk, scarcely fleshy, triangular, ternately twice pinnatifld ; the acute lobes lanceolate, incised or toothed; veinlets forking from a continuous midvein; fertile part 2-3-pinnate. N. S. to N. J., O., and L. Superior. July, Aug. FIG. 3. The typical European form has the segments of the sterile frond broader and more approximate. 4. B. rambsum (Roth) Aschers. Fronds small (1-2.5 dm. high) ; the sterile segment ii<-arlij sessile at the top of the long and slender common */at,-d into forking veinlets ; fertile part 2-:-5-pinn:it.c. (B. ma- tricariaefolium A. Br. ; B. net//LIUM (Underw.) Gilbert. Divisions few, usually 9, thin ; otherwise much like the typical form. N. Y. (ace. to Gilbert}; Mo. (Bush), and south w. to the Gulf. Var. ELON- GATUM Gilbert & llaberer. FIG. 5, c. Divisions lanceolate, elongated, acute. Mass, to centr. N. Y. and D. C. Var. DISSECTUM (Spreng.) Clute. FIG. 5, d. Divisions incisely many- toothed. Often with the typical form in N. E., N. Y., andO. 6. B. ternatum (Thunb.) Sw., var. intermedium D. C. Eaton. Stout, decidedly fleshy, loosely pubescent to subglabrous, 1.5-4 dm. high ; habit and fertile segment as in the preceding ; sterile segment becoming large (sometimes 2 dm. broad), its ultimate divisions numer- ous, ovate or obovate, commonly subcuneate or semicordate at the base, crenulate and more or less lobed, usually obtuse or rounded at the apex. (Including var. australe D. C. , Eaton, as to Am. plant.) Sandy soil, pastures and open ' ; ' - woods, common, N. E., N. Y., and (?) n. Mich. FIG. 6. \\x^ ^Passing insensibly into var. RUTAEFOLIUM (A. Br.) D. C. *"~ Eaton. More slender, rarely over 1.7 dm. high; sterile segment commonly about 5 cm. broad, its divisions few, broadly ovate, the lowest sublimate. (B. Matricariae Spreng. ; B. rutaceum Sw.) Nfd. to s. N. H., and n. Mich. (Eurasia.) 2. OSMUNDOPTERIS Milde. Base of the stalk (contain- ing the bud) open along one side ; sterile segment mem- branaceous the cells of the epidermis flexuous. 7. B. virginianum (L.) Sw. (RATTLESNAKE FERN.) Fronds 3-6 dm. tall, >iple ; sterile segment sessile above the middle of the plant, broadly triangular, thin and membranaceous, ternate; the short-stalked primary divisions once or twice pinnate, and then once or twice pinnatifid ; the oblong lobes cut-toothed toward the apex ; veins forking from a midvein ; fertile part 2-3-pinnate. Rich woods, common. Ju filifc spon rime, July. (Widely distr.) MARSILEACEAE Perennial plants rooted in mud, having a slender creeping rhizome and either liform or ^-parted long-petioled leaves ; the somewhat crustaceans several-celled rocarps borne on peduncles ivhich rise from the rhizome near the leaf-stalks, or are more or less consolidated with the latter, and contain both macrospores and microspores. 1. MARSILEA L. Submersed or emersed aquatic plants. Leaves 4-foliolate. Sporocarps with 2 teeth near the base, 2-celled vertically, with many transverse partitions, splitting into 2 valves at maturity, and emitting an elastic cord or band of tissue, which GRAY'S MANUAL, 4 50 SALV1NIACEAE carries the sporangia on a series of short branches or lobes. (Named for Aloyxius Mdrsili, an early Italian naturalist.) 1. M. quadrifolia L. Leailets broadly obovate-cuneate, glabrous ; sporo- carps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the petiole*, pediceled, glabrous or somewhat hairy, the' basal teeth small, obtuse, or the upper one acute. In water, the leaflets commonly floating on the surface ; frequently cultivated and now somewhat extensively introduced from material taken chiefly from Bantam Lake, Litchtield, Ct., where perhaps casually intro- duced from Eu. 2. M. vestita Hook. & Grev. Leaflets broadly cuneate, usually hairy, entire (5-15 mm. long and broad) ; petioles 2-11 cm. long ; peduncles free from the petiole, very short ; sporocarps solitary, hairy when young (about 4 mm. long), with upper basal tooth longest, acute, straight or curved, lower tooth acute, the sinus between them rounded. In swamps which become dry in summer ; la. and southwestw. SALVINIACEAE Floating plants of small size, having a more or less elongated and sometimes branching axis, bearing apparently distichous leaves ; sporocarps (son') very soft and thin-walled, two or more on a common stalk, one-celled and having a central, often branched receptacle which bears either macrosporangia containing solitary macrospores, or microsporangia with numerous microspores. A small and interesting family of plants without close affinity to other groups. 1. AZ6LLA Lam. Small moss-like plants, the stems pinnately branched, covered with minute 2-lobed imbricated leaves, and emitting rootlets on the under side. Sporocarps in pairs beneath the stem ; the smaller ones acorn-shaped, containing at the base a single macrospore with a few attached bodies of doubtful function above it ; the larger ones globose, and having a basal placenta which bears many pedicellate microsporangia which contain masses of microspores. (Name not satisfactorily explained.) 1. A. caroliniana Willd. Plants somewhat deltoid in outline (6-25 mm. broad), much branched ; leaves with ovate lobes, the lower lobe reddish, the upper one green with a reddish border; macrospore with three attendant corpuscles, its surface minutely granulate ; masses of microspores glochidiate. Floating on quiet waters, from L. Ontario westw. and southw. Appearing like a reddish hepatic moss. 2. SALViNIA [Mich.] Adans. Leaves apparently 2-ranked, horizontally floating or subaerial, a third series of foliar structures developed ventrally on the stem taking the form of fascicles of root-like fibers. Sporangia subsessile, clustered, depressed-globose, longitu- dinally sulcate, formed from the tips of short basal divisions of the filiform ven- tral leaves. Sori basal within the fruit, the macrosporangia subsessile, the microsporangia (in separate fruits) borne on filiform pedicels. (Named for Prof. Antonio Maria Salvini of Florence, 1633-1729.) 1. S. natans (L.) All. Foliage-leaves suborbicular-oblong, thickish, mostly 10-15 mm. long, hairy or papillose on both sides, the lower surface commonly brownish or purplish. Marshes and ponds, Minn, and Mo. Long ago re- ported by Pursh as "floating, like Lemna, on the surface of stagnant waters: in several of the small lakes in the western parts of New York," but not detected in this region by recent botanists. (Eurasia.) EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) 51 EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) (REVISED BY A. A. EATON.) Rush-like, often branching plants, with jointed and mostly hollow stems from running rootstocks, having sheaths at the joints, and, when fertile, terminated by the conical or spike-like fructification composed of shield-shaped stalked scales bearing the spore-cases beneath. A single genus. 1. EQUISETUM [Tourn.] L. HORSETAIL Rootstocks perennial, jointed, branched, wide-creeping, dull and blackish, felted or naked, often tuber-bearing, the nodes provided with toothed, often felted sheaths ; roots in verticils from the nodes, annual, felted. Stems usually erect, simple or branched, cylindrical, jointed, the surface regularly striated, overlaid with teeth, dots, bands, rosettes, or a smooth coat of silex; the stomata in the grooves in regular rows or broad bands ; the internodes (except in E. scir- poides} bearing a large central air-cavity (centrum), a medium sized one (vallecu- lar) under each groove, with which the stomata connect, and a smaller one (carinal) under each ridge. The nodes are closed and solid, each bearing a whorl of reduced leaves joined by their edges into cylindrical sheaths, their tips thinner and prolonged into persistent or deciduous teeth. Branches, when present, mostly in whorls from the nodes. Fruit in a terminal cone formed of regular verticils of stalked sporophylls, the 6 or 7 sporangia opening down the inner side and discharging many loose green spores, each provided with four elastic hygroscopic clavate bands. Prothallus in damp places, dioecious, green, variously lobed. (The-ancient name from equus, horse, and seta, bristle.) 1. Stems annual; spikes rounded; stomata scattered in the grooves. a. Fruiting stem succulent, appearing before the sterile. Fertile stems branchless, soon perishing ; silex of sterile stems in dots ............. 1. E. arvense. Fertile stems becoming branched. Branches simple ; silex in 3 rows of broad spinules on the ridges . 2. E. pratense. Branches compound ; silex in 2 rows of hooked spinules . . 3. E. sylvaticum. a. Fertile and sterile stems alike, branched or simple. Centrum one sixth of the total diameter of stem ; teeth grooved, black, with broad white margins ....... 4. E. palustre. Centrum half the total diameter or more. Centrum not more than two thirds the diameter ; vallecular holes present ; sheaths loose ; fruit abortive ..... 5. E. litorale. Centrum four fifths the diameter ; vallecular holes mostly absent ; sheaths tight .......... 6. E.flumatiU. 2. Stems evergreen (except in E. laevigatum and E. variegatum, v. Nelsoni), mostly simple ; spikes apiculate ; stomata in single regular series. HIPPOCIIABTE Milde b. b. Silex in cross-bands on ridges and grooves c. c. Vallecular bast cutting the green parenchyma, carinal not doing so ; sheaths ampliated, green. Teeth deciduous, leaving black triangular bases ; centrum wide . 7. E. laevigatum. Teeth persistent, broadly white-bordered ; centrum small ......... (9) E. variegalum, v. Nelsoni. c. Vallecular bast not cutting the parenchyma, the carinal larger ; sheaths usually with black and white bands. Sheaths much longer than broad, ampliated ; plants similar to E. laevigatum in appearance . . (8) E. hyemale, v. intermedium. Sheaths little longer than broad, tight . . . . (8) E. hyemale, v.robustum. b. Kidges biangulate (except in E. variegatum, v. Nelsoni) ; silex of the grooves in rosulae d. d. Teeth deciduous ; ridges slightly biangulate ..... 8. E. hyemale. d. Teeth persistent, white-bordered e. e. Centrum one third of the diameter of the stem. Kidges distinctly biangulate; bristle-tips of teeth deciduous . 9. E. variegatum. Eidges slightly biangulate ; tips of teeth persistent (9) E. varieg !-'> cm. long, .'1-5 milled, winged, oltrii solid, similar to those of /'. ,trri'sr ; spikes usually abortive. Wet, K. sylvaticum. dcriiiis x 12. 11. E. sylvaticum. Cross- section of stem x 12. '. i-:. puiuMiv. < section <>f stun x !'. K. |ialustrc. Kpi- drnnis xl'2. EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) 53 sandy shores, N. B. to Pa., Minn., and westw. May, June. (Eu.) Possibly a hybrid. FIGS. 14, 15. 14. E. litorale. Gross- section of stem x 12. 15. E. litorale. Cross -section of stem near apex x 12. 16. E. fluviatile. Cross- section of stem x 12. 6. E. fluviatile L. (PIPES.) Stems erect, 3-15 dm. high, with 10-30 shal- low grooves, simple, or branched in the middle ; centrum f the total diameter ; vallecular holes absent except at bases of largest stems; branches 2.5-16 cm. long, 4-6-angled, hollow, not winged, horizontal, with erect tips ; sheaths ap- pressed ; teeth dark brown, narrow, acute, rigid, distinct. (E. limosum L.) Shallow water and mud-banks, common. June, July. (Eu.) FIGS. 16, 17. HIPPOCHAETE Milde. Stems mostly evergreen, simple or becoming sparingly branched^ mostly rough; spikes apiculate ; stomata (in ours) in a single regular row on each side of the groove, overlaid by the siliceous coat of the stem, having access to the air through an irregular hole. 7. E. laevigatum A. Br. Stems mostly annual, diffuse and rough or erect and nearly smooth, 1-12 dm. long, simple or with few to many rough branches ; centrum f the diameter of stem ; sheaths widened up- ward, green with narrow black limb ; teeth of the stem- sheaths mostly deciduous, leaving black triangular bases, those of the branches persistent ; leaves flat above, ridged below ; green parenchyma continuous under the keels, separated by the vallecular bast. Alluvial soils, O. to B. C. and Tex. June-Aug. FIG. 18. 8. E. hyemale L. (SCOURING RUSH.) Stems erect, mostly simple, 3 to 9 dm. high, the ridges slightly grooved on the back with a row of tubercles on each side ; sheaths longer than broad, tight, with two black rings separated by an ashy one ; teeth mostly deciduous ; centrum usually f the total diameter ; green paren- chyma continuous over the vallecular holes, separated by the bast under the ridges. Eu. Var. intermedium A. A. Eaton. Stems evergreen, simple, erect, 3-12 dm. high, smoothish or rough with cross-bands of silex ; sheaths widened upward, the lower with basal and terminal black rings separated by an ashy band, all similarly marked the second year ; green parenchyma continuous over the vallecular holes, separated by the carinal bast. Moist sandy soils, Ct., N. Y., and Mich, to Tex. and Cal. May- Aug. Often confused with E. laevigatum. FIG. 19. Var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton. Differs from the type only in having the ridges rounded instead of biangulate. Can. to Mex. ; common in N. E., less common than the next further west. Var. robustum (A. Br.) A. A. Eaton. Mostly stout, 12-30 dm. high, 6-18 mm. thick ; ridges rounded ; sheaths nearly as broad as long ; leaves with a central and two lateral ridges ; teeth mostly persistent. (E. robustum A. Br.) 18. E. laevigatum. Cross- section of stein x 12. 54 LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUB MOSS FAMILY) Md. to Mich., south westw. and westw. ; rare east of the Miss. R. (Mex., Asia.) FIGS. 20, 21. 9. E. variegitum Schleich. Stems tufted, ascending, 1.5 to 3 dm. high, slender, 5-10-grooved ; ridges with broad central grooves ; centrum ^ the 19. E. hyemale, v. intermedium. Cross-section of stem x 12. 20. E. hyemale, v. robus- tum. Epidermis x 12. 21. E. hyemale, v. robustum. Cross-section of stem x 12. total diameter ; green parenchyma continuous under the keels, interrupted in the grooves ; sheaths loose, green below, black-girdled above ; leaves 4-carinate ; teeth black, with broad hyaline white borders, persistent, with long filiform deciduous tips. Lab. to Alaska, south w. to Me., N. Y., and Wyo. ; rare. (Eurasia.) Var. Jesupi A. A. Eaton. Stems ascending or erect, 2-4 dm. high, 10-12- furrowed ; ridges with slight central grooves ; centrum i-f the total diameter ; carinal bast cutting the parenchyma, the vallecular small ; sheaths green, with black limbs, becoming ashy with black bases ; teeth brown-centered, white- bor- dered, with flexuous persistent awn-points, often becoming papery and withering. Que. and Ont., southw. to Ct. and 111. Var. Nelsbni A. A. Eaton. Stems annual, tufted, slender, 1.5-4 dm. high ; angles rounded ; sheaths ampliated, green, with narrow black limb, becoming dusky; teeth centrally grooved, with dark centers and broad white borders, bearing deciduous awn-points; centrum \ the total diameter of stem ; bast similar to the type. N. Y. to Mich, and 111. , 10. E. scirpoides Michx. Stems many in a tuft, filiform, 0.75 Cros 8 lrP ti n e9 f to 1>6 dm< high ' flexuous and curving, solid at the center, C-ridged stenTx 12 r ' through the deep grooving of the 3 angles ; sheaths with 3 per- sistent hyaline-bordered filiform-tipped teeth. Moist evergreen woods and low fields; Lab. to Pa., 111., and northwestw. (Eurasia.) FIG. 22. LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUB Moss FAMILY) Low plants, usually of moss-like aspect, with elongated and often much branched stems covered with small lanceolate or subulate, rarely oblong or rounded, persistent entire leaves; the sporangia 1-S-celled, solitary in (he axils of the leaves, or on their upper surface, when ripe opening into two or three valves, and shedding the numerous yellow spores, which are all of one kind. The Family, as here defined, consists mainly of the large genus 1. LYCOP6DIUM L. CLUB Moss Spore-cases coriaceous, flattened, usually kidney-shaped, 1-celled, 2-valved, mostly by a transverse line round the margin, discharging the subtile spores, in the form of a copious sulphur-colored Inflammable powder. Perennials, with evergreen one-nerved Icavrs imbricated or crowded in 4-1C ranks. (Name compounded of \VKOS, a wolf, and irous, foot, from a fancied resemblance.) LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUB MOSS FAMILY) 55 b. a. Spore cases in the axils of ordinary dark -green shining leaves, not form- ing a well marked terminal spike ; gemmae commonly present. Leaves uniform 1. Leaves in zones, alternately shorter and longer 2. a. Spore cases only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, forming a spike b. Bracteal leaves scarcely or not at all modified in form or texture. Bracteal leaves lance-linear or linear, scarcely broader at the base . 3. Bracteal leaves linear-attenuate from a distinctly broadened ovate base 4. , Bracteal leaves scale-like, yellowish, very different from those of the sterile parts of the stem c. c. Sterile branches convex and uniformly leafy on all sides. Free part of leaves 4-8 mm. long ; fertile branches mostly 1.5- 2.5 dm. high. Fertile branches leafy up to the spikes. Creeping stem deep in the ground, the upright branches repeatedly forked, tree-like . . (T) L. obacurum Creeping stem on or near the surface of the ground, its numerous erect branches mostly subsimple or sparingly forked 5. Fertile branches modified beneath the spikes into scaly pe- duncles 6. Free parts of the leaves 1-3 mm. long; fertile branches usually 5-13 cm. high 8. c. Sterile branches flattened or concave beneath, the leaves usually reduced or modified on the lower surface d. d. Fertile branches leafy essentially to the spikes .... 7. d. Spikes borne on scaly peduncles e. e. Peduncles terminating upright leafy branches. Fertile branches usually 5-10, rarely 15 cm. high ; free part of lateral leaves linear-subulate, spreading, nearly or quite as long as the adnate part . . . Fertile branches usually 1.5-3*kn. high; free part of lateral leaves deltoid-subulate, scarcely more than one third to one half the length of the adnate part. Running stems deep in the ground; branches narrowly linear, 1.3-1.8 mm. broad, their divisions very numer- ous and crowded . . . Running steins at or near the surface of the ground ; branches 2^4 mm. broad, more loosely and openly forked L. Selago. L. hicidulum. L. alopecwroides. L. inundatum. v. dendroideum. L. annolinum. L. clavatum. L. sitchense. L. obscurum. 9. L. sabinaefolium. 12. L. tristachyum. 11. Peduncles springing directly from a short horizontal rootstock 10. L. complanatum. L. carolinianum. \ w . 1. L. Selago L. Stems erect and rigid, dichotomous, from a short slender rootstock, forming a level-topped tuft (0.5-2.5 din. high) ; leaves uniform, lance-attenuate, crowded, ascending, glossy, pale green or yellowish, sharp- pointed, entire or denticulate ; sporangia in the axils of unaltered leaves. Crevices of exposed or cold rock, chiefly alpine ; Greenl. to Alaska, s. to N. E., L. Superior, Mont., and Wash., and on the higher Alleghenies to Va. (Widely distr.) Commonly gemmiparous in the upper axils. Var. APPRESSUM Desv. Leaves closely crowded, appressed. Usually more abundant, extending s. to . C. Var. patens (Beauv.) Desv. Leaves linear-attenuate and wide-spreading, rk green. Cool calcareous cliffs, Que. and n. Vt. 2. L. lucidulum Michx. Steins assurgent, the old elongate bases very per- sistent; leaves pointed, toothed, at first spreading, then deflexed, distinctly broader above the middle, arranged in alternate zones of shorter and longer leaves, the shorter leaves more frequently bearing sporangia in their axils ; proliferous gemmae usually abundant but caducous. Cold, damp woods ; Nfd. to Ont,, Minn., la., Ind., and south w. in the Alleghenies to S. C. Var. por6philum (Lloyd & Underw.) Clute. Leaves lance-linear, attenuate, arrowed from base to apex, nearly or quite entire. (L, porophilum Lloyd & Underw.) Mts. and cold ravines, local; Nfd. and e. Que. to Wise., s. to S. C. and Ala. 3. L. alopecuroides L. Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout; the sterile branches recurved-procumbent and creeping; the fertile of the same thickness, 13-83 cm. high ; leaves narrowly linear-awl-shaped, spinulose-pointed, spreading, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the middle ; those of the cylindri- cal spike with long setaceous tips. (L. adpressum Lloyd & Underw., in 56 LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUB MOSS FAMILY) part.) Pine-barrens and sandy swamps, Nantucket (Mrs. Owen, Dame, Floyd), L. I., and southw. Aug., Sept. Stems, including the dense leaves, l.~> mm. in thickness ; the comose spike, with its longer spreading leaves, 18-22 mm. thick. (S. A.) 4. L. inundatum L. Dwarf; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid, 3-10 (rarely 15) cm. high, bearing a short thicfc: spike ; sporophylls usually toothed near the ovate base, their attenuate tips herbaceous, loosely spreading ; leaves lanceolate or lance-awl-shaped, acute, soft, spreading, mostly entire, those of the prostrate stems curving upward. Sandy shores and in sphagnum, Nfd. to N. J., and north westw. to Alaska. (Eurasia.) Var. BIGELOVII Tuckerm. Taller (the fertile branches 1-3 dm. high) ; sporophylls more incurved <>r oppressed, commonly somewhat stramineous, mostly entire. (L. adpressum Lloyd & Underw. in part.) Sandy shores, e. Mass, to Md. 5. L. ann6tinum L. Much branched ; stems prostrate and creeping (3-12 dm. long) ; the ascending branches similar (1-2.5 dm. high), sparingly forked sterile ones making yearly growths from the summit ; leaves equal, spreading, in about 5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green ) ; spike solitary, thickish-cylindrical. Open woods, Nfd. to Ct., Minn., Col., Alaska, and Greenl. (Eurasia.) In exposed and alpine situations replaced by var. PUNGENS Desv., a form with short thick more rigid leaves which are 3-4 mm. long and erectish. Nfd. to n. N. Y., and north westw. (Eurasia.) 6. L. clavatum L. (COMMON C.) Stems creeping extensively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branches ; the fertile terminated by a slender ^ u^. peduncle (1-1.5 dm. long), bearing about 2-4 slender cylindrical spikes ; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incurved-spreading (light green), tipped, as also the bracts, with a fine bristle. Dry woods; common especially north w. July. (Cosmop.) Var. MONOST\CHYON Grev. & Hook. Spike solitary on each peduncle com- monly of larger size (sometimes 8 cm. long). E. Que. to Ct. and north westw. Var. BREVISPIC\TUM Peck. Spikes solitary or in pairs, very short (1.3-2.4 cm. long), thickish, blunt; peduncles 3-5 cm. long. Wallface Mt., N. Y. (Peck}. A sterile form with greatly elongated peduncles is sometimes found : r- 1) Taconic Mts., w. Mass. (Harrison"), and Green Mts., Vt. (Kent). j Q . J 7. L. obscurum L. Rootstock cord-like, subterranean, bearing scattered >J 'erect tree-like stems dividing at the summit into several densely dichotomous f spreading branches ; leaves linear-lanceolate, decurrent, entire, acute, 6-ranked, Ihose of the two upper and two lower ranks smaller and appressed, the lateral ones incurved-spreading ; spikes 1-3, erect, essentially sessile ; bracts scarious-mar- gined, broadly ovate, abruptly apiculate. Rich woods, N. E. to Va. Passing imperceptibly into Var. dendroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eaton. Leaves equal, erect or incurved; branches scarcely or not at all dorsiventral, usually erect and crowded ; spikes 1-15. (L. dendroideum Michx.) The more common form, in woods or on open hillsides, Nfd. to N. C. and L. Superior. 8. L. sitchgnse Rupr. Glaucous ; rootstock long, nearly superficial ; stems short, numerous, erect, divided from near the base into numerous erect sub- simple crowded branches (3-7 cm. high), equally leafy all round ; leaves equal, few-ranked, ascending, about 2 mm. long, slender, very acute; spikes on short but usually distinct scaly peduncles; sporophylls green with scarious crust- margin, the tip spreading. Coniferous woods, e. Que. and n. Me.; Mt. Katah- din; Mt. Washington, N. II. (Eggleston) ; Adirondack Mts., N. Y. (Peck); n. shore of L. Superior ; Alaska. 9. L. sabinaefblium Willd. In habit similar to the preceding ; branches 5-10 cm. long, flexuous, dorsiventral ; the leaves on the lower surface smaller; peduncles 2-3 cm. lonu;. Dry woods, e. Que. to Vt. ; Staten Lsl., N. Y. (Bnch- heixtf.r) ; and L. Superior (G. S. Miller). 10. L. carolinianum L. Sterile stems and their few short branches entfn In creeping (leafless and rooting on the under side), thickly clothed with broadly lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique 1-nerved lateral le n-filrfy sj-rs in diameter 2. /. Tiickfrmani. Leaves irn-en. recurved at end, not spiral; spores iiverairinir 650 /u. in diameter r_'i '/. 7VcXv rnxnii. \. /><; ///*. Leave* .'."i ". mm. in diameter .... ('2) /. Tiiffct'i-mn n i , \. ////r/v///. t>. s|>res \vith thick vermiform free or :in:istomosinir ridges . . 3. /. ///<;;/////, a bow, the wood anciently used for bows.) 1. T. canadSnsis Marsh. (AMERICAN Y., GROUND HEMLOCK.) A low strag- gling bush ; stems diffuse (or rarely arborescent and 2 m. high) ; leaves linear, green on both sides. Evergreen woods, Nfd. to Va., la., and Man. PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) Trees and shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly aid-shaped or needle-sJittjinl entire leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers borne in or horimj (he form of scaly catkins, of which the fertile become cones or berry-like. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale. Mostly evergreen. In the following treatment, the term catkin (or ament) is retained as the most convenient designation for the catkin-like aggregates of scales bearing or inclosing either stamens or ovules. The morphology of the coniferous inflorescence is still doubtful. It seems proba- ble that the staminate catkin is a single flower, but paleophytological evidence suggests that the ovule-bearing cones are inflorescences. Tribe I. ABlfeTEAE. Fertile flowers consisting of numerous open spirally imbricated carpels in the form of scales, each scale in the axil of a persistent bract ; in fruit forming a cone. Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each scale, invi-rled. Seeds winded. Cotyledons 8-16. Anthers spirally arranged upon the stamineal column, which is subtended by involucral scales. Buds scaly. Leaves linear to needle-shaped. * Leaves in bundles of two or more. 1. Pinus. Leaves 2-5 in each bundle, evergreen. 2. Larix. Leaves many in each cluster, deciduous. * * Leaves solitary. H- Leaves keeled on both surfaces (tetragonal) ; scales of the cone persistent upon the axis. 8. Picea. Leaves not '2-ranked. +- - Leaves tlattish, whitened along two lines lieiieatli. 4. Abies, ('one laryv (".-10 cm. long'), the scales falling away before the axis, ft. Tsuga. (/one small (12-85 mm. long), the scales persisting on the axis. PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) 63 Tribe II. TAXODiEAE. Fertile flowers of several spirally arranged imbricated scales without bracts, becoming a globular woody cone. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale, erect. Leaves linear, alternate ; leaf-buds not scaly. 6. Taxodium. Seeds 2 to each scale. Leaves 2-ranked, deciduous. Tribe III. CUPRESSEAE. Scales of the fertile flower few, decussately opposite or ternate, becom- ing a small closed cone or sort of drupe. Ovules 2 or more in their axils, erect. Cotyledons 2 (rarely more). Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, usually scale-like and adnate, the earlier free and subulate ; leaf-buds not scaly. * Monoecious ; fruit a small cone ; leaves opposite and more or less 2-ranked. 7. Chamaecyparis. Cone globose ; scales peltate. Seeds 1 or 2, narrowly winged. 8. Thuja. Cone pendulous, ellipsoid, of 8-12 imbricated scales. Seeds 2, 2-winged. * * Dioecious ; fruit berry -like, with bony ovate seeds. 9. Juniperus. Fruit-scales 3-6, coalescent. Foliage not 2-ranked. 1. PiNUS [Tourn.] L. PINE Filaments short ; connective scale-like ; anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united cells, the 2 lateral ones empty. Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated woody scales, which are persistent, spreading when ripe and dry ; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale. Cotyle- dons 3-12, linear. Primary leaves thin and chaff-like, merely bud-scales ; from their axils immediately proceed the secondary needle-shaped evergreen leaves, in fascicles of 2 to 5, from slender buds, some thin scarious bud-scales sheathing the base of the cluster. Leaves when in pairs semicylindrical, becoming chan- neled ; when more than 2 triangular ; their edges in our species serrulate. Blossoms developed in spring; the cones maturing in the second autumn. (The classical Latin name.) Leaves 5 in a fascicle ; cone-scales thin 1. P. /Slrobus. Leaves 2-3 in a fascicle ; cone-scales thickened at the end. Cone-scales unarmed. Leaves 9-16 cm. long; sheath 8-21 mm. long 10. P. resinosa. Leaves 4.5-6 cm. long; sheath 2-5 mm. long; resin-ducts in each leaf numerous, peripheral or nearly so 9. P. sylvestris. Leaves 1.5-4 cm. long; resin-ducts mostly 2, deeply embedded in the leaf- tissue 1. p. Banksiana. Cone-scales armed with a sharp dorsal spine or prickle. Cone very large, 15-25 cm. long 11. P. palustris. Cone 3-12 cm. long. Spine of cone-scales stout, 5-6 mm. long 5. P. pungens. Spine of cone-scales smaller, 1-3 mm. long. Leaves somewhat rigid, 1.8-3 mm. broad. Leaves in 2's, 1.5-4 cm. long 1. P. BanJcsiana. Leaves in 3's, 5-12 cm. long 8. P. rigida. Leaves in 3's, 15-25 cm. long 4. P. aerotina. Leaves flaccid, 0.7-1.5 mm. broad. Old cones when open subcylindric-ovoid, about 10 cm. long, usually shining 2. P. Taeda. Old cones when open broadly ovoid, 4-7 cm. long, dull. Spine of cone-scale 2-3 mm. long ; leaves in 2 ? s, 4--8cm. long . 6. P. virginiana. Spine of cone-scale minute, about 1 mm. long ; leaves in 2's or 3's, 7-13 cm. long 8. P. ecJiiiuila. 1. P. Str6bus L. (WHITE P.) Tree 20-50 m. high ; leaves in 5's, very slender, glaucous ; sterile flowers oval (8-10 mm. long), with 6-8 involucral scales at base ; fertile catkins long-stalked, cylindrical ; cones narrow, cylindri- cal, nodding, often curved (1-1.5 dm. long); seed smooth; cotyledons 8-10. Nfd. to Pa., along the mts. to Ga., west to Man. and e. la. 2. P. TaSda L. (LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD P.) Leaves long (14-23 cm.), in 3's or sometimes 2's, with elongated sheaths, light green ; cone-scales tipped with a stout incurved spine. Wet clay, or dry sandy soil, s. N. J. to Fla., near the coast, thence to Tex. and Ark. A tree 15-45 m high , staminate flowers slender, 5 cm. long, usually with 10-13 involucral scales ; seeds with 3 strong rough ridges on the under side. 64 PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) 3. P. rigida Mill. (PITCH 1'.) Leave* (5-12 cm. long) dark green, from short sheaths; cones ovoid-conical or ovoid (3-D cm. long), often in clusters; scales with a short stout generally recurved prickle. Sandy or barren soil, N. B. to L. Ontario, e. Tenn., and n. Ga. A tree 10-25 m. high, with very rough dark bark and hard resinous wood ; sterile flowers shorter ; scales 0-8. 4. P. ser6tina Michx. (POND or MARSH P.) Similar to the last but readily distinguished by its much longer leaves (15-25 cm. in length) and sheaths, as well as the short more deciduous prickles of the cone. Coastal swamps, Va. (Harper} to Fla. 5. P. piingens Lamb. (TABLE MOUNTAIN P.) Leaves stout, short, in 2's or 3's (3-6 cm. long), crowded, bluish; the sheath short (very short on old foliage); the scales armed with a strong hooked spine. Allegheny Mts., N. J. and Pa., to Ga. and Tenn. A rather small tree (G-18 m. high) ; cones long- persistent. 6. P. virginiana Mill. (JERSEY or SCRUB P.) Leaves short (4-8 cm. long), in 2's; cones sometimes curved, the scales tipped with a straight or re- curved awl-shaped prickle. (P. mops- Ait.) Barrens and sterile hills, L. I. to S.C., Ala., and s. Ind. A straggling tree (5-12 m. high), with spreading or drooping branchlets ; larger westward. Young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom. 7. P. Banksiana Lamb. (GRAY or NORTHERN SCRUB P.) Leaves in 2's, very short and thick (usually 2-3 cm. long), oblique, divergent; cones conical, oblong, usually curved (4-5 cm. long), smooth, the scales pointless, or with a minute obsolescent prickle. (P. divaricata auth.) Barren, sandy, or rocky soil, N. S. to n. N. Y., w. to n. 111., Minn., and north w. A low tree, usually 5-10 (rarely 20) m. high. 8. P. echinata Mill. (YELLOW P.) Leaves in 2's or 3's, slender, mostly about 1 dm. long, with long sheaths; cone-scales with a minute weak prickle. (P. mitis Michx.) Usually dry or sandy soil, Staten I. to Kan., and southw. A straight tree (15-30 m. high), with dark green leaves more soft and slender than the preceding. The western form has more rigid leaves and more tubercu- late and spiny cones. 9. P. SYLVESTRIS L. (SCOTCH P., SCOTCH FIR.) Leaves in 2's, dark green ; cones 4-6 cm. long, the thickened rhombic scales with central tubercle but m it spinous. Much cultivated, and thoroughly naturalized at some points on the N. E. coast. A valuable long-lived tree attaining considerable height, but the trunk rarely straight, the bark gray. (Nat. from Eu.) 10. P. resin6sa Ait. (RED P.) Leaves in 2's, dark green; cones ovoid- conical, smooth (about 5 cm. long}, their scales slightly thickened, pointless; sterile flowers oblong-linear (12-18 mm. long), subtended by about 6 involucral scales which are early deciduous by an articulation above the base. Dry woods, Mass, to n. Pa., Mich., and Minn., and northw. A tall tree, with reddish rather smooth bark and hard wood, not very resinous. 11. P. palustris Mill. ("LONG-LEAVED, YELLOW, or GEORGIA P.) Leaves in 3's from long sheaths, very long, crowded at the summit of very scaly branches ; sterile flowers 6-8 cm. long, rose-purple ; cones large, cylindrical or conical- cy lindric, the thick scales armed with a short recurved spine. (P. australis Michx. ) Sandy soil, s. Va. to Fla. and Tex. A large tree, with thin-scaled bark and exceedingly hard and resinous wood. 2. LARIX [Tourn.] Adans. LARCH Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on branches of a year's growth or more, short or globular, developed in early spring ; the sterile from leafless buds ; the fertile mostly with leaves below. Anther-cells opening transversely. Pollen- grains simple, globular. ( 'one-scales persistent. Leaves needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, very many in a fascicle, developed in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds. Fertile catkins crimson or red in flower. (The ancient name.) PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) 65 1. L. laricina (DuRoi) Koch. (AMERICAN or BLACK L., TAMARACK, HACKMATACK.) Leaves 1-2.5 cm. long ; cones ovoid, 1.2-2 cm. long, of few - rounded scales. (L. americana Michx.) Chiefly in cold swamps, Lab, and Nfd. to n. Pa., n. 111., centr. Minn., and far northw. A slender tree (8-30 m. high), >/// v with hard and very resinous wood. 2. L. DECIDUA Mill. (L. europaea DC.), with longer leaves and larger cones, is often cultivated, and occasionally established, as in Ct. (Bissell). (Introd. from Eu.) 3. PICEA Link. SPRUCE Sterile flowers on branchlets of the preceding year ; anthers tipped with a rounded recurved appendage, their cells opening lengthwise. Cones maturing the first year, becoming pendulous ; their scales thin, not thickened nor prickly- tipped, persistent. Leaves scattered, needle-shaped and keeled above and below (4-sided), pointing every way. Otherwise nearly as in Pin us. (The classical Latin name of a pine.) 1. P. canadensis (Mill.) BSP. (WHITE or CAT S.) Branchlets glabrous; leaves slender, pale or glaucous ; cones cylindrical, about 5 cm. long, deciduous, the thin scales with an entire edge. (P. alba Link.) N. S. and N. B. to N. Y., L. Superior and northw. A handsome tree (15-45 m. high), in aspect resem- bling the Balsam Fir. 2. P. rubra (DuRoi) Dietr^ (RED S.) Branchlets pubescent; leaves mostly slender, 12-15 mm. long, usually acute oracutish, dark green or yellowish green ; cones elongated-ovoid, mostly 3-4 cm. long, clear brown or reddish brown, the scales rounded, entire or slightly erose. (P. rubens Sarg. ; P. australis Small.) JRocky upland woods, Nfd. to Pa.,s. in the Alleghenies to Ga., w. to Minn., and northw. A valued timber tree, 20-35 m. high. 3. P. mariana (Mill.) BSP. (BLACK or BOG S.) Branchlets pubescent; leaves short and thickish, mostly 6-10 (rarely 13) mm. long, pale bluish green, with strong whitish bloom ; cones short-ovoid or subglobose, 2-3 cm. long, dull grayixh brown, persisting for several years ; the scales more decidedly erose, rounded or often somewhat narrowed toward the apex. (P. nigra Link ; P. brevifolia Peck.) Cold bogs and mountain slopes, Nfd. to N. J., along the Great Lakes and northw. Chiefly a low tree (8-12 m.) rarely attaining 30 m. in height. 4. P. ABIES (L.) Karst. (P. excelsa Link), the NORWAY S., often cultivated as a shade tree, and now established (ace. to Bissell) at several places in Ct., has subglabrous branchlets, slender sharp-pointed dark green glossy leaves, and large cones (1-1.5 dm. long). (Introd. from Eu.) 4. ABIES [Tourn.] Hill. FIR Sterile flowers from the axils of last year's leaves ; anthers tipped with a knob, their cells bursting transversely ; pollen as in Pinus. Cones erect on the upper side of spreading branches, maturing the first year ; their thin scales and bracts deciduous at maturity. Seeds and bark with balsam-bearing vesicles. Leaves scattered, sessile, flat, with the midrib prominent on the whitened lower surface, on horizontal branches appearing 2-ranked. (The classical Latin name.) 1. A. balsamea (L.) Mill. (BALSAM or BALM-OF-GILEAD F.) Leaves narrowly linear, obtusely pointed or retuse (1-3.2 cm. long) ; cones cylindrical (6-10 cm. long ; 2-3 cm. thick), at first violet-colored ; the bracts obovate, serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, shorter than the scales. Damp woods and mt. swamps, Nfd. to Pa., along the mts. to Va., w. to centr. la., and northw. A slender tree or at high elevations a low or prostrate shrub. 2. A. Fraseri (Pursh) Poir. Leaves narrowly linear, commonly retuse ; bracts of the cones dentate or erose-lacerate on the margin, often emargiuate and bearing a slender cusp at the apex, longer than the scales. Mts. of Va., GRAY'S MANUAL 5 66 PINACEAE (IMNE FAMILY) 5. TStlGA (Endl.) Carr. HEMLOCK Sterile flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year's leaves, the long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales ; anthers tipped with a short spur or knob, their confluent cells opening transversely ; pollen-grains simple. Cones on the end of last year's branchlets, maturing the first year. pendulous; their scales thin, persistent. Leaves scattered, flat, whitened beneath, appearing 2-ranked. (The Japanese name of one of the species.) 1. T. canadSnsis (L.) Carr. Leaves petioled, short-linear, obtuse, 8-13 mm. long ; cones ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the scales suborbicular. (Abies Michx.) Mostly hilly or rocky woods, N. B. and N. S. to Del., and along the mts. to Ala., w. to Minn. A tall tree, with light and spreading spray and delicate foliage, bright green above, silvery beneath. 2. T. caroliniana Engelm. Leaves petioled, linear, 15-18 mm. long; cones ovoid, 2-3.5 cm. long; scales oblong, in age loosely imbricated, widely and irregularly spreading. Mts. of Va. to Ga. 6. TAX6DIUM Richard. BALD CYPRESS Flowers monoecious, the two kinds on the same branches. Sterile flowers spiked-panicled, of few stamens ; filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing 2-5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair of ovules at the base of each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at the base. Cotyledons (3-9. Trees, with light green deciduous leaves ; a part of the slender leafy branchlets of the season also deciduous in autumn. (Name compounded of T(OS, the yew, and eiSos, resemblance, the leaves being yew-like.) 1. T. distichum (L.) Richard. Leaves linear and spreading; also some awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets. Swamps, s. Del. to s. 111., Mo. and Tex. March, April. 7. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. WHITE CEDAR. CYPRESS Flowers monoecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile flowers composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2-4 anther-cells under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales de- cussate in pairs, bearing few (1-4) erect bottle-shaped ovules at base. Cone globular, firmly closed, but opening at maturity ; the scales thick, pointed or bossed in the middle ; the few angled or somewhat winged seeds attached to their contracted base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3. Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very small and scale-like or some awl-shaped closely appresscd- imbricated leaves, distichous branchlets, and exceedingly durable wood. (From on the ground, and Kvirdpi;/ <> short interval, the fertile portion becoming 10-12 mm. in diameter; p<>//oi- grains simple; pistillate flowers with a linear stigma and a hnii'-Uke lrftl<'t, slightly dilated at the summit. S. Me. to N. C. and westw., less frequent than the preceding, and mainly near the coast. (Eurasia, etc.) SPARGANIACEAE (BUR-REED FAMILY) Marsh or aquatic plants with alternate sessile linear 2-ranked leaves and monoecious flowers in globular sessile or pedunculate heads. Upper heads bear- ing sessile 3-androus naked flowers and minute scales irregularly interposed. The lower heads consisting of numerous sessile or shortly pediceled pistillate flowers with a calyx-like perianth of 3-6 linear or spatulate scales. Ovary 1-2-celled. Fruit obovoid or spindle-shaped, 1-2-seeded. 1. SPARGANIUM [Tourn.] L. BUR-REED Heads scattered along the upper part of the simple or sparingly branched leafy stem, the bracts caducous or the lower persisting and leaf-like. Perennials with fibrous roots and creeping horizontal rootstocks. Flowering through the summer. The fertile heads becoming bur-like from the divergent beaks, but the pistils at maturity falling away separately. (Name ancient, probably from nm. Mature fruits lustrous ; stigma 2.5-4 mm. lonp 3. S'. //< .r. Beak of fruit stouter and falcate or short and conical or none ; stigma ovoid or ohloiig. Fruiting heads 2 cm. in diatn. ; beak gladiatc-falcate . . . .7. S.jlnrfiiitux. Fruiting heads 1 cm. in diam. I'.eak -hort, conical S. .s 1 . minimum. l.eak none, stigma sosilo '.'. N. /'.'//" //>/< >n. 1. S. eurycarpumKngelin. Stems stout, erect nifolhix. f. Floating leaves rounded or tapering at base, not heart-shaped g. g. Floating leaves 80-50-nerved 8. P. amplifoliitx. g. Floating leaves with fewer nerves h. h. Mature fruit _'.:> mm. or more long i. i. Mature spikes 4-5.5 cm. long (if rarely shorter, with floating leaves 18-24- nerved). Submer-ed leaves mucronate 11. P. angustifoliu*. Submersed leaves merely acuminate. Submersed leaves broadly lanceolate or oblong-elliptl- eal ; fruit tipped by we prominent style . . '.'. /'. Submersed leaves narrowly lanceolate ; fruit tipped by the nearly sessile stigma 6. P. NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) 71 i. Mature spikes 1.5-3.5 cm. long (if rarely longer, with float- ing leaves 10-lS-nerved). Foliage and spikes strongly suffused with red ; 3 or 4 carpels of each flower usually ripening Foliage and spikes greenish ; 1 (rarely 2) carpels ripening h. Mature fruit 1.5-2 mm. long a. Leaves all submersed and similar j. j. Leaves lanceolate, oblong or broader k. k. Leaves sessile or short-petioled, not clasping /. /. . Leaves finely and sharply serrulate I. Leaves entire, but sometimes with puckered or undulate, not serrulate, margins m. m. Mature spike 3.8-5.5 cm. long. Fruit distinctly 3-keeled Fruit with rounded, scarcely keeled sides .... . Mature spike shorter n. .. Spike more than 1 cm. long. Foliage and spikes strongly suffused with red ; 3 or 4 car- pels of each flower usually ripening ' (rar 5. P. 10. P. 3. P. alpinus. heterophyllus. polygonifolius. 18. P. crispua. 11. P. 12. P. angustifoHus. lucens. alpinus. heteropliyllus. mysticus. 16. P. buplewoides. epihydrus. 4. P. Foliage and spikes greenish ; 1 (rarely 2) carpels ripening n. Spike 4-7 mm. long k. Leaves clasping or half-clasping o. o. Leaves half-clasping, elongate, with rounded cucullate tips ; stipules conspicuous and persistent ; fruit sharply keeled . 13. P. praelongus. o. Leaves cordate-clasping, if elongate with tapering plane tips ; stipules inconspicuous or soon reduced to- shreds ; fruit rounded on the back or obtusely keeled p. p. Leaves undulate or crisped, with 3-7 prominent nerves ; fruit 3.5-4.5 mm. long. Stipules 1-2 cm. long, persisting as shreds; leaves lance- attenuate . . ^, . ^ 14. P. JRichardsonii. Stipules short and inconspicuous ; leaves from suborbicular to oblong-lanceolate 15. P. perfoliatus. p. Leaves flat, scarcely crisped, with 1 prominent nerve ; fruit 2.5-3.2 mm. long ; stipules, when developed, short and inconspicuous j. Leaves linear to setaceous q. q. Leaves ribbon-like, 2 mm. or more wide, with a broad coarsely cellular-reticulate space each side of the midrib .... q. Leaves narrower, if occasionally 2 mm. wide, without a broad cellular-reticulate space r. r. Leaves free from the stipules, or, if slightly adnate to them, bearing globose subsessile or short-stalked spikes in their axils .v. s. Fruit flat, cochleate ; the globular spikes borne in the axils of the principal leaves. Peduncles equaling or exceeding the spikes . . . . 32. P. hybridua. Peduncles shorter than the spikes 33. P. dimorphus. 8. Fruit plump ; spikes terminal or borne on the uppermost branches t. t. Principal leaves more than 1 mm. broad u. it,. Leaves with very many fine nerves. Spikes many-flowered, in fruit 1.5-3 cm. long . . 19. P. zosterifolius. Spikes 4-8-flowered, in fruit 5-8 mm. long . . .20. P. acutifolius. u. Leaves with 3-7 nerves . v. Mature fruit 3.5-4.5 mm. long. Stipules 0.5-1 cm. long; leaves acute; spikes capitate 21. P. ffillii. Stipules 1.2-2 cm. long; leaves obtuse, mucronate; spikes subcylindric-ovoid 22. P. obtusifolius. v. Mature fruit 2-3 mm. long w. w. Bases of the leaves bearing translucent glands ; fruit plump, obscurely or bluntly keeled. Leaves 5-7-nerved ; stipules 1-2 cm. long . . 28. P. Friesii. Leaves 3-nerved ; stipules less than 1 cm. long . 25. P. pusillus. w. Bases of leaves glandless ; fruit flattened, with a thin keel or crest (30) P. foliosus, v. niagarensis. t. Principal leaves less than ] mm. broad x. x. Plant bearing winter-buds formed by the hardened ends of branches closely invested by imbricated leaves and stipules y. y. Winter-buds borne primarily on very short axillary branches. Leaves of the winter-buds widely divaricate y. Leaves of the winter-buds loosely ascending Winter-buds borne at the tips of elongate branches. Leaves bristle-form, with very fine slender tips . Leaves fiat or re volute, acute or short-acuminate. Leaves rigid, revolute ; winter-buds 1-2 cm. long Leaves soft ; winter-buds about 1 cm. long 26. P. 27. P. lateralis. Vaseyi. 28. P. gemmiparus. strictifolius. pusillus. '24. '25. 72 NAJADACEAE (PCXNDWEED FAMILY) a?. Plant without winter-buds. Leaves bi-glandular at base. Stipules 1-2 cm. long, persistent 29. P. Stipules less than 1 cm. long, scarcely persistent . 2f>. /'. Leaves glandless at base. Spikes short-peduncled, axillary; leaves broader than the diameter of the stems . . . . .30. Spikes long-peduncled, terminal ; leaves narrower than the diameter of the stems 31. P. confervoides. r. Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf; spikes inter- rupted z'. z. Leaves at most 3 mm. wide, entire. Stigma broad and depressed, sessile. Stigma nearly central, the ventral face of the fruit curved ; leaves filiform, taper-pointed 34. P.filiformix. Stigma nearly in line with the straightish ventral face of the fruit ; leaves narrowly linear, with blunt or rounded tips 35. P. interior. Stigma capitate, tipping the definite style. Fruit not keeled 36. P. pectinulit*. Fruit prominently keeled 37. P. interrupts. z. Leaves 4-8 mm. wide, ciliate-serrulate 38. P. Robbiiixii. 1. P. natans L. Stem simple or sparingly branched; floating leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, elliptical or ovate, somewhat cordate at base, obtuse but with a blunt point, 21-29-nerved, flexible at base, as if jointed to the petiole ; upper sub- mersed leaves lanceolate, early perishing, the lower (later in the season) very slender (7-18 cm. long, barely 2 mm. wide) ; upper stipules very long, acute; peduncle about the thickness of the stemj spikes 3-6 cm. long; fruit obliquely obovoid; sides of the turgid seed with a small deep impression in the middle; embryo coiled into an incomplete elliptical ring. Ponds and quiet streams, common. July-Sept. (Widely distr. in temp, and subtrop. regions. ) 2. P. Oakesianus Bobbins. Stem more slender, much branched; floating leaves smaller (2-5 cm. long), ovate- or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, fewer (17-23)- nerved ; lowest submersed ones almost capillary (barely 1 mm. wide), continu- ing through the flowering season ; spikes shorter (1.5-3 cm. long), on peduncles much thicker than stem; fruit smaller and more acute ; sides of the seed not at all impressed; curvature of the embryo nearly circular, its apex directed to a point above its base. Ponds, and especially pools and quiet streams, local, Anticosti to n. N. Y. and N. J. July-Sept. 3. P. polygonifblius Pourret.. Stem slender, freely creeping, and sending up short leafy branches; floating leaves elliptic-lanceolate to cordate-ovate, rather thin, 2.5-9 cm. long, 1-4 cm. broad, 11-33-nerved, not apparently jointed to the petioles; submersed leaves (when present) lanceolate, short, mostly exceeding the petioles ; stipules blunt, 2-4 cm. long ; spikes 2-4 cm. long, very slender ; fruit plump, 3-keeled, 1.5-2 mm. long. Shallow pools, Sable L, N. S. and Nfd. 'Aug. (Greenl., Eurasia, Afr., Austr.) 4. P. epihydrus Raf. Stems compressed, often simple from the creeping rootstocks ; floating leaves chiefly opposite (3-7.5 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. broad), 11-27 -nerved, oblong, tapering into a short petiole, the lower gradually narrow- ing and passing into the submersed ones, which are very numerous and approxi- mate, conspicuously 2-ranked (5-13 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide}, 5-7 -nerved, the lateral nerves slender and nearly marginal, the space within the inner nerves coarsely cellular-reticulated; stipules vcnj nbtusc ; spikes numerous, about the length of the thickened peduncle ; fruit round-obovoid, flattish, 3-keeled when dry, 2.5-3.5 mm. long ; seed di^iitn-thj impressed mi (lie sides ; curvature of the embryo transversely oval. (P. pensylvanicus Willd. ; P. Nuttallii C. & S.) Still or flowing water. July-Sept. Var. cayuge"nsis (Wiegand) Benn. Stouter ; floating leaves 5-8 cm. lone:, 2-3.5 cm. wide, '2V-4l-nerved ; submersed ones less distichous, 1.2-2.2 dm. Ion.;, o.f>-l cm. wide, H-lX-nerved ; fruit 3.5-4.5 mm. long. N. B. and Que. to Wash., s. tocentr. N. Y., Mich., and la. (Japan.) 5. P. alpinus Balbis. Stems mostly simple ; floating leaves (often wanting) 3.5-8 cm. long, rather thin. vecfye-O&faJM/eoiate, iirr<>n-<'<1 fn/ slmrt />////<-, 11-21-nerved ; submersed leaves almost sessile, lanceolate anil lance-oblong, UA : NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) 73 smooth on the margin, fewer-nerved ; stipules broad, hyaline, obtuse, upper ones acuminate ; spike 1.5-3.5 cm. long, often somewhat compound ; fruit obovoid, lenticular, pitted when immature, with an acute margin and pointed, with the rather long style; embryo incompletely annular. (P. rufescens Schrad.) In streams or ponds, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Mass., N. J.,Mich., Minn., Utah, and Cal. July-Sept. (GreenL, Eurasia.) x P. FAX&XI Morong from Ferrisburg, Vt., and x P. RECTIFOLIUS Benn. from Chicago, 111., are infertile hybrids of nos. 5 and 6. 6. P. americanus C. & S. Stem often branching below ; floating leaves thin- nish, lance-oblong or long-elliptical, often acute, long-petioled, 4-11 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, 17-23-rierved ; submersed leaves very long (0.8-3 dm. long, 0.4-2.5 cm. wide), lanceolate and lance-linear, 7-15-nerved, coarsely reticulated ; peduncles somewhat thickened upward ; fruit obliquely obovoid, obscurely 3-keeled when fresh, and distinctly so when dry, the middle keel winged above and sometimes with 3-5 shallow indentations ; the rounded slightly curved face rmounted by the short style ; seed with the sides scarcely impressed ; upper of the embryo circularly incurved. (P. fluitans Man. ed. 6, not Roth ; lonchites Tuckerm.) In streams or rarely in ponds, N. B. to B. C. and southw. Aug., Sept. (Eurasia, n. Afr., W. I.) Var. novaeboracensis (Morong) Benn. Floating leaves large and thick, broadly elliptic, rounded or obtuse at apex and base, 2.5-4.5 cm. wide. Ct. Wise. (Eu.) 7. P. piilcher Tuckerm. Stem simple (very rarely branched), black-spotted ; eaves of three kinds ; floating ^nes becoming very large (4.5-11) cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide), roundish-ovate and cordate or ovate-oblong, 25-37-nerved, all alternate; upper submersed ones (3-5) usually lanceolate, acute at base and very long-acuminate, 10-15-nerved, very thin, cellular each side of the midrib, undulate, short-petioled ; lowest (2-4 near the base of the stem) thicker, plane, oval or oblong with a rounded base, or spatulate-oblong, on longer petioles ; peduncles thicker than the stem ; spikes 2-4 cm. long ; fruit with a rounded back and angular face, pointed, distinctly 3-keeled when fresh, sharply so when dry ; seed with two deep dorsal furrows, and a sinus below the angle in front ; sides flat; embryo circularly much incurved above. Ponds, local, s. Me. to Fla. ; and near St. Louis, Mo. June, July. 8. P. amplifblius Tuckerm. Steins simple, of very variable length ; float- ing leaves (sometimes wanting) large, oblong, lance-ovate or broadly elliptic, abruptly acutish, 30-50-nerved, on rather long petioles; submersed leaves often very large (0.8-2 dm. long, 2.5-7 cm. broad), lanceolate or oval, acute at each end, usually much recurved, undulate, mostly on short petioles ; stipules very long and tapering to a point, soon becoming loose ; peduncles thickened upward, in deep water much elongated ; spikes 3.5-8 cm. long; fruit very large (4-5.5 mm. long), rather obliquely obovoid, 3-keeled, with a broad stout beak ; seed slightly impressed on the sides ; upper part of the embryo curved into a ring. Ponds and rivers, N. S. to B. C., s. to N. J., Ky., Kan., and Cal. July-Sept- 9. P. illinoensis Morong. Stem stout, branching towards the summit ; floating leaves opposite, oval or elliptic (0.5-1.5 dm. long, 4-9 cm. broad), 19-27-nerved, rounded or narrowed at base, with a short blunt point, on short petioles ; submersed leaves oblong-elliptical, acute at each end, usually ample (1-2 dm. long) ; stipules coarse, obtuse, strongly bicarinate (5-7 cm. long) ; peduncles often clustered at the summit, thickening upward; spikes 4-5 cm. long; fruit roundish-obovate (3 v o-4.5 mm. long), 3-keeled on the back, middle keel prominent ; seed flattened and slightly impressed on the sides, obtuse or pointed at base ; apex of embryo directed transversely inward. Streams and ditches, 111., la., and Minn. July, Aug. 10. P. heterophyllus Schreb. Stem slender, very branching below ; floating leaves mostly thin, variable, but with a short blunt point, 9-17-nerved, 1.5-7 cm. long, 0.5-2.5 cm. wide; submersed ones lanceolate, oblanceolate or linear- lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, narrowed toward the base, somewhat stifh'sh, 2.5-8 cm. long, 0.2-1.3 cm. wide, about 7-nerved on the stem and 3-nerved on the branches ; upper ones petioled, lower sessile ; stipules obtuse, loose ; pedun- 74 NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) cles somewhat thickened upward, mostly less than 1 dm. long ; fruit small (2.5-3 mm. long), roundish, compressed, scarcely keeled; embryo annular above. Still or flowing water, common. July-Sept. (Greenl., Eurasia.) Varies ex- ceedingly in its submersed leaves, peduncles, etc. Forma GRAMIMFOLIUS (Fries) Morong. Stems much elongated and less branched, and the flaccid linear-lanceolate submersed leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide ; spikes 1.5-3 cm. long. Forma LONGIPEDUNCULATCS (Merat) Morong. Subsimple, the inter- nodes very elongate (the uppermost 1-3 dm. long) ; submerged leaves lanceo- late ; peduncles 1-2.5 dm. long. Nfd. to Ct., Mich., and westw. Forma MYRIOPHYLLUS (Robbins) Morong. Sending up from running rootstocks many short repeatedly dichotomous and densely leafy stems ; fertile stems very slen- der; floating leaves small, delicate, lance-oblong, on long filiform petioles; submersed stem-leaves larger, early perishing ; those of the branches (deep green) linear-oblanceolate, very small (1.5-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide), acute ; spike slender, loosely flowered, 1.2-2.5 cm. long. N. E. Forma MAXI.MUS Morong. Floating leaves 0.6-1.6 dm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, very acute ; sub- mersed leaves 0.5-1.6 dm. long, 0.6-1.6 cm. wide, 5-9-nerved. Forma TERRI'>- TRIS Schlecht. Freely creeping in exsiccated places, producing numerous very short branches which bear tufts of oblong or oval coriaceous leaves but no fruit. Que. and N. E. 11. P. angustifblius Berchtold & Presl. Resembling P. lucens, but smaller, slender, much branched at base ; upper leaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, Inng- petioled and sometimes emersed, 0.4-1 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, 13-21-nerved ; the others subsessile, all usually numerous, lanceolate or oblanceolate, mucro- nate, undulate and crisped, shining, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 0.5-3 cm. broad, 7-17- nerved ; stipules obtuse, 1.5-4 cm. long ; peduncle elongated ; fruit distinctly 3-keeled, 3-4 mm. long. (P. Zizii Mertens & Koch.) Lakes, rarely streams, local, Mass, to Mich., westw. and southw. June-Sept. (\V. I., Eurasia, Afr.) Var. CONNECTICUTENSIS (Robbins) Benn. Larger throughout ; leaves all sub- mersed ; fruit 4-4.5 mm. long. (P. lucens, var. Robbins.) Lakes, Vt., Ct., and e. N. Y. x P. SPATHAEFORMIS Tuckerm. (P. spathulaeformis Morong) in Mystic Pond, Medford, Mass., is an infertile hybrid of nos. 11 and 10. 12. P. lucens L. Stem thick, branching, sometimes very large ; leaves all submersed and similar, more or lens petioled, oval or lanceolate, miicronate, often crisped, frequently shining, 6-20 cm. long, about 13-nerved ; peduncles often elongated ; fruit roundish and compressed, with obtuse margins, scarcely keeled; embryo circularly incurved above. Ponds, local, N. S. to Fla., w. to the Pacific. Aug.-Oct. (Mex., W. I., Eurasia, n. Afr.) 13. P. prae!6ngus Wulf . Stem white, very long, branching, flexuous ; leaves bright green, lance-oblong or lanceolate (0.5-3 dm. long), half -clasping, obtuse with a boat-shaped cavity at the extremity, thence splitting on pressure ; stipules white, scarious, very obtuse, 1.5-8 cm. long ; peduncles very long (some- times reaching 5 dm.); spikes rather loose-flowered ; fruit obliquely obovoid, compressed, sharply keeled when dry, 4-5 mm. long; style terminating the nearly straight face; curve of the embryo oval and longitudinal. Ponds and lakes, N. S. to B. C., s. to Ct., N. J., the Great Lakes, la., Mont., and Cal. Fruiting jn June and July, withdrawing the stems to deep water to mature the fruit. (Eurasia.) 14. P. Richards&nii (Benn.) Rydb. Stem branching ; J eaves long-Janrmfnt,- from a cordate-clasping base, acuminate, wavy, pale bright green, 3-11 cm. long, 13-23-nerved ; stipules conspicuous, at least as shreds ; peduncle* thick- ened upward, of somewhat spongy texture, elongating sometimes to 1 dm. or more; spikes 1.5-3.5 cm. long; fruit irregularly obovoid, distinctly beaked, obscurely 3-keeled, 4 mm. long, the green epicarp puckered hi /ii>f/. (1\ perfoliatus, var. lanceolatus Robbins.) Quiet water, <,)iie. t<> Mackenzie and B. C., s. to N. E., N. Y., the Great Lake ivgimi, NYK, etc. July -Sept. !"). P. perfoliatus L. Similar; leaves orbicular, oratr <>r ll-_7-//r/w/ , stipules rarely developed, less than 1 cm. long; peduncles SJHIHUU "<>hif (1.">-8 cm. long), bi-glan- dular at base ; xtijHili-x 1. _'-_'. r cm. long, obtuse, em-ly / anur- ous ; fruit like that of P. pusillus, but flattened ami in>i>r< *.-,/ <> ili< .v/Ji-s, very rare. Slow-moving streams and still water, centr. Me. to R. I., local. Aug., Sept. 2 ( .. P. rutilus Wolfgang. Steins very slender, simple or slightly brandling at base; winter-buds usually wanting; leaves erect, narrowly linear, attenuate, NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) 77 sharp-acuminate, soon revolute, 3-5-nerved, the prominent midrib often com- pound, bi-glandular at base ; stipules 1-2 cm. long, acuminate, scarious and strongly nerved, persistent; peduncles 1.3-3.5 cm. long; spikes elongate, 6-8- flowered ; fruit narrowly oblique-obovoid, about 2 mm. long, the erect style nearly in line with the straightish ventral face. Gaspe* Co., Que., to Hudson Bay, s. to Me., Vt., Mich., and Minn., local. (Eu.) 30. P. folibsus Raf. Stem Jilt form, Jlattish and very branching ; leaves narrowly linear (2-6 cm. long, 0.3-1 mm. wide), acute, obscurely %-nerved ; stipules obtuse; spikes capitate, l-4(usually 2)-flowered, on short club-shaped peduncles ; fruit roundish-lenticular, the back more or less crested; upper por- tion of the embryo incurved in a circle. (P. pauciflorus Pursh.) Still waters, N.B. to B. C., and south w. July-Sept. Var. niagarensis (Tuckerm.) Morong. Stem often longer; leaves larger (4-9 cm. long, 1-2.4 mm. wide), 3-5-nerved at base, very acute and mucronate, narrowed to the subpetiolate base. Running water, Me. to Ont., and southw.; also in Cal. 31. P. confervoides Reichenb. Very slender and delicate from a creeping rootstock, of a fine light green ; stem filiform with several short and repeatedly dichotomous leaf-bearing branches ; leaves flaccid, thin and flat, but setaceous and tapering nearly to the fineness of a hair (2.5-6.5 cm. long, 0.1-0.5 mm. wide), obscurely 1-3-nerved, with a few coarse reticulations; stipules rather persistent below, 5 mm. long, obtuse ; peduncle solitary, very long (0.5-2 dm.), rather thickened upward ; spike 4-S-flowered, in fruit continuous, cylindrical; fruit thick-lenticular, obscurely S'-keeled ; seed slightly impressed on the sides; epicarp thick and hard; embryo nearly annular. (P. Tuckermani Robbins.) Cold ponds, local, Me. to N. Y., N. J., and Pa. June-Aug. 32. P. hybridus Michx. Floating leaves (when present) oval to lance-oblong (the largest 2.6 cm. long, 1.2 cm. wide), often acute, longer than the filiform petioles, with about 5-7 nerves beneath deeply impressed ; submersed " leaves very numerous, almost setaceous (2-7 cm. long, 0.1-0.5 mm. wide) ; stipules obtuse, adnate to the base of the lower leaves ; emersed spikes 0.5-1.5 cm. long ; submersed spikes 1-4-flowered, their peduncles frequently recurved; fruit about 1 mm. long, about %-toothed on the margin, the lateral keels smooth ; embryo coiled \\ turns. (P. diversifolius Raf.) Shallow quiet waters, Me. to Fla. ; also Mich, to Mont, and Tex. July-Sept. (Mex., W. I.) Var. MULTI-DENTICU- lAxus (Morong) Asch. & Graebn. Fruit 12-toothed on the margin, the lateral keels 6-8-toothed. Ct. to Fla. and La. 33. P. dim6rphus Raf. Coarser ; blades of the floating leaves with rather dilated petioles, with 5-many nerves beneath deeply impressed ; upper submersed leaves either with or without a lance-oblong or broad-linear proper blade ; the numerous lower ones narrow-linear, tapering toward the. obtuse apex (2-4 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide); stipules early lacerate ; submersed flowers 1-4, on very short erect peduncles; fruit with the back either winged and with 4-5 distinct teeth or wingless and entire ; embryo coiled If turns. (P. Spirillus Tuckerm.) -N. B. to Ont., s. to Va., W. Va., and Mo. June-Sept. 34. P. filif6rmis Pers. Stems from elongate tuberiferous rootstocks, filiform, branching at base, low and very leafy ; leaves pale, filiform, less than 0.5 mm. wide; peduncles much elongated and overtopping the leaves (in one form shorter); spikes of 2-5 whorls, the lowest whorls 0.6-1.5 cm. apart; fruit 2.5-3 mm. long, globose-obovoid, not keeled upon the rounded back, tipped with the broad sessile stigma; embryo annular. (P. marinus auth., not L. ?) Shallow water in calcareous regions, e. Que. to Alb., s. to n. Me., n. Vt., w. N. Y., Mich., and the Rocky Mts. July-Sept. (Eurasia, Afr., Austr.) 35. P. intdrior Rydb. Coarser ; the comparatively stout stems flattened, freely branching above, elongate ; leaves dark green, narrowly linear, 0.5-2 mm. wide ; peduncles of various lengths ; spikes of 4-9 whorls, the upper whorls crowded, the lowest 4-9 mm. apart ; fruit compressed, narrowly oblique-obovoid. the ventral face straightish. (P. filiformis, vars. Macounii and occidentalis Morong.) Mostly in brackish water, P. E. I.; Huds. B. to Assina. and Athabasca, s. to Neb., Col., and Nev. July-Sept. 78 NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) 36. P. pectinatus L. Stem filiform, repeatedly dichotomous ; learrs n-ry narrowly linear or setaceous, attenuate to the apex, 1-nerved with a few trans- verse veins ; peduncles filiform ; spikes of 2-6 remote whorls ; fruit obliquely broad-obovoid, compressed, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, rounded on the back, obscurely ridged on the sides ; embryo spirally incurved. Chiefly in brakish water, e. Que. to B. C., s. along the coast to Fla., and in the interior to Pa., the Great Lake region, Kan., Col., etc. July-Sept. (Cosmop.) 37. P. interruptus Kitaibel. Similar; leaves usually broader (0.5-2 mm. wide} ; edges of the stipules less scarious ; fruit more compressed, sharply keeled. Coast of e. N. B. ; Mich. ; probably of wide distrib. July-Sept. (Eu.) 38. P. Robbinsii Oakes. Stem ascending from a creeping base, rigid, very- branching, invested by the bases of the leaves and stipules; leaves crowded in tiro ranks, recurved-spreading, narrow-lanceolate or linear, 7-12 cm. long, acuminate, ciliate-serrulate with translucent teeth, many-nerved ; stipules obtuse when young, their nerves soon becoming bristles ; spike* numerous, loosely ./>"- flowered, on short peduncles ; fruit oblong-obovoid, keeled with a broadish icing, acutely beaked ; embryo stout, ovally annular. In quiet water, N. B. to B. C. , s. to Del., Pa., Ind., Wyo., Ida., and Ore. ; rarely fruiting. July-Sept. 2. RUPPIA L. DITCH GRASS Flowers 2 or more (approximate on a slender spadix, which is at first inclosed in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf), consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each with 2 large and separate anther-cells, and 4 small sessile ovaries, with solitary campylotropous suspended ovules ; stigma sessile, depressed. Fruit small ob- liquely ovoid pointed drupes, each raised on a slender stalk which appears after flowering ; the spadix itself also then raised on an elongated thread-form peduncle. Embryo ovoid, with a short and pointed plumule from the upper end, by the side of the short cotyledon. Marine herbs, growing under water, \\\\\\ long and thread-like forking stems, and slender almost capillary alternate leaves sheathing at the base. Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion. (Dedicated to H. B. Ituppius, a German botanist of the 18th century.) 1. R. maritima L. Leaves linear-capillary; fruit obliquely erect; fruiting peduncles capillary (1-3 dm. long) ; stipes 0.5-4 cm. long. Shallow bays and streams, along the entire coast ; also occasionally in saline places in the interior. (Cosmop.) 3. ZANNICHELLIA [Mich.] L. HORNED PONDWEED Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same axil ; the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament bearing a 2-4- celled anther ; the fertile of 2-5 (usually 4) sessile pistils in the same cup-shaped involucre, forming obliquely oblong nutlets in fruit, beaked with a short style, which is tipped by an obliquely disk-shaped or somewhat 2-lobed stigma. Seed orthotropous, suspended, straight. Cotyledon taper, bent and coiled. Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with mostly opposite long and linear thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing membranous stipules. (Named in honor of O. G. Zannichelli, a Venetian botanist.) 1. Z. palustris L. Style at least half as long as the fruit, which is flattish, somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally more or less toothed on the back (not wing-margined in our plant), nearly sessile; or, invar. PEDCNCULA.TA J. (iay, both the cluster and the separate fruits evidently peduncled. Ponds and slow streams, chiefly brackish, throughout N. A. July. (Cosmop.) 4. ZOSTERA L. GRASS WRACK. EEL GRASS Flowers monoecious; the two kinds naked and sessile and alternately ar- ranged in two rows on the midrib of one side of a linear leaf-like spadix, which is hidden in a long and sheath-like has.- of a leaf (spatlie) ; tin- sterile tlowrrs consisting of single ovate or oval l-cejled sessile anthers, as large. as the ovaries. JUNCAGINACEAE (ARROW GRASS FAMILY) 79 and containing a tuft of threads in place of ordinary pollen ; the fertile of single ovate-oblong ovaries attached near their apex, tapering upward into an awl- shaped style, and containing a pendulous orthotropous ovule ; stigmas 2, long and bristle-form, deciduous. Utricle bursting irregularly, inclosing an oblong longitudinally ribbed seed (or nutlet). Embryo short and thick (proper cotyle- don almost obsolete), with an open chink or cleft its whole length, from which protrudes a doubly curved slender plumule. Grass-like marine herbs, growing wholly under water, from a jointed creeping stem or rootstock, sheathed by the bases of the very long and linear obtuse entire grass-like ribbon-shaped leaves (whence the name, from fao-Tifjp, a belt}. 1. Z. marina L. Leaves obscurely 3 5-nerved. Shoal water of bays along the coast, Nfd. to Fla. ; Pacific coast. (Eurasia.) 5. NAJAS L. NAIAD K Flowers dioecious or monoecious, axillary, solitary, and sessile ; the sterile usisting of a single stamen inclosed in a little membranous spathe ; anther at first nearly sessile, the filament at length elongated. Fertile flowers consisting of a single ovary tapering into a short style ; stigmas 2-4, awl-shaped ; ovule erect, anatropous. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, inclosed in a loose and sepa- rable membranous epicarp. Embryo straight, the radicular end downward. Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with opposite and linear leaves, somewhat crowded into whorls, spinulose-toothed, sessile and dilated at base. Flowers very small, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves in the axils ; in summer. (Ncucis, a water-nymph.') 1. N. marina L. Stem rather stout and often armed with broad prickles ; leaves broadly linear (2 mm. broad), coarsely and sharply toothed, the dilated base entire ; fruit 4-5 mm. long; seed very finely lineate, oblong, slightly com- pressed. Marshes and salt springs of w. N.Y., Mich., and Minn.; Fla.; Utah to Mex. Teeth of one or more brownish cells upon a many-celled base. (W. I., Eurasia, Austr.) Var. gracilis Morong. Internodes long (5-8 cm.) and nearly naked, with only a few teeth above ; leaves very narrow (0.5 mm. wide) with 8-12 teeth on each margin, the dilated base also toothed ; fruit smaller. Canoga marshes, w. N. Y. ; Fla. Var. recurvata Dudley. Stems short, inclined to be dichotomously branched, recurved-spreading ; leaves usually recurved, the teeth prominent, 2-7 on each margin, the dilated base with a projecting tooth each side. N. Y. ; Utah and Ariz. 2. N. flgxilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Stems usually very slender ; leaves very narrowly linear (less than 1 mm. wide), very minutely serrulate, tapering gradually to the serrulate base; fruit 2.5-3 mm. long, narrowly oblong; seeds lance-oval, smooth and shining. Ponds and slow streams, Lab. to B. C., s. to S. C. and Mo. Teeth on the margins of the leaves 1-celled. (Eu.) Var. ROBUSTA Morong. Stem stout, few-leaved, sparsely branching, elongated ; leaves flat, strongly ascending, linear-tapering. Mass, to Mich, and Tex. 3. N. guadalupSnsis (Spreng.) Morong. Similar; leaves with 20-45 very minute teeth on each margin ; fruit 2 mm. long ; seeds dull, conspicuously reticulate. (2V. microdon A. Br.) Pa. to Neb., and southw. (Trop. Am.) 4. N. gracillima (A. Br.) Magnus. Branches alternate; leaves very nar- rowly linear, nearly capillary, straight, serrate, the rounded lobes of the sheath- ing base spinulose-ciliate ; fruit linear, impressed-dotted between the numerous ribs. (N. indica, var. A. Br.) Local, e. Mass, to e. N. Y., N. J., and Pa. ; Mo. - Teeth of 3 cells each. JUNCAGINACEAE (ARROW GRASS FAMILY) Marsh plants, with terete bladeless leaves. Flowers perfect, spicate or racemose, with herbaceous Q(rarely 3}-lobed perianth. Carpels 3 or 6, more or less united, separating at maturity. Seeds anatropous; embryo straight. Fruit foil icular or capsular. 80 ALISMACEAE (\VATEK-PLANTAIN FAMTLY) 1. Scheuchzeria. Ovaries 3, nearly distinct, at length divergent. Flowers bracteate, in a loose raceme upon a leafy stein. 2. Tnglochm. Ovaries 3-6, united until maturity. Leaves radical. Flowers bractless, in a spike-like raceme terminating a jointless scape. 1. SCHEUCHZERIA L. Sepals and petals oblong, spreading, nearly alike (greenish yellow), but the latter narrower, persistent. Stamens 6 ; anthers linear. Ovaries 3, globular, slightly united at base, 2-3-ovuled, bearing flat sessile stigmas, in fruit forming 3 diverging and inflated 1-2-seeded pods, opening along the inside. A low bog- herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending simple stem, which is zigzag, partly sheathed by the bases of the grass-like conduplicate leaves, and termimated by a loose raceme of a few flowers, with sheathing bracts ; leaves tubular at the apex. (Named for Johann and Johann Jacob Scheuchzer, distinguished Swiss botanists early in the 18th century.) 1. S. paliistris L. Peat-bogs, and wet shores, e. Que. to N. J., westw. across the continent. June. (Eurasia.) 2. TRIGL6CHIN L. ARROW GRASS Sepals and petals nearly alike (greenish), ovate, concave, deciduous. Sta- mens 3-6 ; anthers oval, on very short filaments. Pistils united into a 3-6- celled compound ovary ; stigmas sessile ; ovules solitary. Capsule splitting when ripe into 3-6 carpels, which separate from a persistent central axis. Perennials, with rush-like fleshy leaves below sheathing the base of the wand- like naked and jointless scape. Flowers small, in a spiked raceme, bractless. (Name composed of rpeis, three, and y\wxtv, point, from the three points of the ripe fruit in no. 3 when dehiscent.) Fruit thicker than long ............ 1. T. Fruit longer than thick. Fruit (with 3-6 carpels) ovoid-prismatic, about twice as long as thick . . 2. T. unit-it inm. Fruit (3-carpelled) clavate- or linear-prismatic, 8-5 times as long as thick . . 8. T. jtiifiixt/'i*. 1. T. strata R. & P. Scape (8-34 cm. high) and leaves slender; flowers very small ; sepals and stamens 3 ; fruit globose-triangular, or when dry 3-lobed. ( T. triandra Michx. ) Salt marshes, near seashore,' Md. to Fla. and La. (S. A.) 2. T. marftima L. Scape (1.5-7.5 dm. high) and leaves thickish ; fruit ovoid or short-prismatic, acutish ; carpels 3- (more often) 6, rounded at base and slightly grooved on the back, the edges acutish. Salt marshes near the coast, Lab. to N. J., and in saline, boggy, or wet places across the continent. (Eurasia., n. Afr.) 3. T. paliistris L. Scape (5-50 cm. high) and leaves slender; lament '' : fruit linear-club-shaped; carpels when ripe separating from below upward. leaving a triangular axis, awl-pointed at base. Marshes (usually brackish) and bogs, Greenl. to the coast of s. Me. ; also inland along the St. John and St. Lawrence R., Great Lakes and north westw. (Eurasia.) ALISMACEAE (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY) Marsh herbs, with scape-like stems, sheathing leaves, and perfect, or dioecious flowers ; perianth of 3 herbaceous persistent sepals and as (often conspicuous} white deciduous petals, which are iinlirii-nti- <>r iiimlnt*- in bud; stamens 6 or more, included; ovaries numerous, distinct, \-r. Beak very short, not one-fourth the length of the body. Leaves all or most of them sagittate, ovate. Lowest bracts 0.5-1.5 cm. long ; leaf-blades 2-18 cm. long Lowest bracts 2-4 cm. long ; leaf-blades 2.5-5 din. long . Leaves never sagittate. Fruiting pedicels thickish, recurved Fruiting pedicels slender, ascending or spreading Beak of the achene strongly incurved, almost or quite horizontal c. c. Leaves habitually sagittate, the basal lobes nearly or quite as long as the terminal portion c. Leaves linear to elliptic-ovate, entire or rarely sagittate at the base, the basal lobes when present much shorter than the terminal portion of the blade. Fertile pedicels thickened, recurved ; western .... Fertile pedicels slender, ascending or spreading. Filaments thickened at the base, short Filaments slender, longer than the anthers, pubescent Filaments slender, longer than the anthers, glabrous 1. /S. longirostra. 3. S. Engelmanniana. 8. S. heterophylla. 4. 8. arifolia. 5. AS', bremrostra. 11. S. subulata. 10. S. leres. 2. 8. latifolia. 12. S. platyphylla. 9. S. graminea. 6. S. lanci/olia. 7. S. amMgua. Filaments numerous, narrow, as long as or longer than the linear-oblong anthers; bracts 3, distinct; fruiting heads large. 1. S. Iongir6stra (M. Micheli) J. G. Sm. Robust, 3-6 dm. high, monoecious ; leaves broadly ovate-oblong, obtusish, sagittate with broad basal lobes ; fertile whorls 2-4 ; fertile pedicels about 1 cm. long; body of the mature achene obovate, winged all round, 3 mm. long, the beak nearly erect from the inner angle, 1.5-2 mm. long. About springs, etc., Ct. (Harger), N. J., and Pa. to Ky., Del., and Ala. FIG. 33. 2. S. Iatif61ia Willd. Glabrous; scape 1-9 dm. high, angled, with one or more of the lower whorls fertile ; leaves ovate, acute, almost always sagittate, the basal lobes triangular, acute ; pedi- cels of the fertile flowers at least half the length of the sterile ones ; petals wholly white ; filaments glabrous, nearly twice the length of the anthers ; achenes obovate (about 2 mm. long), GRAY'S MANUAL . S. longirostra. Achene x 3. 82 ALISMACEAE (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY) winged on both margins, with a curved usually horizontal beak. (#. variables Engelra.) In water or wet places, very common; exceedingly variable as to leaf-contour. FIG. 34. The following forms, although ill denned, are in most instances recognizable : Forma OBxtiSA (Muhl. ) Robinson. (S. obtusa Muhl.) Leaves very broad, sagittate, ob- tuse. Forma HAST.\TA (Pursh) Robinson. (S. hastata Pursh.) Leaf-blades and their basal lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute. Forma GRACILIS (Pursh) Robinson. (S.gracilis Pursh.) Leaf -blades and their basal lobes narrowly linear. Forma DIVERSIFOLIA (Engelm.) Achene x 3 RobinBon. (S. variabilis, var. Engelm.) Leaf -blades partly sagit- tate and partly lanceolate or elliptic without basal lobes. Var. pubscens (Muhl.) J. G. Sm. Robust, pubescent, broad- leaved; bracts shorter than in the other forms, 6-9 mm. long, broadly ovate, obtusish, and very pubescent. N. J. and Pa. to N. C. 3. S. Engelmanniana J. G. Sm. Slender; lobes of the sagittate leaves very narrowly linear (1-3 mm. wide) ; achene narrowly cuneate-obovate (4 mm. long), the beak elongated, erect or recurved, the sides usually strongly 1-3-crested. (S. variabilis, var. gracilis Engelm.) About ponds, etc., "N. H." and Mass, to Del. FIG. 35. 4. S. arif61ia Nutt. Monoecious, glabrous; scape 2-4 dm. high, simple or rarely branched ; fertile whorls l-(rarely)3 ; fertile pedicels 3-11 mm. long; leaf-blades sagittate-hastate, ovate, acute; achenes winged all round, bearing at the upper inner angle a minute erect beak. Que. to centr. Me., Vt., Ct., Mich., Kan., Dak., and westw. When in deep water producing lance-linear phyllodia at the base and developing elongated petioles of the blade-bearing leaves (S. cuneata Sheldon). FIG. 36. 5. S. brevir6stra Mackenzie & Bush. Very stout ; scape 6-12 1 ' a ' dm. high ; leaf-blades all sagittate, basal lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the terminal portion ; inflorescence simple or slightly branched, 2-5 dm. long ; bracts lanceolate, attenuate ; fruiting pedi- cels 1-2 cm. long ; fruiting heads 2-3 cm. in diameter ; achenes cuneate-obovate, with dorsal wing prominent ; beak suberect, but little surpassing the wing at the summit. Sloughs and bottoms, Ind. to Kan. 6. S. lancifblia L. Scape 8-15 dm. high, with several of the lower whorls fertile ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, rarely linear, all with a tapering base, thick or coriaceous (1.5-4.5 dm. long on a long and stout petiole, never sagittate), the nerves mostly arising from the very thick midrib ; bracts ovate, acute or acu- minate ; pedicels slender, the fertile scarcely shorter than the sterile ones ; filaments pubescent ; achenes falcate, winged on the back, pointed with an incurved beak. Swamps, Md. to Ky., Mo., andsouthw. (W.I.) FIG. 37. 7. S. ambigua J. G. Sm. Scape 4-6 dm. high ; leaves as in the preceding; raceme simple ; pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm. long; bracts ' ' lanceolate, small (8 mm. long) ; filaments glabrous ; achenes with a short incurved beak, scarcely winged. Borders of ponds, etc., Kan. and souhtw. * * Filaments very short, with enlarged mostly glandular base ; anthers ovate or ; fruiting heads small ; bracts more or less connate; leaves very rarely sagittate. 8. S. heterophylla Pursh. Scape weak (1.5-8 dm. high), at length procumbent ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oval, entire, or with one or two narrow basal sagittate appendages ; brm't* roundish, obtuse; flowers of the lowest whorl fertile and almost .sr.s-.s-///' ; the sterile on long pedicels ; filaments ulnndular- pubescent ; achenes nn-hj obovate with a long erect l>?nk. Achene x3. N. E. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Mo. Varies as to foliage, the ALISMACEAE (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY) 83 leaves being broad (var. ELLfpxiCA Engelm.), or rigid, narrowly lanceolate and acute, unappendaged at the base, and with stout petioles (var. RIGIDA (Pursh) Engelm.), or nearly linear (var. ANGusTir6LiA Engelm.). FIG. 38. 9. S. gramlnea Michx. Scape 0.8-5 dm. high ; phyllodia flat, mostly broad-linear, acuminate; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear, on long slender petioles, sometimes reduced to the petiole merely ; bracts rather obtuse ; whorls of flowers often few, all staminate or the lower ^ fertile ; pedicels slender, spreading, nearly equal ; flowers white $ or roseate ; filaments 10-13 "-20," glandular-pubescent; achene small (1 mm. long), narrowly obovate, almost beakless, winged 39< s> & raminea - on the back, flat and scarcely costate on the sides. (S. Eaioni Achem * 3 - J. G. Sin.) Nfd. to Ont., s. to the Gulf ; very variable. FIG. 39. S. CRISTA.TA Engelm. is apparently a form of this species with achenes somewhat wing- crested. 10. S. tdres Wats. Phyllodia terete,, very acutely attenuate upward, 9-34 cm. long, very rarely bearing a narrow blade ; scape 1-5 dm. high ; bracts connate at base ; pedicels in 1-3 whorls, all very slender and spreading, I or 2 fruiting, 1-3 cm. long; filaments 12, dilated, pubescent; achene obovate, 2-2.4 mm. long, with an erect beak, the margins and sides crenately several-crested. (S. isoetiformis J. G. Sm.) In shallow water, Cape Cod, Mass., and L. I. to Fla. Phyllodia usually very 40 S. tores. ^^ ^^ ^ Q fa 11. S. subulata (L.) Buchenau. Usually dwarf; leaves linear, strap-shaped, obtuse or acutish, 3-20 crn. long, equaling or shorter than the scape, very rarely with a narrow blade ; pedicels in 1-3 whorls, only 1 or 2 fruiting, stouter and recurved; bracts connate or spathe-like; filaments 6-8, glabrous; achene obovate, short-beaked, 2 mm. long, the margins and sides crenately crested. (S. natans, var. lorata Chapm. ; 8. pusilla Nutt.) In mud or shal- low water, near the coast ; Ct. to Fla. In the South often becoming more robust. Var. (?) gracillima (Wats.) J. G. Sm. Scape and the almost or wholly bladeless leaves very slender and greatly elongated (6-12 dm. long, 2 mm. wide); pedicels all elongated, in usually distant whorls, the lower pistillate, slender and spreading ; fruit unknown. (S. natans, var. Wats.) In deep water of streams in e. Mass. (Hitchings, Boott, C. E. Faxon, etc.), R. I. (J. F. Collins}, and Ct. (Btssell). Wholly' submerged, only 1 or 2 flowers appearing at a time, floating on the surface. The fruit has not yet been collected. 12. S. platyphylla (Engelm.) J. G. Sm. Scape 2-5 dm. high ; ^^ leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends, rarely biauriculate \m[ at the base, 9-11-nerved ; fertile whorls usually 2 ; fertile pedi- cels about 2 cm. long, soon recurved ; stamens about 20, the broad base of the filament pubescent. (S. graminea, var. Engelm.) 41. s. platyphylla. River sloughs, s. Mo. and Kan. to Tex. FIG. 41. Achene x3. I hi f> 2. LOPHOTOCARPUS Th. Durand Sepals strongly concave, erect and appressed to the fruit. Perennials with habit and carpels much as in Sagittaria. (Name from \60os, a crest, and Kap-rrbs, fruit, not very applicable.) LOPHIOCARPUS (Kunth) Miquel, not Turcz. Chiefly maritime ; leaves mostly thick spongy phyllodia, the blades when present small, lance-oblong, entire, or ovate and sagittate, the auricles relatively small, linear-oblong, divergent. 1. L. spongi6sus (Engelm.) J. G. Sm. Low (1-3 dm. high) ; leaf-blades 0.5-2.5 cm. broad ; the thick spongy petioles septate-nodulose ; scapes 4-15 cm. high, recurved, bearing mostly 2 whorls of flowers ; head of carpels 7-10 mm. in diameter. (L. spatulatus J. G. Sm.; Sagittaria calycina, var. Engelm.) On tidal mud of brackish estuaries, etc., N. R. {Fowler} to Del. ; rarely inland, Mo. (L. depauperatus J. G. Sm., at least in part). 84 A I > I S M A ( ' !: A K ( WATER PLANT A I N FA M I L \ ' ) ** Species of the interior; leaf-blades relatively large, sagittate witli Imml triangular auricles. 2. L. calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Sin. Taller (1.5-4 dm. high) ; leaf-blades deeply sagittate, thin, 10-15-nerved, 4-8 cm. broad, the auricles triangular, acute, nearly or quite as long as the terminal portion of the blade ; stipes re- curving or procumbent, 1-4 dm. long, usually bearing 3-4 whorls of flowers ; head of carpels about 1 cm. in diameter. (Sagittaria Engelm.) Muddy banks, Mich, to Dak. and southw. Var. maximus (Engelm.) Robinson. Leaf-blades very large (3 dm. wide), 18-21-nerved, considerably broader than long, the auricles almost divaricate; inflorescence stout, sometimes branched. (Sagittaria calycina, var. Engelm.) 0. (Moseley) and southw. 3. ECHIN6DORUS Richard. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6-21 or more. Mostly annuals, with the habit of Sagittaria, the naked steins sparingly branched or simple, and the flowers on rather short pedicels, in whorls of 3-6 or more. Fl. summer and autumn. (Name from tx^udv, prickly, or from ^x*" 05 ? an d Sop6s, a leathern bottle, applied to the ovary, which is in most species armed with the persistent style, so as to form a sort of prickly head of fruit. ) 1. E. tenSllus (Martius) Buchenau. Hrapcs 1.5-1(1 i-m. high ; shoots often creeping and proliferous ; submersed leaves lance-linear phyllodia, emersed leaves petiolate with i, c a lanceolate blade, acute (1-3 cm. long) ; umbel single, 2-8-flowered ; pedicels reflexed in fruit ; flower 6 mm. 42. E. teneiius. broad ; stamens 9 ; styles much shorter than the ovary ; Achenes ' achenes beakless, 8-ribbed, reddish brown, without glands. (Alisma Martius ; Helianthium Britton ; E. parvulus Engelm.) Submersed or on mud, e. Mass., Mich., Minn., and southw. (S. A.) FIG. 42. 2. E. cordifblius (L.) Griseb. Scape erect, 1-6 dm high, longer than the leaves ; leaves broadly ovate, cordate or truncate at base, obtuse (the blade 2-11 cm. long) ; umbel proliferous, 43 E in a branched panicle ; flower 8-10 mm. broad; stamens 12; Achem "xV." styles longer than the ovary ; achenes with a conspicuous erect beak. (E. rostratus Engelm.) Borders of ponds and ditches, 111. to Kan.. s. Cal., and Fla. FIG. 43. Var. LANCEOL\TUS (Knirelm.) Mackenzie & Bush is a low form which has the leaves lanceolate with an acute base. 111., Mo. "^a :*. E. radicans (Nutt.) Engelm. Stems or scape prostrate, W creeping (6-12 dm. long), proliferous, bearing many whorls of flowers ; leaves somewhat truncately heart-shaped, obtuse (5-20 cm. broad), long-petioled ; flowers 12-20 mm. broad; " f ' stamens about 21 ; styles shorter than the ovary; acln-mx 44. E. radicans. with a short incurved beak, the keeled back denticulate. . Achene x 3. Tex. FlG. 44. 4. ALISMA L. WATER PLANTAIN Petals involute, in the bud. Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle, forming flattened coriaceous achenes, which are dilated and 2-3- keeled on the back. Scape with whorled panicled branches. Flowers small, white or pale rose-color. (The ({reek name ; of uncertain derivation.) 1. A. Plantago-aquatica L. Perennial by a stout proliferous conn ; leaves loim-pctioled, ovate or oblong, acute, mostly rounded or heart-shaped at base, :: '.'-nerved; scapes 1 or 2; panicle loose, pyramidal, 3-6 dm. long, murfi nn-rfop- HYDBOCHARITACEAE (FROG'S BIT FAMILY) 85 ping the leaves, with verticils of 2 or 3 orders ; rays and slender pedicels ascending at an angle of about 45; sepals 10-striate, the hyaline margins whitish ; petals 2-4 inm. long, white, with yellowish claw ; stamens twice as long as the carpels ; these furrowed along the back, not meeting at the center of the disk. Shallow water and ditches, across the continent. (Eurasia.) FIG. 45. 2. A. Geyeri Torr. Scapes 2-4, the shorter overtopped by 45. A. Plant. -aq. the long-petioled linear-lanceolate to elliptic leaves ; panicles Fruit x 1. usually less diffuse, the verticils in 1 or 2 orders ; the thickish peticels strongly divergent in fruit; sepals 10-14-striate, the margins rose-color ; petals 1-2 mm. long, rose-color, with yellow basal spot ; stamens about equaling the carpels ; these ridged on the back, meeting at the center of the disk. Locally fin N. Y. to N. Dak. and the Pacific. (Eurasia.) HYDROCHARITACEAE (FROG'S BIT FAMILY) Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamous regular flowers, sessile or on scape-like peduncles from aspathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1-3-celled ovary. Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadelphous ; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded. 1. Elodea. Stem elongated, submerged, leafy. Spathes small, sessile. 2. Vallisneria. Stemless. Leaves narrow, elongated. Spathes pedunculate. 3. Limnobium. Stem very short. Leaves crowded ; blades broad and spongy. Spathes pedunculate. 1. ELODEA Michx. WATER-WEED Flowers polygamo-dioeciius, solitary and sessile from a sessile tubular 2-cleft axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute, with 3 sepals barely united at base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals ; filaments short and united at base, or none ; anthers 3-9, oval. Fertile flowers pistillate or apparently per- fect ; limb of the perianth 6-parted ; the small lobes obovate, spreading. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules : the capillary style coherent with the tube of the perianth ; stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed or notched, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. Perennial slender herbs, with pellucid veinless 1-nerved sessile whorled or opposite leaves. The staminate flowers (rarely seen) commonly break off and float on the sur- face, where they expand and shed their pollen around the stigmas of the fertile flowers, raised to the surface by the prolonged calyx-tube. (Name from eXwSTjs, marshy. ) 1 . E. canadensis Michx. Leaves varying from linear to oval-oblong, minutely serrulate ; stamens 9 in the sterile flowers, 3 or 6 almost sessile anthers in the fertile. (Anacharis Planch. ; Philotria Britton.) Slow streams and ponds, common. July. (Nat. in Eu.) 2. VALLISNERIA [Mich.] L. TAPE GRASS. EEL GRASS Flowers dioecious ; the sterile crowded in a head, inclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe borne on a short scape; stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile in a tubular spathe on an exceedingly lengthened scape. Calyx 3-parted in the sterile flowers ; in the fertile with a linear tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobecl (the lobes obovate). Petals 3, linear, small. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules very numerous, scattered over the walls, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindrical, berry-like. Long linear leaves wholly submerged or their ends floating. The staminate flower-buds themselves break from their short pedicels d float on the surface, were they shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, I 86 GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) which are raised to the surface by sudden growth at the same time ; afterwards the thread-form scapes (6-12 dm. long) coil up spirally, drawing the fruit under water to ripen. ( Named f or Antonio Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.) 1. V. spiralis L. Leaves thin, ribbon-like (0.3-2 m. long), obscurely serru- late, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veined. Common in slow waters, N. S. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Tex. (Eurasia, Austr.) 3. LIMN6BIUM Richard. AMERICAN FROG'S BIT Flowers dioecious (or monoecious?), from sessile or somewhat peduncled spathes ; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pediceled flowers ; the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pediceled flower. Calyx 3-parted or -cleft ; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments in the sterile flowers entirely united in a central solid column, bearing 6-12 linear anthers at unequal heights ; stamens in the fertile flowers 3-6 awl-shaped rudiments. Ovary 6-9-celled, with as many placentae in the axis, forming an ovoid many- seeded berry in fruit ; stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped. Floating in stagnant water and proliferous by runners. Leaves round-heart- shaped, spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath. (Name from Xi/xj^ios, living in pools.) 1. L. Sp6ngia (Bosc) Richard. Leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, faintly 5-nerved ; peduncle of the sterile flower about 7.5 cm. long and filiform, of the fertile only 2.5 cm. long and stout. Stagnant water, N. J. to Fla. ; also L. Out. to 111., Mo., and Tex. GRAMlNEAE (GRASS FAMILY) (REVISED BY A. S. HITCHCOCK) Herbs (shrubs or trees in Bambuseae) with usually hollow steins (culms) closed at the nodes, and 2-ranked parallel-veined leaves these consisting of two parts, the sheath and the blade, the sheath enveloping the culm with the mar- gins overlapping or rarely grown together; at the junction of the sheath and blade, on the inside, is a membranaceous hyaline or hairy appendage (the ligule) rarely obsolete. Flowers perfect (rarely unisexual), very small, without a distinct perianth, arranged in spikelets consisting of a short- ened axis (rhachilla) and 2-many distichous bracts, the lowest two of which (the glumes) are empty (rarely 1 or both obsolete) ; in the axil- of each succeed- ing bract (the lemma) is borne a single flower, subtended and usually enveloped by a (normally) 2-nerved bract or prophyllum (the palea), with its back to the rhachilla ; at the base of the flower, between it and the lemma, are usually 2 very small hyaline scales (the lodicules), rarely a third lodicule between the flower and the palea; stamens 3 (rarely 1,2, or 6), with very delicate filaments and 2-celled versatile anthers ; pistil, one, with a 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary, 2 (rarely 1 or 3) styles, and mostly plumose stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis with starchy endo- sperm and a small embryo at the base on the side opposite the hilum. Grain usually inclosed at maturity in the lemma and palea, free or adnate to the palea. The lemma with its palea and flower constitute the floret. The lemma may be variously modified ; and may be sterile or neuter, that is, containing a palea or rudiment of one, without a flower, or empty ; or may itself be rudimentary (as in some of the Chlorideae) ; in such cases the spikelet contains at least one per- fect floret ; the sterile or modified lemmas, one or more, above or below it. The palea is rarely obsolete. Spikelets arranged in spikes, racemes, or panicles, the branches of which are bractless. GRAMLNEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 87 SUBFAMILY I. PANICOlDEAE Spikelets 1-, rarely 2-flowered, when 2-flowered the terminal flower perfect, the lower staminate or neuter ; rhachilla articulated below the glumes, the more or less dorsally compressed spikelets falling from the pedicels entire, singly, in groups, or together with joints of an articulate rhachis. This first grand division of the Gramineae is based upon two characters in combination, the articulation of the pedicels just below the spikelets or cluster of spikelets and the single perfect flower, which may or may not have a staminate or imperfect flower below it. The lemma of the imperfect flower is similar to the glumes in texture in Paniceae and like the fertile lemma in the other tribes. In a few genera the first glume is obsolete, but in these cases the articulation below the dorsally compressed spikelets indicates their relation. Tribe I. MAYDEAE. Pistillate and staminate spikelets in different inflorescences or in different parts of the same inflorescence ; awnless ; glumes indurated. 1. Tripsacum. Staminate spikelets above the pistillate, in pairs at each joint of a spike-like raceme ; pistillate single, imbedded in the jointed rhachis. Tribe II. ANDROPOG6NEAE. Spikelets in pairs or threes on the usually articulate rhachis of a spike like raceme, one sessile and fertile, the other pediceled and perfect, staminate, neuter or rudimentary ; glumes more or less indurated ; lemmas smaller and hyaline, that of the fertile flower usually awned. 2. Rottboellia. Rhachis naked ; pediceled spikelets neuter, often rudimentary; fertile spikelets awnless. 3. Erianthus. Rhachis hairy ; spikelets all perfect and fertile, awned. 4. Andropogon. llhachis hairy ; pediceled spikelets sterile, often rudimentary ; fertile spikelets awned. 5. Sorghastrum. Racemes reduced to one or two joints, on slender peduncles, arranged in open panicles ; second spikelet reduced to a pedicel. Tribe III. PANfCEAE. Spikelets all perfect (in our genera) in racemes or panicles ; glumes metn- branaceous, unequal, the first usually small, sometimes obsolete ; a lemma of like texture, empty or with a hyaline palea, rarely inclosing a staminate flower, subtends the perfect floret and simulates a third glume ; fertile lemma and palea indurated, firmly clasped together, inclosing the free grain, awnless (pointed in Eehinochloa). * Spikelets without an involucre of bristles. -- Lemma leathery-indurated with hyaline margins not inrolled ; spikelets lanceolate ; first glume sometimes wanting. 6. Digitaria. Spikelets in slender spike-like racemes, aggregated toward the summit of the culm. 7. Leptoloma. Spikelets long-pediceled in a diffuse panicle. f- +- Lemma chartaceous-indurated ; margins not hyaline, inrolled except in Amphicarpon. H- Glumes and lemmas awnless. 8. Amphicarpon. Spikelets of 2 kinds, one in terminal panicle, not fruitful ; the other sub- terranean, perfecting fruit ; margins of lemma not inrolled. 9. Paspalum. Spikelets all alike, plano-convex, sessile or nearly so, solitary or in pairs in 2 rows on one side of a flattened rhachis ; first glume obsolete (rarely present) ; spikelets placed with back of fertile lemma toward the rhachis. 10. Axonopus. Spikelets all alike, compressed, biconvex, sessile, solitary in 2 rows on one side of a flattened rhachis ; first glume obsolete ; spikelets placed with the back of the fer- tile lemma from the rhachis. 11. Panicum. Spikelets all alike, biconvex, in panicles (rarely racemes); first glume present; second glume and sterile lemma similar. 12. Sacciolepis. Spikelets all alike, in spike-like panicles ; second glume saccate at base, 11-nerved ; sterile lemma flat, 3-5-nerved. 88 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) H- ++ Sterile lemma awned or pointed ; fruit acuminate ; palea not included at the summit. 13. Echinochloa. Spikelets crowded in one-sided racemes, these arranged in a panicle. * * Spikelets with an involucre of bristles. 14. Setaria. Spikelets in a dense cylindrical spike-like panicle ; bristles persistent. 15. Cenchrus. Spikelets (1-5 together) inclosed in a globular spiny bur-like involucre ; this falling with Spikelets inclosed. SUBFAMILY II. POACOfDEAE Spikelets 1-many-flowered, the imperfect or rudimentary floret, if any, usu- ally uppermost, rhachilla usually articulated above the glumes which are persist- ent on the pedicel or rhachis after the fall of the florets; when 2-inany-flowered a manifest in tern ode of the rhachilla separates the florets, and is articulated below them; spikelets more or less laterally compressed (except in MiUum}. The spikelets are articulated below the glumes in Oryzcae, Alopecurus, Cinna, Poly- poyon, Holcus, Sphenopholis, Spartina, and Becktnannia ; these are distin- guished from SUBFAMILY I by the laterally compressed spikelets. Tribe IV. OR^ZEAE. Spikelets unisexual or perfect, in loose panicles ; rhachilla articulated be- low the glumes ; glumes often wanting ; stamens often 6. 16. Zizania. Spikelets unisexual, unlike in appearance ; panicle pistillate above, staminate below. 17. Zizaniopsis. Spikelets unisexual, much alike in appearance, intermixed in the same panicle. 18. Leersia. Flowers perfect, spikelets much flattened laterally ; lemma carinate, awnless ; pa- lea 1-keeled. Tribe V. PHALARlDEAE. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1 (rarely 3)-flowered; two sterile lemmas below the fertile floret, and falling attached to it, usually empty and unlike tin; fertile lemma, sometimes reduced to bristles, or sometimes with a staminate flower in Hierochloe ; fertile lemma with a 1-2-nerved or nerveless palea and a perfect flower. 19. PhalariS. Sterile lemmas very narrow, much shorter than the indurated fertile lemma, which is much exceeded by the equal glumes. 20. Anthoxanthum. Sterile lemmas dorsally awned, larger than the slightly indurated fertile lemma ; glumes very unequal. 21. Hierochloe. Sterile lemmas larger than the fertile lemma, indurated, inclosing a 2-ncrved palea and usually a staminate flower ; glumes subequal, scarcely exceeding the florets. Tribe VI. AGROSTfDEAE. Spikelets 1-flowered ; rhachilla sometimes prolonged behind the palea into a naked or plumose bristle; glumes subequal, usually equaling or exceeding the lemma ; palea 2-nerved, rarely nerveless or wanting (1-nerved in one species of Ciinm). * Lemma indurated. -- Spikelets awnless ; callus none ; margins of lemma inrolled. 22. Milium. Spikelets dorsally compressed. i- +- Spikelets with a terminal awn ; margins of lemma not inrolled ; a callus at base. STII-INAK. 23. Oryzopsis. Awn simple, deciduous ; callus short, obtuse. _M. Stipa. Awn simple, persistent; callus usually acute. -'.">. Aristida. A \vn,3-fld, the branches divaricate ; callus acute. * * Lemma membrannceous. - l.ciiiiiia awned from the tip or mucronute, closely infolding the grain : callus acute. b .'f>. Muhlenbergia. IMiaohilla not prolonged behind the palea ; lemma pointed or awned. 27. Brachyelytrum. l.'haehilla prolonged into a bristle behind the palea ; lemma long-awned. *- -i- Lemma awnless or dorsally awned, loosely embracing the grain. M- Glumes eonspiciion^ly eompres-ed earinate ; spikelets in dense spike-like panicles. - I'm i N M ' 28. Heleochloe. Lemma membranaceous like the glumes, awnless ; glumes not aristate : pani- cle partly included, ovoid. GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 89 29. Phleum. Lemma hyaline, awnless, glumes abruptly aristate ; panicle exserted, cylindrical. 30. Alopecurus. Lemma hyaline, awned below the middle ; palea none ; glumes not aristate ; panicle exserted, cylindrical. H- -H- Glumes not conspicuously compressed ; spikelets in open or narrow panicles. AGROSTINAE. = Lemma 1 (rarely 3) -nerved, awnless ; pericarp readily separating from the grain. 31. Sporobolus. Lemma as long as or longer than the glumes ; culms wiry or rigid. = = Lemma 3-5-nerved, awned or awnless ; pericarp adherent to the grain. a. Floret not stipitate ; palea 2-nerved ; stamens 3. &. Rhachilla not prolonged behind the palea. 32. Agrostis. Glumes longer than the floret, awnless ; panicle usually open. 33. Polypogon. Glumes longer than the floret, awned ; panicle spike-like. 34. Calamovilfa. Glumes shorter than the floret, awnless. l> b. Ehachilla prolonged behind the palea, bristle-like. Calamagrostis. Perennial ; panicle loose or contracted ; prolonged rhachilla and callus with long hairs ; lemma short-awned below the middle. 36. Ammophila. Perennial ; panicle dense and spike-like ; prolonged rhachilla and callus with short hairs ; lemma awnless. Apera. Annual ; panicle loose ; the prolonged rhachilla naked ; lemma long-awned below the bifid apex. a a. Floret stipitate ; palea 1-2-nerved ; stamen 1. 38. Cinna. Spikelets in a loose panicle. VII. AVENEAE. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, panicled ; rhachilla prolonged behind the of uppermost floret except in Aira; glumes usually longer than the first floret; 1 or more of the florets awned on the back or from the teeth of the bifid apex (or usually awnless in Sphenopholis and Koeleria) ; the callus and usually the rhachilla-joints hairy. * Rhachilla not prolonged behind the palea of uppermost floret ; spikelets 2-flowered, both perfect. 9. Aira. Florets approximate; glumes broad, boat-shaped. * * Rhachilla prolonged behind the palea of uppermost floret; spikelets 2-several-flowered. Articulation below the glumes ; spikelets falling entire or the glumes and lowest floret together. -H- Glumes much exceeding the two florets. 40. Holcus. Lower floret stipitate, awnless, upper with a hook-like awn. n- -M- Glumes exceeded by upper floret. H. Sphenopholis. Glumes dissimilar, the second obovate; florets usually awnless. +- -s- Articulation above the glumes. H- Awns wanting or but a mucronate tip. Koeleria. Glumes unequal, exceeded by the upper floret. M- + Awns present. = Awns dorsal, not flattened. a. Spikelets 2-several-flowered ; florets all perfect or the uppermost imperfect. b. Spikelets less than 1 cm. long ; grain free. 43. Trisetum. Lemma keeled, bidentate, awn arising from above the middle. 44. Deschampsia. Lemma convex, awn from the middle or below. l> b. Spikelets more than 1 cm. long ; grain adherent to the palea. 45. Avena. Florets approximate, exceeded by the striate glumes. a a. Spikelets 2-flowered ; lower floret staminate, upper perfect. Arrhenatherum. Lower floret long-awned, upper usually awnless. = Awns from between the teeth of the bidentate apex of the lemma, flattened, twisted. 47. Danthonia. Florets several, not closely approximate, glumes equaling or exceeding the uppermost. 90 GRAMLNEAE (GRASS FAMILY) Tribe VIII. CHLORfDEAE. Spikelets. 1-several-flowewl, in 1-sided spikes which are digitate or paniculate, sometimes solitary. * Spikelets all alike. -- Spikelets strictly 1-flowered, no sterile lemma. H- Rhachilla articulated below the glumes. 48. Spartina. Glumes narrow, unequal. 49. Beckmamria. Glumes broad, boat-shaped, inflated, equal. H- -M- Rhachilla articulated above the glumes. . 50. Cynodon. Spikes digitate ; plants extensively creeping. 51. Schedonnardus. Spikes paniculate ; plants caespitose. -H +- Spikelets with more than 1 floret. ++ Perfect floret 1, additional florets staminate, neuter or rudimentary. = Lowest floret perfect. 52. Gymnopogon. Spikelets remote, appressed. 53. Chloris. Spikelets imbricated ; fertile lemma 1-awned or awnless ; spikes more or less whorled or digitate. 54. Bouteloua. Spikelets imbricated ; fertile lemma 3-awned ; spikes racemose. = Lowest florets neuter, third perfect. 55. Ctenium. Spike solitary ; second glume bearing a stout divergent dorsal awn. H- -H- Perfect florets 2 or more. = Spikes few, stout, digitate. 56. Dactyloctenium. Rhachis of spike prolonged beyond the -spikelets ; second glume and at least lowest lemma cuspidate. 57. Eleusine. Rhachis of spike not prolonged beyond the spikelets, neither glumes nor lemmas cuspidate. = = Spikes numerous, very slender, racemose. 58. Leptochloa. Spikelets not crowded, often slightly pediceled. * * Spikelets unisexual, dissimilar ; plants dioecious or monoecious. 59. Buchloe. Staminate spikes exserted, racemose ; pistillate spikelets nearly capitate, partially included in broad sheaths. Tribe IX. FESTtlCEAE. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, usually perfect, pedicellate in racemes or in loose or dense panicles; glumes shorter than the lowest floret; lemmas 1-several-nerved, awn- less or with 1-several straight awns, terminal or borne just below the apex. * Rhachilla clothed with long silky hairs, exceeding the florets. 60. Phragmites. Lowest floret staminate, the others perfect. * * Rhachilla naked or with hairs much shorter than the florets. +- Callus and nerves of lemma densely bearded (not cobwebby). 61. Tridens The three nerves or only the middle one excurrent between the acute lobes of the lemma ; palea not ciliate-fringed. 62. Triplasis. Midnerve excurrent between the truncate lobes of the lemma ; palea conspicu- ously ciliate-fringed ; florets remote. +- +- Callus and nerves glabrous or cobwebby, or callus sparsely bearded. n- Lemma coriaceous, smooth ami shining, without a scarious margin. Spikelets dioecious. 68. Distichlis. Spikelets large, compressed, in a small crowded panicle. Spikelets perfect. 67. Uniola. Lwwer 1-4 lemmas empty, ill. Diarrhena. I'pper 2-4 lemmas empty. + -n- Lemmas meml.ranaceous, or if subcoriaceous having a scarious margin. Lemma> ::-iuT\ed. d\,l> rid might be looked for here, but the upper glume about equals the lower floret.) 63. Eragrostis. Spikcln- ::-many-flowered. GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 91 64. Catabrosa. Spikelets 2-flowered. = = Lemmas 5-inany-nerved (nerves often obscure in Sriza). a. Spikelets nearly sessile in dense 1-sided clusters at the end of the few panicle-branches. TO. Dactylis. Spikelets flattened ; glumes and lemmas keeled, the keels hispid-ciliate. a a. Spikelets not in dense 1-sided clusters. b. Spikelets as broad as long, somewhat heart-shaped. 69. Briza. Florets crowded in the spikelets, almost horizontal ; lemmas boat-shaped or ventricose. b b. Spikelets much longer than broad, not heart-shaped. c. Lemmas keeled. 71. Poa. Base of florets often cobwebby. c c. Lemmas convex or keeled only at the summit. d. Uppermost lemmas shaped like the lower, fertile or sterile. e. Nerves of lemma prominent, parallel. 73. Glyceria. Spikelets compressed-cylindrical or little flattened ; lemmas scarious at summit. e e. Nerves of lemma not prominent. /. Lemmas obtuse, awnless. 74. Puccinellia. Glume* much shorter than the lowest lemma ; callus not hairy ; nerves not excurrent. 72. Scholochloa. Glumes nearly as long as lowest lemma ; callus hairy ; one or more nerves of lemma excurrent. //. Lemmas acute, often awned. 75. Festuca. Lemmas entire, often awned from the apex. 76. Bromus. Lemmas 2-toothed, usually awned just below the apex ; grain adherent to the palea, pubescent at the summit. 65. Melica. Lemmas awned just below the apex, grain free, glabrous. d d. Uppermost lemmas broad or cucullate, convolute, forming a club-shaped mass. C5. Melica. Lemmas subcoriaceous with a scarious margin, obtuse. Tribe X. H6RDEAE. Spikelets (1-several-flowered, with uppermost floret imperfect) sessile on opposite sides of a zigzag jointed channeled rhachis, forming a spike; glumes sometimes abor- tive or wanting, often placed together in front of the spikelet ; leaf-blades bearing at base a more or less well-marked pair of auriculate appendages. * Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rhachis. -*- Spikelets 1-flowered, falling attached to joints of the disarticulating rhachis. 78. Lepturus. Spikelets awnless; low branching annuals. -i- +- Spikelets 2-many-flowered. 77. Lolium. Spikelets placed with one edge to the rhachis. 79. Agropyron. Spikelets placed with the side to the rhachis. * * Spikelets 2 or 8, rarely solitary, at each joint of the rhachis, placed with the florets dorso- ventral to the rhachis. +- Spikelets not all alike. Hordeum. Spikelets l(rarely 2-3)-flowered, in 3's at each joint, the lateral pair pediceled, usually abortive ; glumes awn-like. -i- +- Spikelets all alike, 2-6-flowered. Elymus. Glumes usually equaling the florets ; spikes mostly dense. Hystrix. Glumes reduced to short bristles, one or both often obsolete ; spikes very loose. ibe XI. BAMBtSEAE. Tall woody reeds ; the flat blades with a short petiole articulated with tlie sheath ; spikelets few-many-flowered, flattened, in panicles or racemes. Arundinaria. Lemmas rounded on the back, many-nerved, acuminate or bristle-pointed; glumes very small. 92 (<;KASS FAMILY) 1. TRIPSACUM L. (JAMA G*A88. SI--.SVMK Spikelets unisexual, tinuous rhachis above ; 46. T. dactyloides. Part of spike x iy 2 . 9 Bptkelet embedded x 1. 9 S pikelet freed x 1. cf Spikelet x 1. axillary spikes solitary Aug. FIG. 46. the staminate spikelets in pairs at the joints of the con- the pistillate spikelets solitary, embedded in each oblong joint of the cartilaginous thickened articulate rhachis below in the same inflorescence, which terminates the culm or its branches ; glumes of the staminate spikelet subcoriaceous, the first dorsally flattened, the second boat-shaped ; the first lemma often empty, membrana- ceous with a hyaline palea, like the second which incloses a staminate flower ; first glume of pistillate spikelet ovate, at length cartilaginous and closing the recess in the rhachis, second boat-shaped, coriaceous ; florets 2, the lemmas and paleas hyaline, the lower sterile, the upper pistillate. Tall stout perennials from very thick creeping rootstocks, with broad flat leaves, and terminal and axillary spikes separating spontane- ously into joints at maturity. (Name from rplpeiv, to rub, perhaps in allusion to the polished spike.) 1. T. dactyloides L. Culms 1-2.5 in. high ; leaves 3 dm. or more long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide; spikes 2-3 together at the summit, when their contiguous sides are more or less flattened, or solitary and terete ; Moist soil, Ct. to Kan., s. to Fla. and Tex. July, 2. ROTTBOELLIA L. f. Spikelets in pairs in the excavations at the nodes of a cylindrical articulated axis ; one sessile and perfect, the other pediceled, sterile, with its pedicel adnate to the rhachis ; glumes of the perfect spikelet awnless, the first coriaceous and covering the excavation in the rhachis, the second thinner, boat-shaped ; sterile lemma empty or with a rudimentary flower, and, like the lemma and palea, hyaline ; glumes of sterile spikelet membranaceous. Peren- nials with flat narrow leaves, and single cartilaginous spikes which disarticulate at maturity, terminating the stem and branches ; chiefly subtropical. (Named for Prof. C. F. Jtott- boell, an excellent Danish botanist, who wrote much upon Gramineae, Cyperaceae, etc. ) 1. R. rug6sa Nutt. Culms tufted, com- l " 1: - ni?r<.>a. pressed, 6-12 dm. high ; sheaths flattened ; p.asc of iniloreseeiice leaves 5-10 mm. wide; spikes 2-7 cm. ln ften partly included in inflated fjl sheaths ; first glume of fertile spikelet trans- " versely rugose. (Manisuris Ktze.) Low pine barrens, Del. and south w., near the coast. Aug., Sept. FIG. 47. 2. R. cylfndrica (Michx.) Torr. fv////s terete from a short rootstock ; leaves 2-3 mm. i:. cylindrica- wi( * e ; spikes slender, usually curved, f>-l "> an. Jong, terminating X '2. the culm, on elongated axillary p<'f same with fer- tile and pedieeled sterile spikch-t sep- a rat i-d x _'. Fertile .--pikelet x _'. Its Mower removed x2. I.emma X 2. 48. GRAMLNEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 93 long ; palea minute, nerveless. Tall and stout reed-like perennials, with elon- gated flat leaves, racemes crowded in a panicle and clothed with long silky hairs, especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet (whence the name, from epiov, wool, and avdos, flower}. * Awn terete, straight. -- Hairs at base ofspikelets copious, as long as the glumes or longer ; panicle-axis and upper part of culm densely appressed-villous. w Panicle loose and open; hairs longer than the glumes. 1. E. saccharoides Michx. Culm 1-2 m. high, usually with a dense ring of appressed hairs at the nodes ; leaves 1-2.5 cm. wide, villous ; panicle tawny or purple. Moist ground, N. J. and southw., rare. Sept., Oct. FIG. 49. ^ Panicle dense and compact ; hairs about as long as the glumes. 2. E. compactus Nash. Culm 1-3 m. high, villous at the nodes ; blades 6-12 mm. wide, usually villous only on the upper surface near the base ; panicle tawny. Moist ground, N. J. and southw. Aug., Sept. 4- -*- Hairs at base of spikelets rather sparse or want- ing, shorter than the glume*; culm and axis of 49 E sac charoides x iy 2 . panicle glabrows or sparsely villous. 3. E. brevibarbis Michx. Culm 1-2 m. high, sparingly villous at the nodes ; sheaths glabrous ; blades 6-10 mm. wide, scabrous ; panicle purple, narrow, the branches appressed, sparingly silky, appearing striate from the stiff straight awns. Moist ground, Del. arid southw. Sept., Oct. ** Awn flattened and twisted. - Panicle pale, axis very villous; basal hairs copious, exceeding the glumes. 4. E. divaricatus (L.) Hitchc. Culm 1.5-3 m. high, nodes and upper portion appressed-villous ; sheaths glabrous ; leaves 1.5-2.5 cm. wide ; panicle loose, silky. (E. alopecuroides Ell.) Moist ground, N. J. to Ga., w. to Ky. and s. Mo. Sept. *- -*- Panicle dark, axis sparsely villous; basal hairs rather sparse, scarcely as long as the glumes. 5. E. cont6rtus Baldw. Culm 1-2 m. high, nodes soon glabrous ; sheaths glabrous ; leaves 5-15 mm. wide ; panicle narrow, less silky than in the preceding. Low meadows, Va. to Ky., and southw. 4. ANDROP6GON [Royen] L. BEARD GRASS Spikelets in pairs (one sessile and perfect, the other pediceled, sterile, often ludimentary) at each joint of the articulate rhachis ; glumes of fertile spikelet subequal, indurated, the first dorsally flattened, with a strong nerve near each margin, the inidnerve faint ; second glume keeled above ; first lemma empty, hyaline ; fertile lemma membranaceous or hyaline, awned ; palea hyaline, sometimes obsolete. Tall tufted perennials; spikes lateral and terminal, the rhachis and usually the pedicels long-villous with silky hairs (whence the name, composed of avf)p, man, and -rrdywv, beard.} Kacemes solitary ; joints of the rhachis clavate 1. A. scoparius. Kacemes in fascicles of 2-6 ; joints of the rhachis not clavate. Pedicellate spikelet reduced to the pedicel or the glumes only ; racemes usually subtended by a foliaceous spathe (the upper sheath) ; rhachis- joints very slender. Kacemes not longer than the spathe, which incloses the common peduncle. Branches of inflorescence in a dense terminal corymbiform cluster . 2. A. glomeratus. Branches of inflorescence scattered along the culms . . . .3. A. virginicus. Racemes, or some of them, on peduncles exserted beyond the spathes. Upper sheaths inflated ; racemes delicate, flexuous 4. A. Elliottii. Upper sheaths not inflated ; racemes stouter, strict 5. A.ternanus. Pedicellate spikelet staminate, with glumes and lemmas . ' . . . 6. A. furcalus. 94 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 1. SCHIZACHYRIUM (Nees) Trin. Racemes solitary; joints of the rhachis clavate. 1. A. scoparius Michx. Culms tufted, 4-12 dm. high; branches single or in pairs from the upper sheaths ; sheaths glabrous or hairy ; blades often hairy above near the base ; racemes slender, 2-6 cm. long, joints and sterile pedicels hairy on the margins ; sterile spikelet a single awn-pointed glume, 2-4 mm. long ; fertile spikelet about 7 mm. long ; awn bent and twisted. Dry ground, N. B. to Sask., and southw. July-Sept. FIG. 50. Var. littoralis (Nash) Hitchc. Culms in large tufts ; the innovations and lower sheaths strongly compressed, glaucous. 50. A. scoparius. (A. littoralis Nash.) Sand dunes along the coast, N. Y. and Two spikelets x 1%. SOUthw. 2. CAMPYLOMlSCHUS Fourn. Racemes in fascicles of 2-6 ; joints of the rhachis not clavate. * Pedicellate spikelet sterile, consisting of 1-2 glumes or reduced to a pedicel. H- Spathes equaling or exceeding the racemes ; sheaths keeled. 2. A. glomeratus (Walt.) BSR Culms stout, 0.5-1.5 m.liigh, leafy; sheaths usually sparsely hirsute; inflorescence bushy -branched at the summit of the culm ; spathes very scabrous; racemes 2; the slender joints of tffe rhachis and the sterile pedicel clothed with long silky hairs. I (A. macrourus Michx.; A. corymbosus Nash.) Sandy ground near the coast, Mass, and southw. Sept., Oct. 3. A. virglnicus L. Culms rather slender, 5-12 dm. high, sparingly branched above; sheaths smooth or somewhat hir- sute on the margin ; blades usually hirsute above near the base ; spathes smooth ; racemes 2 or 3, slender ; hairs long and silky. Open ground, Mass, to 111., Fla., and Tex. FIG. 51. -- H- Racemes, or some of them, on peduncles exserted beyond the spathes. 4. A. Elli6ttii Chapm. Culms in tufts, flattened at base, 5-10 dm. high ; lower sheaths and leaves appressed-hirsute or becoming nearly glabrous, upper sheaths aggregated and much enlarged; racemes usually 2, very slender, flexuous, softly and loosely silky ; spikelets 4 mm. long. Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Del. to Mo., and southw. Sept., Oct. 5. A. ternarius Michx. Culms some- what stouter and taller than in the pre- ceding ; sheaths usually smooth, the upper 51 A virr j nj( sheaths not crowded nor enlarged (or the Throo spikot't's X'-^A. upper one only somewhat enlarged) ; ra- cemes 2 or 3, stouter, more utrirt. lij aUky; n/iikt-hts 6 mm. long. (A. argyraeus Schultes.) Dry sandy soil, Del. to Tenn., and southw. Aug. -Oct. * * Pedicellate spikelet staminate ; racemes 2-6 on a long exserted peduncle; rhachi*-jint# stout. 6. A. furcatus Mulil. Culms robust, in large tufts, :>> A. furcatus x IV 1-1.6 m. hiijh, branching from the upper nodes; sheaths glabrous ; blades elongated, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins and often hirsute on the upper surface near the base ; racemes 5-12 cm. liinjr, stout, usually purplish ; rhachis-joints and pedicels hairy on the sides and at the summit ; sessile spikelets H-0 mm. long ; staminate spikelet slightly longer. Dry open ground, Me. to Sask., and southw. FIG. 52. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 95 5. SORGHASTRUM Nash Spikelets sessile at each j'ointof the slender rhachis of the peduncled racemes, which are reduced to 2 or 3 joints, the sterile spikelets reduced (in our species) to hairy pedicels; glumes indurated as in Andropogon ; sterile lemma thinly hyaline, the fertile lemma reduced to hyaline appendages to the strong awn ; palea obsolete. Perennial grasses with tall stout culms, the racemes arranged in open panicles. (Named from its resemblance to Sorghum.') 1. S. nutans (L.) Nash. (INDIAN GRASS, WOOD GRASS.) Culm simple, 1-2 m. high ; leaves 6-10 mm. wide, scabrous, glaucous ; sheaths smooth ; panicle narrowly oblong, at first open, contracted after flowering, 1-3 dm. long ; the spikelets lanceolate, at length drooping, yellowish or reddish brown and shining, clothed, especially toward the base, with fawn-colored hairs ; the twisted awn longer than the spikelet. (Andropogon L. ; Chryso- pogon Benth.) Dry soil, Me. to Man., and southw. FIG. 53. SORGHUM HALEPENSE (L.) Pers. , JOHNSON GRASS, a more robust plant, is found as an escape or a weed, chiefly along the southern border of our range. It differs from Sorghastrum in having two pediceled spikelets (of the group of three) stami- ^ g nutans x . 2 nate or empty ; and in having a more spreading panicle and a firmer lemma. This is thought by some to be the original of the cultivated sorghums. (Introd. from Eu.) 6. DIGITARIA Scop. FINGER GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered, lanceolate-elliptic, sessile or short-pediceled, solitary or in 2's or 3's, in two rows on one side of a continuous narrow or winged rhachis, forming simple slender racemes which are aggregated toward the summit of the culm ; glumes 1-3-nerved, the first sometimes obsolete ; sterile lemma 5-nerved ; fertile lemma leathery-indurated, papillose-striate, with a hyaline mar- gin not inrolled, inclosing a palea of like texture. Annual, mostly weedy grasses, with branching culms, thin leaves, and subdigitate inflorescence. (Name from digitus, a finger.) SYNTHERISMA Walt. * Rhachis of racemes with angles wingless ; first glume obsolete ; culms erect. 1. D. filif6rmis (L.) Koeler. Usually tufted, branching and leafy at the base ; culms slender or almost filiform, 2-7 dm. high; lower sheaths hirsute; blades 0.5-2 dm. long, 4 mm. or less wide (rarely wider), hirsute or glabrous on the lower, scabrous on the upper surface ; racemes 1-5, unequal, 3-10 cm. (rarely 15 cm.) long, very slender; spikelets 1.7 mm. long, mostly in 3's, appressed, the second and third on slender flexuous pedicels ; glume and sterile lemma densely or sparsely villous between the nerves with white gland-tipped hairs; the glume shorter and narrow, exposing the dark brown acute fertile lemma. (Panicum L.) Sterile or sandy soil, N. H. to Mich., I. T., and southw. July-Sept. 2. D. villbsa (Walt.) Ell. Similar to the preceding, usually taller, less slen- der and more densely and constantly hirsute on the sheaths and on both surfaces of the blades ; racemes 2-8, more distant (sometimes 3 cm. apart), 5-20 cm. long, much interrupted toward the base ; spikelet-clusters usually rather dis- tant; spikelets 2.25 mm. long; the glume and sterile lemma densely matted- villous between the nerves with gland-tipped hairs. Sandy soil, Va. to Mo., and southw. July-Oct. * * Rhachis of racemes with lateral angles winged; culms spreading. 1- Pedicels terete ; first glume obsolete. 3. D. HUMipfjsA Pers. Glabrous ; culms 1.5-4 dm. high, much branched 'low, ascending or nearly prostrate ; leaves 2-10 cm. long (rarely longer), 3-0 m. wide ; racemes 2-0, aggregated, divergent, often curved, 3-10 cm. long ; '.MI GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) spikelets solitary or in 2's, 2.2 mm. lonH4. m/ 4. D. ser6tina Michx. Extensively creeping, forming dense \ mats ; the crowded xht-atltx />//(>*/> ; blades 2-8 cm. long, 4-7 mm. _, _ wide, pilose on both surfaces; racemes 3-8, at the apex of Sniketoxi 18 *' ascendin S branches (1-3 dm. high), 3-10 cm. long; spikelets mostly in 2's, 1.6 mm. long, sparsely pubescent between the nerves; the glume scarcely \ as long as the pale fertile lemma. (Panicum Trin.) Low sandy ground near the coast, s. Pa., Del., and southw. June-Aug. -- -<- Pedicels sharply angled; first tjlume present, minute. 5. D. SANGUIN\LIS (L.) Scop. (CRAB GRASS.) Culms erect or ascending from a decumbent often creeping base, 3-12 dm. long ; nodes and sheaths more or less papillose-hirsute ; blades lax, 5-12 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, scabrous, often more or less pilose ; racemes 3-12, subfasciculate, 5-18 cm. long ; spikelets in pairs, 3-3.5 mm. long, usually appressed- pubescent between the smooth or scabrous nerves ; second glume about \ as long as the pale or grayish fertile lemma. {Panicum L. ; Syntherisma fimbriata Nash.) Cultivated 5,-,. n. and waste grounds, throughout our range, and southw. Part . .niitioivsceniH; x Aug.-Oct Very variable. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 55. Spikelets x 3. 7. LEPTOLdMA Chase Spikelets 1-flowered, fusiform, solitary on long capillary 3-angled pedicels ; first glume obsolete or very minute, the second 3-nerved, nearly as long as the 5-7-nerved sterile lemma ; fertile lemma cartilaginous-indurated, papillose, with a delicate hyaline margin not inrolled, inclosing a palea of like texture ; grain free within the lemma and palea. Tufted perennials, with flat leaves and very diffuse terminal panicles, which break away at maturity and become tumble- weeds. (Name from \cirrbs, delicate, and XcD^a, border, in reference to the hyaline margins of the lemma.) 1. L. cognatum (Schultes) Chase. (FALL WITCH GRASS.) Pale green, much branched at the base, erect or geniculate below, very brittle, 3-7 dm. high ; lower sheaths pilose, the upper usually glabrous ; ligule membranaceous, 1 mm. long ; blades 5-8 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, rather rigid, usually glabrous, scabrous on the margins ; panicle \-\ the entire height of the plant, short-exserted, very diffuse, as broad as long or broader ; the capillary scabrous subrlexuous branches at first ascending, soon widely spreading, naked below, pilose in the axils; spikelets on scabrous pedicels, 1-4 cm. long, acuminate, 2.7-3 mm. long; glume and sterile lemma with a stripe of appressed silky pubescence between t fit- nerves and on the margins, or the hairs becoming loose and xj>rraiii>ia <*///tKapiros, doubly fruit-bearing.} 1. A. Purshii K until. Annual ; culms erect, branch- ing, 3-6 dm. high; sheaths and blades coarsely hispid; terminal panicle contracted ; spikelets about 4 mm. long ; fertile spikelets solitary, about 6 mm. long, at the ends of the slender subterranean branches. (Milium Amphi- carpon Pursh ; A. Amphicarpon Nash.) Moist sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. Sept. FIG. 66. 9. PASPALUM L. 56. A. Purshii. Sterile spikelet closed x 2. Same wide open x 2. Basal fertile spikelet, partly open x 2. Spikelets 1 -flowered, plano-convex, nearly sessile, solitary or in pairs, in 2 rows on one side of a continuous narrow or dilated rhachis, forming simple spike- like racemes ; spikelets placed with the back of the fertile lemma toward the rhachis ; first glume obsolete (rarely present) ; lemma and palea chartaceous- indurated, margins of the lemma inrolled. Perennials, with 1-several racemes digitate or racemose at the summit of the culm and branches. (IIamits. a. X]>//>-' 1,'fs sfngfy disjiosrd. 11. P. ladve Michx. Culms spreading or prostrate, 3-6 dm. long; plant GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 99 glabrous, or the upper surface of the leaf-blades (1-2 dm. long) with a few hairs ; racemes 2-3, 3-5 cm. long ; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long. Sandy soil, Md. to Fla. and Tex. FIG. 57. Var. AUSTRALE Nash. Leaves hairy on the upper surface, sheaths hirsute on the margin. Va. to Fla. and Miss. 12. P. angustifblium Le Conte. Culms erect or spreading, glabrous, averaging taller than the preceding ; sheaths glabrous or somewhat pilose, especially on the margin ; blades elongated (2-4 dm.), often sparingly pilose on upper surface; racemes 3-5, longer th&u in the preceding, 6-10 cm. long, spreading. Sandy soil, Md. to Fla., Kan., and Tex. 13. P. plenipilum Nash. Kesembles P. laeve ; but usually taller (5-10 dm.), erect or spreading; and pilose on sheaths and blades ; racemes 2-4, 4-8 cm. long. (P. praelongum 57. p. i aev ^ x y 2 - Nash.) Fields and open ground, N. J. to Fla., Ala., and Mo. Spikelets x 2%.' 14. P. circulare Nash. Culms 5-10 dm. high ; sheaths sparsely papillose-hirsute with ascending hairs; blades 2-3 dm, long, 5-8 mm. wide, sparsely hirsute on the upper surface, usually glabrous on the lower; racemes 2-4, erect or ascending, 6-10 cm. long ; spikelets orbicular, about 3 mm. long. Open moist ground, N. Y. and Mo., southw. 15. P. floridanum Michx. Culms robust, 1-2 m. high, from a stout scaly rootstock, glabrous; sheaths hirsute; blades 3-6 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, hirsute on both surfaces; racemes ., usually 2-4, stout, erect or ascending, 7-12 cm. long; spikelets about 4 mm. long. Low ground, Va. to Fla. and Tex. Var. GLABRATL.M Kiigelm. ' Glabrous and often glaucous ; racemes often 4-7. (P. arundinaceum Poir.) Del. to s. Kan., and southw. 16. P. difftirme Le Conte. Similar to the preceding, less robust, glaucous ; <-nlms 5-10 dm. high, leafy at the base; sheaths often papillose-hirsute near the summit; blades 12-15 cm. long, 6-10 mm.wide (the uppermost much reduced), glabrous or sparsely hirsute ; racemes 2-3 (rarely 4), ascending, 3.5-8 cm. long; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long. Low sandy ground, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. a a. Spikelets in pairs, appearing 4-seriate ; sterile lemma 5-nerved; culms usually geniculate and rooting at the lower nodes. 17. P. laeviglutne Scribn. Culms stout, 5-15 dm. high, nodes pubescent; sheaths usually pilose on the scarious margin, otherwise glabrous ; blades 1-3 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, glabrous or with a few hairs at base ; racemes 4-8, 3-10 cm. long; spikelets 3mm. long, obovate, stramineous. Moist fields and wood-borders, Md. and Ky. to N. C. and Tex. Sept., Oct. 18. P. Boscianum Fliigge. Culms stout, 5-12 dm. high ; sheaths lax, gla- brous, or -the lower pubescent; blades 1.5-4.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, gla- brous or hirsute near base ; racemes numerous, 2-6 cm. long, with a winged hachis 2 mm. wide ; spikelets 2 mm. long ; glume and sterile lemma brownish; fruit dark brown. Low woodlands, and along ditches, Va. to Fla. and Tex. Aug., Sept. = = ^pikelets acute, ciliate. P. dilatatum Poir. Culms stout, 5-17 dm. high, growing in clumps; glabrous throughout except the densely crowded spikelets ; leaves elongated, 1-10 mm. wide; racemes 2-10, 5-10 cm. long, somewhat spreading; spikelets mm. long, ovate ; glume and sterile lemma long-ciliate. In meadows, waste ground, arid along ditches, Va. to Fla. and Tex. --- Kacemes a pair at the summit of the culm. P. distichum L. Creeping and rooting at the nodes, with ascending culms, dm. high ; leaves short, usually crowded, sometimes sparsely hairy on the ; racemes 3-5 cm. long; spikelets singly disposed, 2.5-3 mm. long, ite, acute, sparsely pubescent ; first glume occasionally present. (Digitaria cs Michx.) Ditches and muddy or sandy shores, Va, to Fla., and stw. June-Oct. 100 GRAMINEAE ((illASS FAMILY) 10. AXONOPUS Beauv. Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed bi-convex, sessile, solitary in two rows on one side of a flattened rhachis (which is naked in ours), placed with the back of the fertile lemma turned from the rhachis, forming simple spikes ; first glume obso- lete ; lemma and palea indurated but less so than usual in /'ifxprtlitm, margins of the lemma inrolled. Perennials with 2-several slender spikes digitate or sub-digitate at the summit of the culm. (Name from du>j', axis; and Troys, foot.} A\AiJlri. Culms delicate ; blades not over 6 mm. wide . . .6. P. pkilade&pMcwn. d. Panicle drooping ; spikelets 5 mm. long 7. P. milia<-< nm. a. Perennials /. /. Spikelets short- pediceled along one side of a rhachis forming spike- like racemes 1. P. hemitomum. f. Spikelets in panicles g. g. Basal leaves similar to culm-leaves, not forming a winter ro- sette ; culms simple or sometimes producing panicles from the 1 upper nodes h. h. Spikelets long-pediceled. VIRGATA. Branches of panicle spreading 11. P. rif(/titni. Branches of panicle ascendim:. Spikelets 4.5 nun. long : leaves crowded at base of culm . 9. P. amnruin. Spikelets 6 mm. long ; leaves not crowded at base of culm 10. P. aimit h. Spikelets short- pedice led along the main branches of the pan- iele /. - Aiillosloflil A. *. Ilootstocks [in-sent 16. P. anceps. i. Rootatooki absent ; plants compressed at the leafy base. Kruit Mipitate ; spikelets conspicuously -eciind . . .14. /'. *tij>i/i/fnnt. Fruit not stipitate ; Bpikeleto not OODBptauouftly secund. Spikelets _' nun. long, crowded ; ;i few long hairs on the pedicels 13. /'. ni/rnxfnntes. Spikeleis _'.:>-:; nun. long ; no hairs on the pedicels. P.-micl.-s f.-\v (lowered, branches spreading . . .12. /'. l smaller, le-v i-.\M-ried than the [irimary ). DirnoTOMA. '/. |.ike!ets :; nun. or more loiiiT "X". k. Leaves linear elongated, not i.ver "i mm. wide ; secondary pan- icles :it the base only. Spikelets pointed jf. P. depnnptrntum. Spikelets blunt 18. p. IH .,-/,*// ,/HIH. GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 101 65. P. Ravenelii. 72. P.Boscii. 73. P. latifolium. 66. P. fcanthophytsum. 66. P. xanthophysum. 67. P. Wilcoxiamtm. 59. P. mutaMle. 70. P. aculeatum. 65. P. Ravenelii. 63. P. Scribnerianum. 62. P. oligosanthea. P. strigosum. P. microcarpon. P. lancearium. k. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, more than 5 mm. wide, or if narrower not conspicuously elongated I. I, Blades more than 1.5 cm. wide m. m. Spikelets 3 mm. long ; at least the lower sheaths papillose-hispid 71. P. eland estinum. m. Spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long. Nodes bearded ; plants often pubescent. Blades lanceolate, thick, glabrous above, densely papillose- pubescent beneath Blades ovate-lanceolate, thin ; pubescence when present soft Nodes not bearded ; plants glabrous or nearly so. Panicle spreading; blades 2. 5 cm. or more wide Panicle narrow ; blades rarely over 1.8 cm. wide I. Blades not over 1.5 cm. wide n. n. Panicle narrow ; blades erect. Plants glabrous or nearly so ....... Plants papillose-hispid. Spikelets not over 3mm. long Spikelets 4 mm. long 64. P. Leibergii. n. Panicle spreading, about as wide as long o. o. Spikelets 3 mm. long; blades 1.2-2 dm. long. Blades ciliate, glaucous, smooth Blades not ciliate, green, scabrous o. Spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long ; blades not over 1 dm. long. Nodes bearded ; ligule 3-4 mm. long Nodes not bearded ; ligule 1-2 mm. long. Spikelets obo void-turgid, blunt ; pubescence spread- ing Spikelets narrowly obovoid, subacute ; pubescence appressed y. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long p. ^ p. Spikelets glabrous q. q. Spikelets not over 1.5 mm. long. Plants pubescent Plants glabrous, except bearded nodes q. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long r. r. Spikelets 2 mm. long. Spikelets obovoid-turgid; culms crisp-puberulent Spikelets elliptical ; culms glabrous. Autumnal state erect, branched like a little tree; second glume shorter than the fruit and sterile lemma . Autumnal state topheavy-reclining ; fruit covered by second glume and sterile lemma Autumnal state widely trailing; second glume and sterile lemma shorter than the fruit .... r. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long. Culms 2-4 dm. high ; second glume and sterile lemma equaling fruit Culms 5-12 dm. high ; second glume and sterile lemma forming a point beyond the fruit p. Spikelets pubescent n. 8. Blades elongated, not over 5 mm. wide ; secondary panicles from the base only, or none. Sheaths glabrous 20. P. Werneri. Sheaths pilose. Spikelets turgid, blunt ; panicle-branches ascending ; culms few in a tuft 18. P. perlongum. Spikelets subacute ; panicle-branches spreading ; culms numerous in a tuft 19. P. linearifolium. s. Blades iisually not conspicuously elongated ; secondary panicles not at the base t. t. Spikelets obovate-turgid, blunt, attenuate at base. Spikelets 2 mm. long 25. P. aciculare. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long. Spikelets not papillose ; culms glabrous . . . . 26. P. Bicknellii. Spikelets rugose-papillose ; culms pubescent, at least below. Nodes bearded ; panicle-branches ascending . . . 24. P. consanguineum. Nodes not bearded ; panicle-branches spreading . t. Spikelets not attenuate at base u. u. Sheaths conspicuously retrorse-pilose ; culms simple, form- ing soft tufts u. Sheaths not retrorsely pilose . . Sheaths, or all but the lowest, glabrous w. to. Ligule 2-5 mm. long. Spikelets 2.2 mm. long Spikelets 1.5 mm. long. Panicle not more than half as wide as long; spikelets elliptic Panicle about as wk 27. P. dichotomum. 28. P. barbulatum. ). P. lucidum. 26. P. Bicknellii. 29. P. yadkinense. 23. P. angustifolium . 21. P. xalapense. 47. P. tcoparioides. fide as long ; spikelets obovoid 35. 36. P. spretum. P. Lit idheimeri. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) w. Ligule less than 1 mm. long x. x. Blades velvety on both surfaces ; nodes bearded . . . 34. P. annulum. so. Blades not velvety ; nodes not bearded y. y. Culms crisp-puberulent 58. P. Ashei. y. Culms glabrous *. z. Spikelets 1.5-1.8 mm. long. Culm-blades not over 2 cm. long ; spikelets elliptical 54. P. enxifolium. Culm-blades 6-20 cm. long: spikelets spheroidal. Panicle not more than half as wide as long; blades strongly nerved 56. P. j><>lyant/i?n. Panicle nearly as wide as long ; blades not strongly nerved 55. P. fiphaerocarpo/t . Spikelets 2.2-2.8 mm. long. Blades cordate, 1.2-2 cm. wide 57. P. com muta tin,,. Blades not cordate, 0.6-1.2 cm. wide. Blades erect ; fruit covered 82. P.boril,'. Blades spreading ; fruit exposed at summit . . 33. P. . Sheaths pubescent a. a. Sheaths puberulent, not pilose. Spikelets elliptical, 2.6 mm. long 58. P. Axhei. Spikelets obovoid-turgid, 2 mm. long. Plants erect or spreading; blades glabrous above . . 60. P. lancearium. Plants prostrate or creeping ; blades puberulent on both surfaces 61. P. patulum. a. Sheaths spreading- or appressed-pilose or velvety b. b. Plants grayish-velvety throughout. Spikelets 2.6 mm. long 68. P. scoparium. Spikelets 1.8 mm. long 44. P. lanuginotum. Spikelets 1.3-1.4 mm. long, very turgid . . . .45. P. an >>/'///,. b. Plants not velvety c. c. Spikelets 2.7-3 mm. long. Blades papillose-hirsute on both surfaces . . .67. P. Wilcoxianum. Blades glabrous or sparsely silky above . . . . 49. P. ovale. c. Spikelets less than 2.5 nun. long d. d. Spikelets ovate, pointed; blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long; pani- . cle 1.2-2.5 dm. long 69. P. scabriusculum d. Spikelets obovate or elliptical, blunt ; blades and panicle shorter e. 6. Pubescence spreading /. /. Spikelets 2.2-2.4 mm. long. Plants very villous ; autumnal state prostrate . 48. P. Plants papillose-hispid on sheaths and sparsely hispid on blades; autumnal state erect . . 47. P. f. Spikelets 1.3-1.9 mm. long g. g. Blades stiff, glabrous above or with a few hairs . 43. P.tiinu .x.vfc//AV. g. Blades pubescent above, or if glabrous lax h. h. Upper surface of blades with erect hairs 8-5 mm. long. Culms branching very early; spikelets 1.8- 1.9 mm. long 46. P. prafcociux. Culms branching after maturity of primary panicle ; spikelets not over 1.5 mm. long. Axis of panicle long-pilose . . . .39. /'. i//i/>ti<-nfit>/>. Axis of panicle nearly glabrous . . .40. I', meridional*. h. Upper surface of blades with short or some- what appressed pubescence. Blades stiff ; spikelets obovate . . . .88. P. hn acini cae. Blades lax; spikelets elliptical (88) P.huackueae, v. si/cico/a. 6. Pubescence not spreading i. i. Culms crisp-puberulent or crisp-pubescent; ligule nearly obsolete. Spikelets 1.9 mm. long; blades 5-6 cm. long; plants blue-green 52. P. txugetorum. Spikelets 1.7 mm. long; blades 3-5 cm. long; plants gray -green 58. P. Columbia num. i. Culms with short, or long appressed pubescence^'. j. Ligule obsolete or nearly so. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long 50. Spikelets 2-2.2 mm. long 51. j. Ligule 2-3 mm. long. 1'iil.escenco on lower eheaths spreading . . 40. /'. meridional*. Pubescence on lower sheaths apprcssed. Blades glabrous on upper surface; spikelets 1.2 mm. long 87. P. Blades pubescent on upper surface ; spikelets 1.5-1.9 mm. long. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long; panicles not over :; cm. long 41. P. Spikelets 1.9 mm. long; panicles 3-"> cm. long 42. /'. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 103 1. PASPALOtDEA Nash. Spikelets acute, glabrous, subsessile in one-sided racemes, these racemose on an elongated axis. 1. P. hemitomum Schultes. Culms thick, 9-12 dm. long, rooting and branching at the lower nodes ; sheaths loose, glabrous or hairy on the margins ; blades 1-2 dm. long, about 1 cm. wide ; panicle 1-2 dm. long, very narrow, the remote racemes appressed, spikelet-bearing to the base ; spikelets 2.8 mm. long, lanceolate ; fruit less indurated and rigid than in true Panicum ; palea not inclosed at the apex. (P. Curtisii Chapm.; P. digitarioides Car- penter.) Ponds, Del. to Fla. and Tex. 2. EUPANICUM Gren. & Godr. Spikelets disposed in more or less spread- ing panicles ; palea included at the summit. VERRUc6sA. Spikelets tuberculate ; branching annuals, rooting at the lower nodes. 2. P. verrucbsum Muhl. Glabrous ; culms slender, spreading or ascending, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, shining ; panicle diffuse, few-flowered, 0.7-2.5 dm. long (reduced panicles often pro- duced from the base), branches capillary, spreading, spikelet- &rf\ bearing toward the ends ; spikelets 1.5 mm. long, subacute ; fcv| first glume about one fourth as long as the faintly nerved \w warty second glume and sterile lemma; fruit apiculate. Moist sandy soil, Mass, to Fla. ; also in Ind. at the s. end 53. p. verrucosum. of L. Michigan. FIG. 58. ' Spikelet x9. * * CAPILLA.RIA. Branching annuals, hispid as a whole ; panicles diffuse ; spike- lets glabrous, strongly nerved ; first glume about one half the length of the .second, broad, clasping the base of the spikelet, acute; second glume and sterile lemma slightly or greatly exceeding the elliptical smooth and shining fruit. P. capillare L. (OLD-WITCH GRASS.) Culms stout, sparingly branched, ascending ; sheaths and usually the leaves (5-15 mm. wide) copiously papillose- hispid ; panicle very large and diffuse, often half the length of the entire plant, included at base until maturity ; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long ; second glume and sterile lemma acuminate, exceeding the fruit. Sandy soil, and as a weed in fields, N. S. to B. C., and southw. Aug. -Oct. At maturity lower panicle- p oa >iiiare brancnes diverge and the panicles break away and act like tumble Spikelets 4 b p Ga ^-' ngdri Nas]) Culm8 widely spreading or decum- bent, sometimes as much as 1 m. long, branching at all the nodes, the branches again branching ; the numerous exserted panicles oval, smaller and less diffuse ~ an in the preceding ; spikelets more turgid; leaves less hirsute. (P. capillare, r. campestre Gattinger.) Moist open ground, Me. to N. C., 111., and Mo. pauperate plants forming very small prostrate mats occur in N. E. and N. Y. 5. P. flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. Slender, erect, 3-6 dm. high, with a few ct 1) ranches at base ; leases 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rarely wider, some- mes nearly glabrous, erect ; panicles usually one half the length of the entire "ant, narrowly oblong with ascending branches; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, solitary at the ends of the branchlets ; the long acuminate second glume and sterile lemma one third longer than the fruit. Moist sandy soil, Pa. and Mich., southw. 6. P. philadelphicum Bernh. Slender, erect or ascending, usually decum- nt at base, freely branching, zigzag, 1.5-4 dm. high ; leaves less than 1 dm. ng, 2-6 mm. wide ; panicle about one third the entire height of the plant, ther few-flowered, spikelets in 2's or sometimes solitary, -at the ends of the ivergent flexuous branchlets, 1.7-1.8 mm. long; second glume and sterile ima acute, barely exceeding the fruit. (P. minus Nash, according to descrip- n ; P. minimum Scribn. & Merr.) Dry woods, clearings, and sandy shores, e. to I. T., and southw. 104 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 7. P. MiLiXcEUM L. (EuRor-KAN Mii.i.ET.) Culms 2-5 dm. high, erect or decumbent; sheaths papillose-hispid; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 2.5 cm. or less wide ; panicle dense, drooping at maturity ; spikelets ovoid, 5 mm. long, turgid. Waste places, Me. to Pa., vvestw. to Neb. (Adv. from Eu.) * * * DICHOTOMIFLORA. Branching annual, glabrous throughout. 8. P. dichotomiflbrum Michx. Culms compressed, thick, suc- culent, spreading or ascending from a decumbent base, 3-18 dm. long ; leaves 2-4 dm. long, 8-15 mm. wide, scabrous above ; pan- icles 1.2-4 dm. long, diffuse ; spikelets short-pediceled, mostly secund toward the ends of the branchlets, 3 mm. long, acute ; first glume obtuse, second and sterile lemma pointed beyond the fruit. (P. proliferum Am. auth. not Lam.) Low waste flonSm! '" grounds and cultivated fields, Me. to Neb., and southw. July- Spikclet x 3. 9 ct * Slender, depauperate, erect or prostrate specimens occur in sterile ground. FIG. 60. * * # * VIRGATA. Stout simple mostly glabrous perennials, with long-pediceled spikelets and stout creeping rootstocks. 9. P. amarum Ell. Glaucous, caespitose in large bunches, 5-15 dm. high; leaves crowded at the base, involute, the uppermost exceeding the c panicle, which is 4-8 dm. long, the long slender branches erect; spikelets 4.5 mm. long; first glume |-| as long as the spikelet, second glume and sterile lemma pointed beyond the grayish fruit. Sandy seashores, Va., and southw. Aug., Sept. Foliage bitter. 10. P. amaroides Scribn. & Merr. Glaucous; culms 5-8 dm. high, scattered from a stout creeping rootstock ; leaves 1-3 dm. long, flat or somewhat iitroluti- ; panicle 1.5-4 dm. long, very narrow, the short branches appressed ; .s-/;//,-<7r/s r> mm. long; first glume f as long as the spikelet or more. (P. amarum. var. minor Vasey & Scribn.) Sandy seashores, Ct., and southw. Aug., Sept. 11. P. virgatum L. (SWITCH GRASS.) Tufted, from strong creeping root- stocks, 0.9-2 m. high, sometimes glaucous; leaves elongated, flat; panicles 1.5- 5 dm. long, nearly as wide, the branches ascending or spreading, naked at the base ; spikelets 4-4.5 mm. long ; the second ghnne and sterile lemma spreading and pointed, exceeding the fruit. Low open ground or salt marshes along the coast, also on prairies in the interior, Me. to Man., and southw. Very variable ; leaves sometimes pilose above near the base ; marsh plants often very luxuriant, with panicles 6 dm. or more long. FIG. (51 . Var. obtusum Wood. More slender, 1 m. high or less; leaves 6 |; ?' not overS mm. wide; panicle 1.5 dm. long or less, rather nar- row; spikelets 3 mm. long; the second glume and sterile lemma blunt a)id scarcely exceeding the fruit. (P. virgatum, var. breviramosum Nash.) Sand barrens, N. Y., N. J., and southw. ***** AGROSTOIDIA. Erect perennials; spikelets lanceolate, pointed, pcdiceled along the elongated main InDu'ln* ////<> i>iii<-l<' ; fruit elliptical, exceeded by the secouif glume / base, yl brim*. 12. P. longifblium Torr. Culms slender, 5-lodm. high ; ft-m-cx flat or invo- lute toward the ends, the uppermost often equaling the panicle, 3-5 nrn>. ?''/ ir<>rl; branches solitary or in 2's, remote, very slender, finally spreading, naked at the base ; ,sy*//,v/^x 2.8-3 mm. Inug ; first glume ' as long as the second which exceeds the sterile lemma. Moist sandy .L: round, (M. to I). ('.. and sontliw., mostly coastal. .July-Sept. I-".. P. agrostoides Spreim. r////,/.s 1-10 dm. high, ruttu > xtnut : sheaths loose ; Mode* 2-3.6 cm. long, flat, o.r.-i t -m. ?'-/Vr; panicle often purplish, oblong^ ovate, 1.5-3 dm. long, the stiff branches ascendini/. naked at the base, with I b- I par ** GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 105 divergent densely flowered branchlets mostly from the lower side; spikelets 2 mm. long, crowded; a few long hairs on the short pedicel ; second glume and sterile lemma subequal. Wet meadows and shores, Me. to Minn., and southw. Aug., Sept. FIG. 62. 14. P. stipitatum Nash. Similar to the preceding ; leaves and panicles commonly dark purple, the latter narrower and closer ; lateral panicles short-peduncled from the upper nodes ; spikelets narrower, more pointed, distinctly secund upon the branchlets; second glume longer than the sterile lemma; fruit 62 - P. agrostoides. stipitate ; no hairs at base of spikelets. Moist soil, N. J. to Spikeiet x 5. Ky., and southw. 15. P. condensum Nash. Culms stout, 0.8-1.3 m. high, sometimes geniculate below; leaves 2.5-5 dm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, flat or folded ; panicle 1-3 dm. long, narrowly oblong, the densely flowered branches erect or narrowly ascending, the lower ones naked at the base ; smaller long-peduncled panicles often produced from the upper nodes; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, rather turgid ; second glume and sterile lemma subequal, the points usually spreading at maturity. Borders of streams and wet places, Pa. (Porter) ; Alexandria Co., Va. ; S. C. and southw. -- Plants from stout scaly rootstocks, not conspicuously compressed at base. 16. P. anceps Michx. Erect or ascending, 6-12 dm. high ; sheaths subcom- pressed, glabrous or sparsely pilose ; blades 1.5-5 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, flat ; panicles 2-5 dm. long, very loose and open, the slender remote branches spread- ing ; small long-peduncled panicles produced from the upper nodes ; spikelets more or less secund, 3.5 mm. long; the acuminate second glume and sterile lemma curved at the apex, about % longer than the fruit which bears a minute tuft of hairs at the apex. (P. rostratum Muhl.) Moist sandy soil, R. I. to Kan., and southw. July-Sept. ****** DICHOTOMA. Perennials producing simple culms in the spring which later branch more or less profusely, this autumnal state often strikingly different in habit from the spring state ; winter rosettes of basal leaves per- sistent in spring and usually different in shape from culm-leaves; primary panicles produced in spring or early summer seldom perfecting seed, the secondary panicles smaller, often much reduced, the latest included in the sheaths, usually cleistogamous and fruitful ; the secondary leaves usually much reduced, often crowded by the dwarfing of the lateral internodes. 1. Depauperata. Culms tufted, slender, sparingly branching at the base, simple above ; leaves long-linear, scabrous above, the basal ones shorter but not forming a distinct flat rosette, in the autumn; the reduced secondary panicles, produced from short branches from the lowest nodes, more or less concealed in the leaves at the base; ligule a ring of hairs about 0.5 mm. long. 17. P. depauperatum Muhl. Erect or ascending, 2-4 dm. high ; nodes ascending-pubescent ; sheaths except the lowest shorter than the internodes, glabrous or pilose ; blades 6-15 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, often involute in dry- ing ; panicles not much exceeding the leaves, 4-8 cm. long, few-flowered, the ather strict remote branches ascending ; spikelets 3.2-3.8 mm. long, glabrous r sparsely pubescent, strongly nerved ; first glume \-\ the length of the spike- let, subacute ; second glume and sterile lemma acuminate, extending in a point beyond the fruit which is 2.3 mm. long. Sterile woods, Me. to Minn., and southw. 18. P. per!6ngum Nash. Similar to the preceding, more strict in habit, usually papillose-pilose ; blades averaging longer and narrower (sometimes 2.5 dm. long), pubescent on the lower surface; panicles smaller, narrow, the branches nearly erect; spikelets 2.7-3 mm. long, oval, blunt, sparingly pilose, strongly nerved ; first glume -1 the length of the spikelet ; second glume and sterile lemma equaling the fruit at maturity, obtuse; fruit 2.4 mm. long ; secondary "anicles usually more numerous than in the last, sometimes produced from the ond node. Prairies and dry soil, Mich, and S. Dak. to Tex. 106 GRAMINEAE ((JRASS FAMILY) 19. P. linearif&lium Scribn. Densely tufted, 2-4.5 dm. high ; culms very slender, erect, spreading or almost drooping at the summit; sheaths usually equaling or exceeding the internodes, sparsely to densely papillose-pilose ; blades 1-3.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, usually exceeding the panicle until maturity, often pubescent below ; panicles finally long-exserted, 5-10 cm. long, rather few- flowered, the remote flexuous branches spreading ; spikelets 2.4-2.7 mm. long, subacute, sparsely pilose ; first glume - the length of the spikelet, triangular- ovate ; second glume and sterile lemma equaling the fruit at maturity; fruit 2 mm. long. Woods, Me. to Md., w. to Mich, and Kan. 20. P. Werne'ri Scribn. Similar to the preceding ; in small tufts, glabrous except for a few long hairs at the nodes and base of blades; culms strict; leaves firmer, 1.5 dm, long or less, 3-6 mm. wide ; spikelets 2.2-2.3 mm. long, nearly or quite glabrous; secondary panicles usually wanting. Sterile woods and knolls, Me. to Ont., Pa., O., and Mo. In the field resembles P. depauperatum. -i- 2. Laxiflora. Plants in soft tufts, light green ; culms slender, simple or rarely branching from the lower nodes; basal leaves short, in a dense soft tuft, but not distinctly different from culm-leaves in shape ; spikelets obovaie, turgid. 21. P. xalape*nse HBK. Ascending or spreading, 1-4 dm. high ; culms lax, glabrous; nodes bearded; sheaths papillose-pilose with reflexed hairs; blade* mostly 8-12 cm. long, 7-11 mm. wide, sparingly pilose or nearly glabrous crccpf the ciliate margins; panicle finally exserted, 6-10 cm. long, lax, the capWr< mm. long; first glume obtuse, glabrous, J the length of the spikelet or less; second glume and sterile lemma obtuse, short-villous, equaling the fruit, which is minutely pubescent at the obscurely umbonate apex. Branch ing sfntc lean- ing, not prostrate ; leaves reduced, very narrow, flat, or involute on the margins only, LOW sandy woods, Del., Va., and south w. Variable in the amount of pubescence. 24. P. cpnsanguineum Kunth. In the simple state similar to the preceding but spreading or ascending, more softly and densely villous; <"//<* bei'nnc)iin an. long. ( /'. n'llnxiim Kll.) Low sandy woods, se. VS., and suiithw. 25. P. aciculare Desv. Ascending-pilose ; culms at first ascending or spread- GEAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 107 ing, 3-5 dm. high, Very slender; sheaths usually less than half as long as the internodes ; blades mostly spreading, flat or involute above, 4-8 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less, the lower wider ; panicle 3-5 cm. long, the flexuous branches spreading ; spikelets 2 mm. long ; first glume 1 the length of the spikelet, rounded ; second glume and sterile lemma densely pubescent, equaling the fruit which is minutely pubescent at the apex. In the branching state forming dense prostrate mats, with very numerous crowded short involute-setaceous often falcate leaves. (P. filirameum Ashe ; P. neuranlhum of Britton's Man., not Griseb.) Sandy soil, mostly near the coast, se. Va., and south w. 26. P. Bicknellii Nash. " Culms usually stiff, erect or ascending, 2-4 dm. high (rarely higher) ; nodes and lower part of the sheaths and margins sparsely hairy ; blades 7-14 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide (rarely wider), ciliate at the base, rather rigid, spreading, flat, the uppermost usually the longest ; panicles 5-8 cm. long, the stiff slender branches bearing -a, few long-pediceled spikelets ; these 2.5 mm long ; first glume loose, | the length of the spikelet ; second glume and sterile lemma sparsely pilose or rarely glabrous, equaling the fruit or very slightly exceeding it. Autumnal state ascending or erect, rather sparingly branching from the upper nodes with numerous long rather stiff leaves overtopping the reduced panicles of long-pediceled spikelets. (P. nemopanthum Ashe ; P. Bushii Nash.) Sterile open woods and hillsides, Ct. to N. C., and Mo. -- 4. Eudichdtoma. Culms solitary or in small tufts, slender, at first simple, with lanceolate leaves and open terminal panicles; later profusely branch- iny, often leaning or decumbent ; basal leaves short, forming flat rosettes in the autumn; ligule a ring of hairs less than 0.5 mm. long,' spikelets elliptical-oblong, not turgid; second glume and sterile lemma 1-nerved. M- Spikelets glabrous. 27. P. dich6tomum L. Glabrous, often purplish ; culms 3-5 dm. high, erect from short knotted rootstocks ; sheaths less than half the length of the inter- nodes, rarely ciliate on the margins; blades spreading, 5-11 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide ; panicle 4-9 cm. long, the flexuous /M\ branches spreading, spikelet-bearing toward the ends; spike- t[ ( Y/| lets 2 mm. long, rather faintly nerved ; the second glume lyj/ shorter than the fruit, exposing its summit at maturity. 'w Branching state erect, bushy-branched at the top, like a little tree; Vhe leaves crowded and spreading, more or less involute. 63. P. dichotomum. - Woods, Me. to Mich., Fla., and Tex. Spikelets or lower Spikelet x 5. sheaths rarely minutely pubescent. FIG. 63. 28. P. barbulatum Michx. In the simple state resembling large speci- mens of the preceding, in larger tufts ; culms sometimes 8 dm. high ; lower nodes often sparsely bearded ; sheaths usually with a puberulent ring at the summit ; blades 6-10 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide ; panicles 6-11 cm. long, as wide or wider, the lower branches drooping at maturity, spikelet-bearing at the ends ; spikelets 2 mm. long ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, covering the fruit at maturity. Autumnal state diffusely branched, forming very large top-heavy reclining bunches, the slender branches recurved. llocky woods and hillsides, Ct. to Mich., Mo., and southw. 29. P. yadkinense Ashe. Similar to P. dichotomum; culms taller (some- times 1 m. high) and stronger; sheaths usualhj bearing pale glandular spots; blades 9-13 cm. long, 8-11 mm. wide; the basal and rameal leaves correspond- ingly larger than those of P. dichotomum ; panicle about 10-12 cm. long, the slender branches rather strict ; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, acute; second glume and sterile lemma equal, exceeding the fruit, forming a slight beak beyond it. Au- tumnal state leaning, not profusely branched. Moist woods and thickets, Pa. and D. C. to Ga. ; and 111. 30. P. lucidum Ashe. At first resembling P. dichotomum, but bright green, shining, and with erect leaves; the weak culms soon becoming decumbent, sometimes rooting at the nodes ; sheaths usually ciliate on the margin ; blades 4-7 cm. long, spreading in the decumbent state ; panicle fewer-flowered ; spikelets 2 mm. long; nerves more prominent than in P. dichotomum; second glume and 108 (ii;AMiNi-;.\i-: (<;I;ASS FAMILY) sterile lemma both shorter than tin fruit. In litc culmxnn-li, N i-lnnijntnl >ind diverging at a wide angle, not fascicled; the waxy flat leaves 2-4 cm. long. Wet woods and sphagnum swamps, N. J., D. C., and southw. 31. P. microcarpon Muhl. Culms at first erect, in large clumps ; nod,--* swollen, densely bearded with rcflexed hairs ; sheaths less than half as long as the iriternodes, ciliate on the margin, the lower sometimes pilose ; blades 10-12 cm. long, JO-12 mm. wide, thin, spreading or deflexed, ciliate at base, otherwise glabrous ; basal leaves shorter and broader ; panicles long-exserted, 10-12 cm. long, branches ascending, with numerous spikelets 1.6 mm. long ; woml glume slightly longer than the fruit. Becoming diffusely branched, reclining or pros- trate, with densely crowded small flat leaves and numerous very small panicles. (Muhl. in Ell., not Muhl. Gram., which is P. polyanthes SchultesjP. iKiriinlntnm Am. auth., not Michx.) Wet woods and swampy places, Mass, to 111., s. to Fla. and Tex. Spikelets rarely sparsely pubescent. - *- Spikelets pubescent. 32. P. boreale Nash. Culms 3-5 dm. high, slender, erect, or in weak forms geniculate at base ; nodes sometimes with a few hairs ; sheaths often overlapping, ciliate on the margin, glabrous, or the lower sparsely pubescent ; blades 6-12 cm. long, 7-12 mm. wide, erect, sparingly ciliate toward the rounded base, other- wise glabrous (rarely puberulent beneath) ; panicle 5-10 cm. long, hardly as wide, loosely flowered, the slender branches ascending or spreading ; spikelets 2.2 mm. long, obtuse; first glume \ as long as the subequal second glume and sterile lemma, which are as long as the fruit. Sparingly branched from nil the nodes in late summer; leaves and panicles not greatly reduced. Moist open ground or woods, Nfd. to Ont., s. to N. E., N. Y., n. Ind., and Minn. 33. P. mattamuskeetense Ashe. Often purplish ; culms 0.4-1 in. high, erect or geniculate at base, glabrous ; nodes puberulent ; sheaths loose, short, upper glabrous except on the margin and sometimes the summit, lower usually softly pilose ; blades 6-9 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide (upper and lower smaller), spread- ing, often reflexed, glabrous; panicle 6-10 cm. long, the flexuous brain-In* spreading, spikelet-bearing almost to the base; spikelets 2.3 mm. long; second glume and sterile lemma subequal, both shorter than the subacute fruit. Remaining erect, branching from the middle nodes in late summer, the brunches rather appressed ; rameal leaves stiffly ascending. (P. Clutei Nash.) Sandy borders of cranberry bogs and swamps, Mass., N. J., and southw. 34. P. annulum Ashe. Purplish ; culms erect, 5-7 dm. high, in small clumps ; nodes densely bearded ; sheaths glabrous or the lower softly pubescent ; bltuli-s 6-12 cm. long, 7-13 mm. wide, spreading, velvety-pubescent on both surfix > >-, margins ciliate toward the base ; panicles 5-9 dm. long, open ; spikeh-ts '2 mm, long ; second glume slightly shorter than the fruit. Erect and sparingly !>/> tlmn half as wide, rather denx<, ///< ftt*<-irl,'r "i>i>ri'.wdi short spikelet-bearing brandies at the base of the fascicles; spikelets 1.6-1.6 mm. // < ./vr* ,//,/ tnfhd branches shorter than tin- elongated j>rim sometimes minutely pubescent on the lower surface. (P. nitidum of recent auth., not Lam. P. Eatoni Nash ; P. paucipilum Nash.) Moist, usually sandy soil, Me., and southw. near the coast ; and in Ind. near L. Michigan. FIG. 64. 36. P. Lindheimeri Nash. Culms stiffly ascending or spreading, 5-10 dm. long, glabrous or pubescent below ; nodes swollen ; sheaths less than half as long as the elongated internodes, ciliate on the margin, otherwise glabrous, or the lowermost pubescent ; ligule 4-5 mm. long ; blades 5-8 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, ascending, often reflexed when old, with a few hairs on the margins at base, glabrous on both surfaces, or minutely puberulent below ; panicle 4-7 cm. Inur/, nearly as wide, branches ascending or spreading, loosely flowered; spike- lets 1.5 mm. long, obovate, obtuse ; second glume shorter than the fruit. Culms elongated and radiating-prostrate in the autumn, earlier branches long, the later ones' in short tufts, all appressed ; leaves much reduced, involute-pointed; the hairs at base often conspicuous. Sandy woods and open ground, Ct. to Fla., w. to 111. and Cal. 37. P. Ieuc6thrix Nash. Light olive green, or often purplish ; culms 2.5-4.5 dm. high, erect, appressed-papillose, the hairs on the sheaths more spreading ; ligule 3 mm. long ; blades ascending, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, papillose- ciliate at the rounded base, velvety beneath,' panicle 3-5 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, rather densely flowered, axis appressed-pubescent, with tufts of long hairs in the axils of the ascending branches ; spikelets 1.2 mm. long, obovate-elliptic, densely papillose-pubescent ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, barely cov- ering the obscurely pointed fruit. Branching state erect or nearly so, branches mostly from the lower nodes, not in fascicles ; leaves and panicles not greatly reduced. Low sandy ground, mostly pine land, s. N. J., and southw. 6. Lanuginosa. Plants pilose at least on culms and sheaths; ligule 2-5 mm. long (rarely less) ; spikelets pubescent. (P. pubescens Am. authors, not Lam.) 38. P. huachucae Ashe. Plants typically stiff, with copoius spreading papil- lose pubescence, harsh to the touch, commonly olivaceous, often purplish ; culms 2-6 dm. high, erect or nearly so ; nodes bearded with spreading hairs ; blades firm, erect or ascending, 4-8 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, veins inconspicuous, upper surface copiously short-pilose especially toward the base, lower surface densely pubescent; ligule 3-4 mm. long; panicle 4-6 cm. long, nearly as wide, rather densely flowered, the axis and often the branches pilose ; the flexuous fascicled branches ascending or spreading, short spikelet-bearing branchlets at the base of the fascicles ; spikelets 1.6-1.7 mm. long, obovate, obtuse, turgid; first glume i- as long as the spikelet ; second glume and sterile lemma papillose-pilose, subequal, slightly shorter than the obscurely apiculate fruit. Stiffly ascending or spreading in the autumnal state; culms and sheaths sometimes papillose only, the branches fascicled, the reduced crowded leaves ascending. (P. un- ciphyllum of recent Am. auth., not Trin.) Prairies and open ground, Me. to Minn., and south westw. A variable species, apparently intergrading with the following and with P. implication. Var. silvicola Hitchc. & Chase. Taller and more slender, brighter green, less densely pubescent ; blades thin, lax, and spreading, 5-10 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, upper surface less densely pilose, lower surface appressed-pubescent, with a satiny luster; panicle 5-8 (rarely 10) cm. long, the branches more spreading ; spikelets the same length but elliptical and less turgid, with shorter pubescence. More or less decumbent in the autumnal state, the numerous fascicled branches shorter than the primary internodes, at least late in the season, the reduced spreading leaves sometimes nearly glabrous above except for a few long hairs .ear the base. (P. lanuginosum as described by Scribner & Merrill, not 11.) Woods and clearings, range of the typical form, but more common southw. 39. P. implicatum Scribn. Erect, 2-5.5 dm. high ; slender culms and sheaths papillose-pilose ; ligule 4-5 mm. long ; blades 3-6 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, rather lirm, erect or ascending ; upper surface pilose with erect hairs 3-4 mm. long ; lower surface appressed-pubescent ; panicle 3-5 cm. long, nearly as wide, 110 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) - the axis long-pilose, the very flexuous branches often tangled, the lower usually drooping; spikelets 1.5 mm. long, obovate, obtuse, papillose-pilose ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, as long as the fruit. In late summer ascending or spreading with fascicled branches from the lower nodes, the crowded reduced leaves pilose as in the simple state. Wet meadows, bogs, and wooded swamps, N. B. to Minn., s. to D. C. 40. P. meridionile Ashe. Differs from the preceding as follows : more slender, not over 4 dm. high ; upper internodes and sheaths minutely appreswd- pubescent only ; panicles not over 4 cm. long, axis nearly glabrous; branches ascending or spreading ; spikelets 1.3-1.4 mm. long. The slender culms becom- ing geniculate-decumbent, with slender fascicled branches at all the nodes ; leaves not greatly reduced. (P. filiculme Ashe, not Hack.) Sandy or sterile woods or clearings, Ct. to'Ind., N. C., and Ga. 41. P. oricola Hitchc. & Chase. Grayish or purplish, densely tufted, spreading, early branching and prostrate, forming dense mats; culms 1-3 dm. long, appressed- or ascending-pilose, the hairs on the nodes spreading; sheaths rather loose, appressed-pilose ; ligule 1-1.5 mm. long ; blades 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, firm, erect or ascending ; upper surface covered with hairs 3-5 mm. long, becom- ing sparse on the later leaves; lower surface appressed-pubescent. a few long hairs intermixed ; panicles short-exserted, 1.8-3 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; spike- lets 1.5 mm. long, rounded-obovoid, very turgid, pubescent with short spreading hairs ; first glume abruptly pointed, %-\ as long as the equal second glume and sterile lemma, which are barely as long as the fruit. Leaves and panicles not greatly reduced in the branching state. Sands along the coast, Mass, to Va. Most readily distinguished by prostrate and early branching habit, and small panicles of rounded spikelets, large in proportion to the panicle. 42. P. subvillbsum Ashe. Slender, 1-3.5 dm. high, leafy at the base, vide/}/ spreading ; culms and sheaths sparsely ascending-pilose ; nodes short-bearded, a glabrous ring below; ligule 1 mm. long, with a ring of hairs 3-4 mm. long clove it; blades firm, ascending, 4-6 cm. long, 4-'> mm. wide ; both surfaces pilnw, the hairs on the upper 3-5 mm. long ; panicle long-exserted, 3-5 cm. long, rather narrow, the lower branches ascending or oppressed, rather densely flowered, axis pubescent or pilose ; spikelets 1.9 mm. long, obtuse, turgid; first glume about \ as long as the spikelet, acuminate ; second glume and sterile lemma sub- equal, the glume slightly shorter than the fruit. Widely spreading and branched from the lower nodes in autumn ; leaves and panicles not greatly reduced ; leaves less pilose than the earlier ones. (P. unciphyllum, forma pilosum Scribn. & Merr., not P. pilosum Sw.) Dry woods and sandy ground, Me. to Minn. ; and in n. Ind. 43. P. tennesseSnse Ashe. Bright green, often purplish ; culms 2.5-6 dm. high, slender, stiffly spreading ; internodes and sheaths papillose-pilose with spreading hairs, or the upper sometimes nearly glabrous ; blades firm, ascending or suberect, 0-9 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide (upper much smaller), with a thin white cnrti- /'ii/fnous margin, often sparsely ciliate at base ; veins conspicuous ; upper surface glabrous or with a few long hairs at the base, appressed-pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath; ligule dense, 4-5 mm. long ; panicle purplish, 4-7 cm. long, nearly as wide, rather densely flowered, the lower branches amending ; spikelets l.fi-1.7 mm. long, obtuse, turgid; first glume about \ as long as the spikelet, glabrous ; second glume shorter than the fruit at maturity. An!// mini! xttttc n-iJi !>/ sjiri'iiilini/ nr ilrrtiinfii'itf '/ml a- nh numerous fascicled branches as long as or longer tlnni the primary internodes ; leaves much reduced, usually eiliate at base. Open rather moist ground and wood-borders, Me. to Mich., s. to N. C. and Tex. 44. P. lanuginbsum Ell. Grayish olive-green, velvety-villous all over ; culms 1 <>dm. hiirli, slender, spreading; leaves 5-10 cm. long (uppermost much smaller), tliiekish but not stiff, margins sometimes papillose-ciliate. long soft hairs inter- mixed with the velvety pubescence' oil the upper surface ; liguli' -5-4 mm. hnnj ; jmiiii'lf .",-11 cm. long, about as wide, loosely flowered, the filiform branehes finally wide-spreading; spikelets 1.8 mm. long, obovate-elliptie, obtuse, villous with soft spreading hairs ; first irlnme \ as long as the spikelet ; seeond jjume and sterile lemma equal, slightly shorter than the subacute fruit. Decumbent aud GEAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 111 repeated!;/ branching in the autumn, branches much exceeding the internodes; leaves much reduced, usually ciliate. Moist sandy woods, mostly near the coast, N. J. to Fla. and La. Resembling P. scoparium in color and pubescence, but smaller and much more slender. 45. P. auburne Ashe. Similar to the preceding but smaller in all its parts, early becoming diffusely branched and decumbent; upper surface of the blades with copious long silky hairs intermixed with the velvety pubescence ; primary panicle short-exserted, 3-4 cm. long, about as wide, axis velvety with long silky hairs intermixed, branches spreading ; spikelets 1.3-1.4 mm. long, obovate, very turgid, densely papillose-pubescent ; first glume -i-i as long as the spikelet, second glume and sterile lemma equal, covering the fruit. Sandy pine and oak woods on the coastal plain. N. J. to Fla. 46. P. praecbcius Hitchc. & Chase. Culms very slender, wiry, early branch- ing, 1.5-4 dm. high, soon becoming geniculate and somewhat spreading, copi- ously pilose with weak spreading hairs 34 mm. long, as are the sheaths, which are much shorter than the long internodes ; ligule 3-4 mm. long ; blades rather firm, 5-8 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, those of the branches as large as the primary blades, often involute toward the end, long-pilose on both sides; the hairs on the upper surface erect, 4-5 mm. long ; primary panicle 4-6 cm. long, nearly as wide, loosely flowered, axis pilose, branches spreading or ascending; secondary pani- cles numerous, appearing before the maturity of the primary one; spikelets 1.8-1.9 mm. long, obovate. turgid, long-pilose with weak spreading hairs ; first glume ^-| as long as the spikelet ; second glume and sterile lemma subequal, the glume slightly shorter than the fruit. Dry prairies and clearings, Mich, and 111. to Okla. and Tex. Scarcely has a simple state, branches appearing often before the primary panicle is expanded. 47. P. scoparioides Ashe. Culms erect, papillose-hispid, a glabrous or papillose ring below the bearded nodes; lower sheaths distant, the upper some- times overlapping on the shortened internodes, papillose-hispid (rarely nearly- glabrous) ; ligule 2-3 mm. long ; blades firm, ascending or spreading, 7-10 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide, papillose-pubescent beneath, sparsely hispid above ; panicle pale, rather densely flowered, sometimes included at the base, 4-7 cm. long, about | as wide ; branches ascending or spreading ; spikelets 2.2-2.3 mm. long, obovate. obtuse, papillose-pubescent, strongly nerved ; first glume about ^ as long as the spikelet, second barely as long as the fruit. Autumnal state with short branches at the middle and upper nodes, the reduced blades involute-pointed, much exceeding the panicles. Dry gravelly or serpentine soil, Ct. to Del. ; apparently rare. 48. P. villosissimum Nash. Olive-green ; culms 2.5-4.5 dm. high, erect or ascending, slender, villous with spreading hairs 3 mm. long, as are the sheaths ; ligule 4-5 mm. long; blades rather firm, especially those of the branches, as- cending, 6-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, often subinvolute toward the end, pilose on both surfaces, hairs of the upper surface appressed, long and less copious; primary panicles often equaled by the uppermost leaf, 4-8 cm. long, about as wide, loosely flowered ; spikelets 2.2-2.5 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, papil- lose-pubescent ; first glume %- \ as long as the subequal second glume and sterile lemma which are scarcely as long as the subacute fruit. Culms in autumnal state widely spreading, often with geniculate nodes and arched internodes ; late in the season prostrate, leaves of the fascicled branches appressed, the clump having a fiat combed-out appearance, a character conspicuous in the field but less so in the herbarium ; blades not much reduced. (P. atlanticum Nash ; P. haemacarpon Ashe ; P. xanthospermum Scribn. & Mohr.) Sandy or sterile soil, open woods and hillsides, Mass, to Minn., s. to Fla. ; common. 49. P. ovale Ell. Light olive-green ; culms 2-4 dm. high, erect or ascending, rather stout, villous with ascending or appressed long silky hairs ; nodes densely bearded with spreading hairs; sheaths nearly as long as the internodes, the upper sometimes overlapping, villous like the culm, or upper rarely nearly gla- brous ; ligule 2 mm. long ; blades 6-10 cm. long, 5-9 mm. wide, firm, ascending, rounded at base, more or less appressed-pilose toward the margins and base above, appressed-pubescent below; panicle usually short-exserted, 5-8 cm. long, 112 (iKAMlNHAK (CHASS FAMILY) 3-6 cm. wide, rather loosely flowered, branches somewhat contracted after flowering ; spikelcts 2.7-2.9 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, villous with silky hairs ; first glume 3-nerved, \-\ as long as the equal second glume and sterile emma which barely cover the obtuse fruit. In late summer the stiff ascending or erect culms bear numerous short crowded branches with firm sometimes nearly glabrous blades, but little reduced. (P. ovale Ell. as to specimen so labeled in Elliott herbarium and of description in part. The author confused a puberulent narrow-leaved P. commutatum with this species, and his description is made to cover both. Not P. ovale of Small's Fl.) Dry sand, N. J. to Fla. ; and about L. Mich, in Mich, and Ind. -- 7. Columbiana. Culms rather stiff, appressed-pubescent at least below; blades jinn, thick, ascending, cartilaginous-margined, appressed-pitberulent on lower surface, usually glabrous on upper surface; sheaths ai>j>r<'**i' em. long, somewhat narrower, branches ascending or spreading; *t>ik^l>-ts 1.7 nun. long ; first glume \-\ as long as the spikelet; second -liune and sterile lemma equaling the fruit. Widely spreading but not tlccnini><-ut in (! <'/if, forming //>"// leaves (1-2 cm. long} with scattered long h-, usually narrower; ligule from nearly obsolete to 3 mm. long ; s/n'kelets ob- ovate, turgid, usually papillose-hispid, 3-4 mm. long. 02. P. oligosanthes Schnltes. In small tufts ; culms 3-8 dm. high, often pur- plish. ai>/n'essed-])iibesc(>nt below ; sheaths rather loose, ascending-ptpillose-pubcs- cenf ligule 1-2 mm. long, with long hairs intermixed ; blades stitrly spreading or Upending, <-10 cm. long, 5-8 (rarely 10) mm. wide, sharply acuminate, glabrous on the upper, harshly puberulent on the lower surface ; panicles 6-10 em. long, nearly as wide, loosely flowered, branches ascending; spikelets 3 .5-4 mm. long, narrmrhf obovate, subacute, sparsely pubescent; first glume less than ^ the length of the second glume, which is shorter than the fruit. In the autum- nal state somewhat spreading, branching sparingly from the lower nodes, ami : GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 115 profusely from the upper, the short branches aggregated at the summit; the crowded leaves widely spreading. (P. pauciflorum Ell., not K. Br.) Sandy soil, Del. to D. C., and southw. ; and in n. Ind., near L. Michigan. 63. P. Scribnerianum Nash. Similar to the preceding, usually in larger clumps; culms not so tall, usually less pubescent; sheaths papillose-hispid or sometimes nearly glabrous ; ligule about 1 mm. long ; blades ascending or erect, averaging wider (6-10 mm'., rarely wider), usually ciliate toward the subcordate base ; panicle short-exserted, 4-7 rarely 9 cm. long, about as wide ; spikelets 3.2-3.3 mm. long, very turgid, obtuse, sparsely pubescent or nearly glabrous ; second glume slightly shorter than the minutely apiculate fruit. Branch- ing late, mostly from the lower nodes, forming short tufts. (P. scoparium Wats. & Coult., not Lam.) Sandy soil or dry prairies, Me. to Ont., and westw. to the Pacific, s. to Va. and G6> p - Scribneri- Tex. FIG. 66. wram. 8pik- 64. P. Leibergii (Vasey) Scribn. Culms 3-8 dm. high, scabrous, at least below the nodes; sheaths strongly papillose-hispid, with spread- ing hairs; ligule very minute ; blades ascending, 8-15 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, papillose-hispid on both surfaces, often sparsely so above ; panicle 8-15 cm. long, less than \ as wide, the branches narrowly ascending ; spikelets 4 mm. long, less turgid than in the last, papillose-hispid with long spreading hairs ; first glume over I as long as the spikelet, acuminate, second equaling the fruit. Sparingly branched from the lower nodes in late summer, the branches mostly simple, rect ; blades not much reduced. Prairies, 0. and Mich, to S. Dak. and Mo. 65. P. Ravenelii Scribn. & Merr. Erect or ascending ; culms 3-6 dm. high, 'ensely papillose-pubescent with ascending hairs; nodes short-bearded; sheaths distant below, the upper overlapping, pubescent like the culm ; ligule 3-4 mm. long; blades thick, ascending, 8-15 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, rarely wider, ciliate nearly to the apex, densely pubescent beneath, glabrous above ; panicle short-exserted t)r included at base, 7-10 cm. long, about as wide, branches finally spreading ; spikelets 4 mm. long, broadly obovate, very turgid, sparsely pubes- cent ; first glume about ^ as long as the spikelet, second glume slightly shorter than the fruit. Autumnal state more or less spreading, bushy-branched above ; the crowded leaves ascending. Sandy or gravelly soil, Md. and D. C., southw. 66. P. xanthophysum Gray. Yellowish green ; culms ascending, in small tufts, 2-6 dm. high, scabrous; sheaths loose, at least the lower overlapping, sparsely papillose-pilose, bearded at the summit ; ligule minute ; blades erect or nearly so, rather thin, strongly nerved, 1-1.5 dm. long, 1-1.8 cm. wide, narrowed to the rounded ciliate base, otherwise glabrous; panicle finally long-exserted, 0.5-1.2 dm. long, very narrow, few-flowered, the branches erect; spikelets 4 mm. long, broadly obovate, very turgid, pubescent, rarely glabrous ; first glume nearly \ as long as the spikelet, pointed, second scarcely covering the fruit. Branching in midsummer from the second and third nodes, branches erect, mostly simple ; the large erect leaves making the plant appear very leafy in the middle. Dry soil, Me. to Man., and Pa. 67. P. Wilcoxianum Vasey. Culms erect, 1-2 dm. high, copiously papillose- pilose as are the usually overlapping sheaths (rarely nearly glabrous) ; ligule about 1 mm. long; blades erect, 5-6.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, densely long- pilose on both surfaces ; panicle finally exserted, 2-1 cm. long, about half as wide, rather densely flowered, branches ascending; spikelets 2.7-3 mm. long, oblong-obovate, pubescent ; first glume about ^ as long as the spikelet, second hardly covering the fruit. Autumnal state branching from all the nodes, form- [5 bushy tufts with rigid erect leaves much overtopping the reduced panicles. airies, la. to S. Dak. and Kan. 13. Scoparia. Culms tall and stout, finally wide-spreading ; blades flat, elongated, not over 1.5 cm. wide; ligule short; spikelets abruptly pointed, strongly 1-9-nerved. 68. P. scoparium Lam. Grayish olive-green, velvety-pubescent all over except noted; culms 8-13 dm. high, erect or ascending, often geniculate at base, 11U <;I:AMINI-;AE (GRASS FAMILY) nodes bearded with reflexed hairs, a glabrous viscid ring below ; sheaths about \ as long as the internodes, the velvety pubescence wanting on the back tim-m-d the summit, the naked surface viscid when fresh; ligule 1 nun. long; blades rather thick, spreading, often reflexed in age, 1.2-2 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, uppermost reduced ; panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, nearly as wide, many-flowered ; axis, branches and pedicels with viscid blotches ; branches spreading or ascend- ing, spikelet-bearing to the base ; spikelets 2.6 mm. long, obovate. turf/lit, />/>/l- lose-pubescent ; second glume shorter than the apiculate fruit, Culms leaning or spreading in the autumnal state, repeatedly branching from the middle nodes, the fascicles of branches usually fan-shaped and shorter than the very long internodes, or elongated and scorpioid ; sheaths swollen above, constricted at the throat. Wet ground, N. J. to I. T., and southw. 69. P. scabriiisculum Ell. Culms 1-2 m. high, roughened at least below the nodes, often puberulent ; sheaths loose, constricted and bearded at the throat, densely papillose-hispid to nearly glabrous, often spotted ; ligule minute, mem- branaceous, usually a ring of hairs above it ; blades stiffly ascending or spreading, often reflexed, 1.5-2.'5 dm. long, 9-12 (rarely 15) mm. wide, uxnnily ImrxJt- pubescent beneath and glabrous above; panicle 1.2-2.5 dm. long, about I us wide, rather densely flowered, the lower branches ascending, axis, branches <- lets 3-4 mm. long, pubescent, strongly nerved. 71. P. clandestinum L. Usually in very large clumps, 5-12 dm. high ; ml ma. nodes and sheaths strongly papillose-hispid, or the upper nearly glabrous ; blades ascending, 1-2 dm. long, 1.8-2.5 crn. wide, scabrous toward the ends ; panicle exerted, 1-1.5 dm. long, about as wide, rather densely flowered, the fascicled branches ascending ; spikelets 3 mm. long, elliptic, second glume shorter than the subacute fruit. Autumnal state with appressed branches with shortened internodes, the overlapping sheaths usually more strongly papillose-hispid than the earlier ones, the later branch- 67 P Hmdcstimim ^ s verv s h rt i the leaves crowded at the summit, the panicles Closed -nn'l <>pcn ent i re ly inclosed in the sheaths. (P. (l<'<-nlnr//// ts 4-4.5 mm. long, obovate ; first glume ^-\ as long as the spikelet, second glume gUll GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 11*7 and sterile lemma scarcely equaling the fruit which is minutely pubescent at the apiculate tip. More or less spreading in the autumnal state, branching from the middle nodes, the upper leaves of the branches crowded and spreading. (P. latifolium Am. auth., not L.) Woods, Me. to Minn., and southw. Var. m611e (Vasey) Hitchc. & Chase. Usually not so tall, downy-pubescent throughout. (P. latifolium, var. Vasey; P. pubifolium Nash.) Commoner southw. 73. P. latifblium L. Like P. Boscii, but usually taller ; culms and sheaths (except the ciliate margin and pubescent ring at the summit of the sheaths) glabrous or rarely pubescent below, nodes glabrous; blades commonly 1.5dm. long, 3 cm. wide, sometimes wider, ciliate toward the very broad base, otherwise glabrous, rarely minutely pubescent ;. panicle 8-15 cm. long, the long few-flowered Branches ascending ; spikelets 3.5-3.8 mm. long, obovate-elliptic, the apiculate p of the fruit usually glabrous. Autumnal state as in P. Boscii. (P. macro- *pon Le Conte.) Rocky woods and sand dunes, Me. to Wise., and southw. HIANS (Ell.) Nash, a lax perennial with narrow flat leaves and terminal panicles with spreading branches naked at base, and crowded spikelets, the palea of the sterile lemma subindurated, enlarged and forcing the spikelet n, has been collected in se. Mo. (Bush) ; common in the South. 12. SACCI6LEPIS Nash. Second glume gibbous at the base, 11-nerved, equal to the 3-5-nerved sterile lemma (which incloses a large palea and often a staminate flower), about twice as long as the slightly stipitate fruit ; lemma thinner at the apex, the palea free at the tip ; spikelets otherwise as in Panicum. Semi-aquatic perennials with nar- row spike-like panicles. (Name from dense racemes (1-6 cm. long) rather distant and racemose along tlic .>'. //////< as long as the second which equals the sterile lemma and slightly exceeds the abruptly apiculate obscurely transverse- rugose fertile lemma. Near dwellings, widely distributed in eastern U. S. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 70. 4. S. vfuiDis (L.) Beauv. (GREEN F., BOTTLE GRASS.) ;. s. verticil- Annual, tufted; culms 2-9 cm. high; leaves 0.5-2.5 dm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins; panicles rather thick, Ietx4. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 119 rhachis villous ; bristles slender, upwardly barbed, usually 7-12 mm. long" spikelets 2 ram. long ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, covering the obtuse striate faintly wrinkled fertile lemma. Cultivated grounds and waste places, throughout. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 71. Var. HRE- VISETA (Doll) Hitchc. Bristles scarcely longer than the spikelets. Sterile soil, n. Me. and adjacent Que. 5. S. ITALICA (L.) Beauv. Annual ; panicle compound, inter- rupted at base, thick, nodding, 8-20 cm. long, but in escaped speci- mens smaller, yellowish or purplish ; bristles 2 or 3 in a cluster, longer than the spikelets. Cultivated under the name of MILLET, GERMAN MILLET, or HUNGARIAN GRASS, and rarely spontaneous, as is also Var. GERMANICA (Mill.) Richter, GOLDEN- WONDER MILLET, which is more slender and has bristles shorter than tho spikelets. Bi,lkeletx4 (In trod, from Eu.) 6. S. magna Griseb. Probably perennial; culm stout, erect, 1-3 m. high; sheaths loose, spreading, compressed, margins densely ciliate near the summit ; blades 3-(> dm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, attenuate, scabrous ; panicles usually inter- rupted below, 2-5 cm. thick, tapering to both ends ; rhachis densely pilose ; bristles 8-11 mm. long, upwardly scabrous; spikelets 2 mm. long; first glume broad, about i as long as the second, which equals the sterile lemma and with it covers the acute apiculate smooth and shining (not striate nor rugose} fertile lemma. Low grounds and marshes, Del., Va. , and south w. (Trop. Am.) 15. CENCHRUS L. SANDBUR. BUR GRASS Spikelets 1 -flowered, acuminate, 2-6 together, subtended by a short-pediceled ovoid or globular involucre of rigid connate spines which is deciduous with them at maturity ; glumes shorter than the lemmas ; sterile lemma with a hyaline palea, fertile lemma and palea less indurated than in Panicum, falcate-acuminate, the lemma not inrolled at the margins. Our species annual, with simple racemes of spiny burs terminating the culm and branches. (An ancient Greek name of Setaria italica.) 1. C. carolinianus Walt. Culms flattened, much branched, ascending or spreading, 3-8 dm. long ; leaves flat ; racemes of 8-20 involucres, about 8 mm. thick, the 6-8 pubescent divisions spine-pointed, spines spreading or reflexed ; spikelets 2-3. ( C. tribuloides Am. auth., not L.) Sandy soil, on river banks, etc., s. Me. to Fla., and westw. across the continent. Aug. (Trop. regions.) FIG. 72. 2. C. tribuloides L. Culms more robust, often 72 C caroliniamis x 1% extensively branching or trailing, 3-9 dm. long; Closed involucre, at left. Longi- sheaths loose, usually hirsute along the margins, tudinal section of same, at right. Ijgule conspicuously ciliate ; blades more or less Open spikelet, in middle. involute ; racemes usually included at the base ; involucres 12-14 mm. thick, densely long-pubescent ; the stout spines spreading or ascending. (C. macrocephalus Scribn.) Sands ong the coast, N. J. and south w. 16. ZIZANIA [Gronov.] L. WATER or INDIAN RICE Spikelets unisexual, 1-flowered, the pistillate linear, awned, articulated and "ily deciduous on club-shaped pedicels on the appressed upper branches, the staminate lanceolate, early deciduous, on the expanded lower branches of the same panicle; glumes none in the pistillate spikelet; lemma closely clasp- ing the palea by a pair of strong lateral nerves, a long hispid awn from the sum- mit ; first glume of staminate spikelet 5-, the second 3-nerved ; stamens 6 ; grain cylindrical, l.">-2 cm. long, closely enveloped in the membranaceous lemma and 3-nerved palea. A tall aquatic grass with long leaves and large terminal pani- cles. (Adapted from fifdviov, the ancient name of some wild grain.) 120 (iKAMINKAH ((iUASS FAMILY) 1. Z. paliistris L. (INDIAN RICE, WATER OATS.) Annual; culmfc 2-3 m. high ; leaves flat, 5-10 dm. long, 1.5-4c in. wide. (Z. aquatica of auih. not L.) v Swampy borders of streams and in shallow water ; common, especially northwestw. July, Aug. (Asia.) Fi<;. 7-'!. 2. Z. aquatica L. Culms about 1 in. high ; leaves nar- rower (less than 1 cm. wide) ; pistillate portion of panicle more appressed. Me. to Minn., and northw. 17. ZIZANI6PSIS Doll & Asch. Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate above, the stain inate below on each branch- of the panicle, much alike in appearance, laterally compressed ; glumes subequal, membranaceous, the first glume of the pistillate spikelet with a short terminal awn, the lemma acute, palea none ; glumes and lemma of staminate spikelet acute, nerveless, palea none ; stamens <> ; grain ovoid, with a chartaceous easily separable pericarp, loosely inclosed in the glumes. A tall aquatic grass with long leaves and long narrow terminal panicles. (Name from Zizania and fli/as, appearance, from likeness to the preceding genus.) 1. Z. miliacea (Michx.) Doll & Asch. Perennial by a creeping rootstock ; culms 1-4 m. high, geniculate at the lower nodes; leaves flat, 3-10 dm. long, 1-3 cm. wide. (Zizania Michx.) Swamps, Va., O., and south w. May. 73. Z. aquatica x 1 cf spikelet. 9 spikelet. Pistil with scales. 18. LEERSIA Sw. CUT-GRASS. WHITE GRASS the open fruitful panicles glumes Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened laterally, perfect, but those in usually sterile, those inclosed in the sheaths cleistogamous and none, lemma boat-shaped, somewhat indurated, awnless, clasping the palea by a pair of strong marginal nerves ; palea of like texture, much narrower, 1-nerved ; stamens 1-6. Perennials of moist ground, with rough leaves and short racemes of imbricated spikelets arranged in open panicles. (Named after Johann Daniel Leers, a German botanist of the 18th century.) HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg. * Spikelets narrowly oblong, rather loosely crowded. 1. L. virginica Willd. (WHITE GRASS.) Culms weak, branched, ascending, with clustered scaly rootstocks ; panicle simple, the slender branches stiffly spread- ing ; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, closely ap- pressed ; lemma hispid on the keel ; stamens 2. Wet woods, Me. to Ont., and southw. Aug. FIG. 74. 2. L. oryzoides (L.) Sw. (RiCE CUT-GRASS.) Culms rather stout, branched, ascending from a, decumbent l><>*<' f/f/i >/' Hi!<-l< ///r// >i/,:l,fs 4-5 mm. l<>urv/<>ide8. Inflorescence x */ s . A !>it i.f >:iin- x %. 74. I., A bit of inflorescence x :\. Spikelet xr>. * * N/./'/WI in broadly oval, imbrieatety covering ""// 3. L. lenticularis Michx. (CATCH-FLY (iitAss.) Culms nearly simple, erect, or decumbent at base, with scaly n>ot- op,-n .-pik-u-t x'.'. stocks ; sheaths and blades sometimes nearly smooth ; panicle nearly simple ; spikelets very flat, "> mm. long, strongly bristly- ciliate. Low grounds, Va. to Minn., and southw. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 121 I 19. PHALARIS L. CANARY GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally flattened ; glumes equal, boat-shaped, much exceeding the florets ; sterile lemmas small and narrow, appearing like hairy scales attached to the fertile floret ; fertile lemma indurated and shining in fruit, inclosing a faintly 2-nerved palea. Annuals or perennials, with flat leaves and dense spike-like panicles. (The ancient Greek name, 0aXa/n's, alluding presuma- bly to the crest-like inflorescence.) 1. EUPHALARIS Godron. Panicle very dense, spike-like; glumes wing-keeled, 1. P. CANARIENSIS L. (CANARY GRASS.) Annual, 3-8 dm. high ; panicle oval, 2-3 cm. long ; spikelets broadly obovate, 5-6 mm. long, imbricated ; glumes white with green veins, the keel entire; fertile lemma brown. Waste places and roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.) P. MINOR Retz. has been collected at St. John, N. B. {Fowler) and on ballast at Camden, N. J. (Pollard). The spikes are oblong and the glumes are narrowed at the pointed apex, the exposed portion of the keel being somewhat toothed. 2. DfGRAPHIS (Trin.) Endl. Panicle branched, the clusters open in anthesis ; glumes not winged on the back. 2. P. arundinacea L. (REED C.) Perennial, 6-15 dm. igh ; leaves flat, 6-10 mm. wide ; panicle 6-15 dm. long ; spikelets lanceolate, 5 mm. long, pale ; sterile lemmas reduced to minute hairy scales. Wet grounds ; common, especially north w. June, July. FIG. 76. Var. pfoTA L., the leaves striped with white, is the familiar RIBBON GRASS of the garden. (Eurasia.) 76. P. arundinacea x2. Spikelet ; same wjth glumes sep- arated. 20. ANTHOXANTHUM L. SWEET VERNAL GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered ; glumes very unequal ; sterile lemmas 2-lobed, hairy, dorsally awned, longer than the fertile floret and falling with it ; fertile lemma truncate, awnless, inclosing a faintly 1-nerved palea and per- |/, . feet flower; stamens 2. Aromatic plants with flat leaves vlBN ancl narrow spike-like panicles. (Name compounded of "ffe V'lnS &v6 ^ fl wer > aml frrtfai yellow.) ^Slr \\t//f *' A> ODORATUM L - Perennial; culms slender, erect, v\Wj| 2-6 dm. high; leaves rough above; panicles 3-8 cm. long; spikelets brownish green, 8-10 mm. long, spreading at flower- ing time; glumes sparsely pilose ; first sterile lemma short- awned below the apex, second bearing a strong bent scarcely exserted awn near its base. Meadows, pastures, and waste places, throughout, especially eastw. May -July. Sweet- scented. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 77. k2. A. PUELII Lecoq & Lamotte. Smaller, annual; pani- 77. A. odoratum. c ^ es 1-^ cm. long; spikelets whitish green, 5-7 mm. long; jfl',cl ~ 1 1/. the glabrous glumes narrower than in no. 1 ; the long-exserted awn blackish at base. Dry fields and waste places, N. E. to Ont. and Pa. ; sometimes cultivated westw. and southw. xiy 2 . (Nat. from Eu.) 77. A. odoratum. Inflorescence x %. Spikelet ; same with plumes separated x 1V 2 . 21. HIEROCHLOE [Gmel.] R. Br. HOLY GRASS e I Spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate or empty ; glumes subequal, about the length of the spikelet, boat-shaped, shining ; sterile lemmas nearly as long as the glumes, boat-shaped, indurated and hairy, each inclosing a 2-nerved hyaline palea and a flower of 3 stamens ; fertile lemma similar but smaller, inclosing a 1-nerved palea and perfect flower with 2 stamens. 122 (JKAM1NKAK (< ill ASS FAMILY) Fragrant perennials, with flat leaves and terminal panicles. (Name from iep6$, sacred, and x^i grass; these sweet-scented grasses being strewn before church- doors on saints' days in the North of Europe.) SAVASTANA Schrank. 1. H. odorata (L.) Wahlenb. (VANILLA or SENECA GRASS.) Culms 3-6 dm. high, from a creeping rootstock ; leaves short, lanceolate, scab- rous or smoothish ; those of the sterile shoots long and scabrous ; panicle pyramidal, 4-12 cm. long, usually compact but some- times loose, the slender branches drooping ; spikelets 5 mm. long, brownish ; staminate lemmas hisj>id-riliftte on the margins and below the apex on the keel, awnless ; fertile lemma hairy at the apex. (H. borealis R. & S.) Moist meadows, chiefly north w., near the coast, and along the Great Lakes. May-July. (Eurasia.) FIG. 78. The loose-pan icled form, Savastana Nashii Bicknell, is not specifically distinct. 2. H. alpina (Sw.) R. & S. Culms 1-4 dm. high, tufted; upper sheaths inflated ; blades very small, the lowest and thnxr of the sterile shoots long and linear, smooth ; panicle con- tracted, 25 cm. long; spikelets 7-8 mm. long, olivaceous; staminate lemmas ciliate on the margins, the first short-awned below the apex, the second with a longer (5-8 mm.) bent a^n from below the middle; fertile lemma mucronate. Alpine regions, N. E., N. Y., and north w. July, Aug. (Eu.) 78. H. odorata. Closed spikelet ; same opened and with glumes sep- arated x 2. 79. M. t'ffiisum. Part of panicle X % Closed and open spikelets x 8. 22. MILIUM [Tourn.] L. MILLET GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered, rhachilla articulated below the floret ; glumes equal ; lemma slightly shorter, shining, indurated, the margins inrolled over a similar palea; grain inclosed within the lemma and palea, free. Our species perennial with flat leaves and open panicles. (The ancient Latin name of the millet which, however, belongs to a different genus of uncertain meaning.) 1. M. effusum L. Smooth ; culms rather slender, simple, 1-1.5 m. high ; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 8-15 mm. wide ; panicle 1-2 dm. long, the slender branches in remote pairs or fascicles, widely spreading or drooping, spikelet-bearing from about the middle; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long; glumes minutely scabrous. Cold damp woods and mountain meadows, N. S. to 111., and north w. The fruit (mature floret) resembles that of Panicum. June-Aug. (Eu.) FIG. 79. 23. ORYZ6PSIS Michx. MOUNTAIN RICE Spikelets 1-flowered, in narrow few-flowered panicles ; glumes rather broad, obtuse or abruptly acute; floret with a short obtuse callus; lemma (not over 1 cm. long) convolute, somewhat indurated, including the rather large palea and perfect flower, terminating in a deciduous simple slender awn; grain oblong- ellipsoid, tightly included in the indurated lemma. Tufted perennials. (Name (M imposed of 6pvfa, rice, and 6\f/u, appearance, from a fancied resemblance to that grain. ) * Spikelets, excluding awn, 3-4 mm. long. 1. 0. pungens (Torr.) Hitchc. Culms densely tufted, 2-5 dm. high, erect, slender, simple ; sheaths usually crowded at the base, smooth or slightly scabrous ; blades involute-filiform, the basal ones sometimes as long as tin- culm, usually halt its length, those of the culm short,; panicle 3-0 cm. long, brandies enrt or ascending ; glumes suliL'qual, obscurely 5-nerved ; lemma usually as long as the glumes, appressed-pubescent ; awn 1-2 (rarely 5) mm. long, sometimes wanting ; palea as long as the I'-mma. ( O. nun /O/N/S Man. ed. < ; 0. j liSl'.) Dry rocky or sandy soil, Lab. to N. Y., and westw. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 123 * * Spikelets, excluding awn, 6-9 mm. long. 2. 0. asperif&lia Michx. Culms tufted, 2-7 dm. high, erect or geniculate at the lowest node; sheaths usually crowded at the base; blades erect, scabrous especially on the glaucous lower surface, those of the base often exceeding the culm, 5-8 rnm. wide, flat or involute on the margins, attenuate ; culm-leaves usually less than 1 cm. long ; panicle contracted, 5-12 cm. long, the branches simple, erect ; spikelets, excluding awn, 6-8 mm. long ; glumes subequal, short-ciliate at the apiculate summit ; lemma nearly or quite as long as the second glume, sparingly pubescent ; awn 5-10 mm. long; lodicules f the length of the palea. Wooded hillsides, along waterways, etc., Nfd. to B. C., s. to Pa., Minn., and N. Mex. June. FIG. 80. 3. 0. racem6sa (Sm.) Ricker. Culms tufted, erect, 8-12 dm. high, leafy to the summit ; leaves 1-3.5 dm. long, 4-15 mm. wide, flat, narrowed / toward the base, taper-pointed, scabrous below, pubescent above; panicle 7-25 cm. long, branches nearly simple, usually ascending ; spikelet, excluding awn, 7-9 mm. long ; glumes equal, acute ; lemma somewhat shorter, pubescent, becoming black in fruit; awn 1.5-2.5 cm. long; lodicules minute. (Milium Sm. ; 0. melanocarpa Muhl.) Rocky woods, Me. to Ont., southw. to Del. and la. June-Oct. FIG. 81. 80. O. asperifolia xiy 2 . Spikelet (below). Floret (above). 81. O. racemosa. Spikelet x 1. 24. STIPA L. FEATHER GRASS Spikelets 1 -flowered, in terminal panicles ; glumes narrow, acute or bristle- tipped ; floret with a bearded usually sharp-pointed callus ; lemma convolute, indurated, including the small palea and perfect flower, terminating in a simple strong persistent geniculate twisted awn ; grain cylindrical, tightly included in the indurated fruiting lemma. Rather large tufted perennials with involute leaves. (Name from crTv-n-rj, tow, in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the feathery awns of the original species.) * Glumes 4-12 mm. long. *- Callus blunt ; awn 1 cm. or less long. 1. S. canadSnsis Poir. Culms tufted, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves 4-12 cm. long, narrow, involute, scabrous ; panicle loose, 5-12 cm. long, the opposite few- flowered branches ascending ; glumes subequal, oblong, subacute, 4 mm. long, slightly exceeding the pubescent oblong lemma ; awn 6-10 mm. long. (/$'. Richardsoni Man. ed. 6, not Link ; 3. Macounii Scribn.) Woods and thickets, N. B., Me., N. EL, N. Y., n. shore of L. Superior, Sask., and north w. H- - Callus acute ; awn more than 1.5 cm long. 2. S. viridula Trin. Culms clustered, 5-10 dm. high, sparingly branched ; basal sheaths overlapping, the long usually scabrous involute or sub-involute blades elongated, upper blades shorter, mostly setaceous ; panicle narrow, erect, 1-2 dm. long, the branches mostly in pairs, erect, rather densely flowered from near the base ; glumes 7-9 mm. long, acuminate-setaceous, exceeding the pale appressed- pubescent lemma ; awn 2-4 cm. long ; callus usually rather short. Prairies and meadows, w. Minn., the Dakotas, and south westw. July, Aug. Variable. 3. S. avenacea L. (BLACK OAT GRASS.) Culms tufted, slender, erect or ascending, 3-10 dm. high, leafy at the base ; sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades 1-1.5 mm. wide, 82. S. avenacea x usually involute, the basal ones \-\ the length of the culms, Flower and glumes. 124 GBAMINKAE ((JKASS FAMILY) those of the culm 4-10 cm. long; panicle loose, 1-2 dm. long, the slender branches in pairs, lax, finally spreading : glnmi-s often purplish, S-10 mm. long. acute, about equaling the dark-lron-ii lemmo. vhirh is smooth h-, scabrous above and bears a fringe of short hairs at the summit; awn 4-7.5 cm. /. A. 4. .1. .1. .1. <>liercnlox,i. 8. A. 9. A. lo. .1. 1. A. dich6toma Michx. (POVERTY GRASS.) Culms tufted, wiry, much branched at the base and usually forking at every node, but in depauperate specimens sometimes nearly simple, l-(5 dm. high ; xhculhs Ions, ; blades mostly involute; panicles I'ew-tlmvered, simple, narrow, the lateral ones often and partially inclosed in the sheaths ; glumes subequal. 7-S mm. long, cuspidate ; nit,, at ti mm. long, excluding the awns : I, it, -nil (//// r< (!>'' ' A. purpurascens 1'oir. In -.mall tuftH, v\>< '1m. hi^'h ; ruin, , l)i,ni''h< 'I : I&t9t 1 - 'tin ,/ /'/< >,t n,< plant, la or rather dn-':ly fl nun. Ion;'. In- i K-. fir.it Hlightly th< > t^nuate-arUtate, the H" arifttate from ;t bi'l"iit;it<- HJX^X ; l<:inma '' 7 """ I''"-': ftWn '. not twiM<-<], !.'> -'5 '!/). I'-n^'. the, jfiirjrj]- s in<'-.vt, th;ui tic: lateral. San'ly or gravelly noil, Mawi. to Minn., and Kout,hw. r \V. I., Fir,. HH. Variahl utly annual, form o'-'turn in wet and drying Hlough in n. Inr. llf.nry Miiklenhery, a diHtiriguiHh-d Amcri'-an botanint, 1753-1- . I'anlcl.' ni'-r- '.r l<-^^ co/r liHuv; culum brfinrliH ; \t-uvc.n flat ft. // ';iijiii-=- ;it l-a^t. .,h" half an \tniff the fl-> / ovaU-, rnoro or le clanjilne. one half to two thlrdt M . 'i '/ > > l<.;i|/ | i nun. lontf; l<-irirnawnlefl . M[i|k<-lftH ;',-4 iniri, lonj^ ; U-rntnftn swned :iri-t;it<- [I'drite Iciii th- I'"' Mliforiri, Mlk-ld, fkrttiMVtt .... 4, ' t exMrtod or par Iliillv lll''ll'l<-l .... '/ '.-A ..... (',. I/ b irth a- loriK an th lor-t ... '/ )/. ..- i i.r\ir!i[,KM',r,i:M \ i>, $ \ mtractedor glom I'lt' OH branch usually from taly creeping roottUx " <;/,i,n.< >ii /"i / at long at n font, tcabrovi on >/ keel} '/// /A- '/'//' / 1,1 ,-,//,/ , ,,,,/ I-.' ','/" long " i> >!"> ' i. "i"' >> i, mi // dm loll", J.iLi.il panicle.-. ll pl.'.clll Mill, li :.|i.H lei > . :.piUclcls I... " linn It'll:',, Ihc acnlc o| al'lllplU ('UN i> i. i.iu- linn.-. | , .r loiij a. tin ai'i.Mr. .i.-uir lemma. KO.K\ ffoocb, -\ i 1,1 Mllll). . .Mill :..'lll ll\\ Scpl . < Ifl 1 IV! lciuiifloi;i ( Will.l ^ US! 1 Similar In Ihe pi. ,/,;,.-, ,.| | en I allci , n fr<-x<.lii fiiln nil, nf, ,lir, noil, s }>nh, *<-,nt . f>,ini,-l, l.n '!,>//,,/./> .'. I in ill. lull,! ; the ,fl n nit > .ilu npll\ acimiinalc /iron:-. l .1 l"ii" .1. lhr (lid-cl. Ilir first i'< rtj !>r<rsdi/ strii/os, In loir III, ,//,i/>rons no,l, s l,,rr,s HC(ltn'oHX< fWi n,lii:, : < I h. < ihicc .. aic <-\c,cd iii"l \ \ ai i.i I'lc . each ha-, an a \\ ncd and an a \\ nlc;.-. loi m The lcii--.lh o| Ihe ".hum -. \\hi.h aic acuminate |o an. laic, r, an iinstilhlo . -ha 1.1. Id . oil en \ .11 \ ui" lo I he exlremcs ill the same panicle /! M. M. ijlyAticA Torr, Culm rtot or tto^ndtngi fl '>.im in- h, n. , i\ IM.IH. h , leal\ . leave.;. IScm. Imi", '.' ('. mm \\idc . jhinii'lis itMinll i/ sliorf ,.is, rf, ,1 . dm Ion; 1 ,, liinur , n It, .s, usual I ii ijr, i n < mcl lines ai i laic, shoi 1 1 |)|HM| \vil h a slender a \\ n a 1 iioiii-ii banki , \ i'- i" < MH I IM IdlKY-;.-! Trm Similar idea Ion,/ i.csi lii'il. S I., .'in Ion", ohloinf or more oi Ics.s (/( us. In or ,i/i/ir, ss, ,1 iisinil/i/ /niri>li ,/liinns inncroiiiiti or urist,i/i. in,nli/or iasc . Ihc culm . de, nmhciil and POOtiUg :il tin 1 lOWtl nodes, /Ktnidt s n nnn'roiis, ;> Idem loin/, ori,l or siil'/ii/r,tiniil,il , finiuiKil on (In fiilni ,tn/////<; ,/linn isfiifr, ,1/xiiit us loin/ ,is lh< a. nlc. a.nmm.ilc .u a\\ncd l,nini,i \\ln.h is mclimcs smoolh. , \l />o/i/sf,,,-lii/,t Ma. Ken. i. \ Itn-li Sand\ a nd i a \ . 11 \ .am l.anU". and \\ a .Ic .".ronnil, N. It. In (>nl S. DaK , and soulh\\ An- ., .1 IM. r,ith ,0 :5 nun. /",,n . /, t* <*+ -. t;inin>s ,rnst,if,. much ,rc i .1 .. . IM 1 iii" 1 1 om ;i d. cnnil'cnl I M < lien loohll" :il Ihc lower node:;, dllln-.cl\ Illlich ll. inched . 1. 1. id. I! ' . m loll". I Illlll Wide; |i.nn. le fl I .cm Ion-. lillliielollH, HltMKlcr, ill"' elc.l hi. 111. hi i iin\vci,i, ipikeletj (excluding tho ftwn) i mm longi '//.///"//- s,,/,/, ,,r >i,i \ \\ ..... I. hill id. .m.l [Ml Me. In < >nl., Minn . , :illd .01 1 1 h\\ . All.".. , Si 'I 'I. .11., I. I : 128 <;i;. \.MINKAI-: (CKASS FAMILY) Var. paliistris Scribn. Similar to the species ; culms reclining or ascending, very slender or almost filiform ; leaves 2-4 cm. long, 2-'.> mm. wide ; panicles 5-10 cm. long, very slender, more loosely floirer< / , .>/< /Av/r/.s- (excluding the awn) 2.5 mm. long, usually purple; glumes acute, unef tin- l> /dentate awned lemma; awn flexuous, 4-6 mm. long. (M. palnxtri* Scribn.) Swampy ground, D. C. and 111. Sept., Oct. 2. TRICH6CHLOA (Beauv.) Trin. Panicle very loose and open, the long branches andpedicels capillary ; leaves namm-, often convolute-bristle-form. 8. M. capillaris (Lam.) Trin. (HAIH GRASS.) Caespitose, erect, with simple rigid culms, 6-10 dm. high; sheaths overlap- ping; blades 1-3 dm. long, involute, rigid; panicle nhont 1 the entire height of the plant, its spreading capillary branch^ l<^, /// flowered; spikelets purple, 4 mm. long (excluding the awn) ; gbames subequal, acute, or the second aristate-pointed, about .'. as long as the lemma which bears a delicate awn 5-20 mm. long. 91. M. capillaris. Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Mass, to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. x3. FlG. 91. 27. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. Spikelets 1-flowered, in a few-flowered narrow panicle ; glumes minute, unequal ; floret with a short callus, the rhachilla prolonged behind the palea into a slender naked bristle ; lemma firm, narrow, 5-nerved, terminating in a long straight awn ; palea firm, nearly as long as the lemma ; grain oblong, inclosed in the lemma and palea. Perennials, with simple culms from short knotty rootstocks. (Name composed of ppaxfa, short, and HXvrpov, husk, from the minute glumes.) 1. B. erSctum (Schreb.) Beauv. Culms erect, 5-10 dm. high ; sheaths sparsely retrorse-hispid ; blades 8-15 cm. long, 1-1.8 rnrn. wide, lanceolate, very scabrous, pilose on the nerves beneath ; panicle narrow, 1-2 dm. long ; spikelets 1 cm. long (excluding the awns), on capillary pedicels; first glume often obsolete, second sometimes aristate ; floret scabrous. (B. aristatum Beauv.) Rocky woods, Nfd. to Minn., and 92. r,. -n-<-timi. southw. July, Aug. FIG. 92. Spikelets x 1%. II. schoenoides. Inflorescence x %. Spikelets x 8. 28. HELE6CHLOA Host Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened, in dense oblong-ovoid spike- like panicles ; glumes awnless, shorter than the 1 -nerved lemma which subtends a palea of nearly equal length. Low raespi- tose branching annuals, the numerous spike-like panicles partly included in the inflated sheaths. (Name from ?Xoj, a meadow, and x^ a -> grass.} 1. H. s< -IIOKNOIIIKS (L.) Host. Usually almost prostrate ; leaves rather rigid, tapering to a sharp point; spike 1.5-4 cm. long. Waste places, N. Y. to 1M. and e. Pa. ; also 111. (Bebb). (Adv. from En.) Fi... 88, 29. PHLEUM L. Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened, in dense cylindrical spike-like panicles; glumes equal, eiliate on the keels, and abruptly awn-pointed, longer than the GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 129 broad truncate 5-nerved hyaline lemma ; palea nearly equal, narrow. Erect simple perennials, with flat leaves and terminal spike-like panicles. (From 0X^ws, a Greek name for a kind of reed.) 1. P. PRATENSE L. (TIMOTHY, HERD'S GRASS.) Culms 4-10 dm. high, from a swollen base; panicle long-cylindrical,' awn of glumes 1 mm. long Meadows, commonly cultivated for hay. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 94. 2. P. alpinum L. Culms 2-6 dm. high; panicle narrowly ellipsoid or short-cylindrical; awn of glumes 2 mm. long. Alpine regions of N. E. and northw. ; also Upper Mich. (Eurasia.) 94. P. pratense. Floret raised from the glumes x 3. 30. ALOPECtRUS L. FOXTAIL GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened, falling from the axis entire, in slender spike- like panicles; glumes equal, awnless, usually connate at the base, ciliate on the keel, the broad 5-nerved obtuse lemma nearly equal in length, with a slender erect dorsal awn from below the middle ; margins connate near the base ; palea none. Branching perennials with flat leaves and soft dense spike-like panicles. (Name from d\c7T7?, fox, and ovpd, tail, from the shape of the spike.) 1. A. PRATENSIS L. (MEADOW F.) Erect, glabrous; culms 3-9 dm. high, from short creeping rootstocks ; sheaths loose, the upper usually inflated ; leaves scabrous ; panicle 5-10 cm. long ; spikelets 5 mm. long ; the lemma equaling the acute long-ciliate glumes ; awn usually exserted about 5 mm. Meadows and pastures, eastw. May. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. A. geniculatus L. (FLOATING F.) Glabrous or nearly so ; culms slender, decumbent and branched at base, then erect or ascending, ].5-6 dm. high; leaves slightly scabrous; pani- cles slender, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; spikelets about 3 mm. long; lemma shorter than the obtuse long-ciliate glumes; awn bent, the exserted portion usually twice as long as the glumes. Moist meadows, banks of streams and ditches, Nfd. to B. C., and throughout U. S. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) FIG. 95. Var. aristulatus Torr. Spikelets slightly smaller, awn very slender and scarcely exserted. In water and wet places, common. June-Aug. In the Western States these two forms seem inseparable and indigenous, but in the eastern portion of our range the former appears to be introduced and is easily distinguished by its longer awns and usually geniculate or cree P m g Dase - T ne variety appears to be the same as A.fulvus Sin. of Eurasia. 3. A. AGRESTIS L. Glabrous ; culms erect or decumbent at base, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves scabrous; panicle rather slender, 3.5-10 cm. long; spikelets 6-7 mm. long ; glumes very short-ciliate on the keels, connate for \ their length, slightly shorter than the lemma ; awn twice the length of the glumes or more. Waste places and ballast, Mass., N. J.f Pa.; and on Pacific coast. (Adv. from Eu.) 95. A. geniculatus. Inflorescence x %. Bit of same x 1. 31. SPOR6BOLUS K. Br. DROP-SEED. HUSH GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, in narrow and spike-like, or loose and spreading, often partly included, panicles; lemma as long as or longer than the usually unequal glumes, 1-nerved ; palea equaling or exceeding the lemma, often splitting between the strong nerves at maturity ; grain readily falling from the spikelet, pericarp loosely inclosing the seed, often thin and evanescent. Annuals or perennials with involute or flat leaves. (Name from a-jropd, seed, and pd\\eiv, to cast forth. ) GRAY'S MANUAL 9 130 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) Panicles contracted. Rootstocks short or slender or none ; culms tufted or solitary. Panicle not more than one-third the entire height of the plant. Perennials. Spikelets 5 mm. long or more ; panicle dense. Floret appressed-pubescent below. Lemma two-thirds as long as palea I. 8. clandextinua. Lemma and palea subequal 2. 8. canovirens. Floret glabrous 8. S. asper. Spikelets not over 4 mm. long ; panicle interrupted. Culms smooth ; ligule 0.5 mm. long 4. S. brevifolius. Culms minutely roughened by septae ; ligule 2 mm. long . 5. S. Jiicfiardnonis. Annuals. Spikelets 4 mm. long ; lemma pubescent 6. S. V(iyin(ft<>t UK. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; lemma glabrous 7. S. neyleHnx. Panicle one-third to one-half the entire height of the plant ... 8. 8. indie us. Rootstocks stout, extensively creeping 9. /S'. virginicus. Panicles open (often contracted in no. 10). Glumes very unequal. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long ; glumes ovate or lanceolate. Sheaths bearded at the throat ; blades flat 10. S. cryptandrm. Sheaths not bearded ; blades involute 11. S..juncen*. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long ; first glume awl-shaped 12. S. heterolepis. Glumes subequal. Plants compressed at base ; leaves conduplicate 18. S. compretmus. Plants not compressed ; leaves flat 14. /S. uniflorus. 1. S. clandestinus (Spreng.) Hitchc. Tufted culms 4-12 dm. high; lower leaves long, subrigid, the margins and involute-filiform tips scabrous; panicle 6-15 cm. long, often partially inclosed in the upper sheath ; spikelets 6-8 mm. long ; glumes unequal, acute, the first \ the length of the acute lemma, the second \ that of the long-acuminate pointed palea ; lemma and palea appressed-pubescent toward the base, the lemma f the length of the palea. (S. asper Man. ed. 6.) Sandy fields and dry hills, Ct. to 111., Mo., and south w. Sept. FIG. 96. 2. S. can6virens Nash. Similar to the preceding but smaller ; the shorter leaves hirsute near the base ; panicle smaller ; spikelets about 6 mm. long ; lemma and palea acute, subequal. Sandy soil, Tenn., Mo., and south w. 3. S. asper (Michx.) Kunth. Culms stout, 3.5-10 dm. high ; 96. S. eland, sheaths overlapping ; blades nearly as long as the culm, the upper Spikele x8. exceeding the panicle, pilose above at the flat base, the long involute- filiform tip scabrous; terminal panicle 8-25 cm. long, partly in- cluded in the inflated upper sheaths, lateral panicles small, usually hidden in the sheaths, or none; spikelets 5-6 mm. long; glumes unequal, obtuse or sub- acute, the first about ^ as long as the floret ; lemma and palea glabrous, the lemma slightly the longer. (S. longifolius Wood.) Dry sandy soil, Me. to S. Dak., and southw. FIG. 97. 4. S. brevifblius (Nutt.) Scribn. Tufted culms 3-6 dm. high, very slender ; leaves involute- filiform ; ligule 0.5 mm. long, erose-truncate ; panicle very slender, loosely flowered, 5-10 cm. long ; spikelets about 4 mm. long ; glumes acuminate, subequal, | as long as the short-cuspidate lemma, which slightly exceeds the palea. (8. cuspidatus Wood.) Dry open ground, Wis. 97 s asner to Mo., and westw. Snikeiet x 8* 5. S. Richards&nis (Trin.) Merr. Similar to the preceding, 2-5 dm. high ; culms erect or ascending from a slender horizontal rootstock, minutely roughened by septae ; ligule 2 mm. long, acute ; panicle 1-6 (rarely 10) cm. long; spikelets somewhat crowded, 3 mm. long; glumes acute, less than . as long as the cuspidate lemma (the cusp about 1 mm. long} which t-xr. ids the palea. (S. cuspidatus, in part, and S. depauperatus Man. ed. 6; #. ///vn- folius Nash, as to description, not Scribn.) Meadows and along rivers, N. B. and Me. ; Neb., and in the far West. Aug. 0. S. vaginiflbrus (Torr.) Wood. Tufted culms 2-6 dm. high, slender, erect to widely spreading ; leaves about 2 mm. wide, involute toward the end ; panicles numerous, partially included in the inflated sheaths, or the terminal GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 131 98. 8. neglectus. Spikelets x 4. panicle exserted, 2-4 cm. long ; spikelets 4 mm. long ; the acuminate glumes usually subequal, nearly as long as the acuminate scabrous minutely appressed- pubescent lemma, which is exceeded by the sharp-pointed palea. Sterile fields and waste places, s. Me. to S. Dak., and south w. Sept. 7. S. neglSctus Nash. Similar to the preceding, usually more slender ; the panicles smaller, mor^ completely inclosed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; glumes, lemma, and palea ad subequal, acute, thinner in texture, glabrous, white and shining. Sterile or sandy soil, N. B. to S. Dak., s. to Va. and Tex. FIG. 98. 8. S. fNDicus (L.) R. Br. (Saiux GRASS.) Tufted culms 3-10 dm. high, erect, wiry ; leaves 10-30 cm. in length, long- attenuate; panicle -\ the entire height of the plant; spikelets 2 mm. long, shining, crowded on the slender erect branches; glumes obtuse, unequal, the second \ as long as the acuminate lemma which is slightly longer than the obtuse palea. Waste ground and fields, Va. to Ark., and south w. Aug., Sept. Panicle frequently affected with a black fungus, hence the com- mon name. (Nat. from trop. regions.) 9. S. virginicus (L.) Kunth. Glabrous; culms erect, 1.5-5 dm. high; sheaths overlapping; blades firm, involute, conspicuously distichous on the nu- merous sterile shoots ; panicles exserted, 3-6 cm. long ; spikelets 3 mm. long ; the glumes unequal, the second exceeding the glabrous floret. Sandy shores, Va. to Fla. Aug., Sept. (Trop. regions.) 10. S. cryptdndrus (Torr.) Gray. Tufted, 4-7 dm. high; culms rather stout, erect or somewhat spreading ; sheaths over- lapping, ciliate on the margin and conspicuously bearded at the throat; blades 6-12 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, flat, scabrous; panicle lead-colored, usually open, 12-20 cm. long, included at base in the upper sheath, or sometimes contracted and wholly included ; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long ; first glume about | as long as the second ; lemma acute, longer than the palea. Sandy soil, especially on the coast and about the Great Lakes, N. E. to Minn., s. to Pa. and Tex. Aug., Sept. (Mex.) FIG. 99. 11. S. jiinceus (Michx.) Kunth. Tufted, glabrous, 4-7 dm. high; culms wiry, erect, leafy at the base, naked above ; the involute-setaceous basal leaves 12-24 cm. long, spreading ; panicle purplish or chestnut, the short verticillate branches spreading ; spikelets 3 mm. long ; first glume about the length of the second, which is as long as the glabrous subacute equal lemma and palea. (S. gracilis Merr. ; tf. ejuncidus Nash.) Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla., w. to Tex. Aug. FIG. 100. 12. S. heter61epis Gray. Tufted, 6-9 dm. high ; culms rather m g iuncei]S stout, wiry, erect ; basal leaves about \ as long as the culm, gpjkeiet x 3 involute-setaceous ; panicles long-exserted, 7-25 cm. long, branches ascending ; spikelets 4-6 mm. long ; first glume about \-l the length of the floret, the second acuminate, often cuspidate (varying in length in the same panicle), exceeding the glabrous obtuse or subacute equal lemma arid palea ; grain very large, pericarp shining, indu- rated, splitting the palea. Dry soil and prairies, w. Que. to Man., s. to Ct., Pa., Mo. and Tex. Aug., Sept. Strong- scented. FIG. 101. 13. S. compressus (Torr.) Kunth. Perennial from short scaly rootstocks, flattened at base; culms 3-6 dm. high, leafy to the top ; the sheaths overlapping ; leaves conduplicate ; panicle $-% the length of the entire plant, loosely flowered ; elets 2 mm. long ; the acute glumes shorter than the striate scabrous lemma hich equals the palea. (S. Torreyanus Nash.) Bogs in pine ,rrens, L. I. and N. J. Sept. Spikelets rarely 2-flowered. A 14. S. uniflbrus (Muhl.) Scribn. & Merr. Rootstocks very nder ; culms delicate, tufted, erect, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves 102. 8. uniflorus. 2 mm. wide; panicle ^-| the length of the culm, loosely Spikelet x 3. 99. 8. cryptandrus. Open spikelet with glumes detached X4. 101. S. heterolepis. Spikelet x 3. 132 GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) flowered, branches solitary, much divided ; spikelets 1.5 mm. long; the obtuse or erose glumes about \ as long as the equal glabrous obtuse lemma and palea. (S. serotinus Gray.) Bogs and wet sandy soil, Me. to N. J. and Mich. Aug., Sept. FIG. 102. 32. AGR6STIS L. BENT GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered ; glumes subequal and acute, longer than the broad ob- tuse lemma which is awnless or dorsally awned ; palea hyaline, shorter than the lemma, or obsolete ; grain loosely inclosed in the lemma. Annuals or peren- nials with usually flat scabrous leaves, membranaceous ligules and open or con- tracted panicles. (Name from dyp6s, a field, the place of growth. ) Palea at least one-half as long as the lemma, 2-nerved. Culms erect or decumbent at base 1. A. alba. Culms prostrate, rooting at the nodes (1) A. alba, v. maritima. Palea minute and nerveless or wanting. Awn long and very delicate 2. .1. l-.'lliottiii nn. Awn short or none. Panicle diffuse, branches long and capillary 3. A. hyernali$. Panicle spreading but not diffuse. Lemma awnless 4. .1. y/-/v -unmix. Lemma awned. Spikelets 2 mm. long 5. A. canin/i. Spikelets 3 mm. long 6. A. borealix. \. A. alba L. (FIORIN or WHITE B., RED TOP.) Eootstocks creeping or sto- loniferous ; culms 3-10 dm. high, often decumbent at base; leaves flat, stiff and upright to lax and spreading, the ligule 4-5 mm. long ; panicle 5-30 cm. long, contracted after flowering, greenish, purplish, or brown- ish, the branches slightly rough ; lemma nearly equaling the glumes, 3-nerved, rarely short-awned, the palea -f as long. Meadows and fields; a valuable grass naturalized from Eu. and native northw. and westw. Var. VULGARIS (With.) Thurb. (RED TOP, HERD'S GRASS of Pa., etc.) Culms lower, more slender, with narrow leaves ; panicle smaller and more divaricate, not contracted after flowering ; ligule short and truncate. (A. vulgaris With.) Dry knolls and hills. (Nat. from Eu. and cultivated, also perhaps indigenous.) FIG. 103. One form (A. stolonifera auth., not L.) is cultivated as a lawn grass under the name CREEPING BENT. A teratological form (due to the presence of nematodes in the abortive ovaries) with floral parts elongated (A. sylvatica L.), occurs in N.E. Var. aristata Gray. Culms slender and strict, with small open panicle ; lemma awned from near the base. (A. strn-in Willd.) Open ground, Me. to Va. In habit resembling A. canina, with which it is often confused. Var. maritima (Lam.) G. F. W. Mey. Culms densely tufted, prostrate, rooting at the nodes; leaves mostly short and <7yv"'''- s '- v " / ,' panicle confrm-ti-ii, dense, about 1 dm. long. (A. coarctata Ehrh.) Mrackish meadows or wet sands along the coast, Me. to Del. (Eu.) 2. A. Elliottiana Scliult.cs. Culms delicate, 1-4 dm. high; leaves very slen- der; panicle open, weak, and drooping; glumes nearly equal, muuhish on the keel and margins, the lemma shorter, with 2 minute bristles at the truncate apex; awn 5 mm. long; palea minute. In dry soil, Mo. to Ivy., Tenn., and S. ('. May-July. 3. A. hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. (!!AIR GRASS.) Culms very slender, erect, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves short and narrow, the tufted basal ones soon fnrnhitf, the upper 2-7 cm. long, less than U mm. wide; panicle purplish, the whorll scabrmin firtnx-hcs >/< < ml* ; spikelets 1.5-'J mm. long ; lemma awnless or rarely sliort-a\\ ned < rlmr, n. 'Panicle looser, the branches spreading at flowering time ... 8. C. in&epatua. Rudiment with copious long hairs at the tip 9. C. cinnoides. * Awn strongly bent, exserted more or less,' callus-Jiairs usually much shorter than the lemma. 1. C. Pickeringii Gray. Culms solitary or few, 3-5 dm. high, somewhat rigid T scabrous below the panicle ; sheaths smooth ; blades flat, 4-10 cm. limit, 4-5 mm. wide, erect ; panicle purplish, 7-12 cm. long, the branches erect or ascending ; spikelets 4 mm. long ; glumes acute, exceeding the obtuse scabrous lemma, which bears a short stout bent (not twisted) awn from below tin- middle ; callus-hairs %-\ the length of the lemma, wanting at the back. ( C. breviseta Scribn.) Mts. of N. Y. and N. E. to Nfd., and northw. ; locally at A in lover, Mass. (J. Robinson). Aug. -Sept. Var. lacustris (Kearney) Hitchc. Culms taller (5-10 dm. high); rootstocks stouter ; leaves more or less involute ; panicle usually longer ; callus-hairs J-J as long as the lemma. Mts. of N. E., and along the Great Lakes to Minn. 1. C. PortSri Gray. Culms slender, 0-12 dm. high; blnden 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, flat, toper-pointed^ very ron///i. fn-nrtli'd ./(//.>< >rf (!>< //><,- ligule 4-5 mm. long ; panicle narrow, 8-16 cm. long, rather loosely flowered, the GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 135 short branches erect ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long ; glumes acute, slightly exceeding the floret; lemma obscurely dentate, awn twisted below; palea about as long as the lemma, callus-hairs scanty, -| as long. Dry woods, N. Y. and Pa. Aug. 8. C. perplexa Scribn. Similar to the preceding, slightly glaucous ; panicle oblong-lanceolate, contracted, 1-1.5. dm. long, the slender fascicled branches erect or ascending, densely flowered ; spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long; glumes acumi- nate ; awn slightly twisted below ; palea and copious callus-hairs f the length of the lemma. (C. nemoralis Kearney, not Philippi.) Rocky woods, Me. and w. N. Y., local. * * Awn straight or nearly so, included ; callus-hairs usually not much shorter than the lemma. H- Panicle loose and open, even after flowering ; the mostly purple-tinged or lead-colored strigose-scabrous glumes not closing in fruit ; copious callus- hairs about equaling the lemma, not surpassed by those of the rudiment; awn delicate. 4. C. canadSnsis (Michx.) Beauv. (BLUE-JOINT GRASS.) Culms 6-15 dm. high, clustered ; leaves 1.5-4 dm. long, flat, involute in drying, glaucous ; panicle 1-3 dm. long, the slender fascicled branches ascending or spreading ; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long ; glumes equal, acute, scarcely exceeding the thin erose-truncate lemma -awn incon- spicuous ; callus-hairs copious, about as long as the floret. Wet places, e. Que. to N. J., and westw. June, July. FIG. 108. Var. ACUMIN\TA Vasey. Glumes 4-5 mm. long, attenu- ate, exceeding the acute lemma ; awn less delicate and longer. 103 c. canadensis. Lab., Nfd.; White Mts., N. H. ; Roan Mt., N. C. ; and in SpikeletxS. Rocky Mts. 5. C. Langsd6rfii (Link) Trin. Similar to the preceding ; panicles usually smaller ; spikelets 5-6 mm. long ; glumes acuminate, somewhat exceeding the dentate lemma ; awn as long as the floret, less delicate than in C. canadensis. Moist meadows, Lab., mts. of N. E., L. Superior, and northwestw. Aug. (Greenl., Eurasia.) -<- -- Panicle contracted, strict, its short branches appressed or erect after flowering ; the scabrous glumes mostly closed; lemma less delicate, some- times as firm in texture as the glumes ; awn stouter. 6. C. neglScta (Ehrh.) Gaertner, Meyer & Scherbius. Rootstock slender; culms slender, 4-6.5 dm. high ; leaves soft, 1-3 cm. long, smooth; panicle nar- row, glomerate and lobed, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets about 4 mm. long ; glumes acute ; callus-hairs a little shorter than the floret, and as long as those of the rudiment; awn from the middle of the thin lemma or lower, barely exceed- ing it. (C. stricta Man. ed. 6, not Trin.) Wet shores and mountains, n. N. E., L. Superior, north w. and westw. (Eurasia.) 7. C. hyperbbrea Lange. Culms and rootstocks stouter than in the preceding ; culms tufted, 4-10 dm. high ; leaves involute, rigid, roughish ; panicles 7-15 cm. long, dense ; spikelets 4-4.5 mm. long ; glumes acute, exceeding the floret ; callus-hairs f-f as long as the lemma. (C. lappo- nica Man. ed. 6, not Hartm.) Moist meadows and calcareous cliffs, Greenl. to Alaska, s. to e. Que., n. Vt., "Pa.," Minn. ; and in the Rocky Mts. 8. C. inexpansa Gray. Culms solitary or few, slender, 109. c. inexpansa. 7-12 dm. high ; leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, scabrous Spikelet with do- a bove, flat, often involute in drying ; panicles pale, 1-2 dm. tached plumes x 2. l n g ? less densely flowered than others of this group ; spikelets 4 mm. long ; glumes rather rigid, sharp-pointed, about \ longer than the toothed lemma ; awn scarcely exceeding the lemma ; callus-hairs $-J shorter than the lemma. (C. confinis Man. ed. 6, not Nutt.) Swamps and low prairies, N. Y. and N. J. ; Minn, to Mo. and westw. July. FIG. 109. 136 GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 9. C. cinnoides (Muhl.) Barton. Glaucous; culms stout, 1-1.8 in. high, solitary or few, erect or leaning; leaves very scabrous, sometimes sparingly hirsute, 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide (those of the innovations shorter, narrow) ; panicles 8-17 cm. long, tapering to summit, usually much contracted ; spike- lets 6-7 mm. louij ; (/fumes keeled, very scabrous, acuminate- aristate, the tips usually curved outward, pxcr<'t\eiv, to love.} 1. A. arenaria (L.) Link. (SEA SAND-REED, PSAMMA, MARRAM, BEACH GRASS.) Culm stout, 0.5-1 m. high, branch- ing at the base, from firm running rootstocks ; leaves long, soon involute ; panicle 1-4 dm. long ; spikelets compressed ; glumes and lemma scabrous. (A. arundinacea Host.) Sandy in. A. arenaria. beaches, along the coast, N. B. to N. C. ; and on the Great Lakes, inflorescence x Vio- Aug., Sept. (Eli.) An important sand-binder. FIG. 111. Spikelets x i. 37. APERA Adans. Spikelets 1-flowered ; rhachilla prolonged behind the palea into a minute naked bristle ; glumes thin in texture, subequal, and slightly exceeding the lemma which bears a slender awn from just below the apex ; palea nearly as long as the lemma, 2-toothed. Annuals with flat leaves and diffuse panicles. (Name from Airrjpos, unmaimed ; application obscure.) LA. splcA-vENTi (L.) Beauv. Culms slender, 3-7 dm. high, tufted, erect or geniculate at the lower nodes ; blades linear ; panicle 1-3.5 dm. long, the very slender branches verticillate, spikelet-bearing near the ends ; spikelets 2 mm. 112. A. spica-venti. long, shining ; lemma scabrous, awn 5-7 mm. long. Spar- Spikoiot with de- ingly naturalized eastw. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) .Fio. tached glumes x 3. 112. 38. CiNNA L. WOOD REED GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered ; rhachilla articulated below the glumes, forming a short naked stipe below the floret, and prolonged behind the palea into a minute brist le ; glumes narrow, hispidulous on the keel ; lemma :>-f>-nerved, with a short awn from between the minute teeth of the bifid apex ; palea 1-nerved, or 2-nerved, the nerves close together ; stamen L Tall perennials with flat leaves, conspicu- ous hyaline ligules, and many-flowered nodding panicles. (From ictvva, a name used by Dioscorides for a kind of grass.) 1. C. arundinacea L. Culms 0."-1. f> in. high, erect, solitary or few together ; _>-:) iim. fnn;i. i rm. or less wide (rarely wider), slightly scabrous ; panicle GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 137 113. C. arundinacea. S pikelets x 2%. 1.5-3 dm. long, the slender branches ascending, somewhat contracted after flowering ; spikelets 5 mm. long ; glumes scabrous, unequal, the second as long as the scabrous lemma which bears a minute awn or is sometimes awnless; palea l-nerved. Moist woods and shaded swamps; N. S. to Out. and southw. Aug., Sept. FIG. 113. 2. C. Iatif61ia (Trev.) Griseb. Similar to the preced- ing ; blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, rarely nar- rower, scabrous; panicle 1.5-3.5 dm. long, the flexuous capillary branches spreading or drooping; spikelets 4 mm. long; glumes scabrous, subequal, and about equaling the scabrous short-awned lemma ; palea %-nerved, the nerves close together. ('. tiif> Glumes unequal, first shorter than the narrowly obovate second one ; florets mostly acute, glabrous 3. S. pollens. Spikelets awned ; glumes similar. Lower floret usually awnless 4. S.pab Both florets awned" (4) S. paluttrit, \.jits 1. S. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Culms slender to rather stout, 3-10 dm. high ; sheaths pubescent to nearly glabrous ; leaves 4-15 cm. long, glabrous ; panicle 6-18 cm. long, often glomerate; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; glumes subequal, the second subcucullate, the broad <-lr margins smooth and shining ; lemmas similar or the second a little scabrous. Dry soil, Ct. to Fla., westw. to Mo. and Tex. June, July. FIG. 116. Var. PUBESCENS (Scribn. & Merr.) Scribn. Sheaths and sometimes culms and leaves pubescent. Ct. to 116 S obtusata Micn - ancl southw. Var. LOBATA (Trin.) Scribn. SJt- Spik'eletxs. leaves scabrous, not pubescent; panicle cylindrical, sometimes interrupted below ; spikelets densely crowded on the short appressed branches. Dry soil, and prairies, Me. to Fla., westw. throughout the U. S. ; the commoner form in the North. 2. S. nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. Culms slender, 3-6 dm. high ; sheaths pubes- cent; leaves 3-6 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, pubescent; panicle 5-20 cm. long, loosely flowered, widely spreading in flower, finally erect ; spikelets 3 mm. long, cuneiform ; glumes subequal, the broad second glume rounded or abruptly ulate ; lemmas oblong, obtuse, rarely short-awned just below the apex, second lemma scabrous especially near the tip and keel. (Eatonia Dudleyi Vasey.) Woods, Vt. to Mich., and southw. May, June. Var. GLABRA (Nash) Scribn. Sheaths and leaves glabrous. Va., and southw. 3. S. pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. Culms 3-10 dm. high, usually slender; sheaths usually glabrous, sometimes pubescent ; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 4.6 mm. wide, scabrous on the nerves, sometimes sparsely pilose above ; panicles lax, nodding, 8-20 cm. long; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate; glumes unequal, scabrous on the A"7s. the first linear, -| as long as the broadly oblanceolate usually acute 1 i/lntnr; lemmas lanceolate, acute, glabrous except on the keel near the apex, the second projecting beyond the second m g Ucns glume, sometimes awned below the apex. (Eatonia pennsylvanica <*nike'iet x s Gray.) Me. to N. C., w. to Wise., Kan., and Tex. In the Mississippi Valley this species occurs on prairies, and has a denser panicle ; in the Atlantic States, especially southward, it occurs in meadows and along ditches, and has a more lax panicle. FIG. 117. Var. MAJOR (Torr.) Scribn. Panicles narrn\rhj laiin-olate or oblong, rather dei>*> I ;/ flmri-rnl. the first ulume nearly equaling the rather narrow second one. (/ utermedia Rydb.) Nfd. to Wash., s. to 111., Col., and Ariz. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 139 4. S. palustris (Michx.) Scribn. Culms 6-10 dm. high; sheaths and leaves glabrous, or lower sheaths sometimes pubescent ; leaves 8-12 cm. long, 8-6 min. wide, scabrous ; panicles 10-20 cm. long, narrow ; spikelets 6-7 mm. long ; glumes similar, lanceolate, acute, subequal ; lemmas lanceolate, the first acute or acuminate-pointed, awn- less, rarely short-awned : the second bearing a slender divergent awn below the acute or 2-toothed apex ; awn 4-5 mm. long. ( Trisptum pennsylvanicum Man. ed. 6, not Avena pennsylvanica L. ; T. palustre Trin.) Low grounds, Mass, to 111. and southw. Var. FLExu6sA Scribn. Culms 4-6 dm. high; panicles 8-12 dm. long, open, the flexuous branches widely spreading at least in floiver ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, the first floret usually awned. Del (Commons), Pa. (Heller). FIG. 118. 118. S. pal., v. flex. Spikelet x 3. 119. K. cristata x 2%. Spikelet. Lower part of lemma spread open. 42. KOELERIA Pers. Spikelets 2-4-flowered ; rhachilla prolonged into a naked pedicel behind the upper palea ; glumes unequal, slightly shorter than the florets, membranaceous, acute, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved ; lemma char- taceous-membranaceous, the margins scarious, faintly 3-5- nerved, acute or mucronate ; palea hyaline ; grain loosely inclosed within the subrigid lemma, free. Tufted perennials with narrow leaves and densely flowered terminal spike-like panicles. (Named for Prof. G. L. Koeler, an early writer on grasses.) 1. K. cristata (L.) Pers. Culms erect, 3-6 dm. high, leafy at the base ; sheaths retrorsely pubescent, at least the lower ; blades flat or becoming involute ; panicle cylindrical, 4-15 cm. long, often interrupted at base, pale and shining ; spikelets 4-5 rnm. long ; the glumes and lemmas scabrous. Dry soil, Ont. and O. to B. C., and southw.; introduced in N. E. (Eurasia.) Very variable. FIG. 119. 43. TRISETUM Pers. Spikelets 2 (rarely 3-5) -flowered, rhachilla prolonged behind the upper palea as a hairy bristle or pedicel ; glumes unequal, the second about as long as the florets, keeled ; lemma membranaceous, keeled, 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a slender dorsal awn palea narrow, 2-toothed ; grain smooth, inclosed in the lemma and palea but free from them. Tufted perennials with nar- row or spike-like or loose terminal panicles. (Name from tres, three, and seta, a bristle.) 1. T. spicatum (L.) Richter. Culms slender, erect, 1.5-6 dm. high ; sheaths and blades more or less puberulent, blades 2-1 Ocm. long, 1-3 mm. wide ; panicle shining, spike-like, 3-12 cm. long, often interrupted below ; spikelets 5-6 mm. long ; the second glume broader than the first, 3-nerved ; lemma minutely scabrous, the awn inserted about $ below the acumi- nate-toothed apex, 4-5 mm. long, divergent. ( T. subspicatum Beauv. and var. molle Gray.) Mts. and rocky banks, Lab. m T - spicatum x3. to Alaska, s. to Ct., N. Y., the Great Lakes; and along the Spikelet and floret, mts. toN. C. (Eurasia.) FIG. 120. 2. T. melicoides (Michx.) Vasey. Culm 3-8 dm. high ; sheaths and blades roughish ; panicle shining, lax, nodding, 10-12 cm. long; spikelets 7 mm. long ; callus hairy ; lemma minutely scabrous, bluntly 2-toothed at the apex, awn 1-2 mm. long, straight, erect. ( Graphephorum Desv. ) Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Great Lakes, s. to N. B., Me., 121. T. mel., v. maj. x 2. and Vt. Var. MA.JUS (Gray) Hitchc. Lower sheaths Spikelet and floret. pubescent ; upper surface of the leaves pilose ; lemmas 140 GRAMINEAE (GKASS FAMILY) entire at the acute apex, awnless. (Dupontia Cooleyi Gray ; Graphephorum melicoides, var. major Gray.) Gravelly or rocky shores, Me., Vt., Out., and Mich. FIG. 121. 44. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Spikelets 2 (rarely 3) -flowered ; rhachilla hairy, prolonged behind the upper palea as a hairy bristle ; glumes subequal, thin or scarious ; lemmas thin, 4-nerved (the midnerve becoming an awn), truncate, 2-4-toothed, bear- ing a slender dorsal awn from or below the middle. Tufted perennials (our species) with flat or involute leaves and shining spikelets in loose or narrow panicles. (Named for Loiseh-ur- Deslongchamps, a French botanist, 1774-1849.) * Glumes somewhat shorter than the florets. 1. D. flexubsa (L.) Trin. (COMMON HAIR GRASS.) Culms erect, 3-8 dm. high, slender, nearly naked above, the numerous involute-setaceous basal leaves 5-20 cm. long ; sheaths scabrous ; blades setaceous; panicle 5-12 cm. long, very loose, rather few-flowered, the smooth capillary flexuous branches spikelet- bearing near the ends ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long ; glumes acute ; florets approximate, lemmas scabrous, ^-toothed, awn inserted near the base, 5-7 mm. long, twisted ; palea nearly as long as the lemma, scabrous. Dry places, Nfd., Out., Wise., and northw., s. to N. C. and Tenn. June, July. (Eu.) FIG. 122. 2. D. caespitbsa (L.) Beauv. Culms erect, 0-12 dm. high, slender ; basal leaves flat or becoming involute, not setaceous, floret 5 ~ 15 cm - lon S ; sheaths smooth ; blades flat, scabrous on the upper surface ; panicle 10-20 cm. long, the scabrous slender branches spikelet-bearing near the ends ; spikelets 4 mm. long ; (jlumes acute or blunt; florets distant (rhachilla half the length <>f jinn-r .^ssilc floret) ; lemmas smooth, erose-truncate ; awn from near the base, but little longer than its lemma, straight, articulated at the base and deciduous ; palea nearly equaling the lemma. Moist soil, mostly along streams, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to N. J. and 111. June, July. (Eu.) Spikelets rarely 3-flowered. FIG. 123. * * Glumes longer than the florets. 3. D. atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) Scheele. Culms erect, 1.5-5 dm. high, slender, leafy ; no tufts of basal leaves ; sheaths smooth ; blades flat, 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, nearly glabrous ; panicle 4-10 cm. long, rather few-flowered ; the few smooth capillary flexuous branches spreading, sometimes drooping, spikelet- bearing at the ends ; spikelets 5-6 mm. long ; glumes acuminate ; florets rather distant ; lemmas strigose near the summit, erose-truncate and short-ciliate at apex ; awn inserted about the middle, bent, 3-4 mm. long ; palea nearly equaling the lemma. Alpine summits of N. E. and N. Y. to Lab. and northwestw. July, Aug. (Eurasia.) 122. D. flexuosa. Part of panicle x %. Spikelet and x2y a . 123. D. caespitosa. Spikelet x 8%. 45. AVENA [Tourn.] L. OAT Spikelets 2-6-flowered ; rhachilla bearded below the florets ; glumes subequal, membranaceous, many-nerved, longer than the lemmas, usually exceeding the uppermost floret; lemmas indurated except toward the summit, o-O-nerved, bidentate at the apex, bearing a long dorsal twisted awn (the awn straight or wanting in cultivated forms); grain pubescent at least at the summit, often ad- hering to the lemma and palea. Annuals or perennials with terminal panicles of large spikelets. (The classical Latin name.) GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 141 * Spikelets more than 2 cm. long ; annuals. 1. A. FATITA L. Culms 4-12 dm. high, in small tufts, erect, stout ; blades long, 5-8 mm. wide; panicle loose and open, the slender branches ascending; spikelets pendulous, 2.2-2.5 cm. long, excluding the awns ; glumes smooth, striate, acuminate ; florets approximate ; / lemmas with a ring of hairs at base and more -or less appressed-pubescent with long stiff brownish hairs; awn inserted about the middle, bent and twisted, 3 cm. long or more. Fields and waste places, Ont. and O. (rare) ; Wise., 111., and westw. (Nat. from En.) FIG. 124. 2. A. STERILIS L. (ANIMATED OATS.) Larger than the preceding, the spikelets 3.5-4.5 cm. long, excluding the awns ; lemmas usually more densely hairy ; awns 5-7 cm. long. Occurs sparingly in N. J. and near Phila- delphia, Pa. (Adv. from Eu.) A. SATIVA L., the cultivated oat, commonly occurs in aste places in cities, etc. (Introd. from Eurasia.) * Spikelets less than 1.5 cm. long ; perennials. 124. A. fatua. Spikelet x %. 3. A. PUBESCENS Huds. Culms 6-9 cm. high, in small tufts, erect, slender ; sheaths and blades, at least the lower, retrorsely pubescent ; panicle rather nar- row, the slender flexuous branches erect; spikelets upright, 1.2-1.3 cm. long, excluding the awns ; glumes 3-nerved, the nerves scabrous ; florets approximate, rhachilla-joints clothed with long white hairs ; lemmas scabrous, a tuft of white hairs at the base, a bent and twisted awn inserted about the middle, 2-2.5 mm. long. Fields, Vt., N. J. (Adv. from Eu.) 46. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. OAT GRASS Spikelets 2-flowered, the florets approximate, the lower staminate, its lemma bearing a geniculate and twisted awn on the back near the base ; the upper per- fect, its lemma short-awned from or near the apex, or awnless ; rhachilla hairy, prolonged behind the upper palea into a bristle ; glumes unequal, acute, thin and scarious ; lemmas of firmer texture, 5-7 -nerved ; palea ciliate on the nerves. Tall perennials with flat leaves and long narrow panicles. (Name from &pp-rjv, masculine, and ad-f)p, awn, in reference to the awned staminate floret.) 1. A. ELA.TIUS (L.) Beauv. (TALL 0.) Culms 1 m. or more high, erect ; leaves long, linear, 0.5-1 cm. wide, scabrous on both surfaces ; panicle pale or purplish and shining, 15-30 cm. long, narrow, the short branches verticillate, usually spike- let-bearing from the base ; spikelets 7-8 mm. long ; glumes minutely scabrous, the second about equaling the florets ; lemmas scabrous, the awn of the staminate floret about twice the length of its lemma; paleas as long as their lemmas. (A. avenaceum Beauv.) Meadows and waste places, Nfd. to Va., Ont., Minn., etc.; often Itivated. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 125. 125. A. elatius. Spikelet with glumes detached x 2. 47. DANTH6NIA DC. WILD OAT GRASS Spikelets several-flowered ; florets not closely approximate, uppermost imper- fect or rudimentary ; glumes subequal, much longer than the lemmas, usually exceeding the uppermost floret ; lemma convex, 2-toothed or bifid at the apex, with a twisted awn between the teeth ; awn flat, formed by the extension of the 3 middle nerves of the lemma. Tufted erect perennials with narrow leaves and small terminal panicles or racemes. (Named for IZtienne Danthoine, a botanist of Marseilles.) 142 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) Teeth of the lemma triangular, not aristate 1. D. spicata. Teeth of the lemma aristate. Florets not over 5 min. long 2. D. compressa. Florets 7-8 mm. long. Spikelets nearly sessile, in small crowded panicle, purple . . . . 3. D. intermedia. Spikelets in loose panicle, pale green. Sheaths and blades villous ; lemma silky-hairy 4. D. sericea. Sheaths and blades glabrous ; lemma pubescent on margins and base only 5. D. epili*. 1. D. spicata (L.) Beauv. Culms 2-7 dm. high terete; sheaths and involute blades glabrous or sparsely pilose, the numerous basal leaves often curled, those of the culm erect ; panicle few-flowered, the few short branches erect or ascending, often reduced to a raceme ; spikelets 10-12 mm. long, on short stiff pedicels ; glumes acuminate ; lemmas 4-5 mm. long, sparsely clothed with stiff hairs, teeth triangular, the awn longer than the lemma. Dry and sterile or rocky soil. June-Aug. FIG. 126. 2. D. compr6ssa Aust. Usually taller than the preceding ; culms flattened, often decumbent at base ; leaves elongated, 2-3 mm. wide, flat or involute on the margins only ; panicle more open ; teeth of the lemma aristate, at least 2 mm. long. Dry woods, Me. to N. Y., and southw. 3. D. intermedia Vasey. Culms 1-4 dm. high, with numerous mostly involute basal leaves; culm-leaves 5-15 cm. long, involute ; spikelets 15 mm. long, rather crowded in a raceme or simple few-flowered panicle; glumes broad, acu- minate, purplish, with pale scarious margins; lemma 7-8 mm. long, glabrous except at the base and margins below the middle, the teeth aristate ; awn 7-8 mm. long. Mt. Albert, Gasps' Co. , Que. ; n. Mich. (Farwell), and westw. July, Aug. D. sericea Nutt. Culms 5-9 dm. high ; sheaths and blades 126. D. spicata. Panicle x %. Spikelet and floret x iy 2 . Lemma x 2. 4. villous, at least the lower ones ; basal blades elongated, mostly involute, those of culms flat or involute ; panicle 6-10 cm. long, rarely longer, rather loose, the branches ascending or spreading ; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; glumes narrow, acuminate, pale; lemma densely clothed with long silky hairs, the aristate teeth more than \ the entire length of the lemma, awn 12-15 mm. long. Sandy soil, Mass, to Pa., and southw. FIG. 127. 5. D. 6pilis Scribn. Very similar to the preceding, not so tall ; sheaths and blades glabrous ; panicle smaller ; lemma glabrous, except at the base and on the margins below the middle. (Z>. glabra Nash, not Philippi.) Sandy soil, N. J., and southw., rare. May. Possibly only a variety of the preceding. 7 D s. ri< . a Lemma x 4. 48. SPARTtNA Schreb. CORD or MARSH GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened laterally, sessile and closely imbricated in 2 rows along one side of a continuous rhachis, forming unilateral spikes which are scattered along a common axis ; glumes unequal, keeled, acute or bristle- pointed, the second usually exceeding the obtuse thinner 1-nerved lemma ; palea equaling or exceeding the lemma. Coarse perennials with si rong creeping rootstocks, rigid simple culms, and long tough leaves. ( Whence the name, from (nrapTlv-tj, a cord, such as was made from the bark of the Spartium or broom.) * Culms stout, usually over 1 m. high; leaves 1 cm. or m<>r>' /-/Wr, flat or nearly so when fresh. 1. S. Michauxiana Hitchc. (SLOUGH GRASS.) Culms 1-2 m. high; leaves 0-12 dm. long, 15 mm. wide or less, tapering to a very slender point, GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 143 Spikelet with glumes detached x 2. Salt and brackish Spikelet with glumes detached x 2. keeled, flat, but quickly involute in drying, smooth except the margins ; spikes 5-20, scattered, spreading, 0.5-10 cm. long ; rhachis rough on the margins ; glumes serrulate-hispid on the keel, the first acuminate and equaling the floret, the second tapering into an awn 7 mm. long ; lemma 7-9 mm. long, glabrous except the serrulate- scabrous midnerve which abruptly terminates below the emarginate or 2-toothed apex. (8. cynosuroides Am. auth., not Roth.) Banks of rivers and lakes, or on wet prairies, N. S. to Assina., s. to N. J. and Okla. Aug. -Oct. FIG. 128. 2. S. cynosuroides (L.) Roth. (SALT REED GRASS.) Culms stout, 1-3 m. high, often 2 cm. in diameter near the base ; leaves 1-2.5 cm. wide, flat or nearly so, roughish underneath as well as on the margins ; spikes 20-50, forming a f dense oblong purplish raceme ; glumes barely /J mucronate, the first % the length of the $ lemma, of which the rough hispid midrib f reaches the apex. (S. polyxtachya Willd.) - marshes, Ct. , and southw. Aug.-Oct. Specimens from Dismal Swamp, Va., have only 10-15 spikes. FIG. 129. 3. S. glabra Muhl. (SALT MARSH GRASS.) Culms 0.6- 2.4 m. high, leafy to the top ; leaves 5-7 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. 129 8 cynosuroides wide ' usuallv flat > sometimes involute ; spikes oppressed, 5-15 cm. long, the rhachis slightly projecting beyond the spikelets; spikelets 10-14 mm. long; glumes glabrous or sparingly scabrous on the keel, the first scarcely f the length of the second ; lemma 8-10 mm. long. (8. stricta, var. Gray.) Salt marshes, Va., and southw. Odor strong and rancid. Var. piL6sA Merr. has glumes with scabrous keels and lemmas sparingly pilose, thus approaching the European S. stricta Roth. Mass., and southw. FIG. 130. Var. alterniflbra (Loisel.) Merr. Spikes more slender, 7-12 cm. long, the spikelets somewhat remote, barely over- lapping, the rhachis continued into a more conspicuous bract-like appendage ; lemma sparingly pilose ; otherwise as in the preceding form, into which it passes. ($. stricta^ var. Gray.) Lower St. Lawrence, and southw. (Eu.) * * Culms slender, rarely 1 m. high ; leaves not over 5 mm. wide, strongly involute when fresh. 4. S. patens (Ait.) Muhl. Culms slender, wiry, 3-8 dm. high, from long slender rootstocks ; sheaths overlapping ; blades 1-3.5 dm. long, involute, spreading ; panicle short-exserted or included at base, of 2 to several ascending spikes (2-5 cm. long); rhachis smooth ; spikelets 10-12 mm. long ; first glume linear, niucronate, scarcely half as long as the lanceolate acuminate second glume, MA k which is scabrous on the nerves ; lemma 5-6 mm. long, thin, jw ;] n obtuse, slightly emarginate ; palea slightly longer. Salt VJ' // marshes and sandy coasts, Nfd. and e. Que. to Va. July, MW Aug. V ff Var. jiincea (Michx.) Hitchc. Differs from the species in Y i ts greater size, culms 5-12 dm. high, longer erect or ascend- ing leaves, and stouter rootstocks ; panicles exserted ; spikes inc> nearly erect; spikelets 7-10 mm. long. (S.juncea Willd.) Spikelet with glumes ^ marshe > g a P nd gand beaches ftl g \ he coagt N> H / to Fla. and Tex. June-Sept. FIG. 131. Var. caespit6sa (A. A. Eaton) Hitchc. Differs from the species in its tufted habit, no creeping rootstocks, taller culms, and awned second glume; blades approximate near the middle of the stem, glaucous above, as much as 6 dm. long, with long involute scabrous points. ($. caespitosa A. A. Eaton.) Border of brackish marshes, N. H. and Mass. 130. S. glabra, v. pilosa. Part of inflorescence x %. Spikelet x iy 2 . Same displayed x 1%. 144 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 49. BECKMANNIA Host Spikelets 1-flowered in our species, broad, laterally compressed, closely imbri- cated in 2 rows along one side of a continuous rhachis, forming short unilateral spikes ; rhachilla articulated below the glumes ; glumes subequal, inflated, boat- shaped, chartaceous, margin scarious ; lemma lanceolate, acuminate, palea nearly as long ; grain free within the rigid lemma and palea. A rather tall erect perennial, with flat leaves and a terminal elongated narrow nearly simple panicle. (Named for Johann Beckmann, 1739- 1811, professor of botany at Goettingen.) 1. B. erucaef6rmis (L.) Host. Light green ; culms 5-10 dm. high ; sheaths loose, overlapping ; blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, the spikes appressed ; spikelets nearly circular, 132. B. erucaeformis. 3 mm. long ; the glumes transversely wrinkled ; the acu- Part of inflorescence x V 5 - minate apex of the lemma protruding beyond the glumes. Part of same x V 2 - Wet ground, Minn., la., and westw. ; adv. in O. FIG. Spikelets and floret x 2. 132. 50. CYNODON Richard. BERMUDA or SCUTCH GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally compressed, awnless, singly sessile in 2 rows along one side of a slender continuous axis, forming unilateral spikes ; rhachilla prolonged behind the palea into a blunt pedicel ; glumes un- equal, narrow, acute, keeled ; lemma broad, boat-shaped, obtuse, ciliate on the keel ; palea as long as the lemma, the prominent keels close together, ciliolate; grain free within the lemma and palea. Low diffusely branched and extensively creeping perennials, with flat leaves and slender spikes digitate at the apex of the upright branches. (Name composed of KVUV, a dog, and <55o5s, a tooth.} CAPRIOLA Adans. 1. C. DAcxYLON (L.) Pers. Glabrous; culms flattened, wiry ; ligule a conspicuous ring of white hairs ; spikes 4-5, 2-6 cm. long ; spikelets imbricated, 2 mm. long ; lemma longer than the glumes. ( Capriola Ktze.) Fields and waste places, 133. o. Dactylon. Mass., and south w., where it is cultivated for pasturage. (Nat. inflorescence x V 4 . from Eu. ) Seldom perfects seed. FIG. 133. Spikelet x 4. 51. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile and appressed, alternate and distant along one side of a slender triangular rhachis, forming very slender spikes ; glumes narrow, unequal, with strong rigid keels, pointed, shorter than the lanceolate acuminate scabrous lemma;. palea nearly as !<>iii, r as the lemma ; grain free within the subrigid lemma and palea. A low diffusely branching annual with short narrow leaves and slender paniculate spikes. (Name from , wear, and Nardus, from its resemblance to that genus.) 1. S. paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. Culms 3-5 dm. high, erect or decumbent at base, leafy below ; sheaths and blades smooth ; i;;. s. puni.-iikitiia. panicle half or more than half the entire height of the plant, Part of spike x 1 84. its axis usually falcate, the spikes solitary and remote, mostly Spiki-u-txs. along the convex side, ri^id ; spikelets 4 nun. long. (- mi us Steud.) Open ground and saltlicks, 111. to Mont.. Col., and Tex. At maturity the panicle becomes much elongated and decumbent, the axis extending in a large loose spiral. FIG. 134. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 145 52. GYMNOP6GON Beauv. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, sometimes 1 or 2 neuter or starninate subses- sile florets above the perfect one, remote along one side of a filiform continuous rhachis, forming slender unilateral spikes; rhachilla prolonged beyond the floret as a slender often awned rudiment ; glumes narrow, subequal, rigid, scabrous on the strong keel, equaling or exceeding the florets ; lemma thin, bearing a slender straight awn from just below the apex; palea about as long as the lemma. Perennials, with short rather broad rigid leaves and numerous slender spikes, at first erect, at length widely divaricate or reflexed. (Name composed of yv/jLi>6s, naked, and irtiywv, a beard, alluding to the reduction of the abortive flower to a bare awn.) 1. G. ambiguus (Michx.) BSP. Culms tufted from a short rootstock, rigid, erect or ascending, 2-5 dm. high; sheaths overlapping, blades often approximate, thick, rigid, spreading, 4-0 cm. long, 1 cm. or more wide ; spikes solitary or in 2's along a striate axis, becoming widely divaricate when exserted from the sheath, spikelet-bearing to the base; awn of floret longer than the glabrous lemma; rudiment long-awned. 135 (G. racemosus Beauv. ) Sterile sandy or gravelly ground, Infl ' enco x y N. J. to Mo., Fla., and Tex. Aug., Sept. FIG. 135. SnikeletxS/ 2. G. brevif&lius Trin. Resembling the preceding ; culms more slender, from a decumbent base; leaves 2-4 dm. long, 4-9 mm. wide, involute in drying ; spikes usually less numerous, more distant, naked at the base, spikelet-bearing from about the middle ; awn shorter than the hairy lemma; one or two sterile florets sometimes present, rudiment usually awnless. Sandy ground, N. J. , and south w. . 53. CHL6RIS Sw. Spikelets with 1 perfect floret, sessile in 2 rows along one side of a continuous achis, forming unilateral spikes ; rhachilla prolonged behind the palea and bear- ing 1 or more rudimentary awned sterile lemmas ; glumes unequal, narrow, acute, keeled ; lemma often ciliate on the back or margins, 1-3-nerved, the mid-nerve nearly always prolonged into a slender awn; palea about equaling the lemma; grain free within the lemma and palea. Usually perennial grasses with flat leaves and digitate spikes. (Named for Chloris, the god- dess of flowers.) 1. C. verticillata Nutt. Culms 1-4 dm. high, erect, or de- 136 verticillata cumoent and rooting at the nodes ; sheaths compressed ; leaves obtuse, light green ; spikes several in 1-3 whorls, slender, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets 3 mm. long, with awns about 5 mm. long; sterile lemma one. Prairies, e. Kan. and southwestw. June. At maturity the inflorescence breaks away and forms a tumbleweed. FIG. 136. 54. BOUTELOUA Lag. MESQUITE GRASS Spikelets 1-2-flowered, crowded and sessile in 2 rows along one side of a con- tinuous flattened rhachis, which usually projects beyond the spikelets ; rhachilla prolonged beyond the perfect floret and bearing a sterile (rarely staminate) floret, a second or third rudiment often present ; glumes unequal, keeled ; lemma broader, 3-5-nerved, 3-5-toothed or cleft, 3 of the divisions usually awn-pointed ; palea about the length of the lemma, bidentate, the 2 keels scabrous ; sterile floret sometimes reduced to the awns, rarely obsolete. Our species perennial, with narrow flat or convolute leaves, and unilateral spikes nearly sessile along a common axis. (Named for Claudio Boutelou, a Spanish writer upon flori- Mlture and agriculture.) GRAY'S MANUAL 10 146 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 137. B. oligostachya. Spikelet with glumes detached x 3. 1. CHONDR6SIUM (Desv.) Gray. Spikes 1-4, usually curved, of 25 or more densely crowded pectinate spikelets. 1. B. oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. Culms slender, erect, from a short root- stock, leafy at the base, 1.5-5 dm. high ; sheaths and blades glabrous, the latter about 2 mm. wide, flat or becoming convolute ; spikes 1-3, 2-5 cm. long ; spikelets 5-6 mm. long ; glumes narrow, the first about as long as the second, which is sparsely papillose- pilose on the keel; fertile lemma pilose, 3-cleft, the divisions awned ; sterile lemma consisting of 2 truncate lobes and 3 divergent equal awns with a tuft of long hairs at base, second rudiment obtuse, awnless. Prairies, Wis. and N. Dak. to Tex. ; casual eastw. (Mex.) July-Sept. FIG. 137. 2. B. hirsuta Lag. Culms tufted, erect, 2-5 dm. high, leafy at the base ; sheaths smooth ; blades about 3 mm. wide, flat, sparsely papillose-hairy, especially on . the margins; spikes 1-4, 1.5-5 cm. long; the rhachis of the spike produced into a prominent point beyond the uppermost spikelets; spikelets about 5 mm. long ; first glume setaceous, the second equaling the floret, conspicuously tuberculate-hirsute on the back; fer- tile lemma pubescent, 3-cleft, the divisions awn-pointed ; sterile floret of 2 obtuse lobes and 3 equal awns margined 138. B. hirsuta. below, no tuft of hairs at the base. Sandy plains, Wis. to Spikelet with glumes Mo., and south westw. to Mex. July-Sept. FIG. 138. detached x 3. 2. ATHEHOP6GON (Muhl.) Gray. Spikes 15 or more, oj 12 or fewer ascend- ing spikelets. 3. B. curtipSndula (Michx.) Torr. Culms erect from short running root- stocks, 3-10 dm. high ; sheaths pubescent toward the summit ; blades 1-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, flat or involute and setaceous toward the end, scabrous above, sometimes pubescent beneath ; spikes numerous, 8-16 mm. long, spreading or reflexed, in a long mostly 1-sided raceme, the rhachis bifid at the <\rfi')i m. high, erect, from scaly rootstocks, old sheaths persistent at the base ; blades long, flat or involute, stiff ; spike 0.5-1.5 dm. 140. C. aromatimm. iTltloIVStVlK . S|.ikd-t. x _'. Same with , is cultivated for ornament and is occa- sionally spontaneous southward. IJi'srmblinu; rJirni/mi/is but taller, spikdcts 3-4-flowered ; flowers all perfect; rhachilla naked; lemmas clothed with long silky hairs, short-awned from the bifid apex. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 149 61. TRIDENS R. & S. Spikelets 3-12-flowered in open or strict panicles ; florets perfect or the upper- most staminate ; glumes unequal, keeled, shorter than the spikelet ; lemma subcoriaceous, convex below, bidentate, 3-nerved, the nerves silky-villous below and at least the middle one extending in a mucronate point between the teeth ; palea broad, the nerves nearly marginal. Perennials with long narrow leaves and terminal panicles. (Name from tres, three, and dens, tooth.) TRIODIA R. Br. 1. T. flavus (L.) Hitchc. (TALL RED TOP.) Culms erect, 1-2 m. high, viscid in the axis of the panicle and below it ; sheaths bearded at the summit, otherwise glabrous as are the long flat or involute tapering blades ; the showy panicles 2-4.5 dm. long, almost as wide, loose and open, the slender 0^^ branches spreading, naked below ; spikelets purple, 7-8 mm. ? p * *' long, 5-8-flowered, on long pedicels; glumes shorter than Lemmau^rolled the lowest florets, mucronate ; the three nerves of the lemmas excurrent. {Poa flava L. ; Triodia seslerioides Benth. ; T. cuprea Jacq.) Dry or sandy fields, Ct. to Mo., and south w. Aug., Sept. FIG. 146. 2. T. strictus (Nutt.) Nash. Caespitose, 12-14 dm. high ; culms stout, erect ; leaves long and rigid ; panicle pale or purplish, dense and spike-like, 1-3 dm. long ; spikelets about 5 mm. long, 5-8-flowered, nearly sessile ; glumes exceeding the lower florets, mucronate ; only the midnerve of the lemma excurrent. ( Triodia stricta Benth.) Moist soil, s.e. Kan., and south w. July-Sept. 62. TRIPLASIS Beauv. Spikelets 3-6-flowered, the florets remote, the lowest stipitate, perfect or the uppermost staminate ; glumes unequal, keeled, shorter than the florets ; lemmas 2-cleft, the 3 nerves strongly ciliate, the midnerve excurrent as a short awn between the lobes ; palea shorter, broad, the nerves nearly marginal and densely long-ciliate from the middle to the apex. Perennials with small nearly simple panicles. (Name from T/u7rA. <\ in1.ume.xcen*. IVriVynia I.-IIK-.- -conic, one fourth to one third a> broad a-^ lung . . . (175) C. intumescens, v. fernaldii. qq. Mature perigynia straw-colored. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 217 pp. inat Leaves 0.5-1.5 cm. broad Leaves 1.5-3.5 nun. broad Teeth of the beak strongly refracted ff. Staminate spikes 2 or more rr. 176. C.follieulata. 177. C. Michauxiana. 178. C. subulata. rr. Achene distinctly broader than long, its faces strongly con- caved ..." ........ 171. C. gigantea. rr. Achene longer than broad, the faces flat or slightly convex ss. ss. Culm thick and spongy at base, generally smooth and bluntly angled above ; leaves prominently nodulose. Perigynia flask-shaped, rather abruptly contracted to the beak, 3-6 mm. long. Stout ; spikes cylindric, 2-10 cm. long .... 183. C. rostrala. Slender ; spikes globose or short-cylindric, 1-2.5 cm. long ......... (183) C. rostrata, v. ambig&ns. Perigynia tapering gradually to the beak, 0.5-1 cm. long ........ (183) C. rostrata, v. utriculata. ss. Culm scarcely spongy at base, sharp-angled above, often harsh ; leaves slightly if at all nodulose tt, tt. Beak of the perigynia usually slightly roughened or serrulate. Pistillate spikes cylindric, 2.5-5 cm. long. 1-1. 5cm. thick 184. C. bullata. Pistillate spikes globose to thick-cylindric, 1-4 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick ....... (184) C. bullata, v. Greenii. tt. Beak of perigynia smooth uu. uu. Mature perigynia 5-6.5 mm. thick ..... uu. Mature perigynia not more than 4 mm. thick WD. w. Perigynia ascending, straight; leaves firm, 2-7 mm. wide. Perigynia bladdery inflated. Perigynia ovoid-conic, tapering gradually to the beak ........ Perigynia rounded-ovoid, rather abruptly tapering to the beak. Perigynia 6 mm. long. Spikes cylindric, 2-7 cm. long . . . (18' Spikes globose to short-cylindric, 1-2.5 cm. long . . ..... (182) C. venicaria, v. distenta. Perigynia 4-5 mm. long .... (182) C. vezicaria, v. jejuna. Perigynia barely inflated, conic-subulate . (182) C. vesicaria, v. Raeana. vv. Perigynia retrorse or wide-spreading, slightly falcate ; leaves soft and ribbon-like, 0.5-1 cm. wide . . 169. C. retrorsa. 185. C. Tuckermani. 182. C. vesiearia. C. vesicaria, v. monile. 1. C. muskingumensis Schwein. Culms 1 ra. or less high, very leafy ; leaves subcordate at their junction with the loose green sheaths, those of the sterile shoots crowded and almost dis- tichous ; inflorescence oblong, of 5-12 appressed-ascending pointed spikes ; perigynia very thin and scale-like, barely distended over the achenes. Meadows, swamps, and wet woods, O. to Man. and Mo. July, Aug. FIG. 340. 2. C. scoparia Schkuhr. Culms 0.2-1 m. high, mostly slender and erect ; leaves narrow (at most 3 mm. wide), shorter than the culm ; inflo- rescence of 3-9 straw-colored or brownish mostly shining and ascending approximate ovoid pointed spikes (0.5-1.5 cm. long) ; perigynia ^(rarely 4)-6.5 mm. long. Low ground or even dry open soil, rarely in woods, Nfd. to Sask. and Ore., and southw. May-Aug. FIG. 341. Var. MQNILIFORMIS Tuckerm. Spikes scattered, the lowest remote. Less common. Var. CONDENSA Fernald. Spikes spreading, crowded in a globose or subglobose head. N. B. to Ont. and Ct. FIG. 342. 3. C. tribuloides Wahlenb. Culms loose, 0.3-1 m. high, sharply trigonous ; leaves soft and loose, 3-8 mm. broad, numer- ous, the upper often nearly or quite overtopping the culm, those of the sterile shoots crowded and somewhat distichous; inflo- 341. C. scoparia. 340. C. muskingumensis. 342. C. scoparia, v. condensa. 218 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 843. 0. tribuloides. rescence compact, the 8-14 obovoid ascending somewhat crowded gray-green or dull-brown spikes 7-12 mm. long ; perigynia 3.7-5 mm. long, f lii-ir tips appressed. Swales and rich open woods, N. B. to Sask., ahd southw. June-Sept. FIG. 343. Var. TUKBA.TA Bailey. Spikes remote. Less common. Var. rediicta Bailey. Inflorescence usually flexuous, at least the lowest spikes scattered ; perigynia with loosely recurved tips. (Var. moniliformis Brit- ton, in part.) Gulf of St. Lawrence to Ont., s. to Ct., N. Y., and la. FIG. 344. 4. C. siccata Dewey. Culmsslender, 1-6 dm. high ; leaves stiff, 1-3 mm. wide ; inflorescence of 3-7 approximate or scattered glossy brown spikes, the staminate and pistillate flowers variously mixed or in distinct spikes; perigynia obviously distended over the achene, 2 mm. broad, usually with distinct serrulate wings. Dry or sandy soil, Me. to B. C. and Alaska, s. to Mass., Ct., N. Y., O., Mich., and westw. May-July. FIG. 345. 5. C. Crawfordii Fernald. Slender, the culms forming close stools; leaves narrow (1-2.5 mm. wide), often equaling or exceeding the culms ; inflorescence dull brown, subcylindric or ovoid, often sub- tended by an elongate filiform bract ; spikes 3-12, subcylindric or narrowly ovoid, ascending, 3-7 mm. long, approximate ; the linear- lanceolate perigynia plump at base, about 1 mm. wide. (C. scoparia, var. minor Boott.) Open soil, rarely in woods, Nfd. to B. C., s. to n. Ct., and Mich. June- Sept. FIG. 346. Var. V!GENS Fernald. Stouter throughout ; culms 3-0 dm. high ; leaves 2.5-3 mm. broad; spikes mostly greener and longer, densely crowded. Less common. FIG. 347. 6. C. orone'nsis Fernald. Culms few in loose stools, tall and erect, 0.5-1 m. high, 847 C Crawfordii snar ply angled and harsh above ; leaves smooth, v. vigens. ' 2.5-4 mm. broad, much shorter than the culms ; inflorescence thick-cylindric, erect; spikes 3-9, ascending, dark brown, rhomboid-ovoid, pointed, 0.5-1 cm. long ; scales dark, with pale scarious margins ; peri- gynia appressed, about 4 mm. long, 1.3 mm. broad, very narrowly winged above. Dry fields, thickets, open woods, and gravelly banks, Orono and Bangor, Me. June-July. FIG. 348. 7. C. pratSnsis Drejer. Culm* snntnfh and sli'mli-r. :'.-<> dm. high, overtopping the smooth flat ('2-:\. 5 mm. broad) leaves; inflorescence slender, flcsuons, nuniilifonu ; #)n'kcs 3-7, silrrt-if-hrnirn, mostly remote, pointed, frir-floircrrtl. 7-1.7 mm. long, mostly long-clavate at base; i>olate, - mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad. Open woods, clearings. and prairies, Lab. to B. C., s. to N. S., n. Me., L. Superior, etc. Juno-Aug. (Greenl.) FIG. 31'.'. 8. C. cristata Schwein. Culms 1 m. or less high, hnruli S4H. <'. pratensis. above ; leaves soft and flat, 3-7 mm. broad, often equaling 345. C. siccata. 346. C. Cnuvfordii. c orom . Ilsis . CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 219 350. C. cristata. 351. C. albolutescens. the culms, sheaths loose ; inflorescence usually dense, cylin- dric to ellipsoid ; spikes 0-15, globose, closely flowered, greenish or dull brown, 0.5-1 cm. long ; perigynia 3-4 mm. long, their tips rosulate-spread- ing. ( C. tribuloides, var. Bailey ; C .cristatella Britton.) Swales and wet woods, e. Mass, and Vt. to Pa., Mo., Sask., and B. C. June-Aug. FIG. 350. 9. C. albolutescens Schwein. Culms stout and stiff, 2-8 dm. high ; leaves erect, long-pointed, pale green, 2-5 mm. wide, shorter than the culms ; inflorescence stiff, linear-cylindric to subglobose, with or without elongated bracts ; spikes 3-30 (sometimes compound), conic-ovoid to subglobose, 0.6-1 cm. long; perigynia 2-3 mm. broad, rhombic- ovate to suborbicular, pale, with short deltoid firm greenish tips. {C. straminea, vars. foenea Torr. and cumulata Bailey.) Damp or even dry soil, chiefly on the coastal plain, N. B. to Fla. and Mex.. rarely inland ; also L. Huron to Man. July-Sept. FIG. 351. 10. C. mirdbilis Dewey. Culms 0.3- 1.5 m. high, very loose and smooth ; leaves soft and thin, 2.5-6 mm. wide, the sheaths 352 c mirat) iii s- rather loose ; spikes 4-12, greenish, sub- globose or ovoid, 5-9 mm. long, mostly approximate; peri- gynia lance-ovate, 3-4 mm. long, with divergent tips. (C. straminea, var. Tuckerm.) Dry banks, open woods, and rich copses, Me. to Man., N. C. and Mo. June, July. FIG. 352. Var. PERLONGA Fernald. Spikes remote. Less common. FIG. 353. Var. tincta Fernald. Spikes 3-7, ovoid, approximate, brown-tinged; scales brown with a pale margin. N. B. and n. N. E. 853 c mir v perl Plant comparatively small. 11. C. straminea Willd. Culms very slender, 3-7 dm. high, smooth except at summit ; leaves 854 c Btra miuea. 0.5-2 mm. wide; spikes 3-8, yellow-brown, or rarely green ovoid or subglobose, 4-8 mm. long, usually forming a moniliform or linear- cylindric flexuous inflorescence ; perigynia rarely 4 mm. long, lance-ovate, the inner faces 3-5-nerved or nerveless, the ascend- ing tips inconspicuous. (C. tenera Dewey.) Meadows, dry banks, or open woods, N. B. to B. C., Ky., and Ark. June-Aug. FIG. 354. Var. echinbdes Fernald. Tips of the slightly longer perigynia divergent and conspicuous. Vt. (Brainerd} ; Ont. and Mich, to la. FIG. 355. 12. C. hormathddes Fernald. Culms 355. C. str., v. echin. dender and flex uous, sharply angled, smooth except at summit, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves shorter than or rarely exceeding the culms, very ascending, 1-2.5 mm. wide ; inflorescence slender, moniliform (or on late culms congested), of 3-9 broadly ovoid brownish spikes (8-12 mm. long} , with or without subtending elongated bracts ; perigynia 356. c. horuiathodes. 220 CYPERACEAE (SEDGK FAMILY) 358. C. horm., v. Richii. elongate-ovate, ascending or rarely spreading, distinctly about 10- nerved on each face; scales lance-attentuate or aristate. (C. straminea, var. aperta Boott ; C. tenera Britton, not Dewey.) Fresh or brackish marshes, commonest near the coast, e. Que. to Del. and la. ; B. C. June-Aug. FIG. 350. Lower small-spiked (5-8 mm. long) plants have been separated as var. IN vis A (W. Boott) Fernald. FIG. 357. Var. Richii Fernald. Perigynia 4-5 mm. long, with suborbicular bodies abruptly contracted to con- spicuous loosely ascending or spreading tips. (C. tenera, var. Fernald.) Mass, to D. C. FIG. 358. 13. C. Bicknellii Britton. Culms comparatively m " stout, 4-9 din. high, smooth except at summit ; leaves perigvnUI n lsa< ascending, rather short and firm, 2-4.5 mm. broad ; inflorescence of 3-7 silvery-brown or greenish ovoid, obovoid or subglobose approximate or slightly remote spikes (8-14 mm. long) ; perigynia ascending, with broadly ovate or suborbi- cular bodies, the tips becoming conspicuous, broadly wing-mar- gined, when mature becoming almost translucent and about 10- nerved on each face. (C. stra- SjjS$( minea, var. Crawei Boott.) Dry "SSSLsMfe, fffy, or rocky soil, Me. to Man., N. J., j$to]$jj? M O., and Ark. May-July. FIG. 359. 14. C. silicea Olney. Culms slender, stiff, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves erectish, usually glaucous, 2-4.5 mm. wide, often becoming involute; inflorescence of 3-12 usually remote conic-ovoid and clavate- based whitish spikes (1-1.5 cm. long) ; perigynia firm and opaque, 4-5 mm. long, 2.2-3 mm. broad, short-beaked, broad-winged, the body distinctly 3-5-nerved on the inner, Q-12-nerved on the outer face. (C. foenea, var. subu- lonum Gray.) Sands and rocks near the sea, Gulf of St. Law- rence to N. J. June-Aug. FIG. 360. 15. C. alata Torr. Culms rather stout, smooth except at summit, 0.5-1 m. high; leaves mostly short and harsh, 2.5-4.5 mm. wide, the sheath green and strongly nerved nearly or quite to the narrow xnl>clt< riini unite, 4-5 mm. long, 2.3-2.8 nun. broad ; tsnih-ft lance-ovate, mostly awnless. (C.. tenera, var. Olney; C. alata, var. ferruginea Fernald.) Out. and O. to Mich., 111., and la. FIG. 362. c. sni,iTfcta. 17. C. festucacea Schkuhr. Culms stiff, 0.5-1 m. high ; 359. C. Bicknellii. 360. C. silicea. 361. C. alata. CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 221 C. festucacea. 365. C. Bebbii. leaves stiff, erect, shorter than the culms, 2-4 mm. wide, the sheath with a thin barely nerved or nerveless pale band extending down from the membranous auricle ; inflorescence cylindric, rarely ovoid, of 5-10 distinct or rarely approxi- mate subglobose or broadly ovoid-conic yellow-brown or green- brown ascending spikes (7-12 mm. long); perigynia broad- ovate to suborbicular, strongly 7-15-nerved on the outer, nerveless or faintly nerved on the inner face ; achenes sub- orbicular. (C. straminea, var. Tuckerm.) Dry or rocky soil, Me. to Man. and Pa. June-Aug. FIG. 363. Var. brevier (Dewey) Fernald. Lower, rarely more than .0.6 m. high, and more slender; spikes 3-6, approximate or subap- proximate. (C. straminea, var. Dewey.) Commoner, reaching B. C., Ark., etc. May- July. FIG. 364. 18. C. BSbbii Olney. Culms rather slen- der, 2-6 dm. high, smooth except at tip ; leaves mostly shorter, ascending but not stiff, 1.7-4.5 mm. wide ; inflorescence short, corn- ellipsoid, brown, 1-2 cm. long, of 3-12 globose or ellipsoid ascending spikes (5-8 mm. long); perigynia narrowly ovate, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, mostly dull brown, and loosely ascending, faintly few-nerved or nerveless; scales oblong, bluntly acuminate. ( C. tribuloides, var. Bailey.) Low grounds, Nfd. to w. Mass., N. Y., 111., Col., B. C., and north w. June-Aug. FIG. 365. 19. C. foenea Willd. Culms slender and lax, smooth except at tip, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves soft and loose, pale green or glaucous, mostly shorter, 2-4 mm. broad ; inflorescence linear-cylindric or moniliform, erect or flexuous, of 4-9 globose or ovoid clavate-based appressed- ascending whitish-green or silvery-brown spikes (6-10 mm. long} ; perigynia ovate, 3-4 mm. long, 1.8-2.2 mm. broad, appressed-ascending, finally a little spreading. Dry woods and banks, Me. to B. C. and Md, July. FIG. 366. Var. PERPLEXA Bailey. Coarser, and often taller ; inflorescence heavier, mostly nodding, the 6-15 spikes larger (1-1.7 cm. long}, the terminal 36T. C. foenea, v. perplexa. n p e 8 ften crowded ; perigynia 3.5-4.4 mm. long. Com- moner, Nfd. to Man. and Va. June-Aug. FIG. 367. 20. C. LEPORINA L. Culms stiff and ascending, 2-8 dm. high; leaves mostly short and firm, 1.5-4 mm. broad ; inflorescence from subglobose to cylindric, of 3-6 obovoid or ellipsoid approximate or sub- approximate brown or ferruginous ascending spikes (0.8-1.4 cm. long) ; perigynia 3.8-4.5 mm. long, 1.8-2.3 mm. broad, ascending. Dry hill- sides, rocky banks, etc., local, Nfd. to Mass, and N. Y. ; and occasional on ballast south w. June- Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 368. 21. C. xerdntica Bailey. Culms stiff, sca- brous above, 3-6 dm. high; leaves short, mostly near the base, 2-3 mm. broad; inflorescence linear-cylindric, of 3-6 distinct ascending ellipsoidal brownish-white spikes (8-13 mm. long) ; 300. c. xerantica. perigynia appressed, 4-4.8 mm. long, 2-2.3 mm. broad, the inner . C. foenea. f 368. C. leponna. 222 CYPEBACEAE (SEIHiK FAMILY) 370. C. aenea. face, nerveless or only slightly nerved at the golden-yellow base. Open prairies, Man. to Kan., and westw. July. FIG. 369. 22. C. adnea Fernald. Culms smooth and wiry, but more or less flexuous at tip, 0.25-1.2 m. high; leaves much shorter, rather soft and flat, 2-4 mm. broad ; inflorescence loosely cylindric or moniliform, of 3-12 obovoid mostly clavate-based brownish or ferruginous spikes (0.8-2.5 cm. long, in luxuriant plants olten peduncled or compound) ; peri- gynia loosely ascending, dark green or brown when mature, 4-5 mm. long, 1.9-2.7 mm. broad ; achene 1.3-1 .7 mm. broad. Open woods, dry banks, or rarely in low ground, Lab. to B. C., s. to Ct., Mich., etc. May-July. FIG. 370. 23. C. adusta Boott. Culms stiffly erect, smooth, 2-8 dm. high ; leaves usually shorter, 2-5 mm. broad ; inflorescence erect, dense and stiff, ovoid or cylindric, often subtended by a stiff promi- nent bract, of 3-15 simple or com- pound full and rounded brownish spikes (6-12 mm. long) ; perigynia 4-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. broad; achene 1.8-2.1 mm. broad. Dry woods, gravelly banks, etc., Nfd. to Mt. Desert I., Me., w. to Minn, and far northw. June-Sept. FIG. 371. 24. C. sychnoc&phala Carey. Culms smooth, 2-6 dm. high ; leaves soft, ascending, 2-4 mm. wide ; bracts very unequal ; spikes 4-10, subcylindric, 8-1 "> mm. long, forming a dense ovoid or ellipsoid head ; perigynia lance-subulate, 5mm. lonjr, barely 1 mm. wide, firm, slightly nerved or nerveless. Meadows, ditches, and wet 872. G. sychnocephala. 371. C. adusta. and B. C. July, Aug. FIG. 372. 25. C. gyn6crates Wormsk. Cu Ims 0.6-3 dm. high, mostly exceeding the setaceous leaves; spikes 0.5-2 cm. long, some 373.0. staminate and linear, with oblong mostly blunt-tipped scales, others staminate above, with one or morepistillate flowers below, others thick- cylindric and strictly pistillate, with 6-12 rather plump subterete but thin~e>! MUM. wide ; inflorescence, linear-cylindric, !-:{ cm. /ON;/, of '2 ', sHlxtpproximate or slightly remote snb^lohosc or snlx-ylindric 3-12-_/lo?/v/vJ spikes ; ))cri plump, olive-green or -brown, more or less nerved or essentially nerveless, broadly deltoid-ovate, obscurely short- beaked and with slightly thickened margin, 2.3-3.2 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, finally wide-spreading or recurved, much exceeding the oblong or ovate blunt scales. (C. interior Bailey.) Damp or wet soil, e. Que. to Hudson Bay, B. C., Fla., and Ariz. May-Aug. FIG. 381. Var. capillacea (Bailey) Fernald. Stiff, culms almost bristle-like; leaves about 0.5 mm. broad, often involute ; perigynia strongly nerved. (C. in- \ LJL tcrior, var. Bailey.) N. H. to N. Y., N. J., and Pa. 331. c. scirpoides. Var. Josselynii Fernald. Perigynia lance-subu- late, barely 1 mm. broad, mostly ascending. By St. John R., Me. 30. C. se6rsa E. C. Howe. Culms soft, in loose stools, 3.5-6.5 dm. high; leaves shorter, soft, pale, 2-4 mm. broad; inflorescence U82. o. seorsa. 2.5-7 cm. long, of 2-6 mostly remote subglobose or ellipsoid 6-20- 3T9. C. stell., v. angustata. z-d mm. [C. echi- ( "ley.) \> T*QVi1v ^ 380. 224 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 885. C. canesc., v. subloliacea. flowered green spikes (3.5-7 mm. long), the terminal usually with a long-clavate base, the lower often subtended by a setiform bract ; perigynia elliptic-ovate, with a narrow substipitate base, wide-spreading or recurved, much exceeding the acutish scales. Wet woods and swamps, e. Mass, to centr. N. Y. and Del. May, June. FIG. 382. 31. C. arcta Boott. Pale green or somewhat glaucous ; culms very soft, in loose stools, 1.6-0 dm. high, often overtopped by the soft flat leaves (2.5-4 mm. broad) ; inflorescence of 5-13 ovoid or subcylindric spikelets (6-11 mm. long); perigynia cordate-ovate, with a rather definite beak, strongly nerved on the outer, faintly on the C arcta inner face 2 ~^ mm : lon 1.2-1.5 mm. broad, some- what exceeding the acute often brown-tinged scales. (C. canescens, var. polystachya Boott.) Wet woods, alluvial thickets, etc., Me. and Que. to B. C., s. to Mass., N. Y., Mich., and Minn. June-Aug. FIG. 383. 32. C. canescens L. Culms soft, in loose stools, 1.5-6 dm. high ; leaves soft and flat, shorter than or exceeding the culms ; inflorescence 2.5-5 cm. long, of 4-7 short-cylindric to narrowly obovoid appressed-ascending approxi- 884. C. canescens. mate or slightly remote spikes ; perigynia ovoid- oblong, usually serrulate toward the short-pointed tip, 1.3-1.7 mm. broad, more or less nerved on both faces, somewhat exceeding the ovate pointed scale. Wet places, Lab. to B. C., locally s. toCt., and Mich. May-Aug. (Eurasia.) FIG. 384. Var. subloliacea Laestad. Smaller ; the spikes short-oblong or subglobose ; perigynia smaller, Imn-hj 2 mm. long, smooth throughout. Similar range. (Eu.) FIG. 385. Var. disjuncta Fernald. Tall and lax, 3-8 dm. high ; inflo- rescence elongated, flexuous, 0.5-1.5 dm. long; spikes 5-8, ellip- soid to cylindric, all but the terminal remote; perigynia as in the species. Nfd. to Wise., O., and Pa., common. FIG. 386. 33. C. brunn6scens Poir. Very slender and lax ; culms 1.5-7 dm. high ; leaves soft, flat ; inflorescence 1-6 cm. long, of 3-6 more or less remote or approximate subglobose or ellipsoid spikes (3-7 mm. long); perigynia 2-2.7 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. broad, serrulate at the base of the distinct beak, loosely spreading when mature. (C. canescens, vars. alpicola Wah- lenb. and vulgaris Bailey.) Open woods and dry rocky banks, Nfd. to B. C., s. to N. C., Mich., Wise., etc. June-Aug. (Eu.) FIG. 387. 34. C. bromoides Schkuhr. Very slender and lax, green, scarcely glaucous ; the culms 3-8 dm. long, mostly exceeding the soft flat leaves ; inflorescence loosely subcylindric, 2-5.5 cm. long, of 2-6 approximate or slightly scatt< r/ spikes (0.6-2. cm. long) ; beak of the peri/nhtin \- 1 as long as the strongly nerved body, slightly exceeding the oblong pointed scale. Rich low woods and swamps, N. S. to Ont., and south w. May-July. Fi.;. 388. .'55. C. Deweyana Schwcin. Very lax, glau- cous; the culms 2-1 2 dm. long, much exceeding the soft flat leaves ; inflorescence flexuous, 2-6 888. 0. bromoides. cm. long; the 2-7 spikes, 3-12-flowered (5-12 389. C. De\vy:ma. 887. C. brunnescens. C. canesc., v. disjuncta. CYPERACEAE ( SEDGE FAMILY) 225 390. C. tenuitiora. mm. long), the upper subapproximate or scattered, the lowest very remote, usually subtended by an elongate slender bract ; beak about \ as long as the body of the perigynium, somewhat exceeding the ovate acumi- nate or short-cuspidate pale scale. Rich open woods and banks, Que. to B. C., s. to Pa., Mich., Wise., N. Mex., etc. May-Aug. FIG. 389. 36. C. tenuiflbra Wahlenb. Lax, the culms 2-6 dm. long, mostly exceeding the very narrow (0.7-2 mm. broad) pale green leaves ; spikes 3-10-flowered ; peri- rynia 1.5-1.7 mm. broad, with the bluntish tips smooth or rarely with 1 or 2 teeth, about equaled by the ovate or ovate-oblong white scale. Bogs and wet mossy woods, local, Hudson Bay to Man., s. to N. B., Me., Mass., N. Y., Mich., Wise., and Minn. June, July. (Eu.) Apparently hybridizes with C. tri- sperma in n. Me. FIG. 390. 37. C. trisperma Dewey. Culms almost filiform, 2-7 dm. long, usually much overtopping the soft narrow (1-2 mm. wide} leaves; the 2 or 3 spikes 2-5-flowered ; the finely many-nerved beaked peri- gynia 3.3-3.8 mm. long, 1.6-1.8 mm. 3J1. C. trisperma. broad, slightly exceeding the ovate- oblong pale obtuse to mucronate- acuminate scales. Mossy woods and bogs, Nfd. to Sask., s. to Md., the Great Lakes, and Neb. June- Aug. FIG. 391. Var. Billingsii Knight. Leaves nearly setaceous, 0.3-0.5 mm. wide; the 1 or 2 spikes 1- or 2-flowered ; perigynium 2.5-3.3 mm. long. Boggy spots, local, N. S. and Me. to N. J. 38. C. noryggica Willd. Glaucous and freely stoloniferous; culms smooth and soft, 1-4.5 dm. high, mostly overtopping the soft flat rather narrow (1-2.5 mm. broad) leaves ; inflorescence 1.5-5.5 cm. long, of 2-6 ovoid or thick-cylindric spikes, the lower 5-12 mm. long; perigynia faintly nerved, 2.5-3.3 mm. 392 c norveo . ica long, 1.6-2 mm. broad, conic-rostrate, usually abruptly contracted ' to a substipitate base. Damp, usually brackish soil, locally on the coast from Me. north w. June- Aug. (Eu.) FIG. 392. x C. HELVOLA Blytt is a hybrid of this with no. 32, occurring in N. B. and n. Eu. 39. C. glarebsa Wahlenb. Culms acutely angled, mostly curved, scabrous at tip, 1-3 dm. high, once and a half or twice exceeding the flaccid narrow blue-green leaves; inflorescence narrowly ellipsoid or obovoid, 0.7-2 cm. long, icith 2-4 appressed-asce tiding obovoid spikes, the lower 4-9 mm. long, the terminal larger, 6-11 mm. long ; perigynia fusi- form, with narrow smooth beak, striate-nerved, 2.5-3 mm. long, barely 1 mm. broad, exceeding the ferruginous or purplish white- edged ovate acutish or obtuse scales. Shores of the lower St. Lawrence, Que., and north w., local. June-Aug. (Ku.) Var. amphigena Fernald. Perigynia broadly ellipsoid, ovoid or obovoid, 1.3-1.9 mm. long, abruptly beaked. Commoner, Arctic coast to Que. and N. B. (Eurasia.) FIG. 393. 40. C. tenella Schkuhr. Exceedingly slender, 1-6 dm. high, in loose tufts; leaves flat, soft, and weak, mostly shorter than the culm ; spikes l-3-flowered, or the terminal 4-6-flowered, scattered on the upper part of the culm, the bracts obsolete or the lowest 394 c tenella Present and very short ; perigynium very plump, finely nerved, the minute beak entire, longer than the white scale, usually at length splitting and exposing the dark achene. Cold swamps and wet woods, Nfd. to B. C., s. to N. J., Pa., Mich., Col., etc. May-Aug. (Eu.) FIG. 394. GRAY'S MANUAL 15 393. v. amphigena. 226 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 895. C. rosea. 41. C. rbsea Schkuhr. Always slender and weak, erect, 2-7 dm. high, culms exceeding the narrow (1.5-3 mm. broad) leaves ; spikes 3-8, 6-15-flowered, the uppermost aggregated, the others 0.5-2.5 cm. apart, the lowest usually with a setaceous bract; perigynium lance-ovoid, plano- convex, shining, nerveless, rough on the edges above, with a flat Indentate beak, perfectly squarrose, very green, 2.5-4 mm. long, about twice longer than the translucent white scale. Open dry woods, N. S. to Man., and south w. May -July. FIG. 395. Var. radiata Dewey. Much more slender, the loose culms sometimes almost capillary ; spikes 2-5, scattered. 2-4:-Jlowered ; perigynium mostly narrower. Rich woods, e. Que. to Ont., and south w. ; commonest in the Alleghenies. Var. minor Boott. Erect, very slender; spikes 3-10-flowered ; perigynia ascending. Local, s. Me. to Mich. 42. C. retrofl6xa Muhl. Similar; stiff, 1-6 dm. high ; spikes 3-8, mostly aggregated, the lower 1 or 2 slightly separated and commonly subtended by a conspicuous bract, often 396. C. retroflexa. brownish; perigynium ovoid, smooth throughout, very promi- nently corky and swollen at the base, at maturity widely spread- ing ; scales brownish and sharp, at length deciduous. ( C. rosea, var. Torr.) Dry open woods, Mass, to Ont. and Tex. May. June. FIG. 396. Var. texe"nsis (Torr.) Fern aid. Spikes 3-5; perigynium lance- ovoid or lance-subulate. (C. rosea, var. Torr. C. texensis Bailey.) Ky. to Mo., and south w. 43. C. MURICXTA L. Culm 1.5-8 dm. high, rough, longer than the narrow leaves ; spikes 5-10, variously disposed, but usually some of them scattered, frequently all aggre- gated, rarely tawny; perigynium heavy, ovate, 897. C. muricata. 4-6 mm. long, shining, nerveless, the long beak minutely rough, spreading, a little longer than the sharp green or brownish scale. Dry fields, local, s. Me. to Va. and O. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 397. 44. C. Muhlenb6rgii Schkuhr. Plant very stiff through- out, pale, growing in small tufts, 2.5-8 dm. high ; culms much prolonged beyond the few narrow (2.5-4 mm. broad) and at length plicate or involute leaves; head 1.5-4 cm. long, the individual spikes clearly defined ; spikes globular, 3-10 ; peri- gynium nearly circular, very strongly nerved on both faces, broader than the rough-cusped scale and about as loni:. Open sterile soils; s. Me. to Ont., and southw. June, .Inly. FIG. 398. Var. ENERVIS Boott. Perigynium nearly or entirely nerveless. (Var. xalapensis Britton.) Mass, to Neb., and southw. 45. C. cepha!6phora Muhl. Strict but soft, 899. C. cephalophora. 2 ~ 7 dm - hi S h 5 leaves 2 - 4 - 5 lnm ' wide 5 '"''"' small, 0.7-1.8 mm. long, globular or very short- cylindric, never interrupted, the lower 1 or 2 spikes usually bearing a very setaceous short bract ; perigynium elliptic-ovate, about 2 mm. long, slightly longer than the acute or rough-cuspcd scale. Dry woods and knolls, Me. to Ont., and southw. May- July. Fro. 800k 46. C. Leavenworthii Dewey. In habit resembling the last, usually more lax, !-"> ////.sV/YM/m Boott.) Damp woods and banks, Ont. t> Ky., Fla., and Tex. May, 'June. FIG. 400. 47. C. sparganibides Muhl. Culm 4-10 dm. high; leaves very broad 898. C. liuhlenbergiL 400. C. I.r;i\rn- worthii. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 227 (5-9 mm.) and flat, their sheaths conspicuously clothing the base of the culm ; spikes 6-12, the 2 or 3 upper ones con- tiguous, the remainder entirely separate, very green, short- cylindric, the lowest often compound, all truncate at top, perigynium ovate, 3-4 mm. long, rough on the short beak, often obscurely nerved on the outer face, considerably longer than the whitish sharp-pointed scale. Rich woods, N. H. to Ont., Mo., and Va. June, July. FIG. 401. 48. C. cephaloidea Dewey. Lax, very green, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves broad (5-8 mm.) and thin, shorter than the long soft culm ; head 1.8-3.8 cm. long, rather dense ; perigynium narrowly ovate, 3.54.5 mm. long, pale green, nerve- less, with long rough beak, spreading. Rich woods and thickets, local, N. B. to Pa., Wise., and Ont. May-July. FIG. 402. 49. C. alopecoldea Tuckerm. Stout but rather soft, 4-9 dm. high ; culm rather sharp, 402. C. cephaloidea. th ?; k and soft in texture J leaves 4-8 mm. 4 01. C.sparganioides. wide, about the length of the culm, very green ; head 2-6 cm. long, straw-color or tawny, occasionally a little compound, the spikes many and compactly or somewhat loosely disposed or the lowest often separate and all mostly short-cylindric ; perigynium 3-4 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, tapering into a rough beak, very prominently stipitate, with a few brown nerves on the outer face, ascending, about equaling or a little exceeding the scale ; achene obovate, 1 mm. broad, style not thickened at base. Open swales and low thickets, Me. to Ont. and 111. ; local. June, July. FIG. 403. 50. C. gravida Bailey. Low, the culm thin and sharply angled, 2-5 dm. high; leaves rather firm, shorter than the culm ; head 2-4 cm. long, greenish to pale brown, short-cylindric, the lowest spikes rarely distinct; spikes globular; perigynium 3-4.5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, sessile, plump and somewhat polished at maturity, prominently spreading ; achene sub- orbicular, 1.5-2 mm. broad, style bulbous- thickened at base. Ind. and Wise, to Neb. , and south w. FIG. 404. Var. LAXIF6LIA Bailey. Much larger, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves broader and lax ; head large and dense, ovoid or thick-cylindric, scarcely interrupted. Ky. to S. Dak. and Mo. 51. C. vulpinoidea Michx. Mostly rather stiff, 0.3-1 m. high; culm very rough, at least above; leaves 2-5 mm. broad, mostly flat and longer than the culm; head 2-15 cm. long, usually much interrupted or dense or somewhat compound, varying from dull brown to almost green at maturity, commonly provided with many very setaceous short bracts ; spikes very numerous, ascending and densely flowered ; peri- (jtjnium ovate or lance-ovate, mostly ascending, 1.7-3 cm. long; scales mostly long-awned. Low places, variable. June-Aug. FIG. 405. 52. C. setacea Dewey. Resembling the last ; culms stiff, 0.4-1 m. high, much exceeding the rather broad (2-7 mm.) stiffish leaves; head usually simple, 3.5-9 cm. long, of approximate or remote spikes; perigynia lanceolate to lance-ovate, tapering 406, C. setacea. gradually to the serrulate beak, usually dull brown or drab in alopecoidea 404. C. gravida. lpinoi(lon . 228 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 407. C. set., v. ambigua. 408. C. decomposite. 409. C. diandra. maturity ; scales short-awned. Vt. to Ont. and Ky. ; June-Aug. FIG. 406. Var. ambigua (Barratt) Fernald. Perigynia broad-ovate to orbicular, abruptly short-beaked, often golden-brown. (C. vul- pinoidea, var. ambigua Barratt ; C. xanthocarpa Bicknell.) Dry soil, s. Me. to la., and southw. FIG. 407. 53. C. decomp6sita Muhl. Stout, exceed- ingly deep green, 0.5-1 in. high, in stools ; culm very obtusely angled, almost terete below ; leaves firm, channeled below, 5-8 mm. wide, longer than the culm,' panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, the lower branches ascending and 1.5-3.5 cm. long ; perigynium very small, few-nerved, hard and at maturity shining, the abrupt short beak entire or very nearly so ; scale acute, about the length of the peri- gynium. Swamps, N. Y. to Mich., and southw.; local. July, Aug. FIG. 408. 54. C. diandra Schrank. Slender but mostly erect, 3-8 dm. high, in loose stools ; culm rather obtuse, rough at the top, mostly longer than the narrow (1-3 mm. broad) plicate leaves; head 1.5-5 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. thick ; perigynium very small, truncate below, bearing a few inconspicuous short nerves on the outer side, stipitate, firm and at maturity blackish and shining, the short beak lighter colored ; scale the length of the perigynium. (C. teretiuscula Good.) Bogs and wet meadows, e. Que. to the Yukon, s. to Ct, Pa., Mich., Neb., etc. May-July. (Eu.) FIG. 409. Var. ram&sa (Boott) Fernald. Tall (0.5-1.2 m.) ; head 3-8 cm. long, the upper portion often nodding, the usually pale spikes scattered and the lowest often slightly compound ; perigynia brown. (C. teretiuscula, vm.prairea Britton.) Bogs, e. Que. to B. C., s. to Ct., Pa., O., 111., Minn., and Utah. FIG. 410. '"'. C. conjuncta Boott. Strict but rather weak, 0.5-1 m. high ; culm soft and sharply triangular or nearly winy-angled, becoming ribbon-like when pressed ; leaves soft. 5-10 mm. broad; head 3.5-7.5 cm. long, interrupted, pale green, infrequently bearing a few setaceous bracts ; perigynium lance-ovate, light-colored, whit thickened below, the beak lightly notched and roughish equaling or a little exceeding the cuspidate scale. Swales and glades,^ Pa. to Ky., 111., la., and Minn.; local. June. FIG. 411. -'';. C. stipata Muhl. Stout, 0.2-1 m. high, in clumps ; culm rather soft, very sharp ; leaves flat and soft, I r> mm. wide ; head 2-10 cm. long, often somewhat compound at base, interrupted, the lowest spikes o.7-'J cm. long; pcri- i/!/)iii/in linii-,-nl,ifi-, !>rtr)>-<'ri-<>-12 mm.); 412 c sti] ,. lta . lii-tiil inin-li In-titn-lnil "ml <-tn/> in/,1, ('..."> -Jo ////. /t'r>(1>liittn l<>>ii/-linifrn/\ the roughish and very slender beak thrice the length of the body or more, 3-4 times the length 410. C. diandra, v. rainosa. it'Ji/tixh and almost 411. C. conjuncta. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 229 414. C. srenoria. H of the inconspicuous scale. Swamps and bottoms, hid. to Minn., Neb., and southw. ; rare northw. June, July. FIG! 413. 58. C. ARKN\RIA L. Extensively creeping, 0.7-5 dm. high ; leaves very narrow and very long-pointed, shorter than the culm; head dense or some- times interrupted, ovoid or cylindric ; spikes few to many, those at the apex of the head usually staminate, the intermediate ones staminate at the summit, the lowest entirely pistillate 413. c. crus-corvi. and subtended by a bract 1-3 cm. long ; perigynium very strongly nerved on both faces, wing- margined above, sharply long-toothed, about the length of the brown subulate-acuminate scale. Sea-beaches near Nor- folk, Va. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 414. 59. C. SartwSllii Dewey. Culms stiff and strict, 0.3-1.2 m. high, from an elongate dark rootstock ; leaves (2-5 mm. wide) produced into a long slender point, mostly shorter than the culm ; staminate flowers variously disposed, frequently whole spikes being sterile ; head 2.5-7 cm. long and rather narrow, the individual spikes usually clearly defined, or occasionally the head interrupted below, tawny-brown; perigynium 3-5 mm. long, elliptic or lance-elliptic, nerved on both sides, very gradu- ally contracted into a short beak ; scale blunt, smooth, hyaline- edged, about the length of the perigynium. Bogs, centr. N. Y. to B. C., s. to O., 111., la., S. Dak., etc. June, July. FIG. 415. 60. C. stenophylla Wahlenb. Stiff, tufted, 0.5-2.5 dm. high ; leaves pale, involute and shorter than the culm ; perigynium ovate, 416. c. stenophylla. gradually contracted into a short and entire 415 . c . Sartwellil . rough-edged beak, tightly inclosing the achene, at maturity longer than the hyaline acutish scale. Dry grounds, n. la. to the Kocky Mts., and northw. June, July. (Eurasia.) FIG. 416. 61. C. chordorrhiza L.f. Very extensively stoloniferous; culms mostly lateral and solitary, 1-4.5 dm. long; leaves involute, shorter than the culm ; perigynium compressed-ovoid to sub-globose, short-pointed and entire, about the length of the acute scale. Cold bogs and soft lake-borders, Que. to B. C., s. to Me., Vt., Pa., 111., la., etc.; infrequent. May-July. (Eurasia.) FIG. 41 n 417. C. chordorrhiza. 62. C^capitata L. Eigid, 0.7-5 dm. high ; leaves fili- form, shorter than the culm ; head uniformly staminate above, brown, very small, 0.5-1 cm. long ; perigynium broadly ovate, very thin, whitish, prominently beaked, nerveless or nearly so, erect and appressed, longer than the very thin and obtuse scale. Alpine region of Mt. Washington, N. H. June-Aug. (Eu.) 418. c. capitata. FIG. 418. 63. C. marftima O. F. Mueller. Mostly stout ; culm sharp, smooth or rough above, 2-7 dm. high, usually over- topped by the leafy tufts and the broad bracts ; leaves smooth and flat, strongly ribbed, 3.5-10 mm. broad ; pis- tillate spikes 2-6, scattered, 2-8 cm. long, 0.8-2 cm. thick, often staminate at tip ; staminate spikes 2-4, unequal, 419. c. maritima. the terminal 2-6 cm. long ; perigynium nearly orbicular, 230 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) pale, few-nerved or nerveless, the beak very short and entire, or nearly so ; .srr broirn, i>ro dm. high ; culm rather sharp, smooth ; leaves narrow (2-5 mm. wide) but flat ; pistillate spikes 2-4, somewhat approximate, erect, 2-7 cm. long and rather thick, the lower subtended by leaf-like bracts; staminate spikes 1-3; perigipnum elliptic, somewhat granular, marked with 2 or 3 nerves, or nerveless, the minute beak entire ; scale brown-margined^ mostly produced into a lighter and rough < riyynia suborbicular to ovate, 2-3 mm. long, thin and inflated, bi'<- nun. wide; spikes 1-3.5 cm. long, ascending; perigynia 2 mm. long; scales less prominent. Me. to N. Y., scarce. Var. Portdri (Olney) Fernald. Like small C. crinita, but spikes very slen- der ; perigynia compact, not inflated, oblong-lanceolate, distinctly beaked ; scales lance-attenuate. (C. gynandra, var. Porteri Britton.) Moosehead Lake, Me. (Porter). Var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr. Harsher; leaves broad (4-12 mm.), the sheaths hispidulous ; culms tall; staminate spikes 1 or 2, generally pistillate above ; pistillate spikes soft, loosely flowered, drooping, 2.5-10 on. long; perigynia ascending, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, subin- flated. (C. gynandra Schwein.) Nfd. to Wise., and in the mts. to Ga. Var. simulans Fernald. Harsh as in var. gynandra; low ; leaves 4-6 mm . broad ; spikes suberect, the terminal androgynous, 1-3.5 cm. long, scarcely drooping; perigynia 3 mm. long. Nfd. to Vt. and Mass., chiefly in the mts. 66. C. aquatilis Wahlenb. Glaucous, 3-9 dm. high; cit/m /// obtuse and smooth; leaves cxc<'H >/' spikes stout and heavy, 3.5-8 cm. long. Me. to Man., s. to N. Y.. <>., and Mich. Var. cuspidata Laestad. Spikes slender, 3-4 mm. thick ; scales cuspidate, exceeding tin- pt-riijunia. Local, Que. to N. J. Var. vir6scens Anders. ,sVw/r.s t ,,tle. and short, hidden by the crowded peri- gynia. Local, Vt. to Out, and Mich. i7. C. rfgida Good. Somewhat stolon if from*, low (0.5-4.") dm. high); /n- mill, thick, the lowest bractless i>r leat'v-l>ractel ; staminate spike 1 (rarely '2], sometimes pistil- late at base; f,i rlijijnin i ////>f i<-, greenish or ])iirplish ; *((//< s i>//i/if/<\ f-ron-n In inu'i>h'-bl,/i-k. Arctic ivuions, south to mts. of < v )iu-., Uocky Mts.. etc. .July. Auu r . (I'-nrasia.) -Passing to the formal \'ar. Bn.Ki.mvn (Torr.) Tuckerm., with )n'*tflhiti- *,-."> mm. thick), the lower 0ug. 4--0 mm. thick, evenly <->//ii/-('r sf>r<'!). C. n&vae-eingliae Schwein. Very slender and soft, loosely caespitose, 1-4 dm. high; culms little longer than the very narrow pale-green leaves ; staminate spike exceedingly narrnir (0.5-1 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. thick), mostly minutely peduncled ; i>iatil- late spikes 2, or rarely 3, the upper one near the base of the staminate spike, the lower very short-pedunch-d and remote and subtended by a leafy bract which nearly or quite equals the culm, rather loosely 3-10- flowered; perigynia very narrow, small, very thin. slightly hairy, the beak sharp and prominent. open woods, Que. and N. S. to Mass, and N. Y. ; com- >'< ni.vio mon nortnw -' rare wiithw. .June, July. FIG. KM>. C. pennsylyanica Lam. Wrongly stolonife- rous, the small tufts with reddish bases and usually with persist- ent brush-like tufts of fibers ; leaves 1. ">-.">.."> mm. broad, shorter than, equaling or often exceeding the slender culms (0.5-4 dm. high); pistillate spikes 1-4, globose or ovoid, approximate or remote, the lowest often leafy-bracted ; CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 237 454. C. penn., v. lucorum. staminate spike clavate, 1-2 cm. long, sessile or short-stalked, usually reddish, rarely paler ; perigynia puberulent, globose to obovoid, the short beak \ to as long as the body; the scales usually red-tinged. Dry or sandy soil, s. Me. to Alb., and southw. May, June. FIG. 453. Var. lucbrum (Willd. ) Fernald. Perigynia puberulent to gla- br ate, the conspicuous slender beak about as long as the body. Richer, usually damper soil, Me. to Mich., and the mts. of N. C. May- July. FIG. 454. 101. C. pubescens Muhl. Lax, 2-8 dm. high, pubescent through- out; leaves flat (0.5-1 cm. wide} and soft, shorter than the culm ; spikes 2-4, the upper approximate, the lower 1 or 2 short-peduncled, short-cylindric, 0.7-2.3 cm. long, loosely flow- ered, erect; perigynia very hairy, sharply 3-angled, conspicu- ously beaked and minutely toothed, straight, about the length of the truncate and rough-cuspidate thin scales. Copses and moist meadows, N. E. to Ky., and westw., local. May, June. FIG. 455. 102. C. CARYOPHYLLEA Lat. Slightly stoloniferous, stiff; the culm sometimes curved, 0.8-3 dm. high ; leaves flat, shorter than the culm ; staminate spike prominently clavate, mostly sessile ; pistillate spikes 2-3, all contiguous, sessile or the lowest very short- peduncled and subtended by a bract scarcely as long as itself, all ellipsoid or short-cylindric, the lowest 0.7-1.5 cm. long; peri- gynia trigonous-obovoid, the very short brak entire or erose, thinly hispid-hirsute. (C. prae- cox Jacq.) Fields, Me. to IX C., local. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG 456. 456. C. caryoph. 103. C. GLAUCA Scop. Very stoloniferous and glaucous; the culms stiff, 1-6 dm. high; leaves shorter, firm, with revolute scabrous margins, 3-6 mm. broad ; staminate spikes 2 (rarely 1), clavate, the terminal 2-3.5 cm. long, pe- duncled ; pistillate 1-3, cylindric, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, remote, mostly peduncled, erect ; the subglobose or ellip- soid puncticulate perigynia slightly ex- ceeding the oblong blunt or mucronate purplish scales. Dry open soil, local, N.S., Que., and Ont. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 457. 104. C. livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. Very glaucous and stoloniferous; culms 1.5-6 dm. high ; leaves narrow, often becoming 458- c i ivida> /\ involute; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, sub- approximate or remote, sessile or nearly so, \T erect, or rarely basal and long-stalked, narrow, 0.7-2.5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick; perigynia ovoid-oblong, nerved, granular, beakless, the point straight or nearly so, orifice entire ; scale obtuse, brown- or purple-margined, mostly a little shorter than the perigynia. Bogs, chiefly in calcareous regions, Lab. and Nfd. to Alaska, locally s. to Ct., N. J., Mich., Minn., etc. May- July. (Eu.) FIG. 458. 105. C. panicea L. Strict, often stiff, glaucous-blue, 1.5-6 dm. high ; culm smooth; bracts broad and short, 1-6 cm. high ; pistillate spikes 1-3, scattered, colored, mostly peduncled, erect, rather compact or loose below, 1-3 cm. long, 5-7 mm. thick ; perigynia ovoid, yellow or purple, somewhat turgid, scarcely nerved, the point usually curved, mostly longer than the purple- 459. C. panicea l.">7. 0. glauca. 238 < YI'ERACEAE (SKIHiK FAMILY) 460. C. tetanica. 461. C. tet., v. Mradii. margined scale. Bogs and meadows, near the coast, N. S. to Ct., local. May-July. (Perhaps introd. from Eu.) FIG. 459. 106. C. tetanica Schkuhr. Slender, rarely glaucous, some- what stoloniferous ; culms scabrous, at least above, l-(5 dm. high ; leaves 1.5-4.5 mm. wide ; spikes all peduncled, the upper one very shortly so, pale, all more or less attenuate below, 0.7-4 cm. long, the lower borne in the axils of bracts 0.5-2 dm. long ; periyynia not turgid, green- ish, somewhat nerved, the beak strongly bent ; scale obtuse or abruptly mucronate, all except the lowest mostly shorter than the perigynia. Meadows and bogs, w. N. E. to Man., and southw. May-July. FIG. 460. Var. WOODII (Dewey) Bailey. Very slender; leaves narrow, very long and lax ; spikes mostly alter- nate-flowered throughout ; scales often sharper. Mass, to Ont., Mich., and D. C., local. Var. Meadii (Dewey) Bailey. Stiffer ; leaves mostly broader (2.5-5 mm. broad) and stricter ; spikes thick and densely flowered, not attenuate at base, the upper one often sessile ; perigynia larger. (Var. Canbyi Porter ; C. Meadii Dewey.) Pa. to Man., and southw. FIG. 461. 107. C. polym6rpha Muhl. Stout, 3-6 dm. high, from stout cord-like rootstocks; leaves rather broad (3.5-5 mm.), short ; spikes 1-2, short-stalked, erect, compact or rarely loose, usually staminate at the apex, 1.5-4 cm. long, 5-9 mm. thick ; perigynia long- ovoid, obscurely nerved ; the very long and nearly straight beak oblique or lipped at the orifice; scales reddish-brown, obtuse, shorter than the perigynia. Open woods and meadows, s. Me. to N. C., local. June-Aug. FIG. 462. 108. C. vaginata Tausch. Very slender and more or less diffuse, strongly stoloniferous, 2-8 dm. high ; leaves narrow (1.5-5 mm. broad) and soft, shorter than the culm ; spikes 1-3, scattered, all peduncled and more or less spread- ing, loosely 3-20-flowered ; perigynia small, nearly nerveless, thin, the beak straightish ; scales loose, acute, shorter than the perigynia. (C. saltuensis Bailey ; C. altocaulis Britton.) Bogs and mossy woods, Lab. to the Yukon, s. to N. B., n. N. E., N. Y., Mich., Minn., All)., and B. C. June-Aug. FIG. 463. 100. C. abbreviata Prescott. Stiff, 1-5-5 dm. high; culm and leaves thinly pubescent; spikes globose to thick-cylindric, 0.5-1.5 cm. long; perigynia equaling or exceeding the mostly cuspidate scales. (C. Torreyi Tuckerm.) Wooded slopes, Minn, to Sask. and Col. ; supposed to have been collected in N.Y. by Torrey, and in Pa. by Schweinitz. June, July. FIG. 464. 110. C. pallSscens L. Slender, erect, 1-6 dm. high ; litres narrow, flat, the lower slightly pubfscent, particularly on the sheaths; spikes 2-4, 0.5-2 dm. long, densely flowered, all but the upper one very shortly peduncled, erect 4;i. c abi.iwiau <>r *l> r( '''i ( lmg ; perigynia about the length of the cuspidate scales. Glades and meadows, Nfd. to Pa., Wise., ami Out. May-Aug. (Eu.) FIG. 465. 111. C. pauprcula Michx. Slender but erect, iin't,,i, 1-2.5 :>. 0. 462. C. polymoi-pha. 468. C. vaginata. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 239 466. C. paup., v. irrigua. 467. C.limosa. 468. C. rariflora. so and exceeding the culm ; spikes 2-3, approximate, all slen- derly stalked, spreading or drooping, 4-8 mm. long ; perigynia orbicular or broad-ovate, nerved in the middle, -f the length of the castaneous scales. Alpine bogs, e. Que. Aug. Var. irrigua ( Wahlenb.) Fernald. Taller, 1-8 dm. high; culm glabrous; spikes cylindric, 1-1.6 cm. long; scales cas- taneous. (C. magellanica Man. ed. 6, not Lam.) Bogs, Arctic regions, s. to Mass., Pa. , Ont. , and Utah. June-Aug. (Eu.) FIG. 466. Var. pallens Fernald. Tall, the culms usually scabrous ; spikes cylindric, 1-1.8 cm. long ; scales green with pale brown or yellowish margins. Bogs and mossy woods, e. Que. to B. C., s. to Ct., N. Y., Mich., and Minn. June, July. 112. C. limftsa L. Slender but rather stiff, 1.5-6 dm. high, very stoloniferous ; culm sharp, rough above ; spikes 1-2, nodding on short stalks or the upper one erect, subcylindric, 1-2.5 cm. long, springing from the axil of a very narrow bract which is nearly always shorter than the culm ; perigynia very short-pointed, about the length of the broad brown or purplish scales. Bogs, e. Que. to Sask. and B. C M s. to Pa., Great Lake region, Col., and Cal. May-Aug. (Eu.) FIG. 467. 113. C. rarifldra Smith. Very small but stiff, 0.7-3.5 dm. high, slightly stoloniferous ; culm obtuse and very smooth ; spikes 1-3, only 3-10-flowered, drooping, borne in the axil of a minute awl-like and purple-auricled bract; perigynia ovate, nearly pointless, obscurely nerved, mostly a little shorter than the purple-black enveloping scales. Cold bogs and granitic slopes, Arctic regions ; very locally s. to Gulf of St. Lawrence ; Table-topped Mt., Gaspe Co., Que. ; and Mt. Katahdin, Me. (Goodale). (Eu.) FIG. 408. 114. C. littoralis Schwein. Somewhat slender but erect, 4-9 dm. high, stoloniferous ; leaves 3-6 mm. broad, stiff, flat, glaucous, shorter than the sharp and nearly smooth often solitary culms ; staminate spikes 1-3, dark purple, 5.5 cm. long or less, the scales obtuse ; pistillate spikes 1-4, somewhat approximate, on thread- like peduncles, narrowly cylindric (2-5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. thick), usu- ally staminate at top ; perigynia lance-oval, faintly nerved, the minute beak entire, mostly longer than the obtuse purple scale ; bracts promi- nently purple-auricled. Wet woods and bogs, oftenest near the coast, May, June. FIG. 469. 115. C. prasina Wahlenb. Slender, somewhat flexuous, 3-7 dm. high; culm rather sharp, smooth ; leaves 2.5-5 mm. wide, soft and flat, rough ; spikes 2-4, li?iear-cylindric, peduncled and spreading or drooping, somewhat approximate, green, 1.5-6 cm. long, loosely flowered ; perigynia pale, thin, nearly nerveless, produced into a short but slender entire or minutely toothed beak ; scale very thin and acute, nearly colorless. Wet woods and glades, w. Me. to Ont., Mich., D. C., and Del. ; and along the mts. to Ga. May-July. FIG. 470. 116. C. picta Steud. Kather weak, 1.5-3 dm. high ; leaves flat and firm, C. littoralis. Ct., and south w., local. 240 CYPKII.ACKAK CSKIMJE FAMILY) (/ persisting through the winter, at least twice longer than the culm ; a purple scale at the base of the spike ; stmninate spike :i.o-0 cm. long, clavate in anthesis, the purple scale.* emling in a very short and blunt wln'tixli tip,' pistillate spike narrower and mostly longer, the scales more abruptly contracted into a colored cusp and at length deciduous ; perigynia much contracted below into a stipe-like base, very strongly nerved, pointless, hairy above, covered by the scales. In a wooded ravine near Bloomington, Ind. (Dudley) ; also Ala. and La. FIG. 471. 117. C. eburnea Boott. Tufted from a rigid pale brown stoloniferous base; culms capillary, iciry, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves involute-Jiliform, shorter than theculin; staminate spike very small (4-8. mm. long), sessile or very short-peduncled, overtopped by the two upper pistillate spikes; pistillate spikes 2-4, approxi- mate or the lowest remote, all stalked, erect, 2-6- flowered ; perigynia very small (1.5-2 mm. long), 471. C. nicta. almost nerveless, smooth and becoming black and 4T .> c. eburnea. shining at full maturity ; scales white and thin, obtuse, shorter than the perigynia. ( C. setifolia Britton. ) Limestone ledges or shingle, rarely in sand, e. Que. to the Mackenzie, s. locally to Va., Ky., Mo., and Neb. May-Aug. FIG. 472. 118. C. pedunculata Muhl. Low and diffuse, 0.5-3 dm. high, forming mats ; leaves abundant, very green, flat and firm, 2-5 mm. wide, mostly longer than the weak culm*; staminate spike small, usually slightly pistillate at bate ; j>ixtil- late spikes 2-4 on each culm, scattered and lonij-i-dn IK-IK! from green sheaths, erect or spreading, many other sjn'krs nearly or quite radical and very long-stalked, all 3-8-flowered ; perigynia smooth or very slightly pubescent above, the short and nearly entire beak somewhat oblique ; xc1?s green to purple, truncate and cuspidate, mostly a little longer than the perigynia. Rich woods and banks, e. Que. to Sask., s. to Va., O., Mich., and Minn. Apr.- June. FIG. 473. 119. C. concinna K. Br. Loosely caespi- tose ; culms slender, curving, 0.5-2 dm. high ; leaves dark green, mostly shorter, 1-3 nun. 473. C. pedunculate. wide 5 staminate spike 4-7 mm. long, sessile or short-peduncled ; pistillate 2 or :J, the upper sessile and approximate, 3-lQ-Jloioered ; perigynia narrowly trigonous-ov<>i/><>rt>i<}, linn, hairy, the very short beak entire or erose ; scales brown, with i-(irhig nftrr t/n' //////> and per- sisting over winter, shorter than the culm ; staminate spike purple and clavate, stalked, 1 .3-2. 6 cm. lm- ; pistillate spikes 3-4, scattered, loosely few-flowered, 1-L>..~> cm. loiiir. erect, the peduncles mostly included in the leafless sheutlm; />rri//i/)ii<( 475. C. Richardson!. 3-4.5 mm. long, sharply 3-angled, prominently beaked, slightly CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 241 C. Caivvana. 476. C. plantaginea x %. Fruiting culrn, perigyn- ium, and leaf-tip. longer than the sharp scales. Rich woods, N. B. to Man., s. to N. C., Ind., and 111. Apr.-June. FIG. 476. 122. C. Careyana Torr. Tall and slender, mostly erect, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves bright green, firm, 1-1.5 cm. wide, . shorter than the long culm ; bracts leafy; staminate spike heavy and stalked,* 1.3-2.3 cm. long; pistillate spikes 2-3 (mostly 2), erect, the upper usually near the ter- minal spike, and nearly sessile, the other remote and long-peduncled, loosely 2-8- flowered ; perigynia very sharply angled, the beak oblique, finely many-nerved, twice longer than the sharp scales. Rich woods, N. Y. and Ont. to Mich, and D. C., local. May, June. FIG. 477. 123. C. platyphylla Carey. Low, spreading, glaucous, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves mostly shorter than the culms ; bracts with thin and sharp-pointed leaf-Wee tips ; staminate spike stalked ; pistillate spikes 2-3, scattered, all more or less pe- duncled, alternately 2-10-flowered ; peri- gynia strongly many-striate, about the length of the acute or cuspidate scales. Rich shady woods and banks, s. Me. to Ont., s. to Va. and 111. May, June. FIG. 478. 124. C. laxiciilmis Schwein. Caespitose; culms slender and lax, 1.5-5.5 din. long ; leaves usually very glaucous, mostly shorter than the culms, broad (C-12 mm.); staminate spike usually peduncled, 1-2 cm. long; pistillate 3-5, very remote, on capillary flexuous peduncles, 0.7-1.5 cm. long, 3.5-5 mm. thick; the spreading-ascending sharply trigonous-ovoid peri- gynia 2.8-3.2 mm. long, equaling or exceeding the scales. Glades and rich woods, s. Me. to Va., and Mo. May-July. FIG. 470. In the interior passing to var. copuiAxA (Bailey) Fer- nald. Glaucous or some- times deep green ; spikes 1-2 cm. long; perigynia 3.3-4 mm. long. (C. digitalis, var., Bailey.) Vt. to Del., O., Mich., and Ont. 125. C. digitalis Very slender, bright tufted, 1.5-5 dm. high 479. C. laxiculmis. 480. C. digitalis, narrow ; staminate short-stalked ; pistil late spikes 2-4, on filiform stalks, ascending or slightly spreading, linear, 1-3 cm. long, alternately flowered ; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, longer than the acute whitish scales. Dryish woods and glades, Me. to Ont., Mich., and south w. May -July. FIG. 480. 126. C. ptychocarpa Steud. Low, glaucous; culms 0.3-1. 8 dm. high; leaves flat and rather broad (4-8 mm.), much exceeding the culms; bracts leafy and much prolonged; staminate spike very small and sessile, mostly overtopped by the upper pistillate spike; pistillate spikes 2-3, sessile or short-stalked or rarely the lowest long-peduncled, erect, 0.7-1.5 cm. long; perigynia tawny, narrowly GRAY'S MANUAL 16 Willd. green, leaves spike 47S. A. platyphylla. (YI'EKACEAE (SEIHiE FAMILY) 482. C. laxitlora. 483. C. lax., v. gracillima. trigonous-ovoid, twice longer than the very thin obtuse scales. Low woods, Mass, to Fla. and La., local. June, July. FIG. 481. 127. C. laxiflbra Lam. Slender but mostly erect, 2-5.7 dm. high ; basal leaves 2.5-7 mm. wide, rather soft ; lami- nate spike peduncled or at least conspicuous; pistillate spikes 2-4, scattered, peduncled or the upper one sessile, loosely flowered, cylin- dric, 1.5-3 cm. long, erect or the lower loosely spreading ; perigynia obovoid, conspicuously nerved, the short entire beak much bent or re- curved; scales thin and white,blunt or cuspidate, mostly shorter than the perigynia. Rich woods and meadows, e. Que. to w. Ont., and southw. May-July. FIG. 482. Exceedingly variable, passing by many transi- 481. C. ptychocarpa. iong to tfae following . Var. gracillima Boott. Similar ; but with short (0.5-1.3 cm. long) oblong closer-flowered spikes. Vt. to Ont., and southw. FIG. 483. Var. patulifblia (Dewey) Carey. Leaves 0.6-2 cm. broad ; staminate spike prominent, mostly stalked ; pistillate spikes long (2-4.5 cm.) and alternately flowered, scattered and peduncled ; perigynia 2.5-4 mm. long, ellipsoid, attenuate at both ends, mostly less prominently nerved, and the beak not strongly recurnd. Me. to Va., O., Mich., and Ont. FIG. 484. Var. Michaiixii Bailey. Tall and compara- tively stout, 4-0 dm. high ; leaves 0.7-1.2 cm. broad ; staminate spike large and stalked ; pis- tillate spikes scattered, all but the upper one prominently peduncled, 1.2-3 cm. long ; perigynia very large, 4-5 mm. long, divaricate. (Var. divari- cata Bailey. ) Pa. to Ala. and Tex. FIG. 485. Var. styloftexa (Buckley) Boott. Very weak and slender, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves 3-6 mm. wide ; stam- inate spike usually peduncled ; pistillate 2-3, scattered, few-flow- ered, 0.5-2 cm. long, lowest droop- ing ; perigynia oblong-fusiform, 1-5 mm. long, very long-pointed; scales often brown-tinged. (C. stylnflexa Buckley.) Ct. to Fla. and Tex. FIG. 486. Var. varians Bailey. Culms often ancipital, 2.5-5 dm. high ; 4S( . ( , hx leaves 0.3-1.2 cm. broad ; pistillate spikes 1-3 cm. long, linear- " v ! stvl ' ojlindric to narrow-<>l>luni- ttii. 1 .")-<} dm. high; pistillate spikes oblong, 0.5-2 cm. long, the upper sessile 484. C. lax., v. put. / \ CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 243 488. C. lax., v. latifolia. and aggregated about the inconspicuous staminate spike, the lowest usually long-exserted. (Var. stri- atula Carey.) Vt. and e. Mass, to Ont., and southw. FIG. 487. Var. latifblia Boott. Rather low, 2-6 dm. high ; culms winged; leaves 1.5-4 cm. broad; staminate spike sessile or very nearly so, hidden by the pistil- late; pistillate, spikes cylindric and loose, 1.5-8 cm. long, the upper one or two contiguous ; bracts very broad. (C. albursina Sheldon.) Deep rich woods, kw. Que. and Vt. to Ont., and southw. FIG. 488. Var. Iepton6rvia Fer- A / nald. Slender, 1.5-7 dm. ( sfi ft t\ ni s h ; leaves - 5 ~ 1 cm - \f sli 1 I I broad ; Pistillate spikes \ *4 * if i I If linear-cylindric, loosely Mfell/ flowered, 1-2.5 cm. long, the 2 or 3 upper crowded at the base of the staminate, the lower remote ; perigynia oblong-fusiform, faintly nerved or nerveless. Nfd. to Ont., s. to n. N. E., N. Y., and Mich. ; and in the mts. to N. C. FIG. 489. 128. C. Hitchcockiana Dewey. Erect, 3-7 dm. high ; leaves 3-7 mm. broad 2-4, all more or less peduncled, very loosely ~ few- B^MSJ |W I flowered, erect, 1-2.5 cm. long, the bracts elongate If 1] ' and leafy ; perigynia triangular-ovoid, many-striate, J 4-5 mm. long, the strong beak prominently oblique, C. Hitch- 8horter than the scales. Rich woods, Vt. to Ont., ; Lt na< s - to Ky. and Mo. May-July. FIG. 490. 129. C. oligocarpa Schkuhr. Diffuse, 1-5 dm. high ; leaves 2-4.5 mm. wide ; bracts elongate, spreading ; staminate spike sessile or stalked ; pistillate spikes 2-4, scattered, stalked or the uppermost sessile, loosely 2-8- floicered, erect, 0.5-1.5 cm. long ; perigynia 3.5-4 mm. long, hard, finely impressed-nerved, abruptly contracted into a con- spicuous mostly oblique beak, the orifice entire ; scales very loosely spreading, longer than the perigynia. Dry woods and copses, Vt. to Ont., la., and southw. May-July. FIG. 491. 130. C. katahdingnsis Fernald. Densely caespitose ; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 3-4 mm. broad, with the similar bracts much (2-6 times') overtopping the low (1-6 cm. high} rough-angled culms ; pistillate spikes 3 or 4 , approximate, or the lowest remote, short- pediceled, 8-14 mm. long, 5-W-flow.ere d ; staminate spike 5-8 mm. long, generally hidden among the pistillate ; perigynia ellip- soid, 3-4 mm. long, many-nerved, beakless, mostly exceeding the whitish green-awned scales. Gravelly shore of a pond, Mt. Katahdin, Me. ; rocky bank, Lake St. John, 491. C. oligocarpa. Que. (Brainerd). July, Aug. FIG. 492. m c kata hdinensi,s 131. C. conoidea Schkuhr. Slender but strict, 1.5-7 dm. high ; staminate spike long -peduncled or rarely nearly sessile ; pistillate spikes 2-3, scattered, short-stalked or the upper one sessile (the lowest frequently very long-stalked), narrowly ellipsoid, 0.7-2. 5 cm. long, rather closely flowered, erect ; perigynia oblong-conical, 3-4 mm. long, impressed- nerved, gradually narrowed to a point, the orifice entire ; scales loosely spread- ing and rough-awned, equaling or exceeding the perigynia. Moist grassy 244 CYPERAOEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) . C. conoidea. 41)4. C. grteea. places, N. B. to Ont. , s. to Pa. and la. ; and in the mts. to N. C. May-Aug. FIG. 41)3. 132. C. grisea Wahlenb. Stout, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves 3-7 mm. broad, slightly glaucous ; bracts broad and leaf- like, diverging, very much exceeding the culm ; staminate spike small and sessile ; pistillate spikes 3-5, oblong, 0.7-2.5 cm. long, 4-7 nun. thick, the highest two usually contiguous to the staminate spike and sessile, the others somewhat remote and peduncled (but not from the lowest axils), all erect; perigynia oblong, pointless, marked with impressed nerves, turgid and cylin- dric, appressed-ascending, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, all but the lowest longer than the narrow, cuspi- date or blunt, nerved scale. Low woods and meadows, s. Me., westw. and southw. May, June. FIG. 494. Var. R/GIDA Bailey. Much more slender ; leaves scarcely half so wide ; the bracts, especially, much narrower and shorter and more erect ; spikes slender ; perigynia scarcely inflated, triangular-oblong, bearing a beak-like point, 2-ranked. (Var. angustifolia Man. ed. 6, not Boott.) Local, Mass, and N. Y., southw. Var. GLOBOSA Bailey. Very slender ; spikes few-flowered, often with but 2 or 3 perigynia; perigynium short, inflated, very blunt, nearly glnbw <>r Lift obovoid ; scale short, not prominently cuspidate or ^f the upper ones wholly blunt. Mo., Kan., and V southw. Var. angustif61ia Boott. Leaves rather narrow, long and erect ; staminate spike often peduncled ; pistillate spikes very scattered, all more or less stalked, the lowest borne from near the base; perigynia tri- angular-oblong, hard, longer than the cuspi- date ascending scale. ( C. amphibola Steud. ) D. C. to Fla. and Tex. FIG. 495. 133. C. glauc&dea Tuckerm. Lax or some- what strict (1-0 dm. high), densely glaucous ; leaves flat, thick and firm, 0.5-1 cm. wide ; spikes as in C. grisea ; perigynia firm, not inflated, prominently impressed -nerved, glaucous, 3-4 mm. lonfo mostly exceed- ing the short-cuspi- date or blunt thin 497 c flaccosperma . and appressed scale. Upland woods and rich meadows, e. Mass, and Vt. t> Ont., and southw., local. June, July. FIG. 4W. 1:51. C. flaccosperma Dewey. Similar; I, ,M|> and swamps, N. C. to Mo., and southw. May, June. FIG. 497. 135. C. granularis Muhl. Erect or spreading. 2..~> '.' dm. high, somewhat ijhinrnns ; leaves flat, the basal "> -12 mm. wide; brcattciv(l, all but. tin- upper peduncfod, rivet or ascending, compact, short-ellipsoid to eylindric, 0.8-:', em. loim. :> i\i,nn. thick; staminate spike small and usually sessile j perigynia ovoid to globose, 2-:). 5 mm. 495. C. gris., v. ang. 4 w. C. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 245 99. C. gran., v. Haleana. 500. C. (Jrawei. long, very strongly nerved, the nearly entire short beak usually bent; scale thin and pointed, about \ the length of the perigynia. Woods and meadows, Vt. to Out., and southw. June, July. FIG. 498. Var. Haleana (Olney) Porter. Lower and more slender; pis- tillate spikes more slender, 3-5 mm. thick; perigynia oblong. (C. Shriven Britton.) Me. to Sask., s. to Va., O., Mich., and Wise. FIG. 499. 136. C. Crawei Dewey. Low, strict, stoloniferous, 0.5-4 dm. high ; leaves 2-4 mm. wide ; bracts scarcely exceeding the culm ; spikes 2-5, scattered, the lowest radi- cal or nearly so, short-peduncled or the upper sessile, erect, compact, 1-2.7 cm. long; staminate spike generally peduncled ; perigynia ovoid, usually resinous-dotted, nearly nerveless or few-nerved, very short-pointed, longer than the obtuse or short-pointed scale. Moist places, in calcareous districts, Cape Breton I. to Man., locally s. to n. Me., n. Pa., the Great Lake region, and Kan. June, July. FIG. 500. 137. C. EXTENSA Good. Slender but strict, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves involute ; spikes 2-4, the lowest remote and short-peduncled, the remainder approximate and sessile, short (0.8-2.5 cm. long) and compact; perigynia ovoid, narrowed at the base, very strongly nerved, ascending, the short stout beak sharply toothed, longer than the blunt brown-edged scale. Sandy shores, Long Island and Coney Island, N. Y. ; Norfolk, 601. C. exteusa. Va. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 501. 138. C. flava L. Tufted, 2-8 dm. high, yellowish throughout; leaves flat, 2-5 mm. wide, mostly shorter than the culms, bracts promine'nt, divergent; pistillate spikes 2-6, aggregated, or the lowest distinct, subgl obese or short-cylindric, 0.8-1.5 cm. long ; perigynia ovoid, yellow- brown, produced into a long deflexed beak, strongly nerved, twice or thrice longer than the blunt brown scale. Damp places, Nfd. to Sask. and Alb., s. to Ct., n. N. J., w. Pa., Mich., Minn., and Mont. (Eu.) FIG. 502. Hybridizes with C. OederL Var. rectir6stra Gauclin. Low and slender ; leaves 1-3 mm. wide ; the smaller straightish perigynia greenish or greenish-yellow. (Var. graminis Bailey.) Nfd. to R. I. and Mich. (Eu.) FIG. 503. Var. elatior Schlecht. Pistillate spikes remote, 6-9 mm. thick, the curved perigynia spreading or usually very retrorse. (C. lepidocarpa Tausch.) Gaspe" Co. , Que. , to R. I. and N. Y. ( Eu. ) FIG. 504. 139. C. Oederi Retz. Similar, plant greenish, 0.5-3 dm. high; leaves 1-3 mm. wide; pistillate 504 c flava> spikes 2-4, mostly scattered, 5-15 mm. long, 4-8 mm. v ' e i a ti r. thick ; the plump greenish-brown short-beaked peri- gynia ascending or wide-spreading, % longer than the obtuse scale. Bogs, meadows and shores, Nfd. to Hudson Bay and Me. June- 505. o. Oederi. Aug. (Eu.) FIG. 505. Hybridizes with C. flava. 502. C. tiava. June-Sept. 246 CYPKRACEAE (SEIHJK FAMILY) 506. C. Oederi, v. puinila. 50T. C. assiiii- boinensis. Var. pumila (Cosson & Germain) Fernald. Plant 0.5-6 dm. high; pistillate spikes 3-10, mostly crowded. (C. viridula Michx. ; C. flava, var. viridula Bailey.) Nfd. to B. C., s. to N. E., Pa., O., Ind., etc. (Eu.) FIG. 506. 140. C. assiniboinSnsis W. Boott. Tufted, slender, 4.5-9 dm. high, purplish-brown at base; leaves 2-3 mm. wide, the bracts short, rarely prolonged ; staminate spike long-stalked, 2-3 cm. long; pistillate spikes 2, very remote, peduncled, with 3-6 remote alternate flowers; perigynia 5-6.5 mm. long, lance-subulate, about equaling the scales. Damp thickets and gravelly shores, Man. and n. Minn. June. FIG. 507. 141. C. Iongir6stris Torr. Slender but erect, 0.3-1 m. high, growing in stools, the base dull brown and re- taining coarse shreddy tufts; leaves 3-4 mm. wide, flat, loose ; staminate spikes 1-4, pe- duncled ; pistillate spikes 2-5, 1-5 cm. long, loosely flowered, slender-peduncled and mostly drooping; perigynia thin, slightly inflated, green, spreading, about the length of the awned scales. Rocky woods or dry alluvial thickets, N. B. to Sask., N. J., Pa., and Neb., local. May- July. FIG. 508. 142. C. cheroke6nsis Schwein. Rather slender, 2-7 dm. high, the base castaneous ; leaves flat, the basal 3-6 mm. broad ; staminate spikes 2-4, whitish; pistillate 2-10, remote, often in 2'sor 3's, 1.5-5 cm. long; perigynia conic- ovoid, pale green or straw-color, promi- nently few-ribbed, slightly exceeding the broad pale scales. Woods and river swamps, Ga. and* Fla. to Tex.; north w. in the flat country to Mo. April, May. FIG. 509. 143. C. castanea Wahlenb. Slender but erect, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves, 3-6 mm. broad, flat, hairy, much shorter than the rough culm ; staminate spike 0.7-2 mm. long, very short-peduncled ; pistillate spikes tri9 ' 2-5, approximate, widely spreading or drooping on filiform stalks, 0.8-2.5 cm. long, rather dense, tawny ; perigynia narrowly conic, the beak \ as long as the body, thin, with a nerve on each side, longer than the br<>"-n acute thin scales. Alluvial woods and thickets, rarely in bogs. in calcareous districts, Nfd. to Ont., locally s. to Ct., N.Y., and the Great Lake region. May-July. FIG. 510. Hybridizes with C. arctata. 144. C. capillaris L. Densely tufted, very slender but erect, 0.3-2.5 dm. high; culm smooth, longer than the narrow flat or at length involute leaves ; spikes 2-4, approximate, the lowst r/ 2 cm. apart, all more or less long-peduncled and drooping, borne in the axils of sheathing bracts, very small (3-12- flowered} ; pt'riijijniiun thin, very small, oblong- obovoid, the beak hyaline-lipped, longer than the n >^* i i K C "' locaL 147. C. veniista Dewey, var. minor Boeckl. Slender but strict, 3-8 dm. high ; basal leaves 4-12 mm. wide, strict, the upper and the bracts about as long as the culm ; spikes 2-5, the upper pistillate ones approxi- mate, usually ascending, the terminal some- times stain in ate at top, 1.5-5 cm. long; peri- gynia ascending, 5.5-8 mm. long, firm, prominently nerved, the very short and stout beak prominently toothed, thrice longer than the rusty narrow scale. (C. oblita Steud.) Sphagnous swamps and low woods, N. Y. and N. J., southw., local. June. FIG. 515. 148. C. verruc6sa Muhl. Glaucous, stout and stiff, 0.6- 1.5 m. high; leaves long, rough-angled, becoming revolute ; spikes 3-10, 2-6 cm. long, 6-9 mm. thick, scattered to loosely aggregated, ascending or pendulous, often somewhat staminate above, variously peduncled ; scales thin, brown, emarginate, shorter than the ovoid glaucous perigynia, but the hispid awn from 2-3 times longer to nearly obsolete; beak short, entire. Swamps and wet shores, Va., Mo., and southw. July-Sept. FIG. 516. 149. C. macrokblea Steud. Similar, slender, 4-7 dm. high ; spikes 2-5, 1.5-4 cm. long, ascending, on slender peduncles ; scales lanceolate to ovate, KtA ^ A v O14-. O. 06D., v Eud<"ei 516. C. verrucosa. 248 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 517. C. macrokolea. c. scabrata. short-awned, exceeded by the plump subglobose or obovoid at mill fly ribbed abruptly beaked perigynia. ( C. Joorii Bailey. ) Swamps and wet shores, Mo. to Fla. and Tex. Aug. FIG. 517. 150. C. scabrata Schwein. Rather stout, ?>/// leafy, 2-8 dm. high ; culm sharply and renj roughly angled; leaves 6-18 mm. broad, flat, very rough; spikes 3-6, scat- tered, the upper 1 or 2 sessile, the remainder often long-peduncled and sometimes nod- ding, 1-6 cm. long, narrowly cylindrical and compactly flowered : perigynia broadly ovoid, prominently few-nerved, rough, the beak nearly as long as the body and slightly toothed; scales acute and rough- tipped, green-nerved, about as long as the body of the perigynia. Wet meadows and glades, e. Que. to Ont., s. to the mts. of S. C. andTenn., O., and Mich. June-Aug. FIG. 518. Hybridizes with C. crinita. 151. C. filif6rmis L. Tall and very slender but erect, 0.5-1.2 m. high; culm obtuse, smooth; leaves very Imuj. involute-filiform, rough ; spikes 1-3, ses- sile, somewhat scattered, erect, short and thick, 1-5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. thick; peri- gynia very short-ovoid, the teeth very short, the few nerves obscured by the dense stiff hairs; sr-jO. 1~>. C. vestita Willd. Stout and 0^ 3-8 dm. high, freely stolonifefous f culm sharply angled, smooth or somewhat rough : leaves nir ami rather short, rouuhisli ; xtunihuiti' .sy *//< 1. rarely L', sessile or nearly so, >2-~) rut. 'hmg ; pistillate spikes 1-3, subapproximatr, ,, r rarefy the lowest subradical, often staminate at top, ellipsoid or short-cylindrie. <).H-'J.8 cm. long, compactly flowered; pericrania ovoid, nerved, *///tf// huh-y, short-beaked, the l. ir/n'cfi Ixi-nnn* more or less *j>/ it "//// ///, ,- scales thin and blunt or acute, shorter JWi. 0, v^tita. 519. C. tilitor CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 249 523. C. oligosperma. than the perigynia. In sandy soils, from s. Me. to e. N. Y., and D. C. ; "south to Ga." May-July. FIG. 521. Var. KENNEDYI Fernald. Staminate spike about I cm. long, hidden by the pistillate. Wilmington, Mass. {Kennedy}. 155. C. stria ta Michx., var. brdvis Bailey. Stiff, 3-8 dm. high, extensively creeping ; culm sharply angled, smooth or slightly rough above, mostly exceeding the leaves ; leaves narrow and stiff, becoming involute; spikes 1-2, mostly closely sessile, considerably separated when two, short (1-5 cm. long} and rather thick, erect ; perigynia broad- ovoid with impressed nerves, smooth, ascending, short- beaked and very short-toothed ; scales thin, obtuse or acutish, mostly about \ as long as the perigynia. ( C. Walteriana, var. Bailey.) Pine-barren swamps, s. e. Mass., south w., local. June-Aug. FIG. 522. 156. C. oligospSrma Michx. Very slender, but stiff, 2.5-9 dm. high ; culms solitary or few from a slender stoloniferous base; leaves and bracts very narrow, becoming involute; Staminate spike pedun- cled ; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, rarely 3, sessile or the lowest very short- peduncled, globular or short-oblong (0.7-2 cm. long} few-flowered ; peri- 522> c striat brev gyma turgid, shining, gradually contracted into a very short and minutely toothed beak, prominently few-nerved, yellowish, nearly twice longer than the blunt scales. Bogs and wet shores, Lab and Nfd. to the Mackenzie, s. to Pa., and the Great Lake region. June-Aug. FIG. 523. 157. C. IIIRTA L. Variable in size (2-6 dm. high), widely creep- ing ; culm rather slender but erect, obtuse and smooth or slightly rough above ; leaves soft and flat, generally sparsely hairy and the sheaths very hirsute, rarely smooth ; spikes 2-3, distant, more or less shortly peduncled, erect or nearly so, 1.5-4 cm. long, rather loose; perigynia long- ovoid, nerved, soft-hairy, the prominent beak slender-toothed ; scales thin and green-nerved, awned, mostly a little shorter. Groves, fields, and made-lands, e. Mass, to centr. N. Y. and Pa. ; local. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 524. 158. C. trichocarpa Muhl. Stout and tall, 0.6-1.2 m. high ; culm sharply angled, rough above ; leaves numerous, flat, 3-6 mm. wide, very rough, but not hairy, much exceeding the culm ; spikes 2-5, scattered, the lower stalked and more or less spreading, 3-8 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick, heavy, but loosely flowered at base ; perigynia ovoid, many-costate, sparsely short-hairy, about twice as long as the mem- branaceous, acute or acuminate scales. 52 4 c. hirta Marshes, s. w. Vt. to Ont., s. to Pa. and 111. June- Aug. FIG. 525. Var. TURBIN\TA Dewey. Spikes 2-2.5 cm. long, 1.8-1.8 cm. thick ; perigynia lance-subulate. Dutchess Co., N. Y. Var. DewSyi Bailey. Leaves narrower, often becoming somewhat involute, smoother ; spikes short, 1.5-5 cm. long, all but the lowest one sessile ; perigynia 525. C. trichocarpa. 250 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 526. C. trich., -V27. G trich., v. arista ta. 528. C. riparia. smooth, thick in texture, becoming polished with age, the nerves imj scales sharp, mostly a little shorter than the perigynia. la. to Kan., and north westw. FIG. 526. Var. aristata (R. Br.) Bailey. Mostly stouter ; leaves 4-10 ram. wide, more or less hairy on the under surface and sheaths; perigynia lance-ovoid, smooth, the teeth longer and more spreading ; scales long and sharp. ( C. aristata R. Br.) Ont. to Sask. and B. C., s. to N. Y., Mich.. Wise., Neb., etc. FIG. 527. Var. IMBERBIS Gray. Sheaths glabrous. Ont. to N. Dak. and Mo. 159. C. riparia W. Curtis. Very large and stout, 0.6-1.3 ra. high, stoloniferous ; ZearesO.5-l.5cm. broad, flat, rough, glaucous, much longer than the sharply angled culm ; spikes 2-4, scattered and all more or less peduncled, the lowest of ten very long-stalked, vary- ing from almost globular to slender-cylindric, 2-10 cm. long, erect or the lower somewhat drooping, loosely flowered below ; perigynia lance-ovi/-8 dm. high ; culm o>>( >(*>!>/ a < tvphin.M.i.- Vrr > s "> M1| th ; leaves 4-9 mm. broad, rough on the nerves, the upper and the bra.-ts very much longer than the culm ; terminal spike often pis- tillate at top ; other spikes 3-7, the uppermost sessile on the f>-_>9. ('. aoutifonnis. 530. C. squarrosa. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 251 533. C. Pseudo-Cyperus. zigzag rhachis, 1.5-4 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, evenly cylindrical, often stain in ate at top ; perigynia very abruptly contracted into a short but slender toothed beak. (C. stenolepis Torr.) Swamps and mead- ows, Pa. to 111. and south w. June-Sept. FIG. 532. 164. C. Pseudo-Cypdrus L. Tall and rather stout, 0.5-1 m. high, in clumps ; culm thick and very sharply triangular, rough throughout ; leaves very long, rough-margined, 0.5-1 cm. wide ; spikes 3-5, slenderly peduncled and more or less droop- ing, somewhat contiguous, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, nar- rowly cylindrical (8-11 mm. thick}, very compactly flowered ; perigynia strongly reflexed, more or less 2-edged, many-costate, the beak shorter than the body, with erect short (0.5-1 mm. long) teeth; scales very rough-awned, about the length of the perigynia. Bogs and shallow water, Gulf of St. Lawrence to Sask., locally s. to Ct., centr. N. Y. and the Great Lakes. June- Aug. (Eu.) FIG. 533. 165. C. combsa Boott. Mostly stouter (0.5-1.5 m. high), the leaves broader (6-16 mm. wide) ; spikes ' 1.3-1.7 cm. thick, more loosely flow- ered ; perigynia longer, the beak mostly longer than the body and the teeth long (1.2-2 wwi.) and spreading. (C. Pseudo-Cyperus, var. americana Hochst.) Swamps, N. S. to Wash., s. to Fla., La., and s. Cal. June-Aug. FIG. 534. 166. C. hystericina Muhl. Slender but erect, 2.5-1 m. high ; culm very sharply angled and rough, at least above ; leaves 3-10 mm. broad, roughish ; spikes 2-5, borne near the top of the culm, rarely very remote, the upper often sessile, the remainder on more or less filiform stalks, spreading or drooping, 1.5-6 cm. long, 1-1. 5 cm. thick, com- pactly flowered ; perigynia greenish or straw-colored, strongly 15-20- nerved, the very slender beak strongly toothed ; scale nearly or quite as long as the perigynium. Swales, throughout ; frequent. June-Aug. (Jamaica). FIG. 535. Tall specimens with long pen- dulous spikes have been separated as the scarcely distinguishable var. COOLEYI Dewey (var. Dudleyi Bailey). 167. C. lurida Wahlenb. Vari- able in size, 0.2-1 m. high, stout ; culm rather obtusely angled and smooth ; leaves long and loose, 4-6 mm. wide, rough, the bracts leafy, elongated; spikes 2-4, vari- ously disposed, the 1 or 2 upper sessile, nearly erect or often drooping, the others more or less peduncled, approximate or remote, very densely flowered, globose to thick-cylindric, 1.5-6 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick; perigynia thin and turgid, somewhat shining, about IQ-nerved, the body barely equaling the slender long-conic beak ; staminate spike single ; scales linear, half as long as the perigynia or more. Swamps and wet woods, N. S. to Ont., and southw. ; 535. C. hvstericina. 536. C. lurida. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) abundant eastw. FKS. ">3<>. Ilybridi/cs with C. lii/>nl/ii. Very variable, passing to many scarcely distinguishable forms, and to Var. gracilis (Boott) Bailey. Slender, 3-7 dm. high ; b-r, * 2-3 mm. wide; npikett 1-4 cm. long, 1-1. :> cm. thick. (C. Baileyi Britton). Cool woods and meadows, Me. to w. N. Y., and in the mts. to Tenn., local. FIG. 537. 108. C. Schweinitzii Dewey. Soft bnt erect, 2.5-7 dm. high, yellowish-green, becoming straw-colored in drying ; culm solitary, from creeping rootstock, flattish and smooth ; leaves 0.5-1 cm. broad, the radical longer than the culm, the others mostly short ; spikes 3-5, the lower one or two short-pe- duncled, the others subsessile and 7 r h, v rrae approximate, narrowly long-cylhtdri- ur., v. grac. thick)> 538. C. Schvveinit/ii. ascending ; perigynia thin and somewhat inflated, few- nerved, the long beak short-toothed, ascending ; scales awned.and commonly rough at the tip, a little shorter than the perigynia. Swamps and wet calcareous soil, s. Vt. to Ont., s. to Ct., n. N. J., and Mich. June, July. FIG. 538. 169. C. retrtirsa Schwein. Stout, 0.4-1 m. high ; culm obtusely angled and smooth or nearly so ; leaves and bracts 0.4-1 cm. broad, soft, roughish, much longer than the culm ; staminate spikes 1-4, sessile or shrt- pedunded; pistillate spikes 3-8, approximate near the top of the culm or the lowest remote, all but the lovt-sf I or 2 sessile or sulMMt'le, 1,5-5 cm. long, 1.7-2 cm. thick, compactly flowered, erect or spread/ >KJ ; ]>< //- gynia very thin and papery, much inflated, promi- nently nerved, strongly reflexed, conic-ovoid, long- beaked, 8-10 mm. long, much exceeding the acuminate scales. Wet places, e. Que. to the Saskatchewan and B. C., s. to Pa., the Great Lakes, la., Ida., and Ore. July-Oct. FIG. 539. Hybridizes with C. rostrata. Var. RonixsoNii Fernald. Spikes slender, 1.2-1.5 cm. thick. Local, Me. to Ida. Var. Hartii (Dewey) Gray. The remote, often long-pe-', mm. broad, over-topping the inflorescence ; stamimife *j>i/>-< long-pedunded ; 2-4, mostly scattered, se$*il<\ r tin 1 loirest thort-p&lwicled, globose, 2-3.5 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. thick ; the rather frtr /n rnjynia conic-ovoid, thin, bladdery. 10-12 mm. long, with a rather abrupt slender-conic beak, twice as long as the firm ovate acuminate scales. (('. hnihinnica Bailey.) Swamps. Fla. to Tex., north w. in the lowlands to Mo. .June- Aug. FIG. 540. 1; 589. C. retrorsa. Mil. C. llalt-i. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 253 171. C. gigantea Rudge. Loosely caexpitose or somewhat stoloniferous, stout, 0.5-1.2 m. high ; leaves 0.7-1.5 cm. broad; staminate spikes 2-4 ; pistillate 2-4, scattered, the lowest long-peduncled and remote, rather loosely flowered, 3-7 cm. long, 2-2.7 cm. thick; peri- gynia swollen below but very abruptly contracted into a slender beak 3-4 times as long as the body, spreading at right angles or nearly so, never becoming yellow ; scales narrow, smooth. (C. grandis Bailey.) Swamps, Del., Ky., and Mo., south w. July-Sept. FIG. 541. 172. C. Iupulif6rmis Sartwell. Stout, tall, 0.0-1.2 m. high; leaves 0.6-1.3 cm. broad, conspicuously elongate ; bracts broad and far ex- ceeding the culm ; staminate spike usually peduncled ; pistillate spikes 3-5, 3-8 cm. long, cylindrical (2-3.5 ^ c gigantea . cm. thick), at least the lower pe- duncled, erect or ascending, somewhat scattered or the upper approximate, becoming yellowish brown ; perigynia Vf narrowly conic-ovoid, 1.3-2 cm. long, mostly twice exceed- ing the firm lance-attenuate scales, ascending. (C. lupu- lina, var. polystachya Schwein. & Torr.) Rich swamps, meadows, and prairies, Vt. to Minn., s. to Del. , 111. , and La. July-Oct. FIG. 542. 173. C. lupulina Muhl. Very stout and leafy, 4-9 dm. high ; leaves 0.6-1 cm. broad, loose ; bracts broad and elongate ; pistillate spikes 2-6, approximate at the top of the culm, all closely sessile or the lower sometimes short- peduncled, thick-cylindrical to subglobose, very heavy and densely flowered, 3-6 cm. long, 2-3 cm. thick; staminate spike sessile; perigynia much inflated, rather soft, 1.3-2 cm. long, erect or but slightly spreading, giving the spike a hop-like aspect (whence the name); scales firm, lance- ovate, mostly much shorter than the perigynia. Swamps and wet woods N. B., to Ont., la., and south w. July- Oct. FIG. 543. Frequently hybridizes with other species. Var. pedunculata Dewey. Often taller ; spikes more or less scattered, some or all prominently peduncled; staminate spike usually conspicuous, generally pe- duncled; perigynia more spreading. Locally more abundant. 174. C. Grayii Carey. Rather stout, 0.3-1 m. high ; leaves 6-11 mm. wide, flat, harsh, pale green; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, the lowest often peduncled, perfectly globular and compactly 6-30-flowered, the perigynia firm., much inflated, glabrous, 1.5-2 cm. long, spread- ing or deflexed and prominently many-nerved. (C. Asa-Grayi Bailey.) Wet alluvial woods and meadows, w. N. E.'to Ont., la., and Mo., local. June-Oct. FIG. 544. Var. hispidula Gray. Perigynia hispidulous. to Mo., and southw. 54 175. C. intum^scens Rudge. Slender, 0.3-1 m. high ; leaves and bracts 3-8 mm. wide, soft, much elongate, dark green ; pistil- late spikes 1-3, subglobose or short-ovoid, loosely 1-12-flowered ; the perigynia thin, bladdery, green, 1-1.5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick, spreading, many- nerved. Swamps, meadows, and alluvial woods, throughout ; the typical 54S. C. lupulina. 254 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) Rather slender, 0.3- 545. C. intumescens. form commonest from Mass, southw. June-Sept FIG. 545. Var. Fernaldii Bailey. Perigynia more slender, less inflated, 1.2-1.7 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick. Nfd. to Man., s. to Mass., N. Y., Mich., and Wise.; and on the mts. of N. C. ; the common form northw. 176. C. folliculata L. 1.2 m. high ; leaves very broad and flat, yellowish- green, lax ; pistillate spikes 2-5, mostly scattered, all but the uppermost prominently peduncled ; perigynia conic- subulate, very sfi/ in- flated, many-nerved, 1-1.5 cm. long ; scales awned and often nearly as long. Wet woods, meadows and bogs, Nfd. to Out., s. to Md., W. Va., and Mich.; locally abundant. June-Aug. FIG. m c folliculata 177. C. Michauxiana Boeckl. Slender but stiff and erect, 2.5-6 dm. high, yellowish; leaves narrow andflrm, shorter than the culm ; spikes 2-4, the lowest usually remote and short-peduncled, \ the remainder aggregated and sessile perigynia lance-subulate, not inflated, 8-13 mm. long, erect or spreading, twice longer than the blunt scales. ( C. abacta Bailey. ) Bogs and lake- borders, Nfd. to L. Mistassini, s. to n. N. E., n. N. Y., and Mich.; local. June, July. FIG. 547. 178. C. subulata Michx. Green, very slender but erect, 1.5-6 dm. high ; leaves soft, 1.5-4 mm. wide, shorter than the culm ; bracts leafy, sheath- ing; pistillate spikes 2-5, scattered, 2-Q-flowered ; perigynia subulate, 1-1.5 cm. long, deflexed. ( C. Collinsii Nutt.) Bogs and white cedar swamps, R. I. to e. Pa., and southw. ; very local. ^ s c 8U b U iata June, July. FIG. 548. 179. C. saxatilis L. Low, 2-3 dm. high; lew* 2-5 mm. wide, flat, becoming involute, nearly or quite equaling the culm; staminate spike 1 (rarely 2); pistillate 1-3, sessile or short-peduncled, tubglobose or s ^" r ^ c y^ndric, 0.5-2 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick ; perigynia purple or purple-tin i*ti!f"><>. C.UUUK, 3-7 mm. thick. (C. militir/s Michx.) Margins of \. miiiuii.s. rivers and lakes, Nfd. to Hudson Bay, locally s. to W9. c. saxatilis. M: <' Michauxiana CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 255 . Graham} s. N. B. and centr. Me. July-Sept. FIG. 550. Apparently hybridizes with C. vesicaria. 180. C. Grahami Boott. Slender, 2-7 dm. high; leaves jlat, 1.5-3 mm. wide ; staminate spikes 1-3 ; pistillate 1-3, the lowest mostly short-peduncled, slightly spreading or ascending, 1.2-1.8 cm. long, 6-10 mm. thick; perigynia straw-colored,' thin, ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, few-nerved, with a slender subentire beak, ascending, twice as long as the blunt purple scale. Margin of a pond, Mt. Katahdin, Me. July, Aug. (Scotland.) FIG. 551. Much of the American material previ- ously referred to this species is apparently a hybrid between C. saxatilis, var. miliaris arid forms of C. vesicaria. ( C. miliaris, var. aurea Bailey ; C. Eaeana Britton, not Boott ; C. main- ensis Porter.) 181. C. rotundata Wahlenb. Slender, 6 dm. or less high ; leaves soon becoming involute / staminate spike 1 (rarely 2 or 3); pistillate 552. c. rotundata. J or 2 *. f^ and compact, 8-13 mm. 55L long, 6-8 mm. thick, the lower subtended by a divergent bract (4-5 cm. long} ; perigynia pale or ferruginous, plump, sub- globose-ovoid, few-nerved, about 3 mm. long, abruptly short-beaked, the beak entire or short-toothed, one half longer than the purplish scales. Outlet of Moosehead L., Me. Aug. (Greenl., n. Eu.) FIG. 552. 182. C. vesicaria L. Comparatively slender, 0.4-1 m. high ; the culms sharply angled and generally harsh above, usually overtopped by the bracts; leaves 4-7 mm. wide, loosely ascending or spreading ; staminate spikes mostly 2 or 3, peduncled ; pistillate spikes 2-3, remote, sessile or short-peduncled, cylindric, 2-7 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick; perigynia slightly turgid, ovoid to oblong-conic, gradually tapering to the beak, when mature 7-9 mm. long, twice exceeding the ovate-lanceolate acute or acuminate scales. Mead- ows and low ground, e.. Que. to B. C., s. to Pa., the Great Lake region, etc. June-Aug. (Eu.) FIG. 553. A very variable northern species, pass- ing freely with us into the following arbitrarily distinguished tendencies. Var. MONILE (Tuckerm.) Leaves 2-5 mm. wide ; pistillate spikes as in the species ; perigynia more turgid, roundish-ovoid, about 6 mm. long, rather abruptly tapering to the beak. (C. monile Tuckerm.) Nfd. to Sask., Ky., and Mo., generally common. FIG. 554. Var. JEJUNA Fer- nald. Smaller and more slender; pistillate spikes thinner, 5-8 mm. thick. Common northw. Var. DISTENTA Fries. Slender ; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, short and thick, 1-2.5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick; perigynia subglobose or ovoid, abruptly beaked. Local, Nfd. and Que. to Me. and Vt. Var. RAEANA (Boott) Fernald. Very slen- der ; leaves 2 mm. wide, tending to become involute at tip; pis- tillate spikes slender, 4-8 mm. thick; perigynia scarcely inflated, narrow and elongate. Local, Que. to Athabasca, s. to Me. FIG. 555. 183. C. rostrata Stokes. Culm 0.3-1 m. high, rather stout, 5o5 . c. ves., thicfeisll and spongy at base, generally smooth and bluntly angled above ; leaves elongated, flat, usually equaling or exceeding the culms, pale green or glaucous, 0.2-1 cm. wide, prominently nodulose, espe- cially after drying ; staminate inflorescence peduncled, of 2-4 distinct spikes ; pistillate spikes mostly 2-4, sessile or the lower peduncled, cylindric, dense, Fernald. 553. C. vesicaria. 256 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 556. C. rostrate. 557. C. rost., v. utric. 2-10 cm. long, fi-12 mm. thick; perigynia ascending or slightly spreading, flask-shaped, 3-0 nun. long, the abrttj>t cytimlrir /><(>/, somewhat exert-ding the bluntish or acute oblong or lanceolate purple-tinged scale. (C. utriculata, var. minor Boott.) Wet swamps and shallow water, Nfd. and Lab. to Sask. and B. C., s. to Ct., N. Y., 111., Utah, and Cal. ; common northw., local south w. (Eu.) FIG. 556. Var. utriculata (Boott) Bailey. Coarser; mature spikes 1-2 cm. thick, often longer than in the species ; perigynia ellipsoid-ovoid to conic-cylindric, 0.5-1 cm. long, taper- fug gradually to the leak. ( C. utricu- lata Boott.) Ex- tending s. to N. J., O., etc. FIG. 557. Var. ambigens Fernald. Very slen- der, 3-5 dm. high ; culms barely 1 mm. in diameter below the spikes ; leaves 2-5 mm. broad ; staminate spikes 1 or 2 ; pis- tillate 1-3, 1-2.5 cm. long; perigynia as 558. C. bullata. in the species. Que., N. B., and n. Me. 184. C. bullata Schkuhr. Slender, 4-9 dm. high, the long stiff leaves !-'> mm. wide; staminate spikes mostly 2 or 3, long-peduncled ; pittilluh- */* mostly 2, remote, cylindric, densely flowered, 2.5 "> cm. long, 1-1. 5 cm. thick; perigynia strongly nerved, firm, dull or slightly shining, very turgid, 5-8 mm. long, spreading-ascending, the usually xerrtdtitc < slightly roughish conic-cylindric beak much exceeding the acute or bluntish scale. (C. Olncyi Boott; C. bullata x utriculata Bailey.) Swales and \vet mead- ows, local, Mass, to Del. June, July. FIG. 558. Var. Grednii (Boeckl.) Fer- nald. More slender and lower ; leaves 2-4 mm. wide ; pistil lo-t<- spike 1 (or if-2, remote}, shorter and thicker," rather loosely flow- ered ; perigynia lustrous, 6-9 mm. long. (C. bullata Man. ed. 6.) Commoner, s. Me. to Pa. and Ga. FIG. Anil. 185. C. Tuckermani Dewey. Culms slender, 1 in. or less high, forming loose stools ; leaves 3-5 mm. wide ; bracts very leaf-like and usually much prolonged ; staminate spikes 2 or :5, long-pednncled ; pistillate */>//* 2 or 3, slender-peduncled or the upper sessile, thn-k- cylindric, 1MI cm. long, 1.2-1.8 cm. thick, loosely flowered ; i>'Ti(iiiiii,i -lossy, extremely membranaceous and bladder- - fn r Tn . like, Btrongb nerved, globose-ovoid, 1 cm. lontj, 5-0.5 mm. thick, tapering gradually to the slender cylindric beak, much exceeding the oblong-ovate acute or acuminate scales. Rich alluvial shores, rarely in swamps, N. B. to Lake St. John, Que., and Ont., s. to N. J., Ind., and Minn. June- Aug. FIG. 560. 559. C. bullata, v. Gn.-nii. ARACEAE (ARUM FAMILY) 257 ARACEAE (ARUM FAMILY) Plants with acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves, and flowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually surrounded by a spathe. Floral envelopes none, or of 4-6 sepals. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen, or none, but filled with the large fleshy embryo. A large family, chiefly tropical. Herbage abounding in slender rhaphides. The genuine Araceae have no floral envelopes, and are almost all monoecious or dioecious ; but the genera of the third and fourth sections, with more highly developed flowers, are not to be separated. * Spadix elongated, enveloped in a spathe ; flowers destitute of perianth, monoecious or dioecious. 1. Arisaema. Flowers covering only the base of the spadix. Leaves not sagittate. 2. Peltandra. Flowers covering the spadix. Leaves sagittate. * * Spadix short-cylindric, subtended by an open spreading petaloid spathe ; flowers (at least the lower ones) perfect, without perianth. 3. Calla. Flowers covering the. whole spadix. * * * Spadix globose, enveloped in a very fleshy ovoid spathe ; flowers perfect and perianth present. 4. Symplocarpus. Sepals 4, hooded. * * * * Spadix cylindrical without obvious spathe ; flowers perfect, perianth present. 5. Orontium. Spadix narrow, naked, terminating the terete scape. C. Acorus. Spadix cylindrical, borne on the side of a leaf-like scape. 1. ARISAEMA Martius. INDIAN TURNIP. DRAGON ARUM Spathe convolute below and mostly arched above. Flowers monoecious or by abortion dioecious. Sterile flowers above the fertile, each of a cluster of almost sessile 2-4-celled anthers, opening by pores or chinks at the top. Fertile flowers a 1-celled ovary containing 5 or 6 erect orthotropous ovules; in fruit a l_few-seeded scarlet berry. Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstock or conn, sending up a simple scape sheathed with the petioles of the simple or compound veiny leaves. (Name from dpls, a kind of arum, and afyia, blood, from the spotted leaves of some species.) 1. A. triphyllum (L.) Schott. (INDIAN TURNIP, JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT.) Leaves mostly 2, divided into 3 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets; spadix mostly dioecious, subcylindric or club-shaped, obtuse, much shorter than the spathe, which is smooth or corrugated in its tubular part and incurved-hooded at its flat ovate-lanceolate pointed summit. (A. pusillum Nash ; A . Stewardsonii Britton.) Rich woods. May. Corm turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an intensely acrid juice ; spathe with the petioles and sheaths pale green, or often dark purple or variegated with dark purple and whitish stripes or spots. 2. A. Drac6ntiuin (L.) Schott. (GREEN DRAGON, DRAGON ROOT.) Leaf usually solitary, pedately divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaflets ; spadix often androgynous, tapering to a long and slender point beyond the oblong and convolute-pointed greenish spathe. Low grounds, w. N. E. to Fla., w. to Ont., Minn., e. Kan., and Tex. June. Corms 'clustered ; petiole 3-6 dm. long, much exceeding the peduncle. 2. PELTANDRA Raf. ARROW ARUM Spathe elongated, convolute throughout or with a dilated blade above. Flowers thickly covering the long and tapering spadix throughout (or only its apex naked). Anther-masses sessile, naked, covering all the upper part of the spadix, each of 4-6 pairs of cells embedded in the margin of a thick and shield- shaped connective, opening by terminal pores. Ovaries at the base of the spadix, each surrounded by 4-5 distinct, scale-like white staminodia, 1-celled, bearing 1-few amphitropous ovules at the base. Berries in an ovoid fleshy GRAY'S MANUAL 17 258 ARACEAE (ARUM FAMILY) head enveloped by the base of the leathery spathe. Stemless herbs, with arrow- shaped or hastate palmately 3-nerved and pinnately veined leaves, and simple scapes from a thick fibrous or subtuberous root. (Name from TJ-AT??, a small shield, and drfp, for stamen, from the shape of the latter.) 1. P. virginica (L.) Kunth. Scape 2-3.5 din. high, about equaling the leaves ; basal lobes of the leaves rather long and often acutish ; spathe convolute throughout, wavy on the margin, mostly green ; sterile portion of the spadix several times longer than the pistillate ; ovules several ; fruit green; seeds 1 (-3). (P. undulata Raf.) Shallow water, s. Me. to Fla., w. to s. Ont., Mich., and Mo. June. 3. CALL A L. WATER ARUM Spathe ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface white), persistent. Lower flowers perfect and 6-androus ; the upper often of stamens only. Filaments slen- der ; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with 5-9 erect anatropous ovules. Berries (red) distinct, few-seeded. A low perennial herb, growing in cold bogs, with a long creeping rootstock, bearing heart-shaped long- petioled leaves, and solitary scapes. (An ancient name, of unknown meaning.) 1. C. paliistris L. Cold bogs, N. S. to N. J., w. to Mich, and Minn., and northw. June. Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eurasia.) 4. SYMPLOCARPUS Salisb. SKUNK CABBAGE Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with at length rather slender filaments ; anthers extrorse, 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Style 4-angled and awl-shaped ; stigma small. Ovule solitary, suspended, anatropous. Fruit a globular or ovoid mass, composed of the enlarged and spongy spadix, inclosing the spherical seeds just beneath the surface, which is roughened with the persistent fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Perennial herb, with a strong odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat alliaceous ; a very thick rootstock, and a cluster of very large and broad entire veiny leaves, preceded in earliest spring by the nearly sessile spathes, which barely rise out of the ground. (Name from ffvu-rrXoic/i, connection, and Kapir6s, fruit, in allusion to the coalescence of the ovaries into a compound fruit.) 1. S. foltidus (L.) Nutt. Leaves ovate, cordate, becoming 3-C dm. long, short-petioled ; spathe spotted and striped with purple and yellowish-green, ovate, incurved. (Spathyema Raf.) Bogs and moist grounds, N. S. to N. C., w. to Ont., Minn., and la. 5. OR6NTIUM L. GOLDEN CLUB Spathe incomplete and distant, merely a leaf-sheath investing the lower part of the slender scape, and bearing a small and imperfect bract-like blade. Lower flowers with 6 concave sepals and 6 stamens ; the upper ones with 4. Filaim-nts flattened ; anthers 2-celled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with an anatropous ovule. Fruit a green utricle. An aquatic perennial, with a deep rootstock, and long-petioled entire oblong and nerved floating leaves. (Origin of the name obscure.) 1. 0. aquaticum L. Ponds, Mass, to Fla. May. 6. ACORUS L. SWEET FLAG. CALAMUS Sepals 6, concave. Stamens 6 ; filaments linear ; anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled, opening across. Ovary 2-3-celled, with several pendulous orthotropous ovules in each cell. Fruit at length dry, gelatinous inside, 1-few-seeded. Aromatic, especially the thick creeping rootstocks (calamus of the shops). L.avr.s sword-like; the upper and more foliaceous prolongation of the scape may be considered as a kind of open spathe. ("Axopas, the ancient name, of no known meaning.) 1. A. Calamus L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the (yellowish- green) spadix. Margins , clmffy; anthers introrse ; the fruit a 2-3- celled 2-3-seeded capsule ; seeds pendulous, orthotropous ; embryo at the apex of mealy albumen. Chiefly tropical plants, a few in northern temperate regions. 1. Eriocaulon. IVriaiith double, the inner (corolla) tubular-funm-l-form in the staininutr ll.iw.T-. st:mirn> tsvirr as many as the corolla-lobes (4). Antlin-s U-.-i-llc.!. '_'. Syngonanthus. IVihmth usin the last. Stamens only as many as the corolla-lobes (3). An- thers _' i-fllril. K. Lachnocaulon. Perianth simple, of 8 sepals. Stamens 3, monadelphous below. Anthers EKIOCAULACEAE (PIPEWORT FAMILY) 261 1. ERIOCAULON [Gronov.] L. PIPEWORT Flowers monoecious and androgynous, i.e. both kinds in the same head, either intermixed, or the central ones sterile and the exterior fertile, rarely dioecious. Ster.FL Calyx of 2 or 3 keeled or boat-shaped sepals, usually spatulate or dilated upward. Corolla tubular, 2-3-lobed. each of the lobes bearing a black gland or spot. Stamens inserted one at the base of each lobe and one in each sinus. Pistils rudimentary. Fert. Fl. Calyx as in the sterile flowers, often remote from the rest of the flower (therefore perhaps to be viewed as a pair of bractlets). Corolla of 2 or 3 separate narrow petals. Stamens none. Ovary often stalked, 2-3-lobed ; style 1 ; stigmas 2 or 3, slender. Capsule membranaceous, loculicidal. Leaves mostly smooth, loosely cellular and pellucid, flat or concave above. Flowers, also the tips of the bracts, etc., usually white-bearded or woolly. (Name compounded of '4pi.ov, wool, and Kav\6s, a stalk, from the wool at the base of the scape. ) Our species are all stemless, wholly glabrous excepting at the base and the flowers, with a depressed head and dimerous flowers. 1. E. decangulare L. Leaves obtuse, varying from lanceolate to linear-awl- shaped, rather rigid, 6-40 crn. long ; scapes 10-12-ribbed (3-9 dm. high) ; head hemispherical, becoming globose (6-14 mm. in diameter) ; scales of the involucre acutish, straw-color or light brown ; chaff (bracts among the flowers) pointed. Pine-barren swamps, N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex. 2. E. compressum Lam. Leaves spreading (5-12 cm. long), grassy-awl- shaped, rigid, or when submersed thin and pellucid, tapering gradually to a sharp point, mostly shorter than the sheath of the W-ribbed scape ; scales of the involucre very obtuse, turning lead-color; chaff obtuse. {E. gnaphalodes Michx.) Pine-barren swamps, N. J. to Fla. 3. E. articulatum (Huds.) Morong. Peduncles 1-several ; leaves 2-8 cm. long, awl-shaped, pellucid, soft and very cellular ; scape ^-1-striate, slender, 5-15 cm. high or when submersed becoming 3-20 dm. long according to the depth of the water ; chaff acutish ; head 5-9 mm. broad, at length depressed-globose ; bracts, chaff, etc., lead-colored except where whitened by short but coarse beard; anthers longer than broad. (E. septangular e With.) In ponds or along their borders, Nfd. to N. J., w. to Ind., Mich., Minn., and Ont. July, Aug. (Ireland and adjacent islands.) 4. E. Parkdri Robinson. Leaves lance-linear, 3-6 cm. long, attenuate from a base 3-4 mm. broad to a very sharp tip ; peduncles 10-22, erect, slightly rigid ; heads small (3-4 mm. in diameter), even in fruit surrounded by a campanulate involucre; chaff and flowers nearly glabrous; anthers as broad as long. Banks of the Delaware R. near Camden, N. J. (T. P. James, Parker.} 2. SYNGONANTHUS Ruhland. Stamens as many as the (often involute) lobes of the funnel-form corolla in the sterile flowers, and opposite them, commonly 3, and the flower ternary. Petals of the fertile flowers united to the middle. Otherwise nearly as in Eriocaulon. (Name from i>- sule containing several or many orthotropous seeds with a minute embryo at the apex of fleshy albumen. 1. XYRIS [Gronov.] L. YELLOW-EYED GRASS Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which are densely imbricated in a head. Sepals 3 ; the 2 lateral boat-shaped and persistent ; the anterior one larger, enwrapping the corolla in the bud and deciduous with it. Petals 3, yellow (rarely white), with claws, which cohere more or less. Fertile stamens 3, inserted on the claws of the petals, alternating with 3 sterile filaments, which are cleft and in our species plumose or bearded at the apex. Style 3-cleft. Capsule oblong, free, l-celled, with 3 parietal more or less projecting placentae, 3-valved, many-seeded. Ours apparently all perennials. (Ev/ofs, a name of some plant with 2-edged leaves, from frpbv, a razor.} . Lateral sepals about equaling the subtending bracts and concealed by them. Base not bulbous ; keel of the lateral sepals with an erose wing. Heads ovoid. Leaf-blades strictly linear or broadest at the base ; scape narrowly 2- margined. Heads narrowly ovoid ; flower-bearing scales few (4-7) at length dark brown \. X. montana. Heads broadly ovoid ; flower-bearing scales usually numerous, greenish or pale brown 2. X. caroliniana. Leaf-blades broadest in the middle ; scape much flattened, conspicuously 2-winged 8. X. difformis. Heads ellipsoidal or subcylindric (southern) 4. X. elatti. Base bulbous ; keel of the lateral sepals ciliolate f>. X.flexuona. Lateral sepals evident, much exceeding the subtending bracts or exserted laterally. Keel of the lateral sepals slightly lacerate or erose 6. X. SmaUiann. Keel of the lateral sepals conspicuously fringed. Base neither bulbous nor indurated 7. X.fimbriata. Base bulbous and indurated, dark brown 8. X. arenicola. 1. X. mont^na TCies. Dwarf and very slender, l-(rarely)3 dm. high, some- what caespitose from a more or less branching rootstock ; leaves narrowly linear, + * rarely more than 4 cm. long, about one fourth or one third /I /mV tlie len g tn f tlie nearly filiform stipes ; heads at maturity mm 4-6 mm. thick ; seeds subcylindric-spindle-shaped, regularly ribbed. (X. flexuosa, var. punilla Gray.) Chiefly in peat I Hfiflf bogs, Nfd. to Mt. Desert, Me., the uplands of \[ N. Y., and e. Pa. ; also on L. Superior. FIG. 561, 2. X. caroliniana Walt. Varying much Lateral sepal x 8%. in g j ze . leayeg grass _ljk e? mos tly 6-20 cm. Innjr, one third to two thirds as long as the slightly ancipital stipe ; roots a tuft of delicate fibers ; root- stock apparently not developed; fruiting heads 8-10 mm. in 562. X. caroliniana. diameter; seeds ovoid-spindle-shaped somewhat irregularly Lateral sepal x 8%. about 13-ribbed, when ripe claret-colored. Wet sandy shores Seed x88. of lakes arid pools, centr. Me. to Ind., and south w. Fi<;. "><>-. 3. X. diff6rmis Chapm. Rather stout : leaves lance-linear, 7-12 mm. broad in the middle, thickish ; scape strongly flattened, conspicuously 2-winged, 2-3 MAYACACEAE (MAYACA FAMILY) 263 563. X. flexuosa. Lateral sepal x 3%. mm. broad ; heads subglobose, in fruit about 1 cm. in diameter ; seeds about 25- ribbed. Sandy shores, Md. (Canby}, and southw. 4. X. elata Chapra. Tall (4-8 dm. high) ; leaves grass-like (2-4 dm. long), linear or gladiate from broadened strongly equitant bases ; scape slender, only moderately compressed, ancipital but not winged ; heads ellip- soidal or subcylindric, 1.4-3 cm. long ; floriferous scales numer- ous, suborbicular. Sandy shores, Va. to Fla. and Miss. 5. X. flsxubsa Muhl. Leaves narrowly linear, pale green, thickish, twisted, from a small bulb-like base ; stipe 3-6 dm. high, twisted and flexuous, slightly compressed toward the summit, not winged ; head subglobose, about 1 cm. in diameter ; scales suborbicular, pale brown, the greenish area small and ill- defined ; lateral sepals ciliolate on the keel. - Wet places, chiefly in sandy soil, e. Mass, to Minn. , Tex. , and S. C. FIG. 563. 6. X. Smalliana Nash. Tall (4-9 dm. high) ; leaves broadly linear or sword-shaped, 2.5-6 dm. long, often nearly 2 cm. broad at the equitant and commonly proliferous base, neither twisted nor flexuous ; scape rather slender, straight, compressed near the summit ; heads obovoid or ovoid-ellipsoidal, at maturity about 10-12 mm. in diameter ; scales broadly ovate, green with a stramineous or pale-brown border ; lateral sepals long and narrow, erose-lacerate on the usually narrow wing ; seeds for the genus long, subcylindric, regularly ribbed, pale in color. Chiefly on boggy shores rich in decaying vegetation, often in water, e. Mass, to Fla. The northern form, which has the lateral sepals a little less lacerate on the keel, has been published as X. Cong- doni Small. FIG. 564. 7. X. fimbriata Ell. Tall, strict; leaves broadly linear, straight ; scape straight or nearly so, 5-8 dm. high, compressed and roughened on the edges toward the summit; heads ellipsoidal, about 12-15 mm. in diameter, nearly 2 cm. long ; fringed sepals conspicuous, nearly twice as long as the bracts. Pine- barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Miss. FIG. 565. 8. X. arenlcola Small. Base thick and bulb-like, surrounded by broad chestnut- colored scales, the enlarged and hardened persistent bases of former leaves ; slender stipe and very narrow thickish leaves twisted and flexuous; head cylindric, 1-2.5 cm. long, acutish, fringed sepals conspicuous. (X. torta of auth., notSm.) 564. X. Smalliana. Lateral sepal x 3%. 565. X. fimbriata. Lateral sepal x 3V 3 . 566. X. arenicola. Lateral sepal x 3%. 8-10 mm. thick Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Miss. FIG. 566. MAYACACEAE (MAYACA FAMILY) Moss-like aquatic plants, densely leafy, with narrowly linear sessile pellucid leaves, axillary naked peduncles terminated by a solitary perfect 3-androus Jlowcr, herbaceous calyx, white corolla, and a 3-valved l-celled several-seeded capsule. A single genus. 1. MAYACA Aublet. Perianth persistent, of 3 herbaceous lanceolate sepals, and 3 obovate petals. Stamens alternate with the petals. Ovary with 3 parietal'iew-ovuled placentae ; style filiform ; stigma simple. Creeping or floating in shallow water ; leaves entire, minutely notched at the tip ; peduncle solitary, sheathed at base. (An aboriginal name.) L M. Aubldti Michx. Peduncles deflexed in fruit ; capsules about 9-seeded. (M. Michauxii Schott & Endl.) Va. and 0. to Fla. and Tex. 264 COMMELINACEAE (SPIDERWORT FAMILY) COMMELINACEAE (SPIDERWORT FAMILY) Herbs, with fibrous or sometimes thickened roots, jointed and often branching leafy stems, and chiefly perfect and Q-androus often irregular flowers, with the perianth free from the 2-3-celled ovary, and having a distinct calyx and corolla,' viz., 3 persistent commonly herbaceous sepals, and 3 petals, ephemeral, decay- ing or deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, often some of them sterile ; anthers with 2 separated cells. Style 1 ; stigma undivided. Capsule 2-3-celled, 2-3- valved, loculicidal, 3-several-seeded. Seeds orthotropous. Leaves entire, paral- lel-veined, sheathed at base ; the uppermost often dissimilar and forming a kind of spathe. Chiefly tropical. 1. Tradescantia. Bracts leaf-like or small and scarious. Petals equal. Perfect stamens 6; filaments bearded. 2. Commelina. Cyme sessile within a cordate or connate bract (spathe). Petals unequal. Perfect stamens 3; filaments naked. 1. TRADESCANTIA [Rupp.] L. SPIDERWORT Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. Sta- mens all fertile ; filaments bearded. Capsule 2-3-celled, the cells 1-2-seeded. Perennials. Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy. Leaves keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbeled clusters, axillary and terminal, pro- duced through the summer ; floral leaves nearly like the others. (Named for the elder Tradescant, gardener to Charles the First of England.) 1. T. roaea. Umbels long-peduncled ; bracts short, subscarious Umbels sessile or nearly so, much surpassed by the leaf-like bracts. Dwarf, rarely over 1 dm. high, villous ; pedicels 2-6 cm. long, thread-like . 2. T. brevicaulis. Taller, 3-8 dm. high. Stem geniculate, the subsessile umbels axillary as well as terminal . . 3. T. pilosa. Stem straight, simple or branched ; umbels terminal. Sepals entirely glabrous, or one or more of them with a tuft of hairs near the involute slightly hooded apex 4. T. reJUva. Sepals villous with non-glandular hairs 5. T. virginiana. Sepals glandular-villous. Bracts broader than the leaves 6. T. bracti*nf"* ; leaves narrow, linear-attenuate from a lanceolate base, strongly involute ; umbels terminal on the stems and branches, many-flowered ; narrow brt/rt* I<{t-oi. T. virginiana L. Green ; leaves flat, linear or lance-linear, the upper limn- MI- less pubescent; brads leaf-like, elongated, usually ascending; pcili<;l. ,n/ divisions colored alike, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, the whole together sometimes revolute-coiled after flowering, then withering away, or the base thickened-persistent and inclosing the fruit. Anthers introrse. Ovules anat- ropous. Style 1 ; stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit a perfectly or incompletely 3-celled many-seeded capsule or a 1-celled 1-seeded utricle. Embryo slender, in floury albumen. 1. Pontederia. Spike many-flowered. Perianth 2-lipped, its fleshy persistent base inclosing the 1-seeded utricle. Stamens 6. 2. Heteranthera. Spathe 1-few-flowered. Perianth salver-shaped. Stamens 3. Capsule many-seeded. 1. PONTEDERIA L. PICKEREL-WEED Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped ; the 3 upper divisions united to form the 3- lobed upper lip ; the 3 lower spreading, and their claws, which form the lower part of the curving tube, more or less separate or separable to the base ; tube after flowering revolute-coiled. Stamens 6 ; the 3 anterior long-exserted ; the 3 posterior (often sterile or imperfect) with very short filaments, unequally inserted lower down ; anthers versatile, oval, blue. Ovary 3-celled ; two of the cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Utricle 1-celled. Stout herbs, with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-petioled leaves, and a 1-leaved stem, bearing a spike of violet-blue ephemeral flowers. Root-leaves with a sheathing stipule within the petiole. (Dedicated to Pontedera, Professor at Padua in the 18th century.) 1. P. cordata L. Leaves heart-shaped, blunt ; spike dense, from a spathe- like bract ; upper lobe of perianth marked with a pair of yellow spots (rarely all white); calyx-tube in fruit crested with 6-toothed ridges. N. S. to Out.. Minn., and Tex. July-Sept. (Trop. Am.) Var. ANGUSTII^LIA Torr. Leaves lanceolate or triangular-attenuate, roundish or truncate at base. Same range. 2. HETERANTHERA R. & P. MUD PLANTAIN Perianth with a slender tube ; the limb somewhat equally 6-parted, ephemeral. Stamens in the throat, usually unequal ; anthers erect. Capsule 1-celled or incompletely 3-celled by intrusion of the placentae. Low herbs, in mud or shallow water, with a 1-few-flowered spathe bursting from the sheathing side or base of a petiole. (Name from rfya, different, and &v$T)p J. ten tu' *, v. Williamsii. I. Capsule less than one half as long as the closely appressed sepals k. Auricles at the summit of the sheaths not conspicu- ously extended beyond the point of insertion. Bracts shorter than the cymes ; flowers 2.5-8.5 mm. long, scattered and secund along the as- cending or incurved branches Bracts (or at least the lowermost) exceeding the cymes ; flowers mostly larger, not conspicu- ously secund. Inflorescence and basal sheaths straw-colored or the latter somewhat darker. Sheaths and auricles membranaceous, pale ; perianth erect Sheaths and auricles cartilaginous, darker; perianth spreading 8. J. I>nill, i/i. Inflorescence brownish ; inner basal sheaths strongly purple-tinged . . (9) J. dic/mfomiin, v. i>l(tti/j>hyllus. ,j. Leaves terete, or at most slightly grooved along the upper surface . Flowers eprophyllate, i.e. with only the bractlet at the base of the very short pedicel in. m. Capsules at imt 1 nun. long, rarely exceeding the calyx; Mowers gloinenilate. mostly in freely branched cymes. Leaves terete, scape-like. Capsule broadly ovoid, about equaling the calyx ; seeds ovoid, obtuse Capsule ellipsoid, .slightly exceeding the calyx; seeds with long caudate tips Leaves flat, grass-like. 4. J. tennis. G. J. monoHtichns. 7. J. secundus. 5. J. intt -//>/. 19. J. Roemerianus. 20. J. maritimus. JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY) 269 Stamens included in fruit. Petals ovate or oblong, blunt 43. J. marginatus. Petals lance-attenuate, aristate . . . (43) J. marffinatus, v. setosus. Stamens persistent and exserted in fruit . . . . 44. J. aristulatus. m. Capsules 6-9 mm. long, much exceeding the calyx ; flowers few, in 1-4 terminal glomerules . . . . 41. J. stygius, v. americanus. c. Leaves hollow, nodulose, i.e. with septa at regular intervals n. n. Seeds with definite caudate tips o. o. Leaves papillose-scabrous ; stamens 6; seeds 2-3 mm. long . 21. J. asper. o. Leaves smooth ; stamens 3 ; seeds shorter p. p. Flowers with the mature fruit about 2.5 (rarely 3.5) mm. long ; sepals obtuse ; seed ellipsoid, barely 1 mm. long, with very short tails . .... 22. t/. brachycephalus. p. Flowers with mature fruit about 4 mm. long ; petals attenu- ate, acute; seed spindle-shaped, with conspicuous tails. Inflorescence (when well developed) ovoid or broader, one third longer than broad ; the glomerules many-flowered ; capsule equaling or slightly exceeding the calyx. . Capsule abruptly short-pointed ; seed 1-1.8 mm. long . 24. J. canadensis. Capsule gradually tapering to tip ; seed scarcely 1 mm. long (24) J. canadensis, v. subcaudatus. Inflorescence elongate, strict, and narrow, 3-6 times longer than broad ; capsule much exceeding the calyx, gradu- ally tapering ; seed about 1 mm. long .... n. Seeds merely pointed or blunt, not caudate q. q. Stamens 3 r. r. Capsule attenuate to tip or subulate, distinctly exceeding the calvx .s. s. Heads 2-7-flowered ; capsule not subulate. Mature fruit 3.5 mm. long Mature fruit 5 mm. long 37. J. di/usissimus. s. Heads densely many-flowered ; capsule subulate. Leaves flattened, obscurely septate ; sheaths without auricles at summit ; cyme large, with widely divergent branches and branchlets Leaves terete, distinctly septate ; sheaths with definite auri- cles at summit ; branches and branchlets ascending. Blade of the uppermost leaf much shorter than its sheath Blade of uppermost leaf much longer than its sheath . r. Capsule shorter than or about equaling the calyx, if longer, abruptly tipped (not subulate) t. t. Capsule half or two thirds as long as the calyx, tapering gradually to a conic-subulate beak; glomerules spher- ical ; the rigid subulate sepals much exceeding the petals ; rootstock thick, white, horizontal t. Capsule nearly equaling or exceeding the calyx, abruptly tipped; glomerules hemispherical; sepals and petals subequal ; stems tufted or with merely thickened base. Basal leaves abundant, tufted from a thickened base, often elongate and floating, obscurely septate ; stems lax, decumbent or repent, 0.5-2.5 drn. high ; petals blunt 27. J. bulbosus. Basal leaves few, erect ; plant erect, 3 dm. or more high ; petals acuminate. Heads 1-50, on ascending-spreading branches; flowers 3-3.5 mm. long Heads 200-500, on widely divergent branches ; flowers 2-2.5 mm. long 38. J. robustus. q. Stamens 6 u. u. Upper cauline leaves bladeless (or essentially so), consisting of firm tawny or colored sheaths 2.5-5 cm. long; the middle leaf erect, much overtopping the inflorescence u. Upper cauline leaves with blades, or, if bladeless, very small v. v,. Flowers solitary or in 2's, often accompanied or replaced by fascicles of small leaves. Stem erect, from a horizontal rootstock; flowers secnnd on the branchlets of a loose dichotomous cyme ; fas- cicles of reduced leaves confined to the inflorescence ; anthers much exceeding the filaments Stem repent or floating, bearing scattered fascicles of re- duced leaves ; roots tufted ; flowers 1 or 2 on axillary or subterminal peduncles ; anthers about equaled by the filaments V. Flowers more numerous, in glomerules w. w. Lower leaves elongate, filiform, floating, upper stouter; glomerules mostly bearing fascicles of small leaves-; capsule blunt w. Leaves uniform, none floating ; glomerules without fasci- cles of leaves as. J. brevicaudatus. 5. J. debilis. 29. J. polyeephalus. 34. J. megacephalus. 33. J. scirpoides. 32. J. brachycarpus. 35. J. acuminatus. 28. J. militaris. 25. J. pelocarpus. 26. J. subtilis. 27. J. bulbosus. 270 JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY) x. Glomerules spherical ; sepals subulate ; capsules subulate or lance- subulate ; involucral bract usually exceeding the inflorescence. Flowers 3-4 mm. long, reddish-brown ; petals equaling or exceed- ing the sepals 30. J. nodosus. Flowers 4-5 mm. long, greenish or dull brown ; petals much shorter than the sepals 31. J. Torreyi. a. Glomerules hemispherical ; sepals blunt or acuminate, at most mu- cronate-tipped ; capsules ovoid or ellipsoid ; involucral bract much shorter than the inflorescence y. y. Sepals acuminate ; branches of the inflorescence widely divergent. Flower brown or brownish ; capsule dark brown, 3-4 in in. long, gradually tapering to the mucronate tip .... 40. J. articulatus. Flower greenish ; capsule pale brown, 2.5-3 mm. long, abruptly mucronate (40) J. articulatus, v. obtusatus. y. Sepals blunt, often mucronate-tipped ; branches of inflorescence erect or strongly ascending. Branches strictly erect ; glomerules loosely few-flowered, gener- ally with one or more flowers elevated on slightly elongate pedicels. Flowers castaneous 39. J. alpinus. Flowers greenish or straw-colored (39) J. alpinus, v. insignia. Branches spreading-ascending ; glomerules compactly and regu- larly flowered (39) J. alpinus, v. fuscescens. 1. Flowers prophyllate, i.e. subtended by bracteoles (2) in addition to the bractlet at base of pedicel. * Inflorescences mostly terminal; leaves flat or canaliculate, rarely terete. 1. J. bufbnius L. Stems low and slender (0.3-3.5 dm. high), leafy, often branched from the base ; cyme spreading ; flowers remote, greenish (3-7 mm. long), rarely viviparous, or even converted into leafy tufts ; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, awl-pointed ; stamens short ; filaments slightly longer than the anthers ; seeds narrowly ovoid or ellipsoidal (0.3-0.6 mm. long). Damp open ground, road- sides, etc., common. June-No v. (Cosmop.) FIG. 507. Var. congSstus Wahlb. Flowers mostly in glomerules. In- frequent. (Eu.) Var. halophilus Buchenau & Fernald. More fleshy through- out; flowers mostly in 2's or 3's; whitish petals obtuse ; seeds short-cylindric, abruptly truncate at one end. Brackish shores, Gulf of St. Lawrence to Mass. ; Neb. to Rocky Mts., etc. June-Sept. (Eu.) FIG. 568. 2. J. trlfidus L. Stems densely tufted from matted creeping rootstocks, erect (1-4 dm. high), sheathed and mostly leafless at base, 2-u-leaved at the summit,' flowers brown (3-4 mm. long) ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, equaling or rather shorter than the ovate beak-pointed deep-brown capsule;- anthers much longer than the filaments ; seeds few, oblong, angled (1.5-2 mm. long), short-tailed. Alpine summits, Lab. to N. E. and N. Y. June-Aug. (Greenl., Eurasia.) Var. monanthos (Jacq.) Bluff & Fingerhuth. Taller (2.5-6 din. high), the numerous basal leaves often equaling the culms. Local, mts. of s. N. Y. to Va. and N. C. (Ku.) 3. J. Gerardi Loisel. (BLACK GRASS.) Stems scarcely flattened, rigid (1.5- 8 dm. high) ; cyme contracted, usually longer than the bracteal leaf; flowers 3-4 mm. long ; sepals oval-oblong, nearly or quite as long as the ovoid obtuse and mucronate capsule ; anthers much longer than the short filaments ; style as long as the ovary ; seeds (0.4-0.5 mm. long) obovoid, delicately ribbed and cross- lined. Salt marshes; common along the coast, rarely inland in Me., Vt., N. Y., and about the Great Lakes. June-Sept. (Kiirasiu, n. Atr. ) 4. J. tSnuis Willd. Stem wiry (0.5-6 dm. high) ; cyme. 1-8 cm. long, loose, or barely crowded ; flowers green (3-4.5 mm. long), mostly aggregated (it (he tips f (In- I'l-iiiii'ltfs; sepals lanceolate, very acute, spreading in fruit, longer than f>>7. J. bufonius. Part of inflores- cence x %. Seed x 50. 568. J. buf., v. hal. Part of inflorescence x%. S.T.1 x 30. JUNCACEAE (KUSH FAMILY) 271 569. J. tenuis. 570. J. interior. Inflorescence x the ovoid retuse scarcely pointed green falsely 1-celled cap- sule ; anthers much shorter than the filaments ; style very short; seeds small (3-4 mm. long), delicately ribbed and cross-lined. Fields and roadsides, very common. June-Sept. (Eu., n. Afr.) FIG. 569. Var. anthelatus Wiegand. Tall (4-9 dm. high) and loose ; cyme loose, 6-18 cm. long ; flowers usually 2.5-3.5 mm. long. Me. to Mo. and Tex. Var. Williams!! Fern aid. Compara- tively low (2.5-5 dm. high) and slender ; inflorescence 3-8 cm. long ; capsule about equaling the calyx. Gulf of St. Law- rence to Ct. and N. Y. (Eu.) 5. J. interior Wiegand. Compara- Inflorescence x v tively stout, 4.5-9 dm. high ; leaves about Sheath with auricles one third as lon as tne scapes ; inflores- x 2. cence 3-10 dm. long, with very ascend- ing branches, the flowers 3-4 mm. long ; capsule obscurely 3-celled ; anthers much shorter than the filaments ; seeds 3.5-5 mm. long. Prairies, 111. to Wyo. and Tex. Apr .-July. FIG. 570. 6. J. mon6stichus Bartlett. Erect, 3-5 dm. tall ; culms compressed ; leaves basal, .^ f as long as the culms, the blades involute in drying, the auricles as in- J. tennis; inflorescence 4-8 cm. long, much exceeded by the lowest bract, finally stramineous, the branches 1-2.5 cm. long, often incurved, bearing 3-9 secund flowers ; perianth 4-5 mm. long, the sepals lance-acuminate, entirely concealing the trig- onous-ovoid falsely 1-celled capsule (2 mm. long) ; seeds ovoid, coarsely reticulate, with longitudinally oblong areoles. Ind. and Ark. FIG. 571. 7. J. secundus Beauv. Strict (1-8 dm. high); the short flat leaves mostly tufted, rarely more than one third as long as the scapes ; sheaths with rounded membranous auricles ; inflorescence 3-14 cm. long, the branches closely flowered ; sepals erect, barely exceeding the distinctly , 3-celled capsule ; anthers exceeding the filaments. (J. tenuis, var. secundus Engelm.) Sandy or sterile soil, Me. to Vt. and N. C.; also in the Miss. Val. from Tenn. to 111. and Mo. June-Oct. 571. J. monostichus. FlG. 572. Inflorescence x %. 8 - J- Dudley! Wiegand. Stiff (0.3-1 m. 572. J. secundus. Fruiting flower x 3. high)-; leaves about half as long as the inflorescence x %. scapes; inflorescence 1.5-7 cm. long, the flowers rather closely aggregated, 4-5 mm. long, the segments spreading- ascending, yellowish-green, barely exceeding the imperfectly 1-celled trigonous capsule ; filaments slightly exceeding the anthers; seeds 3.5-4.5 mm. long. Damp or open (mostly calcareous) soil, Que. to Sask. and the Rocky Mts., s. to Pa., Mich., Wise., Minn., and Kan. June-Sept. FIG. 573. 9. J. dich6tomus Ell. Stems rigid (0.4-1 m. high) from a tumid base ; leaves filiform, two thirds as long as the scapes, the broad brown or purplish sheaths with rounded cartilagi- nous auricles ; cyme loose or dense (2-8 cm. long), often with 1-sided forked branches, mostly longer than the involucral 573. J. Dudley!, leaf ; flowers greenish brown (3.5-4 mm. long) ; sepals lance- Sheath with auri- olate, sharp-pointed, spreading in fruit, as long as the ovoid cles x 2. 272 JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY) 574. J. dichotomus. Inflorescence x %. 575. J. setaceus. Inflorescence x %. beaked light mahogany-colored obscurely 1-celled cap- sule ; anthers nearly as long as Liu? filaments. Low sandy grounds, L. I. to Fla. (Trop. Am.) FIG. 574. Var. platyphyllus Wiegand. Leaves flat or merely involute as in J. tcnuix : auricles less cartilaginous, often nearly scarious ; cyme loose. Along the coast, Mass, to Tex. 10. J. setaceus Rostk. Scape slen- der (0.3-1 m. high) ; cyme loose, rather few-flowered ; flowers greenish (3-4 mm. long) ; sepals and petals lanceo- late, sharp-pointed, especially the 3 shining sepals; capsule beak-pointed, greenish or light brown ; anthers as long as the filaments ; style conspicu- ous ; seeds (0.6-0.8 mm. long) irregu- larly obconic, long-stipitate, ribbed geed'x 25 and cross-lined. Low usually brack- ish ground, Del. and Mo. to Fla. and La. June-Sept. FIG. 575. 11. J. Vaseyi Engelm. Stems rigid (2.5-8 dm. high), densely tufted ; leaves nearly terete, very slightly channeled on the inner side ; cyme 1-4 cm. long, often longer than the involucral leaf ; flowers few, often one- sided; capsule oblong, greenish; sepals lanceolate, acute, ap- pressed ; anthers as long as the filaments ; style very short ; seeds slender (1 mm. or more long), the tails half as long as the dark body. Damp thickets, shores, etc., n. N. B. to Sask., s. to centr. Me., n. N. Y., Mich., 111., la., and Col. July-Aug. FIG. 676. 12. J. oron6nsis Fernald. Similar; of paler straw-color throughout ; the inflores- cence elongate, 2.5-9 dm. long, subdichoto- mous, the flowers secund and distinct along the secund suberect branches ; capsule oblong- trigonous, truncate-emarginate, the sides flat or a little concave toward the tip, miu-h shorter than the sepals ; seeds 1 mm. long, the tails \ as long as the body. Thickets, Me., local. FIG. 577. 13. J. Greenei Oakes & inflorescence x%. Tuckerm> Stems rigid (2-8 Fruiting flower x 3. dm high) . ^^ nearly terete, very deeply channeled (almost involute) on the inner side ; cyme 1-6 cm. long, usually much shorter than the prin- cipal erect involucral leaf, generally dense, the numerous flowers often one-sided (4-5 mm. long) ; sepals lanceolate, acute, light brown, appressed ; anthers as long as the filaments ; style very short; seeds ovoid (0.5mm. long), ribbed and deli- cately cross-lined. Sandy or barren soil, Me. to Vt. and N. J. ; locally about the Great Lakes. June-Sept. FIG. 578. 577. J. oronensis. Seed x 40. f ami. cnntlii iiimj tin n, i k <'-!.->. '57. J. diffusissimus Buckley. Slender and erect (2.."i Odin, high) ; headsvery numerous, '-'-"-flowered, in a very diffuse and loosely dichotomous cyme (1-2.5 dm. long), the branches suberect ; flowen greenish or pale brown, 3 mm. long, the 594. J. acuminatus. Inflorescence x %. Fruiting flower x 3. Seed x 25. 505. .1. ilis. JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY) 277 596. J. diffusissimus. Part of inflorescence x %. 59T. J. robustus. Part of inflorescence Seed x 30. linear-subulate sepals and petals subequal ; capsule linear- prismatic. Ind. to Ga. and Tex. June, July. FIG. 596. 38. J. robustus (Engelm.) Coville. Stem stout, tall (0.5-1.2 m.), bearing 2 or 3 long erect distinctly septate leaves, numer- ous 5-8-flowered light brown heads in a large much branched cyme (1-3 dm. long) ; ovoid-prismatic capsules scarcely longer than the sepals ; seeds fusiform-ovoid. (J. acuminatus, var. Engelm.) Deep swamps, 111. to La. and Tex. June, July. FIG. 597. 39. J. alpinus Vill. Stem erect or slightly decumbent (0.5-3.5 dm. high), from a creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender erect leaves ; cyme meager (1-15 cm. long), with erect branches bearing distant dark-brown heads, each of 3-10 flowers (2-2.5 mm. long) and usually with one or more flowers elevated on slender pedicels ; sepals' oblong, obtuse, inucronate or cuspidate and usually longer than the rounded oblong petals, as long as or shorter than the obtuse short- pointed incompletely 3-celled castaneous capsule ; anthers as long as the filaments ; style short ; seeds (0.5 mm. in length) spindle-shaped. Wet shores and marshes, Arctic Am., s. to Nfd., N. B., n. Me., n. Vt., Oneida Co., N. Y. (Haberer), and L. Superior. July, Aug. (Eurasia.) FIG. 598. Var. insignis Fries. Similar, usually taller (sometimes 6 dm. high) ; the flowers greenish or straw-color ; the capsule pale brown. (J. Eichardsonianus Schultes.) Sandy shores, etc., e. Que. to B. C., s. to centr. Me., Pa., 0., Ind., 111., etc. (Eurasia.) Var. fuscescens Fer- nald. Branches spreading- ascending ; glomerules com- pactly and regularly flow- ered, only exceptionally with any of the greenish or straw-colored flowers raised on elongate pedicels. Vt. to B. C. and Mo. 40. J. articulatus L. Stems (1.5-6 dm. high), tufted from a short creeping rootstock, with 1-3 slender leaves; cyme short (2-9 cm. long), spreading, the crowded heads 3-10- flowered ; flowers brown (2.5-3 mm. long) ; petals a little longer than the sepals, shorter than the slender-conic incompletely 3-celled deep chestnut-brown shiningcapsule ; anthers as long as the filaments ; ovary attenuate into a short style ; seeds (0.5 mm. long) obovoid, attenuate below, abruptly pointed above. Wet grounds, Nfd. toN. J., Ont., and Mich. Var. obtusatus Engelm. Inflorescence pale, usually larger (sometimes 1.5 dm. long), the green flowers smaller, the abruptly mucronate pale capsule shorter and duller. Me. to N. J. and Vt., oftenest in brackish soil. * * * Leaves flat and grass-like or filiform, not septate. 41. J. stygius L. Stems (1-3 dm. high) from slender branching rootstocks, 1-3-leaved below, naked above, the leaves filiform ; heads 1-4, of 1-4 flowers, J. alpinus. Inflorescence x %. Fruiting flower x 3. 599. J. articulatus. Inflorescence x %. Fruiting flower x 3. July, Aug. (Eurasia.) FIG. 599. 278 JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY) about the length of the sheathing scarious awl-pointed bract ; flowers pale and reddish (3-4 mm. long) ; sepals lanceolate, acute; petals obtusish, f the length of the trigonous-ovoid acute or acuminate pale capsule (5-6 mm. long), as long as the slender stamens ; filaments many times longer than the oblong anthers ; recurved stigmas shorter than the style ; seeds oblong, with a very loose coat prolonged at both ends (2-2.5 mm. long). Eurasia. Var. americanus Buchenau. Often taller (1-4.5 dm. high) ; heads 1 or 2; flowers larger (4.5-5.5 mm. long); the distinctly mucronate-tipped capsule longer (6-9 mm. long) ; seeds 3-4 mm. long. Peat-bogs, Lab. and Nfd. to Ont., s. to N. S., Me., N. Y., Mich., and Minn., very local. July, Aug. (E. Prussia.) 42. J. rdpens Michx. Stems ascending (0.5-2 dm. high) from a fibrous annual root, at length creeping or floating ; leaves short, linear, those of the stem nearly opposite and fascicled; heads few in a loose leafy cyme, 3-12-flowered; flowers green (0.5-1 cm. long) ; sepals and petals rigid, lance- subulate, sepals as long as the linear triangular obtuse capsule, the petals much longer ; stamens as long as the sepals ; fila- J repens. nients much longer than the oblong anthers; seeds obovoid, Inflorescence x v 'slightly pointed, very delicately ribbed and cross-lined. Miry banks and ditches, Del. to Fla. and La. June-Oct. FIG. 600. 43. J. marginatus Rostk. Stem erect, from a bulbous and stoloniferous base (2-7 dm. high) ; leaves linear ; heads 3-12-flowered, in simple or compound cymes ; flowers purplish and green (3.5 mm. long) ; sepals and petals oblong, the sepals acute and slightly awned, petals longer, mostly obtuse, as long as the subglobose scarcely mucronate cap- sule ; stamens shorter than the sepals, early shriveling ; anthers shorter than the filaments; style very short ; seeds (about 0.5 mm. long) slender, pointed at both ends and strongly ribbed. Moist sandy places, Me. to Ont., Neb., and southw. July-Sept. FIG. 601. Var. set&sus Coville. Similar to the species, but with lance-attenuate aristate petals. Kan. to La. and Tex. 44. J. aristulatus Michx. Coarser (0.4-1 m. Fruiting flower x 8. hi S h ) ' the larger inflorescence (0.5-2 dm. high) with abundant 2-5-flowered brown heads ; stamens equaling or exceeding the sepals, persistent and usually exserted in fruit. (J. marginatus, var. biflorus Engelm.) Wet sandy barrens, Mass, to Mich., and southw., mostly near the coast. FIG. 602. 2. LtZULA DC. WOOD RUSH Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded, 1 seed to each parietal placenta. Perennials, often hairy, usually in dry ground, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves, and spiked, crowded, or umbeled flowers. (From Gramen Luzulae, or Luxulae, diminutive of lux, light, a name given to one of the species from its shining with dew.) JUNCOIDES [Dill.] Adans. JUNCODES Ktze. a. Flowers solitary at the tips of the ultimate branches of the inflorescence. Inflorescence an umbel, the filiform peduncles l(rarely 2)-flowered ; flow- ers 8-4.5 mm. long 1. L. salttti 'Unix. I n ilorescence a loose decompound cyme; flowers 2 mm. long . . . 2. L. parvitforn. a. Flowers crowded in spikes or glomeriiles b. b. Flowers white 8. L. nemoroaa. b. Flowers brown or straw-colored (rarely green in shade) c. c. Flowers in dense nodding spiko-likt- panicle 5. L. spicata. O. Flowers in mostly |N.lmiclcd ^lomerules d. d. Leaves flat, with blunt callous tips ; bracts at base of the flowers entire or merely lacerate. Flowers flMtaneoni (6) L. campestris, v.frigida. Flow.-rs frmiirinoiis, pale brown or yellowish. Kay* all strongly ascending 6. L. campextrix. \. mult (flora. Ka\ - lor Minn' i.f tin-in) strongly divergent . . (0) /. i-t'Ktrix, \. Inilbosa. d. Leaves'with involute subulate tips; bracts at base of flowers ciliate- flmbriate 4. L. confuna. 602. J. aristulatus. 601. J. marginatus. Inflorescence x %. Fruiting flower x8. I LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 279 1. L. saltuSnsis Fernald. Plant loosely caespitose, often stoloniferous, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves lance-linear, hairy, the basal 0.5-1 cm. wide ; umbel mostly simple, the peduncles loosely ascending or spreading ; sepals and petals broadly lanceolate, pale brown or straw-colored, with hyaline margins, shorter than the conic-ovoid pointed capsule ; seeds with a long curved appendage. (L. vernalis Man. ed. 6, not DC. ; J. pilosum Coville, not Ktze.) Woods and banks, Nfd. to Sask., N. Y., Mich., and Minn., and in the mts. to Ga. Apr., May. (E. Asia.) 2. L. parviflbra (Ehrh.) Desv. Nearly smooth (1.5-9 dm. high); leaves broadly linear, the basal 7-13 mm. wide ; corymb decompound, loose ; pedicels drooping ; sepals pointed, straw-color, about the length of the minutely pointed and brown (tardily black) capsule ; seeds not appendaged. (L. spadicea, var. melanocarpa Mey.) Low woods and mountain slopes, Lab. to Alaska., s. to N. B., Me., White Mts., w. Mass., n. N. Y., Great Lakes ; and in the Rocky Mts. June, July. (Eurasia.) 3. L. NEMOR6SA (Poll.) Mey. Loosely caespitose (4-8 dm. high); leaves long, linear, erect, more or less hairy, the basal 3-5 mm. wide ; inflorescence diffusely corymbiform, 3-15 cm. long, the ultimate branchlets terminated by 3-8-flowered gloinerules ; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute, the sepals dis- tinctly shorter, about equaled by the apiculate-beaked trigonous-ovoid dark capsule. Open woods, Riverdale, N. Y. ; Niagara Falls, Ont. June, July. (Introd. from Eu.) 4. L. confusa Lindeberg. Caespitose (0.5-3 dm. high); leaves linear, chan- neled ; spikes 1-5, on unequal ascending or rarely recurved peduncles, ovoid, chestnut-brown, the largest 5-8 mm. thick ; sepals taper-pointed, longer than the obtuse capsule ; seeds not appendaged. (L. arcuata Man. ed. 6, not Mey. ; L. hyperborea R. Br., in part.) Alpine summits, Me., N. H., and far northw. July, Aug. (Eurasia.) 5. L. spicata (L.) DC. Densely caespitose (1-5 dm. high); leaves channeled, narrowly linear ; flowers in sessile clusters, forming an interrupted spiked pan- icle, brown ; sepals bristle-pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly short-pointed capsule ; seeds merely with a roundish projection at base. Alpine regions, N. E. and n. N. Y., and far northw. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) 6. L. campSstris (L.) DC. Loosely caespitose and strongly stoloniferous (0.5-2 dm. high); leaves linear, flat, hairy; spikes 2-6, globose ((5-7 mm. thick), irregularly urnbeled, 1 or 2 subsessile, the others on wide-spreading or decurved peduncles ; flowers castarieous, 3 mm. long ; sepals bristle-pointed, longer than the obtuse capsule ; seeds with a conical appendage at base. Eurasia. Var. multiflbra (Ehrh.) Celak. Densely caespitose (1.5-6 dm. high); spikes 3-12, subglobose or subcylindric (5-6 mm. thick), mostly on ascending or erect simple or slightly forked peduncles (sometimes congested) ; the ferruginous or pale brown (rarely green) calyx 2.5-3 mm. long, often equaled by the capsule. (L. campestris Am. auth., not DC.) Fields,- meadows, and open woods, very common, Nfd. to the Pacific, s. to Pa., Great Lakes, etc. Apr.-July. (Eur- asia.) Var. frigida Buchenau. Similar to var. multiflora, but with the subglobose short-peduncled heads castaneous or nearly black. Lab. and Nfd. to N. B. and Me. (N. Eu.) Var. bulbbsa A. Wood. Somewhat resembling var. multiflora, but with some or all of the rays divergent, and the base sometimes but not always producing small bulblets. (Juncoides Small.) Woods, generally near streams, D. C. to Ind., Kan., and southw. LILlACEAE (LILY FAMILY) Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical almost always 6-androus flowers ; the perianth not glumaceous, free from the chiefly 3-celIed ovary,' the stamens I before each of its divisions or lobes (i.e. 6, in one in- stance 4), with 2-celled anthers; fruit a few-many-seeded pod or berry ; the small embryo inclosed in copious albumen. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous 280 LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) (orthotropous in Smitox). Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium ; the outer and inner ranks of the perianth colored alike (or nearly so) and generally similar, except in Trillium. Tribe I. NARTHEClEAE. Flowers perfect, small, spicate-raceinose. Perianth of 6 distinct seg- ments. Style none ; stigma small, slightly lobed or undivided. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. 1. Narthecium. Filaments woolly. Perianth-segments linear-lanceolate, yellowish. Capsule short-cylindric, attenuate, many-seeded. Tribe II. HELONlEAE. Flowers (small) perfect or dioecious, racemo-spicate. Perianth of 6 distinct segments. Styles 8, distinct. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. 2. Xerophyllum. Flowers perfect. Seeds 2 in each cell. 3. Helonias. Flowers perfect. Seeds many in each cell, linear and with a tapering appendage at each end. 4. Chamaelirium. Flowers dioecious. Seeds numerous, somewhat wing-appendaged at the ends. Tribe III. VERATREAE. Flowers perfect or polygamously monoecious. Perianth of 6 nearly or quite distinct segments. Styles 3, distinct. Fruit a septicidal capsule. 5. Tofieldia. Flowers perfect. Anthers 2-celled. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant. 6. Amianthium. Flowers perfect. Anthers confluently 1-celled. Leaves several-ranked. Permnth-segments glandless. 7. Stenanthium. Flowers polygamous. Perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate, glandless. Stem from a bulbous base. 8. Zygadenus. Flowers perfect or monoecious. Leaves several-ranked, linear. Perianth- segments glandular at the base, ovate or oblong. Stem glabrous. 9. Melanthium. Flowers polygarno-monoecious. Stem pubescent above, from a running root- stock. Perianth-segments free from the ovary, their long claws adnate to the filaments. 10. Veratrum. Flowers polygamo-monoecious. Stem pubescent above, from a running root- stock. Perianth-segments without claws, slightly adnate to the ovary. Tribe. IV. UVULARlEAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth-segments distinct. Style 3-cleft to below the middle. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Flowers terminal or axillary. Stem leafy. 11. Uvularia. Stem terete. Leaves perfoliate. Flowers terminal. Capsule truncate, 3-lobed. 12. Oakesia. Stem angled. Leaves sessile but not perfoliate. Flowers appearing opposite the leaves. Capsule rounded or more or less pointed at the summit, acutely 8-winged. Tribe V. ALLlEAE. Flowers perfect, umbellate. Perianth-segments 6, nearly or quite distinct, 1-nerved. Style single, long; stigma uncleft, or only slightly 3-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds few (1-7) in each cell. 13. Allium. Seeds 1-2 in each cell. Plants with a strong odor. 14. Nothoscordum. Seeds several in each cell. Plants without strong odor. Tribe VI. HEMEROCALLfDEAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth-segments united below the middle into a funnel-shaped tube, not conspicuously roughened. Style single, long, declined, not cleft. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. IT). Heroerocallis. Flowers large. Perianth yellow or brownish-red. Tribe VII. LILlEAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth-segments distinct, petaloid. Style single, elongated, uncleft. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds numerous in each cell. Stem from a scaly l>iill> or from a conn. 16. Lilium. Stem leafy, from a scaly bulb. Seeds flattened. 17. Erythronium. Stem a scape from a solid bulb. Leaves 2, basal. Seeds obovoid. Tribe VIII. SCfLLEAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth -segments distinct and 8-several-nerved, or united into an urceolate. short-toothed tube, not roughened externally. Style single, slender, uncleft.. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Stem seapose from a tunicate luilh. 18. Camassia. " Flowers light blue, long-racemose. Filaments filiform. Perianth-segments distinct. 19. Ornithogalum. Flowers greenish-white, subcorymbo.se. Filaments dilated. Perianth -seg- ments distinct. 20. Muscari. Flowers blue. Perianth gamophyllous, globose-urceolatc ; limb short-toothed. LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 281 Tribe IX. YUCCEAE. Flowers perfect, racerao-paniculate. Perianth campanulate ; its segments (large) distinct or somewhat connate near the base. Fleshy 3-lobed stigmatophore nearly or quite sessile. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Cells many-seeded. 21. Yucca. Leaves sword-shaped, rigid. Tribe X. POLYGONATEAE. Flowers perfect. Style single, entire or shortly 3-cleft at the summit. Fruit a berry. * Proper leaves reduced to scarious scales, the apparent (phyllodial) leaves filiform. 22. Asparagus. Stem excessively branched. Flowers small, axillary. * * Leaves neither scale-like nor filiform. +- Perianth-segments distinct. 23. Clintonia. Scapose. Flowers umbellate or subumbellate. 24. Smilacina. Leafy-stemmed. Flowers 6-parted, racemose or paniculate. 25. Maianthemum. Low ; stem 1-3-leaved. Flowers 4-parted. 26. Disporum. Leafy-stemmed. Flowers few in terminal umbels. 27. Streptopus. Leafy-stemmed. Flowers axillary on bent pedicels. -H -i- Perianth-segments connate. 28. Polygonatum. Stem leafy. Peduncles axillary, 1-8-flowered. Perianth cylindrical. 29. Convallaria. Leaves sheathing the scape. Flowers racemose. Perianth bell-shaped. Tribe XI. PARfDEAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth-segments distinct. Style-branches distinct. Fruit a berry. Oauline leaves whorled. 30. Medeola. Cauline leaves in 2 whorls. Flowers umbellate. Styles filiform. 31. Trillium. Cauline leaves 3 in a single whorl. Styles short, thick, the stigmatic surface irregular. Tribe XII. ALETREAE. Flowers perfect. Perianth (small, white or yellow) gamophyllous, conspicuously roughened. Style single, slightly cleft at the summit. Ovary partly inferior. Fruit a loculicidal many-seeded capsule. 32. Aletris. Scapose. Flowers in a spicate raceme. Tribe XIII. SMILACEAE. Flowers dioecious, umbellate. Fruit baccate. Leaves net-veined. Tendrils usually present. 33. Smilax. Periant i-segments distinct, deciduous, small, greenish or yellowish. ARTIFICIAL KEY TO GENERA a. Flowers dioecious. Inflorescence umbellate ; fruit a berry 33. SMILAX. Inflorescence a spicate raceme ; fruit a pod 4. CHAMAELIRIUM. a. Flowers perfect or monoecious &. b. Perianth gamophyllous, urceolate or campanulate, with a shortly toothed limb. Stem leafy ; leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate 28. POLYGONATITJJ . Stem scapoid, leafy only at the base. Leaves oblong ; perianth white . 29. CONVALLARIA. Leaves very narrow, lanceolate to linear or terete. Perianth smooth, blue . 20. MUSCARI. Perianth roughened, white or yellow 32. ALETRIS. b. Perianth cleft at least to the middle or divided to the base c. c. Fruit a berry d. d. Cauline leaves whorled. Cauline leaves 3, in a single involucre-like whorl . . . .31. TRILLIUM. Cauline leaves in 2 whorls 30. MEDEOLA. d. Cauline leaves alternate or none. Leaves all basal 23. CLINTONIA. Leafy-s tern in ed . Real leaves scale-like ; apparent leaves filiform . . . .22. ASPARAGUS. Leaves foliaceous. never filiform. Flowers 4-parted 25. MAIANTHEMUM. Flowers 6-parted. Flowers racemose or paniculate 24. SMILACINA. Flowers umbellate 26. DISPORUM. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs 27. STREPTOPUS. c. Fruit a capsule e. e. Style none or very short and fleshy. (See also Tulipa, p. 289) Flowers small ; leaves distichous 1. NARTIIECIUM. Flowers large ; leaves several-many-ranked 21. YUCCA. 282 LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) e. Style or styles filiform '/. /. Style single, entire or more or less deeply parted g. g. Style 8-parted to below the middle. Leaves perfoliate 11. UVULARIA. Leaves sessile, not perfoliate 12. OAKESIA. g. Style entire or slightly 3-lobed at the summit h. h. Stern rhizomatose at the base 15. HEMEROCALI.IS. Ti. Stem bulbous at the base i. i. Bulb solid (a corm) ; leaves 2, basal 17. EBYTHKONIUM. *. Bulb scaly ; stem leafy 16. LILIUM. i. Bulb tunicate. Perianth-segments 1-nerved. Herbage with the odor of onion 13. ALLUTM. Herbage without strong odor 14. NOTHOSCORDUM. Perianth-segments 8-several-nervetl. Perianth blue ; filaments thread-like . . . .18. CAMASSIA. Perianth greenish-white ; filaments broad . . .19. ORNITHOGALUM. /. Styles 8, distinct to the base j. j. Stigmas linear. Perianth-segments purplish ; seeds many in each cell . . 8. HELOMAS. Perianth-segments white ; seeds 2 in each cell ... 2. XEROPIIYLLUM. j. Stigmas terminal. Anthers 2-celled 5. TOFIELDIA. Anthers confltiently 1-celled. Stem pubescent. Perianth-segments clawed 9. MELANTHIUM. Perianth-segments essentially sessile . . . .10. VERATRTM. Stem glabrous. Perianth-segments glandular near the base ... 8. ZTGADENUS. Perianth-segments not glandular. Flowers polygamous 7. STENANTIUI M. Flowers perfect 6. AMIANTIIIUM. 1. NARTHECIUM [Mohring] Juss. Boo ASPHODEL Sepals 6, linear-lanceolate, yellowish, persistent. Anthers linear, introrse. Seeds ascending, appendaged at each end with a long bristle-form tail. Root- stock creeping, bearing linear equitant leaves, and a simple stem or scape termi- nated by a simple dense bracteate raceme ; pedicels bearing a linear bractlet. (Name an anagram of Anthericum, from dv0tpiKos, supposed to have been the Asphodel.) 1. N. americanum Ker. Stem 2.5-4 dm. high; leaves 0.7-1.5 mm. wide, 7-9-nerved ; raceme dense (2-5 cm. long) ; perianth-segments narrowly linear (4-5 , mm. long), scarcely exceeding the stamens. (Abama Morong.) Sandy bogs, pine-barrens of N. J. June, July. 2. XEROPHYLLUM Michx. Perianth widely spreading; sepals petal-like (white), oval, distinct, without glands or claws, 6-7-nerved, at length withering, about the length of the awl- shaped filaments. Anthers 2-celled, short, extrorse. Styles thread-like, stig- matic down the inner side, persistent. Capsule globular, 3-lobed, obtuse (small). Seeds collateral, 3-angled, not margined. Herb with the stem simple, from a thick tuberous rootstock, bearing a simple dense bracteate raceme of showy flowers, and thickly beset with needle-shaped leaves, the upper reduced to bristle-like bracts ; those from the root in a dense tuft, reclined, rough on the margin, dry and rigid. (Name from 7;/>6j, arid^ and ^tfXXov, leaf.} I '. X. asphodeloides (L. ) Nutt. Stem 3-12 dm. high. (X. setifolium Michx.) Pine-barrens, N. J. to e. Tenn., and Fla. June. 3. HEL6NIAS L. Perianth of spatulate-oblong purple segments, persistent, several-nerved. glandless, turning green, shorter than the thread-like filaments. Anthers 2-celled, roundish-oval, blue, extrorse. Styles revolule, sti^niatir down the inner side, deciduous. Capsule obcordately 3-lobed, loculicidally .'5-valved ; the valves divergently 2-lobed. A smooth perennial, with many oblong- spatulate LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 283 or oblanceolate evergreen flat leaves, from a tuberous rootstock, producing in early spring a stout hollow sparsely bracteate scape (3-6 dm. high), sheathed with broad bracts at the base, and terminated by a simple and short dense raceme. Bracts obsolete ; pedicels shorter than the flowers. (Name probably from Tos, unspotted, and &v0os, flower ; a name formed with more regard to euphony than to good construction, alluding to the glandless perianth.) 284 LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 1. A. muscaet6xicum (Walt.) Gray. (FLY POISON.) Leave* broadly linear, elongated, obtuse (4-27 mm. wide); raceme simple; capsule abruptly 3-horned ; seeds oblong with a fleshy red coat. ( Chrosperma Ktze. ) Open woods, L. I. to Fla., w. to Ky. and Ark. June, July. 7. STENANTHIUM (Gray) Kunth. Perianth spreading ; the sepals narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a point from the broader base, where they are coherent to the base of the ovary, much longer than the short stamens. Seeds nearly wingless. Smooth, with a wand-like leafy stem from a bulbous base, long and grass-like conduplicate-keeled leaves, and numerous small flowers in compound racemes, forming a long terminal panicle ; flowering in summer. (Name composed of ore^s, narrow, and Aj/0os, flower, from the slender sepals and panicles.) 1. S. gramineum (Ker) Kunth. Stem leafy (1-1.6 m. high), slender ; leaves 4-10 mm. broad; panicle elongated, very open, with slender flexuous branches or subsiinple ; flowers nearly sessile or the fertile on short pedicels ; sepals linear- lanceolate (white), 4-8 mm. long; capsule mostly reflexed, narrowly oblong- ovate, with spreading beaks. (S. angustifolium Kunth.) In the Alleghenies from Va. to Ga., westw. to Mo. S. ROBUSTUM Wats., separated on its stouter habit, dense panicle, broader leaves, and erect capsule, is doubtfully distinct. 8. ZYGADENUS Michx. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading ; the petal-like oblong or ovate sepals 1-2-glandular near the more or less narrowed but not unguiculate base. Stamens free from the sepals and about their length. Anthers, styles, and capsule nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds angled, rarely at all margined. Smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials, with rather large panicled greenish- white flowers in summer. (Name composed of "vy6s, a yoke, and dS?^, a gland, the glands being sometimes in pairs.) * Stem from a creeping rootstock ; 2 conspicuous orbicular glands on each divi- sion of the perianth above the claw. 1. Z. glab6rrimus Michx. Stems 3-9 dm. high ; leaves grass-like, channeled, conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering to a point ; panicle pyramidal, many- flowered ; flowers perfect; sepals nearly free (12 mm. long), ovate, becoming lance-ovate, with a short claw. Grassy low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. ** Stem from a more or less bulbous base; glands less obvious, covering the base of the perianth-segments. 2. Z. chloranthus Richards. Stem 3-9 dm. high ; leaves flat, carinate ; raceme simple or sparingly branched and few-flowered ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; base of the perianth coherent with the. base of the ovary, the thin ovate or obo- vate sepals marked with a large obcordate gland, the inner abruptly contracted to a broad claw. (Z. elegans of auth., not Pursh.) Calcareous soils, (iaspe* Co., Que., to Man., southw. to n. N. B., n. Vt., n. N. Y., n. ()., n. 111., and (?) Mo. 3. Z. Nuttallii Gray. Like the last; raceme rather densely flowered, with narrow bracts ; perianth free ; sepals with an ill-dn'ii^i v reticulated 8. A. vinenlf. Stem leaty only near the base ; bulb-coats in ape stronplv netted. 1'mbel t'eu--tlouered. riearh always converted partially or wholly into an ovoid inclosed head of bulblets 6. A. cnnaflenne. Umbel nifuiy-tlovvered ; hulhlets none ~. .1. mntilf. Ovarv and c:i|i.-iile cun-[iicuouMy crested. I'mbel nodding 8. A. iv minim. Umbel erect ; stamens and style exserted 4. A. xleJUttmn. Umbel erect ; stamens and style included 5. A. rftH-nf>it>tni. LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 287 1. A. tric6ccum Ait. (WILD LEEK.) Scape (1.5-4 dm. high, from clustered pointed bulbs 3.5-5 cm. long) bearing an erect many-flowered umbel ; leaves 10-23 .cm. long and 3-6 cm. wide ; segments of the perianth oblong (greenish white), equaling the nearly distinct filaments ; capsule strongly 3-lobed. Rich woods, N. B. to Minn, and la., s. in the mts. to N. C. Leaves appearing in early spring and dying before the flowers are developed. 2. A. Schoen6prasum L., var. sibiricum (L.) Hartm. Scape (2-4 dm. high) bearing a globular capitate umbel of many rose-purple flowers ; segments of the perianth lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated fila- ments ; leaves awl-shaped, hollow ; capsule not crested. Ledgy shores, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to N. S., n. N. E., the Great Lake region, etc. (Eurasia.) The typi- cal form of the species (the Chives of vegetable gardens) is a lower and more slender but not sharply separable plant. 3. A. cSrnuum Roth. (WILD ONION.) Scape angular (2.5-6 dm. high), nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping few-many-flowered umbel; leaves linear, flattened, sharply keeled (3 dm. long); segments of the perianth oblong-ovate, acute, rose-color to purple, shorter than the slender filaments and style ; capsule 6-crested. (? A. allegheniense Small.) N. Y. to S. C., and westw. 4. A. stellatum Ker. Scape terete (3-5 dm. high), slender, bearing an erect umbel ; bulb-coats membranous ; capsule prominently 6-crested. Rocky slopes, Minn, to w. 111., Mo., and westw. 5. A. reticulatum Don. Scape 1-1.8 dm. high ; bulbs densely and coarsely fibrous-coated ; spathe 2-valved ; umbel rarely bulbiferous ; sepals ovate to narrowly lanceolate, thin and lax in fruit, a third longer than the stamens ; capsule crested. Sask. to la. and N. Mex. 6. A. canadense L. (WILD GARLIC.) Scape 3 dm. high or more ; bulb small (1.2-1.8 cm. in diameter); bulb-coats somewhat fibrous; umbel densely bulbiferous, the flowers few or often none; segments of the perianth narrowly lanceolate, equaling r exceeding the stamens ; capsule not crested. Moist meadows, N. B. to Ont., s. to Fla. and Tex. May, June. 7. A. mutabile Michx. Similar in stature, habit, and flowers to preceding ; umbels not normally bulbiferous, many (16-43) -flowered ; bulbs 2-3 cm. in diameter. Prairies and borders of woods, Mo. (Bush.} to Fla., Tex., and Neb. 8. A. VINEALE L. (FIELD GARLIC.) Stem slender (3-9 dm. high), clothed with the sheathing bases of the leaves below the middle ; leaves terete and hollow, slender, channeled above ; umbel often densely bulbiferous ; filaments much dilated, the alternate ones cuspidate on each side of the anther. Moist meadows and fields, locally abundant, Mass, to Mo., and Va. June. (Nat. from Eu.) 14. NOTHOSC6RDUM Kunth. Flowers greenish or yellowish white. Capsule obovoid, somewhat lobed, obtuse, with the style obscurely jointed on the summit ; cells several-ovuled and -seeded. Filaments filiform, distinct, adnate at base. Bulb tunicated, not alliaceous. Otherwise as in Allium. (Name from v60os, false, and n-i>l\vrrs laruv, resembling those of L. superbum. An escape from gardens. (Introd. from E. Asia.) LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 289 17. ERYTHRdNIUM L. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET Perianth lily-like, of 6 lanceolate recurved or spreading divisions, deciduous, the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the base, and a groove in the middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped ; anthers oblong-linear. Style elongated. Capsule obovoid, contracted at base, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds rather numer- ous. Nearly stemless herbs, with two smooth and shining flat leaves tapering into petioles and sheathing the base of the commonly one-flowered scape, rising from a deep solid scaly bulb. Flowers rather large, nodding, in spring. (The Greek name for the purple-flowered European species, from tpv6p6s, red. ) 1. E. americanum Ker. (YELLOW ADDER'S-TONGUE). Scape 1.5-2 dm. high ; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, pale green, mottled with purplish and whitish and often minutely dotted ; perianth light yellow, often spotted near the base (2-4 cm. long); style club-shaped ; stigmas united. Rich ground, N. B. to Fla. , w. to Out. and Ark. 2. E. albidum Nutt. (WHITE DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.) Producing subter- ranean offshoots from the base of the corm ; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, less or not at all spotted ; perianth pinkish-white ; inner divisions toothless ; style more slender except at the apex, bearing 3 short spreading stigmas. Rich ground, Ont. to N. J., w. to Minn, and Tex. 3. E. mesochbreum Knerr. JVb basal offshoots; leaves narrowly lance- oblong or linear-lanceolate, not mottled ; perianth-divisions bluish or lavender- tinted, scarcely or not at all revolute ; stigmas spreading. Prairies, w. la. (Burgess) and Mo. to Kan. and Neb. 4. E. propullans Gray. Offshoot arising from the stem, near the middle; leaves smaller and more acuminate ; flowers bright rose-color, yellowish at base (12 mm. long); style slender ; stigmas united. In rich soil, Minn, and Ont. TfjLiPA SYLVESTRIS L. , a wild tulip of Europe, readily recognized by its soli- tary subscapose large yellow flowers, 6-divided perianth and thickish subsessile stigma, is said to be established in e. Pa. (Fretz). (Adv. from Eu.) 18. CAMASSIA Lindl. Perianth slightly irregular, of 6 blue or purple spreading 3-7-nerved divisions ; filaments filiform. Style thread-like, the base persistent. Capsule short and thick, 3-angled, loculicidal, 3-valved, with several black roundish seeds in each cell. Scape and linear leaves from a coated bulb ; the flowers in a simple raceme, mostly bracted, on jointed pedicels. (From the native Indian name quamash or camass.) 1. C. esculnta (Ker) Robinson. (EASTERN CAM ASS, WILD HYACINTH.) Scape 1.5-7 dm. high ; leaves keeled ; raceme elongated ; bracts longer than the pedicels ; divisions of the perianth pale blue, 3-nerved, 10-14 mm. long ; capsule acutely triangular-globose. (Scilla Ker ; C. Fraseri Torr. ; Quamasia esculenta Covillej Q. hyacinthina Britton.) Rich ground, w. Pa. to Minn., Tex., and Ga. This species should be carefully distinguished from the larger- flowered plant of the Northwest, which has long passed as C. esculenta Lindl., a name which must be replaced by Camassia quamash Greene. 19. ORNITH6GALUM [Tourn.] L. STAR OP BETHLEHEM Perianth of 6 (white) spreading 3-7-nerved divisions. Filaments 6, flattened- awl-shaped. Style 3-sided ; stigma 3-angled. Capsule roundish-angular, with few dark and roundish seeds in each cell, loculicidal. Scape and linear chan- neled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed, bracted ; pedicels not jointed. (A whimsical name from &pvis, a bird, and yd\a, milk.) 1. 0. UMBELL\TUM L. Scape 1-2.5 dm. high ; flowers 5-8, on long and spreading pedicels ; perianth-divisions green in the middle on the outside. Es- caped from gardens. (Introd. from Eu.) GRAY'S MANUAL 19 290 LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 2. 0. NtTANS L. Scape 3 dm. high or more ; flowers 5-6, large (2-2.5 cm. long), nodding on very short pedicels; filaments very broad. Rarely escaped from gardens ; Pa. to D. C. (Introd. from Eu.) 20. MUSCARI [Tourn.] Mill. GRAPE HYACINTH Perianth globular or ovoid, minutely 6-toothed (blue, rarely pink or white). Stamens 6, included ; anthers short, introrse. Style short. Capsule loculicidal, with 2 black angular seeds in each cell. Leaves and scape (in early spring) from a coated bulb ; the small flowers in a dense raceme, sometimes musk- scented (whence the name). 1. M. BOTRYOIDES (L.) Mill. Leaves linear, 6-10 mm. broad ; flowers globu- lar (3-5 mm. long), deep blue, appearing like minute grapes. Escaped from gardens into copses and fence-rows. (Introd. from Eu.) 2. M. RACEM6suM (L.) Mill. Leaves 2-3 mm. broad ; flowers oblong-urceo- late (4-5 mm. long), deep blue, fragrant. Rare escape, s. N. Y. to Va. (Introd. from Eu.) 21. YUCCA [Rupp.] L. BEAR GRASS. SPANISH BAYONET Perianth of 6 large white or greenish oval or oblong and acute flat with- ering-persistent segments, the 3 inner broader, longer than the 6 stamens. Stigmas 3, sessile. Capsule oblong, somewhat 6-sided, 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled by a partition from the back, fleshy, at length loculicidally 3-valved from the apex. Seeds very many in each cell, flattened. Stems woody, in ours very short, bearing persistent rigid linear or sword-shaped leaves, and an ample panicle or raceme of showy flowers. (The native Haytian name for the root of the Cassava-plant.) 1. Y. glaiica Nutt. Leaves very stiff and pungent, 2-6 dm. long, 4-12 nun. wide, filiferous on the margin ; raceme mostly simple, nearly sessile (3-12 dm. long); flowers 3.5-6 cm. wide; stigmas green, shorter than the ovary ; capsule 6-sided (7 cm. long); seeds 10-12 mm. broad. (Y. angustifolia Pursh.) Dak. to la., Mo., N. Mex., and Wyo. May, June. 2. Y. filamentbsa L. (ADAM'S NEEDLE.) Caudex 3 dm. high or less, from a running rootstock ; leaves numerous, coriaceous, more or less tapering to a short point, rough on the back, 4-6 dm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, filiferous on the margin ; panicle pyramidal, densely flowered, on a stout bracteate scape, 1-3 m. high; flowers large; stigmas pale, elongated; capsule 3.5 cm. long; *<<<'\ a point above the base. Ovary ovoid-snbcylindric, 2-3-celled ; styl'- long. Short-stemmed perennials, with slender creeping root- stocks, bearing a naked peduncle sheathed at the base by the stalks of 2-4 large oblong or oval eiliate leaves; flowers umbeled, rarely single. (Dedicated to De Witt < 'lit/ ton, prominent statesman, several times governor of New York.) LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 291 1. C. borealis (Ait.) Raf. Scape and leaves 14-25 cm. long ; terminal umbel ,, 3-6-flowered (sessile lateral umbels often present on the same scape) ; perianth greenish-yellow, somewhat downy outside (12-18 mm. long) ; berry ovoid, blue ; /lo' ovules 20 or more. Cold moist woods, Lab. to N. C., w. to Man. and Minn. 2. C. umbellulata (Michx.) Morong. Flowers half as large as in the last, white, speckled with green or purplish dots; umbel many-flowered; berry globular, black; ovules 2 in each cell. (C. umbellata Torr.) Rich woods, N. Y., N. J., and in the Alleghenies to Ga. 24. SMILACINA Desf. FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent. Filaments 6, slender ; anthers short, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; style short and thick ; stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, 1-2-seeded, at first greenish or yellowish-white speckled with madder brown, at length a dull sub- translucent ruby red. Perennial herbs, with simple stems from creeping or thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved mostly sessile leaves, and white, sometimes fragrant flowers. (Name a diminutive of Smilax.} * Flowers on very short pedicels in a terminal racemose panicle ; stamens exceed- ing the small (2 mm. long} segments; ovules collateral; rootstock stout, fleshy. 1. S. racem6sa (L.) Desf. (FALSE SPIKENARD.) Minutely downy (4-10 dm. high) ; leaves numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ciliate, abruptly somewhat petioled. ( Vagnera Morong.) Moist copses and banks. ** Flowers larger (4-5 mm. long}, on solitary pedicels in a simple few-flowered raceme; stamens included; ovules not collateral; rootstock rather slender. 2. S. Stella ta (L.) Desf. Plant (2-5 dm. high) nearly glabrous, or the 7-12 oblong-lanceolate leaves minutely downy beneath when young, slightly clasping; raceme sessile or nearly so. (Vagnera Morong.) Moist banks, frequent. (En.) 3. S. trifblia (L.) Desf. Glabrous, dwarf (1.3-2 dm. high) ; leaves 3 (some- times 2 or 4), oblong, tapering to a sheathing base; raceme peduncled. ( Vag- nera Morong.) Cold bogs, Lab. to N. J., westw. to B. C. (Siber.) 25. MAIANTHEMUM [Weber in] Wiggers. Perianth 4-parted, and stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled ; stigma 2-lobed. Other- wise as in Smilacina. Flowers solitary or fascicled, in a simple raceme upon a low 2-3-leaved stem. Leaves ovate- to lanceolate-cordate. (Name from Mains, May, and &v0e/j.ov, a flower.} 1. M. canadense Desf. Pubescent or glabrous (6-22 cm. high) ; leaves lanceolate or ovate, cordate at base with a very narrow sinus, sessile or very shortly petioled ; perianth-segments 2 mm. long. ( Unifolium Greene.) Moist woods, Lab. to N. C., w. to la., Dak., and Man. 26. DISPORUM Salisb. Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, the 6 lanceolate or linear divisions deciduous. Filaments thread-like, much longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers. Ovary with 2 ovules (in our species) suspended from the summit of each cell; style one ; stigmas 3, short, recurved-spreading, or sometimes united into one ! Berry ovoid or subcylindric, pointed, 3-6-seeded, red. Downy low herbs, with creep- ing rootstocks, erect stems sparingly branched above, closely sessile ovate thin leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers on slender terminal peduncles, soli- tary or few in an umbel. (Name from 8ts, double, and ff-rropd, seed, in allusion to the 2 ovules in each cell.) 1. D. lanuginbsum (Michx.) Nichols. Leaves taper-pointed, rounded or 292 LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) slightly heart-shaped at base ; flowers solitary or in pairs ; perianth (18 mm. long) soon spreading, twice the length of the stamens, greenish ; stigmas 3. Rich woods, Ont. and w. N. Y. to O., Tenn., and Ga. 27. STREPTOPUS Michx. TWISTED-STALK Perianth recurved-spreading from a bell-shaped base, deciduous ; the 6 divi- sions lanceolate, acute, the 3 inner keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, extrorse, fixed near the base to the short flattened filaments, tapering above to a slender entire or 2-cleft point. Berry red, roundish-ovoid, many-seeded. Herbs, with rather stout stems from a short or creeping rootstock, ordinarily forking and divergent branches, ovate and taper-pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous leaves, and small (extra-) axillary flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on slender thread-like peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contorted near the middle (whence the name, from a-Tpe-n-Tds, twisted, and TTOI/S, foot or stalk}. 1. S. amplexifblius (L.) DC. Stem 3-9 dm. high, glabrous; leaves very smooth, glaucous underneath, strongly clasping; flower greenish-white (about 1 cm. long) ; perianth-segments wide-spreading or recurved from near the middle ; anthers many times exceeding the filaments, tapering to a slender entire point ; stigma entire, truncate; fruit ellipsoid or globose, 1-2 cm. long, scarlet. Cold moist woods, Greenl. to Alaska, s. to N. E., Pa., O., Minn., and in the ints. to N. C. and N. Mex. (Eurasia.) 2. S. rbseus Michx. Lower (2-6 dm. high) ; rootstock short and thick ; leaves green both sides, finely ciliate ; the branches sparingly beset with .si mil bristly hairs; flower rose-purple (8-12 mm. long), more than half the length of the slightly bent peduncle, the perianth-segments with only the tips rcc/in-,,1 ,'>/. age ; anthers ovate, 2-horned, about equaling the filaments ; stigma 3-cleft ; fruit subglobose, 1 cm. in diameter, cherry-red. Cold damp woods, Nfd. to the mts. of Ga., w. to Wise, and Man. May, June. 3. S. 16ngipes Fernald. Similar; rootstock slender and wide-creeping; stem ciliate-hispid above, 3-4 dm. high; leaves ciliate, sessile, pale beneath; perianth campanulate, reddish; anthers and stigmas as in no. 2. Woods, Mar- quette Co., Mich. 28. POLYG6NATUM [Tourn.] Hill. SOLOMON'S SEAL Perianth cylindrical, 6-lobed at the summit ; the 6 stamens inserted on or above the middle of the tube, included ; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with 2-6 ovules in each cell ; style slender, deciduous by a joint ; stigma obtuse or capitate, obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, black or blue; the cells 1-2- seeded. Perennial herbs v with simple stems from creeping knotted rootstocks, naked below, above bearing nearly sessile or half-clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nodding greenish flowers; pedicels jointed near the flower. (Name from TroXtf-, many, and y6w, knee, alluding to the numerous joints of the root- stock.) 1. P. biflbrum (Walt.) Ell. (SMALLS.) Glabrous, except the ovate-oblong or lance-oblong nearly sessile leaves, which are commonly minnf/ i>nin-xt , as well as pale or glaucous underneath; stem slender (.'>-!> dm. high) ; i>x<-r<>nrtl< (Jreene;'P. cuneatum Greene; Ralomonia biflora Farwell.) Wooded hillsides, N. B. to Fla., w. to Ont., e. Kan., and Tex. 2. P. commutatum (H. & S.) Dietr. (GREAT S.) Glabrous thrmnjh ,, i,t ; stem stout (0.0-2 in. high), terete; leaves ovate, partly clausing (TJ-1S cm. long), r the upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved ; /iK/iinr/fs no-t rul (2-S )-//./'-. I't-if. jointed below the flower; flowers 12-20 mm. long; jltnm-nrx MN0OM "/"/ miked, or nearly so, inserted on the middle of the tube. (P. tfii/initi'iini Dietr. ;' /'. rirMU ; perianth-divisions lanceolate, almost 6 mm. long. Moist thickets, Ct. to Va., w. to Ont., Minn., Kan., and Tex. June. 9. S. pseudo-china L. JRootstock tuberous; stems and branches unarmed, or with very few weak prickles ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the branchlets ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough -ciliate, becoming firm in texture ; peduncles flat (5-7 cm. long). Dry or sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., w. to s. Ind. and Kan. July. * * Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed at base into a short petiole, &-5-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many without tendrils; peduncles short, seldom exceeding the petioles, terete; the umbels sometimes panicled ; branches terete, unarmed. 10. S. lanceolata L. Leaves thinnish, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceolate or lance-oblong ; stigmas 3 ; berries dull red. Rich woods and margins of swamps, Va. to Fla., w. to Ark. and Tex. June. 11. S. laurifblia L. Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen, varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear (6-12 cm. long); stigmas solitary and ovary l-celled; berries black when ripe, 1-seeded, maturing in the second year. Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla., w. to Ark., and Tex. July, Aug. HAEMODORACEAE (BLOODWORT FAMILY) Perennial stoloniferous herbs with fibrous roots, equitant leaves, and perfect 3-6-androus regular woolly flowers; the tube of the 6-lobed perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with merely the lower part, of the ^-celled ovary. Anthers introrse. Capsule crowned or inclosed by the persistent perianth, 8-celled, loculicidal, 3-m any-seeded. A small family ; chiefly of the southern hemisphere. Ours with dense compound cymes of dingy yellow flowers. 1. Lachnanthes. Stamens 3. Ovary inferior. 2. Lophiola. Stamens 6. Ovary nearly free. 1. LACHNANTHES Ell. RED-ROOT Perianth 6-parted down to the adherent ovaiy. Stamens opposite the 3 lamer oi 1 inner divisions; filaments long, exserted ; anthers soon curved or coiled, attached near the base. Style thread-like, exserted, declined. Capsule globula r. Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the middle. Leaves clustered at the base and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at the top and terminated by a dense compound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely \\oollv Mowers, (whence the name, from \dxvrj, wooL and &vdos, blossom). 1. L. tinctbria (Walt.) Ell. Erect, 3-10 dm. high. (Uurothcca Salisb.) Sandy swamps, near the coast, Cape Cod. Mass., K. I., and N. J. to Fla. July- Sept. 2. LOPHiOLA Ker. Divisions of the perianth nearly equal. spreading, lon-er than the mm. broad ; scape 3-6-flowered ; bracts narrow, 5 cm. long : perianth-tube about 8-10 cm. long, the linear segments scarcely shorter ; the crown 2.5-3 cm. long, tubular below, broadly funnel-form above, the margin deltoid and entire, or 2-toothed and erose, between the white filaments, which are twice longer; anthers yellow; style green. Marshy banks of streams, s. Mo. and s. 111. to n. Ga., and Ala. 2. NARCISSUS [Tourn.] L. Capsule thin, 3-celled ; seeds numerous in each cell, affixed in 2 series to the axile placenta. Flowers (in our species) solitary on leafless scapes subtended by a deciduous or marcescent spathe. (Name of the youth who, according to a Greek myth, was changed into this flower.) 1. N. PSEUDO-NARCISSUS L. (DAFFODIL.) Crown at least as long as the perianth -segments, yellow. Established in meadows, Pa. and N. J. (Introd. from Eu.) 2. N. POETICUS L. (POET'S NARCISSUS.) Crown less than half as long as the perianth-segments, white edged with pink. Established in meadows, N. E., L. I., and Pa. (Introd. from Eu.) 3. ZEPHYRANTHES Herb. Perianth funnel-form, from a tubular base ; the 6 divisions petal-like and similar, spreading above ; the 6 stamens inserted in its naked throat. Pod membr.anaceous, 3-lobed. (From &vpos, a wind, and Arfes, Jfotoer.) 1. Z. Atamasco (L.) Herb. (ATAMASCO LILY.) Leaves bright green and shining, very narrow, channeled, the margins acute ; scape 2-3.5 dm. high ; pe- duncle short ; spathe 2-cleft at the .apex ; perianth white and pink, 6-9 cm. long ; stamens and style declined. (Atamosco Greene.) Pa. to Fla. June. 4. COOPERIA Herb. Perianth-tube very long and slender, the limb widely spreading, 6-parted. tho short stamens borne on the throat. Spathe single, membranaceous. Capsule depressed-globose; seeds numerous. Leaves grass-like from a tunicate bulb. (Named in honor of Daniel Cooper, an English botanist of the early part of the 19th century.) 1. C. Drumm6ndii Herb. Scape slender, 2-5 dm. high; perianth white or rose-tinged, the stalk-like tube often 1 dm. in length. Prairies, s. Kan. and south westw. 5. AGAVE L. AMERICAN ALOE Perianth (urmlai tunnel-form, persistent, 6-parted ; the divisions nearly ennal, narrow. Stamens 6 ; anthers linear, versatile. Capsule coriaceous, many-seeded ; seeds flattened. Leaves thick and fleshy, often with cartilaginous or spiny teeth, clustered^at the base of the many-flowered scape, from a thick lilmms- rooted crown. (Name from cryau^, noble, not inappropriate as applied to A. AMI.IMI \\\, the CENTURY PLANT.) 1. A. virginica L. (FALSE ALOB.) Herbaceous ; leaves entire or denticulate ; scape 1-2 m. hi-h ; flowers scattered in a loose wand-like sj>ike. greenish-yellow, fragrant; perianth 18-24 mm. >long, its narrow lulu- twice loii-cr than the erect lobes. Dry or rocky banks, Md. and Va. to Fla., w. to s. O., s. Ind., Mo., and Tex. IRIDACEAE (IRIS FAMILY) 299 6. HYP6XIS L. STAR GRASS Perianth spreading. Fruit crowned with the withered or closed perianth. Seed globular. Stemless small herbs, with grassy and hairy linear leaves and slender few-flowered scapes. (An old name for a plant having sourish leaves, from U7rous, sub-acid.} 1. H. hirsuta (L.) Coville. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the um- bellately 1-4-flowered scape ; divisions of the perianth hairy and greenish out- side, yellow (rarely whitish) within. (//. crecta L.) Meadows and open woods, s. w. Me. to Fla., Assina., e. Kan. and Tex. IRIDACEAE (!RIS FAMILY) Herbs, with equitant 2-ranked leaves, and regular or irregular perfect flowers ; the 3 petals and 3 petal-like sepals convolute in the bud, the tube adnate to the ^-celled ovary, and 3 distinct or monadelphous stamens, alternate with the petals, with extrorse anthers. Flowers from a spathe of 2 or mote leaves or bracts, usually showy. Style single, usually 3-cleft ; stigmas 3, opposite the cells of the ovary, or 6 by the parting of the style-branches. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous ; embryo straight in fleshy albu- men. Rootstocks, tubers, or conns mostly acrid. * Branches of the style (or stigmas) opposite the anthers. 1. Iris. Sepals spreading or recurved. Petals spreading or erect. Stigmas petal-like. * * Branches of the style alternate with the anthers ; flower regular. 2. Nemastylis. Stem from a coated bulb. Filaments united. Style-branches 2-cleft. 3. Belamcanda. Stems from a creeping rhizome. Filaments distinct. Stigmas dilated. 4. Sisyrinchium. Boot fibrous. Filaments united. Stigmas thread-like. 1. IRIS [Tourn.] L. FLEUR-DE-LIS Tube of the flower more or less prolonged beyond the ovary. Stamens dis- tinct ; the oblong or linear anthers sheltered under the over-arching petal-like stigmas (or rather branches of the style, bearing the true stigma in the form of a thin lip or plate under the apex) ; most of the style connate with the sepals and petals into a tube. Capsule 3-6-angled, coriaceous. Seeds depressed- flattened, usually in 2 rows in each cell. Perennials, with sword-shaped or grassy leaves, and large showy flowers ; ours with creeping and more or less tuberous rootstocks. ( T !/HS, the rainbow.} * Stems leafy and rather tall, from usually thickened rootstocks, often branch- ing ; tube much shorter than the sepals, which are usually much larger than the petals. -t- Sepals neither bearded nor crested. ++ Spathes all terminal or at the tips of elongate peduncles. = Flowers violet-blue, variegated with green, yellow, or white, and purple-veined. a. Ovary and capsule obtusely angled. 1. /Seeds in 2 rows in each cell. 1. I. versicolor L. (LARGER BLUE FLAG.) Stem stout, angled on one side, 1.5-9 dm. high ; leaves sword-shaped (0.5-2.5 cm. wide), glaucous; ovary ob- tusely triangular, with flat sides ; flowers (5-8 cm. long) short-pediceled, varie- gated with green, yellow and white toward the center, the funnel-form tube shorter than the ovary ; petals flat, oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, half as long as the sepals; style-branches with slightly overlapping petaloid lobes; cap- sule firm, subcylindric, turgid, with rounded angles, stout-beaked; seeds 4-6 mm. 300 IRIDACEAE (IRIS FAMILY) broad, flattened on the sides, the rhaphe not apparent. Wet places, Nfd. to Man. and southw. May-July. 2. I. set&sa Pall., var. canadensis Foster. Stems slender, terete, 1.5-5 dm. high, mostly flecked at base with purplish ; leaves bright green, strongly nerrt-,1, 0.5-1 cm. broad ; flowers short-pediceled, strongly marked with white toward the center ; the inconspicuous involute or tubular pointed petals \ as long as the sepals; style-branches with spreading lobes; capsule subcylindric or ovoid, blunt, or barely mucronate, the thin elastic icalls pale, flecked with purple, the angles obtuse or rounded ; seeds 2-3.5 mm. broad, with plump sides and prominent rhaphe. (L Hookeri Penny. ) Seabeaches and headlands, Lab. and Nfd. to the lower St. Lawrence ; and along the coast to e. Me. June, July. 2. Seeds in I row in each cell. 3. I. caroliniana Wats. Tall (1 m. or less high); leaves bright green, soft, 1-3 cm. broad; flowers subsessile or short-pediceled, "lilac, variegated with yellow, purple and brown;" petals more than half the length of the sepals; seeds, with flattened sides, 8-10 mm. broad. Swamps, s. Va. to Ga. and La. June. a a. Ovary and capsule sharply angled. 4. I. prismatica Pursh. (SLENDER BLUE FLAG.) Stem very slender, terete, 2.5-9 dm. high, from a slender rootstock ; leaves narrowly linear (3-7 rum. wide); flowers slender-pediceled (4-6 cm. long), the tube extremely short; ovary 3-angled. Marshes near the coast, N. S. to Ga. June, July. = = Flowers brown or yellow. 5. I. fiilva Ker. Stem and leaves as in no. 1 ; flowers copper-colored or dull reddish-brown, variegated with blue and green ; petals widely spreading ; tube cylindrical, as long as the 6-angled ovary ; style-branches narrow. Swamps, s. 111. and Mo. to La. and Ga. May. I. PSEUDAcoRus L., the YELLOW IRIS of European marshes, with several very long linear leaves, bright yellow beardless flowers, and erect petals, is becoming established in N. E., N. Y., and N. J. I. ORIENTA.LIS Mill. (/. ochroleuca L.), an Asiatic species, with stem-leaves few and reduced, and pale-yellow or whitish flowers, is freely cultivated, and tends to become naturalized in marshes on the coast of Ct. (Mrs. M. E. Russell}. *- -* Spathes mostly subsessile or on inconspicuous peduncles in the axils of the upper conspicuous leaves ; flowers large, blue-violet. 6. I. hexagona Walt. Stem terete, flexuous, 3-9 dm. tall ; leaves green, not glaucous, the upper very elongated and much overtopping the flowers, 1-3 cm. broad ; flowers mostly axillary, resembling those of no. 1, but larger ; capsule very firm, 6-angled, short-beaked ; seeds in 2 rows in each cell. (/. foliosa Mack. & Bush.) Rich low woods and shores, local, O. to Mo., and southw. to S. C., Fla., and Tex. May, June. *- -- Claw and lower part of blade of sepals beaded. 7. I. GERM^NICA L. (FLEUR-DE-LIS.) Leaves broad, glaucous ; spathes 2-3- flowered ; perianth-tube greenish, cylindrical; sepals dark violet-purple, pendent with bright yellow beard ; petals equaling the sepals in length and breadth, lilac ; capsule trigonous. Established in Va. and W. Va. (Introd. from Eu.) * * Stems low (0.6-1.6 dm. high), from tufted ked) stems 1.5-3 mm. wide, distinctly winged, natum x /, exceeding the scarcely broader leaves ; */> cm. long, the inner 1-3 cut. lung ; perianth violet (rarely white) ; cajixiih'* dull hr ur ]>urple- tinged. Meadows, fields, and damp sandy soil, Nfd. to B. C., s. to Va., Pa., Mich., Minn.; and in the Rocky Mts. May-July. 606. s.anpusti- FMI. (5IMJ. folium x Vs- IRIDACEAE (IRIS FAMILY) 303 7. S. montanum Greene. Similar, pale green or glaucescent ; spathes pale green or straw-color, the outer bract 3.5-8 cm. long, the inner 1.5-3.5 cm. long ; capsule whitish-green to straw-color. Gaspe" Penins., Que.; Mich. ; Minn. ; Rocky Mts. June, July. S. INTERMEDIUM Bicknell appears to include inconstant and not very clearly marked forms intermediate between 8. mucronatum, 8. angustifolium, and S. gramineum. 8. S. Farwellii Bickuell. Loosely tufted, from a fibrous-sheathed base; stems flexuous, branched, slightly glaucous, 2-3 dm. high, 1-2 mm. broad, winged, twice exceeding the slightly broader leaves; bracteal leaf loosely clasping, shorter than the (4-11 cm. long) curved slender peduncles ; spathes 1.7-2 dm. long, the bracts subequal, yellowish-green, thin and membranous; iowers pale blue, on flexuous exserted })edicels. Local, s. e. Mich. 9. S. arenicola Bicknell. Similar, but usually blackening in drying, and rather stouter, the violet flowers on erect or f\Q & only slightly curved pedicels. Sandy soil, (\T //O near tne coast ' Mass, to N. J. /fP\t f\ if 10 - S> stric tum Bicknell. Bright green, // m^^ |(\ 3 dra - !" h J the winged stems 1.5-2 mm. I j\ wide, slightly exceeding the scarcely broader W III ** \V leaves ; bracteal leaf about equaling the strict peduncles, 6-9 cm. long; spathes 1.5-2 cm. long, pale green, tinged with purple, the bracts subequal, or the inner longer ; pedi- cels strict, barely exserted ; flowers violet. Montcalm Co., Mich. 11. S. gramineum Curtis. Loosely tufted, bright green or glaucescent, 1-5 dm. high, the ascending flexuous or even geniculate broad-winged flat stems 2-6 mm. wide, usu- ally exceeding the grass-like leaves ; bracteal leaf broad, usually shorter than the flat peduncles ; spathes green, erect, the bracts subequal, 1.5-2 cm. long, or the outer somewhat elon- gated ; flowers blue ; cap- sules subglobose, 4-6 mm. high. (S. anceps Man. ed. 6 ; S. graminoides Bick- nell.) Wet meadows and damp woods, N. H. to Minn., and south w. Apr. -June. FIG. 607. 12. S. atlanticum Bick- nell. Loosely tufted, pale and glaucous, 2-7 dm. high ; stems wiry and slender, flexuous or geniculate, narrowly margined, 1-3 mm. wide, much exceed- ing the narrow leaves ; bracteal leaf usually shorter than the slender peduncles ; spathes often oblique and tinged with pink, the subequal bracts thin, 1-1.5 cm. long, the outer acute, the inner obtuse ; pedicels erect, scarcely exserted; perianth violet ; capsules slightly higher than broad, 3-4.5 mm. high. Damp soil, Me. to Vt. and Fla., mostly on the coastal plain. FIG. 608. 13. 607. S. gra x/s. ineum 608 _ g> at ] ant icum 609. S. apiculatum S. apiculatum Bicknell. Similar; stems 3 dm. high, nearly or quite twice as long as the narrowly linear grass-like basal leaves ; the pedicels (1-1.8 cm. long) distinctly exserted, and the rather smaller capsules tipped by stout short beaks. Lake shores, etc. , Muskegon Co. , Mich. FIG. 609. 304 MARANTACEAE (ARROWROOT FAMILY) MARANTACEAE (AKROWROOT FAMILY) Herbs with distichous pinnaMy veined commonly asymmetrical leaves, irregu- lar perfect flowers, and strongly reduced asymmetrical androeciuni, only one half of one anther polleniferous, the other half as well as the anthers of the remain- ing stamens sterile and petaloid. Ovary inferior ; cells 3 or by abortion fewer, 1-ovuled. Style single, more or less unilateral or declined. Seeds arillate ; embryo curved in copious albumen. 1. THALIA L. Erect scapose aquatic herbs with ovate-lanceolate long-petioled leaves, col- ored caducous bracts, and open panicles of showy usually purple flowers. Sepals 3, equal or nearly so, usually much shorter than the 3 nearly or quite distinct petals. Staminodia somewhat connate, petaloid, one of them enlarged, deflexed and lip-like. (Named for Johann Thai, a German physician and nat- uralist who died in 1583.) 1. T. dealbata Roscoe. White-powdery ; scapes 1-2 in. high; leaf- blades ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, rounded or subcordate at base ; corolla and bracts pale blue, the staminodia purple or violet. Marshes, Mo. to S. C. and Tex. BURMANNIACEAE (BURMANNIA FAMILY) Small annual herbs, often with minute and scale-like leaves, or those at the root grass-like; the flowers perfect, with a 6-cleft corolla-like perianth, the tube of which adheres to the \-celled or ^-celled ovary ; stamens 3 and tJistinrt, oppo- site the inner divisions of the perianth; capsule many-seeded, the seeds very minute. A small, chiefly tropical family. 1. BURMANNIA L. Ovary 3-celled, with the thick placentae in the axis. Filaments 3, very short. Style slender ; stigma capitate-3-lobed. Capsule often 3-winged. (Named for J. Burmann, an early Dutch botanist.) 1. B. biflbra L. Slender (7-12 cm. high), 1-several-flowered ; perianth (5 mm. long) bright blue, 3-winged. Peaty bogs, Va. to Fla. and La. ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) REVISED BY OAKES AMES 1I< ,'bs, distinguished by perfect zygomorphic gynandrous flowers, with fi-i/TM//s (sometimes apparently 5-merous) perianth adnate to the \-celled ovary, u-ith innumerable ovules on 3 parietal placentae, and n-itft i-ithcr \ or - ffrtili- tlmm //.-, the pollen cohering in masses. IVrianth usually of <> divisions; the 3 outer (sepals) mostly of the same texture as the 3 inner (petals), of the inner series, one, termed the lip, differs from the rest in shape, and is sometimes prolonged at the base into a spur. The lip is really the posterior petal, but by a twist of the pedicel or ovary of half a turn it is more commonly directed downward and becomes apparently anterior. At the base of the lip, in the axis of the flower, is the column, composed of a single fertile stamen, or, in ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS .FAMILY) 305 Cypripedium, of two stamens and the rudiment of a third, variously coalescent with the style. Anther 2-celled, each cell containing' one or more masses of pollen (pollinia}, or the pollen granular (in Cypripedium}. Stigma viscid or (in Cypripedium} rough. Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved capsule. Flowers solitary, racemed, or spiked, often showy, each flower usually subtended by a bract. Leaves parallel-nerved, solitary, or several and alternate, sometimes apparently opposite or whorled. Perennials, often with corms or with tuberoid roots ; sometimes rootless saprophytes. A cosmopolitan family comprising about 7000 species largely dependent on insects for pollination. I. Fertile anthers 2. Tribe I. CYPRIPEDlEAE. Perfect anthers lateral, the sterile one forming a dilated fleshy append- age above the terminal stigma. Pollen granular, not in masses. 1. Cypripedium. Stems more or less leafy. Perianth spreading ; lip an inflated sac. II. Fertile anther solitary. * Anthers persistent. Tribe II. OPHRYDEAE. Pollinia prolonged at the base of the anthers into filaments or caudicles which are attached to viscid disks or glands. 2. Orchis. Viscid disks contained in a pouch, or bursicule, of the rostellum. 3. Habenaria. Viscid disks naked, not contained in a pouch, or bursicule, of the rostellum. * * Anthers caducous or readily detachable. Tribe III. NEOTTlEAE. Pollen-masses usually soft or granulose. -H Anther terminal. 4. Pogonia. Lip without hypochil, free. Column not winged. f>. Calopogon. Lip without hypochil, free. Column winged at apex. G. Arethusa. Lip without hypochil, united to the base of the gynostemium. Column winged to the base. 7. Serapias. Lip provided with a hypochil. -i- +- Anther dorsal. H- Upper sepal and petals connivent or lightly adherent. 8. Spiranthes. Pollen waxy or powdery, not divided into a large number of definite masses. Li]) with appendages at the base ; not saccate. 9. Epipactis. Pollen divided into a large number of definite masses. Lip saccate, unappendaged. H- ++ Sepals and petals free. 10. Listera. Lip retuse or cleft. Tribe IV. EPIDENDREAE. Pollen-masses smooth and waxy. = Pollen-masses 4, unappendaged. a. Leafless plants. 11. Corallorrhiza. Plants brownish or yellowish, with coralline rhizomes. &. Plants with leaves. 12. Malaxis. Lip not saccate, cordate at base. Leaves several. 13. MicrostyliS. Lip not saccate. Leaf solitary on the stein. 14. Liparis. Lip not saccate, obovate. Leaves several. 15. Calypso. Lip saccate. Leaf solitary. 16. Aplectrum. Lip not saccate. Leaf solitary from a tuber. = = Pollen-masses 4, each attached by a very short filament to the viscid disk or gland. 17. Tipularia. Flowers small, greenish, in a many-flowered raceme. Lip 3-lobed. <= = = Pollen-masses 8. IS. Hexalectris. Leafless plants. GRAY'S MANUAL 20 306 ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) ARTIFICIAL KEY TO GENERA a. Two fertile anthers ; lip an inflated sac 1. CYPEIPEDIUM. a. One fertile anther b. b. Flowers with a distinct slender spur (this at least 2 mm. long). Leaves present at flowering time. Caudicles of pollinia divergent, not contained in a special pouch or bursicule 8. HABENARIA. Caudicles of pollinia convergent, contained in a special pouch or bursicule 2. ORCHIS. Leaves absent at flowering time 17. TIPULARIA. b. Flowers without a conspicuous spur, the lip sometimes saccate e. c. Leaves one or more (in Spiranthes, Arethusa, and Aplectrum some- times absent or inconspicuous at flowering time); plant green d. d. Perianth at least 15 mm. across ; sepals and petals more or less spreading, not strongly recurved e. e. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, grass-like, sheathing the scape near the base. Flowers several, resupinate, with one floral bract ... 5. CALOPOQON. Flowers solitary, rarely 2, not resupinate, with 2 floral bracts, one posterior, the other anterior, subtending the ovary . 6. ARETHUSA. . Leaves elliptic-oblong, ovate, or cordate, sometimes whorled. Lip saccate, bearded 15. CALYPSO. Lip not saccate, with a longitudinal more or less tuberculate crest or beard 4. POGONIA. Lip saccate, not bearded 7. SERAPIAS. d. Perianth less than 15 mm. across; sepals and petals con nivent or spreading. Petals joined to the upper sepal but not coalescent with it. Lip saccate at base, devoid of basal callosities ; leaves variegated 9. EPIPACTIS. Lip not distinctly saccate, with a horn-like callosity within on each side at base ; leaves not variegated .... 8. SPIRANTHES. Petals and sepals free. Petals filiform or linear, less than 2 mm. broad. Leaf solitary 18. MICROSTYLIS. Leaves 2, near the middle of the stem 10. LISTEKA. Leaves 2, basal ; lip not pointed 14. LIPAKIS. Leaves basal ; lip pointed 12. MALAX is. Petals not filiform, at least 2 mm. broad 16. APLECTRUM. c. Leaves wanting ; scaly saprophytes with yellowish or purplish stems. Lip with a callus on each side of the mid-nerve at base . . . 11. CORALLOKKHI/A. Lip with 5 or 6 longitudinal crests 18. HEXALEOTRIS. 1. CYPRIPEDIUM L. LADY'S SLIPPER. MOCCASIN FLOWER Sepals spreading, all three distinct or in most cases two of them united into one under the inflated sac-like lip. Petals mostly spreading, linear or oblong. Column declined, on each side a fertile stamen with its short filament bearing a 2-celled anther ; pollen loose and pulpy or powdery -granular, the face of the anther converted into a viscid film ; on the upper side of the column a dilated petaloid, but thickish staminode, or infertile stamen ; stigma terminal, obscurely 3-lobed, moist and roughish. Roots coarsely fibrous. Leaves many-nerved and plaited, sheathing at the base. Stems pubescent. Flowers solitary or few, large and showy. (Name incorrectly Latinized from Ki/7rpts, Venus, and irtdiKov, a shoe, therefore by some authors spelled Cypripedilum.} 1. The three sepals separate. 1. C. arietinum R. Br. (RAM'S HEAD L.) Stem slender, 15-30 cm. high; leaves 3 or 4, elliptic-lanceolate, nearly glabrous ; upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, acute, lower sepals and the petals linear, similar, madder-purple, 1.5-2 cm. long, exceeding the whitish crimson-veined lip, which is silky pubescent within. ( < 'rinsdnthes borealis Raf.) Swamps and rich woods, rare and local, Que. to Man., s. to Me., Mass., N. Y., and Minn. May, June. (China.) 2. The two lower .svjm/s united. * Stem elongated, leafy to the top, 1-3-flowered ; lip slipper-shaped, not fissured in front, but with a rounded open orifice. *- Sepals and linear twisted petals acute, longer than the lip. H. Lip yellow. 2. C. parvifl&rum Salisb. (SMALLER YELLOW L.) Stem 19-60 cm. high; and sepals greenish, much suffused with madder-purple, 3-6 cm. long; ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 307 lip 2-3 cm. long. Mostly in swampy or boggy places. Frequently indis- tinguishable from the following variety, into which it seems to pass. Both the species and the variety widely distributed throughout our range. May-July. Var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight. (LARGER YELLOW L.) Stem 23-70 cm. high; leaves oval, acute, 11-20 cm. long, 5-11 cm. wide, mostly distant on the stem at anthesis ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, greenish-yellow, dotted and streaked with madder-purple markings, usually exceeding 5 cm. in length ; lip golden- yellow, 3.5-5 cm. long. (C. pubescens Willd. ; C. hirsutum auth., not Mill.) Mostly in woods. M- -w- Lip white. 3. C. cdndidum Muhl. (SMALL WHITE L.) Stem 16-28 cm. high, 1-flowered; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, mostly crowded at anthesis ; petals and sepals greenish, spotted with madder-purple; sepals ovate-lanceolate; lip 18-20 mm. long, striped with purple inside at base. Swamps, N. Y. and N. J. to s. Minn., n. e. Neb., s. to Mo. and Ky. May, June. H- H- Sepals and petals not twisted, shorter than the lip, or nearly equaling it. 4. C. hirsutum Mill. (Snowy L.) Stem 4-8 dm. high, hirsute ; leaves ovate, acute ; sepals round-ovate, or orbicular, rather longer than the oblong petals ; lip much inflated, white, crimson-magenta in front, about 4 cm. long. (C. spectabile Salisb.) Swamps and wet mossy woods, Nfd. to Ga. and Wise. June, July. 5. C. passerinum Richards. Stem about 2 dm. high, villous-pubescent ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute ; upper sepal yellowish, nearly orbicular, about 1.5 cm. long ; lip spherical, pale magenta, spotted with deep magenta at the base within. Woods, n. Ont. ; L. Superior, westw. and northwestw. ** Stems short, 2-leaved; leaves basal, next the ground; scape terminated by a solitary bract, 1-flowered ; sepals and petals greenish-brown, shorter than the drooping lip, which is fissured in front. 6. C. acaiile Ait. (STEMLESS L.) Leaves oval ; scape 15-38 cm. high ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, nearly as long as the linear-lanceolate petals ; lip obovoid, crimson-pink (rarely white, and petals yellow-green), nearly 5 cm. long, veiny ; staminode rhomboid. (Fissipes Small.) Dry woods, Nfd. to Minn., Win- nipeg, and northwestw. ; s. to N. C. and Tenn. May, June. 2. 6RCHIS [Tourn.] L. Flowers ringent. Sepals and petals nearly equal. Lip turned downward, coalescing with the base of the column, spurred below. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous coarse waxy grains, which are col- lected on a cobwebby elastic tissue into two large masses (one filling each anther cell) borne on slender stalks, the bases of which are attached to the glands or viscid disks of the stigma; the two glands contained in a common little pouch, or bursicule, placed just above the orifice of the spur. Flowers magenta-pink, showy, in a loose raceme. Leaves one or two. .("Opxis, the ancient name.) 1. 0. rotundif61ia Banks. Leaf solitary, varying from almost orbicular to oblong, 3-8 cm. long ; scape naked, 12-23 cm. high ; flowers magenta; lip white, spotted with magenta, 3-lobed (the lateral lobes oblong and the larger middle lobe dilated and notched at the apex), 6-8 mm. long, exceeding in length the ovate-oblong petals and sepals and the slender depending spur. (Habenaria 610. o. rotundi- Richards.) Damp woods and swamps, local, e. Que. to N. Y., folia x 1. Wise., northw. and northwestw. June, July. FIG. 610. 2. 0. spectabilis L. (SHOWY O.) Leaves two, basal, oblong-obovate, shining, 7-15 cm. long; scape 4-5-angled, 4-17 cm. high; bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; floral bracts exceeding the flowers ; sepals and petals contiguous, forming a vaulted galea behind the column ; lip ovate, white, or rarely magenta-pink, undivided. (Galeorchis Rydb.) Rich woods, N. B. and N. E., s, to Ga., westw. to Mo. and Dak. May, June. 308 ORCHIDACEAE (OKCHIS FAMILY) 3. HABENARIA Willd. REIN ORCHIS. FRINGED ORCHIS Flowers usually small, in loose or dense racemes. Sepals spreading, mostly similar ; petals erect, connivent with the upper sepal. Lip entire, toothed or fringed laterally, or tripartite, the divisions wedge-shaped and variously toothed or fimbriate. Spur shorter or longer than the lip. Glands or viscid disks (to which the pollen masses are attached) naked and exposed, separate, sometimes widely so. In some of our species the stigma has two or three appendages. Glabrous plants with one or more leaves. Tuberoids elongated, fusiform, or (in no. 1) somewhat palmate. (Name from habena, a thong or rein, in allusion to the shape of the lip or spur of some species.) An arnphigean genus often separated by authors into numerous genera. * Lip not fringed. -- Leaves cauline, several, at least more than two. -w Lip S-toothed at the apex. 1. H. bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. Stem 15-60 cm. high, rather stout; lower leaves oblanceolate to obovate, the upper oblong to lanceolate, acute ; floral bracts 2-4 times the length of the green flowers ; raceme 10-30- fiowered ; petals linear; lip oblong or slightly spatuhite. i_'-:'>- toothed at the apex, more than twice the length of the saccate whitish spur; tuberoids somewhat palmate, the divisions elon- gated, tapering. (Coeloglossum Parl.) Damp woods and thickets, N. S. to Alaska, s. to Wash., Minn., and Pa.; and along the mts. to N. C. May-Aug. (China and Japan.) FIG. 611. ++ -H- Lip hastate, with a tubercle at the base. Gil. H.^racteata ^ R ^^ (L } Qr&y ^^ ^^ cm j^. leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the upper- most linear-lanceolate, passing into the bracts of the elongated 012. 11. i!:i\-a raceme ; petals ovate ; lip truncate, sometimes retuse, with a tooth x 11,3. or protuberance on the median line near the base; spur slender, 4-6 mm. long. (H. virescens Spreng. ; Perularia flava Farwell.) Wet places, N. S. to Minn., and common southw. June, July. FIG. 612. -**-- Lip lanceolate, entire. 3. H. hyperbbrea (L.) R. Br. Stem leafy, leaves oblong-lanceolate; raceme loose or dense; flowers greenish; upper sepal ovate, lateral sepals somewhat lanceolate; petals lanceolate, erect ; Up lanceolate, deflexed, or curved upwards ; spur about as long as the lip, slender, or clavate at the apex ; gla lands of the stigma orbicular. (Limnorchis Rydb.) Peat and wet cold woods, Nfd. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., Neb., and vvestw. June-Aug. (Iceland.) A species variable in height, in the length and breadth of the leaves, in the size of the flowers, and in the relative length of the lip and spur; therefore supposed by some authors to include several species. ' x ; 4. H. dilatata (Pursh) Gray. Similar to the pre- ceding; flower. x n'/iitr. more delicate iti texture: ///< lanceolate with a dilated r/niil>in/-i (i . x 1%. f>. H. nivea (Nutt.) Spreng. Stem slender. :: Cdm. long; leaves numerous, the lower ones lance-linear, 10-10 em. long, the others passing into linear bracts; raceme lax or dense; (lowers white, numerous; p narrowly oblong ; spur slender, ascending, as long as the white untwisted ovary : ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 309 615. H. clavellata. Flower x 1. Lip x 1 Column x 2. appendages of the stigma oblong. (Gymnadeniopsis Rydb.) Swamps along the coast, Del. to Fla., westw. to Ark. and Tex. June-Aug. FIG. 614. t- H- Leaves cauline, one or two. *- Lip crenulate. 6. H. Integra (Nutt.) Spreng. Stem about 37 cm. high, several-leaved ; the lower leaves elongated, oblong-lanceolate, the others becoming smaller and bract-like; raceme densely many-flowered, cylindrical ; flowers small, yellow ; lip ovate, entire or slightly crenulate, or short-toothed along the margin, shorter than the awl-shaped descending spur ; appendages of the stigma two, lateral, oblong, fleshy. (Gymnadeniopsis Rydb.) Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla., w. to Tenn. and Tex. July, Aug. w -w- Lip ^-toothed at the apex. 7. H. clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. Stem 19-40 cm. high, slender, with one or two oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaves, and two or three linear-lanceolate bracts above ; raceme 3-16-flowered, subcylindric ; flowers greenish- white ; lip wedge-oblong, truncate, with three short apical teeth or lobes ; spur slender, slightly clavate, curved upwards, longer than the ovary ; appendages of the stigma 3, oblong, clavate-tuberculate, one outside each orbicular gland, and one between them rising as high as the anther-cells. (H. tridentata Hook. ; Gymna- deniopsis clavellata Rydb.) Bogs and moist soil, Nfd. to Minn, and southw. July, Aug. FIG. 615. -t- -i- -i- Leaves radical. ++ Lip less than 5 mm. long. 8. H. unalasce"nsis (Spreng.) Wats. Plant slender, 3-5 dm. high, leafy at base ; leaves oblanceolate, withering before the flowers open ; sepals slightly gibbous at base, 1-nerved, narrowly oval, lateral ones adnate at base to the lip ; petals lanceolate, obtuse ; lip oblong-hastate ; spur filiform or slightly clavate, shorter than the ovary. (Piperia Rydb.) Damp woods, Anticosti I., Que.; Ont., westw. to Alaska and Cal. June-Sept. w H-*. Lip more than 5 mm. long. = Spur about equal to the lip. 9. H. obtusata (Pursh) Richards. Plants 10-26 cm. high ; leaf solitary, basal, obovate or spatulate-oblong ; flowers greenish or whitish, 5-15 in a loose raceme at the summit of a naked scape ; upper sepal broad and rounded, lateral sepals and the petals lance-oblong; lip entire, linear-lanceolate, deflexed, 6 mm. long, about the length of the tapering curved spur. (Lysiella Rydb.) Swamps and rich woods, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to N. Y., Minn, and Col. July, Aug. (Eu.) FIG. 616. = = Spur two or more times longer than the lip. 10. H. Hookeri Torr. Leaves orbicular or elliptical, near the ground, 3.5-10 cm. broad; scape usually ebracteate, 12-16 cm. high, having 8-20 upright yellowish-green flowers in a strict raceme 2-4 cm. through ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, the upper sepal dilated at base, acumi- nate; lip lanceolate, pointed, about I cm. long; spur slender, acute, 2cm. long. (Lysias Hookeriana Rydb.) Dry or damp woods, e. Que. to Pa., w. to Minn. June, July. FIG. 617. 11. H. orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. Leaves orbicular or elliptical, 6-19 cm. broad, spreading flat on the ground, shining above, silvery beneath ; scape with one or more lanceolate bracts, 6-32 cm. high, having 10-20 or more greenish- white flowers in a loose raceme 4-6 cm. through ; upper sepal orbicular, lateral 616. II. obtusata x iy 3 . 617. H. Hookeri 310 ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 618. H. cristata x !/,. ones ovate; lip oblong-linear, obtuse, 1.5-2 cm. long; spur 1.5-2.5 cm. long; anther-cells strongly projecting at the free beak-like base ; glands nearly mm. apart. (Lysias Rydb.) Rich deep woods, Lab. to Alaska, s. to S. C., Minn., and Wash. July, Aug. 12. H. macrophylla Goldie. Similar to the preceding, but larger in all its A_ parts ; spur 3-4 cm. long. Moist coniferous woods, Nfd. to Ont., s. to Ct. and Mich. June-Aug. * * Lip fringed, not divided or tripartite. (Blephariglottis Raf.) 13. H. cristata (Michx.) R. Br. Stem 2-6 dm. high ; lower leaves linear- lanceolate, elongated, the upper becoming gradually reduced to acute bracts ; floral bracts nearly as long as the orange-yellow flowers ; raceme 2-3 cm. through ; sepals elliptical ; petals oblong, fringed at the top ; lip ovate, copiously fringed, 5 mm. long ; spur slender, 5-9 mm. long, longer than the lip. Bogs, N. J. to Ark., and southw. July, Aug. FIG. 618. 14. H. ciliaris (L. ) R. Br. (YELLOW FRINGED O.) Stem 4-6 dnt. high ; leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, the upper ones passing into pointed bracts shorter than the ovaries; raceme 4-6 cm. through ; flowers orange-yellow ; lateral sepals orbicular ; petals linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, toothed at the apex ; Up oblong, 1 cm. long, copiously fringed, the basal segments often branched; spur 2-2.5 cm. long. Peaty bogs and meadows, Vt. and Mass, to Mich., Mo., and southw. July, Aug. 15. H. blepharig!6ttis (Willd.) Torr. (WHITE FRINGED O.) Similar to the preceding in habit ; flowers white ; lateral sepals orbicular, upper sepal elliptical, concave ; petals linear-oblong, somewhat pointed, cristate above or toothed ; lip narrowly ovate- lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, fringed, the segments once divided or simple ; spur about 2 cm. long. Bogs and peaty land, Nfd. to Fla., w. to Mich, and Miss. July, Aug. FIG. 610. Var. coNSpfcuA (Nash) Ames. Racemes lax ; spur 4 cm. long. Occurring southw. Var. HOLOPETALA (Lindl.) Gray. Petals narrower, with the toothing obsolete and the lip less fringed. x H. Cdnbyi Ames. (H. blephariglottis x H. cristata.) Lip about 7 mm. long, deeply fringed ; spur 12 mm. long. Swamp near Lewes, Del., July, 1878 (Canby~). Intermediate in color and size of flowers between the parent species. * * * Lip 3-parted, divisions toothed or fringed. - Flowers greenish or whitish. w Petals entire. 16. H. lacera (Michx.) R. Br. (RAGGED FRINGED 0.) Stems 3-6 dm. high ; leaves oblong or lanceolate; raceme loose or dense, many-flowered; petals oblong, divisions of the lip narrow, deeply incised, the segments capillary; spur about the length of the ovary, 1.6 cm. long; glands oblong-linear, as long as the stalk of the pollen-masses. Wet or moist open ground, Nfd. to Minn., southw. to Mo. and Ala. July, Aug. FIG. 620. 019. ]i.i,ip,,harl- glottis x i. w ** Petals minutely cut-toothed. 17. H. leucopha&a (Nutt.) Gray. Stem 6-12 dm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; raceme commonly elongated, loose ; fi"o H lacera xi ^ ne ^ ar e flowers fragrant; petals obovate ; divisions of the lip 17-20 mm. Iciiir, many cleft to the middle into a copious fringe ; spur 3.5 cm. long; glands transversely oval. Wet meadows and prairies, N. S. and Me. to Minn., southw. w. of the Allegheny Mts. to La. June, July. ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 311 -- -i- Flowers pale or deep magenta (purplish). 18. H. psycbdes (L.) Sw. Usually about 5 dm. high; lower leaves 2-4, oval to lanceolate or oblanceolate, passing into the linear-lanceolate bracts; raceme cylindrical, about 3-3.5 cm. through, often densely many- flowered ; lower sepals round-oval ; petals variable, mostly wedge-obovate to spatulate, more or less denticulate ; lip spread- ing, 3-parted, usually 1-1.2 cm. broad, the three divisions mostly fringed less than ^ their depth. Wet open meadows and swamps, Nfd. to Minn., south w. to N. C. July, Aug. FIG. 621. x H. AndrSwsii White. (H. lacera x H. psycodes.) Lower leaves as in H. lacera; raceme loosely flowered; flowers white, rose-tinted ; petals cuneate-spatulate, obtuse or slightly retuse, denticulate above ; divisions of lip narrowly cuneate, deeply cleft as in H. lacera. Pownal, Vt. ; S. Chesterville, Me. July, Aug. 19. H. fimbriata (Ait.) R. Br. Usually a little taller than the preceding species ; lower leaves 3-5, oval to lanceolate and oblanceolate, passing into lanceolate bracts ; spike usually subcylindrical, mostly 5-6 cm. through, loosely flowered ; lower sepals ovate ; petals more or less oblong, denticulate ; lip usually 1.8-2 cm. wide, 3-parted ; the divisions mostly fringed to of their depth or more. (H. grandiflora Torr.) Rich wet deciduous woods and borders, Nfd. to N. Y. ; southw. in the mts. to N. C. Late June to early Aug. Most obvi- ously distinguished from H. psycodes by the larger paler flowers and greater diameter of the raceme ; leaves broader ; generally blooming somewhat earlier than H. psycodes. 20. H. peramodna Gray. Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceolate ; spike cylindrical, densely flowered ; lower sepals round-ovate ; petals rounded- obovate, raised on a claw ; divisions of the large lip very broadly wedge-shaped, irregularly eroded-toothed at the broadly dilated summit, the lateral ones truncate, the middle one 2-lobed. Moist meadows and banks, Pa. and N. J. to 111., s. to Mo.; and in the mts. to Ala. June-Aug. Flowers large and showy (violet-purple) ; lip 16-20 mm. long, variably toothed, but not fringed. 4. POG6NIA Juss. Sepals and petals free. Lip papillose-crested. Column free, slender below the summit ; anther terminal, operculate, with a distinct stalk, fleshy, thick ; pollen-masses 2, powdery-granular, without caudicles or gland. (nwyuvlas, bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.) * Lip lacerate-toothed, otherwise not lobed. 1. P. ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Plants 1-3 dm. or more high, glabrous, bearing a single oval or lance-ovate leaf near the middle and a bract below the usually solitary terminal flower ; sepals narrowly oval, about 2 cm. long ; petals similar, but broader ; lip spatulate, inclosing the column at base ; crest yellow to white, otherwise the flowers magenta-pink, very rarely 622. P. ophioglos- white. Bogs, Nfd. to Minn., southw. to Fla. June, July, soides x%. p IG g22. * * Lip three-lobed, merely fimbrillate-margined. H- Leaves several, distinctly alternate, not wlwrled. 2. P. trianth6phora (Sw.) BSP. Plants 3-20 cm. high, from ovoid or sub- cylindrical tuberoids ; leaves 1-4, broadly ovate, about 1 cm. long ; flowers several, drooping, transitory, borne in the axils of the upper leaves, on slender pedicels ; perianth about 15 mm. long ; lip ovate, slightly papillose along the middle, lateral lobes obtuse. (P. pendula Lindl. ; Triphora pendula Nutt.) Woods, Me. to Wise, and Mo., southw, Aug, 312 ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) *- - Leaf solitary. 3. P. divaricata (L.) R. Br. Plants 3-6 dm. high, bearing above the middle an oblong-lanceolate leaf 6-18 cm. long, and next the flower a leafy bract; sepals brownish, ascending, linear-lanceolate, 4-5 cm. long, exceeding the spatulate magenta-pink or whitish petals ; lip wedge-oblong, the lobes apical and rounded, with a linear- grooved partly papillose crest along the middle. Swamps and moist pine-barrens, N. J. to Ga. May, June. FIG. 62:]. -*-*- Leaves 5 in a whorl at the top of the stem. 4. P. verticillata (Willd.) Nutt. Plants 2-3 dm. high, naked except for a few scales at base and a whorl of five obovate or lanceolate sessile leaves at the summit ; flow- ers solitary, rarely 2 ; sepals madder-purple, 623. P. divaricata li ne &r, conduplicate, 4.5 cm. long ; petals ob- x %. long-lanceolate ; lip wedge-oblong, 3-lobed near the apex, with a linear partly papillose crest down the middle ; leaves about 4 cm. long at flowering time, larger when the erect fruit matures. (Isotria Raf.) Woods, N. E. to Fla. w. to Wise. ; not common. May, June. FIG. 624. 5. P. affinis Aust. Plants about 2 dm. high; leaves nar- rower than in the preceding, 2-5 cm. long ; flowers (not rarely in pairs) yellow- ish or greenish ; peduncle much shorter than the ovary and capsules ; sepals as long as or longer than the petals, somewhat narrowed at base ; lip crested over the whole face and on the middle of the lobes. (Isotria Rydb.) Woods, very local, Vt. (Mrs. Henry Holt) and Mass, to N. J. and Pa. 5. CALOP6GON R, Br. Flowers in a loose raceme, resupinate. Sepals and petals spreading, distinct. Lip linear-oblong at base, dilated and bearded above with numerous clavate hairs, papillose at the apex. Column free, slender, winged at the summit ; anther terminal, operculate; pollen-masses 4 (2 in each anther-cell); pollen- grains connected by filaments. Scape from a solid bulb, sheathed below by the base of the solitary grass-like leaf, naked above. (Name composed of xa\6s, beautiful, and irwyuv, beard, from the bearded lip.) LIMODORUM L., in part. 1. C. pulchSllus (Sw.) R. Br. Plant 15-40 cm. high ; raceme 4-12-flowered; flowers magenta-crimson, rarely white; lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, faleate. upper sepal narrower; petals lanceolate, obtuse, constricted near the middle : lip as if hinged at base, its hairs yellow and magenta-crimson. In open bogs and meadows, Nfd. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Mo. July (in our range). 6. ARETHtTSA [Gronov.] L. Flowers ringent. Sepals and petals nearly alike, erect, united at base, arch- ing over the column. Lip partly erect, the apical half abruptly recurved. Col- umn adherent to the lip, dilated above, petal-like; anther lid-like, attached by a well defined membrane, 2-celled ; pollen-masses 2 in each cell of the anther, powdery, granular. Scape smooth from a solid white or greenish bulb. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, hidden in the sheaths of the scape, protruding after the flower opens. (Named for the nymph Arethusa.) 1. A. bulbbsa L. Plant 10-25 cm. high from an ovoid bulb ; scape termi- nated by a solitary flower 2.5-5 cm. long, rarely 2-flowered ; sepals and petals magenta-pink, rarely white, the former oblong, acute or obtuse, the lateral ones falcate, the petals oblong, obtuse or obscurely pointed ; lip oblong, narrowed toward the base, with ."-"> fringed yellow or white crests ; margin of lip timbril- late, spotted and striated with magenta-crimson or plain ; column denticulate or ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 313 toothed at the dilated apex ; stigma protuberant, turned down. Bogs, Nfd. to Ont. and Minn., Pa., and mts. of S. C. May, June. 7. SERAPIAS L. Flowers in a loose or somewhat dense bracteose raceme. Sepals ovate- lanceolate, strongly keeled. Petals shorter, ovate, acute. Lip strongly saccate at base, the apical part broadly cordate, acute, with a raised acallus in the middle and two inconspicuous nipple-like protuberances on each side near the point of union with the sac. Column broad at the top, the basal part narrower ; anther sessile, behind the broad truncate stigma on a slender-jointed base ; pollen farinaceous, becoming attached to the gland capping the small rounded beak of the stigma. Stem leafy. (Named for the Egyptian deity Serapis.) EPIPACTIS of auth., not Boehm. 1. S. Helleborine L. Plants 25-60 cm. high ; leaves clasp- ing the stem, conspicuously nerved, broadly ovate to lanceolate, acute; perianth about 8 mm. long, green suffused with madder- purple; lip similarly colored, but darker within, the apical por- tion as if jointed with the sac, bituberculate at base. (Epipactis 625 ' S ' Crantz ; E. latifolia All. ; E. mridiflora Reichenb.) Rare and local, Que. and Ont. to Mass., N. Y., and Pa. Probably introduced from Europe in early times on account of supposed medicinal value. July-Aug. (Eu.) FIG. G25. 8. SPIRANTHES Richard. LADIES' TRESSES Perianth somewhat ringent. Lateral sepals lanceolate, the upper sepal united with the oblong petals. Lip short-stalked, with a callus protuberant within on each side of the base, the somewhat dilated summit spreading or recurved, crisped, wavy, or rarely toothed or lobed. Column short, bearing the ovate stigma on the front, and the sessile or short-stalked (mostly acute or pointed) 2-celled erect anther on the back ; pollen-masses 2 (1 in each cell), narrowly obovoid, each 2-cleft and split into thin and tender plates of granular pollen united by elastic filaments, coherent to the narrow viscid gland, which is set in the slender or tapering thin beak which terminates the column. After the removal of the gland, the beak is left as a 2-toothed or forked tip. Roots clustered. Stem bracted above, leaf-bearing below or at the base. Flowers small, white, yellow- ish- or greenish- white in a more or less spirally twisted raceme (whence the name, from lon ' antner ovate, long, acuminate ; slender beak longer than the body of the stigma. (Spiranthes Hook. ; Good- yera Menziesii Lindl.) Dry woods, e. Que. to B. C., s. to N. S., N. B., n. Me., L. Huron, and Ariz, and Cal. July, Aug. FIG. 628. * * * Raceme densely many-flowered ; lip strongly saccate, with a short blunt tip, the margin not recurved or flaring. 4. E. pub6scens (Willd.) A. A. Eaton. Stem stout, 1.5-4 dm. high ; leaves dark green, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-6.5 cm. long with 5 or 7 white nerves and many fine white reticulating veins; raceme about 7 (3-11) cm. long; perianth 4-5.5 mm. long ; lip globose, ventricose ; anther blunt ; stigma with 2 short teeth. (Goodyera R. Br.) Common ; generally in dry coniferous woods, rarer in deciduous woods, N. E. to Fla. and Minn. Aug., Sept. FIG. 629. E. pubescena x 1%. 316 ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 10. LISTERA R. Br. TWAYBLADE Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed ; lip mostly drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cleft at the summit. Column wingless. Stigma with a rounded beak ; anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, erect, ovate ; pollen powdery, in two masses, joined to a minute gland. Roots fibrous. Stem bearing in the middle a pair of nearly opposite sessile leaves. The small flowers greenish or madder-purple in a terminal raceme. (Dedicated to Martin Lister, 1038-1711, a celebrated English naturalist.) * Column very short (0.5 mm. or less) lip not dilated above. *- Lip with a tooth on each side at base ; raceme glabrous. 1. L. cordata (L.) R. Br. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped, 12-25 mm. long; stem pubescent just above the leaves; flowers about 3 mm. across, on pedicels not longer than the ovary ; lip narrowly oblong, 2-cleft. Mossy woods and swamps, Lab. to N. J., w. to Mich., Col., and Cal., north w. to the Arctic coast. (GreenL, Iceland, Eu., and Japan.) FIG. 630. 630 L cordata x J 2 / *- *- Lip not toothed at base ; raceme glandular. 2. L. australis Lindl. Leaves ovate ; raceme loose and slen- der ; flowers small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels which equal or exceed the glabrous ovaries; lip linear, 6-10 mm. long, cleft one third to two thirds the way down into linear-setaceous divisions. Shady woods, La. and Fla. to N. J. ; Oswego Co., N. Y. ; Ottawa, Out. * * Column 2-3 mm. long. - Lip auriculate at base, more or less ciliate. 3. L. auriculata Wiegand. Leaves elliptic-oval or elliptic-ovate, 35-50 mm. long, inserted above the middle of the stem ; flowers numerous, in a loose raceme ; rhachis pubescent ; pedicels glabrous, mostly shorter than the glabrous ovaries ; lip 6-8 mm. long, slightly ciliate, oblong, cleft one third to one fourth of its length, auricles incurved. Cedar swamps and mossy banks, e. Que. to n. N. II. and n. Vt. FIG. 631. -t- -i- Lip not auriculate at base. -< Ovary glandular. * i%- 4. L. convallarioides (Sw.) Torr. Leaves oval or roundish and sometimes slightly heart-shaped, 3-5 cm. long; raceme many-flowered, loose; rhachis densely glandular-pubescent ; pedicels glandular, slightly longer than the ovaries ; lip 9-11 mm. long, ciliate on the margin, narrowly cuneate, retuse, lobes rounded, on each side of base a short triangular tooth. Moist woods, Nfd. to n. N. E., Mich., and the Kocky Mts., westw. and northw. FIG. 632. . -M. Ovary glabrous. 5. L. Smallii Wiegand. Leaves borne at or below the middle of the stem, 15-25 mm. long, ovate-reniform, mucronate, often apiculate ; raceme loose, few-flowered; rhachis glandular: pedicels glabrous, (imaling or exceeding the ovaries in length ; lip 9mm. long, not ciliate, broadly obovate, cleft at the apex, on each side of base a curved oblong obtuse tooth. Damp woods in the nits., Pa. to N. C. (E. Asia.) 631. L. auriculata L. convalla- rioides xl. 11. CORALLORRHiZA [Iluller] R. Br. CORAL ROOT Perianth somewhat ringrnt. gibbous or obscurely spurred at base. Sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, nearly alike, 1-.>-nerved ; lateral sepals ascending, forming with the lip the gibbosity or short spur which is mostly adnate to the OKCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 317 ovary. Lip slightly adherent to the base of the compressed column. Anther terminal ; pollen-masses 4. soft-waxy, free. Brownish or yellowish herbs des- titute of green foliage, with much branched and toothed coral-like underground rootless stems, sending up a simple scape which has sheaths in place of leaves, and a raceme of lurid flowers. Fruit reflexed. (Name*composed of KopdXXiov, coral, and pifa, root.) * Lip '3-lobed, or with a curved tooth on each side of base. -- Lip white, not spotted. 1 . C. trifida Chatelain. Plant slender, yellowish, 4-19 cm. high, 4-12-flowered ; perianth 5 mm. long ; lip white, somewhat hastately 3-lobed above the base, with thick rather short lamellae ; spur a very small protuberance ; capsule ovoid or ellipsoid, green until mature. (O. innata R. Br. ; C. Corallorrhiza Karst.) Wet shaded situations, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to N. J., Pa., ()., Mich., Minn., and in the mts. to Ga. May- July. (Eurasia.) FIG. 633. -t- 1- Lip white, spotted with magenta-crimson. 2. C. maculata Raf. Plant stout, madder-purple or yellow- ish, 2-4 dm. high, 10-30-flowered ; perianth 5-18 mm. long ; lip deeply 3-lobed, lateral lobes small, middle lobe rather square, rounded at the apex ; two narrow longitudinal lamellae near middle of lip ; column yellow, with magenta spots on the inner surface ; cap- sule smooth, inflated, compressed. (C. multiflora Nutt.) Woods. July, Aug. Pale forms, without spots on the lip, petals or sepals, occur rarely. * * Lip entire or margin denticulate. H- Lip without striations or conspicuous veins. 3. C. Wisteriana Conrad. Plant 1.5-4 dm. high, yellowish or madder-purple; flowers 12-10 in a loose raceme ; perianth about 7 mm. long; sepals and petals more or less spreading ; lip 5 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, oval or suborbicular, retuse, margin denticulate or undulate ; callosities linear. (C. maculata Greene, not Raf.) Woods, Pa. and southw. Spring. 4. C. odontorhiza ]Sutt. Plant slender, bulbous-thickened at base, light brown or madder-purple, about 16 cm. high, 6-20-flowered ; perianth about 4 mm. long; sepals and petals scarcely spreading, one-nerved; lip 2.5-3 mm. long, white, spotted with magenta-crimson, oval or broadly ovate, abruptly con- tracted at base, with two short inconspicuous lamellae ; capsule globular or ovoid ; column nearly as long as the petals. (Includes C. micrantha Chapm.) Woods; a southern species extending sparingly northw. to s. Me., s. Ont. and 111. Aug., Sept. -- t- Lip conspicuously striate-veined with madder-purple. 5. C. striata Lindl. Plants stout, madder-purple, 15-40 cm. high, 15-25- flowered ; perianth about 8 mm. long ; sepals and petals with three madder- purple nerves ; lip somewhat concave, ovate, with two short lamellae near the base ; capsule cylindrical. Woods ; a northwestern species, rare and local as far east as Mich, and Ont. May, June. 12. MALAXIS Soland. Sepals lanceolate, spreading. Petals much smaller. Lip 3-nerved, lanceolate, apiculate, shorter than the lateral sepals. Small plants with minute flowers in elongated racemes. (Md\ctis, a softening, perhaps in allusion to the tender nature of the plant.) 1. M. paludbsa (L.) Sw. Scape filiform, 7-10 cm. high ; leaves 2-5, basal, ovate, obtuse. New York Mills, Otter Tail Co., Minn. (//. L. Lyon), the only American station known. (Eurasia.) 318 ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 13. MICROSTYLIS (Nutt.) Eaton. ADDER'S MOUTH Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals filiform or linear, spreading. Lip auricled or ovate at base, narrowing toward the summit, entire or nearly so. Column very smalt, terete, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the erect anther between them ; pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 in each anther-cell), cohering in pairs, waxy, without stalks, filaments, or gland. Low herbs from solid bulbs producing simple stems which bear a single leaf and a raceme of numerous minute greenish flowers. (Name composed of iMKpfa, small, and vrvXis, a column or style.) ACHROANTHES Raf. (without description). 634. M. mono- 1. M. monophyllos (L.) Lindl. Scape slender, 10-15 cm. high, phyllos x 3%. with a sheathing, ovate-elliptical leaf above base ; raceme spiked, long and slender, about 7 mm. in diameter ; pedicels nearly equal to the ovaries in length ; lip roundish at base, terminating in a long point. In damp shady woods or swamps, occasional from Que. to Man., s. to Pa., Ind., and Minn., rare south w. June, July. (Eurasia.) FIG. 634. 2. M. unif&lia (Michx.} BSP. Plant 7-22 cm. high; leaf near the middle, ovate, clasping ; raceme short, 8-20 mm. in diameter; pedicels much longer than the ovaries; lip truncate, 3-lobed at the summit, the middle lobe small. (M. ophioglos- soides Eaton.) Occasional in bogs and woods, Nfd. to Man., and (535. M. unifolla southw. July, Aug. FIG. 635. x3%. 14. LiPARIS Richard. TWAYBLADE Sepals oblong-lanceolate. Petals linear or filiform. Lip entire. Column 2-3 mm. long, curved, stout at base, with narrow wings above ; anther termi- nal, operculate ; pollen-masses 4 (2 in each anther-cell), slightly united in pairs, without stalks, filaments, or gland. Low herbs, with solid bulbs, producing two root-leaves and a low scape which bears a few-flowered raceme. (Name from \nrap6?, fat or shining, in allusion to the smooth or unctuous leaves.) 1. L. Iiliif61ia (L.) Richard. Plants 10-17 cm. high ; leaves 636 L iirf r en iptical or ovate, acute or obtuse, glossy ; scape angled ; ' \. " flowers 5-15 ; sepals oblong-lanceolate, similar; petals pendent, madder-purple ; lip wedge-obovate, translucent, madder-purple ; column with 2 gland-like tubercles on the inner face at base. Woods, N. H. and Mass, to Minn., Mo., and Ala. June, July. FIG. 636. 2. L. LoesSlii (L.) Richard. Plants 8-22 cm. high ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, keeled ; lip obovate or oblong, 6 mm. long, yellowish-green ; column about 2 mm. long. Swamps, damp fields, and moist thickets, rather local, be- coming rare southw. June, July. (Eu.) 15. CALYPSO Salisb. Sepals and petals similar, ascending, spreading, oblong-lanceolate, acute, magenta-crimson, rarely white. Lip larger than the rest of the flower, saccate, with three longitudinal rows of yellow (or white) glass-like hairs in front and with a translucent apron-like appendage (formed by the overlapping of the lip) spotted with madder-purple, the sac (bearing two conspicuous horns at its base) whitish, with irregular purple-madder markings. Column winged, having the operculate anther just below the apex; pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-]>urti>il, all sessile on a square gland. Leaf solitary. Scape one-flowered. (Named for the goddess Calypso.) 1. C. bulbbsa (L.) Oakes. Plant 6-18 cm. high ; leaf oval or ovate, veiny, its margin wavy. Hie petiole triangular; scape smooth, with nu'iniinniacvous sheathing bracts ; both leaf and scape produced separately from tin* summit of a rounded or elongated corm; pedicel of the flower subtended by a petaloid OKCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 319 bract. (C. borealis Salisb.) Deep mossy woods, across the continent north w., very locally south to n. N. E., Mich., Minn., Ariz., and Cal. May-July. (Eu.) 16. APLECTRUM (Nutt.) Torr. PUTTY-ROOT. ADAM-AND-EVE Perianth neither gibbous nor with any trace of a spur or sac at base. Lip free, 3-lobed, with three longitudinal crests. Column compressed ; pollen- masses 4. Scape about 4 dm. high, from near the summit of a globular bulb. Leaf solitary ; petiole distinct. The slender naked rootstock produces each year a globular solid bulb or corm, often 2.5 cm. in diameter (tilled with exceedingly glutinous matter), which sends up late in sum- mer a large oval many-nerved plaited leaf lasting through the winter ; early in the succeeding summer the scape appears, ter- minated by a loose raceme of lurid flowers. (The name is com- posed of a- privative, and ir\T)KTpov, a spur, from the total want of the latter. ) 1. A. hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. Flowers about 10 ; sepals ob- long, greenish or yellowish, tinged with madder-purple ; petals shorter, arching over the column, oblong, obtuse, yellowish, tinged with madder-purple above ; lip white or nearly so, spar- ingly marked with magenta. (A. Shortii Rydb.) "Rich woods, Vt. to Sask., and southw., local. May, June. FIG. 637. Pale forms occur devoid of mark- ings on the perianth. 7. A. hyemale X 2 /3- 17. TIPULARIA Nutt. CRANE FLY ORCHIS Flowers greenish, tinged with madder-purple, numerous in an elongated loose bractless raceme. Sepals oblong-oval, obtuse, upper sepal narrower. Petals oblong, obtuse. Lip with a slender spur, 3-lobed ; lateral lobes obtuse, obscurely toothed ; apical lobes broad at base, margin deflexed at the middle, apex expanded. Column wingless ; anther operculate, terminal ; pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, con- nected by a linear stalk with the transverse small gland. Corms connected in a horizontal series, producing in autumn a single ovate slender-petioled nerved and plaited leaf, purplish beneath, and in summer a long slender scape. (Name from a fancied resem- blance of the flowers to insects of the genus Tipula.') 1. T. discolor (Pursh) Nutt. Leaf green above, purplish T discolor ^ eneatn i disappearing before the flowers are produced ; scape x ' 2 / 25-45 cm. high ; spur about 2 cm. long, twice longer than the ovary. (T. unifolia BSP.) A southern species, extending northw. to N. J. ; reported but unverified from farther north. FIG. 638. 18. HEXALECTRIS Raf. Sepals and petals nearly equal, free, somewhat spreading, several-nerved ; perianth not gibbous or spurred at base. Lip obovate, 3-lobed, with 5 or 6 prominent ridges down the middle, the middle lobe somewhat concave. Pollen-masses 8, united into a single fascicle. Leafless plants with stout or somewhat coralline annulated rootstocks. (Name probably derived from , six, and e\eKTpv6v, a cock, from the crest of the lip.) 1. H. aphylla (Nutt.) Raf. Plants 3-6 dm. high, with short sheathing purplish scales ; flowers racemed, bracteate, madder-purple, about 2 cm. long ; sepals narrowly oval, obtuse ; 639. H. aphylla x 2 /a- petals shorter, similar. (Arethusa spicata Walt. ?) Rich woods, Ky., Mo., and southw. July, Aug. TIG. 639. Flower. Expanded lip. 320 PIPERACEAE (PEPPER FAMILY) PIPERACEAE (PEPPER FAMILY) Herbs, with joined stems, alternate entire leaves, and perfect flowers in spikes, entirely destitute of floral envelopes, and with 3-5 more or less separate or united ovaries; ovules few, orthotropous. The characters are those of the Tribe Saurureae, the Piperaceae proper (wholly tropical) differing in having a 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovary. 1. SAURtRUS [Plum.] L. LIZARD'S TAIL Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with distinct filaments. Fruit somewhat fleshy, wrinkled, of 3-4 indehiscent carpels united at base. Stigmas recurved. Seeds usually solitary, ascending. Perennial marsh herbs, with heart-shaped converging-ribbed petioled leaves, without distinct stipules ; flowers (each with a small bract adnate to or borne on the pedicel) crowded in a slender wand-like and naked-peduncled terminal spike or raceme (its appearance giving rise to the name, from o r. GRAY'S MANUAL 21 322 SAL1CACEAE ( WILLOW FAMILY) 644. S. lucida. banks of streams, Nfd. to Man., s. to Pa., 111., and Neb. FIG. (544. Var. ANGUSTIFOMA Anders. Leaves glabrous, elongate- lanceolate, 1-1.6 cm. broad. Nfd. and e. Can. Var. intdnsa Fernald. Branchlets of the first year and under surfaces of the elliptic-lanceolate attenuate-based leave* /<>/- ma'nently pubescent with sordid or rufous hairs. Que., N. B., and n. and w. N. E. M- *-< Leaves pale or white beneath / fruit mature in autumn. 6. S. serissima (Bailey) Fernald. (AU- TUMN W.) Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, short-acuminate, in maturity coriaceous, 4-8 cm. long, 1-3 cm. broad, closely serrulate; staminate aments 1-1.5 cm. long, 1-1.2 cm. thick ; the fertile becoming loosely flowered, 2-3.5 cm. long ; the olive- or brown- tinged finally lustrous indurated capsule conic- subulate, 7-10 mm. long, the pedicel twice exceeding the gland ; tall shrub. Mossy swamps, mostly in calcareous regions, e. Que. to Alb., s. to w. Ct., n. N. J., w. N. Y., and the Great Lakes. FIG. 645. * * Stamens 2. 645. S -- Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, closely serrate. 7. S. FRAGILIS L. (CRACK W.) Leaves glabrous from the first, green both sides, or only slightly paler beneath, in maturity 1-1. 5 dm. long, 2.5-4 cm. broad, rather coarsely undulate-serrate, with about 5 (4-7) taih to each cm. of the margin; stipules when 'present half- cordate ; aments slender ; the staminate 3-5 cm. long ; the fertile becoming 5-7 cm. long ; capsule subulate-conical, 5 mm. long, short-pediceled. A large tree, early planted, and now established, Que. to Ky. Freely hybridizing with & alba. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 646. 8. S. ALBA L. (WHITE W.) Leaves pale icith silky pubescence on both sides, in maturity 5-12 cm. long, 1-3 cm. broad, finely serrulate, with about 9 (6-12) teeth to each cm. of margin ; stipules ovate- lanceolate, deciduous ; capsule ovoid-coni- cal, 3-5 mm. long, sessile or nearly so. The typical tree, with greenish branch- lets and leaves permanently silky, is sometimes planted and rarely established in Am. FIG. 647. Var. vi- / TKI.UNA (L.) Koch, with yellow or reddixlt branchlets and the old leaves glabrous, white beneath, is a familiar large tree of rapid growth, commonly planted and freely spreading. Var. CAERULEA (Sm.) Koch is similar, but with branchlets and bluish-green leaves. Hybridizes with S. froijilis, S. lucida, etc. (Nat. from Eu.) '.. S. BABYLONICA L. (WEEPING W.) Leaves at first silky, quickly glabrate, pale, beneath, in maturity 6-12 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 cm. l>r< 'dsnl<'x 1-1.5 mm. long. Planted for ornament, and locally spread along river-banks and lake-shores, particularly C4S. s. from Ct. westw. and south w. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 648. 647. s. alba. G46. S. fragilis. louica. SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY) 323 - S. longifolia. Leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate, short-acuminate, remotely denticulate with projecting teeth. 10. S. Iongif61ia Muhl. (SAND BAR W.) Leaves 3-15 cm. long, 4-15 mm. broad, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, more or less silky when young, at length smooth and green both sides, with 2-3 teeth to each cm. of margin ; stipules small, lanceolate, deciduous ; aments slender-cylindric, often clustered at the ends of the branchlets ; capsule short-pediceled, blunt ; stigmas large, sessile. (8. fluviatilis auth., not Nutt. ; S. interior Rowlee.) A shrub or small tree, spreading extensively in alluvial deposits and forming dense clumps, e. Que. to Man., s. to Del. and La. ; common and characteristic inland. FIG. 649. 2. Aments lateral or terminal, with or without bracts ; scales persistent, colored at the tip ; stamens 2 (usually 1 in no. 17). * Filaments glabrous and distinct. -- Capsules glabrous. w- Erect or ascending shrubs or small trees. = Leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate ; sterile aments very silky, with a few bracts at base, becoming 2-4 cm. long, the fertile in fruit 2.5-10 cm. long, a. Leaves glabrous or quickly glabrate ; capsules distinctly pediceled. 1. Stipules persistent, usually conspicuous. O Leaves dull above, the young pubescent with early -deciduous soft hairs. + Fruiting aments 2.5-6 cm. long ; mature capsule 4-7 mm. long. 11. S. cordata Muhl. Twigs glabrous or soon glabrate; leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower, on the flowering branches often tapering at base, sharply serrulate, green both sides or slightly paler beneath, on vigorous shoots mostly rounded, truncate, or cordate at base, not turning black in drying ; stipules reniform or ovate, serrate, usually large ; aments rather slender ; capsules green- ish or rufescent. In wet places, along streams, etc. ; a widely distributed shrub, freely hybridizing. FIG. 650. Var. MYRICOIDES (Muhl.) Carey. Twigs cinereous or canescent with permanent pubescence ; leaves elongate, even those of the most vigorous shoots tapering and rather acute at base, glaucous or glaucescent beneath and sparsely ap- pressed-hairy ; stipules small, ovate, pointed ; capsules often silky when young, becoming glabrate, short-pedi- celed ; twigs brittle at base. Mass, to Wise, and Kan. Perhaps a hybrid with S. sericea. + + Fruiting aments 6-10 cm. long ; mature capsules 8-10 mm. long. 12. S. missouri6nsis Bebb. Tree or large shrub (3-16 m. high), with black bark and permanently pubescent twigs ; leaves lanceolate to ovate-oblong, rarely obovate, glaucous beneath. Mo. to Neb. and I. T. A poorly understood tree, said to flower earlier than S. cordata; perhaps a variety (var. vestita Anders.) of that species. FIG. 651. O O Leaves glossy above, glabrous from the first. 13. S. glaucophylla Bebb. Leaves from ovate or obovate to oblong-Ian ceo- 650. S. cordata. 651. S. missouriensis. 324 SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY) late, with a broadly rounded base, 4.5-12 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. wide, short-acumi- nate, glandular-serrate, subcoriaceous, glabrous throughout, dark green and shining above, glaucous beneath, the young drying black ; stipules large, ear-shaped, dentate ; aments dense, thick- cylindrical t very silky, the staminate 3.5-5 cm. long, the r' stillate becoming 4-7 cm. long ; capsules attenuate-rostrate, 11 mm. long, greenish, drying brown. Shrub or shrubby tree (1-5 in. high), forming extensive thickets on sandy or alluvial shores of rivers and lakes, e. Que. to Alb., s. to N. B., Me., and the Great Lakes. FIG. 652. Var. ANGUSTIF6LIA Bebb. Leaves narrower (8 cm. long, 2 cm. wide), pointed at both ends. Same range. Var. BREVIF6L1A Bebb. Leaves obovate or oblong, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, strongly veined. Mich. 2. Stipules obsolete or minute. 14. S. balsamifera Barratt. Leaves short-oval to oblong-lance- 652. S. glaucophylla. ^^ broad , y rounded and b usually subcordate at base, at first very thin, subpellucid and of a reddish color, balsamic-fragrant, at length firm but thin, dark green above, paler or glaucous and promi- g^ g balsamifera. nently reticulate-veined beneath, slightly glandular-ser- rulate ; petioles long and slender ; fertile aments becoming very lax in fruit, the long slender pedicels 6-8 times the length of the gland ; style short. Low woods and thickets, Nfd. and Lab. to Mackenzie and B. C., s. to n. N. E., N. Y., Mich., and Minn. A much-branched shrub, rarely a tree 7 in. high, with shining reddish-castaneous or olive twigs. FIG. 653. b. Leaves clothed, even when fully grown, with a long silky tomentum on both sides, which is finally deciduous; capsule subsessile. 15. S. syrtfcola Fernald. Leaves ovate or very broadly lanceolate, cuspi- date-acuminate, dull green both sides, very closely serrate with fine projecting gland-tipped teeth ; stipules conspicuous, ovate-cordate, glandular-serrate, ex- ceeding the short stout petioles, which are dilated at base and embrace the obtuse silky buds ; aments leafy-peduncled, the fer- tile not rarely becoming 1 dm. long, densely flowered. (S. adenophylla Am. auth., not Hook.) Shores of the Great Lakes. A large strag- gling shrub, with stout tomentose twigs and crowded leaves. FIG. 654. = = Leaves oblotf-! hi <>rntc, 1-2 cm. /owf/, the fertile in fruit 1-3 cm. long; rtiffmas sessile or 654. S.syrticola. 16. S. pedicellaris Pnrsli. Leaves 655. s. 1.5-7 cm. long, obtuse or somewhat pointed, acutish at base, smooth on both sides, somewhat coriaceous when mature, revolute, reticulated, pale or glaucous beneath ; fertile aments thick-eylindrie, loosely few-flowered, borne on long leafy peduncles ; capsules mulish-given; pedicels slender, twice the length of the nearly smooth greenish-yellow scale. (S. wijrtillniile.s Man. ed. (>, not L.) Cold bogs and wet meadows, e. Que. to B. C., N. J., Pa., and n. Ja. FIG. 055. SALIC ACEAE ( WILLOW FAMILY) 325 657. S. herbacea. (Eu.) 'FIG. 657. M. -M- Prostrate or creeping and matted alpine shrubs. 17. S. Uva-ursi Pursh. Leaves elliptical and pointed, orobovate and obtuse, 0.5-2.5 cm. long, tapering at base, slightly toothed, strongly veined, smooth and shining above, pale and rather glaucous beneath ; aments borne on slender lateral leafy peduncles, thick-cylindric. the fertile lengthening to 2 or 3 cm. and becoming narrowly cylindric, densely flowered above, often loose below ; scales obovate, rose- red at the tip, covered with long silky hairs ; stamen 1 (rarely 2); capsule ovoid-conical, brownish at maturity ; pedicel scarcely exceeding the gland; style distinct. Lab. to Alaska, s. to alpine summits of n. N. E. and N. Y. Closely prostrate, spreading S. Uva-ursi. ^ rom a stout central root over an area 3-9 dm. broad. FIG. 656. 18. S. herbacea L. Leaves roundish oval, heart-shaped, obtuse or retuse, 1-3 cm. long, serrate, smooth and shining, reticulately veined ; aments terminating 2-leaved branchlets, small, ovoid, l-lQ-flowered ; scales concave, obovate, obtuse, glabrous or slightly pubescent ; capsule subsessile. Arctic Am., s. to alpine regions of Mt. Katahdin, Me., and Mt. Washington, N. H. A very small herb-like species, the half-underground stems creeping and rooting in moss or humus, the branches seldom rising 0.5 dm. from the ground. -- - Capsule pubescent. Fruiting pedicel 3-6 times the length of the gland; style short or none (elon- gate in no. 25). = Mature leaves glabrous or glabrate beneath, or at most with a few scattered hairs. (Extreme forms o/S. rostrata may be looked for here.} a. Aments sessile on the old wood, naked at base, appearing before the leaves ; scales dark red, brown, or blackish; mature capsule 7-12 mm. long. 19. S. discolor Muhl. (GLAUCOUS W.) Leaves lanceolate to elliptic, smooth and bright green above, soon smooth and glaucous beneath, irregularly crenate- serrate, the serratures remote at base, closer, finer and becom- ing obsolete toward the point ; stipules 1 cm. or more long and sharply toothed, or small and nearly entire ; aments thick, cylindrical, 2.5-7 cm. long, appearing in earliest spring ; scales copiously clothed with long glossy hairs; style short but distinct. FIG. 658. Var. ERIOCEPHALA (Michx.) Anders. Aments more densely flowered and more silvery-silky ; leaves sometimes retaining a ferruginous pubescence beneath even when fully grown. (S. eriocephala Michx.) Var. PRINOIDES (Pursh) Anders. Aments more loosely flowered, less silky ; capsules more thinly tomentose ; style longer; stigma-lobes laciniate ; leaves narrower. (8. prinoides Pursh.) Includes narrow-leaved forms of the type, and others which are probably hybrids with S. cor- data. Large shrub or small tree of low mead- ows and river-banks, common. The just expanding leaves are often overspread with evan- escent ferruginous hairs. b. Aments short-stalked, leafy-bracted at base, appearing with the leaves ; scales pale brown 658. s. discolor. or yellowish ; mature capsule 4-6 mm. long. 20. S. petiolaris Sm. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, taper- pointed, finely and evenly serrate, slightly silky when young, soon smooth ; stipules linear or semicordate, deciduous ; fertile 659. S. petiolaris. 326 SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY) GtiO. 8. humilis. aments ovoid-cylindric, at first 1-2 cm. long, in fruit broad and loose from the lengthening of the pedicels, becoming 2-4 cm. long ; capsule rostrate from an ovoid base, blunt. Low shrub of damp soil, N. B. to the Great Lake region and Man., s. to Tenn. FIG. 659. = = Mature leaves pubescent at least beneath, a. Aments sessile on the old wood, naked at base, appearing before the leaves. 1. Leaves dull, grayish-tomentose, undulate-crenate or subentire ; capsules slen- der-beaked. 21. S. humilis Marsh. (PRAIRIE W.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lan- ceolate, rarely obovate, 5-15 cm. long, above downy becoming glabrate, beneath glaucous, rugose-veined and softly tomentose, the margin revo- lute, undulate-entire ; stipules medium-sized, semi-ovate, entire or of tener toothed ; petioles distinct ; aments ovoid or ellipsoid, often recurved, 1.5-4 cm. long. Dry plains and barrens, Nfd. to Minn, and N. C. A shrub, 1-3 m. high, vary- ing much in the size and shape of the leaves. FIG. 660. Var. rigidiiiscula Anders. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate to lance-oblong, 0.5-1 dm. long, rigid, strongly ascending, very rugose and glabrescent beneath. 0. to Ga. and Kan. Shrub or small tree. 22. S. tristis Ait. (DWARF GRAY W.) Leaves similar to those of the last, small (1-5 cm. long), crowded, linear-oblanceolate, tapering to a very short petiole; 661. s. tristis. stipules minute, deciduous; aments very small, globular or ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long in fruit. Sandy plains or on the borders of hillside thickets, N. E. to Minn, and south w., mostly near the coast. A tufted shrub, 0.5 m. high. FIG. 661. 2. Leaves lustrous beneath with minute silky pubescence, fine-serrate ; capsules blunt. 23. S. serfcea Marsh. (SILKY W.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate, V 4-1 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. broad, finely serrate, at first (principally beneath) very silky, turning black in drying ; stipules narrow, deciduous ; aments nar- rowly cylindrical, the fertile densely flowered, in maturity 2-:5 cm. long ; capsule sericeous, ovoid-oblong, round-tipped, its pedicel about equaling the short-hairy scale and twice exceeding the gland. Large shrub of wet places, N. B. to N. C. and Mich. FIG. 662. b. Aments leafy-bracted at base, appearing with the leaves. 1. Leaves strongly rugose in age, grayish-pubes- cent or glabrate beneath ; capsule gray-pubes- cent, its pedicel several times exceeding the subtending scale. 24. S. rostra ta Richards. Leaves obovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, acute or acumi- nate, dull green and minutely downy above, serrate, crenate, or subentire, thin, becoming rigid ; stipules when pres- ent semi-cordate, toothed, acute ; sterile aments narrowed at base, the fertile fnnst'hj flowered, 2-6 cm. long ; capsules tapering to a very long slender beak ; pedicels thread-like, much excwliny the pale rose-tipped linear thinly villous scales ; style scarcely any ; stigma lobes entire or deeply parted. (#. Bebbiana Sarg.) Shrub or small tree of moist or dry ground, Nfd. to Alaska, a. to N. J., Pa., 111., la., etc. FIG. 663. 668. s. r,r,_>. s. SALICACEAE ( WILLOW FAMILY) 327 2. Leaves scarcely rugose, lustrous-white beneath; capsule white-pubescent, its pedicel scarcely exceeding the subtending scale. 25. S. argyrocarpa Anders. Leaves'2.5-5 cm. long, repand-crenate, tapering to both ends, acute, or the earliest obovate and obtuse, at length rigid, the margin slightly revolute ; petiole short; stipules minute, fugaceous; fruiting ament short (1.5-2.5 cm. long}, lax ; capsule tapering, densely silky-silvery, style elongate ; gland of the staminate flower variously doubled. Moist ravines and alpine slopes, Lab. to the highest mts. of Que., Me., and N. H. A bushy-branched shrub, erect or depressed at base, rarely 0.5 m. high. FIG. 664. Hybridizes with 8. phylicifolia. 20. S. coactilis Fernald. Leaves oblong or lance-ovate, long- acuminate, at first reddish-white beneath with lustrous felt-like pubes- cence, later velvety with distinct hairs, in maturity 6-18 cm. long, 2-5 cm. broad, remotely and coarsely glandular-dentate; stipules semi-ovate, gland-toothed, 4-5 mm. long, persistent; aments in an- thesis 2-3.5 cm. long, in fruit 4-5.5 cm. long, 7 mm. thick; scales oblong or obovate, dark brown or black, very long-hairy ; capsule conic-subulate, 5 mm. long, white-villous ; the pedicel about five times as long as the gland. Banks of the Penobscot R. , Me. A large shrub with coarse dark branchlets, the younger ones puberulent. w- -M- Fruiting pedicel at most twice the length of the gland. = Leaves distinctly pubescent beneath. a. Pubescence of the leaves and branchlets a dull white floccu- lent tomentum. 27. S. Candida Fliigge. (SAGE W., HOARY W.) Leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, rather rigid, downy above, becoming glabrate, beneath covered with a dense white tomentum, the revolute margin subentire ; stipules lanceolate, about as long as the petioles; aments cylindrical, densely flowered, 3-5 cm. long in fruit ; anthers red ; the dark gland elongated ; capsule densely white-woolly ; style dark red ; stigmas short, spreading, notched. Cold bogs, Nfd. and Lab. to Athabasca, s. to N. J., Pa., O., la., etc. A hoary shrub, 0.5-2 m. high ; young shoots white-woolly, the older red. FIG. 665. Var. DENUDATA Anders. Leaves dark green and glabrate above, sparingly pubescent or glabrate beneath. Gaspe" Co., Que. to Wise, and Ct. b. Pubescence of the leaves lustrous. 1. Leaves pubescent beneath with minute satiny hairs. 28. S. VIMINALIS L. (OSIER.) Large shrub or small tree; branchlets greenish or pale brown ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lan- ceolate, taper-pointed, green and glabrous above, 6-15 cm. long; aments sessile or subsessile on the old wood, the pis- tillate becoming 5-7 cm. long ; capsule subsessile, minutely puberulent, 6-8 mm. long. Cultivated and occasionally established. (Introd.fromEu.) FIG. 666. 2. Leaves, at least when young, lustrous beneath with velvety pubescence. 29. S. pellita Anders. Large shrub or small tree with dark reddish or olive branchlets ; leaves lance- linear to oblanceolate, subentire, green and glabrous above, white-velvety to pale green and glabrate be- neath, 4-1 2 cm. long ; aments leafy-bracted at base, the fertile 2-5 cm. long ; capsule 4-5 mm. long, densely white-hairy ; style yellowish, turning brown. TCiver banks and swamps, Gulf of St. Lawrence to if Lake St. John, Que., and Lake Winnipeg, s. to Me. and Vt. FIG. 667. 667. s. pellita. 665. S. Candida. 328 SALIC AC EAE ( WILLOW FAMILY) = = Leaves glabrous, or the youngest occasionally with arachnoid hairs. 30. S. phylicifblia L. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to oblong, somewhat equally pointed or obtuse at both ends, remotely and minutely repand- toothed, 2.5-7 cm. long, very smooth on both sides, dark green and shining above, glaucous beneath, at length coriaceous ; stipules obsolete ; aments sessile with a few small bracts ' at base, 1.5-3 cm. long, rather densely flowered, short-cylindric, the fertile becoming in fruit somewhat stalked, 3.5-4.5 cm. long ; scales dark, silky-villous ; capsule conic-rostrate from an ovoid base ; stigmas bifid or entire, yellow, drying black. (/$'. chlorophylla Anders.) Lab. to Alaska, s. to alpine dis- tricts of Que., Me., N. H., and Vt. A divaricately much branched shrub 0.5-3 in. high ; twigs glabrous, purplish, some- times covered with a glaucous bloom. (Eu.) FIG. 668. * * Hairy filaments and often the reddish anthers united so as to appear as one. 31. S. PUKPtjREA L. (PURPLE W.) Leaves oblance- olate or tongue-shaped, slightly serrulate, very smooth, glaucescent, subopposite ; stipules obsolete ; aments densely flowered, narrow-cylindrical, the sterile at least closely sessile, with only very small bracts at base ; scales small, round, crisp-villous, tipped with dark purple ; capsules grayish-tomentose, ovoid-conical, obtuse, sessile, 2-3 mm. long. Low grounds ; originally cultivated for basket rods ; now established. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 669. 2. P6PULUS [Tourn.] L. POPLAR. ASPEN Flowers from a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Sta- mens 8-30, or more ; filaments distinct. Stigmas 2-4. Capsules 2-4-valved. Trees, with broad and more or less heart-shaped or ovate toothed leaves, and often angular branches. Buds scaly, covered with resinous varnish. Catkins long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. (The classical Latin name, of uncertain origin.) 1. Styles 2, with 2-3 narrow or filiform lobes; capsules thin, slender-conical^ 2-valved, small, on very short pedicels' scales silky; stamens 6-20; leaves ovate, on laterally flattened petioles ; terminal buds small, slightly gluti>/"i/s. 1. P. ALBA L. (WHITE P., SILVER-LEAVED P., ABELE.) The younger branches and the under surface of the rhombic-oval sinuate-toothed acute leaves white tomentose ; scales crenate, fringed. Frequently cultivated for shade, spreading widely by the root, and occasionally spontaneous. (Introd. from Eu.) 2. P. tremuloides Michx. (AMERICAN A.) Tree 6-20 in. high, with smooth greenish-white bark; bud-scales glabrous or merely ciliate ; leaves mniulixli- heart-shaped, with a short sharp point, and small somewhat regular teeth, smooth on both sides, with serrulate margins, downy when young, on long slender peti- oles ; scales cut into 3-4 deep linear divisions, fringed with long hairs. Light soils, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Pa., Mo., etc. .". P. grandidentata Michx. ( L.VK<;K-TOOTIIKI> A.) Tree often 20 m. high, with smoothish gray hark ; lmtl-xi;tl,-* tiwntose; leaves roundi$h-or-(' ////r; r^/i*///, > lnrfi< ,, thick. sul>xi- t<> ellipsoid, 2-4-valved; scales mostly glabrous} terminal buds large and very glutinous. MYRICACEAE (SWEET GALE FAMILY) 329 * Petioles terete or channeled, but little if at all laterally flattened. H- Young leaves and petioles white-tomentose ; capsule slender-pediceled. 4. P. heterophylla L. (DOWNY P.) Tree 10-25 in. high ; leaves ovate, with a somewhat truncate or cordate base, obtuse, crenate, at length nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins beneath ; fertile catkins few-flowered ; stamens 12-00; capsules 1-1.3 cm. long, equaling the pedicels. Borders of river swamps, Ct. to Ga. ; also from 0. to Ark. and La. *- -t- Young leaves and petioles not white-tomentose; capsule stout-pediceled. 5. P. balsamifera L. (BALSAM P., TACAMAHAC.) Tree 6-30 m. high, the large buds varnished with a copious fragrant resin ; leaves ovate-lanceolate to cordate-ovate, gradually tapering and pointed, finely crenate, smooth on both sides, silvery and reticulately veined beneath ; scales dilated, slightly hairy ; stamens 20-30 ; capsule ovoid, %-valved. Borders of rivers and swamps, Lab. to Alaska, s. to n. and w. N. E., Mich., Minn., etc. 6. P. CANDICANS Ait. (BALM OF GILEAD.) Leaves broader and more or less heart-shaped, petiole and lower surface hairy. (P. balsamifera, var. Gray.) Common in cultivation and freely escaping ; perhaps of Asiatic origin. (Introd.) * * Petioles laterally flattened. 7. P. deltoides Marsh. (COTTON-WOOD, NECKLACE P.) Tree 15-30 m. high ; leaves broadly deltoid, with numerous crenate serratures and narrow very acute acumination, sometimes ovate, rarely cordate, on elongated petioles ; scales lacerate-f ringed, not hairy ; stamens 00 or more; capsules on slender pedicels, 0-10 mm. long, in long catkins, ellipsoid-ovoid, %-k-valved. (P. momlifera Ait.) Borders of streams, w. Que. and N. H. to Fla., w. to the Rocky Mts. P. xrGRA L., the BLACK P. of Eu., a pyramidal tree somewhat resembling the preceding but with the less lustrous rhombic-deltoid smaller leaves broader than long, more finely crenate, and its var. ITALICA Du Roi, the LOMBARDY P., with strictly ascending branches, are spreading from cultivation. (Introd. from Eu.) MYRICACEAE (SWEET GALE FAMILY) Monoecious or dioecious shrubs, with each kind of flowers in short scaly cat- kins, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves, differing from the Birches chiefly in the 1-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropus ovule, and the drupe- like nut. Involucre and perianth none. 1. MYRICA L. The only genus. Flowers solitary under a scale-like bract and with a pair of bractlets, the sterile in ellipsoid or cylindrical, the fertile in ovoid or globular catkins, from axillary scaly buds ; stamens 2-8 ; filaments somewhat united below ; anthers 2-celled. Fruit small, globular or shorr,-cylindric, dry, coated with resinous grains or wax. (Mvpfci?, the ancient name of the Tamarisk or sqme other shrub ; perhaps from /xvpifetj/, to perfume.) * Mostly dioecious ; fertile catkins ovoid ; ovary with 2-4 scales at base ; nut globular ; leaves entire or somewhat serrate. 1. M. Gale L. (SWEET GALE.) Shrub 1-1.5 in. high; leaves wedge-lan- ceolate, serrate toward the apex, pale, later than the flowers; sterile catkins closely clustered; nuts imbricated in heads, 2-winged by the two thick ovate scales which coalesce with its base. Borders of ponds, and in swamps, Lab. to N. E., along the Great Lakes to Minn., and north westw. ; s. in the mts. to Va. April, May. (Eurasia.) 2. M. cerifera L. (WAX MYRTLE.) Leaves (1-1.6 cm. broad} lanceolate, narrowed at the base, entire or sharply toothed toward the acute apex, shining and resinous-dotted both sides, somewhat preceding the flowers, fragrant ; sterile 330 JUGLANDACEAE (WALNUT FAMILY) catkins scattered, oblong ; scales wedge-shaped at the base ; nuts scattered and naked, bony, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter, and incrusted with white wax. Sandy soil, Md. to Fla., Tex., and Ark. March, Apr. 3. M. carolinSnsis Mill. (BAYBERRY.) Shrub 1-2 in. high ; leaves oblong, entire or somewhat crenately toothed, thinner and more flaccid than in the pre- ceding, mostly obtuse, 1.5-4 cm. broad, green and resinous-dotted on both sides ; fruit 3.5-4 mm. in diameter. (M. cerifera Man. ed. 6, in great part.) Sandy or sterile soil, chiefly near the coast, P. E. I. and N. B. to Fla. and La. ; also on L. Erie. * * Frequently monoecious ; fertile catkins globular ; ovary surrounded by 8 long narrowly awl-shaped persistent scales ; nut ovoid-subcylindric ; leaves pin- natijid with many rounded lobes. 4. M. asplenifolia L. (SWEET FERN.) Shrub 3-6 dm. high, with sweet- scented fern-like linear-lanceolate leaves ; stipules half heart-shaped ; scales of the sterile catkins kidney-heart-shaped, pointed. (Comptonia Ait. ; C. pere- grina Coult.) Sterile soil, N. B. and N. S. to N. C., Ind., and the Saskatchewan. Apr., May. LEITNERlACEAE (CORK WOOD FAMILY) Dioecious shrubs or small trees, with each kind of flowers in catkins opening before the leaves; the sterile catkins many- the fertile few-flowered; calyx and corolla none; stamens 3-12, whorled, the filaments short, distinct, hypogynous; ovary \-celled with solitary ascending amphitropous ovule and thickish terminal style with lateral groove. Leaves simple, entire, alternate ; stipules obsolete or none. Flowers solitary in the axils of ovate pubescent scales, sessile. Fruit an obovoid somewhat compressed leathery drupe. 1. LEITNERIA Chapm. Characters of the family. (Named in memory of Dr. E. T. Leitner, a German naturalist who traveled and was killed in Florida.) 1. L. floridana Chapm. (CORK WOOD.) Stout arborescent shrub 1-7 m. high ; leaves oblong or obovate, somewhat canescent-tomentose on the lower surface; sterile catkins about 3 cm. long, the fertile half as long; drupe 1-2 cm. long. Swamps, s. Mo. and southwestw. ; also Fla. March. JUGLANDACEAE (WALNUT FAMILY) Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, and no stipules ; flowers monoecious, the sterile in catkins (aments) with an irregular calyx adnate to the bract; the fertile solitary or in a small cluster or spike, with a regular 3-5-lobed calyx adherent to the incompletely 2-4-celled but only \-ovuled ovary. Fruit a khni <>f />t'r shr/tlix, n-ifft t]>t< N//V /;////- leaves and deciduous stipules; the sterile flowers in catkins, On- f<-riih' BETULACEAE (BIRCH FAMILY) 333 clustered, spiked, or in scaly catkins; the l-celled and l-seeded nut with or without a foliaceous involucre. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell ; fruit seemingly l-celled and 1-ovuled ; styles 2. Seed with no albumen, filled with the embryo, and with 1 integument. Tribe I. CORYLEAE. Sterile catkins pendulous, with no calyx ; stamens 3 or more to each bract and more or less adnate to it, the filaments often forked (anthers l-celled). Fertile flowers in a short ament or head, 2 to each bract, and each with one or more bractlets which form a folia- aceous involucre to the nut. * Bract of staminate flower furnished with a pair of bractlets inside ; fertile flowers few. 1. Corylus. Involucre leafy-coriaceous, inclosing the large acorn-like nut. * * Bract of staminate flower simple ; fertile flowers in short catkins; nut small, achene-like. 2. Ostrya. Each ovary and nut included in a bladdery and closed bag. 3. Carpinus. Each nut subtended by an enlarged spreading leafy bractlet. Tribe II. BETULEAE. Flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 to each bract. Sterile catkins pendulous. Stamens 2-4, and calyx usually 2^-parted. Fertile flowers with no calyx, and no involucre to the small compressed and often winged nut. 4. Betula. Stamens 2, bifid. Fertile scales thin, 3-lobed, deciduous with or soon after the nuts. 5. Alnus. Stamens 4. Fertile scales thick, becoming woody, long-persistent. 1. C6RYLUS [Tourn.] L. HAZELNUT. FILBERT Sterile flowers consisting of 8 (half-) stamens with l-celled anthers, their short filaments and pair of scaly bractlets cohering more or less with the inner face of the scale of the catkin. Fertile flowers several from a scaly bud ; ovary tipped with the short limb of the adherent calyx, one of the ovules sterile ; style short ; stigmas 2, red, elongated and slender. Nut ovoid or subglobose, inclosed in a leafy or partly coriaceous cup or involucre consisting of the two bractlets enlarged and often grown together and lacerated at the border. Cotyledons very thick (raised to the surface in germination), sweet and edible ; the short radicle included. Shrubs or small trees, with thinnish doubly-toothed leaves (folded lengthwise in the bud), flowering in early spring ; sterile catkins single or fas- cicled from scaly buds of the axils of the preceding year, the fertile terminating early leafy shoots. (The classical name, probably from icbpvs, a helmet, from the involucre.) 1. C. americana Walt. (HAZELNUT.) Twigs and petioles often glandular- bristly ; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, pointed; involucre open above down to the globose nut, of 2 broad foliaceous cut-toothed almost ^distinct bracts, their bases coriaceous and downy or with glandular bristles intermixed ; pericarp bony. Thickets, N. E. to Sask., and southw. 2. C. rostrata Ait. (BEAKED H.) Twigs and petioles not glandular-bristly ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-shaped, pointed ; involucre of united bracts, much prolonged above the ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly ; pericarp thinnish and membranaceous. Que. to B. C., s. to Del., Mich., Mo., and westw.; also in the mts. to Ga. 2. 6STRYA [Mich.] Scop. HOP HORNBEAM. IRONWOOD. Sterile flowers consisting of several stamens in the axil of each bract ; fila- ments short, often forked, bearing l-celled (half-) anthers ; their tips hairy. Fertile flowers a pair to each deciduous bract, each of an incompletely 2-celled 2-ovuled ovary, crowned with the short bearded border of the adherent calyx, tipped with 2 long-linear stigmas, and inclosed in a tubular bractlet, which in fruit becomes a closed bladdery ellipsoid bag, very much larger than the small smooth nut ; these inflated involucres loosely imbricated to form a sort of stro- bile, in appearance like that of the Hop. Slender trees, with very hard wood, brownish furrowed bark, and foliage resembling that of Birch ; leaves open and concave in the bud, more or less plaited on the straight veins. Flowers appear- ing with the leaves ; the sterile catkins 1-3 together from- scaly buds at the tips 334 BETULACEAE (BIRCH FAMILY) of the branches of the preceding year ; the fertile single, terminating short leafy shoots of the season. (The classical name.) 1. 0. virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. (AMERICAN HOP H., LEVERWOOD.) Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply double-serrate, downy beneath, with 11-15 principal veins; buds acute; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the base. (O. virginica Willd.) Rich woods, N. S. to Man., Minn., Neb., and south w. 3. CARPINUS [Tourn.] L. HORNBEAM. IRONWOOD Sterile flowers similar to those of Ostrya. Fertile flowers several, spiked in a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts, each subtending a pair of flowers ; the single involucre-like bract open, enlarged in fruit and foli- aceous, merely subtending the small ovate several-nerved nut. Trees or tall shrubs, with close gray bark, in this and in the slender buds and straight-veined leaves resembling the Beech ; leaf-buds and inflorescence as in Ostrya. (The early Latin name.) 1. C. caroliniana Walt. (AMERICAN H. ; BLUE or WATER BEECH.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply double-serrate, soon nearly smooth ; bractlets 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side, acute. Along streams, N. S. to w. Ont., and south w. 4. BETULA [Tourn.] L. BIRCH Sterile flowers 3 (the bractlets 2) to each shield-shaped scale or bract of the cat- kins, consisting each of a calyx of one scale bearing 4 short filaments with 1 -celled anthers (or strictly of two 2-parted filaments, each division bearing an anther- cell). Fertile flowers 2 or 3 to each 3-lobed bract, without bractlets or calyx, each a naked ovary, becoming a winged and scale-like nutlet (or small samara) crowned with the two spreading stigmas. Outer bark often separable in sheets, that of the branchlets dotted. Buds sessile, scaly. Sterile catkins terminal and lateral, sessile, formed in summer, remaining naked through winter, and expand- ing in early spring, with or preceding the leaves ; fertile catkins ovoid to cylin- drical, usually terminating very short 2-leaved early lateral branches of the season. (The ancient Latin name. ) * Trees or shrubs; the leaves with the 8 or more pairs of nerves impressed above; fruiting catkins thick (1 cm. or more}, short-cylindric to ovoid, their scales rather persistent ; wing of fruit not broader than the seed-bearing body. t- Bark and twigs sweet-aromatic; leaves membranaceous, ovate to oblong-ovate, with rounded or cordate bases, regularly serrate, green both sides ; fertile catkins se'ssile, erect. 1. B. lenta L. (CHERRY, SWEET, or BLACK B.) Bark of tnmk dark brown, close, in age becoming ashy-brown and furrowed, very sweet-aromatic ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong from a more or less heart-shaped base, acuminate, sharply and finely double-serrate, when mature bright green above and glabrous except on the veins beneath ; fruiting catkins short-cylindric (1.5-2.5 cm. long) ; the scales firm and smooth, with short and divergent lobes. Rich woods, Nfd. to Ont., s. to Del., Ind. and centr. la. ; also along the mts. to Fla. and Tenn. 2. B. lutea Michx. f. (YELLOW or GRAY B.) Bark of trunk yellowish- or silver >j-)tf. is I > ri t ton . 1- Bark not aromatic; leaves firm, rhombic-ovate, riunt/tc t , whitish bfnt-atlt ; fertile ad/cins ]>< /nf/ branflifs ami /tcil/nn-lcs permanently soft /// *-. tit; leaves pemiatientlij mr, r> soft Imirx, in maturity l.-~> 1 1 rut. hit/ ; mature fertile catkins 1.2-2 cm. long. (.1. riridis Man. ed. 0, in part, not DC.: .1. M in.lt nla Am. aiith., in part, not K. Koch.) Damp thickets and exposed rocky banks, s. Nt'd. to L. Winnipeg, s. to s. Me. and N. II., w. Mass., N. Y., and L. Superior. Ordinarily distinct, but possibly an extreme variation of A. crix/m. * * Flnirt'i-s iltTt'lii/nil in i-iirlit'xt ftfiri/iii fn-fnre the learcs : the cutkitis all fmm naked bnr<*elinayeii>, to eat, in allusion to the esculent nuts.) GRAY'S MANUAL 22 338 FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY) 1. F. grandif61ia Khrh. Large tree ; leaves oblong-ovate, mostly cuneate at base, taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed, light green ; petioles and midrib soon nearly naked ; prickles of the grayish or yellowish fruit subu- late-filiform, elongated, recurved or spreading. (F. ferruginea Ait. ; F. ameri- cana Sweet.) Rich uplands, N. B. to w. Ont., s. to Va., Mich, and Minn. Var. caroliniana (Loud.) Fernald & Rehder. Leaves ovate to short-obo- vate, darker green, mostly rounded or subcordate at base and often less coarsely toothed ; prickles of the rufescent fruit short, subulate. Coastal plain, N. J. to Fla. and Miss. ; also from O. to Mo. and Tex. * 2. CASTANEA [Tourn.] Hill. CHESTNUT Sterile flowers interruptedly clustered in long and naked cylindrical catkins ; calyx mostly 6-parted ; stamens 8-20 ; filaments slender ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers usually 3 together in an ovoid scaly prickly involucre ; calyx with a 6-lobed border crowning the 3-7-celled &-14-ovuled ovary ; abortive sta- mens 5-12 ; styles linear, exserted, as many as the cells of the ovary ; stigmas small. Nuts coriaceous, inclosed usually 2-3 together or solitary in the involucre. Cotyledons very thick, somewhat plaited, cohering, remaining underground in germination. Leaves strongly straight-veined, undivided. Flowers later than the leaves, cream-color ; the catkins axillary near the ends of the branches, wholly sterile or the upper androgynous with the fertile flowers at the base. (The classical name, from that of a town in Thessaly.) 1. C. dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. (CHESTNUT.) A large tree ; leaves oUt -hell of nut glabrous; fruit maturing the first year; kernel commonly sweeti>h. I.K.iMDOBi.i.ANUs Endl. a. a. Leaves deciduous, sinuate-toothed or lobed b. b. Leaves lyrate or sinuate-piruiatifid c. c. Mature leaves glabrous beneath 1. Q. uttxi. c. Mature leaves linely pubescent beneath d. d. Scales of the rap naked, not uwned. Fruit nearly sessile ; the fine-scaled saucer-shaped cup one third to half as high as the ovoid acorn .... 2. Q. stelUtta. Fruit ped u noled ; the coarse-scaled cup nearly eoverini: the depressed-globose acorn '*. Q. lyrattt. d. Upper scales of th<- eup Ionian nrd 4. Q. inacrocarpa. b. Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, but not Inbed (exeept slightly in no. To. CIIKSIM-T OAKS e. t. Fruiting peduncle 2.5-6 cm. long, much exceeding the petioles . :>. (J. bicolor. FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY) 339 6. Q. Michauxii. Muhlenbergii. prinoides. Prinus. virginiana. )ristle-pointed (at 11. Q.rubra. 12. Q.palustris, 13. Q. coccinea. ). texana. ). ellipsoidalis. ~>. velutina. ~>.falcata. I ilici/olia. e. Fruit sessile or on very short peduncles. Cup 2.5-3 GUI. broad ; scales free to the base .... Cup at most 2.5 cm. broad, only the small tips of the scales distinct. Leaves with acute or pointed teeth. Leaves with 8-13 teeth on each margin .... 7. Leaves with 3-7 teeth on each margin .... 8. Leaves with somewhat rounded teeth ..... 9. a. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire or rarely spiny-toothed . . 10. 2. Bark dark, furrowed; leaves deciduous, their lobes and teeth acute and least in youth) ; stamens mostly 4-6 ; cup-scales membranaceous ; styles long a'nd spread- ing ; abortive ovules near the top of the perfect seed ; inner surface of shell tomentose ; fruit maturing the second year. ERYTHROBALANUS Spach. (RED or BLACK OAKS.) f. f. Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, slender-petioled, not coriaceous, the lobes or teeth conspicuously bristle-pointed g. g. Mature leaves green on both sides; species closely related and freely hybridizing h. h. Longest lobes of the leaf about equaling (never twice as long as) the breadth of the broadish middle portion of the leaf . h. Longest lobes of the leaf 2-6 times as long as the breadth of the narrow middle portion of the leaf *. i. Scales of the cup closely appressed j. j. Expanded saucer-shaped portion of the cup 3-5 mm. high, 1-1.5 cm. broad ......... j. Cups larger. Cups brown or castaneous, the scales finally glabrate and lustrous ......... Cups ashy with persistent dull pubescence. Cup 2-2.6 cm. broad ; acorn 1.8-2.3 cm. thick . Cup 1.2-1.8 cm. broad ; acorn 0.8-1.7 cm. thick *. Upper scales of the cup loosely imbricated .... g. Mature leaves whitish or grayish beneath with close down. Lobes elongate, at least the terminal falcate ..... 17. Lobes broadly triangular ......... 18. /. Loaves entire or with few teeth (or somewhat 3-5-lobed at summit), commonly bristle-pointed ; acorns globular, small (rarely over 13 mm. long) k. k. Leaves widening or often much dilated upward and more or less sinuate or 3-5-lobed. Leaves glabrous ; cup saucer-shaped or hemispherical . . . IsJ. Q. nigra. Leaves rusty-pubescent beneath ; cup turbinate . . . . 20. Q. marilandica. k. Leaves not dilated upward, generally entire. Leaves permanently stellate-pubescent beneath . . . . 21. Q. imbricaria. Leaves glabrous or 'glabrate beneath ...... 22. Q.pheUos. 1. Q. alba L. (WHITE O.) Leaves when young white-lanate beneath, when mature pale or glaucous beneath, bright green above, obovate-oblong, obliquely cut into 5-9 oblong or linear and obtuse mostly entire lobes; cup hemispherical-saucer-shaped, rough ortuber- cled at maturity, puberulent, much shorter than the ovoid or ellipsoid (2-3 cm. long) acorn. Dryish or upland woods, s. Me. to Ont., Minn., and southw. FIG. 670. 2. Q. stellata Wang. (Posx O., IRON 0.) Leaves grayish- or brownish-downy under- neath, dark green and rough above, thickish, sinuately cut into 5-7 rounded divergent 670. Q. alba. lobes, the upper ones much larger and often 1-3-notched ; acorn 1-2 cm. long. (Q. minor Sarg.) Sandy or sterile soil, Mass, to la., Neb., and southw. FIG. 671. Q. MARGARETTA Ashe, with narrower small leaves glabrate and with lobes merely rounded at tip, is pos- sibly a hybrid of Q. stellata and Q. alba. 3. Q. lyrata Walt. (OVER-CUP O., SWAMP POST 0.) Leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate- oblong, acute at base, more or less deeply 7-9-lobed, 071. c^. stellata. 340 FAGACEAE (I'.KKCII FAMILY) whitc-tomentose beneath or at length smooth >*h , the lobes triangular to oblong, acute or obtuse, entire or sparingly toothed ; cup round-ovoid, thin, with rugged pointed scales ; acorn about 2 cm. long. River swamps, N. J. to Ind., Mo., and southw. FIG. 672. 4. Q. macrocarpa Michx. (Bun O., OVKK- CCP or MossY-crr ( ). ) Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrately pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-lobed, or nearly parted, sometimes nearly entire, irregular, downy or pale beneath; the lobes sparingly and obtusely toothed, or the smaller ones entire ; cup deep, thick and woody (2-5 cm. across), icith hard and thick pointed conspicu- ously imbricated scales, the upper 672. Q.lyrata. QM8 '^^ . ally making a mossy-fringed border ; acorn broadly ovoid, half immersed in or entirely inclosed by the cup. Rich soil, N. S. to Man., s. to w. Mass., Ky., and Tex. A large and valuable tree ; ex- tremely variable in the size and fringe of the cups. FIG. 673. Var. OLIVAEFORMIS (Michx. f.) Gray is a narrower-leaved form with small sub- cylindric acorns. 5. Q. bicolor Willd. (SWAMP WHITE O.) Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, wedge-shaped at base, coarsely sinuate-crenate and often rather pinnati- fid than toothed, usually soft-downy and white-hoary beneath, the primary veins lax and little prominent ; cup -\ as long as the acorn, woody, the upper scales awn-pointed, sometimes forming a mossy-fringed margin ; acorn 2-3 cm. long. (Q. platanoides Sud- worth. ) Borders of streams and swamps, s. Me. to Ont., Minn., and southw. A large tree, with flaky bark. FIG. (171. 0. Q. Michauxii Nutt. (BASKKTO., Cow O.) Leaves oval or obovate, acute, obtuse, or even cordate at base, regularly dentate (seldom deeply), rather rigid, commonly tomentose beneath; stamens usually K>; fruit short-ped uncled ; cup shallow, tuberculate with hard and stout acute scales, tips of the inner- most often forming a stiff fringe ; acorn ovoid- subcylindric, twice as high as the cup, about 675. Q. Michauxii. 678 macrocarpa . 674. (I bicolor. FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY) 341 67C. Q. Muhlenbergii. Q. prinoides. 3 cm. long. Borders of streams and swamps, Del. to Mo., and southvv. FIG. 675. 7. Q. Muhlenbergii Engelm. (YELLOW O., CHEST- NUT 0.) Leaves (1-2 dm. long) slender-petioled, often oblong or even lanceolate, usually acute or pointed, mostly obtuse or rounded at base, almost equally and rather sharply toothed,' cup subsessile, shallow, thin, of small appressed scales ; acorn glo- bose or obovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long. (Q. acuminata Houba.) Dry limestone hillsides and rich bottoms, Vt. to Del., along the mts. to n. Ala., w. to Minn., e. Neb., and Tex. A tall tree, with thin eventually . flaky bark. FIG. 670. ^W "vNk^ 8> Q- Prinoides Willd. Like the fr ^^f^ last ' but f low stature (usually /I \ /; |^ 1-3 in. high), with smaller more undulate leaves on shorter petioles (rarely 1 cm. long), and deeper cups with more tumid scales. Dry soil, N. H. to Minn., and southw. Branchlets glabrous ; leaves cov- ered beneath with a close white tomentum. FIG. 677. Var. RUFESCENS Rehder differs in having the young branchlets pubescent and some tawny wool mixed with the white to- mentum on the under surface of the leaves. Damp woods and pine-barrens, e. Mass, to N. C. 9. Q. Prinus L. (CHESTNUT 0.) Leaves thick, obovate or oblong to lanceo- late, sometimes acuminate, with an obtuse or acute base, undulately crenate- toothed, pale and minutely downy beneath, the primary ribs 10-16 pairs, straight, prominent beneath ; fruiting peduncles shorter than the petioles, often very short ; cup thick, mostly tu- berculate with hard and stout scales. Rocky banks arid hillsides, s. Me. to Ont., and southw. A large tree, with thick and deeply furrowed bark. FIG. 678. 10. Q. virginiana Mill. (LIVE O.) Leaves small, oblong or elliptical, hoary beneath (as well as on the branchlets) ; peduncle usually conspicuous, 1-3-fruited ; cup top-shaped ; acorn subcylin- dric ; cotyledons completely united into one mass. (Q. virens Ait.) Along the coast from Va. to Fla. and Tex. Becoming a large tree, or in sterile soil dwarf. FIG. 679. 11. Q. rubra L. (REDO.) Cup saucer-shaped or flatfish, with a narrow raised border, 1.8-2.5 cm. broad, of rather fine closely ap- pressed scales, sessile or on a very abrupt narrow stalk or neck, very much shorter than the narrow-ovoid or ellipsoid acorn, which is 2-3 cm. long; leaves rather thin, turning dark red after frost, moderately (rarely very deeply) piunatifid, the lobes acuminate from a broad base, with a few coarse teeth ; bark of trunk dark gray, smoothish. Common both in rich and poor soil. Timber coarse and poor. FIG. 680. Along our northern borders passing to Var. AMBfcuA (Michx. f.) Fernald. (GRAY O.) Cups 679. Q. virginiana. 678. Q. Prinus. 342 FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY) \ 681. Q. palustris. OSO. Q. rubra. tending to be deeper and somewhat turbinate. (Q. ambigua and borealis Michx. f. ; Q. coccinea, var. ambigua Gray.) 12. Q. palustris Muench. (SWAMP SPANISH or PIN O.) Cup flat-saucer-shaped, sometimes contracted into a short scaly base or stalk, fine-scaled, very much shorter than the usually glo- bose or depressed acorn, which is 1-1.5 cm. long ; leaves deeply pinnatifid with diver- gent lobes and broad rounded sinuses. Low grounds, chiefly on the coastal plain and in the Miss, basin ; Mass, to Va., w. to Kan. and Ark. FIG. 681. 13. Q. coccinea Muench. (SCARLET O.) Cup top- shaped, or hemispherical with a conical base (1.5-2.2 cm. broad), coarsely scaly, covering half or more of the subglobose or short ovoid acorn (1.3-2 cm. long), the scales brown, appressed and glabrate ; leaves, at least on full-grown trees, bright green, shining above, glabrous beneath, turning red in autumn, deeply pinnatifid, the slender lobes divergent and sparingly cut-toothed ; buds small; bark of the trunk gray, the interior reddish. Dry light soil, s. Me. to Ont., Minn., arid Neb., s. to N. C. and 111., chiefly eastw. FIG. 682. 14. Q. texana Buckley. (RED O.) Cup deeply saucer-shaped or somewhat turbinate, 2-2.6 cm. broad, the light brown or ashy scales per- manently tomentulose, except on the margin, covering one third to one half of the ovoid large (1.5-4 cm. long} acorn ; leaves in maturity bright green and glabrous above, paler and with axillary tufts of hairs beneath, turning dark red or brown in autumn, the 5-9 oblong lobes 682. Q. coccinea. slightly broadened upward and toothed at summit; bark gray, becoming in old trees reddish-brown and broken into plates. Bottom-lands and limestone hills, Ind. to la., s. to* N. C., Fla., and Tex. A large tree with conspicuously buttressed base. 16. Q. ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill. (YEL- LOW or BLACK O.) Cup turbinate or deeply saucer-shaped, 1.2-1.8 cm. broad^ the pale brown or ashy scales puberulent, covering from one third to more than one 683. Q. ellipsoidalis. FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY) 343 . half of the dark-brown puberulent often lyfl i striped ellipsoid to subglobose small (1.2-2 l\ l/f cm ' ^ on y) (tcorn ; leaves smooth and lus- 11 / \L/ / trous in age, with axillary tnfls beneath, ) Y\ I If becoming yellow or pale brown in autumn, tj \\J / the 5-7 oblong lobes coarsely toothed at suin- \T \ / ., mit ; bark gray, close and smooth, or in age \ \ / ^ ""^y shallowly fissured. light tjello w within. Clay \ \ >/ / or gravel, s. Mich, to Man. and la. A me- \ \ / V^ dium-sized tree, in habit said to resemble the \ \l y^ eastern Q. pal tint r is. FIG. 683. +J xx^ ] '(s y /^ 16. Q. velutina Lam. (QUERCITRON, YEL- \ \^~ /Jfe! LOW-KARKEP or BLACK O.) Cup turbtnate, \ \ I ^ T$t$'fc<~, ' or ln' mi ' it ph fi 'i ct rt w'th a conical l>anc. 1.8- \ \ | ^^^^^^^- 2.8 cm. broad, its upper pubescent thin light- \ \| ^^C^5^^^ ohostnut scales loosely imbricated or squar- \ YT rose when dry ; acorns ovoid to hemispherical, ^^l^^^y 1.2-2 cm. long, light-brown, often pubescent; y[ / 4' leaves variously divided, ordinarily with hairy 11^^ tufts in the axils beneath, turning brownish, e^ orange, or dull red in autumn ; bark dark- 'M. i>. volutina. brown and rough, internally oranc/e. (Q. tinctoria Bartr. ; Q. coccinea, var. tinctoria A. DC.) Dry or gravelly uplands, s. Me. to w. Ont., and south w. The bark is largely used in tanning. FIG. 684. Var. MISSOURIENSIS Sarg. Leaves with permanent rusty pubescence beneath, and cup-scales tomentose. Mo. and Ark. 17. Q. falcata Michx. (SPANISH O.) Leaves gray- ixh-doirny or fitlcons underneath, 3-5-lobed above (sometimes entire); the lobes prolonged, mostly nar- row and more or less scythe-shaped, especially the terminal one, entire or sparingly cut-toothed ; acorn globose, 8-10 mm. long; cup saucer-shaped with a somewhat top-shaped base and about half the length of the acorn. (Q. digitata Sudworth ; Q. pagodae- folia Ashe.) Dry or sandy soil, N. J. to Fla.; and "from s. Ind. to Mo. and Tex. A large or small tree, extremely variable in foliage; bark excellent for tan- ning. Fu;. (>S">. 18. Q. ilicifblia Wang. (BEAR or BLACK SCKIH O.) Dwarf (1-8, rarely 6. in. high), straggling; leaves (5-10 cm. long) thickish, oborate, wedge- shaped at base, angularly about 5(8-7WoftZ, white-downy beneath; lobes short and triangular, spreading ; acorn 10-12 mm. long. ( Q. nana Sarg. ) Sandy barrens and rocky hills, N. E. to O. and Ky. 186. Q. falcata. FIG. 19. Q. nigra L. (WATER O.) Leaves glabrous and shining. o&ovafcMJpofltiato or narrowly wcdgc-fornt, trith a long tapering base and an often obscurely 8-lobed summit, varying to oblanceolate. ( Q. aq u a t ic < i W aft A Wet ground , around ponds, etc., Del. to the Gulf; and from Ky. and Mo. to Tex. Tree 8-12 m. high ; running into many vari- eties, especially southw. ; the leaves on seedlings and strong shoots often in- 0>7. Q.nlgnu 844 UKTICACKAE (NETTLE FAMILY) 6SS. Q. mnrilandica. cised or sinuate-pi nnati fid (then mostly bristle-pointed). FIG. 687. 20. Q. marilandica Muench. (BLACK JACK or BARREN O.) Leaves broadly wedge- shaped, but sometimes rounded or obscurely cordate at the base, widely dilated and somewhat 3 (rarely 5)-lobed at the summit, occasionally with one or two lateral conspicuously bristle-tipped lobes or teeth, rusty-pubes- cent beneath, shin- ing above, large, 1-2.5 dm. long. (Q. nigra Man. ed. 6, not L.) Dry sandy barrens, or heavy clay soil, L. I. to s. Minn., e. Neb., and southw. A small tree of little value. FIG. 688. 21. Q. imbricaria Michx. (LAUREL or SHINGLE ().) Leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, thickish, smooth and shining above, downy beneath, the down usually persistent; cup between saucer- shaped and top-shaped. Rich wood- lands, Pa. to Ga., w. to s. Wise., e. Neb., and Ark. ; locally, e. Mass. (Kennedy). Tree 8-27 m. high. FIG. 689. 22. Q. phSllos L. ( WILLOW O.) Leaves linear-lanceo- late, narrowed to both ends, soon glabrous, light green (about 1 dm. long) ; cup saucer-shaped. Bottom-lands or rich sandy uplands, Staten I., N. Y. to Fla., w. to Ky., Mo., and Tex. FIG. 690. Var. LAURIFOLIA (Michx.) Q. imbricaria. Chapm. (LAUREL O.) Leaves oblong, usually larger. (Q. laurifolia Michx.) N. J. to Fla. and La. Mo. q. phcllos. URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY) Plants with stipules, and monoecious or dioecious or rarely (in the Elm Tribe) perfect flowers, furnished with a regular calyx free from the I (rarely ty-wllcd ovary ichich forms a l-seeded fruit; the embryo in the albumen when thrrc is any, its radicle pointing upward; stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer. Cotyledons usually broad. Stipules often de- ciduous. A large family (far the greater part tropical). Tribe I. tJLMEAE. Flowers mostly polygamous, upon the last year's brandies. Anthers erect in the bud. extrorse. Styles or stigmas 2. Seed suspended. Embryo Straight. - Trees, with alternate serrate [(innately veined leaves and fuiraeioiis stipules. 1. Ulmus. Ovary l-'J-ovuled. Fruit winded all around. '.'. Planera Flowers appearing with the leaves. Ovule one. Fruit wingless, nut-like. Tribe II. CELTfDEAE. As in Tribe I., but the monoecious-polygamous (lowers upon branches of the same year. A nthers introrse. Fruit a drupe. F.mhryo curved. .".. CeltiS. <>\ar\ 1 ovuled. Flowers appearing with the h-av e-. Leaves 8-nerf0dT at 1 Tribe III. CANNABfNEAE. Flowers dioecious ; the sterile racemod or panicled ; the fertile in clusters or catkins, the calyx of one s,-pal embracing the ovary. Filaments short, erect in the bud. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary 1-oelled, with a pendulous ovule, forming a small glandular URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY) 34-5 achene in fruit. Embryo curved or coiled. Herbs with watery juice, mostly opposite lobed or divided leaves and persistent stipules. 4. Cannabis. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered. Leaves 5-7-divided. Erect. 5. Humulus. Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a membranaceous catkin in fruit. Leaves 3-5-lobed. Climbing. Tribe IV. M6REAE. Flowers unisexual ; calyx becoming fleshy or juicy in fruit. Anthers in- flexed in the bud. Ovule pendulous. Fruit an achene. Embryo curved. Trees or shrubs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and fugacious stipules. 6. Maclura. Sterile flowers in loose racemes ; fertile in globose heads. Leaves entire. 7. Broussonetia. Sterile flowers in dense catkins ; the fertile in globose heads. Leaves serrate, often lobed. 8. Morus. Fertile and sterile flowers in separate spikes. Leaves dentate, 3-nerved. Tribe V. URTfCEAE. Flowers unisexual. Filaments inflexed in the bud. Style or stigma simple. Ovary 1 -celled, with an erect ovule, forming an achene in fruit. Embryo straight. Herbs with watery juice. * Calyx in the fertile flowers of 2-5 separate or nearly separate sepals, -i- Plant beset with stinging bristles. 9. Urtica. Sepals 4 in both fertile and sterile flowers. Achene straight and erect, inclosed by the 2 inner and larger sepals. Stigma capitate-tufted. Leaves opposite. 10. Laportea. Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2. Stigma long- subulate. Achene very oblique, deflexed, nearly naked. Leaves alternate. -H -*- Plant wholly destitute of stinging bristles ; leaves opposite. 11. Pilea. Sepals 3 or 4, those of the fertile flowers unequal, all or all but one small. Achene partly naked, straight and erect. Stigma pencil-tufted. Smooth and shining. * * Fertile calyx tubular or cup shaped, inclosing the achene ; unarmed. 12. Boehmeria. Flower-clusters spiked, not involucrate. Style long and thread-shaped, stig- matic down one side. Leaves opposite, serrate. 13. Parietaria. Flowers in involucrate-bracted clusters. Stigina tufted. Leaves alternate, entire. 1. ULMUS [Tourn.] L. ELM Calyx bell-shaped, 4-9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, with long and slender filaments. Ovary 1-2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the summit of each cell; styles 2, short, diverging, stigmatic along the inner edge. Fruit a 1 -celled and 1 -seeded membranaceous samara. Albumen none ; cotyledons large. Flowers purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters. Leaves strongly straight- veined, short-petioled, and oblique or unequally somewhat heart-shaped at base. Stipules small, caducous. (The classical Latin name.) * Flowers nearly sessile ; fruit orbicular, not ciliate ; leaves very rough above. 1. U. fulva Michx. (SLIPPERY or RED E.) Buds before expansion soft- downy with rusty hairs ; leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly serrate, 1-2 dm. long, sweet-scented in drying, soft-downy beneath or slightly rough down- ward ; branchlets and pedicels downy ; calyx-lobes and stamens 5-9; fruit (1.6- 1.8 cm. wide) with the cell pubescent. Rich soil, w. Que. and N. E. to*L. Huron, the Dakotas, and southw. Mar., Apr. A small or middle-sized tree (15-20 m. high), with tough reddish wood, and a very mucilaginous inner bark. 2. U. CAMPESTRIS L. (ENGLISH E.) A large irregularly branched tree with glabrous pedicels and large suborbicular glabrous fruit. Commonly planted for shade, and tending to escape. Variable; some forms with corky-winged branchlets. (Introd. from Eu.) * * Flowers on slender drooping pedicels, wldch are jointed above the middle ; fruit ovate or oval, fringed-ciliate ; leaves smooth above or nearly so. H- Flowers vernal, appearing before the leaves. 3. U. americana L. (AMERICAN or WHITE E.) Buds glabrous; branches not corky ; leaves obovate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed,' sharply and often 346 URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY) doubly serrate (6-10 cm. long), soft-pubescent beneath or soon glabrate ; flowers in close fascicles ; calyx with 7-9 roundish lobes; fruit glabrous except the margins (1.2 cm. long), its sharp points incurved and closing the notch. Moist woods, especially along rivers, in rich soil. Apr. A large and well-known ornamental tree, variable in habit, usually with spreading branches and droop- ing branchlets. 4. U. racem&sa Thomas. (CORK or ROCK E.) Bud-scales downy-ciliate and somewhat pubescent, as are the young branchlets ; branches often with corky ridges leaves nearly as in the last, but with veins more simple and straight ; flowers racemed ; fruit much as in the last, but rather larger. (U. Thomasi Sarg.) River-banks and calcareous ridges, w. Que. and w. Vt. to Ont. and Minn., s. to Mo. and Ky. A large and very valuable tree. 5. U. alta Michx. (WAHOO or WINGED E.) Bud-scales and branchlets nearly glabrous ; branches, at least some of them, corky-winged; leaves downy beneath, ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, small (3-6 cm. long); calyx-lobes obovate ; fruit downy on the face when young. Va. to s. Ind., s. Mo., and southw. Mar. A small tree. -- H- Flowers autumnal, appearing long after the leaves. 6. U. ser6tina Sarg. Tree of moderate size ; leaves narrowly obovate, acumi- nate, doubly serrate, paler and soft-pubescent beneath ; flowers racemose ; calyx cleft nearly to the base, its divisions very narrow ; fruit rhombic-ovate, 2-horned, 6 mm. broad. Limestone hills and bottoms, s. Ky. to n. Ala. and Ga. 2. PLANERA J. F. Gmel. PLANER TREE Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Stamens 4-5. Ovary ovoid, 1 -celled, 1-ovuled, with 2 spreading styles which are stigmatose down the inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous. Trees with small leaves, like those of Elms, the flowers appearing with them in small axillary clusters. (Named for J. J. Planer, 1743-1789, a German botanist and professor at Erfurt.) 1. P. aquatica (Walt.) J. F. Gmel. (WATER ELM.) Nearly glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, small ; fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough projections. Coastal swamps, N. C. to Fla. and Tex. ; inland in the Miss, basin to Mo., s. III. and Ky. Apr. A rather small tree. 3. CELTIS [Tourn.] L. NETTLE-TREE. HACKBERRY Calyx 5-0-parted, persistent. Stamens 5-6. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule ; stigmas 2, long and pointed, recurved. Cotyledons folded and crumpled. Flowers greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary or in pairs. peduncled, appearing with the leaves, the lower usually staminate only, fascicled or racemose along the base of the branches of the season. (A name of Pliny's for an African species of Lotus, transferred to this genus perhaps on account of the sweet berries). 1. C. occidentals L. (SUGARBERRY.) Leaves reticulated, ovate, cordate- ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, usually conspicuously and sharply so, more or less oblique at base, sharply serrate, sometimes sparingly so or only toward the apex, scabrous but mostly glabrous above, usually soft-pubescent beneath, at least when young ; fruit reddish or yellowish, taming dark purple at maturity, its peduncle once or twice the length of the petiole. (C. canina Raf.) Woods and river-banks, w. Que. and N. E. to Man., and southw. Apr., May. A small or sometimes large tree, with the aspect of an Elm, bearing sweet and edible fruits as large as bird-cherries, at first obovoid, ripe in autumn ; the flesh thin. Variation as to stature, foliage, form and color of fruit, etc., great in extent but without clear correlation. Var. P^IMILA Muhl. is a dwarf form, being merely a low strati ing shrub. Var. OH \ssii YU.IA (Lam.) Gray is a tree and may often be distinguished by its pubescent branchlets and large (9-13 cm. long) commonly cordate leaves scabrous on the upper surface. 2. C. mississippiSnsis Bosc. Leaves entire (rarely few-toothed), very long- URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY) 347 taper-pointed, rounded at base, mostly oblique, thin, and smooth ; fruit small. Chiefly in rich bottom-lands, s. Ind. to Mo. (Bush}, and s. to Fla. and Tex. A small tree with warty bark. (Mex., Bermuda.) 4. CANNABIS [Tourn.] L. HEMP Flowers green ; the sterile in axillary compound racemes or panicles, with 5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens. Achene crustaceous. Embryo simply curved. A tall roughish annual, with digitate leaves of 5-7 linear-lanceolate coarsely toothed leaflets, the upper alternate ; the inner bark of very tough fibers. (The ancient Greek name, of obscure etymology.) 1. C. SATIVA L. Waste and cultivated ground. (Adv. from Asia.) 5. HtTMULUS L. HOP Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in loose axillary panicles, with 5 sepals and 5 erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes or catkins ; bracts foliaceous, imbricated, each 2-flowered, in fruit forming a sort of mein- branaceous strobile. Achene invested with the enlarged scale-like calyx. Em- bryo coiled in a flat spiral. Twining rough perennials, with stems almost prickly downward, and mostly opposite heart-shaped and palmately 3-7-lobed leaves. (A late Latin name, of Teutonic origin.) 1. H. Lupulus L. (COMMON H.) Leaves mostly 3-5-lobed, commonly longer than the petioles ; bracts, etc., smoothish ; the fruiting calyx, achene, etc., sprinkled with yellow resinous grains, which give the bitterness and aroma to the hop. Alluvial banks, rubbish heaps, etc., common. July. (Eurasia.) 2. H. JAPONICUS Sieb. & Zucc., with smaller more deeply 5-lobed leaves and herbaceous bracts without glandular atoms, occasionally escapes from frequent cultivation. (Introd. from Japan.) 6. MACLtTRA Nutt. OSAGE ORANGE. Bois D'ARC Flowers dioecious ; the staminate in loose short racemes, with 4-parted calyx, and 4 stamens inflexed in the bud ; the pistillate in a dense globose head, with a 4-cleft calyx inclosing the ovary. Style filiform, long-exserted ; ovule pen- dulous. Fruit an achene, buried in the greatly enlarged fleshy calyx. Albu- men none. Embryo recurved. Trees with entire pinnately veined leaves, axillary peduncles, and stout axillary spines. (Named for the early American geologist, William Maclure.) 1. M. pomifera (Raf.) Schneider. A tree 10-15 m. high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded at base, green and shining ; syncarp globose, yellowish-green, 7-10 cm. in diameter. (loxylon Raf. ; Toxylon Sarg. ; M. aurantiaca Nutt.) Rich soil, s. Mo. to n. Tex. ; extensively used for hedges and sometimes spontaneous eastw. Wood bright orange. 7. BROUSSONETIA L'He>. Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in flexuous aments ; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4 ; filaments inflexed in bud ; fertile flowers in dense globular tomentose heads. Leaves alternate, ovate, often irregularly lobed, pubescent and more or less scabrous. (Named for Auguste Broussonet, of Montpellier, physician and naturalist.) 1. B. PAPYRfFERA (L.) Vent. (PAPER MULBERRY.) Often cultivated and said to escape in the Middle Atlantic States and south w. (Introd. from Asia.) 8. M6RUS [Tourn.] L. MULBERRY Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx 4-parted ; lobes ovate. Stamens 4 ; filaments elastically expanding. Ovary 2-celled, one of the cells smaller and disappearing ; styles 2, thread-form, stigmatic down the inside. Achene ovate, 348 URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY) compressed, covered by the succulent berry -like calyx, the whole spike thus becoming a thickened oblong and juicy (edible) aggregate fruit. (The classical Latin name.) 1. M. rubra L. (RED M.) Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough above, downy beneath, pointed (on young shoots often lobed) ; flowers frequently dioecious ; fruit dark purple, long. Rich woods, w. N. E. to s. Ont., the Dakotas, e. Kan., and southw. May. Large tree, ripening its blackberry-like fruit in July. 2. M. ALBA L. (WHITE M. ) Leaves obliquely heart-ovate, acute, serrate, sometimes lobed, smooth and shining; fruit whitish. Spontaneous near houses. (Introd. from Eu.) 9. URTICA [Tourn.] L. NETTLE Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, clustered, the clusters mostly in racemes, spikes, or loose heads. Ster. FL Sepals. 4. Stamens 4, inserted around the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil. Pert. FL Sepals 4, in pairs ; the 2 outer smaller and spreading ; the two inner flat or concave, in fruit inein- branaceous and inclosing achene. Stipules in our species distinct. Flowers greenish ; in summer. (The classical Latin name ; from urere, to burn.) * Perennials ; flower-clusters in branching panicled spikes, often dioecious. H- Petiole more than half as long as the leaf-breadth. 1. U. gracilis Ait. Slender (0.6-3 m. high), sparingly bristly and often with some short grayish pubescence ; leaves narrowly lance-oblong, 1-5 cm. broad, pointed, serrate, 3-5-nerved from the rounded or scarcely heart-shaped base, almost glabrous, with relatively small teeth (25-35 on each side the middle leaves) ; spikes slender and loosely panicled. Fence-rows and moist ground, common. 2. U. Lyallii Wats. Sparingly bristly and sometimes grayish pubescent ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly 3-7 cm. broad, usually cordate, with fewer and coarser teeth (15-23 on each side) ; otherwise much like the pre- ceding. Alluvial thickets and waste places, Nfd. to Ct. and w. N. Y. ; also Rocky Mts. and westw. *- >- Petioles less than half as long as the leaf-breadth. 3. U. DiofcA L. (STINGING N.) Very bristly and stinging, 6-9 dm. high ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, pointed, very deeply serrate, downy beneath as well as the upper part of the stem ; spikes much branched. Waste places and road- sides, rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Annuals; flower-clusters chiefly axillary and shorter than the petiole, androgynous. 4. U. tiRENS L. Leaves elliptical or ovate, very coarsely and deeply serrate with long spreading teeth, the terminal teeth not longer than the lateral ones ; flower-clusters 2 in each axil, small and loose. Waste grounds, near dwellings, eastw.; scarce. Plant 1-3 dm. high, with sparse stings. (Nat. from Eu.) 5. U. chamaedryoides Pursh. Leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped, the upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate- toothed ; flower-clusters globular, 1-2 in each axil, and spiked at the summit. Alluvial shaded soil, from Ky. to the Gulf States ; casual northw. Slender, 2-7 dm. high, sparsely beset with stings. 10. LAP6RTEA Gaud. WOOD NETTLE Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered, in loose cymes ; the upper widely spreading and chiefly or entirely fertile ; the lower mostly sterile. Ster. FL Sepals and stamens '5, with a rudiment of an ovary. Fert. FL Calyx <>t 1 sepals, the two outer or one of them usually minute, and the two inner much larger. Stigma hairy down one side, persistent. Achcnc ovate, flat, reflcxcd "ii the Winged or margined pedicel, nearly naked. Perennial herbs with lur-rc sen-ate leaves, and axillary stipules. (Named for Frtnirm'ti L. d<- Count of Castelnau, Entomologist of the 19th century.) I SANTALACEAE (SANDALWOOD FAMILY) 349 1. L. canadensis (L.) Gaud. Stem 6-9 dm. high; leaves ovate, pointed, strongly feather-veined (7-15 cm. long), long-petioled ; fertile cymes divergent ; stipule single, 2-cleft. ( Urticastrum divaricatum Ktze.) Rich woods, N. B. to Out., Minn., and south vv. July-Sept. 11. PILEA Lindl. RICHWEED. CLEARWEED Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Ster. JFl. Sepals and stamens 3-4. Pert. Fl. Sepals 3, more or less unequal, a rudiment of a stamen commonly before each in the form of a hooded scale. Stingless, mostly glabrous and low herbs, with united stipules ; the staminate flowers often mixed with the fertile. (Named from the shape of the larger sepal of the fertile flower in the original species, which partly covers the achene, like the pileus, or felt cap, of the Romans.) 1. P. pumila (L.) Gray. Low (1-5 dm. high); stems smooth and shining, pellucid ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed, 3-ribbed and veiny ; flower- clusters much shorter than the petioles ; sepals of the fertile flowers lanceolate, scarcely unequal. (Adicea Raf.) Cool and moist shaded places. July-Sept. 12. BOEHMERIA Jacq. FALSE NETTLE Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered ; the sterile much as in Urtica ; the fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2-4-toothed calyx inclosing the ovary. Style elongated-awl-shaped, stigmatic and papillose down one side. Achene elliptical, closely invested by the dry and persistent compressed calyx. No stings. (Named after G. R. Boehmer, professor at Wittenberg in the 18th century.) 1. B. cylindrica (L.) Sw. Perennial, smoothish or somewhat pubescent ; stem (3-9 dm. high) simple; leaves chiefly opposite (rarely all alternate), ovate to ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-nerved ; stipules distinct ; petioles mostly elongated; flowers dioecious, or the two kinds intermixed, the small clusters densely aggregated in simple and elongated axillary spikes, the sterile interrupted, the fertile often continuous, frequently leaf-bearing at the apex. Moist or shady ground, centr. Me. to Ont., and southw. Very variable. Var. scabra Porter. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, less sharply pointed, smaller, and scabrous-pubescent. N. J. and Pa. , and southw. and westw. 13. PARIETARIA [Tourn.] L. PELLITORY Flowers monoeciously polygamous ; the staminate, pistillate, and perfect intermixed in the same cymose axillary clusters ; the sterile much as in the last ; the fertile with a tubular or bell-shaped 4-lobed and nerved calyx inclosing the ovary and the ovoid achene. Homely diffuse or tufted herbs, not stinging, with alternate entire 3-ribbed leaves, and no stipules. (The ancient Latin name, because growing on old walls.) 1. P. pennsylvanica Muhl. Low, annual, simple or sparingly branched, minutely downy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, veiny, roughish, with opaque dots ; flowers shorter than the involucre ; stigma sessile. Shaded rocky banks, Little Cranberry I., Me. (Redfield} ; e. Mass, and Vt. to Ont., Minn., and . southw. June-Aug. 1*. DEBILIS Forst., with small ovate leaves (8-11 mm. long), few-flowered axillary clusters, and short involucres (about equaling the flowers'), has been found once on Pautuckaway Mt., s.e. N. H. (Eaton}, where probably of casual introduction. (Eurasia, Pacific N. Am., S. Am.) SANTALACEAE (SANDALWOOD FAMILY) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves the 4-5-cleft calyx valvate in the bud, its tube coherent with the l-celled ovary ; ovules 2-4, suspended from the 350 SANTALACEAE (SANDALWOOD FAMILY) apex of a stalk-like free central placenta which rises from the base of the cell, but the (indehiscent) fruit always l-seeded. Seed destitute of any proper seed-coat. Stamens equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them into the edge of a fleshy disk. Style 1. A small family, chiefly tropical. 1. Comandra. Flowers perfect, in umbel-like clusters. Low herbaceous perennials. 2. Pyrularia. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Shrub, with alternate leaves. 3. Nestronia. Flowers dioecious. Shrub, with opposite leaves. 1 . COMANDRA Nutt. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX Flowers perfect. Calyx bell- or urn-shaped, lined above the ovary with an adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Anthers connected by a tuft of thread-like hairs to the calyx-lobes. Fruit drupe-like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes. Smooth (sometimes parasitic) perennials, with herbaceous stems from a rather woody base, alternate and almost sessile leaves, and greenish-white flowers. (Name from /c6^, hair, and avyp, a man, in allu- sion to the hairs on the calyx-lobes which are attached to the anthers.) 1. C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. Rootstock underground ; flowering stems 1.5-4 dm. high, branched, very leafy ; leaves oblong, thin, pale beneath, 1-3.5 cm. long, the pale midrib prominent beneath ; inflorescence an ellipsoid panicle with many cymules of small flowers on divergent branches; calyx-tube conspicuously continued as a neck to the dry globular-urn-shaped fruit ; the lobes oblong ; style slender. Dry ground, centr. Me. to Wise, and Ga. May, June. Root forming parasitic attachments to the roots of trees and shrubs. 2. C. Richardsiana Fernald. Rootstock superficial, very elongate and freely branching ; flowering stems 0.5-2.5 dm. high, very leafy ; the strongly ascending green leaves lanceolate to ovate, firm, not paler beneath, obscurely veiny ; inflo- rescence corymbose, 1-3 cm. broad, of 1-6 few-flowered cymules on ascending branches. Dry sandy or gravelly soil, e. Que. to Assina., s. to the Great Lakes, Mo., and Kan. May- Aug. 3. C. pdllida A. DC. Leaves narrower, more glaucous and acute, linear to narrowly lanceolate (or those upon the main stem oblong), all acute or some- what cuspidate ; fruit ovoid, larger (6-10 mm. long), sessile or on short stout pedicels. Minn, to N. Mex. and westw. 4. C. livida Richards. Peduncles slender, axillary, 3-5-flowered, shorter than the oval leaves ; calyx-tube not continued beyond the ovary, the lobes ovate ; style short; fruit pulpy when ripe, red. Bogs, sterile soil, etc., Lab. to Mac- kenzie, s. to s. N. B., mts. of n. N. E., Mich., and B. C. June, July. 2. PYRULARIA Michx. OIL-NUT. BUFFALO-NUT Calyx 4-5-cleft, the lobes recurved, hairy-tufted at base in the male flowers. Stamens 4 or 5, on very short filaments, alternate with as many rounded glands. Fertile flowers with a pear-shaped ovary invested by the adherent tube of the calyx, naked at the flat summit ; style short and thick. Fruit fleshy, pear- shaped. Shrubs or trees, with alternate short-petioled deciduous leaves and small greenish flowers in short and simple spikes or racemes. (Name a diminu- tive of Pyrus, from the shape of the fruit. ) 1. P. pubera Michx. Shrubby, straggling (1-4 m. high), minutely downy when young ; leaves obovate-oblong, acute or pointed at both ends, soft, very veiny, minutely pellucid-punctate ; spike few-flowered, terminal ; calyx 5-cleft ; fruit 2.5 cm. long. Rich woods, mts. of Pa. to Ga. May. Whole plant, especially the fruit, imbued with an acrid oil. 3. NESTR6NIA Raf. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Staminate flowers in 3-8-flowered slender-ped uncled um- bels ; the pistillate solitary, jointed upon short peduncles springing from opposite ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (BIRTHWOKT FAMILY) 351 axils. Leaves oval, thin, deciduous, short-petioled. (Name said by its author to be derived from a Greek word for Daphne.) DARBYA Gray. 1. N. umbellula Raf. Low shrub, 3-8.5 dm. high; leaves 3-6 cm. long, mostly acute ; flowers small, greenish ; drupes at length globose, 1-1.3 cm. in diameter. (Darby a umbellulata Gray.) Parasitic on roots of trees, Va. to S. C. and Ala. Apr., May. LORANTHACEAE (MISTLETOE FAMILY) Chiefly shrubby plants with coriaceous greenish, yellowish, or olive-brown foliage, parasitic on trees. 1. Phoradendron. Anthers 2-celled. Berry globose, pulpy. Leaves foliaceous. 2. Arceuthobium. Anthers 1-celled. Berry compressed. Leaves scale-like, connate. 1. PHORADENDRON Nutt. FALSE MISTLETOE Flowers small, dioecious, in short catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several to each short fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globular, 3 (rarely 2-4)-lobed ; in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on the base of each lobe ; in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary ; stigma sessile, obtuse. Berry 1-seeded, pulpy. Yellowish-green woody para- sites on the branches of trees, with jointed much-branched stems and thick firm persistent leaves. (Name composed of wp, a thief, and dtvSpov, tree ; from the parasitic habit.) 1. P. flavSscens (Pursh) Nutt. (AMERICAN MISTLETOE.) Leaves obovate, glabrous. On various deciduous trees, chiefly at low altitudes, N. J. and e. Pa. to Fla. and N. Mex., inland in Miss, basin to Mo., s. Ind., and centr. O. 2. ARCEUTH6BIUM Bieb. Calyx mostly compressed ; the staminate usually 3-parted, the pistillate 2-toothed. Anthers a single orbicular cell, opening by a circular slit. Berry compressed, on a short recurved pedicel. Parasitic on Conifers, glabrous, with rectangular branches and connate scale-like leaves. (From &pKev0os, the juniper, and pios, life.} 1. A. pusillum Peck. (DWARF MISTLETOE.) Very dwarf, the slender scat- tered or clustered stems 6-20 mm. high, usually simple, olive-green to chestnut ; scales obtuse; flowers solitary in most of the axils; fruit narrowly ellipsoid, 2 mm. long. (Razoumofskya Ktze.) On Picea and Larix, Nfd. and e. Que. to Pa. and n. Mich. ( Wheeler). Apr., May. Often causing " witch's brooms " on the host-plant. ARISTOLOCfflACEAE (BIRTHWORT FAMILY) Twining shrubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid calyx valvate in bud and coherent (at least at base) with the Q-celled ovary, which forms a many-seeded Q-celled capsule or berry in fruit: Stamens 5-12, more or less united with the style; anthers adnate, extrorse. Leaves petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large fleshy rhaphe, and a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. A small family of bitter-tonic or stimulant, sometimes aromatic, plants. 1. Asarum. Sternless herbs. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments. 2. Aristolochia. Caulescent herbs or twining shrubs. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers adnate to the stigma. 352 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (BIRTHWORT FAMILY) 1. ASARUM [Tourn.] L. ASARABACCA. WILD GINGER Calyx regular; the limb 3-cleft or -parted. Petals 0-3, when present rudi- mentary, awl- shaped, alternate with the calyx-lobes. Tips of the filaments usually continued beyond the anther into a point. Capsule rather fleshy, globu- lar, bursting irregularly or loculicidal. Seeds large, thick. Steinless perennial herbs, with aromatic-pungent creeping rootstocks bearing 2 or 3 scales, then one or two kidney-shaped or heart-shaped leaves on long petioles, and a short- peduncled flower close to the ground in the lower axil ; in spring. (An ancient name, of obscure derivation.) 1. Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary, the tips inflexed in bud ; filaments slender, much longer than the short anthers ; style barely Q-lobed at the sum- mit, with 6 radiating thick stigmas ; leaves a single pair, unspotted. 1. A. canadSnse L. Soft-pubescent ; leaves membranaceous, kidney-shaped, more or less pointed (1-1.5 dm. wide when full grown); calyx bell-shaped, the upper part of the short-pointed lobes more or less spreading, brown-purple inside. Rich woods; common, especially north w. Var. REFLEXUM (Bicknell) Robin- son. Calyx-segments short, deltoid, early and rather abruptly reflexed. (.1. reflexum Bicknell.) Ct., southw. and westw. Var. ACUMIN.\TI M Ash-. Calyx-segments caudate-acuminate. (A. acuminatum Bicknell.) From Ct. westw. ; the commonest form in the prairie states. 2. Calyx-tube inflated bell- or flask-shaped, its base adnate to the lower half of the ovary ; limb 3-cleft, short; anthers sessile or nearly so, oblong '-linear ; styles 6, fleshy, diverging, '2,-cleft, bearing a thick extrorse stigma below the cleft; leaves thickish, persistent, usually only one each year, often whitish- mottled ; peduncle very short; rootstocks clustered, ascending. HEXASTYLIS Raf. ( 1 and 2 connect in foreign species.) 2. A. virginicum L. Nearly glabrous ; leaves round-heart-shaped (about "> cm. wide) ; calyx short, campanulate, about 2 cm. long, reticulated within ; anthers pointless. (A minus Ashe ; Hexastylis virginica Small.) W. Va. and Va. to Ga., in the mts. A. HETEROPHYLLUM Ashe (with " campanulate " calyx and "oval" seed) and A. MEMMINGERI Ashe (with "urceolate" calyx and " sharply trianiiiil a r " seed) cannot be satisfactorily distinguished in the material at hand. 3. A. grandiflbrum (Michx.) Small. Closely similar in habit and foliage ; calyx very large, open-campanulate, 2.5-5 cm. long. (A. macranthum Small ; A. Shuttleworthii Britten; Hexastylis Shuttleworthii Small.) Mts. of Va., Tenn., and N. C. 4. A. arifolium Michx. Leaves halberd-heart-shaped (6-15 cm. long) ; calyx short-tubular, with very short and blunt lobes ; anthers obtusely short-pointed. (Hexastylis Small.) Va. to Fla. and La. A form (not always distinguishable) with a more flask-shaped calyx has been described as A. Ruthii Ashe. 2. ARISTOL6CHIA [Tourn.] L. BIRTHWORT Calyx tubular ; the tube variously inflated above the ovary, mostly contracted ; sessile anthers wholly adnate to the short and fleshy 3-6-lobed or -angled style. Capsule naked, septicidally 6-valved. Seeds very flat. Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers. (Named from reputed medicinal proper- ties). * Calyx-tube bent like the letter S, enlarged at the two ends, the sutoll limb obtum-ly -\-lnhc.d; low herbs. 1. A. Serpentaria L. (VIRGINIA SNAKKROOT.) Stems (1.2-4.5 dm. high) branched at base, pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong, from a heart-shaped base or halberd-form, mostly acute or pointed; flowers all next the root, short- peduncled. Rich woods, Ct. to Fla., w, to Mich., Mo., and La. July. The fibrous aromatic-stimulant root is well known in medicine. POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) 353 Var. hastata (Nutt.) Duchartre. Leaves narrow, lanceolate or linear- oblong, sagittate or auriculate-hastate. (A. hastata Nutt. ; A. Nashii Kearney.) S. C. to Fla. and La. ; said to reach our southern limit in Va. * * Calyx-tube strongly curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the mouth, the short limb obscurely 3-lobed ; very tall twining shrubs. 2. A. macrophylla Lam. (PIPE VINE, DUTCHMAN'S PIPE.) Nearly gla- brous; leaves round-kidney-shaped (sometimes 4 dm. broad); peduncles with a clasping bract ; calyx (3 cm. long) with a brown-purple abrupt flat border. (A. Sipho L'He"r.) Rich woods, Pa. to Ga., w. to Minn, and Kan. May. 3. A. tomentbsa Sims. Downy or soft-hairy; leaves round-heart-shaped, very veiny (8-16 cm. long) ; calyx yellowish with an oblique dark purple closed orifice and a rugose reflexed limb. Rich woods, N. C. to Fla., w. to s. 111. and Mo. June. * * * Calyx-tube straight, open, with ample 6-lobed limb, the lobes appendaged; anthers equidistant; erect herbs ; flowers in axillary cymose fascicles. 4. A. CLEMATITIS L., with long-petioled cordate leaves, sometimes cultivated, has become locally established in the Atlantic States from N. Y. to Md. (Introd. from Eu.) POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) Herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and stipules in the form of sheaths (ocreae, these sometimes obsolete) above the swollen joints of the stem ; the flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a \-celled ovary bearing 2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed. Fruit usually an achene, com- pressed or 3-4-angled or -winged. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the 3-6-cleft calyx. * Flowers involucrate ; stamens 9 ; stipules none. 1. Eriogonum. Involucre several-flowered, with flowers exserted. Calyx 6-cleft. * * Flowers without involucre ; stamens 4 to 8. +- Stipular sheaths manifest ; ovule erect from the base of the cell. H- Sepals 4 or 6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarging in fruit. 2. Oxyria. Sepals 4. Stigmas 2. Achene orbicular-winged. Leaves reniform. 3. Rumex. Sepals 6. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled. -n- -H- Sepals 5 (sometimes 4), equal and erect in fruit ; achene triangular or lenticular. 4. Polygonum. Embryo slender, curved around one side of the albumen. Achenes inclosed by the somewhat enlarged fruiting calyx (or exserted in a few species with lanceolate or linear leaves). 5. Fagopyrum. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted -plaited. Fruit much exserted from the scarcely enlarged calyx. Leaves deltoid, sagittate or hastate. C. Polygonella. Embryo slender, nearly straight. Pedicels solitary. Leaves linear, riant heath-like. -- -i- Stipules obsolete ; ovule hanging from the apex of a slender stalk. 7. Brunnichia. Calyx 5-parted, in fruit with a wing decurrenton the pedicel. Tendril-climber. 1. ERIOGONUM Michx. Flowers perfect, involucrate ; involucre 4-8-toothed or -lobed, usually many- flowered ; the more or less exserted pedicels intermixed with narrow scarious bracts. Calyx 6-parted or -cleft, colored, persistent about the achene. Stamens 9, upon the base of the calyx. Styles 3 ; stigmas capitate. " Achene triangular. Embryo straight and axial, with foliaceous cotyledons. Leaves entire, without stipules. (Name from epiov, wool, and 76, knee.) 1. E. Iongif61ium Nutt. Perennial, erect ; leaves oblanceolate, acute or acutish, canescent beneath, the lower cuneate at base; sepals linear, caudate- GRAY'S MANUAL 23 354 POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) attenuate, villous-canescent. Sandy woods and barrens, ' s. Mo." to Fla. and Tex. 2. E. Alleni Wats. Perennial, erect ; leaves oblong, canescent-tomentose beneath, flocculent or glabrate above, the lower rather abrupt at base; inflores- cence leafy ; sepals elliptical, yellow, nearly glabrous. Dry soil, nits, of W. Va. and Va. 2. OXYRIA Hill. MOUNTAIN SORREL Outer sepals smaller and spreading, the inner broader and erect (but un- changed) in fruit. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, sessile, tufted. Achene lenticular, thin, flat, much larger than the calyx, surrounded by a broad veiny wing. Embryo straight, in center of the albumen, slender. Low alpine perennial, with round-kidney-form and long-petioled leaves chiefly from the rootstock, obliquely truncate sheaths, and small greenish to crimson flowers clustered in panicled racemes on a stoutish 1-2-leaved stem. (Name from 6tfj, sour, from the acid leaves.) 1. 0. digyna (L.) Hill. Alpine regions of the White Mts., N. H., and far northw. ; Rocky Mts. (Eu.) 3. RUMEX L. DOCK. SORREL Calyx of C sepals ; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at base, spread- ing in fruit ; the 3 inner larger, somewhat colored (in fruit called valves} and convergent over the 3-angled achene, veiny, often bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back. Stamens 6. Styles 3 ; stigmas tufted. Embryo slightly curved, lying along one side of the albumen, slender. Coarse herbs, with small and homely (mostly green) flowers, which are crowded and commonly whorled in panicled racemes ; the petioles somewhat sheathing at base. (The ancient Latin name ; of unknown etymology.) a. None of the leaves halberd- or arrow-shaped b. It. Valves entire or denticulate, 8-27 mm broad c. c. Grains of fruiting calyx 0, or single and minute, not one third as long as the valves. Valves very large, 15-27 mm. broad . . . . \. R. venosus. Valves 4-7 mm. broad. Pedicels with tumid joints 2. R. Patientia. Pedicels obscurely jointed 3. R. occidental. c. Grains 1-3, well developed, mostly one half to three fourths as long as the valves d. d. Pedicels filiform, curved or flexuous e. e. Leaves crisped on the margin. Grains chiefly plump and rounded at both ends . . 5. R. crispus. Principal grains tapering at summit 6. R. elongatus. 6. Leaves flat /. /. Pedicels with tumid joints, rarely exceeding the coriaceous greenish, straw-colored, or dull brown calyx. Grains 3, As broad as or broader than the wings of the valves . 7. BtpaiUdlH, Narrower than the wings 8. . fiMC0fatM. Grain 1 '.".A'. oittctfaMM. /. Pedicels obscurely jointed. moMly exceeding the meinbra- nous finally purplish calvx. Grains 3 4. R. Erlta ?i ni,-n. Grain solitary 3. R. oc<'i. Valves entire or nearly so, scarcely "2 mm. broad, grain -bearing . 11. A*. <-<>y/o/i<> - h. Valves with long sharp salient teeth at least near the base. Perennial ; pedicels filiform, longer than the subhcrl.acc.ms valves 1'J. A', nf^iixi/utiux. Perennial : pedicels thick, shorter than tlw thiekish indurated valves 13. A', jitilffirr. Annual ; teeth of the valves ln-istle-form 14. A'. j>, /*/<,/// a. Some or all the leave* halberd- or arrow-shaped. Valves much exceeding the fruit ; leaves arrow-shaped . . .15. /?. Acrf*erd-shapcd . . . lt'>. A', hattatwlwi. Fruit c.vseried from the minute scarcely changed calyx . . .17. R. POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) 355 691. E. venosus. Fruiting calyx x 1, 692. K. Patientia. Fruiting calyx x 1 . 1. LAPATHUM [Tourn.] DC. (DOCK.) Flowers perfect or monoeciously polygamous; herbage not sour or scarcely so. (Flowering through the summer.) 1. R. venbsus Pursh. Stems from running rootstocks, erect (2-6 dm. high or less), with conspicuous dilated stipules ; leaves on short but rather slender petioles, ovate or oblong to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, only the low- est obtuse at base ; panicle nearly sessile, short, dense in fruit ; valves entire, without grains, cordate with a deep sinus, rose-color. Sask. to centr. Mo., and westw. FIG. 691. 2. R. PATIENTIA L. (PATIENCE D.) A very tall species, green and glabrous or nearly so, with ovate- oblong and lanceolate leaves (broadest above the base), those from the root 6-9 dm. long and 1-1.5 dm. broad ; pedicels with tumid- joints ; one of the heart-shaped nearly or quite entire valves (6 mm. broad) usually bearing a very small grain, or its midrib merely thickened at base. Rich open soil, Nfd. to N. Y. and Pa. (Nat. from Eurasia.) FIG. 692. Var. KUR- DICUS Boiss. Grain conspicuous, 2-3 mm. long. Mich, to Mo., and westw. (Nat. from Eurasia.) 3. R. occidentalis Wats. Smooth, stout, erect, usually purple-tinged ; leaves large, flattish ; pedicels obscurely jointed ; valves broadly ovate or orbicular, somewhat obtusely pointed, often denticulate, 6-9 mm. broad, all naked or one of them grain-bearing. Rich (often brackish) soil, Lab. to Alaska, s. to e. Me., Minn., N. Dak., Col., and Cal. FIG. 693. 4. R. Britannica L. (GREAT WATER D.) (1-2 m. high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather acute at both ends, transversely veined, and with obscurely erose-crenulate margins (the lowest, including the petiole, 3-6 dm. long, the middle rarely truncate or ob- scurely cordate at base) ; racemes upright in a large com- pound panicle, nearly leafless ; whorls crowded ; pedicels obscurely jointed; valves orbicular or round-ovate, very obtuse, ob- scurely heart-shaped at base, finely reticu- lated, entire or repand-denticulate, all grain-bearing. Wet places, Nfd. to N. J., w. to Ont., Minn., and Kan. FIG. 694. 5. R. CRISPUS L. (YELLOW D.) Smooth, 0.9-1.6 m. high ; leaves with strongly wavy-curled margins, lanceolate, acute, the lower truncate or scarcely heart-shaped at base ; whorls crowded in prolonged wand-like racemes, leafless above; pedicels with tumid joints; valves round-heart- shaped, obscurely denticulate or entire, 4-6 mm. broad, mostly all grain-bearing ; the grains very plump, subglobose to ellipsoid, with rounded ends. In cultivated and waste ground, very common. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 695. 6. R. ELONG\TUS Guss. Resembling R. crispus, and per- haps a variety of it ; grains lance-ovoid, attenuate. Widely distr., and becoming common. (Nat. from Eu.) 7. R. pallidus Bigel. (WHITE D.) Depressed or ascend- ing ; root white ; leaves glaucous, narrowly lanceolate, or the lowest oblong ; the lowest branches of the dense panicle spreading at nearly right angles; pedicels much shorter than the whitish-brown fruiting calyx; valves deltoid-ovate, 3-4 Tall and stout ')!:?. R. occidentalis. Fruiting calyx x 1. K. Hritannica. Fruiting calyx x. 1. >us. '5. R. cris Leaf x y 3 . Fruiting calyx x ! 2 / 5 . 366 POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) R. mexicanus. Fruiting calyx x 12/3. 69f>. U. pallidus. Leaf x %. mm. long, the tips but slightly exceeding the conspicuous whitish ovoid or lance-ellipsoid large grains; achenes 2-3 mm. long. (R. salicifolius Man. ed. 6, in part, not Wein- mann.) Salt marshes, beaches and rocks, coast of N. S., N. B., and N. E. FIG. 696. 8. R. mexicanus Meisn. Upright; leaves linear-lance- olate to narrowly oblong, pale green or glaucous ; panicle very dense, its branches strict or strongly ascending ; pedi- cels shorter than or sometimes exceeding the olive- to ruddy-brown deltoid-ovoid calyx; valves 3.5-6 mm. long, the tips much exceeding the narrowly ellipsoid to subulate brown grains; achenes 1.7-2.3 mm. long. (R. salicifolius Man. ed. 6, in part, not Weinmann.) Rich (often brack- ish) soil, Lab. and Nfd. to Assina. and B. C., locally s. to centr. Me., Mich., and Mo. ; and abundant along the Rocky Mts. to centr. Mex. FIG. 6W7. 9. R. altissimus Wood. (PALED.) Rather tall (1-2 m. high); leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, acute, pale, thickish, obscurely veiny (the cau- line, 7-15 cm. long, contracted at base into a short petiole); racemes spike-like and panicled, nearly leafless ; whorls crowded ; pedicels nodding, shorter than the fruiting calyx; valves broadly ovate Fruiting calyces x or obscurely heart-shaped, obtuse or acut- ish, entire, loosely reticulated, one with a conspicuous grain, the others with a thickened midrib or naked. Alluvial soil, Ct. to Neb., and south w. (Mex.) FIG. 698. 10. R. verticillatus L. (SWAMP D.) Rather tall (1-1.6 m. high); leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, rather obtuse, thickish, pale green, the lowest often heart-shaped at base ; racemes nearly leafless, elongated, loose, the whorls crowded or the lower ones distant ; fruit-bear- ing pedicels slender, club-shaped, abruptly re- flexed, 3-4 times longer than the fruiting calyx; valves dilated-rhomboid, obtusely some- what pointed, strongly rugose-reticulated, each bearing a very large grain. Wet swamps, w. Que. and Vt. to w. Ont., and south w. FIG. 699. 11. R. coNGLOMKitVn s Murr. Smoothish ; leaves oblong ; panicle leafy ; pedicels short ; obtuse, subentire, /, t use, rather downy on the veins beneath, somewhat wavy-margined, the upper ol>1on1tj (In sum]! .s-r.s-.sv7r roseate .Vparted jlotwrx. ( /'. i'si#xii>uiin, var. Small.) Sea-shore, e. Que. to Va. ; also Mo., Neb., and Kan. Fu;. 701). 6. P. aviculare L. Slender, mostly prostrate or i - nun. !<>H0 I'OLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) lanceolate. Alpine summits of N. E., shores of L. Superior, Col., and Utah to Alaska and Greenl. (Eurasia.) 3. PERSICAlUA [Tourn.] L. Flowers in dense spikes, icith small scario us bracts; leaves not jointed on the petiole ; sheaths cylindrical, t.rtnu-nte. entire, naked or ciliate-fringbd or margined ; calyx colored, ^-parted, appressed to the fruit ; stamens 4-8 ; filaments filiform ; cotyledons accumbent. Sheaths nearly or quite free from ciliation. Annual; achene compressed. Faces of the achene umbonate ; style or stamens exserted . . 17. P. lonyixtyfuin. Faces of the achene concave ; style and stamens included. Achene 2.5-2.9 mm. broad. Leaves glabrous beneath 16. P. pennnylnanicum. Leaves more or less flocculent-tomentose beneath, or tardily glabrate 12. P. tomentoimm. Achene 1.5-2 mm. broad 11. P. l/. (P. incarnatum of auth. and ? Ell., the latter merely a robust large-leaved form with long drooping spikes.) Wet places, common and variable. (Eu.) Var, NOIIOSUM (Pers. ) Weinmann is a stout form with strongly nodose stems spotted with red dots. 12. P. toment&sum Schrank. Annual, simple or moderately branched, 1-5 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, acute or barely acuminate, at least the lower retaining more or less flocculent lament nm nun. broad. (P. portoricense Bertero.) S. Mo. to S. C., La., and Tex. (Trop. Am.) 14. P. amphibium L. Perennial, aquatic or rooting in the mud, glabrous or nearly so, rarely branching above the rooting base; //>vx usually floating, smooth and shining above, mostly louy-petioled, <'lliptical to oblong or some- POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) 361 times lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, rounded or rarely subcordate at the base (5-12 cm. long); peduncles glabrous: spike terminal, dense, ovoid or short- cylindric (1.2-2.4 cm. long); flowers bright rose-color, 3-6 mm. long; the 5 sta- mens and 2-cleft style exserted. Lakes and pools, e. Que. to N. J., and westw. ; widely distributed and rather common. (Eurasia.) Var. TERRESTRE Leers is an erect terrestrial state with narrower acutish shortly petioled leaves scabrous on the margin and often strigose-pubescent ; sheaths without herbaceous bor- der. Occasional with the typical form (also Eu.), and passing in Am. to Var. HARTWRI'GHTII (Gray) Bissell with spreading foliaceous borders on the stipular sheaths. (P. Hartwrigttfii Gray.) An ambiguous plant, sometimes clearly a mere terrestrial and mostly sterile state occurring on the same rootstock as the typical form ; but elsewhere seemingly a normal and well marked fertile variety. 15. P. Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. Perennial, in muddy or dry places, rarely in shallow water, decumbent or suberect, scabrous with short appressed hairs ; leaves lanceolate to ovate, narrowly acuminate (1-2 dm. long) ; peduncles hispid and often glandular ; spikes 3-10 cm. long, often in pairs ; flowers and fruit nearly as in the last. (P. emersum Britton.) Que. and Me. to Fla., and westw. Exceedingly variable in foliage and pubescence; aquatic states often have essentially glabrous and cordate leaves, while in plants of drier situations these are sometimes narrowly lanceolate, acute at base, and conspicuously ap- pressed-pubescent on both surfaces. 16. P. pennsylvanicum L. Annual; leaves lanceolate ; branches above and especially the peduncles beset with stipitate glands; flowers uniform, bright rose-color, in short erect spikes, .often on exserted pedicels; stamens usually 8; achene nearly orbicular, over 2 mm. broad, at least one surface concave. Moist soil, in open waste places, centr. Me., westw. and south w. Neither the stamens nor style conspicuously exserted. 17. P. longistylum Small. Very like the preceding in habit and foliage; flowers dimorphous, either the stamens or style conspicuously exserted ; achenes orbicular, shining, both surfaces convex in the middle. From s. 111. and Mo. to w. Kan. (Mcehan}, and southw. 18. P. Cardyi Olney. Annual, erect, the stem (0.6-1.6 m. high) and pedun- cles glandular-bristly; leaves narrowly lanceolate, attenuate to both ends, roughish ; sheaths ciliate or sometimes margined ; spikes slender, loose and nod- ding ; flowers purplish ; stamens mostly 5. Swamps and recent clearings, Me. to N. J., Ont., and Mich. 19. P. Hydrtipiper L. (COMMON SMARTWEED or WATER PEPPER.) Annual, 3-6 dm. high, smooth ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, very acrid and peppery; spikes nodding, usually short or interrupted ; flowers mostly greenish ; stamens 6; style 2-3-parted ; achene dull, minutely striate. Moist or wet grounds; apparently introduced southeastw., but indigenous northw. and westw. (Eu.) 20. P. acre HBK. (WATER SMARTWEED.) Perennial, nearly smooth; stems rooting at the decumbent base, 0.6-1.6 m. high ; leaves lanceolate, atten- uate, 7-12 cm. long, taper-pointed ; spikes erect, rather dense, distinctly pedun- cled ; flowers white or flesh-color ; stamens 8 ; style mostly ^-parted ; achene smooth and shining. (P. punctatum Ell., including var. robustius Small.) Wet places; e. Mass., westw. and southw. (Trop. Am.) Var. leptostachyum Meisn. Annual, erect or slightly repent at the base, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate, smaller, thinner, and lighter green than in the type ; spikes elongated and very loosely flowered, not distinctly peduncled, the widely scattered flowers commonly extending down to the upper leaf-axils. (P. punctatum, var. Small.) Moist ground, common ; sometimes well marked, at other times passing imperceptibly into the typical form. 21. P. ORIENTALE L. (PRINCE'S FEATHER.) Tall branching annual, soft- hairy; leaves ovate or oblong, pointed, distinctly petioled; sheaths ciliate or often with an abrupt spreading border ; flowers large, bright rose-color, in dense cylindrical nodding spikes; stamens 7. Sparingly escaped from gardens into waste grounds. (Introd. from India.) 22. P. PERSICARIA L. (LADY'S THUMB.) Nearly smooth and glabrous (3-5 dm. high) ; sheaths more or less bristly-ciliate ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, 3f)2 POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) roughish, often marked with a dark triangular or lunar spot near the middle ; .s-y/i/.-rx ovoid or short-cylindric, dense, erect, on smooth (or at least not glandular) peduncles; stamens mostly 6 ; styles ha/f2-3-cleft ; achene gibbous-flattened or sometimes triangular, smooth and shining. Waste and damp places, very common. (Nat. from Eu.) 23. P. setaceum Baldw. Perennial, stout, erect from a decumbent and somewhat repent base, appressed-hirsute ; sheaths fringed with very long coarse bristles ; inflorescence and flowers as in the next, the achenes slightly larger, black, shining. Mo. to S. C., Fla., and Tex. (Asia.) 24. P. hydropiperoides Michx. (MILD WATER PEPPER.) Perennial, not acrid; stem smooth (3-9 dm. high), branching; the narrow sheaths hairy; leaves narrowly lanceolate, sometimes oblong ; spikes erect, slender, sometimes filiform, often interrupted at base (3-6 cm. long); flowers small, flesh-color or nearly white ; sepals not dotted ; stamens 8; achene sharply triangular, smooth and shining. (P. opelousanum Riddell.) Wet places and in shallow water, centr. Me., westw. and southw. Var. sTRio6suM Small (var. Macouni Small) has the stem strigose, and is less frequent throughout our range. 4. TOVARA (Adans.) Gray. Perennials; flowers in loose naked long and slender spikes; calyx rather herbaceous (greenish}, unequally ^-parted; stamens 5 ; styles 2, distinct, rigid and persistent on the smooth lenticular achene. 25. P. virginianum L. Almost smooth ; stem terete, upright (6-12 dm. high) ; sheaths cylindrical, hairy and fringed ; leaves ovate, or the upper ovate- lanceolate, taper-pointed, rounded at the base, short-petioled, rough-ciliate (7-15 cm. long) ; flowers 1-3 from each bract, somewhat curved, the styles deflexed in fruit, minutely hooked. Thickets in rich soil, N. H. to Ont., Minn., and southw. (Asia.) 5. ECHINOCAtJLON Meisn. Erect or reclining annuals, armed with reflex prickles on the angles of the stem, petioles, etc. ; flowers capitate or fefi in a raceme ; leaves arrow- or halberd-shaped. 26. P. arifblium L. (HALBERD-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) Stem ^grooved- angled; leaves halberd-shaped, taper-pointed, long-petioled ; flowers somewhat racemed (few); peduncles glandular-bristly; calyx often 4-parted ; stamens 6 ; styles 2, very short ; achene lenticular (large). Low grounds, N. B. to Ont., s. to Ga., O., and Mich. (Asia.) 27. P. sagittatum L. (ARROW-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) Stem ^-angled ; leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled; flowers capitate ; peduncles smooth ; stamens mostly 8 ; styles 3, slender; achene sharply %-angled. Low grounds, common. Slender, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib beneath, which are armed with fine and very sharp saw-toothed prickles. (Asia.) 6. TINlARIA Meisn. Twining (except dwarf var. of no. 29), unarmed; leaves ovate-heart-shaped ; flowers in panicled racemes; outer calyx-lobes keeled or winged. 28. P. CONVOLVULUS L. (BLACK BINDWEED.) Annual, twining or procum- bent, low, roughish, the joints naked; leaves halberd-heart-shaped, pointed ; flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes ; outer oilijx-lobes keeled or nar- rowly wiii^-d ; achene minutely roughened, dull, black. Cultivated and waste grounds, common- (Nat. from Eu.) 21>. P. ciUllMe nliohx, Perennial, minutely doinnj ; the sheaths frimji <> at tin- base with reflcxed bristles ; leaves heart-shaped and slightly halberd-shaped. taper-pointed; racemes panicled; calyj'-t <>!><'* l>s<-nrcly keeled; achene very smooth and shining. Copses and rocky hills, e. Que. to nits, of N. C., w. to Minn, and Athabasca. Var. KKKCTIM IVrk <\ar. hrrre Peck) is a dwarf erect form with the compound racemes chiefly terminal. o(>. P. scandens L. (CLIMMIM; FAI.SI; Pr K\\ III:A r. ) P<-r<-nni. /////< the free calyx imbricated in the bud, the stamens as many as its lobes, or occa- sionally fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base ; the 1 -celled ovary becoming a 1-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achene. Embryo <-<>i!<-li<-r spiral. Calyx persistent, mostly inclosing the fruit. Styles or stigmas 2, rarely 3-5. Mostly inert or innocent, weedy plants ; several are pot-herbs, such as Spinach and Beet. * Embryo coiled into a ring about the usually copious central albumen ; leaves flat, not spiny ; stem not jointed. +- Flowers perfect (or stamens only occasionally wanting), clustered or panicled ; calyx 3-6-toothed or -parted, obvious, persistent; seed -coat crustaceous. 1. Cycloloma. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal continuous inembranaceous wing. Seed horizontal, crustaceous. Leaves sinuate-toothed. 2. Kochia. hike no. 1, but wing 5-lobed and seed-coat inembranaceous. Leaves out in-. ;*. Roubieva. Calyx 3-5-toothed, becoming saccate and reticulated. Leaves pinnatifld. 4. Chenopodium. Calyx 3-5-parted, unchanged or becoming fleshy in fruit. +- + Flowers monoecious or dioecious; the staminate in clusters, mostly spiked, the calyx 3-5- parted ; the pistillate without calyx, inclosed between a pair of appressed axillary bracts. . r . Atriplex. Fruiting bracts ith maririns often dilated and sides often nmricatc. +- +- +- Flowers polygamous, clu.-tered in the axils, 1-sepaled, ehracteolate. G. Monolepis. Annii.il herb with lanceolate-hastate leaves ; fruit a utricle. i- -i- -i- -i- Flowers perfect, naked or 1-scpaled, solitary in the axils of the reduced upper leaves. 7. Corispermum. Pericarp oval, flattened, adherent to the vertical seed. Leaves linear. ** Kmbryo narrowly horseshoe-shaped or conduplieate ; no albumen ; stein fleshy, jointed: leave- reduced to opposite fleshy scales or teeth ; flowers densely spiked, perfect. A CHEN OPOD1 ACE AE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY) 365 8. Salicornia. Flowers sunk in hollows of the axis of the fleshy spike. Calyx utricle-like. * * * Embryo coiled into a spiral ; albumen mostly none ; leaves fleshy, alternate. 9. Suaeda. Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx wingless. Leaves succulent. 10. Salsola. Embryo conical-spiral. Calyx in fruit horizontally winged. Leaves spinescent. 1. CYCLOL6MA Moq. WINGED PIGWEED Flowers perfect or pistillate, bractless. Calyx with the concave lobes strongly keeled, at length apperidaged with a broad and continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens 5. Styles 3 (rarely 2). A much branched coarse annual, with alternate sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and very small scattered sessile flowers in open panicles. (Name composed of KikXos, a circle, and XU/JLO., a border, from the encircling wing of the calyx. ) 1. C. atriplicifblium (Spreng.) Coult. Diffuse (1.3-5 dm. high), more or less arachnoid-pubes- C. atriplicifolium. cent Qr glabrat e 5 j ignt green or often deep pur ple. Flowering branch x %. ^ p i atyp hyUum Moq.) Sandy soil, Man. to s. Mature flower from abo vex ii/ 3 . i nd .^ Ar k./ and wes tw. across the plains; locally introd. eastw. FIG. 718. 2. KdCHIA Roth. Characters nearly as in Cycloloma, but the seed-coat membranaceous and the albumen wanting. (Named for W. D. J. Koch, a German botanist, 1771- 1849.) 1. K. SCOPARIA (L.) Schrad. Annual, erect, puberulent or glabrate, branching ; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear ; flowers in small axillary clusters, sessile ; each sepal at length developing a narrow thickish dorsal wing or appendage. Frequently cultivated for its bright autumnal color ; locally established as a weed. (Introd. from Eu.) 3. ROUBIEVA Moq. Flowers minute, perfect or pistillate, solitary or 2-3 together in the axils. Calyx urceolate, 3-5-toothed, contracted at the apex and inclosing the fruit. Stamens 5, included ; styles 3, exserted. Fruit membranaceous, compressed, glandular-dotted. Seed vertical. Embryo annular. Perennial glandular herb, with alternate pinnatifid leaves. (Dedicated to Prof. G. J. Roiibieu of Mont- pellier.) 1. R. MULTfriDA (L.) Moq. Prostrate or ascending, branching and leafy; leaves lanceolate to linear (1.2-1.8 cm. long), deeply pinnatifid with narrow lobes ; fruiting calyx obovate. Sparingly introduced in the Atlantic States. (Adv. from S. A.) ' 4. CHENOP6DIUM [Tourn.] L. GOOSEFOOT. PIGWEED Flowers all bractless. Calyx 5 (rarely 4) -parted or -lobed, more or less en- veloping the fruit. Stamens mostly 5 ; filaments filiform. Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed lenticular, horizontal (i.e. with its greatest diameter at right angles to the floral axis) or vertical ; embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albumen. Weeds, usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in small clusters collected in spiked panicles. (Named from x^ v i a goose, and iroris, foot, in allusion to the shape of the leaves.) Our species are mostly annuals, flowering through late summer and autumn. 366 CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY) a. Glandular, more or less aromatic. Flowers glomerate ; glomerules in bracteateor almost naked spikes Flowers solitary, sessile in open forking cymes, these in loose spikes. Flowers pubescent ; lobes of leaves angled, obtuse Flowers merely pulverulent-gland 11 lar ; lobes of leaves not an- gled, acutish it. Not glandular or aromatic, often mealy and heavy-scented b. b. Seeds all vertical ; styles filiform, one fourth to one half as long as the diameter of the utricle. Flowers in glomerules becoming red and berry like ia fruit . Flowers spicate, not succulent in fruit b. Seeds vertical and horizontal in the same inflorescence ; style- branches short. Leaves bright green, chiefly acute. Flowers in leafy spikes ; seed 1 mm. broad .... Flowers in axillary glomerules ; seed 0.5 mm. broad . Leaves pale at least beneath, obtuse 6. Seeds all horizontal ; style-branches short c. c. Pericarp coherent to the surface of the seed d. d. Leaves large, green, sharply few-toothed, abrupt or usually cordate at base d. Leaves small, entire, ovate, about as broad as long, very fetid . d. Leaves longer than broad, cuneate at the base. Seeds 1.3-1.5 mm. in diameter; flowers glomerate, usually mealy ; leaves rhombic, irregularly few-toothed Seeds about 1 mm. in diameter ; inflorescence generally loose. Leaves small, conspicuously mucronate, all entire or the lower 1-3-toothed on each side ; plant flowering at the summit Leaves rhombic-ovate with several to many acuminate teeth on each side. Seeds dull ; inflorescences short, spreading, axillary, rather loose Seeds (not pericarp) shining ; inflorescences suberect, moniliform Leaves ovate-oblong, entire, not mucronate ; plant flower- ing from the base to the summit c. Pericarp loose, readily detached from the seed. Leaves thin, entire or somewhat toothed, scarcely at all mealy Leaves entire, linear or nearly so, very mealy at least beneath 1. C. ambrosioide*. 2. C. Botrys. 3. C. inciftwm. 4. C. cnpitatum. 5. C. Bonus-Henricus. 7. 0. knmile. 8. C. glaueum. 9. C. hybridum. 10. C. Vulvaria. 11. C. album. 12. C. Berlandieri. 13. C. murale. 14. r. urbicum. 15. 16. (\ lin 17. (7. leptophyttum. 1. C. AMimosioiDES L. (MEXICAN TEA.) Annual, smoothish ; leaves slightly petioled, oblong or lanceolate, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper tapering to both ends ; spikes densely flowered, leafy, or intermixed with leaves ; fruit perfectly inclosed in the calyx. Waste places, throughout our range, especially southw. (Nat. from Trop Am.) Var. ANTHELMfNTiciiM (L.) Gray. (WORMSEED.) Perennial (at least south- ward) ; leaves more strongly toothed, the lower sometimes almost laciniate- piimatifid ; spikes more or less elongated, mostly leafless. Same range, si mil-times appearing distinct, but all differential characters inconstant. (Nat. from Trop. Am.) 2. C. iNclsuM Poir. Annual, glandular-pulverulent and aromatic ; 1> ons sinuate-pinnatifid or -toothed, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, entire or nearly *<, I'-iHish; flowers minute, nearly smooth, in open forking cymes borne in elon- gated mostly leafy inflorescences. Thoroughly established and abundant in cultivated fields, North Berwick, Me. (Parlin). (Adv. from Trop. Am.) 3. C. BOTRYS L. (JERUSALEM OAK. KKVTHER GERANIUM.) (ilandular- pubescent and viscid ; leaves flendef^petioled, oblong, obtuse, sinuate-pinnatilid, thf /ii/it's anr<' ; calyx berrii-lil.-t' in fruit ; seed ovoid, ilattish, smooth, with a very narrow margin. ', llfitum L. j Light soil and newly cleared land. e. t^nc. lo Alaska, s. t.o N. .1.. Pa.. III.. .Minn., and in the Rocky Mts. The calyx becomes pulpy and bright red in fruit, when the large (dusters look like strawberries. (Ku. i f>. C. HoM --lIl.\i:M i - L. ( (iooi, KIN,. I|I:M:K) Stmtt, ,,;<( Ml. 8-3 III. high), mostly simple ; fctm-* hrnadiij rritintinlr toothed, often muricate on the back, united to near the middle. Nfd. to N. J., Mo., and B.C. (Eu.) Very variable; the marked extremes are: Var. HASTATA (L.) Gray. Erect or spreading, stout, at least the lower leaves l>r<>led, hastate, passing gradually into foliaceous bracts. Saline and alkaline soil, from the Great Plains westw., extending east to Man., and Minn. ; and introd. in Mo. 7. CORISPERMUM [A. Jiiss.] L. BUG-SEED Calyx of a single delicate sepal on the inner side. Stamens 1 or 2, rarely 5. Styles 2. Fruit oval, flat, with the outer face rather convex and the inner con- cave, sharp-margined, seed vertical. Embryo slender, coiled around a central albumen. Low branching annuals, with narrow linear alternate 1 -nerved CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY) 369 leaves. (Name formed of Kbpis, a bug, and , seed. ) 1. C. hyssopif61ium L. Somewhat hairy when young, pale ; floral leaves or bracts awl-shaped from a dilated base or the upper ovate and pointed, scarious-margined ; fruit Part of inflorescence wing-margined. Sandy beaches along the x i Great Lakes; Mo. to Tex., and north westw. Fruit x 2. FlG. 719. 719. C. hyssopi- folium. 8. SALIC6RNIA [Tourn.] L. GLASSWORT. SAMPHIRE Flowers perfect, 3 together immersed in each hollow of the thickened upper joints, forming a spike ; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2, united at base. Seed vertical, without albumen. Embryo thick, the cotyledons incumbent upon the radicle. Low saline plants, with succulent leafless jointed stems, and opposite branches ; the flower-bearing branchlets forming the spikes. (Name composed of sal, salt, and cornu, a horn ; saline plants with horn-like branches.) Annuals ; middle flower higher than the lateral ones. Scales mucronate-pointed and conspicuous, especially when dry . . . 1. S. mucronata. Scales blunt or bluntish, inconspicuous. Joints much longer than thick, conspicuously exceeding the middle flower 2. S. europaea. Joints about as thick as long, scarcely exceeding the middle flower . . 3. S. rubra. Perennial; flowers nearly equal in height 4. S. ambigua. 1. S. mucronata Bigel. Unbranched or with strongly ascending simple or slightly forked branches, rather stout (0.5-3 dm. high), turning red in age ; spikes thick, blunt, closely jointed ; the joints thicker than long; middle flower half higher than the lateral ones or less, occupying nearly the whole length of the joint; fruit pubescent ; seed 1-1.5 mm. long. (S. Bigelowii Torr.) Salt marshes, N. S. to Fla. and Tex. ; also Cal. 2. S. europaea L. Erect (1-4.5 dm. high), from simple to freely branched, the branches ascending, green, turning red in autumn ; scales obscure and very blunt, making a truncate barely emarginate termination of the long joints of the stem or elongated slender (1.5-2.5 mm. thick) tapering spikes ; middle flower much higher than the lateral ones, shorter than the joint ; fruit pubescent ; seed 1.3-2 mm. long. (S. herbacea L.) Salt marshes of the coast, N. B. to Ga. ; interior salt springs, N. B. and N. Y. ; and on the Pacific coast. (Eurasia.) Var. PACIIYSTACHYA (Koch) Fernald has the spikes much thicker (3-4.5 mm. thick). Similar range, less common. (Eu-) Var. prostrata (Pall.) Fernald. Branches horizontally spreading or droop- ng, very soft and lax, the lowest much elongated and decumbent ; or the whole lant depressed and matted. Brackish or alkaline shores, e. Que. to e. Me. ; k. (Eurasia.) 3. S. rubra Nelson. Bushy-branched (0.5-2 dm. high), the abundant simple r forking branches ascending, turning red in autumn ; scales broadly triangu- lar, blunt or subacute ; spikes slender-cylindric (2-3.5 mm. thick), blunt, rather closely jointed ; flowers crowded, the middle one higher than the others and usually reaching the tips of the joints ; fruit pubescent ; seed 1 mm. long. Low alkaline places, Man. and w. Minn, to centr. Kan., and westw. to the Rocky Mts. 4. S. ambigua Michx. Numerous tufted stems (1-3 dm. long) decumbent or ascending from a hard and rather woody creeping base or rootstock, greenish, turning lead-colored ; spikes slender, short-jointed, the scales short, acutish or acute ; flowers nearly equal in height and equaling the joint; seed pubescent, 0.7 mm. long. Sea-coast, Mass, to Fla. ; also Pacific coast . 9. SUAEDA Forskal. SEA ELITE Flowers sessile in the axils of leafy bracts. Calyx 5-parted, fleshy, inclosing the fruit (utricle) and often carinate or crested. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2 or 3. GRAY'S MANCTAT, 24 370 CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY) Seed vertical or horizontal, with a flat-spiral embryo, dividing the scanty albu- men (when there is any) into two portions. Fleshy saline plants, with alternate nearly terete linear leaves. (An Arabic name.) DONDIA Adans. Leaves linear or slender-cylindric, not broadened at base ; plants of Atlantic coast. Seed 2 mm. broad 1. S. maritiinu Seed 1.2-1.5 mm. broad. Sepals rounded (not carinntr) on the back 2. S. Richii. Sepals (or some of them) carinatc on tin- back. 1 or 2 sepals more cucullate-carinate than the others . . . .3. S. (t>/tt/'icn!'s- ci-iit (rarely glabrous) ; leaves all alternate, >//-. s7m/v//?/W/, prickty-poiiUed ; flowers single ; calyx with con verging lobes forming a sort of beak over the fruit, the yellowish to lead-colored wings nearly orbicular and spreading. Sandy sea-shore, Nfd. to Ga., and saline places inland. Aug. (Eu.) Var. CAKOI.IN- I\NA (Walt.) Nutt. Glabrous throughout* (rarely pubescent); the wings larger, roseate. Similar range. (Eu.) Var. TKM 11 OI.IA G. F. W. Mey. (RUSSIAN TIIISTLK.) Erect or ascending, very bushy ; leaves especially on the young and vegetative stems Imujcr (3-7 era. AMARANTHACEAE (AMARANTH FAMILY) 371 in length), more slender, filiform; flowers somewhat variable but apparently showing no constant difference from those of the typical form. (S. Tragus of auth., but scarcely of L.) A weed of recent introduction, exceedingly abundant and pernicious in the Northwestern States ; also locally established eastw. (Nat. from Asia.) AMARANTHACEAE (AMARANTH FAMILY) Weedy herbs, ivith nearly the characters of the preceding family, but the flowers mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts ; these often colored, commonly 3 in number. The greater part of the family tropical. * Anthers 2-celled ; .leaves alternate. +- Ovary 1-ovuled ; filaments separate and distinct. 1. Amaranthus. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a calyx of 5 or sometimes 3 dis- tinct erect sepals, not falling off with the fruit. 2. Acnida. Flowers dioecious. Calyx none in the fertile flowers. +- - Ovary 2-S-ovuled ; filaments united at base. 3. Celosia. Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-parted. * * Anthers 1 -celled ; leaves opposite. 4. Iresine. Calyx of 5 sepals. Filaments united below into a cup. Flowers paniculate. 5. Froelichia. Calyx 5-cleft. Filaments united into a tube. Flowers spicate. 6. Gomphrena. Calyx of 5 sepals or 5-cleft. Filaments united into an elongate tube. Flowers capitate. 1. AMARANTHUS [Tourn.] L. AMARANTH Flowers 3-bracted. Calyx glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 2 or 3, separate ; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1-seeded utricle, 2-3-beaked at the apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely or sometimes bursting irregularly. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen. Coarse annual weeds, with alternate and entire petioled setosely tipped leaves, and small green or purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters ; in late summer and autumn. (Afidparroi, unfading, because the dry calyx and bracts do not wither.) 1. Utricle thin, circumscissile, the top falling away as a lid; flowers polyga- * Flowers in terminal and axillary simple or mostly panicled spikes ; stem erect (0.3-2 m. high) ; leaves long-petioled ; stamens and sepals 5. H- Sepals spatulate. 1. A. PALMERI Wats. Erect; leaves ovate, long-petioled; spikes, especially the terminal, very long (1-3 dm.) ; sepals somewhat unguiculate ; bracts pun- gent. By railroads and about towns, Mo. and Kan.; and locally, e. Mass. (Adv. from the S. W.) - -- Sepals ovate-lanceolate to oblong. 2. A. RETROFLEXUS L. (GREEN A., PIGWEED.) Roughish and more or less pubescent ; leaves dull green, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, undulate ; the thick spikes crowded in a stiff glomerate panicle ; bracts awn-pointed, rigid, exceeding the acute or obtuse sepals. Cultivated grounds, common ; indigenous southwestw. (Adv. from Trop. Am.) 3. A. HYBRIDUS L. (GREEN A., PIGWEED.) Similar, but smoother and deeper green, with more slender-cylindric more or less flexuous spikes, the lateral ones spreading ; bracts rather long-awned, and sepals acute or acuminate. (A. chlorostachys Willd.) Cultivated grounds, common. (Nat. from Trop. Am.) Forma HYPOCHONDRIACUS (L.) Robinson. (PRINCE'S FEATHER.) Leaves, bracts, and flowers purple-tinged or livid. (A. hypochondriacus L.) Sometimes cultivated, and occasionally found on waste ground. It is to be 372 AMARANTHACEAE (AMARANTH FAMILY) distinguished from the following species chiefly by its smoother character, thicker spikes, and longer-awned bracts. 4. A. PANICUL\TUS L. (PURPLE A.) Stem mostly pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; spikes long, numerous and slender, panicled, spreading; bracts merely awn-pointed; flowers small, green tinged with red, or sometimes crimson ; fruit 2-3-toothed at the apex, longer than the calyx. (A. hybridus, var. Uline & Bray.) Roadsides, etc. (Adv. from Trop. Am.) * * Flowers crowded in close and small axillary clusters ; stems low, spreading or ascending; stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2. 5. A. graecizans L. (TUMBLE WEED.) Smooth, pale green ; stems whitish, erect or ascending, diffusely branched ; leaves small, obovate and spat ulate- oblong, very obtuse or retuse ; flowers greenish ; sepals acuminate, half the length of the rugose fruit, much shorter than the subulate rigid pungently pointed bracts; seed small, 0.8mm. broad. (A. albus L.) Waste grounds, common. FIG. 720. 6. A. blitoides Wats. Like the last, but prostrate or decumbent; spikelets usually contracted ; bracts ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate; sepals obtuse or acute ; fruit not rugose ; seed about 1.5 mm. broad. From Minn, to Mo., Tex., and westw. ; also introduced eastw. , chiefly on railroad 720. A. graecizans 721. A. blitoides. ballast. FIG. 721. Tip of branch x 2 / 3 . Seed x 4. 2. Utricle thinnish, bursting or imperfectly circtimscissile ; flowers monoecious. 7. A. spiN6sus L. (THORNY A.) Smooth, bushy-branched ; stem reddish ; leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green, a pair of spines in their axils ; upper clusters sterile, forming long and slender spikes ; the fertile globular and mostly in the axils ; flowers yellowish-green, small. Waste grounds, Me. to Minn., and southw. (Nat. from Trop. Am.) 3. EtlXOLUS (Raf.) Gray. Utricle remaining closed or bursting irregu- larly ; no spines ; bracts inconspicuous. * Leaves relatively large (2-3 cm. in breadth). 8. A. LfviDus L. Stem fleshy, red ; leaves emarginate, ovate or obovate, 2-4 cm. long, on petioles two thirds as long ; bracts very short ; utricle thin, smooth. About Atlantic ports, not very common. FIG. 722. (Adv. from Trop. Am.) 9. A. vfRiDis L. Similar, but with a warty utricle. About Atlantic ports; also reported in O. FIG. 723. (Adv. from Trop. Am.) ;_>:?. A. viridis. * * Leaves smaller. ( !ll . vx ail(1 utrlcle 10. A. pumilus Raf. Low or prostrate ; leaves fleshy and obovate, emaruinate, stroimlv nerved; flower-clusters small and aorilliiry ; stamens <\ .sv-/^/s 6, the latter half the length of the obscurely 5-ribbed fruit. Sandy beaches, R. I. to N. C. 11. A. ]>KIM':XUS L. Low, spreading; leaves ovate, thin, flat ; spikes HneMy terminal, thiekish, bluntly cordate; utricle ovoid, smooth, 5-nerved, much longer than the sepals. Waste land near the larger Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eu.) ]'2. A. rinsi-rs (Lesp. & The'v.) A. Br. Very slender, procumbent, pubes- cent; leaves small, light green, rhm,ibi,--ovate to -lanceolate, acute, the mar-in rrisjn;t and undulate; Mowers in small axillary clusters; bracts and aepau scarious, oblanceolate, acute or obtuse ; utricle about as long, roughened, neither 722. A. lividus. Calyx and utricle x8. AMARANTHACEAE (AMARANTH FAMILY) 373 nerved nor angled. Streets of Albany, New York City, and Brooklyn ; doubt- less introduced, but the native habitat unknown. 2. ACNIDA L. WATER HEMP Habit of Amaranthus. Bracts 1-3, unequal. Staminate calyx of 5 thin oblong mucronate-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts ; stamens 5, the anther- cells united only at the middle. Stigmas 2-5, often long and plumose-hispid. Fruit somewhat coriaceous and indehiscent, or a thin membranous utricle dehiscing irregularly (rarely circumscissile), usually 3-5-angled. (Name from a- privative, and Kvid-rj, a nettle.) * Fruit indehiscent, with firm and close pericarp ; salt-marsh plants. 1. A. cannabina L. Usually stout, 1-2 m. high or more, glabrous; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, long-petioled ; sepals of sterile flowers ovate-oblong, obtuse or acutish ; bracts usually thin, lax, and much shorter than the fruit, sometimes more rigid and longer ; fruit about 3 mm. long, obovoid ; seed usually less than 3 mm. long, shining. (A. rusocarpa Michx.) Salt or brackish marshes, coast of N. H. to Fla. * * Fruit dehiscing irregularly, the pericarp thin, loose and usually roughened; not salt-marsh plants. 2. A. tuberculata Moq. Tall and erect, with flexuous branches ; leaves lanceolate to rhombic-ovate, acute or acutish ; sepals of sterile flowers lanceo- late, acute or acuminate ; pistillate flowers closely clustered in more or less dense naked or leafy axillary and terminal spikes (or the axillary capitate) ; bracts rather rigid, acuminate, equaling or exceeding the fruit ; utricle about 1 mm. long ; seed shining, 0.7 mm. in diameter. (A. tamariscina, var. Uline & Bray.) Vt. and Mass. (Ammidown) to Dak. and La. Var. subnuda Wats. Often decumbent ; leaves smaller, obtusish ; flowers aggregated into distinct globose glomerules (7-15 mm. in diameter). (A. tama- riscina, var. concatenata Uline & Bray, not A. cannabina, var. concatenata Moq.) Sandy bottom lands, w. Que. to Wise, and Mo. Passing into the typical form. Var. prostrata (Uline & Bray) Robinson. Prostrate, much branched; leaves (1-2 cm. long, 3-10 mm. broad) and glomerules (4-6 mm. in diameter) small. (A. tamariscina, var. Uline & Bray.) Similar situations, w. Que. to Minn., and south w. * * * Fruit regularly circumscissile ; western. 3. A. tamariscina (Nutt. ) Wood. With the habit of the preceding species but readily distinguished by the fruit. {Amaranthus Nutt.) Prairies, etc., " Dak. 1 ' to Tex. and N. Mex. ; said to occur as far e. as 111. 3. CEL6SIA L. I Flowers subtended by a bract and two bractlets. Calyx scarious, in fruit erect and (in our species) concealing the utricle. Stamens 5. Fruit a thin inembranaceous utricle, circumscissile or dehiscing irregularly, ovoid or subglo- bose. (Name from KiJXeos, a burning, on account of the seared appearance of the flowers.) 1. C. ARGENTEA L. Erect glabrous herb, 3-12 dm. tall ; leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, acute ; inflorescence a simple dense cylindrical spike ; sepals white or roseate-tinged, much longer than the bracts; style conspicuous, exserted. Montgomery Co., Pa. (Porter}. (Adv. from the Tropics.) 4. IRESINE P. Br. Flowers mostly polygamous or dioecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 sepals. Sta- mens mostly 5. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening. Herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and minute scarious-white flowers crowded into clusters or 374 PHYTOLACCACEAE (POKEWEED FAMILY) spiked and branching panicles; the calyx, etc., often bearing long wool (whence the name, from dpeffubvii, a wreath or staff entwined with fillets of wool). 1. I. paniculata (L.) Ktze. Nearly glabrous, annual, erect, slender (6-12 dm. high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; panicles very slender, often broad and diffuse, naked ; bracts and calyx silvery-white, the fertile calyx twice longer than the broad bracts and densely silky-villous at base. (7. celosioides L.) Dry banks, O. to Kan., and far south w. Sept. (Trop. regions.) 5. FROELiCHIA Moench. Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2-5- crested lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, inclosing the indehiscent thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1-celled anthers, and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages. Hairy or woolly herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and spiked scarious-bracted flowers. (Named for Joseph Aloys Froelich, a German botanist, 1766-1841.) 1. F. floridana (Nutt.) Moq. Root annual ; stem leafless above (0.3-1.5 in. high) ; leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath ; spikelets crowded into an inter- rupted spike ; calyx very woolly, becoming broadly winged, the wings irregu- larly toothed. (Including F. campestris Small.) Dry sandy places, Del. to Fla. ; and from 111. to Minn., southw. and westw. 2. F. gracilis Moq. More slender, with narrow leaves, the spikelets smaller, and the crests of the matured calyx of nearly distinct rigid processes. Prairies of Kan. and Neb. to Col. and Tex. 6. GOMPHRENA L. Flowers perfect, subtended by a bract and two bractlets. Calyx often lanate at the base, its segments more or less unequal, sessile between the bractlets. Fruit a compressed ovoid 1-ovuled utricle. Seed inverted, suspended by a long funicle from the apex of the utricle. Erect or prostrate herbs, generally rough-pubescent and with swollen nodes. (Altered from Gromphacna, the classical name of some related plant, probably Amaranthus tricolor, from ypdeiv, to write or to paint, in allusion to the variegated leaves.) 1. G. GLOBOSA L. (GLOBE AMARANTH, IMMORTELLE.) A low branching pubescent annual with oblong nearly sessile leaves ; flowers in dense round heads, crimson, rose-color, or white. Common in cultivation, and occasionally escaping to roadsides, etc., 0. (Gleason}. (Introd. from Trop. Asia.) PHYTOLACCACEAE (POKEWEED FAMILY) Plants with alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, having the general characters of Chenopodiaceae, but usually a several-celled ovary composed of as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit. PHYTOLACCA [Tourn.] L. POKEWEED Calyx of 6 rounded and petal-like sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of 5-12 carpels united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming a depressed- globose 5-12-celled berry, with a single vertical seed in each cell. Embryo curved in a ring around the albumen. Tall and stout perennial herbs, with large petioled leaves, and terminal racemes which become lateral and opposite the leaves. (Name compounded of vr6v, plant, and the French lac, lake, in allusion to tin- crimson coloring matter which the berries yield.) 1. P. decdndra L. (COMMON POKK or SCOKK, ( J VKCKT, PICKON BERRY.) A smootli plant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very larg- poisonous root (often 1-1. "i din. in diameter) sending up stout stalks at length 2> in. high ; calyx white ; stamens and styles 10 ; ovary green ; berries in long racemes, NYCTAGINACEAE (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY) 375 dark-purple, ripe in autumn. Low grounds and rich soil, s. Me. to Ont., Minn., and south w. July-Sept. NYCTAGINACEAE (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY) Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees}, with mostly opposite and entire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-form calyx which is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the 1-celled \-seeded ovary and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp; the stamens few, slender, and hypogynous ; the embryo coiled around the outside of mealy albumen, icith broad foliaceous cotyledons (in Abronia monocotyledonous by abortion). Rep- resented in our gardens by the FOUR-O'CLOCK or MARVEL OF PERU (MIRABILIS JAL\PA), in which the calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla, the cup-like involucre of each flower exactly imitating a calyx. 1. OXYBAPHUS L'Her. Flowers 3-5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open involucre, which enlarges and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, plaited in the bud. Stamens mostly 3 (3-5), hypogynous. Style filiform; stigma capitate. Fruit achene- like, several-ribbed or angled (pubescent in ours). Herbs, abounding on the western plains, with very large and thick perennial roots, opposite leaves, and mostly clustered small flowers. (Name 6vpd(j>ov, a vinegar-saucer, or small shal- low vessel; from the shape of the involucre.) ALLIONIA Loefl. * Leaves all petioled except the uppermost reduced ones. 1. 0. nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet. Nearly smooth; stem becoming re- peatedly forked-, 0.3-1.5 m. high ; leaves broadly ovate, cordate ; inflorescence but slightly pubescent ; pedicels slender, becoming 1 cm. in length, the lower axillary, solitary, the upper crowded upon short floral axes ; involucres at length very large, 2 cm. in diameter ; fruit cylindric-obovoid, 4 mm. in length, rather acutely angled. Man., Minn., and Wise, to Tex. and La. ; also introd. eastw. The leaves vary to oblong or ovate-lanceolate and abrupt or even cuneate at the base. 2. 0. floribiindus Chois. Similar but with mostly narrower ovate to oblong leaves (not cordate} : involucres smaller and more numerous, glomerate upon the elongated branches of an open cyinose panicle ; pedicels short, seldom over 6 mm. in length. ( O. nyctagineus, var. oblongifolius Gray ; Allionia ovata Pursh, not 0. ovatus Vahl.) " 0.," Mo. (Bush), south westw. and northwestw. * * Leaves sessile or nearly so. 3. 0. hirsutus (Pursh) Sweet. More or less glandular- hirsute, especially about the nodes and the usually contracted inflorescence, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, sessile and cuneate at base or narrowed to a short petiole ; stamens often 5 ; fruit with thickened obtuse angles. (Allionia Pursh ; A. bracteata Rydb. ; Calymenia pilosa Nutt. ?) Plains of the Sask. to Tex., Wise., O. (Louth), and casual eastw. in N. Y. and Ct. 4. 0. albidus (Walt.) Sweet. Similar but smoother; stem whitish ; leaves oblong, elongated, obtuse; flowers in weak individuals few, axillary, in stronger ones numerous in a terminal panicle. (Allionia Walt.; A. lanceolata Rydb.) Kan. and Mo., S. C. and Tex ; occasionally adventive northeastw. 5. 0. linearis (Pursh) Robinson. Often tall, glabrous except the more or less hirsute peduncles and involucres ; leaves linear, thick and glaucous,* of ten elongated, 5-15 cm. long. (0. angustifolius Sweet; Allionia linearis Pursh; also A. Bushi Britton, a low form.) Minn, to Mo., Tex., westw. and north- westw. ; established on sandy ground, North Haven, Ct. (.Evans}, 876 ILLECEBKACEAE (KNOT WORT FAMILY) ILLECEBRACEAE (KNOTWOUT FAMILY) Herbs, with mostly opposite and entire leaves, satrious stipules (except in Scleranthus} , a -b-toothed or -parted herbaceous or coriaceous persistent calyx, stamens borne on the calyx, as many as the lobes and opposite them or fewer, styles 2 and often united, and fruit a \-seeded utricle. Seed upon a basal funicle, the embryo (in ours) surrounding the mealy albumen. Small diffuse or tufted herbs, with small greenish or whitish flowers in clusters, or dichoto- mous cymes, with petals minute or none. 1. Scleranthus. Stamens borne on the throat of the indurated 5-cleft and pointless calyx. Styles 2. Stipules none. 2. Anychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted awnless calyx. Styles hardly any. 3. Paronychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted calyx ; the sepals hooded at the summit and bristle-pointed. Style 1, 2-cleft at the top. 1. SCLERANTHUS L. KXAWEL Sepals 5, united below into an indurated cup, inclosing the utricle. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct. Homely little weeds, with awl-shaped leaves, ob- scure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name from a-K\ijp6s, hard, and &v8os, flower, from the hardened calyx-tube.) 1. S. ANNUUS L. Much branched, spreading (7-12 cm. high); flowers sessile in the forks; calyx-lobes scarcely margined. Waste places and roadsides. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. ANYCHIA Michx. FORKED CHICK WE ED Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish. Sta- mens 2-3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle larger than the calyx. Radicle turned downward. Small many times forked annuals, with small stipules ; the minute flowers in the forks, produced all summer. (A contracted derivative of Paronychia.) 1. A. polygonoides Raf. More or less pubescent, short-join f^l. Ion- ;/; petals mere teeth between the stamens. Rocky slopes anionu the nits., \v. Va. to Tenn. and (i;i. Var. albimontana Kernald. llnnn-ln's month/ jlorifi'miix ; /tar,-* ijlabrate, the margin* ; nrn/ntr; cymes mostly lax; calyx usually longer, the atm* snlin- l,ii<>. i/hiln-t'si-i-nt. ~ I tare mountain slopes, w. Me. and N. H. ; and locally by the Merrimac R., Newburyport, M CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PLNK FAMILY) 377 2. P. dich6toma (L.) Nutt. Smooth, tufted ; stems (1.5-3 dm. high) ascend- ing from a rather woody base; leaves (1.2-3.6 cm. long) and bracts narrowly awl-shaped; cymes open, repeatedly forked' sepals short-pointed; minute bristles in place of petals. Rocks, Md. to N. C. and Tex. July-Sept. AIZOACEAE A miscellaneous group, chiefly of fleshy or succulent plants, with mostly oppo- site leaves and no stipules. Differing from Caryophyllaceae and Portulacaceae by having the ovary and capsule 2-several-celled, and the stamens and petals sometimes numerous, as in Cactaceae (but the latter wanting in most of the genera). Seeds with the slender embryo curved about mealy albumen. Our genera apetalous and with the calyx free from the ovary. 1. Sesuvium. Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid. Stamens 5-60. Capsule circumscissile. Succulent. 2. Mollugo. Sepals 5. Stamens 3 or 5. Capsule 3-valved. Not succulent. 1. SEStrVIUM L. SEA PURSLANE Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5- 60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5, separate. Pod 3-5-celled, many-seeded, circumscissile, the upper part falling off as a lid. Usually prostrate maritime herbs, with succulent stems, opposite leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. (An unexplained name.) 1. S. maritimum (Walt.) BSP. Annual, procumbent or sometimes erect ; leaves oblong- to obovate-spatulate, obtuse ; flowers sessile ; stamens 5. (S.pen- tandnim Ell.) Sea-coast, L. I. to Fla. 2. MOLLIFGO L. INDIAN CHICKWEED Sepals 5, white inside. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of' the ovary. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded axis. Low homely annuals, much branched ; the stipules obsolete. (An old Latin name for some soft plant.) 1. M. VKRTICILLATA L. (CARPET WEED.) Prostrate, forming mats ; leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1 -flowered pedicels^ tform a sort of sessile umbel; stamens usually 3. Sandy river-banks, road-^P' sides, and cultivated grounds. June-Sept. (Immigrant from farther south.) i CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY) Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4-5-werows flowers, with or without petals ; the distinct stamens no more than twice the number of the sepals, either hypocjynous or perigynous ; styles 2-5 (or rarely united into one} ; seeds several or usually many, attached to the base or to the central column of the l-cellcd (rarely 3-5-celled} pod, with a slender embryo coiled or curved around the outside of mealy albumen, in Dianthus nearly straight. Bland herbs ; the steins usually swollen at the joints ; uppermost leaves rarely alternate. Leaves often united at the base. Calyx persistent. Styles stigmatic along the inside. Seeds amphitropous or campylotropous. Tribe I. ALSfNEAE. Sepals distinct or nearly so, imbricated in the bud. Petals when present without claws, mostly imbricated, and with the stamens inserted at the base of the sessile ovary, or into a little disk. Styles separate to the base. Stamens opposite the sepals, when not more in number. Low herbs. 378 CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY) * Stipules present ; pod short. 1. Spergularia. Styles 8. Pod 3-valved. Leaves opposite. 2. Spergula. Styles 5. Valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves whorled. ' * * Stipules none. >- Styles alternate with the sepals ; stamens as many, or twice as many. 3. Sagina. Petals 4 or 5, entire, or none. Styles 4 or 5. Pod short, 4-5-valved. +- +- Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud. ++ Pod short, splitting into as many valves as styles ; valves often bifid or 2-parted. 4. Arenaria. Petals entire. Styles usually 3. Valves of the pod entire, bifid, or 2-parted. 5. Stellaria. Petals 2-cleft or none. Styles usually 3. Valves bifid or 2-parted. H- -M- Pod cylindrical, dehiscent by twice as many equal teeth as styles. 6. Cerastium. Petals notched or 2-cleft. Styles 5 or 4. Seeds fixed edgewise. 7. Holosteum. Petals denticulate or notched. Styles usually 3. Seeds fixed by the face. Tribe II. SIL^NEAE. Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals (mostly convolute in the bud) and stamens (10) borne on the stipe or stalk of the ovary, the former with slender claws, to the base of which the corresponding filaments often adhere. Seeds numerous. Stipules none. Flowers often large and showy. * Calyx naked ; seeds globular or kidney-shaped ; embryo curved or coiled. 8. Agrostemma. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 5, opposite the unappendaged petals. 9. Lychnis. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 5, alternate with the often appendaged petals. 10. Silene. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles =<. 11. Saponaria. Calyx ovoid or sub-cylindrical, obscurely nerved, terete or 5-angled. PCM! shortly 4-valved. Styles 2. I-.'. Gypsophila. Calyx top-shaped or campanulate. Pod deeply 4-valved. Styles 2. * * Calyx with scaly bractlets or small leaves at the base ; seeds flattened on the back, attached by the face ; embryo nearly straight ; styles 2. 13. Tunica. Calyx top-shaped or prismatic, with 5 strong nerves ; flowers small. 14. Dianthus. Calyx cylindric or nearly so, with many fine nerves ; flowers showy. 1. SPERGULARIA J. & C. Presl. SAND SPURREY Sepals 5. Petals 6, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles and valves of the many- seeded pod 3, very rarely 5, when the valves alternate with the sepals ! Em- bryo not coiled into a complete ring. Low herbs, ours annuals or biennials, mostly on or near the sea-coast, with filiform or linear opposite leaves, and smaller ones often clustered in the axils ; stipules scaly-mem branaceous ; flow- ering all summer. (Name a derivative of Spergula.) TISSA & BUDA Adans. LEPIGONUM Wahlb. * Not fleshy ; stipules lanceolate, attenuate. 1. S. rilbra (L.) J. & C. Presl. Nearly glabrous below the summit of the pros- trate or ascending slender stems, peduncles, and sepals usually glandular-pubes- cent ; leaves linear, flat, scarcely fleshy ; stipules lanceolate, entire or cleft ; pedicels longer than the bracts; pods and pink-red corolla small (3 mm. long), nhout equaling the calyx; $ccir<>i ; VVs.sv/ moriim P>ritton. ) Brackish sands, etc., N. B. to Fla. ; also on the Pacific Slope and in saline regions of the interior. (Eurasia.) 3. S. canad6nsis (Pe,rs.) Don. Diffusely branched, greener, smoother and somewhat, more slender than the preceding s|eeies ; .sr/ . : . 1. S. decunibens. Seeds at maturity dark or grayish brown, smoothish or roughened but with- out atoms '. .2. S. procumbent. Upper leaves with fascicles of-r.ediiced loaves in their axil*; petals decidedly longer than the sepals ' . .3. S. nodosa. '' :. ' ^ ' . ' 1. S. deciimbens (Ell.) T. & G. Animal, ascending; the peduncles? and calyx with the margins of the upper leaves at first glandular-pubescent ; .leaves short, often bristle-tipu^dv^xsepals and valves 5 r pr, Kar^ly 4 ; pod oblong-ovpio; nearly twice longer JliaiVilie,. calyx. ^ (8> (ti><:trjii>i >-/-/7>//r. f. l'fn'hypddwm. Pedicels, at least the lower ones, 1.5-5 cm. long . . . ; . r * 6- C. nutans. 1. C. arv6nse L. (FIELD M.) Stems ascending or erect, tufted, downy or nearly smooth, slender (1-2 dm. high), naked and few^-several-flowered at the summit ; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate ; petals obcordate, more than twice the length of the calyx ; pods (about 1 cm. long) one third to two thirds longer than the calyx. Dry or rocky places, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Del., Pa., Ind., Mich., Minn., etc., and along the mts. to Ga. May-July. (Eu.) Var. oblongifdlium (Torr.) Hollick & 'Britten. Usually taller, pubescent; leaves narrowly to broadly oblong or oblong-lanceolate ; pod about twice as long as the calyx. (C. oblongifolmm Torr.) Rocky places, -chiefly (Serpen- tine, N. Y. to Minn., Col., and south w. Var. viLi,6suM Hollick & Britton. Similar, but densely mllous-pubescent^ ; and the leaves lanceqlate to ovate- lanceolate. (Var. velutinum Britton",.) -^- Serpentine barrens, etc., e. Pa. ; also reported at Hamilton, Ont. (Dickson according to J. M. Macoun). 2. C. vuLcAxuM L. (COMMON M.) Stems clammy-hairy, spreading (1.5-4 dm. long); leaves chiefly oblong (varying to spatulate and oVate-lanceolate) ; upper bracts nearly herbaceous ; flowers at first clustered ; -sepals 4-6 mm. long, obtusish ; pedicels longer, the fruiting- ones- qtucii longer than->the -calyx. (C. viscosum of the Linnean herbarium ; C. triviale Link.) Fields, dooryards, etc.; common. May-July. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. C. VISCOSUM L. Hairy and rather clammy, nearly^ erect ^1-2 dm. /high); eaves ovate to obovate or oblong-spatulate ; bracts herbaceous,; flowers smalt,' at first in close clusters; pedicels even in fruit Hot longer thw the very acute sepals ; petals shorter than the calyx. (C. vulgatum of the Lluhean herbarium; C. glomeratum Thuill.) Grassy places, chiefly in the miditle Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific States. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. C. SEMIDKCAXDRUM L. Similar to the preceding but smaller ; bracts con- spicuously scario its-margined ; pedicels in fruit slightly exceeding the sepals. Dry soil, locally established, Nantucket (Churchill} and Ct. (Graves} to Va. (Adv. from Eu.) 5. C. brachypodum (Engelm.) Robinson. Pale green, viscid-pubescent; leaves oblong ; flowers in a dense or sometimes open dichotomous cyme ; pedicels about equaling the capsules; these usually 2-3 times as long as the sepals. (C. nutans, var. Engelm.) Near St. Louis, Mo. (Engelmann} to La., westw. and northwestw. 6. C. nutans Raf. Stems erect, slender, grooved, diffusely branched (1.5-5 rim. high); cyme loose, many-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, tlie lowest spatulate ; peduncles elongated, more or less hooked ; petals (sometimes 384 CAKYOI'HYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY) reduced or wanting) a little longer than the calyx ; pod* nodding on the stalks, curved upward, nearly or quite thrice the lenyth of the calyx. (C. longe pednn- culatum Muhl., as nomen subnudum.*) Moist rich soil, " N. S."; and Vt. to Athabasca, southw. and westw. May-July. 7. HOL6STEUM [Dill.] L. JAGGED CHICKWEED Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens 3-5, rarely 10. Styles mostly 3. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top by 6 teeth. Seeds rough, flattened on the back, attached by the inner face. Annuals or biennials, with several (white) flowers in an umbel borne on a long terminal peduncle. (Name from oXforeov, a word used by Dioscorides for some unknown plant. ) 1. H. UMBELLATUM L. Leaves oblong ; peduncle and upper part of the stem glandular-pubescent ; pedicels reflexed after flowering. Roadsides, fields, etc., N. J. and Pa. to Ga. Apr., May. (Nat. from Eu.) 8. AGROSTEMMA L. CORN COCKLE Calyx ovoid, with 10 strong ribs ; the elongated teeth (in ours 2-3 cm. long) exceeding the 5 large unappendaged petals. Stamens 10. Capsule 1-celled. Leaves linear. Tall silky annual or biennial. (Name from ayp6s, field, and ffrtpfjia, crown.} 1. A. GITHAGO L. Flowers 2.5-4 cm. in diameter ; petals purplish -red, paler toward the claw and spotted with black. (Lychnis Scop.) Grainfields, and less frequently by roadsides. (Introd. from Eu.) Seeds poisonous. 9. LYCHNIS [Tourn.] L. CAMPION Styles 5, rarely 4, and pod opening by as many or twice as many teeth ; otherwise nearly as in Silene. (Ancient Greek name for a scarlet or flame- colored species, from \^x^os, a light or lamp.) * Calyx-teeth twisted; petals large; plant white-woolly. 1. L. CORONARIA (L.) Desr. (MULLEIN PINK.) Stem 4-0 dm. high ; leaves oval or oblong ; petals crimson. Showy plant, often cultivated and now locally established, Me. to N. Y. and Mich. (Introd. from Eu.) * * Calyx-teeth not twisted; petals showy, much exserted; plant green. -- Flowers perfect. 2. L. FLOs-cfrcuLi L. (RAGGED ROBIN.) Perennial, erect, slightly downy below, viscid above ; leaves narrowly lanceolate ; flowers in loose pcnn'clca ; cah x short, glabrous; petals red, 4-lobed, lobes linear. Moist or marshy places, and in waste land, N. B. to N. J. and Pa. Often cultivated. (Introd. from Eu.) 3. L. CHALCEDONICA L. (SCARLET LYCHNIS.) Stout erect perennial with ovate leaves and hemispherical clusters of scarlet flowers ; /><'t. L. AI.IIA Mill. (WmTS C.) Similiar in foliage; flowers white or pink, fragrant, opening in the evening; calyx-teeth longer, attenuate; capsule ovoid- conical, narrow-mouthed at dehiscence. (L. vexpcrtina Sibth.) Same situ- ations, but less common. (Adv. from Old World. ) Resembles Silene n<>rt(rtr, saliva, from the vis- cid exudation on the stems and calyx of many species. The English name Catchfly alludes to the same peculiarity.) * Calyx many-ribbed ; annual. 1. S. CONICA L. Puberulent to tomentulose ; stems usually several (1.5-5 dm. high), leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute ; calyx ovoid, strongly ribbed, 1.5 cm. long, the teeth attenuate ; petals small, purple or pink. Waste places, casual, Dartmouth, Mass. (Hervey} ; "Clyde, 0." (Adv. from Eu.) * * Calyx -i-lO-nerved, not inflated except by the enlarging pod ; annuals. - Glabrous, a portion of each joint, of the stem glutinous ; flowers not racemose. 2. S. antirrhina L. (SLEEPY CATCHFLY.) Stem slender (2-9 dm. high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear; flowers small, paniculate; calyx ovoid; petals ob- cordate, crowned, opening transiently in sunshine. Dry soil ; common in waste places and open woods, centr. Me,, westw. and south w. June-Sept. Var. divaricata Robinson. Still more slender, the filiform branches and peduncles usually spreading ; petals none. Dry woods, Mass, to 111., Mo., and Kan. 3. S. ARMERIA L. (SWEET WILLIAM CATCHFLY.) Glaucous; leaves ovate- lanceolate; flowers in flat cymes, open in sunshine; calyx club-shaped; petals rose-colored or white, notched, crowned with awl-shaped scales. Escaped ui gardens. (Adv. from Eu.) Pubescent and more or less viscid; flowers racemose; pedicels short. 4. S- GALLICA L. Leaves spatulate, obtuse, mucronate (1.5-3.5 cm. long); racemes simple, terminal, one-sided ; calyx ovoid, villous-hirsute ; petals small. (S. anglica L.) Fields and waste places, local. (Adv. from Old World.) 5. S. DICHOTOMA Ehrh. Tall, more or less hirsute ; leaves lanceolate or ob- lanceolate ; racemes branched; flowers short-pediceled, one in each fork, the others solitary at the nodes of the spreading rhachises ; calyx-ribs 5, hirsute, simple; petals much exserted, white or pink. Clover fields, etc., N. E. to Tex., and on the Pacific Slope. (Introd. from Eu.) *- H- t- Pubescent and viscid; flowers cymose. 6. S. NOCTIFL6RA L. (NIGHT-FLOWERING CATCHFLY.) Tall (3-9 dm. high) ; lower leaves large and spatulate, the upper lanceolate ; flowers few, large, ped uncled, white or nearly so, fragrant, opening at night; calyx-tube 2.5 cm. long, with awl-shaped teeth. Cultivated grounds. * * * Calyx 5-lQ-nerved, elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod; flowers cymose or clustered; perennial, pubescent with viscid hairs, especially the calyx. t- Petals white or rose-color. 1. S. Menziesii Hook. Weak, low, dichotomously branched ; flowers small, white, in leafy cymes ; calyx obconical ; petals 2-cleft, usually crownless. S. Mo. (Blankinship} to Neb., Assiria., and westw. S. NfcTANs L. Leafy chiefly near the base ; stems 3-6 dm. high, slender, bearing a narrow panicle of nodding pink flowers; petals rather deeply bifid, GRAY'S MANUAL 25 386 CAKYOPHYLLACEAE (I'LNK FAMILY) crowned. Mt. Desert I., Me. (Miss Minot} and Stateu I., N. Y. (Kerr) ; doubtfully established. (Adv. from Eu.) 9. S. pennsylvanica Michx. (WILD PINK.) Stems low (1-2 dm. high) ; root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy petioles ; stem-leaves (2 or 3 pairs) lanceolate ; flowers cymosely clustered, short-stalked ; calyx club-shaped ; petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded, pink. (S. caroliniana Walt. ?) Gravelly and rocky places, e. Mass, to N. Y., Ky., and southw. Apr.-June. - H- Petals long, deep crimson or scarlet, crowned. 10. S. virginica L. (FmE PINK, CATCHFLY.) Stems slender (3-6 dm. high) ; leaves thin, spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate ; flowers few and loosely cymose, peduncled ; calyx subcylindrical, soon obconical ; petals oblong, 2-cleft, deep crimson, the limb 2.5 cm. long. Open woods, s. N. J. to w. N. Y., s. w. Ont., Minn., and southw. June-Aug. 11. S. rdgia Sims. (ROYAL CATCHFLY.) Stem roughish, erect (1 m. high); leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; flowers numerous, short-stalked, in clusters, forming a strict panicle ; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit ; petals spatu- late-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet. Prairies, O. to Mo., and southw. July. 12. S. rotundif61ia Nutt. (ROUND-LEAVED CATCHFLY.) Viscid-hairy ; stems weak, branched, decumbent (6 dm. long) ; leaves thin, round, abruptly pointed, the lower obovate ; flowers few, loosely cymose, stalked ; calyx elongated ; petals 2-cleft and cut-toothed, deep scarlet. Shaded banks, s. O., Ky., and south w. June-Aug. Leaves and flowers large. * * * * Calyx bladdery -inflated ; perennial ; flowers panicled, white, in summer. 13. S. stellata (L.) Ait. f. (STARRY CAMPION.) Stem 7-10 dm. high, with a large and open pyramidal panicle ; leaves in whorls of 4, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; calyx bell-shaped ; corolla 2 cm. broad ; petals cut into a fringe, crownless. Wooded banks, Mass, to Minn., Neb., and southw. 14. S. nivea (Nutt.) Otth. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, taper- pointed ; calyx subcylindric ; petals wedge-form, 2-cleft, minutely crowned. 8. alba Muhl., as nomen subnudum.} Pa. to D. C., w. to Minn, and Neb., rare ; also cultivated, and occasionally escaped elsewhere. 15. S. LATIF6L1A (Mill.) Britten & Rendle. (BLADDER CAMPION.) Glau- cous; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate; calyx globular, much inflated, elegantly veined ; petals 2-cleft, nearly crownless. (S. inflata Sm. ; S. Cucubalus Wibel ; N. vulgaris Garcke.) Fields, roadsides, and alluvial banks, e. Que. to Ont., s. to N. J., 111., and la. Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.) ***** Dwarf, alpine, tufted, smooth, perennial ; flowering shoots \-flow> "/ <>. 10. S. acaiilis L. (Moss CAMPION.) Tufted like a moss; leaves linear, crowded ; flowers almost sessile, or rarely on a naked peduncle ; petals purple or rarely white, notched or entire, crowned. Alpine summits of the White^Moun- tains, N. H., and north w. ; also western mountains. July. (Eu.) 11. SAPONARIA L. Calyx narrowly ovoid or subcylindric, 5-toothed, obscurely nerved, naked. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, or incompletely 2-4-celled at base, 4-toothed at the apex. Coarse annuals or perennials, with large flowers. (Name from sapo, soap, the mucilaginous juice forming a lather with water.) 1. S. OFFICIN\LIS L. (SoAPwoin, BOUWCIHG BKT.) Flowers in corymbed clusters ; calyx, terete; petals crowned with an appendage at the top of the claw ; leaves oval-lanceolate. Roadsides, etc. July-Sept. A stout perennial, with large rose-colored flowers, commonly double. (Adv. from Eu.) L'. S. VACCARIA L. (Oow-HBRB.) Annual, glabrous ; flowers in corymbed cymes; calyx b-angled, enlarged and wing-angled in fruit; petals pale red, not crowned; leaves ovate-lanceolate. (Vac<-. pale, _'-:! nun. long; stamens 5 ; capsule ovoid. PipeStOne City, Minn. ( Slit'Uhni) to Ark., and southwest w. 2. T. teretifblium 1'ursh. Petals :>, roseate, K mm. l<>nu anthers nhlmj ; lolies of the stiunia very short ; capsule globose. --Serpentine and rarely other rucks, Pa. to Ind., Minn., and southw. June-Aug. 3. T. rugosp6rmum Holzinger. Biennial (?), in appearance closely like the CERATOPHYLLACEAE (HORNWORT FAMILY) 389 preceding ; stigma-lobes a fourth to a third as long as the style ; anthers short, almost spherical; seeds roughened. Prairies, Ind., Wise., and e. Minn. 4. T. calycinum Engelm. Larger ; petals usually 8-10 ; stamens 30 or more. Sandy soil or rocks-, s. Mo. (Blankinship) to Neb. and southwestw. 4. PORTULACA [Tourn.] L. PURSLANE Calyx 2-cleft ; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals 5, rarely 6, inserted on the calyx with the 7-20 stamens, fugacious. Style mostly 3-8- parted. Pod 1 -celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating as a lid. Fleshy annuals, with mostly scattered leaves. (An old Latin name, of unknown meaning.) 1. P. OLERACEA L. (COMMON P.) Prostrate, very smooth; leaves obovate or wedge-form ; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny mornings) ; sepals keeled ; petals pale yellow ; stamens 7-12 ; style deeply 5-Q-parted ; flower-bud flat and acute. Cultivated and waste grounds ; common. Seemingly indigenous westw. and southwestw. (Nat. from Eu. ) 2. P. neglScta Macken/ie & Bush, known to us from description only, appears to be a more luxuriant plant with ascending stems, larger leaves (2.5-5 cm. long, 1.2-2.5 cm. broad), and more numerous (15-18) stamens. Rich bottom lands, Mo. and Kan. 3. P. retusa Engelm. Leaves often retuse ; calyx-lobes obtuse in the bud; petals small or minute ; style shorter, 3-A-cleft ; seeds larger, sharply tubercu- late ; otherwise like P. oleracea. Ark. to Tex. and westw. ; reported from Kan., la., and Minn. 4. P. pi!6sa L. Ascending or spreading, copiously hairy in the axils ; leaves linear-subulate, nearly terete, 0-12 mm. long ; petals red or purple. Barrens, :o. and Kan. to Tex., etc. CERATOPHYLLACEAE (HORNWORT FAMILY) Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and sessile monoecious flowers without floral envelopes, but with an 8-12-cleft invo- lucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple l-celled ovary, with a suspended 'hotropous ovule ; seed filled by a highly developed embryo with a very short licle, thick oval cotyledons, and a plumule consisting of several nodes and ves. Consists only of the genus 1. CERATOPHYLLUM L. HORNWORT o I Sterile flowers of 10-20 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an achene, beaked with the slender persistent style. Herbs growing under water; the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked thread-like rigid divisions (whence the name from K^/ms, a horn, and QtiXXov, leaf). 1. C. demersum L. Fruit smooth, marginless, beaked with a long persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the base on each side. Slow streams and ponds, across the continent. (Eu., etc.) Var. ECHINATTJM Gray has the fruit mostly larger (6 mm. long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the narrowly winged margin spiny-toothed. Similar range. NYMPHAEACEAE (WATER LILY FAMILY) Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and peltate or sometimes only cordate leaves floating or emersed; the ovules borne on the sides or back (or when solitary hanging from the summit) of the cells, not on the ventral 390 NYMPHAEACEAE (\VATKK LILY FAMILY) suture; the embryo inclosed in a little bag at the end of the albumen next the hilum, except in Nelumbium, which has no albumen. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, inclosing a well-developed plumule. Flowers axillary, solitary. Verna- tion involute. Rootstocks apparently endogenous. SUBFAMILY I. NYMPHAEOfDEAE Sepals 4-6, and petals numerous in many rows, persistent or decaying away, either hypogynous or variously adnate to the surface of the compound 8-30- celled ovary, which is formed by the union of as many carpels ; the numerous ovules inserted over the whole inner face of the cells, except at the ventral suture. Stigmas radiate as in the Poppy. Fruit baccate, with a firm rind. Petioles and peduncles from a (usually thickish) rootstock. 1. Nymphaea. Petals (very small and stamen-like) and stamens inserted under the ovary. 2. Castalia. Petals adnate to the ovary, large ; the stamens OR its summit. SUBFAMILY II. NELUMBONOfDEAE Sepals and petals numerous in several rows, passing gradually into each other, and with the indefinitely numerous stamens hypogynous and deciduous. Pistils several, 1-ovuled, separately immersed in the obconical receptacle, which is much enlarged and broadly top-shaped at maturity, the imbedded nut-like fruits resembling small acorns. Embryo large ; no albumen. Petioles and peduncles all from the tuberous rootstock, the centrally peltate leaves and the flowers large. . Nelumbo. Character of the subfamily. SUBFAMILY III. CABOMBOfDEAE Sepals and petals each 3 or sometimes 4, hypogynous and persistent. Stamens definite (3-18). Pistils 2-18, free and distinct, coriaceous and indehiseent, 1-3-seeded on the dorsal suture. Stems slender, leafy, coated with mucilage. Flowers small. 4. Brasenia. Stamens 12-18. Carpels 4-18. Leaves all peltate. 5. Cabomba. Stamens 8-4. Carpels 2-8. Submersed leaves capillary -multifid. 1. NYMPHAEA [Tourn.] L. YELLOW POND LILY. SPATTER-DOCK Sepals 5, 6, or sometimes more, roundish, concave. Petals numerous, small and thickish, stamen-like or scale-like, inserted with the very numerous short stamens on the receptacle under the ovary, not surpassing the disk-like 7-:M- rayed sessile stigma, persistent and at length recurved. Fruit ovoid, naked, usually ripening above the water. Aril none. Kootstock creeping, cylindrical. Leaves with a deep sinus at the base. Flowers yellow or sometimes tinuvd with purple, produced all summer. (Name formerly used for the white-flowered water lilies, dedicated by the Greeks to the Water Nymphs.) NUPIIAR Sibth. & Sm. 1. N. ddvena Ait. (Cow LILY). Sepals 6, unequal (yellow, mostly tinged with green or brown) ; petals shorter than the stamens and resembling them, thick and tleshy, truncate; stigma nearly entire, \^-2.\-r. MI- winning. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenes), or berries. Seeds anatropous (when solitary and suspended the rhaphe dorsal), with hard albumen and a minute embryo. Leaves often dis- sected, their stalks dilated at the base, sometimes with stipule-like appendages. A large family, including some acrid-narcotic poisons. Tribe I. ANEMONEAE. Sepals 8-20. often petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Stamen.-. mostly numerous. AHi.-nrs numerous or several, in a liea (or rarely more), yellow or white, with a scale or gland at l>u>e. Achenes numerous, capitate. Seed erect or ascending. RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 8 ( J3 2. MyosuniS. Sepals spurred. Petals 5, white. Achenes in a long spike. Scapes 1-flowered. Seed suspended. 3. Adonis. Sepals and petals (5-16, crimson or scarlet) flat, unappendaged. Seed suspended. * * Petals none ; sepals 3-5, caducous ; seed erect ; leaves alternate. 4. Trautvetteria. Achenes numerous, inflated, 4-angled. Flowers corymbose. Filaments white, clavate. * * * Petals none (rarely some staminodia) ; seed suspended. -i- Leaves alternate, compound ; flowers panicled, often dioecious. 5. Thalictrum. Sepals usually 4, petal-like or greenish. Achenes few. +- +- All but the lower leaves opposite or whorled ; peduncles 1-flowered. 6. Anemonella. Stigma terminal, broad and flat. Radical leaves and involucre compound. IViUincles umbellate. Achenes 4-15, many-ribbed. 7. Hepatica. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 oval bracts, calyx-like. Leaves radical, simple and lobed. Pistils several. 8. Anemone. Involucre leaf-like, remote from the flower. Leaves compound or dissected. Pistils very many. Tribe II. CLEMATIDEAE. Sepals normally 4, petal-like, valvate in the bud, or with the edges bent inward. Petals none, or small. Achenes numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seed suspended. Leaves all opposite. 9. Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs. Tribe III. HELLEB6REAE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, rarely persistent, petal-like. Petals oftrn nectariferous or reduced to staminodia or none. Pods (follicles) or berries (in nos. 21 and 22) few, rarely single, few-many-seeded. Leaves alternate. * Ovules and commonly seeds more than one pair ; herbs. -- Flowers regular, not racemose ; petals reduced to inconspicuous nectaries or slender or none ; sepals tardily deciduous. -H- Follicles separate. 10. Isopyrum. Petals (in ours) none. Sepals broad, white. Pods few. Leaves compound. 11. Caltha. Petals none. Sepals broad, yellow. Leaves kidney-shaped, undivided. 12. Trollius. Petals 5-20, narrow, pitted above the base. Pods sessile. Leaves palmately lobed. 13. Coptis. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at apex, white. Pods long-stalked. Leaves radical, trifoliolate. 14. Helleborus. Petals small, tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals 5, broad, persistent and turning green. Pods sessile. 15. Eranthis. Petals merely small 2-lipped nectaries. Sepals 5-8, narrow, deciduous. Flower solitary, involucrate. ++ -H- Follicles connate. 16. Nigella. Petals small, unguiculate, the blade bifid. Sepals 5, regular, peteloid, deciduous. -(- *- Sepals and large spur-shaped petals regular, each 5. 17. Aquilegia. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Leaves ternately compound. --<-*- Flowers unsymmetrical and irregular ; sepals 5. 18. Delphinium. Upper sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms ; the upper pair with long spurs, inclosed in the spur of the calyx. 19. Aconitum. Upper sepal hooded, covering the two long-clawed small petals. ---*--- Flowers regular, racemose ; sepals caducous ; petals very small, stamen-like, or none ; leaves decompound. 20. Cimicifuga. Flowers in long often paniculate racemes. Pistils 1-8, becoming many-seeded pods. 21. Actaea. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil forming a many-seeded berry. * * Ovules a single pair ; flowers regular ; rootstocks yellow and bitter. 22. Hydrastis. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3, petal-like, caducous. Petals none. Stamens numer- ous. Pistils several, becoming 2-seeded berries. Leaves simple, lobed. 23. Zanthorhiza. Flowers in compound racemes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, with claws. Stamens 5-10. Pods 1-seeded. Shrub with pinnate leaves. 394 RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 1. RANtlNCULUS [Tourn.] L. CROWFOOT BUTTERCUP. Annuals or perennials ; stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed, yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more than 5. Stamens occasionally few.) (A Latin name for a little frog; applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where frogs abound. ) 1. FICARIA Boiss. Hoots tuber ous- thickened ; sepals 3; petals about 8, yellow, with a free scale over the honey gland. 1. R. FIC\RIA L. (LESSER CELANDINE.) Glabrous and somewhat succu- lent; leaves basal on long stoutish petioles, ovate, rounded, deeply cordate, sub- ore n ate ; flowers scapose, 2 cm. in diameter. (Ficaria Karst.) Wet places, occasional ; Mass, to D. C. Apr., May. (Introd. from Eurasia.) 2. BATRACHIUM DC. Petals with a spot or naked pit atlxt.r. v-Jn'tc, or only the claw yellow; achenes marginless, transrerxchj crinkled; aq until- or subaquatic perennials, with the immersed foliage repeatedly dissected (mostly by threes') into capillary divisions ; peduncles 1-flowered, opposite the leaves. * Receptacle hairy. 2. R. circinatus Sibth. (STIFF WATER C.) Leaves all under water and sessile, with broad conspicuous stipules, the divisions and subdivisions short, spreading in one roundish plane, rigid, not collapsing when withdrawn from the water. (R. divaricatus auth., not Sch rank ace. to Hiern.) Ponds and slow streams, Vt. to Pa., la., north w. and westw., rather rare. (Eu.) 3. R. aquatilis L., var. capillaceus DC. (COMMON WHITE WATER C.) Leaves all under water and mostly petioled, their capillary divisions and suit- divisions rather long and soft, usually collapsing more or less when \riihj'>It!/I- lus Gray ; Batrachium trichophyllum Bosch ; B. Jlaccidum Rupr. ; B. Drone tn Nym. ; and B. confervoides auth., not Fries.) Common, especially in slow- flowing waters, the eastern form with more soft and flaccid leaves. June- Aug. (Eu.) Var. CAESPiT6sus DC. A dwarf terrestrial variety or possibly mere state, rooting at the nodes, the small leaves somewhat fleshy, with broader rigid divisions. S. 111. (Schneck), and westw. (Eu.) * * Receptacle glabrous ; no submersed leaves. 4. R. HEDERACEUS L. Rooting freely in shallow water ; leaves all reniform, angulate-lobed. {Batrachium S. F. Gray.) - Fresh-water marshes, Nfd. ; . s. Md. ; s. e. Va. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. HALODES Gray. Petals yellow, with nectariferous pit and scale; carpels thin-walled, striate, in a subcylindric head ; scapose, spreading by runners. "). R. Cymbalaria Pursh. (SEA-SIDE C.) Glabrous; scapes 4-:^ cm. high, 1-7-flowered; leaves clustered at the root and on the joints of the long rooting runners, roundish-heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, crenate, rather fleshy, long- petioled ; petals 5-8. (Oxygraphis Prantl.) Lab. to N. J., also along the Great Lakes and in alkaline soil of the interior. June- Aug. (Greenl., Eurasia.) Var. alpinus Hook. Dwarf; leaves 3-toothed, only 3-0 mm. broad. Cape Breton I., N. S., e. Que., and norihw. 4. EURANtJNCULUS Gray. Petals with a little scale at tin- base, yellow; achenes nerveless. * Achenes smooth, or nearly so ; mostly perennial. H- Aquatic; immersed leaves Jiliformly dissected ; as in I'atraehiiun. '. R. delphinif61ius Torr. (YELLOW WATER C.) Steins floating or im- mersed, witli the leaves all repeatedly 3-forked into long filiform divisions, or sometimes em-ping in the mud (perennial by rooting from the nodes, if at all) ; petals f>-S, deep bri-ht yellow, 8-12 mm. long, much larger than the sepals ; KANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 395 carpels in a round head, pointed with a straight beak, slightly roughened, and margined toward the base with a conspicuous tumid border. (R. multifidus Pursh, not Forskal.) Quiet water, centr. Me. to Grit., s. to N. C. and Ark. ; also B. C. to Cal. When rooting out of water or left in the mud of drying ponds it becomes the so called var. TERRESTRIS (Gray) Farwell (R. mixsouriensis Greene), a mere state, although differing conspicuously in its firmer less finely cut leaves of roundish outline, pubescent petioles, and smaller flowers. 7. R. Purshii Richards. Wholly immersed and glabrous or creeping upon muddy banks and sparingly to copiously appressed-pubescent ; leaves orbicular in outline, 1-2 cm. in diameter (the submersed somewhat larger), radially 3- cleft, the segments again cut into 2-5 rounded lobes ; flower about 1 cm. broad ; petals bright yellow, not much exceeding the broad similarly colored sepals ; carpels small, ovoid, turgid, smooth, without a distinct border; style short, straightish. Shallow pools and on shores, e. Que. to Alaska, s. to P. E. I., N. S., N. B., Mich., Minn., N. Dak., and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. June- Sept. (Siber.) - - Arctic species barely entering our northern limits; leaves all 3(-5)-cZe/fc or 3-parted, glabrous. 8. R. Iapp6nicus L. Creeping ; leaves deeply 3-parted, 1.5-4 cm. broad, segments obovate, cuspidately several-toothed ; scapes 6-10 cm. high, 1-leaved near the base ; flower 7-12 mm. broad ; petals oblong, yellow with orange veins ; achenes somewhat fusiform. (Anemone nudicaulis Gray.) In sphagnum bogs, etc., Greenl. and n. Lab. to the n. shore of L. Superior, n. Minn., and Alaska. (Siber., n. Eu.) -- -i- -t- Usually terrestrial but growing in very wet places, glabrous or nearly so ; leaves entire or barely toothed, all or else all but the lowest lanceolate or linear; carpels forming a globular head. (SPEARWORT.) 0. R. laxicaiilis (T. & G.) Darby. (WATER PLANTAIN S.) Stems ascend- ing (3-6 dm. long), often rooting from the lower joints ; leaves lanceolate or the lowest oblong, mostly denticulate (4-10 cm. long), contracted into a margined half-clasping petiole ; petals 5-7, bright yellow, oblong (4-6 mm. long); carpels flattened, large (2 mm. long}, pointed with a long narrow-subulate beak. (E. obtusiuscnlus Raf.?; R. ambigens Wats.) Ditches and muddy places, s. Me. to Ga. and Tenn., chiefly at low altitudes; and from w. N. Y. and s. Ont. to Minn, and Ark. June- Aug. An aquatic state with reduced but undivided leaves occurs. 10. R. Flammula L. (SMALLER S.) Stem reclining or ascending, rooting below ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest ovate-oblong to lanceolate, en- tire or nearly so, mostly petioled (2-5 cm. long); petals 5-7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow ; carpels small, flattish but turgid, mucronate with a short abrupt point. Nfd. ; also Ore. (Eurasia.) Passing by insensible grada- tions through an undefmable var. INTERMEDIUS Hook., into Var. rSptans (L.) Mey. (CREEPING S.) Small, slender, the filiform creep- ing stems rooting at all the joints ; leaves linear, spatulate, or oblong (6-25 mm. long); flowers small. ( R. reptans L.) Gravelly or sandy shores ; Nfd. to Pa., north w. and westw. June-Sept. (Eu.) Passing in its turn into the still more slender var. FILIFORMIS (Michx.) Hook., With filiform leaves. Similar situations. 11. R. oblongifblius Ell. Usually annual ; stem erect or ascending, often pubescent below, slender (3-6 dm. high), diffusely branched above and many- flowered; leaves serrate or denticulate, lower long-petioled. ovate or oblong (1-3.5 cm. long), uppermost linear; flowers 6-10 mm. broad ; petals 5, bright yellow (3-6 mm. long) ; stamens 12-20 ; carpels minute, almost globular, the small style deciduous. Swamps and low ground, near the coast, Del. to Fla. and Tex., n. in Miss, basin to Mo. and 111. Apr.-Sept. 12. R. pusillus Poir. Stem ascending, weak, loosely branching (1.5-4.5 dm. long); leaves entire or obscurely denticulate, the lowest round-ovate or heart- shaped (0.7-2 cm. long), long-petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate (2-4 cm. long); flowers very small; petals 1-5, pale yellowish, about 2 mm. long, scarcely 396 RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFonT FAMILY) surpassing the sepals ; stamens 3-10 ; carpels very turgid, smooth or slightly papillose, tipped with a minute sessile stigma. Wet places, near the coast, s. N. Y. to Fla. and Tex., n. in the Miss, basin to Mo. and Tenn. Apr.-Sept. - t- -- - Terrestrial, but often in wet places ; leaves mostly cleft or divide. ++ Root-leaves (or most of them) not divided to the very base; achenes marginless. = Carpels in a globose head, upon a turgid subglobose receptacle. 13. R. rhomboideus Goldie. (DWARF B.) Low (1-2 dm. high), hairy; root- leaves roundish or rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate ; lowest stem-leaves similar or 3-5-lobed, the upper 3-5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear ; carpels obovate with a minute beak, in a globose head ; petals largi; deep yellow. (R. ovalis Raf. ?) Prairies and dry hills, w. Que. to Mich., la., and northw. Apr., May. = = Carpels in an ovoid or cylindric head, on an elongated receptacle. a. Stigma essentially sessile. \. Root-leaves all %-parted or -lobed ; the lobes again lobed or toothed. 14. R. sceleratus L. (CURSED C.) Annual, glabrous ; root-leaves 3-lobed, rounded ; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly entire ; carju'ls barely mucronulate, very numerous, in ellipsoidal or ci/liiint-lnn;-* larger (often 5-0 cm. broad), orbicular, deeply cordate with a narrow sinux. thin. Rich low woods, N. B. and Que. to Ct. b. Stigma borne on a distinct at first struightish at length inure or less re- curved style. 17. R. allegheni6nsis Britton. Habit and foliage closely as in R. aborti- vus; stem glaucous; petals minute, pale yellow; achenes pro- rii/r like; leaves 3-4-ternate. 3. T. coriaceum (Britton) Small. Soots stout, bright yellow; common tioles of the stern-leaves more or less developed, the base much dilated and amplexicaul ; leaflets broadly obovate to suborbicular, 3-9-toothed or -lobed, pale and glabrous beneath ; style nearly as long as the achene. Mts. of Pa. to Ky., N. C., and Tenn. 4 . T. caulophylloides Small. Similar; roots not yellow ; leaflets commonly arge, reniform-suborbicular, broader than long, pale beneath ; style thickish, often hooked, about half as long as the achene. Mountain slopes and alluvial banks, Md. to Ky. and Tenn. 400 KANUNCULACKAK (nioWFonT FAMILY) or suhnrttsifr, thi n-ivalled, the ribs often connected by transverse reticulations; leaves 3--ternate. w Filaments capillary, soon droopiny ; pHioles of the stem-leaves well devel- oped,' vernal. 5. T. dioicum L. (EARLY M.) Smooth and pale or glaucous, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves (2-3) all with general petioles ; leaflets thin, light green, drooping, sub- ofbicular, 3-7-lobed ; flowers dioecious; sepals purplish or greenish white. Rocky woods, etc., centr. Me., westw. and south w., common. Apr., May. ** -w. Filaments capillary or slightly Hub-shaped, soon drooping; petioles of the stem-leaves short or none ; aestival. 6. T. dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. Stem 6-12 dm. high, usually purplish ; leaflets shortly oblong, mostly 3-toothed, more or less veiny, pale and usually covered with a fine non-glandular pubescence beneath ; flowers dioecious ; se- pals and capillary filaments commonly purplish white. ( T. purpurascens Man. ed. 6, in part.) Alluvial soil, N. J. to the Saskatchewan, and south westw. 7. T. revolutum DC. Habit and flowers much as in the preceding ; leaflets thicker, under a lens finely glandular-puberulent, the glands or waxy globules sessile or shortly stipitate. ( T. purpurascens Man. ed. 6, in part, including var. ceriferum Aust.) Rocky upland woods, etc., also on river banks, e. Mass, to N. J., s. w. Ont., s. Ind., and N. C. Emitting a heavy odor. .M. .M. +H. Filaments club-shaped, ascending or spreading until after anthesis. 8. T. polygamum Muhl. (TALL M.) Glabrous or pubescent but not glan- dular, 0.5-2.6 m. high; stem-leaves sessile; leaflets rather firm, roundish to oblong, commonly with mucronate lobes or tips, sometimes puberulent beneath ; panicles very compound \, flowers white (rarely purplish), the fertile ones with some stamens ; anthers not drooping, small, oblong, blunt, the mostly white filaments decidedly thickened upwards; achenes glabrous. (T. Cornuti Man. ed. 6, not L.) Wet meadows and along rivulets, Nfd. to O. and south w., com- mon. July-Sept. Var. HEBECAKPUM Fernald. Leaflets usually pubescent beneath ; achenes pubescent. Nfd. to s. Ont. and N. H. 6. ANEMONELLA Spach. Involucre compound, at the base of an umbel of flowers. Sepals 5-10, white and conspicuous. Petals none. Achenes 4-15, ovoid, terete, strongly 8-10- ribbed, sessile. Stigma terminal, broad and depressed. Low glabrous peren- nial ; leaves all radical, compound. (Name a diminutive of Anemone, to which this plant has sometimes been referred.) 1. A. thalictroides (L.) Spach. (RUE ANEMONE.) Stem and .slender peti- ole of radical leaf (1-3 dm. high) rising from a cluster of thickened tuber. u is roots ; leaves 2-3-ternately compound ; leaflets roundish, somewhat 3-lobed at the end, cordate at the base, long-petiolulate, those of the 2-3-leaved 1-2-ternate involucre similar ; flowers several in an umbel ; sepals oval (1.2 cm. long, some- times pinkish), not early deciduous. (ywR*ik> Hoffmannaegg. ; Tholictrnm anemonoides Michx.) Woods, common, s. N. H. to Minn., Kan., Tenn., and n. w. Fla. Rarely the sepals, stamens or involucre are variously modified. 7. HEPATICA [Rupp.] Hill. LIVERLEAF. HEPATICA Leaves heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers, which are single, on hairy scapes. Name from a fancied resemblance to the liver in the shape of the leaves.) 1. H. triloba Cliaix. Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes ; those of the involucre also obtuse ; sepals 6-12, blue, purplish, or nearly white ; achenes several, in a small loose head, ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. (H: llt-i>ntica Kai-st.) Woods, eo'.nmon from N. S. to Fla., Mo., and Minn.; more abundant eastw. (Alaska, Ku.) KANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 401 2. H. acutiloba DC. Leaves with 3 ovate and pointed lobes, or sometimes 5-lobed ; those of the involucre acute or acutish. {H. acuta Britton.) Woods, w. Que., south w. through w. N. H. to Ga., Mo., and Minn., more abundant westw. ; York, Me. (Bicknell). Passes into the preceding. 8. ANEM&NE [Tourn.] L. ANEMONE Sepals few or many, petal-like. Petals none, or in no. 1 resembling abortive stamens. Achenes pointed or tailed, flattened, not ribbed. Seed suspended. Perennial herbs with radical leaves ; those of the stem 2 or 3 together, oppo- site or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower ; peduncles 1-flowered, solitary or umbellate. (The ancient Greek and Latin name, a cor- ruption of Na'man, the Semitic name for Adonis, from whose blood the crimson- flowered Anemone of the Orient is said to have sprung.) 1. PULSATfLLA Pers. Carpels numerous in a head, with long hairy styles which in fruit form feathery tails, as in Clematis ; flower large, usually with some minute or indistinct gland-like abortive stamens answering to petals. 1. A. patens L., var. Wolf gangiana (Bess. ) Koch. (PASQUEFLOWER.) Silky- villous ; flower erect, solitary ; leaves ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-parted, the middle one stalked and 3-parted ; segments of the leaves and ses- sile involucre deeply cleft into narrowly linear and acute lobes ; sepals 5-7, pur- plish blue to whitish (15-35 mm. long), spreading when in full anthesis. (Var. Nuttalliana Gray ; Pulsatilla hirsutissima Britton.) Prairies, Wise., 111., Tex., north w. and westw. March, Apr. (Eu., Siber.) 2. ANEMONE proper. Styles short, not plumose. Staminodia none. * Achenes densely long-woolly, compressed; involucre far below the flower. -t- Rootstock tuberous ; sepals usually 10-20 ; style filiform. 2. A. caroliniana Walt. Stem 7-15 cm. high ; root-leaves once or twice 3-parted or cleft ; involucre 3-parted, its wedge-shaped divisions 3-cleft ; sepals 10-20, oblong-linear, purple or whitish; head of fruit ellipsoid. Dak. to III, Fla., and Tex. May. A. DECAPETALA Ard., said to reach e. Kan., is doubt- fully distinct, its strongest character being the greater prevalence of simply ter- nate basal leaves with crenate uncleft leaflets. - t- Rootstock not tuberous ; sepals usually 5-8 ; styles filiform. 3. A. parviflbra Michx. Stem 1-3 dm. high, from a slender rootstock, 1- flowered ; root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divisions crenate- iricised or lobed ; involucre 2-3-leaved ; sepals 5 or 6, oval, white, with bluish bases ; head of fruit globular. Wet limestone rocks, Lab. to Alaska, s. to e. Que., Ont., Minn., Col., and Ore. May-Sept. (Siber.) 4. A. multlfida Poir. Stems from a branching caudex, silky-hairy (1-4 dm. high); principal involucre 2-3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two Z-leaved peduncles ; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals (sometimes numerous) obtuse, red, greenish yellow or whitish ; head of fruit spherical or ovoid. (A. Hudsoniana Richards.) Gravelly and ledgy (calcareous) shores and banks, e. Que. to Alaska, s. to N. B., n. Me., n. Vt., n. N. Y., Mich., S. Dak.; and in the mts. to Ariz. June. (Extra-trop. S. A.) - f- *- Taller, commonly branching above or producing two or more peduncles ; involucral haves long-petioled ; sepals 5-8, silky or downy beneath, oval or oblong; style subulate. (THIMBLEWEEDS.) 5. A. cylindrica Gray. Slender, pubescent ; flowers 2-6, on very long up- right naked peduncles ; involucral leaves twice or thrice as many as the pedun- cles, 3-divided ; their divisions wedge-lanceolate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft ; lobes cut and toothed at the apex ; sepals 5, rather obtuse, greenish GRAY'S MANUAL 26 4 IIANUNCULACKAI-: (TKOWFOOT FAMILY) white; head of fruit cylindrical (2-8,5 cm. long). Rocky woods and dry bar- rens, w. Me. to Sask., s. to N. J., Pa., 111., Mo., Kan., N. Mex., and Ariz. May- July. 6. A. riparia Fernald. Less conspicuously pubescent ; leaflets thinner, greener, less strongly veined ; those of the involucre lanceolate, cuneate at the base; sepals 5, large (1.5 cm. long), obtuse, white or rarely reddish, mostly petaloid ; head of fruit subcylindric, the styles suberect. Calcareous river- banks, etc., Gasp6 Co., Que., to Alberta, s. to Me., w. Ct., e. Pa., and w. N. Y. May, June. 7. A. virginiana L. Loosely pubescent or glabrate ; involucral leaves 3, 3- parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft ; peduncles elongated, the earliest naked, the others with a 2- leaved involucel at the middle, repeatedly proliferous ; sepals 5, acute, greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit ovoid or thick-cyUndric, the styles divergent. Woods and meadows, centr. Me. to Minn., and south w. June-Aug. Plant 0.0-1 m. high ; the upright peduncles 1.5-3 dm. long. * * Achenes naked, orbicular, compressed, wing-margined; sepals 5, obovate ; involucre sessile. 8. A. canadensis L. Hairy, rather low ; primary involucre 3-leaved, bear- ing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn ; their leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and toothed ; radical leaves 5-7-parted or cleft ; se- pals white (1.2-1.8 cm. long); head of fruit spherical. (A. pennsylvanica L.) River-banks and prairies, e. Que. to Assina., s. to N. S., centr. Me., w. N. E., N. J., Pa., Great Lake region, Mo., Kan., and Col.; escaped from cultivation elsewhere. * * * Achenes rather few, nearly naked, ovate-oblong ; stems slender, l-flowercd ; ^fclE ,^iX leaves radical. 9. A. quinquef61ia L. (Wooo A.) Low, smoothish ; stem perfectly simple, from a thick-filiform whitish or brown rootstock ; involucre of 3 long-petioled trifoliolate leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, and laciniately toothed or the lateral ones 2-parted ; a similar radical leaf in sterile plants solitary from the rootstock ; peduncle not longer than the involucre ; sepals 4-7, oval, white, or tinged with purple outside ; carpels only 1 5-20, oblong, with a hooked beak. (A. nemorosa of Man. ed. 6, not L.) Margin of woods. Apr., May. A delicate vernal species ; the flower 2 cm. broad. The European A. NEMOR6SA L., with thicker blackish rootstock, has been found as an escape from cultivation in e. Mass. (Sears"). 10. A. trifblia L. Similar in habit, somewhat stouter ; the leaflets of the involucre lanceolate to ovate, 2-3 cm. broad, rather regularly serrate, not in- cised ; flower 2.8-3.5 cm. in diameter ; sepals oval, white. Woods, mts. of s. Pa. to Ga. (Eu.) 9. CLEMATIS L. VIRGIN'S BOWER Perennial herbs or vines, mostly a little woody, and climbing by the bending or clasping of the leafstalks, rarely low and erect. (KX^ar/s, a name of I)is- corides for a climbing plant with long and lithe branches.) 1. FLAMMULA DC. Flowcrx cymnw-piunnilalr, rather small, in our spe- cies dioecious r tin- pistillate with some sterile stnn'ns. Sepals petal<>id, whitish, spreading, thin. Petals none. Antln-rs xlim-t. blunt. 1. C. virginiana L. Leaves normally 3-foliolate ; leaflets ovate, acute, thin, dark green above, when young silky-villous beneath, in age more or less com- pletely glabrate, heart-shaped at the base, variously few-toothod. River-banks, etc., common ; climbing over shrubs. July, Aug. A variation, found in the lower Missouri Valley and having more persistent pubescence and " marginless " achenes, has been described as C. missouriciists Ky. i RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 403 2. C. ligusticifblia Nutt. Very similar, but the leaves 5-foliolate or quinate- ternate ; leaflets small, 1.5-4 cm. broad, pale green, thickish, of linn texture. Mo. (Bush), Neb., and w. to the Pacific. 2. VIORNA Reichenb. Flowers large, solitary on long peduncles, usually nodding. Sepals thick, erect and connivent at base, mostly dull purple. Petals none. Anthers linear. * Stems climbing; leaves at least in part pinnate ; calyx (and foliage) gla- brous or puberulent. +- Tails of fruit plumose. 3. C. Vi6rna L. (LEATHER FLOWER.) Calyx ovoid and at length bell- shaped ; the purplish sepals (2-3 cm. long) very thick and leathery, wholly con- nivent or only the tips recurved ; long tails of the fruit very plumose ; leaflets 3-7, ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2-3-lobed or entire, not reticu- lated; uppermost leaves often simple. (C. glaucophylla and C. flaccida Small.) Rich soil, Pa. to Mo., and south w. May-Aug. 4. C. Addisbnii Britton. Suberect, 6-9 dm. high ; leaves all or many of them simple, sessile, broadly ovate, deep green above, glaucous beneath, obtuse, the later ones pinnate with prehensile petiolules and elliptic ovate leaflets; flowers and fruit as in C. Viorna. Alluvial soil, Va. (Addison Brown), N. C., and Tenn. x C. VIORNIOIDES Britton is intermediate between this and C. Viorna. 5. C. versicolor Small. Climbing, glabrous or nearly so ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets oval, reticulated; sepals lanceolate, glabrous on the outer surface, slightly recurved at the tip ; achenes with plumose tails. Dry ledges, Mo. (Bush}, and Ark. (according to Small). I- H- Tails of fruit silky or glabrate. 6. C. Pitchdri T. & G. Calyx bell-shaped ; the dull purplish sepals with narrow and slightly margined recurved points ; tails of the fruit filiform and naked or shortly villous ; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3- lobed, much reticulated; uppermost leaves often simple. (C. Simsii of auth., not Sweet according to Gray.) S. Ind. to Neb. and Tex. June. 7. C. crispa L. Calyx cylindrical below, the upper half of the bluish-purple sepals (2.5-4 5 cm. long) dilated and widely spreading, with broad and wavy thin margins; tails of the fruit silky or glabrate ; leaflets 5-9, thin, varying from ovate or cordate to lanceolate, entire or 3-5-parted. (C. cylindrica.Sims.) Va. near Norfolk, and south w. May-Aug. * * Low and erect, mostly simple ; flowers solitary, terminal; leaves sessile or nearly so, undivided, strongly reticulated. C. ochroleuca Ait. Leaves broadly ovate, entire or sometimes 3-lobed, silky beneath ; sepals yellowish within ; peduncles long ; tails of the fruit tawny- plumose, the achenes nearly symmetrical, 3.5 mm. broad. Copses, s. N. Y. to Ga. ; rare. May. 9. C. ovata Pursh. Very similar in habit ; leaves narrowly ovate, entire, glabrate; sepals purplish; achenes oblique, 4-5 mm. broad, their silky tails white or nearly so. Dry slaty hillsides, White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. to S. C. 10. C. Frem6ntii Wats. Leaves crowded, thick, often coarsely toothed, sparingly villous-tomentose ; peduncles very short ; tails villous or glabrate, not plumose. Mo., Neb., and Kan. 3. ATRAGENE DC. Some of the outer filaments enlarged and more or less petaloid ; peduncles bearing single large flowers; the thin sepals widely spreading. 11. C. verticillaris DC. Woody-stemmed climber, almost glabrous; leaves trifoliolate, with slender common and partial petioles ; leaflets ovate or slightly heart-shaped, pointed; flower pinkish-purple, 5-7.5 cm. across; tails of the fruit plumose, 5 cm. long. (Atragene americana Sims.) Rocky 404 RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) woods, chiefly in calcareous districts, e. Que. to Hudson B. and L. Winnipeg, locally s. to Del., Va., W. Va., Mich, and Minn. May, June. 10. ISOPYRUM L. Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or more, pointed with the styles. Pods ovate or oblong, 2-several-seeded. Slender smooth perennial herbs, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves ; the leaflets 2-3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal, white. (From ivbirvpov, the ancient name of a Fumaria.} 1. I. biternatum (Raf.) T. & G. Petals none ; filaments white, club-shaped ; pistils 8-6 (commonly 4), divaricate in fruit, 2-3-seeded ; seeds smooth. Moist shady places, s. Ont. (Dearness} to Minn., and southw. May. Fibers of the root thickened here and there into little tubers. 11. CALTHA [Rupp.] L. MARSH MARIGOLD Sepals 6-9, petal-like. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles. Pods (folli- cles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. Glabrous perennials, with round and heart-shaped or kidney-form large leaves. (An ancient Latin name for the common Marigold.) 1. C. paliistris L. Stem hollow, furrowed, not creeping ; leaves round or kidney-shaped, either crenate or dentate or nearly entire ; sepals broadly oval, bright yellow. Swamps and wet meadows, Nfd. to Sask., s. to S. C.. Tenn., and Neb. Apr.-June. Often called incorrectly Cowslips; used as a pot-herb in spring, when coming into flower. (Eu.) Var. FLABELLIFOLIA (Pursh) T. & G. is a weak slender form (not creeping) , with open reniform leaves and smaller flowers (2 cm. broad or less), occurring in cold mountain springs, N. Y. to Md. Var. RADIO ANS (Forst.) Hartm. is a decumbent or procumbent form, creeping at the base, usually more slender and smaller-flowered than the typi- cal form. Arctic Am. and (according to Rydberg) in swamps near Woodlawn and W. Hampton, N. Y. (Boreal Eurasia.) 2. C. natans Pall. Stems commonly floating ; leaves ovate-reniform, thin, subentire ; flowers small (1-1.2 cm. broad); sepals white or pinkish; carpels numerous (3 mm. long)^ in a globose head. In ponds or on muddy shores, n. Minn., and northwestw. June-Sept. 12. TR6LLIUS L. GLOBEFLOWER Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals small, 1-lipped, the concavity near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, many-seeded. Smooth peren- nials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ranunculus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name a latinization of Troll from Trollblume, the Germanic vernacular designation.) 1. T. laxus Salisb. (SPREADING G.) Leaves 6-7-parted ; pale greenish-yel- low sepals f)-6, spreading ; petals 15-26, inconspicuous, much shorter than the stamens. Deep swamps, w. Ct. to Del., Pa., and Mich. ; Rocky Mts. May. 13. C6PTIS Salisb. GOLDTHREAD Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 6-7, small, club-shaped, hollow at the apex. Stamens 16-25. Pistils 3-7, on slender stalks. Tods divergent. rnembranaceous, pointed with the style, 4-8-seeded. Low smooth perennials, with ternately divided root-leaves, and small white flowers on scapes. (Name from KbirTfiv, t<> a//, alludiim i<> the divided leaves.) 1. C. trifdlia (L.) Salisb. Rootstocks of long bright yellow bitter libers: leaves evergreen, shining; leaflets ;}, obovate-wrdgr form, sharply toothed. obscurely 3-lobed ; scape naked, slender, 7-13 cm, high, 1 (rarely 2)-flowered. -- RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 405 Mossy woods and swamps, Lab. to Alask., s. to Md., mts. of N. C. and Tenn., Mich., and n. e. la. May-July. (Greenl., Eurasia.) 14. HELLEBORUS [Tourn.] L. HELLEBORE Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, very small, tubular, 2-lipped. Pistils 3-10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. Peren- nial herbs, with ample palmate or pedate leaves and large solitary nodding early vernal flowers. (An ancient name of unknown meaning.) 1. H. vfRiois L. (GREEN H., CHRISTMAS FLOWER.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedate; calyx spreading, greenish. Has been found wild on L. I., in Pa., N. J.,. and W. Va. Dec. -Apr. (Nat. from Eu.) 15. ERANTHIS Salisb. WINTER ACONITE I Sepals 5-8, petal-like, deciduous. Petals small 2-lipped nectaries. Carpels w, stipitate, several-seeded. Perennial herbs, with palmately multifid radi- cal leaves, the scape bearing a single large yellow flower surrounded by an involucre of a single leaf. (Name from ^p, spring, and Avdos, flower.) 1. E. HYEMALIS (L.) Salisb. Dwarf ; flowers cup-shaped, shorter than the stamens. (Cammarum Greene.) Often cultivated; established in e. Pa. Feb., March. (Nat. from Eu.) 16. NIGELLA [Tourn.] L. FENNEL FLOWER Sepals 5, regular, petaloid. Petals small, ungeniculate, the blade bifid. Pistils 5, partly united into a compound ovary, so as to form a several-celled capsule. An Old World genus, with blackish aromatic seeds, noteworthy in the family in having a somewhat compound ovary. (Name a diminutive of niger, black, from the color of the seeds.) 1. N. DAMASCENA L. (LOVE-IN-A-MIST.) Flower bluish, overtopped by a finely divided leafy involucre. Sometimes cultivated, and occasionally spon- eous around gardens. (Introd. from Eurasia.) 17. AQUILEGIA [Tourn.] L. COLUMBINE Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short spreading lip, produced backward into large hollow spurs, much longer than the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. Per- ennials, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large and showy, terminating the branches. (Name of doubtful origin.) 1. A. canadSnsis L. (WILD C.) Flowers 5 cm. long, scarlet, yellow inside, nodding, so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk becoming upright in fruit ; spurs nearly straight ; stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. Rocks, open woods, etc. Apr. -June. Var. PHIPPENII J. Robinson with salmon-colored flowers, and var. FLAviFL6RA (Tenney) Britton with yellow flowers, are color forms with paler foliage. A. COCCINEA Small robust and with acuminate sepals 13-21 mm. long is a more or less marked and perhaps distinct species f the South and West. 2. A. VULG\RIS L. (GARDEN C.) Flowers blue, purple, pink, or white ; spurs hooked. Established in many places, especially northw. (Introd. from Eu.) 18. DELPHINIUM [Tourn.] L. LARKSPUR Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like ; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the base. Petals 4 (rarely only 2, united into one), irregular, the upper pair con- tinued backward into long spurs which are inclosed in the spur of the calyx, the lower pair with short claws. Pistils 1-5, forming many-seeded pods in fruit. Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name KM; RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) from Delphin, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not unlike the classical figures of the dolphin.) Introduced annuals; pistil 1. Follicle 1 cm. long, glabrous 1. D. Consolida. Follicle 1.2-2 cm. long, pubescent 2. D. Ajacia. Indigenous perennials ; pistils 8. Roots short, tuberous ; pods strongly divergent . . . . . . 3. D. tricome. Roots elongated, woody ; pods nearly or quite erect. Flowers purplish blue. Petals bearded with yellow hairs ; inflorescence loose, pyramidal ; plant glabrous 4. D. Trelea^ei. Petals bearded with white hairs ; racemes virgate. Stem glabrous 5. D. exalta t >/>/>. Stem velvety-pubescent 6. />. \ortnn id num. Flowers sky-blue ; raceme lax, few-flowered 7. D. uzure ion. Flowers white or nearly so ; raceme virgate 8. D. I'> mn-ni. 1. D. CONSOLIDA L. (FIELD L.) Leaves dissected into narrow linear lobes ; inflorescence loosely paniculate ; pedicels shorter than the bracts ; pod glabrous. Old grain-fields, and sparingly along roadsides, N. J., southw. and westw., rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. D. AjAcis L. Flowers more numerous and spicately racemose ; pods pubes- cent. Fields, roadsides, and wet places, Vt. to Mo. and N. C. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. D. tric6rne Michx. (DWARF L.) Root a tuberous cluster ; stem simple, 1.5-9 dm. high ; leaves deeply 5-parted, their divisions unequally 3-5-cleft ; the lobes linear, acutish ; raceme few-flowered, loose; flowers bright blue, some- times white, occasionally numerous; spur straightish, ascending; pods strongly diverging. W. Pa. to Minn., Neb., and southw. Apr., May. 4. D. Treleasei Bush. Essentially glabrous throughout, 7-10 dm. high, loosely branching ; leaf -segments deeply cleft, the lobes long, linear, acute ; lower pedicels much elongated, often 10-14 cm. in length ; calyx rich bluish purple; the lamina of each sepal more or less distinctly spotted with yellow or brown ; petals with a conspicuous yellow beard. Barrens of s. Mo. {Bush). May, June. 5. D. exaltatum Ait. (TALL L.) Stems slender, 6-15 dm. high; leaves deeply 3-5-cleft, the divisions narrowly wedge-form, diverging, 3-cleft at the apex, acute ; racemes wand-like, panicled, many-flowered ; flowers purplish blue, downy ; spur straight ; pods erect. (D. urceolatum of auth., not Jacq.) Rich soil, Pa. to Minn., Neb., and southw. July. 6. D. Nortonianum Mackenzie & Bush. Erect, simple, 8 dm. high ; stem leafy, covered with copious spreading yellowish and somewhat viscid pubescence ; leaf-segments deeply cleft, the lobes narrowly linear, acutish ; racerm xintilf. wand-like, the lower pedicels scarcely longer than the upper; flowers bluish purple ; the spur erect or nearly so. Barrens of the Ozark Mts., s. Mo. (Bush). May, June. 7. D. azureum Michx. Stem 3-6 dm. high, finely cinereous-pubescent ; leaves deeply 3-5-parted, the divisions 2-3 times cleft ; the lobes all narrowly linear ; Jlnm-rn xku-Mue; spur ascending or horizontal, usually curved upward ; jnnis erect. (? D. carolinianum Walt.) Va., N. C. and Ga. to Ark., Mo., Minn., and Sask. May, June. 8. D. Penardi Huth. Simple, erect, pubescent and generally glandular ; raceme strict, elongated ; flowers numerous, white or ncarf;/ *", xnft-i,ni><'*<-< //( ; the spur chiefly ascending or erect. (D. camporum Greene ; D. albescent Kydb.) Prairies and open deciduous woods, 111. and Wise, to N. Mex. and the Rocky Mts. 19. ACONiTUM [Tourn.] L. ACONITE. MONKSHOOD. WOLFSBANE Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular ; the upper one (helmet) hooded or hel- met-sluiped, larger than the others. Upper petals 2, consisting of small spur- shaped bodies raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet ; other petals 6 or fewer, much reduced or wholly wanting. Pistils 3-5. Pods several-seeded. RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) 407 Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. Perennials, with palmately cleft or dis- sected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles. (The ancient Greek and Latin name, of uncertain origin.) 1. A. noveboracSnse Gray. Erect from tuberous-thickened roots, high, leafy, the summit and strict loosely flowered raceme pubescent; leaves rather deeply parted, the broadly cuneate divisions 3-cleft and incised ; flowers blue ; the hel- met gibbous-obovoid with broad rounded summit and short descending beak. Chenango, Orange, and Ulster Cos., N. Y. ; also Summit Co., 0. ; and reported from Allamakee Co., la. (Pammel). 2. A. uncinatum L. (WILD M.) Glabrous; stem slender, from tuberous- thickened roots, erect, but weak and disposed to climb ; leaves firm, deeply 3-5- lobed, petioled, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; flowers blue ; hel- met erect, obtusely conical, compressed, slightly beaked in front. Rich shady soil along streams, Pa., and southw. in the mts. ; Wise. June-Aug. 3. A. reclinatum Gray. (TRAILING W.) Glabrous ; stems trailing, 1-3 m. long; leaves deeply 3-7 '-cleft, petioled, the lower orbicular in outline, 12-15 cm. wide ; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2-3-lobed ; flowers white, 1.8 cm. long, nearly glabrous, in very loose panicles ; helmet soon horizontal, elongated-conical, with a straight beak in front. Cheat Mt., Va., and southw. in the Alleghenies. Aug. 20. CIMICIFUGA L. BUGBANE Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. Stamens as in Actaea. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit. Perennials, with 2-3-ternately divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon- gated wand-like racemes. (Name from cimex, a bug, andfugere, to drive away. ) 1. ACTIN6SPORA (Turcz.) B. & H. Pistils 3-8, stipitate ; seeds flattened laterally, covered with chaffy scales, in one row in the membranaceous pods; style awl-shaped; stigma minute. 1. C. americana Michx. (AMERICAN B.) Stem 6-12 dm. high; racemes slender, panicled ; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous ; pods flattened, veiny, 6-8-seeded. Watkins, N. Y. (according to Britton) ; mountains of s. Pa., and southw. Aug. -Sept. 2. MACR6TRYS (Raf.) T. & G. (as Macrotys). Pistil solitary or sometimes 2-3, sessile; seeds smooth, flattened and packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Actaea ; stigma broad and flat. 2. C. racembsa (L.) Nutt. (BLACK SNAKEROOT, BLACK COHOSH.) Stem 1-2.6 m. high, from a thick knotted rootstock ; leaves 2-3-ternately and then often quinately compound ; leaflets subcuneate to subcordate at the base ; racemes in fruit becoming 3-9 dm. long; pods ovoid. Rich woods, s. N. E. to Wise., and southw. ; cultivated and escaped eastw. July. Var. DISSECTA Gray. Leaves irregularly pinnately decompound, the rather small leaflets incised. Local, s. w. Ct. (Eames} to Del. (Commons'). Var. cordif61ia (Pursh) Gray. Leaflets few (about 9), very large (1-2.5 dm. long), at least the terminal one deeply cordate. '(C. cordifolia Pursh.) Damp woods, mts. of s. w. Va. to N. C. and Tenn. Said to flower later than the typical form. 21. ACTAEA L. BANEBERRY. COHOSH Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4-10, small, flat, spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments. Pistil single ; stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Seeds smooth, flattened, and packed horizontally in 2 rows. Perennials, with ample 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and toothed, and a short and thick ter- 408 MAGNOLIACEAE (MAGNOLIA FAMILY) minal raceme of white flowers. (From ciKTtfa, root.} XANTHORRHIZA Marsh., a better but later form. L Z. apiifblia L'He'r. Stems clustered, 3-6 dm. high ; leaflets cleft and toothed. Shady banks of streams, Pa. and s. w. N. Y. to Ky. and Ga. MAGNOLIACEAE (MAGNOLIA FAMILY) Trees or shrubs, ivith the leaf-buds covered by membranous stipules, polypeta- lous, hypogy nous, poly androus, polygynous ; the calyx and corolla colored alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated (rarely covolute} in the bud. Sepals and petals deciduous. Anthers adnate. Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering the prolonged receptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a sort of fleshy or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous ; albumen fleshy; embryo minute. Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with minute transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark aromatic and bitter. 1. MAGNOLIA L. Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens imbricated, with very short filaments, and long anthers opening inward. Pistils coherent, forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like red fruit ; each carpel at maturity opening on the back, from which the 1 or 2 berry-like seeds hang by an extensile thread. (Named for P. Magnol, professor of botany at Montpellier in the 17th century.) 18- cor CALYCANTHACEAE (CALYCANTHUS FAMILY) 409 * Leaves all scattered along the branches; leaf-buds silky. 1. M. virginiana L. (SMALL or LAUREL M., SWEET BAY.) Leaves oval to broadly lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, obtuse, glaucous beneath ; flower globular, white, 5 cm. long, very fragrant ; petals broad; cone of fruit small, ellipsoid. (M. glauca L.) Swamps, from near Cape Ann and N. Y. southw., near the coast; in Pa. as far w. as Cumberland Co. May-July. Shrub 1-6 m. high, with thickish leaves, which farther south are evergreen. 2. M. acuminata L. (CUCUMBER TREE.) Leaves thin, oblong, pointed, green and a little pubescent beneath, 13-25 cm. long; flower slender-bell-shaped, glaucous-green tinged with yellow, 5 cm. long ; cone of fruit 5-7 cm. long, cylindrical. Rich woods, w. N. Y. to 111., Ark. and southw. May, June. Tree 18-27 m. high ; fruit when young slightly resembling a small cucumber. 3. M. macrophylla Michx. (GREAT-LEAVED M.) Leaves obovate-oblong, cordate at the narrowed base, pubescent and white beneath ; flower open-bell- shaped, white* with a purple spot at base; petals ovate, 15 cm. long; cone of fruit ovoid. Ky., Ark., and southw. May, June. Tree 6-12 m. high; leaves 3-9 dm. long, somewhat clustered on the flowering branches. * * Leaves crowded on the summit of the flowering branches in an umbrella-like circle; leaf-buds glabrous; flowers white, slightly scented. 4. M. tripetala L. (UMBRELLA TREE.) Leaves obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, soon glabrous, 3-6 dm. long ; petals 9-12 cm. long. (M. Umbrella Desr.) S. Pa. to Ky., Mo., and southw. May. Small tree. 5. M. Fraseri Walt. (EAR-LEAVED UMBRELLA TREE.) Leaves oblong- obovate or spatulate, auriculate at the base, glabrous, 2-5 dm. long; petals obovate-spatulate, with narrow claws, 1 dm. long. Swamps and along streams, Va. and Ky., along the Alleghenies, and southw. May. A slender tree 9-15 high. 2. LIRIODENDRON L. TULIP TREE Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla. Anthers linear, opening outward. Pistils flat and scale-form, narrow, imbricating and cohering in an elongated cone, dry, falling away whole, like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded in the small cavity at the base. (Name from \ipiov, lily or tulip, and Stvdpov, tree.} 1. L. Tulipifera L. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch ; petals 5 cm. long, greenish yellow marked with orange ; cone of fruit 7.5 cm. long. Rich soil, Worcester Co., Mass., to Ont., Wise., and southw. May, June. A most beautiful tree, sometimes 40 m. high and 2-3 m. in diam- eter in the Western and Southern States, the timber commonly called POPLAR or WHITE WOOD. J CALYCANTHACEAE (CALYCANTHUS FAMILY) Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse, and the cotyledons convolute; fruit like a rose-hip. Chiefly represented by the genus 1. CALYCANTHUS L. CAROLINA ALLSPICE I Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely .conical cup (with some leaf-like bractlets growing from it) ; the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored like the petals, which are similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals, short ; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). Pistils several or many, inclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face. Aromatic shrubs with brownish purple flowers terminating leafy shoots. (Name com- posed of KCL\V, a cup or calyx, and Avdos, flower.} BUTNERIA Duham. 410 MENISPERMACEAE (MOONSEEU FAMILY) 1. C. fl6ridus L. Leaves oval, soft-downy underneath; flowers when crushed yielding somewhat the fragrance of strawberries. (Butneria Britton.) Va. (?) and southw., on hillsides in rich soil ; common in gardens. Apr.-Aug. 2. C. fSrtilis Walt. Leaves oblong or ovate, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed, bright green and glabrous on both sides, or pale beneath ; flowers inodorous. (C. glaucus and laevigatus Willd. ; Butneria fertilis Britton.) Franklin Co., Pa. (Porter}, and southw. along the Alleghenies. May- Aug. ANON ACE AE (CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY) Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepalu, am/ corolla of 6 thickish petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hypogynous, poly- androus. Anthers adnate, extrorse ; filaments very short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a mass, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seefls anatropous, large, with a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated albumen. Leaves alternate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary, solitary. Tropical, excepting 1. ASIMINA Adans. NORTH AMERICAN PAPAW Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens ; the outer set larger than the inner. Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1-4 large thick- cylindric pulpy fruits ; seeds several, horizontal, flat, inclosed in a fleshy aril. Shrubs or small trees with unpleasant odor when bruised ; the lurid flowers soli- tary from the axils of last year's leaves. (Name from Asiminier, of the French colonists, from the Indian name assimin.) 1. A. triloba Dunal. (COMMON?.) Leaves thin, obovate-lanceolate, pointed ; petals dull purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4 times as long as the calyx. Banks of streams in rich soil, N. J. to L. Erie, Mich., n. e. la., s. e. Neb., and southw. Apr., May. Tree 3-12 m. high, the young shoots and expanding leaves clothed with a rusty down, soon glabrous. Flowers appearing with the leaves, 3-4 cm. wide. Fruits 7-13 cm. long, green or at length dark brown, the pulp sweet and edible in autumn. MENISPERMACEAE (MOONSEED FAMILY) Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules, tin- sepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud; //- nous, dioecious, 3-Q-gynous; fruit a l-seeded drupe, with a large or long <-urri embryo in scanty albumen. Flowers small. Stamens several. Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved in fruiting so that the seed and embryo are bent into a crescent or ring. Chiefly a tropical family. * Sepals and petals present ; anthers 4-celled ; seed incurved. 1. Cocculus. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6. 2. Menispermum. Stamens 12-24, slender. Petals 6-8. * * Petals none ; anthers 2-celled ; seed saucer-shaped. 8. Calycocarpum. Stamens In the sterile flowers 12 ; in the fertile flowers 6, abortive. 1. C6CCULUS DC. Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, alternating in threes, the two latter short. Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 3-6 in the fertile flowers ; style pointed. Drupe and seed as in Menispermum. Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles. (An old name, a diminutive of coccus, KOKKOS, a berry.) 1. C. carolinus (L.) DC. Minutely pubescent ; leaves downy beneath, ovate or cordate, entire or sinuately or hastately lobed. variable in shape ; flowers BEKBEKIDACEAE (BARBERRY FAMILY) 411 greenish, the petals in the sterile ones auriculate-inflexed below around the fila- ments ; drupe red (as large as a small pea). (Cebatha Britton.) River banks, Va. to s. 111., Kan., and southw. July, Aug. 2. MENISPERMUM [Tourn.] L. MOONSEED Sepals 4-8. Petals 6-8, short. Stamens 12-24 in the sterile flowers, as long as the sepals ; anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2-4 in the fertile flowers, raised on a short common receptacle ; stigma broad and flat. Drape globular, the mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its growth after flowering being strongly incurved so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone takes the form of a large crescent or ring. The slender embryo therefore is horseshoe- shaped ; cotyledons filiform. Flowers white, in small and loose axillary pani- cles. (Name from n^vy, moon, and ffirtpua, seed.} 1 . M. canadense L. Leaves peltate near the edge, 3-7-angled or -lobed. Banks of streams, w. Que. and w. N. E., westw. and southw. June, July. rapes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes. 3. CALYCOCARPUM Nutt. CUPSEED Sepals 6, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short ; anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft stigma. Drape globular ; thin crustaceous putamen hollowed out like a cup on one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped. Flowers greenish white, in long racemose panicles. (Name from /cd\u, a cup, and Kapir6s. fruit.} 1. C. Lybni (Pursh) Nutt. Leaves large, thin, deeply 3-5-lobed, cordate at the base ; the lobes acuminate; drupe 2.5cm. long, black when ripe. Rich il, Ky. to s. 111., Kan., and southw. May. Climbing to the tops of trees. BERBERIDACEAE (BARBERRY FAMILY) Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud, usu- ally in two rows of 3 (rarely 2 or 4) each; the hypogynous stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them; anthers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at the top. (Podophyllum is an exception in having more numerous stamens, the anthers opening along the sides ; Jeffersonia, in having the sepals in one row.) Pistil single. Filaments short. Style short or none. Fruit a berry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen. Embryo small, except in beris. Leaves alternate, with dilated bases or stipulate. * Petals 6-9 ; stamens 8-18 ; fruit many-seeded ; herbs. 1. Podophyllum. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18 ; anthers not opening by uplifted valves. Fruit a large berry. 2. Jeffersonia. Petals and stamens usually 8 ; anthers opening by uplifted valves. Pod opening by a lid. * * Petals and stamens 6 ; fruit few-seeded. 3. Diphylleia. Herb with white flowers ; petals much longer than the sepals. Berry 2-4-seeded. 4. Caulophyllum. Herb with greenish flowers ; petals thick, much shorter than the sepals. Ovary soon bursting ; the two seeds left naked. 5. Berberis. Shrubs, with yellow flowers and wood ; a pair of glandular spots on the base of each petal. Fruit a berry. 1. PODOPHYLLUM L. MAY APPLE. MANDRAKE Flower-bud with three green bractlets, which early fall away. Sepals 0, fugacious. Petals 6 or 9, obovate. Stamens twice as many as the petals in our species ; anthers linear-oblong, not opening by uplifted valves. Ovary ovoid ; 412 BERBERIDACEAE (BARBERRY FAMILY) stigma sessile, large, thick and undulate. Fruit a large fleshy berry. Seeds covering the very large lateral placenta, in many rows, each seed inclosed in a pulpy aril. Perennial herbs, with creeping root-stocks and thick fibrous roots. Stems 2-leaved, 1-flowered. (Name from Trotfs, a foot, and v\\ov, a Iraf, probably referring to the stout petioles.) 1. P. peltatum L. Stamens 12-18; leaves 5-9-parted, the lobes oblong, rather wedge-shaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex. Rich woods, w. Que. and w. N. E. to Minn., and southw. May. Flowerless stems termi- nated by a large round 7-9-lobed leaf, peltate in the middle, like an umbrella ; flowering stems bearing two one-sided leaves, and a nodding white flower from the fork; fruit ovoid, 2.5-5 cm. long, ripe in July, sweet and slightly arid. edible. 2. JEFFERS6NIA B. S. Barton. TWINLEAF Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8 ; anthers oblong- linear, on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed ; stigma 2- lobed. Pod pear-shaped, opening halfway round horizontally, the upper part making a lid. Seeds many, in several rows on the lateral placenta, with a fleshy lacerate aril on one side. A perennial glabrous herb, with matted fibrous roots, long-petioled root-leaves parted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and simple naked 1- flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Thomas Jefferson.} 1. J. diphylla (L.) Pers. Low; flower white, 2.5 cm. broad, the parts rarely in threes or fives. (J. binata B. S. Barton.) 'Woods, n. N. Y. to Wise., n. e. la., and southw. Apr., May. Called RHEUMATISM ROOT in some places. 3. DIPHYLLEIA Michx. UMBRELLA LEAF Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat. Stamens 6. Ovary ellipsoid ; stigma depressed, subsessile. Ovules 5 or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the middle. Berry globose, few-seeded. Seeds oblong, with no aril. Glabrous perennial, with thick horizontal rootstocks, sending up each year either a huge centrally peltate and cut-lobed rounded umbrella-like radical leaf, on a stout stalk, or a flowering stem bearing two similar (but smaller and more 2-cleft) alternate leaves which are peltate near one margin, and terminated by a cyme of white flowers. (Name from Sly, double, and 0tf\Xoj>, leaf.) 1. D. cymbsa Michx. Root-leaves 3-6 dm. in diameter, 2-cleft, each division 5-7 -lobed ; lobes toothed ; berries blue. Wet or springy places, mts. of Va. and southw. May. 4. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. BLUE COHOSH Sepals 6, with 3 or 4 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, much smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6. Pistil gibbous ; style short ; stigma minute and unilateral ; ovary bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect enlarging seeds, and withering away ; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, looking like drupes, the llesliy integument turning blue; albumen horny. A perennial glabrous herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending up in early spring a simple and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or panicle of yellowish green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternately compound sessile leaf (whence tin- name. from *auX65, stem, and 6\\ov, leaf, the stem seeming to form a stalk for the great leaf.) 1. C. thalictroides (L.) Michx. (PAPFOOSK ROOT.) Stems 3-7.5 dm. high ; leaflets obovate-wedge-fonn, 2-3-lobed, a smaller biternate leaf often at the base of the panicle ; flowers appearing while the leaf is yet small. Deep rich woods, N. B. to Man., and southw. Apr., May. Whole plant glaucous when young, as also the seeds, which are as large as peas. LAURACEAE (LAUREL FAMILY) 413 5. BERBERIS [Tourn.] L. BARBERRY Sepals 6, roundish, with 2-6 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave, with two glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens 6. Stigma cir- cular, depressed. Fruit a 1-few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crustaceous integument. Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers in drooping racemes, sour berries, and 1-9-foliolate leaves. Stamens irritable. (Derived from Berberys, the Arabic name of the fruit.) 1. B. canadSnsis Mill. (AMERICAN B.) Leaves repandly toothed, the teeth less bristly-pointed ; racemes few-flowered ; petals notched at the apex; berries ovoid ; otherwise as in the next. Alleghenies of Va., southw. and westw. ; not in Canada. June. Shrub 3-9 dm. high. 2. B. VULG\RIS L. (COMMON B.) Leaves scattered on the fresh shoots of the season, mostly reduced to sharp triple or branched spines, from the axils of which the next season proceed rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong closely bristle-toothed leaves (the short petiole jointed !), and drooping many -flowered racemes ; petals entire ; berries ellipsoid, scarlet. Thickets and waste grounds in e. and s. N. E., where it has become thoroughly wild ; elsewhere occasionally ntaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) LAURACEAE (LAUREL FAMILY) Aromatic, trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly marked with minute pellucid dots, and flowers with a regular calyx of 4 or colored sepals, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from the l-celled and \-ovuled ovary, and mostly fewer than the stamens; anthers opening by 2 or 4 uplifted valves. Flowers clustered. Style single. Fruit a 1-seeded berry or drupe. Seed anatropous, suspended, with no albumen, filled by the large almond-like embryo. * Flowers perfect, punicled ; stamens 12, three of them sterile, three with extrorse anthers. 1. Persea. Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled. Evergreen. * * Flowers dioecious, or nearly so ; stamens in the sterile flowers 9 ; teaves deciduous. 2. Sassafras. Flowers in corymb- or umbel-like racemes. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. 0. Litsea. Flowers few in involucrate umbels. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. 4. Benzoin. Flowers in umbel-like clusters. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved. 1. PERSEA [Plum.] Gaertn. f. Flowers perfect, with a 6-parted calyx, persistent at the base of the berry-like fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and gland- like, the rest bearing 4-celled anthers {i.e. with each proper cell divided trans- versely into two), opening by as many uplifted valves ; the anthers of 3 stamens turned outward, the others introse. Trees, with persistent entire leaves, and small panicled flowers. (An ancient name of some oriental tree.) 1. P. Borbbnia (L.) Spreng. (RED BAY.) Tree of medium size ; branch- lets early glabrate ; leaves oblong, soon shining above, pale and at length gla- brate beneath ; common peduncle about equaling the petiole ; berry dark blue, on a red stalk. (P. carolinensis Nees.) Swamps, s. Del. to Fla. and Tex. 2. P. pubescens (Pursh) Sarg. Small tree ; branchlets velvety ; lower sur- face of lance-oblong leaves retaining more or less pubescence ; peduncles con- siderably longer than the petioles. Swamps, Fla. to N. C.; and reported from s. Va. 2. SASSAFRAS Nees Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx ; the sterile kind with 9 stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of stalked glands at the base of each ; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved ; fertile flowers / 414 PAPAVERACEAE (POPPY FAMILY) with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue), supported on a club-shaped and rather fleshy reddish pedicel. Trees, with spicy-aromatic bark, and very mucilaginous twigs and foliage ; leaves decidu- ous, often lobed. Flowers greenish yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled corymbed racemes, appearing with the leaves, involucrate with scaly bracts. (The popular name, applied by the early French settlers in Florida.) 1. S. variif61ium (Salisb.) Ktze. Trees 4-38 m. high, with yellowish green twigs ; leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed, soon glabrous. (S. officinale Nees & Eberm. ; S. Sassafras Karst.) Rich woods, s. Me. (Deane, Parlin) to s. Ont., Mich., e. la., and Kan., and s. to the Gulf. Apr. 3. LiTSEA Lam. Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted deciduous calyx ; the sterile with 9 sta- mens in 3 rows ; their anthers all introrse, 4-celled, 4-valved ; fertile flowers with 12 or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovary. Drupe globular. Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves, and small flowers in axillary clustered umbels. (Name of Chinese origin.) 1. L. geniculata (Walt.) Nicholson. (Poxi> SI-ICE.) Flowers (yellow) appearing before the deciduous oblong leaves, which are hairy on the midrib beneath ; branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag ; involucres 2-4-leaved, 2-4-flowered ; fruit red. (Malapoenna Coult.) Swamps, Va. to Fla. Apr. 4. BENZOIN Fabric. WILD ALLSPICE. FEVER BUSH Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx ; the sterile with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner filaments 1-2-lobed and gland-bearing at base ; anthers 2-celled and 2-valved ; fertile flowers with 15-18 rudiments of stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not thickened. Deciduous-leaved shrubs, with honey-yellow flowers in almost sessile lateral umbel-like clusters, appearing before the leaves (in our species); the clusters composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4-0 flowers and surrounded by an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Leaf-buds scaly. (So named from its odor, which resembles that of benzoin, an oriental gum.) 1. B. aestivale (L.) Nees. (SPICE BUSH, BENJAMIN BUSH.) Nearly smnnth (2") in. high); leaves oblong-obovate, pale underneath. (Lindcra Benzoin Blume ; B. Benzoin Coult.) Damp woods, s. Me. to Ont., Mich., e. Kan., and southw. March, Apr. 2. B. melissaefblium (Walt.) Nees. Young branches and buds piihcwnt ; leaves oblong, obtuse or heart-shaped at base, downy beneath ; umbels few. (Lindera Blume.) Low grounds, N. C. to Fla , w. to s. 111. and Mo. Apr. PAPAVERACEAE (POPPY FAMILY) Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular yfofvr.s /'//// th<- /i/ fours, fn(/<]* <-Jnl>- shaped, smooth; corolla light scarlet. Cultivated fields and waste grounds, R. I., and southvv., rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. P. ARGEMONE L. Smaller, with finer-cut leaves and paler flowers than the last; pods club-shaped and bristly. Waste grounds, near Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. ARGEM6NE L. PRICKLY POPPY Sepals 2 or 3, often prickly. Petals 4-6. Style almost none ; stigmas 3-6, radiate. Pod ellipsoid, prickly, opening by 3-6 valves at the top. Seeds crested. Annuals or biennials, with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with prickly teeth, often blotched with white. Flower-buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name from &pye^a, a disease of the eye, for which the juice of a plant so called by the Greeks was a supposed remedy.) 1. A. intermedia Sweet. Stout, very glaucous; peduncles leafy; cr<>/la white, 8-10 cm. in diameter. (A. platyceras Man. ed. 6, not Link & Otto.) Meredosia, 111. (Seymour} to Neb., southw. and westw. 2. A. MEXICXNA L. (MEXICAN P.) Less glaucous ; flowers smaller, 3-fiitnini<>nx rc>t part palmately :! 7-foliolate, petiolate. Seeds \vii ::n. Cardamine. ;ial>n>u> or pube-eent .with simple hairs, lihrous routed, rarely tuber-bearing. Stem leafv ; leaves alternate, from ovate and eremite-dentate to pinnate. Seeds AN injrlrss. ::| Arabis. I'siially pubeseeiit. some or all of the hair- beinir braiiehed. Hoots tibroiis ; no tubers. Seeds usually winded or wing-margined. Leaves alternate simple or pinnatifid. CKUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 421 5. LESQUERELLA. 12. NEBLIA. 11. CAMELINA. 4. AI.YSSUM. 1. DRABA. 23. EADICULA. 25. SELENIA. 14. EAPIIANUS. 1C. DIPLOTAXIS. 15. BRASSICA. 19. SlSYMBRIUM 22. ERYSIMUM. 31. ARABIS. 17. OONRINGIA. 19. SlSYMBRICM. 19. SlSYMBRIUM. 24. BARBAREA. 19. SlSYMBRIUM. ARTIFICIAL KEY TO GENERA a. Petals present, with yellow blade and yellowish or whitish claw b. b. Fruit short, not more than 3 times as long as broad. Pubescence stellate. Pods thick. Pods globose. Pods dehiscent Pods indehiscent Pods obovoid Pods thin. Pods orbicular Pods oblong Pubescence simple or none. Pods subglobose or cylindrical Pods very flat and thin b. Fruit much more than 3 times as long as broad. Pods 1-celled or with spongy cross partitions Pods longitudinally 2-celled. Seeds 2-rowed in each cell Seeds 1-rowed in each cell. Petals 7-15 mm. long. Pods thickish, 2-6 mm. in diameter Pods linear, about 1 mm. in diameter Petals smaller. Stem-hairs vertical, attached by the middle, appressed . Stem-hairs (if present) otherwise. Stem-leaves lanceolate, sessile, subentire ; stem villous at base Stem-leaves elliptical, sessile, entire ; stem glabrous . Stem-leaves petiolate, toothed or pinnate. Leaves bipinnatifid Leaves simple or pinnatifid. Pods awl-shaped, tapering, closely appressed Pods linear, cylindrical or compressed. Pods (when ripe) 2-5 cm. long Pods (when ripe) 7-9 cm. long Petals (when present) with blade white or purplish (sometimes yellow at the base) c. c. Peduncles 1-flowered, radical c. Poduncles several-flowered, not radical d. d. Dwarf aquatic with awl-shaped entire leaves il. Otherwise e. e. Fruit transversely 2-celled ; plant fleshy e. Fruit longitudinally 2-celled /. /. Pods short, rarely 3 times as long as wide g. ff. Pods compressed contrary to a narrow partition. Carpels thickish, tuberculate-crested or deeply wrinkled . 8. CORONOPUS. Carpels compressed, smoothish. Pods wedge-shaped at the base ; some or all of the hairs branched 10. CAPSELLA. Pods not wedge-shaped at the base ; hairs simple or none. Seeds several in each cell 6. THLASPI. Seeds solitary in each cell 7. LEPIDICM. g. Pods compressed (if at all) parallel to the broadish partition. Pods 2-3 cm. broad .27. LUNARIA. Pods narrower. Hairs none or all simple 23. EADICULA. Hairs at least in part branched or attached by the middle. Hairs vertically 2-forked, appressed, apparently attached by the middle 3. LOBULARIA. Hairs otherwise. Seeds 2 in each cell ; pods orbicular .... 4. ALYSSUM. Seeds several to many in each cell. Petals deeply bifid. Scapose, 1 dm. or less high 1. DRABA. Leafy-stemmed, 3-8 dm. high . . . .2. BERTEROA. Petals nearly or quite entire 1. DRABA. Is 4-co times as long as wide h. Hairs simple or none. Leaves palmately divided 29. DENTARIA. Leaves otherwise. Fruit thickish, 4-7 mm. in diameter 14. EAPHANUS. Fruit slender, 1-3 mm. in diameter. Petals purple or rose-colored. Lateral sepals with a hump (often tufted) just below the summit 26. IODANTHUS. Lateral sepals uuappendaged 30. CARDAMINK. 28. LEAVENWORTHIA. 9. SUBULARIA. 18. CAKILE. 422 CKUCII KKAK (MUSTARD FAMILY) Petals white. Valves of pod conspicuously keeled Valves of pod rounded or flat. Pods terete Pods more or less flattened 18. ALLIARIA. 23. RADKTI.A. 30. CARDAMINK. h. Hairs at least in part branched. Stigma obtusely cone-shaped ; petals purple, 15-20 mm. long . . . 21. HKSPKKIS. Stigma otherwise ; petals smaller. Pods terete or 4-angled, sometimes torulose. Tall, 6-12 dm. high ; pods 8 cm. long ....... 31. ARAIH-. Not over 3 dm. high ; pods shorter. Annual; pods not torulose ........ 19. SISYMHKIUM. Perennial ; pods more or less torulose ...... 20. BRAYA. Pods decidedly flattened. Pods lanceolate to narrowly oblong, rarely over 13mm. in length . 1. DRABA. Pods linear, when normal and mature 15-80 mm. long . . .81. ARABIS. 1. DRABA [Dill.] L. Pod oval, oblong, or even linear, flat ; the valves plane or slightly convex ; the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments not toothed. Low herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers; pubescence often stellate. (Name from 8pd^, applied by Dioscorides to some cress ; meaning unknown.) \NJfft 1. ER6PHILA (DC.) Reichenb. Annual or Mr nn 'ml ; flowers \. J white, cleistogamous ; petals 2-cleft. V f , 1. D. VERNA L. (WHITLOW GRASS.) Small (scapes 2.5-8 cm. high) ; leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in 781 D verna ^ ruit ' P oc * s varvin from round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, Part of fruiting snorter tnan tne pedicels. Sandy waste places and roadsides, raceme x a/ e - Mass. to Minn, and southw. A species remarkable as an Petal x 1%. aggregate of many closely related forms which, from their cleis- togamy, seldom cross or intergrade. Apr., May. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 731. 2. DRABELLA DC. Winter annuals ; leafy stems short; leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile; petals entire or merely emarginate, white (yellow in no. 4) ; style none. 2. D. caroliniana Walt. Small (2.5-12 cm. high) ; pedun- cles scape-like ; petals usually twice the length of the calyx ; raceme short or corymbose in fruit (1.2-2.5 cm. long); pods broadly linear, smooth, much longer than the ascending pedi- cels. Sandy and waste fields, e. Mass, to Minn., Neb., and southw. March-May. FIG. 7:52. Petals often wanting in the later racemes, especially in the var. MICRAXTHA (Nutt.) Gray, with minutely rough-hairy pods, which is found with the other, westw. 3. D. cuneifblia Nutt, Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest spatulate, toothed ; raceme somewhat elongnds <>hlon/;/> leaf;/ to the l>asc of the dense at length 784. D. brachycarpa. elongated rarrme ; leaves (4-^8 mm. long) 788. D. cuneifolia. Inflorescence x */ 8 . narrowly oblong or the lowest ovate, few- Fruiting raceme x Vs- 732. D. caroliniana. Fruiting raceme x 2 / 3 . Fruit with valves re- moved x CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 423 I 735. D. nemorosa. Part of fruiting raceme x 2 / 3 . toothed or entire ; flowers small ; pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish (4 mm. long), about the length of the ascend- ing or spreading pedicels. Open ground, Va. to Kan., and south w. Apr. FIG. 734. Petals sometimes minute, some- times none. 5. ,D. nemor6sa L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceo- late, more or less toothed; racemes elongated (1-2 dm. long in fruit); petals emarginate. small; pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontal or widely spreading pedi- cels, pubescent or smooth. Fort Gratiot, Mich., n. Minn., north w. and westw. (Eu.) FIG. 735. 3. DRABAEA Lindblom. Petals not notched or cleft; perennial or bien- nial, leafy-stemmed, leaves finely stellate-pubescent; flowers white; style definite. 6. D. sty la ri s. 1. D. rumottissima. 8. D. arabisans. Pods pubescent. Style less than 1 mm. long Style 2-1 mm. long Pods glabrous 6. D. stylaris J. Gay. Caudex simple or branching ; flowering stems simple or slightly branched, pilose, 0.5-3.5 dm. high, remotely leafy ; basal rosettes with oblanceolate entire or remotely dentate canescent leaves (1-4 crn. long), the cauline leaves ovate to oblong, usually dentate ; racemes loose ; pedicels short, ascending ; pods narrowly oblong to lanceolate, sometimes twisted, 7-12 mm. long. (D. incana Man. ed. 6, not L.) Dry calcareous cliffs and ledges, locally from Lab. to N. B. and n. Vt.; Rocky Mts. May, June. (Eurasia.) 7. D. ramosissima Desv. Darker green, less pubescent; leaves laciniate- toothed ; racemes corymbosely-branched ; pedicels elongate, spreading ; pods oval-oblong or lanceolate, strongly twisted, 4-10 mm. long. ' Cliffs, Va. to Ky., and southw. Apr.- June. 8. D. arabisans Michx. Caudex usually much-branched, the flowering stems simple or slightly branched, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, sparingly pubescent ; basal leaves oblanceolate or spatu- late, entire or somewhat dentate, thin, green, sparingly stel- late, 1-7 cm. long, cauline scattered, serrate-dentate ; racemes loose ; pedicels divergent ; pods elliptic-lanceolate, much twisted, 9-15 mm. long; style about 1 mm. long. (D. incana, var. arabisans Wats.) Rocky (usually calcareous) banks, Nfd. to Ont., locally s. to Me., Vt., and n. and w. N. Y. May- July. FIG. 736. Var. orthocarpa Fern aid & Knowlton. Low (1-3 dm. high); pods flat, 5-10 mm. long. Lab. to N. B. and n. Vt. Var. canadSnsis (Brunet) Fernald & Knowlton. Low (1-1.5 dm. high); pods elliptic-ovate to suborbicular, 5-7 mm. long. St. Joachim, Que. 736. D. arabisans. Part of fruiting raceme x %. J7. B. incana. Petal x 2. Pod x 2. 2. BERTER6A DC. Pod -elliptic ; seeds several, winged. Petals white, 2-parted. Pubescence stellate. (Carlo Guiseppe Bertero, Piedmontese botanist. ) 1. B. INCANA (L.) DC. Tale green, 3-6 dm. high, branched ; leaves entire, lanceolate ; pods canescent-pubescent, plump, 2.5- >.~y mm. thick. (Alyssum L.) Recently introduced (with clover seed ?), becoming common in N. E. ; occasional in other Atlantic States, and extending inland. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 737. 2. B. MUTABILIS (Vent.) DC. Similar; pods sparingly pubes- cent or glabrate, flatfish, 4.5-6 mm. broad. Roadsides and cultivated ground, Mass. ; less frequent than the preceding. (Adv. from Eu.) 424 OIIt'CIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 3. LOBULARIA Desv. SWEET ALYSSUM Pod as in Alyssum. Petals white, entire. Cotyledons accumbent. Hairs of the stem and leaves 2-pointed, appressed, attached in the middle. (Latin lobulus, a little lobe, probably referring to the 2-lobed hairs. ) 1. L. MAIMTIMA (L.) Desv. Slightly hoary; leaves linear; flowers small, honey-scented. (Alyssum Lam.; Koniga R. Br.) Often cultivated, and occa- sionally spontaneous. (Introd. from Eu.) 4. ALYSSUM [Tourn.] L. Pod small, orbicular, with only one or two wingless seeds in a cell ; valves nerveless, somewhat convex, the margin flattened. Flowers yellow or white. Cotyledons accumbent. Plant stellate-pubescent. (Greek name of a plant reputed to check hydrophobia, as the etymology denotes.) 788 A alvssoides ' ! A. ALYSSO!DES L. Dwarf hoary annual, with linear- Pod with persistent s P atulate leaves, pale yellow or whitish petals little exceeding calyx xV ^ ne P ers i s tent calyx, and orbicular sharp-margined 4-seeded pod, the style minute. (A. calycinum L.) Occasional in grass-land. (Adv. from Eu.) FIG. 738. 5. LESQUERELLA Wats. Pod mostly globular or inflated, with a broad orbicular to ovate hyaline par- tition nerved to the middle, the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or several, in 2 rows. flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless. Low herbs, hoary with stellate hairs or lepi- dote. Flowers mostly yellow. (Named for Leo Lesque- reux, distinguished bryologist and paleobotanist, 1806- 1889.) 1. L. globbsa (Desv.) Wats. Minutely hoary all over stems spreading or decumbent from an annual or biennial root; leaves oblong or lanceolate, with a tapering base, rept n < > on ascending or curved pedicels, stipitate ; style long. ( Vcsi<-.) 711. T. arvense. Smooth annual ; Jmwr leaves wing-petioled, the I/P/XT >/////- P-soction of seed X 4. 745. L. sativum. Part of fruiting raceme x 2 / 3 . 426 CRUCiFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) * * Stem-leaves with a sagittate partly clasping base, rather crowded. 5. L. CAM^ESTRE (L.) R. Br. Minutely soft do >'//>/; leaves arrow-shaped, somewhat toothed ; pods ovate, winged, rough, the style longer than the narrow notch. Fields, roadsides, etc., becoming common. (Nat. 746. L. campestre. from Eu.) FIG. 746. 6. L. DuAuA L. Perennial, obscurely hoary ; leaves oval or oblong, the upper with broad clasp- ing auricles ; flowers corymbose ; pods heart- shaped, winnless, thickish, entire, tipped" with a conspicuous style. Waste places and cultivated grounds; not common. Part of fruiting Part of fruiting raceme x %. 747. L. Draha. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 747. raceme x 2 / 3 . Old 8. COR6NOPUS Ludwig. WART CRESS. SWINE CRESS Pod flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the two cells indehiscent, strongly wrinkled or tuberculate, 1-seeded. Cotyledons narrow and incuinbently folded transversely. Diffuse or prostrate fetid annuals or biennials, with minute whitish flowers. Stamens often only 2. (Name from Kopuvij, crow, and Trotfs, foot, from the deeply cleft leaves.) SENE- IUERA Poir. I. C. nfnvMus (L.) Sin. Leaves 1-2-pinnately parted; pod* notched at the apex, rough-wrinkled. (Senebiera I Waste places, chiefly near ports. (Adv. from the World and now widely distributed as a cosmo- politan weed.) FIG. 748. 2. C. FROctfMBENS Gilibert. Leaves less di- vided, with narrower lobes; pods not notched at the apex, tubercled. ( C. Coronopus Karst. ; Senebiera Coronopus Poir.) Ballast, infrequent, 748. C. didymus. much rarer than the preceding species. (Adv. 749. 0. Leaf and pod x 2%. from Eu.) FlG. 749. Pod x 2%. 9. SUBULARIA L. AWLWORT Pod ovoid or globular, with a broad partition ; the turgid valves 1 -nerved. Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incuinbently folded transversely, i.e., the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. A dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic ; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the name). Scape naked, few-flowered, 2-8 cm. high. Flowers minute, white. 1. S. aquatica L. The only species. Margins of lakes and slow streams, Nfd. to B.C., southw. to centr. N. E., Wyo., and Cal. ; local. Aug., Sept. (Eu., Siber.) 10. CAPSELLA Medic. SHEPHERD'S PURSE Pod obcordate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incumbent. Annuals; petals small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsa, a box.) 1. C. Bi'Rsv-rASToius (L.) Medic. Stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. ( /iiirxa Britton.) Common weed; Apr. -Sept. (Nat. from Ku.) Kxtrcmely variable in foliage and outline of pod. Upon these characters Almquist has proposed sixty-three forms or elementary species. II. CAMELINA Crantz. FALSE FLAX Pod obovoid or pear shaped, pointed, margined; partition broad; valves 1 -nerved. Si eds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from x ^" 1 ^ dieai'f, and \ivov, flax.} CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 427 750. C. sativa. Part of fruiting raceme x %. 751. C. microcarpa. Part of fruiting raceme x . 1. C. SATIVA (L.) Crantz. Annual ; leaves lanceolate and arrow-shaped ; pods large (6-7 mm. broad), on pedicels 1.2-3 cm. long. A weed in newly planted fields, etc. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 750. 2. C. MICROCARPA Andrz. More slender ; racemes long ; pedicels 8-18 mm. in length ; pods smaller, 4-5 mm. broad. (C. silvestris Wallr.) Roadsides, newly seeded fields, etc. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 751. '12. NESLIA Desv. BALL MUSTARD Pod subglobose, compressed, beaked, indehiscent, 1-celled or obscurely 2-celled, the surface reticulated. Seed 1 (rarely 2). Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Named for J. A. N. de Nesle of Poitiers.) 1. N. PANICI;L\TA (L.) Desv. Slender annual or biennial, somewhat stellate-pubescent, simple up to the inflorescence ; leaves oblong, sagittate-clasping ; racemes elongate ; pedicels 752. N. paniculata. slender, spreading, 5-9 mm. long ; capsule 2-3 mm. in diameter. Grain fields and waste places, e. Que. to B. C., locally s. to Pa. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 752. Part of fruiting raceme x 2 / 3 . Pod x 1%. 13. CAKILE [Tourn.] Ludwig. SEA ROCKET Pod short, 2-jointed across, fleshy, upper joint separating at maturity ; each Joint indehiscent, 1-celled and 1-seeded, or the lower sometimes seedless. Seed erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons obliquely accum- bent. Seaside fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.) 1. C. edentula (Bigel.) Hook. (AMERICAN S.) Leaves obovate, sinuate toothed ; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the upper ovate, flattish at the apex. (C. americana Nutt.) Atlantic coast and snores of the Great -"5- Lakes. July-Sept. Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh ; the upper one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry. 14. RAPHANUS [Tourn.] L. RADISH Pods linear or oblong, tapering upward, indehiscent, several-seeded, continuous and spongy within between the seeds, or necklace-form by constriction between the seeds, with no proper partition. Style long. Seeds spherical and cotyledons conduplicate. Annuals or biennials. (Name from pg., quickly, and 0ai'j>e r raceme x % 4. B. JAP6NICA Siebold. (CURLED M.) Leaves crisped and much cleft;. otherwise similar to the last. Occasionally established after cultivation. (Introd. from Asia.) 5. B. NIGRA (L.) Koch. (BLACK M.) Hirsute with scattered hairs, green; leaves slender-petioled, the lower with a very large terminal lobe and a few small lateral ones; pods short, 1.5-1.8 cm. long, on short erect pedicels, oppressed ; seeds dark, very pungent. Roadsides and waste places, common. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 757. * * * Leaves cordate- or auricu- late-clasping at the base. 6. B. CAMPESTRIS L. (RUTA- BAGA.) Glaucous, hispidulous with scattered hairs at least when young ; leaves lyrately lobed ; flowers rather large, pale yellow (Fi<;. 758); also B. NX PUS L. (RAPE), which is very similar but entirely glabrous ; and B. R\PA L. (TURNIP), which is greener, and has smaller brighter yellow flowers and a thickened root ; all tend to escape from or persist after cultivation, and are often noxious weeds. (Introd. from Eu.) B. OLKKATKA L. (CABBAGE), with broad fleshy glaucous leaves, is occasionally found in a half -wild state. (Introd. from Eu.) 16. DIPLOTAXIS DC. Seeds ovoid, in two rows in each cell ; other characters as in Brassica. Leaves toothed or piimutitid ; flowers yellow. (Name from the Greek, alluding to the biseriate seeds. ) 1. D. MURA.LIS (L.) DC. Annual or biennial, smooth or sparingly hispid, leafy only near the branching base; leaves oblong, toothed or somewhat pin- T:>7. B. nigra. Leaves and part of fruiting raceme x%. 758. B. campestris. Stem-leaf and part of fruiting raceme CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 429 natifid with short lobes ; flowers small ; fruiting pedicels 8-16 mm. long, spread- ing ; pods linear-terete, erect. About Atlantic ports, and rarely inland. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. D. TENuirdLiA (L.) DC. Similar but perennial and more caulescent ; leaves pinnatifid, and lobes longer ; flowers larger, I cm. long; pedicels in fruit 2-3 cm. long. Similar localities. (Adv. from Eu.) 17. CONRINGIA [Heist.] Link. HARE'S-EAR MUSTARD Pods long, linear, 4-angled, somewhat rigid. Seeds oblong, one row in each cell. Cotyledons incumbent. Glabrous annuals with sessile elliptic entire stem- clasping leaves. (Named for Prof. Hermann Conring of Helmstadt, 1606-1661.) 1. C. ORIENTALS (L.) Dumort. Tall, slightly succulent ; flowers pale yellow. ( C. perfoliata Link. ) Waste places and newly seeded ground, becoming more common. (Adv. from Eu.) 18. ALLIARIA Adans. GARLIC MUSTARD Pods long, linear, angled ; valves keeled, 3-nerved ; stigma simple, sessile or nearly so. Oval sepals caducous. Pubescence simple or none. Ours biennial with deltoid-ovate cordate dentate petiolate leaves and small white flowers. (Name from Allium, onion or garlic, referring to the odor.) 4 1. A. OFFICINALIS Andrz. Tall ; pods 2.5-5 cm. long, spreading, borne on short thick pedicels. (A. AUiana Britton.) Roadsides and near habitations, eastw., local. (Introd. from Eu.) 19. SISYMBRIUM [Tourn.] L. HEDGE MUSTARD Pod terete, flattish or 4-6-sided, the valves 1-3-nerved. Seeds oblong, margin- s, in 1 or 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open. Flowers small, white or yellow. Pubescence spreading. (Latinized from an ancient Greek name for some plant of this family.) Ours are mostly annuals or biennials. Leafy-stem rn ed ; leaves pinnate or pinnatifid. Stigma 2-lobed ; pubescence, when present, of simple hairs. Pods awl-shaped, 1-1.5 cm. long 1. S. officinale. Pods linear-cylindric, longer. Pods firm, 6-10 cm. long 2. S. altissimum. Pods delicate, 3-4 mm. long 3. S. Irio. Stigma simple ; pubescence forked or stellate, or reduced to minute granules ; pods delicate. Srt'ds 2-ranked in each cell 4. S. canescens. Seeds 1-ranked in each cell. Leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatitid ; pods 6-15 mm. long . . . . 5. S. incisum. Leaves tripinnate ; pods about 2 cm. long 6. S.Sophia. ives chiefly basal, entire or barely toothed 1. S. Tltalianum. 1. S. OFFICINALE (L.) Scop. Leaves runcinate ; flowers small, yellow ; pods thick- walled, at maturity firm in texture, pubes- cent or tomentulose, close-pressed to the few-branched stem, scarcely stalked. Waste ground, Me. and Ont., local ; also Cal., etc. (Adv. from Eu.) FIG. 759. Var. LEioclRFUM DC. Pods essentially glabrous. A common and unsightly weed. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. S. ALTfssiMUM L. (TUMBLE MUS- TARD.) Tall ; leaves deeply pinnatifid with narrow segments flowers pale yellow ; pods rigid, very long, divergent, hardly thicker than the short thickish pedicels. Waste TOO. S. aitissimuin. places, roadsides, etc., a recent immigrant, locally abundant Leaf and part of fruit- as a pernicious weed. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 760. ing raceme xy 3 . 430 CRUCLFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 3. S. IRIO L. Similar ; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, the terminal portion large ; pods ascending on slender pedicels. Meadow, Grand Rapids, Mich. (.l/V.s'.s- Cole) ; ballast at Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. S. canscens Nutt. Leaves pinnatih'd to tripimiatifid, canescent with soft short hairs; flowers yellowish, very small; pods in long racemes, oblong- club-shaped or linear-cylindric, shorter than the horizontal pedicels ; seeds 2-ranked in each cell. (Sophia pinnata Howell.) Pa. to Fla. and westw. Passing by various intermediates to Var. brachycdrpon (Richards.) Wats. Green; stems at most cinereous- stellate at base, usually glabrous or glandular-pulverulent. (Sophia Rydb. ) Que. to Assina., s. to Ky., Mo., Kan., etc. r>. S. incisum Engelm. Similar ; green or greenish ; pods more slender, 7-15 mm. long, about equaling the spreading pedicels; seeds mostly \-ranked. (Sophia Greene.) A western polymorphous species, extending eastvv. to Ont. and Minn. Var. filipes Gray. Pedicels thread-like, spreading, much exceeding the pods. Minn., and westw. Var. Hartwegianum (Fourn.) Wats. The very numerous short pods on still shorter suberect pedicels. Minn., and westw. 0. S. S6PHIA L. A similar hoary species, with decompound leaves ; pods slender, about 2 cm. long, ascending ; seeds l-ranked. (Sophia Britton.) Sparingly in waste places. (Nat. from Eu.) 7. S. THALIA.NUM (L.) J. Gay. (MOUSE-EAR CRESS.) Slender, branched, hairy at the base ; leaves obovate or oblong, entire or barely toothed ; flowr* white; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than the slender spreading pedi- cels. (Stenophragma Celak.) Old fields and rocky places, Mass, to "Minn.," Kan. and south w. Apr., May. (Nat. from Eu.) 20. BRAYA Sternb. & Hoppe Pods cylindric to linear, often torulose, the septum of peculiar and charac- teristic structure with its cells elongated transversely or obliquely. Flowers white or purplish, capitate in anthesis. Arctic perennials with single root and branched hairs. (Named for Count F. G. de Bray of Rouen.) 1. B. humilis (C. A. Mey.) Robinson. Sparingly pubescent, 1-2 dm. high or less ; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, mostly with coarse and sharp teeth ; pods narrow, subcylindrical, 8-18 mm. long, ascending on short pedicels, beaked by a short style ; seeds l-ranked. (Sisymbrium C. A. Mey.) vLimestone cliffs. Willoughby Mt., n. Vt., Isle Royale, Mich., and northw. ; and in the Canadian Rocky Mts. (Siber.) 21. HESPERIS [Tourn.] L. ROCKET Pod linear, nearly cylindrical ; stigma lobed, erect. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. Biennial or perennial, with serrate sessile or petiolate leaves, and large purple flowers. (Name from (-10 cm. long, spreading. Sometimes cultivated, and spreading to roadsides, etc. (Introd. from Eu.) 22. ERYSIMUM [Tourn.] L. TREACLE MUSTARI> Pod linear, 4-sided. the valves keeled with a strong midrib : stigma broadly Seeds in 1 n>w in each cell, oblong, > marginless. Cotyledons in ours (often obliquely) inemnbeiit, Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers; the leaves not clasping. Pubescence of appressed 2 .".-parted hairs. (Name from tpveiv, (<> dm a- lil inters.) CRUCIFERAB (MUSTARD FAMILY) 431 762. E. parviflorum. 1. E. cheiranthoides L. (WOKM-SEED MUSTARD.) Minutely roughish, branching, slender ; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ; flowers small ; pods small and short (1-2 cm. long}, very obtusely angled, ascending on slender divergent pedicels. Banks of streams or in open sterile soil. July, Aug. (Eu.) FIG. 761. 2. E. parvifl6rum Nutt. Perennial; stem erect, often simple ; leaves linear- oblanceolate, entire or the lowest \J|/\M coarsely toothed ; flowers small (6 mm. ' \>v lon y}'' P as "arrow, 2.5-6.2 cm. long, x 1 ascending on short pedicels. (E. incon- [. E. cheiranthoides. jpfctttiro MacM. ; E. syrticolum Shel- f and part of fruiting don). Out. and Minn, to Kan. and raceme x%. westw - * IG - 7( > 2 - 3. E. REPANDUM L. Resembling the last, but annual ; leaves repand-denticulate ; flowers 7-9 mm. long; pods 4-8 cm. long, slender, divergent, on very short thick pedicels. Waste places, O. to Mo. and Kan. ; and about Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. E. asperum DC. (WESTERN WALL-FLOWER.) Plant stout, 3-6 dm. high, minutely roughish -hoary ; stem simple; leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or somewhat toothed ; the bright orange-yellow flowers crowded ; petals 1.5-2. 5 cm. long, orbicular, on very slender claws ; pods nearly erect or widely spreading on short pedicels, elongated (7-10 cm. long), exactly 4-sided ; stigma 2-lobed. Nfd. (Waghorne}', Mingan I., Que. (Macoun); 0. (on limestone cliffs) to Ark., S. Dak., and common westw. Kune, July. 23. RADICULA [Dill.] Hill. WATER CRESS Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from slender to globular, terete ur nearly so ; valves strongly convex, nerveless. Seeds usually numerous, small, turgid, marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell (except in 72. sylvestris"). Cotyledons accumbent. Aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers, and commonly pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, usually glabrous. (Name meaning a little radish.) RORIPA Scop. NASTURTIUM R. Br. 1. Petals white, twice the length of the calyx,' pods linear ; leaves pinnate. 1. R. NASTURTIUM-AQUATICUM (L.) Britten & Rendle. (TRUE W.) Peren- nial; stems spreading and rooting; leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (1.2-1.6 cm. long) ascending on slender widely spreading pedicels. (Sisymbrium L. ; Nasturtium officinale R. Br. ; JRoripa Nas- turtium Rusby.) Brooks, ditches, etc., origin- ally cultivated. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 763. 2. Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom much exceeding the calyx; pods linear, short-cylin- dric, or even ovoid or globular ; leaves mostly pinnatifid. * Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots ; flowers rather large, yellow. 763. It. Nasturtium -aquaticum. Leaf arid part of fruiting raceme x %. 2. R. KYLVESTRIS (L.) Druce. (YELLOW CRESS.) Stems ascending ; leaves pinnately parted, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear ; pods (0-12 mm. long) on slender pedicels, linear and narrow, bringing the seeds into one row; style very short. (Nasturtium R. Br. ; Eoripa Bess!) Wet meadows, Nfd. to Va., westw. to Ont., Mich., and 111. ; becoming more frequent. (Nat. from Eu.) 432 ORUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 764. R. sinuata. Leaves and part of fruiting raceme x %. 3. R. sinuata (Nutt.) Greene. Stems low, diffuse; leaves pinnate/ 1/ clcff, the short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong; pods linear-oblong (0-10 inin. long), on slender pedicels ; style slender. (Nasturtium Nutt. ; Eoripa Hitchc.) Banks of the Miss, and westw. June. FIG. 764. ** Annual or biennial, rarely perennial (?), with simple fibrous roots; flowers small or minute, greenish or yellowish ; leaves somewhat lyrate. 4. R. sessilifl&ra (Nutt.) Greene. Stems erect, rather simple ; leaves obtusely incised or toothed, obovate or oblong ; flowers minute, nearly sessile; pods elongate-oblong (1-1.2 cm. long), thick; style very short. (Nasturtium Nutt.; Eoripa Hitchc.) Richmond, Va. (Churchill) to Neb., e. Kan. and south w. Apr.-June. f>. R. obtusa (Nutt.) Greene. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading; leaves pi nnately parted or dicidcd, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or repand ; flowers minute, short-pediceled; pods longer than the pedicels, vary- ing from linear-oblong to short-oval ; style short. (Nas- turtium Nutt. ; Eoripa Britton.) Low ground, n. Mich. ( Farwell) to Tex. and westw. Var. sphaerocdrpa (Gray) Robinson. Pods globular, about equaling the pedicels. (Nasturtium Gray; Eoripa Britton.) 111., and south westw. 6. R. palustris (L.) Moench. (MARSH CRESS.) Stem erect, 3-8 dm. high, mostly glabrous ; leaves pinnately cleft or parted, or the upper laciniate ; the lobes oblong, cut- toothed ; pedicels about as long as the small flowers and mostly longer than the short-cylindric ellipsoid or ovoid pods; style short. (Nastur- tium DC. ; Eoripa Bess. ) Wet places or in shallow water ; common. June-Sept. (Eurasia.) FIG. 765. Var. hispida ( Desv.) Robinson. Hirsute ; pods globose or nearly so. (Eoripa hispida Britton; Nasturtium palustre, var. Gray.) Withthetype ; the commoner form east w. (Eurasia.) Fi<;.7(>0. Petals white, much longer than the calyx; pods ovoid or globular; leaves undivided, or the lower ones pinnatifid ; root perennial. 7. R. aquatica (Eat.) Robinson. (LAKE CRESS.) Aquatic ; immersed leaves 1-3-pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions ; emerged leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or pinnatifid; pedicels widely spreading; pods ovoid, ^-celled, a little longer than the style. (Eoripa americana Britton ; Nasturtium Inrxstrr Gray.) Lakes and rivers, w. Que. and n. Vt. to Minn, and southw. July- Aug. 8. R. ARMOR\CIA (L.) Robinson. (HORSERADISH.) Root-leaves very large, oblong, crenate, rarely pinnatifid, those of the stem lanceolate ; fruiting pedicels ascending; pods globular (seldom formed) ; style very short. (Eoripa Hitchc.) Escaped from cultivation into moist ground. (Introd. from Eu.) Roots large and long ; a well-known condiment. 24. BARBAREA R. Br. WINTER CRESS Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided, the valves being keeled by a mid- nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, maririnle.ss. Cotyledons suvumbont. Mostly biennials, resembling Iindi<'uln ; (lowers yellow. (Anciently called the Herb ->f St. Barbara.) 1. B. vulgaris R. Br. (COMMON W., YELLOW ROCKET.) Smooth perennial ; Ion-, ) /Kirrs fi/ratc, t)i>' tt-nnhnil dirision round ami usually large. (//< Intern/ 1_4 pairs or rarely wanting ; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatifid at 766. R. palustris, var. hispida. Part of fruiting raceme x %. 3. 765. R. palu.stris. Part of fruiting rutvnie X 2 / 8 . CKUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 433 the base ; flowers bright yellow, somewhat racemose even in anthesis; pods erect or ascending on spreading pedicels. (B. lyrata Asch. j B. Barbarea MacM.) Low grounds and roadsides ; apparently introduced in the Eastern and Central States, but indigenous from L. Superior northw. and westw. (Eu.) 2. B. stricta Andrz. Closely similar in foliage ; flowers paler, during anthe- sis corymbosely aggregated at the summit of the raceme ; pods appressed. Shores and meadows, e. Que. to Alaska, s. to Va., Great Lake region, Mo., and westw. (Eu.) 3. B. VERNA (Mill.) Asch. (EARLY W.) Leaves with 5-8 pairs of lateral lobes and pods longer, on very thick pedicels. (B. praecox Sm.) Somewhat cultivated as a winter salad, under the name of SCURVY GRASS, and naturalized iroin Mass, southw. (Introd. from Eu.) 25. SELENIA Nutt. Pod large, oblong-elliptical, flat ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows in ?h cell, rounded, broadly winged ; cotyledons accumbent ; radicle short. A w annual, with once or twice pinnatifid leaves and leafy-bracteate racemes of ellow flowers. (Name from treX?^, the moon, with allusion to Lunaria, which is genus somewhat resembles in its pods.) 1. S. aiirea Nutt. Lobes of the simply pinnatifid leaves entire or toothed ; pod 1.2 cm. long, on elongated spreading pedicels, beaked by the long slender style. Sandy soil, Mo. and Kan. to Tex. 26. IODANTHUS T. & G. : Pod long, linear, somewhat flattened ; valves 1-nerved ; stigma entire but slightly elongated over the placentae. Seeds 1-ranked in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons essentially accumbent. Erect perennial with purplish flowers. (Name from iudris, violet-colored, and &v6os, flower.) 1. I. pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. Glabrous, 3-9 dm. high ; root-leaves und or heart-shaped, on slender petioles ; stem-leaves auricled, ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, sharply and often doubly toothed, tapering to each end, the lower into a winged petiole, rarely bearing a pair or two of small lateral lobes ; pods 1.8-3 cm. long, on short diverging pedicels, pointed by a short style. (Thelypodium Wats.) Alluvial river-banks, w. Pa. (Porter) to Minn., Mo., and southwestw. Fl. May, June ; fr. July, Aug. 27. LUNARIA L. MOONWORT Pods very large and flat. Seeds large, winged. Cotyledons accumbent.- Tall herbs with large purple flowers and ovate-deltoid cordate dentate leaves, of which the earliest are opposite. (Name from luna, the moon, alluding to the persistent silvery septum of the fruit.) 1. L. ANNUA L. (HONESTY.) Annual or biennial; pods broadly elliptic, rounded at each end. Often cultivated, and escaping in s. w. Ct. and e. Pa. (Introd. from Eu.) 2. L. REDIVIVA L. Perennial ; pods broadly lance-oblong, somewhat pointed at each end. Also cultivated, and established, it is said, near Niagara. (Introd. from Eu.) 28. LEAVENW6RTHIA Torr. Pod broadly linear or oblong, flat ; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticu- late-veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a thick wing. Embryo straight ! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction which if continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. Little winter animals, glabrous and often stemless, with lyrate leaves and short 1 -few- flowered scape-like peduncles. (Named for Dr. M. C. Leavenworth, a southern botanist of the last century.) GRAY'S MANUAL 28 I-'J1 CBUCIFERAE (MTSTAKD FAMILY) 1. L. uniflbra (Michx.) Britton. Scapes 5-15 cm. high ; leaf-lobes usually numerous (7-15); petals purplish or nearly white with a yellowish base, obtuse ; pods not torulose, oblong to linear (1.2-3 cm. long); style short. (L. Michantii Torr.) Barrens, s. Ind. to Tenn. and Mo. 2. L. torulbsa Gray. Similar, but pods torulose even when young, linear ; style 2-4 mm. long ; seeds acutely margined rather than winged ; petals eraargi- nate. Barrens of Ky. and Tenn. 29. DENT ARIA [Tourn.] L. TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT Pod lanceolate, flat. Style elongated. Seeds in one row, wingless, the funic- ulus broad and flat. Cotyledons petioled, thick, very unequal, their margins somewhat infolding each other. Perennials, of damp woodlands, with long fleshy sometimes interrupted scaly or toothed rootstocks, of a pleasant pungent taste ; steins leafless below, bearing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about or above the middle, and terminated by a corymb or short raceme of large white or purple flowers. (Name from dens, a tooth.) Stem glabrous. Kootstock continuous, prominently toothed 1. D. diphylla. Rootstock interrupted by distinct constrictions. Rootstock elongate, composed of several fusiform or subcylindric dis- tinctly toothed segments. Cauline leaves with ovate or obovate petiolulate leaflets . . . . 2. D. maxima. Cauline leaves with lanceolate sessile leaflets 3. D. incisifolia. Rootstock of readily separable obscurely toothed fusiform tubers . . 4. D. h eteroji/i yU,i. Stem pubescent, at least above. Rootstock of readily separable fusiform tubers ; sepals 6-9 mm. long. Leaves 3-parted, with linear to oblong segments 5. D. laeiniatn. Basal leaves with ovate or rhombic leaflets 4. D. heteropli i/ll . Rootstock elongate, interrupted by constrictions ; sepals 3-4 mm. long . 6. D. anoiiuita. 1. D. diphylla Michx. Rootstock long and continuous, often branched, the annual segments slightly or not at all tapering at the ends; stems in anthcsis 1.5-3 dm. high, stoutish ; leaves 3-foliolate, the basal and cauline similar, the latter 2 (rarely 3), opposite or subopposite, leaflets 4-10 cm. long, short-petiolulatc, rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely cr<'ix/ti\ tl- teeth bluntly mucronate; flowers white; sepals 5-8 mm. long, half the length of the petals; pods rarely maturing. Rich woods and thickets, e. Que. to s. Ont. and Minn., s. to S.C. and Ky. Apr., May. Rootstocks 2-3 dm. long, crisp, tasting like Water Cress. FIG. 767. 2. D. maxima Nutt. Kootstock interrupted, consist- ing of several elongate strongly toothed segments wh'u'h are constricted at each end, the older commonly retaining shreds of old stems ; cauline leaves 2-3, alternate, ofti-n remote, leaflets 2-6 cm. long, ovate or obovate, petiolnl, 767 D diphylla more or less ciliolate, sharply and coarsely t'mt/tcii ', glabrous tlimn;ulrr leaflets; flowers white or somewhat purple-tinged; sepals 6-7 mm. loiig; petals 1.6-2 cm. long. Rich hillside woods, Sherman, Ct. (Eames). May. 4. D. heterophylla Nutt. Tubers near the surface ; stems, in anthesis. 1.-V4 dm. high, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above ; ^inline leaves 2-3. variously , the leaflets 1.5-5.5 cm. long, distinctly petiolulate, oblonff-lanceolate to ; ciliate, entire to deeply crenate, rarely laciniate ; basal leaves with ovate to rhonibic-obovatc usually lobed leaflets; flowers purplish ; sepals purple-tinged, CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) 435 6-9 mm. long; petals 1-1.8 cm. long. N. J. and Pa. to Ky., and southw. Apr., May. 5. D. laciniata Muhl. Tubers deep-seated; stems pubescent above; cauline leaves 3, whorled or nearly so, the lateral leaflets deeply cleft, glabrous or pubescent, the segments linear to narrowly oblong, conspicuously gash-toothed ; basal leaves, when present, similar ; flowers white or purplish ; calyx 6-9 mm. long ; petals 1-2 cm. long. Rich damp woods, w. Que. and Vt. to Minn., and southw. Apr., early May. FIG. 768. Var. ^NTEGRA (Schulz) Fernald. Leaves strictly ternate, the lateral leaflets entire or slightly toothed, not cleft. N. Y. to 111. 6. D. an6mala Eames. Eootstock with pronounced constrictions between the fusiform tuber-like annual segments, deep-seated; stems somewhat pubescent; 768. D. laciniata. leaves 3-foliolate, pubescent on both surfaces ; the Cauline leaves andtubers x y 4 . cauline 2 (rarely 3), subopposite, their leaflets 2-5.5 cm. long, short-petiolulate, ovate to rhombic, coarsely and irregularly dentate or even incised or cleft; basal leaves, when present, similar ; flowers white, tinged with purplish ; sepals 3-4 mm. long ; petals 1-1.2 cm. long. Rich moist woods, Plainville, Ct. (Bissell). May. Perhaps a hybrid of nos. 1 and 5, with which it grows. 30. CARDAMINE [Tourn.] L. BITTER CRESS. Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base ; the valves nerveless and veinless, or nearly so ; placentae and partition thick. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wingless ; the funiculus slender. Cotyledons accum- bent, flattened, equal or nearly so, petiolate. Mostly glabrous perennials, leafy-stemmed, growing along watercourses and in wet places. Flowers white or purple. (A Greek name, used by Dioscorides for some cress, from its cordial or cardiacal qualities.) * Simple-leaved perennials with tuberous base. 1. C. bulbbsa (Schreb.) BSP. (SPRING CRESS.) Stems upright from a tuberous base and slender rootstock bearing small tubers, simple, or rarely forking, glabrous, in anthesis 1.5-5 dm. high; root-leaves oblong to cordate- ovate, stem-leaves 5-8, scattered, the lower ovate or oblong and somewhat petioled, the upper sessile, almost lanceolate, all often toothed ; sepals greenish, ith white margin ; petals white, 7-12 mm. long ; pods linear-lanceolate, pointed ith a slender style tipped by a conspicuous stigma ; seeds oval. ( C. rhom- idea DC.) Wet meadows and springs, e. Mass, to Minn., and southw. ay, June. 2. 0. Douglassii (Torr.) Britton. Similar; stem usually somewhat pubes- nt, in anthesis 1-2.5 dm. high; root-leaves orbicular or sub orbicular ; stem- aves 2-6, the upper border (ovate to oblong) , more or less approximate ; sepals urple-tinged ; petals rose-purple, 1-1.8 cm. long. ( C. rhomboidea, var. purpurea r.) Rich low woods, Ct. to s. Ont. and Wise., s. to Md. and Ky. Apr., ly May. * * Fibrous-rooted perennials with l-3-foliolate leaves; southern. 3. C. rotundifblia Michx. (MOUNTAIN WATER CRESS.) Stems branching, weak or decumbent, making long runners ; root fibrous ; leaves all much alike, roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, petioled ; pods small, linear-awl-shaped, equaled or exceeded by the pedicels ; style slender ; seeds oval-oblong. Cool shaded springs, Carrollton, N. Y. (Peck) and Middle- town, N. J. ( Willis) to Ky., and southw. along the nits. May, June. Flowers white, smaller than in no. 1. 4. C. Clematitis Shuttlw. Glabrous and lax, with slender rootstock; small 'ical leaves kidney- or heart-shaped, with or without a pair of smaller lateral 436 CRUCIFEKAE (Ml'STAUD FAMILY) leaflets ; stem-leaves on sagittately appendayed petioles ; terminal leaflet mostly 3-lobed ; pods 2.5-3 cm. long, much exceeding the pedicels. Springy places in the mts. , s. Va. and southw. * * * Fibrous-rooted alpine perennial with simple leaves northern. 5. C. bellidifblia L. Dwarf (2-3.6 cm. high), densely tufted; leaves ovate, entire, or sometimes with a blunt lateral tooth, 2-10 mm. long, slender-petioled ; flowers 1-5, white; pods 1.5-2 cm. long, upright, linear; style extremely short, stout. Arctic regions and alpine districts of the n. hemisphere. Represented with us by Var. laxa Lange. Looser and taller (4-11 cm. high) ; leaves 6-15 mm. long, on very long petioles; pods 2-3 cm. long. By alpine brooks, and in cold ravines, Lab. to Mt. Katahdin, Me., and Mt. Washington, N. H. ; by a brook, W. Baldwin, Me. (Miss Furbish). June, July. (Greeul.) * * * * Boot perennial ; leaves pinnate ; flowers showy. 6. C. pratSnsis L. (CUCKOO FLOWER.) Stem ascending from a short root- stock, simple ; leaflets numerous, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked, of the upper oblong or linear, entire, or slightly angle-toothed ; petals (white or rose-color) thrice the length of the calyx ; pod 2-3 cm. long, 2 mm. broad ; style short. Wet places and bogs, Lab. to Vt., N. J., Minn., and north w. ; rare. May. Also introduced or a local escape in e. and s. N. E. (Eu.) * * * * # Root mostly biennial or annual,' leaves pinnately 6-ll-/0Wolate; flowers small, white. *- Stamens 4; leaflets strigose-hispid upon the upper surface. 7. C. hirsuta L. Leaves chiefly radical, with short and broad leaflets, but those on the erect stem reduced and with narrow leaflets ; pods erect, on ascending or appressed pedicels. Moist places, s. Pa. to N. C., and "Mich." (Eu.) Perhaps introduced. A doubtful specimen from w. Mass. (Miss Vail). 1- -- Stamens normally 6; leaflets glabrous; stem leafy. 8. C. parvifl6ra L. Very slender, subsimple, glabrous or slightly pubescent upon the stein ; leaflets of the radical leaves oval or the terminal suborbicular ; those of the cauline very narrow, linear, not confluent ; pods erect, on ascending pedicels. (C. hirsuta, var. sylvatica of some Am. auth.) Rocky and barren soil, Me. to Ga. and westw. (Eu.) A form more branched from the base and with leaflets all narrow and often toothed has been described as C. arenicola Britton, growing in sandy soil in the Atlantic States but lacking constant characters. 9. C. pennsylvanica Mulil. Larger, nearly or quite glabrous ; leaflets 7-11, the terminal one obovate, the lateral oblong, tending to be confluent along the rhachis ; pods erect, on ascending pedicels. (C. hirsuta Man. ed. (>, in givnt p ar t.) Moist ground, common. Passes imperceptibly into a form (C. flexuosa Britton, perhaps Withering) with fewer more flabelliforin leaflets and spreading pods. Brooks, etc. 31. ARABIS L. ROCK CRESS Pod linear, flattened ; placentae not thickened ; the valves plane or convex, more or less 1-nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds margin- less or winged. Cotyledons accumbent or a little oblique. Leaves seldom divided. Flowers white or purple (rarely yellowish). (Name from the country, Arabia.) 1. SISYMBRlNA Wats. Seeds oblong or //////. >-,/// *>/?,///, >rintt//i i<>)/iinnnia Torr.) in California, and the following genus. 1. SARRACENIA [Tourn.] L. Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblong or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary >mpound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at he summit into a very broad and petal -like 5-angled 5-rayed umbrella-shaped 440 DKOSEKACEAE (SUNDEW FAMILY) body, the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many little hooked stigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placentae in the axis, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, witli a small embryo at the base of fleshy albumen. Perennials, yellowish green and purplish; the hollow leaves all radical, with a wing_on one side, and a rounded arching hood at the apex. Scape naked, 1-flowered ; flower nodding. (Named for Dr. Michel Sarrasin, physician at the Court of Quebec early in the 18th century, who sent our northern species to Europe. ) 1. S. purpurea L. (SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER, PITCHER-PLANT, HUNTSMAN'S >" CUP.) Leaves pitcher-shaped, ascending, curved, broadly winged ; the hood erect, open, round heart-shaped, covered within by reflexed bristles ; flower ijlobose, scapose, deep purple the fiddle-shaped petals arched over the greenish yellow style. Peat-bogs, Lab. to Mackenzie, s. to Fla., Ky., the Great Lake region, and s. e. la. June. The curious leaves are usually half filled with water and drowned insects. Var. HETEROPHYLLA (Eat.) Torr., has greenish yellow flowers and no purple veins in the foliage. With the typical form. 2. S. flava L. (TRUMPETS.) Leaves long (3-10 dm.) and trumpet-shaped, erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base ; wing almost none ; flower yellow, the petals becoming long and drooping. Bogs, Va. and south w. Apr. DROSERACEAE (SUNDEW FAMILY) Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous flowers, pen- tamerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers fixed by the middle and turned outward, and a l-celled capsule with twice as vnmnj styles or stigmas as there are parietal placentae. Calyx imbricated. Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and minute embryo at the base of the albumen. Leaves, in bud, rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. Small family of insectivorous plants. 1. DR6SERA L. SUNDEW Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken for 6 or 10, slender, stigmatose above on the inner face. Capsule 3(rarely 5)- valved ; the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their middle for the whole length. Low perennials or biennials ; the leaves, in our species, all in a tuft at the base (often scattered in submersed plants), clothed with reddish gland- bearing bristles ; the naked scape bearing the flowers (rarely solitary) in a 1-sided simple (or sometimes forking) raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the undeveloped apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sun- shine) is always highest. The plants yield a purple stain to paper. The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear glutinous fluid, glittering like dew-drops (whence the name, from dpoo-ep6s, dewy). Leaf-blades linear to orbicular, usually distinct from the petioles. Scapes glabrous. Leaf-blades as broad as or broader than long ; seeds spindle-shaped, with a loose testa 1. D.rotnn<1ift. angticu. Seeds ellipsoid or ellipsoid-ovoid, with a close testa. Leaf-Mades spat ulate or spatulatc-obovate ; stipules nearly free . . 8. D. longifolia. Leaf-blades linear ; stipules adnate to the petioles . . . .4. D.lintarit, Scapes glandular ; seeds ellipsoid, with a close testa f>. 1>. In-frifolia. Leaves filiform, with no distinction of blade and petiole 6. D.JIM/arml*. 1. D. rotundifftlia L. (Ror\p-i,KAVKi> S.) Learns 'xufmrbicnlar or trans- n-rxi'hj /-iiii,/-i ///'/, f/i\ abruptly narrowed into the N/I/V /nl>>/// /ittir// /fi/, N ; scape 1 "> ilm. liiuh, 1 2;">-Hmvered ; flowers white (rarely pinkish), 4-7 mm. J^t- broad, the parts sometimes in sixes ; seeds very slender, chaff-like. Common C't . CRASSULACEAE (ORPINE FAMILY) 441 in peat-bogs and moist sandy ground, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Pa., the Great Lake region, Minn., and in the mts. to Ala., Mont., and Cal. June- Aug. (Eurasia.) Var. combsa Fernald. Dwarf ; inflorescence 1-few-flowered, usually capi- tate; calyx crimson or roseate; petals greenish or crimson, sometimes folia- ceous ; carpels, and sometimes other parts of the flower, modified to green gland-bearing leaves. Marly bogs, Gaspe 1 Co., Que. ; and Herkimer and Oneida Cos.,N. Y. (Hdberer). 2. D. anglica Huds. Leaves erect, linear- to obovate-spatulate, with smooth or sparsely hairy petioles, the blade 1.5-5 cm. long, 3-7 mm. broad ; scapes 0.6-3 dm. high, 1-8-flowered ; corolla white; seeds blackish, loosely faveolate. (D. longifolia L., in part.) Marly bogs, Nfd. and e. Que. to B. C., s. to Mich., Ida., and n. Cal. June-Aug. (Eurasia, Sandwich I.) 3. D. longifblia L. Leaves spatulate, tapering into the long rather erect naked petioles ; scape 0.2-2 dm. high, 1-20-flowered ; flowers white; seeds red- dish brown, with a close papillose coat. (D. intermedia Hayne.) Bogs and sandy shores, Nfd. to Fla. and La. ; and locally inland to the Great L. region. June-Aug. (W. L, Eu.) 4. D. linearis Goldie. Leaves linear, obtuse, the blade 1-6 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, on naked erect petioles about the same length ; scape 2-10 cm. long, 1-8-flowered ; flowers white or pinkish ; seeds black, with a smoothish close coat. Marly bogs and springy places, e. Que. to Alberta, locally s. to n. Me., Mich., Wise., and Minn. June, July. 5. D. brevifdlia Pursh. Leaves spreading, very delicate, cuneate-ob ovate, 0.5-1.5 cm. long (including the smooth dilated petioles) ; stipules nearly obsolete ; scape filiform, glandular, 1-10 cm. high, 1-7 -flowered ; the white corolla 1-1.5 cm. broad. Wet banks and ditches, Va. to Fla. and Tex. Apr., May. 6. D. filif6rmis Raf. Leaves very long (1-3 dm.) and filiform, erect, glan- ular throughout ; flowers numerous, purplish (0.7-1.5 cm. broad); seeds spindle- shaped. Wet sand, near the coast, Cape Cod, Mass., to Del. June-Sept. 01 a PODOSTEMACEAE (RIVER WEED FAMILY) Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, some with the aspect of Sea- weeds, or others of Mosses or Liverworts ; the minute naked flowers bursting from a spathe-like involucre as in Liverworts, producing a 2-3-celled many-seeded ribbed capsule. Represented in North America by 1. PODOSTEMUM Michx. RIVER WEED Flowers solitary, nearly sessile in a tubular sac-like involucre, destitute of floral envelopes. Stamens 2, borne 011 one side of the stalk of the ovary, with their long filaments united into one for more than half their length, and 2 short sterile filaments, one on each side ; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2, awl-shaped. Capsule pedicellate, oval, 8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds minute, very numerous, on a thick persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen. Leaves 2-rauked. (Name from irotfs, foot, and o-r^/xwf, stamen ; the two stamens being apparently raised on a stalk by the side of the ovary. ) 1. P. ceratophyllum Michx. Leaves rigid or horny, dilated into a sheathing base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear lobes. On rocks in streams, N. B. to Ont., Minn., and south w., local. July-Sept. A small olive-green plant, of firm texture, resembling a Seaweed, tenaciously attached to loose stones by fleshy disks or processes in place of roots. CRASSULACEAE (ORPINE FAMILY) Herbs, succulent (except in 1 genus), with perfectly symmetrical flowers ; viz., the petals and pistils equaling the sepals or calyx-lobes in number (3-20), and the stamens the same or double their number, technically different from 442 CRASSULACEAE (ORPINE FAMILY) Saxifrageae only in this complete symmetry, and in the carpels (in most of the genera) being quite distinct from each other. Also, instead of a perigynous disk, there are usually little scales on the receptacle, one behind each carpel. Fruit dry and dehiscent ; the pods (follicles) opening down the ventral suture, many (rarely few)-seeded. Stipules none. Flowers usually cymose, small. Leaves mostly sessile, in Penthorum not at all fleshy. * Not succuleut ; carpels united, forming a 5-celled capsule. 1. Penthorum. Calyx-lobes 5. Petals none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-beaked, many-seeded. * * Leaves, etc., thick and succulent ; carpels distinct. 2. Tillaea. Calyx-lobes, petals, stamens, and pistils 3-4. Seeds few-many. 3. Sedum. Calyx-lobes, petals, and pistils 4-5. Stamens 8-10. Seeds many. 4. Sempervivum. Calyx-lobes, petals, and pistils 6-a> . Stamens mostly twice as many. 1. PENTHORUM [Gronov.] L. DITCH STONECROP Calyx-lobes 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 6, united below, forming a 6-aiigled 5-horned and 5-celled capsule, which opens by the falling off of the beaks, many-seeded. Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish green flowers loosely spiked along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from irtvre, five, and 6>os, a mark, from the quinary order of the flower.) 1. P. sedoides L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. Open wet places, N. B. to Fla., w. to Minn., e. Kan., and Tex. July-Get. Parts of the flower rarely in sixes or sevens. 2. TILLAEA [Mich.] L. Calyx-lobes, petals, stamens, and pistils 3-4. Pods 2-many-seeded. Very small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named in honor of Michael Angela Tilli, an early Italian botanist.) 1. T. aquitica L. Rooting at the base (1-8 cm. high); leaves linear-oblong ; flowers solitary, nearly sessile; calyx half the length of the (greenish white) petals and the narrow 8-10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the base of each. (T. simplex Nutt.) Brackish muddy shores, near the coast, local, Que. to Md., and southw ; also on the Pacific coast. July-Sept. (Ku., n. Afr.) 2. T. Vaillantii Willd. Similar ; peduncles slender, about an long //* thr leaves. P. E. I. (Churchill)] Nantucket, Mass. (Mrs. M. P. Robinson, Floyd}. Perhaps not specifically distinct from the last. (Eu., n. Afr.) 3. SEDUM [Tourn.] L. STONECROP. ORPINE Calyx-lobes and petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10. Follicles many-seeded; a little scale at the base of each. Chiefly perennial smooth and thick-leaved herbs, with cymose or one-sided inflorescence. Petals almost always narrow and acute or pointed. (Name from sedere, to sit, alluding to the manner in which these plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls .) Flowers perfect. Leaves thick (from linear-cylindric to thick-ovate). Leaves eliisi-ly imlirieatei!, thick-ovate; flowers yellow .... 1. 8. acre. Leaves not imbricated, linear-cylindric. Flowers yellow. OentnJ H<>\V amlrou-* 2. .V. .\'>tn>. All the !lo\\,T> ;. in. Tons and 10-androus 7. S. rt>ri<:t'n>n. Flowers white to purplish 8. S. puh'h-tllnm. Leaves Hat and broad. Cauline leaves opposite or whorled. Leaves entire, ehietly iii whorls of 8; flowers white .... 4. S. t,-rn,ttit,i>. 1. 1:1 ves crenate, opposite ; flowers pink or purplish . . . C>. X. xfalon ifinnn Cauline leaves alternate or spirullv arranged. CRASSULACEAE (ORPINE FAMILY) 448 Low slender plant with basal rosettes ; cyme loose, of 3 scorpioid branches 5. S. Nevii. Coarse upright plants without rosettes ; flowers in a dense corymb. Follicles long-attenuate 8. S. telephioides. Follicles abruptly pointed 9. S. purpurewm. Flowers dioecious, mostly 4-merous and S-androus 10. S. roseum. 1. S. ACRE L. (Mossv S.) Spreading on the ground, moss-like ; leaves very small, alternate, imbricated on the branches, ovate, very thick ; petals yellow. Escaped from cultivation to rocky roadsides, etc., e. Que. to Ont., and Va. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. S. Nuttallianum Raf. Annual ; stems simple or branched from the base, 5-10 cm. high ; leaves flat or teretish, scattered, oblong, 4-0 mm. long ; petals rather longer than the ovate sepals; carpels at length widely divergent. (8. Torreyi Don.) Dry ground, Mo. to Ark. and Tex. May. 3. S. pulche'llum Michx. Stems ascending or trailing, 1-3 dm. high; leaves terete, linear-filiform, much crowded ; spikes of the cyme several, densely flowered; petals rose-purple. On rocks, Va. to Ga., w. to Ind., e. Kan., and Tex.; also cultivated-. May, June. 4. S. ternatum Michx. Stems spreading, 7-15 cm. high ; leaves flat, the lower whorled in threes, wedge-obovate, the upper scattered, oblong; cyme 3-spiked, leafy; petals white. Rocky woods, Ct. to Ga., w. to Mich., Ind., and Tenn. May. 5. S. Ndvii Gray. Stems spreading, simple (7-13 cm. high); leaves all alternate, those of the sterile shoots wedge-obovate or spatulate, on flowering stems linear-spatulate and flattish ; cyme about 3-spiked, densely flowered ; petals white, pointed. Rocks, mts. of Va. to Ala. and 111. May, June. 6. S. sxoLoxfFERUM Ginel. Low perennial, with stoutish decumbent stems, the flowering branches ascending, 1-2 dm. high ; leaves opposite, obovate, cre- nate above the cuneate base ; cyme rather dense, the short branches numerous ; flowers about 1 cm. broad; petals pink or purplish. Roadsides and fields, local, N. S. and Me. June, July. (Introd. from Asia.) 7. S. REFLEXUU L. Glabrous, erect, 3 dm. high ; leaves crowded, cylin- dric, subulate-tipped, spreading, or reflexed; flowers yellow, pediceled. Local, e. Mass, and w. N. Y., rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 8. S. telephioides Michx. Stems ascending, 1.5-3 dm. high, stout, leafy to the top ; leaves oblong or oval, entire or sparingly toothed ; cyme small ; petals flesh-color, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; follicles tapering into a slender style. Sandstone knobs and cliffs, from w. N. Y. to n. Ga. and 111. Aug., Sept. 9. S. PURpfrREUM Tausch. (GARDEN O., LIVE-FOR-EVER.) Stems erect, 6 dm. high, stout ; leaves oval, obtuse, toothed ; cymes compound ; petals purple, oblong-lanceolate ; follicles abruptly pointed ivith a short style. (S. Telephium Man. ed. 6, not L. ; 8. Fabaria Koch.) Rocks and banks, escaped from culti- vation in some places. Aug., Sept. (Introd. from Eu.) 10. S. rbseum (L.) Scop. (ROSEROOT.) Stems erect, 1.2-2.5 dm. high; leaves oblong or oval, small ; flowers in a close cyme, greenish yellow, or the fertile turning purplish. (8. Rhodiola DC. ; Bhodiola rosea L.) Greenl. and ., along the coast to cliffs of e. Me. ; also locally at Chittenango Falls, N. Y. House} and on cliffs of Delaware R., Pa. May, June. (Eu.) twir 4. SEMPERVIVUM L. HOUSELEEK Calyx-lobes, petals, and many-seeded carpels 6-many. Stamens usually twice as numerous. Succulent perennials with imbricated leaves and cymose- paniculate yellow or purple flowers. (Semper, ever, and vivus, alive, from the tenacious vitality.) 1. S. TECTftRUM L. (HKN-AND-CHICKENS.) Leaves of the dense basal and ateral rosettes (on short thick offsets) ovate, acute, ciliate but otherwise gla- brous ; those of the stem more oblong, clammy-pubescent ; flowers rose-purple. Often planted, and persisting long after or escaping from cultivation. (Introd. from Eu.) 444 SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAX1FKAGE FAMILY) SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect, distinguishable from Rosaceae by having copious albumen in the seeds, opposite as well as alternate leaves, and usually no stipules, the stamens mostly definite, and the carpels commonly fewer than the sepals, either separate or partly so, or all combined into one compound pistil. Calyx either free or adherent, usually persistent or withering away. Stamens and petals almost always inserted on the calyx. Ovules anatropous. Tribe I. SAXIFRAGEAE. Herbs. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite in nos. 4, 7, and S). Fruit dry, capsular or follicular, the styles or tips of the carpels distinct. * Ovary 2(rarely 3)-celled with axile placentae, or of as many nearly distinct carpels. 1. Astilbe. Flowers polygamous, panicled. Stamens (8 or 10) twice as many as the small petals. Seeds few. Leaves decompound. 2. Sullivantia. Flowers perfect. Stamens 5. Calyx nearly free. Seeds wing-margined. 8. Boykinia. Flowers perfect. Stamens only as many as the petals, which are convolute in the bud and deciduous. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Seed-coat close. 4. Saxifraga. Flowers perfect. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Seeds numerous, with a close coat. * * Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentae alternate with the stigmas. 5. Tiarella. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire. Stamens 10. Placentae nearly basal. 6. Heuchera. Calyx bell-shaped, adherent to the ovary below. Petals small, entire. Sta- mens 5. 7. Mitella. Calyx partly adhering to the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifld. Sta- mens 10. 8. Chrysosplenium. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Petals none. Stamens 10. * * * Ovary 1-celled, with 8-4 parietal placentae opposite the sessile stigmas; glanduliferous scales alternating with the stamens. 9. Parnassia. Sepals, petals, and proper stamens 5. Peduncle scape-like, 1-flowered. Tribe II. HYDRANGBAE. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple. Ovary 2-5-celled ; the calyx adherent at least to its base. Fruit capsular. * Stamens 20-40. 10. Philadelphia. Calyx-lobes conspicuous. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud. Filaments linear. Styles 3-5. 11. Decumaria. Calyx-lobes small. Petals 7-10, valvate in the bud. Filaments subulate. Style I. * * Stamens 8 or 10. 12. Hydrangea. Calyx-lobes minute in complete flowers. Petals valvate in the bud. Tribe III. ESCALLONiEAE. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple. Ovary 2-5-celled. Fruit capsular. 13. Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the 2-celled ovary, which becomes a septicidal capsule. Tribe IV. RIBESlEAE. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple, with stipules adnate to the petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry. 14. Ribes. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary. Placentae 2, parietal, many-seeded. 1. ASTfLBE Hamilton. FALSE GOAT'S BEARD Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 4-5-parted, small. Petals 4-6, rtulate, withering-persistent. Ovary almost free, many-ovuled ; styles _', rt. Capsule 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles. Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end. Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice ternately-com- pound ample leaves, cut-lobed and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes, which are disposed in a compound panicle. (Nairn- composed of d- privative and o-rfX/S?;, sheen, because the foliage is not shining.) SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) 445 1. A. biternata (Vent.) Britton. Somewhat pubescent (1-2 m. high); leaf- lets mostly heart-shaped ; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers ; stamens 10. (A. decandra Don.) Mt. woods, s. e. Ky. (Kearney} and s. w. Va. to N. C. and Ga. Closely imitating Aruncus Sylvester, but coarser. 2. SULLIVANTIA *T. & G. Calyx bell-shaped, adhering below only to the base of the ovary, 6-cleft. Petals 5, oblanceolate, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens shorter than the petals. Capsule 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks ; seeds imbricated upward. Low and reclined-spreading perennial herbs with rounded and cut-toothed or slightly lobed smooth leaves on slender petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle raised on a nearly leafless slender stem (1.5-4 dm. long). Peduncles and calyx glandular; pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished bryologist William Starling Sullivant, who discovered our species.) 1 . S. Sullivantii (T. & G. ) Britton. (S. ohionis T. & G.) Limestone cliffs, O. and Ind. to la. and Minn. June. 3. BOYKINIA Nutt. Calyx-tube top-shaped, adherent to the 2-celled and 2-beaked capsule. Sta- mens 5, as many as the deciduous petals, these mostly convolute in the bud. Otherwise as in Saxifraga. Perennial herbs, with alternate palmately 5-7-lobed or cut petioled leaves, and white flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the late Dr. Boijkin of Georgia.) 1. B. aconitifblia Nutt. Stem glandular (2-6 dm. high); leaves deeply 6-7-lobed. ( Therofon Millspaugh.) Rocky banks, W. Va. (ace. to Millspaugh) and mts. of Va. to Ga. and Tenn. July. 4. SAXIFRAGA [Tourn.] L. SAXIFRAGE Calyx either free from or adhering to the base of the ovary, 5-cleft or parted. Petals entire, imbricated in the bud, commonly deciduous. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or between the beaks, or sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clus- tered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from saxum, a rock, and frangere, to break ; many species rooting in the clefts of rocks.) Acaulescent, the principal leaves in a basal rosette ; scapes naked below the inflorescence. Flowers mostly replaced by leafy tufts 1. S. stellaris, v. comosa. Flowers all perfect. Sepals reflexed. Leaves conspicuously and coarsely dentate. Petals unequal ; follicles strongly ribbed 2. S. leucanthemifolia. Petals uniform ; follicles obscurely or not at all ribbed. Leaves abruptly contracted to long petioles . . . 3. S. caroliniana. Leaves gradually narrowed to the base 4. S. micranthidifolia. Leaves finely or shallowly crenate-dentate. Leaves rnembranaceous, pilose beneath 5. S. Forbesii. Leaves leathery, glabrate beneath 6. S. pennsylvanica. epals ascending. Petals white, exceeding the sepals 7. S. virginiensis. Petals green, much shorter than the sepals, or wanting (7) S. cirginiensis, v. ehlorantha. uilescent tufted or matted plants, branching at base, the flower- ing branches mostly leafy below the inflorescence. Leaves with 3-5 lobes or coarse teeth. Leaves (basal) rounded, on slender petioles 8. S. rivularis. Leaves gradually narrowed to the base, rigid, with 8 sharp teeth . 9. S. tricuspidata. Leaves entire or with regularly many-toothed or ciliate margins. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire (sometimes sparingly ciliate), alter- nate ; flowers yellow 1(J. S. aieoides. Leaves toothed or cfltale. Leaves mostly in basal rosettes ; scapes upright, bearing numerous whitish tfowers 11. 5. Aizoon. Leaves crowded and opposite along the matted branches ; flowers solitary, purple 12. 8. oppositfolia. 446 SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) 1. S. stellaris L., var. combsa Willd. Leaves small, spatulate, wedge- shaped, more or less toothed ; scape (7-1(5 cm. high) bearing a contracted panicle ; most of the flowers changed into tufts of green leaves ; petals unequal, lanceolate, with a claw. (S. comosa Britton.) Arctic Am., locally s. to Mt. Katahdin, Me., and mts. of Col. July. (Eurasia.) 2. S. leucanthemifblia Michx. Leaves spatulate-oblong, coarsely toothed or cut, tapering into a petiole ; stems (2-5 dm. high) bearing one or more leaves or leafy bracts and a loose spreading corymbose or paniculate cyme ; petals white, lanceolate, the 3 larger ones with a heart-shaped base and a pair of yellow spots, the 2 smaller with a tapering base and no spots. (S. Michauxii Britton.) Wet cliffs, mts. of Va. to N. C. and Ga. 3. S. caroliniana Gray. Viscid with glandular hairs ; leaves oval or elliptical (2-0 cm. broad), coarsely toothed, rather abruptly or somewhat cuneately con- tracted to Jong hairy petioles; stem 3-4 dm. high ; panicle ample ; petals ovate, obtuse, white with two purple spots ; filaments clavate ; follicles united only at the base, widely spreading (S. Grayana Britton.) Wet limestone rocks, mts. of s. w. Va. 4. S. micranthidifblia (Flaw.) Britton. (LETTUCE S.) Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, sharply toothed, 6-14 cm. in length, tapering into a mar- gined petiole nearly as long; scape slender, 3-9 dm. high ; panicle elongated, loosely flowered ; pedicels slender ; calyx reflexed, entirely free, nearly as long as the oval obtuse (white} petah ; filaments club-shaped ; follicles nearly separate, diverging, narrow, pointed, 4-0 mm. long. (S. erosa Fursh.) Cold mt. brooks and wet rocks, Pa. to N. C. and Tenn. 5. S. Forbdsii Vasey. Stem stout, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves denticulate, oval to elongated-oblong (1-2 dm. long) ; sepals oblong ; petals pure white, consid- erably exceeding the calyx-lobes; filaments filiform ; follicles short, ovate. Shaded cliffs, near Makanda, s. 111. (Forbes); and (?) e. Mo. (Lettermann}, where showing some transition to S. pennsylvanica. 6. S. pennsylvanica L. (SWAMP S.) Large (3-6 dm. high); leaves oblanceo- late, thickish, obscurely toothed (1-2 dm. long), narrowed at base into a short and broad petiole ; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered ; lobes of the nearly free calyx deltoid, about the length of the linear-lanceolate (green- ish) small petals ; filaments awl-shaped; follicles at length divergent. Low meadows, N. E. to Va., w. to Minn, and Mo. A form with crimson petals occurs in Vt. and N. H. (Miss E. Robinson, Miss Dearborn). 7. S. virginieVsis Michx. (EARLY S.) Low (1-3 dm. high); leaves obonttr or oval-spatulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-toothed, thickish ; flowers in clustered at length open and loosely panicled cymes; follicles united merely at the base, divergent, purplish. Exposed rocks and dry hillsides ; N. B. and Que. to Ga., and w. to Minn., Mo., and Tenn.; common, especially northw. Apr.-June. Var. CHLORANTIIA Oakes is an anomalous plant of Essex Co., Mass., with tiny green pubescent petals or these modified to stamens. 8. S. rivularis L. (ALPINE BROOK S.) Small ; stems weak, 3-5-flowered ; lower leaves rounded, %-b-lobcd, slender-petioled, upper lanceolate ; petals whiff, ovate. Arctic Am., locally s. to Mt. Washington, N. H.; and in tin- Rocky Mis. to Mont. June, July. (Eu.) !). S. tricuspidata Rottb. Stems tufted (4-16 cm. high), naked above ; flowers corymbose; leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid sharp teeth at the summit; petals obovate-oblong, yellow. Rocks, Arctic Am., s. to L. Superior, L. Winnipeg, and mts. of B. C. June- Aug. (Eu.) 10. S. aizoides L. (YELLOW MOUNTAIN S.) Low, matted or ascending; branches >.: :; dm. long, with few or several corymbose flowers ; leaves nuiner- ous, fleshy, distantly spinulose-ciliate ; petals >i<>/?, rJ-ut, thick, xjitnlr. often spotted. Calcareous rocks, (ireenl. and Lai), to Sask.. locally s. in N. S.. N. B., mts. of n. Vt. and L. Superior, June, July. (Eurasia.) SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY ) 447 12. S. Oppositif61ia L. (MOUNTAIN S.) Leaves (2-4 mm. long) fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches; petals purple, much longer than the 5-cleft calyx. Calcareous rocks, Arctic Am., s. to Gulf of St. Law- rence, mts. of n. Vt., Mont, and Ida. May, June, rarely Aug. (Eurasia.) 5. TIARELLA L. FALSE MITERWORT Calyx bell-shaped, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws. Stamens long and slen- der. Styles 2. Capsule membranaceous, 2-valved ; the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal placenta, globular, smooth. Perennials ; flow- ers white. (Name a diminutive from rtdpa, a tiara, or turban, from the form of the pistil, which is like that of Mitella, to which the name of Miterwort properly belongs.) 1. T. cordifblia L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners, heart- shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath ; stem (1-4 dm. high) leafless or rarely with 1 or 2 leaves ; raceme simple ; petals ob- long, often subserrate. Rich rocky woods, N. S. and N. B. to Minn., Ind., and southw. in the mts. Apr.-June. 6. HEUCHERA L. ALUM ROOT Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spatulate. Styles 2, slender. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parietal many-seeded placentae, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat. Perennials, with the round heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the stems, if any, alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base. Flowers in small clusters borne in a narrow panicle, greenish or purplish. (Named for J. H. Heucher, a German botanist of the 17th and 18th centuries.) Calyx regular or essentially so. Calyx in anthesis 1.5-2 mm. long. Leaves with prominent triangular lobes. Lower leaf-surfaces glabrous or merely villous along the nerves . . 1. IT. mllosa. Lower leaf-surfaces villous 2. H. macrorhiea. Leaves reniform, with obscure rounded lobes 8. H. 'parviflora. Calyx in anthesis 3-6 mm. long 4. H. americana. Calyx oblique, often very irregular. Stamens about equaling or slightly exceeding the calyx-lobes. Petioles hairy 5. H. hispida. Petioles at most granular- or glandular-puberulent 6. H. pubescent. Stamens about twice as long as the calyx-lobes 7. //. hirouUcaulix. 1. H. villbsa Michx. Rootstock elongate, 0.5-1 cm. in diameter ; stems slen- der (1-3 mm. in diameter at base}, 2-9 dm. high, more or less villous with rusty hairs, especially below ; leaves basal, thin, acutely 7-9-lobed, on slender rusty- villous petioles ; bracts of the loose panicle linear ; calyx and pedicels some- what glandular-hispid ; petals spatulate-linear, about as long as the exserted stamens, soon twisted. (H. crinita Rydb.) Shallow soil on rocks, Md. to 111., s. to Ga. and Tenn. June-Aug. 2. H. macrorhiza Small. Similar; rootstock stout, woody, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter; stems stout (4-8 mm. in diameter at base}, sometimes leafy, 3-10 dm. high, very densely villous with sordid hairs ; basal leaves thick, suborbicular, densely pubescent beneath, sparingly so above, on stout rusty-villous petioles ; bracts of the panicle oblong. Limestone cliffs and river-bluffs, Ky. and Tenn. 3. H. parviflbra Bartl. Stems slender, 1.2-6 dm. high, glandular-hirsute (rarely glabrate), as well as the petioles, etc.; leaves round-reniform, with 7-9 short and broad rounded lobes; flowers very small (2 mm. long}; petals linear- spatulate, twice as long as the calyx-lobes ; fruit narrow. (H. Mugelii Shuttlw.) Shaded cliffs, Va. to s. 111., Mo. and Ga. 4. H. americana L. (COMMON A.) Stems (6-9 dm. high), etc., glandular and more or less hirsute with short hairs; leaves roundish, with short rounded lobes and crenate teeth ; calyx very broad, 4 mm. long, the spatulate petals ualing or slightly longer than its lobes. (H. lancipetala Rydb.) Rocky A 448 SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) woodlands, Ct. to'N. C., w. to Minn., e. Kan., and Miss. Var. <;i,.u'rA (Raf.) Rosendahl. Steins, leaves, etc., glabrous or nearly so, often glaucous. (//. cjlauca Raf.; II. Curtisii T. & G. ?) N. Y. to Tenn. and X. C. 5. H. hlspida Pursh. Stems 5-12 dm. high, hispid or hirsute with long spreading hairs (occasionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular ; panicle very narrow ; calyx 6-8 mm. long ; leaves rounded, slightly 5-9-lobed ; stamens soon exserted, longer than the spatulate petals. Mts. of Va. and N. C. to Minn., e. Kan., and north westw. May, June. 0. H. pubSscens Pursh. Stem (3-9 dm. high) and petioles granulnr-im- bescent or glandular above, not hairy, below often glabrous ; leaves round-re ni- 1'orm, with shallow rounded lobes; calyx 6-8 mm. long; stamens shorter tlmn or slightly exceeding the lobes of the calyx and the spatulate petals. (//. roseola and H. longiflora Rydb.) Rich woods, in the mts., from Pa. to Ky., and southw. June, July. 7. H. hirsuticaulis (Wheelock) Rydb. Stems (5-7 dm. high) and petioles hirsute with long whitish hairs; leaves reniform or suborbicular, with 7-11 shallow rounded crenate-toothed lobes, white-hirsute on the veins beneath ; inflorescence hirsute and glandular; calyx about 5 mm. long; petals greenish or purplish, usually shorter than the oblong calyx-lobes ; stamens long-exstrt' j>i>nxit.<\ roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, obscurely crenate- lolied ; flowers iHsfm/f, inconspicuous, nearly sessile, greenish, tinged with yel- low or purple. Cold wet places, e. Que. to n. Ga., w. to Minn, and la. 2. C. tetrandrum Fries. Mr,//* erect; leave* nlftnxitc. reniform-cordate, doubly crenate or somewhat lobed ; flowers cori/itifmxi' ; stamens 4 (rarely 5-8). (C. altcrnifnlinm Man. ed. 6, not L. ; C. intn-nsi' Kydl>. ) In wet moss. Deco- rah, la. (llolway), to the Rocky Mts., and northw. (Kurasia.) SAXEFUAOACEAK (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) 449 9. PARNASSIA [Touni ] L. GRASS OF PARNASSUS Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, slightly united at the base, persistent. Petals 6, spreading, imbricated in the bud ; a more or less cleft gland-bearing scale at the base of each. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, persistent. Ovary 1-celled, with 4 projecting parietal placentae ; stigmas 4, sessile. Capsule 4-valved, the valves bearing the placentae on their middle. Seeds very numer- ous, anatropous. Embryo straight; cotyledons very short. Perennial smooth herbs, with entire leaves, and solitary flowers on long scape-like stems, which often bear a single sessile leaf. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from Mount Parnassus.) Calyx-lobes elongate, herbaceous throughout, ascending in fruit ; scales dilated below, 5-oo -cleft about to the middle. Leaves gradually tapering at base ; petals elliptic-oblong . . . . 1. P. parviflora. Leaves cordate ;" petals ovate 2. P. paluatt'in. Calyx-lobes short-oblong, firm, with scarious margins, reflexed in fruit; scales " 3-cleft to the base. Petals sessile. Scales shorter than or barely equaling the stamens 3. P. caroliniana. Scales much exceeding the stamens 4. P. grandifolia. Petals abruptly contracted into a claw 5. P. axarifolia. . 1. P. parviflbra DC. Scapes 0.5-3 din. high, slightly angled ; leaves ovate or oblong, slender-petioled ; petals 5-8 mm. long, slightly exceeding the calyx- lobes ; scales mostly h-1-cleft; capsule with thin firm walls. Meadows, wet rocks, etc., Nfd. to Alaska, s. to Cape Breton I., Mich., Wise., S. Dak., and Utah. July, Aug. 2. P. paliistris L. Scapes subterete, 0.5-4 dm. high ; leaves firm, cordate- ate, slender-petioled ; petals 10-13 mrn. long, much exceeding the calyx-lobes ; ales mostly 0-15-cte#. Lab. to Alaska, locally s. to e. Que., Mich., Minn., . Dak., and Wyo. July, Aug. (Eurasia.) 3. P. caroliniana Michx. Scapes 1.5-6 dm. high ; leaves coriaceous, ovate to orbicular, often subcordate ; petals ovate-oblong, 10-18 mm. long, many- veined, twice or thrice exceeding the scales. Swamps or wet mostly calcareous ks, somewhat local. Aug., Sept. 4. P. grandifolia DC. Similar but stouter, with larger leaves and flowers ; ^'land-tipped cilia filiform, much exceeding the stamens and nearly equaling the 'petals. Mts., Va. to Fla. and Mo. (according to Wheelock). Aug., Sept. 5. P. asarifblia Vent. Scapes angled, 2-5 dm. high ; leaves coriaceous, reniform, the basal slender-petioled ; petals oblong-elliptic, 10-18 mm. long, many-veined ; scales mostly shorter than the stamens. Bogs, wet rocks, etc., ts. from Va. south w. Aug. -Oct. ut i to V6L ? gla 10. PHILADELPHUS L. MOCK ORANGE OR STRINGA Calyx-tube top-shaped ; the limb 4-5-parted. spreading, persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large. Styles united below or nearly to the top ; stigmas oblong or linear. Capsule 3-5-celled, splitting at length into as many pieces. Seeds very numerous, with a loose membranaceous coat pro- longed at both ends. Shrubs, with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-clustered showy white flowers. (An ancient name, applied by Linnaeus to this genus for no obvious reason.) 1. P. inod6rus L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, entire or with some spreading teeth ; flowers single or few at the ends of the diverging branches, pure white, scentless ; calyx-lobes acute, scarcely longer than the tube. Mts. of Va. to Ga. and Ala. ; sometimes established northw. 2. P. grandif!6rus Willd. A tall shrub, like the last, but somcirhnt pubescent, with long and recurved branches, larger flowers, and the calyx-lobes long and f^r-pointed. Along streams, Va. to Fla. Often cultivated. P. CORON\RIUS L. , the common MOCK ORANGE or SYRINGA of cultivation, m s. Eu., with racemose cream-colored odorous flowers, sometimes escapes. CRAY'S MANUAL 29 450 SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY ^ 11. DECUMARIA L. Flowers all fertile. Calyx-tube turbinate, 7-10-toothed. Petals oblong. Stamens 20-30. Styles united into one, persistent. Stigma thick, 7-10-rayed. Capsule 10-15-ribbed, 7-10-celled, many-seeded, bursting at the sides, the thin partitions at length separating into numerous chaffy scales. Smooth climbing shrub, with ovate or oblong entire or serrate leaves, no stipules, and numerous fragrant white flowers in compound terminal cymes. (Name said to be derived from decumanus, of the tenth part, referring to the often 10-merous flowers. ) 1. D. barbara L. Leaves shining, sometimes pubescent ; capsule with the persistent style and stigma urn-shaped, pendulous. Banks of streams, Dismal Swamp, Va., to Fla. and La. 12. HYDRANGEA [Gronov.] L. Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, adherent to the ovary ; the limb 4-5- toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10, slender. Cap- sule 16-ribbed, 2-celled below, many-seeded, opening by a hole between the 2-4 diverging styles. Shrubs, with opposite petioled exstipulate leaves. The marginal flowers of the compound cymes usually sterile and radiant, consisting merely of a showy membranaceous and colored flat and dilated calyx. (Name from v5wp, water, and dyyeTov, a vessel, from the shape of the capsule. ) 1. H. arbor6scens L. (WILD H.) Glabrous or nearly so, 3-25 dm. high ; leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, usually somewhat paler green beneath ; cymes flat ; flowers often all fertile, rarely all radiant. Rocky banks, s. N. Y. to Fla., w. to la. and Mo. 2. H. cinerea Small. Branches cinereous-puberulent ; leaves densely tomen- tose, much paler beneath. (H. radiata Man. ed. 6, not Walt. ) S. C. and Ga. to Tenn, and Mo. 13. fTEA [Gronov.] L. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary or nearly so. Petals 5, lanceolate, much longer than the calyx, and longer than the 6 stamens. Capsule oblong, 2- grooved, 2-celled, tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal) when mature, several -seeded. Shrubs, with simple alternate petioled exstipulate leaves, and small white racemose flowers in simple racemes. (Greek name of the Willow.) 1. I. virgfnica L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, pointed, minutely serrate. - Swamps, chiefly on the coastal plain, N. J. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex. ; inland in Miss, basin to 111. and Mo. May, June. 14. RIBES L. CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY Calyx 5-lobed, often colored ; the tube adherent to the ovary. Petals 5, inserted in the throat of the calyx, small. Stamens 6, alternate with the petals, i )\ary 1-celled, with two parietal placentae and 2 distinct or united styles. Berry crowned with the shriveled remains of the calyx. Low sometimes prickly shrubs, with alternate palmately lobed leaves, which are plaited in tire bud (except in one species), often fascicled on the branches ; the small llowrrs from the same clusters, or from separate lateral buds. (Kibes, the Arabic name.) * Peduncles l-4(raroly 5) -flowered, stems mostly bearing spines at the base of tin' le:ifst:ilks or clusters of leaves, and often with scattered bristly prickles. (Our species are indiscriminately called WILD < HM.SKIU.KKY.) Calyx-lobes decidedly shorter than the tube; berries apt to be prickly. Leaves densely soft-pubescent 1. R. Cynosibati. Leaves only sparinplv pilose . . . . . . (1) R. Oi/iioxtxiti. v. t/lnhr< Calyx tube narrowly cylindric '-'. A'. // tini,nx<-. SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) 451 Calyx-lobes as long as or exceeding the tube. Stamens at length equaling or exceeding the calyx-lobes ; berry smooth. Calyx 9-12 mm. long 3. R. gracile. Calyx 5-7 mm. long. Petioles usually bearing only simple elongate glands ; bracts of the raceme mostly rounded at tip 4. R. rotundifolium. Petioles bearing mostly compound elongate trichomes ; bracts of the raceme mostly pointed. Principal leaves cuneate to truncate at base. Mature leaves glabrate or slightly pilose beneath ... 5. R. oxyacanthoides. Mature leaves densely soft-pubescent . . (5) R. oxyacanthoides, v. calcicola. Principal leaves subcordate at base ... (5) R. oxyacanthoides, \. saxosum. Stamens distinctly shorter than the calyx-lobes ; berry hairy or glandular 6. R. Grossularia. * * Flowers several in elongate racemes. (CURRANTS.) Calyx campanulate to saucer-shaped. Leaves sprinkled, at least beneath, with resinous atoms ; calyx cam- panulate ; fruit black. Calyx-tube equaling the lobes. Bracts shorter than the pedicels 8. R. nigrum. Bracts longer than the pedicels 7. R.floridum. Calyx open-campanulate, the lobes much exceeding the short tube . 9. R. hudsonianum. Leaves with no resinous atoms (except occasional glands on .the pedi- cels) ; calyx Hattish. Stems densely covered with prickles ; fruit black . . . . 10. R. lacustre. Stems without prickles ; fruit red. Ovary and berries glandular-bristly 11. R. prostratum. Ovary and berries smooth. Upright shrub ; middle lobe of leaf ovate ; pedicels without capi- tate glands ; calyx yellowish 12. R. vulgare. Decumbent shrub ; middle lobe of leaf deltoid ; pedicels with capitate glands ; calyx purplish 18. R. triste. Calyx salver-form, with elongate tube 14. R. aureum. 1. R. Cyn6sbati L. (PRICKLY G., DOGBERRY.) Infra-axillary spines slender, 0.5-1 cm. long; leaves round-ovate, rounded or subcordate at base, soft-pubes r cent ; racemes loose, 2.5-6 cm. long ; stamens and undivided style not longer than the broadly bell-shaped calyx; berries large, armed with long prickles or rarely smooth. Rocky woods, w. Me. to the mts. of N. C., w. to Man. and Mo. Var. GLABRATUM Fernald. Leaves glabrate or only sparingly pilose on the rves beneath. O. to N. C. 2. R, huronSnse Rydb. Said to resemble R. Cynosbati, but with shorter mes, calyx-tube slender, and styles united only below the middle. L. Huron. 3. R. gracile Michx. (MISSOURI G.) Spines often long (7-17 mm.), stout and red; peduncles long and slender ; flowers white or whitish ; filaments capil- lary, 1-1.5 cm. long, generally connivent or closely parallel, soon conspicuously longer than the oblong-linear calyx-lobes. (R. missouriense Nutt.) Ct. to S. Dak. and southw. 4. R. rotundif&lium Michx. Spines short (2-5 mm. long) ; leaves rather firm, sparingly pilose beneath, mostly rounded at base; peduncles short; flowers greenish or the lobes dull purplish ; filaments slender, 4-7 mm. long, more or less exceeding the narrowly oblong-spatulate calyx-lobes. Rocky banks, w. Mass, and N. Y., s. in the Alleghenies to N. C. 5. R. oxyacanthoides L. (SMOOTH G.) Spines 3-8 mm. long; leaves thin but leathery, glabrescent, the petioles often with some naked glands among the compound trichomes ; peduncles very short ; flowers greenish yellow to dull pur- plish ; stamens usually equaling the rather broadly oblong mostly glabrous calyx- lobes. Nfd. to Pa., w. to N. Dak. and Man. The common smooth-fruited gooseberry of the North, the whitish prickles and spines often numerous. Var. CALcfcoLA Fernald. Leaves densely soft-pubescent; calyx pubescent. Marly swamps and limestone rocks, e. Que. and n. Mich. Var. SAXOSUM (Hook.) Coville. Calyx and subcordate leaves essentially glabrous. Nfd., e. Que., Cape reton I. , L. Superior, Rocky Mts. 6. R. GROSSULARIA L. (EUROPEAN G.) Spines stout, 1-1.5 cm. long; ^uncles very short, \(rarely Z) -flower ed ; calyx hirsute, its lobes oblong. (R. Uva-crispa L.) Escaped from cultivation and locally established in Que., N. E., and the Middle States. (Introd. from Eu.)' 7. R. fldridum L'He'r. (WILD BLACK C.) Leaves slightly heart-shaped, var, 2 ^/ov Bre U 452 HAMAMKLIDACKAK ( NVITCH-H AZKL FAMILY') sharply 3-5-lobed, doubly serrate; raceme* dron/, ////.> titbular-bell-shaped, smooth, 8-10 mm. long. Alluvial thickets and rich banks, N. B. to Assina., and southw. 8. R xioiM'M L. (BLACK C. of gardens.) Similar, but the unbexct'iit ctilij.f, 5-6 mm. long, the tube broadly campanula te, e C. of gardens.) Suberect ; leaves mostly cordate, slightly pnl esceiit beneath or glabrate, the mature blades ,3.5-6.5 cm. wide, broad- ened upv< (}, :! Vlobed, the lobes mostly short-ovate; racemes borne chit-fly among the leafy shoots, spreading in anthesis, drooping in fruit, 8-5 (becoming 7) cm. long, the rhachis glabrous though often glandular ; pedicels mostly gland- less ; calyx yellow-green, its segments oval and abruptly narrowed below the middle ; petals narrowly cuneate ; disks between the stamens and the slightly cleft style a hii;h narrow ring with round-scalloped margin ; fruit plump and juicy. (11. rubrum Man. ed.O, not L.) Commonly cultivate. 1. and frequently escaping to fence-rows, thickets, and open woods. (Nat. from Eu.) 13. R. triste Pall. (SWAMP KKU C.) Straggling or reclining, the branches often rooting freely; leaves somewhat heart-shaped, the mature Hades 5-10 em. broad, the sides nearly parallel, the lobt-x inoxtlij broml / flu- b- - Cold woods, swamps, and subalpine regions. Nfd. to Alaska, s. to Me. and N't. (Asia.) Var. AUUNKRVIUM (Michx.) Fernald. Leaves glabrous or glabrate beneath. More common, extending s. to N. S., N. H., Vt., Mich.. Wise., etc, 14. R. aureum Pursh. (MISSOURI or Bi KI \r,<> C.) Tall spineless shrub : leaves 3-5-lobed, rarely at all cordate, comnlutr in bnnvr.s, with alternate sim^h' h-nn-s > deCiduOU8 Stipules; in heads r >y///Ts. often /infi/i/i/nttnts or nnio<-fi' rah/.,- mUieriiiy to the base of th< or3 numerous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight, in scanty albumen ; cotyledons broad and flat. * Flowers with a manifest calyx, or calyx and corolla, and a single ovule suspended from the summit of each cell. 1. Hamamelis. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short. 2. Fothergilla. 1'etals none. Stamens about 24, long ; filaments thickened upward. I* Flowers naked, with mere rudiments of a calyx and no corolla, crowded into catkin-like heads; ovules several or many in each cell. Liquidambar. Monoecious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Capsules consolidated by their bases into a dense head. 1. HAMAMELIS L. WITCH-HAZEL t Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-like 3-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. Petals 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in the bud. Stamens 8, very short; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect and scale-like. Styles 2, short. Capsule opening loculicidally from the top ; the outer coat separating from the inner, which incloses tire single large and bony seed in eacli cell, but, soon bursts elastically into two pieces. Tall shrubs or small trees, with straight-veined leaves, and yellow perfect or polygamous flowers. (Ancient Greek name applied to' the Medlar, or some similar tree.) 1. H. virginiana L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat downy when young ; blossoming late in autumn, when the leaves are falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer. Damp woods, N. S. to Fla., w. to e. Minn, and " Tex. 1 ' 2. FOTHERGILLA Murr. Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, the summit truncate, slightly 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike ; filaments very long, thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Capsule" adhering to the base of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell. A low shrub ; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the summit; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered by a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. John Fothergill.) 1. F. Garden! Murr. (F. Carolina Britton.) Low grounds, Va. to Ga. pr., May. 3. LIQUIDAMBAR L. SWEET GUM TREE Flowers usually monoecious, in globular heads or catkins ; the sterile arranged a conical cluster, naked ; stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute scales ; filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less cohering together and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head ; the cap- sules opening between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing- angled seed-coat. Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud inclosed by a 4-leaved deciduous involucre. (A mongrel name, from liquidus, fluid, and the Arabic ambar, amber ; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice which exudes from the tree.) 1. L. Styraciflua L. (SWKKT GUM, BILSTED.) Leaves rounded, deeply 7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed. Swampy oods, near the coast, s. Ct. to Fla. and Tex. ; inland in Miss, basin to Mo. and 111. Apr., May. (Mex., Centr. Am.) A large and beautiful tree, with fine- grained wood, the gray bark commonly with corky ridges on the branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep crimson in autumn. The woody ds filled mostly with abortive seeds, which resemble sawdust. 454 PLATANACEAE (PLANE TKEE FAMILY) PLATANACEAE (PLANE TREE FAMILY) Trees, with watery juice, alternate palmately-lobed leaves, sheathing stipules, and monoecious flowers in separate and naked spherical heads, destitute of calyx or corolla ; the fruit merely club-shaped l-seeded nutlets, furnished with a ring of bristly hairs about the base. Only the following genus (of uncertain rela- tionship). 1. PLATANUS [Tourn.] L. SYCAMORE. BUTTONWOOD Sterile flowers of numerous stamens, with club-shaped little scales inter- mixed ; filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, consisting of inversely pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. Style rather lateral, awl- shaped or thread-like, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy below, containing a single orthotropous pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen. Large trees, with the bark deciduous in broad thin brittle plates ; dilated base of the petiole inclosing the bud of the next season. (The ancient name, from TrXartfs, broad.} 1. P. occidentalis L. Leaves mostly truncate at base, angularly sinuate- lobed or toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed ; fertile heads solitary, hanging on a long peduncle. Rich soil, s. Me. to n. Vt., Ont., s. e. Minn., e. Kan., and southw. Our largest tree, often 25-40 m. high, with a trunk 2-4.2 m. in diameter. ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) Plants with regular flowers, numerous (rarely few} distinct stamens inserted on the calyx, and \-many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the second tribe} united and combined with the calyx-tube. Ovules (anatropous} \-few in each ovary ; seeds almost always without albumen. Embryo straight, with large. and thick cotyledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules, these sometimes caducous, rarely obsolete or wanting. Calyx of 5 (3-8) sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely wanting), mostly imbricated in the bud, and in- serted with the stamens on the edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Tribe I. SPIRAEEAE. Ovary superior and not inclosed In a calyx-like tube ; carpels 1-12, dry at maturity and (in ours) dehiscent, 2-seyeral(rarely l)-seeded. * Carpels inflated ; leaves simple, often palmately lobed. 1. Physocarpus. Stamens co , in several rows. Carpels 2-5, splitting into 2 valves. Seeds with hard shining coat. Shrubs. * * Carpels not inflated. + Carpels alternate with (or of a different number from) the sepals or calyx-lobes. 2. Spiraea. Stamens on the margin of a disk-like expansion of the lloral axis. Carpels splitting chielly along the ventral suture. Leaves simple. Shrubs. :',. Aruncus. Dioecious. Stamens borne on the upper (inner) surface of a disk-like expansion of the floral axis. Leaves compound. Herds. +- +- Carpels (normally 5) opposite the 5 sepals or calyx-lobes. 4. Sorbaria. IVtnls imbricated in bud. Seeds pendulous. Flowers small, corymbose. 5. Gillenia Petals convolute in bud. Seeds ascending. Flowers long-pediincled. Tribe II. POMEAE. Carpels few, mostly definite (2-5) and usually connate, borne within and adnate to a cup-like or urn like depression in the enlarged summit of tin- floral axis (resembling a calyx-tube), the whole united to form a fleshy fruit. Trees and shrubs, with stipules free from the petiole. ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 455 * Mature carpels papery or soft-cartilaginous. +- Cells of the compound ovary as many as the styles, without false or partial partitions. 6. Pyrus. Fruit depressed -globose to ellipsoidal or obovoid ; its carpels enveloped in the fleshy receptacle, papery or soft-cartilaginous, usually 2-ovuled and 2-seeded. Leaves simple or compound. - +- Cells of the compound ovary subdivided by partial partitions projecting inward from the back. 7. Amelanchier. Carpels usually 5. Leaves simple. Unarmed. * * Mature carpels very hard and bony, distinct or firmly coherent in the fleshy fruit. 8. Crataegus. Ovules in each cell either solitary or if 2 unequal, one sessile and fertile, the other stalked and sterile. Shrubs and small trees, usually armed. Leaves simple, mostly serrate or dentate, thin or coriaceous. 9. Cotoneaster. Ovules 2 in each cell, equal. Armed shrub with coriaceous oval crenulate evergreen leaves. Tribe III. POTENTfLLEAE. Carpels few-many, l(-2)-ovuled, becoming dry achenes, not in- closed at maturity. Chiefly herbs. * Styles not elongated after anthesis, mostly deciduous. - Receptacle pulpy and much enlarged in fruit. 10. Fragaria. Petals white. Leaves 3-foliate. Bractlets alternating with the calyx-lobes. Re- ceptacle juicy. 11. Duchesnea. Petals yellow. Receptacle spongy, not juicy. +- +- Receptacle dry or nearly so, not greatly enlarged in fruit. H- Stamens 5. 12. Sibbaldia. Stamens alternate with the petals. Leaflets mostly 3-toothed at the end. 13. Chamaerhodos. Stamens opposite the petals. Leaflets cleft into linear segments. H- -H- Stamens numerous. = Carpels 1-ovuled. 14. Waldsteinia. Achenes few, 2-6, rarely 10. 15. Potentilla. Achenes numerous. Petals 5 (rarely 4), conspicuous. Calyx-lobes as many, with an alternating set of bractlets. = = Carpels 2-ovuled. 16. Filipendula. Leaves pinnate ; stipules kidney-formed. * * Styles persistent and elongating after anthesis, often plumose or jointed. 17. Geum. Calyx-lobes usually with 5 alternating small bractlets. Stamens and carpels numer- ous ; styles becoming plumose or hairy tails, or naked and straight or jointed. Tribe IV. RUBEAE. Pistils several or numerous, becoming drupelets in fruit. Ovules 2 and pendulous, but seed solitary. Perennials, herbaceous or with biennial soft-woody stems. 18. Rubus. Pistils mostly numerous, fleshy in fruit, crowded upon a spongy receptacle. 19. Dalibarda. Pistils 5-10, in the bottom of the calyx, nearly dry in fruit. Tribe V. POTERlEAE. Pistils 1-4, becoming achenes, completely inclosed in the dry and firm calyx-tube, which is constricted or nearly closed at the throat. Herbs with compound or lobed leaves. Petals often none. 20. Alchemilla. Calyx urceolate, bracteolate. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Flowers minute, clustered. 21. Agrimonia. Calyx top-shaped or bell-shaped, with a margin of hooked prickles. Stamens 5-12. Flowers yellow, in long racemes. 22. Sanguisorba. Calyx-lobes petaloid ; tube 4-angled, naked. Petals none. Flowers densely capitate or spicate. Tribe VI. R6SEAE. Pistils many, becoming bony achenes, inclosed in the globose or urn-shaped fleshy calyx-tube, which resembles a pome. Petals conspicuous. Stamens numerous. 23. Rosa. The only genus. Prickly shrubs with pinnate leaves. Tribe VII. PRlTNEAE. Ovary superior and not inclosed in the calyx-tube at maturity. Calyx deciduous, without bractlets. Pistil solitary, becoming a stone-fruit. Ovules 2, but seed almost always solitary. Style terminal. Trees or shrubs, with simple mostly serrate leaves. 24. Prunus. Flowers perfect. Petals and calyx-lobes 5. Stone of the drupe bony. 456 KOSACKAK (RUSK FAMILY) 1. PHYSOCARPUS Maxim. NINE-BARK Carpels 1-5, inflated, 2-valvecl ; ovules 24. Seeds roundish, \\ith a smooth and shining crustaceous testa and copious albumen. Stamens 30-40. Other- wise as Spiraea. Shrubs, with simple palmately lobed leaves and umbel-like corymbs of white flowers. (Name from 000-a, a pair of bellows, and Kap?r6s, fruit.) 1. P. opulifblius (L.) Maxim. Shrub, 1-3 in. high, with long branches, the old bark loose and separating in numerous thin layers ; leaves roundish, some- what 3-lobed and heart-shaped ; the purplish membranaceous pods usually 3, essentially glabrate, very conspicuous. (Spiraea L. ; Opulaatcr Kt/.e.) Rocky banks of streams, Que. and N. E. to Fla., w. to 111. Often cultivated. Var. intermSdius (Rydb.) Robinson. Pods permanently pubescent. (Opu- laster intermedius Rydb.) Similar situations, s. Mich, to S. Dak., Ark., and Ala. 2. SPIRAEA [Tourn.] L. Calyx 6-cleft, short, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10-50. Pods (follicles) 5-8, not inflated, few-several-seeded. Seeds linear, with a thin or loose coat and no albumen. Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white or rose-colored flowers in corymbs or panicles. (The Greek name, from aireipav, to twist, from the twisting of the pods in some of the original species.) Flowers in compound corymbs. Calyx-tube top-shaped, pubescent 1. S.japonica. Calyx-tube bell-shaped, smoothish. Leaves 2.5-5 cm. broad 2. 8. corymbotta. Leaves 1-1.6 cm. broad 3. 8. virginiana, Flowers racemosely or spicately panicled. Leaves smoothish, scarcely paler beneath. Pedicels fascicled, I. 1 ) cm. long; flowers usually double . . . .4. Flowers densely raccmo-paniculate ; pedicels 2-6 mm. long. Inflorescence toim-ntulose . r >. Inflorescence subglabrous or sparingly villous (i. >'. Leaves green above, densely tomentose and white or tawny beneath . . 7. S. tomentosa. 1. S. JAPONIC v L. f. Stems 1 m. or more high ; leaves 7-9 cm. long, glau- cous beneath; petals pink to deep rose-color. Frequent in cultivation, and occasionally escaping, s. Ct. (Graves) and e. Pa. (Introd. from Asia.) 2. S. corymbbsa Raf. Stems erect, dark purple, simple or nearly so ; leaves oval or broadly oblong, smoothish, of firm, texture, toothed from near the middle to the rounded or obtuse apex, 2.5-5 cm. broad ; flowers white; corymbs 4-10 cm. broad. (S. betulifolia, var. Wats.) In the Allegheny Mts., N. J. (accord- ing to Britton) to W. Va. and Ga. 3. S. virginiana Britton. Glabrous, much-branched ; leaves lance-oblong, 1-1.6 cm. broad, often acute or acutish at the base ; flowers white, about (5 mm. broad ; pedicels and calyx glaucous. On rocks, W. Va. (Millspaugh) to N. C. and Tenn. Not seen ; description compiled. 4. S. I'Ki-NiKohiA Sieb. & Zucc. Finely pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, cuneate at the base, serrulate ; flowers white, often double, 1 cm. in diameter. Persisting after cultivation, and tending to escape to roadsides, e. Mass, and Ct. (Introd. from Japan.) 5. S. salicifblia L. (Mi. VPOW-SWKKT.) Erect shrub, 3-V2 dm. high, with tough yel/nii-is/i-}>ri>irn stems,' leaves finely serrate, lance-oblong, 5-7 em. long, 1-1.8 cm. broad, rather linn' in texture ; inflorescence thyrs>jd, toinentulosr ; flowers 6-8 mm. in diameter; petals sub<.rl>irular. white. Chiefly in low ground, N. V. to X. C., Mo., and northwest w. ('Asia.) 6. S. Iatif61ia Borkh. (MKAKOW-SWKKT.) ,S7r?/-4cm. broad ; inflorescence smooth- : pish; petals white or pink. The common Meadow-sweet in e. N. A.; in rocky pastures, etc.. N't'd. to Va. S- tomentdsa I>. ( HAUIHI \< K. Suini. lii -n. 8ten* .//// Ivuxsr sw- s c ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 457 face of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly ; flowers in short racemes crowded in a dense panicle, rose-color, rarely white-; pods woolly. Low grounds, N. B. and N. S. to the mts. of Ga., w. to Minn, and Kan. 3. ARUNCUS [L.] Adans. GOAT'S BEARD Dioecious. Carpels 3-4, splitting at the ventral suture. Flowers sessile or nearly so on the long spike-like branches of a large open panicle, the fertile flowers reflexed in fruit. Petals small, narrow, white. Tall, essentially her- baceous. Leaves 2-3-pinnate, the leaflets rather large, ovate-oblong. (Aruncus, a word used by Pliny to designate the beard of a goat. ) 1 . A. Sylvester Kosteletzsky. Stem erect, subsimple, bearing a few large com- pound petiolate leaves and a large pyramidal spicate panicle ; leaflets 6-14 cm. long, green on both sides, sharply and somewhat doubly serrate, acuminate, the base mostly abrupt or subcordate, petiolulate. (/Spiraea Aruncus L.; Aruncus Aruncus Karst.) Rich soil, wooded ravines, etc., N. Y. to Ga., I. T., and Alaska. (Eurasia.) 4. SORBARIA A. Br. Flowers perfect, paniculate. Carpels mostly 5, opposite the calyx-lobes. Leaves regularly odd-pinnate, the leaflets lance-oblong, sessile, sharply serrate. (Name from Sorbus, the Mountain Ash, from the similar foliage.) 1. S. SORBIFOLIA (L.) A. Br. Suffruticose or nearly herbaceous, erect; leaves 1-4 dm. long, 13-21-foliolate ; leaflets caudate-acuminate, with man> straightish mostly simple veins springing from the midnerve ; panicle ample, pyramidal, terminal; petals white. (Spiraea L.) Common in cultivation, and escaping waste land and copses. (Asia.) 5. GILLENIA Moench. INDIAN PHYSIC Calyx narrow, somewhat constricted at the throat, 5-toothed ; teeth erect. Petals 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx, convolute in the bud. Stamens 10-20, included. Pods 5, included, at first lightly cohering with each other, 2-4-seeded. Perennial herbs, with almost sessile 3-foliolate leaves ; the thin leaflets doubly serrate and incised. Flowers loosely paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or white. (Dedicated to an obscure German botanist or physician, A. Gille, or GiUenius.) PORTER ANTHUS Britton. 1. G. trifoliata (L.) Moench. (BOWMAN'S ROOT.) Leaflets ovate-oblong, pointed, cut-serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire or slightly incised. Rich woods, N. Y. to Ga., Mo., and Mich. 2. G. stipulata (Muhl.) Trel. (AMERICAN IPECAC.) Leaflets lanceolate, deeply incised; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. (G. stipulacea Nutt. ; Porteranthus stipulatus Britton.) Moist rich woods, w. N. Y. to Kan., La., and Ala. 6. PYRUS [Tourn.] L. Calyx-like receptacle urn-shaped, bearing 5 sepals. Petals roundish or ob- ovate. Stamens numerous. Styles 2-5. Fruit a large fleshy pome, or smaller and berry-like, the 2-5 cells imbedded in the flesh, papery or cartilaginous, mostly 2-seedecl. Trees or shrubs, with showy flowers in corymbed or umbel- like cymes. (The classical name of the Pear-tree.) A large genus, often sub- divided, but with sections less strongly or constantly marked than our few species would suggest. 1. PIROPHORUM Focke. (PEAR.) Leaves simple; orijice of concave re- ceptacle partially or almost completely closed by a disk-like cushion ; flesh of large obovoid fruit copious, containing sclerotic (gritty} cells. 1. P. coMMf'Nis L. The common Pear of cultivation. Stray seedlings with degenerate fruit occasionally found in copses or woods near orchards. (Introd. from Eu.) 458 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 2. MALUS (Hill) S. F. Gray. (APPLE.) Leaves simple; orifice of concave receptacle open; flesh of large subglobular fruit copious, free from sclerotic cells. MALUS [Tourn.] Hill. * Leaves and usually the outer surface of the calyx-lobes glabrate. -*- Calyx-lobes deciduous in fruit. 2. P. BACCATA L. (SIBERIAN CRAB.) Small tree; leaves ovate-oblong, ser- rate but not lobed, acuminate, at length subcoriaceous ; petals narrowly oblong, with cuneate-attenuate base ; pedicels slender, fascicled ; pome 2-3 cm. in diam- eter, usually yellow with reddish cheek. (Mains Borkh.) Common in cultiva- tion, and locally established as an escape in borders of woods, etc., Me., Ct., and doubtless elsewhere. (Introd. from Eurasia.) x P. PRUNIFOLIA Willd. A highly variable group of hybrids between P. baccata and P. Mains, combining in differing degrees the characteristics of the two parents. Cultivated as CRAB APPLES, and not rarely spontaneous by roadsides, in open woods, etc. (Introd. from Eu.) 3. P. angustifblia Ait. Small tree ; branchlets often hardened and spine- like ; leaves elliptic- oblong to lance-oblong, serrate-dentate to nearly entire, those of the sterile shoots often shallowly and somewhat pinnately lobed, the midnerve commonly glandular above ; flowers in 3-7-flowered umbel-like cor- ymbs ; petals oblong to obovate, contracted at the base to a cuneate claw ; pome greenish-yellow, hard and sour, 2-2.6 cm. in diameter, depressed-globose. (Mains Michx.) River thickets, etc., N. J. to 111., "Kan.," and southw. -*- t- Calyx-lobes persistent in fruit. 4. P. coronaria L. (AMERICAN CRAB.) Tree, somewhat armed, 6-10 m. high ; leaves ovate or elliptic, usually rounded or even cordate at the base ; those of the sterile shoots somewhat triangular-ovate and lobed, sharply serrate ; petals broadly obovate, white or nearly so; fruit much as in the preceding. (Malus Mill.) Thickets and open woods, N. J. to Ont., Kan., and southw. * * Leaves at least on the lower surface and outer surface of the calyx-lobes clothed with a persistent white or gray tomentum. 6. P. ioSnsis (Wood) Bailey. Similar in habit to the two preceding; leaves chiefly oblong or ovate-oblong, glabrate, dull green, and somewhat rugose above, very pale and densely tomentose beneath, doubly serrate or pinnately several-lobed, usually narrowed at the base; petioles woolly; flowers mostly 2-3 in a corymb ; the pedicels slender, tomentose, becoming 2.5-3.5 cm. lony in fruit; calyx-lobes persistent. (Pyrus coronaria, var. Wood; Mains Britton.) 111. and Wise, to Minn., Kan., and Okla. x P. Souldrdi Bailey. A hybrid between P. ioensis and P. Malus, and of intermediate character, is said to occur in a wild state from Minn, to Tex. It may be distinguished from P. ioensis by its shorter thicker pedicels, usually about 2 cm. long, and somewhat larger fruit. 6. P. MALUS L. (APPLE.) Leaves ovate-oblong, rounded or cordate at the base, sub-equally serrate ; pedicels stout, woolly, 2-2.8 cm. long; fruit 4 cm. or more in diameter. (Malus Britton.) The commonest fruit tree of cultivation, often escaping to woods. (Introd. from Eu.) 3. ADEN6RHACHIS DC. (CHOKEBERRY.) Leaves simple, the midrib mrnfl<>ne. Mature leaves usually glabrous above ; young foliage bronze-green . 13 Mature leaves tomentose above: young' foliage yellow-green . . 14 AUXILIARY KEY (For use in default of mature fruit) *lyx-lobes entire (sometimes glandular-margined). Leaves conspicuously deltoid-cordate, glabrous 15 Leaves not deltoid-cordate. Leaves glabrous beneath, pubescent above ; region of the apper Great Lakes . . 18 Leaves pubescent beneath (at least along the veins). Leaves deeply lobed ; introduced 1 Leaves entire or slightly lobed ; native. Leaves broadest toward the apex. Leaves obovate to oblong. Leaves coriaceous, dark green and shining above 2 Leaves membranaceous, dull, impressed-veined above 3 Leaves spatulate 9 Leaves broadest at the middle ; apex often 3-lobed . ' 4 Leaves broadest toward the base, membranaceous, glabrous 11 Calyx -lobes serrate b. b. Leaves deeply lobod 10 b. Leaves entire or slightly lobed c. c. Corymbs few(l-7)-flowered. Calyx-lobes foliaceous, laciniate T Calyx-lobes not foliaceons, glandular-serrate. Leases short-obovate, very glandular 6 Leaves elliptical-ovate, slightly glandular , , , . , , t . 5 462 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) Corymbs many-flowered. Leaves broadest toward the apex . Leaves broadest at the middle. Calyx-lobes serrate ; nutlets plane Calyx-lobes deeply serrate ; nutlets pitted Leaves broadest toward the base. Leaves glabrous Leaves pubescent .... nos. 5, 10, 49 no. , 8 816,8" ..... nos. 32, 33, and 12 ......... 13, 14 1. OXYACANTHAE Loud. Leaves ovate, 3-15-lobed or -cleft, acute at the apex, cuneate to truncate at the base, serrate, 1-4 cm. long, 1-4.5 cm. wide, dark green and glabrous above (when mature'}, paler and slightly pubescent beneath (especially along the veins}; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide ; calyx lobes deltoid, entire, obtuse ; stamens about 20 ; anthers pink ; styles 1-2 ; fruit globose or subglobose, red, about 6 mm. thick; calyx-lobes reflexed, persistent ; flesh of fruit yellow, mealy; nutlets usually 1 ; shrubs or small trees, 5-9 m. tall, with strongly ascending branches and dark brown scaly bark; thorns sharp, about 1 cm. long. 1. C. OXYACANTHA L. (ENGLISH H.) Characters of the section. Sparingly escaped from cultivation. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. (Introd. from Eu.) 2. CRUS-GALLI Loud. Leaves obovate to elliptical, coriaceous, dark green and shining above, acute or rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base ; petiole slightly winged above, (/landless, 1-2 cm. long ; corymbs many- flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-acuminate, usually entire ; stamens 10-20; anthers usually pink; fruit subcylindric-ovoid to globose, red, the c/.>- flattened and the flesh hard, thin, greenish ; nutlets 1-3 (in no. 4 sometimes as many as 5), strongly ridged on the back; trees or shrubs, usually with spreading branches forming a broad crown ; bark dark gray, scaly ; spines many, strong, straight, chestnut-brown, 3-18 cm. long. Corymbs and leaves glabrous. Leaves 2-10 cm. long, 1^4 cm. wide ; nest of 1-2 nutlets longer than thick Leaves 2-6 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide. Nutlets 2-3 ; nest of nutlets about as long as thick ..... 3. C. pralensis. Nutlets 3-5 ; nest of nutlets longer than thick Corymbs and leaves hairy. Leaves large, 8-9 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide Leaves small, 26 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide 2. C. < 'rnx-0. Var. PYUACANTHIFOL1A Ait. has more acute leaves and small bright red fruit. Occa- sional, n. Del. to O. Var. OBLONG\TA Sarg. Fruit ellipsoidal, bright red; nutlets acute. Del. and e. Pa. Var. CAPILL\TA Sarg. Leaves thinner ; corymbs slightly pubescent ; nutlets solitary. Wilmington, Del. Yar. KXI'-.I v (Sarg.) Eggleston. Fruit ellipsoidal, bright crimson; nutlets solitary. Ct. Var. I'WNI- H'M i \ (Poir.) T. & G. Leaves sometimes 7 cm. wide. (C. Bartrmu imm Sari;-.) Occasional. Fl. May. June ; fr. Oct. C. Crus-gAlli x macracantha Eggleston. Hroad-leaveil forms with foliar- as in var. j>rn nifolin, the corymbs pubescent, tin 1 calyx- . C Crus-galli. lobes'serrate, the nutlets 'J- ::, their pits varying ROSACE AE (ROSE FAMILY) 463 from shallow to deep, have all the appearance of natural hybrids between these two species. (C. persimilis Sarg. ; C. prunifolia of European gardens, in part.) Occasional. 3. C. pratensis Sarg. Leaves ovate-orbicular, 2-6 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, coarsely or doubly serrate ; flowers about 1 cm. wide ; calyx-lobes remotely glandular-serrate, glabrous ; stamens about 10 ; anthers yellow or pink ; styles 2-3 ; fruit short-ovoid to compressed-globose, dull reddish-green ; flesh somewhat succulent, mealy, yellow ; nutlets 2-3, about 5 mm. long ; nest of nutlets about 5 mm. thick. (C. Palmeri Sarg.; C. grandis Ashe.) Low rich soil, 111. and Mo. Fl. May ; fr. Oct. 4. C. Canbyl Sarg. Leaves oblong-obovate, 2.5-8 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, doubly serrate, often lobed toward the apex ; corymbs glabrous ; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide; styles 3-5; fruit short-ellipsoidal to globose, 1-1.5 cm. long, dark crimson; flesh bright red, succulent ; the 3-5 nutlets 7-8 mm. long; nest of nutlets 6-7 mm. thick. ((7. Pennypackeri Sarg.) Occasional, e. Pa. and Md. Fl. May ; fr. Oct. 5. C. feciinda Sarg. Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, 3-9 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, doubly serrate, the veins strongly marked ; corymbs slightly villous ; flowers about 2 cm. wide ; calyx-lobes coarsely glandular-serrate ; stamens about 10 ; anthers purple ; styles 2-4 ; fruit short-ellipsoid to subglobose, 2-2.5 cm. long, orange-red, slightly pubescent; calyx-lobes erect; flesh thick; nutlets usually 2-3, 8-10 mm. long; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. Rich bottom lands, s. w. Ind. to s. e. Mo. Fl. May; fr. Oct. 6. C. berberifblia T. & G. Leaves oblong-cuneiform, spatulate, or obovate, 2-6 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, rounded or acute and serrate toward the apex, rough-pubescent above, white-pubescent or -tomentose beneath; petioles 1 cm. long-, densely tomentose ; corymbs densely villous ; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide ; calyx-lobes slightly villous; stamens about 20; anthers yellow; styles 2-3; fruit subglobose, about 1 cm. thick, orange or red, slightly pubescent; flesh yellow ; nutlets 2-3, about 6 mm. long ; nest of nutlets about 6 mm. thick. Gulf States. A specimen from Mercersburg, Pa. (Porter") appears intermediate between this and the following. Var. Engelmdnni (Sarg.) Eggleston. Less pubescent; stamens about 10; thers pink. Va. and Mo. Fl. May; fr. Oct. 3. PUNCTATAE Loud. Leaves obovate to oblong, impressed-veined and usually rather dull above, mostly pubescent beneath particularly along the I veins, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply cuneate at the base, serrate, doubly serrate, or slightly lobed, but nearly entire loicard the base, subcoria- ceous ; petioles 1-2 cm. long, slightly winged above; corymbs many-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate- acuminate, entire or sometimes glandular-margined; stamens 10-20 ; styles 2-5 ; fruit green, yellow, or red ; flesh hard, thick ; calyx usually flattened ; nutlets 2-5, ridged on the back ; flat-topped trees, 3-10 m. high, with grayish-brown bark; spines straight, 2-7 cm. long. \ r. uit ellipsoidal, glabrous ; nutlets usually 3^4. Leaves brig-lit yellow-green above ; nest of nutlets longer than thick . 7. C. pausiaca. Leaves dull gray-green above ; nest of nutlets about as long as thick . 8. C. punctata. Fruit globose, glabrous or pubescent ; calyx somewhat prominent ; nutlets 4-5. Fruit glabrous, green to scarlet ; Canadian 9. C. suborbicwlata. Fruit villous, red ; southern 10. C. collina. 7. C. pausiaca Ashe. Leaves oblanceolate-obovate, 3-6 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, dark vivid yellow-green and glabrous above ; corymbs pubescent ; flowers 1.2-1.5 cm. wide; calyx glabrous, its lobes slightly pubescent inside; stamens 10-15; anthers dark pink; fruit ellipsoidal-pyriform, about 8 mm. thick, dull brick-red; flesh greenish-yellow; nutlets usually 3, 7-10 mm. long; nest of nutlets 6-10 mm. thick. Abundant in Pa. Intermediate between C. Crus- galli and C. punctata, and to be expected wherever these two species are found. Fl. May ; fr. Oct. 8. C. punctata Jacq. Leaves 2-8 cm. long, 1-5 cm. broad, dull gray-green nd strongly impressed-veined above; corymbs tomentose ; flowers about 2 cm. 464 i:nSA('KAK ( FAMILY) 770. C. pnnctata. broad; ciihj.i'-t nhc pubescent, its lobes less so; stamens usually about 20; an- thers white to pink; fruit yellow (var. AI'KEA Ait.) or red (var. uriiKA Ait.), 1.2-2.5 cm. thick ; nutlets usually 3-4. 8-9 mm. long; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. Falls of Montmorency, Que., to s. e. Minn., s. (through w. N. E.) to 1'a.. n. 111., and la., and along the mts. to n. r * 2.5-3.5 cm. broad; anthers pink ; nutlets 3-4. Occasional, s. e. Mo. Fl. May ; fr. Oct. Var. Lettermani (Sarg.) Eggleston. Stamens about 10; fruit subglobose or pyriform, orange-red. Occasional, s. e. Mo. Fl. May; fr. Oct. 4. VfRIDES Beadle. Leaves oblong-ovate to oval, obtuse, acute, or acumi- nate (often %-lobed) at the apex, cuneate at the br do/i/>l>/ sir- rate or lobed, dark green, shining, and glabrous above, paler and somewhat- pubescent along the veins beneath, usually membranaceous ; petioles 1-3 on. long, slightly winged above; corymbs few-many-flowered, glabrous; cl>j.r- Inlies entire or slightly glandular-margined, trin hmceolut, ., /rumi- nate ; stamens 10-20; anthers yellow; styles 2-5; fruit soi (2 in no. in. rl the back; trees or large shrubs, 6-11 m. high, icith ascending r nirl mm. thick ; lobes of the leaves m-natc . . 11. (''. Mnnj-! mm. thick ; lobes dentate. Fruit hriu'ht ivd. -lauenus, <', mm. tliick 12. <'. rh-i-li*. Fruit dull dark red. tJ-'j mm. thick 13. C.niti>/,i. 11. C. Margarita Ashe. Leares 2-6 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, obtuse or acute at the apex, crcndte-loltrd, slightly pubescent when young, ^labratc ; eorymlis 5-12-flowered, slightly pubescent at first; flowers 1.5-2 em. wide ; calyx-lobes slightly pubescent inside; styles 1 '> ; fruit dull rnshj ; corymbs many-flowered, 1.2-2 cm. wide ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate ; fruit globose to short-ellipsoidal, dark dull red, 6-9 mm. thick ; flesh yellow, mealy ; nutlets 3-5, 4.5-7 mm. long ; nest of nut- lets 5-7 mm. thick ; tree sometimes 9 m. high, with a broad crown. Rare, s. 111. tos.e. Kan. Fl. May ; fr. Oct. FIG. 771. 5. INTRICATAE Sarg. (BOYNTONIANAE Beadle; BILTMOREANAE Beadle.) Leaves elliptic-ovate, acute and varying from attenuate to truncate, doubly serrate or lobed (the teeth gland-tipped}, subcoriaceous, yellow-green, bright above; petioles 1-3 cm.long, glandular, slightly winged above ; young foliage usually yellow-green; corymbs 3-7-flowered; bracts very glandular, deciduous ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-acuminate or acute, for the most part strongly toothed toward the apex, often entire at the base; stamens about 10 ; anthers usually yellow ; styles 2-5 ; fruit greenish or reddish-yellow to reddish-brown, globose to pyriform, bluntly angular; calyx prominent, its lobes reflexed; flesh of the fruit hard, thick; nutlets usually 3-4, strongly ridged on the back ; irregularly topped shrubs or small trees, 1-8 m. high (with occasional spines), preferring rocky woods and cliffs, more common and typical in the southern mountains. Foliage, corymbs, and fruit glabrous, (.'alyx-lobes nearly entire ; fruit globose, yellow-green ; nutlets 3-5; leaves ovate or oval Calyx-lobes serrate ; nutlets usually 3 t. Leaves ovate to oval ; fruit globose, red-brown or orange-red . Leaves elliptical-ovate ; fruit usually pyriform, yellow-green, tinged with red Foliage and fruit pubescent ; corymbs villous. Fruit globose : anthers yellow. Mature fruit reddish-brown ; nutlets 3-4 Mature fruit yellow ; nutlets 4-5 Fruit pyriform, yellow ; nutlets 3-4 ; anthers pink 771. C. nitida. 14. C. Boyntoni. 15. C. foetid a. 16. C. apposita. 17. C. coccinea. 18. C. biltmoreana. 19. C. Stonei. 14. C. Boynt6ni Beadle. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, glabrous, 2-5 cm. long, 2-5.5 cm. wide; corymbs glabrous; flowers about 2 cm. broad; calyx- lobes entire, except near the apex ; styles 3-5 ; fruit globose or depressed-glo- bose, yellow-green, tinged with red, 1-1.5 cm. thick; nutlets 3-5, 6-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 7-9 mm. thick. In woods and on banks of streams, between 400 and 900 m. elevation, s. w. Va., N. Car., and Tenn. Fl. May ; fr. Oct. 15. C. foetida Ashe. Leaves elliptical-ovate to oval, 4.5-7 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, glabrous ; corymbs glabrous; flowers about 2 cm. wide ; styles 3-5; fruit subglobose, 1-1.5 cm. thick, orange-red or red-brown; nutlets usually 3-4, 6-8 mm. long; nest of nutlets 6-9 mm. thick. (C. Baxteri Sarg.) Common, Mass, to s. Ont., s. to Va. Fl. May ; fr. Oct. GR A Y ? S M A M ' A L 3< ) 466 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 772. C. coccinea. 16. C. app6sita Sarg. Leaves elliptical-ovate, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, lobed (the lower pair of lobes often deeply cut}, glabrous ; corymbs and calyx glabrous ; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide ; fruit pyriform to ellipsoidal, yellow-green, tinged with red, about 1 cm. thick ; the 3-4 nutlets 5-7 mm. long ; nest of nut- lets 6-8 mm. thick. (C. coccinea, var. viridis T. & G., in part ; C. coccinea Britton, not L. ; C. intricata Sarg., not J. Lange.) Rocky woods, s. w. Vt. and Mass. to N. Y. and Va. Fl. May, June ; fr. Oct. Var. Bisse"llii (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves more entire ; anthers pink ; fruit orange-red. Ct. 17. C. coccinea L. Leaves rough-pubescent, sometimes becoming very scabrous, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide; corymbs and calyx vil- lous; flowers about 2.5 cm. wide ; stamens about 10 ; anthers light yellow ; fruit sub- globose to ellipsoidal, pubescent, sometimes becoming nearly glabrous, 8-10 mm. thick, yellow-green, becoming dark reddish-brown when fully ripe ; nutlets usually 3-4, 5-7 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 6-8 mm. thick. ((7. coc- cinea, var. viridis T. & G., in part ; (7. intricata J. Lange ; C. modesta Sarg. ; (7. premora Ashe.) Rocky woods, e. Mass. "to s. w. Vt., s. e. N. Y., w. Pa., and N. C. Fl. May, June ; fr. Oct., Nov. FIG. 772. 18. C. biltmoreana Beadle. Leaves ovate-elliptical to broadly ovate, 2-9 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, pubescent on both sides ; corymbs and calyx villous ; flowers 2-2.5 cm. wide; fruit globose to subglobose, 1.2-1.5 cm. thick, greenish-yellow, yellow, or orange ; nutlets usually 4-5, 5-7 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 7-10 mm. thick. Mountainous regions, Va. to N. C. and (?) Mo. Fl. May ; fr. Oct. 19. C. St6nei Sarg. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, 7-8 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, scabrate above, slightly villous along the veins beneath ; corymbs rillcnts; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide; calyx villous ; anthers pink; fruit pyriform to short- ellipsoidal, 1.2-1.4 cm. thick, light yellow or yellow-green tinged with red, slightly villous; the 3-4 nutlets 6-8 mm. long ; nest of "nutlets 6-8 mm. thick. (C. Peckii Sarg.) Centr. Mass, to Albany, N. Y. Fl. May, June ; fr. Oct. 6. FLA VAE Loud. (EUFLAVAE Beadle.) Leaves short-obovate to spatula te, membranaceous and together with the petioles and corymbs conspicuously glandular; corymbs few-flowered; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate; fruit usually soft, green, orange, or red, subglobose to ellipsoidal; calyx promi- nent, its lobes reflexed; nutlets 3-5, ridged on the back; shrubs or aiimll trees, 1-10 m. high, frequently with undulating or zigzag branches, ttnm-d with straight spines 2-6 cm. long. A group very abundant both in species and individuals south of our range'. 20. C. aprica Beadle. Leaves obovate, rhombic-ovate, or orbi<-ul-14 linn. thick, red or orange-red ; nutlets about 7 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-8 mm. thick. " Sunny exposures in the mountains," s. Va., w. N. C., e. Tenn., and n. Ga. Fl. May ; fr. Sept., Oct. FIG. 773. C. FLAVA Ait. (described from English botani- cal gardens) has oval to obovate glabrous leaves, 778. C. ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 467 10 stamens, pink anthers, and pyriform yellow-green fruit. in s. Va. It should be sought 7. PARVIFOLIAE Loud. (UNIFLORAB Beadle.) Leaves rather small, spatu- late, obovate, or oval, obtuse, rounded, or acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, crenate, crenate-dentate, or serrate, subcoriaceous, shining above, very pubescent when young, becoming scabrate above when mature ; petioles very short, pubescent, winged ; corymbs tomentose, 1-6-flowered ; calyx-lobes long and foliaceous, slightly pubescent, laciniate ; stamens about 20; anthers white ; styles 5-7 ; fruit pubescent, globose or pyriform, greenish- yellow or red; calyx prominent, its lobes reflexed; flesh firm; nutlets usually 5, often more; shrubs, 1-4 m. tall, armed with slender straight often foliaceous spines 1-6 cm. : Leaves obovate or spatulate, usually obtuse ; corymbs 1-3-flowered ves ovate, usually acute ; corymbs 3-6-flowered 21. C. tomentosa. 22. C. Vailiae. 21. C. tomentdsa L. Leaves obovate to spatulate, obtuse or rounded at e apex, 1.5-4 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, crenate ; corymbs l-3-flowered, flowers 1-1.5 cm. wide; fruit subglobose, 1-1.5 cm. thick, yellow-green; nutlets 7-9 m. long, grooved on the back ; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. (C. uniflora Muench. ; C. parvifolia Ait.) Sandy soil, L. I. to Fla., w. Ky., Mo., and centr. Tex. Fl. May ; fr. Oct. FIG. 774. Var. SM^THIX (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves serrate; fruit red. Near Philadelphia. Fl. May; fr. Sept. 22. C. Vailiae Britton. Leaves 2-6.5 cm. long, 1-4.5 cm. wide, oval or ovate, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, crenate-serrate, often slightly 3-5-lobed ; petioles 4-10 mm. long ; corymbs 3-6- flowered; flowers 1-1.5 cm. wide; fruit globose, 8-10 mm. thick, reddish-brown; nutlets 5-6 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 7-8 mm. thick. Va. to n. w. Ga. ; Greensboro, Ala. 8. ROTUNDIF6LIAE Eggleston. (COCCINEAE Sarg.) Leaves elliptical-ovate to orbicular, doubly serrate or lobed, subcoriaceous, dark yellow-green and shining above ; petioles glandu- lar, slightly winged above, 1-5 cm. long ; young foliage usually yellow-green ; corymbs many- flowered ; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate, usually lanceolate-acuminate; stamens 5-20; anthers usually yellow ; styles 2-5 ; fruit depressed-glo- bose to short-ovoid, red ; flesh soft ; calyx-lobes reflexed ; nutlets usually 3-4, ridged on the back ; T74 C tomentosa round-topped shrubs and trees, 3-10 m. high, with numerous curved spines (2-7 cm. long"). Leaves elliptic-ovate, sharply cuneate, deeply-incised Leaves ovate-orbicular, broadly cuneate or truncate at base. Calyx prominent ; fruit subglobose .... Calyx obscure. 23. C. columbiana. 24. C. Macauleyae. Fruit pyriform, yellow-red 25. C. Oakesiana. Fruit globose, red. Fruit angular in cross-section. Fruit glabrous ; flowers 2-2.5 cm. wide ; leaves slightly lobed . . 26. C. Jackii. Fruit pubescent ; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide ; leaves sharply lobed . 27. C. irrasa. Fruit round in cross-section. Nest of nutlets shorter than thick ; fruit about 1 cm. thick, dark red ; leaves 3-6 cm. wide ; anthers yellow 28. C. rotundifolia. Nest of nutlets longer than thick ; fruit about 1.5 cm. thick, carmine- red ; leaves 4-S cm. wide ; anthers pink 29. C. Jonesae. 23. C. columbiana Howell. Leaves cuneate-obovate or oblong, 2-6 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, incisely 5-9-lobed above the middle, acute to acuminate, sparingly 468 KOSACEAE (HOSE FAMILY) villous ; corymbs slightly villous; flowers about 1."* cm. broad ; calyx glabrous, its lobes triangular-acuminate, slightly villous inside, often red-tipped ; stamens about 10; styles 2-5; fruit scarlet, short-pyriform, 8-12 mm. long ; calyx- Jobes persistent; flesh glutinous; nutlets usually 3-4, 0-8 mm. long; nest of nutlets 6-7 mm. thick. Columbia R. and tributaries, e. of Cascade Mts. Fl. May; fr. Aug., Sept. Var. FH-KHI (Britton) Eggleston. Leaves more pubes- cent ; corymbs varying from slightly to densely pubescent ; fruit pubescent. With the typical form westward, but extending e. to s. Minn, and L. Superior. Var. Brunetiana (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves often ovate, 2-0 cm. long, 2-8 cm. wide; corymbs slightly pubescent; calyx-lobes lanceolate-acuminate. Nfd. to L. Superior., s. to N. S. and centr. Me. Fl. June ; fr. Sept, x? C. laurentiana Sarg. Similar to var. Piperi, but usually with 4-5 nutlets with occasional shallow pits on their ventral faces. A possible hybrid, occurring near Montreal. 24. C. Macauleyae Sarg. Leaves ovate or oval, 4-6 cm. long, 3.5") cm. wide, acute, abruptly cuneate or rounded at the base, membra nacrous, glabrous, dull dark green ; corymbs glabrous; flowers 1.6-1.8 cm. broad ; calyx glabrous, its lobes pubescent inside ; stamens about 20 ; anthers small, yellow ; styles 4-"> ; fruit subglobose to short-ellipsoidal, dark crimson, 1-1.2 cm. thick ; ',////./ t , routi- ne nt ; flesh thin, yellow, dry ; the 4-5 nutlets 7-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 7-8 mm. thick. Occasional, w. N. Y. Fl. May ; fr. Oct. 25. C. Oakesiana Eggleston. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, acute or acumi- nate, gradually or abruptly cuneate, slightly pubescent above, becoming glabrate, 3-7 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, doubly serrate toward the apex; corymbs slightly villous; flowers about 2 cm. wide; calyx villous, its lobes glabrous outside, slightly villous inside; stamens about 20; anthers yellow; styles 3 ~: fruit pyriform-ellipsoidal, slightly angular, yellowish-red, about 1 cm. thick ; sepals deciduous; flesh soft, mealy, light yellow; the 3-5 nutlets 6-7 mm. long- nest of nutlets 7-8 mm. thick. Valley of the Connecticut, n. e. Vt. Fl. May ; fr. Aug., Sept. 26. C. Jackii Sarg. Leaves ovate-orbicular to obovate, 3-6 cm. long, 2. ">-"> cm. wide, acute, cuneate to rounded at base, dull dark green above, slightly pubescent, glabrate ; corymbs slightly villous ; flow- ers 2-2.5 cm. wide ; calyx glabrous, its lobes sharply glandular-serrate, slightly pubescent inside ; stamens 5-10 ; anthers yellow ; styles 2-3; fruit ovoid-ellip- soidal, 1-1.5 cm. thick, dull dnrfr red. prominently angled ; flesh thick, reddish ; the 2-3 nutlets 7-0 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 0-10 mm. thick. (('. mtnn- data Sarg.) Isle of Montreal to s. Out. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. 27. C. irrasa Sarg. Leaves ovate to elliptical, acute, broadly cuneate, or truncate at base, u-ith 4-0 pairs of acute lobes, 3-6 cm. long, 3-0 cm. wide, me mbranaceous, slightly pubescent, becoming gla- brous above, pubescent beneath, particularly along the veins ; corymbs slightly villous ; flov<-r* about 1.r> cm. wide; calyx villous. its lobes slightly villous inside ; stamens about 2<> ; styles :!-;") ; fruit sub- globose to short-ellipsoidal, slightly angled, sparingly pubegctnt, dull red, about 1 era. thick, with persistent calyx-lobes and reddish tlesh ; the 3-5 nutlet* -S mm. long; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. Isle of Montreal and Montmorency Falls, Que. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. Corymbs more villous ; fruit scarlet ; nutlets usually 775. C. rotumlifulia. Var. div6rgens Peck. :'.. NVar Albany, N. Y. Var. Blanchardi (Sarg. 1 Eggleston. Corymbs and calyx more villous than in ilie typical form; anthers pink ; fruit dark cherry -red. Deertield Valley. Vt. 28. C. rotundif61ia Moeiich. Li-nri-n oi-nti'-url>icnfb<'K lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous outside, slightly pubescent inside ; stamens about 20 ; anthers dark red ; styles 1-3 ; fruit ellipsoid or ovoid, 4-7 mm. long, scarlet, slightly pubescent with reflexed calyx-lobes and thin firm flesh; nutlets commonly 2, 5-6.5?wm. long, smooth on the back, bare at the apex; nest 3-3.5 mm. thick, with no sinus between the nutlets; shrubs or small trees, 2-6 m. high, with nearly horizontal branches and smooth gray bark; twigs light red, long-tomentose but gla- brate; thorns few, chestnut-brown. 2.5-4 cm. long, straight. 470 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 31. C. Marshallii Eggleston. The only species of the section. (Mespilus apiifolia Marsh. ; C. (ij>ii- folia Michx., not Medic.) Along streams and about swamps in the lowlands, s. Va. to Fla., w. to Mo. and Tex. FIG. 777. 11. TENUIF6LIAE Sarg. leaves ovate, serrate, doubly serrate, or lobed, acute or acuminate, slightly villous Imt gldbrate, dark yellow-green above, paler beneath ; petioles slender, 1.5-3 cm. long; young foliage usually bronze-green; corymbs many-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate- fffaffib ^^^^ acuminate, usually entire (often glandular- NH* \V ijf margined), slightly pubescent inside; stamens 5-20 ; anthers usually pink ; styles 2-5 ; fruit ellipsoidal, ovoid, or pyriform, red, glabrous, with rather persistent erect or spreading calyx- lobes and succulent edible flesh ; nutlets usually 3-4, strongly ridged on the back; shrubs or small trees, 2-7 m. high, u-ith ascending branches and strong curved spines 2-7 cm. long. This section is the most troublesome of any in our range, specific lines being here particularly hard to draw. Fruit ellipsoidal, ovoid, or pyriform. Calyx -lobes serrate. Leaves broadly ovate, flabellate, the lobes reflexed 82. C. crudelis. Leaves oblong-ovate, the lobes spreading or ascending . . . . 88. C. lucorum. Calyx-lobes entire. Fruit small, 6-9 mm. thick, with rather firm flesh ; leaves conspicuously lobed . Fruit large, 1-1.8 cm. thick, with soft flesh; leaves not conspicuously lobed Fruit compressed-globose or subglobose. Lobes of the leaves reflexed ; leaves flabellate Lobes of the leaves spreading or ascending. Terminal leaves cuneate or rounded at the base 87. ('. alnnrnm. Terminal leaves cordate 88. C.pojm //on. 777. C. Marshallii. 84. C. roanensis. 85. C. macrosper 86. C. (initjdna. 32. C. crud&lis Sarg. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, 3-7 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. broad, sharply lobed (the tips of the lobes often recurved}, broadly cuneate or truncate, rarely cordate at the base, slightly villous above, becoming scabrate or glabrate ; corymbs slightly villous at first; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide; calyx- tube and inside of the lobes slightly villous ; stamens about 10 ; styles 3-5 ; fruit ellipsoidal, 8-12 mm. thick, scarlet or crimson ; the 3-6 nutlets 6-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 6-8 mm. thick. (Mespilus flabellata Bosc, not C. flabellata Heldreich; C. blandita Sarg.) Caughnawaga Reservation to Falls of Montmo- rency, Que. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. 33. C. luc&rum Sarg. Leaves oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, 3-6 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, finely and doubly serrate or lobed; corymbs slightly villous; flowers about 2 cm. broad ; calyx glabrous except for a slight pubescence on the inner surface of the lobes; stamens about 20; anthers small, deep pink ; styles -1 5 ; fruit pyriform-ellipsoidal, crimson, 1.5-2 cm. long. Occasional, n. 111. and s. e. Wise. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. Var. fnsolens (Sarg.) Eggleston. Styles 3-5 ; fruit ellipsoidal, scarlet, gla- brous, 1-1.2 cm. long; flesh rather firm; nutlets usually 3-4, 6-7 mm. Ion- ; nest of nutlets 6-7 mm. thick. Rare, n. e. Vt. 34. C. roan6nsis Ashe. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 2.5-7 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, with 3-6 pairs of acuh usually strahjJit fnhi-a. the Ixtw broadly cuneate to cordate; corymbs glabrous or slightly vllloofl; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide ; calyx-lobes slightly villous inside ; stamens 5-20. usually 5-10 ; styles 2-5 ; fruit 7-9 mm. thick, '.'l:! mm. long, crimson; jl^h rutln r Jinn ; nutlets 6-8 mm. long; nest of nutlets 6-7 mm. thick. (C. Jluvuttilis Sarg. ; C. ascendens Sarg. ; ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 471 778. C. macrosperraa. C. uber Ashe.) Montreal to Wise., s. through w. N. E. to Pa., and in the mts. (ascending to 1800 m.) to N. C. and Tenn. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. 35. C. macrosperma Ashe. Leaves elliptical-ovate to broadly ovate, rounded to truncate or rarely cordate at the base, 2.5-7 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, the lobes acute; corymbs glabrous or slightly villous ; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide; stamens 5-10(-20) ; styles 2-5 ; fruit ellipsoidal or pyri- form, 1-1.8 cm. thick, scarlet to crimson, often glaucous ; nutlets usually 3-4, 6-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 6-8 mm. thick. N. S. and n. Me. to n. Mich, and s. e. Minn., s. to Pa., n. 111., and in the mts. to N. C. and Tenn. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. FIG. 778. Var. PENTANDRA (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves sharply cuneate at the base. Vt. to Va. Var. DKMfssA (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves and fruit smaller. Occa- sional, w. N. E. to n. 111. and w. Va. Var. pastbrum (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves more nearly entire ; fruit dark crimson. Low grounds, w. N. E. and N. Y. Var. MAT^RA (Sarg.) Eggleston. Lobes of the leaves acumi- nate, often recurved. Range of the typical form. Fr. Aug., Sept. Var. ACUT^LOBA (Sarg.) Eggleston. Lobes of leaves acuminate, re- curved ; leaves of vegetative shoots often cor- date. Coast of N. S. and N. E. 36. C. Grayana Eggleston. Leaves flagel- late, 2.5-8 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, acuminate, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, slightly pubescent above, glabrate, the lobes 4-6 pairs, often acuminate, their tips recurved; corymbs slightly villous; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide; calyx-tube villous below, the lobes glabrous outside, slightly villous within, somewhat glandular-margined ; stamens about 20 ; styles 3-5 ; fruit subglobose to short- ellipsoidal, angular, dark cherry-red, with reflexed calyx-lobes and thick yellow mealy flesh ; nutlets usually 4-5, 6-7.5 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 6-7 mm. thick, strongly ridged on the back. (C. flabellata Sarg., not Mespilus flabellata Bosc.) Montmorency Falls to Montreal, Que., w. N. E. and n. e. N. Y. Fl. May ; fr. Aug., Sept. 37. C. alndrum Sarg. Leaves ovate, 3-7 cm. long, 2.5-6.5 cm. wide, broadly cuneate to truncate ; corymbs glabrous; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide ; stamens about 20 ; fruit subglobose, 1.2-1.5 cm. thick, slightly angular, dark cherry -red ; flesh yellow, acid ; the 3-5 nutlets 7-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-9 mm. thick. (C. Edsoni Sarg.) N. E. to s. Mich, and Pa. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. 38. C. popiilnea Ashe. Leaves broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, 2.5-6.5 cm. long and wide, broadly cuneate to truncate at the base, those on vegetative shoots usually cordate; corymbs glabrous; flowers 1.5-2 cm. wide; stamens 5-10; styles 2-4; fruit globose to short-ellipsoidal, scarlet, 1-1.5 cm. thick, with ap- pressed or spreading deciduous sepals and yellow flesh ; nutlets usually 3-4, 7-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 7-8 mm. thick. (C. stolonifera Sarg.) Occa- sional, s. Ont. to Pa. and Del. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. 12. PRUINOSAE Sarg. (SILVICOLAE Beadle.) Leaves ovate, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate (occasionally cordate} at the base, doubly serrate or lobed, membranaceous .to subcoriaceous, blue-green, glabrous; petioles slightly glandular, 1-3 cm. long ; young foliage usually bronze-green; corymbs many-flowered, glabrous; calyx-lobes deltoid-acu- minate, often serrate at the base, glumaceous ; stamens 10-20; anthers usually pink ; styles 3-5; fruit usually depressed-globose to short-ellipsoidal, strongly angled, red, pruinose, with prominent spreading persistent calyx- lobes and hard thick flesh ; nutlets usually 4-5, strongly ridged dorsally ; nest of nutlets shorter than thick, with deep sinuses between the nutlets; 47i> i:os. VCKAI-: FAMILY) shrubs or trees, 3-8 m. high, with irregular ffscending braiic/icx and imnn r- ous curved chestnut-brown spines 3-6 cm. long. Kocky woods. Fruit conspicuously angled, strongly pruinose. Leaves usually cuneate 39. Leaves cordate 40. Fruit without conspicuous angles, slightly pruinose. Leaves ovate, cuneate or cordate. Leaves usually cordate 41. C. sifaicv/u . Leaves usually cuneate. I, <>l>es of leaves shallow, acute 42. C. beata. Lobes of leaves deep, cominate . 4-. C. leiophylla. Leaves elliptic-ovate, cuneate 44. C. Jvxnj>i. 30. C. pruinbsa (Wendl.) C. Koch. Leaves elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, 2.5-6 cm. long and wide, membranaceous ; flowers about 2 cm. wide; stamens about 20 ; anthers pink, rarely yellow ; fruit apple-green, bertmiing warlct or purple, 1.2- 1.5 cm. thick; flesh yellow, sweet ; nutlets 6-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-0 mm. thick. Common, w. N. E. to s. Wise., Mo., A'a., and s. in the mts. Fl. May; fr. Oct., Nov. FIG. 779. Forma DfssosA (Sarg.) Eggleston. Stamens 10. With the typical form. Var. Iatis6pala (Ashe) Eggleston. Leaves more nearly entire ; fruit reddish-brown. (C. cognata Sarg.) With the typical form. Var. PHILADELPHIA (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves with more acuminate lobes, those on vegetative shoots usually cordate. (C.fusca Sarg.) Range of typical form. Var. conjiincta (Sarg.) Eggleston. Fruit less angular and not highly colored ; anthers light yellow. Kange of typical form. Var. Ported (Uritton) Eggleston. Fruit pyriforin, reddish-brown. Pocono Mt. and adjacent region, e. Pa. 40. C. deltoides Ashe. Leaves broadly ovate, 3-7 cm. long and broad, abruptly acuminate at the apex, cnrdntf or truncate at the base, with 4-6 pairs of broad acumi- nate lobe*; flowers about 2 cm. broad; stamens about 10 ; fruit depressed-globose, bright red, 1-1.5 cm. thick ; flesh yellow ; nutlets 6-7 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. Dutchess Co., N. Y., and e. Pa. Fl. May ; fr. Oct. 41. C. silvicola Beadle. Leaves triangular-ovate, 2-7 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, rounded, truncate, or on vegetative shoots cordate at the base, incisely lobed ; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide; stamens 10 ; fruit globose, 1-1.1 cm. thick, slit/filly angular, red; the 3-5 nutlets 6-8 mm. long; nest of nutlets 7-8 nun. thick. N. Ala. and n. w. Ga. Var. Beckwithae (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves sharply lobed ; ilo\\ers about 2 cm. wide; fruit subglobose to compressed-globose, cherry red. 1.2-1."> cm. thick ; nutlets 6-8 nun. Ion- : not of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. (C. Rol>binni nutlets <>--S mm. loni: ; nest of nutlets O-'ll mm. thick. Occasional, w. N. V. and s. Out. Fl. May ; fr. Oct. Var. c6mpta (S;iru.) E^leston. Leaves on vegetative shoots sometimes subcordate, sulicoriaceous ; (lowers about !.."> cm. wide; stamens 7-10 ; nutlets 3-4. Similar rang-. Fl. May ; fr. Oct. 779. C. pruinosa. ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 473 43. C. leiophylla Sarg. Leaves broadly ovate, 3-7 cm. long and wide, broadly curieate to truncate at the base, subcoriaceous, dull, with 3-5 pairs of acuminate spreading lobes; flowers about 2 cm. wide; stamens about 20 ; anthers yellow; fruit pyriform-subglobose, 1.2-1.4 cm. thick, slightly angular, dark green, be- coming bright red, slightly pruinose ; flesh yellow ; nutlets usually 4, 7-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. Frequent, w. N. Y. Fl. May ; fr. Oct. Var. Maineana (Sarg.) Eggleston. Stamens about 10; anthers pink; fruit globose, dark scarlet ; nutlets 0-7 mm. long. Similar range. Fl. May ; f r. Oct. 44. C. Jesupi Sarg. Leaves elliptic-ovate, 3.5-7 cm. long, 2-5.5 cm. wide, broadly cuneate to truncate-cordate at the base, yellow-green above, with 4-5 pairs of acute lobes; flowers about 2 cm. wide ; calyx-lobes entire; stamens about 10 ; anthers dark red; fruit short-ellipsoidal to pyriform, dark red, about 1 cm. thick, slightly angled, destitute of bloom when mature ; calyx-lobes mostly deciduous ; flesh yellow ; nutlets usually 3-4, 6-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 7-9 mm. thick. Twin Mts., \V. Kutland, Vt. ; e. Pa.; s. Mich.; s. w. Wise. 13. COCCfNEAE Loud. (FLABELLATAE Sarg.) Leaves large, ovate (often broadly so), simply or doubly serrate or lobed, membranaceous to subcoria- ceous, when young bronze-green ; corymbs many-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-serrate ; stamens 5-20 ; anthers red; styles 3-5 ; fruit usually red ami pubescent, subglobose, ellipsoidal, or pyriform, with soft thick flesh and commonly persistent calyx-lobes; nutlets usually 4-5, slightly ridged on the back; nest of nutlets usually with deep sinuses; round-topped trees or shrubs, 3-10 m. high, with ascending branches and curved spines 2-8 cm. long. In this section belongs C. coc- cinea Mill. ; T. & G. t yellow ; western 45. C. Kelloggii. Fruit red. Leaves oblong-ovate Leaves sharply lobed ; eastern. Corymbs nearly glabrous 46. C. Holmesiana. Corymbs vory pubescent 47. C. anomala. Leaves subentire ; southwestern. Corymbs and fruit very tomentose 48. C. lanuginosa. Corymbs and fruit nearly glabrous 49. C. pyriformis. Leaves broadly ovate. Corymbs and fruit glabrous ; stamens about 20 50. C. coccinioidfs. Corymbs and fruit pubescent or tomentose. Leaves on vegetative shoots cuneate. Leaves concave, 3-8 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide 51. C. Pringlei. Leaves plane, 3-10 cm. long, 3-9 cm. wide 52. C. pedicellata. Leaves on vegetative shoots cordate 53. C. polita. 45. C. Kell6ggii Sarg. Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, 3-7 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm. wide, rounded at the apex, broadly cuneate or truncate at the base, lobed above the middle, dark yellow-green, slightly pubescent but glabrate above, pubescent along the veins beneath ; petioles 2-3 cm. long, slender, villous when young; corymbs pubescent; flowers about 1.6 cm. wide; calyx slightly pubescent, its lobes glabrous on the outer surface, slightly villous within ; stamens about 20 ; styles 5 ; fruit subglobose to short-ovoid, bright yellow, 2-2.5 cm. thick, with spreading calyx-lobes and yellow mealy flesh ; nutlets 5, slightly grooved on the back, about 8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 9-10 mm. thick ; tree 0-8 m. high, with nearly erect branches, dark furrowed bark, and occa- sionally straight chestnut-brown spines about 3 cm. long. St. Louis, Mo., uncommon. Fl. Apr.; fr. Sept. 46. C. Holmesiana Ashe. Leaves elliptic-ovate, 2.5-9 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, membranaceous, acute or acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, pubescent at length scabrous above, pubescent along the veins beneath, the 4-6 pairs of acute or acuminate lobes often with reflexed tips; petioles 2-3 cm. long, slightly pubescent ; corymbs glabrous or slightly pubescent ; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide ; stamens 5-10 ; styles 3-5 ; fruit pyriform to ellipsoidal, crimson, about 1.2 cm. thick, with enlarged erect persistent calyx-lobe* and yellow mealy id flesh ; nutlets usually 3-4, 7-9 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 6-8 mm. thick ; 474 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) sinuses shallow ; tree sometimes 9 m. high, with ascending branches, gray -brown scaly bark, and occasional spines 4-6 cm. long. Moist hillsides, Montreal, centr. Me., R. I., Pa., s. Mich., and s. in the nits, to s. N. C. Fl. May ; fr. Aug., Sept. The form occurring from Pa. south w., var. V/LLIPES Ashe (C. tenuifolia Britton), has the corymbs more pubescent. 47. C. an6mala Sarg. Leaves oblong to ovate, 3-9 cm. long, 2-8 cm. wide, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate to truncate at base, acutely lob<-/ em. wide ; xtain<'iis about 10; fruit short-ellipsoidal to /ct. . 58. C. champlain6nsis Sarg. Leaves 3-11 cm. long, 3-9 cm. wide, subcori- aceous; stamens about 10; fruit short-ellipsoidal to pyrit'orm, bright scarlet ; calyx rather prominent, its lobes spreading, persistent; nutlets strongly ridged on the back, 7-8 mm. long ; nest of nutlets 8-10 mm. thick. Montreal I., s. through the Champlain Valley. Fl. May ; fr. Sept., Oct. 15. CORDATAE Beadle. Leaves ovate- triangular, simply or doubly serrate (often conspicuously Z-5-lobed), acu- minate at the apex, rounded to cordate at the base, 2-8 cm. long and ~wi/-jf<>n-< red, glabrous; flowers (ibmit 1 fin. n-iii, ; calyx-lobes deltoid, cntirr. /itn:xs,;l-gln1nitte, 4-6 mm. t1ii<-k. smrfi-t. with deciduous calys-lobi-s mm. thick, smooth <>n tin- Ixn-k ; iii>c.i- ourr; si- nUB between tl niitln' ; shrubs nr simrlf trees. ;")-'. m. tall, nnirhj on. long. Ttt. 0. phaonopyram. , ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 477 59. C. phaenopyrum (L. f.) Medic. Only species of the section. (Mespilus L. f. ; C. cordata Ait., not Mespilus cordata Mill.) Along streams in the Appalachian Mts., Va. to n. Ga. and n. Ala.; s. 111., s. Mo., and n. w. Ark.; naturalized northw. to e. Pa. and s. N. J. Fl. June ; fr. Oct. FIG. 782. 16. AN6MALAE Sarg. Leaves elliptical to ovate, finely and doubly serrate or lobed, acute at the apex, abruptly cuneate to rounded at the base, subcori- aceous or membranaceous, bright green above, pubescent (particularly along the veins beneath); petioles slightly winged above, 1-4 cm. long; corymbs many-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous outside, slightly pubescent within, glandiuar-serrate ; stamens 5-20; anthers pink ; styles 2-5 ; fruit subglobose to s.'iort-ellipsoidal, red, with reflexed calyx-lobes and thin succulent or glutinous flesh; nutlets usually 2-4, commonly having a shallow pit on the ventral face (a feature often lacking in individual nut- lets}. Species appearing as if natural hybrids between the Macracanthae and Tenuifoliae, but seeming now to be thoroughly established as species. Many of the group are still in need of careful study. Fruit and corymbs pubescent ; calyx-lobes sharply glandular-serrate . . 60. C. pertomentosa. Fruit and corymbs glabrous ; calyx-lobes remotely glandular-serrate . .61. C. Brainerdi. = 60. C. pertomentbsa Ashe. Leaves oblong to ovate, 8-7 cm. long, 2-6 cm. ide, slightly villous but glabrate above, villous beneath particularly along the veins, vivid dark green, subcoriaceous ; petioles about 1 cm. long, villous ; corymbs and calyx densely villous ; flowers about 2 cm. wide ; calyx-lobes deeply serrate ; stamens 10-15 ; styles 2-3 ; fruit globular or nearly so, cherry-red, 8-13 nun. thick, villous when young; flesh yellow, succulent, mealy; nutlets 2-3, 5-6.5 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. thick. (C. campestris Britton. ) Rocky barrens in the prairies, centr. la., w. Mo., and e. Kan. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. 61. C. Brainrdi Sarg. Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, 3-9 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, mcmbranaceous, glabrate; corymbs glabrous; flowers about 2 cm. wide ; calyx-lobes remotely glandular-serrate ; stamens about 20 ; styles 2-4 ; fruit short-ellipsoidal to subglobose, about 1 cm. thick, cherry-red ; flesh yellow, mealy, succulent, acid ; nutlets usually 3-4, 5-7 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. thick. ( C. /Schuettei Ashe.) N. E. to s. Wise., s. to Pa. and la. Var. SC\BRIDA (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves oval to obovate, sharply cuneate, scabrate on the upper surface, pale yellow-green ; stamens 5-20. Range of typical form. Var. Egglestbni (Sarg.) Robinson. Leaves oval to orbicular, dark green and shining above, subcoriaceous ; flesh of the fruit rather glutinous ; nutlets usually 2-3. N. S. and N. E. to Wise, and Pa. Var. Asi'ERiF6LiA (Sarg.) Eggleston. Leaves oval, acute or acuminate, subcoriaceous, scabrate ; stamens 10 ; fruit bright scarlet ; flesh of the fruit rather firm. Range of typical form. 17. MACRACANTHAE Loud. (TOMENTOSAE Sarg.) Leaves rhombic-ellip- tical, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, doubly serrate with fine sharp teeth, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, pubescent when young and at least along the veins beneath at maturity; petioles slightly winged above, 1-2 cm. long ; corymbs many-flowered, pubescent; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-laciniate, villous; stamens 10-20 ; anthers pink ; styles 2-4 ; fruit globose, short-ellipsoidal, or pyriform, red, with reflexed calyx-lobes and thin glutinous mealy flesh ; nutlets usually 2-3, dorsally ridged and with a deep pit on the ventral face; trees or shrubs, with ascending branches and numerous curved spines 3-10 cm. long. 38 coriaceous, dark green and shining above ...... 62. C. macracantha. ves thin, dull green, pubescent, and with impressed veins above. Leaves 4-11 cm. long, 8-8 cm. wide; fruit and pits small; corymbs many-flowered .......... . 63. C. Chapmani. Leaves 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide; fruit and pits large; corymbs 3-8- flowered .......... . ". . 64. < ' 62. C. macracantha Lodd. Leaves rhombic-ovate to obovate, 3-8 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, coriaceous, dark green and shining above; corymbs slightly villous ; flowers about 2 cm. wide ; stamens about 10 ; anthers large ; styles 2-4 ; 478 ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) fruit subglobose, about 8 mm. thick, dark cherry-red, shining, villous ; nutlets usually 2-3, 5-7 mm. long, 2. 5-3.5 mm. thick. (C. coccinea, var. Dudley.) N. S. (C. B. Robinson) to Minn., s. in the mts. to Va. Fl. May ; fr. Sept. FIG. 783. Var. RHOM- BIF6LIA (Sarg.) Eggleston is a form with more villous corymbs and smaller fruit. With the typi- cal form. Var. OCCIDENT\LIS (Britton) Eggleston. Leaves ovate to broadly oval, sometimes 8 cm. wide. ( C. Colorado Ashe ; C. coloradcnsis Nelson. ) Frequent, s. Man. to e. Kan., Col., and Ida. Var. succulSnta (Schrad.) Eggleston. Stamens about 20 ; fruit larger than in the typical form. Occasional, with the typical form. Var. neofluvialis (Ashe) Eggleston. Stamens 10-20; anthers small; fruit small. Occasional, w. N. E. to Wise, and Pa. , and s. in the mts. 63. C. Chapmani (Beadle) Ashe. Leaves rhombic-ovate, 4-11 cm. long, 3-8 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, those on vegetative shoots obtuse and more entire than the others, pubescent on both sides, becoming scabrate above, subcoriaceous, dull green ; petioles pubescent ; corymbs white-tomen- tose ; flowers about 1.5 cm. wide ; stamens 10-20, usually about 20 ; anthers small ; styles 2-4 ; fruit globose or subglobose, 8-10 mm. long, bright red; flesh yellow ; nutlets usually 2-3, about 5 mm. 783. C. macracantha. long, 2.5 mm. thick, slightly ridged on the back. (C. tomentosa, var. microcarpa Chapm. ; C. tomen- tosa, var. Chapmani Beadle.) Frequent, s. Ky. (C. L. Boynton) and Va. to n. Ga. Fl. May ; f r. Sept. Var. Pluken&tii Eggleston. Fruit pyriform to ellipsoidal, 1-1.5 cm. long, orange-red, villous ; flesh yellow ; nutlets usually 2-3, more strongly ridged on the back, 5-7 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. thick. (C. leucophleos Moench? C. tomentosa of the Linnean herbarium and auth., not of the Lin- nean description.) Common, s. Ont. to w. N. J., w. to s. Minn, and e. Kan.; and in the mts. to Ga. Fl. June ; fr. Sept. 64. C. missouriSnsis Ashe. Leaves ellipti- cal-ovate, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, sub- coriaceous, simply or doubly serrate, rmujh pubescent and shining above, pale-tomentose beneath ; petioles 5 mm. long ; corymbs 3-8- jlnn-i )'<'U sweet; nutlets 5.5-6.5 mm. long, with hn'(ii- drrji i'its on the ventral faces ; nest of nutlets 6-7 mm. thick ; thorns straight, slender, 4-7 cm. long. Uocky bluffs, s. Mo.; Tenn. (Ashe). Fl. May; fr. Sept. 18. DOUGLASI AN AE [Load.] Sarg. /. i,rr ; corymbs //lr<>i cm. !'(<>>' ; ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 479 calyx-lobes acute or acuminate, entire, villous above, tinged with red; stamens 10-20; anthers light yellow ; styles 3-5 ; fruit short-ellipsoidal, black, 8-10 mm. thick; flesh yellow, sweet; nutlets 3-5, 5-6 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. thick, ear-shaped, ridged on the dorsal and roughly pitted on the ventral face ; trees or shrubs, 3-13 m. high, with ascending branches and dark brown scaly bark ; twigs reddish ; thorns usually 1-2 cm. long. Go. C. Douglasii Lindl. The only species of this section within our range. (C. glandulosa, var. /3 brevispina Nutt.) Common on Keweenaw Peninsula, Mich.; Michipicoten I., L. Superior; Thunder Bay I., L. Huron; and far rthwestw. Fl. May ; fr. Aug., Sept. FIG. 784. 9. COTONEASTER [Rupp.] Medic. Calyx small, adherent to the 2-5 carpels, the 5 lobes short, persistent as teeth. Styles free, stigmatic at the slightly enlarged summit. Carpels at maturity bony, 1-seeded. Fruit small, berry-like, mealy. Much branched shrubs with small alternate usually coriaceous and often evergreen leaves, and small white cymose flowers. (Name New Latin implying resemblance to the quince.) 1. C. PYRACANTHA (L.) Spach. (FIRE THORN.) Shrub, armed with slender spreading purple spines ; leaves elliptic-oblanceolate, crenate-serrate, coriaceous, 3-6 cm. long; fruit globose, scarlet. (Pyracantha coccinea Roem.) Attrac- tive shrub, used for formal hedges, etc., said to have escaped from cultivation and become established in thickets, s. Pa., and southw. (Introd. from Eu.) 10. FRAGARIA [Tourn.] L. STRAWBERRY Flowers nearly as in Potentilla, but in varying degrees polygamo-dioecious. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry achenes scattered over its surface. Stemless perennials, with runners, and with white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical ; leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, coarsely serrate ; stipules coher- ing with the base of the petioles, which with the scapes are usually hairy. Flowering in spring and early summer. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.) * Inflorescence umbelliform or a flatfish-topped cyme with subequal primary branches ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, tending to be appressed or connivent about the young fruit ; achenes inpi-ts of the pulpy receptacle. 1. F. virginiana Duchesne. Leaves, peduncles, and runners from a subsim- ple caudex at the end of a simple thickish rhizome ; leaflets of a firm slightly coriaceous texture ; the hairs of the villous (rarely glabrate) scapes subappressed or widely spreading; pedicels silky. Moist rich woodlands, fields, etc.; com- mon. The typical form is a rather slender plant with the hairs of the scape loosely appressed or more or less spreading. A form with the pubescence gen- erally more sparing, the hairs on the scapes being subappressed, is sometimes distinguished. (F. canadensis Michx., in part.) Common northw. Another scarcely separable form has the hairs on both scapes and petioles sparse and subappressed. (F. terrae-novae Rydb.) Northeastw. and less frequent. Var. illinoensis (Prince) Gray. Coarser and larger ; scapes and pedicels tomentose with somewhat spreading to divaricate hairs. (F. illinoensis Prince ; F. virginiana, var. Grayana Rydb.) Rich soil, w. N. Y. to Minn., and south- westw. * Inflorescence soon irregular and somewhat raceme-like, the primary branches of the cyme distinctly unequal; calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, loosely spreading or reflexed, much shorter than the early exposed fruit ; achenes superficial or nearly so, slightly smaller than in the preceding. 2. F. vesca L. Usually stoutish ; leaflets rather deeply toothed, strongly veined above ; pubescence of the petioles and stipe mostly wide-spreading, that 480 KMSACKAK ( itosi: FAMILY) of the pedicels apprised : receptacle broadly ovoid-conic or subglobose. Dooryards, old fields, dry open woods, etc.; chiefly from X. E. to Pa., often a]' pearing as if introduced, but apparently passing without sharp limit into (In- following clearly indigenous vnr. ar*erteana, (Introd. from Eurasia?) Var. ALBA (Ehrh.) Rydb. Receptacle white. N. E., N. Y., and Pa. Var. americana Porter. Slender, thin-leaved ; pubescence of the scapes as well as of the pedicels and sometimes also of the petioles more, or less closely appressed, often sparse ; receptacle more narrowly conical or subcylindnc-ovoid. (F. americana Britton.) Common, chiefly in open rocky woods. 11. DUCHESNEA Sin. INDIAN STRAWBERRY Calyx 5-parted, the lobes alternating with much larger foliaceons spreading 3-toothed appendages. Petals 5, yellow. Receptacle in fruit spongy but not juicy. Flowers otherwise as in Fragaria. Perennial herb with leafy runners and 3-foliolate leaves similar to those of the true strawberries. (Dedicated to Antoine Nicolas Duchesne, an early monographer of Fragaria.) 1. D. fNDiCA (Andr.) Focke. Fruit red, insipid. (Fragaria Andr.) Waste ground, grassy places, etc., s. N. Y. and e. Pa. to Fla., Ark., and Mo. (Introd. from Eurasia.) 12. SIBBALDIA L. Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, inserted into the margin of the woolly disk which lines the base of the calyx. Achenes 5-10; styles lateral. Low and depressed perennials. (Dedicated to Dr. Hubert Sibbald, professor at Edin- burgh at the close of the 17th century.) 1. S. procumbens L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the apex ; petals yellow. Arctic Am., s. to mts. of e. Que., White Mts., N. H. ; and in the Rocky Mts. to Utah. (Eurasia.) 13. CHAMAERHODOS Bunge. Calyx top-shaped, 6-cleft, without bractlets. Petals 5, obovate, white or purplish, about as long as the calyx-lobes. Stamens 5, opposite the petals. Carpels 6-20 ; styles decidedly lateral or basilar, articulated near the base. Ovule solitary, ascending. Erect pubescent essentially herbaceous plants with 3-foliolate leaves ; the leaflets cleft into linear segments. (Name from x -/^ -^ on the ground, low, dwarf, and pbdov, a rose.) 1. C. erlcta (L.) Bunge. .Glandular-pubescent; root woody; stem erect, 1-3 dm. high, often with ascending branches, leafy ; flowers small, crowded in small rounded cymes. Sandy soil, arid prairies, etc., n. w. Minn, to Col., Mont., and Assina. (Siber.) 14. WALDSTEiNIA Willd. Calyx-tube inversely conical ; the limb f>-eleft, with "> often minute and de- ciduoua bractlets. Petals f>. Stamens many, inserted into (he throat of the calyx. Achenes 2-0, minutely hairy; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the base by a joint. Seed erect; radicle inferior. Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical "- "> -loUd m- divided leaves, and small yellow flowers mi In-acted scapes. (Named in honor of Francis A/< ///-Warten- burg. a (lennan botanist. ) 1. W. fragarioides (Michx.) Trattinick ( HAKHKN STRAWBERRY.) Low; leaflets ."., broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed ; scapes several-flowered ; petals mostly longer than the calyx-lobes Wooded hillsides, Carlton. Co., N. H. ///// ; w. N. K. to (la.. Ind., and Minn. A form with narrow petals about equaling the calyx -lob- -s has been distinguished as IT. jmrrijlr'i Small. KOSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 481 15. POTENTILLA L. CINQUEFOIL. FIVE-FINGER Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appear- ing 10-cleft. Petals 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenes many, col- lected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle ; styles lateral or terminal, deciduous. Radicle superior. Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with com- pound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers ; their parts rarely in fours. (Name diminutive from potens, powerful, originally applied to P. Anserina, from its ice reputed medicinal powers.) Petals reddish-purple Petals yellow or white l>. l>. Stems shrubby b. Steins herbaceous c. 14. P.palustris. 15. P.fruticosa. Flowers solitary, on naked peduncles from the axils of the foliage- leaves or on the stolons. Leaves pinnate, of numerous leaflets 17. P. Anserina. Leaves palmate, of 3-5 leaflets. Tufted alpine plant 11. 7*. RobUnsiana. Plants with elongate slender stems. Earliest flower from the node above the first well-developed internode 18. P. pumila. Earliest flower from the node above the second or third well- developed internode. Stems ascending or procumbent, not repent . . .19. P. canadensis. Steins repent. Leaflets mostly 5, spatulate-oblong, finely crenate-den- tate nearly to the base 20. P. reptans. Leaflets mostly 8, cuneate-obovate, coarsely incised chiefly above the middle 21. P. procumbent*. o. Flowers cymose, or if solitary in the axils of reduced upper leaves d. (I. Leaves pinnate. Inflorescence glandular-viscid 1. P. arguta. Inflorescence not glandular. Leaves white-pubescent above. Pubescence of the leaves lustrous and silky . . .12. P. Hippiana. Pubescence a dull tomentum 13. P. effusa. Leaves green or greenish above. Leaves definitely pinnate, the leaflets essentially uniform ; cyme very leafy 4. P. paradoxa. Leaves seemingly palmate, the leaflets crowded and the lower ones much smaller than the others. Cyme very leafy ; petals minute Cyme scarcely leafy ; petals shov palmate e. . , petals showy .... Leaves palmate e. 9. Petals white ; leaflets toothed only at tip s. Petals yellow ; leaflets toothed along the sides /. /. Tufted alpine plant with 1-2-flowered short branches . /. Leafy-stemmed plants with cymose flowers g. g. Petioles and lower part of stein hirsute. Leaflets 8 ; petals about as long as the calyx-lobes Leaflets 5-7 ; petals much exceeding the calyx-lobes g. Petioles and stems woolly or tomentulose h. h. Leaves silvery-white beneath h. Leaves green or at most slightly grayish beneath i. i. Plants loosely branched, with very leafy diffuse cymes. Perennial ; petals obcordate . . Annual or biennial ; petals narrowly cuneate. Achenes strongly gibbous on the ventral side Achenes not gibbous on the ventral side i. Plants with simple stems and scarcely leafy corymbi- form cvrnes 3. P.rivalis. 6. P. pennttylvanica. 16. P. tridentata. 11. P. Robbinsiana. : cy (l I 2. P. monspeliensis. 10. P. recta. 1. P. argentea. 8. P. intermedia. 5. P. Nicolletii. 3. P. rivalift. 9. P. Nuttallii. Styles thickened and glandular toward the base ; achenes glabrous, numer- ous ; inflorescence cymose. Style nearly basal; stamens 25-30; perennial iA L. Coarser ; the stout upright {jraiii*h-t>imi-ntulnm- >//> 3-7 dm. high: leaflets 3-5, the lateral and often the terminal ck-t-plv cleft. oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, coarsely dentate, green above, grayiah-villoua and tomentulose beneath; cyme somewhat leafy and diffuse; calyx 01 I I ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 483 hirsute. Roadsides and waste places, local, Mass, to N. J. and Mich. (Adv. from Eu.) M- ++ Flowers in rather compact scarcely leafy cymes (stems only l-2-floivered in n. 11). = Leaves b-^-foliolate ; flowers numerous. 9. P. Nuttallii Lehm. Stems several, ascending from a stoutish base, 2-7 dm. high, somewhat villous or glabrate ; leaflets oblanceolate or spatulate, the narrow divergent teeth extending halfway to the midrib, green above, glabrous or glabrate and scarcely paler beneath ; cyme with few upright branches. Meadows and banks of streams, Minn., Man., and westw. June-Aug. 10. P. RECTA L. Stems upright, very leafy, 3-7 dm. high, loosely hirsute; leaflets oblanceolate, with narrowly deltoid divergent teeth, more or less hirsute on both surfaces, paler beneath ; calyx hirsute ; the showy yellow corolla 2 cm. broad. (P. sulphurea Lam.) Fields and roadsides, Me. to Out., 111., and . C. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) = = Leaves 3-foliolate ; flowers 1 or 2. 11. P. Robbinsiana Oakes. Dwarf, tufted, villous when young ; leaflets broadly cuneate-obovate, deeply 3-5-toothed at summit, nearly glabrous above ; flowers mostly solitary, small, on very slender stems ; bractlets and sepals sub- equal. (P.frigida Man. ed. 6, not Vill.) Alpine summits of the White Mts., N. H. June, early July. H- -i- Leaves pinnate. 12. P. Hippiana Lehm. Densely white-tomentose and silvery-silky throughout, the upper surfaces of the leaves a little darker; stems ascending, 1.5-6 dm. high, slender, branching above into a diffuse cyme ; leaflets 5-11, cuneate- oblong, incisely toothed at least toward the apex, diminishing uniformly down the rhachis ; carpels 10-30. Prairies and banks of streams, w. Minn, to Sask. and N. Mex. June-Aug. 13. P. effusa Dougl. Tomentose throughout and with scattered villous pubescence ; stems ascending, 1-3 dm. high, diffusely branched above ; leaves interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets 5-11, the alternate ones smaller, cuneate- oblong, coarsely incised-serrate or dentate ; carpels 10. Dry plains, w. Minn. to Assina. and N. Mex. * Style, lateral ; purple petals (shorter than the broad calyx} somewhat per- sistent; disk thick and hairy ; achenes glabrous ; hairy receptacle becoming large and spongy. 14. P. paliistris (L.) Scop. (MARSH F.) Stems stout, ascending from a decumbent rooting -perennial base, 1-6 dm. long, glabrous below ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7, oblong, serrate, lighter colored and more or less pubescent beneath ; flowers few in an open cyme ; calyx 2-2.5 cm. broad, dark purple inside. (Comarum L.) Cool bogs, Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. J., Pa., Great L. region, n. la., Wyo., and Cal. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) *** Style attached below the middle; achenes and receptacle densely villous; woody perennial's. 15. P. fruticbsa L. (SHRUBBY C.) Stem erect, shrubby, 1-8 dm. high, much branched ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7, crowded, oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky, usually whiter beneath and the margins revolute ; petals yellow, orbicular. (Dasiphora Rydb.) Wet or dry open ground, Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. J., Pa., Great L. region, n. la., Ariz., and Cal. June-Sept. (Eurasia.) 16. P. tridentata Ait. (THREE-TOOTHED C.) Stems low (3-22 cm. high), rather woody at base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-flowered ; leaves palmate; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, coarsely 3-toothed at the end; petals white; achenes and receptacle very hairy. (Sibbaldiopsis Rydb.) Lab. to e. N. E., where common in exposed rocky or gravelly situa- tions, N. J., and south w. on the upper Alleghenies ; also westw. chiefly along tin- Great Lakes. June-Aug. !(-. /)**^ " 4S 4 KOSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 3. Styles filiform, lateral; peduncles axillary, solitary, \-fowered; achenes glabrous; receptacle very villous ; herbaceous perennials, with yellow petals. 17. P. Anserina L. (SILVER WEED.) Spread/in/ by xlcmJcr many-jointed runners, white-tonic ntose and silky-mllous ; leaves all radical, pinnate ; leaflets 7-21, with smaller ones interposed, oblong, sharply serrate, silky-tornentose at least beneath ; bractlets and stipules oi'ten incisely cleft ; peduncles elongated. {Argentina Uydb.) Brackish marshes, river-banks, etc., Arctic Am., s. to. N. J., Great L. region, la., N. Dak., N. Mex., and Cal. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) P. Egedii Worrnsk., at least as to forms in our range, appears to be a dwarf state common on exposed rocks. Var. grandis T. & G., is merely a luxuriant state in rich meadows. Var. c6ncolor Ser. Leaflets silky-canescent above as well as beneath. Common in the Rocky Mts., and in less pronounced form from n. X. V. to n. Me. and e. Que. ^lS. P. ptimila Poir. Stems very slender, soon prostrate and repent, appressed- , vittous, flowering from the node above the first well-developed internode ; leaves v '" 3-foliolate but apparently b-foliolate by the parting of the lateral leaflets ; leaflets cuneate-obovate, incisely dentate, obscurely appressed-villous above, silky- canescent beneath. Dry soil, common, coast of Me. to Md. Apr.-early June. A loosely spreading-villous doubtfully distinct plant from Mo. and southeastw. may well be P. CAROLINIANA Poir. 19. P. canadSnsis L. Snberect (2-7 dm. high) or procumbent, at length often rooting at the tip ; stem fipreading-Mrsute, flowering from the node ab<,re the second well-developed intcniotle ; leaves divided as in the preceding ; leaflets commonly more oblong, serrate rather than dentate, obscurely villous or entirely glabrate above, canescent-silky to green and merely appressed-villous on the veins beneath. Dry sandy soil, s. Me. to Vt., along the Great Lakes to Minn., Kan., and south w. May-July. Var. simplex (Michx.) T. & G. Stem covered with shorter ^/i/'/v.wJ n,- snf>- appressed hairs or glabrate; leaflets (apt to be oblanceolate) rather shortly appressed-villous on the veins beneath. (P. simplex Michx.)-*- Chiefly in dry sandy soil, very common ; N. S., southw. and westw. 20. P. REPTANS L. Stems almost filiform, sparingly pubescent or glabrate, /irotftrate and usually refwut ; leaves much as in P. piimila ; the h-nflftn nivm on both faces, si)ariugly striiiose-pubescent or glabrate, Cuneate-oblanceotate, ere H ute-dentate nearly or quite to the Imsf ; .s7//^/r.s- usually small and un-on- spicuous ; bractlets ovate-lanceolate, about equaling the calyx-lobes; petals broadly obcordate, half longer than the calyx-lobes. ~ Grass-land and waste places, local, Mass, to X. .J. and (). June. (Adv. from Ku.) 21. P. PROctf MBKNS Sibth. Similar, strigose-pubescent ; h v/tfr/N ."> (rarely 5), riiiieate-obovate, coarsely incix>//// above the middle ; xti/iHtc* <-ininitx ; bractlets linear-lanceolate. (P. nemoralis Nestler.) Grassy and waste places, Cape Breton I., N. S. (Nat. from Eu.) 16. FILIPENDULA [Touru.] Hill. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx (4-)6-parted. Petals (4-)5, short - clawed. Stamens 20 or more, almost hypogynons, the disk obscure. Carpels o-l."), free. 2-ovuled, mostly 1-seeded, indehiscent, compressed, sometimes twisted. Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panicle. 1 cymose flowers. Stipules kidney-shaped, <. Name 1'i-om fil inn. a tin-cad, and /'ii(hif n*, hanging, in allusion, it is said, to tip- r^ 1. F. rubra (Hill) Kobinson. (Qi I:I;N OF THE I'KMKII.. Glabrous, 0-25 dm. hiuli ; fciin-s ii.terru])tedly pinnate, ///v/-// and .SV///-/T/// jxihr l,c)nliV///r.s- *,,innih ; / mm. long, widely spreading; petals clear golden yellow, obovate, less contracted at base,' styles rich carmine. Boggy meadows, Bic, Rimouski Co., Que. ; also Mendon, Vt. (Eggleston} ; Alberta. Apparently a hybrid of G. macrophyllum and G. rivale. 4. SIEVERSIA (Willd.) T. & G. Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight; head of fruit sessile; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading. {Flowering stems simple, and bearing only bracts or small leaves.') 9. G. triflbrum Pursh. Low, softly hairy ; root-leaves interruptedly pinnate ; leaflets numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply cut-toothed ; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles ; bractlets linear, longer than the purple caly.r, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals; styles very long (6 cm.) strongly plumose in fruit. (G. ciliatum Pursh ; Sieversia ciliata G. Don.) Calcareous soil, Lab., Nfd., Watertown, N. Y. (Crawe), Ont., Wise., 111., and westw. 10. G. P6ckii Pursh. Smoothish ; root-leaves rounded-kidney-shaped, radiate- veined, 5-12 cm. broad, doubly or irregularly cut-toothed and obscurely 5-7- lobed, with a set of minute leaflets down the long petiole ; stems 1.5-4 din. high, 1-6-flowered ; bractlets minute ; petals yellow, round-obovate and more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (1 cm. long), spreading ; styles naked except at the base. (G. radiatum, var. Gray; Sieversia R. Br.) Exposed slopes, Me., and alpine summits of White Mts., N. H. 18. RtTBUS [Tourn.] L. BRAMBLE Calyx 5(3-7)-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens nu- merous. Achenes usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent receptacle, becoming small drupes ; styles nearly terminal. Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and usually edible fruit. (The Roman name, kindred with ruber, red.) 1. IDAEOBATUS Focke. Prickly-stemmed shrubs; fruit falling off irhnle from a dryish receptacle when ripe ; leaves pinnately 3-7-foliolate. KA-I-- BEKHY. 1. R. idaSus L. -S'/r///x upright, and with the stalks, etc., beset with stiff straight bristles (or a few becoming weak hooked prickles), glandular win n young, somewhat glsiucmis ; leaflets 3-5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish-downy underneath, the lateral ones sessile ; petals as long as tin- .sv/*///.s- ; tft< latter velvety, with or without a few scattered setiform />/vV/r/f.s- ; fruit light red. Thickets, e. Que., L. Superior region, and Rocky Mts. (Eurasia.) Var. aculeatissimus [C. A. Mey.] Regel & Tiling. (WILD RED H.) Calyx brisfly-liiit/n'd with setiform prickles, (ft. strigosus Michx.) Thickets and hills, Lab. to B. (/., s. to N. J., Pa., Great L. region, and along the mts.to N. C., ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 487 N. Mex., and Ariz. Forma ALBUS (Fuller) Fernald has white or amber-colored fruit. Var. an6malus Arrhenius. Dwarf (1-3 dm. high), scarcely or not at all armed ; leaves simple, broadly ovate and shallowly 3-lobed, or 3-foliolate with rounded ovate obtuse leaflets ; calyx somewhat hispid. Limestone ledges, Cavendish, Vt. (Eggleston); and (?) woods, Clarke, Ind. (Umbach), the latter recently described as Batidaea heterodoxa Greene. x ? R. neglectus Peck. Habit and glaucous canes of no. 3, the stems and branches often rooting at the tip, but with slender straightish prickles of the pre- ceding species ; calyx somewhat setose ; fruit purplish-red. Rocky woods, gravelly banks, etc., N. E. to Out., Pa., and O. Probably a self-perpetuating hybrid between R. occidentalis and It. idaeus, var. aculeatissimus. 2. R. pHOENicoiAsius Maxim. (WINEBERRY.) Leaflets 3, broadly ovate, obtusish ; inflorescence crowded and with the petioles, branches, and even the main stems covered with long soft densely crowded reddish or purple gland- tipped hairs; prickles scattered, slender; fruit broadly ovoid, cherry-red. Sometimes cultivated, and now established at Fairfield, Ct. (Eames) ; Paines- ville, O. (Hacker}, etc. (In trod, from Japan.) 3. R. occidentalis L. (BLACK R., THIMBLEBERRY.) Glaucous all over; stems recurved, rooting at tips, armed like the stalks, etc., with hooked prickles, not bristly; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely double-serrate, whit- ened-downy underneath, the lateral ones somewhat stalked ; petals shorter than the sepals ; fruit purple-black, ripe early in July. Copses, fence rows, etc., N. B. and s. w. Que., southw. and westw. Forma PALLIDUS (Bailey) Robinson has yellow or amber fruit. 2. ANAPLOBATUS Focke. Unarmed shrubs; leaves simple, 3-5-lobed or angled; flowers large and showy; fruit large, hemispherical, red. Ru- BACER Rydb. 4. R. odoratus L. (PURPLE FLOWERING R.) Shrubby, 1-1.6 m. high; branches, stalks, and calyx bristly with glandular-clammy hairs ; leaves 3-5- lobed, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one prolonged ; peduncles many-flowered ; flowers showy (3-6 cm. broad) ; calyx-lobes tipped with a long narrow appendage ; petals rounded, purple rose-color ; fruit scarcely edible. N. S. to Ga., w. to Mich. Var. COLUMBIANUS Millspaugh has been dis- tinguished by the narrower more lanceolate doubly serrate lobes of the leaves, smaller flowers (2-3 cm. in diameter) and musky fruit. (H. columbianus Rydb.) W. Va. 5. R. parviflbrus Nutt. (SALMON BERRY.) Glandular, scarcely bristly ; leaves almost equally 5-lobed, coarsely toothed ; peduncles few-flowered ; petals oval, white. (B. nutkanus Mocifio.) Rocky woods, shores, etc., w. Ont., n. Mich., Minn., and westw. 3. CHAMEMORUS (Ehrh.) Focke. Unarmed creeping herbs, with upright branches, few orbicular simple leaves, and solitary terminal monoecious or dioecious flowers; fruit amber-colored, becoming yellow and separating from the dryish receptacle. 6. R. Chamaem&rus L. (CLOUDBERRY, BAKED-APPLE BERRY.) Low (1-3 dm. high) ; branches simple, 2-8-leaved; leaves roundish -kidney-form, some- what 5-lobed, serrate, wrinkled ; calyx-lobes pointless ; petals obovate, white ; fruit about 2 crn. in diameter, very juicy when ripe. In sphagnous bogs, Arctic Am., southw. in the coastal region to e. Me.; also on mountain tops, w. Me. and n. N. II . (Eurasia.) 4. CYLACTIS (Raf.) Focke. Low, essentially herbaceous (soft-woody at base) ; leaves 3(-5)-foliolate ; fruit red, not separating easily from the receptacle. 7. R. triflbrus Richards. (DWARF R.) Stems ascending, 1-4 dm. high, or trailing and more elongated ; leaves 3(or pedately 5)-foliolate ; leaflets rhombic- ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely and doubly serrate, thin, 488 UOSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) smooth; peduncles 1-3-flowered ; petals small, erect, white or pink; fruit of rather large juicy but acid drupelets. (R. amcricanus Britton.) Wet woods, etc., Lab. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., the Great L. region, n. la., and Neb. Sepals and petals often 6-7. 8. R. arcticus L. Stems suberect, 5-20 cm. high, tilifonn ; leaflets 3(-5), cuneate-obovate, rounded at the tip, somewhat firm, glossy above, coarsely ser- rate-dentate ; petals rather large, spre. Pedicels armed with stoutish or slender but pungent bristle -formed prickles /. I.raf1<-t.> laciniate-cleft : introduced ....... '.".'. f. Leaflets not laciniatc Heft . Prickles on the lirsl year's growth numerous, weak, bristle- formed, on the surfaces as well us the anirles of the stem 'JT. R. tjhi >iii>itiix. A', en >/ nx. A', dhltr, ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) 480 g. Lower surface of the leaflets green and essentially glabrous. Canes armed with few firm prickles mixed with numerous setae ; pedicels with gland-tipped setae . . . . 28. R. biformispinus. Canes armed with nearly uniform and very numerous setae. Pedicels and sepals with numerous and conspicuous gland- tipped setae 29. R. setosus. Pedicels and sepals minutely and obscurely glandular-pu- bescent or glandless, their bristles free from glandularity 30. R. nigricans. Canes trailing or at least with a decided tendency to be prostrate toward the end h, h. Pedicels covered with copious gland-tipped Sepals dorsally glandular-hispid. Stem and petioles of the first year's growth with numerous ilar bristles among the abundant pr Stem and petioles of the first year's growth less copiously armed glandular bristles among the abundant prickles . . .31. R. permixtus. and without glandular bristles 82. R. tttrdatuti. Sepals not dorsally glandular-hispid .33. R.jacens. k. Pedicels not glandular or at most finely and obscurely glandular- tomentulose. Fruit red or reddish, small ; leaflets subcoriaceous, shining ; flow- ers several, in corymbiform racemes 34. R. hispid us. Fruit black. Prickles much broadened at base ; those of the pedicels numer- ous, strong. Petioles, pedicels, etc., scarcely or not at all glandular ; pe- duncles 1-3-flowered 35. R. trivia Us. Petioles, pedicels, etc., covered with reddish gland-tipped hairs; peduncles o-several-flowered . . . . " . 36. R. rubr-isetuf;. Prickles merely acicular ; those of the pedicels few and weak, or none. Leaflets of first year's growth finely and doubly serrate . . 3T. R. iyillo$u,K. Leaflets of first year's growth coarsely and simply serrate . 38. R. invisus. 9. R. allegheniensis Porter. Shrubby, 1-2 m. tall ; old canes purplish, armed with stout straightish prickles; leaflets appressed-villous above, velvety beneath; branchlets, pedicels (unarmed), etc., glandular-pubescent; flowers 2.5-3.5 cm. broad, racemose, only the lower leafy-bracted ; petals narrowly obovate ; fruit (rarely pale) generally subcylindric, of many rather small drupe- lets, of good flavor. (R. mllosus Man. ed. 6, in large part, not Ait.; R. nigro- baccus Bailey.) Dry open thickets and recent clearings, N. S. to Ont. and N. C., common. Forma ALBINUS (Bailey) Fernald (WHITE BLACKBERRY) has amber-colored fruit. Var. CALYCOSUS Fernald. Sepals elongated and leaf-like ; fruit dry, abortive. A local sport, N. H. to Va. Var. Gravesii Fernald. Unarmed ; canes paler, mostly greenish ; inflores- cence much elongated (2-3 dm.) Ct. (Graves'). 10. R. flavinanus Blanchard. Erect, 5-10 dm. high ; old canes reddish, abundantly armed with slender curved prickles ; leaflets glabrous above, velvety beneath; pedicels (unarmed) glandular-pubescent} flowers 2-2.5 cm. broad; petals oblong-spatulate ; fruit poor, with few drupelets. Stratton, Vt. 11. R. jiinceus Blanchard. Erect or at length reclining; canes slender, weak, 6-9 dm. high, with weak recurved prickles; leaflets incisely toothed, glabrous above, essentially glabrous beneath; racemes short, becoming 6-8 cm. long; pedicels (unarmed) glandular-hispid; flowers 2-2.5 cm. broad; petals oblong-spatulate ; fruit globose, of few drupelets. Dry open places, York Co., Me. 12. R. glandicaulis Blanchard. Strict ; canes (purplish in age) 1-2 m. high, glandular-hispid and with numerous stout straightish prickles ; leaflets glabrous above, velvety beneath ; racemes rather short ; rhachis and pedicels glandular- hispid; flowers 2.5-3 cm. broad ; petals narrowly obovate ; fruit cylindrical, of 30-00 small drupelets, of good quality. Dry open places, N. S. to s. Me., near the coast. 13. R. frondisSntis Blanchard. Erect; old canes (purplish) slender, 9-15 dm. high, closely covered with fine prickles and stalked glands ; leaflets mostly large, glabrous above, velvety beneath; racemes short, somewhat corymbiform; rhachis and pedicel* rcrij glandular-hispid; flowers 2-3 cm. broad ; petals nar- rowly obovate ; fruit small, short-cylindric, of few rather large drupelets. Dry open soil, s. w. N. H. and s. e. Vt. 14. R. frondbsus Bigel. Canes arched-recurving, with stout straightish 490 KOSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) prickles ; leaflets subglabrous above, velvety beneath ; racemes cylindrical, somewhat elongated, provided for more than half their length with nearly uni- form unifoliolate ovate-oblong petiolate very persistent bracts ; pedicels scarcely or not at all glandular; flowers 2.5-3 cm. broad; petals broadly obovate ; fruit subglobose, falling before the bracts; drupelets rather few. (R. villosus, var. Torr. ; E. philadelphicus Blanchard.) Dry rocky hillsides, e. Mass, to D. C. 15. R. pergratus Blanchard. Erect, 1-2 ID. high ; old canes strongly fur- rowed, purplish, with stout broad-based straightish subremote prickles ; leaflets sparingly villous (at length for the most part glabrate) above, velvety beneath ; racemes short-cylindric ; rhachis and pedicels villous, essential! // (/landless; flowers 2.5-3.5 cm. broad; petals broadly obovate ; fruit short-cylindric, with numerous juicy drupelets. (E. orarius and R. amnicolus Blanchard.) Open ground, N. B. to Vt. and Mass., common. 16. R. sativus (Bailey) Brainerd. Erect or nearly so, 3-7 dm. high ; canes rather weak, greenish, unarmed or with few small prickles; leaves even on the first year's shoots chiefly 3-foliolate ; leaflets short, broadly ovate, glabrous or nearly so above, velvety beneath, with deltoid teeth; inflorescence a few-flowered small corymb, leafy at base ; flowers 1.5-2 cm. broad ; petals narrowly obovate ; fruit subglobose, of few large juicy drupelets. ( E. villosus, var. Bailey ? E. nigrobaccus, var. Bailey ?) Alluvial soil, w. Vt. (Brainerd, Eggleston), and presumably westw. R. ARGtxus Link, of this group, an American species, described from specimens cultivated in Berlin, has been variously interpreted, but cannot now be certainly identified from the flowering material preserved. 17. R. recurvans Blanchard. Erect or recurving, often rooting at the tip ; canes flrm, obtusely 6-angled, often much elongated (2-4 m. long), purplish. remotely armed along the angles with strong straightish prickles; leaflets smoothish above, velvety beneath, sharply and irregularly toothed; racemes short, leafy toward the base, corymbiform; flowers 2-2.5 cm. broad; petals obovate ; fruit short-cylindric, with rather numerous large juicy drupelets. (E. arundelanus Blanchard.) Open soil, in thickets, etc., N. E., common. 18. R. elegantulus Blanchard. Erect, 6-12 dm. high ; canes slender, glabrofus, armed chiefly on the angles with slender straight ixh prickles; leaflets of the mature 3-foliolate leaves small, glabrous on both surfaces, rather firm, sharply toothed; inflorescence of slender sometimes compound leafy-bracted racemes; pedicels filiform, sometimes bearing scattered setae, obscurely tomentulose ; flowers 2.5-3 cm. broad ; petals oblong-spatulate ; fruit globose, with few large drupelets. Uplands, s. w. N. H. and s. e. Vt. 19. R. peculiaris Blanchard. Erect or slightly recurving ; old canes purple, 5-angled, armed on the faces as well as the angles with numerous xi-fifm-m prickles; leaflets of the mature 3-foliolate leaves large, glabrous on both surfaa >, rather coarsely serrate-dentate; inflorescence a short raceme, leafy-bracted at base ; flowers 2.8-3 cm. broad ; petals oblong-obovate ; fruit subglobose, of few rather large drupelets. Dry ground, York Co., Me. 20. R. Randii (Bailey) Rydb. Slender weak/;/ tmncd reddish or greenish cane* subi-wi <>/ rtmn-cd, sometimes elongated and rooting at the tip, subterete ; leaflets thin, glabrous on both surfaces, sharply and irregularly toothed; inflo- rescence a few-flowered corymbiform raceme, leafy-bracted at base ; /icdiccJs filiform, nearly' unarmed, often glabrate, jit-sunn*; flowers 2 " cm. broad; petals narrowly obovate ; fruit subglobose, of few rickles ; leaflets ylnhrnus <> l>nth anrfticfn, jini'Iy, eroih/, and sJun']ilij tnnthc'l, those of the b-folinlati' Irarrs r->iminntf ; wo'///!/ xhort-ri/lindric, of large and juicy but somewhat acid drupelets. (If. amalu'lix main-hard.) Koeky soil, in thickets, etc., Nfd. to L. Superior, s. chiefly in the uplands to N. C. EOS ACE AE (ROSE FAMILY) 491 K. MILLSPAUGHI Brittou, a robust plant of W. Va., is but little known. In technical characters it scarcely differs from the preceding species, of which it may well prove a luxuriant form. 22. R. LAciNiAxus Willd. Readily recognized by its laciniate-cleft leaflets, prickly calyx, and broad-based pale prickles. Sometimes cultivated and now locally established, s. N. Y., e. Pa,, and Del. A plant of unknown origin, perhaps only a cut-leaved,form of the European R. fruticosus L. 23. R. cuneifblius Pursh. (SAND B.) Shrubby, 3-12 dm. high, upright or ascending, armed with stout recurved prickles ; branchlets and lower surface of leaves white-tomentose ; leaflets wedge-obovate, thickish, serrate above the middle; peduncles l-4-fiowered ; corolla 2-3 cm. broad. Rocky or sandy soil, Ct. to Fla., La., and Mo. 24. R. Andre wsianus Blanchard. Erect or arched-ascending, not rooting at the tip, 9-15 dm. high ; old canes stout and stiff, prominently angled and furrowed, purplish, strongly armed with broad-based straight prickles; leaflets sparingly pubescent above, velvety beneath, rather finely and sharply serrate; racemes short ; rhachis and pedicels tomentose and glandular-hispid, the latter bearing slender hooked prickles ; calyx somewhat glandular ; flowers 2.5-3 cm. broad ; petals obovate, abruptly narrowed at base to a long claw ; fruit short- cylindric, large, of about 30 juicy drupelets. Sandy plains near the coast, Mass, to Va. 25. R. floricomus Blanchard. Erect and somewhat rigid, 8-14 dm. high ; canes strongly angled and grooved, greenish or purplish, stoutly armed with long firm straightish needle-pointed prickles ; branchlets somewhat tomentose, and as well as the pedicels, petioles, and often midnerves beset with stout hooked prickles; leaves firm, glabrate above, rusty-velvety beneath; leaflets coarsely and sharply toothed; raceme 7-12-flowered, corymbiform ; pedicels widely spreading ; rhachis, pedicels, and calyx softly villous-tomentose ; fruit subglobose, with feiv rather large drupelets. Southington, Ct. ; (?) Jaffrey, N. IL, and (?) Weybridge, Vt. (Brainerd). 26. R. Jeckylanus Blanchard. Eecurved-ascending, the branches often root- ing at the tip; canes subterete, sparingly armed with short slender prickles ; leaves glabrate above, velvety beneath, those of the flowering branches over- topping the corymbiform few-flowered inflorescence ; rhachis and pedicels softly tomentose, not glandular, the latter sparingly beset with very fine straight prickles ; leaflets sharply and unequally dentate ; flowers about 3 cm. broad ; petals elliptical; fruit globose, of few large drupelets. Open places, York Co., Me. 27. R. abbrdvians Blanchard. Erect, 3-6 dm. high ; the slender terete canes firm, reddish brown, closely beset with fine straight prickles and gland-tipped bristles; leaves rather small, smoothish above, velvety beneath; leaflets on the fruiting canes broadly obovate, coarsely dentate ; racemes short, subcorymbi- form, leafy-bracted at base ; rhachis and pedicels glandular-hispid and setulose ; flowers 2.5 cm. broad; petals narrowly obovate ; fruit short-cylindric, of few large finally sweet drupelets. Uplands of Windham Co., Vt. 28. R. biformispinus Blanchard. declining ; the elongate terete purplish flexuous canes armed with scattered straightish prickles and numerous smaller in part gland-tipped bristles; leaves glabrous on both surfaces ; racemes short, leafy-bracted at base ; rhachis and pedicels glandular-hispid and with scattered hooked prickles; flowers 2-2.5 cm. broad; fruit globose, of few drupelets. Dry open ground, York Co., Me. 29. R. set6sus Bigel. Ascending ; the terete canes (in age purplish) densely covered with retrorse bristles and shorter gland-tipped hairs; leaves rather large, glabrous on both surfaces, usually equaling or surpassing the corymbi- form several-flowered racemes ; petioles often setulose ; rhachis and pedicels densely glandular-hispid and mostly setose ; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; petals oblong-spatulate ; fruit subglobose. (R. nigricans Rydb., in part.) Meadows and swamps, P. E. I. to Vt. and Ct. 30. R. nigricans Rydb. Similar, more upright, 6-12 dm. high ; canes armed with numerous fine prickles, but without glands; leaflets glabrous on both 492 I;<>S.\<'I:AK (IIOSK FAMILY) surfaces; pedicels and sepals obscurely or not r/<7,-/rs ; fruiting branches upright, 1-3 dm. high, (\-yi-\5-flowcred; leaflets rhombic- obovate, doubly and rather finely serrate, acutish, membranaceous. smooth or sparingly villous beneath ; flowers in leafy corymbiform racemes, 2-3 cm. broad; sepals not foliaceous ; fruit subglobose to short-cylindric, with few-many large juicy drupelets. (R. canadensis of auth., not L.; R. procumlx'iis Muhl.) Dry open places, s. Me., westw. and southw., common. Y;ir. aoRiBAcccs Bailey. (LUCRETIA D.) A large-flowered extreme, with elongated pedicels; iheflo-< ,-* 4 cm. broad; sepals often foliaceous. W. Va., where doubtfully native; ami in cultivation. Var. humifiisus T. & G. Stems slender, less woody; flo\r ; the slender terminal style tipped with a tufted or brush-like stigma. Achene (commonly solitary) inclosed in the 4-angled dry and thickish calyx-tube. Seed suspended. Chiefly perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, stipules adherent to the petiole, and small often polygamous or dioecious flowers crowded in a dense head or spike at the summit of a long and naked peduncle, each bracteate and 2-bracteolate. (Name from sanguis, blood, and sorbere, to drink up, to absorb, from reputed styptic properties in folk-medicine. ) POTE- UIIM L., in part. * Stamens 4 ; leaflets 2-5 cm. long. 1. S. canad6nsis L. (CANADIAN B.) Stamens long-exserted, club-shaped. white, as is the whole of the elongated and cylindrical spike; stem 3-16 dm. high ; leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, obtuse, heart-shaped at base, as if stipellate ; stipules serrate. (Poterium Gray.) Bogs and wet meadows, Lab. to rats, of Ga., w. to Mich. 2. S. OFFICINALIS L. In habit similar to the preceding; spikes dense. ovoid, brownish- or purplish-red. Established in low fields near coast of Mr.; also reported from Minn. (Adv. from Eurasia.) * * Stamens innncrous : leaflets 8-15 mm. long. 3. S. M!NOR Scop. (GARDEN B.) Stamens 12 or more in the lower flowers of the globular greenish head, with drooping capillary iilaments, the upper flow- ers pistillate only ; stems 3-5 din. high ; leaflets small, ovate, deeply cut. ( !'>- t, ,-inm Sanguisorba L.) Locally established in grassy places, cultivated grounds, etc., Me. to Md. and w. N. Y. (Adv. from Eurasia.) 23. R6SA [Tonrn.] L. K..-I Calyx-tube urn-sha]>ed, contracted at the month, becoming fleshy in fruit. Petals 5, obovate or obconlute. inserted with the many stamens into the ed-e of the, hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and within bears the numerous ROSACEAE (HOSE FAMILY) 495 11. R. rubiginosa. 7?. gallica. pistils below. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenes in fruit. Shrubs, usually prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules adnate to the petiole ; stalks, foli- age, etc. , of ten bearing aromatic glands. Many of the species highly variable and often indeterminable from imperfect specimens. (The ancient Latin name.) a. Styles coherent in a protruding column, as long as the stamens . . 1. R. f>eti. Sepals spreading after flowering, deciduous from the mature fruit receptacle and pedicels more or less hispid or tomentose. Leaflets thick, evergreen or nearly so ; receptacle tomentose . 9. R. bracteata. Leaflets membranaceous ; receptacle not tomentose. Leaf-rhachis very glandular. Prickles strong, hooked ; leaflets rarely 2 cm. long . . . Prickles weak, acicular, often gland-tipped ; leaflets 3-6 cm. long ....... ..... Leaf-rhachis puberulent or glabrous, scarcely if at all glandular. Young growth densely covered, even into the inflorescence, with needle-like prickles ....... 12. R, nitida. Young growth armed at the nodes or not at all. Stipules narrowly linear, their free auricles merely short- lanceolate teeth ; leaflets serrulate ; infra-stipular prickles short, 2-4 (rarely 6) mm. long, broad-based and decidedly curved ........... 13. 7?. Carolina. Stipules more dilated, oblanceolate, their auricles somewhat deltoid ; serratures of the leaflets coarser and deeper ; infra-stipular prickles longer. Prickles decidedly curved ; leaflets somewhat shining above 14. R. Virginian a. Prickles straight or nearly so; leaflets dull above . . 15. R. humili*. 1. R. setigera Michx. (CLIMBING or PRAIRIE R.) Stems climbing, armed with stout nearly straight scattered prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 3-5, ovate, acute, sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath ; stalks and calyx glandular ; flowers corymbed ; sepals pointed ; petals deep rose-color changing to white ; fruit globular. Borders of prairies and thickets, Ont. to Fla., w. to Wise., Neb., and Tex. ; also an escape from cultivation in Ct. July. Strong shoots growing 3-6 m. in a season. 2. R. acicularis Lindl. Stems 3-12 dm. high, very prickly ; stipules usually dilated, glandular-ciliate and resinous ; leaflets 3-7, broadly elliptical to oblong- lanceolate, sessile and obtuse or subcordate at base, usually pale and somewhat resinous-puberulent beneath, the teeth serrulate; flowers large, solitary (very rarely 2-3) ; outer sepals usually with 1-2 narrow lateral lobes, not hispid ; fruit obovoid or ellipsoid, top-shaped at base. (R. Engelmanni Wats.) Sandy thickets, L. Huron to Minn., Col., and Ida. (Siber.) Var. Bourgeauiana Crepin. Fruit globose, rounded at base ; leaves some- times smoothish but more often soft-pubescent and resinous-pulverulent beneath. Ledges, rocky woods, etc., Anticosti to s. Vt., n. Mich., centr. 111., Col., and northw. 3. R. pratincola Greene. Stems low, very prickly ; stipules narrow, more or less glandular-toothed above (or even glandular-ciliate) ; leaflets 7-11, broadly elliptical to oblong-oblanceolate, subcuneate at base, somewhat firm and strongly i'.tf, i;osAri;.\K (KOBE FAMILY ) veined. Dimply ttmtfii-tl. iint /< >///..;/>; H.I \\crs corymbose; >/>/> /////// the outer Jobed. (R. //"//>-", usually oblong-lanceolate, thinner and strongly veined than in the preceding, cum-ate at base and petiolulate, ximply serr<: -.^inous; flowers usually large, corymbose or solitary : .sv, ./.< /i>llit>'. more or less toothed ; flowers corymbose or solitary ; sepals naked or hispid, the outer usually lobed ; fruit globose, with a short neck. Minn, to Mo., westw. and north westw. 6. R. spiNoafssiMA L. (SCOTCH R.) Low spreading shrub; stems densely covered with long straightish prickles and innumerable shorter ones ; leofl'-ts 7-13, small, broadly elliptic to suborbicular, glabrous or nearly so ; stipules small; fruit globular, black. Often cultivated, and inclined to spread from old gardens, N. E., Ont., etc. (Introd. from Eurasia.) 7. R. CINXA MOM i \ L. C'INN A Mo\ R.) Stems flexuous, reddish brown, armed with pairs of light-colored broad-based slightly recurved infra-stipular prickles ; leaflets rather narrowly elliptical, 2-3 cm. long, paler beneath, sharply and finely serrate; flowers commonly double. Once much cultivated, and now established in hedgerows, etc. (Introd. from Eurasia.) 8. R. CAXIXA L. (Doc R.) Stems armed with stout recurved prickles, the branches sometimes unarmed ; leaflets 5-7, elliptical or oblong-omte. glabrous or somewhat pubescent, simply toothed, not rettinous-puberulent; flowers soli- tary (or 2-4) on usually naked pedicels ; sepals pinnatifid; fruit ovoid or nearly globular. A casual escape from cultivation, Mass, to Tenn.; thoroughly natu- ralized on river-banks in Pa. (Porter). (Introd. from Eurasia.) '.. R. BRACTE.VTA Wendl. (MACARTXY R.) Leaflets mostly 7 obovate, rounded at the apex, thick, shining, evergreen, glabrous; nV large; calyx densely villons-tomentose ; petals mostly white. Cultivated from China, extensively naturalized in parts of the Southern States, extending to Va. (Introd. from Asia.) 10. R. RUBIGIX6SA L. (SWEETBRIER, EGLANTINE.) Armed with Strong hooked mostly infra-stipular prickles (with or without scattered smaller ones) ; leaflets densely resinous beneath and aromatic, doubly serrate; the short ] eels and pin natifid sepals hispid ; flowers pink, mostly 3-4 cm. in diameter : fruit obovate. Rocky pastures, etc., common. (Introd. from Eu.) Var. MICKANTHA (Sm.) Lindl. Leaves less glandular, nearly scentless, flow- ers smaller (about 2-2.5 cm. in diameter) and paler ; fruit somewhat flask- shaped. Along roadsides, etc., e. Mass. (Introd. from Eng.) Inconstant and suggesting relationship to no. 8. 11. R. GALLICA L. Erect, 1-1.6 m. Inch : stem glandular-hispid and armed with straightish slender prickles; /."/Ms :',-.">. /,/..//// t-lli, rounded or obtusish at apex, doubly ij1ir-f ri-nt* : rtw-rs large, n. deep red and double. Of ten cultivated, and now well established in roedi thickets, X. E., O.. and probably elsewhere. (Introd. from Eu.) !_'. R. nitida Willd. Low. nearly or quite glalron* thrnni/fmnt. tin atrniiiht slen -'Spuliir prirkl' * ">i thirkly Ut; fti r ami shinimr. usually narrow-ohloni: and acute at each t-nd ; flowers > 2-3); / . Margins of swamps. Nfd. to N. 1 '.. i::. R. Carolina L. St.-ms usually tall (3-25 dm. hidi>. wi --raiirht or usually more or less curved prickles ; stipules long and very narrov. . dull i:iven. usually omnow-obtong and acute at eat-h Mul aiid petiolulate. but often broadt-r, usually pubescent beneath. Hor- ;mps and streams. N. S. to Kla.. w. t" Minn, and Mi--. IJOSK FAMILY ) 14. R. Virginia na Mill, su-m* oit<'U tall an"" Margins of swamps and rocky shores, Nfd. :-. . V. and *-. Pa. !'. R. humilis Marsh. Stems usually low (3-9 dm. high), slender, with <-kles (spreading or sometimes reflexed) ; stipules nar, rar.-Jy sou ic what dilated ; leaflets as in the last, but usually thinner arid duller; xter sepals always more or lets lobed. Mostly in dry soil or on rocky slopes, N. S. to Fla., w. to Minn., Mo., Okla., and La. 24. PR17NUS [Tourn.] L. PLIM, CHERRY, ETC. Calyx '>-' .be bell-shaped, urn-shaped, or tubular-obconical, decidu- ous after fl'.wering. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-20. Pistil solitary, with 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe fleshy, with a bony stone. Small trees or shrubs, with mostly edible fruit. (The ancient Latin name.) CKBASCS B. Jus*. L. i oUwur, tbk'kifeb, ere Ti*te-*Tult*', tb^ toetL incurred . 1 . Leaves mosdr oborate, tUn, ilnrpHr emte ; teeth fomewbat 2. P.riryiHtoM. tOtfamt ;.an vfOe iteeUc Jowf-ri. -ifj^J: j-.-V;,- MOCdj 4 ". irj-'i Leave* broad or, if narrow. PeHefea IS-J8 L---a-.<-- Miate- or MI nboi ri Tetib oflecves flw, obttue; the do T*Ui of feave* 14. 15. P.lwrtMla**. . Per*u*t. [L.] Reichenb. Z>rw/> *nw/7, globose, witiwut Moom; the stone rers in racemes termtua' 'wncbei, "(/- acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, softly pubescent when young, glabrate with age ; fruit globose-ovoid, very dark purple, with a bloom, less than 12 mm. in diameter ; stone turgid, a shallow groove on one side and a broad flat ridge on the other. Thickets, s. Ct. (Eames, Graves') to the Allegheny Mts. of Pa. 6. P. iNSTiTfxiA L. (BULLACE P.) Somewhat thorny ; leaves obovate, mostly obtusish at the apex and narrowed at base, sharply and somewhat doubly serrate, soft-pubescent beneath ; fruit small, globular, black, with a bloom. (P. spinosa, var. Gray.) Roadsides and waste places, N. E. and perhaps occasionally in the Middle States. (Adv. from Eurasia.) 6. P. maritima Wang. (BEACH P.) Low and straggling (3-15 dm. high); leaves ovate or oval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath ; pedicels short, pubescent ; fruit globular, purple or crimson (rarely paler), with a bloom, 13-25 mm. in diameter ; the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the other. Sea-beaches, dunes, etc., s. Me. to Va. 7. P. angustifblia Marsh. (CHICKASAW P.) Scarcely thorny, 2-5 m. high ; leaves membranaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous ; fruit glob- ular, red, nearly destitute of bloom, thin-skinned, 12-16 mm. in diameter ; the ovoid stone almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely grooved. (P. Chicasa Michx. ) Del. to Fla., and westw. to Tex. and Kan. Var. Watsbni (Sarg.) Waugh. (SAND P.) Dwarf (1-1.3 m. high); stems much branched and somewhat rigid ; leaves smaller and rather firm in texture ; fruit small, red, thick-skinned. (P. Watsoni Sarg.) Kan. and Neb. 8. P. M\IIALER L. (PERFUMED C.) Shrub or small tree (7 m. high), glabrous or nearly so ; leaves ovate-orbicular, short-pointed or obtuse, slender- petioled, crenulate-denticulate, glandular between the teeth ; flowers corymbose ; fruit ovoid to subglobose, black or nearly so, 7-10 mm. long. Roadsides, river- banks, open woods, etc., spreading from cultivation, Ct. to Del., and westw. (Introd. from s. Ku. ) '.. P. GravSsii Small. Unarmed shrub, 1-1.3 in. high; leaves obm-ntc- orbicnf(tr, finely pulx-went on both surfaces, serrate-dentate, rounded or even retuse at the apex, 2-:] cm. in diameter ; flowers 1-3 in a fascicle, the pedicels pubescent ; fruit globose, bluish-black, 12-15 mm. in diameter ; stone about 9 inin. long, subglobose but with one sharp edge. Gravelly ridge, Groton, Ct. : Grat 10. P. cuneata Haf. Low erect shrub, obscurely puberulent to entirely LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 499 glabrous ; leaves spatulate-oblong or more rarely lance-oblong, obtuse or acute, serrate above the middle, entire toward the cuneate base, pale beneath ; flowers 2-4 in a fascicle ; fruit globose, without bloom, nearly black, about 1 cm. in diameter. (P.pumila, var. Bailey.) Thickets, sandy soil, s. Me. to N. C. and Minn. 11. P. pumila L. (SAND C.) Prostrate, spreading and creeping ; leaves linear-spatulate to oblanceolate, usually acute or acutish, pale beneath, sub- entire or toothed above the middle ; flowers as in the preceding ; fruit globose, pendulous, dark claret-color, without bloom, about 1 cm. in diameter. Sandy and rocky shores, e. Que. to Pa., n. Ind., Wise., and Man. 12. P. AVIUM L. (SWEET C., MAZZARD.) Tree of pyramidal form and reddish-brown bark; flowers large; petals mostly 12-15 mm. long ; inner biid- scales at the base of the pedicels greenish, large, widely spreading, very hairy on the inner surface and conspicuously glandular-serrate ; fruit depressed-glo- bose, yellow or red, sweet and juicy. Often escaping from cultivation and forming thickets in hedgerows, etc. (Introd. from Eurasia.) 13. P. CERASUS L. (SouR or MORELLO C.) Tree of lower growth and rounder head than th'e preceding ; bark gray ; flowers as in the preceding but inner bud-scales small, not conspicuously spreading; fruit depressed-globose, red, acid. Commonly cultivated, and occasionally escaping to hedgerows, woods, etc. (Introd. from s. Eu.) 14. P. nigra Ait. (WILD or CANADA P.) Shrub or small tree (2-8 m. high), armed ; leaves thin, broadly obovate, subcaudately acuminate, doubly crenate- serrate, the teeth usually gland-tipped; petioles mostly with 2 glands at the summit ; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate, glabrous within ; petals white, broadly obovate, 12-14 mm. long ; fruit orange-red or yellow, 2.5 cm. long, compressed- ovoid tosubglobose, almost without bloom. River-banks and roadside thickets, Nfd. to s. N. E. and westw. along the Great Lakes. 15. P. hortulana Bailey. (WILD GOOSE P.) Small unarmed tree; leaves ovate- or lance-oblong, caudate-acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces, at maturity 9-15 cm. long, rounded at base, finely and somewhat unevenly crenate- serrate; the teeth mostly gland-tipped; flowers 2-4 in a fascicle ; pedicels gla- brous ; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate ; petals obovate, about 8 mm. long ; fruit globular, thin-skinned, light yellow to red. "Rich bottom lands, 111. and Mo. 16. P. americana Marsh. (WILD P.) Tree, 3-10 m. high, armed ; leaves rather narrowly obovate, long-acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, the teeth not glandular; petioles with or without glands ; petals narrowly obovate, about 1 cm. long ; calyx-lobes entire, hairy on the inner surface ; fruit subglobose, becoming red at full maturity, about 2 cm. in diameter. River-banks and borders of woods, Ct. to Fla. , and westw. to Col. Var. m611is T. & G. Leaves permanently soft-pubescent or tomentose beneath. la. to La. and Tex. 3. AMYGDALUS (L.) B. & H. Drupe velvety-tomentose ; the stone deeply I sculptured and pitted; flowers stibsessile, from a scaly bud, opening before the leaves appear; the latter conduplicate in bud. AMYGDALUS [Tourn.] L. PERSICA [Tourn.] Borkh. 17. P. PERSICA (L.) Stokes. (PEACH.) Small tree ; leaves lance-oblong, attenuate, serrate ; flowers pink; fruit subglobose. (Amygdalus L.) Abun- dantly cultivated, and tending to become established in thickets, etc., N. Y., and southw. (Introd. from Asia. ) LEGUMIN6SAE (PULSE FAMILY) Plants with papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 (rarely 6 and sometimes many} monadelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stamens, and a single simple free pistil becoming a legume in fruit. AWWx mostly without albumen, Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound, One of the 500 LEGUM1NOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) sepals inferior (i.e. next the bract); one of the petals superior (i.e. next the axis of the inflorescence). A very large family. SUBFAMILY I. MIMOSOfDEAE Flowers regular, small. Corolla valvate in aestivation, often united into a 4-5-lobed cup, hypogynous, as are the (often very numerous) exserted stamens. Embryo straight. Leaves twice pinnate. * Stamens numerous. 1. Acacia. Filaments distinct. Pod and stem (in ours) unarmed. 2. Abizzia. Filaments united into a tube at base. Unarmed shrubs or trees. * * Stamens 5-10. 3. Desmanthus. Petals distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pods smooth, flat. Herbaceous or nearly so. 4. Schrankia. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered with small prickles or rough projections. SUBFAMILY II. CAESALPINIOfDEAE Corolla imperfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regular, imbricated in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and inclosed by the others. Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the calyx. Seeds anatro- pous, often with albumen. Embryo straight. * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, polygamous or dioecious ; trees. 5. Gymnocladus. Unarmed. Leaves doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube elongated, at its summit bearing 5 petals resembling the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10. 6. Gleditsia. Thorny. Leaves simply and doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube short; its lobes, as well as the petals and stamens, 8-5. * * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, perfect ; calyx 5-parted ; herbs. 7. Cassia. Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate. * * * Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect ; trees. 8. Cercis. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple. SUBFAMILY III. PAPILIONOfDEAE Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often unequally so. Corolla inserted into the base of the calyx, of 5 irregular petals (or very rarely fewer), more or less distinctly papilionaceous, i.e. with the upper or odd petal (vexillum or standard) larger than the others and inclosing them in the bud, usually turned backward or spreading ; the two lateral ones (wings') oblique and exterior to the two lower, which last are connivent and commonly more or less coherent by their anterior edges, forming the cariua or XvW, which usually incloses the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with the corolla, inona- delphous, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united into a tube which is cleft on the upper side, and the tenth or upper one separate), or occasionally distinct. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes 2-celled by an intrusion of one of the sutures, or transversely 2-many-celled by cross-division into joints: style simple; ovules ainphitro|H>us. rarely anatropous. Cotyledons large, thiek or thiekish ; radicle incurved. Leaves simple or simply compound, the earliest ones in ucriuina- tion usually opposite, the rest alternate; leaflets almost always quite entire. Flowers perfect. LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 501 I. Stamens (10) distinct. * Leaves palmately 3-foliolate or simple ; calyx 4-5-lobed ; herbs. 9. Baptisia. Pod inflated. 10. Thermopsis. Pod flat, linear. * * Leaves pinnate ; calyx-teeth short. 11. Cladrastis. Flowers panicled, white. Pod flat. A tree. 12. Sophora. Flowers racemose, white. Pod terete, moniliform. Herbaceous. II. Stamens monadelphous, or diadelphous (9 and 1, rarely 5 and 5), nearly distinct in no. 25. * Anthers of two forms ; stamens monadelphous ; leaves digitate, simple, or rarely phyllodial. +- Calyx 5-lobed ; pod inflated. 13. Crotalaria. Herbs with simple leaves. +- -i- Calyx 2-lipped ; pod flat. H- Shrubs with simple leaves. 14. Genista. Seeds estrophiolate. Corolla yellow. ++ ++ Shrubs with 1-3-foliate leaves. 15. Cytisus. Seeds strophiolate. Corolla yellow. H- -M- ++ Shrubs ; leaves reduced to pungent petioles. 16. Ulex. Seeds strophiolate. Corolla yellow. H- -H- -M- -n- Herbs ; leaves (in ours) 7-11-foliolate. 17. Lupinus. Seeds estrophiolate. Corolla (in ours) blue, roseate, or rarely white. * * Anthers uniform (except in nos. 24 and 40). Leaves digitateiy (rarely pinnately) 3-foliolate ; leaflets denticulate or serrulate; stamens diadel- phous ; pods small, 1-few-seeded, often inclosed in the calyx or curved or coiled. 18. Trifolium. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1-6-seeded. Petals adherent to the stamen-tube. ID. Melilotus. Flowers racemed. Pod coriaceous, wrinkled, 1-2-seeded. 20. Medicago. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled, 1-few-seeded. -i- +- Leaves unequally pinnate (or digitate in no. 24) ; leaflets entire ; pod not jointed ; neither twining nor climbing (except in no. 81). -H- Herbage not resinous-dotted ; flowers umbellate, loosely capitate or solitary and axillary ; herbs. = Filaments all connate. 21. Anthyllis. Leaves odd-pinnate (the basal sometimes 1-foliolate). Flowers loosely capitate. Pod subindehiscent, included in the calyx. = = One filament free, the others connate. 22. Hosackia. Leaflets (in ours) 1-3. Flowers (in ours) solitary on leafy-bracted peduncles. 23. Lotus. Leaflets (in ours) 5, the lower pair simulating foliaceous stipules. Flowers (in ours) umbellate. H- Herbage glandular-dotted ; stamens mostly monadelphous ; pod small, indehiscent, mostly 1-seeded ; leaves pinnate (except in no. 24). 24. Psoralea. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, half of the anthers often smaller or less perfect. Leaves mostly palmate, 3-5-foliolate. 25. Amorpha. Corolla of one petal ! Stamens 10, monadelphous at base. 26. Dalea. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10 ; the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals about its middle. 27. Petalostemum. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5; the cleft tube of fila- ments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit. H. -H- Herbage not glandular-dotted (except in no. 34) ; stamens mostly diadelphous ; pod 2- valved, several-seeded ; leaves pinnately several-foliolate ; flowers racemose. = Wings cohering with the keel ; pod flat or 4-angled ; hoary perennial herbs. 28. Tephrosia. Standard broad. Pod flat. Leaflets pinnately veined. 502 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) Flowers large and showy ; standard broad ; wings free. 29. Sesbania. Leaves even-pinnate. Ours herbs. 80. Robinia. Pod flat, thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs. 81. Wisteria. Pod tumid, marginless. Woody twiners. Leaflets obscurely stipellate. = Standard narrow, erect ; pod turgid or inflated ; perennial herbs. 32. Astragalus. Keel not tipped with a point or sharp appendage. Pod with one or both the sutures turned in, sometimes dividing the cell lengthwise into two. 33. Oxytropis. Keel tipped with an erect point ; otherwise us AxtrayalH*. 34. Glycyrrhiza. Flowers, etc., of Astragalus. Anther-cells confluent. Pod prickly or muri- cate, short, nearly indehiscent. ----- Herbs ; no tendrils ; pod transversely 2-several-jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded joints indehiscent, or sometimes reduced to one such joint. +> Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets, not stipellate. 35. Aeschynomene. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 and 5). Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several- jointed ; joints square. 36. Coronilla. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-toothed. Joints subcylin- dric, 4-angled. Flowers umbellate. 87. Hedysarum. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Pod several-jointed ; joints roundish. -H- 4+ Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate. 38. Desmodium. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete. Leaflets stipellate. 89. Lespedeza. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1); anthers uniform. Pod 1-2-jointed. Flowers often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate. 40. Stylosanthes. Stamens monodelphous ; anthers of 2 sorts. Pod 1-2-jointed.- Calyx de- ciduous, the tube narrow and stalk-like. Leaflets not stipellate. -H- -H- -M- Leaves digitately 2- or 4-foliolate. 41. Zornia. Flowers spicate, each enveloped by 2 veiny leaf-like bracts. ------ Herbs with abruptly pinnate leaves, terminated by a tendril or bristle ; stamens diadi-1- phous ; pod continuous, 2-valved, few-several-seeded. 42. Vicia. Wings coherent with the keel. Style filiform, bearded with 'a tuft or ring of hairs at the apex. 43. Lathyrus. Wings nearly free. Style somewhat dilated and flattened upwards, bearded down the inner face. -*--!----+- Twining (sometimes only trailing) herbs ; leaves pinnately 8(rarely 1 or 5-T)-foliolate; no tendrils ; peduncles or flowers axillary ; pod not jointed, 2-valved. -n- Leaves pinnately 5-many-foliolate. 44. Apios. Herbaceous twiners ; leaflets 6-9. Keel slender and much incurved or coiled. n- -n- Leaves 8-foliolate ; ovules and seeds several. -= Style bearded lengthwise on the upper surface. 45. Phaseolus. Keel spirally coiled ; standard recurved-spreading. Flowers racemose. Corolla (in ours) purple. Seeds round-reniform. 46. Vigna. Keel strongly curved but not forming a spiral. Flowers few in pedunculate heads or very short racemes. Corolla (in ours) pale yellow. 47. Stropbostyles. Keel long, strongly incurved but not forming a spiral. Flowers few in pedunculate heads. Corolla purple. Seed* oblong, mostly pubescent. 48. Clitoria. Keel scythe-shaped ; standard spurred at the base, large and showy, pale blue. Style bearded at the summit about the stigma. lit. Centrosema. Standard much longer than the other petals. Pod linear, narrow; the valves spirally twisted after dehiscence. 50. Dolichos. Standard little exceeding the other petals in length. Pod lunate-oblong; the valves broad, not spirally coiled in debiseence. Style beardless. 61. Amphicarpa. Calyx tubular, 4-5-toothcd. Standard erect; keel almost straight. Some apetalous especially fertile (lowers ut the base of the plant, liracts persistent. I II LEGUM1NOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 503 52. Galactia. Calyx deeply 4-cleft ; the upper lobe broadest and entire. Bract and bractlets mostly minute and deciduous. ++- -H- -H- Leaves 1-3-foliolate ; ovules and seeds 1-2 ; flowers yellow. 53. Rhynchosia. Keel scythe- shaped. Calyx 4-5-parted. Pod short. 1. ACACIA [Tourn.] Mill. Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular, small, capitate or spicate. Sepals 4-5, nearly distinct or united into a 4-5-toothed campanulate cup. Petals as many, narrow. Stamens oo , exserted. Pod oblong to linear, compressed or turgid. Shrubs or trees (mostly armed), with bipinnate or (in certain Aus- tralian species) vertically expanded phyllodial leaves. (Ancient Greek name of an Egyptian species.) 1. A. angustissima (Mill.) Ktze., var. hirta (Nutt.) Robinson. Unarmed hirsute undershrub ; pinnae 8-14 pairs and leaflets mostly 18-40 pairs (both less numerous in young shoots) ; flowers in yellow or salmon-colored paniculate glo- bose heads. (A. hirta Nutt.; A. filicioides Trel.) Dry bluffs, McDonald Co., Mo. (Bush}, Kan. (Hitchcock), and south w. The typical form (Mimosa an- gustissima Mill.) of Mex. has fewer pinnae and more numerous leaflets. 2. ALBIZZIA Durazzini. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx tubular, 5-dentate. Petals united for more than half their length into a tubular somewhat salver-formed corolla. Sta- mens numerous ; the filaments much elongated. Pod narrowly oblong, the valves neither twisted nor elastically spreading. Unarmed trees with bipinnate leaves. (Dedicated to the Albizzi, a noble Italian family, one of whom is said to have introduced this genus into European cultivation.) 1. A. juLiBRfssix Durazzini. Flowers in tassel-like clusters at the end of slender naked peduncles. Frequently cultivated in the Southern States, and locally established as far n. (according to Small) as Va. (Introd. from Asia and Afr.) 3. DESMANTHUS Willd. Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, mernbranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. Herbs, with twice-pinnate leaves of numerous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous stipules, and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white flowers. (Name composed of 5 67707, a bundle, and &vdos, flower.} 1. D. illinoe'nsis (Michx.) MacM. Nearly glabrous perennial, erect, 3-24 dm. high; pinnae 0-15 pairs; leaflets 20-30 pairs; peduncles 2.5-7.5 cm. long ; stamens 5 ; pods numerous in dense globose heads, oblong or lanceo- late, curved, scarcely 2.5 cm. long, 2-6-seeded. (Mimosa Michx. ; Acuan Ktze.; D. brachylobus Benth.) Prairies and alluvial banks, O. and Ky. to S. Dak., Mo., Tex., and Fla. 4. SCHRANKIA Willd. SENSITIVE BRIER Flowers polygamous, regular. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into a funnel-form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10-12, distinct, or the filaments united at base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4-valved, i.e. the two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. Per- ennial herbs, nearly related to the true Sensitive Plants (Mimosa') ; the pro- cumbent stems and petioles recurved-prickly, with twice pinnate sensitive leaves of many small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small rose- colored flowers. (Named for Franz von Paula von Schrank, a German botan- ist, 1747-1835.) MORONGIA Britton. 504 LEGl'MINOSAK (1TLSK FAMILY) 1. S. uncinata Willd. Prickles hooked ; pinnae 4-0 pairs ; leaflets elliptical, reticulated with strong veins beneath ; pods oblong-linear, nearly terete, short- pointed, densely prickly, 5 cm. long. (Morongia Britton.) Dry prairies and open woods, Va. to Fla. and Tex.; northw. in Miss, basin to la. and 111. June, July. 2. S. angustata T. & G. Leaflets oblong-linear, scarcely veined; pods slen- der, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly, 1 dm. long. (Morongia Britton.) Dry sandy soil, s. Va. to Fla., Tenn., and Tex. June-Aug. 5. GYMN6CLADUS Lam. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE Flowers dioecious or polygamous, regular. Calyx elongated-tubular below, 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Stamens 10, distinct, short, inserted with the petals. Pod oblong, flattened, hard, pulpy inside, several-seeded. Seeds flattish. A tall unarmed tree. with rough bark, stout branchlets, and large unequally twice-pinnate leaves. Flowers whitish, in terminal racemes. (Name from yv/j.v6s, naked, and xXdSos, a branch, alluding to the stout branches for many months destitute of spray.) 1. G. dioica (L.) Koch. Leaves 6-9 din. long, with several large partial leafstalks bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaflets ; stipules wanting; pod 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 3-4 cm. broad; seeds over 1.3 cm. across. (G. canadensis Lam.) Rich woods, centr. N. Y. and Pa. to Minn., e. Neb., Okla., and Tenn. May, June. 6. GLEDiTSIA L. HONEY LOCUST Flowers polygamous. Calyx short, 3-5-cleft, the lobes spreading. Petals as many as the sepals and equaling them, the two lower sometimes united. Stamens 3-10, distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Tod flat, 1-many-seeded. Seeds flat. Thorny trees, with abruptly once or twice pinnate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in small spikes. Thorns above the axils. (Simplified and Latinized name of J. G. Gleditsch, a botanist contemporary with Linnaeus.) 1. G. triacanthos L. (HONEY LOCUST.) Thorns stout, often triple or com- pound ; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, somewhat serrate; pods linear, elongated (2-4.5 dm. long), often twisted, rilled with sweet pulp between the seeds. Kieh woods, w. N. Y. and Pa. to Ga., w. to e. Neb., Kan., and Tex.; common in cultivation, and establishing itself northeastw. May, June. 2. G. aquatica Marsh. (WATER LOCUST.) Thorns slender, mostly simple ; leaflets ovate or oblong; pods oval, l-seeded, pulpless. Deep swamps, S. ('. to Fla. and Tex.; northw. in Miss, basin to Ky., Ind., 111., and Mo. A smaller tree, 8-12 m. high. 7. CASSIA [Tourn.j L. SENNA Sepals 5, scarcely united at base. Petals 5, little unequal, spreading. Sta- mens 5-10, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading ; anthers opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross partitions. Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinnate leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name of obscure derivation.) * Leaflets large ; stipules deciduous ; the three ?/////-/"'' "'"* {mnich-ii ; v iT ^ herbage glabrous. 1. C. marilandica L. (Wn.n S.) Root perennial; stem 0-12 dm. high: f<\ x stipules linear-setaceous, caducous ; /x/jlt'/s r> '.) jxtfr*. lanceolate-oblong, <>l>tnsr; petiole with a sh-ndcr rht h-sh < /,/ , t s /,,-<>, ni : *<>t>., Tenn., and N. (\ .Inly.' Afeg. LEGUMINOSAE '( PULSE FAMILY) 505 2. C. MedsgSri Shafer. (WILD S.) Similar; root biennial (?); stipules linear-lanceolate; petiolar gland short-cylindric to conic-ovoid; leaflets 7-10 pairs ; pods thickish, 5-9 cm. long, their segments much shorter than broad; seed plump, oblong-obovoid, twice as long as thick. (C. marilandica Man. ed. (5, in part ; C. acuminata Moench ?) Dry gravelly soil, Pa. to la. and Kan., s. to Ga. and Tex. Aug. *8. C. T6ra L. Annual ; leaflets 3 or rarely 2 pairs, obovate, obtuse, with an elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair ; pods slender, 1.5 dm. long, curved. (C. obtusifolia L.) River-banks, etc., s. Va. to Fla. and Tex.; north w. in Miss, basin to Kan., Mo., and Ind. July-Sept. (Trop. regions. ) 4. C. OCCIDENTALS L. Annual ; leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; an ovoid gland at the base of the petiole ; 'pods long-linear (12 cm. long), with a tumid border, glabrous. Waste places and shores, Va. to Fla. and Tex.; northw. in Miss, basin to Mo. and Ind. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from the tropics.) * * Leaflets small, someivhat sensitive to the touch; stipules striate, persistent; a cup-shaped gland beneath the lowest pair of leaflets; anthers all perfect ; flowers in small clusters above the axils ; pods flat. 5. C. Chamaecrista L. (PARTRIDGE PEA.) Annual, suberect ; branches usually simple, ascending ; pubescence subappressed, usually scanty ; leaflets 10-15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at the base ; flowers (large} on slender pedi- cels, 2 or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a purple spot at base ; anthers 10, elongated, unequal (4 of them yellow, the others purple); style slender. Sandy fields, Mass, to Minn., and southw., except in the upland regions. July-Sept. Var. robusta Pollard. Stouter, hirsute with spreading hairs. Ky. (Short}, 111. (McDonald}, and southw. 0. C. depressa Pollard. Slender procumbent perennial (?) ; branches starting from near the base, usually again branched; leaflets (4-10 pairs} smaller and less numerous and flowers larger and later than in the otherwise similar (7. Chamaecrista. Potosi, Mo. (Pech) to Miss, and Fla. July-Sept. 7. C. nictitans L. (WILD SENSITIVE PLANT.) Leaflets 10-20 pairs, oblong- linear ; flowers very small, on very short pedicels; anthers 5, nearly equal; style short. Sandy fields, N. E. to Fla., w. to Kan. and Ariz. July-Sept. I I 8. CERCIS L. REDBUD. JUDAS TREE Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; standard smaller than the wings, and inclosed by them in the bud ; the keel-petals larger and not united. Stamens 10, distinct, declined. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded, the upper suture with a winged margin. Embryo straight. Trees, with rounded heart-shaped simple leaves, caducous stipules, and red-purple flowers in umbel- like clusters along the branches of the last or preceding years, appearing before the leaves, acid to the taste. (The ancient name of the oriental Judas Tree.} 1. C. canadensis L. (REDBUD.) Leaves pointed; pods nearly sessile above the calyx. Rich soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., w. to s. Ont,, e. Neb., and Tex. A small ornamental tree, often cultivated. 9. BAPTISIA Vent. FALSE INDIGO Calyx 4-5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed ; keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, distinct. Pods stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or subcylindric, inflated, pointed, many-seeded. Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolatc (rarely simple) leaves, which generally blacken in drying, and racemed flowers. (Name from pairTifciv, to dye, from the economical use of some species, which yield a poor indigo.) 506 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) * Racemes many, short and loose, terminal, often leafy at base; flowers yellow. 1. B. tinctbria (L.) R. Br. (WILD INDIGO.) Smooth and slender, 3-9 dm. high, rather glaucous; leaves almost sessile; leaflets wedge-obovate, 1.5-2.6 cm. long ; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous ; pods ovoid-globose, on a stalk longer than the calyx. Dry woods and plains, s. N. H. to Fla., locally westw. to Ky. and Minn. June-Sept. * * Racemes fewer, opposite the leaves. t- Flowers yellow. 2. B. villbsa (Walt.) Ell. Sometimes soft-hairy, usually minutely pubescent when young, erect, 6-9 dm. high, with divergent branches ; leaves almost sessile ; leaflets wedge-lanceolate or obovate ; lower stipules lanceolate and persistent, on the branchlets often small and subulate ; racemes many-flowered ; pedicels short ; bracts subulate, mostly deciduous ; pods ovoid-ellipsoid, taper- pointed, minutely pubescent. Va. to N. C. and Ark. May, June. - -i- Flowers white or cream-color. 3. B. bracteata (Muhl.) Ell. Hairy, low (3 dm. high), with divergent branches ; leaves almost sessile ; leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate ; stipules and bracts large and leafy, persistent; racemes long (often 3 dm.), reclined; flowers on elongated pedicels, cream-color ; pods pointed at both ends, hoary. {B. leucophaea Nutt.) Prairies, Mich, to Minn., s. to Tex. May. 4. B. leucantha T. G. Smooth, tall, and stout; leaflets oblong-wedge- form, obtuse; stipules early deciduous; flowers white; pods ovoid-ellipsoid, on a stalk fully twice the length of the calyx. Alluvial soil, Out. and O. to Minn., s. to Fla. and La. June, July. 5. B. alba (L.) R. Br. Smooth, 3-9 dm. high, the branches slender and widely spreading ; petioles slender ; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous ; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate ; racemes slender, on a long naked peduncle ; pods linear-oblong, 2.5-4 cm. long, short-stalked. Dry soil, N. C. to Fla. and Ala.; and reported from Ind., Mo., etc. May. -- -- *- Flowers indigo-blue. 6. B. australis (L.) R. Br. (BLUE F.) Smooth, tall and stout (1.2-1.6 m. high); leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles, rather persistent ; raceme elongated (3-6 dm.) and many-flowered, erect ; bracts deciduous ; stalk of the ovoid-ellipsoid pods about the length of the calyx. Alluvial soil, Pa. to Ga., w. to s. Ind., Kan. and Ark.; cultivated eastw., and established on alluvium of Ct. R. and tributaries, Vt. May, June. Hybridizes with B. bracteata, according to Hitchcock. 10. THERM6PSIS R. Br. Pod sessile or shortly stipitate in the calyx, flat, linear, straight or curved. Otherwise nearly as Baptisia. Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate leaves and foliaceous stipules, not blackening in drying, and yellow flowers in terminal racemes. (Name from 0^>/uo5, the lupine, and &/as, appearance.} 1. T. mollis (Michx.) M. A. Curtis. Finely appressed-pubescent, 4-6 dm. high; leaflets rhombic-lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long; stipules narrow, mostly shorter than the petiole ; raceme elongated ; pods narrow, short-stipitate, some- what curved, 5-10 cm. long. Mts. of s.Va., N. C., and Trim. May. 11. CLADRASTIS Raf. YELLOW WOOD. VIRGILIA Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexed ; the distinct keel-petals and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments slender, incurved ahove. Tod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, ihin. inargiiilrss, 4-6- seeded, at, length 'J-valvrd. A handsome tree, with yellow wood (yielding a dyr), smooth hark, nearly smooth pinnate leaves of 7-1 1 oval or ovate leaflets, and ample panicled racemes (2.5-5 dm. long) of showy white (lowers drooping I LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 507 from the ends of the branches. Stipules obsolete. Base of the petioles hollow, inclosing the leaf-buds of the next year. Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name from K\ddos, a branch, and Qpavo-rds, brittle.) 1. C. lutea (Michx. f. ) Koch. Sometimes 15 m. high ; pods 7.5-10 cm. long. (C. tinctoria Raf.) Rich woods and calcareous bluffs, Ky. to N. C., n. Ala., and Mo. ; also in cultivation. May. 12. SOPHORA L. Calyx bell-shaped, shortly 5-toothed. Standard rounded ; keel nearly straight. Stamens distinct or nearly so. Pod coriaceous, stipitate, terete, more or less constricted between the seeds, indehiscent. Seeds subglobose. Shrubby or ours an herbaceous perennial, the leaves pinnate with numerous leaflets, and flowers white or yellow in terminal racemes. (Said by Linnaeus to be the ancient name of an allied plant.) 1. S. sericea Nutt. Silky-canescent, erect, 3 dm. high or less ; leaflets oblong-obovate, 6-12 mm. long; flowers white; pods few-seeded. Prairies, Neb. and Kan. to Col., Tex., and Ariz. Apr., May. (Mex.) 13. CROTALARIA [Dill.] L. RATTLE-BOX Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shaped ; keel scythe- shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side ; 5 of the anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, subcylindric, many-seeded. Herbs with simple leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name from icpdraXov, a rattle; the loose seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.) * Pubescence spreading-ascending, prominent. 1. C. sagittalis L. Annual, hairy, suberect, 7.5-25 cm. high ; leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, scarcely petioled, narrowed to each end; stipules often conspicuous, united and decurrent on the stem, so as to be inversely arrow- shaped ; peduncles few-flowered ; corolla not longer than the calyx ; pod black- ish. Sandy soil, e. Mass, and s. Vt. to Fla. and Tex., chiefly coastal; and northw. in Miss, basin to Ind. and S. Dak. June-Sept. (Mex.) 2. C. rotundifblia (Walt.) Poir. Thick-rooted perennial; stems several, prostrate or nearly so; leaves suborbicular or oval, rounded at each end; stipules few or wanting. (C. ovalis Pursh.) Sandy soil, s. Va. to Fla. and La. May-July. * * Pubescence oppressed and inconspicuous. 3. C. Purshii DC. Perennial ; stems several, erect or ascending ; leaves linear to oblong ; stipules usually large and conspicuous. Sandy soil, s. Va. to Fla. and Tex. May- July. 14. GENISTA L. WOAD-WAXEN. WHIN Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading; keel oblong, straight, deflexed. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath entire; 5 alternate anthers shorter. Pod mostly flat and several-seeded. Shrubby plants, with simple leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.) 1. G. TINCTORIA L. (DYER'S GREENWEED.) Low, not thorny, with striate- angled erect branches; leaves lanceolate; flowers in spiked racemes. Estab- lished on sterile hills and roadsides, s. Me. to Mass, and e. N. Y. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) 15. CYTISUS [Tourn.] L. BROOM Calyx campanulate, with 2 short broad lips. Petals broad, the keel obtuse and slightly incurved. Stamens monadelphous. Pod flat, much longer than the calyx. Seeds several, with a strophiole at the hilum. Shrubs, with stiff 508 LEGUMINOSAK (PT'LRK FAMILY) green branches, leaves mostly digitately 3-foliolate, and large bright yellow flowers. (The ancient Roman name of a plant, probably a Medicago.) 1. C. SCOPA.RIUS (L.) Link. (SCOTCH B.) Glabrous or nearly so, about 1 m. high; leaflets small, obovate, often reduced to a single one ; flowers solitary or i n pairs, on slender pedicels, in the axils of the old leaves, forming leafy racemes along the upper branches; style very long and spirally incurved. (Sarothamnus Wimmer.) Sandy barrens, etc., N. S. ; s. e. Mass, to Va., and south w. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) 16. tTLEX L. FURZE. GORSE Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Standard ovate ; wings and keel oblong, of about equal length. Stamens monadelphous. Pod short-oblong. Low densely branched shrubs with spine-like phyllodial leaves. (An ancient name, used by Pliny for some not certainly identified plant.) 1. U. EUROPAEUS L. Calyx large, yellow, tomentulose. Sometimes culti- vated as a sand-binder and now somewhat extensively established locally near the coast from Nantucket to Va. (Introd. from Eu.) 17. LUPiNUS [Tourn.] L. LUPINE Calyx very deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed ; keel scythe- shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire ; anthers alternately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often knotty by con- strictions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. Herbs, with palmately 1-15-foliolate leaves, stipules adnate to base of the petiole, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name from lupus, a wolf, because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of the soil.) 1. L. per6nnis L. (WILD L.) Perennial, somewhat hairy; stem erect, 3-6 dm. high; leaflets 7-11, oblanceolate ; flowers in a long raceme, showy, purplish-blue (rarely pale); pods broad, very hairy, 5-6-seeded. Sandy soil, s. w. Me. to Minn., and s. to the Gulf. May, June. Var. OCCIDENTALS Wats. has stems and petioles more villous. Mich., n. Ind. (C. P. Smith), and Wise. 18. TRIFdLIUM [Tourn.] L. CLOVER. TREFOIL Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the teeth usually bristle-form. Corolla mostly withering or persistent ; the claws of all the petals, or of all except the oblong or ovate standard, more or less united below with the stamen-tube ; keel short and obtuse. Tenth stamen more or less separate. Pods small and membranous, often included in the calyx, 1-6-seeded, indehiscent, or opening by one of the sutures. Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves mostly palmately (sometimes pin- nately) 3-foliolate ; leaflets usually toothed. Stipules united with the petiole. Flowers in heads or spikes. (Name from tres, three, and folium, a leaf.) n. Flowers sessile in dense heads. Calyx -truth silky-plumose, surpassing the corolla .... 1. T. tit < ';i!\ -x-teeth ciliate. villous. or glabrous, surpassed by the corolla. Heads cylindrical ; corolla scarlet to deep red . . . . .2. T. iiu'tle-tippcd. Calyx villous or hispid. Leaflets narrowly oblong 5. T. ///;/'"'<>///>. Leaflets obovate ;.'/'. rtjl<.rn>n. Calyx essentially glabrous. Btoloniferons. Flowers 1 !.:< cm. loiitf ; corolla red ; peduncles rarely more than twice the length of the bead . . . .7. T. xto/(i i /'<> u /it . LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 509 Flowers 6-9 nun. long ; corolla white or pink ; peduncles mostly 3-many times the length of the heads . . .8. T. repens. Not stoloniferous 9. T. hybridum. c. Calyx-teeth deltoid-lanceolate, herbaceous 10. T. carolinianum. b. Corolla yellow. Corolla conspicuously striate-sulcate in age. Leaflets all sessile 11. T. agrarium. Terminal leaflet stalked 12. T 7 . proeumbens. Corolla not striate-sulcate 13. T. dubium. 1. T. ARVENSE L. (RABBIT-FOOT or STONE C.) Silky branching annual, 1-4 dm. high ; leaflets oblanceolate ; heads becoming very soft-sillcy and grayish, ovoid-cylindrical. Dry sandy or gravelly soil, roadsides, etc. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. T. INCARNA.TUM L. (CRIMSON or ITALIAN C.) Suberect soft-pubescent ar.-iual, 3-5 dm. high; heads cylindrical, often 5 cm. long; leaflets obovate. Often cultivated, and sparingly escaping. (Introd. from Eu.) 3. T. PRATENSE L. (REoC.) Perennial ; stems ascending, somewhat hairy ; leaflets oval or obovate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side with a pale spot ; stipules broad, bristle-pointed ; heads ovoid, sessile or not rarely pedunculate; corolla magenta to vUiitish ; calyx soft-hairy. Fields and mead- ows ; extensively cultivated. (Introd. from Eu.) 4. T. MEDIUM L. (ZIGZAG C.) Steins zigzag, smoothish ; leaflets oblong, entire, and spotless ; heads mostly stalked ; flowers deeper purple ; calyx-tube nearly or quite glabrous; teeth slightly rigid, scarcely ciliate. Dry hills, e. Mass. ; several reports from other Am. localities appear to refer to the preceding /. species. (Nat. from Eu.) 5. T. virgmicum Small. Low villous perennial, not stoloniferous ; leaflets narrowly oblong, denticulate ; flowers nearly white, in large heads ; short calyx ttotnescent-pubescent. Rocky slopes, Kate's Mt., W. Va. 6. T. reflSxum L. (BUFFALO C.) Annual or biennial; stems ascending, downy; leaflets obovate-oblong, finely toothed; stipules thin, ovate; standard rose-red; wings and keel whitish; calyx-teeth hairy; pods 3-5-seeded. Borders of fields and woods, w. N. Y. and Ont. to la., "Neb.," Kan., and southw. 7. T. stoloniferum Muhl. Smooth perennial ; stems with long runners from the base ; leaflet* broadly obovate or obcordate, minutely toothed ; heads loose ; flowers white, tinged with purple; pods 2-seeded. Open woodlands and prai- ries, O. and Ky., w. to la.. "Neb.," and Kan. 8. T. repens L. (WHITE C.) Smooth perennial ; the slender stems spread- ing and creeping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely notched, obscurely toothed ; stipules scale-like, narrow ; petioles and especially the peduncles very long ; heads small and loose ; calyx much shorter than the white corolla; pods about 4-seeded. Fields and copses, everywhere ; indigenous* only in the north- ern part of our range, if at all. (Eurasia.) 0. T. IIYHRIDUM L. (ALSIKE C.) Resembling T. repens, but the stems erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes; leaflets ovate, rounded at apex; flowers rose-tinted. Generally common. (Introd. from Eu.) 10. T. carolinianum Michx. Somewhat pubescent small perennial, pro- cumbent, in tufts; leaflets wedge-obovate and slightly notched ; stipules ovate, foliaceous ; heads small, on slender peduncles ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, nearly equaling the purplish corolla ; standard pointed ; pods 4-seeded. Rocky places, Va. to Fla., Tex., and Kan.; introd. on waste ground near Philadelphia. 11. T. AGR\RIUM L. (YELLOW or HOP C.) Smoothish annual, somewhat upright, 1-3 dm. high ; leaflets obovate-oblong, all three from the same point i (palmate) and nearly sessile ; stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more than half its length; corolla yellow, persistent, becoming dry and brown in age. (T. aureum at least of Am. auth.) Sandy fields and roadsides ; N. S. to Va. ; also in w. N. Y., Ont., and la. (Nat. from Eu.) 12. T. PP.OCUM15ENS L. (Low HOP C.) Similar ; stems spreading or ascend- ing, pubescent, 1-1.5 dm. high ; leaflets wedge-obovate, notched at the end, the lateral at a small distance from the other (pinnately 3-foliolate) ; stipules ovate, short. Sandy fields and roadsides, common. (Nat. from Eu.) 510 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 13. T. DtrBiuM Sibth. Similar to the preceding but smaller throughout; heads loosely few-flowered; standard 4 mm. long, about 11-nerved, scarcely or lint at all striate in age. ( T. procumbens, var. minus Man. ed. 6.) Similar situations, Mass, to Va. and Tenn. ; also locally established westw. (Nat. from Eu.) 19. MELILOTUS [Tourn.] Hill. MBLILOT. SWEET CLOVEK Flowers much as in Trifolium, but in spike-like racemes, small. Corolla de- ciduous, free from the stamen-tube. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Annual or biennial herbs, fra- grant in drying, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves. (Name from juAi, honey, and Xwros, some leguminous plant.) 1. M. OFFICINALIS (L.) Lam. (YELLOW M.) Upright, usually tall ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, closely serrate ; petals yellow, of nearly equal length. 6-9 mm. long ; pod 2.5-3.5 mm. long, glabrous or glabrate, prominently cross-ribbed. Waste or cultivated ground, common. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. M. ALTfssiMA Thuill. Similar ; leaflets linear- to lance-oblong, subentireor remotely toothed ; pod gibbous, 4.5-6 mm. long, pubescent, obscurely reticulate. Ballast about Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. M. INDICA (L.) All. Low; leaflets cuneate-oblanceolate or -obovate, truncate or emarginate, toothed above the middle ; corolla yellow, 2-2.5 mm. long; pod gibbous, about 2 mm. long, alveolate. Ballast and waste places about Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eurasia.) 4. M. ALBA Desr. (WHITE M.) Tall ; leaflets narrowly obovate to oblong, serrate, truncate or emarginate ; corolla white, 4-5 mm. long, the standard longer than the other petals pod 3-4 mm. long, somewhat reticulate. Rich soil, road- sides, etc., common. (Nat. from Eu.) 20. MEDIC AGO [Tourn.] L. MEDICK Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1 -several-seeded, scythe-shaped, in- curved, or variously coiled. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets toothed; stipules often cut. (Mi?dtjn} f the name of the Alfalfa, because it came to the Greeks from Media.) * Perennials ; pods straightish or loosely coiled, unarmed. 1. M. SATIVA L. (LUCEHNK, ALFALFA.) Upright, smooth, perennial ; leaf- lets obovate-oblong, toothed ; flowers bluish-purple, racemed; pods twisted. Cultivated for green fodder and often spontaneous. (Introd. from Eu.) 2. M. FALCATA L. Similar ; leaflets linear ; flowers yellow ; pod straight ish or scarcely coiled. Waste ground, eastw., rare and casual ; perhaps not persisting. (Adv. from Eu.) * * Annuals; pods (often armed) reniform or tightly coiled. 3. M. Lui'iiLlNA L. (BLACK M., NONESUCH.) Procumbent, pubescent. annual ; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex ; flowers yc.tlti\ in xlmrf xin'kp.s; pods kidney-form, 1-seeded. Waste places, common. (Adv. from Eu.) 4. M. AFRICA Huds. (SPOTTBI>M.) Spreading or procumbent annual, some- what pubescent ; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, minutely toothed ; peduncles ''> "t-fln n-crt'd flowers yellow ; pods compactly spiral, of 2 or 3 turns, compressed. /// //v. M. nfsiMi>A Gaertn. < P,i i; CIOVIK.) Nearly glabrous ; />,/*. ( .1/o.sWr// ) . s. Ind., and Kan. June. ; - ; Litres intimately 3-5-foliolate ; roots not tuberous. - Fruit more or /r.ss rnmpre..wd, ovate. 4. P. tenuiflbra Pursh. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy, 6-12 dm. high, minutely hoary-pubescent when young ; leaflets varying from linear to obovate-oblong, 1.2-3.6 GUI. long, glandular-dotted ; flowers (4-6 mm. long) in loose racemes ; lobes of the calyx and bracts ovate, acute ; pod glandular. Prairies, 111. to Minn., Tex., and westw. June-Sept. Var. floribiinda (Nutt.) Rydb. Flowers more numerous, slightly larger and in denser racemes (P.floribunda Nutt.) Same range. 5. P. argophylla Pursh. Silvery xilkii-vhite all over, erect, divergently branched, 3-9 dm. high; leaflets elliptical-lanceolate; spik<* iut<-rrupted ; flowers 8-10 mm. long; lobes of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. High plains, n. Wise, to la., Mo., and westw. June. 6. P. digitata Nutt. More slender and less hoary, 3-6 dm. high ; leaflets linear- oblanceolate ; bracts of the interrupted spike obcordate; calyx-lobes oblong, acute. Sandy soil, Kan. to Col. and Tex. June, July. H- -i- Fruit globose. 7. P. lanceolata Pursh. Glabrous or nearly so, yellowish-green, densely punctate ; leaflets 3, linear to oblanceolate ; flowers small, in very short spikes ; calyx 2 mm. long, with short broad teeth. (P. micrantha Gray.) la. and Kan. to the Sask., and westw. * * * Leaves pal mately 5-foliolate ; root tuberous; ^pike-like ract'n\<-# deum: 8. P. esculSnta Pursh. Roughish hairy all over; stem stout, 1-4 dm. high, erect, from a tuberous or turnip-shaped farinaceous root ; leaflets obovate- or lanceolate-oblong; spikes ellipsoid, long-ped uncled ; lobes of the calyx and bracts lanceolate, nearly equaling the corolla (1.2 cm. long). High plains, Wise, to Tex., and north westw. May-July. The POMME BLANCHE, or POM MI: DK PRAIRIE, of the voyageurs. 25. AM6RPHA L. Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard (the other petals entirely wanting!) wrapped around the stamens and style. Stamens 10, inona- delphous at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx, 1-2-seeded, roughened, tardily dehiscent. Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves ; the leaflets marked with minute dots, usually stipellate, the miilvein excurrent. Flowers violet or purple, crowded in clustered terminal spikes. (Name, djao/>0os, deformed, from the absence of four of the petals.) * Leaflets small (1.2 cm. long or less), crowded. 1. A. canSscens Pursh. (LEAD PLANT.) Whitened with hoary doirn. 3-14 dm. high ; leaflets 31-51, oblong-elliptical, becoming snioothish almve ; spikes usually clustered at the .summit. Hills and prairies, Ind. t<> Man., and southw. June-Aug. 2. A. microphyila Pursh. Nearly ri: I\m<;o.) A tall shrub, rather pubescent or snioothish ; leaflets 0-2 ", oblong to broadly elliptical. River-banks, s. Pa. to Fla., w. to Sask., Tr\.. and tli<- Rocky Mts.; often cultivated, and escaping r.i>t\\. May. 'June. (Mex.) Very variable. Var. angustif61ia Pursh. Leaflets narrower, lance-oblong or lance-elliptic, nf (inner texture ; fruit somewhat smaller, 6-8 mm. long. (.1. Boyiiton.) Banks of streams, la., \vest\v. and southwest w. LEGUMJNOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 513 26. DAIEA Juss. Calyx 5-cleft or -toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; petals all on claws ; the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx ; the keel and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of filaments, which is cleft down one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous, 1-seeded, indehiscent, inclosed in the persistent calyx. Mostly herbs, more or less glandular-dotted, with minute stipules ; the small flowers in terminal spikes or heads. (Named for Samuel Dale, 1659-1739, an English botanist.) PAROSELA Cav. 1. Do alopecuroides Willd. Erect annual, 3-6 dm. high ; leaflets 19-35, gla- brous, linear-oblong ; flowers light rose-color or whitish, in cylindrical spikes ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, deciduous ; calyx very villous, with long slender teeth. (Parosela Dalea Britton.) Alluvial soil, 111. to Minn, and Ala., w. to the Rocky Mts. Aug., Sept. (Mex.) 2. D. enneandra Nutt. Erect perennial, 3-12 dm. high, branching ; leaflets 5-13, linear, 4-6 mm. long ; spikes loosely flowered ; bracts conspicuous, per- sistent, almost orbicular and very obtuse ; petals white ; calyx densely villous, the long teeth beautifully plumose. (D. laxiflora Pursh.) Dry soil, la. and Mo. to Tex. and Col. May-Aug. 27. PETALOSTEMUM Michx. PRAIRIE CLOVER Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous ; petals all on thread- shaped claws, 4 of them nearly alike and spreading, borne on the top of the monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers ; the fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong. Pod membranaceous, inclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Chiefly perennial herbs, upright, glandular-dotted, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves, minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and peduncled heads or spikes. (Name, often but not originally spelled Petalostemon, combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen, alluding to the peculiar union of " ese organs in this genus.) KUHNISTERA Lam. * Corolla rose-colored. 1. P. purpureum (Vent.) Rydb. Smoothish; leaflets 5, narrowly linear; heads globose-ovoid or short-cylindrical when old ; bracts pointed, not longer than the silky-hoary calyx. (P. violaceum Michx. ; Kuhnistera MacM.) Dry prairies, Ind. to Man. and La., w. to the Rocky Mts. June-Aug. 2. P. villbsum Nutt. Soft-downy or silky all over ; leaflets 13-17, linear or oblong, small (8-10 mm. long) ; spikes cylindrical, 2.5-12 cm. long, short- peduncled, soft-villous. (Kuhniastera Ktze.) Sandy soil, Wise, to Sask. and Tex. , w. to Rocky Mts. July. 3. P. foli&sum Gray. Smooth, very leafy; leaflets 15-29, linear-oblong; spikes cylindrical, short-peduncled ; bracts slender-awned from a lanceolate base, exceeding the glabrous calyx. (Kuhniastera Ktze.) River-banks and rocky hills, 111. and Tenn. July-Sept. * * Corolla white. 4. P. multifl6rum Nutt. Glabrous throughout, erect, branching ; leaflets 3-9, linear to oblong ; heads globose, the subulate-setaceous bracts much shorter than the acutely toothed calyx. (Kuhnistera Heller.) Prairies, w. la. (Pammel} to Ark. and Tex. Aug. 5. P. candidum Michx. Smooth; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear-oblong ; heads short-cylindrical; bracts awned, longer than the nearly glabrous calyx. (Kuhniastera Ktze.) Dry prairies, Ind. to Man., La., and w. to the Rocky Mts. June, July. GRAY'S MANUAL 33 514 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 28. TEPHR6SIA Pers. HOAKY PEA Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside, turned back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, 2-valved. Hoary perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers. Leaflets mucronate, veiny. (Name from Te/>6s, ash-colored or hoary.} CRACCA L. 1. T. virginiana (L.) Pers. (GOAT'S RUE, CATGUT.) Silky-viUous with whitish hairs when young; stem erect and simple, 3-G dm. high, leafy to the top ; leaflets 17-29, linear-oblong ; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a terminal ellipsoid dense raceme or panicle, yellowish-white marked with pur- ple. (Cracca L.) 'Dry sandy soil, s. N. H. to Minn., and southw. chiefly at low altitudes. June, July. Roots long and slender, very tough. Var. HOLOSERICEA (Nutt.) T. & G. has more copious or even woolly pubescence and usually narrower leaflets. With the typical form, westw. 2. T. spicata (Walt.) T. & G. Villous with rusty hairs; stems branched below, straggling or ascending, 6 dm. long, few-leaved; leaflets 9-15, obovate or oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched ; flowers few, in a loose and interrupted very long-peduncled spike, reddish. (Crocca Ktze.) Dry soil, Del. and Va. to Fla. and La. May-July. 3. T. hispldula (Michx.) Pers. Hairy with some long and rusty or only minute and appressed pubescence ; stems slender, 2-6 dm. long, divergently branched, straggling; leaflets 5-17, oblong, varying to ob'ovate-wedge-shaped and oblariceolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, 2-4-flowered ; flowers red- dish-purple. (Cracca Ktze.) Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and La. May-July. 29. SESBANIA Scop. Calyx campanulate, equally toothed. Standard large, round. Stamens dia- delphous. Ovary many-ovuled ; pod long. Herbs or shrubs with long even- pinnate leaves. Flowers on axillary peduncles or lateral racemes. (Name latinized from the earlier SESBAN Adans., said to be of Arabic origin.) 1. S. macrocarpa Muhl. Erect annual, 0.7-3 m. high ; leaflets 12-25 pairs, narrowly oblong; corolla pale yellow, often spotted; pods 2 dm. in length, narrow, with thickened margins. Mo. to Fla. and Tex. ; introd. in s. Pa. 30. ROBtNIA L. LOCUST Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded, turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, at length 2-valved. Trees or shrubs, often with spines for stipules. Leaves odd-pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging axillary racemes. (Named for John liohin, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his son Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe.) 1. R. Pseudo-Acacia L. (COMMON L.. FALSE ACACIA.) Branches glal>r<>ns or glabrate; racemes slender, loose; flowers white, fragrant; pod smooth. Along the ints., Pa. to Ga., and in the Ozark Mts. of Mo., Ark., and Okla. ; commonly cultivated as an ornamental tree, and for its valuable timber, and naturalized in many places. May, June. 2. R. viscbsa Vent. (CLAMMY L.) RranchlHs ami Iciif-xtalks clammy; flower* crnn-d.'il in short racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodorous ; pod glandular-hispid. Va. to Ga., in the mts. ; cultivated, like the last, and often escaping. May, June. 3. R. hispida L. (BRISTLY L., ROSE ACACIA.) Shrub, 1 to 3 m. high; branrhh-ts tnid stalks bristly; flowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous; pods glandular-hispid. Mts. of Va. to Ga. ; cultivated and established northw. May, June. LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 515 . 31. WISTERIA Nutt. Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 callosities at its base ; keel scythe-shaped ; wings doubly auricled at the base. Stamens diadelphous. Pods elongated, thickish, knobby, stipitate, many-seeded, at length 2-valved. Seeds large. Ovate-lanceolate leaflets 9-13 ; racemes of large and showy lilac-purple flowers. (Dedicated to Professor Caspar Winter, dis- tinguished anatomist of Philadelphia.) KRAUNHIA Kaf. WISTARIA Spreng. (a later spelling) . 1. W. frutescens (L.) Poir. Downy or smoothish when old, without club- shaped hairs; racemes short and dense; calyx-teeth very short. (Kraunhia Raf. ; Bradley a Brilton. ) Alluvial grounds, Va. to Fla. May. Sometimes cultivated for ornament as is the still handsomer and more showy Chinese species, W. chinensisDC. 2. W. macrostachya Nutt. Racemes 1.5-2 dm. long ; pubescence of the pedi- cels and calyx mixed, including club-shaped hairs; calyx-teeth half to three fourths the length of the tube ; standard less strongly auricled than in the pre- ceding. (Kraunhia macrostachys Small ; Bradleya Small.) Rich soil, swamps, etc., Ind. (?) to Mo., Kan.(?), and La. May. 32. ASTRAGALUS [Tourn.] L. MILK VETCH ! tut r. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow ; standard narrow, equal- ing or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflexed or spreading. Sta- mens diadelphous. Pod several-many-seeded, various, mostly turgid, one or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly or so as to divide the cavity lengthwise into two. Chiefly herbs (ours perennials), with odd-pinnate leaves and spiked or racemed flowers. Mature pods are usually necessary for certain identification of the species. (The ancient Greek name of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-bone.) Pod turgid, completely or imperfectly ^-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, the ventral suture being not at all or less deeply inflexed. * Pod plum-shaped, succulent, becoming thick and fleshy, indehiscent, not stipi- tate, completely 2-celled. 1. A. caryocarpus Ker. (GROUND PLUM.) Pale and minutely appressed- pubescent ; leaflets narrowly oblong ; flowers in a short spike-like raceme ; corolla violet-purple ; fruit glabrous, ovoid-globular, more or less pointed, about 1.6 cm. in diameter, very thick-walled, cellular or corky when dry. (A. crassi- carpus Nutt.) Prairies, Sask. and Minn, to Mo., s. w. and w. to Tex. and Col. Apr., May. 2. A. mexicanus A. DC. (GROUND PLUM.) Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs, larger; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong; flowers larger (2-2.5 cm. long) ; calyx softly hairy ; corolla cream-color, bluish only at the tip ; fruit globular, very obtuse and pointless, 2.5 cm. or more in diameter ; otherwise like the last. Prairies and open plains, 111. to Kan., s. to La. and Tex. Apr., May. The unripe fruits of this and the preceding species resemble green plums whence the popular name) and are eaten raw or cooked. 3. A. plattSnsis Nutt. Loosely villous ; leaflets oblong, often glabrous above ; flowers crowded in a short spike or head, cream-color, often tinged or tipped with purple ; fruit ovoid, pointed, 1.2-1.6 cm. long, with surface even; calyx villous. Gravelly or sandy banks, Minn, to Col. and Tex. Apr.-June. 4. A. tennesseSnsis Gray. Hirsute ; stipules large ; leaves and flowers as in the last ; fruit 2.4-2.8 cm. long, pointed, strongly wrinkled. (A. plattensis, var. Gray.) 111., Morris (Vasey}, Ogle Co. (Bebb) ; Tenn. and Ala.; reported also m Mo. Apr., May. 516 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) * * Pod dry, coriaceous, cartilaginous or membranous, dehiscent. +-Pod completely 2-celled, sessile. 5. A. canadSnsis L. Tall and erect, 3-16 dm. high, somewhat pubescent or glabrate; leaflets 21-27, oblong ; flowers greenish cream-color, very numerous, in long dense spikes ; pods crowded, oblong (1.2 cm. long), glabrous, ten >< . scarcely sulcate and only on the back, nearly straight. (A. carolinianus L.) Dry or gravelly soil, w. Que., shores of L. Champlain, Vt. (Brainerd), N. Y. to n. Ga., and far westw. July, Aug. 6. A. adsurgens Pall. Ascending or decumbent, 1-4.5 dm. high, cinereous with minute appressed pubescence or glabrate ; leaflets about 21, narrowly ob- long ; spike dense, with medium-sized pale or purplish flowers ; pubescence of calyx appressed,' pod oblong, 8-10 mm. long, finely pubescent, triangular-com- pressed, with a deep dorsal furrow, straight. Keewatin to Minn., w. Kan., and westw. (Asia.) 7. A. hypog!6ttis L. Slender; stems 1.5-6 dm. long, diffusely procumbent or ascending, with a rather loose pubescence or nearly glabrous ; leaflets 15-21, oblong, obtuse or retuse ; flowers violet, capitate ; calyx loosely pubescent ; pod as in the last, but ovate and silky -villous. Minn, to centr. Kan., and north- westw. May-July. (Eurasia.) *- - Pod not completely 2-celled. M- Pod stipitate, pendent. 8. A. alpinus L. Diffuse, from a very loosely forking base, the prostrate or decumbent branches 0.5-1.5 dm. long, smooth or slightly hairy ; leaflets 11-23 ; floicers violet-purple, or at least the keel tipped with violet or blue ; calyx cani- panulate ; pod narrowly oblong, short-acuminate, intensely black-pubescent viih long slightly spreading hairs, triangular-turgid, deeply grooved on the back, straight or curved, its stipe usually rather exceeding the calyx. Rocky banks and gravelly shores, Arctic Am., s. to Nfd., e. Que., and Col. (Eurasia.) Var. Brunetianus Fernald. Commonly larger, the branches mostly 2-6 dm. long ; leaflets usually 15-20 ; mature pods greenish or pale brown, strigose with shorter black or even whitish hairs. Limestone ledges and gravelly shores, e. Que. to Hudson B., s. to s. N. B., centr. Me., and Vt.; also in the Rocky Mts. May-Sept. 9. A. Robbinsii (Oakes) Gray. Nearly smooth and erect, 3 dm. high, slender ; leaflets 7-11 ; calyx more oblong; flowers white; pod oblong (1.2 cm. long), obtuse or acutish, minutely darkish-pubescent, somewhat laterally compressed, not dorsally sulcate or obsoletely so, straight or somewhat incurved, rather ab- ruptly narrowed at base into the often included stipe. Rocky ledges of the Winooski R., Vt. (station now extinct). 10. A. Blakei Eggleston. Habit and foliage nearly as in the preceding, more robust ; corolla larger, bluish-purple ; pod triangular in section, sulcate dorsi. (A. Robbinsii, var. occidentalis Wats., var. Jesupi Eggleston & Sheldon ; A. Jesupi Britton ; A. occidentalis Jones.) Rocky banks, n. Me. to Vt. ; also in Rocky Mts. 11. A. racem&sus Pursh. Stout, 3-6 dm. high, erect or ascending, appressed- pubescent or glabrate ; leaflets 13-25 ; flowers numerous, white, pendent ; calyx rampanulate, gibbous, white-pubescent ; pod straight, narrow, 2.5 cm. Ion--. acute at both ends, triangular-compressed, deeply grooved on the back, the mi- tral edge acute. Neb. to Mo., westw. and north wVst\\. ** *+ Pod sessile. 12. A. parviflbrus (Pursh) MacM. Subcinereous, slender, 3 dm. or more hiuli ; leaflets 11-17, linear-filiform, 1.4-2 cm. long, obtuse or retuse ; racemes loose ; flowers small (6 mm. long) ; pod pendent, 4-6 mm. long, coriaceous, elliptic-ovate, concave on the back, the ventral suture prominent, white-hairy, at length glabrous, transversely veined. (A. gracilis Nutt.) Minn, to Mo., and westw. A. microlobus Gray, with leaflets linear-oblong, retuse, 1-1.2 cm. long. said to have been collected in Mo., is scarcely more than a variety of this. LEGUMLNOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 517 13. A. distdrtus T. & G. Low, diffuse, many-stemmed, subglabrous ; leaflets 17-25, oblong, emarginate ; flowers in a short spike, pale purple ; pod ovate- or lance-oblong, curved, 1.2-1.8 cm. long, glabrous, thick-coriaceous, somewhat grooved on the back, the ventral suture nearly flat. " W. Va." and Miss, to 111., la., arid Tex. 14. A. lotifl&rus Hook. Hoary or cinereous with appressed hairs ; stems very short ; leaflets 7-13, lance-oblong ; flowers yellowish, in feiv-flowered heads, with peduncles exceeding the leaves or very short ; calyx campamtlate, the subulate teeth exceeding the tube ; pod oblong-ovate, 1.8-2.4 cm. long, acuminate, acute at base, canescent, the back more or less impressed, the acute ventral suture nearly straight. Man. to Mo. (Bush}, Tex., and B. C. 2. Pod l-celled, neither suture being inflexed or the ventral more intruded than the dorsal. * Pod sessile in the calyx / valves strongly convex. 15. A. neglSctus (T. & G.) Sheldon. Nearly smooth, erect, 3-6 dm. high; leaflets 11-21, elliptical or oblong, somewhat retuse, minutely hoary beneath ; flowers white, rather numerous, in a short spike ; calyx dark-pubescent ; pod coriaceous, inflated, ovoid-globose, 1.2-1.8 cm. long, acute, glabrous, slightly sul- cate on both sides, cavity webby. (A. Cooperi Gray.) Cliffs and clayey banks, e. Que. (according to Macoun) ; Ont., and w. N. Y. to Minn, and la. 16. A. flexu6sus Dougl. Ashy-puberulent, ascending, 3 to 6 dm. high ; leaf- lets 11-21, mostly narrow ; flowers small, in loose racemes ; pod thin-coriaceous, cylindric, 1.6-2.2 cm. long, 4 mm. broad, pointed, straight or curved, puberulent, very shortly stipitate. Minn, to Col., and northw. 17. A. euc6smus Robinson. Decumbent, ashy-puberulent, 3-6 dm. high ; leaflets 13-15, oblong, 1.2-2.8 cm. long, glabrous above ; long-peduncled racemes at length loose ; flowers small, pale blue or purple ; pod sessile, ovate-oblong, strongly compressed. (A. oroboides, var. americanus Gray ; A. elegans Britton, not Bunge.) Gravelly banks, Lab. to n. Me. ; Rocky Mts. * * Pod slender- stiped j valves flattish. 18. A. tenSllus Pursh. Slender, decumbent, branched from the base, 2-4 dm. high; leaflets 11-15, narrowly oblong to linear, obtuse, pale green; racemes axillary, short-peduncled ; flowers small, 7-9 mm. long ; petals ochroleucous, sometimes pink-tinged ; pod lance-oblong, 1-1.2 cm. long, thin. (A. multiflorus Gray ; Homalobus tenellus Britton.) Dry sandy plains, w. Minn, to N. Mex. and B. C. 33. OXYTROPIS DC. Keel tipped with a sharp projecting point or appendage ; otherwise as in Astragalus. Pod often more or less 2-celled by the intrusion of the ventral suture. Our species low nearly acaulescent perennials, with tufts of numerous very short stems from a hard and thick root or rootstock, covered with scaly adnate stipules ; pinnate leaves of many leaflets ; peduncles scape-like, bearing a head or short spike of flowers. (Name from 6&s, sharp, and rpbiris, keel.) SPIESIA Neck. ARAGALLUS Neck. * Leaves simply pinnate. 1. 0. campe'stris DC., var. johann&nsis Fernald. Villous, 3-5 dm. high ; leaf- lets lanceolate or oblong ; flowers showy, rose-colored, drying purplish-blue ; pods 2-2.5 cm. long, ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, thin and papery. (Var. caerulea Man. ed. 6, not Koch ; Spiesia campestris Britton, in part ; Aragallus johan- nensis Rydb.) Gravelly shores, Gaspe 1 Co. to Isle of Orleans, Que., s. to the RestigoucheR., N. B., and the Aroostook R., Me. 2. 0. Lambert! Pursh. Silky with fine appressed hairs; leaflets mostly linear ; flowers larger, purple, violet, or sometimes white ; pods cartilaginous or firm-coriaceous in texture, silky-pubescent, strictly erect, cylindraceous- lanceolate and long-pointed, almost 2-celled by intrusion of the ventral suture. 518 LK<;r.MINOSAE (PULSK FAMILY) (Spiesia Rtze. ; Arayallus Greene.) Dry plains, Sask. and Minn, to Mo. and Tex., w. to the ints. * * Leaflets numerous, mostly in fascicles o/o-4 along the rhachis. 3. 0. sp!6ndens Dougl. Silky-villous, 1.6-3 dm. high ; scape spicately several- many-flowered ; flowers erect-spreading ; pod ovate, erect, 2-celled, hardly sur- passing the very villous calyx. (Spiesia Ktze. ; Aragallus Greene.) Plains of Sask. and w. Minn, to N. Mex. and the Rocky Mts. 34. GLYCYRRHiZA [Tourn.] L. LIQUORICE Calyx with the two upper lobes shorter or partly united. Anther-cells con- fluent at the apex, the alternate ones smaller. Pod ovate or oblong-linear, compressed, scarcely dehiscent, few-seeded. The flower, etc., otherwise as in Astragalus. Long perennial root sweet (whence the name, from yXvicfo, sweet, and plfa, root} ; herbage glandular-viscid ; leaves odd-pinnate, with minute stipules ; flowers in axillary spikes, white or bluish. 1. G. lepidbta (Nutt.) Pursh. (WILD L.) Tall- (6-9 dm. high) ; leaflets 15-19, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, sprinkled with little scales when young, and with corresponding dots when old ; spikes peduncled, short ; flowers whitish ; pods oblong, beset with hooked prickles. Hudson B. and Minn, to Mo., N. Mex., and westw. ; also sporadically on waste land, etc., eastw. 35. AESCHYN6MENE L. SENSITIVE JOINT VETCH Calyx 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Standard roundish ; keel boat-shaped. Stamens diadelphous in two sets of 5 each. Pod flattened, com- posed of several easily separable joints. Leaves odd-pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence the name, from aiffxwo^vij, being ashamed). I. A. virginica (L.) BSP. Erect bristly annual; leaflets 37-61, linear; racemes few-flowered ; flowers yellow, reddish externally ; pod stalked, 6-10- jointed. (A. hispida Willd.) Along rivers, N. J. and s. Pa. to Fla. and La. 36. CORONILLA L. Calyx 5-toothed. Standard orbicular ; keel incurved. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1. Pod terete or 4-angled, jointed ; the joints subcylindric. Glabrous herbs or shrubs, with pinnate leaves, and the flowers in umbels terminating axillary peduncles. (Diminutive of corona, a crown, alluding to the inflorescence.) 1. C. vAniA L. A perennial herb with ascending stems ; leaves sessile ; leaf- lets 16-26, oblong ; flowers rose-color ; pods coriaceous, 3-7 -jointed, the 4-angled joints 6-8 mm. long. Roadsides and waste places, N. E. to N. J. (Nat. from Eu.) 37. HEDYSARUM [Tourn.] L. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight, obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the wings. Stamens diadel- phous, 9 and 1. Pod flattened, composed of several equal-sided separable roundish joints connected in the middle. Perennial herbs ; leaves odd-pinnate. (Name composed of ^Stfs, sweet, and Apu^a, smell.') 1. H. boreale Nutt. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly glabrous ; stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole ; raceme of many deflexed magenta to white flowers; standard shorter than the keel; joints of the pod 3-4, smooth, reticulated. (H. americanum Britton.) Rocky or gravelly banks, Nfd. ami Lab. to Alaska, s. to St. John Valley, N. B. and Me., ints. of n. Vt., n. shore of L. Superior, S. Dak., and Rocky Mts. to Col. June-Aug. LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 519 38. DESM6DIUM Desv. TICK TREFOIL Calyx usually 2-lipped. Standard obovate ; wings adherent to the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little transverse append- age on each side of the latter. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1 , or monadelphous below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating into flat reticu- lated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked hairs). Perennial herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellate. Flowers in axil- lary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from each bract, purple or purplish, often turning green in withering. Stipules and bracts scale-like, often striate. (Name from 5en*'\ var. Hook. ; D. canescens, var. villosissimum T. & G.; Meibomia canescens, var. hirsuta Vail.) 111. and Mo. to Tenn. 8. D. bractebsum (Michx.) DC. Very smooth except the panicle; stem straight ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, green and glabrous on both sides, longer than the petiole ; the conspicuous bracts and stipules 1-1.5 cm. long ; joints of the pod rhomboid- oblong, smoothish. (D. cuspidatum Hook. ; Mfibnmhi iirnrtt-nsa Ktze.) Thickets, s. N. H. to Minn., and sMiithw. FIG. T'.HI. Var. longifblium (T. & G.) Robinson. Stem with some persisting pubes- cence ; leaflets scabrous above, villous beneath. (D. canadense, var. T. & G. ; Meibomia longifoUa Vail.) Mich, to Kan. and Ark. t- H- Pods of 3-5 oval joints (not over 6 mm. long). !>. D. illinoSnse Gray. Erect, 1-2 m. high ; stem and leaves with short rough pubescence ; leaflets ovate-oblong or -lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, obtuse, 790. D. LEGTJMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 521 791. D. illinoense. Stem 6-15 dm. high, erect; 792. D. laevigatuui. 793. D. viridiflorum. subcoriaceous, cinereous beneath, veins and vein- lets prominent, strongly reticulated, the lower leaflets nearly equaling the petiole ; pods scarcely over 2. 5 cm. long, sinuate on both margins (more deeply below). (Meibomia Ktze.) Dry ground, Lakeside, O. (Moseley} ; Jackson Co., Mich. ( Wheeler} ; 111. to Neb. , Kan. , and Okla. FIG. 791 . stipules and bracts mostly deciduous, small and inconspicuous; joints of the pod 3-5, triangular or half-rhombic or very unequal-sided and rhomboidal, longer than broad, 6 mm. or less in length ; flowers middle-sized. 10. D. laevigatum (Nutt.) DC. Smooth or nearly so throughout; stem straight ; leaflets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath, 5-7.5 cm. long, thin and without prominulous reticulation ; panicles mi- nutely rough-pubescent. (Meibomia Ktze.) Pine woods, s. N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., Mo., and Tex. FIG. 792. From Va. southw. passing to D. RHOM- BIF6LIUM (Ell.) DC., a more pubescent plant, with thickish leaves, the veins prominulous beneath. (Mei- bomia Vail. ) 11. D. viridifl&rum (L.) Beck. Stem very downy, rough at the summit ; leaflets broadly ovate, very obtuse, rough above, whitened with a soft velvety down underneath, 5-7.5 cm. long. (Meibomia Ktze.) Dry open woods, common, s. N. Y. to Fla., Mich., Mo., and Tex. FIG. 793. 12. D. Dilldnii Darl. Stem pubescent ; leaflets oblong or oblong-ovate, commonly bluntish, pale beneath, softly and finely pubescent, mostly thin, 5-7.6 cm. long. (Meibomia Ktze.) Open woodlands, centr. Me. to Ont. , Minn., and southw. FIG. 794. 13. D. paniculatum (L.) DC. Essentially smooth throughout ; stem slender, tall ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point, thin, 7.5-12.5 cm. long ; racemes much panicled. (Mei- ftommKtze.) Copses, s. w. Me. to Ont., Minn., and southw. FIG. 795. Var. angustifMium T. & G. Leaflets narrower, lance-linear. (Meibomia pani- culata, var. Chapmani Britton.) Va., Ky., and southw. Var. pubens T. & G. Stem puberulent ; leaves sparingly pubescent beneath. (Meibomia paniculata, var. Vail.) N. J. to Kan., and southw. 14. D. strictum (Pursh) DC. Stem very straight and slender, simple, 6-9 dm. high, the upper part and narrow panicle rough- glandular ; leaflets linear, blunt, strongly reticulated, thickish, very smooth, * 2.5-5 cm. long, 6 mm. wide ; joints of the pod 1-3, semi-obovate or very gibbous, only 4 mm. long. (Meibomia Ktze.) Pine woods, N. J. to Fla. and La. FIG. 796. * * * Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous ; pods of few roundish or obliquely oval or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints 3-5 mm. long. +- Stems erect; bracts before flowering conspicuous ; racemes densely flowered. 15. D. canad6nse (L.) DC. Stem hairy, 5-15 dm. high ; leaflets oblong- D. Dillenii. 795. D. paniculatum. 796. D. strictum. 522 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 797. D. canadense. Sandy soil, s. e. Mass, to Pa. and Tex. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numer- ous straightish veins, much longer than the petiole, 3.7-7.6 cm. long ; flowers showy, larger than in any of our other species, 8-12 mm. long. (Meibomia Ktze. ) Open woods and banks of streams, N. B. to N. C., L. Winnipeg, Kan., and Okla. FIG. 71)7. 16. D. sessilifblium (Torr.) T. &G. Stem pubes- cent, 6-12 dm. high; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated, rough above, downy beneath ; branches of the panicle long; flowers small. (Meibomia Ktze.) fro and from O. and Mich, to 111., s. to Miss. - +- Stems ascending, 3-9 dm. high ; bracts small ; racemes or panicles elon- gated and loosely flowered ; flowers small. 17. D. rigidum (Ell.) DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lower surface of the leaves, with a close roughish pubescence ; leaflets ovate-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer than the petiole. (Meibomia Ktze.) Dry hillsides, s. N. H. and e. Mass, to Fla., Mich., Neb., and La. FIG. 798. 18. D. obtusum (Muhl.) DC. Stem slender, hairy or rough- pubescent; leaves crowded, on very short hairy petioles ; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, more or less hairy on the margins and underneath, 1.2-2.5 cm. long. (D. ciliare DC. ; Meibomia obtusa Vail.) Dry hills and sandy fields, Mass, to Fla., w. to 793. Out., Mich., Mo., and Tex. 19. D. marildndicum (L. ) DC. Nearly smooth throughout, slender ; leaflets ovate or roundish, very obtuse, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the slender petiole; otherwise resembling the preceding. (Meibomia Ktze.) Copses, Mass, to Fla., w. to Minn., Mo., and La. *- -- H- Stems reclining or prostrate ; racemes loosely flowered. 20. D. lineatum (Michx.) DC. Stem minutely pubescent, striate-angled ; leaflets orbicular, smoothish, 1-2.5 cm. long, much longer than the petiole ; pod scarcely stalked in the calyx. (Meibomia arenicola Vail.) Dry soil, Md. and Va. to Fla. and also (?) Erie Co., O. (Moseley). FIG. 799. 799. D. lineatum. La. 39. LESPEDEZA Michx. BUSH CLOVER Calyx 5-cleft ; the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) ; anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1-seeded joint (sometimes 2-jointed, with the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, flat, reticulated. Herbs with pitmately 3-foliolate leaves, not stipellate. Flowers often polyga- mous, in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to Lespedez, the Spanish governor of Florida in the time of Michaux.) ls; the lai-irer (violet-purplo) perfect but loi-r or panielrd : the smaller pistill.-ite an i talons, in small sessile clusters or interim: seldom i,l fertile intermixed with . Stipules subulate-setaceous; bracts minute; calyx-lobes attenuate; perennials /<. l>. Flowers of 2 kinds; fruitful, but mostly apetali the others <. C. Petaliferous flowers !-(>. on elongate filiform peduncles, which are mostly _' t times as loin: as their subtending leave-. Stems soft-downy with short spreading hairs Steins glabrate or sparingly appressed-pubcscent. Stems [.rostrate or trailing ; stipules mostly '.>-4.r> mm. lon-r Stems upright : stipules mostly ;"> s mm. long .... e. Petaliferous (lower-; f.-w manv ; pi-diincles stouter, some or all of them shorter than the leaves d. d. Many of the peduncles clonirate and exceeding their subtending leaves. 1 . Z. procumbent. 2. L. repent. 8. L. viofacea. LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 523 Calyx 4-5 mm. long, much shorter than the pod. Leaflets densely velvety beneath 4. L. Brittonii. Leaflets appressed-pubescent or sparingly villous beneath . 5. L. Nuttallii. Calyx 6-9 mm. long, about equaling the pod . . . 6. L. Manniana. d. Few if any of the peduncles exceeding the leaves e. e. Calyx of the petaliferous flowers 3-5 mm. long, rarely half as long as the pod. Leaflets densely woolly or velvety beneath . . . 7. L. Stwoei. Leaflets glabrate or appressed-pubescent beneath. Leaflets linear to linear-oblong ; petaliferous inflorescences mostly sessile or subsessile 8. L. virginica. Leaflets oval to oblong ; petaliferous inflorescences often short-peduncled 9. L. frutescens. e. Calyx of the petaliferous flowers 6-8 mm. long, two thirds as long as the pod 10. L. simulata. b. Flowers all alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads ; corolla whitish or cream-color, with a purple spot on the standard, about the length of the calyx /. /. Peduncles mostly shorter than the dense 'subglobose heads ; flowers closely appressed-ascending. Stem pubescent with long spreading or loosely ascending hairs, rarely glabrate ; calyx 8-1 '2 rnm. long 12. L. capitata. Stem short-pubescent with chiefly appressed hairs or glabrate ; calyx 5-7 mm. long ... 13. L. angustifolia. f. Peduncles elongate, chiefly equaling the cylindric or subcylindric spikes. Spikes thick-cylindric, 1-1.5 cm. thick. Stems with long spreading or loosely ascending pubescence ; leaflets oblong to orbicular ; flowers spreading or loosely ascending 11. L. hirta. Stems chiefly appressed-pubescent or glabrate; leaflets linear to linear-oblong ; flowers appressed-ascending . . . . 13. L. anffustifolia. Spikes slender-cylindric, 5-S mm. thick 14. L. leptostacJiya. a. Stipules and bracts broad and scarious; calyx-lobes broad; annual . 15. L, striata. 1. L. prociimbens Michx. Stem trailing , prostrate or nearly so, soft-downy with short spreading hairs ; leaflets downy, oval or obovate-elliptical, 6-18 mm. long ; peduncles very slender, few-flowered ; keel equaling the wings ; pod small, roundish. Dry sandy soil, chiefly near the coast, s. N. H. to Fla. and Tex. ; inland in Miss, basin to Mo., 111., and Ind. Fl. late Aug., Sept. 2. L. rdpens (L.) Bart. Like the preceding but more slender and glabrous or finely appressed-pu'bescent; stipules subrigid, mostly 2-4.5 mm. long. Sandy or rocky soil, chiefly near the coast, Ct. to Fla. and Tex., inland in Miss, basin to Ky., Ind., and Minn. ; common and said to flower earlier than the preceding. 3. L. violacea (L.) Pers. Stems upright or spreading, slender, branched, 2-7 dm. high, rather sparsely leafy and sparingly pubescent ; stipules setaceous, mostly 5-8 mm. long; leaflets thin, broadly oval or oblong, finely appressed- pubescent beneath, those of the stem-leaves mostly 2-5 cm. long, 1.2-2.2 cm. broad; peduncles very slender, loosely few-flowered, mostly longer than the leaves ; petals 6-8 mm. long, the keel often the longest ; pod ovate, 4-6 mm. long, minutely strigose. Dry copses, s. N. H. and Vt. to Minn., e. Kan., La., and Fla., chiefly at low altitudes. July-Sept. Var. PRAIREA Mackenzie & Bush. Principal leaflets 1-2 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. broad. (L. prairea Britton.) Dry prairies, Mo. and Kan., south w. 4. L. Britt&nii Bicknell. Densely cinereous-velvety or -tomentose; stems loosely ascending or arching, 6-13 dm. long ; leaves mostly short-petioled, the thick oblong or lance-elliptic leaflets velvety beneath, cinereous-pilose or glabrate above, the principal ones 1.5-4 cm. long ; inflorescences numerous along the upper half of the stem or on short lateral branches ; peduncles various, some shorter than the leaves, others elongate ; calyx 4-5 mm. long ; corolla 6-8 mm. long, pink and purple, the standard deeper purple at base ; pod tomentose, sharply acute or acuminate. Dry soil, near the coast, e. Mass, to Md. ; local and little known. 15. L. Nuttallii Darl. Stems erect, stoutish, 6-12 dm. high, villous; leaves mostly long(l-3 cm.)-petioled, the oval leaflets glabrous or glabrate above, appressed-pubescent or sparingly villous beneath, the principal ones 2.5-4 cm. long ; peduncles of various lengths ; calyx 4-5 mm. long, much shorter than the 524 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) narrowly oval strigose pod Dry rocky woods, s. N. H. to Mich., s. to N. C. and Ky. 6. L. Manniana Mackenzie & Bush. Erect or ascending, 3-7 dm. high, the rather slender stems appressed-pubescent or slightly pilose ; leaves mostly short (0.5-1.5 cm.)-petioled, the linear-oblong to narrowly elliptic thick leaflet* strigose-pubescent beneath ; peduncles various, many of them elongate ; cnlys 6-9 mm. long, about equaling the corolla and the strigose pod. Barrens and dry open woods, Mich, to Kan. and Ark. 7. L. Stuvei Nutt. Stem upright-spreading, 3-12 dm. high, very leafy, downy with spreading pubescence, simple or with few densely flowered wand- like branches ; leaves crowded, short-petioled ; the elliptical firm leaflets wot>//r., and southw. Resembling no. 12. 11. L. hfrta (L.) Hornem. Stem with mostly spreading pubescence ; petioles 4-12 mm. long ; leaflets from orbicular to oblong-ovate, hairy ; spikes thick- cylindric, on elongated peduncles ; pod (at maturity) oblong-ovate, pubescent, nearly (> mm. long, hardly shorter than the calyx. (L. polystachya Michx.) Dry hills and plains, s. Me. to Ont., Minn., and southw. Var. OBLONGIF6LIA Britton. Leaflets narrowly oblong. Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. 12. L. capitata Michx. Stems rigid, tomentose (rarely glabrous or glabrate), 0.6-1.2 m. high; petioles very short; leaflets oblong to narrowly elli^tlcul. thick- ish, reticulated and smooth or silky above, silky beneath ; heads of flov< /> globular, on peduncles shorter than the leaves ; pod oblong-ovate, pubescent, min-fi shorter than the calyx. Dry and sandy soil, N. E. to Fla., w. to Minn., NrK. and La. Passing gradually to Var. velutina (Bicknell) Fernald. Stems and both faces of the leaves velvety icith short dull ashy tomentum. (L. velutina Bicknell ; L. Bicknell ii House.) N. H. to N. J. Var. Iongif61ia (DC.) T. & G. Leaflets narrower, lance-oblong to linear, acute, glabrous above. 111. and Mo. to Ky. and La. I". L. angustifblia (Pursh) Kll. Like the last, but mostly appressed-silky ; leaflets linear; the smaller often short-cylindric heads on tlistiix't and sometimes LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 525 slender peduncles ; the pod round-ovate, acutish, 3-4 mm. long, hardly shorter than the calyx. Sandy barrens, e. Mass, to Fla. and La. 14. L. leptostachya Engelm. Clothed with appressed silky pubescence ; stems often branched, slender ; leaflets linear to narrowly oblong ; spikes slen- der, somewhat loosely flowered, on peduncles as long as the leaves ; pod ovate, small (3 mm. long), about equaling the calyx, densely pubescent. 111., Wise., Minn., and la. 15. L. STRIATA (Thunb.) H. & A. Diffusely branched decumbent sub- pubescent annual; petioles very short ; leaflets oblong-obovate, 1.2 cm. long or less ; peduncles very short, 1-5-flowered ; pod small, little exceeding the calyx. Roadsides and open soil, D. C. to Mo., and southw. (Nat. from e. Asia.) 40. STYLOSANTHES Sw. Calyx early deciduous ; tube slender and stalk-like ; limb unequally 4-5-cleft, the lower lobe more distinct. Corolla and monadelphous stamens inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube ; standard orbicular ; keel incurved. Anthers 10, in two series. Style filiform, its upper part deciduous, the lower incurved or hooked, persistent on the 1-2-jointed short reticulated pod ; the lower joint when present empty and stalk-like. Low perennials, branched from the base, with wiry stems, pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, and small yellow flowers in terminal heads or short spikes. (Name composed of o-rOXos, a column, aud &vBos, a flower, from the stalk-like calyx-tube.) 1. S. biflbra (L. ) B S P. Erect or spreading, pubescent and tawny-setose about the few-flowered heads; leaflets narrowly lanceolate, mostly acute at both ends; uppermost floral bracts entire ; style not quite apical on the fruit. (S. elatior Sw.) Pine barrens and dry soil, near the coast, L. I. and N. J. to Fla. and Tex. ; northw. in Miss, basin to Kan., Mo., 111., and Ind. June-Aug. Var. hispidissima (Michx.) Pollard & Ball. Stems covered with tawny setose pubescence. (S. elatior, var. T. & G.) Va., Okla., and southw. 2. S. riparia Kearney. More slender and decumbent, scarcely setose ; stems tomentulose in lines ; leaflets oval or elliptical, obtuse, mucronulate ; uppermost bracts cleft ; terminal joint of the loment symmetrical. Del. to Ala. July, Aug. 41. Z6RNIA Gmel. Calyx bilabiate, 5-toothed, the tube not elongated. Corolla yellow. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary sessile. Prostrate wiry-stemmed perennials with long tough root. (Named presumably for Johann Zorn, a German apothecary of the 18th century.) 1. Z. bracteata (Walt.) Gmel. Leaves 4-foliolate. Sandy fields, s. e. Va. (Heller), and southw. (Mex.) 42. VICIA [Tourn.] L. VETCH. TARE Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter, or the lowest longer. Wings of the corolla adhering to the middle of the keel. Stamens more or less diadelphous (9 and 1) ; the orifice of the tube oblique. " Style filiform, hairy all round or only on the back at the apex. Pod flat, 2-valved, 2-several- seeded. Seeds globular. Cotyledons very thick, remaining under ground in gerni ination. Herbs, mostly climbing more or less by the tendril at the end of the pinnate leaves. Stipules half-sagittate. Flowers or peduncles axillary. (The classical Latin name. ) Peduncle very short or wanting ; flowers few, 1-3 cm. long. Annuals ; calyx-teeth nearly equaling the tube. Flower 2-8 cm. long 1. V. saliva. Flower 1-1. S cm. long 2. F. angustifolia. Perennjal ; calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube 3. F. sepium. 526 LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) Peduncle well developed. Flowers 1-6, tiny (2^i inm. long) ; seeds 2-4 ; annuals. Pods glabrous, 4-seeded 4. V. tetrasperma. Pods hairy, '2-seeded 5. V. hirsuta. Flowers usually more numerous, larger ; perennials except no. 10. Smooth or merely appressed-pubescent perennials. Flowers 6-12 mm. long. Flowers 2-8 ; seeds 4-6 6. V. lurici,n,n. Flowers more numerous ; seeds 6-12. Flowers 1-1.2 cm. long, blue and purple 7. V. Graced. Flowers barely 1 cm. long, white, the keel tipped with blue . 3. V. carol iniana. Flowers 1.5-1.8 cm. long 9. V. americana. Villous annual or biennial 10. V. villona. 1. V. SATIVA L. (SPRING V.) Annual (or winter-annual), pubescent, becom- ing glabrate ; the stem simple or branched at base ; leaves essentially uniform ; leaflets 4-8 pairs, oblong to oblong-obovate, truncate to emarginate and inucro- nate at apex, 1.5-3 cm. long, 5-13 mm. broad ; flowers chiefly in twos in the upper axils, 2-3 cm. long, showy, purple and rose-color; calyx 1-1.5 cm. long; pod pubescent when young, torulose, 4-8 cm. long, 7-8 mm. wide. Cultivated for forage in eastern Canada and occasionally elsewhere, and sometimes persist- ing or spreading to waste ground. July, Aug. (Introd. from Eurasia.) 2. V. ANGUSTIFOLIA (L.) Reichard. (COMMON V.) Similar, glabrous or glabrate ; leaflets 2-5 (rarely 6) pairs, those of the lower leaves oblong and trun- cate, of the upper linear- to lance-attenuate, mucronate, 1.5-3 cm. long. 1-4 mm. broad; flowers smaller (1-1.8 cm. long} ; calyx 7-11 mm. long; pod 4-5.5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, less torulose. Gravelly waste places, chiefly eastw. May- Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) Var. SEGETXLIS (Thuillier) Koch. Leaflets of the upper leaves truncate or emarginate and mucronate at apex, oblong to oblong-obovate, 2-8 mm. broad. (V. sativa Man. ed. 6, not L.) Roadsides, waste places, etc., common. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. V. SEPIUM L. Perennial ; leaflets 5-8 pairs, elliptic-ovate ; flowers 3-4, in subsessile racemes ; pod oblong, obliquely acuminate, many-seeded. Locally in fields and waste places, Me. to Ont. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. V. TETRASPERMA (L.) Moench. Peduncles l-2-flowered leaflets 4-6 pairs, linear-oblong, obtuse ; calyx-teeth unequal ; corolla bluish ; pods narrow, ^-seeded, smooth. Waste places, e. Que. to Ont, Fla., and Miss. May-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 5. V. HiRsfrTA (L.) S. F. Gray. Peduncles 3-6-flowered; leaflets 0-8 pairs, truncate ; calyx-teeth equal ; corolla whitish ; pods oblong, 2-seeded, hairy. Waste places, e. Que. to Ont. and Ga. May-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) (>. V. ludoviciana Nutt. Peduncles f-1* times as long as the leaves, 2-8- flowered; leaflets 7-11, elliptical to oblong; flowers G-8 mm. long, blue or pur- ple. Greene Co., Mo. (Blankinship), and southw. Apr., May. 7. V. Cracca L. Appressed-pubescent; leaflets 8-24, oblong-lanceolate, strongly mucronate ; racemes densely many-flowered, 1-sided ; flowers blue, turning purple (rarely white), 1-1.2 cm. long, reflexed ; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. Borders of thickets or in fields, Nfd. to N. J., w. to Ky., la., and Minn. June- Aug. (Eu.) 8. V. caroliniana Walt. Nearly smooth ; leaflets 8-24, nblnnii, ni>tHtn; scarcely mucronate; peduncles loosely flowered ; flowers small, more scattered than in the preceding, whitish, the keel tipped with blue ; calyx-teeth very short. River-banks,' Ont. to Ga., Minn., and Kan. Apr. -June. '. V. americana Muhl. Glabrous; leaflets 10-14, elliptical or ovate-oblong. very obtuse, many-veined; peduncles 4-S-flowered ; flowers purplish (1.5-1.8 cm. long). Moist soil, N. Y. to Va., Minn., Kan., and westw. May. June. Var. IKI M VIA (Nutt.) Brewer. Leaflets conspicuously truncate. Reported from e, Kan. Var. ANGUSTIFX^LIA Nees. Leaflets linear. (Var. linearis Wats.) Minn., westw. and southw. 10. V. VILLOSA Roth. (HAIRY or WINTER V.) Resembling T". Cracca, but inniiinf "i- hii iininl ; tin' .v/rms, t >i>ttx; the violet ami white flowers larger. Frequently planted for fodder, and inclined to persist or ese;ipc into dry open soil. May-Sept. (Introd. from Kurasia.) LEGUMIXOSAE (PULSE FAMILY) 527 43. LATHYRUS [Tourn.] L. VETCHLING. EVERLASTING PEA Style dilated and flattish (not grooved) above, hairy along the inner side (next the free stamen). Sheath of the filaments scarcely oblique at the apex. Otherwise nearly as in Vicia. Our species perennial and mostly smooth plants. (Adflvpos, a leguminous plant of Theophrastus.) Stipules broadly ovate, regularly halberd-shaped 1. Z. maritimus. Stipules semi-cordate, semi-sagittate, or with unequal sides. Flowers purple or purplish to pink or white. Leaflets 4-12. Principal leaves with 4-8 leaflets ; flowers 2-8 2. Z. paluslris. Principal leaves with 8-12 leaflets ; flowers 10-25 (rarely as few as 6) . 3. Z. venosua. Leaflets 2. Stems and petioles winged 5. Z. latifolius. Stems and petioles slender and wingless 6. Z. tuberosus. Flowers yellow or yellowish. Leaflets 4-6 ; flowers yellowish-white 4. Z. ochroleucus. Leaflets 2 ; flowers bright yellow 7. Z. pratensis. 1. L. marltimus (L.) Bigel. (BEACH PEA.) Stout, trailing or climbing, 0.3- 1 m. high ; stipules nearly as large as the leaflets, the lower lobe larger and usually coarsely toothed ; leaflets mostly 0-10, thick, ovate-oblong, 2-6 cm. long ; peduncles a little shorter than the leaves, 6-10-flowered ; flowers large (1.8-2.5 cm. long), purple. Seashores from N. J. and Ore. to the Arctic Sea; also on Oneida L., N. Y.. and the Great Lakes. June-Sept. (Eurasia.) 2. L. palustris L. Slender, glabrous, the usually winged stems 0.5-1 m. high ; stipules obliquely lanceolate to ovate, sharp-pointed at both ends,' leaflets 3-4 (rarely 5) pairs, mostly 3.5-7 cm. long, lanceolate to elliptic, rather firm ; peduncles 3-5(rareZy 8) -flowered ; flowers purple, 1.6-2.5 cm. long. Banks of rivers and lakes, Que. to Alaska, s. to Me., Vt., w. N. Y., and the Great L. region. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) Var. piL6sus (Cham.) Ledeb. Lower surface of leaves, peduncles, calyces, etc. , pubescent. {L. myrtifolius, var. macranthus T. G. White.) Nfd. and e. Que. to e. Me. (E. Asia.) Var. linearifblius Ser. Stems winged, 2-7 cm. high ; leaflets 2-3 (rarely 4) pairs, linear to lanceolate, firm ; peduncles 2-5-flowered ; flowers 1.4-1.7 cm. long. Meadows (often brackish), shores, and open woods, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to R. I., w. N. Y., and Minn. Var. myrtifblius (Muhl.) Gray. Stems very slender, wingless, 0.3-1 m. high ; stipules sometimes broader; leaflets 2-3 pairs, elliptical, thinner, mostly 2- 4 cm. long; peduncles 3-9-flowered ; flowers 1-1.5 cm. long. (L. myrtifolius Muhl.) By lakes and streams, w. Que. to Man., s. to N. C. and Tenn. 3. L. venbsus Muhl. Stout, climbing, usually somewhat downy ; stipules very small and mostly slender ; leaflets 4-6 pairs, oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse, about 5 cm. long ; peduncles many-flowered; flowers 1.2-1.6 cm. long. Shady banks, N. J. and Pa. to the Sask., and southw. May-July. 4. L. ochroleucus Hook. Stem slender, 3-9 dm. high ; stipules semicordate, half as large as the thin ovate leaflets; peduncles 7-10-flowered ; flowers 1.5-1.8 cm', long, yellowish-white. Hillsides, w. Que/ to Sask., s. to N. J., Pa., Great L. region, la., S. Dak., and Wyo. May-July. 5. L. LATiFftLius L. (EVERLASTING or PERENNIAL PEA.) Tall perennial with broadly winged stems; leaves and stipules coriaceous and veiny ; petioles mostly winged; the 2 elliptic to lanceolate leaflets 0.5-1 dm. long; peduncles stiff, many-flowered; flowers showy, pink, purple, or white. Frequently cultivated, and escaping to roadsides and thickets, Ct. to 1). C. (Introd. from Eu.) 6. L. T.uBER6sus L. Slender perennial ; the rootstocks bearing numerous tubers ; stems glabrous ; leaves and stipules thin; petioles and tendrils filiform ; I the 2 oblong leaflets 2-3.5 cm. long ; peduncles filiform, 3-6-flowered ; the fra- grant violet flowers about 1.5 cm. long. Fields and meadows, locally established in Vt. and Ont. June-Aug. (Introd. from Eurasia.) 7. L. PRATENSIS L. Low and straggling ; the 2 bright green leaflets narrowly 528 LEGUM1SOSSAE (PULSE FAMILY) lanceolate to linear, acute; peduncles 4-9-flowered; the yellow flowers 1.6-2 cm. long. Fields and waste places, local, N. B. to N. Y. and Out, June- Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) 44. APIOS [Boerh.j Ludwig. GROUNDNUT. WILD BEAN Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the upper very short, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed ; the long scythe-shaped keel strongly incurved, at length coiled. Stamens diadelphous. Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. Perennials, twining and climbing over bushes ; the rootstocks with tuberous enlargements. Leaflets 3- ( ., ovate-lanceolate, obscurely stipellate. Flowers in dense and short often branching racemes. (Name from &TTIOV, a pair, from the shape of the tubers.) 1. A. tuberbsa Moench. Rootstocks moniliform, the tuberous enlargements numerous ; flowers brown-purple, violet-scented; standard unappendaged at the summit. (A. Apios MacM.) Thickets, N. B. to Fla., Minn., Kan., and La. July-Sept. 2. A. Priceana Robinson. Tuber solitary, very large; flowers pale rose- color; standard bearing a fleshy knob at the apex. Woods and thickets, Warren Co., Ky. (Miss S. F. Price}. July-Sept. 45. PHASEOLUS [Tourn.] L. KIDNEY BEAN Calyx 6-toothed or 5-cleft, the two upper teeth often shallower. Stamens diadelphous. Stigma oblique or lateral. Pod scythe-shaped, several-many- seeded, tipped with the hardened base of the style. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, rising out of the ground nearly unchanged in germination. Twining herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers racemose, produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the Kidney Bean.) 1. P. polysUchyus (L.) BSP. (WILD BEAN.) Perennial; leaflets round- ish-ovate, short-pointed ; flowers purple, handsome, but small ; pods drooping, 4-5-seeded. (P. perennis Walt.) Copses, chiefly near the coast, Ct. to Fla. and La.; northw. in Miss, basin to Mo., 111., and Ind.; reported northw. to Minn, and Neb. July-Sept. 46. VIGNA Savi Habit and floral characters nearly as in Phaseolus, but the keel merely arcu- ate not spirally coiled at the tip. Twining herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves. (Dedicated to Dominico Vigna, Italian scientist of the 17th century.) 1. V. siNENsis (L.) Endl. (Cow PEA.) Annual ; leaflets broadly ovate, often very oblique or sometimes slightly contracted above an obtusely hastate base ; flowers few, loosely subcapitate at the end of the long stiffish peduncle ; pods 1-2 dm. long. (V. Catjang Walp.) Cultivated, and tending to escape, Mo. (Bush), 8. to the Gulf. (Introd. from Asia.) 47. STROPHOSTYLES Ell. Keel of the corolla with the included stamens and style elongated, strongly incurved, not spirally coiled. Pod linear, terete or flattish. straight or nearly so. See. Is quadrate or oblong with truncate ends, mealy-pubescent or i:lal>rate ; hilum linear. Otherwise as Phaseolus. Stems prostrate or climbing, more or less retro rsely hairy. Stipules and bracts striate. (Name from 7r6s, fruit, in allusion to the two kinds of pods.) FALCATA Gmel. 1. A. monofca (L.) Ell. Leaflets thin, i.3-5 cm. long; racemes nodding; calyx of the upper flowers 4 mm. long ; the ovary glabrous except the mostly appressed hairy margin ; pod 2.5 cm. long ; ovary and pod of the rudimentary flowers hairy. (Falcata comosa Am. auth.; Glycine comosa L. ?) Rich damp woodlands, common. Aug., Sept. 2. A. Pitchdri T. & G. Leaflets usually 5-10 cm. long ; rhachis of the ra- cemes usually villous ; calyx 6 mm. long, the teeth acuminate ; pod sometimes hairy on the valves, the margins retrorse-hispid. (Falcata Ktze.) Rich woods and thickets, near the coast, Mass, to D. C.; and from w. N. Y. to S. Dak., s. to La. and Tex. July-Sept. 52. GALACTIA P. Br. MILK PEA Keel scarcely incurved. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so. Pods linear, flat, several-seeded (a few of them rarely subterranean and fleshy or deformed). Low mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usually 3, stipellate. Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish ; in summer. (Name from yd\a, milk; some species being said to yield a milky juice, which is unlikely.) 1. G. regularis (L.) BSP. Stems nearly smooth, prostrate; leaflets elliptical or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath ; racemes short, 4-8-flowered ; pods somewhat hairy. (G. glabella Michx.) Sandy woods, near the coast, s. N. Y. to Fla. and Miss.; locally northw. in Miss, basin to Kan. July, Aug. 2. G. volubilis (L.) Britton. Stems decumbent and somewhat twining, hoary-pubescent; leaves glabrous above, soft-downy and hoary beneath; leaflets oval; racemes many-flowered; pods very downy. (G-. pilosa Ell.) Dry soil, near the coast, L. I. to Fla. and Tex. Var. MISSISSIPPIENSIS Vail. Leaves pubescent above. Miss, basin, from Mo. southw. 53. RHYNCH6SIA Lour. Stamens diadelphous. Ovules only 2. Pod 1-2-seeded, flat, 2-valved. Perennial herbs, with leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, or with a single leaflet, not stipellate. Flowers yellow, racemose or clustered. (Name from /M-yx 05 ? beak, from the shape of the keel.) * Stem elongated, trailing or twining ; leaflets 3. 1. R. tomentbsa (L.) -II. & A. Trailing and twining ; the stem and leaves more or less pubescent with spr<< liny huh'* ; (<-i(tlets 3, roundish or rottnd-rh, acute or acutish ; racemes short, few-flowered, almost senile; calyx 8-10 nun. long, about equaling the corolla, 4-parted, the upper lobe 2-cleft ; pod oblong. Dry soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex. 2. R. latif&lia Nutt. Soft-pubescent ; h.ijh-ts large, ovate, rounded at the base; racnm-H hint/, many-flowered, equaling or usually exceeding the leaves; calyx-lubes lance-linear, 1.1-1.3 cm. long, equaling the corolla. Mo. (Btixh) to La. and Tex. * * Erect; stem short- /. 3. R. er6cta (Walt.) DC. Stem (3-0 dm. high) and leaves more or less to- mentnM' ; h-ujlcAs 3, oval to oblong, obtuse or acutish ; racemes short and shortly pedunculate. Dry soil, Del. to Fla. and Miss. LINACEAE (FLAX FAMILY) 531 4. R. simplicif&lia (Walt.) Wood. Dwarf (1-2 dm. high) ; pubescence spreading ; leaflets solitary (rarely 3), round- reniform, very obtuse or apiculate ; racemes few-flowered, sessile in the axils. (R.reniformis DC.) Ya. to Fla. and Miss. LINACEAE (FLAX FAMILY) Herbs (rarely shrubs) with the regular and symmetrical hypogynous flowers 4-(')-merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, 5 sta- mens monadelphous at base, and an 8-lQ-seeded pod having twice as many cells as there are styles. 1. Linum. Flowers 5-raerous. 2. Millegrana. Flowers 4-merous. 1. LINUM [Tourn.] L. FLAX Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dehiscence), 5-celled, with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each cell, which is partly or completely divided into two by a false partition projecting from the back of the carpel, the pod thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flat- tened, containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons. Herbs, with tough fibrous cortex, simple and sessile entire leaves, without stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or panicled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.) Petals blue, large (1 cm. or more in length); capsule 10-12 mm. in diameter. Annuals ; stigmas elongated. False septa of the capsule not ciliate ....... False septa of the capsule ciliate ........ Perennial ; stigmas scarcely longer than broad ...... Petals yellow or white ; capsule 3-6 mm. in diameter. Petals more than 1 cm. long; western ..... . . Petals 4-8 mm. long. False septa very incomplete, conspicuously ciliate. Petals white ; leaves chiefly opposite ; fruiting pedicels 4-10 mm. long ............. Petals yellow ; leaves chiefly alternate ; pedicels 1-3 mm. long . False septa nearly complete, not ciliate. Stem-leaves chiefly opposite ; branches striate-angulate . . Stem-leaves chiefly alternate ; branches subterete. Capsule depressed-globose. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, deep green ; flowering branches filiform, flexuous, ascending-spreading ..... Leaves narrowly lanceolate, dull or pale green ; flowering branches slightly rigid and fastigiate ..... Capsule globose-ovoid ......... 1. L. usitatissimum. 2. L. humile. 8. L. Lewisii. 4. L. rigidum. 5. Z. catharticum. 6. L. sulcatum. 7. L. striatum. 8. L. virginianum. 9. Z. mediiim. 10. L.floridanum. 1. L. USITATISSIMUM L. (COMMON F.) Erect annual; stem 3-5 dm. high, corymbosely branched at top; sepals acute, ciliate; fruit nearly indehiscent, its septa not ciliate. Occasionally spontaneous in fields and on roadsides. (Introd. from Eu.) 2. L. HUMILE Mill. Similar but of lower growth ; capsule dehiscent, its septa ciliate. Similar situations. (Introd. from Eu.) 3. L. Lewisii Pursh. Perennial, glabrous and glaucous, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves linear, acute ; flowers rather few on long peduncles ; sepals obtuse or acutish, not glandular-serrulate; styles distinct; pod ovoid. Plains, Wise, to Tex. and Alaska. 4. L. rigidum Pursh. Glaucous, sometimes slightly puberulent, often low and cespitose, the rigid branches angled; leaves narrow, erect, usually with stipular glands; flowers large; sepals lanceolate, glandular-serrulate; styles united; capsule ovoid, 5-valved. Dry soil, Sask. and Minn, to Kan., and southwestw. (Mex.) 532 OXALIDACEAE (WOOD SORREL FAMILY) 6. L. CATHARTICUM L. Delicate annual, 1-2 dm. high, corymbosely branched ; leaves small (3-8) mm. long), elliptic-oblanceolate, obtuse. Old fields, etc., N. S. and Out. (Adv. from Eu. ) 6. L. sulcatum Riddell. Annual; branchlets grooved; leaves linear or subulate, commonly with dark glands in the place of stipules ; sepals ovate- lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, glandular-ciliate. Dry or sandy soil, e. Mass, and Vt. to Man., and southwestw. 7. L. stratum Walt. Erect from a slightly decumbent base ; flowers small, somewhat crowded on the stiffish spreading-ascending angulate branches. Wet woods, sandy shores, etc., Mass, to Ga., Mo., and Tex. The fruiting plant has much the habit of Lechea. 8. L. virgini^num L. Tall, 3-5 dm. high; stem and branches subterete; leaves thin, deep green, elliptic-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, the lower spatu- late and often opposite, chiefly spreading-ascending ; flowers scattered on a few often subsimple branches ; sepals ovate, short-pointed, nearly or quite entire ; capsule depressed-globose. Dry woods and barrens, s. Me. to Ga., Ky., and s. Ont. 9. L. medium (Planch.) Britton. Leaves of firm texture, acute, erect or ascending ; pedicels short (1-7 mm. long); the inner sepals commonly erose or somewhat glandular-ciliolate j capsule depressed-globose. Dry or sandy soil, Vt. to Ont. and Mich., southw. and southwestw. 10. L. floridanum (Planch.) Trel. Similar to the preceding, perennial; leaves firm, erect, pale, narrowly lanceolate to oblong, acute ; branches few, slender, arched-ascending ; sepals glandular-ciliate on the covered margins ; capsule ovoid, pointed. Bogs and sterile soil, e. Mass, to Fla. 2. MILLEGRANA Adans. ALL-SEED Sepals (toothed), petals, stamens, and styles 4. Pod of 4 almost 2-celled carpels, each carpel 4-seeded. Seeds without albumen. A minute annual with filiform simple stems or forking branches, opposite leaves, and tiny corym- biform cymes. Corolla fugacious. (Name from mille, thousand, and granum, seed.) RADIOLA Roth. 1. M. RAD^OLA (L.) Druce. The only species. (Eadiola Linoides Roth.) Ditches, Louisburg, Cape Breton (Macouri). (Nat. from Eu.) OXALIDACEAE (WOOD SORREL FAMILY) Plants with regular 5-merous W-15-androus flowers. Ovary superior, ^-celled, the carpels 2-oo -ovuled, usually distinct above, loculicidal. Ours low herbs with sour watery juice and delicate impunctate palmate alternate or radical leaves with 3 obcordate leaflets. 1. 6XALIS L. WOOD SORREL Sepals 6, persistent. Petals 5, sometimes united at base, withering after expansion. Stamens 10, usually monadelphous at base, alternately shorter. Styles 5, distinct. Pod prismatic, cylindric, or awl-shaped, meinbranaus : valves persistent, being fixed to the axis by the partitions. Seeds pendulous from the axis, anatropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo large and straight in fleshy albumen ; cotyledons flat. Several species produce small peculiar flowers, precociously fertilized in the bud and particularly fruitful ; and the ordinary flowers are often dimorphous or even trimorphous in the relative length of the stamens and styles. (Name from <5rfs, sour.) N. B. In this genus the figures are on the scale of $. OXALdDACEAE (WOOD SOKKEL VAM.ILY) 583 Stmlss ; petals white or purple. Rootstock creeping ; scapes 1 -flowered Bulbose ; scapes umbellately several-flowered Caulescent ; petals yellow. Flowers large ; petals 1.4-2 cm. long ; Pa. and southward. Petals hairy on the margin ; leaflets S-15 mm. broad Petals essentially glabrous ; leaflets 2-4 cm. broad Flowers smaller ; petals 8-12 mm. long. Stems erect or decumbent but not extensively creeping. Peduncles mostly 2-flowered ; pedicels appressed-pubescent or strigillose, deflexed in fruit. Stem covered with closely appressed short hairs Stem covered with loose spreading woolly pubescence .... Peduncles mostly several-flowered ; pedicels ascending or widely diver- Stems prost gent, their pubescence sparse, spreading strute, elongated, rooting at the node O. Acetosella. O. violacea. 0. Prieeae. 0. gran din. 0. atricta. O. filipes. 0. cornieulata. O. repens. 1. 0. Acetosella L. (COMMON W.) Creeping ; leaves radical ; scapes l-flowered, 5-15 cm. high ;" petals white, with rose-colored or purple veins. Deep woods, N. S. and e. Que. to Sask., s. to N. E., N. Y., and in the mts. to N. C. (Eu.) Var. SUBPURPURASCENS DC., with petals rose-colored or purple, A has been found at Chesterville, Me. (Miss Eaton}, and at Manchester, Vt. (Grout}. (Eu.) 2. 0. violacea L. (VIOLET W.) Nearly glabrous; base bulbous, scaly; leaves radical; scapes umbellately several-flowered, 1.2-2.5 dm. high, exceeding the leaves; petals violet. Rocky places and open woods, e. Mass to Minn, and southw. 3. 0. Prieeae Small. Caulescent ; stems erect, soft-villous, from a long slender dark-colored rootstock ; leaflets 8-12 mm. broad ; pedicels in 2's or 3's at the ends of long slender peduncles, deflexed in fruit ; petals yellow, ciliate. Bowling Green, Ky. (Miss Price') ; and Ala. 4. 0. grandis Small. Tall (3-4.6 dm. high), smoothish or covered with soft spreading pu- bescence ; leaflets large (often 3.5-4.1 cm. broad), frequently brownish-purple at the margin ; long-peduncled inflorescences 3- several-flowered ; petals yelloiv, 1.4-1.8 cm. long, not ciliate. Sandy woods and alluvial soil, Pa. to 111. and southw. May-Aug. 5. 0. stricta L. Pale green, appressed-pubescent or strigose ; stems usually several, decumbent, stoutish ; stipules evident ; pedi- cels 1-4 (mostly 2), subumbellate at the end of the peduncle, at length deflexed ; the fruit large, columnar, short-pointed, 15-23 mm. long. Dry or sandy soil, s. Me. to Dak. and southw. , common. The petals pale yellow, often with a reddish spot near the base. FIG. 800. 6. 0. filipes Small. Very slender, pubescence of the stem loose and spreading; petioles and peduncles fili- form, elongated ; umbels chiefly 2-flowered ; petals yellow. ( 0. Brittonae Small.) Sandy soil, s. Me. (Cham- berlain & Collins) to n. N. Y., Ct., Fla., and Tex. FIG. 801. 801. O. filipes. . O. stricta. 534 GERAN1ACEAE (GERANIUM FAMILY") 7. 0. cornicul^ta L. (LADY'S SORREL.) Erect or decumbent, apparently flowering the first year but perennial by numerous slender i>. Pedicels gland ular-puberulent; petals deep purple .... 2. O.pratense. Petals less than I cm. long. Sepals stronirly awned ; flowers mostly solitary 8. O. fti?>in\-ni. Sepals merelv pointed ; (lowers in pairs 5. 6. pyrenaicum. Annuals or biennials ; tlowers small ; petals not over 1 cm. long. Petals about 1 cm. long, twice the length of the sepals. Petals entire ; leave* ternately dissected 4. O. Itol> n-fidinnn. Petals deeply retuse ; leaves j.almately lobed 5. Petals less than 1 cm. long, 1-1% times the length of the sepals. Fertile part of the carpel pubescent. GEKAN1ACEAE (GERANIUM FAMILY) 535 Fruit 1.7-2.4 cm. long; seeds pitted. Flowers crowded . Inflorescence lax . . . Fruit 1-1. 5 cm. long. Seeds pitted ; sepals short-awned Seeds smooth ; sepals awnless . Fertile part of the carpel essentially glabrous. Pedicels s-15 mm. long . Pedicels 3-6 cm. long . 6. G. carolinianum. 7. G. Bicknellii. 8. G. rotundifolium. 9. G.pusillum. 10. G.molle. 11. G. cohtnibinum. 1. G. maculatum L. (WILD C.) Erect, hairy; leaves about ^-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end ; sepals slender-pointed ; pedi- cels and beak of fruit hairy but not glandular; petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw. Open woods and fields, centr. Me. to Man., and southw. Apr.-July. 2. G. PRATENSE L. Tall (7 dm. high) ; leaves mostly 7-parted, the narrow lobes incised ; pedicels and beak glandular-pubescent ; petals deep purple. Fields and meadows, n. e. Me., N. B., and Que. ; also locally, e. Mass. (Introd. from Eu.) 3. G. SIBIRICUM L. Weak, diffusely branched; stem leafy; leaves 3(-5)- parted, the segments broadly lanceolate or rhombic, sharply cut-toothed, acute ; carpels finely pubescent ; seeds lineolate. Said to be established on Manhattan I. (Adv. from Eurasia.) 4. G. Robertianum L. (HERB ROBERT.) Sparsely hairy, diffuse, strong- scented ; leaves ^-divided or pedately ^-divided, the divisions twice pinnatifid ; sepals awned; petals red-purple, long-clawed ; carpels wrinkled ; seeds smooth. Moist woods and shaded ravines, e. Que. to Minn., s. to N. J., Pa., and Mo. June-Oct. (Eu.) 5. G. PYRENAICUM Burm. f. Soft-pubescent and somewhat glandular, 2-6 dm. high ; leaves orbicular, 5-7 -cleft two thirds of the way to the base, the lobes obovate-oblong, again toothed ; sepals puberulent, merely pointed, not awned ; petals rose-colored, deeply notched ; carpels puberulent ; seeds smooth. Road- sides and waste places, about Quebec ; also at Bethle- hem, Pa. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. G. carolinianum L. Diffusely branched, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cut and cleft into many oblong-linear segments ; flowers glomerate- cymose ; sepals ovate, about as long as the whitish or very pale pink petals; beak of fruit tipped with a short filiform style; seeds ovoid, minutely reticulated. Rocky places, etc., mostly in poor soil, e. Mass., southw. and westw., common ; May-June. FIG. 804. 7. G. Bicknellii Britton. Diffusely branched ; leaves somewhat angular in contour, deeply cleft into narrow segments and lobes ; flowers in pairs, the peduncles scattered; petals rose- colored, somewhat exceeding the sepals ; beak of fruit tipped with a prolonged filiform style (4-6 mm. in length) ; seeds nearly black, finely reticulated. Open woods, clear- ings, etc , Nfd. to B. C., s. to N. E., N! Y., Mich., Utah, etc. FIG. 805. 8. G. ROTUNDIFOLIUM L. Weak, diffusely branched, vil- lous with gland-tipped hairs ; leaves orbicular in outline, cleft half to two thirds the way to the base, the broadish segments crenate-toothed or lobed ; petals rose-color, entire ; seeds finely reticulated. Waste places about New York City, Philadelphia, etc., rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 0. G. PUSILLUM Burm. f. Similar to the preceding in habit and foliage ; flowers very small ; petals purplish, about equaling or little exceeding the awnless sepals ; sta- mens 5 ; fruit pubescent ; seed smooth. Waste places and cultivated ground, Mass., southw. and westw., casual. (Adv. from Eu.) 536 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (CALTROP FAMILY) 10. G. M6LLE L. Weak, spreading, soft-pubescent ; leaves orbicular, cleft to the middle, the segments crenate or incised ; sepals ovate-oblong, not awnecl, villous ; petals rose-colored, notched ; stamens 10 ; carpels transversely wrinkled, glabrous. Recently seeded lawns, etc., casual but not rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 11. G. COLUMB!NUM L. (LONG-STALKED C.) Minutely hairy, with slender decumbent stems; leaves 5-7 -parted, and cut into narrow linear lobes; pedun- cles and pedicels filiform, much elongated ; sepals awned, about equaling the retuse purple petals ; carpels subglabrous ; seeds minutely reticulated. Borders of fields, etc., N. J. and Pa. to Va. ; also Dak. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. ER6DIUM L'H6r. STORKSBILL The 5 shorter stamens sterile or wanting. Styles in fruit twisting spirally, bearded inside. Otherwise as Geranium. (Name from fywt6s, a heron.} 1. E. cicurARiDM (L.) L'H6r. Annual, hairy ; stems low, spreading- ; stipules acute ; leaves pinnate, the leaflets sessile, 1-2-pinnatifid ; sepals 6m///'- tipped ; filaments not toothed. About cities, not rare. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. E. MOSCHATUM (L.) L'He>. Similar, but stouter; leaflets less divided; sepals not bristle-tipped ; antheriferous filaments 1-toothed. Waste ground, etc., eastw., infrequent. (Adv. from Eu.) ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (CALTROP FAMILY) Herbs (or southward woody plants), with opposite (or alternate') in our spe- cies abruptly pinnate undotted leaves, andperfect regular mostly b-mer&us flowers. Stamens free, essentially hypogynous, in ours twice as many as the petals. l*ixti/ of several united l-few-ovuled carpels. Ovules anatropous with superior micro- pyle and large straightish embryo. Chiefly tropical. 1. Tribulus. Carpels 5, several-ovuled, prickly. 2. Kallstroemia. Carpels 10, one-ovuled, tuberculate. 1. TRfBULUS [Tourn.] L. Sepals and petals (4-) 5. Filaments slender, unappendaged ; those before the petals sometimes slightly united with them, the alternate ones subtended by glands. Cells of ovary as many as the petals, 3-5-ovuled. Ours spreading annuals. (The Latin name of the caltrop, which in form its prickly fruit suggests.) 1. T. TERRESTRIS L. (CALTROP.) Branched from the base ; leaflets ">-7 pairs ; flowers small, short-peduncled ; petals pale yellow ; mature carpels crested and armed with 2-4 spreading prickles. Occasional in Atlantic States; also 111., Neb., and Kan. ; chiefly on dumps. (Adv. from Old World.) 2. KALLSTROEMIA Scop. Sepals, petals, and stamens as in Tribulus. Cells of the ovary twice as many as tin- petals, each 1-ovuled, becoming 1-seeded nutlets, dorsally rounded. smooth or tuberculate but not prickly, at maturity falling away from the per- sistent stylar axis. Diffuse annuals. (Name unexplained, given presumably in honor of some obscure botanist. ) 1. K. MAXIMA (L.) T. & G. Prostrate, grayish-hirsute; leaflets 4-6 pairs, oblong, obtuse, about 1 cm. long ; flowers 9-15 cm. in diameter ; petals yellow ; fruit depressed-ovoid, beaked with a stoutish columnar style. Railroad yards, etc., w. Mo. and e. Kan., where presumably adventive from. the Southwest. (Trop. Am.) I RUTACEAE (RUE FAMILY) 537 RUTACEAE (RuE FAMILY) Plants with simple or compound leaves, dotted with pellucid glands and abounding with a pungent or bitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil, producing hypogy- nous almost always regular 3-5-merous flowers, the stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals (rarely more numerous} ; the 2-5 pistils separate or com- bined into a compound ovary of as many cells, raised on a prolongation of the receptacle (gynophore) or glandular disk. Embryo large, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles commonly united or cohering. Fruit usually capsular. Leaves in ours alternate. Stipules none. A large family, chiefly of the Old World and the southern hemisphere. 1. Zanthoxylum. Flowers dioecious ; ovaries 3-5, separate, forming fleshy pods. '2. Ptelea. Flowers polygamous ; ovary 2-celled, forming a samara, like that of Elm. 8. Ruta. Flowers perfect ; ovary 4-5-lobed, forming a several-seeded capsule. 1. ZANTH6XYLUM L. PRICKLY ASH Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the petals. Pistils 2-5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united. Pods thick and fleshy, 2-valved, 1-2-seeded. Seed-coat crustaceous, black, smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. Shrubs or trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly. Flowers small, greenish or whitish. (From ^avObs, yellow, and %6\ov, wood.} 1. Z. americanum Mill. (NORTHERN P., TOOTHACHE-TREE.) Leaves and flowers in sessile axillary umbellate clusters ; leaflets 2-4 pairs and an odd one, ovate-oblong, downy when young; calyx none; petals 4-5; pistils 3-5, with slender styles; pods short-stalked. (Xanthoxylum of auth.). Rocky woods and river-banks, w. Que. to Minn., s. to Va., Ky., Mo., 'and e. Kan. Apr, May. An aromatic shrub, with yellowish-green flowers appearing before the leaves. 2. Z. Clava-H6rculis L. (SOUTHERN P.) Glabrous; leaflets 3-8 pairs and an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, shining above ; flowers in an ample terminal cyme ; sepals and petals 5 ; pistils 2-3, with short styles ; pods sessile. (Z. carolinianum Lam.) Sandy coast of Va., and southw. June. A small tree with very sharp prickles. 2. PTELEA L. SHRUBBY TREFOIL. HOP TREE Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud. Sta- mens as many. Ovary 2-celled ; style short ; stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular. Shrubs, with 3-foliolate leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes. (The Greek name of the Elm, here applied to a genus with similar fruit.) 1. P. trifoliata L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. Rocky J/ places, L. I. to Out., Minn., and southw. ; cultivated and often established else- '" where. June. A tall shrub. Fruit bitter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor \\^ of the flowers disagreeable. Var. m611is T. & G. Branchlets, petioles, and both surfaces of the somewhat thickish leaflets densely and permanently velvety. Shore of L. Mich., Sauga- tuck, Mich. (Wheeler}; also Tex., etc. 3. RtTTA [Tourn.] L. RUE Flowers perfect, 4-5-merous. Calyx persistent. Petals yellow, the sides and apex strongly inrolled, the margin denticulate or ciliate-dentate. Stamens 8-10, inserted about the base of the torus, the alternate ones smaller. Capsule 4-5-lobed, dehiscent at the summit, many-seeded. Heavy-scented herbs or 538 SIMARUBACEAE (QUASSIA FAMILY) undershrubs with alternate simple or variously compound leaves. (The ancient name.) 1. R. (JKAVEOLENS L. (COMMON R.) Suffruticose, glaucous, 3-6 dm. high; leaves thickis.li, 2-3-pinnatifid, ultimate lobes or divisions obovate-cuneate ; petals denticulate. Formerly much cultivated for aromatic qualities and sup- posed medicinal value ; now locally established in pastures, Weybridge, Vt. (Brainerd), Peaks of Otter, Va. (Curtiss), and very likely elsewhere. (Introd. from Eu.) SIMARUBACEAE (QUASSIA FAMILY) Trees and shrubs with floral structure much as in the Rutaceae but the foliage destitute of pellucid dots. Chiefly tropical. 1. AILANTHUS Desf. TREE OF HEAVEN Flowers polygamous. Calyx regular, 5-parted, the lobes imbricated. Petals 5, infolded-valvate. Stamens in staminate flowers 10, in perfect flowers 2-3, in pistillate flowers none. Disk lobed. Ovary 2-5-parted, becoming in fruit 1-5 narrowly oblong membranaceous samaras (1-seeded in the middle). Handsome trees of rapid growth. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers small, green or yellowish, in ample terminal panicles, especially the staminate of unpleasant odor. (Name said to be from a vernacular Moluccan designation, meaning tree of heaven, in allusion to the height in the native habitat.) 1. A. GLANDULOSA Desf. Leaves 3-6 dm. long, 11-23-foliolate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, entire or sparingly toothed toward the base. Extensively cultivated as a shade tree, freely spreading by suckers, and locally self-sown. (Introd. from Asia.) POLYGALACEAE (MILKWORT FAMILY) Plants with irregular hypogynous flowers, 4-8 diadelphous or monadelpkous xiiiuwntt, their l-celled anthers opening at the top by a pore or chink; the fruit a "2-celled and 2-seeded pod. 1. POLYGALA [Tourn.] L. MILKWORT Flower very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which 3 (the upper- most and the 2 lowest) are small and often greenish, while the two lateral or inner (called wings') are much larger and colored like the petals. Petals :',, hypogynous, connected with each other and with the stamen-tube, the middle (lower) one keel-shaped and often crested on the back. Stamens or 8 ; their filaments united below into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the petals, free above ; anthers l-celled. Ovary 2-celled, with an anatropous ovule pendulous in each cell; style prolonged and curved; stigma various. Fruit a small loculicidal 2-seeded pod, usually rounded and notched at the apex, much flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds carunculate. Kmbryo large, straight, with flat and broad cotyledons, in scanty albumen. Hitter plants (low herbs in temperate regions), with simple entire often dotted leaves, and no stipules. (An old name composed of TroXus, much, and 7ciXa, applied by Dioscorides to some low shrub reputed to increase lactation.) * 7V/v//,m// ,,/ hiaun'itl ; flnwr* p >-]>/ <> <>r n'l/it<>; leaves alti-nntti-. +- Flmrrrn s/iniri/. ri .\ . AI.A, FI.<>\YKKIN<: \Vivri-:i:<. i:i.r.v > Perennial ; flowering stems short (7-10 cm. high) ; Imrcr Ifiircs small and .sr, //,'-////-, scattered, the n f >/> awl-shapeil lobes longer than the seed. POLYGALACEAE (MILKWORT FAMILY) 539 Woods, in light soil, e. Que. to Man., s. to Ga., 111., and Minn. May, June. A delicate plant, its handsome flowers 1.8 cm. long, rarely white. 2. P. polygama Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial root, mostly simple, ascending, very leafy, 1.5-2.5 dm. high; leaves oblanceolate or oblong ; terminal raceme loosely many-flowered, the broadly obovate wipgs longer than the keel ; stamens 8 ; radical flowers racemed on short subterranean runners ; lobes of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed. Dry sandy soil, N. S., westw. and southw. July. -t- -i- Flowers white, in a solitary close spike ; none cleistogamous. 3. P. S6nega L. (SENECA SNAKEROOT.) Stems several from thick and hard knotty rootstocks, simple, 1.5-3 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, with rough margins ; wings round-obovate, concave ; crest short ; caruncle nearly as long as the seed. Rocky soil, N. B. to Hudson Bay, Alberta, and southw. May-July. Var. latifblia T. & G. Taller, sometimes branched ; leaves ovate or lanceo- late, 5-10 cm. long, tapering to each end. Md. to L. Huron, Dak., and Tenn. * * Annuals, with all the leaves alternate ; flowers in terminal spikes, heads, or racemes, chiefly purple or rose-color, in summer ; none subterranean. i- Keel conspicuously crested ; claws of the true petals united into a long and slender cleft tube much surpassing the wings. 4. P. incarnata L. Glaucous ; stem slender, sparingly branched ; leaves minute and linear-awl-shaped ; spike cylindrical ; flowers flesh-color ; caruncle longer than the narrow stalk of the hairy seed. Dry soil, N. J. to s. Ont., Wise., Neb., and southw., rather rare. t- Keel minutely or inconspicuously crested ; the true petals not longer but mostly shorter than the icings ; seed pear-shaped. 5. P. sanguinea L. Stem sparingly branched above, leafy to the top ; leaves oblong-linear ; heads globular, at length oblong, very dense (8-10 mm. thick), bright red-purple (rarely paler or even white) ; pedicels scarcely any; icings broadly ovate, closely sessile, longer than the pod ; the 2-parted caruncle almost equaling the seed. (P. viridescens L.) Sandy and moist ground; common, N. E., westw. and southw. 6. P. mariana Mill. Stem slender, at length corymbosely branched ; leaves narrowly linear, acute, 6-16 mm. long ; spikes short and dense (6 mm. in diam- eter); the small rose-purple flowers on pedicels of about the length of the pod; wings obovate- or oval-oblong, narrowed at the base, scarcely exceeding the pod ; bracts deciduous with the flowers or fruits ; caruncle as long as and nearly enveloping the stalk-like base of the minutely hairy seed. (P. fastigiata Nutt.) Pine barrens of N. J. to Ky., Fla., and Tex. 7. P. Nuttallii T. & G. Resembling the last, but usually lower; spikes cylindrical, slender ; flowers duller or greenish-purple, on very short pedicels ; the awl-shaped scaly bracts persistent on the axis after the flowers or fruits fall ; seed very hairy, the caruncle smaller. Dry sandy soil, coast of Mass, to Del., Md., and southw. Spike sometimes rather loose. 8. P. Curtissii Gray. Slender, 2.5 dm. high ; leaves, etc., as in the two preceding ; flowers rose-purple, in usually short racemes ; pedicels about equal- ing or exceeding the persistent bracts ; the narrow oblong erect wings fully twice the length of the pod; caruncle small, on one side of the stalk-like base of the very hairy seed, which is conspicuously apiculate at the broader end. Md. to Ky., Ga., and Ala. Founded upon an abnormal form with elongated racemes and pedicels. I* * * Annuals with at least the lower stem-leaves whorled in fours or fives ; spikes terminating the stem and branches; flowering summer and autumn. *- fipikes short and thick (8-18 mm. in diameter^) ; bracts persisting after the fall of the middle-sized rose- or greenish-purple flowers ; crest small. 9. P. cruciata L. Stems 1-2.5 dm. high, almost winged at the angles, with spreading opposite branches ; leaves nearly all in fours, linear and some- 540 EUPHOKBiAC'EAE (SPUKGE FAMILY) what spatulate or oblanceolate ; spikes sessile or nearly so ; wings broadly deltoid-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, tapering to a bristly point or rarely point- less ; caruncle nearly as long as the seed. Margins of swamps, and occasionally in drier places, s. Me. to S. C., mostly near the coast ; and from Mich, to Minn, and Neb. . 10. P. brevifblia Nutt. Rather slender, branched above ; leaves scattered on the branches, narrower; spikes pedunded ; wings lanceolate-ovate, point I <** or barely mucronate. Margins of sandy bogs, R. I., N. J., and southw. 1- H- Spikes slender (about 4 mm. thick), the bracts falling with the flowr*. which are small, greenish-white or barely tinged with purple, the crest of the keel larger. 11. P. verticillata L. Slender, 8-25 cm. high, much branched; stem-leaves all whorled, those of the mostly opposite branches scattered, linear, acute ; spikes peduncled, usually short and dense, acute ; wings round, clawed ; the 2-lobed caruncle half the length of the seed. Dry soil, N. E., westw. arid south w. Var. ambigua (Nutt.) Wood. Usually taller (2-3.5 dm. high) ; leaves (and branches) all scattered or the lowest in fours; spikes long-peduncled, more slender, the flowers often purplish and scattered. (P. ambigua Nutt.) Me. to Mich., and southw. * * * * Biennials or annuals, with alternate leaves, and yellow flowers, which are disposed to turn greenish in drying ; crest small; flowering all summer. 12. P. lutea L. Low; flowers bright orange-yellow, in solitary ovoid or snb- cylindnc heads (1.8 cm. thick) terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves 2-5 cm. long, obovate or spatulate ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as lou;i '/* lin- seed. Sandy swamps, L. I. to s. e. Pa., and southw. near the coast. 13. P. ram&sa Ell. Flowers lemon-yellow, in numerous short and dense spike-like racemes collected in a flat-topped compound cyme; leaves oblong- linear, the lowest spatulate or obovate ; seeds ovoid, minutely hairy, twice tin length of the caruncle. Damp pine barrens, Del., and southw. June-Sept. 14. P. cymbsa Walt. Stem short, naked above, the numerous racemes in a usually almost simple cyme; leaves narrow, acuminate; seeds globose, without caruncle. Del., and southw. ; fl. midsummer. EUPHORBlACEAE (SPURGE FAMILY) Plants usually with a milky acrid juice, and monoecious or dioecious flowers, mostly apetalous, sometimes achlamydeous (occasionally polypetalous <>r <[- petalous} ; the ovary free and usually '^-celled, with one or sometimes two ov/< .< hanging from the summit of each cell ; stigmas or branches of the style as many or twice as many as the cells ; fruit commonly a 3-lobed capsule, the lobe* <>r carpels separating elastically from a persistent axis and elastically 2-valved ; seed anatropous ; embryo straight, almost as long as and the flat cotyledons mostly as wide as the fleshy or oily albumen. Stipules often present. A vast family in the warmer parts of the world ; most numerously represented in northern countries by tin- -vnus Euphorbia, which has very reduced flowers within a calyx-like involucre. * Flowers with a calyx, without involucre. i- Seeds and ovules 1 in each cell. 4* Flowers apetalous, in cyinose panicles (2-8-chotomous) ; stamens 10, erect in the hud. 1. Jatropha. Calyx corolla-like, the staminate salver-form. Armed \\ithstinglnghairs. 4*. 4+ Flowers in terminal raceme> ,.r spikes; stamens indexed in the hud ; stellate-downy or scurfy, or hairy and glandular; leaves mostly entire. '-'. Croton. Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit "(rarely -J-4) -eelled. 8. Crotonopsis. Flower- Mattered on the brauohlets. Ovary and fruit 1 -celled. I BUPHOBBIACEAE (SPURGE FAMILY) 541 ++ -H- 4-. Flowers in axillary spikes or racemes (except no. 7), apetalous (except no. 4) ; stamens 8 or more ; anthers erect in the bud. 4. Argythamnia. Petals and sepals 5. Stamens 10-15, united. Styles bifid, linear. 5. Mercurialis. Sepals 3 or calyx 3-parted. Stamens S-20; anther-cells attached at tip, pen- dulous. Styles (slightly united at the base) strongly papillose, undivided, ti. Acalypha. Calyx 4(3-5)-parted. Stamens mostly 8. Fertile flowers in the axils of leafy bracts. Stigmas finely dissected. 7. Ricinus. Racemes terminal, subpanicled. Calyx 8-5-parted. Stamens very numerous ; the filaments repeatedly branched. Styles 2-parted. 44. 4 f 44. -;.+. Flowers apetalous, in racemes or spikes pistillate at base ; stamens 2 or 3 ; styles simple. ^. Tragia. Flowers racemose. Calyx-lobes valvate in bud. Hirsute or pubescent. ! Stillingia. Flowers spicate. Calyx-lobes imbricate in bud. Ferffle bracts glanduliferous. Glabrous. +- +- Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell ; flowers monoecious. Ki. Phyllanthus. Flowers axillary. Stamens 8, united. 11. Andrachne. Stamens 5 or 6. Flowers axillary, the staminate petaliferous. * * Flowers all without calyx, included in a cup-shaped calyx-like involucre, the whole liable to be mistaken for a single flower. 12. Euphorbia. Involucre surrounding many staminate flowers (each of a single naked stamen) and one pistillate flower (a 3-lobed pistil). 1. JATROPHA L. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, in a terminal open forking cyme ; the fertile ones usually in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like, in the staminate flowers often salver-shaped, 5-lobed ; in the pistillate 5-parted, imbricated or convolute in the bud. Glands of the disk opposite the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10-30, monadelphous at base. Ovary mostly 3-celled ; styles 3, united below their summits once or twice forked. Capsule separating into 3 two-valved car- pels. Seed carunculate. Perennial herbaceous or shrubby plants, chiefly tropical, with alternate mostly long-petioled palmately- veined leaves, and stip- ules. Our species has apetalous flowers, the staminate corolla salver-form, and is armed with stinging bristles. (Name said by Linnaeus, without entire clear- ness or classical accuracy, to be formed of larpbv, a remedy, and Qdyu, I eat.} 1. J. stimulbsa Michx. (TREAD-SOFTLY, SPURGE NETTLE.) Herbaceous, from a long perennial root, branching, 1.5-C dm. high; leaves roundish-heart- shaped, 3-5-lobed nearly to the base, on long petioles; the divisions entire or acutely toothed, cut, or even pinnatifid, often discolored ; flowers white, fra- grant, 1.8 cm. long or more; filaments 10, monadelphous only at the woolly base, the outer set almost distinct. Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and La. June-Sept. 2. CR6TON L. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, mostly in terminal spike-like racemes or spikes, titer. Fl. Calyx 5(rarely 4-6)-parted ; the divisions lightly imbri- cated or nearly valvate in the bud. Petals usually present, as many, but mostly small or rudimentary, hypogynous. Glands or lobes of the disk as many as and alternate with the petals. Receptacle usually hairy. Stamens 5 or more ; fila- ments with the anthers inflexed in the bud. Pert. FL Calyx 5-10-cleft or -parted, nearly as in the staminate flowers ; but petals none or minute rudiments. Ovary 3 (rarely 2-4)-celled, with a single ovule in each cell ; styles as many, from once to thrice 2-cleft. Capsule separating into as many 2-valved J.-seeded carpels. Seeds carunculate. Stellate-downy, scurfy, or hairy and glandular plants, mostly strong-scented ; the fertile flowers usually at the base of the sterile spike or cluster. Leaves alternate, or sometimes imperfectly opposite, with or without obvious stipules. (K/OOT^V, the Greek name of the Castor-oil Plant, of this family.) 542 EUPHORBIACEAE (SPUKGE FAMILY) * Sterile flowers with ^-parted calyx, as many petals, a 4-rayed disk, and 8 stamens' fertile flowers with ^-parted calyx, very minute rudimentary petals, and the 3 styles 2-cleft. 1. C. glandu!6sus L., var. septentrionalis Muell. Arg. Annual, rough- hairy and glandular, 3-6 dm. high, somewhat umbellately branched; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtusely toothed, the base with a saucer-shaped gland on each side ; fertile flowers captitate-clustered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in the forks and terminal. Open waste places and sandy barrens, Va. to Fla., and Tex. ; north w. in Miss, basin to Kan., la., 111., and Ind. ; rarely on ballast northeastw. * * Sterile flowers with ^-parted calyx, as many glands alternating with the pet"!*, and 10-14 stamens ; fertile flowers with 1-12-parted calyx, no petals, and the 3 styles twice or thrice 2-parted. 2. C. capitatus Michx. Annual, densely soft-woolly and somewhat glandu- lar, 2-6 or more dm. high, branched ; leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong or elongated-oblong, rounded at base, entire ; petals obovate-lanceolate, densely iimbriate ; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base of the short ter- minal sterile spike. Barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. ; northw. in Miss, basin to Ind., 111., Mo., and Kan. July-Sept. * * * Sterile flowers with unequally 3-5-parted calyx, as many petals and scale- like glands, ami 3-8 stamens; fertile flowers with equally ^-parted calyx, no petals, 5 glands, and 2 sessile 2-parted stigmas. 3. C. monanth6gynus Michx. Annual, whitish-stellate-pubescent and rusty- glandular ; stems 1.4-6 dm. high, slender, erect, below often umbellately 3-4- forked, then repeatedly 2-3-forked or alternately branched ; leaves oblong-ovate or narrowly oblong, entire, often acutish, 1.5-3 dm. long, about twice the length of the petioles ; flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the summit of a short and erect peduncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly solitary on short recurved peduncles ; ovary 2-celled ; fruit often by abortion 1-celled and 1- seeded ; the seed broadly oval. Barren and dry prairies, s. Ind. to N. C. and Fla., w. to la., e. Kan., and Tex. ; occasionally adv. northeastw. June-Sept. **** Dioecious; calyx equally o-parted; petals none; stamens 10 or more; styles twice or thrice dichotomously 2-parted. 4. C. texlnsis (Klotzsch) Muell. Arg. Annual, covered with a close canescent stellate pubescence, dichotomously branched or spreading, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate to linear ; staminate spikes or racemes very short, often sessile ; capsule stellate-tomentose and somewhat muricate. Sandy soil, Del. (Commons); and from Ala. to Wyo., Col., Ariz., and Mex. ; rarely on ballast northw. 3. CROTON6PSIS Michx. Flowers monoecious, in very small terminal or lateral spikes or clusters, the lower fertile. Ster. Fl. Calyx equally 6-parted. Petals 5, spatulate. Sta- mi-ns "). opposite the petals; filaments distinct, inflexed in the bud, enlarged at the apex. Pert. Fl. Calyx unequally 3-5 -parted. Petals imnt . (iland* (petal-like scales) ">. opposite the sepals. Ovary 1-celled. simple, 1-ovuled. bearing a twin- or tin ice forked style. Fruit dry and indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seed without caruncle. A slender low annual, with short-petioled linear or elliptical-lanceolate leaves, which are green and smoothish above, but silvery- hoary with stellate hairs and scurfy with brownish scales underneath. (Crotmi and tfi/as, (i/i/'t',ir-parted, valvate in the staminate flowers, im- bricate in the pistillate. Petals alternate with the calyx-lobes and with the prominent lobes of the glandular disk. Stamens 5-15, united into a central column in 1-3 whorls. Styles 1-3-cleft. Capsule depressed, 3-lobed. Seeds subglobose, roughened or reticulated, not carunculate. Erect herbs or under- shrubs, with purplish juice, and alternate usually stipulate leaves. (Name from Apyvpos, silver, and dd^vos, bush, from the hoariness of the original species.) 1. A. mercurialina Muell. Arg. Stem erect, nearly simple, 3-6 dm. high, sericeous ; leaves sessile, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, entire, pubescent with appressed hairs or glabrate, somewhat rigid ; raceme many-flowered, exceeding the leaves ; spatulate petals of the sterile flowers as long as the calyx-lobes ; ovary sericeous ; capsule appressed-pubescent, 8-10 mm. in diameter. (Ditaxis Coult.) Kan. to Ark. and Tex. 5. MERCURIALIS [Tourn.J L. MERCURY Dioecious or monoecious. Flowers apetalous, in interrupted axillary spikes. Stamens 8-20, distinct. Calyx small, green, globose in bud, 3-parted. Carpels (-3). Herbs, with opposite pinnately veined leaves. (A plant-name used y Pliny arid meaning belonging to the god Mercury.) 1. M. ANNUA L. Weak erect leafy-stemmed annual ; leaves lanceolate or vate-lanceolate, crenate-serrate ; carpels hispid. Waste places and ballast und, N. S. to S. . and O. (Adv. from Eu.) 6. ACALYPHA L. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY Flowers monoecious ; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes ; the few or litary fertile flowers at the base of the same spikes, or sometimes in separate ones. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted and valvate in bud ; of the fertile, 3-5-parted. Corolla none. Stamens 8-16 ; filament short, monadelphous at base ; anther-cells separate, long, often worm-shaped, hanging from the apex of the filament. Styles 3, the upper face or stigmas cut-fringed (usually red) . Capsule separating into 3 globular 2-valved carpels, rarely of only one carpel. Herbs (ours annuals), or in the tropics often shrubs, resembling Nettles or Amaranths ; the leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules. Clusters of sterile flowers with a minute bract ; the fertile surrounded by a large and leaf-like cut-lobed persistent bract. ('A/caXi^Tj, an ancient name of the Nettle.) * Fruit smooth or merely pubescent ; seeds nearly smooth. 1. A. virginica L. Smoothish or hairy, 3-6 dm. high, often turning purple ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely and sparsely serrate, long-petioled ; //or/ sterile spike rather few-flowered, mostly shorter than the large leaf-like pal- mately 5-9-cleft fruiting bracts ; fertile flowers 1-3 in each axil. Fields and open places, N. S. to Ont. and Minn., s. to the Gulf. July-Sept. 2. A. grdcilens Gray. Finely pubescent and often villous ; leaves lanceolate or even linear, less toothed and shorter-petioled ; the slender sterile spike often 2 cm. long, and much surpassing the less cleft or few-toothed fruiting bracts. (A. virginica, var. Muell. Arg.) Sandy or dry soil, s. N. H. to Fla., w. to e. Kan. and Tex. Carpels by abortion sometimes reduced to one (A. monococca Engelm.). ;* * Fruit echinate with soft bristly green projections ; seeds rough-wrinkled. 3. A. ostryaefblia Riddell. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and closely serrate-toothed, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled ; sterile spikes short, axillary ; the fertile ones mostly terminal and elongated, their bracts deeply cut into many linear lobes. (A. caroliniana Ell., not Walt.) N. J. to Fla., w. to O., Kan., and Tex. 54-1 EUPHOKB1ACEAE (SL'L'KGK FAMILY) 7. RfdNUS [Tourn.] L. CASTOR-OIL PLANT Flowers in racemose or panicled clusters, the fertile above, the staminate below. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens very numerous, with repeatedly branching filaments. Styles 3, united at base, each bifid, red. Capsule large, 3-lobed, with 3 large seeds. A tall stately annual, with very large alternate peltate and palmately 7-11-cleft leaves often 3-6 dm. broad. (Ancient Roman name.) 1. R. COMMENTS L. Cultivated for ornament, and sometimes spreading to waste ground. (Introd. from the tropics.) 8. TRAGIA [Plumier] L. Flowers monoecious, in racemes, apetalous. Ster. Fl. Calyx 3-5(chiefly 3) -parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3 ; filaments short ; anther-cells united. Pert. Fl. Calyx 3-8-parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted ; the branches 3, simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, bristly, separating into three 2-valved 1-seeded carpels. Seeds not carunculate. Erect or climbing plants (ours perennial herbs), pubescent or hispid, sometimes stinging, with mostly alternate stipulate leaves; the small-flowered racemes terminal or opposite the leaves ; the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small bracts. (Named for the early herbalist Bock, latinized Tragus.} 1. T. urens L. Erect, paniculate-branched, softly hairy, 1.6-3 dm. high ; leaves varying from obovate-oblong to narrowly linear, acute at base, obtusely or sinuately few-toothed or lobed, sometimes entire, short-petioled or sesaili'. paler beneath ; sterile calyx usually 4-parted ; stamens 2. ( T. innocua Walt.) Dry sandy soil, e. Va. to Fla. and La. May-Aug. Not stinging. 2. T. nepetaefblia Cav. Erect or reclining or slightly twining, hirsute with stinging hairs ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, or the lower ovate, all somewhat cordate or truncate at base, coarsely cut-toothed. short-petioled; sterile calyx usually 3-parted and stamens 3. (T. urticoffolin Michx.) Va. (Pursh), and common southw. to Fla. and Tex.; Mo., Kan.. and westw. T. RAMOSA Torr. (T. stylaris Muell. Arg.), with 4-0-parted sterile calyx, 4-6 stamens, and elongated styles, is probably only a variety. Mo. to Kan. and southwestw. 3. T. macrocarpa Willd. Twining, somewhat hirsute ; leaves deeply cor- date, ovate, mostly narrowly acuminate, sharply serrate, 6-11 cm. long, all but the uppermost long-petioled ; pod 1.3 cm. broad. (T. cordata Michx.) Kv. and Mo. to Ga., Fla., and Tex. 9. STILLiNGIA Garden. Flowers monoecious, aggregated in a terminal spike. Petals and glands of the disk none. Calyx 2-3-cleft or -parted ; the divisions imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3 ; anthers adnate, turned outward. Style thick ; stigmas :',. diverging, simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Seed carunculate. Smooth upright plants, with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glandular at base ; the fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely si-pann the bract for each cluster with a large gland on each side. (Named for Dr. />'. Stillingfleet) English naturalist of the 18th century.) 1. S. sylvatica L. Herbaceous, 3-0 dm. high ; leaves almost sessile, oblong- lanceolate, serrulate; glands of the spike saucer-shaped. Sandy and dry soil. Va. to Fla., w. to Kan. and Tex. May-Oct. Sometimes called QUEEN'S-ROOT or QUKK\'^-I>KI.K;U r. 10. PHYLLANTHUS L. Flowers monoecious, axillary. Calyx usually o-(5-parted, imbricated in the bud. Petals none. Stamens mostly 3, erect in the bud, often united. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Capsule depressed ; each carpel 2-valved, 2-seeded. Seeds not carunculate. Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, with small stipules. (Name EUrHORBlACEAE (SPUKGE FAMILY) 545 composed of xlmr/t //(///>< wrinkles, 1 mm. long. Oxford Co., Me. (Parlin, Miss Furbish) ; Fisher's I., N. Y. ; Out. to Wise., Mo., and westw. t-v -M- Seeds obtusely angled,' leaves 1-3 cm. long. 8. E. Pr6slii Guss. Stem often subsimple below, erect or obliquely ascend- ing, 2-10 dm. high ; leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate- oblong or oblong-linear, sometimes falcate, serrate, 1-3 cm. long, usually with a red spot or red margins; stipules triangular ; peduncles longer than the petioles. collected in loose leafy terminal cymes ; appendag< * > >/f/r< , larger and white, or smaller and sometimes red ; pod gfabrovi ; .sw/.v <>r, not I,.'. 1 /;. nutans Lag.) Dry open soil, Mass, to Ont., \Visc.', Neb., and southw. - - I'ubi'rulcnt t<> Itii'xntr. 0. E. hirsuta (Torr.) Wiegand. Of lower stature and more procumbent than the preceding ; steins hirsute, copiously branched from near the base ; leaves smaller, 8-14 mm. lon^. oblong to ovate; m-ril* ///as<- : leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narrowly linear, almost sessile, glabrous ; peduncles elongated (1.3-2.5 cm. long) ; pod long-pediceled, obtusely angled, nearly smooth ; seed ovoid, white, sparsely marked with impressed dots. Sandy soil, near the coast, Ct. to Fla. ; also barrens of s. lud. * * Leaves scattered, only the floral in the umbelliform inflorescence whorled or opposite and of a different shape ; glands mostly 4. -- Leaves serrulate or rarely entire ; glands transversely oval, obtuse. *-< Seeds smooth and even; pod warty or rough. 20. E. Darlingtonii Gray. Tall perennial, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves entire, minutely downy beneath; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong from a narrow base ; the floral oval, very obtuse ; the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate base ; umbel 5-8-rayed, then simply forked ; pod minutely warty; large globular seed with a small caruncle. Copses, Pa. to the mts. of N. C. July-Sept. 21. E. obtusata Pursh. Erect annual, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves oblong-spatulate, minutely serrulate, smooth, all obtuse; upper ones cordate at base; floral ones ovate, dilated, barely mucronate; umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, then into 2 ; involucre with naked lobes and small stipitate glands ; styles distim-t, longer than the ovary, erect, 2-cleft to the middle; pod beset with long warts. Damp woods, Pa. to S. C., w. to la., Kan., and (?) Tex. 22. E. PLATYPHYLLA L. Erect annual, 2-4.6 dm. high ; upper stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, cordate at base, minutely serrulate, mostly with scat- tered hairs beneath ; floral ones triangular-ovate, subcordate ; umbel 5-rayed ; involucre with ritn/te lobes and large sessile glands; s///^'.s- longer than the ovary, united at base, slightly '2-cleft; pod covered with depressed warts. L. Champlain to \v. I' :I . anil Man. .Innr-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) w- ** Seeds rugose or r< tini/t tted; leaves serrulate ; annuals. 23. E. dictyosp6rma Fisch. & Mey. Stem erect, 2-4.5 dm. high ; leaves oblong- or obovate-spatulate, smooth, all obtuse and obtusely serrate; upper ones cordate at base ; floral ones roundish-ovate or obscurely heart-shaped, slightly mucronate , umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked ; involucre CALL1TKICHACEAE (WATEK STAKWOKT FAMILY) 549 with nearly naked lobes and small almost sessile glands; styles shorter than the ovary, spreading or recurved; pod warty; seeds delicately reticulated. (E. arkansana and var. missouriensis Norton.) Prairies and roadsides, Mo. to Ala., and westw. May-July. 24. E. HELiosc6piA L. (WARTWEED.) Stems ascending, 1.5-3.5 dm. high, stout ; leaves all obovate and very rounded or retuse at the end, finely serrate, smooth or a little hairy, those of the stem wedge-shaped ; umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3, or at length simply forked ; glands orbicular, stalked; pods smooth and even ; seeds with coarse honeycomb-like reticulations. Waste places, and dry open soil, e. Que. to Ont., abundant ; locally s. to Pa., O., and 111. (Nat. from Eu.) -i- i- Leaves entire ; glands crescent-shaped or 2-horned. -M- Seeds smooth and dark-colored; perennials, with running rootstocks. 25. E. ESULA L. Stems clustered, 3-4 dm. high ; leaves lanceolate to linear, the floral (yellowish) broadly heart-shaped, mucronate ; umbel divided into many rays, then forking ; glands short-horned (brown) ; pods smoothish and granular. Sandy banks, s. Me. (Parting to N. J., Pa., and Mich. (Nat. from Eu.) 26. E. CYPARissiAS L. (CYPRESS S.) Stems densely clustered, 1.2-3 dm. high ; stem-leaves linear, crowded, the floral heart-shaped; umbel many-rayed ; glands crescent-shaped; pods granular. Escaped from gardens, common. (Introd. from Eu.) 27. E. LUCIDA Waldst. & Kit. Stout and tall glabrous perennial; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the floral broadly heart-shaped, mucronate ; termi- nal umbel many-rayed, the rays forking ; glands short-horned ; pods finely wrinkled. (E. nicaeensis Man. ed. 6, not All.) Field and roadsides, Sus- quehanna Valley, N. Y. and Pa. (Nat. from Eu.) ++ -w Seeds sculptured, ash-colored ; pod smooth ; annuals or biennials. 28. E. PEPLUS L. (PETTY S.) Erect or ascending, 1.5-3 dm. high ; leaves round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel 3-rayed, then forking ; glands long-horned ; lobes of the pod ^-wing-crested on the back ; seeds 2-grooved on the inner face, pitted on the back, scarcely over 1 mm. long. Waste places and cultivated ground, N. B. to N. J., Pa., and la. (Adv. from Eu.) 29. E. commutata Engelm. Stems branched from a commonly decumbent base, 1.5-3 dm. high ; leaves obovate, obtuse, the upper all sessile, the upper floral ones roundish-dilated, broader than long ; umbel 3-forked ; glands with slender horns ; capsule obtusely angled; seeds ovoid, pitted all over, 2 mm. long. Along streams and shady slopes, Pa. to Fla. , Mo., and Minn. * * * Glabrous annual or biennial with entire opposite and decussate leaves, an umbelliform inflorescence, and short-horned glands. 30. E. LATHYRUS L. (CAPER S., MOLE PLANT.) Stem stout, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves thick, linear or oblong, the floral oblong-ovate and heart-shaped ; umbel 4-rayed, then forking. Sparingly escaped from gardens, Ct. and N. Y. to N. C. (Introd. from Eu.) CALLITRICHACEAE (WATER STARWORT FAMILY) (Low slender and usually tufted chiefly aquatic herbs (glabrous or beset with microscopic stellate scales'), with entire spatulate or linear leaves, monoecious flowers (solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axil of the same leaf} wholly naked or inclosed by a pair of membranaceous bracts. Sterile flower a single stamen, the filament bearing a heart-shaped 4-celled anther, which by confluence becomes 1-celled, and opens by a single slit. Fertile flower a single 4-celled ovary, bear- ing 2 distinct filiform stigmas. Fruit nut-like, compressed, 4-lobed, 4-celled, separating at maturity into as many closed 1-seeded portions. Seeds pendulous ; embryo slender, straight or slightly curved, nearly the length of the oily albumen. 550 BUXACEAE (BOX FAMILY) 1. CALLlTRICHE L. WATER STARWORT The only genus. (Name from /ca\6s, beautiful, and 6pL%, hair, from the slender stems.) * Small annuals, forming tufts on moist soil, destitute of stellate scales ; leaves uniform, very small, obovate or oblanceolate, 3-nerved, crowded; bracts none. 1. C. defl&xa A. Br., var. Austin! (Engelm.) Hegelm. Stems 1-2.5 cm. high ; fruit 0.7 mm. wide, broader than high, deeply notched above and below, on a pedicel often nearly of its own length or almost sessile ; lobes of the fruit nar- rowly winged and with a deep groove between them ; persistent stigmas shorter than the fruit, spreading or reflexed ; leaves 2-4 mm. long. (C. Austini Engelm.) Damp soil, Ct. to Del.; also from Term, to Mo. and Tex. (Mex., S. A.) * * Amphibious perennials ; leaves with stellate scales, the floating ones obovate and 3-nerved, the submersed linear (all uniform and narrowly oblong in terrestrial forms) ; flowers usually between a pair of bracts. 2. C. palustris L. Fruit 1 mm. long, higher than broad, obovate, slightly obcordate, usually thickest at the base, sessile, its lobes sharply keeled or very narrowly winged above, and with a wide groove between them ; stigmas shorter than the fruit, almost erect, usually deciduous; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, obovate, narrowed into a petiole. (C.verna L., in part.) Common in quiet waters. (Eu.) 3. C. heterophylla Pursh. Fruit smaller, as broad as or broader than }ti> dioecious apetalous flowers; sepals imbricated or none; stamens opposite the sepals or indefinite ; carpels 3 ; ovary ^-celled ; styles 3, simple ; <>vul<'* (in ours) geminate in the cells, suspended, the rhaphe dorsal. A small family, often united with the Euphorbiaceae. 1. PACHYSANDRA Michx. Flowers monoecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4-5-parted. Petals none. Ster. Fl. Stamens 4, separate ; filaments long-exserted, thick and flat ; anthers oblong-linear. Fert. FL Styles thick, awl-shaped, recurved, sti-inatic down their whole length inside. Capsule deeply 3-horned, 3-celled, .splitting into 3 at length L'-valved 2-seeded carpels. Nearly glabrous low and procumbent peren- nial herbs, with matted rivepin^- rootstocks, and alternate ovate or obovate coarsely toothed leaves narrowed at base into a petiole. Flowers each 1-3- bracted, the upper staminate, a few fertile ones at base, unpleasantly scented ; I LIMNANTHACEAE (FALSE MERMAID FAMILY) 551 sepals greenish or purplish ; filaments white (their size and thickness giving the name, from ?raxi/s, thick, and dvrip, used for stamen). 1. P. prociimbens Michx. Stems 1.5-2.3 dm. long, bearing several approxi- mate leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered spikes along the base; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small scales. Woods, ints. of Ky., W. Va., and southw. ; adv. north w. March-May. EMPETRACEAE (CROWBERRY FAMILY) Low shrubby evergreens, with the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen of Heaths, and the drupaceous fruit of Arctostaphylos, but the divided or laciniate stigmas, etc., of some Euphorbiaceae. Probably only an apetalous and degen- erate form of Ericaceae, and comprising three genera, two within the limits of this work, the third farther south. 1. Empetrum. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils. Sepals 3, petaloid. 2. Corema. Flowers collected in terminal heads. Calyx none. 1. EMPETRUM [Tourn.] L. CROWBERRY Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves, incon- spicuous, scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals. Stamens 3. Style very short ; stigma 6-9-rayed. Fruit a berry-like drupe, with 0-9 seed-like nutlets, each containing an erect anatropous seed. (An ancient name, from tv, upon, and trtrpos, a rock.) 1. E. nigrum L. (BLACK C.) Procumbent and spreading; branchlets a scattered linear-oblong leaves glabrous or merely pulverulent; fruit black. Arctic Am., s. to the coast of e. Me., mts. of n. N. E. and N. Y., n. Mich., and coast of Ore. (Eurasia.) Var. puRptREUM (Raf.) DC. Fruit red or purple. Less common. Var. andinum (Philippi) DC. Branchlets and young leaves tomentose ; ber- ries reddish or plum-colored, larger and more juicy. Nfd., and mts. of Me. and N. H. (Chili.) 2. COREMA D. Don. BROOM CROWBERRY Flowers dioecious or polygamous, in terminal heads, each in the axil of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 scarious imbricated bractlets, but no proper calyx. Sta- mens 3, rarely 4. Style slender, 3(or rarely 4-5)-cleft ; stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, with 3 (rarely 4-5) nutlets. Diffusely branched little shrubs, with subverticillate narrowly linear heath-like leaves. (Name nbp-r^a, a broom, from the bushy aspect.) 1. C. Conradii Torr. Shrub, 1.5-6 dm. high, diffusely branched, nearly smooth ; drupe very small, dry and juiceless when ripe. Sandy pine-barrens and dry rocky places, N. J. and L. I. (?), Shawangunk Mts., N. Y., coast of s. e. Mass, and Me. to Nfd. The sterile plant is handsome in flower, on account of the tufted purple filaments and brown-purple anthers. LIMNANTHACEAE (FALSE MERMAID FAMILY) Herbaceous plants with perfect regular 3-6-merous slightly per igy nous sym- metrical flowers, the persistent sepals valvate. Glands alternate with the petals. Stamens distinct. Carpels nearly distinct, with a common style, \-ovuled, at IciKjth fleshy and indehiscent, not beaked, separating from a very short axis. Embryo straight; cotyledons very thick; radicle very short. Low tender annuals, with alternate pinnate exstipulate leaves. 552 ANACARDIACEAE (CASHEW FAMILY) 1. FLOERKEA Willd. FALSE MERMAID Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3, opposite the sepals, united only at the base ; the style rising in the center ; stig- mas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1-2) roughish fleshy achenes. Seed anatropous, erect. Small and inconspicuous herbs, with minute solitary flowers on axillary pedun- cles. (Named for Gustav Heinrich Florke, a German botanist.) 1. F. proserpinacoides Willd. Leaflets 3-5, lanceolate, sometimes 2-3-cleft. Marshes and river-banks, w. Que. to Del., Ky., and westw. Apr.-June. Taste slightly pungent. ANACARDIACEAE (CASHEW FAMILY) Trees or shrubs, with resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate leaves, and small often polygamous regular b-merous flowers, but the ovary l-celled and l-ovuled, with 3 styles or stigmas. Petals imbricated in the bud. Fruit mostly drupaceous. Seed without albumen, borne on a curved stalk that rises from the base of the cell. Stipules none. Some species pervaded by an exceedingly ac- tive poisonous principle. 1. RHUS L. SUMACH Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or be- tween the lobes of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and indehiscent, a sort of dry drupe. Leaves usually compound. Flowers green- ish-white or yellowish. (The old Greek and Latin name. ) 1. SO MAC DC. (in part). Flowers polygamous, in a terminal thyrsoid /"//- icle; fruit globular, symmetrical, clothed with acid crimson hairs; stone smooth ; leaves odd-pinnate. (Not poisonous.} 1. R. typhina L. (STAGHORN S.) Shrub or tree, 1-10 m. high, with orange- colored wood; branches and stalks densely velvety-hairy; leaflets 11-31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate. (R. hirta Sud worth.) Dry or gravelly soil, e. Que. to Ont., s. to Ga., Ind., and la. June, July. Apparently -*.-x-> hybridizes with the next species. Forma LACINI\TA (Wood) Rehder. Leaflets and bracts more or less deeply and laciniately toothed. A frequent form, at least in some cases pathological and with inflorescence transformed in part into contorted bracts (the Datisca hirta of L.). Forma DISSECTA Rehder. Leaves bipinnatifid to bipinnate. An occasional form, now in cultivation. 2. R. glabra L. (SMOOTH S.) Smooth glaucous shrub, 6-30 dm. high; leaflets 11-31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. Common in dry soil, centr. Me., westw. and southw. June, July. Forma LACINIATA (Carr.) Robinson. Leaves laciniately bipinnatifid to bipinnate. Pa. and Del. 3. R. copallina L. (DWARF S.) Shrub, 0.3-2 or (especially southward) even 10 m. high; branches and stalks downy; petioles wing-margined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate often entire leaflets, which are oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and shining above. Rocky hills, s. Me., southw. and westw. July. 2. VENENATAE Engl. Flowers polygamous, in loose and slender / panicles; fruit symmetrical, globular, glabrous or pubescent, whitish or dun-colored; the style terminal; stone striatf ; Icurr* ui?d- f iinnatt' <>r :!-/// "luti-, thin. (Poisonous.} TOXICODKNDRON Mill. 4. R. V6rnix L. (POISON S. or DOGWOOD.) Shrub, 2-5 in. high, smooth or nearly so ; leaflets 7-13, obovate-oblong, entire. ( R. venenata DC.) Swamps, w. Me. to w. Out., and southw. June. Our most poisonous species; also called POISON ELDKK. ". R. ToxicodSndron L. ( POISON IVY. POISON OAK.) Snberect and bushy. CYRILLACEAE (CYRILLA FAMILY) 553 scrambling, over fences, walls, etc., or in woods climbing by rootlets to consid-' erable heights (var. RADIANS (L.) Torr.), sparingly pubescent or glabrate ; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, leaflets ovate to rhombic, mostly acuminate, entire, crenulate, or irregularly and coarsely few-toothed, paler and with some persist- < % rAJ ent or tardily deciduous pubescence beneath ; berries whitish or cream-colored, subglobose, glabrous or nearly so, 5-6 mm. in diameter, in age sulcate. Abundant in hedgerows, thickets, and woods. June, July. To many persons poisonous to the touch. Passing on our western limits to a thicker-leaved smoother form (B. Eydbergi Small). Var. microcarpa Michx. Similar ; fruit 3-4 mm. in diameter. (E. micro- carpa Steud.) Apparently local, w. Que. to Fla., and westw. 6. R. quercifblia (Michx.) Steud. (POISON OAK.) Erect, 3-5 dm. high; leaflets broadly rhombic-ovate, conspicuously 3-7-lobed, permanently and some- what copiously pubescent beneath, rather firm in texture and somewhat veiny ; fruit 4-5 mm. in diameter, at first pubescent, in maturity glabrate but papillose. Woods and barrens, Va., southw. and south westw. 3. LOBADIUM (Raf.) DC. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, in small solitary or clustered spikes or heads which develop in spring before the leaves leaves 3-foliolate; fruit as in the first group. SCHMALTZIA Desv. 7. R. canad6nsis Marsh. Leaves soft-pubescent when young, becoming gla- brate; leaflets rhombic-obovate or ovate, unequally cut-toothed, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, the terminal one cuneate at base and sometimes 3-cleft ; flowers pale yel- low. (JR. aromatica Ait.) Dry rocky banks, w. Vt. to Minn., and southw. A straggling bush, 1-2 in. high ; the crushed leaves not unpleasantly scented. Var. illinoSnsis (Greene) Fernald. Branchlets and petioles tomentulose ; leaves permanently appressed -pubescent above, velvety beneath. (Schmaltzia illinoensis Greene.) Dry sandy banks, centr. 111. Var. trilobata (Nutt.) Gray. With smaller somewhat flabelliform and ob- tusish leaflets, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, crenately few-lobed or incised toward the sum- mit. 111. (Hall), and common westw. Unpleasantly scented. 4. COTINUS (Adans.) DC. Ovary becoming very gibbous in fruit, with the remains of the styles lateral ; flowers in loose ample panicles, the pedicels elongating and becoming plumose ; leaves simple, entire. 8. R. cotinoides Nutt. A tree, 8-12 m. high, glabrous or nearly so ; leaves thin, oval, 7-15 cm. long. (Cotinus Britton.) Wooded calcareous banks, s. e. Mo. to Tenn., and southw., rare and local. Flowers and fruit much as in the cultivated SMOKE-TREE (E. Cotinus L.), which is an occasional escape within our range. CYRILLACEAE (CYRILLA FAMILY) Shrubs or small trees with alternate entire thickish leaves, no stipules, and (4-)5-parted small regular and perfect flowers. Stamens hypogynous, 5 or 10, when 5 alternate with the petals. Ovary 2-5-celled ; cells l-A-ovuled. Petals (white or roseate) imbricated or convolute in bud, sessile or unguiculate. Fruit a small corky drupe or tardily dehiscent pod. Flowers racemose-spicate. 1. CYRILLA Garden. LEATHERWOOD. BLACK TI-TI Petals sessile. Stamens 5, attached with the petals under a disk ; anthers somewhat sagittate. Ovary 2-3-celled ; ovules anatropous or half-anatropous ; cotyledons terete, small ; radicle superior. Leaves oblanceolate, coriaceous, evergreen or nearly so. (Named in honor of Dominica Cyrillo, professor of medicine at Naples.) 1. C. racemifl&ra L. Glabrous shrub, with shining somewhat veiny leaves and innumerable small flowers in clustered racemes. Edges of swamps, s. e. Va., and southw. (W. I.; S. A.) 554 AQUIFOLIACKAK (HOLLY FAMILY) AQUIFOLIACEAE (HOLLY FAMILY) Trees or shrubs, with small axillary 1-8-merous flowers, a minute cafyx free from the -8-celled ovary and the 4~8-seeded berry-like drupe; the stum?/. many as the divisions of the almost or quite 4-8-petaled corolla and alternate with them, attached to their very base. Corolla imbricated in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4-8, or united into one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and solitary in each cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Leaves simple, mostly alternate. Flowers -white or greenish, mostly polygamo-dioecious. Small family, related to the Ebenaceae. 1. Ilex. Petals or corolla-lobes oval or obovate. Stamens adnate to the base of the corolla. 2. Nemopanthus. Petals linear, free from each other and from the stamens. 1. ILEX L. HOLLY Calyx 4-6-toothed. Petals 4-6, separate or united only at the base, oval or obovate, obtuse, spreading. Stamens 4-6. The berry-like drupe containing 4-6 little nutlets. Leaves alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary, and the sterile or partly sterile flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient Latin name of the Holly Oak, rather than of the Holly.) 1. AQUIFOLIUM [Tourn.] Gray. Parts of the flower commonly in 4'.s, sometimes in 5's or 6's; drupe red or yellow, its nutlets ribbed, r< ;,/. ni- l-grooved on the back; leaves mostly smooth, coriaceous and every* * Leaves armed with spiny teeth ; trees. 1. I. opaca Ait. (AMERICAN H.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy margins with scattered spiny teeth ; flowers in loose clusters along the base of the young branches and in the axils ; calyx-teeth acute ; fruit red. Moist woodlands, Mass, to N. J., near the coast, w. to s. Mo., and south w. June. Tree, 6-12 m. high ; the deep green foliage less glossy than in the European Holly. Forma XANTHOCARPA Render. Fruit bright yellow. New Bedford, Mass. (Hervey). * * Leaves serrate or entire, not spiny ; shrubs. 2. I. vomitbria Ait. (CASSENA, YAUPOX.) Leaves lance-ovate or elliptical, crenate, 2.5-3.8 cm. long ; flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth ; calyx-tt < th obtuse. (/. Cassine Man. ed. 6, not L.) Va. to Fla., Ark., and Tex. May. Leaves used for tea by the people along the coast, as they were also to make the celebrated black drink of the North Carolina Indians. (W. I.) 3. I. Cassine L. (DAHOOV H.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong, entire, or nh'irply serrate toward the apex, with revolute margins, 6-7.5 cm. long, the iniiirib and peduncles pubescent; calyx-teeth acute. (I. Dahoon Walt.) Swamps, s. Va., and southw. May, June. Var. myrtifblia (Walt.) Sarg. Leaves smaller (2.5 cm. long or less) and narrower. (/. myrtifolia Walt.) Same range. May. 2. PRINOlDES Gray. Parts of the polygamous or dioecious #<>> rs i or 5',s (rarely O'.s) ; drupe red or purple ; nutlets striate-many-rifdn-d <>n the fun-/,- ; I >>tr < * deciduous ; shruf>*. 4. I. decidua Walt. l.Kin* irnJi/t'-oiJni)// or liin<'f-<>i><>r. I. monticola (\\-\\\. Leave* '-i//>/. mn^i,- ((\-\-2 em. long), taper-pointed, thin nieiiihranaceous. >////< rristinct claw. (E. americanus, var. T. & G.) Low or wet places, w. Ont. to Pa. , Ky. , and 111. ; commoner than the preceding. 2. PACHfSTIMA Raf. Flowers perfect. Sepals and petals 4. Stamens 4, on the edge of the broad disk lining the calyx-tube. Ovary free; style very short. Pod small, oblong, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds 1 or 2, inclosed in a white membrana- ceous many-cleft aril. Low evergreen shrubs, with smooth serrulate coria- ceous opposite leaves and very small green flowers solitary or fascicled in the axils. (Name from iraxfa, thick, and . 4. A. saccharinum L. (WHITE or SILVER M.) Leaves very deeply 5-lobed, with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white (and when young downy) under- neath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed ; flowers on short pedicels ; petals none ; fruit woolly when young, with large divergent wings. (A. d\ ELDER.) Leaflets 3-6 (-9), smooth ish when old, very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed ; petals none ; fruit smooth, with large SAPINDACEAE (SOAPBERRY FAMILY) 559 rather incurved wings. (Negundo aceroides Moench.) River-banks, w. N. E. .to Man., south w. and westw. ; extensively cultivated and frequently seeding itself eastw. Apr. A small but handsome tree, with light-green twigs, and very delicate drooping clusters of small greenish flowers rather earlier than the leaves. SAPINDACEAE (SOAPBERRY FAMILY) Trees, shrubs, rarely herbaceous climbers, with exstipulate chiefly alternate and compound leaves. Flowers often polygamous, mostly unsymmetrical. Stamens commonly more numerous than the petals, rarely twice as many. Embryo curved or convolute, rarely straight ; cotyledons thick and fleshy. Large family, chiefly woody climbers in the tropics. 1. Sapindus. Flowers subregular. Leaves alternate, pinnate. 2. Aesculus. Flowers irregular. Leaves opposite, palmate. 1. SAPINDUS [Tourn.] L. SOAPBERRY Flowers regular, polygamous. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in 2 rows. Petals 4-5, with a scale at the base. Stamens 8-10, upon the hypogynous disk. Ovary 3-celled, with an ascending ovule in each cell. Fruit a globose or 2-3-lobed berry, 1-3-seeded. Seed crustaceous, globose. Trees or shrubs, with alternate abruptly pinnate leaves, and small flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. (Name a contraction of sapo indicus, Indian soap, having reference to the saponaceous character of the berries.) 1. S. Drumm6ndi H. & A. Tree, 6-18 m. high ; leaflets 4-9 pairs, obliquely lanceolate, sharply acuminate, entire, 3.7-7.5 cm. long ; the rhachis of the leaf not winged ; flowers white, in a large panicle ; fruit mostly globose, 1.2 cm. in diameter. (S. acuminatus Man. ed 6, not Raf.) Kan. to La. and Mex. CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM L., the BALLOON VINE of cultivation, an herbaceous climber with bi-ternate leaves and bladdery pods, is occasionally spontaneous. (In trod, from Tropics.) 2. AESCULUS L. HORSE-CHESTNUT. BUCKEYE Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, often oblique or gibbous at base. Petals 4-5, more or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamens 7 (rarely 6 or 8) ; fila- ments long, slender, often unequal. Style 1 ; ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a leathery pod, 3-celled and 3-seeded, or usually by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded, loculicidally 3-valved. Seed very large, with thick shin- ing coat, and a large round pale scar. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, their contiguous faces coherent, remaining under ground in germination ; plumule 2-leaved ; radicle curved. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitate ; leaf- lets serrate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrse or dense panicle, often polygamous, most of them with imperfect pistils and sterile ; pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with a bitter and nar- cotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other mast-bearing tree.) 1. EUAESCULUS Pax. Fruit covered with prickles when young. 1. A. HippocAsTANUM L. (COMMON H.) Corolla spreading, white, spotted with purple and yellow, of 6 petals; stamens declined; leaflets 7. Com- monly planted and occasionally self-sown. (Introd. from Asia via Eu.) 2. A. glabra Willd. (FETID or OHIO B.) Stamens curved, longer than the pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals ; leaflets usually 5. River-banks, w. Pa. to Mich., Mo., Kan., and southw. June. A large tree ; the bark exhaling an unpleasant odor, as in the rest of the genus. Flowers small, not showy. 560 BALSAMINACEAE (TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY) Var. arguta (Buckley) Robinson. Leaflets mostly 6 or 7, lanceolate, attenu- ate, sharply serrate. (A. arguta Buckley.) la. (Mills"), Mo. (Bush), to Kan. and Tex. 2. PAVIA [Boerh.] Pers. Fruit smooth; petals 4, conniving; the 2 upper smaller and longer than the others, with a small rounded blade on a very long claw. 3. A. octandra Marsh. (SWEET B.) Stamens included in the yellow corolla ; calyx oblong-campanulate ; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often minutely downy underneath. (^.4. flava Ait.) Rich woods, Pa. to Wise. , la., and soutliw. May. A large tree or a shrub. Var. hybrida (DC.) Sarg. Calyx and corolla tinged with flesh-color or dull purple ; leaflets commonly downy beneath. (A. flava, var. purpurascens Gray.) W. Va., south w. and westw. 4. A. Pavia L. (RED B.) Stamens not longer than the corolla, which is bright red, as well as the tubular calyx ; leaflets glabrous or soft-downy beneath. Fertile valleys, Va., Ky. , Mo. , and southw. May. A shrub or small tree. BALSAMINACEAE. (TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY) Herbs or undershrubs with bland watery juice, alternate simple exstipulate leaves, irregular flowers, and yetaloid imbricated spurred calyx. Stamens 5, with short flat filaments and introrse more or ~iess connivent anthers. Ovary ^-celled. Seeds without albumen; embryo straight. Ours glaucous succulent annuals. 1. IMPATIENS [Rivinius] L. BALSAM. JEWELWEED Sepals apparently only 4 ; the anterior one notched at the apex (probably two combined) ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a usually spurred sac. Petals 2, 2-lobed (each a pair united) . Filaments appendaged with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales con- nivent over the stigma ; anthers introrse. Pod with evanescent partitions, and a thick axis bearing several anatropous seeds ; valves 6, coiling elastically and projecting the seeds in dehiscence. Leaves in ours ovate or oval, coarsely toothed, petioled. Flowers axillary or panicled, often of two sorts, viz., the larger ones which seldom ripen seeds ; and very small ones which are fertilized early in the bud, their floral envelopes never expanding but forced off by the growing pod and carried upward on its apex. (Name from the sudden bursting of the pods when touched, whence also the popular appellation.) 1. I. pallida Nutt. (PALE TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Flowers pale-yellow, sparingly dotted with brownish-red ; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long, tipped with a short incurved spur. (/. aurea Muhl. ?) Moist shady places and along rills, in rich soil, n. Me. and w. N. E., westw. and southw. July-Sept. Larger and greener than the next, with larger flowers. A form with unspotted flowers occurs. '2. I. biflbra Walt. (SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT.) Flowers orange-color, thickly xi,,,ttnl ir if ft reddish brown; sac longer titan broad, acutely conical, tapering into f-M :| xtrniiglij in flexed spur half as long as the sac. (/. fulva Nutt.) Rills and shady moist places. June-Sept. Plant 6-8 dm. high. Forms with spotless, whitish, or roseate flowers have been found. I. NOLI-TAN<;KKE L., of Eurasia and n. w. Am., with pale yellow flowers and the sac much longer than broad, is reported from Ottawa, Out. (Macoun). RHAMNACEAE (BUCKTHORN FAMILY) Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, small mid regular flowers (some- time* u/it'fd/niis}. n'ftli the 4 or 6 perigynous utmix-nx /it l. Vitis. Corolla caducous without expanding. Hypogynous glands 5, alternate with the stamens. Fruit pulpy. Leaves simple. 1. PSEDERA Neck. VIRGINIA CREEPER. WOODBINE Calyx slightly f>-toothe (3-7), oblong- VITACEAE (VINE FAMILY) 563 lanceolate, rather coarsely serrate. Flower-clusters cymosely compound. Ten- drils branched, their tips twining or affixing themselves by enlarged terminal adhesive disks. (Name supposedly intended as a contraction of i/'eOSos, false, and Hedera, the Ivy.) AMPELOPSIS Michx., in part. PARTHENOCISSUS Planch. 1. P. quinquefblia (L.) Greene. Glabrous even upon the young shoots ; leaflets dull green, decidedly paler beneath, distinctly petiolulate ; tendrils with 5-12 rather long branches mostly ending in adhesive disks ; peduncles 1-4 cm. long; inflorescence paniculate, its main branches unequal; fruit subglobose, scarcely 'fleshy, about 6-7 mm. in diameter. (Ampelopsis Michx.; Partheno- cissus Planch.) Copses, etc., s. N. H., westw. and south w., common. (Mex., W.I.) Var. hirsuta (Donn) Render. Branchlets, tendrils, petioles, and to some extent the leaflets pubescent at least when young ; aerial rootlets often present ; otherwise like the typical form. {Ampelopsis quinqucfolia, var. pubescens Bailey.) Vt. to la., southw. and south westw. Var. Saint-Paulii (Koehne & Graebner) Rehder. Somewhat pubescent upon the younger parts ; aerial rootlets more prevalent than in the other forms of the species; leaflets cuneate to a sessile or scarcely petiolulate base ; cymules somewhat racemosely arranged, rendering the elongated main branches of the inflorescence subcyliridric. la., 111., and southwestw. 2. P. vitacea (Knerr) Greene. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent ; leaflets deep green, thin, somewhat shining above, scarcely paler beneath ; tendrils with 2-5 long twining branches, these only exceptionally ending in adhesive disks ; aerial rootlets none ; peduncles mostly 4-8 cm. long ; inflorescence regularly dichotomous. the primary branches nearly equal ; fruit somewhat obovoid, 6-10 mm. in diameter, more fleshy than in the preceding species. {Ampelopsis quinquefolia of auth., in part, not Michx.; Parthenocissus vitacea Hitchc.) Moist woods, alluvial thickets, etc., centr. Me. to Assina. and Tex., common. 2. CISSUS L. Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous, 4-merous or (in ours) 5-merous. Petals expanding. Disk cup-shaped, surrounding the base of the ovary. Berry inedible, with scanty pulp. Seeds usually triangular-obovate. Tendrils in our species few and mostly in the inflorescence. Avast genus, mainly tropical. (Greek name of the Ivy.) AMPELOPSIS Michx., in part. 1. C. Ampel6psis Pers. Nearly glabrous ; leaves heart-shaped or truncate at the base; coarsely and sharply toothed, acuminate, not lobed ; panicle small and loose ; style slender ; berries of the size of a pea, 1-3-seeded, bluish or greenish. (Ampelopsis cordata Michx., not C. cordata Iloxb.) River-banks, Va. to Neb., Tex., and Fla. June. 2. C. arbbrea (L.) Des Moulins. (PEPPER-VINE.) Nearly glabrous, bushy and rather upright ; leaves twice pinnate or ternate, the leaflets cut-toothed ; flowers cymose ; calyx 5-toothed ; disk very thick, adherent to the ovary ; berries black, obovoid. (C. stans Pers. ; Ampelopsis arborea Rusby.) Rich soils, Va. to Mo., and southw. 3. C. incisa (Nutt.) Des Moulins. A stout vine, with somewhat succulent deeply ^-parted or pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, the leaflets ovate or obovate, cuneate, coarsely and irregularly toothed ; inflorescence suggesting a compound umbel. Open sandy or rocky woods, "Mo." and Kan. to Tex. and Fla. 3. VITIS [Tourn.] L. GRAPE Flowers polygamo-dioecious (some plants with perfect flowers, others stami- nate with at most a rudimentary ovary), 5-merous. Calyx very short, usually with a nearly entire border or none at all. Petals separating only at base and falling off without expanding. Hypogynous disk of 5 nectariferous glands r-nate with the stamens. Berry pulpy. Seeds pyriform, with beak-like . Plants climbing by the coiling of naked-tipped tendrils. Flowers in a 564 VITACEAE (VINE FAMILY) compound thyrse, very fragrant ; pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. Leaves simple, rounded and heart-shaped. (The classical Latin name.) Lower surface of leaves velvety-tomentose or covered with flocculent wool. Berries large, 14-18 mm. in diameter 1. V. labruaca. Berries smaller, rarely over 12 mm. in diameter. I'.ranchlets terete or nearly so, glabrous, glabrate, or retaining only floeeii- lent remnants of wool. Branchlets, petioles, and lower surface of leaves covered with somewhat persistent reddish flocculent wool '_'. V. aestii'iili*. Branchlets even when young glabrous or nearly so ; lower surface of leaves very pale and glaucous, at length nearly smooth . . .8. V. bicolor. Branchlets distinctly angled, covered with a fine dense and persistent gray tomentiiin 4. F. cinereu. Lower surface of the leaves merely pubescent (chiefly along or in the axils of the nerves) or glabrous. Leaves very glaucous or even whitened beneath 3. V. bicolor. Leaves green beneath. Bark of stem loose and shredding; berries 7-10 nun. in diaim-tei-. Leaves ovate to suborbicular ; berries mostly acid ; toll climbers. Teeth of leaves narrowly deltoid or even lanceolate, sharply acumi- nate, and often slightly falcate ; berries blue, with copious bloom 6. V. vulpina. Teeth of leaves broadly deltoid, cuspidate ; berries black or dark purple, with little or no bloom. Leaves scarcely or not at all 3-lobed ; the basal sinus mostly rather deep, narrow, and acutish 5. F. cordifolin. Leaves habitually and rather incisely 3(-5)-lobed; the basal sinus mostly wide, shallow, and rounded 7. V. i>i)-xtrix. Bark of stem close and firm ; berries 12-18 mm. in diameter . . .9. V. rotundifolia. 1. EUVlTIS Planch. Bark loose and shreddy; tendrils forked; nor ^hurt-hairy especially on tin ribs bi-iH-tith, iiKiiselij lobed <>r undivided. '". V. cordifblia Midix. (FROST or CHICKEN G.) Leaves 7.5-10 cm. wide, unlobed or slightly .'>-!< died, cordate with a deep acute sinus, acuminate, coarsely and sharply toothed ; stipules aiiiaipa, a sphere, and dX^a, a mallow from the commonly spherical fruit.) 1. S. rembta (Greene) Fernald. Perennial, erect, bushy-branched, 1-2 m. high, densely and stcllatdy pubescent, : leaves maple-shaped'. .">-7-cleft ; flowers clustered in the upper axils and subspieate ; calyx densely pubescent, its cau- date-acuminate lobes 1-1..") cm. long ; petals rose-color. (S. act-rifnUa Man. ed. 6, not Nutt.) Known only from a gravelly island in the Kankakee R., 111. MALVACEAE (MALLOW FAMILY) 567 3. MODiOLA Moench. Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10-20. Stigmas capitate. Carpets 14-20, kidney-shaped, pointed, and at length 2-valved at the top ; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed in each cell. Humble procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut leaves and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus, the broad and depressed fruit resembling in shape the Roman measure of that name.) 1. M. caroliniana (L.) G. Don. Hairy ; leaves 3-5-cleft and incised ; fruit hispid at the top. (M. multifida Moench.) Low grounds, Va. and southw. (Trop. Am.) 4. MALVASTRUM Gray. FALSE MALLOW Calyx with an involucel of 2 or 3 bractlets, or none. Petals notched at the end or entire. Styles 5 or more ; stigmas capitate. Carpels as in Malva, or else as in Sid a, but the solitary kidney-shaped seed ascending and the radicle point- ing downward, as in the former. (Name altered from Malva.} 1. M. angustum Gray. (YELLOW F.) Annual, slightly hairy, erect, 1.5-3 dm. high ; leaves lance-oblong or linear, with scattered fine callous teeth ; flowers in the upper axils, on short peduncles ; bractlets and stipules setaceous ; petals yellow, scarcely exceeding the calyx ; carpels 5, kidney-shaped, smooth, at length 2-valved. Gravelly and rocky hills, centr. Tenn. to la. and Kan. Aug. 2. M. coccineum (Pursh) Gray. (RED F.) Perennial, low and hoary ; leaves 5-parted or pedate ; flowers in short spikes or racemes, the pink-red petals very much longer than the calyx ; carpels 10 or more, reticulated on the sides and indehiscent. Man. and w. la. to Tex., and westw. 5. SIDA L. Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or more, tipped with capitate stigmas ; the ripe fruit separating into as many 1-seeded carpels, which are closed, or commonly 2-valved at the top, and tardily separate from the axis. Seed pendulous. Embryo abruptly bent ; the radicle pointing upward. (A name used by Theophrastus. ) 1. S. hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby. A smooth tall (1.2-3 m. high) perennial ; leaves 3-1-cleft, the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed ; flowers white, umbellate- corymbed, 2.5 cm. wide; carpels 10, pointed. (S. Napaea Cav.) Glades and river-banks, Pa. to Tenn., rare ; cultivated in old gardens. 2. S. Elli6ttii T. & G. A smooth erect perennial, 3-12 dm. high ; leaves linear, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, short ; flowers yellow, rather large ; carpels 9-10, slightly and abruptly pointed, forming a depressed fruit. Sandy soil, s. Va. to s. Mo., and southw. May-Aug. 3. S. SFIN6SA L. Annual weed, minutely and softly pubescent, low (2.5-5 dm. high), much branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, rather long-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole ; flowers yellow, small ; carpels 5, combined into an ovoid fruit, each splitting at the top into 2 beaks. Waste places, Mass, to Mich., Kan., and southw., where com- mon. A little tubercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives the specific name, but it cannot be called a spine. (Nat. from the Tropics.) 6. ALTHAEA L. MARSH MALLOW Calyx surrounded by a 6-9-cleft involucel. Otherwise as in Malva. (Old Greek and Latin name, from &\Sei.v, to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.) 1. A. OFFICINALIS L. (MARSH MALLOW.) Stem erect, 6-12 cm. high ; leaves ovate or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety-downy ; peduncles axillary, many-flowered ; flowers pale rose-color. Salt marshes, 568 .MALVACEAE (MALLOW FAMILY) coast of N. E. and N. Y., also locally westw. to Mich, and Ark. Aug., Sept. Perennial root thick, abounding in mucilage. (Nat. from Eu.) A. CANNABINA L., with digitately 5-parted leaves, is said to be somewhat established at Washington, I). C. (Adv. from Eu.) A. R6SEA Cav., the HOLLYHOCK of gardens, sometimes persists after culti- vation. 7. MALVA [Tourn.] L. MALLOW Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals obcordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed, separating at maturity into as many 1-seeded and indehiscent round kidney- shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downward. (An old Latin name, from the Greek name, /xaXdx??, having allusion to the emollient leaves.) * Flowers fascicled in the axils. 1. M. ROTUNDIF6LIA L. (COMMON M., CHEESES.) Stems procumbent from a deep biennial root ; leaves round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, crenate, obscurely lobed; petals twice the length of the calyx, whitish; carpels pubes- cent, even.-- Waysides and cultivated grounds, common. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. M. VERTiciLiATA L. Erect annual, with round crenately 5-1-lobed leaves ; flowers small, pale, sessile, crowded in the axils ; carpels slightly reticulated. Roadsides, waste places, etc., N. S., Que., and w. Vt. ; Pa. (Nat. from Asia.) M. CRfsFA L. (the CURLED M.), which scarcely differs save in its crisped leaves, is occasionally spontaneous about gardens, etc. (Adv. from Eu.) 3. M. SYLVESTRIS L. (HIGH M. ) Biennial; stem erect, branched, 6-9 dm. high; leaves sharply 5-7 -lobed; petals thrice the length of the calyx, large. purple and rose-color; carpels wrinkled-veiny. Waysides and about gardens. rarely escaped from cultivation. (Introd. from Eu.) * * Flowers only in the upper axils, somewhat racemose or paniculate. 4. M. MOSCH\TA L. (MusK M.) A low perennial, with mostly *///>/ glabrous, subglobose, abruptly beaked. River-banks and fresh or brackish marshes, near the coast, e. Mass., southw. ; also lake-shores and swamps (especially near salt springs) westw. to Ont. and Mo. July-Sept. 3. H. oculiroseus Britton. (CRIMSON-EYED or WHITE Hiiuscus.) Similar ; calyx in anthesis 3-4 cm. long, its lobes ovate-lanceolate ; petals white, with a crimson blotch at base; capsule ovoid, gradually pointed. Marshes near the coast, N. J., and southw. July-Sept. 4. H. incanus Wendland. Resembling the preceding; leaves ovate to lanceo- late, toothed, rarely lobed; calyx in anthesis 2.5-3 cm. long; ^petals white, yellowish, or pink, crimson-blotched at base ; capsule ovoid, beaked, closely stellate-tomentose and loosely hirsute. Swamps, Md., and southw. 6. H. lasiocarpos Cav. Leaves broadly to narrowly ovate, soft-pubescent upon both surfaces, the upper surface bearing many simple or subsimple hairs ; bractlets ciliate; petals white or rose-color, crimson-blotched at base; capsule short-cylindric, subtruncate, densely villous-hirsute. Marshes, Ga. to Tex., northw. in Miss, basin to Ky., Ind., 111., and Mo. July-Sept. 6. H. militaris Cav. (HALBERD-LEAVED R.) Smooth throughout; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed ; upper leaves commonly hctlhci-d- form ; peduncles slender; corolla 5-7.5 cm. long, flesh-color, with purple base ; fruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy. River-banks, Pa. to Minn., and southw. 7. H. TRIONUM L. (FLOWER-OF-AN-HOUR.) A low rather hairy mnnutl ; upper leaves 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the longest; fruiting calyx inflated, membranaceous, Q-winged, with numerous dark ciliate nerves; corolla sulphur-yellow, with a blackish eye, ephemeral. Culti- vated and waste ground, rather local. (Nat. from Eu.) TERNSTROEMIACEAE (TEA OR CAMELLIA FAMILY) Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather^veined leaves and n<> xf /pules, the regular flowers hypogynous and poly androus, the sepals and petals both imbricated in aestivation, the stamens more or less united at the base vith > <> other (monadelphous or 3-5-adelphous) and icith the base of the petals. Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3-5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyledons. A family with showy flowers, the types of which are the well-known CAMELLIA and the more important TEA PLANT. 1. Stewartia. Stamens monadelphous. Ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. 2. Gordonia. Stamens 5-adelphous. Ovules 4-8 in each cell, pendulous. 1. STEWARTIA L. Sepals 4, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate. Stamens monadelphous below. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, crusta- ceous, anatropous, ascending. Radicle longer than the cotyledons. Shrubt with membranaceous deciduous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short-peduncled flowers solitary in their axils. (Named for John Stuart, or as formerly often written Sfnnn-t. Marquis of Bute.) 1. S. Malachodndron L. Petals 5, white, _'.-"> cm. long; sepals ovate; style 1; stiuMiia "i-tontlu-d ; pod globular, blunt ; seeds not margined. (S. rirginira ( 1 av.) Woods, Ya.. and southw. 2. S. pentagyna I/H6r. Leaves larger. 1.3-1.5 dm. long; sepals acute; petals often <> ; styles 5, distinct; pod angled, pointed ; seeds wing-margined. Mts. of Ky. and N. Car. to Ga. I HYPEKH'ArKAK (ST. JOHN'S- WORT FAMILY) 571 2. GORDdNIA Ellis. LOBLOLLY BAY Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valved ; the valves separating from the persistent axis ; cells 2-8-seeded. Seeds pendulous ; radicle short; cotyledons thin, longitudinally plaited. Shrubs or small trees, with large and showy white flowers on axillary peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his "old master, Dr. James Gordon of Aberdeen," and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.) 1. G. Lasi&nthus L. (TAN BAY.) Leaves coriaceous and persistent, lanceo- late-oblong, rfarrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and shining ; petals 3-4 cm. long ; pod pointed ; seeds winged above. Swamps near the coast, Va., and southw. May-July. HYPERICACEAE (Sx. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY) Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted mostly sessile leaves and no stipules, regular hypogynous,flowers, the petals mostly oblique and convolute in the bud, and many or few stamens sometimes collected in 3 or more clusters or bundles. Pod l-celled ivith 2-5 parietal placentae, and as many styles, or 3-7- celled by the union of the placentae in the center; dehiscence mostly septicidal. Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, mostly deciduous. Styles persistent, at first sometimes united. Seeds numerous, small, anatropous, with no albumen. Plants usually smooth. Flowers solitary or cymose. 1. Ascyrum. Sepals 4, in 2 very unequal pairs. Petals 4. Stamens many, distinct. 2. Hypericum. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens usually many and often in 3 or 5 clusters. 1. ASCYRUM L. ST. PETER' S-WORT Sepals 4 ; the two outer very broad and leaf-like ; the inner much smaller. Petals 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous ; the filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly l-celled, 2-4- valved. Low rather shrubby smooth pale green plants, with nearly solitary light yellow flowers. (Ancient Greek name for some plant probably of this family. ) 1. A. stns Michx. (ST. PETER'S-WORT.) Stem suberect, 2-edged, 3-6 dm. high, stout; leaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping, thickish ; flowers showy ; outer sepals round-cordate, inner lanceolate ; petals obovate ; styles 3 or 4. Pine barrens, L. I. to Pa., and south westw. July, Aug. 2. A. hypericoides L. (ST. ANDREW'S CROSS.) Low, much branched and decumbent ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, contracted at the base, thin ; petals linear-oblong; styles 2, very short; pod flat. (A. Crux-Andreae L. 1763, not 1753.) Wet sand or rocky barrens, Nantucket I., Mass., to s. 111., Neb., and southw. July-Sept. Petals scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs over them, in the form of a St. Andrew's cross. 2. HYPERICUM [Tourn.] L. ST. JOHN'S-WORT Sepals 5, usually subequal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud (except in 6). Stamens frequently united or clustered in 3-5 parcels ; no interposed glands. Pod l-celled or 3-5-celled. Seeds usually cylindrical. Herbs or shrubs, with cymose yellow, flesh-colored, or purplish flowers. (An ancient Greek name of obscure meaning.) 572 HYPEK1CACEAE (ST. JOH1TS-WORT FAMILY) II. II. /a ri'oi iitnni a. Petals yellow (at most mottled or striped with red, purple, or black) b. b. Stvles 5; pods 5-celled. Tall herb; flowers 4-6 cm. broad ; pods 2-3 cm. long . . 1. 77. Ascyron. Slender shrub; flowers 1.5-3 cm. broad; pods 5-10 mm. long s . IT. Kalmianum. b. Styles 3, rarely 4; pods 3( rarely 4)-celled c. c. Stamens very numerous (moVe than 12) d. . //. i>rol(Jicum. Pods 5-8 mm. long 7. 77. tyle> distinct ; stigmas capitate . . . . . . . 15. H. virgatum. e. Stamens 5-12 j. j. Stem simple or loosely branched; leaves linear to ovate. spreading /{. k. Bracts of the inflorescence foliaceous. resembling reduced stem-leaves . . . . . . . . 16. 77. boreale. k. Ultimate bracts of the inflorescence setaceous to linear- subulate. Leaves orbicular, ovate-deltoid, or rounded -oblong, clasping. Leaves ovate-oblong or short-elliptic, rounded at tip ; pod short-ellipsoid 17. Leaves ovate-deltoid, acutish or blunt ; pod slender- conical . 18. Leaves lanceolate to linear, nierelv sessile (if clasping with Lanoe-attenuate outline). Leaves lanceolate, ehietly f>-7-nervcd at base . . 19. Leaves linear. 1-3-nervcd -_'u. j. Steins fastigiately 1. ranched ; leaves scale-like or linear- subulate. Strongly ascending. Leaves 6-20 nun. long: pods ovoid, slightly exceeding the calyx 21. Leaves shorter, scale. like; pods lance-subulate, much exceeding the calyx 22. iil ii. II. ;/, /ititl,, II. II. in t in/tit mil. 1. R6SCTNA (Spach) Endl. Stamens very Hnmrrniis, '^itil^hniia; ntyli>* :,. united hifmr. tin- nthjinmt capitate; p<>-< cm. broad; sepals very unequal, the largest broad-ovate, 1.3 cm. //rranchl ; i,- ( tn* linir to omt, . 10. H. boreale (Britton) Bicknell. Perennial; (he sd-ms r<>,! (;j-5 mm. Inny). (H. c //?///""/// nbhnitj, obtuse. P'trthi rlnsjiinf/, 5-nerved ; cyme (in well developed plants) diffuse, somewhat leafy-bracted, tin- nit! mate bracts setaceous; flowers 4 mm. broad ; sepals linear- ELATINACEAE (\VATEK WORT FAMILY) 575 lanceolate, acute ; pods 2.5-3.5 mm. IHr later ones, which are much smaller and in clusters, with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller ;}-few-seeded pods. CISTAOEAK (ROCKROSE FAMILY) 577 The large dowers open only once, in sunshine, 'and cast their petals by the next day. (Name from ifXtos, the sun, and d^e/xo^, flower.} 1. H. canadSnse (L. ?) Michx. (FROSTWEED.) Erect, hoary-pubescent, 3-5 dm. high, at first simple ; leaves lance-oblong, pale beneath ; large flowers solitary, 2.5 cm. broad, soon surpassed by lateral branches, their pods 6 mm. long ; the small flowers clustered on short 1-4-flowered branchlets, their pods light brown, unequal, those of the terminal flowers commonly larger, 3-4 mm. in diameter. Sandy or gravelly dry soil, Me. to Mich., N. C., and Miss. June- Aug. Late in autumn crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the base of this and the next species, whence the popular name. A dwarf and rather more cespitose plant with crowded stems only 1-2 dm. high, common on ster- ile shores and sandy hills near the sea, from e. Mass, southw. (H. propinquum Bicknell) appears to be only a stunted form of this species. 2. H. majus BSP. (FROSTWEED.) Similar in habit and more canescent ; primary flowers clustered at the summit of the stem, not surpassed by branches ; petals slightly paler yellow than in the preceding ; secondary flowers very small, numerous, closely clustered along slender branches, their pods dark brown, 2 mm. in diameter. Similar situations, N. S. to Minn., Col., and southw. This is H. majus BSP., at least in part, and of recent auth. It seems probable, however, that Lechea major L. represented rather the preceding species. Until the Linnean types botli of Cistus canadensis and of Lechea major can be definitely identified, it seems best to allow the current interpretation of the names under Helianthemum to stand as above. 3. H. corymbbsum Michx. Flowers all corymbosely clustered at the summit of the stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks ; calyx woolly. Pine barrens, N. J., and southw. along the coast. 2. HUDS6NIA L. Petals much larger than the calyx. Style long and slender ; stigma minute. Pod terete, inclosed in the calyx, strictly 1-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each nerve-like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a closed hook. Bushy heath-like little shrubs, covered with the small awl-shaped or scale-like alternate persistent downy leaves, producing numerous small but showy bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches. (Named in honor of William Hudson, an early English botanist.) 1. H. ericoides L. Downy but greenish ; leaves slender, awl-shaped, loose ; flowers on slender naked stalks ; ovary hairy. Dry sandy soil near the coast, Nfd. to Va. May. 2. H. tomentbsa Nutt. Hoary with down ; leaves oval or narrowly oblong, 2 mm. long, close-pressed and imbricated ; flowers sessile or nearly so. Sandy shores, dunes, etc., N. B. to Va., and along the Great Lakes to Minn. ; rarely on banks of streams inland. May, June. Passing into var. INTERMEDIA Peck. Leaves tending to be more awl-shaped ; flowers obviously peduncled. Sand hills, etc., e. Que. to Mackenzie, s. to e. N. B., Saco Valley, Me. and N. H., shores of L. Champlain, Vt., and the Great L. region. 3. LECHEA [Kalm] L. PINWEED Stigmas 8, plumose. Pod globular or obovoid. Embryo straightish. Slen- der erect paniculately branched perennial herbs, developing leafy shoots from the base. Flowers very small, greenish or purplish, in summer. (Named in honor of Johan Leche, a Swedish botanist.) Leaves of the basal shoots elliptical or oblong. Pubescence of the stem spreading; panicle of small dense corymbose clusters 1. L. villosa. Pubescence of the stein appressed ; panicle more open. Outer sepals exceeding the inner 2. L. minor. Outer sepals shorter than the others. GRAY'S MANUAL 37 578 CISTACEAE (ROCKKOSE FAMILY) Fruiting calyx narrow, obovoid or pyrtfora ; leaves of the basal sboote green ............. 8. Z. racemuloea. Fruiting calyx subglobose ; leaves of the basal shoots hoary-pubescent . 5. L. maritima. Leaves of the basal shoots narrowly lanceolate to linear. Inner sepals 1-nerved, usually exceeded by the narrow outer ones . . . 6. L. tenuifolia. Inmu- sepals 3-nerved, equaling or longer than the outer. Canescent-pubescent. Panicle strict, fastigiate, spire-like ........ 4. L. atrictd. Panicle broadly pyramidal :,. L. t,-r. Borders of woods, etc., w. N. Y. to 111. and Minn. 5. L. maritima Leggett. Stout and rigid for the genus, 3-5 dm. high, pale ; leaves of the basal shoots lance-oblong, hoary-pubescent, thickish, those of the stem and inflorescence linear or nearly so; panicle broadly pyramidal; calyx canescent-pubescent, globular in fruit ; pedicels 0.5-1.5 mm. long. (L. minor, var. Gray.) Sandy soil near the coast, from the mouth of the Kennebec., Me., to Ga. Passing inland to Var. interior Robinson. Lower (2-3 dm. high), more slender, thinner-leaved and greener; pedicels filiform, 2-3 mm. long. Open sandy places, s. N. H. to w. Mass. Distinguished from L. intcrnu'dia by its pyramidal inflorescence and slightly smaller pods. 6. L. tenuif&lia Michx. Low, slender and diffuse, minutely pubescent or glabrous; /<,/r,.v all small and very narrow; flowers mostly on very short pedi- cels, diffuxt-lii rui-i nttixi -jKii/icnlate ; one or both the narrow outer sepals exceed- in^ tin' iniiir OIK*, tin- latter strictly 1-nerved; pod subglobose. Dry sterile soil, s. N. II. to Wis., Neb., and southw. VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY) 579 M. -M. Smaller-flowered ; fruiting calyx narrower, ellipsoidal or pyriform. 7. L. Leggettii Britton & Hollick. Slender, 3-5 dm. high, glabrate ; all leaves lance-linear to narrowly linear, green ; panicle open, diffuse, ovoid- pyramidal, the flowers often inclining to be secund-racemose ; fruiting calyx obovoid or pyriform. (L. moniliformis Bicknell.) Nantucket to Ind. and southw. 8. L. racemulbsa Lam. Erect, soft-pubescent when young, soon nearly glabrous ; leaves of radical shoots oblong, the cauline oblong-linear, 1-2 cm. long ; inflorescence loose and diffuse ; fruiting calyx glabrous, ellipsoidal. Dry and rocky soil, L. I. to Ky. and southw. VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY) Herbs, with a somewhat irregular 1-spurred or gibbous corolla of 5 petals, 5 hypoyynous stamens with adnale introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and a l-celled 3-valved pod with 3 parietal placentae. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad filaments continued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each other. Style- usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one side. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placentae on their middle ; after opening, each valve as it dries folding together lengthwise firmly, projecting the seeds. Seeds anatropous, with a hard seed-coat, and a large straight embryo nearly as long as the albumen ; cotyledons flat. Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axillary, nodding. 1. Hybanthus. Sepals not auricled. Petals (in ours) equal in length. Stamens united into a sheath. 2. Viola. Sepals auricled. Lower petal spurred. Stamens distinct, the two lower spurred. 1. HYBANTHUS Jacq. GREEN VIOLET Petals nearly equal (or in extralimital species very unequal) in length, but the lower one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than the others at the apex. Stamens (in ours) completely united into a sheath inclosing the ovary, and bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked at the summit. Perennials, with stems leafy to the top, and 1-3 small greenish- white flowers on short recurved axillary pedicels. (Name from vf36s, hump- backed, and &vdos, flower, from the dorsal gibbosity.) CALCEOLARIA Loefl. SOLEA Spreng. IONIDIUM Vent. CUBELIUM Raf. 1. H. c6ncQlor (Forster) Spreng. Plant 4-8 dm. high ; leaves oblong, pointed at both ends, entire ; pod 2 cm. long. (Solea Gingins ; Cubelium Raf.) Rich woods, moist ravines, etc., N. Y. to Mich., Kan., and southw. Fl. Apr.- June ; fr. July. 2. ViOLA [Tourn.] L. VIOLET. HEART' S-EASE REVISED BY E. BRAINERD Petals somewhat unequal, the lower one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary, often slightly cohering with each other ; the two lower bearing spurs which project into the spur of the corolla. Besides these con- spicuous blossoms, which appear in spring, others are produced later, on shorter peduncles or on runners, often concealed under the leaves ; these never open nor develop petals, but are fertilized in the bud and are far more fruitful than the ordinary blossoms. The closely allied species of the same section, when growing together, often hybridize with each other, producing forms that are confusing to the student not familiar with the specific types. The hybrids 580 VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY) commonly display characters more or less intermediate between those of the parents, and show marked vegetative vigor but greatly impaired fertility. (The ancient Latin name of the genus.) N.B. In this genus the figures are of the stigmas, styles, and upper part of the ovary, and are on a scale of 5. I. PLANTS STEMLESS, the leaves and scapes directly from a rootstock or from runners. (For Group II. see p. 585. ) 1. Style club-shaped, beakless, obliquely concave at the summit ; stigriui "/////// a small protuberance near the center of the cavity (Fig. 806). 1. V. pedata L. (BIRD-FOOT V.) Nearly glabrous; rootstock short, erect. not scaly ; leaves 3-divided, the lateral divisions 3-5-parted or -cleft, the segments all linear or narrowly spatulate, often 2-3-toothed or cut near the apex ; the leaves of early spring or of autumn often less dissected ; flowers 2-3 cm. broad ; the upper petals dark violet, the others pale to deep lilac-purple, all beardless ; the orange tips of the stamens large and conspicuous at the center of the flower ; cap- sules green, glabrous ; seeds copper-colored ; apetalous flowers wanting, but petaliferous flowers often produced in late summer and autumn. (Var. bicolor Pursh.) Open sunny slopes in sandy soil, s. N. E. (where rare) to Md. Var. LixEARfLOBA DC. All the petals of the same lilac-purple color. ( V. pedata Man. ed. 6, not L.) Locally abundant, e. Mass, to Minn., and south w. FIG. 806. V. pedata, v. lineariloba. 2. Style dilated upward in a vertical plane, capitate, with a conical beak on the lower side; stigma within the tip of the beak (Fig. 807). a. Rootstock fleshy and thickened, without runners ; petals violet-blue to purple, the lateral bearded (BLUK VIOLETS) b. b. Leaves heart-shaped, the margins merely crenate-serrate, or in nos. 8-10 some leaves lobed but the cleistogamous flowers on prostrate peduncles e. c. Plants essentially glabrous. Beard of lateral petals strongly knobbed; cleistogamous flow- ers long and slender 2. F. eucultata. Beard of lateral petals not strongly knobbed ; cleistogamous flowers ovoid or ovoid-acuminate. Cleistogamous flowers mostly on ascending peduncles ; capsules 5-10 mm. long. Leave's and sepals obtuse ; capsules green . . . 8. V, nephrophylla. Leaves and sepals acute ; cleistogamous capsules usually purplish 4. T. affinis. Cleistogamous flowers mostly on short prostrate peduncles ; capsules 10-15 mm. long. Leaves all undivided. Vernal leaves purplish beneath ; plants of sandy or dry soil 5. V. latiuscula. Vernal leaves green beneath ; plants of moist soil. Leaves narrow, gradually attenuated; flowers pale violet 6. F. Leaves broad, merely acute or abruptly pointed ; flowers deep violet Leaves palmately lobed or parted c. Plants more or less pubescent d. s-rj mm. long 11. }'.*< n-reil petal villous ; capsules 5-s mm. long. Pubescent only on upper surface of leaves .... 12. !'.//// Pubescent on petioles and lower surface of lea\v>. ScpaU an 1 their auricles ctliolate 18. V . * -///* iitrioiHtlix. Sepals and their auricles not ciliolate . . . .11. r. norm* -an. I". fi>uf'i,ifn/,i. g. Leaves lanceolate, usually glabrous, long-petioled ; l>asal lot>e- often .Hinted and incised 1. V. 7. V. 8. V. Stoneana. I'. I'. iHihiHttu. '.. I . ixt HI. T. ir> ilohd. YJOLAOEAE (VIOLET FAMILY) 581 g. Leaves deltoid, glabrous, sharply dentate below the middle - . 17. V. emarginata. (/. Leaves parted into narrow lobes ; species of the Atlantic coast 18. V. Brittoniana. g. Leaves ovate-deltoid, the margins closely pectinate or sharply dentate 19. V. pectinata. g. Leaves parted into many linear segments, or sometimes only cleft ; species of the Middle West 20. V. pedatiftda. f. Spurred petal glabrous, narrow 21. V. viarum. (t. Rootstock long and filiform, producing slender runners except in no. 29 h. h. Petals lilac or pale violet. Leaves minutely hairy on the upper surface ; spur large . . 22. V. Selkirkii. Leaves glabrous ; spur very short 28. V. palustris. h. Petals white, with purple lines on the three lower (WHITE VIOLETS) i. i. Leaves glabrous on both sides, rarely pubescent in no. 25 ; cleistogamous capsules ellipsoid, green, on erect peduncles. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate 24. V. lanceolata. Leaves ovate, acute, base subcordate or tapering . . .25. V. primuli folia. Leaves heart-shaped, usually obtuse 26. . V. pallens. i. Leaves pubescent on one or both sides ; cleistogamous capsules ovoid, usually purplish, on erect peduncles only when ripe ; seeds brown, 1.5-2 mm. long. Leaves heart-shaped, minutely hairy above ; plant elsewhere gla- brous ; lateral petals beardless 27. F. blanda. Leaves broadly heart-shaped ; plant more or less pubescent ; lateral petals bearded 28. F. incognita. Leaves reniform, pubescent ; lateral petals beardless . . 20. F. renifolia. 2. V. cucullata Ait. Leaves except the earliest acute or pointed ; petalif- erous flowers violet-blue becoming darker toward the throat, commonly on peduncles much taller than the leaves ; spurred petal glabrous, generally some- what shorter than the lateral ; sepals narrowly lanceolate ; cleistogamous flowers on erect or ascending often elongated peduncles ; capsules ovoid-cylindric, green, 10-15 mm. long, but little exceeding the long-auricled sepals ; seeds dark brown, !."> linn. long. (F. palmata, var. Gray, in part.) Wet places, common. Forms with flowers white or pale lavender are not infrequent. 3. V. nephrophylla Greene. Nearly or quite glabrous ; earliest leaves orbic- ular or slightly reniform, later leaves broadly heart-shaped, obtuse, obscurely crenate, 3-6 cm. wide ; flowers large, violet, on peduncles generally exceeding the leaves ; spurred petal villous, the upper pair often with scattered hairs ; sepals ovate to lanceolate, obtuse and often rounded ; cleistogamous flowers on erect or recurved peduncles ; capsules green, glabrous, short-ellipsoid ; seeds olive-brown. (F. vagula Greene.) Cold mossy bogs, and borders of streams and lakes, e. Que. to B. C., s. to centr. Me., n. w. Ct., s. Ont., Wise., Col., and Wash. 4. V. affinis Le Conte. Leaves that unfold at flowering time narrowly heart- shaped and commonly attenuate toward the apex, becoming 4-6 cm. broad in summer, the margins noticeably crenate-serrate or sometimes irregularly sinu- ate ; petioles slender ; petals violet, with the white base conspicuous, spurred petal more or less villous ; cleistogamous flowers small, ovoid, on rather long ascending peduncles ; capsules ellipsoid, usually purple-dotted, sometimes green, either glabrous or clothed with minute dense pubescence ; sepals acuminate, half the length of the capsule, with small appressed auricles ; seeds buff -colored. (F". venustula Greene.) Moist thickets and boggy meadows, w. N. E. to Wise., and south w. 5. V. latiiiscula Greene. Earliest leaves round-cordate, 2-3 cm. wide, ob- tuse ; mature leaves 4-10 cm. wide, often dilated and abruptly pointed, glabrous except for occasional puberulence or granular roughness on the edges of the petiole near the blade ; flowers large, rich violet ; spurred petal somewhat vil- lous ; outer sepals lanceolate, glabrous, with short rounded auricles ; cleistoga- mous capsules ovoid or ellipsoid, flecked with purple, 8-12 mm. long, the per- sistent sepals one third as long ; seeds brown. Dry open woods, in light soil, Vt. to N. J. 6. V. missouri6nsis Greene. Aestival leaves narrowly deltoid with a cordate base, or sometimes broader with rounded basal lobes and pointed apex, rather coarsely crenate-serrate ; flowers pale violet, with a darker band above the white center ; spurred petal glabrous ; sepals ovate-oblong to lanceolate, narrowly rbii v 10 LACE A E (VIOLET FAMILY) white-margined, slightly ciliolate ; capsules from apetalous flowers broadly ellip- soid, finely dotted with purple ; seeds buff-colored. River bottoms and low woods, Mo. and southw. 7. V. papilionacea Pursh. Plants commonly robust from a stout horizontal branching rootstock ; leaves often 12 cm. broad, sometimes deltoid in outline above the cordate base, sometimes rounded and abruptly pointed ; petioles often sparingly pubescent ; petals deep violet, white or greenish-yellow at the base, sometimes wholly white ; the spurred petal often narrow and boat-shaped, usu- ally glabrous ; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, rarely ciliolate ; cleistogamous flowers ovoid, on horizontal peduncles usually underground but lengthened and erect when the capsules ripen ; capsules ellipsoid to cylindric, green or dark purple, 10-15 mm. long; seeds 2 mm. long, dark brown. (V. pal- mata, var. cucullata Gray, in part.) Moist meadows and groves, frequently about dwellings, Mass, to Minn., and 807. V. papillonacea. southw. FIG. 807. 8. V. Stoneana House. Leaves variously 3-9-lobed or parted, the outer segments broadly lunate, all somewhat dentate or incised, narrowed toward the base ; the vernal and late summer leaves less deeply cut or not at all, glabrous except for minute hairs on the margin and sometimes on the veins ; flowers large, violet, darker towards the throat ; spurred petal glabrous ; capsules from the cleistogamous flowers ovoid, blotched with purple ; seeds buff-colored. Moist woodlands, N. J., e. Pa., and Md. 0. V. palmata L. Leaves of early summer palmately 5-9-lobed or -parted, the segments variously toothed or cleft, the middle segment usually widest ; the first leaves of spring sometimes undivided ; petioles and veins of the lower sur- face densely villous, upper surface often glabrous ; flowers violet-purple, 2-3 cm. broad ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, rather blunt ; cleistogamous flowers on prostrate peduncles, their capsules ovoid, purple-dotted, 8-12 mm. long ; seeds brown. Dry rich woodlands, Mass, to Minn., and southw. 10. V. triloba Schwein. Early foliage purplish, turning yellowish-green at flowering time ; some leaves broadly heart-shaped, others 3-6-lobed, the middle segment always broad, the basal segments lunate, the lateral if present narrow. the blade 10-15 cm. wide when mature ; petioles densely villous ; peduncles mostly glabrous, shorter than the leaves ; petals deep violet within, paler with- out ; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, slightly ciliolate ; cleistog- amous capsules ovoid, purplish; seeds buff or pale brown. (V. c0 in a capsule. (F. rillnw/ of recent auth., not Walt.) Dry rich woods, s. N. Y. to Ky. and Ga. V. rillimn. var. <<,>fr mm. long ; seeds light brown. Low or shady ground, Ct. to Minn., and southw. 38. V. conspersa Reichenb. Rootstock oblique, often much branched ; at time of vernal flowering stems 8-16 cm. high ; lower leaves round-renifonu. upper round-cordate, crenate, 1.5-3 cm. wide; flowers numerous, usually pale, sometimes white, raised above the leaves on axillary peduncles 5-8 cm. long ; in summer the leaves becoming wider, the stems elongating and bearing cleistogamous flowers on short peduncles from the same axils that bore vernal flowers or from the axils of later leaves ; seeds straw-colored. ( V. Muhlenbergii Torr. ; V. labra- dorica of recent Am. auth., not Schrank.) Common in low or shaded ground, e. Que. to Minn., and southw. FIG. 811. 39. V. Iabrad6rica Schrank. Habit of the preceding but more dwarf ; stems and petioles nearly or quite glabrous ; stipules narrow, gll. V. cou- lance-linear ; leaf-blades more or less hispidulous above, the later ones rounded to an obtuse (not in the least acuminate) apex ; petals commonly deep violet, more rarely paler; seeds light brown. ( V. ixTijiiDia, var. minor Hook.) Greenl. and Lab., s. to cool or alpine situations of Me., N. H., andn. N. Y. 40. V. arenaria DC. Low, tufted; stems several or many; leaves 1-2 cm. broad, thickish, densely puberulent on both surfaces, ovate, often subcor- date, narrowed above to an obtuse apex ; spur usually straight and blunt, but sometimes with a sharp point abruptly bent inward ; cleistogamous flowers and capsules abundant in late summer; seeds brown. (V. ontiiKt, var. /m/T/v//l"\ 1.5-2 cm. broad, opening in sunshine ; petals 5, wedge-oblong, pointed ; stamens 20 or more ; capsule small, about 9-seeded. Limestone hills and banks, 111. to Kan. and Col., s. to Tex. May-Aug. 2. M. decapetala (Pursh) Urban & Gilg. Larger in all its parts ; leaves elongate-lanceolate, sharply and coarsely dentate ; flowers white or pale yellow, 7-12 cm. broad, opening in the evening; petals 10, lanceolate; stamens abun- dant ; seeds numerous. Rocky hillsides and dry prairies, n. w. la. to Sask., Tex. , and westw. July-Sept. CACTACEAE (CACTI-S FAMILY) Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, globular or columnar and many- angled, or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles. Flowers solitary, semtilr ; the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in several rows, the bases adherent to the 1-celled ovary. Stamens numerous, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1 ; stigmas numerous. 1. Mamillaria. Globose or ovoid plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles. Flowers tmni between the tubercles. Ovary naked ; berry succulent. 2. Opuntia Branching or jointed plants ; the joints flattened or cylindrical. 1. MAMILLARIA Haw. Flowers about as long as wide, the tube campanulate or funnel-shaped. Ovary often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, naked, the succulent berry exserted. Seeds yellowish-brown to black, crustaceous. Globose or moid plants, covered with spine-bearing cylindrical, ovoid, or conical tubercles. the flowers from distinct, woolly or bristly areoles at their base. (Nairn- from tit-S reddish-bro\vn spines (2 cm. long or less) surrounded by 1"> -jo grayish ones in a single series, all straight and riuid : flnir- crx i-/ <>, purple, with mnged sepals and lance-subulate petals ; f,, rri!><r nmti , nearly nuk^l ////// ///v/-// ahove, silvery -downy and scurfy with rust\ s.-ala Greene.) Calcareous rocks and banks, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to N. S., Me., Vt.. n. and w. N. Y., Mich., Wise., and along the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. May. '2. S. arglntea Nutt. (BUFFALO BKRHV.) Somewhat thorny, 1-6 m. high; leaves cuneate-oblony, silvery on both sides ; fruit ovoid, scarlet, acid and edible. (Lepargyrea Greene.) Man. and n. Minn, to Kan., and westw. I LYTHRACEAE (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY) 591 LYTHRACEAE (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY) Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx inclosing but free from the l-4-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous capsule, and bearing the 4-7 deciduous petals and 4-14 stamens on its throat, the latter lower down. Style 1 ; stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. Flowers axillary or whorled, rarely irregular, perfect, sometimes dimorphous or even trimorphous, those on different plants with filaments and style reciprocally longer and shorter. Petals sometimes wanting. Capsule often 1-celled by the early breaking away of the thin partitions ; placentae in the axis. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. Branches usually 4-sided. * Flowers regular or nearly so. - Calyx short, campanulate or globular. 1. Didiplis. Calyx without appendages. Petals none. Stamens 4. Capsule globular, indehis- cent, 2-celled. Small aquatic. 2. Rotala. Calyx with the sinuses appendaged. Petals and stamens 4. Capsules 4-celled, septicidal, with 3-4 valves. 3. Ammannia. Flowers not trimorphous. Petals generally 4 or none. Stamens 4-8. Capsule globular, 2-4-celled, bursting irregularly. 4. Decodon. Flowers trimorphous. Petals 5 (rarely 4). Stamens 8-10. Capsules 8-4-valved, loculicidal. Leaves often whorled. +- +- Calyx tubular, cylindrical. 5. Lythrum. Petals usually 6. Stamens mostly 6 or 12. * * Flowers irregular and uusymmetrical, with 6 petals and 11-12 stamens in 2 sets. 6. Cuphea. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at base. Petals unequal. 1. DIDIPLIS Raf. WATER PURSLANE Submersed aquatic (sometimes terrestrial), rooting in the mud, with opposite linear leaves, and very small greenish flowers solitary in their axils. (In the words of Rafinesque "Didiplis means two doubling;" from 6is, twice, and 5t?rX6os, double, in reference presumably to the stamens.) 1. D. dUndra (Nutt.) Wood. Leaves when submersed elongated, thin, closely sessile by a broad base, when emersed shorter and contracted at base ; calyx with broad triangular lobes ; style very short ; capsules very small. (Z>. linearis Raf.) Minn, and Wise, to Tex., e. to N. C. and Fla. 2. ROTALA L. Petals 4 (in ours). Capsule-valves (under a strong lens) transversely and closely striate. (Name a diminutive of rota, a wheel, from the whorled leaves of the original species.) 1. R. ram6sior (L.) Koehne. Leaves tapering at base or into a short petiole, linear-oblanceolate or somewhat spatulate ; flowers solitary (rarely 3) in the axils, sessile ; accessory teeth of calyx as long as the lobes or shorter. (.4m- mannia humilis Michx.) Low or wet ground, Mass, to Fla. and Tex., and in the interior from O. to Minn., and southw. (Trop. Am.) 3. AMMANNIA [Houston] L. Flowers small, in 3-many-flowered axillary cymes. Calyx globular or bell- shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothed, usually with a little horn-shaped appendage at each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, sometimes wanting. Low and inconspicuous smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves. (Named for Paul Ammann, a German botanist prior to Linnaeus.) 592 LYTNKACEAE (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY) 1. A. cocclnea Kottb. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 6-7 cm. long, with a broad auriclecl sessile base ; cymes subsessile, dense ; petals purplish ; stamens more or less exserted ; style long and slender. Muddy banks and wet sandy shores, N. J. to Fla. ; and from O. to Dak. and southw. 2. A. Koehnei Britton. Leaves oblong to oblanceolate, the lowest con- tracted, the others broadly auricled at the base ; cymes sessile or nearly so ; style very short; petals minute, pink, fugacious. Swamps, N. J. (according to Britton) to Fla. Differs from the tropical A. latifolia L. only in having petals. 3. A. auriculata Willd. Erect, few-branched ; leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, acute; cymes on slender peduncles (4-6 mm. long); fruit small; style relatively long. Borders of ponds, etc., w. Mo. and Neb. to Tex., and southwest w. 4. DECODON J. F. Gmel. SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE Calyx with 5-7 erect teeth, and as many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Stamens exserted, of two lengths. Capsule globose, 3-5-celled, loculicidal. Perennial herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary clusters of trimorphous flowers. (Name from dtKa, ten, and ddots, tooth.} 1. D. verticillatus (L.) Ell. (WATER WILLOW.) Smooth or downy ; stems recurved, 6-26 dm. long, 4-6-sided ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the upper with clustered short-pediceled flowers in their axils; petals 5, wedge-lanceolate, magenta, 1.2 cm. long; stamens 10, half of them shorter. Swampy grounds, Me. to Fla., La., and Minn. Bark of submersed parts of the stem often spongy-thickened. 5. LYTHRUM L. LOOSESTRIFE Calyx cylindrical, striate, 5-7-toothed, with as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 5-7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, inserted low down on the calyx. Capsule subcylindrical, 2-celled. Slender herbs, with pink or magenta (rarely white) flowers in summer. (From \Mpov, blood; perhaps from the styptic properties.) * Stamens and petals 5-7 ; flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in tin rx fffh ntor- i/iiii'if it iic<'nl, with a c<>r(<' <>r rounded base, the upper mostly alternate; calyx i>ut \ <5 //////. l*/;// hypogynous ring prominent. Swamps and meadows, Out. to Minn., s. to Ga., La., and Col. ; also locally in e. Mass, and Ct. The allied Mexican L. VULNKR\KIA Ait., with calyx ti-l'J mm. long, has been reported from the vicinity of St. Louis, Mo. * * Stamens 12 (rarely 8 or 10), twice the number of the pt-fulx. > Inmji-r t<><1 xpike. 4. L. SALICXRIA L. (SPIKED L.) More or Jess ilnn-,,,/ and tall ; h-ort-a lanceolate, heart-shaped at base, sometimes whorled in threes : flowers mairrnta. MELASTOMACEAE (MELASTOMA FAMILY) 593 trimorphous in the relative lengths of the stamens and style ; calyx and bracts greenish, somewhat pubescent, the calyx-lobes much shorter than the subulate appendages. Wet meadows, local, N. E. to Del. and D. C. (Introd. from Eu.) June-Sept. Var. TOMENTOSUM (Mill.) DC. Calyx and bracts white-tomentose. Wet meadows and shores, e. Que. to Vt. and s. Out. (Nat. from Eurasia.) 5. L. VIRGATUM L. Similar, glab'rous throughout; leaves narrowed to the sessile or short-petioled base; the calyx-lobes shorter than or equaling the appendages. Locally established, e. Mass. (S. F. Poole). (Introd. from Eu- rasia.) 6. CtTPHEA P. Br. Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little processes in the sinuses. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next the spur of the calyx, 1-2-celled ; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong, few-seeded, early ruptured through one side. Flowers solitary or racemose, stalked. (Name from Kv6s, gibbous, from the shape of the calyx.) 1. C. petiolata (L.) Koehne. (CLAMMY C.) Annual, very viscid-hairy, branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple ; seeds flat. (C. viscossima Jacq. ; Parsonsia Rusby.) Dry fields, N. H. (Miss Scorgie} to Ga., w. to Kan. and La. MELASTOMACEAE (MELASTOMA FAMILY) Plants with opposite 3-7-ribbed leaves, and definite stamens, the anthers opening by pores at the apex ; otherwise much as in the Onagraceae. All tropical, except the genus 1. RHEXIA L. DEERGRASS. MEADOW BEAUTY Calyx-tube urn-shaped, adherent to the ovary below, and continued above it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, inserted with the 8 stamens on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers long, 1-celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1 ; stigma 1. Capsule 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded placentae projecting from the central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail-shell, without albumen. Low perennial often bristly herbs with showy cymose flowers in summer ; the petals falling early. (A name used by Pliny for some unknown plant.) * Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of the filament above its base; flowers cymose, peduncled. 1. R. virginica L. Stem square, with wing-like angles; leaves oval-lanceo- -\\ > : late, sessile, acute ; calyx-tube and pedicels more or less hispid with gland-tipped hairs ; petals magenta. Sandy swamps and shores, Me. to Fla. ; also from s. w. Ont. to s. e. la., and south w. July-Sept. Slender rootstocks tuberiferous. 2. R. aristbsa Britton. Branches somewhat wing-angled ; leaves linear- oblong, sessile, not narrowed at base, naked or very sparsely hairy ; hairs of the calyx mostly below the throat, not gland-tipped ; petals sparsely villous, pink or purplish. Wet pine barrens, Egg Harbor City, N. J. ( in the. bud or obsolete; the petals convohite in the bud, sometimes wanting ; -xhaped, icing-angled; seeds in several rows in each cell. Wet places, " Md." and Va. to Fla.; s. 111. and Mo. to La. and Tex. 2. J. diffusa Forslc. Stem creeping, or floating and rooting; leaves oblonii, tapering into a slender petiole ; flowers large, long-peduncled ; calyx-lobe* a ml obovate petals 6; pod woody, cylindrical, with a tapering base ; seeds quadrate, in 1 row in each cell, adherent to the spongy endocarp. (J. repens of auth.. probably not of L.) In water or on muddy banks, Ky. and 111. to e. Kan., and southw. 2. LUDViGIA L. FALSE LOOSESTRIFE Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4, usually per- sistent. Capsule short or cylindrical, many-seeded. Perennial herbs, with axillary (rarely capitate) flowers through summer and autumn. (Named ior C. G. Ludwig, Professor of Botany at Leipsic, contemporary with Linnaeus.) I I ONAGRACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY) 595 * Leaves all alternate, sessile or nearly so. H- Flowers peduncled in the upper axils, with conspicuous yellow petals (8-16 mm. long), equaling the ovate or lanceolate foliaceous lobes of the calyx. 1. L. alternifblia L. (SEEDBOX.) Smooth or nearly so, branched, 1 ui. high ; roots fascicled, fusiform ; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends ; capsules cubical, rounded at base, wing-angled. Shady banks, low wet woods, and swamps, e. Mass, to Fla. and Tex.; and in the interior from s. w. Ont. to Kan., and southw. Var. linearif&lia Britton. Leaves linear ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate. W. Va. 2. L. hirtSlla Raf. Hairy; roots clustered, fusiform-thickened; stems nearly simple, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at both ends; capsules nearly as in the last, but scarcely wing-angled. Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. -- -i- Flowers small, sessile (solitary or sometimes clustered) in the axils ; petals small and greenish or none,' leaves mostly lanceolate or linear on the erect stems (3-9 dm. high) and numerous branches; but prostrate or creeping sterile shoots often produced from the base, thickly beset with shorter obovate or spatulate leaves. (Our species glabrous, except no. 3.) w- Capsule about as broad as long. 3. L. sphaerocarpa Ell. Minutely pubescent, especially the calyx, or nearly glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, tapering at base, those of the run- ners obovate with a wedge-shaped base, glandular-denticulate ; bractlets minute, obsolete, or none; capsules globular or depressed (sometimes acute at base), not longer than the calyx-lobes (less than 4 mm. long). Water or wet swamps, e. Mass, to Fla. and La. Bark below often spongy-thickened. 4. L. polycarpa Short & Peter. Stoutish ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at both ends, those of the runners oblong-spatulate, acute, entire ; bractlets linear-awl-shaped and conspicuous on the base of the 4-sided somewhat top-shaped capsule, which is longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes. Wet places, e. Mass, to Ct. ; s. w. Ont. and O. to Neb., s. to Tenn. and Kan. 5. L. alata Ell. Very similar to the preceding but more slender ; calyx-lobes short, broadly deltoid. Jackson, Mo. (Bush according to Tracy) ; N. C. to Fla and "La." *-< *-* Capsule decidedly longer than broad. 6. L. linearis Walt. Slender, mostly low ; leaves narrowly linear, those of the short runners obovate ; minute petals usually present ; bractlets minute, at the base of the elongated top-shaped 4-sided capsule, which is 6 mm. long and much longer than the calyx-lobes. Bogs, pine barrens of "N. Y.," N. J., and southw. 7. L. glandul&sa Walt. Much branched ; leaves oblong- or spatulate-lanceo- late, tapering at the base or even petioled ; bractlets very minute at the base of the cylindrical capsule, which is 6 mm. long, and several times exceeds the calyx- lobes. (L. cylindrica Ell.) Low shady woods, about ponds, and in swamps, s. 111. to Fla. and Tex. * * Leaves all opposite; stems creeping or floating. 8. L. palustris (L.) Ell. (WATER PURSLANE.) Smooth; leaves ovate or oval, tapering into a slender petiole ; petals none, or small and reddish when the plant grows out of water ; calyx-lobes very short ; capsules 4-sided, not tapering at base, sessile in the axils, 4 mm. long. (Isnardia L.) Ditches and wet shores, common. (Eu.) 9. L. arcuata Walt. Smooth, small and creeping ; leaves oblanceolate, nearly sessile ; flowers solitary, long-peduncled ; petals yellow, exceeding the calyx (6 mm. long); capsules club-shaped, somewhat curved, 8 mm. long. (Ludwigi- antha Small.) Swamps, Va. to Fla. 596 ONAGRACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY) 3. EPILOBIUM L. WILLOW-HERB Calyx-tube scarcely or not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; limb 4-cleft or -divided. Petals 4, violet, magenta, pink, or white. Capsule slender, many- seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the end. Mostly perennial herbs with nearly sessile leaves. (Name from ->;'/ n (>/; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, entire or undulate, the margins revolute ; petals pink, 7-H mm. long; seed nearly 2 mm. long, minutely papillate, coma dingy. (E. xti-i'-tinn Mnlil.? as /><>,,!, ji xni>nni<'tious") : erect, usually much exceeding the internodes, commonly proliferous in the axils; pedicels J-i as long as tiie cam'*; at ,,,nlx; petals :Y-5 mm. long, pink or white ; seed 1.5mm. long. (A, 1 , linear* Mnld.? as nomen subnndnm. ) Open low grounds, e. Que. to Alb., s. to Del., W. Va., Kan., and Col. -July-Sept. ONAGKACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY) 597 5. E. palustre L. Decumbent, stnloniferous, 1-6 dm. high, the simple or sparingly branched stem minutely pubescent above or glabrate ; leaves thin, green, linear- to oblong-lanceolate, subacute, spreading -ascending, rather re- mote, the middle ones 3-6 cm. long, 4-10 mm. broad ; flowers few ; pedicels much shorter than the slightly pubescent or glabrate pods ; petals pink or white, 5-7 mm. long. Bogs and wet banks, Nfd. and Lab. to Alaska, s. to n. N. E. and L. Superior. July, Aug. (Eurasia.) Var. Iabrad6ricum Haussk. Dwarf, 6-15 cm. high, often freely branched ; leaves elongate-oblanceolate to linear, approximate, with rounded tips and definite petioles, 1.5-3 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; pedicels mostly as long as the pods. Lab. to the alpine regions of the White Mts., N. H, (Greenl.) Var. monticola Haussk. Mostly simple, 1-5.5 dm. high ; leaves thick, mostly linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, strongly ascending, remote, the middle ones 1-3 cm. long, 1.5-4 mm. wide ; pedicels various. (E. oliganthum Michx. ; E. lineare, var. oliganthum Trel.) Bogs and wet meadows, Nfd. and Lab. to Man., s. to Mass., Pa., and the Great L. region. (Eu.) 6. E. coloratura. Muhl. Stem erect, not stoloniferous (often developing in late autumn sessile or subsessile basal rosettes'), 3-9 dm. high, usually much- branched, glabrous below, canescent at least in lines above with incurved hairs ; leaves elongate-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, distinctly short- pctioled, closely and irregularly serrulate; flowers abundant on the divergent branches; petals pink, 3-5 mm. long; pedicels short; seed 1.5 mm. long, abruptly rounded at tip, minutely papillate ; mature coma cinnamon-colored. Low ground, Me. to Neb., and south w. July-Sept. 7. E. adenocaulon Haussk. Similar in habit, 1-10 dm. high ; stem glabrous below, minutely ftubescent above with more or less incurved pale hairs, sometimes glandular or viscid ; leaves oblong -lanceolate to narrowly ovate, short-petioled or subsessile, rounded or cordate at base, less toothed than in the preceding, the middle ones 2-8 cm. long, 7-30 mm. broad ; seed about 1 mm. long, short- beaked, papillate; coma whitish. Rich damp soil, Nfd. to B.C., s. to Del., W. Va., Great L. region, Neb., Col., and Cal. July-Sept. Var. PERPLEXANS Trel. G-labrous or very sparingly pubescent above; leaves flaccid, gradually narrowed to the distinct petiole. A somewhat local extreme, e. Que. to B. C., s. to N. E., N. Y., Wise., N. Mex., and Cal. 8. E. alpinum L. Glabrous or essentially so, tufted, the erect stems 1.5-3.5 dm. high, with elongated internodes ; leaves elliptical or the lowest obovate- spatulate, distinctly petioled, slightly repand-denticulate, obtuse, 1.5-4 cm. long, 7-17 mm. broad ; flowers mostly 3-6 (rarely 12), terminal and in the upper axils; petals white or pinkish, 3-6 mm. long; pedicels mostly shorter than the green or red-tinged pod; seed 1.2-1.5 mm. long, smooth. (E. lactiflorum (J-Haussk.) Arctic Am., s. to alpine slopes and cliffs of the White Mts., N. H., ,, Col., and Ore. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) j> 0. E. anagallidifblium Lam. Dwarf, the fruiting stems decumbent, finally 5-20 cm. high, the basal shoots wide-spreading and leafy; leaves narrowly elliptic to oblong, obscurely petioled, subentire or remotely denticulate, obtuse, 1-1.7 cm. long, 2.5-8 mm. broad ; flowers 1 or 2 (rarely 3), terminal, often nodding ; petals pink, 4-6 mm. long ; pedicels upright in fruit, mostly equaling or exceeding the purplish pod; seed 1.5 mm. long, smooth. Arctic Am., s. iii alpine districts to e. Que., Me.?, Col., and Cal. Immature specimens from Mt. Katahdin, Me., are apparently of this species, although Haussknecht's records of its occurrence in the White Mts. and the Adirondacks have not been confirmed. July, Aug. (Eurasia.) 10. E. Hornemdnni Reichenb. Resembling no. 8 ; the upper leaves usually exceeding the internodes, ovate and mostly acutish, pellucid, 2-4.5 cm. long, 7-23 mm. broad ; flowers 2-several, in the upper axils ; petals pink to crimson, 6-7 mm. long; pedicels mostly shorter than the pod; seed 1 mm. long, papillate. (E. alpinum, var. fontanum Wahlenb.) Arctic Am., s. in cold and alpine situations to N. S., Me., N. H., Col., and Cal. July, Aug. The plant from the Dells of the Wisconsin R. formerly reported as E. Hornemanni is apparently E. adenocaulon, var. perplexans. (Eurasia.) 598 ONAGKACEAE (EVENING PK1MKOSE FAMILY) 4. OENOTHERA L. EVENING PRIMROSE Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4, reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8 ; anthers mostly linear and versatile. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds naked or with an obscure membranaceous crest. Leaves alternate or rarely all basal. Flowers yellow, white, or rose-color. (An old name of unknown origin, for a species of Epilobium.} 1. 6NAGRA (Adans.) Ser. Stigma-lobes linear, elongated; flower-buds up- right; petals yellow; fruit subcylindrical, elongated; seeds in 2 rows in each cell ; caulescent annuals or biennials, ONAGRA Adans. a. Pods lance-cylindric or -prismatic, i.e. tapering from a thickish base l>. b. Petals linear 1. 0. cruciata. b. Petals obovate c. c. Pods glabrous even when young 2. 0. argillicola. c. Pods more or less pubescent at least when young. Bracts decidedly leaf-like, i.e. at least the lower flowers in the axils of foliage leaves, even the upper bracts exceeding the pods. Sepals appendaged on the back somewhat below the tip ; pubes- cence of the stem altogether fine and appressed . . .8. o. Oakesiana. Sepals appendaged essentially at the tip; pubescence of the stem usually including long spreading hairs with reddish or purplish enlarged bases 4. 0. muricata. Bracts reduced and somewhat deciduous, the flowers and espe- cially the pods in elongated exposed spikes, the upper bracts usually shorter than the pods 5. 0. biennis. a. Pods more slender and of essentially uniform diameter, Flowers in a distinct terminal spike 6. 0. rhombipetala. Flowers in the axils of foliage leaves. Grayish-pubescent and somewhat silky ; floral leaves mostly entire or nearly so ; seed smoothish 1.0. humifusa. Green, more loosely and sparingly pubescent; floral leaves mostly ptnnatifld toward the base ; seed distinctly pitted . . . 8. 0. laciniata. 1. 0. cruciata Nutt. Simple or sparingly branched, 3-8 dm. high ; stem com- monly reddish, smooth or somewhat strigose ; stem-leaves lanceolate, remotely and shallowly dentate ; sepals appendaged somewhat below the tip ; petals very narrow, linear, 5-12 mm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, light yellow. (O. biennis, var. T. & G. ; Onagra cruciata Small.) Sandy or gravelly soil, centr. Me. to w. Mass, and n. N. Y. 2. 0. argillicola Mackenzie. Glabrous, 5-16 din. high ; stem stoutish, very leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, only 5-8 mm. wide, subentire or remotely and obscurely few-toothed ; flowers large ; calyx glabrous ; petals bright yellow, broadly obovate, 3-4 cm. long ; capsules crowded, mostly curved, 2-3 cm. long, glabrous, tapering to a slender summit. (Onagra Mackenzie.) Mts. of Va. and W. Va. 3. 0. Oakesiana Robbins. Finely pitberulent, the hairs mainly appressed ; stem-leaves lanceolate, shallowly denticulate, 8-16 mm. broad ; sepals append- aged considerably below the tip; petals obovate, 1.5-2 cm. long; pods rather large, slightly spindle-form, 3.5-4 cm. long, appressed-puberulent. (0. birunis. var. Gray ; Onagra Britton, in part.) Sandy fields, etc., e. Mass, to Ct. 4. 0. muricata L. Simple or nearly so, 2-8 dm. high, very leafy; stem pu- hcrulcnt and usually beset at least above with longer spreading hn enlarged I't'ililixh tubercnlnte bases; leaves lanceolate, ascending, entire or sparingly and very shallowly denticulate, passing without marked transition into the foliaceous bracts; flowers axillary, the lower much exceeded by the bracts; sepal* not jn'iiiiiiti.i'iiili/ appendaged: petals obovate, light yellow, 1.2-2 cm. lone; ; capsule more or less hirsute, subfusiform-cylindric, 2.5-:'. cm. long. Sandy or gravelly shores, Nfd. and e. Que. to N. Y. Var. CANESCENS (T. & G.) Robinson. Hoary- pubescent or somewhat silky throughout, the tuberculate-based hairs few or none. (0. biennis, var. T. & G.; Onagra strigosa Rydb.) From the Great Lakes to Mo., Col., and northwest \v. 6. 0. bi6nnis L. (COMMON E.) Rather stout, erect, 3-15 dm. high, usually simple, more or less spreading-pubescent to hirsute ; leaves lanceolate to oblong- or rarely ovate-lanceolate, repandly denticulate, acute or acuminate; bracts ONAGRACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY) 599 lanceolate, shorter than or scarcely exceeding the capsules; calyx-tube 2.5-3.5 cm. long; petals yellow, obovate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; pods more or less hirsute, narrowed almost from the base, 2-3.5 cm. long. (Onagra Scop.) Open places, common. O. GRANDIFLORA Ait. (0. biennis, var. Lindl.; Onagra Cockerell), a related species of Alabama, with much larger flowers, the petals 4-6 cm. long, was for- merly cultivated and has on rare occasions been found, presumably as an escape, within our range. 6. 0. rhombipetala Nutt. Rarely branching, appressed-puberulent and sub- canescent ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate or subentire, the lowest attenuate to a petiole and rarely pinnatifid, diminishing upward into the close elongated conspicuously bracted spike ; calyx silky-canescent, the tube 2-3.5 cm. long; petals rhombic-ovate, 1.2-2.5 cm. long. Ind. to Minn., Neb., and Tex. 7. 0. humifusa Nutt. Hoary with short dense appressed hairs; stems de- cumbent or ascending, 1.5-6 dm. long; stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate or ob- lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, sparingly repand-dentate or entire, the radical leaves pinnatifid, the floral not reduced; petals 1.2-2.5 cm. long; capsule 2-3.6 cm. long, silky ; seeds smoothish. Sandy coast, N. J. to Fla. 8. 0. laciniata Hill. Stems ascending or decumbent, simple or branched, 1-7 dm. high, more or less strigose-pubescent and puberulent ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, sinuately toothed or often pinnatijid, the floral simi- lar ; petals 5-12 mm. long; capsules 2-3 cm. long; seeds strongly pitted. (0. sinuata L.) Dry open mostly sandy places, N. J. to Fla., Tex., and S. Dak.; also adventive northeastw. Var. grandiflbra (Wats.) Robinson. Flowers larger; the petals 2.5-4 cm. long, (O. sinuata, var. Wats.; 0. laciniata, var. grandis Britton.) Common in sandy fields, etc., Mo. and Kan. to Tex. 2. ANOGRA (Spach) Endl. Stigma-lobes linear, elongated ; flowers nodding in the bud; seeds in a single row in each cell; fruit subcylindric or pris- matic, elongated; caulescent perennials. ANOGRA Spach. 9. 0. pdllida Lindl. Stems erect, 1.5-12 dm. high, commonly branched, white and often shreddy, glabrous or puberulent ; leaves linear to oblong-ob- lanceolate, 2.5-8 cm. long, entire or repand-denticulate, or sinuate-pinnatifid toward the base ; calyx-tips free in bud, throat naked ; flowers axillary ; petals white, turning rose-color, suborbicular, obcordate, 1.5-3 cm. long ; pods 2-6 cm. long, often curved or twisted ; seeds lance-linear, smooth. (O. albicaulis Man. ed. 6, not Nutt.; Anogra pallida Britton.) Dry plains and prairies, Sask. to w. Minn., westw. and south westw. (Mex.) 3. KNEiFFIA (Spach) Endl. Stigma-lobes linear, elongated; flowers yellow, erect in the bud (the whole floral axis recurved in no. 11); fruit short, obo- void, tetragonal; seeds clustered in each cell, not in distinct rows, not crested; caulescent. KNEIFFIA Spach. a. Pods 4-6 mm. long; calyx-tube about 2 mm. long; stem-leaves al- most filiform 10. O. linifolia. a. Pods 5-12 mm. long; calyx-tube 7-15 mm. long; stem-leaves linear to linear-oblong or ovate b. b. Pods smooth to sparingly puberulent with spreading gland-tipped hairs. Petals 5-10 mm. long 11. O.puinila. Petals 1.4-3 cm. long. Leaves ovate, glaucous, entirely glabrous ; capsule more than 9 mm. long 12. O. fflauca. Leaves lance- to linear-oblong, pubescent or at least ciliolate ; capsule usually less than 9 mm. long 13. 0. fruticosa. b. Pods grayish-pubescent with fine incurved glandless hairs . . 14. O. linearis. b. Pods covered with copious widely spreading straight glandlss hairs. Stem, pedicels, calyx, etc., finely and softly puberulent ; sepals wholly connivent or their free tips very short (1 mm. long or less) 15. 0. longipedicdlata, Stem, pedicels, calyx, etc., coarsely hirsute; tips of sepals free in bud, usually spreading, 2 mm. long 16. O. pratensis. 600 ONAGRACEAE (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY) 10. 0. linifblia Nutt. Annual or biennial, erect, very slender, simple or diffuse, 1-4 dm. high, glabrous, the branchlets and capsules puberulent ; cauliw. leaves linear-filiform, 1 .5-4 cm. long, the radical oblanceolate ; spikes loosely flowered, the bracts inconspicuous ; corolla 4-6 mm. long ; stigma-lobes sh<-( ; pods obovoid to short-clavate, glandular-puberulent, 4-C mm. long, not winged, nearly sessile. (Kneiffia Spach.) Prairies and rocky hills, 111. to e. Kan., Tex., and Ga. 11. 0. pumila L. Perennial, puberulent, 1-6 din. high ; leaves mostly gla- brous, entire, obtuse or obtusish, the basal spatulate, the cauline narrowly oblanceolate to lanceolate; spikes loose, at first nodding; petals 5-10 mm. long ; pods obscurely glandular-puberulent, clavate, 6-12 mm. long, sessile or shortly pediceled, slightly winged. (Kneiffia Spach.) Open places, e. Que. to Man., s. to Wise., O., and in the mts. to Ga. ; common. 12. 0. glaiica Michx. Perennial, erect, 5-9 dm. high, glabrous and glau- cous; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, 5-10 cm. long, repand-denticulate ; flowers in short leafy corymbs; petals 2.5-3.5 cm. long; capsule glabrous, glaucous, ovoid-ellipsoid, broadly winged, rather abruptly contracted at base. (Kneiffia Spach.) Mts., Va., Ky., and southw. 13. 0. frutic6sa L. (SUNDROPS.) Perennial, erect, 3-9 dm. high, puberu- lent or nearly glabrous; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, mostly denticulate, ciliolate ; spikes short narrow-bracted, usually on naked peduncles ; petals 1.4-2.6 cm. long ; capsule glabrous or sparingly glandular-puberulent, ellipsoid to slightly clavate, winged. (Kneiffia Raimann.) Dry sandy soil, s. N. E. to S. C. ; also O., Mich., and Ind. Var. HIRSUTA Nutt. Stem spreading-pilose ; the leaves also with more copious and looser pubescence. (Kneiffia fruticosa, var. pilosella Britton.) In similar situations and extending northeastw. to centr. Me. 14. 0. linearis Michx. Erect, puberulent, 2-9 dm. high ; leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate, entire or nearly so, minutely puberulent ; petals 1.2-3 cm. long ; capsule clavate, 6-10 mm. long, canescent with fine incurved gland/<* hairs, on a pedicel usually as long as itself. (Kneiffia Spach ; O. fruticosa, var. Wats. ) Meadows and open woods, along the coast, e. Mass, to Fla. and Ala.; also Ark. and Mo. 0. fruticosa, var. humifusa Allen (Kneiffia Allcni Small) appears to be merely a stunted decumbent or sprawling form growing in sterile sands (L. L, etc.) and smaller in all its parts. Var. EAM^SII Robinson. Decumbent; leaves elliptical, the larger ones 2.7 cm. long, 11 mm. \viik-. Sandy shore of a salt pond, Stratford, Ct. (Eames). 15. 0. longipedicellata (Small) Robinson. Perennial, erect and subsimple. 2-6 dm. high (rarely bushy-branched and sprawling), short-hirsute; cti/tsn/r as in the preceding, but spreading-hirsute ; the pedicels of variable length, the lowest often exceeding the fruit. (Kneiffia Small.) Low ground, near the coast, Ct. to Fla. US. 0. prat6nsis (Small) Robinson. Perennial, erect or nearly so, 3-6 dm. high; stems covered with soft long widely spreading hairs; leaves oblong- lanceolate, 1-2 cm. broad, somewhat hirsute on both faces ; lower flowers in the axils of decidedly foliaceous bracts ; calyx with conspicuous caudiform free green densely hispid tips, the limb considerably shorter than the tube ; petals 1.6-2.5 cm. long ; capsule clavate, sessile, hispid-pilose. (Kneiffia Small.) Low grounds, s. Me. to Ct. ; n. w. Pa. to la. and Ark. 4. IIARTMANNIA (Spach) Endl. Mittmii-lnbcs /inr/ tllipsm',1. -\-nnwv, a tube.} 1. S. Iinif61ius (Nutt.) Britton. Slender, 6-12 dm. high, glabrous, leafy ; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, pointed, entire, much reduced above ; flowers numerous in an elongated spike, white, 1.2cm. long; fruit pubescent, ovoid, 8-ribbed, 2.5-3 mm. long. (S. virgatus Spach.) Gravelly hills and dry prairies, e. Kan. to Col. and Tex. 7. TRAPA L. WATER NUT. WATER CALTROP Calyx-tube short, inclosing the base of the ovary ; limb 4-parted, the seg- ments persistent and becoming spinescent. Fruit indehiscent, large, with 2-4 strong spines, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Aquatic plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, the upper crowded, with inflated petioles, rhombic, coarsely toothed, the submersed remote, with capillary segments ; flowers borne among the floating leaves. (Name abridged from calcitrapa, a caltrop, in allusion to the spreading points of the fruit.) 1. T. N\TANS L. (WATER CHESTNUT.) Fruit 4-horned ; seed edible. Quiet streams and ponds, Middlesex Co., Mass. ; Schenectady Co., N. Y. (Introd. from Eurasia.) 8. CIRCAEA [Tourn.] L. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous ; lobes 2, reflexed. Fruit indehiscent, small and bur-like, bristly with hooked hairs, 1-2-celled ; cells 1-seeded. Low perennials, with opposite leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes, produced in summer. (Named for Circe, the enchantress.) i* irv- 1. C. lutetiana L. Tall (3-9 dm. high); leaves ovate, tending to ovate- oblong, mostly rounded at the base, of rather firm texture, slightly toothed ; 7 bracts none ; hairs of the roundish pyriform ^-celled fruit bristle-like (rarely wanting). Common in dry open woods, N. S. to Ont., and southw. (En.) 2. C. intermedia Ehrh. Lower, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves thin, ovate, the middle and upper more or less cordate, the teeth salient ; minute bracts usually present ; petals as long as the calyx ; fruit nearly as in the preceding. Deep shade, e. Que. to Ont., la., and Tenn. (Eu.) Not always well marked. 3. C. alpina L. Low (7-20 cm. high), smooth, weak; leaves keart-shaptd, thin, shining, coarsely toothed' bracts minute; petals usually shorter than th<- calyx ; hairs of the obovoid \-celled fruit soft and slender. Deep woods, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Ga., Ind., Mich., n. e. la., and S. Dak. (Eu.) HALORAGIDACEAE (WATER MILFOIL FAMILY) Aquatic or marsh plants (at least in north? <- f > mi tries), with the incon- spicuous symmetrical (perfect or unisexual) flowers sessile in the axils / leaves or bracts, calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which consists of 2-4 more or less united carpels (or in Hippuris of only one carpel), the styles or sessile stigmas distinct. Limb of the calyx obsolete or very short in fertile flowers. HALORAGIDACEAE ( WATER MILFOIL FAMILY) 603 Petals small or none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, 1-4-celled, with a single anatropous seed suspended from the summit of each cell. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen; cotyledons minute. 1. Myriophyllum. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, the parts in fours, with or without petals. Stamens 4 or 8. Leaves often whorled, the immersed commonly pinnately dissected. 2. Proserpinaca. Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none. Leaves alternate, the immersed pinnately dissected. 3. Hippuris. Flowers apetalous. Stamen and style only one. Leaves entire, whorled. 1. MYRIOPHYLLUM [Vaill.] L. WATER MILFOIL Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted. of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4-celled, deeply 4-lobed ; stigmas 4, recurved. Perennial aquatics. Leaves crowded, often whorled ; those under water pinnately parted into capillary divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, usually above water, in summer ; the uppermost staminate. (Name from /xtf/oioi, numberless, and 0i/\Xoj', a leaf, alluding, like Milfoil, to the innumerable divisions of the leaves.) a. Flowering stems leafy ; foliage leaves pectinate 6. b. Flowers in terminal naked spikes or in the axils of greatly reduced or modified leaves c. c. Leaves in definite whorls d. d. Leaves 5-12 mm. long ; flowers chiefly 1 or 2 at each node of the spike 1. M. altemiflorum. d. Leaves chiefly longer ; flowers numerous, in remote verticels e. e. Verticels apparently naked, the floral leaves shorter than or only slightly exceeding the flowers. Rhachis and segments of the foliage leaves capillary and of uniform diameter ; floral leaves entire or merely dentate . 2. M, spicatum. Khachis flattish and somewhat broader than the segments of the foliage leaves ; floral leaves pectinate . (3) M. verticillatum, v. pectinatum. e. Verticels subtended by elongate floral leaves /. /. Petals quickly deciduous ; stamens 8 ; carpels plump and rounded on the back 3. M. verticillatum. f. Petals tardily deciduous; stamens 4; carpels 1-2-ridged or -angled on the back. Floral leaves ovate to oblanceolate ; carpels papillose- roughened 4. M. heterophy Hum . Floral leaves linear or linear-lanceolate ; carpels smooth . 5. M. hippuroides. c. Leaves variously arranged (verticillate, falsely verticillate, oppo- site, or alternate) on the same plant. Carpels with flat sides and tuberculate-ridged back . . . 6. M. scabratum. Carpels plump, smooth or minutely papillose . . . . 8. M. humile. b. Flowers in the axils of unmodified foliage leaves. Carpels smooth or barely papillose, plump, not ridged on the back . 8. M. humile. Carpels with flat sides and prominent tuberculate dorsal ridges. Fruit 2-2.5 mm. long 7. M. Farwellii. Fruit 1-1.5 mm. long 6. M. scabratum. a. Flowering stems naked or with few scattered filiform uncleft leaves . 9. M. tenellum. 1. PENTAPTERIS DC. Stamens 8 ; petals early deciduous ; leaves whorled. * Floral leaves (bracts) scattered j flowers rarely in verticels. 1. M. alternifl&rum DC. Very slender ; leaves 5-12 mm. long, the rhachis and segments capillary ; flowers solitary or in pairs, in simple or branched nearly naked spikes ; lowermost bracts pectinate, the others entire or nearly so, * shorter than the flowers. Ponds and slow streams, Nfd. to Ont., s. to Middlesex Co., Mass., and L. Champlain, Vt. (Greenl., Eu.) * * Floral leaves and flowers in verticels. 2. M. spicatum L. Leaves somewhat rigid, 1-3 cm. long, the rhachis and capillary segments of uniform diameter ; flowers verticillate, in an interrupted apparently naked spike ; the bracts shorter than or slightly exceeding the flowers, entire or merely dentate ; stigmas roundish, closely sessile, not elongated ; sepals li/ scattered, or wanting on the flo "'/ /// it fit cms. 8. M. hdrnile (Raf.) Morong. Stems slender, 5-15 cm. high, erect or decum- bent, root in'i in. the. mud; leaves suboppositc / ultimate, the lower 4-8 mm. long, jthni'tti'hj iliriilctl ; floral leaves similar or linear and serrate or entire; flowers most I;/ /><,-/>ile on the commissure. I'MBELLIFERAE (PAttSLEY FAMILY") 609 * T * * Fruit strongly flattened dor Bally, the lateral ribs prominently winged. *- Acaulescent or nearly so, with filiform dorsal ribs, thin coherent wings, and no stylopodium. 84. Lomatium. Fruit orbicular to oblong, oil-tubes 1-4 in the intervals, 2-6 on the commissure. - +- Caulescent branching plants, with depressed stylopodium and yellow petals (these unknown in no. 35). 4+ Leaflets entire. 35. Pseudotaenidia. Fruit lance-oblong ; lateral wings connivent, somewhat corky ; stylopo- dium obscure ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals or double in the lateral intervals. +* -n- Leaflets serrate or incised. = Involucre none. 86. Polytaenia. Fruit with thick corky margin, obscure ribs, and very numerous oil-tubes. 8T. Pastinaca. Fruit with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and solitary oil-tubes. = Involucre conspicuous, of several lanceolate deflexed bracts. 38. Levisticum. Fruit strongly ribbed ; oil-tubes solitary. H- -n- -n- Leaves decompound, their divisions dissected into linear-filiform segments. 39. Anethum. Fruit elliptical, rounded at each end ; dorsal ribs thin and sharp, the lateral with distinct narrow wings. +--*--!- Caulescent branching plants, with petals white or neacly so. H- Lateral wings closely contiguous ; oil-tubes solitary ; stylopodium thick-conical. = Oil-tubes conspicuous, obclavate, extending only one half or two thirds the way to the base of the fruit. 40. Heracleum. Dorsal ribs filiform, the broad wings with a marginal nerve. Petals con- spicuous. Tall stout pubescent perennials, with ternate or pinnate leaves and large incised and toothed leaflets. -- Oil-tubes of more uniform diameter, extending essentially to the base of the fruit. 41. Imperatoria. Leaves ternately compound ; leaflets broad, ovate to obovate, serrate and incised. Stout, terrestrial. 42. Oxypolis. Dorsal ribs apparently 5, filiform. Leaves pinnate or reduced to hollow cylin- drical petioles. Glabrous swamp plants. ++ -M- Lateral wings distinct ; oil-tubes usually more than one in each interval. 43. Conioselinum. Stylopodium slightly conical. Dorsal ribs prominent. Tall slender glabrous perennial, with thin finely and pinnately compound leaves. 44. Angelica. Stylopodium mostly depressed, but the disk prominent and crenulate. Dorsal ribs strong. Stout perennials, with coarse 2-3-ternately or -pinnately divided leaves. II. Fruit with secondary ribs the most prominent, winged and armed with barbed or hooked prickles, the primary ribs filiform and bristly. 45. Torilis. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally. Seed-face deeply sulcate. 46. Daucus. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened dorsally. Seed-face flat. 1. ERYNGIUM [Tourn.] L. ERYNGO Calyx-teeth prominent, rigid and persistent. Styles slender. Fruit ovate or obovate, covered with little hyaline scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and usually 5 slender oil-tubes on each carpel. Chiefly perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides, of uncertain origin.) * Stout, with parallel-veined elongated linear thick leaves. 1. E. yuccifblium Michx. (RATTLESNAKE MASTER, BUTTON SNAKEROOT.) Branching above, 0.5-1.7 m. high ; leaves rigid, tapering to a p'oint, the lower 4-9 dm. long, the margins remotely bristly ; heads ovoid-globose, 1.8 cm. long, with ovate-lanceolate mostly entire cuspidate-tipped bracts shorter than the GRAY'S MANUAL 39 610 I MP.KLUl-'Kl; AI-: (I'AltSLEY FAMILY) head, and similar bractlets. (E. aquaticum L. 1762, in part, not L. 1758.) Ct. to Minn., Kan., Tex., and Fla. July-Sept. * * Tall and often stout ; leaves thick, not parallel-reined. 2. E. aqudticum L. Slender, 3-9 dm. high ; radical and lower stem-lea re* linear- to oblong-lanceolate, on long (sometimes 3 dm.) Jistulous petioles, entire or with small hooked teeth ; upper leaves sessile, spiny-toothed or laciniate : heads ovoid-ellipsoid, 1.2 cm. long, with reflexed bracts, and Irtn-tli-tx with ''> spiny cusps (the middle one largest). (E. virginianum Lam.) By ponds and streams, N. J. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. Aug., Sept. 3. E. Leavenw6rthii T. & G. Stout, 4-0 dm. high ; lowest stem-l<-are# broadly oblanceolate, spinosely toothed, the rest sessile and deeply and palmately parted into narrow incisely pinnatifid spreading pungent segments ; heads ovoid-ellipsoid, 2.5-4 cm. long, with pinnatifid spinose bracts and H-7 -cuspidate bractlets, the terminal ones very prominent and resembling the bracts. Dry soil, e. Kan., Ark., and Tex. * * * Prostrate and slender, rooting at the joints, diffusely branched, with small thin unarmed leaves and very small heads. 4. E. prostratum Nutt. Lower leaves oblong, entire, few-toothed, or lobed at base ; upper leaves smaller, clustered at the rooting joints, ovate, few-toothed or entire (occasiohally some additional trifid ones); reflexed bracts longer than the ellipsoid heads (4-7 mm. long). Wet places, s. Mo. to Fla. and Tex. 2. SANiCULA [Tourn.] L. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular ; the carpels not separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles. Perennial rather tall glabrous herbs, with few palmately lobed or parted leaves, those from the base long-petioled. Umbels irregular or mi 11- pound, the flowers (greenish or yellowish) capitate in the unilu 1- lets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name said to be from sanare, to heal ; or perhaps from San Nicolas.} * Styles much exceeding the bristles of the fruit, recurved. 1. S. marilandica L. Stem erect, 3-10 dm. high; leaves 6-7-parted, the divisions sharply serrate, acute; sterile flo \\ers pedicellate, often in separate umbels ; 815. S. marilan- fruit 6-7 mm. long, sessile. Nfd. to dica x 2. Ga. and w. to the Rocky Mts., common. FIG. 815. 2. S. gregaria Bicknell. Stem slender, 6 dm. high ; leaves 5-foliolate ; leaflets obovate, cleft and serrate ; fruit emZ?/3-4(-5) mm. long, somewhat stipitate. Rich woods, St. John Valley, N. B.; s. N. H. to Minn., Ark., and Ga. 1-ic. 816. * * Styles shorter than the hrMh-s. 3. S. canad6nsis L. Simple, erect, 5-8 dm. high ; leaves 3-5- foliolate, leaflets narrowly obovate, sharply serrate ; sterile jlnwers few. short-pedicelcd : fntit newAy sie. s. gregaria x t. senile, xufii/lnhose, 3-(> mm. long. N. II. to Fla., Minn.. Neb., and Tex., common. FIG. 817. 81T. s. -an:i.ii-iiMs x4. 4. S. trifolUta Bicknell. Similar in habit, the leaflets UMfcELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY) 611 818. 8. trifoliata x '2%. broader ; sterile flowers on long slender pedicels ; fruit ovoid or at maturity somewhat fusiform, tipped with the conspicuous beak-like calyx. Rich soil, Kennebec Valley, Me. (Scribner') ; and from the Ct. Valley to Ont., Minn., and W. Va. FIG. 818. 3. HYDROC6TYLE [Tourn.] L. WATER PENNYWORT Calyx-teeth obsolete. Carpels with 2 of the ribs enlarged and often forming a thickened margin ; oil- tubes none, but usually a conspicuous oil-bearing layer beneath the epidermis. Low mostly smooth marsh or aquatic perennials, with slender creeping stems, round shield-shaped or kidney-form leaves, and scale-like stipules. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, which are either single or proliferous (one above another), appearing all summer. (Name from vdwp, water, and KOTI/XTJ, a flat cup, the peltate leaves of several species being somewhat cup-shaped.) * Pericarp thin except at the broad corky dorsal and lateral ribs ; leaves round, peltate, crenate ; peduncles as long as the petioles, from creeping rootstocks. t- Fruit notched at base and apex; intermediate ribs corky. 1. H. umbellata L. Umbels many-flowered, simple (sometimes proliferous); pedicels 4-12 mm. louy ; fruit about 3 mm. broad, strongly notched, the dorsal ribs prominent but obtuse. Mass, to Fla. and Tex., chiefly on the coastal plain ; also Mich, and Ind., and reported from Minn. 2. H. Canbyi Coult. & Rose. Umbels 3-$-flowered, generally proliferous ; pedicels very short, but distinct; fruit 3-3.5 mm. broad; carpels broader and more flattened than in the preceding, sharper-margined, the dorsal and lateral ribs much more prominent ; seed-section much narrower. N. J. to Md. -<- +- Fruit not notched ; intermediate ribs not corky. 3. H. verticillata Thunb. Umbels few-flowered, proliferous, forming an interrupted spike ; pedicels very short or none ; fruit 3-4 mm. broad, subsessile; dorsal and lateral ribs very prominent. Mass, to Fla., Ark., and Tex. 4. H. australis Coult. & Rose. Very like the preceding ; flowers pediceled. Dismal Swamp, Va. (Pollard according to Coult. & Rose), and southw. * * Pericarp uniformly corky-thickened and ribs all filiform; leaves not peltate ; peduncles much shorter than the petioles. 5. H. americana L. Propagating by slender tuberiferous stolons ; stems filiform, branching and creeping ; leaves thin, round-reniform, crenale-lobed and the lobes crenulate, shining ; few-flowered umbels axillary and almost sessile ; fruit less than 2 mm. broad ; intermediate ribs prominent; no oil-bearing layer; seed-section broadly oval. Common. FIG. 819. 6. H. rammculoides L. f . Usually floating ; leaves thicker, round-reniform, 3-7-cleft, the lobes crenate ; peduncles 2.5-7.5 cm. long, reflexed in fruit ; capitate umbel 5-10-flowered ; fruit 2-3 mm. broad ; ribs rather obscure ; seed-section oblong. 819. H. Muddy shores, e. Pa. to Fla., thence westw. (Trop. regions.) americana x4. 4. CENTELLA L. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals white, imbricated in bud. Carpels 7-9-ribbed and somewhat reticulated. Creeping perennials with simple ovate leaves. Umbels subtended by 2 conspicuous bracts. (Name of obscure origin.) 1. C. asiatica (L.) Urban. Leaves repand-toothed, thickish ; umbel 2-4- flowered ; pedicels very short. (O. repanda Small; Hydrocotyle asiatica L.) Md. to Fla. (Tropics.) UMBELL1FERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY) 5. ERIGENtA Nutt. HARBINGER-OF-SPRING Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire, white. Fruit didymous, laterally flattened, the carpels incurved at top and bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender ribs, and several (1-3) small oil-tubes in the intervals. A small glabrous vernal plant, with a simple stem, bearing one or two 2-3-ternately divided leaves, and a few-flowered leafy-bracted umbel. (Name from ypiytveta, born in the spring.) 1. E. bulbbsa (Michx.) Nutt. Stem 1-2.3 dm. high; leaf-segments linear- oblong ; fruit 2 mm. long, 3 mm. broad. Deciduous woods, etc. , s. Ont. and w. N. Y. to Minn., and southw. 6. CHAEROPHYLLUM [Tourn.] L. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit narrowly oblong to linear, notched at base, with short beak or none, and equal ribs, oil-tubes solitary in the intervals ; seed-face more or less deeply grooved. Annuals, with ternately decom- pound leaves, pinnatifid leaflets with oblong obtuse lobes, mostly no involucre, involucels of many bractlets, and white flowers. (Name from xo(/Mt>, to gladden, and (f>v\\ov, a leaf, alluding to the agreeable odor of the foliage.) 1. C. prociimbens (L.) Crantz. More or less hairy; stems slender, spreading, 1.6-5 dm. high ; umbels few-rayed ; fruit nar- rowly oblong, 5-10 mm. long, glabrous, contracted but not tapering at the summit, the intervals broader than the ribs. Moist ground, N. Y. to N. C., w. to Mich., la., Ark., and Miss. FIG. 820. Var. Sh6rtii T. & G. Fruit more broadly oblong to ovate (often somewhat pubescent), not at all contracted at the summit. Pa. to Va., Ky., and O. 2. C. Tainturieri Hook., var. floridanum Coult. & Rose. Stouter and more pubescent than the preceding species ; fruits 7-8 in each umbel, sessile or pediceled, glabrous, the ribs narrower than the intervals. Barrens, Eagle Rock, Mo. (Bush); S. C. to Fla. 820. C. pro- cumbens x 3. 7. OSMORHiZA Raf. SWEET CICELY Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit with prominent caudate attenuation at base, and equal ribs. Glabrous to hirsute perennials with thick aromatic roots, ternately compound leaves, ovate variously toothed leaflets, few-leaved in- volucres, and white flowers in few-rayed and few-fruited umbels. (Name from dcr^, a scent, and /Mfr, a root.) WASHINGTONIA Raf. * Rays of the umbel mostly bearing involucels. 1. 0. Claytbni (Michx.) Clarke. Stems rather slender, 3-1) dm. high, villous-pubescent ; leaves 2-3-ternate, crisp-hairy ; leaf- lets mostly 4-7 cm. long, acuminate, crenate-dentate and somewhat cleft; stipules ciliate-hispid ; fruit (not including the attenuate base) 1-1.3 cm. long; stylopodium and stylr it. 7-1 mm. l<>n>/. (0. brevistylis DC.; Washingtonia Claytoni Britton.) Open woods, e. Que. to w. Ont., s. to N. C., Ala., Mo., and Kan. 2. 0. longistylis (Torr.) DC. Coarser ; stems 4-12 dm. high, glabrous or essentially so except at the nodes ; leaflets mostly longer, less cleft ; stipules densely pilose on the imtnjhi ; fruit (excluding the attenuate base) 1.2-1.5 cm. long : the seed-face more deeply and broadly concave than in the preceding ; stylo- /iiiiliniii xtyle. 2-4 mm. l<>/<ni, a little foot, probably from the shape of the leaflets. ) 1. A. PODAGR\RIA L. Waste-heaps, etc., e. Mass, to Del. (Adv. from Eu.) FIG. 824. 12. CICtTTA L. WATER HEMLOCK Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovoid to nearly orbicular, glabrous, with strong flattish corky ribs (the lateral largest) ; oil-tubes conspicuous, solitary ; stylopodium depressed ; seed nearly terete. Very poisonous plants, with pinnately compound leaves and serrate leaflets, in- volucre usually none, involucels of several slender bractlets, and white flowers. (The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.) 1. C. maculata L. (SPOTTED COWBANE, MUSQUASH ROOT, BEAVER POISON.) Stem stout, 1-2.2 in. high, streaked with purple ; leaves 2-3-pinnate, the lower on long petioles ; leaflet* lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, acuminate ; pedicels in the umbellets numerous, very unequal ; fruit broadly ovate to oval, 3-3.5 mm. long, shallowly or not at all grooved at the com- missure. N. B. to Va., and westw., common. FIG. 825. 2. C. Curtissii Coult. & Rose. Coarser ; fruit 2-3 mm. long, subglobose, grooved at the junction of the carpels. Va. to Ky., and south w. Perhaps only a variety 'of the preceding. 3. C. bulbifera L. Hather slender, 3-10 dm. high ; leaves 2-3-pinnate (sometimes appearing ternate) ; leaflets linear, sparsely toothed, 2-5 cm. long; upper axils bearing clus- tered bulblets; fruit (rare) scarcely 2 mm. long. Common in swamps, N. S. to Md. and Ida. 13. CARUM L. CARAWAY Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovate or oblong, with filiform or in- conspicuous ribs; oil-tubes solitary; stylopodium conical; seed- face plane or nearly so. Smooth erect slender herbs, with fusi- form or tuberous roots, pinnate leaves, involucre and involueels of few to many bracts, and white (rarely pink) flowers. (Name perhaps from the country, Car. 1. C. CARVI L. (CARAWAY.) Leaves with filiform divisions. Naturalized in many places, especially northward. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 826. X 14. PETROSELtNUM Hoffm. PARSLEY Calyx-teeth oh-. let.-. Petals irreenish-yellow, with attenuate incurved points. Fruit ovate, glabrous, laterally compressed; carpels pentagonal, the primary ribs filiform, sube.jiial ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals; stylopodium cushion- like. Chiefly biennials, \\ith ternately pinnate decompound leaves, toothed leaf -cements, compound umbels, few-parted involucres, and several-many- l>arN'd iiiv<>lu-9 pairs, linear to oblong or ovate, serrate to cut-toothed, often laciniately lobed, sometimes crenate, 2-8 cm. long ; fruit scarcely 2 mm. long. (B. angustifolia Mertens & Koch ; Sium angusti- folium L.) Swamps and streams, s. Ont. and Mich, to Minn., 827. B. erecta x 3. southw. and westw. July, Aug. FIG. 827. 16. SIUM [Tourn.] L. WATER PARSNIP Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous, with prominent corky nearly equal ribs ; oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals ; stylopodium depressed ; seed- face plane. Smooth perennials, with pinnate leaves and serrate or pinnatifid leaflets, involucre and involucels of numerous narrow bracts, and white flowers. (From n . ments small and many-cleft, no involucre, long narrow involu- ' x ^ eels, arid white flowers. (AtOovva, burning, in allusion to the l>iiu;ht or shining foliage, probably in translation of the Swedish vernacular name glis.) 1. A. CYNAPIUM L. A fetid poisonous herb, in waste or cultivated "rounds, from N. S. to Pa., Minn., and <>nt. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) l-'i.. 31. COELOPLEtRUM Ledeb. Fruit globose to ellipsoid, with prominent nearly equal thick corky ribs (none of them winged); oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and' under the ribs, 2-4 on the commissure. Seed loose in the pericarp. Stout glabrous (or inflo- rescence puberulent) maritime perennials, with 2-3-tern;ite leaves on very larirc inflated petioles, few-leaved deciduous involucre, involucels of numerous small linear-lanceolate bractlets (often conspicuous or even leaf-like'), and urernisli white flowers in many-rayed umbels. (From xotXos, hnllinc, and ir\evp(>v, a rib.} UMBELL1FEKAE (PARSLEY FAMILY) 619 1. C. actaeifblium (Michx.) Coult. & Rose. Stem 3-12 dm. high ; leaflets ovate, irregularly cut-serrate, 6-7 cm. long ; fruit 4-7 mm. long. (C. Gmelini of auth., not Ledeb.) Rocky coasts, Mass, to Greenl. FIG. 835. 32. CYMOPTERUS Raf. Calyx-teeth more or less prominent. Fruit usually globose, with all the ribs conspicuously winged ; oil-tubes 1 -several in the inter- vals, 2-8 on the commissure. Stylopodium depressed. Seed-face slightly concave. Mostly low (often cespitose) glabrous peren- nials, from a thick elongated root, with more or less pinnately compound leaves, with or without an involucre, prominent involu- cels, and white flowers (in ours). (From /CU/KI, a wave, and iTTepbv, a winy, referring to the often undulate wings.) 1. C. acaiilis (Pursh) Rydb. Low (1-2 dm. high), with a short erect caudex bearing leaves and peduncles at the summit, glabrous ; rays and pedicels very short, making a compact cluster ; involucre none; involu- cel of a single paliuately 5-7-parted bractlet ; fruit globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter ; wings rather corky; oil-tubes 4-5 in the intervals. (C. glomeratus Raf.) Minn, to la., Ark., and westw. 33. THASPIUM Nutt. MEADOW PARSNIP Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit ovoid to oblong, slightly flattened dorsally ; carpel with 3 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Stylopodium wanting; styles long. Peren- nials, with ternately divided leaves (or the lower simple) and broad serrate or toothed leaflets, mostly yellow flowers, and all the fruit pediceled. (Name a play upon Thapsia, so called from the island of Thapsus.) 1. T. aureum Nutt. Glabrous; root-leaves mostly cordate, serrate; stem-leaves simply ternate (rarely biternate); leaflets ovate to lanceolate, round or tapering at base, serrate ; flowers deep yellow ; fruit globose-ovoid, about 4 mm. long, all the ribs equally winged. Thickets and woodlands, n. O. to Md., Ga., Ark., and Wyo. Fl. summer. FIG. 830. Var. atropurpureum (Desr.) Coult. & Rose. Petals dark- purple. N. J. to Ga. and 111. 2. T. barbindde (Michx.) Nutt. Loosely branched, pubes- cent on the joints, sometimes puberulent in the umbels ; leaves l-3-ternate ; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acute, with cuneate base, coarsely cut-serrate, often ternately cleft or parted ; flowers light yellow ; fruit broadly oblong, about 6 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, with mostly 7 prominent wings. Banks of streams, N. Y. to Minn., and south w. May-June. Var. AX- GUSTIF6LIUM Coult. & Rose, has narrower more sharply cut leaflets, and fruit more or less puberulent. Pa. to Pt. Pelee, Ont., and 111. 3. T. pinnatifidum (Buckley) Gray. Resembling the last, but puberulent on the branchlets, umbels, and fruit, with fewer leaves; leaflets l-2-pinnatifld, the lobes linear or oblong ; one or two leaves near the base often very large and long- petioled ; flowers light yellow ; fruit oblong, 3-5 mm. long and 2-3 mm. broad, all the ribs winged, generally three of them narrowly so. Barrens and mts., Ky. to Tenn. and N. C. 34. LOMATIUM Raf. 836. T. aureum. Fruit x 4. Cross-section of fruit x 5. Fruit flattened dorsally, oblong to nearly orbicular, laterally winged ; oil- tubes usually many. Roots fusiform. Leaves dissected. Involucre none. 620 UMBELUKKKAK (1'AHSLEY FAMILY) Perennials of dry ground, nearly or quite acaulescent Petals yellow or white. (Name from \/j.a, a border, referring to the winged fruit.) PEVCEDANT Am. auth., but scarcely of L. 1. L. orientale (Joult. & Hose. Pubescent, 1-2 din. high ; leaves bipinnate ; petals white or pinkish ; fruit nearly round ; dorsal ribs indistinct. (Pcuced- anum nudicaule Nutt., in part.) Gravelly soil, Minn, to la., Kan., and westw. 2. L. daucifdlium (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose. Leaves finely dissected; petals yellow; fruit oval; dorsal ribs prominent. (Peucedannm villosum Nutt., in part.) Barrens, w. Mo. to Neb. and Tex. 35. PSEUDOTAENIDIA Mackenzie. Calyx-teeth short, thiekish. Petals inferentially yellow. Fruit thickish, strongly compressed dorsally, oblong-lanceolate ; carpels obcompressed, with slender dorsal ribs and broad somewhat corky lateral wings. Oil-tubes mostly solitary in the intervals. Glabrous erect perennial, with 2-3-ternate leaves, entire leaflets and exinvolucrate compound umbels. (Name from i/'eOSos, false, and Taenidia, to which this recently discovered genus possesses a marked habital resemblance. ) 1. P. montana Mackenzie. Slender, erect, 5-8 dm. high; root slightly thickened ; petioles broad and clasping ; leaflets elliptical to lance-ovate or -oblong, entire, thin ; umbels 6-12-rayed ; involucels none or inconspicuous ; fruit 6 mm. long. Clayey and rocky mountain slopes, Kate's Mt., W. Va. (Mackenzie} and Luray Cavern, Va. (Steele). 36. POLYTAENIA DC. Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit obovate to oval, much flat- tened dorsally ; dorsal ribs small or obscure in the depressed back, the lateral with broad thick corky closely contiguous wings form- ing the margin of the fruit ; oil-tubes 12-18 about the seed and many scattered through the thick corky pericarp. A perennial mostly glabrous herb, with 2-pinnate leaves (upper opposite and 3-cleft), the segments cuneate and incised, no involucre, narrow involucels, and bright yellow flowers in May. (Named from Ti-oXtf-, many, and ratvia, a fillet, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.) 1. P. Nuttallii DC. Plant 6-10 dm. high ; pedicels and involucels pubescent. Barrens, Mich, to n. Ala., Tex., Okla., la., and Wise. FIG. 837. 37. PASTINACA L. PARSNIP Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, very much flattened dor- sally ; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral extended into broad wings, which are strongly nerved toward the outer margin ; oil-tubes small, solitary in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissure; stylo- podium depressed. Tall stout glabrous biennial, with pinnately compound leaves, mostly no involucre or involucels, and yellow flowers. (The Latin name, from pastus, food. ) 1. P. RATlvA L. Stem grooved ; leaflets ovate to oblong, cut-toothed. Waste places, open rich soil, etc. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 838. 38. LEViSTICUM [Kivinius] Hill. LOVAGB Calyx-teeth obscure. Petals greenish-yellow. Fruit oblong, rounded at each end, strongly ribbed, the lateral ribs moderately winged ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure ; seed flattish 0.11 the inner face. Stout 88t. P. Nuttallii x3. P. saliva x8. UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY) 621 pereunial herb, with branched stems, large bipinnate leaves with rhombic- obovate and compound conspicuously involucrate umbels. (Name said to be a corruption of Ligusticum.} 1. L. OFFICINALE (L.) Koch. Essentially glabrous ; leaflets coarsely toothed toward the apex, entire at the cuneate base. (L. Levisticum Karst.) Culti- vated for the aromatic qualities especially of its seeds, and now occasionally found as a local escape. (Introd. from s. Eu.) 39. ANETHUM [Tourn.j L. DILL Petals yellow. Fruit elliptical, flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs winged. Involucre and involucels none. Slender caulescent annuals with finely divided leaves, and compound umbels. ("Kvydov, ancient Greek name of the dill, thought to come from ddeiv, to burn, in allusion to the pungent seeds.) 1. A. GRAVEOLENS L. Erect, glabrous, usually branched, 3-10 dm. high ; leaves finely dissected, fennel-like. Thoroughly established at Bridgeport, Ct. (Eames*), and casual on waste ground, etc., elsewhere. (Introd. from Eu.) 40. HERACLEUM L. Cow PARSNIP Fruit obovate, as in Pastinaca, but with a thick conical stylopodium, and the conspicuous obclavate oil-tubes extending scarcely below the middle. Tall stout perennials, with large compound leaves, broad umbels, deciduous involucre, and many-leaved involucels, white or purplish flowers, and obcordate petals, the outer ones commonly larger and 2-cleft. (Dedicated to Hercules.} \. H. lanatum Michx. Woolly; stem grooved, 1-2.8 m. high ; leaves ternate ; leaflets broad, irregularly cut-toothed, Wet ground, Nfd. to the Pacific, and southw. to N. C., Ky., and Kan. June. FIG. 839. 2. H. SPHONDYLIUM L. Spreading-pubescent and some- what scabrous ; haves pinnate ; leaflets 3-7, coarsely and rather bluntly toothed. Casual on waste land, etc., chiefly H. lanatum x 2. about Atlantic ports. (Adv. from Eu.) 41. IMPERATdRIA [Tourn.] L. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals small, white. Fruit suborbicular or broadly elliptical, distinctly cordate at base and apex, smooth, the ribs filiform except the lateral, which are developed into a broad thin wing ; stylopodium conical ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and as long or nearly as long as the fruit. Stately smoothish perennials, with ternately compound leaves. (From im- pevator, master, emperor, in allusion, it is said, to its powerful medicinal qualities.) 1. I. OSTRIJTHIUM L. (MASTBRWORT.) Stem hollow, 8-16 dm. high ; leaflets large, ovate or obovate, serrate and commonly incised, nearly or quite glabrous ; umbels with very numerous rays exinvolucrate or nearly so ; bracts of the involucels few, narrow, inconspicuous. Formerly cultivated, now locally estab- lished in e. Pa., Mich., and perhaps elsewhere. (Introd. from Eu.) 42. OXYPOLIS Raf. Calyx-teeth evident. Fruit ovate to obovate, flattened dorsally ; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral broadly winged, closely contiguous and strongly nerved next to the body (giving the appearance of 5 dorsal ribs); oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2-6 on the commissure ; stylopodium short, thick-conical. Glabrous erect aquatic herbs ; involucre and involucels present, and flowers white. (Deri- vation unexplained.) TIEDEMANNIA DC. 622 UMBELL1FERAE (f'AKSLKY FAMILY) 840. O. rijsridior x 4. 1. 0. filif6rmis (Walt.) Britton. Stem hollow, 4-'JO din. high ; leaves reduced to cylindrical hollow pointed iiodnw petioles; fruit nhovate, rounded or truncate at the ends. (Tiedemannia teretifolia DC.) Ponds, Va. to Fla. and La. Am:.. Sept. \"ar. Canbyi Coult. & Rose. Fruit short, suborbicular, retuse at both ends. Ellendale, Del. (Canby, Commons). 2. 0. rigidior (L.) Coult. & Rose. (COWBAXE.) Stem 6-15 dm. high ; leaves simply pinnate, with 3-9 linear to lanceolate remotely toothed leaflets; oil-tubes mostly small. (Tiedfnum- nia rigida Coult. & Rose.) Swamps, N. Y. to Minn., si to the Gulf. Aug. Poisonous; roots tuberiferous. Var. A.MISH.IA (Nutt.) Robinson (Var. longifolia Britton) with entire leaflets, occurs in X. J., and southw. FIG. 840. 43. CONIOSELINUM Fisch. HEMLOCK PARSLEY Fruit oval, flattened dorsally, glabrous, the lateral ribs extended into broad wings; seed slightly concave on the inner face. Tall slender glabrous peren- nials, with finely 2-3-pinnately compound leaves, few-leaved involucre or none, involucels of elongated (in ours) linear-seta- ceous bractlets, and white flowers. (Compound of Conium and tielinum, from its resemblance to these genera.) 1. C. chine'nse (L.) BSP. Leaflets pinnatifid ; wings nearly as broad as the seed ; oil-tubes 2-3 in the intervals, sometimes 1 or 4. (C. canadense T. & G.) Swamps and cold cliffs, Nfd. to Out., s. to N. E., N. Y., Ind., Minn., and in the mts. to N. C. Aug. -Oct. FIG. 841. 44. ANGELICA L. ANGKLICA Fruit strongly flattened dorsally ; primary ribs very prominent, the lateral extended into broad distinct wings, forming a double- winged margin to the fruit ; oil-tubes 1-several in the intervals 841. or indefinite, 2-10 on the commissure. Stout perennials, with x 4. ternately or pinnately compound leaves, large terminal umbels, scanty or no involucres, small many-leaved involucels, and white or greenish flowers. (Named angelic from its cordial and medicinal properties.) * Seed adherent to the pericarp ; oil-tubes 1 -Severn / in tli<- in/<-rrnh ; ni>i>i-rin<>*t leaves mostly reduced to large inflated petioles. \. A. Curtisii Buckley. Glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the divisions quinate ; Jcfijli-lx thin, ovate-lanceolate, xhnr/thi mm. broad ; oil- lubes mostly solitary (rarely 2-3) in the intervals. Along the Alleghenies from Pa. to N. C. Aug. 2. A. villbsa (Walt.) HSP. Puln-itcrnt nr ( > ; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided ; /ct/fJi /.s tlii'-kixh. lanceolate to oblong. l-'J cm. broad, s<'rrl r> mm. Ion--, :', mm. broad; oil-tubes mostly 1 in each interval. Old fields, Louisburg, ("ape Breton I. (jUacoim}. Nat. fr.'in KM. ** Seed loose; i/-t>i/>s hnh-n,iit< -J-. ::<> H^HT petioles not m. A.a.ropur- SO pmmi in nt . pureaxS. 4. A. atropurpurea L. V r ei y stout, .^laln-ous throughout, COKNACKAE (DOGWOOD FAMILY) 623 with dark purple stem ; leaves 2-3-teruately divided, the pinnate segments of 5-7 lanceolate to ovate leaflets, 2-4 cm. broad, sharply mucronate-serrate. (Archangelica Hoffm.) Alluvial soils, Nfd. to Del., 111.. la., Minn., and w. Ont. FIG. 842. 45. T6RILIS Adans. Calyx-teeth short, triangular, persistent. Fruit bristly with hooked prickles or warty, the primary ribs not so prominent as the secondary. Erect slender caulescent annuals with bipinnate leaves, compound umbels, and dense heads of white flowers, the involucres and involucels of linear bracts. (Etymology un- known.) CAUCALIS of auth., in part. 1. T. ANTHR^SCUS (L.) Bernh. Umbels open, loose, long-peduncled, raised above the leaves ; prickles evenly distributed on the fruit. (Caucalis Huds.) Open woods and waste places, N. Y. to D. C., Ky., and O. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. T. NODOSA (L.) Gaertn. Umbels dense, subcapitate ; peduncles much shorter than the leaves ; prickles often confined to one side of the elsewhere warty carpels. (Caucalis Scop.) Similar situations, from the Middle Atlantic States westw. (Adv. from Eu.) 46. DAUCUS [Tourn.] L. CARROT Fruit oblong, flattened dorsally ; stylopodium depressed ; carpel with 5 slender bristly primary ribs and 4 winged secondary ones, each of the latter bearing a single row of barbed prickles ; oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs, two on the comrnis- sural side. Bristly annuals or biennials, with pinnately decom- pound leaves, foliaceous and cleft involucral bracts, and compound umbels which become strongly concave. (The ancient Greek name.) 1. D. CAR6TA L. Biennial ; stem bristly ; ultimate leaf-seg- ments lanceolate and cuspidate ; rays numerous. Fields and waste places ; a pernicious weed. The flowers vary from white 843. D. Carota to roseate or pale yellow, the central one in each umbel usually xsy 3 . dark purple. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 843. / CORNACEAE (DOGWOOD FAMILY) Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous) , with opposite or alternate simple leaves, the calyx-tube adherent to the l-2-celled ovary, its limb minute, the petals (valvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the margin of an epigynous disk in the perfect flowers ; style one ; a single anatropous ovule hanging from the top of the cell ; the fruit a l-2-seeded drupe ; embryo nearly as long as the albumen, with large foliaceous cotyledons. Including two genera with us, of which Nyssa is partly apetalous. Bark bitter and tonic. 1. Cornus. Flowers perfect, 4-merous. Leaves mostly opposite. 2. Nyssa. Flowers dioeciously polygamous, 5-inerous. Leaves alternate. 1. C6RNUS [Tourn.] L. CORNEL. DOGWOOD Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dioecious). Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4 ; filaments slender. Style slender ; stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and 2-seeded stone. Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers small, in open naked cymes, or in close heads surrounded by a corolla-like involucre. (Name from cornu, a horn ; alluding to the hardness of the wood.) 624 COKNACEAE (DOGWOOD FAMILY) 1. Flowers greenish or purple in a close cluster, sumounded by a showy usually 1-bracted corolla-like white or pinkish involucre; fruit bright /<. Monotropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top. * * Corolla gamopetalous ; anthers 2-celled. 0. Pterospora. Corolla ovoid, 5-toothed. Anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise. 7. Monotropsis. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers opening at the top. SUBFAMILY III. ERICOtDEAE (HEATH SUBFAMILY) Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla gamopetalous, rarely polypetalous, hypogynous. Shrubs or small trees. Tribe I. RHODODENDREAE. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Corolla deciduous. * Flowers developed from scaly buds. +- Scales or bracts caducous ; anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top. 8. Ledum. Corolla regular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 6-10. Leaves evergreen. 9. Rhododendron. Flowers usually 5-merous. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, lobed or parted, often somewhat irregular. Leaves deciduous or evergreen. 10. Menziesia. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous. -i- -- Bud-scales firm and persistent ; anther-cells opening lengthwise ; leaves evergreen. 11. Leiophyllum. ( 'orolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted. 12. Loiseleuria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included. * * Flowers not from scaly buds ; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous. 1M. Kalmia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving as many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear. 14. Phyllodoce. Corolla ovoid or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like. Tribe II. ANDROMBDEAB. Fruit a loculicidal capsule (berry-like in no. 22). Corolla deciduous. * Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering. +- Anther-cells opening only at the top ; corolla not salver-shaped. M. Corolla campanulate, 4-5-lobed or -parted ; heath-like, with aeerosr imbricated leaves. 1ft. Cassiope Calyx of ovate imbricated sepals. Capsule globular-ovoid. 4-. r )-viilved. the valves 2-cleft. ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 627 M- -M. Corolla urceolate to cylindrical, 5-toothed ; not heath-like. 16. Leucothoe. Calyx slightly or much imbricated, naked or bibracteate. Corolla ovoid or cylindraceous. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire. 17. Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open, naked. Anthers 2-4-awned. Capsule de- pressed-globose to obovoid, not thickened at the sutures. Seeds mostly hanging on the central placenta. 18. Lyonia. Calyx, etc., much as in Andromeda. Anthers awnless. Capsule 5-angled, the sutures with corky or spongy thickenings. 19. Chamaedaphne. Calyx of rigid imbricated ovate sepals, bibracteate. Corolla cylindraceous. Capsule splitting \vhen ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves. 20. Oxydendrum. Calyx short, early open, naked. Capsule slender-pyramidal. Seeds all ascending. A small tree. -i- +- Anther-cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged. 21. Epigaea. Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals. * * Calyx becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit. 22. Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit inclosing the capsule. Anthers 4-awned at top. Tribe III. ARBtfTEAE. Fruit indehiscent, a bony or drupe. Corolla deciduous. 23. Arctostaphylos. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry -like, 5-10-seeded. Tribe IV. ERiCEAE. Corolla persistent, becoming scarious. Capsule septicidal. 24. Calluna. Corolla bell-shaped, 4- parted. Leaves minute, opposite, imbricate. SUBFAMILY IV. VACCINOtDEAE (WHORTLEBERRY SUBFAMILY) Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-like fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anther-cells opening at the apex. Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with scaly buds. 25. Chiogenes. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged into a tube, but each 2-pointed. Slender trailing evergreen. 26. Gaylussacia. Ovary Id-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berry-like drupe with 10 small seed-like nutlets. 27. Vaccinium. Berry 4-5-celled (or imperfectly S-10-celled by false partitions), many-seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube. 1. CLETHRA [Gronov.] L. WHITE ALDER Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals obovate-oblong. Anthers arrow-shaped, erect in the bud, becoming inverted. Style slender. Capsule 3-valved, many- seeded, inclosed in the calyx. Shrubs or trees, with alternate serrate decidu- ous leaves, and white flowers in terminal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (K\?70pa, the ancient Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in foliage.) 1. C. alnifblia L. (SWEET PEPPERBUSH.) Shrub l-o m. high ; leaves 3.5-7 cm. long, wedge-obovate, sharply serrate, entire toward the base, prominently straight-veined, smooth, green both sides ; racemes upright, usually panicled ; petals white, rarely pink ; bracts shorter than the flowers ; filaments smooth. Wet copses, Me. to Fla., mostly near the coast. July-Sept. 2. C. acuminata Michx. A tall shrub or small tree ; leaves oval or oblong, pointed, thin, finely serrate, 7-15 cm. long, pale beneath ; racemes solitary, .flexuous or drooping ; bracts longer than the flowers ; filaments and pods hairy. Woods in the Alleghenies, Va. to Ga. July, Aug. 2. CHIMAPHILA Pursh. PIPSISSEWA Petals 5, concave, orbicular. Stamens 10 ; filaments enlarged and hairy in the middle ; anthers as in Pyrola, but more or less conspicuously 2-horned. Style nearly immersed in the depressed summit of the globular ovary ; stigma ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) broad and orbicular, disk-shaped, the border 5-crenate. Capsule, etc., as in Pyrola, but splitting from the apex downward. Low nearly herbaceous plants, with long running underground shoots, and thick shining leaves, somewhat whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems ; the flowers pink or roseate, on a terminal peduncle. (Name from xA"*) winter, and i\eiv, to love, in allusion to one of the popular names, viz. Wintergreen.*) 1. C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. (PRINCE'S PINE, PIPSISSEWA.) Leafy, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, not spotted; peduncles 2-8- flowered ; petals flesh-color ; anthers violet. Dry woods, N. S. to Ga., w. to the Pacific. July, Aug. (Mex., Eurasia.) 2. C. maculata (L.) Pursh. (SPOTTED WINTERGREEN.) Stein 1-2.;") dm. high ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely toothed, the upper surface variegated with white; peduncles 1-5-flowered. Dry woods, Mass, to Ont., Minn., and south w. June, July. 3. MONESES Salisb. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA Petals 5, orbicular. Filaments awl-shaped, naked ; anthers as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned. Stigma large, peltate, with 5 narrow and conspicuous radiating lobes. (Flowers occasionally tetramerous. ) Intermediate between Pyrola and Chimaphila. (Name formed of /x6vo5, single, and Vts, delight, from the pretty solitary flower.) 1. M. uniflbra (L.) Gray. A small perennial; the rounded and veiny serrate thin leaves, 1-3 cm. long, clustered at the ascending apex of creeping subterranean shoots; the 1-2-bracted scape, 3-13 cm. high, bearing a fragrant waxy-white or rose-colored terminal flower 1-2 cm. wide. (M. ffrandjflora S. F. Gray.) Deep cold woods, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Pa., Mich., Minn., and in the Rocky Mts. June, July. (Eurasia. ) 4. PYROLA [Tourn.] L. WINTERGREEN. SHIN LEAF Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging, deciduous. Stamens 10 ; filaments naked ; anthers extrorse in the bud, but in the flower inverted by the inflexion of the apex of the filament, more or less 4-celled, opening by a pair of pores at the blunt or somewhat 2-horned base (by inversion the apparent apex). Stigma o-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule de- pressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-valved from the base upward (loculicidal). Seeds minute, innumerable, resembling sawdust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated coat. Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots, bearing a cluster of roundish petioled evergreen basal leaves, and a simple raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright more or less scaly-bracted scape. (Name a diminutive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance in the foliage.) * Style straight, much narrower than the peltate b-r ay ed stigma; j'tah /brs ovate, very iniich shorter than the oblong-oval petals ; style long, es*' rti'tl. Kich WOOdS, KaK to Alaska. s. to Md.. Mich.. NY1>. . etc. June- Aug. (Eurasia.) \'ar. obtusata Tnrex. is a smaller plant, with thin pale rounded leaves im-re cremilate, and a 3-8-tloweivd scape of whiter flowers. (\'ar. jiiii/ii/n (Jray."i ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 629 Peat-bogs and cold mossy woods, s. to N. 8., n. and w. N. E., mts. of Pa., Mich., etc. (Asia.) * * Style strongly declined, the apex curved upward, longer than the connivent or spreading petals; stigma much narrower than the truncate excavated ring-like apex of the style ; anthers contracted below the openings, forming a short neck; leaves denticulate or entire. H- Petals white or greenish-white. 3. P. chlorantha 8w. Leaves small (rarely 3 or 4 cm. long), roundish, thick, dull, shorter than the petiole, or even wanting; scape few-flowered, naked or with a single small bract, 0.5-3 dm. high ; calyx-lobes roundish-ovate, very short ; the elliptical obtuse petals converging, greenish-white ; anther-cells contracted into a distinct neck; style little exserted. Open woods, Lab. to B. C., s. to D. C., 111., Mich., Wise., etc. June, July. (Eu.) P. OXYPETALA Aust., described in 1867 from a- wooded hill near Deposit, Delaware Co., N. Y., has not since been collected. It was probably an anoma- lous development of no. 3, in which the leaves and petals were acute or even subacuminate. 4. P. elliptica Nutt. (Sum LEAF.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or obo- vate-oval, longer than the margined petiole; raceme many-flowered ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading whitish petals; anther-cells blunt. Dry woods and thickets, e. Que. to B. C., s. to D. C., 111., Mich., Wise,, la., etc. June, July. 5. P. americana Sweet. Leaves orbicular to broadly elliptic, thick, shining, usually as short as the petiole; scape bracted, 1-3.5 dm. high; raceme elon- gated, many-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spreading tips, one half or one third the length of the roundish- obovate rather spreading thick white petals ; corolla 1.5-2 cm. broad; anther- cells mucronate. (P. rotundifolia Man. ed. 6, not L.) Open or sandy woods, P. E. I. and N. S. to S. Dak. and Ga. June-Aug. +- -i- Petals pink or rose-purple. 6. P. asarifblia Michx. Leaves transversely broad-elliptic or round-reniform, cordate, coriaceous, glossy; scapes 1-3 dm. high, bracted; raceme loose, elon- gated, the flowers 1-1.5 cm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate or ovate-triangular. (P. rotundifolia, var. Hook.) Alluvial woods and swamps, e. Que. to Yukon, s. to N. S., n. N. E., n. N. Y., n. Mich., and Col. June-Aug. (Asia.) Passing to Var. incarnata (Fisch.) Fernald. Leaves obovate to suborbicular, rounded at base, rather dull; scapes 1-5 dm. high. (P. uliginosa Torr.) Bogs and mossy woods, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to n. N. E., centr. N. Y., Mich., Wise., Col., and Cal. (Asia.) 5. MON6TROPA L. INDIAN PIPE. PINESAP Calyx of 2-5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of erect spatu- late or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are gibbous or saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10 ; filaments awl-shaped ; anthers becom- ing 1-celled. Style columnar; stigma disk-like, 4-5-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8-10-grooved, 4-5-celled, loculicidal; the very thick placentae covered with innumerable minute seeds, which have a very loose coat. Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddish, or white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter ; the clustered steins springing from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets, furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1-several-flowered ; the summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of /x6pos, one, and Tp6iro3, turn, the summit of the stem being turned to one side.) 1. EUMON6TROPA Gray. Plant inodorous, l-flowered ; calyx 0/2-4 irreg- ular scales or bracts; anthers transverse, opening equally by 2 chinks; style short and thick. 1. M. uniflbra L. (INDIAN PIPE, CORPSE PLANT.) Smooth, waxy-white, flesh-color, or rarely deep red, turning blackish in drying, 0.5-3 dm. high ; 630 EK1CACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) stigma naked. Dark and rich woods, nearly throughout the continent. June- Aug. (Mex., Asia.) 2. HYP6PITYS [Dill.] Gray. Plant commonly fragrant; flowers several in a scaly raceme, the terminal one usually b-merous, the rest 3-4-wmw.s ; bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals; anthers opening by a <<> tinuous line into 2 very unequal valves; style longer than the ovary, hollow. 2. M. Hyp6pitys L. (PINESAP, FALSE BEECH DROPS.) Somewhat pubes- cent or downy, tawny, whitish, or red, 1-4 dm. high ; pod globular or ovoid ; stigma ciliate. (Hypopitys Small ; H. lanuginosa Nutt. ; H. americana Small.) Rich woods. June-Get. (Mex., Eurasia.) 6. PTER6SPORA Nutt. PINE DROPS Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, persistent. Stamens 10. Style short ; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculici- dal, but the valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid. tapering to each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times larger than the body of the seed. A stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubescent root-parasitic herb, 3-9 dm. high; the wand-like stem fur- nished towards the base with scattered lanceolate scales in place of loaves, above bearing many nodding white flowers, in a long bracted raceme. (Name from Trrepfo, a wing, and clothed with rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins revolute ; herbage flagrant when bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like clusters. (\Tj8ov, the ancient Greek name of the Cistus.) 1. L. groenlandicum Oeder. Erect, 1 m. or less high; leaves obluua <>/ linear-' ihlnnij. '2 ~> cm. long, very obtuse; stamens 5-7; capsule slender, ."/<- <->ilindric, acutish. (L. latifolium Ait.) Bogs, damp thickets, and mountain- slopes, common northw., s! to Ct., N. J.. 1'a.. Mich.. Wise.. Minn., etc. May. June, rarely to Aug. (Greenl.) 2. L. paliistre L. Lower, at most 6 dm. high ; lean-* narrowly linear, 1-3 cm. lonii ; siaim-ns ?/<">//// 711; capsule e.Uii>.->ii-<>i5pov, rose-tree; the ancient name.) 1. AZALEA (L.) Planch. Leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate ; stamens (5-10) and style more or less exserted and declined. * Flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales; corolla with conspicuous funnel-form tube; stamens (chiefly 5) and style long-exserted ; 0.6-6 m. high, with leaves obovate to oblong-oblanceolate. H- Flowers appearing after the leaves. 1. R. arborSscens (Pursh) Torr. (SMOOTH AZALEA.) Branchlets smooth; leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath, the margins bristly-ciliate ; calyx-lobes long and conspicuous; corolla slightly clammy, rose-colored, fragrant. (Azalea Pursh.) Mts'. of Pa., southw. June. 2. R. viscbsum (L.) Torr. (CLAMMY AZALEA, WHITE SWAMP HONEY- SUCKLE.) Branchlets bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate otherwise smooth leaves ; calyx-lobes minute ; corolla clammy, the tube much longer than the lobes. (Azalea L.) Swamps, mostly near the coast, Me. to (_)., Ark., and southw. June, July. Var. GLAUCUM (Michx.) Gray. Leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or on both sides, sometimes rough-hairy. N. E. to Va. Var. NfTiDUM (Pursh) Gray. Dwarf, with oblance- olate leaves green both sides. N. E. to Va. - t- Flowers appearing before or with the leaves. 3. R. nudiflbrum (L.) Torr. (PURPLE A., PJNXTER FLOWER.) Leaves oblanceolate to obovate, sparingly pubescent, or glabrate except on the ciliolate margins and strigose midrib (beneath); pedicels strigose-hairy; corolla flesh- color, pink or purple, the tube strigose or slightly glandular, scarcely longer than the ample lobes; capsule strigose, 1.6-3 cm. long. (Azalea L.) Open woods and swamps, Mass, to Fla. and Tex. ; locally n. in Miss, basin to Union Co., 111. (Gleason.) May, June. 4. R. can6scens (Michx.) G. Don. Similar ; leaves ovate, obovate, or ellip- tic, softly pubescent beneath, especially when young ; pedicels, corolla-tube, and capsule (1.2-1.8 cm. long} glandular. (Azalea Michx.) Woods and gravelly shores, N. H. to N. Y., and southw. May, June. Sometimes too near the preceding species. 5. R. calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr. (FLAME-COLORED A.) Leaves hairy ; tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy. (Azalea Michx.; A. lutea L., not R. luteum Sweet.) Woods, s. N. Y. and mts. of Pa. to Ga. May. Cov- ered as the leaves appear with large orange blossoms, usually turning to flame- color, not fragrant. * * Flower-buds of fewer and early caducous scales ; corolla irregular (usually earlier than the leaves'), with short or hardly any tube, anteriorly divided to the base ; the limb equaling the 10 stamens and style. 6. R. canadSnse (L.) BSP. (RHODORA.) Shrub, 1 m. or less high; young parts sparingly strigose-hairy ; leaves oblong, pale, more or less pubescent corolla rarely 2 cm. long, purplish-rose-color (rarely white), bilabiate, with the posterior lip 3-lobed, the anterior of 2 oblong-linear and recurving nearly or quite distinct petals. (Rhodora L. ; Rhododendron Rhodora Gmel.) Swamps and damp slopes, Nfd. to w. Que.. Pa. and N. J. May, June (rarely July). 632 ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 2. EURHODODENDRON DC. Leaves coriaceous and persistent ; stamens (commonly 10) and style rarely exserted, somewhat declined, or sometimes equally spreading. 7. R. maximum L. (GREAT LAUREL.) Shrub or tree, 2-10 m. high ; leaves 0.8-2 dm. long, very thick, elliptical-oblong, or lance-oblong, acute, narrowed toward the base, very smooth, with somewhat revolute margins ; pedicels viscid ; corolla bell-shaped, 3.5-5 cm. broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish ii> the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish. Damp deep woods, rare from N. S., Me., and Que. to Ont. and 0., but very common through the Alleghenies from N. Y. to Ga. June, July. 8. R. catawbinse Michx. (MOUNTAIN ROSE BAY.) Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends, smooth, pale beneath, 0.5-1.5 cm. long; corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple ; pedicels rusty-downy. High Alleghenies, Va. to Ga. June. 9. R. Iapp6nicum (L.) Wahlenb. (LAPLAND ROSK BAY.) Dwarf, prostrate in broad tufts ; leaves 0.5-1.5 cm. long, elliptical, obtuse, dotted (like the branches) with rusty scales ; umbels few-flowered ; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted, violet-purple; stamens 5-10. Alpine summits, N. Y., N. H., and Me. to the Arctic regions. June, July. (Arctic Eurasia.) 10. MENZIESIA Sm. Calyx small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous-urn- shaped, soon bell-shaped. Stamens included ; anther-cells opening by an oblique pore. Capsule ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat. Low shrubs, the straggling branches and the alternate leaves usually hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clusters, greenish-white and purplish, nodding. (Named for Archibald Menzies, who in Vancouver's voyage brought the original species from the Northwest Coast.) 1. M. glabSlla Gray. Strigose-chaffy scales mostly wanting ; leaves obov&te , barely mucronate-tipped, glabrous or nearly so ; filaments ciliate below ; russule glabrous or nearly so ; seeds long-caudate at each end. Minnesota Point, L. Superior, and northwestw. June, July. 2. M. pilosa (Michx.) Pers. More or less chaffy; leaves obovate-oblong, prominently glandular-inucronate, strigose-hirsute especially above ; jilawi-nts glabrous; capsule beset with short gland-tipped bristles; seeds merely apiculate. (M. globularis Salisb.) In the Alleghenies from Pa. to Ga. May-July. 11. LEIOPHYLLUM Pers. SAND MYRTLE Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of obovate-oblong petals, spreading. Style filiform. Capsule 2-3-celled, splitting from the apex downward, many-seeded. A low much branched evergreen, with the aspect, foliage, etc., of Ledum, but the crowded leaves sometimes opposite, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-clusters. (Name formed of Xetos, smooth, and 6\\ov, leaf.) DINDKIUM Desv. 1. L. buxifblium (Berg.) Ell. Shrub, 1-0 dm. high ; leaves oval or oblong, smooth and sliming, 6-13 mm. long. Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. May. June. 12. LOISELEURIA Dcsv. AI.IMXK AZALEA Calyx 6-parted, nearly as long as the bell-shaped regular corolla. Stamens not declined. Style short. Capsule ovoid. L'-.'J-eelled, many-seeded, 2S-valved ; valves 2-cleft from the apex ; placentae borne on the middle of the columella. A small depressed shrubby evergreen, much branched and tufted, smooth, with coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, mi ^Imrt petioles, with revolute margins. Flowers small, white or n>se-r<>|nr. -j-f) in a cluster. ("Named for J. L. .1 Loixcleur-Delongchamps, a French botanist.) CHAMAECISTUS Oeder. ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 633 1. L. procumbens (L.) Desv. Alpine summits, N..H., Me., and Que. ; and in humus, Bay of Fundy, N. S., Nfd., and northw. June, July. (Eurasia.) 13. KALMIA L. LAUREL (of America) Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed. Filaments long and thread-form. Capsule globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alter- nate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, naked buds, and showy flowers. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus, who traveled in America.) 1. Flowers in simple or clustered naked umbel-like corymbs ; pedicels from th& axils of small and flrm foliaceous persistent bracts; calyx smaller than the pod, persistent ; leaves and branches glabrous, or nearly so. 1. K. latifblia L. (MOUNTAIN L., CALICO BUSH, SPOON-WOOD.) Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, petioled ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy-pubescent ; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, pink or white; pod depressed, glandular. Rocky hills and damp soil, N. B. to Ont., and southw. Usually a shrub, but in the ints. from Pa. southw., often tree-like. May-July. 2. K. angustifblia L. (SHEEP L. , LAMBKILL, WICKY.) Shrub rarely 1 m. high ; leaves commonly opposite or in threes, pale and glabrate underneath, bright green above, narrowly oblong, obtuse, petioled ; corymbs lateral (appearing later than the shoots of the season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; flowers rarely 1 cm. broad, crimson; calyx glandular; pod depressed, nearly smooth ; pedicels recurved in fruit. Hillsides, pastures, and bogs, Lab. to Ont., and southw. June, July. 3. K. Carolina Small. Similar; leaves permanently pale-puberulent beneath ; calyx puberulent, not glandular. Swamps and woods, Va. to S. C. May, June. 4. K. polifblia Wang. (PALE L.) Straggling, 1-6 dm. high ; branchlets 2- edged ; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with revo- lute margins; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, smooth; bracts large; flowers 1-2 cm. broad, rose-purple ; pod ovoid, smooth. ( K. glauca Ait.) Cold bogs and mts., Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. J., Pa., Mich., Minn., and Cal. May- July. 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils ; calyx leafy, larger than the pod, nearly equaling the corolla, deciduous ; leaves and branches bristly -hairy. 5. K. hirsuta Walt. Shrub 2-6 dm. high ; branches terete ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, 0.5-1 cm. long, becoming glabrous; corolla rose-color. Sandy pine barren swamps, Va. to Fla. May- Aug. 14. PHYLL6DOCE Salisb. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10, anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Low alpine heath-like evergreen undershrubs, clothed with crowded linear and obtuse rough-margined leaves. Flowers nodding on solitary or umbeled peduncles at the summit of the branches. Sometimes united with Bryanthus, a Siberian genus with 4-parted umbeled flowers. (Phyllodoce, a sea-nymph mentioned by Virgil.) 1. P. coerulea (L.) Bab. Calyx pubescent ; corolla cylindric-urn-shaped, 5-toothed, purplish, smooth; style included. (Bryanthus taxifolius Gray.) Arctic Am., s. to alpine summits of Me. and N. H. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) Corolla turning bluish in drying. 15. CASSIOPE D. Don. Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla open-campanulate, 4-5-lobed or -cleft. Stamens 8 or 10 ; anthers fixed by the apex ; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal pore, 634 ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Capsule 4-5-celled ; placentae many- seeded, pendulous from the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wing- less. Small arctic or alpine evergreen plants, with scale-like or needle-like leaves, and solitary white or rose-colored flowers nodding on slender erect peduncles. (Named for Cassiope, mother of Andromeda.) \. C. hypnoides (L.) D. Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like, 1-12 cm. high ; leaves needle-shaped, loosely imbricated ; corolla 5-cleft ; style short and conical. Alpine summits, Me., N. H., and N. Y., cliffs of L. Superior, and high north w. June, July. (Eurasia. ) 16. LEUC6THOE D. Don. FETTER BUSH Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10 ; anthers naked, or the cells with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore. Capsule depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thickened ; the many-seeded placentae borne on the summit of the short colu- mella. Seeds mostly pendulous. Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves, and white scaly-bracted flowers in dense axillary or terminal spiked racemes. (Leucothoe, daughter of Orchamus, King of Babylonia, referred to by Ovid.) * Anthers awnless ; stigma 5-rayed ; racemes sessile, dense, with persistent bra<'t*. in the axils of thick and shining evergreen leaves ; calyx not bracteolat< . 1. L. axillaris (Lain.) D. Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abrupt I >i pointed or acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, on very Short petioles; sepnl* broadly ovate. Low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Feb. -Apr. 2. L. Catesbaei (Walt.) Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ser- rulate with ciliate-spinulose appressed teeth, conspicuously petioled, 7-15 em. long; sepals ovate-oblong, often acute. Moist banks of streams, Va. to Ga. along the mts. May. Shrub 1 m. high, with long spreading or recurved branches. Flowers exhaling the unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms. * * Anthers awned; stigma simple; flowers very short-pediceled, in long one- sided racemes mostly terminating the branches; bracts deciduon* ; //v/iv.s- membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate ; calyx bibracteolate. 3. L. recurva (Buckley) Gray. Branches and racemes recurve.d-sprea<>in}<>t< ; tmtlirr-rt'lls <>'' ; .xv. //> <>rL n-ilh mm-otrly oblong, ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 844. A. Polifolia. End of fruiting- branch x %. I either flat or revolute, glabrous, generally whitened beneath with a varnish-like coat, later often green; bud-scales scarcely glaucous; pedicels in terminal umbels, filiform, straightish, 2-4 times exceeding the nodding flower and erect fruit ; corolla pink or white ; calyx with pale or usually reddish slightly ascending lobes ; capsule brown or reddish, obovoid or subglobose, as high as broad. Arctic regions, extending very locally s. to the Adirondack Mts., N. Y.(?), L. Huron, etc. May-July. (Eurasia.) FIG. 844. 2. A. glaucophylla Link. (BOG ROSEMARY.) Similar in habit ; leaves white beneath with close fine pubescence ; branch- lets and bud-scales glaucous; flowers on thickish curved pedicels rarely twice their length; calyx-lobes whitish, usually spread- ing; capsule depressed, turban-shaped, glau- cous. (A. Polifolia mostly of Am. auth., not L.) Bogs and wet shores, Lab. to Man., s. to N. J., Pa., and Minn. May-July ; rarely Sept., Oct. FIG. 845. 2. PORTtJNA (Nutt.) Gray. Corolla ovoid-urceolate ; each anther-cell bearing a deflexed awn ; seeds scobiform. 3. A. noribunda Pursh. Very leafy, 5-15 dm. high; young branchlets, etc., strigose-hairy ; leaves lanceolate- branch x %. oblong, acute or acuminate, ciliate-serrulate, glandular-dotted beneath, 4-6 cm. long; racemes crowded in short terminal panicles, densely flowered. (Pieris B. & H.) Moist hillsides, in the Alleghenies from Va. to Ga. May. 18. LY6NIA Nutt. Similar to Andromeda. Filaments hairy and often toothed or appendaged ; anthers oblong, unappendaged. Capsule 5-angled, the dorsal sutures with a thickened ridge, which usually divides in dehiscence of the capsule ; the placentae borne both upon the columella and the walls of the cells. Seeds scobiform, with a loose thin testa. Shrubs with fascicled, racemose, or panicled white flowers. (Named for John Lyon, early American botanist and explorer of the southern Alleghenies.) * Leaves coriaceous and evergreen. 1. L. nitida (Bartr.) Fernald. (FETTER BUSH.) Glabrous shrub, 0.5-1.5 m. high; branches sharply triangular; leaves glossy, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, entire, with a conspicuous nerve next the revolute margin; flowers in axillary umbels ; filaments appendaged at summit ; capsule subglobose. (Andromeda Bartr. ; Pieris B. & H.) Low woods and barrens, Va. to Fla. and La. May. * * Leaves thinnish and deciduous. 2. L. mariana (L.) D. Don. (STAGGER-BUSH.) Mostly glabrous, 5-10 dm. high ; leaves oblong or oval, 3.5-8 cm. long ; fascicles of nodding flowers race- mose on leafless shoots; filaments %-toothed near the apex; capsule ovoid- pyramidal, truncate at the contracted apex. (Andromeda L. ; Pieris B. & H.) Low grounds, K. I. to Fla., Tenn., and Ark. Foliage said to poison lambs and calves. 3. L. ligustrina (L.) DC. (MALE BERRY.) Minutely pubescent, 0.5-3 m. high ; leaves obovate to lanceolate-oblong , 2.5-8.5 cm. long, serrulate or entire ; racemes crowded in chiefly naked panicles ; filaments flat, not appendaged; cap- sule globular. ( Andromeda Muhl. ; Xolisma Britton.) Moist thickets, centr. Me. to centr. N. Y., and southw. June, July. Var. foliosifl&ra (Michx.) Fernald. Racemes less crowded, often more elon- gate, conspicuously leafy-bracted. (Xolisma foliosifl.ora Small.) Common southw. , local and less characteristic northw. KincACBAE (HEATH FAMILV) 19. CHAMAEDAPHNE Moench. LEATHER LEAF. CASSANDRA Calyx of 5 distinct acute sepals. Stamens 10 ; anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, awnless. Capsule depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds flat- tened, wingless. Low and much branched shrubs, with nearly evergreen and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers white, in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1-sided leafy racemes. (From /, on the ground, and Satfivv), laurel.} CASSANDRA D. Don. 1. C. calyculata (L.) Moench. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. {Cassandra D. Don.) Bogs, Lab. to B. C., s. to Minn., Wise., 111., and Ga. Apr., May. (Eurasia.) 20. OXYDENDRUM DC. SORREL-TREE. SOUR-WOOD Calyx of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. Corolla ovate, puberu- lent. Stamens 10 ; anthers fixed near the base, linear, awnless, the cells taper- ing upward. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved ; the many-seeded placentae at the base of the cells. Seeds slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat extended at both ends into awl-shaped appendages. A tree with deciduous oblong-lanceolate pointed soon smooth serrulate leaves on slender petioles, and white flowers in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle, terminating the branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foliage acid (whence the name, from <5i5s, sour, and dtvdpov, tree}. 1. 0. arb&reum (L.) DC. Rich woods, from Pa. to Ind., and southw., mostly along the Alleghenies, to Fla. and La. June, July. 21. EPIGAEA L. GROUND LAUREL. TRAILING ARBUTUS Corolla-tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender filaments ; anthers oblong. Style slender, its apex (as in Pyrola} forming a sort of ring or collar around and partly adnate to the 6 little lobes of the stigma. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded. A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant, bristly with rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart- shaped alternate leaves on slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axillary clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of 6rt, upon, and 777, the earth, from the trailing growth.) 1. E. rSpens L. (MAYFLOWER.) Sandy woods, or in rocky soil, especially in the shade of pines, Nfd. to Sask., Wise., Mich., Ky., and Fla. Flowers appearing in early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance, dimorphous as ID style and stamens, and subdioecious. 22. GAULTHERIA [Kalm] L. AROMATIC WINTERGREEN Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, in- cluded. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 6-celled, 6-valved, many-seeded, inclosed when ripe by the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as t> appear as a globular red berry ! Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate ever- green leaves and axillary nearly white flowers ; pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedi- cated to Ifnt/ncs fimilffftr also spelled Gaulthier, Criftti<>>\ and (inntii't' naturalist, and court-physician at Quebec, in the middle of the 18th century.) 1. G. procumbens L. (TEABERRV, CIIEOKEKHKKRY.) Stems slender and extensively creeping on or below the surface ; the flowering brandies ascending, leafy at the summit, 5-1") <>m. high ; leaves obovate or oval, obscurely serrate ; flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding. Woods and clearings, Nfd. to Man., and southw. July, Aug. The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the foliage have the well known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) 637 23. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. BEARBERRY Corolla with a short re volute 5-toothed limb. Stamens 10, included ; anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening by terminal pores. Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal racemes or clusters. (Name composed of &PKTOS, a bear, and o-ra0v\^, a bunch of grapes, the Greek of the popular name.) 1. A. tTva-iirsi (L.) Spreng. (BEARBERRY.) Trailing; leaves thick and evergreen, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth; fruit red, inedible. Rocks and bare hills, N. J. and Pa. to Mo., and far north w. and westw. May. (Eurasia.) 2. A. alpina (L.) Spreng. (ALPINE B.) Depressed ; leaves deciduous, ser- rate, wrinkled, with strong netted veins, obovate ; fruit black, juicy and edible. (Mairania Desv.) Arctic Am., s. to alpine summits of Me. and N. H. (Arctic- alpine Eurasia.) 24. CALLtTNA Salisb. HEATHER. LING Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla much shorter and less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Stamens 8, distinct ; anthers with a pair of deflexed appendages on the back, the cells opening each by a long chink. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly extended at base into 2 sharp auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches. Flowers axillary, or terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches, forming close mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or sometimes white, small, bracted by 2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of which are more or less scarious. (Named from KaXXtiveiv, to brush or sweep, brooms being made of its twigs.) 1. C. VULGARIS (L.) Hull. Low grounds, in the coastal region, very locally from R. I. to Nfd. ; probably introduced from Eu. Two European heaths, ERICA CINEREA L. and E. TETRALIX L., have been found slightly established in small patches on Nantucket I., Mass. 25. CHI6GENES Salisb. CREEPING SNOWBERRY Calyx-limb 4-parted, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Sta- mens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk, filaments very short and broad ; anther-cells ovate-oblong, separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, globular. A trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and small Thyme-like ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with revolute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding peduncles, with 2 large bracelets under the calyx. (Name from x t( ^" snow, and 7^1/05, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries. ) 1. C. hispidula (L.) T. & G. (Moxis PLUM, CAPILLAIRE.) Leaves 0.5-1 cm. long ; berries 5-7 mm. thick, bright white, delicately acid and aromatic. (C. serpyllifolia Salisb.) Peat-bogs and mossy woods, Lab. to B. C., s. to Minn., Mich., and N. C. May. Plant with the aromatic flavor of Gaultheria or of Sweet Birch. 26. GAYLUSSACIA HBK. HUCKLEBERRY Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped ; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10 ; anthers awnless ; cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 10 seed-like nut- lets. Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with resinous dots ; the flowers (pale, tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted racemes. ''Named for the chemist, Gay-Lussac. ) (i3H KK1CACKAE (HEATH FAMILY) * Leaves thick and evergreen, somewhat serrate, not resinous-dotted. 1. G. brachy^cera (Michx.) Gray. (Box H.) Very smooth, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed ; racemes short and nearly sessile ; pedicels very short; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped. Wooded hills, Perry Co., Pa., to Del. and Vs^ May. Leaves resembling those of the Box. * * Leave* deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or waxy atoms. '2. G. dum6sa (Andr.) T. & G. (DWARF H.) Somewhat hairy and glan- dular, low, 2-15 dm. high, from a creeping base, bushy; leaves obovate-oblong, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old ; racemes elon- gated ; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels; ovary hrinthj <>r glandular; corolla bell-shaped; fruit black. Sandy swamps, Nfd. to Fla. and La., mostly on the coastal plain. June. Var. hirt611a (Ait. f.) Gray. Young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves bristly-hairy. Va. to Fla., etc. 3. G. frondbsa (L.) T. & G. (BLUE TANGLE, DANGLEBEKKY.) Slender. 5-1.5 dm. high ; branches smooth, divergent ; leaves obovate-oblong, blunt. j>/< . finely pubescent and glaucous beneath, in maturity 2.5-6.5 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. broad; racemes slender, loose ; bracts oblong or linear, deciduous, short<>) t/nni. the slender drooping pedicels ; corolla globular-bell-shaped ; fruit dark blue with a white bloom, sweet and edible. Low copses, coast of N. H. to O. and La. May, June. 4. G. ursina (M. A. Curtis) T. & G. (BEAR H.) Similar; branches smooth or slightly hairy ; leaves green both sides, thin, oblong to lance-obovate, acumi- nate, in maturity 5-12 cm. long, 2-4.5 cin. broad ; fruit reddish, becoming black, insipid. Woods, Ky. to N. C. and Ga. May, June. 5. G. baccata (Wang.) C. Koch. (BLACK H.) Much branched, rigid, slightly pubescent when young, 0.3-1 m. high ; leaves oval, oblong-ovate, or oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the flower*, n-ifh slthihnj resinous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided; pedicels about the length of the flowers; bracts and bractlets reddish; corolla ovoid-conical, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth ; fruit black, without bloom, pleasant. (G. resinosa T. & G.) Rocky woodlands and swamps, Nfd. to Man., s. to e. la., Wise., Mich., 111., and Ga. May, June. Forma GLAUCOCARPA (Robinson) Mac- kenzie. (BLUE H.) Fruit blue, with a bloom, generally larger and juicier. Me. to N. C. Forma LEUCOCARPA (Porter) Fernald. (WHITE H.) Berries white to pinkish, somewhat translucent. Local, but occasionally abundant and fruitful. 27. VACClNIUM L. BLUEBERRY. CRANBERRY Corolla various in shape ; the limb 4-5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10 ; anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back ; the cells opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4-6-celled, many-seeded, or sometimes 8-10-ceUed by a false partition stretching from the back of each cell to the placenta. Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers, in spring or early summer ; the corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.) 1. BATODENDRON (Nutt.) Gray. Corolla Open-campanulate, Mob ed ; an- ther* irft.li /mil/ till,,-*, / '2 mi-ni'd on the back ; f>, '>-)>/ N/I// //>/// 10-- //v/jv.s t<' and the 1-20-flowered involucre, etc., covered with a white mealiness, at least when young; involucral bracts lance-attenuate, 3.5-6 mm. long; pedicels in anthesis mostly shorter than the calyx, in fruit becoming slightly longer ; calyx 3-5 mm. long; corolla pale lilac, with a yellow eye, its tube barely exserted; capsule 6-8 mm. long, slightly exserted. Nfd. and Lab. to n. Mien. (Eurasia.) Var. \MI;IUC\NA Torr. Similar; leaves narrow, stiff, 2-6 cm. long, sulphur-yellow beneath ; pedicels elongate, often 2-5 times as long as the calyx ; capsule much exserted. Shores of L. Huron and"L. Michigan. Var. macr6poda Fernald. Scape 1-4.5 dm. high; leaves spatulate to rhom- bic-ovate, long-petioled, 2.5-10 cm. long, usually whitened beneath ; bracts involute in drying, 6-11 mm. long; pedicels usually elongate, 1-5 cm. long; calyx in anthesis 6-8 mm. long ; capsule 0-12 mm. long, exserted. Calcareous cliffs and shores, Lab. to Mackenzie, s. to N. S., Me., and Sask. 2. P. mistassinica Michx. Scape 0.5-2 dm. high ; leaves spatulate or wedge- oblong, thin and veiny, scarcely or not at all mealy, 1-4 cm. long ; involucre 1-8-flowered, the lance-subulate bracts 2-4 mm. long; pedicels filiform, in anthesis mostly exceeding the calyx, loosely ascending, in fruit much elongate ; calyx 3-5 mm. long ; corolla flesh-color (rarely white), its tube conspicuously exserted ; capsule 5-8 mm. long. Wet calcareous banks and shores, Nfd. to Sask., s. to N. B., Me., Vt., N. Y., Mich., Wise., and Minn. May-July. 2. ANDR6SACE [Tourn.] L. Calyx 5-cleft ; tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form ; the tube shorter than the calyx ; limb 5-parted. Capsule 5-valved. Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves, and very small solitary or umbeled flowers. (An ancient Greek name of a polyp, formerly believed to be a plant.) 1. A. occidentalis Pursh. Smoothish annual ; scapes diffuse, 2-8 cm. high, several-flowered ; leaves and bracts of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, ses- sile ; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the white corolla. Bare hills and barrens, 111. to Man., and westw. Apr., May. 3. HOTT6NIA [Boerh.] L. FEATHERFOIL. WATER VIOLET Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla with a short tube ; limb ~>-i>arted. Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, 5-valved ; the valves coherini: at the base and summit. Seeds anatropous. Perennials, with the erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at the joints, forming an interrupted raceme. (Named for Peter Hotton, early Dutch botanist.) 1. H. inflata Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered on tin- floating and rooting stems, and crowded at- the base of the cluster of peduncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints; pedicels short. Pools and ditches, s. Me. to Fla. and La., near the coast; inland in the Miss, basin to Mo. and Ind. May-Aug. 4. SAMOLUS [Tourn.] L. WATKR PIM IM.I;M:I.. P>KMK-\VI-:KI Calvx 5-cleft Corolla somewhat bell-shaped. Deleft. True stamens .">, on Me- eMi-nlla-tube. included. Capsule globose, -Vvalved at the summit, many- seeded. -Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white (lowers. PKIMULACEAE (PRIMROSE FAMILY) 645 (Ancient mime of Celtic origin, said to refer to curative properties of this genus in diseases of cattle and ssvine.) 1. S. VALERANDI L. Stem erect, 0.6-8 dm. high, leafy ; leaves obovate or spatulate, the basal rosulate ; bracts none ; slender pedicels ascending, bracteo- late in the middle, in maturity 6-11 mm. long ; capsule 3-4 mm. long. Ballast, Philadelphia, etc. (Adv. from Eu.) 2. S. floribiindus H B K. More slender, becoming diffuse ; racemes often panicled, the pedicels longer (11-18 mm. long) and spreading ; capsule 24J mm. long. (S. Valerandi, var. americanus Gray.) Wet places, chiefly near the coast, and at low altitudes inland. June-Sept. 5. LYSIMACHIA [Tourn.] L. LOOSESTRIFE Calyx 5-6-parted. Corolla rotate, the divisions entire, convolute in bud. Filaments commonly monadelphous at base ; anthers oblong or oval. Capsule few-several-seeded. Leafy-stemmed perennials, with herbage commonly glan- dular-dotted. (In honor of King Lysimachus, or from Xtfo-is, a release from, and pax?], strife.} 1. LYSIMASTRUM Duby. Corolla yellow, rotate, very deeply parted, and with no teeth between the lobes ; stamens more or less monadelphous, often unequal; leaves opposite or whorled, or some abnormally alternate. * Corolla plain yellow, without dark markings. 1. L. VULGARIS L. Coarse and tall, softly often viscidly pubescent, branch- ing above ; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, distinctly short-petioled ; flowers 1.5-2 cm. broad, in terminal leaf y panicles ; calyx 4-5 mm. long, with dark margin ; glandular filaments united to near the middle. Roadsides and thickets near towns, Me. to Out. and O. July-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. L. PUNCTATA L. Similar, but with flowers often merely whorled in the upper axils; calyx 7-10 mm. long, green throughout; corolla-lobes with glan- dular-ciliolate margins. Roadsides, etc., N. S. to N. J. and Pa. June-July. (Nat. from Eu.) ** Corolla dark-dotted or streaked; filaments conspicuously monadelphous, unequal. 3. L. quadrifblia L. Somewhat loosely hairy, or smooth; stem simple, 3-9 av^ dm. high ; leaves whorled in fours or fives (sometimes in twos, threes, or sixes, rarely only opposite or partly alternate), lanceolate to lance-ovate ; flowers on long capillary peduncles from the axils of the leaves ; corolla 1-1.5 cm. broad, its lobes ovate-oblong. Moist or sandy soil, N. B. to Ont., Minn., Mich., and Ga. June, July. x L. prodiicta (Gray) Fernald. Stem smooth, 0.5-1 m. high, simple or slightly branched ; leaves opposite or in whorls of 3-5, lanceolate to ovate- lanceolate ; flowers in terminal bracted racemes (0.5-5 dm. long), the lower from the axils of the upper foliage leaves; corolla 1-2 cm. broad, the lobes ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate. (L. foliosa Small.) Damp thickets and shores, Me. to N. C. and Mich. July, Aug. Apparently a widely distributed and fertile hybrid of nos. 3 and 4. 4. L. terrSstris (L.) BSP. Stems 2-8 dm. high, often bearing oblong or moniliform bulblets in the axils, smooth, at length branched, very leafy ; leaves opposite or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end ; flowers on slender pedicels, in a bracted raceme (0.5-2.5 dm. long) ; lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. (L. stricta Ait.) Low grounds, Nfd. to Hudson Bay, and south w. June-Aug. * * * Flowers 2-3 cm. broad, solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves ; corolla not dark-dotted nor streaked; filaments slightly monadelphous. 5. L. NUMMULARIA L. (MONEYWORT.) Smooth ; stems trailing and creep- ing ; leaves roundish, small, short-petioled ; divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, obtuse, longer than the lance-ovate calyx-lobes and stamens. Escaped from gardens into damp ground in some places. June-Aug. (Introd. from Eu.) 646 PRIMULACEAE (PRIMROSE FAMILY) 2. NAUMBtJRGIA (Moench) Koch. Corolla very deeply 6(or 6-1^-parted into linear somewhat purplish-dotted divisions, with or without a small tooth in each sinus ; filaments distinct, equal; leaves opposite (rarely whorled), the lowest scale-like. 6. L. thyrsiflbra L. (TUFTED L.) Smooth (or with loose scurfy pubescence above when young); stem simple, 2.5-8 dm. high ; all but the lower leaves lan- ceolate, the axils of 1-4 middle pairs bearing short-peduncled head-like or spike- like clusters of small light yellow flowers. Cold swamps, Que. to Sask., s. to Pa., 111., Mo., etc. May-July. (Eu.) 6. STEIRONEMA Raf. Corolla rotate, with no proper tube ; divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose- denticulate above, each separately involute around its stamen. Filaments distinct or nearly so on the ring at base of corolla; anthers linear. Capsule 10-20-seeded. Leafy-stemmed perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles, not punctate, the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming whorls on the flow- ering branches. Peduncles slender, axillary, bearing yellow flowers. (From ffreipos, sterile, and vijfj.a, thread, referring to the staminodia. ) 1. S. ciliatum (L.) Raf. Stem erect, 3-12 dm. high; leaves ovate-lanceo- late to broadly .ovate, 5-13 cm. long, tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at base, all on long ciliate- fringed petioles ; corolla longer than the calyx; fruiting calyx 6-10 mm. long, commonly exceeded by the capsule. Low grounds and thickets. June-Aug. 2. S. intermedium Kearney. Comparatively low, 2-7 dm. high ; leaves 3-8 cm. long, the petioles naked except at base ; calyx-lobes commonly exceeding the capsule. {8. tonsum Bicknell.) Usually in drier rocky soil, Va., Ky., and south w. 3. S. radicans (Hook.) Gray. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branches often rooting in the mud ; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at base, 2.5-9 cm. long, on slender petioles ; corolla about the length of the calyx; fruiting calyx 3-5 mm. long. Swampy river-banks, Va. to Mo. and Tex. June-Aug. 4. S. lanceolatum (Walt.) Gray. Stem erect (or rarely reclined and rooting at the joints) ; leaves lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles ; corolla longer than the calyx ; fruiting calyx 5-8 mm. long. Low grounds and thickets, Me. to N. Dak., and south w. Var. HTBRIDUM (Michx.) Gray, with cauline leaves oblong, is less frequent. 5. S. quadriflbrum (Sims) Hitchc. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender, 2-9 dm. high, often branched below ; stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated, 3-9 cm. long, smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little revolute, the veins obscure ; the lowest leaves oblong or spatulate ; corolla longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed ; fruiting calyx 6-7 mm. long. (S. longifolium Gray.) Banks of streams, N. Y. to Man., s. to Va. and Mo. June-Sept. 7. TRIENTALIS L. CHICKWEBD WINTERGREEN Corolla spreading, flat, without tube. Filaments slender, united in a ring at the base ; anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Capsule few-seeded. Low - and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate usually , minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of thin veiny leaves at the sum- mit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and star- shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding to the height of the plant.) 1. T. americana (Pere.) Pursh. (STAR FLOWER.) Spreading by very slen- der elongated rootstocks, rarely producing long stolons from the upper axils ; leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends; petals finely pointed. Woods, Lab. to Man., Minn., 111., and Va. May-July. PRIMTJLACEAE (PRIMROSE FAMILY) 647 8. GLAUX [Tourn.] L. SEA MILKWORT Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; lobes ovate or oblong, petal-like. Corolla want- ing. Stamens 6, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Capsule 5-valved, few-seeded. A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite entire sessile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (white, pink, or lavender and crimson) flowers in their axils. (An ancient Greek name, from y\avK6s, sea-green.) 1. G. maritima L. Diffusely branched (rarely simple), the branches pros- trate, loosely ascending or sometimes erect, 3-15 cm. high ; leaves linear to oblong, the larger 3-12 mm. long, 1.5-6 mm. broad, bluntly pointed; flowers 3-5 mm. long; mature capsule 2-3 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. broad. Seashores from Cape Cod northw. ; also in subsaline soil, Minn, to Sask., and westw. June, July. (Eurasia ) Passing to the commoner Var. obtusifblia Fernald. Erect, 0.5-3 dm. high, simple or with few erect branches ; leaves oval or broadly oblong, the principal ones 8-15 mm. long, 4-8 mm. broad, with rounded tips ; mature capsule 2.5-4 mm. broad. N. J., northw.; also Pacific coast. (Japan, etc.) 9. ANAGALLIS [Tourn.] L. PIMPERNEL Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube ; the divisions broad. Stamens 6 ; filaments bearded. Capsule inembranaceous, many-seeded. Low spreading or procumbent herbs, mostly annuals, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (The ancient Greek name, probably from dvd, again, and dyd\\etv, to delight in.) 1. A. ARVENSIS L. (COMMON P.) Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the peduncles ; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth and stalked glands. Waste sandy fields. June-Aug. Flowers variable in size, scarlet or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad weather ; whence the English popular name of "Poor Man's Weatherglass.' 11 (Nat. from Eu.) Var. cAERtiLEA (Schreb.) Ledeb. Petals blue, often nearly or quite destitute of glandular ciliation. Cultivated ground, etc., rather rare. (Adv. from Eurasia.) 10. CENTUNCULUS [Dill.] L. CHAFFWEED Corolla wheel-shaped, with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod (which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4 or 5 ; fila- ments beardless. Small annuals, with entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers in their axils. (Derivation obscure.) 1. C. minimus L. Stems ascending, 3-8 cm. long ; leaves ovate, obovate, or spatulate-oblong ; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours. Low grounds, P. E. I. (according to Macouii); and from 111. and Minn, to Fla., Tex., and westw. (Eu.) 11. DODECATHEON L. AMERICAN COWSLIP Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions lanceolate. Corolla with a very short tube and thickened throat ; the divisions long and narrow. Filaments short, mona- delphous at base ; anthers long and linear, approximate in a slender cone. Perennial smooth herb, with fibrous roots, a cluster of basal leaves, and a simple naked scape, involucrate with small bracts at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers, nodding on slender pedicels. Corolla rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name from dtideKa, twelve, and 8eol, gods, given by Pliny to the primrose, which was believed to be under the care of the superior gods.) 1. D. Meadia L. (SHOOTING STAR.) Leaves oblong or spatulate, gradually narrowed at base. Woods, prairies, and moist cliffs, Pa. and Md. to Man., and south w. May, June. Var. FrSnchii Vasey. Leaves ovate or elliptic, abruptly narrowed at base. Pa. to 111. and Ark. 648 SAl'OTACEAE (SAPODILLA FAMILY) SAPOTACEAE (SAPODILLA FAMILY) Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate leaves (often rusty-downy beneath}, small and perfect regular flowers usually in axillary clusters; the calyx free and persistent ; the fertile stamens commonly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and opposite them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and scales (or sterile stamens') ; anthers turned outward; ovary 4-12-celled, with a single anatropous ovule in each cell ; seeds large. Albumen mostly none ; but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed. A small mostly tropical family. 1. BUMELIA Sw. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at each sinus. Fertile stamens 5 ; anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, resembling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish scar at its base. Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axils of the leaves. Branches sometimes spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very hard. (The ancient name of a kind of Ash.) 1. B. lycioides (L.) Pers. (SOUTHERN BUCKTHORN.) Spiny, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often acute, reticulated, nearly glabrous, 3-12 cm. long; clusters densely mf each cell. Seeds anatropous, mostly single in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument ; the embryo shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat cotyledons. Styles wholly or partly sep- arate. Wood hard and dark-colored. No milky juice. A small family, chiefly tropical. 1. DIOSP^ROS L. PERSIMMON Calyx 4-6-lobed. Corolla 4-6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens com- monly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect. Berry large, globular, surrounded at base by the thickish calyx, 4-8-celled, 4-8-seeded. Flowers dioeciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary, the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name from Ai6s, of Jove, and Trvp6s, train.) 1. D. virginUna L. (COMMON P.) Leaves thickish, ovate-oblong, smooth or nearly so; peduncles very short; calyx 4-parted ; corolla pale yellow, thickish, between bell-shaped and urn-shaped, 1-1.6 cm. long in the fertile flowers, much smaller in the sterile; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex; ovary 8-celled. Woods and old fields, Ct. to s. e. la., and southw. June. Tree, 0-30 m. high, with very h:irl blackish wood; the plum-like fruit 2-4 cm. in diameter, exceedingly astringent when green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and sometimes edible after exposure to f n >st . STYRACACEAE (STOKAX FAMILY) 649 STYRACiCEAE (STORAX FAMILY) Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and perfect regular flowers ; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2-5-celled ovary; the corolla of 4-8 petals,, commonly more or less united at base ; the stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous or polyadelphous at base; style 1 ; fruit dry or drupe-like, \-5-celled, the cells commonly l-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen ; radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons. Corolla hypogynous when the calyx is free ; the stamens adherent to its base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. A small family, mostly of warm countries. * Calyx 5-cleft, imbricate ; stamens in several series ; anthers short, innate ; embryo terete ; flowers yellow ; pubescence simple. 1 . Symplocos. Calyx adherent to the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. Petals 5, united merely at the base. * * Calyx 4-8-toothed or entire ; stamens 2-4 times as many as the petals, in one series ; anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse ; cotyledons flat ; flowers white ; pubescence soft and mostly stellate. 2. Halesia. Calyx adherent to the whole surface of the 2-4-celled ovary, which is 2-4-winged and 1-4-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed. 3. Styrax. Calyx adherent only to the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 5-parted. Fruit 1-celled, mostly l-seeded. 1. SYMPLOCOS Jacq. SWEET LEAF Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens in 5 clusters, one adhering to the base of each petal ; filaments slender. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-celled and l-seeded. Shrubs or small trees, the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow. (Name O-V/J.TT\OKOS, connected, from the union of the stamens.) 1. S. tinctbria (L.) L'He"r. (HORSE SUGAR.) Leaves elongated-oblong, acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and pale beneath, 7-15 cm. long ; flowers 6-14, in close and bracted clusters, odorous. Rich ground, Del. to Fla. and La. Apr. Leaves sweet, greedily eaten by cattle. 2. HALESIA Ellis. SNOWDROP or SILVER-BELL TREE Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed ; the tube 4-ribbed. Petals 4, united at base, or oftener to the middle, into an open bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8-1(5; filaments united into a ring at base, and usually a little adherent to the base of the corolla ; anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and dry, bony within. Seeds single, cylin- drical. Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves ; the snowy white flowers drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short racemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named for Stephen Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, etc.) MOHRODENDRON Britton. 1. H. Carolina L. (OPOSSUM WOOD.) Leaves oblong-ovate ; fruit 4-winged, .3-4 cm. long. (H. tetraptera L. ; Mohrodendron carolinum Britton.) Banks of streams, Va. to 111., s. to Fla. Flowers opening while still small and green (according to Harper). 650 OLEACEAE (OLIVE FAMILY) 3. STYRAX [Tourn.] L. STORAX Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed. Corolla 5(rarely 4-8)-parted, large ; the lobes mostly soft-downy. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla ; filaments flat, united at the base into a short tube ; anthers linear. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the persistent calyx, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular, erect, with a hard coat. Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary or leafy-racemed white and showy flowers on drooping peduncles, produced in spring. (The ancient Greek name of the tree which produces storax.) 1. S. grandifblia Ait. Shrub, 1-3.5 m. high ; leaves obovate, acute or short-acuminate, white-tomentose beneath, 0.5-1.5 dm. long; flowers mostly in elongated racemes; corolla 1.5cm. long, convolute-imbricated in bud. Woods, s. Va. to Fla. 2. S. pulveru!6nta Michx. Shrub, 0.3-1.2 m. high ; leaves oval or obovate, 3-6 cm. long, sparingly pubcrulent above, and scurfy-tomentose beneath ; flowers 1-1.5 cm. long, 1-3 together in the axils and at the'tips of the branches, fragrant. Low pine barrens, s. Va. to Fla. and Tex. 3. S. americana Lam. Shrub, 1-2.5 m. high ; leaves oblong, acute at both ends, 2.5-9 cm. long, smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath ; flowers axillary or in 3-4-flowered racemes; corolla valvate in the bud. Along streams, in cypress swamps, etc., Va. to Fla., La., and northw. in the Miss. Valley to Mo. and 111. OLEACEAE (OLIVE FAMILY) Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a 4-cleft (or sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular 4-cleft or nearly or quite 4-petalous corolla, sometimes apetalous ; the stamens only 2 (rarely 3 or 4); the ovary 2-cellcd. ///// 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell. Seeds anatropous, with a large straight embryo in hard fleshy albumen, or without albumen. Tribe I. FRAXfNBAB. Fruit dry, indehiscent, winged, a samara. Leaves pinnate. 1. Fraxinus. Flowers mostly apetalous, sometimes also without calyx. Tribe II SYRfNGEAE. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Leaves simple. '_'. Syringa. Corolla salver-form, the lobes mostly 4, valvate in bud. Tribe III. OLEfNEAE. Fruit a drupe, or rarely a berry. Leaves simple. 3. Adelia. Flowers apetalous, dioecious or polygamous, from a scaly catkin-like bud. Sta- mens 2-4. 4. Chionanthus. Flowers complete, sometimes polygamous. Calyx and corolla 4-merous, the latter with long and linear divisions. 5. Ligustrum Corolla funnel-form, 4-cleft, the tube longer than the calyx. 1. FRAXINUS [Tourn.] L. ASH Flowers dioecious, polygamous, or monoecious. Calyx small and 4-cleft, toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, or altogether wanting in our species. Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4 ; anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single ; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit 1-2-celled, flattened, 1-2-seeded. Cotyledons elliptical ; radicle slender. Timber-trees, with petioled pinnate leaves ; the small flowers in crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's leaves. (The classical Latin name.) * Leaflets petiolulate ; anthers linear-oblong. *- Calyx small, persistent in fruit. *-* Fruit with a terete or nearly terete body. 1. F. americana L. (WHITE A.) Branchlets and petiole s glabrous ; leaflets 6-9, ovate- or lance-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or pubescent under- OLEACEAE (OLIVE FAMILY) 651 . F. atnericana. Fruit x %. 847. F. pennsylvanica. Fruit x %. neath, entire or sparingly serrate or denticulate ; fruit 2.5-5 cm. long, margin- less below, abruptly dilated into a lanceolate, oblanceolate, or wedge-linear wing 2-3 times as long as the cylindraceous body (1.3-2 cm. long, . a 3-4 mm. thick). Rich or moist woods, N. S. to Ont., and southw. Apr., May. A large and very valuable forest tree, with gray furrowed bark, smooth gray branchlets, and rust- colored buds. Monoecious flowers rarely occur. FIG. 846. 2. F. b il t more ana Beadle. Branchlets, petioles, etc., pubes- cent or tomentose ; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate, acuminate, decidedly paler and sparingly pubescent beneath ; fruit linear-oblong, scarcely narrowed to the rounded apex, the body short and stout (1-1.4 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick). Pa. to Ga. 3. F. pennsylvanica Marsh. (RED A.) Branchlets and petioles velvety-pubescent, leaflets 5-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper- pointed, almost entire, pale or more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit 2.5-7 cm. long, the edges gradually dilated into the linear or spatulate icing, the body 1.4-2 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick. (F. pubescens Lam., in- cluding the narrowest-fruited form, F. Dar- lingtonii Britton.) Low ground, Me. to Dak., and southw. Tree of middle or large size ; inner face of outer bark of the branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh. FIG. 847. Passing to Var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. (GREEN A.) Glabrous throughout; leaflets often wedge-shaped at the base and serrate above, bright green both sides. (F. viridis Michx. f.) Along streams, Me. to Sask., and southw. t-f -w Fruit with aflattish body passing insensibly into the wing. 4. F. profunda Bush. (PUMPKIN A.) Terete branchlets velvety-pubescent, as are the petioles, rhachises, etc. ; leaflets 7-9, ovate-lanceolate, long-petiolulate, subentire ; fruit linear-oblong, rounded or retuse at the apex, somewhat narrowed to the thickish base but without distinctly limited body. River-swamps, etc., w. N. Y. to Mo., and southw. 5. F. caroliniana Mill. (WATER A.) Branchlets terete, glabrous or pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, short-stalked ; fruit broadly winged (not rarely 3-winged), elliptic or oblanceolate, acutish at apex, with a tapering base. (F. platycarpa Michx.) River-swamps, Va. to Fla., La., and Mo. March. Tree of middle size. FIG. 848. - H- Calyx wanting or a mere disk-like ring. 6. F. quadrangulata Michx. (BLUE A.) Branchlets square (at least on vigorous shoots), glabrous; leaflets 7-11, short- stalked, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, 848. F. caroliniana. g reen both sides ; fruit oblong, blunt, and of the same width ' Fruit x %. " at th ends, or slightly narrowed at the base, often notched at the apex, 2.5-5 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide. Dry or moist rich woods, O. to Mich, and Minn., Ala., Ark., etc. Large timber-tree, the inner bark yielding a blue color to water. * * Lateral leaflets sessile ; anthers short-oblong ; flowers wholly naked. 7. F. nigra Marsh. (BLACK A.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous ; leaflets 7-11, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate, obtuse or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides, when young with some rusty hairs along the midrib ; fruit linear-oblong or narrowly elliptical, blunt at both ends. {F. &ambucifolia Lam.) Swamps and wet banks, Nfd. to Man., Del., Va., and 652 LOGANIACEAE (LOGAN I A FAMILY) Ark. Small or middle-sized tree, with very tough and lissile wood. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of Elder. 2. SYRiNGA L. LILAC Corolla salver-formed, much exceeding the 4-toothed calyx, pale violet to roseate or white. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous. Upright shrubs with simple opposite ovate or lanceolate leaves and numerous flowers in thyrsoid or pyramidal panicles. (Name from <' r tube, perhaps in reference to the tubular corolla, perhaps to the use of the wood for pipe-stems or whistles.) 1. S. VULGARIS L. (COMMON L.) Leaves ovate, acuminate, entire, truncate or subcordate at base, slender-petioled ; corolla lilac-purple, rarely white. Long popular in cultivation and not rarely found in a wild state. (Introd. from Eu.) 3. ADELIA P. Br. Calyx of 4 minute sepals. Anthers oblong. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell ; style slender ; stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Drupe small, ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Shrubs, with opposite and often fascicled deciduous leaves, and small flowers from the axils of the preceding year. Fertile peduncles short, 1-3-flowered. (Name from dSrjXos, obscure, from the minute flowers.) FORESTIERA Poir. 1. A. acuminata Michx. (SWAMP PRIVET.) Glabrous, somewhat spines- cent, 1.5-3 m. high ; leaves thin, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, often serrulate ; drupe elongated-ellipsoid, usually pointed. (Forestiera Poir.) Wet river-banks and swamps, s. w. Ind. to Mo., s. to Tex. 4. CHIONANTHUS L. FRINGE-TREE Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Petals barely united at base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very base of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, becoming 1-celled, 1-3-seeded. Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire petioled leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles, from lateral buds. (Name from x 4 ^"? snow, and &v6os, blossom, alluding to the light and snow-white clusters of flowers.) 1. C. virglnica L. (OLD MAN'S BEARD.) Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate- lanceolate ; flowers on slender pedicels ; petals 2-2.5 cm. long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to 5 or 6 in number ; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid, 1-1.8 cm. long. River-banks, N. J. and Pa. to Fla., Tex., and Mo. Very ornamental in cultivation. May, June. 5. LIGUSTRUM [Tourn.] L. PRIVET Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Berry 2-celled, 1-2-seeded. Shrubs with entire leaves and small white flowers in terminal panicles. (The classical name.) 1. L. VULGARE L. (PRIVET or PRIM.) Leaves very smooth ; berries black. Used for low hedges, and naturalized from Me. to Ont. and N. C. June, July. (Introd. from Eu.) LOGANIACEAE (LOGANIA FAMILY) HI rl>s, shrubs, or trees, with opposite and entire leaves, and stipule* r stipnlar ni<-in!>rj.f : a connecting group between GcutniinK'i'ni . A/>ci/, ,,><<, n-. Srri>/>liiil. Cynoctonum. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, converging, united at the summit, and with a common stigma. 4. Polypremum. Corolla 4-lobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in the bud. 1. GELSEMIUM Jiiss. YELLOW (FALSE) JESSAMINE Corolla open-funnel-form. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Divi- sions of stigma linear. Capsule elliptical, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or several, winged. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyledons much shorter than the slender radicle. Smooth twining shrubby plants with ovate or lanceolate leaves, minute deciduous stipules, and showy yellow dimorphous flowers. (Gehomino, the Italian name of the Jessamine.) 1. G. semprvirens (L.) Ait. f. Stem climbing high ; leaves short-petioled, shining, nearly persistent ; flowers in short axillary clusters ; pedicels scaly- bracted ; flowers very fragrant ; corolla 2.5-4 cm. long ; capsule flat, pointed. Low grounds, e. Va. to Fla. and Tex. Mar., Apr. 2. SPIGELIA L. PINK-ROOT. WORM-GRASS Corolla tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at the summit. Stamens 5 ; anthers linear. Style slender, hairy above. Capsule short, 2-celled, twin, laterally flattened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which open locLilicidally, few-seeded. Chiefly herbs, with opposite leaves united by stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Adrian Spiegel, latinized SpigeliUs, who wrote on botany early in the 17th century, and was perhaps the first to give directions for preparing an herbarium.) 1. S. marilandica L. (INDIAN PINK.) Stems simple and erect, 3-6 dm. high, from a perennial root ; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; spike simple or forked, short ; corolla 3-5 cm. long, red outside, yellow within ; tube 4 times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate ; anthers and style exserted. Rich woods, O. and Ky. to Fla., Mo., and Tex. May, June. 3. CYN6CTONUM J. F. Gmel. MITERWORT Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form. Stamens 5, included. Ovary at the base slightly adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled. Capsule exserted, strongly 2-horned or miter-shaped, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded. Annual smooth herbs, 1-7 dm. high, with small stipules between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal peduncled cyme. (KtW, dog, and KTelveiv, to kill.} MITREOLA R. Br. 1. C. Mitre"ola (L.) Britton. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, petioled. (Jf. T. & G.) Damp soil, from e. Va. to Tex. June-Nov. 4. POLYPREMUM L. Calyx 4-parted; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-margined base. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, bearded in the throat. Stamens 4, very short ; anthers globular. Style very short ; stigma ovoid, entire. Capsule ovoid, a little flattened, notched at the apex, 2-celled, locnlicidally 2-valved, 654 GENTIANACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY) many-seeded. A smooth diffuse much branched small annual, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped leaves connected at base by a slight stipular line ; the small flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches ; corolla inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from iro\virp/j.j>o$, many-stemmed.} 1. P. procumbens L. Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Md. to Fla., Tex., and Mo. ; also adventive in N. J. and Pa. June-Oct. GENTIANACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY) Smooth herbs, with a colorless hitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and simple leaves (except in no. 9) without stipules, regular flowers with the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely imbricated and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a l-celled ovary with 2 parietal placentae, or nearly the whole inner face of the ovary ovuliferous ; the fruit usually a 2-valved and septicidal many-seeded capsule. Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly with- ering-persistent ; the stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Bitter-tonic plants. SUBFAMILY I. GENTIANOfDEAE Leaves always simple and entire, sessile, never alternate. Aestivation of corolla never valvate. * Lobes of corolla convolute in the bud. -- Style filiform, usually deciduous ; anthers oblong to linear, mostly twisting or curving in age. 1. Sabatia. Parts of flower 5-12. Corolla rotate. Anthers recurved or revolute. 2. Centaurium. Parts of flower 5 or 4. Corolla salver-form. Anthers twisting spirally. -K -- Style stout and persistent or none ; anthers remaining straight. H- Corolla with scale-like appendages but no large pits or glands at base. 3. Gentiana. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the sinuses. Calyx 4-5-cleft. 4. Pleurogyne. Corolla rotate. Calyx 4-6-parted. ++ -H- Corolla with a large pit or gland at the base of each lobe. 5. Frasera Corolla 4-parted, rotate ; a fringed glandular spot on each lobe. C. Halenia. Corolla 4-5-cleft, campanulate, and usually 4-5-spurred at the base. * * Lobes of corolla imbricate in the bud ; no appendages nor glands. 7. Bartonia Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, somewhat campanulate. 8. Obolaria. Calyx of 2 foliaceous sepals. Corolla 4-lobed, oblong-cam pan ulate. SUBFAMILY II. MENYANTHOfDEAE Leaves all alternate and mostly petioled, sometimes trifoliolate or crenate. Aestivation of corolla induplicate-valvate. Marsh or aquatic perennials. 9. Menyanthes. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 8-foliolate. 10. Nymphoides. Corolla naked, or bearded on the margins only. Leaves simple, rounded. 1. SABATIA Adans. Calyx 5-12-parted, the lobes slender. Corolla 5-12-parted, wheel-shaped. Stamens 5-12; anthers soon recurved. Style 2-cleft or -parted, slender. Biennials or annuals (rarely perennial by stolons), with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers in summer. (Dedi- cated, it is said, to L. Sabbati, an early Italian botanist.) SABBATIA Salisb. GENTIANACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY) 655 * Corolla ^-parted, or rarely 6-7 '-parted. t- Branches all opposite and stems more or less 4-angled ; flowers cymose ; calyx with long and slender lobes. ++ Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying. 1. S. paniculata (Michx.) Pursh. Stem much branched, 2-7 dm. high; leaves linear or the lower oblong, obtuse, \-nerved, nearly equaling the inter- nodes ; calyx-lobes much shorter than the corolla. Low grounds, Va. to Fla. 2. S. lanceolata (Walt.) T. & G. Stem simple, 4-9 dm. high, bearing aflat- topped cyme ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved, the upper acute, much shorter than the internodes ; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger than in no. 1. Wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. w- *-< Corolla rose-pink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish eye. 3. S. brachiata Ell. Stem slightly angled, simple below, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves linear and linear- oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute ; branches rather few-flowered, forming a panicle ; calyx-lobes nearly half shorter than the corolla. (S. angustifolia Britton.) Dry or low places, Ind. and N. C. to La. and Fla. 4. S. angularis (L.) Pursh. Stem somewhat ^-wing-angled, much branched above, 3-9 dm. high, many-flowered ; leaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a someivhat heart-shaped clasping base ; calyx-lobes one third or half the length of the corolla. Rich soil, N. Y. to Ont. and Mich., s. to Fla. and La. t- t- Branches alternate (or the lower opposite in no. 5) ; peduncles \-flowered. w- Calyx-lobes foliaceous. 5. S. calycina (Lam.) Heller. Diffusely forking, pale, 1-5 dm. high; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at base ; calyx-lobes spatulate-lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, exceeding the rose-colored or almost white corolla. (S. calycosa Pursh.) Sea-coast and near it, Va. to Tex. ++ ++ Calyx-lobes slender and tube very short (prominently costate in no. 6, and longer, nearly or quite inclosing the refuse capsule). 6. S. campSstris Nutt. Stem 0.5-4 dm. high, divergently branched above ; leaves ovate with subcordate clasping base, 1-3 cm. long, on the branches lan- ceolate ; calyx equaling the lilac corolla (3-4.5 cm. broad). Prairies, Mo. to Tex. 7. S. stellaris Pursh. Loosely branched and forking ; leaves oblong to lanceolate, the upper narrowly linear ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped-linear, varying from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla ; style nearly 2-parted. Salt marshes, Mass, to Fla. Appears to pass into the next ; corolla in both at times pink or white. 8. S. gracilis (Michx.) Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched ; branches and long peduncles filiform ; leaves linear, or the lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple corolla; style cleft to the middle. (S. campanulata Torr.?) Brackish marshes, s. e. Mass, and N. J. to Fla. and La. * * Corolla S-12-parted, large (3-5.5 cm. broad) . 9. S. dodecandra (L.) BSP. Stem 1-6 dm. high, loosely panicled above ; peduncles slender, 1 -flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; calyx-lobes linear, half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corolla. (S. chloroides Pursh.) Borders of brackish ponds, Mass, to N. C. 2. CENTAtTRIUM Hill. CENTATJRY Calyx 4-5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, with slender tube and 4-5-parted limb. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting spirally. Style slender, single ; stigma capitate or 2-lipped. Low and small branching annuals, chiefly with rose-purple or reddish flowers in summer. (An 656 GEN I I ANACEAE ((JENT1AX FAMILY) old name, variously applied by the herbalists, from <~< ;//>////. hundred, and anrtim, gold or gold-piece, alluding, it is said, to the priceless medicinal value ; com- pare the German vernacular name Tausendguldenkraut.} ERITHREA Neck. ERYTHRAEA Borkh. * Flowers in spikes. 1. C. SPICATUM (L.) Fernald. Stem strictly upright, 1-4 dm. high ; the flowers sessile and spiked along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches , leaves oval and oblong, rounded at base, acutish ; tube of the rose-colored >r whitish corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. (Erythraea Pers.) Sandy coast, Nantucket, Mass., and Portsmouth, Va. (Nat. from Eu.) * * Flowers in cymes or panicles. - Flowers in definite terminal cymes, at least the central flower sessile. 2. C. UMBELLATUM Gilib. (CfiNTAURY.) Stem upright, 1-5 dm. high, corym- bosely branched above ; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish, the basal rosulate, the uppermost linear ; cymes clustered, flat-topped, the flowers all nearly sessile ; tube of the purple-rose-colored corolla not twice the length of the oval lobes. (Erythraea Centaurium Pers.) Waste grounds, N. S.; Mass, to Ind. and Mich. (Nat. from Eu.) *- *- Flowers loosely paniculate or paniculate-cymose, all pediceled. -* Corolla-lobes 3-5 mm. long ; anthers oblong. 3. C. PULCIIELLUM (Sw.) Druce. Low (0.5-3 dm. high); stem many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme ; leaves ovate-oblong or oval, not rosu- late below; pedicels shorter than the calyx; tube of the pink-purple corolla thrice the length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. (Erythraea ramosissima Pers.) Wet or shady places, N. Y. to 111., and south w. (Nat. from Eu.) 4. C. tex6nse (Griseb.) Fernald. Similar to the preceding, but more diffusely forked ; cauline leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, the upper reduced to subulate bracts ; pedicels equaling or exceeding the calyx; corolla-tube twice the length of the larice-oblong lobes. (Erythraea Griseb.) Dry soil, Mo. to Tex. ++ -n- Corolla-lobes 7-10 mm. long ; anthers linear. 6. C. calycbsum (Buckley) Fernald. Simple or corymbose-branched, 1-6 dm. high ; leaves oblong to lance-linear ; pedicels equaling or exceeding the calyx ; corolla-tube nearly equaled by the oblong or oval lobes. (Erythraea Buckley.) Damp soil, Mo. to Tex. 3. GENTlANA [Tourn.] L. GENTIAN Corolla 4-5-lobed, usually with intermediate plaited folds, which bear ap- pendages or teeth at the sinuses. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style short or none ; stigmas 2, persistent. Capsule ellipsoid, 2-valved, the innumerable seeds either borne on placentae at or near the sutures, or in most of our species covering nearly the whole inner face of the pod. Flowers solitary or cymose, showy, in late summer and autumn. (Name from Gentium, king of Illyria, who according to Pliny discovered the plant, i.e. its medicinal virtue.) 1. (JKN TIANELLA [Rupp.] Reichenb. Corolla (not rotate") d<'*Wnt<- << tended plaits or lobes or teeth at the sinuses; root annual or i>i*->ini G.) Stem 1-9 dm. high; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the blue (rarely white) corolla (2.5-6 cm. long), the lobes of which are ircdtje- obovate, and xtr. B. paniculata (Michx.) Robinson. Tall and very slender, 2-4 dm. high, more apt to be irregularly and paniculately branched above, but mostly simple at the base ; branches and leaf-scales often alternate ; the peduncles curved- ascending ; flowers 2-4(-5) mm. long; corolla-lobes lanceolate, acute, yellow- ish- or greenish-white, about twice as long as the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes ; stigma short, scarcely columnar, 0.6 ram. in length ; anthers yellow. (J3. lance- olata Small ; Centaurella paniculata Michx. ; C. Moseri Steud. Hochstetter.) Wet sandy woods, swamps, etc., e. Mass, to Fla. and La. Aug. -Oct. 4. B. iodandra Robinson. Dwarf and subsimple, 1-2 dm. high ; scales few and often alternate as are the rather long curved-ascending peduncles ; flowers for the most part nearly twice as large as in the preceding, purplish-tinged, 6 mm. long; corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acutish, about twice the length of the lance-oblong calyx-lobes; anthers chiefly brownish-purple ; stigma short. Sphagnous bogs, Nfd. and N. S. Aug., Sept. 8. OBOLARIA L. PKNNYWORT Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla wither- ing-persistent ; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age spatulate, imbricated in the bud ! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Style short, per- sistent ; stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, the cell cruciform ; the seeds covering the whole face of the walls. A low and very smooth purplish-green perennial 6-15 cm. high, with a simple or sparingly branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves; the dull white or purplish flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile, in spring. (Name from <5/So\6s', a small Greek coin, from the thick rounded leaves.) 1. 0. virginica L. Herbaceous and rather fleshy, the lower leaves scale-like ; flowers 1 cm. long. Moist woods, N. J. to 111., s. to Ga. and Tex. Mar.-May. 9. MENYANTHES [Tourn.] L. Bi CKHKAN Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-cleft, deciduous, the whole upper surface white-bearded. Style slender, persistent ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule bursting somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth and shining. A perennial herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets; the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1-3 dm. high), white or slightly reddish. (The ancient Theophrastiau nfne, probably from /JLJJV, month, and &i>0os, njjinrcr. some say from its flowering for about that time.) 1. M. trifoliata L. Bogs and shallow water, Lai), to Alaska, s. to N. J., 1'a.. (Jreat L. region, la., etc. Apr.-June. (Eurasia.) 10. NYMPHOtDES [Tourn.] Hill. FLOATING HEART Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, -Vparted, the divisions bearing a ulandular appenda-r near the base. Style short or none ; stigma 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule tew-many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat hard. Perennial aquatics, with floating leaves on very long petioles, which, inmost species, bear near the summit the umbel of polygamous tlowers. often along with a cluster of short, and spur-like roots ; tlowt-ring all summer. (Name from \tn,ti>litit>)n'-. 0.6-1.8 dm. long, 1-6.5 cm. wide, bright green; umbels many-flowered; divisions of the corolla and hoods oblong-lanceolate, purple-red ; the horn long and slen >i s/mrt )>< tinli- ; p<>< . A. incarnata L. (SWAMP M.) Smooth or nearly so ; the stem 5-l<> dm. high, very leafy, with two downy lines above and on the branches of the pednn- cle.s ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute. or pointed, obtuse. ob.M'iirely heart-shaped "' narrowed at base ; flowers rose-purple (rarely whitish) ; hoods scarcely equaling ASCLEPIADACEAE (MILKWEED FAMILY) 665 the slender needle-pointed horn. Swamps, N. B., westw. and south w. July, Aug. Var. piilchra (Ehrh.) Pers. Leaves broader and shorter-petioled, more or less hairy, as well as the stem ; flowers paler. (A. pulchra Ehrh.) N. S. to N. C. and Ga., rarely w. to Minn. * * * Flowers greenish, yellowish, white, or merely purplish-tinged ; leaves oppo- site or whorled, or the upper rarely scattered. -H- Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes, densely tomentose (smooth, and only minutely echinate at the apex in no. 8), large (8-13 cm. long), ovoid and acuminate, erect on dejlexed pedicels; leaves large and broad, short- petioled; umbels terminal and lateral. 6. A. specibsa Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose or glabrate, the many- flowered umbel and calyx densely tomentose ; leaves subcordate-oval to oblong ; corolla-lobes purplish, ovate-oblong, 1 cm. long ; hoods slightly longer, with a short inflexed horn, the truncate summit abruptly produced into a very long lanceolate-ligulate appendage. Along streams, Minn, to Ark., and westw. June- Aug. 7. A. syriaca L. (COMMON M. or SILKWEED.) Stem tall and stout, finely soft-pubescent ; leaves lance-oblong to broadly oval, 1-2 dm. long, pale, minutely downy beneath, as well as the peduncles, etc. ; corolla-lobes dull purple to white, 6-9 mm. long ; hoods rather longer than the anthers, ovate, obtuse, with a tooth each side of the short stout claw-like horn. (A. Cornuti Dene.) Rich ground, N. B. to Sask., and southw. June-Aug. Intermediates, perhaps of hybrid origin, occur between this and some of the related species. 8. A. Sullivantii Engelm. Very smooth throughout, tall ; leaves ovate- oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base, nearly sessile ; hoods obovate, entire, obtusely 2-eared at the base outside ; flowers larger (1.5-2 cm. Ion' 1 ') and more purple than in the preceding ; anther-wings 2-toothed at base ; pod nfearly glabrous, obscurely spiny chiefly on the beak. Rich ground, s. Ont. and O. to Kan., Neb., and Minn. June, July. H- -i- Follicles wholly unarmed, either glabrous or tomentulose-pubescent. ++ Follicles erect or ascending on the deflexed or decurved fruiting pedicels. = Umbel solitary, on a naked terminal peduncle ; leaves sessile, broad, trans- versely veined, wavy ; glabrous and pale or glaucous. 0. A. amplexicaiilis Sin. Stem 3-8 dm. high ; leaves oblong, with a heart- shaped clasping base, very obtuse or retuse, 4-12 cm. long; peduncle 3-20 cm. long ; corolla pale greenish -purple ; hoods truncate, somewhat toothed at the summit, shorter than the slender awl-pointed horn. (A. obtusifolia Michx.) Sandy woods and fields, N. H. to Neb., and southw. June, July. A second umbel at the base of the peduncle occasionally occurs. 10. A. Meadii Torr. Stem slender, 4-6 dm. high ; leaves ovate or oblong- ovate, obtuse or acutish, 3-7 cm. long; peduncle only twice the length of the upper leaves ; pedicels rather short ; corolla greenish-white ; hoods rounded- truncate at summit, and with a sharp tooth at each margin, somewhat exceeding the stouter horn. Dry ground, Wise., 111., and la. June. = Umbels mostly more than one; peduncle not overtopping the leaves. a. Leaves large, orbicular to oblong-lanceolate; hoods broad, little if at all exceeding the anthers ; glabrous or with some minute pubescence on young parts. 11. A. phytolaccoides Pursh. (POKE M.) Stem 5-15 dm. high ; leaves broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both ends, short- petioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath, 1-3 dm. long ; lateral umbels several ; pedicels loose and nodding, numerous, slender, 2-5 cm. long, equaling the peduncle ; corolla-lobes ovate-oblong, greenish; hoods (white) truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the summit, the horn with a long projecting awl-shaped point. (A. exaltata Muhl. ? nomen subnudum.) Moist copses, N. E. to Minn., s. to Ga. and Ark. June-Aug. 666 ASCLEPIADACEAE (MILKWEED FAMILY) 12. A. variegata L. Stem 3-9 dm. high ; leaves (4-5 pairs) ovate, oval, or obovate, somewhat wavy, contracted into short petioles, middle ones sometimes whorled ; pedicels (numerous and crowded) and peduncle short, downy ; divi- sions of the corolla ovate, white; hoods orbicular, entire, purplish or reddish, the horn semilunar with a horizontal point. Dry woods, L. I. to Ind., s. to Fla., and w. La. May, June. Remarkable for its compact umbels of nearly white flowers. b. Leaves mostly pubescent or puberulent; hoods obtuse, entire, twice or thrice the length of the anthers. 13. A. ovalifblia Dene. Low, 1.5-6 dm. high, soft-downy especially the lower surface of the ovate or lanceolate-oblong acute short-petioled leaves (3.5-8 cm. long); umbels loosely 10-18-flowered, sessile or peduncled ; pedicels slender ; hoods oblong, yellowish, with a small horn, about the length of the oval greenish-white corolla-lobes (tinged with purple outside). Prairies and oak openings, 111. and Wise, to S. Dak. and Man. June, July. w- -M- Follicles and pedicels erect ; leaves often whorled ; glabrous or nearly so. = Leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, thin, rather slender-petioled. 14. A. quadrifblia Jacq. Stem slender, 3-8 dm. high, mostly leafless below, bearing usually one or two whorls of four in the middle and one or two pairs of ovate or ovate-lanceolate taper-pointed petioled leaves (0.5-1 dm. long); pedi- cels slender; corolla-lobes pale pink, oblong ; hoods white, elliptical-ovate, the incurved horn short and thick. Dry woods and hills, N. H. to Ont. and Minn., s. to N. C. and Ark. May-July. 15. A. per6nnis Walt. Stems 3-7 dm. high, persistent or somewhat woody at the base; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, tapering to both ends, thin, rather slender-petioled ; flowers white, small ; the small hoods of the crown shortv^than the needle-shaped horn; seeds sometimes destitute of a coma! Low grounds, Ind. to Mo., Fla., and Tex. May-Aug. = = Leaves narrowly linear to filiform; horn subulate, exserted; column conspicuous. 16. A. verticillata L. Stems slender, simple or sparingly branched, 3-9 dm. high, from a fibrous root, very leafy to the summit ; leaves linear, with revolute margins, 3-6 in a whorl ; umbels small, lateral and terminal ; divisions of the corolla ovate, greenish- white ; hoods roundish-oval, about half the length of the incurved claw-shaped horns. Prairies and open woods, Mass, to Sask., and southw. 17. A. pumila (Gray) Vail. Similar; low (1-1.5 dm. high) and many- stemmed from a woody caudex ; leaves much crowded, spirally arranged, filiform or filiform-linear. (A. verticillata, var. Gray.) Dry plains, w. la. and Neb. to Col. and N. Mex. 2. Anther-wings broadly rounded at base and conspicuously auriculate-notrlu