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BENNETTS LATIN SERIES. 
 
 LATIN GRAMMAR. 12mo. cloth, 282 pages. 
 LATIN LESSONS. 1 6mo. cloth. 1 9 1 pages. 
 FOUNDATIONS OF LATIN. 12mo, cloth. 250 pages. 
 PREPARATORY LATIN WRITER (based on Caesar). 16mo. 
 cloth. 202 pages. 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION (based on Cicero). 16mo. cloth. 172 
 
 pages. 
 QUANTITATIVE READING OF LATIN POETRY. 12mo. 
 
 paper, 49 pages. 
 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR, Books I.-IV. 12mo, cloth, 354 
 
 pages. 
 
 CICERO'S SELECTED ORATIONS. 12mo. cloth, 374 pages. 
 VIRGIL'S AENEID, Books I.-VI. 12mo, cloth, 491 pages. 
 
iSennett's Hatin Scries 
 
 Preparatory Latin Writer 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES E. BENNETT 
 
 PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY 
 
 
 »04c 
 
 ALLYN AND BACON 
 33o0ton anti CJjicajgo 
 

 COPYRIGHT, 1905. BY 
 CHARLES E. BENNETT. 
 
 Nortoooti ^rrsf 
 
 J. 8. Cushlnp & Co. - IJorwlck A Smith Co. 
 
 Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Like my Latin Composition for Secondary Schools, 
 the present book has been prepared in the conviction 
 that the primary function of Latin Composition in sec- 
 ondary schools is to extend and strengthen the pupil's 
 knowledge of Latin grammar, and that this function 
 is best fulfilled by means of a systematic presentation 
 of the syntactical principles of the language. The 
 following Lessons, accordingly, are devoted mainly to 
 exercises in applying the principles of the various case 
 and mood constructions recognized in our Latin gram- 
 mars. But in order that the writing of continuous 
 discourse may not be neglected, passages of simple 
 English narrative, involving the principles covered in 
 the previous exercises, are frequently introduced. 
 
 The illustrative examples given at the beginning of 
 each lesson have been drawn with great care from 
 Latin literature. The English sentences and passages 
 of continuous discourse set for translation into Latin 
 are based on the vocabulary of Caesar. 
 
 CHARLES E. BENNETT. 
 
 Ithaca, January, 1906. 
 
 iii 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 I. Subject Nominative. Predicate Nouns. Apposi- 
 
 tives. The Vocative 1 
 
 II. Agreement of Adjectives and Verbs ... 4 
 
 III. Relative Pronouns. Possessive Pronouns . . 7 
 
 IV. Questions and Answers 10 
 
 V. The Accusative. Accusative of Direct Object . 13 
 
 VI. The Accusative (continued). Two Accusatives 
 
 with the Same Verb 16 
 
 VII. The Accusa.t[ye (continued). Accusative of Time 
 
 and Space ; Limit of Motion, etc. ... 19 
 VIII. The Dative. Dative of Indirect Object ... 22 
 IX. The Dative (continued). Dative of Reference ; of 
 
 Agency 26 
 
 X. The Dative (continued). Dative of Possession ; of 
 
 Purpose ; witli Adjectives 29 
 
 XI. The Genitive. Genitive of Possession ; Subjective ; 
 
 Objective 32 
 
 XII. The Genitive (continued). Genitive of the Whole 
 
 (' Partitive Genitive '); oi Quality ; Appositional 35 
 
 XIII. The Genitive (continued). Genitive with Adjec- 
 
 tives ; with memini, reminiscor, obliviscor . 39 
 
 XIV. The Genitive (continued). Genitive with admoned, 
 
 commoneo, commonefacio ; with Verbs of Judi- 
 cial Action ; with Impersonals ; with misereor, 
 miserescd ; with interest and refert ; with other 
 Verbs 42 
 
 XV. The Ablative. Ablative of Separation ; of Source ; 
 
 of Agent 45 
 
 XVI. The Ablative (continued). Ablative of Com- 
 parison ; of Means ; with the Deponents utor, 
 fruor, etc. ; with opus est ; with niter, innixus, 
 
 fretus 48 
 
 V 
 
VI 
 
 Table of Contents, 
 
 Lesson Paob 
 
 XVII. The Ablative {continued). Ablative with mis- 
 cere, jungere, etc. ; in Special Phrases ; with 
 Verbs of Filling ; of Way by Which ; of 
 
 Cause ; of Manner 51 
 
 XVIII. The Ablative (c"on«i>med). Ablative of Attend- 
 ant Circumstance ; of Accompaniment ; of 
 Degree of Difference ; of Quality ... 55 
 XIX. The Ablative (continued). Ablative of Price ; 
 
 of Specification ; Ablative Absolute . . 58 
 XX. The Ablative (continued). Ablative of Place 
 
 Where ; the Locative ; of Place from Which 61 
 XXI. The Ahlsitive (contimied). Ablative of Time . 64 
 XXII. Syntax of Adjectives. Adjectives used Sub- 
 stantively ; with the Force of Adverbs ; the 
 Comparative and Superlative ; Adjectives 
 Denoting a Part ; primus = first who ; ulti- 
 mas = last who 67 
 
 XXIII. Pronouns. Personal ; Reflexive ; Reciprocal ; 
 
 Demonstrative 71 
 
 XXIV. Vronown^ (continued). Demonstrative; Indefi- 
 
 nite . . . . . . . .74 
 
 XXV. Vrononw^ (continued). Indefinite; Pronominal 
 
 Adjectives 78 
 
 XXVI. Tenses of the Indicative 81 
 
 XXVII. Hortatory, Jussive, Prohibitive, Deliberative, 
 
 and Concessive Subjunctive .... 84 
 XXVIII. The Optative and Potential Subjunctive; the 
 
 Imperative 87 
 
 XXIX. Purpose Clauses. Clauses with ut, ne, quo ; 
 Relative Purpose ; Relative Clauses with 
 dignus, indignus, idoneus; Sequence of 
 
 Tenses 90 
 
 XXX. Clauses of Characteristic. Clauses of Re- 
 sult 93 
 
 XXXI. Causal Clauses. Temporal Clauses Intro- 
 duced by postqaam, ut, ubi, cum primum, 
 simul ac 97 
 
Table of Contents. 
 
 vu 
 
 Lesson Page 
 
 XXXII. Temporal Clauses Introduced by cum; by 
 antequam and priusquam ; by dum, donee, 
 and quoad 100 
 
 XXXIII. Substantive Clauses. Substantive Clauses 
 
 Developed from the Jussive ; from the 
 Deliberative ; after Verbs of Hindering and 
 Preventing 103 
 
 XXXIV. Substantive Clauses (con^^wwed). Substantive 
 
 Clauses Developed from the Optative ; of 
 Result ; Introduced by quod . . . 107 
 
 XXXV. Indirect Questions Ill 
 
 XXXVI. Conditional Sentences 114 
 
 XXXVII. Use of nisi, si n5n, sin ; Conditional Clauses 
 
 of Comparison 117 
 
 XXXVIII. Subordinate Adversative Clauses Introduced 
 
 by quamvis, quamquam, etc.; Provisos . 120 
 XXXIX. Indirect Discourse. Use of Moods and Tenses 
 in Declaratory, Interrogative, and Impera- 
 tive Sentences 123 
 
 XL. Indirect Discourse {continued). Conditional 
 
 Sentences in Indirect Discourse . . . 127 
 XLI. The Infinitive. Infinitive without Subject 
 
 Accusative used as Subject ; as Object . 130 
 XLII. The Infinitive {continued). Infinitive with 
 Subject Accusative, used as Subject ; as 
 Object ; Passive Verbs Construed with the 
 
 Infinitive 133 
 
 XLIII. Participles. Tenses of the Participle ; Use of 
 
 Participles 137 
 
 XLIV. The Gerund ; the Gerundive Construction ; 
 
 the Supine 140 
 
 Supplementary Exercises in Continued Discourse . . 144 
 Samples of College Entrance Papers in Latin Composition 165 
 General Vocabulary ........ 169 
 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Grammatical references not preceded by any Initial are to tiie author*8 Latin 
 Grammar. 
 
 A. & G. . 
 
 . Allen & Greenough's New Latin Grammar. 
 
 abl. 
 
 . ablative. 
 
 ace. 
 
 . accusative. 
 
 adv. 
 
 . adverb. 
 
 c. . 
 
 . common (gender). 
 
 cf. . 
 
 . compare. 
 
 conj. 
 
 . conjunction. 
 
 dat. 
 
 . dative. 
 
 dep. 
 
 . deponent. 
 
 e.g. 
 
 . for example. 
 
 f. . . . 
 
 . feminine. 
 
 gen. 
 
 . genitive. 
 
 H. . 
 
 . Harkness's Complete Latin Grammar. 
 
 i.e. . 
 
 . that is. 
 
 indecl. . 
 
 . indeclinable. 
 
 intrans. or int 
 
 r. . intransitive. 
 
 lit. . 
 
 . literally. 
 
 m. . 
 
 . masculine. 
 
 n. . 
 
 . neuter. 
 
 obj. 
 
 . object. 
 
 pi. . . . 
 
 . plural. 
 
 pred. 
 
 . predicate. 
 
 prep. . 
 
 . preposition. 
 
 8emi-dep. 
 
 . semi-deponent. 
 
 subj. 
 
 . subject. 
 
 trans, or tr. . 
 
 . transitive. 
 
LESSON I. 
 
 SUBJECT NOMINATIVE. PREDICATE NOUNS. APPOSITIVES. 
 THE VOCATIVE. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Subject Nominative. 166, 166. 2; A. & G. 339; H. 
 387 and 1. 
 
 2. Predicate Nouns. 167, 168. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 283, 284; 
 H. 393. 1, 8. 
 
 3. Appositives. 169. 1, 2, 3, 5; A. & G. 282 and c; H. 
 393 and 1, 4. 
 
 4. The Vocative. 171 ; A. & G. 340; H. 402. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. praeteritum tempus numquam revertitur,i past time 
 never returns. 
 
 2. horae et dies et menses et anni cedunt, hours and days 
 and months and years pass away. 
 
 3. agri cultura a Cicerone copiose laudatur, farming is 
 generously praised by Cicero. 
 
 4. vidi etiam senem Livium, I saio also Livius when he 
 was an old man. 
 
 5. ego 2 vero periculis delector, I in fact take pleasure in 
 dangers. 
 
 6. haec quidem sunt studia doctrinae, these now are the 
 pursuits of culture. 
 
 7. philosophia est vitae magistra,^ philosophy is the guide 
 of life, 
 
 1 
 
2 Latin Composition. 
 
 8. Rdmulus habitus est ^ deas, Romulus was regarded as a 
 god. 
 
 9. Croesus n5n semper mansit ^ rex, Croesus did not always 
 remain king. 
 
 10. naturam, optimam ducem, sequimur, we follow nature, 
 the best guide. 
 
 11. Metellus et LucuUus, homines consularea, Metellus and 
 LucuUus, men of consular rank. 
 
 12. assentatio adjutrix vitidrum, flattery., promoter of evils. 
 
 13. duo reges, ille* bello, hie* pace, civitatem auxerunt, 
 two kings, one by war, the other by peace, advanced the state. 
 
 14. desilite, commilitones,^ jznnj?, comrades! 
 
 Notes on the Examples. 
 
 1) The verb in the Latin sentence regularly stands last (348; 
 A. & G. 596 and a; H. G64), but it often precedes a predicate noun 
 or adjective. 
 
 2) The subject is here emphatic ; hence the pronoun is expressed. 
 
 3) The predicate noun here agrees in gender as well as in case 
 with its subject. 
 
 4) lUe and hie are in partitive apposition with the subject, 
 reges. 
 
 5) The Vocative regularly follows one or more words of the 
 sentence. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 brother, frSLter, tris, m. 
 capture, capio, ere, cSpi, 
 
 captuB.* 
 conspiracy, conjurStio, onis, f. 
 
 daughter, filia, ae, f. 
 enemy (in a military or politi- 
 cal sense), hostis, is, c. 
 father, pater, tris, m. 
 
 * In giving the principal parts of verbs, the perfect passive par- 
 ticiple is given instead of the supine ; if the verb is transitive, the 
 participle is given in the mascuUno form, otherwise in the neuter. 
 Where the perfect p.issive participle is not in use, the future active 
 participle is given, if it occurs. 
 
Subject Nominative, 
 
 3 
 
 fleet, classis, is, f. 
 footsoldier, pedes, itis, m. 
 friend, amicus, i, m. 
 get ready, compare, 1.* 
 horseman, eques, itis, m. 
 king, rex, regis, in. 
 leader, dux, ducis, c. 
 peace, pax, pacis, f. 
 
 remain, maneo, ere, m^nsi, 
 
 mansurus. 
 rout, fugo, 1. 
 
 see, video, Sre, vidi, visus. 
 son, filius, i, m. 
 sue for, peto, ere, ivi or ii, 
 
 itus. 
 tribe, gens, gentis, f. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. You were the leaders^ of tliis conspiracy. 
 
 2. The Helvetii were routed and sued for peace. 
 
 3. The son of Ariovistus, king of the Germans, was 
 captured. 4. Octodurus, the winter quarters of 
 Galba, was a village of the Veragri. 5. This man 
 was regarded (as) - an enemy by the Gauls.^ 6. Lis- 
 cus had become a magistrate of the Haeduans. 
 7. The camp of the Eomans was there. 8. The 
 Veneti, a most warlike tribe, got ready a large fleet. 
 9. We saw Divitiacus, the brother of Dumnorix, the 
 Haeduan. 10. Footsoldiers and horsemen quickly 
 assembled. 11. Catamantaloedes, the father of Cas- 
 ticus, had always remained a friend of the Roman 
 people. 12. The son and daughter of Orgetorix fled. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. AVords not given in the special vocabularies may be found in 
 the general vocabulary at the end of the book, p. 169 {. 
 
 2. Words in parenthesis are not to be translated. 
 
 3. by the Gauls : use a. with the ablative. 
 
 * Regular verbs of the first conjugation are indicated by the 
 numeral 1. 
 
LESSON II. 
 
 AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES AND VERBS. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Attributive and Predicate Adjectives. 233. 2 ; A. & G. 
 285. 1 and 2. 
 
 2. Agreement of Adjectives.* 234 and 235 entire; A. & G. 
 286 and a, b, 287. 1-4 ; II. 394, 395. 1, 2 and N. 
 
 3. Agreement of Verbs. 254 and 255 entire ; A. & G. 316 
 and 6; 317. a-d; H. 388, 389. 1, 2; 390, 391, 392. 1-4. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. pater bonus ^ et mater, an excellent father and mother. 
 
 2. eadem^ alacritas et studium, the same eagerness and 
 zeal. 
 
 3. pax et Concordia sunt pulchrae, peace and concord are 
 glorious. 
 
 4. res operae multae ^ ac labdris, a matter of much effort 
 and labor. 
 
 6. pater et filius capti sunt, the father and son were 
 captured. 
 
 6. stultitia et timiditas fugienda sunt, folly and cowardice 
 should be shunned. 
 
 7. pater et mater mortal sunt, the father and motfier died. 
 
 * Note that the principles for the agreement of adjectives cover 
 also the use of participles in the compound tenses of the passive, as 
 well as in the periphrastic conjugations. 
 
 4 
 
Agreement of Adjectives and Verbs. 5 
 
 8. honores et victoriae fortuita sunt, honoi'S and victories 
 are accidental. 
 
 9. domus, uxor, liberi inventi sunt, home^ wife, and chiU 
 dren have been gained. 
 
 10. populi provinciaeque liberatae sunt, nations and prov- 
 inces were freed. 
 
 11. pars bestiis object! sunt, part icere thrown to beasts. 
 
 12. paupertas mihi onus visum est, poverty seemed to me a 
 burden. 
 
 13. Samnitium tria milia occisi sunt, three thousand Sam- 
 nites icere sJain. 
 
 14. neque pater neque filius mortuus est, neither father 
 nor son died. 
 
 15. caedes ac tumultus erat, there was bloodshed and tumult, 
 
 16. tu et ille venistis, yon and he came. 
 
 Notes on the Examples. 
 
 1) For the position of the attributive adjective with reference 
 to its noun, see 350. 4 and a; A. & G. 598. a, b ; H. 671. 
 
 2) For the position of demonstrative pronouns, see 350. 5. a; 
 A. & G. 598. b ; H. 675. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 auxiliaries, auxilia, orum, n. 
 cavalry, equitatus, us, m. 
 cut to pieces, ocoido, ere, 
 
 cidi, cisus. 
 either ... or, aut . . . aut. 
 legion, legio, onis, f. 
 mother, mater, matris, f. 
 multitude, multitude, inis, f. 
 praise, laudo, 1. 
 return, redeo, ire, ii, itum. 
 safe, salvus, a, um. 
 
 save, servo, 1. 
 senate, senatus, us, m. 
 soon, mox, adv. 
 steadfastness, constantia, ae, f. 
 tear down, diruo, ere, ui, utus. 
 toil, labor, oris, m. 
 town, oppidum, i, n. 
 unharmed, incolumis, e. 
 unlike, dissimilis, e. 
 wife, uxor, oris, f. 
 
6 Latin Composition. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. The bravery and steadfastness of the soldiers 
 deserve to be praised.^ 2. The senate and chief- 
 tains of this tribe formed a conspiracy. 3. Auxilia- 
 ries and cavalry had been got ready. 4. Either 
 you or your brother will return. 5. The Roman sen- 
 ate and people ^ praised this general. 6. The mother 
 and wife of Orgetorix were captured. 7. The gate 
 and wall of this town were torn down. 8. Part of 
 the Germans were saved, but ten thousand were cut 
 to pieces. 9. The son and daughter of Liscus will 
 remain unharmed. 10. The cavalry quickly returned 
 into the town. 11. Many men and women will soon 
 be present. 12. A great multitude of footsoldiers 
 assembled. 13. The general, the legions, and the 
 camp ^ are safe. 14. Toil and pleasure are unlike. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. deserve to be praised: use the passive perlplirastic con- 
 jugation. 
 
 2. SenSLtus populusque RSmanus: tliis plirase regularly 
 takes a singular verb. 
 
 3. Fqf the use of conjunctions in enumerations, see 341. 4. a-c, 
 A. & G. 323. c. 1, 3; H. 657. 6 and N. 
 
LESSON III. 
 
 RELATIVE PRONOUNS. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Relative Pronouns. 250. 1-4, 251. 1, 5, 6; A. & G. 305 
 and a, 306 and b, 307. c, 308. a, /and N. ; H. 396 and 2, 397, 
 398 and 1, 399. 4. 
 
 2. Possessive Pronouns. 243. 1-3, 233. 3; A. & G. 302 
 and a,c,e', H. 501, 393. 6. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. agri qui empti sunt, the lands which were bought. 
 
 2. artes quae ad humanitatem pertinent, the studies which 
 make for culture. 
 
 3. calamitates quas tulerunt, the disasters they boYe. 
 
 4. Virtus et Fides quarum Romae templa sunt, Virtue and 
 Faith to lohom (lit. ofwhoni) there are temples at Borne. 
 
 5. inconstantia et temeritas quae digna non sunt deo, 
 fickleness and haste, which are not worthy of a god. 
 
 6. puer et puella qui aderant, the boy and girl who were 
 present. 
 
 7. Thebae quod Boeotiae caput est, Thebes^ which is the 
 capital of Boeotia. 
 
 8. sex milia, qui ex acie perfugerant, six thousand who 
 had fled from the battle. 
 
 9. qui naturam secuti sunt, multa laudabilia fecerunt, 
 those icho have followed nature have done many praiseworthy 
 things. 
 
 7 
 
8 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 10. quo factum est, and by this it happened. 
 
 11. haec tecum patria loquitur, your country thus pleads 
 with you, literally, says this. 
 
 12. Horatius sua manu sor5rem interfecit, Horatius slew 
 his sister with his own hand. 
 
 13. compress! conatus tuos, I checked your attempts. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 admire, admiror, 1. 
 armed, armatus, a, um. 
 call, name, appello, 1. 
 destroy, deleo, ere, evi, Stus. 
 famous, clams, a, um. 
 friendly, amicus, a, lun. 
 lose, perdo, ere, perdidi, 
 
 perditus. 
 nothing, nihil, indeclinable. 
 
 restore, replace, restltuo, ere, 
 
 Ul, UtUB. 
 
 seize, occupo, 1. 
 
 set on fire, incendo, ere, endi, 
 
 ensus. 
 shield, scutum, i, n. 
 state, civitSs, atis, f. 
 suffer, patior, i, passus. 
 sword, gladiuB, i, m. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. Caesar's soldiers seized Vesontio, which was the 
 most famous town of the Sequani. 2. They tore 
 down their own walls. 3. These legions which the 
 general praises are the best. 4. The men and women 
 whose town was destroyed are now dead. 5. Four 
 thousand who were armed were cut to pieces. 
 
 6. These men had lost their swords and shields. 
 
 7. I have always praised your bravery, soldiers. 
 
 8. They captured a large town, which is called Tou- 
 louse. 9. The Helvetii will restore the towns and 
 villages which they have set on fire. 10. I admire 
 
Relative and Possessive Pronouns, 9 
 
 the bravery and steadfastness which our soldiers ex- 
 hibit. 11. We came to the borders of the Senones, 
 who are a great state among the Gauls. 12. The 
 tribes that had remained friendly suffered nothing. 
 13. The mother and daughter who were captured have 
 returned. 
 
LESSON IV. 
 
 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Word Questions. 1G2. 1 ; A. & G. 333 ; H. 378. 
 
 2. Sentence Questions. 162. 2. a-d ; A. & G. 332 and a-c ; 
 H. 378. 1, 2. 
 
 3. Double Questions. 162. 4 and a ; A. & G. 334 and 335 ; 
 H. 380 and 1. 
 
 4. Answers. 162. 5 ; A. & G. 336 and a. 1, 2 ; II. 379 and 1. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. quis umquam illud templum aspexit, who ever looked at 
 that temple f 
 
 2. quid postulas, what do you demand ? 
 
 3. ubi e5s convenit, wJiere did he meet them f 
 
 4. quo tandem accusator fugit, whither^ pray, did the 
 accuser flee ? 
 
 5. eundemne tu jiidicem sumebas, did you take the same 
 man as judge ? 
 
 6. num noctu venerunt, they didnH come at night, did they? 
 
 7. nonne ad urbem profeetus es, did you not set out for 
 the city f 
 
 8. tu in judicum conspectum venire audes, do you dare to 
 come into the presence of the judges 9 
 
 0. id utrum libentes an inviti dabant, did they give that 
 willingly or unwillingly f 
 
 10. stultitiamne dieam an impndentiam singularem, shall 
 I call it folly or stupendous impudence / 
 
 10 
 
Questions and Answers. 
 
 11 
 
 11. cum homine agimus an cum immani belua, are we deal- 
 ing loith a man or a wild beast ? 
 
 12. tabulas habet anndn, has he the tablets^ or not ? 
 
 13. ' hosne vides ? ' ' video.' ' Do you see these men ? ' ' Yes.'' 
 
 14. ' estisne v5s legati ? ' 'ita.' '■ Are you envoys f 'Fes.' 
 
 15. 'estne frater intus?' ' Non est.' '7s your brother 
 within f ' ' No."* 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 accomplisb, efficio, ere, feci, 
 
 fectus. 
 ambassador, legatus, i, m. 
 arrogant, insolens, entis. 
 book, liber, libri, m. 
 cruel, crudelis, e. 
 forget, obliviscor, i, oblitus. 
 how many, quot, indeclinable, 
 land, ager, agri, m. 
 
 money, pecunia, ae, f. 
 read, lego, ere, legi, lectus. 
 recent, recens, entis. 
 reward, remiineror, 1. 
 seem, videor, eri, visus. 
 treacherous, perfidus, a, um. 
 wage, gero, ere, gessi, gestus. 
 war, bellum, i, n. 
 wrong, injuria, ae, f. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. How many ^ wars did the Komaii people wage ? 
 2. Were all the Gallic towns destroyed? 3. Had 
 you seen our friend ? 4. Did you forget this ? By 
 no means.^ 5. Will you reward these soldiers with 
 lands or with money? 6. Will the general who 
 seized this hill remain here ? 7. Have you read 
 all the books of Julius Caesar on the Gallic War ? 
 8. Did you see the lists which the Helvetii had left 
 in their camp? Ko. 9. What did Caesar accom- 
 plish in Gaul? 10. When will the ambassadors 
 whom we sent return ? 11. Will they set this town 
 on fire or defend it^? 12. Did you not forget these 
 
12 Latin Composition. 
 
 recent wrongs ? 13. Who was ever so arrogant, so 
 cruel, so treacherous? 14. You didn't* see that 
 village, did you? 15. Will you not do what^ has 
 seemed best to your commander ? 
 
 Sugrgestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. Interrogative words regularly stand first. 
 
 2. hy no means : minime. 
 
 3. it : do not translate. 
 
 4. See Example 6. 
 
 6. what : ea quae, those things which. 
 
LESSON V. 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 (Accusative op Direct Object.) 
 
 1. Simple Uses. 175. 1, 176. 1 ; A. & G. 387 ; H. 404. 
 
 2. With Compound Verbs. 175. 2. a ; A. & G. 388. b ; H. 
 406. 
 
 3. With Verbs expressing Emotions. 175. 2. J ; A. & G. 
 388. a ; H. 405. 1. 
 
 4. Neuter Pronouns and Adjectives used as Accusative of 
 'Result Produced.' 176. 2; A. & G. 390. c; H. 409. 1. 
 
 5. Cognate Accusative. 176. 4 ; A. & G. 390 ; H. 409. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. gloria virtutem sequitur, glory follows virtue. 
 
 2. omnia quae curant meminerunt, they remember all things 
 for which they care. 
 
 3. foedus ferire, to strike a treaty. 
 
 4. omnes terrores subibo, I shall endure all terrors. 
 
 5. hortos Epicuri modo praeteribamus, we icere just now 
 going past the gardens of Epicurus. 
 
 6. Xenophon eadem 1 fere peccat, Xenophon commits almost 
 the same errors. 
 
 7. vellem idem'-^ possem gloriari, would that I could make 
 the same boast. 
 
 8. unum ^ studetis, you have a single interest. 
 
 13 
 
14 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 9. Caesar multum ^ equitatu valebat, Caesar was strong in 
 cavah-y. 
 
 10. mirum somnium sonmiavi, / dreamed a remarkable 
 dream. 
 
 Notes on the Examples. 
 
 1) eadem peccat: literally, errs the same things, i.e. makes 
 the same errors. 
 
 2) idem gloriari : literally, boast the same thing. 
 
 3) unum studetis : literally, ijou are zealous a single thing. 
 
 4) multum valebat : literally, availed much. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 approach, ade5, ire, ii, itus. 
 
 bank, ripa, ae, f. 
 
 comrade, fellow-soldier, com- 
 
 milito, onis, m. 
 cross, transeo, ire, ii, itunis. 
 cruelty, crudelitas, atis, f. 
 fortify, munio, ire, ii, itus. 
 grieve, grieve at, doleo, ere, 
 
 ui, itunis. 
 hardship, labor, oris, m. 
 harm, noceo, gre, ui, itunis. 
 meet (trans.), convenio, ire, 
 
 vSni, ventus. 
 
 place, locus, i, m. ; plu., looa, 
 
 orum, n. 
 reply, responded, ere, spondi, 
 
 sponsus. 
 river, ilumen, inis, n. 
 shudder, shudder at, horred, 
 
 gre, ui. 
 suitable, idoneus, a, um. 
 surpass, praecgdo, ere, cessi, 
 
 cessurus. 
 surround, circumvenio, ire, 
 
 vgni, ventus. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. You will shudder at the cruelty which your 
 comrades have suffered. 2. The soldiers who had 
 crossed the Rhine followed their commander into 
 Germany. 3. We have done no harm.* 4. The 
 first legion chose a suitable place and at once forti- 
 
The Accusative, 15 
 
 fied a camp. 5. The envoys of the Veneti made this 
 reply.^ 6. Orgetorix made many other mistakes.^ 
 
 7. We approached the banks of the Eiver Arar. 
 
 8. These men were grieving over their many hard- 
 ships and complaining of their fate. 9. The cavalry 
 of the enemy had already surrounded two cohorts. 
 
 10. No tribe surpasses the Helvetii in bravery.'* 
 
 11. Part of these horsemen had already gone around 
 the fortifications of the camp. 12. Has he not made 
 the same answer ? 13. Caesar met the envoys of the 
 Helvetii in that place. 
 
 Sugg-estions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. have done no harm : translate: have harmed nothing. 
 
 2. made this reply : translate : replied these things. 
 
 3. made mamj other mistakes : see the sixth Example. 
 
 4. in bravery : express by the simple ablative. 
 
LESSON VI. 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE {continued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Two Accusatives, — Direct Object and Predicate Accusa- 
 tive. 177. 1 ; A. & G. 393 ; H. 410 and 1. 
 
 2. Adjective as Predicate Accusative. 177. 2; A. & G. 
 393. N. ; H. 410. 3. 
 
 3. Passive Construction of the Foregoing Verbs. 177. 3; 
 A. &G. 393. a; 11.410. 1. 
 
 4. Two Accusatives, — Person Affected and Result Pro- 
 duced. 178. 1. a-e ; A. & G. 394, 396 and a ; H. 411. 
 
 5. Passive Construction of these Verbs. 178. 2 ; A. & G. 
 396.6; 11.411. 1. 
 
 6. Two Accusatives with Compound Verbs. 179. 1-3 ; A. 
 &G. 395andN. 2; H. 413. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit, the people 
 elected Ancus Marcius king. 
 
 2. Bojos socids sibi asciscunt, they took the Boji as their 
 allies. 
 
 3. haec fama itinera infesta reddiderat, this rumor had 
 rendered the roads danrjcrous. 
 
 4. liber de amicitia qui inscribitur Laelius, the hook on 
 friendship^ which is entitled Laelius. 
 
 16 
 
The Accusative. 
 
 17 
 
 5. ipse honestissimus numerabatur, he himself was ac- 
 counted most distinguished. 
 
 6. numquam divitias deos rogavi, / have never asked wealth 
 from the gods. 
 
 7. cur id me rogas, why do you ask me that f 
 
 8. illud me admones, you give me that admonition. 
 
 9. faciam illud quod rogatus sum, / will do that which I 
 have been asked. 
 
 10. multa admonemur, we are given many admonitions. 
 
 11. milites navibus flumen transportat, he sets his troops 
 ac7'oss the river by boats. 
 
 12. Belgae sunt Rhenum traducti, the Belgians were led 
 across the Bhine. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Posco, postulo, flagito, while admitting the construction 
 of two accusatives, more commonly take the accusative of the 
 thing asked and the ablative with ab of the person. Peto regu- 
 larly takes the latter construction, as tribunatum a Caesare 
 petivi, I asked a tribuneship from Caesar. 
 
 2. Rogo, inquire, besides neuter pronouns and adjectives, ad- 
 mits only sententiam as accusative of the thing. 
 
 3. Doceo may take an infinitive in place of the accusative of 
 the thing, as te doceo sentire, I teach you to perceive. The com- 
 pound edoceo is the only verb of teaching that is freely used in 
 the passive. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 adjudge, judge, jiidico, 1. 
 ask, rogo, 1. 
 bridge, pons, pontis, m. 
 concerning, de, prep, with abl. 
 demand, postulo, 1; flagito, 1. 
 energy, virtus, utis, f. 
 honorable, honestus, a, um. 
 march, iter, itineris, n. 
 
 pay, stipendium, i, n. 
 powerful, potens, entls. 
 salute, saliito, 1. 
 teach, doceo, ere, docuT, 
 
 doctus ; taught, edoctus. 
 tribune, tribiinus, i, m. 
 troops, copiae, arum, f. 
 watchfulness, vigilantia, ae, f. 
 
18 Latin Composition. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. Labienus led his troops across the bridge which 
 he had made over ^ this river. 2. Having been asked 
 this ^ by Caesar, the envoys answered briefly.^ 3. The 
 legions will salute their leader (as) Imperator. 4. The 
 tribunes of the tenth legion will demand their pay of 
 the general. 5. The general's watchfulness and 
 energy had made the march safe. 6. Why did you 
 give my friend this admonition ? 7. These chieftains 
 have made themselves powerful among the Haedui. 
 
 8. These horsemen were regarded (as) the best. 
 
 9. Caesar's soldiers were twice led across the Ehine. 
 
 10. He had been taught all things ^ which this tribe 
 regards (as) honorable. 11. These scouts were asked 
 their opinion concerning the ascent of the mountain. 
 12. This man had already been adjudged an enemy of 
 the Gauls. 13. The Haedui have a magistrate whom 
 they call ^ vergobretus.' 
 
 Sug-gestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. over this river : the Latin idiom is, in this river. 
 
 2. this : use the neuter plural. 
 
 3. briefly : use the neuter plural of pauci ; literally, ajiswered 
 a few things. 
 
 4. all things : use the neuter plural of omnia. 
 
LESSON VII. 
 
 THE ACCUSATIVE {continued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Accusative of Time and Space. 181. 1 ; A. & G. 423, 
 425; H. 417. 
 
 2. Accusative of Limit of Motion. 182. 1-4 ; A. & G. 426. 
 2, 427. 2, 428. a, b, J ; II. 418 and 1, 419 and 1, 2. 
 
 3. Accusative in Exclamations. 183; A. & G. 397. d; H. 
 421. 
 
 4. Accusative as Subject of Infinitive. 184 ; A. & G. 397. e ; 
 H. 415. 
 
 5. Other Accusative Uses. 185 ; A. & G. 397. a ; H. 416. 2, 3. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. decern annos regnavit, he reigned ten years. 
 
 2. hic locus ab hoste sescentos passus aberat, this place 
 teas six hundred paces distant from the enemy. 
 
 3. ratis ducentos longa pedes, a raft two hundred feet long. 
 
 4. Delphos missi sunt, they were sent to Delphi. 
 
 5. domds redeunt, they return to their homes. 
 
 6. in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam per- 
 venit, he hastened to Gaul and arrived in the vicinity of Geneva. 
 
 7. Thalam pervenit, in oppidum magnum, he came to Thala, 
 a large town. 
 
 8. nuntium ad exercitum Acen misit, he sent a messenger 
 to his army at Ace. 
 
 9. beu me mfelicem, Ah, wretched me I 
 
 19 
 
20 Latin Composition, 
 
 10. pueros in Tiberim mitti jussit, he ordered the hoys to he 
 thrown into the Tiber. 
 
 11. aliquid id genus, something of that sort. 
 
 12. vir cetera egregius," a man excellent in other respects. 
 
 13. maximam partem lacte vivunt, they live for the most 
 part on milk. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Id temporis, id aetatis, at that time, and id genus, of that 
 kind, were never frequently employed by Latin writers in good 
 prose. To say at that time, use eo tempore (230; A. & G. 423. 1 ; 
 H. 486) ; of that kind, ejus modi (203 ; A. & G. 345. a ; H. 440. 3). 
 
 2. Observe that the accusative of the part affected (variously 
 designated as Greek Accusative, Synecdochical Accusative, and 
 Accusative of Specification) is regularly confined to poetry ; such 
 expressions as Virgil's os umerSsque deo similis should not be 
 taken as models for prose writing. The Ablative of Specification 
 (226 ; A. & G. 418 ; H. 480) is the proper case to denote this relation. 
 
 3. A favorite way of saying so many years old, was by means 
 of the phrase annos natus, as, sexag-inta annos natus, sixty 
 years old, literally, born sixty years. 
 
 4. To denote duration for a small number of days or years it is 
 customary to use biduum, triduum, quadriduum, two days, 
 three days, four days ; and biennium, triennium, quadrien- 
 nium, tioo years, three years, four years. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 battle, proelium, i, n. 
 broad, l^tus, a, um. 
 camp, castra, onim, n. 
 children, liberi, orum, c. 
 climb over, trtnBcendo, ere, 
 
 endi, Snaus. 
 Farther Gaul, Gallia ulterior. 
 fight, pflgnS, 1. 
 
 flourishing, flSrSns, entis. 
 foot, pes, pedis, m. 
 luckless, infelix, Icis. 
 mile, mllle passus, literally, 
 
 thousand paces; plu. milia 
 
 pasBUum. 
 province, provincla, ae, f. 
 rower, rSmez, igis, m. 
 
The Accusative. 21 
 
 set out, proficiscor, i, fectus 
 
 sum. 
 thick, crasBUS, a, um. 
 
 thwart, transtnim, i, n. 
 whole, totua, a, um. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. A great battle was fought near Bibracte. 
 2. We came to Vesontio, which was one hundred 
 miles distant from Geneva.^ 3. The camp of the 
 enemy was six miles away. 4. The whole army set 
 out for the vicinity of Toulouse. 5. At the age of 
 forty-three years, Caesar came into the province of 
 Farther Gaul. 6. The thwarts of the rowers were 
 one foot broad and three inches thick. 7. Those who 
 came to this camp immediately returned to their 
 homes. 8. We climbed over a wall ten feet high. 
 9. The envoys who had been sent to Kome returned to 
 Geneva in Gaul.^ 10. luckless women and chil- 
 dren, 11. We came to Narbo, a most flourishing 
 city.^ 12. These tribes live in large part in small 
 towns and villages. 13. For the most part these 
 lands are not fertile. 14. This man lived here forty 
 years. 15. They fought (for) two days. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. from Geneva : use a with the ablative. 
 
 2. See Example 8. 
 
 3. See Example 7. 
 
LESSON VIII. 
 
 THE DATIVE. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 (Dative of Indirect Object.) 
 
 1. Indirect Object in Connection with a Direct Object after 
 Transitive Verbs. 187. I and « ; A. & G. 3G2 ; II. 424. 
 
 2. Indirect Object with Intransitive Verbs. 187. ll ; A. & 
 G. 366, 3G7; 11.424,426. 1,2. 
 
 3. Passive Construction of the Last Class of Verbs. 187. 
 11.6; A. &G. 372; H. 426. 3. 
 
 4. Indirect Object with Compound Verbs. 187. III. 1, 2; 
 A. & G. 370 ; H. 429 and 1. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. praestat tibi benevolentiam, he shows you kindness. 
 
 2. praedam militibus donat, he gives the plunder to the 
 soldiers. 
 
 3. Kaeduorum civitati Caesar indulserat, Caesar had 
 favored the state of the Ilaedui. 
 
 4. Thessaliae civitates Pelopidam cor5nis ddnaverunt, the 
 states of Thessaly presented Felopidas with golden crowns. 
 
 5. aciem suam earns circumdederunt, they placed their line 
 of battle around the loagons. 
 
 0. Treviri ejus imperio non parebant, the Treviri did not 
 obey his order. 
 
 7. nocere alteii, to injure one^s neighbor. 
 
 8. aedificiis omnibus pepercit, he spared all buildings. 
 
 0. probus invidet nemini, the upright man envies no one, 
 22 
 
The Dative, 23 
 
 10. aliorum laudi atque gloriae maxime invidetur, the 
 praise and glory of others is especially envied; lit.it is envied 
 to the praise and glory., etc. 
 
 11. mihi n5n persuasum est, I have not been persuaded ; lit- 
 erally, it has not been persuaded to me. 
 
 12. Pelopidas omnibus periculis adfuit, Felopidas was pres- 
 ent at all dangers. 
 
 13. Asia ubertate agrorum omnibus terris antecellit, Asia 
 suipasses all countries in the fertility of its lands. 
 
 14. amicitiam omnibus rebus humanis anteponimus, roe set 
 friendship before all human things. 
 
 15. mihi invidetur, / am 
 envied ; 
 
 tibi invidetur, you are 
 envied ; 
 
 ei invidetur, he is en- 
 vied ; 
 
 nobis invidetur, we are en- 
 vied ; 
 
 vobis invidetur, you are en- 
 vied ; 
 
 eis invidetur, they are envied. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Persuades and noce5, besides the dative of the person, may 
 take the Accusative of Result Produced. This construction, how- 
 ever, is confined to narrow limits; the chief accusatives so used are 
 hoc, illud, id, quod, quid (interrogative and indefinite), aliquid, 
 nihil. Examples are : 
 
 h5c Anaximandro non persuasit, he did not persuade Anaxi- 
 mander to this effect. 
 
 quid mihi istius inimicitiae nocebunt, what harm will that 
 fellow^ s hostility do me ? 
 
 2. In the passive construction of these verbs the accusative of 
 the thing is retained, e.g. : 
 
 hoc ipsis Siculis persuasum est, the Sicilians themselves 
 were persuaded to this effect. 
 
 3. With mitto and scribo one may use either the accusative 
 with ad or the dative, according as the idea of motion is or is not 
 predominant. Thus either mihi or ad me scripsisti, you wrote 
 to me. 
 
24 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 centurion, centurio, onis, in. 
 
 charge, be in cliarge, praesum, 
 esse, fui ; put in charge, 
 praeficio, ere, feci, fectus ; 
 with accusative of direct ob- 
 ject and dative of the indi- 
 rect. 
 
 cohort, cohors, rtis, f. 
 
 enjoin, praecipio, ere, c§pl, 
 ceptus, with dative. 
 
 envy, invideo, ere, vidi, vl- 
 sus, with dative. 
 
 furnish, praebeo, ere,ui, itus. 
 
 grain, frumentum, i, n. 
 
 injure, noceo, ere, ui, iturus. 
 
 letter, epistula, ae, f. ; or lit- 
 ter ae, arum, f. 
 
 liberal, largus, a, um. 
 
 obey, pareo, ere, ui, iturus. 
 
 persuade, persuaded, ere, 
 suasi, suasum. 
 
 promise, polliceor, eri, itus. 
 
 reward, munus, eris, n, 
 
 spare, parco, ere, peperci. 
 
 write, scrlbo, ere, scrips!, 
 BcriptuB. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. Write me the letter which you promised. 
 2. Caesar put those ceuturions whom he considered 
 best in charge of these cohorts. 3. I will do you no 
 injury.^ 4. These orders were obeyed. 5. Labi- 
 enus, Caesar's lieutenant, was in charge of three 
 legions. 6. I enjoin this upon you all. 7. We were 
 all envied. 8. The Gauls furnished horsemen, money, 
 and grain to Caesar. 9. This prisoner will not be 
 spared. 10. Most liberal rewards were given to the 
 ambassadors of the Allobroges. 11. My friends will 
 not envy this glory of mine.^ 12. We surrounded 
 the infantry with a great multitude of cavalry. 
 13. All good soldiers will obey the commands of their 
 general. 14. He will present prizes to those who 
 
The Dative. 25 
 
 defended this bridge so bravely. 15. Did you not 
 resist the leaders of that conspiracy ? 16. I shall 
 not be persuaded. 17. He was spared. 18. We are 
 obeyed. 19. They are injured. 20. All the old 
 men of the Yeneti were present at this assembly. 
 21. Caesar spared no fields of the Suebi. 22. "Who 
 was in charge of the smaller camp ? 
 
 Caesar sets out for Gaul. 
 
 ^ Caesar had completed the duties^ of his consulship 
 and had not yet departed for^ his province, when 
 reports were brought to him concerning the plans of 
 the Helvetii. Two hundred and sixty-two thousand 
 of these were already near Geneva, and were threaten- 
 ing the Koman province. Accordingly Caesar set out 
 immediately for^ Farther Gaul, and arrived in the 
 vicinity of Geneva within seven days.* 
 
 Sug-g-estions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. will do you no injury : translate : will injure you nothing. 
 
 2. glory of mine : translate: my glory. 
 
 3. duties : for duty, use munus, eris, n. 
 
 4. for : use in with the accusative. 
 
 6. within seven days : express by the ablative. 
 
LESSON IX. 
 
 THE DATIVE {continued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Dative of Reference. 188. 1; A. & G. 37G ; II. 425. 4. 
 and N. 
 
 2. Dative of Local Standpoint. 188. 2. a ; A. & G. 378. #; 
 H. 425. 4. 
 
 3. Ethical Dative. 188. 2. &; A. & G. 380; H. 432. 
 
 4. Dative of Person Judging. 188. 2. c ; A. & G. 378. 1. 
 
 5. Dative of Separation. 188. 2. d\ A. & G. 381; H. 
 429. 2. 
 
 6. Dative of Agency. 189. 1,2; A. & G. 374 ; II. 431. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. puero dormienti caput ardebat, the head of the boy 
 burned as he slept ; lit. the head burned to the boy sleeping. 
 
 2. sese omnes Caesari ad pedes projecerunt, they all threw 
 themselves at Caesar'' s feet ; lit. to Caesar at the feet. 
 
 3. oppidum primum Thessaliae venientibus ab Epird, the 
 first town of Thessaly as you come from Epirus. 
 
 4. quid sibi vult, what does he mean f lit. wish for himself. 
 
 6. ego tibi 5rat5rem sic instituam, Vll train you an orator 
 in the folloimng icay. 
 
 0. anim5 cupienti nihil satis festinatur, to an eager mind 
 nothing goes fast enough. 
 
 7. fortunatus sibi Damocles videbatur, to himself Damocles 
 seemed fortunate. 
 
 26 
 
The Dative. 
 
 27 
 
 8. reddite ei vitam cui ademistis, rest jre life to him from 
 whom you have taken it. 
 
 9. multum tuis operibus diuturnitas detrahet, time will 
 take away much from your achievements. 
 
 10. diligentia praecipue colenda est ndbis, carefulness must 
 be especially cultivated by us. 
 
 11. omnibus hominibus moriendum est, all men must die. 
 
 12. qui tibi ad caedem constituti sunt, who have been marked 
 by you for murder. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1.^ Except in the phrase sibi veils, to mean, the Ethical Dative 
 is rare, being confined mainly to colloquial language and to poetry. 
 
 2. Note that for the purpose of avoiding ambiguity the ablative 
 with a (ab) is used even with the gerundive, as, — hostibus a 
 nobis parcendum est, we must spare our enemies. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 allies, socii, orum, m. 
 
 almost, paene, adv. 
 
 avenue, avenue of approach, 
 
 aditus, us, m. 
 bloodshed, caedes, is, f. 
 body, corpus, oris, n. 
 brave, fortis, e. 
 cut off, intercliido, ere, clusi, 
 
 cliisus. 
 hillock, tumulus, i, m. 
 
 justice, justitia, ae, f. 
 project, consilium, i, n. 
 snatch, snatch from, eripiS, 
 
 ere, ripui, reptus. 
 take, take from, adimo, ere, 
 
 emi, emptus. 
 virtue, virtiis, litis, f. 
 way, route, iter, itineris, n. 
 weapons, arma, orum, n. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. Much^ money and many weapons were taken 
 from the townspeople. 2. You must resist vice.^ 
 3. He snatched the sword from the centurion. 4. What 
 
28 Latin Composition. 
 
 sense ^ have war and bloodshed ? 5. You have taken 
 away from our allies almost all (their) rights. 6. This 
 journey must be undertaken by us. 7. We shall cut 
 these men^ off from every avenue of approach. 
 
 8. These projects seemed good to most citizens. 
 
 9. Good friends must not be injured by you.* 
 
 10. These brave men blocked the way of the enemy® 
 with their own bodies. ! 11. This hillock is situated 
 on the left hand as you draw near' to the city. 
 
 12. Virtue and justice ought to be cherished by all. 
 
 13. These wicked men must not be spared by %ood 
 citizens.'' 14. By whom must resistance be made?* 
 15. To me these projects seemed honorable. 
 
 Suggrestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. For 'much money' the Latin regularly says, 'great money.* 
 
 2. you must resist vice : translate : it must be resisted (to) vice 
 by you. For ' vice,' use improbitas, atis, f. 
 
 3. Use volO with the Ethical Dative. 
 
 4. In Latin, ' cut off all avenues to these men.* 
 
 5. See Remark 2 under Examples. 
 
 G. In Latin, ' blocked the way to the enemy.' 
 
 7. as you draw near : see Example 3. 
 
 8. See the Suggestion on sentence 2. 
 
LESSON X. 
 
 THE DATIVE {contirmed). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Dative of Possession. 190 and 1 ; A. & G. 373 and a ; 
 H. 430. 
 
 2. Dative of Purpose. 191. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 382 and 1, 2 ; H. 
 433 and 3. 
 
 3. Dative with Adjectives. 192. 1, 2; A. & G. 383, 384; 
 H. 434 and 2. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. nobis sunt conjuges et liberi, ice have wives and children. 
 
 2. fons cui nomen Arethusa est, a fountain which has the 
 name Arethusa. 
 
 3. Faustulo 61 fuit nomen, Faustulus was his name. 
 
 4. dies colloquio dictus est, a day was set for a conference. 
 
 5. German! auxilio a Belgis arcessiti sunt, the Germans 
 were summoned by the Belgians for aid. 
 
 6. Una res nostris magno usui erat, one thing teas of great 
 advantage to our men, lit. to our men for great advantage. 
 
 7. quinque cohortes castris praesidio reliquit, he left five 
 cohorts as a guard for the camp. 
 
 8. res tuae mihi maximae curae sunt, your interests are 
 of the greatest concern to me. 
 
 9. cui bono est, to whom is it of advantage ? lit. for an ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 10. hoc mihi detriments est, this is a disadvantage to me. 
 
 11. genus litterarum meis studiis aptum, a kind of litera- 
 ture suited to my studies. 
 
 29 
 
30 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 12. leges secundissimas plebei, adversas nobilitati tulit, he 
 proposed laics most favorable to the people^ hut hostile to the 
 nobility. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. For the difference between the Dative of Possession and the 
 Possessive Genitive, see Lesson XI, Remark 3. 
 
 2. The Dative of Possession is mainly used with reference to 
 material possessions; the possession of mental qualities is more 
 frequently indicated in other ways. 
 
 3. With nomen est the name is very rarely attracted into the 
 Dative in Cicero's writings, though quite commonly so attracted in 
 later authors. Either construction, therefore, is quite idiomatic. 
 
 4. The chief verbs that take a Dative of Purpose besides sum 
 are: relinquo, deligo, dico, mitto, venio, habeo, duco. 
 
 5. Among the commonest Datives of Purpose used with esse 
 are: auxilio, curae, detrimento, fraudi, lucro, saluti, im- 
 pedimento, odio, praesidio. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 abode, domicilium, i, n. 
 
 aid, subsidium, i, n. 
 
 choose, dgligo, ere, 16gi, ISc- 
 
 tUB. 
 
 common, communis, e. 
 death, mors, mortis, f. 
 dwell, incolo, ere, colui, cul- 
 
 tUB. 
 
 hatred, odium, i, n. 
 hindrance, impedlmentum, i, n. 
 
 lack, inopia, ae, f. 
 loyal, fidelis, e. 
 matter, thing, rSs, rei, f. 
 nation, natio, onis, f. 
 neighboring, fmitimus, a, um. 
 period of life, aetas, Stis, f. 
 state, civitas, atis, f. 
 wealth, divitiae, §rum, f. 
 well-to-do, be^tus, a, um. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. The neighboring tribes are friendly to the Ro- 
 mans. 2. This chieftain has many lands and much 
 
The Dative. 31 
 
 money. 3. The name of the man whom Caesar placed 
 in charge of these winter quarters was Galba. 4. We 
 chose a place suitable for a camp. 5. We sent as 
 aid^ to you the two legions which we considered 
 most loyal. 6. They chose this place as an abode. 
 7. Death is common to every period of life. 8. In 
 every state those who have no wealth envy the well- 
 to-do. 9. We have many shields which we took from 
 the Helvetii. 10. This place was not suitable for a 
 battle. 11. The lack of grain was a hindrance^ to 
 the Komans. 12. This matter will be (for) a care to 
 me. 13. Men who injure the state are an object of 
 hatred^ to us. 14. What nations dwelt next to the 
 Germans ? 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. as aid : translate : for aid. 
 
 2. a hindrance : translate : for a hindrance. 
 
 3. an object of hatred : translate : for hatred. 
 
LESSON XI. 
 
 THE GENITIVE. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Genitive of Origin. 196. 
 
 2. Genitive of Material. 197 ; A. & G. 344. 
 
 3. Genitive of Possession. 198. 1, 3; A. & G. 343 and b; 
 H. 440. 1. 
 
 4. Subjective Genitive. 199; A. & G. 343. N. 1; H. 440. 1. 
 
 5. Objective Genitive. 200; A. & G. 347, 348; H. 440. 2. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Marci filius, Marcus'' s son. 
 
 2. talentum auri, a talent of gold. 
 
 3. signa decimae legionis, the standards of the tenth legion. 
 
 4. libertatis causa, for freedom"* s sake. 
 
 5. amicitiae gratia, for friendship'' s sake. 
 
 6. manus captivorum, the hands of the prisoners. 
 
 7. stulti est haec sperare, it is (the part) of a fool to hope 
 this. 
 
 8. angusti animi est amare divitias, it is (characteristic) 
 of a narrow mind to love riches. 
 
 9." metus parentam, the fears of parents. 
 
 10. questus mulierum, the laments of the women. 
 
 11. studium virtutis, t?ie pursuit of virtue. 
 
 12. memoria bene factorum, the recollection of good deeds, 
 lit. of things well done. 
 
 32 
 
The Genitive, 
 
 33 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Causa is much commoner than gratia in the sense on 
 account of, for the sake of. 
 
 2. The Objective Genitive occurs most frequently in combination 
 with nouns derived from verbs that govern the accusative ; yet by 
 an extension of usage we sometimes find the genitive used with 
 nouns derived from verbs that govern other cases, e.g. consuetudo 
 hominum, intercourse icith men (cf. consuescere cum homini- 
 bus, to associate with men) ; excessus vitae, departure from life 
 {cf. excedere e vita, to depart from life). 
 
 3. The Genitive of Possession, as compared with the Dative of 
 Possessor, gives emphasis to the possessor ; the Dative emphasizes 
 rather the fact of pmsession, e.g. hortus mei patris est, the 
 garden is my father's; mihi hortus est, I possess a garden. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 attack, impetus, us, m. 
 bring under, redigo, ere, egi, 
 
 actus; construed with sub 
 
 and ace. 
 character, natura, ae, f . 
 excuse, excusatio, onis, f. 
 fall upon, incido, ere, incidi; 
 
 with dat. of indirect object, 
 hear, audio, ire, ivi, itus. 
 hope, spes, ei, f. 
 leave, relinquo, ere, liqui, 
 
 llctus. 
 
 longing, desiderium, i, n. 
 memory, memoria, ae, f. 
 power, potentia, ae, f. 
 safety, salus, utis, f. 
 shower, imber, imbris, m. 
 stone, lapis, idis, m. 
 touch, move, moveo, ere, 
 
 movi, motus. 
 withstand, sustineo, ere, ui, 
 
 tentus. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. The cries of the women and children were clearly 
 heard. 2. We shall leave these centurions (as) 
 guardians of this bridge. 3. The excuses of these 
 
34 Latin Composition. 
 
 men seemed empty to me. 4. The character of all 
 states has ever been the same. 5. Whose soldiers 
 remained loyal ? 6. Your memory of us will touch 
 our father. 7. A shower of stones fell upon the 
 soldiers. 8. Longing for you never leaves me. 
 9. The inhabitants of that village were brought under 
 the power of the Gauls. 10. The Komans bravely 
 withstood the attack of the Nervii. 11. These Gauls 
 exhibited great contempt for us. 12. We saw no hope 
 of safety. 13. For whose sake did you assemble? 
 14. These conspirators were impefled by a desire of 
 regal power. 15. The safety of all Aquitania rested 
 on the valor of these (men). 
 
LESSON XII. 
 
 THE GENITIVE {continued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Genitive of the Whole ('Partitive Genitive')- 201 
 entire ; A. & G. 316. a. 1-3, c, e ; H. 440. o and N., 441, 442, 
 443. 
 
 2. Genitive of Quality. 203. 1-5; A. & G. 345. a, 6; 
 11. 440. 3. 
 
 3. Appositional Genitive. 202 ; A. & G. 343. d ; H. 440. 4. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. quinque milia passuum, Jive miles, lit. Jive thousands of 
 paces. 
 
 2. quis nostrum, loho of us ? 
 
 3. quid est causae, what reason is there ? 
 
 4. unus ex amicis nostris, one of our friends. 
 
 5. quot vos estis, hoic many of you are there ? 
 
 6. pertuli poenarum satis, I have endured enough penalties. 
 
 7. plus mall, 7nore mischief. 
 
 8. aliquid illustre, something famous. 
 
 9. ubi terrarum eras, where in the icorld were you f 
 
 10. vir magni animi, a man of high purpose. 
 
 11. hujus modi consilia, plans of this sort. 
 
 12. porticus treeentorum pedum, a portico three hundred 
 feet long, lit. of three hundred feet. 
 
 13. quanti est aestimanda virtus, how highly virtue ought 
 to he prized I lit. of how m\ich (value). 
 
 35 
 
36 
 
 Latin Composition, 
 
 14. quanti aedes emisti, at how high a price did you buy the 
 house f 
 
 15. illae omnes dissensidnea erant ejus modi, all those dis- 
 sensions icere of this kind, 
 
 16. n5men pacis dulce est, the name {of) ^ peace ' is sweet. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Observe that the Genitive of Quality when applied to persons 
 is properly used only of permanent characteristics; incidental or 
 transitory qualities cannot be indicated except by the ablative. 
 See Lesson XVIII, Remark 1. 
 
 2. Note that the adjectives most frequently employed in con- 
 nection with a genitive to denote quality are adjectives of amount 
 (e.g. magnus, maximus, summus, tantus, and numerals) ; ejus, 
 hiijus, etc., in combination with modi, also occur frequently. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 advance, prSgredior, i, grea- 
 
 BUS. 
 
 courage, animus, i, m. 
 
 dead, mortuus, a, um. 
 
 dig (a trench), duco, ere, du^, 
 ductus ; literally, lead, run. 
 
 eldest, maximus nStii ; liter- 
 ally, greatest in birth. 
 
 embankment, agger, eris, m. 
 
 excellent, Sgregius, a, um. 
 
 fifteen, quindecim. 
 
 greatest, highest (of qualities), 
 
 summus, a, um. 
 hateful, odiosus, a, um. 
 more (substantive), plus, 
 
 pluris. 
 plan, consilium, i, n. 
 regard, consider, ezlstimo, 1. 
 sell, v6nd6, ere, vSndidi, itus. 
 slay, occido, ere, cidl, cisus. 
 trench, fossa, ae, f. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. We climbed a wall (of) fifteen feet in height.* 
 2. Who of you was moved by longing for us ? 3. Have 
 you more money now ? No. But I have land enough. 
 
The G-enitive. 37 
 
 4. How many of these men remained ? 5. The scouts 
 were of good courage and advanced four miles into 
 the territory of the enemy. 6. One of you was absent 
 (for) three days.^ 7. Four thousand cavalry and ten 
 thousand infantry were led^ across this river yester- 
 day. 8. The name of king was always hateful to the 
 Eoman people. 9. We sold this booty at a higher 
 price. 10. The excuses of the soldiers are of this kind. 
 11. Of what kind were these plans ? 12. How much 
 money did the eldest of these brothers lose ? 13. Gate 
 was regarded (as) a man of the greatest justice. 
 14. Two of the soldiers were left dead. 15. The 
 soldiers dug a trench twelve feet deep'* and raised an 
 embankment sixteen feet high.* 
 
 The Helvetii Select a Route into Gaul. 
 
 The mountain was steep, the road was ^ narrow, the 
 river was"' deep. On account of the great difficul- 
 ties, therefore, the Helvetii were not able to go by 
 this route, but chose another and easier (one), which 
 led through the territory of the Sequani. These were 
 at first unwilling^ to permit the Helvetians to pass 
 through, but were finally won over by gifts and 
 promises, and granted the envoys of the Helvetii 
 the privilege ^ which they had so earnestly ^ sought. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. in height : translate: into height. 
 
 2. three days : see Lesson VII, Remark 4. 
 
 3. See Lesson II, Example 13. 
 
38 Latin Composition. 
 
 4. twelve feet deep, sixteen feet deep: translate: of twelve feet^ 
 of sixteen feet. 
 
 5. Translate was but once. Place it at the end of the sentence. 
 
 6. loere unwilling : use n615. 
 
 7. privilege : use potestas, atis, f . 
 
 8. so earnestly : tantopere. 
 
LESSON XIII. 
 
 THE GENITIVE (continued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Genitive with Adjectives. 204.1-3; A. & G. 349 and a, 
 b, 385. c and 2 ; H. 450, 451. 1, 2 and N. 1, 3. 
 
 2. Genitive with memini, reminlscor, obliviscor. 206. 1, 2 ; 
 A. & G. 350. a, h,c,d\ H. 454 and 1, 455. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. semper appetentes glorias atque avidi laudis fuistis, 
 you were always desirous of glory and eager for praise. 
 
 2. vir bell5rum peritissimus, a man most experienced in 
 wars. 
 
 3. habetis ducem memorem vestri, you have a leader 
 mindful of you. 
 
 4. omnia plena liictiis et maerSris fuerunt, all things were 
 full of mourning and sorroio. 
 
 5. fuit hoc quondam proprium populi Romani, this was 
 formerly characteristic of the Boman people. 
 
 6. ipsa calamitas commiinis est utriusque nostrum, the 
 calamity itself is common to each of us, 
 
 7. tui similis, like you. 
 
 8. hoc non veri simile est, this is not likely. 
 
 9. vivorum memini, I remember the living. 
 
 10. Cinnam memini, I recall Ginna. 
 
 11. Epiciiri non licet oblivisci, we cannot forget Epicurus, 
 
 12. meministis ilium diem, you remember that day, 
 
 39 
 
40 Latin Composition. 
 
 13. numquam obliviscar noctis illius, / shall never forget 
 that night. 
 
 14. obliviscor tuas injurias, I forget your injunes. 
 
 15. reminiscens veteris famae, remembering the old report. 
 
 16. haec reminiscitur, he remembers this. 
 
 17. miilta memini, / remember many things. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. With memini and obliviscor, personal pronouns regularly 
 stand in the genitive. 
 
 2. While memini and obliviscor take either the accusative or 
 the genitive of the thing remembered or forgotten, yet 
 
 3. Note that neuter pronouns (as haec, ilia, ea, ista, quae, 
 etc.), and adjectives used substantively (as multa, pauca, omnia) 
 regularly stand in the accusative. 
 
 4. Recorder always takes the accusative. 
 
 5. Reminisci is rarely used, especially with an object denoting 
 a person; but reminiscens and reminiscendi regularly supply 
 the missing participle and geruud of memini. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 ancestors, mSjorSs, um, m. 
 cause, causa, ae, f. 
 characteristic of, proprius, a, 
 
 um. 
 experienced in, peritus, a, 
 
 um. 
 few, pauci, ae, a. 
 
 ignorant, ignSrus, a, um. 
 illustrious, illustris, e. 
 law-court, basilica, ae, f. 
 military matters, rSs militSris, 
 
 rei mHitSris, f. 
 sorrow, maeror, oris, m. 
 statue, statua, ae, f. 
 
 humanity, hum&nit^s, Stis, f. temple, templum, I, n. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. Have you forgotten all the things* which we 
 heard? 2. Justice and humanity have ever been 
 
The G-enitive. 41 
 
 characteristic of the Eoraan people. 3. You are not 
 ignorant, are you, of these customs ? 4. Those who 
 remember these wars will never forget the bloodshed 
 and sorrow of which they were the cause. 5. The 
 Roman Forum was full of temples, statues, and law- 
 courts. 6. Labienus was regarded as experienced 
 in^ military matters. 7. Those things which they 
 remember are of small (account).^ 8. We remember 
 few things concerning this siege. 9. These conspira- 
 tors were eager for power and wealth. 10. Do you 
 remember your illustrious ancestors ? 11. He remem- 
 bered us, but forgot everything else."* 12. Why are 
 you unmindful of your country ? 13. When will you 
 forget these controversies and dissensions ? 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. all the things : omnia ea. 
 
 2. in military matters : use the genitive. 
 
 3. of small {account) : use the genitive of value. 
 
 4. everything else: translate: all other things, using neuter 
 form. 
 
LESSON XIV. 
 
 THE GENITIVE (continued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Genitive with admoneo, commoneo, commonefacio. 207 
 anda, /;; A. & G. 351 ; H. 456. 
 
 2. Genitive with Verbs of Judicial Action. 208. 1, 2, a, 6; 
 A. & G. 352 and a, 353. 1 ; 11. 456 and 3, 4. 
 
 3. Genitive with Impersonal Verbs. 209. 1 ; A. & G. 354. 
 b,c; H. 457. 
 
 4. Genitive with misereor^ miseresco. 209. 2 ; A. & G. 354. 
 a; H. 457. 
 
 5. Genitive with interest and re ferf. 210;211.1-4; A.& 
 G. 355 and a ; II. 449. 1-4. 
 
 6. Genitive with Other Verbs. 212. 1, 2; A. & G. 356, 357. 
 a; H. 458. 2,3. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. ipse te veteris amicitiae commonefacit, he himself re- 
 minda you of your former friendship. 
 
 2. de studiis nos admones, you remind us of our studies, 
 
 3. haec te admone5, I give you this admonition. 
 
 4. Miltiades proditidnis est accusatus, Miltiades was ac- 
 cused of treason. 
 
 6. te avaritiae coarguo, I convict you of greed. 
 
 0. majestatis absoliiti sunt permulti, very many have been 
 acquitted of treason. 
 
 7. capitis damnatua, condemned on a capital charge, 
 
 42 
 
The Genitive. 43 
 
 8. pecuniae publicae est condemnatus, he ivas condemned 
 on a charge of embezzlement, lit. of public money, i.e. of taking it. 
 
 9. tertia parte agri damnati sunt, they were condemned (to 
 pay) a third of their land. 
 
 10. capite damnatus est, he icas condemned to death. 
 
 11. me tui et tuorum liberum miseret, I pity you and your 
 children. 
 
 12. me stultitiae meae pudet, lam ashamed of my folly. 
 
 13. me paenitet hoc f ecisse, I repent having done this. 
 
 14. miseremini ejus, ptity him. 
 
 15. hoc rei publicae interfuit, this concerned the common- 
 wealth. 
 
 16. nostra interest, it concerns us. 
 
 17. omnium nostrum interest, it concerns us all. 
 
 18. tua parvi refert, it concerns you little. 
 
 19. indigeo tui consilii, / need your counsel. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Moneo in the best period is not construed with the genitive. 
 
 2. lu Cicero egeo (with perhaps a single exception) is followed by 
 the ablative of the thing needed ; indigeo at all periods regularly 
 takes the genitive. 
 
 3. In Cicero at least, — and probably also generally, — interest 
 is much more commonly used than refert. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 ashamed, it shames, pudet, 
 
 pudere, puduit. 
 at hand, be at hand, adsum, 
 
 esse, fui, futiirus. 
 concern, it concerns, interest, 
 
 esse, fuit ; refert, referre, 
 
 retulit. 
 convict, coudemuo, 1. 
 
 cowardice, ignavia, ae, f. 
 
 crime, scelus, eris, n. 
 
 disaster, clades, is, f. 
 
 enter upon, ineo, ire, ii, itus. 
 
 error, error, oris, m. 
 
 escape, trans., effugid, ere, 
 fiigi, fugitiirus ; intrans., 
 evadd, ere, vasi, vasum. 
 
44 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 greatly, mSgnopere. 
 help, assistance, auxilium, i, n. 
 remind, admoneo, Sre, ui, 
 itus. 
 
 regret, repent, be sorry, it 
 repents, paenitet, ere.ituit. 
 traitor, proditor, oris, m. 
 treason, proditio, onis, f. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. The Gauls often repent of the plans which they 
 have entered upon. 2. Vercingetorix was accused of 
 treason. 3. It is of great importance^ to us to escape 
 these dangers. 4. These soldiers were ashamed of 
 their cowardice. 5. We pitied those Gauls who fled 
 and were brought back to Caesar. 6. It concerns you 
 and me to remember our duty. 7. All good men will 
 regret this decision. 8. The help which you need is 
 at hand. 9. I gave you this warning. 10. Do you 
 not pity these men who have been convicted of treason ? 
 
 11. Are you not ashamed to have spared this traitor ? 
 
 12. No one who had been condemned to death escaped. 
 
 13. Will this man repent of his error and crime ? 
 
 14. All whom it greatly concerned were present. 
 
 15. Caesar has often been accused of the greatest 
 cruelty. 16. Who will remind him of his duty ? 
 17. No one will convict him of theft. 18. Why did 
 Divico remind Caesar of this disaster ? 
 
 Sugrgrestions on the Exercise. 
 1. i9 of great importance : translate: it concerM greatly. 
 
LESSON XV. 
 
 THE ABLATIVE. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Ablative of Separation. 214 entire; A. & G. 400, 401, 
 402. a ; H. 462, 465. 
 
 2. Ablative of Source. 215 entire ; A. & G. 403. a ; H. 
 467, 469. 1, 2. 
 
 3. Ablative of Agent. 216 entire; A. & G. 405; H. 468 
 and 1. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. liberamur mortis metu, we are freed from fear of death. 
 
 2. Democritus oculis se privavit, Democritiis blinded him- 
 self, lit. deprived himself of his eyes. 
 
 3. qui omnia in pecunia ponet, honore carebit, he who cen- 
 tres everything in money will lack honor. 
 
 4. urbs niida praesidio, a city hare of defence. 
 
 5. urbem a i tyranno liberarunt, they delivered the city from 
 the tyrant. 
 
 6. Caesar proelio abstinebat, Caesar refrained from 
 fighting. 
 
 7. a terris caelum secrevit deus, the god separated the 
 heaven from the earth. 
 
 8. Apollo Jove natus est et Latona, Apollo was horn of 
 Jupiter and Latona. 
 
 9. equestri genere ortus est, he was born of an equestrian 
 family. 
 
 10. uxorem ducit, ex 2 qua natus est Themistocles, he 
 married a wife, of whom was horn Themistocles. 
 
 45 
 
46 
 
 Latin Composition, 
 
 11. Belgae erant orti ab Germanis, the Belgians were sprung 
 from the Germans. 
 
 12. homines a spe de^erti, men abandoned by hope. 
 
 13. de his rebus per^ nuntios certior factus est Caesar, 
 Caesar was informed of these things by messengers. 
 
 Notes on the Examples. 
 
 1) Observe that libero is construed with the ablative with & (ab) 
 when the reference is to a person. 
 
 2) The Ablative of Source is accompanied by the preposition ex 
 when the source is indicated by a pronoun. 
 
 3) When a person is viewed not as an independent agent, but 
 rather as one through whose instrumentality something is done, 
 this relation is expressed by per with the accusative. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 await, exspecto, 1. 
 
 born, be born, nascor, i, 
 
 n^tuB. 
 defender, dSfSnsor, oris, m. 
 deliver, libero, 1. 
 desist, desists, ere, destitl. 
 disagree, dissentio, ire, sSnsi, 
 
 sSnsiim. 
 exempt, liber, era, erum. 
 
 keep away, arceS, 6re, ul. 
 lack, careo, Sre, ui, itunis. 
 meanwhile, intereS. 
 obstinacy, pertinScia, ae, f. 
 refrain, abstineo, Sre, iii. 
 shelter, tectum, i, n.; liter- 
 ally, roof 
 strip, nfld5, 1. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. We shall await our cavalry and shall meanwhile 
 refrain from battle. 2. The walls of this town had 
 already been stripped of defenders. 3. Why does 
 Ariovistus not desist from his obstinacy ? 4. These 
 children were not l)orn of me. 6. No fleet was seen 
 by those who had assembled at the shore. 6. This 
 
The Ablative, 47 
 
 centurion had been without food for very many days. 
 
 7. The Ubii were delivered from oppression by Caesar. 
 
 8. Caesar had been cut off from grain and supplies by 
 Ariovistus. 9. Have you not always disagreed with 
 those who defend these acts? 10. This camp was 
 fortified by soldiers of the tenth legion. 11. They 
 stripped one of the soldiers of his weapons. 12. This 
 man was kept for thr^e days from shelter and food. 
 
 13. Romulus was born of Mars and Ehea Silvia. 
 
 14. Were these young men born of you? 15. He 
 who is exempt from toil lacks the fruits of toih 
 
 16. We kept the enemy away from these redoubts. 
 
 17. He was informed through scouts of the departure 
 
 of the Gauls. 18. Piso was born of a very noble 
 
 family. 
 
 The Helvetii Defy Caesar, 
 
 Our ancestors were brave (men), and we are all like 
 them. They once defeated an army of yours ^ and 
 slew its commander. We have decided not to return 
 to (our) homes, but to press on ^ into Gaul and secure 
 new abodes and fertile lands, which we greatly need. 
 We shall yield neither to threats nor force,"^ but shall 
 fight bravely and shall win* victory. Remember 
 these words of ours.^ 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. of yours : translate: your. 
 
 2. press on : use contend©, ere, endi, entiun. 
 
 3. force: use violentia, ae. 
 
 4. icin : use pario, ere, peperi, partus. 
 
 5. of ours : ti'auslate : our. 
 
LESSON XVI. 
 
 THE ABLATIVE {continued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Ablative of Comparison. 217. 1-4; A. & G. 406 and a, 
 407 and c; II. 471 and 1, 4. 
 
 2. Ablative of Means. 218 ; A. & G. 409 ; H. 476. 
 
 3. Ablative with the Deponents, utor, fruor, etc. 218. 1 ; 
 A. &G. 410; n. 477. I. 
 
 4. Ablative with opus est. 218. 2 ; A. & G. 411 and a ; H. 
 477. III. 
 
 5. Ablative with nltor^ innlxus, fretus. 218. 3; A. & G. 
 431 and a; H. 476. 1, 3. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. quid est in homine ratione divinius, lohat is there in 
 man diviner than reason ? 
 
 2. nihil rarius perfects dratdre invenitur, nothing is more 
 rarely found than a finished orator. 
 
 3. Lepidus quo multi fuerunt duces meliores, Lepidus than 
 ichom there were many better leaders. 
 
 4. ego tibi magis deditus sum quam tu5 fratri, I am more 
 devoted to you than to your brother. 
 
 5. plus septingenti capti sunt, more than seven hundred 
 were captured. 
 
 6. tecum plus annum vixit, he lived loith you more than a 
 year. 
 
 7. l&tius opinidne malum disseminatum eat, the evil is 
 more widely diffused than is thought. 
 
 48 
 
The Ablative. 49 
 
 8. amici neque armis neque auro parantur, friends are 
 not won by arms or by gold. 
 
 9. ea lenitate senatus est usus, the senate exercised this 
 indulgence. 
 
 10. hac eximia fortuna fruitur, he enjoys this noteworthy 
 fortune. 
 
 11. celeritate opus est, there is need of speed. 
 
 12. liomd ndn gratia nititur, the man does not depend on 
 influence. 
 
 13. fretus humanitate vestra, relying upon your kindness. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Cicero in his Orations (and probably also in his other works) 
 confines the use of the Ablative of Comparison mainly to negative 
 sentences and interrogative sentences implying a negative. No 
 other writer, however, observes so strict a canon, and even in 
 Cicero there is quite a percentage of exceptions. The ablative 
 must be used in case of relative pronouns, i.e. always quo, qui- 
 bus, — not quam qui. On the other hand, when the comparative 
 is an attributive modifier of a noun in an oblique case, quam is 
 used, and the proper form of the verb esse is expressed, as verba 
 Varronis homiinis doctioris quam fuit Claudius, the words 
 of Varro, a more learned man than Claudius. 
 
 2. Note that utor may take a second ablative (either noun or 
 adjective) in the predicate relation, as qu5 duce utemur, lohom 
 shall we employ as leader? eo placido uteris, you will find (lit. 
 use) him tranquil. The sefeond ablative here bears the same rela- 
 tion to the first as a predicate accusative to the direct object. 
 
 baggage, impedimenta, oiiim 
 
 n. 
 baneful, capitalis, e. 
 dear, earns, a, um. 
 exercise, use, utor, i, usus. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 get possession of, potior, iri, 
 itus. 
 
 impel, impello, ere, puli, pul- 
 sus. 
 
 influence, auctoritas, atis, f. 
 
50 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 like, similis, e. 
 messenger, nuntius, i, m. 
 month, mensis, is, m. 
 need, there is need, opus est. 
 
 perform, fungor, i, functus. 
 seldom, rSro. 
 soon, cito ; comp. citius. 
 use, treat, find, utor, i, usus. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. Nothing was dearer to Caesar than the safety of 
 his soldiers. 2. How did the enemy get possession 
 of our baggage and camp ? 3. Caesar exercised his 
 wonted mercy towards these tribes. 4. These two 
 armies fought uninterruptedly more than six hours. 
 5. The other tribes were impelled by the influence of 
 the Veneti and detained the messengers. 6. These 
 * soldurii * enjoy all privileges in common with ^ those 
 to whose friendship they have devoted themselves. 
 
 7. Caesar often used the assistance of the Gauls. 
 
 8. Nothing is dearer to these men than liberty. 
 
 9. You will need that sword. 10. You have per- 
 formed the duty of a brave soldier. 11. These tribes 
 seldom enjoyed peace. 12. A large part of these 
 troops arrived sooner than expected. 13. He found 
 you braver than your brother. 14. They are im- 
 pelled by love of pleasure, than which nothing is 
 more baneful. 15. Will. you treat the Haedui as 
 friends, the Belgians, as enemies? 16. He remained 
 in this province more than fifteen months. 17. You 
 are more like your brother than (like) your father. 
 18. This I ask relying on your friendship. 
 
 Sugrgrestlons on the Exercise. 
 1. in common with : flnft cum. 
 
LESSON XVII. 
 
 THE ABLATIVE ^continued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Ablative with miscere, j'ungere, mutdre, etc. 218. 5; A, 
 & G. 413. a. N. ; H. 474. 2. 
 
 2. Ablative in Special Phrases. 218. 7 ; H. 476. 4. 
 
 3. Ablative with Verbs of Filling and Adjectives of Plenty. 
 218.8; A. &G. 409. a; H. 477. XL 
 
 4. Ablative of Way by Which. 218. 9 ; A. & G. 429. a ; 
 H. 476. 
 
 5. Ablative of Cause. 219 entire; A. & G. 404; H. 475. 
 
 6. Ablative of Manner. 220 entire ; A. & G. 412 and a ; 
 H. 473. 3 and :N'. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. inest in ejus oratione mixta modestia gravitas, in his 
 diction there is dignity mingled with modesty. 
 
 2. bellum junctum miserrima fuga, war joined with most 
 wretched flight. 
 
 3. pace bellum mutavit, he changed war for peace. 
 
 4. hostes proelid lacessivit, he offered battle to the enemy, 
 lit. provoked the enemy with battle. 
 
 5. TuUia carpento in forum invecta est, Tullia drove to the 
 Forum in her chariot. 
 
 6. castris se tenuit, he kept in camp. 
 
 7. Socrates fidibus canebat, Socrates used to play on the 
 lyre., lit. with the lyre. 
 
 51 
 
52 Latin Composition. 
 
 8. deus bonis omnibus explevit mundam, God has filled the 
 universe icith all blessings. 
 
 9. forum armatis militibus refertum viderat, he had seen 
 the Forum filled icith armed soldiers. 
 
 10. Aurelia Via profectus est, he set out by the Aurelian 
 Way. 
 
 11. frumentum flumine Arari navibus subvexerat, he had 
 brought up the grain in boats by way of the river Arar. 
 
 12. ci vitas Romana avaritia et luxuria lab5rabat, the 
 Roman state suffered because of avarice and self-indidgence. 
 
 13. ardet desiderio, he burns with longing. 
 
 14. meo jussu conjurati per forum ducti sunt, at my bid- 
 ding the conspirators were led through the Forum. 
 
 15. cum virtute, virtuously. 
 
 16. injuria, unjustly. 
 
 17. magna gravitate loquitur, he speaks icith great dignity, 
 
 18. vetere pr5verbi5, according to the old saying. 
 
 Remarks, 
 
 1. With Jung5, conJungS, and misceS, the construction of 
 the simple ablative occurs chiefly in combination with passive par- 
 ticiples, jClnctus, conjQ.nctus, mixtus, etc. 
 
 2. The Ablative of Manner is best restricted to abstract words, 
 such as celeritas, digrnitas, virttts, prOdentia, etc. 
 
 3. The Ablative of Accordance (see Example 18) appears also in 
 such expressions as meS. sententift, suis mSrlbus, su& sponte, 
 etc. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 change (of affairs), rBa novae, 
 
 rfirum nov&rum, f. 
 contented, contentuB, a, um. 
 efforts, opera, ae, f. 
 hitherto, anteft. 
 
 justly, jare. 
 
 keep in, confine, teneS, 6re, ut 
 numbers, multitado. iiiis. f. 
 offer battle, proelio lacessS, 
 ere, lacessXvI, lacessl- 
 
The Ablative, 53 
 
 tus ; literally, provoke by 
 
 battle. 
 opinion, sententia, ae, f. 
 pay, pendo, ere, pependl, 
 
 pensus. 
 
 sally, make a sally, erumpo, 
 
 ere, rupl, ruptus. 
 tribute, stipendium, T, n. 
 trust, confldo, ere, fisus. 
 uprightness, probitas, atis, f. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. The enemy trusted to ^ (their) numbers ; our sol- 
 diers to^ (their) valor. 2. We shall be contented 
 with the forces which we now have. 3. Caesar, who 
 had kept his soldiers* in camp the last five days, now 
 offered battle to the Gauls. 4. By Caesar's efforts - 
 the Sequani were relieved of the tribute which they 
 had hitherto paid to Ariovistus. 5. These boats were 
 quickly filled with soldiers. 6. The Germans trained 
 themselves in this kind of battle. 7. These soldiers 
 returned with the greatest speed. 8. We justly de- 
 manded this of you. 9. Most of the Belgians ap- 
 proved these projects on account of their desire of 
 change. 10. Will you not trust the wisdom of these 
 friends? 11. The cavalry of the enemy found the 
 ditches of the Romans already filled with brushwood. 
 12. At the order of the general the infantry made a 
 sally by the gates. 13. In my opinion he who lives 
 uprightly will be contented with his lot. 
 
 Caesar's Answer to the Helvetian Envoys. 
 
 I have not forgotten the disaster which you mention, 
 or the wrongs that your ancestors inflicted on the 
 Roman people many years ago.^ Nor do I forget your 
 
54 Latin Composition. 
 
 recent acts. Without my consent,* you have attempted 
 to make a passage through the province. Besides 
 this^ you have injured the Haedui and other allies of 
 the Roman people. I cannot grant® these things 
 which you ask (of) me.^ Therefore lay aside your 
 folly, give me hostages, and withdraw to (your) homes. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. Use the ablative. 
 
 2. efforts : use the singular. 
 
 3. many years ago : translate : ago by many years. 
 
 4. without my consent : translate ; / being unwilling ; Ablative 
 Absolute. 
 
 5. Besides this : praeterea. 
 
 6. grant : use concede, ere, cess!, cessus. 
 
 7. which you ask of me : see Lesson VI, Example 6. 
 
LESSON XVIII. 
 
 THE ABLATIVE (conHnued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Ablative of Attendant Circumstance. 221. 
 
 2. Ablative of Accompaniment. 222 ; A. & G. 413 and a ; 
 H.473. 1; 474. N.l. 
 
 3. Ablative of Degree of Difference. 223; A. & G. 414; H. 
 479 ; cf. B. 357. 1 ; A. & G. 424./; H. 488. 
 
 4. Ablative of Quality. 224; A. & G. 415; H. 473. 2 and 
 N. 1. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. tuo periculo jubeo libros dari Varroni, / bid the books be 
 given Varro at your risk. 
 
 2. res pr5spere gestae sunt auspicid Ap. Claudi, affairs 
 were successfully managed under the auspices of Appius 
 Claudius. 
 
 3. pace tua dixerim, with your permission I would say. 
 
 4. cum exercitu in 'Galliam contendit, he hurries to Gaul 
 with his army. 
 
 5. cum duabus legionibus sequebatur, he folloiced with two 
 legions. 
 
 6. magno exercitu profectus est, he set out with a large 
 army. 
 
 7. uno die longiorem mensem faciunt, they make the month 
 one day longer, lit. longer by one day. 
 
 8. paucis post diebus, a few days afterwards. 
 
 9. post quadriduum, four days afterwards. 
 
 55 
 
66 Latin Composition, 
 
 10. paucos ante annos, a few years before. 
 
 11. quo plures erant, eo major caedes fuit, the more there 
 were, the greater was the slaughter. 
 
 12. erat flumen difficili transitu, there was a river difficult to 
 cross, lit. of difficult passage. 
 
 13. Catilina fuit ingenio malo, Catiline was (a man) of a 
 depraved disposition. 
 
 14. Agesilaus fuit corpore exiguo, Agesilaus icas of small 
 figure. 
 
 15. milites erant bono animo, the soldiers were of good 
 courage. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. The Ablative of Quality primarily designates qualities which 
 are more or less transitory. The observation sometimes made that 
 the genitive denotes internal qualities, and the ablative external 
 ones, is not sufficiently exact. In the phrase hortatur ut bond 
 animd sint, he urges them to he of good courage, the quality is in- 
 ternal : yet the genitive could not here be used ; for while the quality 
 is internal it is transitory. The theoretical distinction between the 
 Genitive of Quality and the Ablative of Quality is that the genitive 
 denotes permanent, the ablative transitory qualities. Yet where 
 ambiguity would not result the ablative may be used to denote a 
 permanent quality. Thus one may say vir summae virtQtis or 
 summS. virtdte, a man of the highest character. 
 
 In all numerical designations of weight, dimension, etc., the 
 genitive is used. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 better (adv.), melius. 
 
 break (of camp), moved, 6re, 
 mSvX, motus. 
 
 complexion, color, OrlB, m. 
 
 confusion, tumultus, tls, m. 
 
 frame, corpus, oris, n. ; liter- 
 ally, body. 
 
 huge, ingSns, entis. 
 interval, interv^llum. I, n. 
 lead back, reduco, ere, dtlzl, 
 
 ductus, 
 light (fair), albus, a, um. 
 loss, damnum, T, n. 
 nearer (adv.), propius. 
 
The Ablative. 57 
 
 noise, strepitus, us, m. 
 perceive, sentio, ire, sensi, 
 seusus. 
 
 previously, antea. 
 strength, vires, virium, f. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. Caesar led his troops back to camp with the loss 
 of three cohorts. 2. They broke camp with the 
 greatest noise and confusion. 3. Ten days previously 
 he had crossed this river with all his troops. 4. These 
 men were of the greatest bravery and steadfastness. 
 5. Caesar followed the Helvetii with four legions at a 
 great interval. 6. The nearer you are ^ to the enemy, 
 the better you perceive their strength. 7. The Ger- 
 mans were of huge frames.^ They had light com- 
 plexions^ and blue eyes. 8. You will set out with all 
 your followers. 9. Soldiers who are of good courage 
 will resist the enemy bravely. 10. He is a man of the 
 greatest uprightness. 11. Two days afterwards he 
 returned with his troops to Aquileia in Hither Gaul.* 
 12. These thwarts were two inches thicker. 13. A 
 council of all the Gallic tribes was appointed for^ a 
 fixed day with Caesar's permission. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. In the Latin this idea is expressed by means of absum, 
 followed by ab with the ablative; literally, the nearer you are 
 distant from the enemy. 
 
 2. huge frames : use the singular. 
 
 3. had light complexions : translate, were of light complexion. 
 
 4. to Aquileia in Hither Gaul: see Lesson VII, Example 8. 
 
 5. for: in. 
 
LESSON XIX. 
 
 THE ABLATIVE {continued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Ablative of Price. 225 entire; A. & G. 416, 417 and c; 
 H. 478. 
 
 2. Ablative of Specification. 226 entire; A. & G. 418; 
 H. 480. 
 
 3. Ablative Absolute. 227. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 419 and a, 420; 
 H. 489 and 1. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. haec omnia signa sestertium sex milibus vendita sunt, 
 all these statues loere sold for six thousand sesterces. 
 
 2. quanti has aedes emisti ? minimo, * at what price did 
 you hay this house ? ' ' Very cheap.'' 
 
 3. hi agrimagno veneunt, these lands sell for a high price. 
 
 4. illi agri pluris venierunt, those lands sold for more. 
 
 5. Helvetii reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, the Helvetii 
 surpass the other Gauls in valor. 
 
 6. tu temporibus errasti, you made a mistake as to the time. 
 
 7. Ennius, ingenid maximus, arte rudis, EnniuSf greatest 
 in genius, hut clumsy in art. 
 
 8. omnes exsilio aut mortedignos judicavit, he judged atl 
 worthy of death or exile. 
 
 9. num hominem majdrem natu contemnis, do you scorn an 
 older man 9 
 
 10. M. Messalla M. Plsone cdnsulibus, in the consulship of 
 Marcus Messalla and Marcus I'i.so. 
 
 68 
 
The Ablative. 
 
 69 
 
 11. me judice, in my jzidgment, lit. I berng judge. 
 
 12. libidine dominante nullus locus est temperantiae, if 
 lust is master, there is no place for self-control. 
 
 13. perditis omnibus rebus virtus se sustentare potest, 
 though everything is lost, yet Virtue can maintain herself. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Observe that in Latin the Ablative Absolute largely occurs 
 where in English we employ subordinate clauses. Of the various 
 kinds of clauses thus occurring, temporal clauses are by far the 
 most frequent. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 across, trans, prep, with ace. 
 alive, vivus, a, um. 
 blame, culpa, ae, f. 
 buy, emo, ere, emi, emptus. 
 character, mores, um, m. 
 district, regio, onis, f. 
 horse, equus, i, m. 
 lay waste, vasto, 1. 
 learn, comperio, ire, peri, 
 pertus. 
 
 put to confusion, perturbo, 1. 
 
 quaestor, quaestor, oris, m. 
 
 sesterce, sestertius, i, m., a 
 Roman coin worth about five 
 cents; gen. pin. sestertium. 
 
 talent, talentum, i, n. 
 
 unworthy, indlgnus, a, um. 
 
 worthy, dignus, a, um. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. Having laid waste these districts^ he led his 
 army back across the Rhine. 2. We bought these 
 weapons at a very high price.^ 3. When he had 
 learned these things,^ he informed all the tribunes 
 concerning his plans. 4. The quaestor sold the booty 
 for ten talents. 5. Who will consider Dumnorix 
 worthy of blame ? 6. We bought this horse for 
 
60 Latin Composition. 
 
 three thousand sesterces. 7. Having made an at- 
 tack, the enemy quickly put our soldiers to confusion. 
 
 8. You shall not lack assistance, while I am alive. 
 
 9. Are those worthy of honor who have shown them- 
 selves unworthy of confidence ? 10. When the 
 camp had been fortified he drew up his line of battle. 
 11. In the consulship of Gnaeus Pompey and Marcus 
 Crassus, a great multitude of Germans crossed the 
 Ehine. 12. This centurion surpassed the rest in 
 bravery. 13. These two men are very similar in 
 appearance and character. 14. For how much* did 
 you sell these lands? 15. Having occupied this 
 town, he stationed a garrison there. 
 
 Sugrgrestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. Use the Ablative Absolute la translating this and similar 
 phrases. 
 
 2. at a very high price : express by a single word. Compare 
 Exampleb 2, 3. 
 
 3. Translate this and other subordinate clauses in this exercise 
 by the Ablative Absolute. 
 
 4. for how much : see Example 2. 
 
LESSON XX. 
 
 THE ABLATIVE {continued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Ablative of Place Where. 228 entire; A. & G. 426. 3, 
 427. 3, 429. 1,2; H. 483 ; 485. 2. 
 
 2. The Locative Case. 232. 1, 2 ; 169. 4 ; A. & G. 427. 3 
 and a; 282. J; H. 483; 484. 1, 2; 483. 2. 
 
 3. Ablative of Place from Which. 229 entire ; A. & G. 426. 
 1, 427. 1, 428. a, 6; H. 461, 462 and 3, 4. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. in urbe, in the city. 
 
 2. in Graecia, in Greece. 
 
 3. Carthagine, at Carthage. 
 
 4. Athenis, at Athens. 
 
 5. Curibus, at Cures. 
 
 6. Tarquiniis, at Tarquinii. 
 
 7. his locis, in these places. 
 
 8. tota pr5vincia, in the whole province, 
 
 9. riiri, in the countinj. 
 
 10. terra marique, on land and sea. 
 
 11. Romae, at Borne. 
 
 12. Corinthi, at Corinth. 
 
 13. Rhodi, at Rhodes. 
 
 14. domi, at home. 
 
 15. humi, on the ground. 
 
 16. Antiochiae, eelebri quondam urbe, at Antioch, once a 
 famous city. 
 
 61 
 
62 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 17. Albae, in urbe opportuna, at Alba, a convenient city. 
 
 18. ex provincia rediit, he returned from the province. 
 
 19. ex Syria decessit, he withdrew from Syria. 
 
 20. Athenis profectus est, he set out from Athens. 
 
 21. domo fugientes, fleeing from home. 
 
 22. Teanum abest a Larino xviii milia passunm, Teanum 
 is eighteen miles distant from Larinum. 
 
 23. a Gergovia decessit, he withdrexo from the neighborhood 
 of Gergovia. 
 
 24. Tusculo, ex clarissimo oppid5, from Tusculum, a most 
 famous toimi. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Britain, Britannia, ae, f. 
 country, riis, riiris, n. 
 distant, be distant, absum, 
 
 esse, afui, afuttirus. 
 drive away, drive out, ezpello, 
 
 ere, pull, pulsus. 
 happen, fio, fieri, f actus sum. 
 home, domus, us, f. 
 hurry, contendo, ere, tendi, 
 
 tentum. 
 
 lead away, dediico, ere, diizT, 
 
 ductus. 
 on all sides, from all sides, 
 
 undique. 
 pitch (a camp), pono, ere, 
 
 posui, positus. 
 sixty, sexaginta. 
 transport, transports, 1. 
 vessel, navis, is, f. 
 withdraw, d§ced5, ere, cessi, 
 
 cessiiniB. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. Crassus had pitched his camp in Aquitania. 
 2. Many brave men were summoned from Toulouse 
 and Narbo. 3. Vercingetorix was driven out of 
 Gergovia, a town of the Arverni. 4. We came first 
 to Vesontio; from Vesontio we set out for Alesia. 
 6. We shall hurry from Alesia into Aquitania. 
 6. The Belgians assembled on all sides from the 
 
The Ablative. 63 
 
 country to Bibracte. 7. Caesar hurried from Aqui- 
 leia, a town of the Veneti, into Gaul. 8. These 
 things happened at Octodurus, a village of the Vera- 
 gii. 9. This father drove his son away from home. 
 
 10. We remained three days at Bibracte. 11. Apollo 
 and Diana were born at Delos. 12. Caesar trans- 
 ported his troops by vessels from Gaul to Britain. 
 13. This town is sixty miles distant from Toulouse. 
 
 11. The Germans live in villages. 15. We withdrew 
 to the neighborhood of Geneva. 16. When will you 
 be at home ? 
 
 Liscus Informs Caesar of Dumnorix's Influence. 
 
 Dumnorix, Caesar, is not only hostile to all the 
 Romans, but he hates you especially. For by your 
 arrival he has lost a large share of the power which 
 he used to possess.^ But he still has very great influ- 
 ence,^ and is the leader of a powerful party, which 
 holds him in the highest honor. His friends would 
 eagerly avenge^ his punishment. Therefore, in my 
 judgment, you must spare him."* 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. used to possess : express by the imperfect tense of the word 
 for possess. 
 
 2. has very great influence: translate: avails very much in 
 influence. 
 
 3. would avenge : use the present subjunctive. 
 
 4. you must spare him : see Lesson IX, Remark 2. 
 
LESSON XXI. 
 
 ABLATIVE (continued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Ablative of Time at Which. 230. 1-3 ; A. & G. 423 and 
 1 ; II. 486. 
 
 2. Ablative of Time within Which. 231 ; A. & G. 423, 
 424. a; II. 487 and 1. 
 
 3. Roman Dates. 371, 372 ; A. & G. 631 ; H. 754 ; 755. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Castoris aedes eddem anno Idibus Quintilibus dedicata 
 est, the temple of Castor loas dedicated in the same year, on the 
 Ides of Jiily. 
 
 2. vota erat Latind bello, it had been vowed in the Latin 
 War. 
 
 3. has orationes Ludis scripsi, / wrote these speeches at the 
 time of the Games. 
 
 4. eorum adventu equos Germanis distribnit, at their arri- 
 val he distributed horses among the Germans. 
 
 6. in bello, in time of war. 
 
 6. primo bello Punico, in the First Punic War. 
 
 7. tribus hdris Romam venietis, within three hours you will 
 come to Home. 
 
 8. panels diebus revertar, / shall return within a few days. 
 0. in sex mensibus prdmissa sunt dacenta talenta, in six 
 
 months two hundred talents were promised. 
 10. bis in die, twic^ a day. 
 
 64 
 
The Ablative. 
 
 65 
 
 11. quadriduo mors Rosci Chrysogono nuntiatur, within 
 four days Boscius's death vms reported to Chrysogonus. 
 
 12. ante diem octavum Idus Novembres, on the 6th of 
 November^ lit. on the eighth day before the Ides (strictly the 
 seventh day before the Ides, which were the 13th). 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Observe that words not primarily denoting a period of time, 
 as pax, peace, bellum, loar, commonly require the preposition in 
 to denote time at which, unless they are accompanied by a modifier 
 (adjective, demonstrative, or genitive). Thus in bello, in war, but 
 primo bello Punico, in the First Punic War. 
 
 2. In bello, in war, is to be distinguished in meaning and use 
 from belli. The former phrase is essentially temporal in mean- 
 ing, — in time of icar, while belli is rather local, and means in the 
 field; it occurs almost exclusively in combination with domi, at 
 home, as domi bellique, at home and in the field. 
 
 3. To denote time loithin which, in the course of which, the prepo- 
 sition in is almost invariably employed when the clause contains a 
 distributive numeral (bis, bini; ter, terni) or saepe. 
 
 4. Biduo, tridu5, quadriduo, and biennis, triennio, quadri- 
 ennio, are regularly used instead of duobus diebus, duobua 
 annis, etc. Compare Lesson VII, Kemark 4. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 arrive, pervemo, ire, vem, 
 
 ventum. 
 choose, elect, creo, 1. 
 consecrate, consecro, 1. 
 consul, consul, is, m. 
 dedicate, dedicS, 1. 
 election, comitia, onim, n. 
 Ides, idiis, uum, f. 
 Kalends, Kalendae, arum, f. 
 
 March, of March, Martius, a, 
 
 um. 
 Nones, Nonae, arum, f. 
 recollection, memoria, ae, f. 
 spot, locus, 1, m. 
 time, tempus, oris, n. 
 twice, bis. 
 watch, vigilia, ae, f. 
 
66 Latin Composition, 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. The Druids assemble in a consecrated spot at a 
 fixed time of the year. 2. This happened within the 
 recollection of your fathers. 3. He returned home 
 March 11th, in the consulship of Gnaeus Pompey 
 and Marcus Crassus. 4. This temple was dedicated 
 April 20th. 5. At this election Julius Caesar and 
 Marcus Bibulus were chosen consuls. 6. Within a 
 few months Caesar set out for ^ Gaul and arrived in 
 the neighborhood of Geneva in seven days. 7. At 
 that time the Helvetii were threatening Gaul. 
 
 8. April 5th they sent ambassadors to Caesar. 
 
 9. Caesar ordered these envoys to return April 13th. 
 
 10. This centurion died last month in Britain. 11. He 
 will set out from this camp in the third watch. 
 
 12. Twice a month he used^ to send letters to Rome. 
 
 13. I received your letter March 1st. 14. Within a 
 few hours we shall return home. 15. These two men 
 died the same year. 
 
 Suererestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. for: use in with the accusative. 
 
 2. used to send : express by employing the imperfect tense. 
 
LESSON XXII. 
 
 SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Adjectives used Substantively. 236-238 ; A. & G. 288 
 and a, b ; 289. a, b ; H. 494, 495. 
 
 2. Adjectives with the Force of Adverbs. 239 ; A. & G. 
 290 ; H. 497 and 1. 
 
 3. Special Uses of the Comparative and Superlative. 240. 
 1-4 ; A. & G. 291. a, 6 ; 292 ; H. 498 ; 499. 
 
 4. Adjectives denoting a Special Part of an Object. 241. 
 1 ; A. & G. 293 ; H. 497. 4. 
 
 5. Primus — first who ; ultimus = last who ; etc. 241. 2 ; 
 A. &G. 290; H. 497. 3. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, let the had with- 
 draw^ let them separate themselves from the good. 
 
 2. omnes stulti, all the foolish. 
 
 3. omnia, all thing s^ 
 
 4. Caesar suos castris tenuit, Caesar kept his men in camp, 
 
 5. homo doctus, a scholar. 
 
 6. honestum, virtue. 
 
 7. aliquid novi, something new,^ some news. 
 
 8. laeti decedunt, they gladly withdraw. 
 
 9. sublimis raptus est, he was snatched up on high. 
 
 10. Vespasianus pecuniae avidior fuit, Vespasian xoas too 
 eager for money. 
 
 67 
 
68 Latin Composition. 
 
 11. ejus auctoritas vel maxima erat, his authority was the 
 very greatest. 
 
 12. contid fuit verior quam gratior, the speech was more true 
 than it was acceptable. 
 
 13. extrema hieme, in the latter part ofiointer. 
 
 14. summus m5ns, the top of the mountain. 
 
 15. Cicer5 primus philosophiam e Graecia in Latium tra- 
 duxit, Cicero was the first to transplant philosophy from Greece 
 to Latium. 
 
 16. hanc urbem primam adii, this xoas the first city that I 
 
 visited. 
 
 Notes on the Examples. 
 
 1) In other cases than the nominative and accusative this idea 
 is best expressed by means of res, e.g. omnium rerum, of all 
 things ; omnibus rebus, hy all things. Omnium, omnibus, 
 parvorum, parvis, and similar forms would be ambiguous iu 
 gender. 
 
 2) Lit. something of new, — Genitive of the Whole. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 assault, oppugnatio, onis, f. 
 carry (in), Infer 6, ferre, 
 
 intuli, iliatuB. 
 desirous, avidus, a, um. 
 fortification, munitio, onis, f. 
 march out, Sgredior, i, 
 
 gresBUB. 
 numbers (iu great numbers), 
 
 frequSns, entis. 
 
 only, tantum. 
 poor, pauper, erlB. 
 speech, or^tio, oniB, f. 
 surrender, trado, ere, didi, 
 
 dituB. 
 unwilling, invituB, a, um. 
 within, intrS. i)rep. with ace. 
 wounded, BauciuB, a, um. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 1. This speech was regarded by all as rather arro- 
 gant. 2. These poor men are desirous of many things. 
 3. The wounded were carried within the fortifications 
 by their comrades. 4. We have heard only a few 
 
Syntax of Adjectives* 69 
 
 things concerning this assault. 5. Koman soldiers 
 often went eagerly into the very greatest dangers. 
 6. What news have these messengers brought from 
 Britain ? 7. Our men marched out from camp and 
 carried with them ^ all their belongings.^ 8. The 
 Gauls unwillingly surrendered themselves to the 
 Eoman commander. 9. The women and children 
 assembled in great numbers on the wall of this town. 
 10. You were the last (persons) I saw. 11. At the 
 end of winter Caesar led his men out of winter quarters. 
 12. He had already filled the middle of the hill with 
 light-armed troops. 13. At the foot of the mountain 
 he stationed the infantry and cavalry. 14. After 
 this battle the Helvetii were in need of all things. 
 15. The rich often forget the poor. 
 
 Organization and Size of a Roman Legion. 
 At this time there were in a Koman legion ten 
 cohorts. In each cohort were three maniples, and in 
 each maniple two centuries. In an entire legion, 
 therefore, there were thirty maniples and sixty 
 centuries. Thus^ in a full legion there were six 
 thousand soldiers. But a legion was seldom so 
 large. Usually it was much smaller.* The legions 
 of Caesar's army, as it seems, did not often contain* 
 more than three thousand six hundred ^ (men). 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. with them : use the reflexive. 
 
 2. their helonyings : in Latin: their (things), neuter plural of 
 
70 Latin Composition. 
 
 3. thus: itaque. 
 
 4. much smaller: translate: smaller by much. 
 
 5. did not contain : use expleo, ere, evi, etus, literally, fill 
 out. 
 
 6. more than three thousand six hundred: see Lesson XVI, 
 Example 5. 
 
LESSON XXIII. 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Personal Pronouns. 242. 1, 2, 4 ; A. & G. 295. a, & ; H. 
 500 and 4. 
 
 2. Reflexive Pronouns 244 entire ; A. & G. 299 and a, 300. 
 1, 2, 301. a, h ; H. 503 aud 3, 4 ; 504. 
 
 3. Reciprocal Pronouns. 245; A. & G. 301./; H. 502. 1. 
 
 4. Hie, tile, Iste. 246. 1-5 ; A. & G. 297. a-c ; 296. a ; H. 
 505 and 1 ; 506. 1 ; 507 and 3, 4. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. quis vestrum, who of you f 
 
 2. dux memor vestri, a leader mindful of you. 
 
 3. fortuna omnium nostrum, the fortunes of us all. 
 
 4. se diligit, he loves himself. 
 
 5. Alexander Clitum familiarem suum interemit, Alexander 
 killed Clitus, his own comrade. 
 
 6. Metellus legatis persuadet ut Jugurtham sibi^ trade- 
 rent, Metellus persuaded the envoys to hand over Jugurtha to 
 Mm. 
 
 7. me misit ut haec niintiem suae 1 uxori, he has sent me to 
 announce these things to his wife. 
 
 8. suum cuique tribuendum est, to each must be assigned 
 his own. 
 
 9. nos nostraque defendimus, we defend ourselves and our 
 possessions. 
 
 71 
 
72 
 
 Latin Composition, 
 
 10. inter n5s coUoquimur, loe converse with each other. 
 
 11. pueri amant inter se, the boys love each other. 
 
 12. contr5versias inter se milites habuerunt, the soldiers 
 had disputes with each other. 
 
 13. hoc in tua, illud in deorum mantl est, the latter is in 
 your power ^ the former in that of the gods. 
 
 14. Themistocles his verbis epistulam misit, Themistocles 
 sent a letter (couched) in the following words. 
 
 15. haec ^ mea culpa est, this is my fault. 
 
 Notes on the Examples. 
 
 1) Sibi aud suae illustrate the use of the indirect reflexive. 
 
 2) Haec is here attracted from h6c to the gender of the predi- 
 cate noun ; such attraction of the pronoun is the rule in Latin. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Sui is regularly employed like mei and tul as an Objective 
 Genitive. To indicate the whole of which a part is taken the Latin 
 may use either ex se, ex suis, or suOrum, e.g. multSs ex sS or 
 multSs suSrum miserunt, they sent many of their oicn mtmber. 
 
 2. Observe that in such expressions as inter se amant, they 
 love each other, no direct object is expressed. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 barbarians, barbari, 5rum, m. 
 congratulate, grStulor, 1 ; 
 
 governs the dative, 
 difficult, difficillB, e. 
 desire, libido, inis, f. 
 distribute, distribud, ere, ul, 
 
 atuB. 
 easy, facilis, e. 
 either, either one (of two), 
 
 utervlB, utravXs, utnimvls. 
 
 free, libero, 1. 
 
 honor, honoro, 1. 
 
 indulge, indulged, fire, dulsl, 
 
 dultdruB. 
 love, am5, 1. 
 mindful, memor, oris. 
 safety, BalQa, iltiB, f. 
 seek, pet6, ere, IvI or 11, Itut. 
 welcome, grfttUB, a, um. 
 
Pronouns, 73 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. The latter plan is easy, the former (is) difficult. 
 2. Why do you envy each other ? ^ 3. This is the 
 glory which we have long sought. 4- These barba- 
 rians were congratulating each other„ 5. They dis- 
 tributed those provinces among themselves. 6. Why 
 have you not freed yourselves from the power^ of 
 Ariovistus? 7. They indulged themselves and all 
 their desires. 8. The Komans lost forty of their 
 number^ in this battle. 9. Have you been mindful 
 of me ? No. I have forgotten you. 10. Is not the 
 safety of you all dearer to me than life ? 11. Who 
 of you has seen these deserters ? 12. Your longing 
 for us is very welcome to my brother and me. 
 
 13. He is loved and honored by his own friends. 
 
 14. I have much less strength than either one of you. 
 
 15. The chiefs of these tribes gave each other an 
 oath. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. Compare Example 10. 
 
 2. poioer : use imperium, i, n. 
 
 3. See Remark 1. 
 
LESSON XXIV. 
 
 PRONOUNS {continued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Is. 247. 1-4; A. & G. 297. d-, H. 508 aud 1, 2, 4. 
 
 2. idem. 248. 1, 2; A. & G. 298. 6; 384. N. 2; H. 508. 
 3,5. 
 
 3. Ipse. 249. 1, 2; A. & G. 298. c and N. 1,/;'h. 509. 
 1,3. 
 
 4. Quis (Indefinite). 252. 1 ; A. & G. 310 ; H. 512 and 1. 
 
 5. Aliquis. 252. 2 ; A. & G. 311 ; H. 512. 
 
 6. Quidam. 252. 3 and a ; A. & G. 310 ; H. 512. 6. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. in eis urbibus quae ad se ^ defecerant praesidia impdnit, 
 he puts garrisons in those, cities which had deserted to him. 
 
 2. Metellus, is qui multos deterrnit, Metellus, he who de- 
 terred many. 
 
 3. moram sperarunt, id quod assecuti sunt, they hoped for 
 delay., a thiny which they attained. 
 
 4. num earn vidisti, you didnH see her, did you f 
 
 5. nullae me fabulae delectant nisi Plauti, no plays delight 
 me except those of Plautus. 
 
 6. exempla quaerimus et ea recentia, we are seeking prece- 
 dents and that, too, recent ones. 
 
 7. nihil est llberale quod n5n idem justum, nothing is noble 
 ichich is not likewise just. 
 
 8. ego idem sentio quod^ tu, 7 think the same as you. 
 
 9. ipsa spes eos sustentabat, hope alone supported them. 
 
 74 
 
Pronouns. 
 
 75 
 
 10. a multis ipsa virtus contemnitur, hy many even virtue 
 is scorned. 
 
 11. ipsae defluebant cordnae, the garlands fell down of their 
 own accord. • 
 
 12. se ipse continere non potest, he cannot contain himself. 
 
 13. si quid in te peccavi, ignosce, if I have done you any 
 injui-y, forgive me. 
 
 14. mulier quaedam, a certain woman. 
 
 15. timiditate quadam, with a sort of shrinking. 
 
 16. aliquid divinum, something divine. 
 
 17. aliquis dicet, some one will say. 
 
 Notes on the Examples. 
 
 1) Se illustrates the indirect reflexive. 
 
 2) The English 'same as' is regularly expressed in Latin by- 
 idem qui, less frequently by idem ac (atque) . 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 defeat, supero, 1. 
 
 deliver (a speech), habeo, ere, 
 
 ui, itus. 
 depend, niter, i, nisus or 
 
 nixus ; governs the ablative, 
 elevated, excelsus, a, um. 
 exploits, res gestae, r§rum 
 
 gestarum, f. 
 fear, metuo, ere, ui. 
 
 hope for, spSrd, 1 ; governs 
 
 the accusative, 
 immortality, immortalitas, 
 
 atis, f. 
 lofty, altus, a, um. 
 weak, debilis, e. 
 where (relative), ubi. 
 word, verbum, i, n. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. We saw the very spot where Caesar defeated and 
 routed the Helvetii. 2. The barbarians have in- 
 jured this bridge, a thing which we greatly feared. 
 
76 Latin Composition. 
 
 3. Some one will write a letter concerning the same 
 exploits and send it to the city. 4. Certain persons 
 had previously been informed concerning these things. 
 5. We set out from the borders of Gaul with one 
 legion, and that too a weak (one). 6. Do you praise 
 your own selves? 7. Why do you envy them? 
 
 8. Is anything more praiseworthy than steadfastness ? 
 
 9. Did you not admire their ^bravery? 10. Virtue has 
 in itself something lofty and elevated. 11. (There) 
 dwells in all a certain longing and hope for immor- 
 tality. 12. The Koman soldiers depended merely 
 upon valor. ^ 13. We hoped for the same things as 
 you (did). 14. If any one shall see you here, he will 
 admire your bravery. 15. He has delivered a speech 
 in almost the same words as I used myself. 16. The 
 town itself was on the top of a hill. 
 
 The Auxiliary Troops. 
 
 Besides the legionary soldiers, who were all Roman 
 citizens and were heavily armed,^ there were also horse- 
 men in the Roman army. The allies furnished these. 
 In addition there were* many light-armed soldiers,* 
 among these, archers and slingers. These auxiliaries 
 for the most part retained their own weapons and 
 modes of fighting, but they were organized *into co- 
 horts after the Roman custom.' 
 
 Suererestlons on the Exercise. 
 
 1. <^c/r: this is not reflexive. Use the gonltive of is. 
 
 2. merely upon valor : translate : upon valor itself. 
 
Pronouns. 11 
 
 3. heavily armed : translate: of heavy armament. 
 
 4. in addition there icere : translate : {there) were added. 
 
 6. light-armed soldiers : translate : soldiers of light armament. 
 
 6. organized: use distribuo, ere, ui, utus; literally, dis- 
 tribute. 
 
 7. after the Boman custom : Ablative of Accordance. 
 
LESSON XXV. 
 
 PRONOUNS {continued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Quisquam. 252. 4; A. & G. 312; II. 513. 
 
 2. Quisque. 252. 5 ; A. & G. 313 and a ; II. 515. 
 3- Nemo. 252. 6; A. & G. 314. 1, 2. 
 
 4. Alius, Alter. 253. 1-3; A. & G. 315 and c; H. 516 
 and 1. 
 
 5. Ceteri. 253. 4 ; A. & G. 315. 
 
 6. Reliqul. 253. 5 ; A. & G. 315. 
 
 7. NescW quis. 253. 6 ; A. & G. 575. r/; H. 512. 7. 
 
 8. Uterque. 355. 2 ; A. & G. 313 ; II. 516. 4. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. non eguit consilio cujusquam, he did not need the advice 
 of any one. 
 
 2. neque quicquam est optatius, nor is anything more de- 
 sirable. 
 
 3. si quicquam fieri potest, if anything can be done. 
 
 4. peciinia semper a clarissimo qudque contempta est, 
 money has ever been despised by all the most distinguished »nc;i, 
 lit. by each most distinguished man. 
 
 6. tertio quoque verbo, at every other word. 
 
 6. nemd bonus, no good man. 
 
 7. nerainem probat, lie approves no one. 
 
 8. tribiinum alii gladiis adoriuntur, alii fastibus, some at- 
 tack the tribune with swords^ others with clubs. 
 
 9. alter absolutus est, alter se ipse condemnavit, the one 
 was acquitted, the other condemned himself 
 
 78 
 
Pronouns, 
 
 79 
 
 10. alius in alia re est magis utilis, one person is more 
 useful in one thing, another in another. 
 
 11. ceteri Siculi ultorem suarum injuriarum invenerimt, the 
 rest of the Sicilians found an avenger of their wrongs. 
 
 12. fecerunt idem reliqui, the rest did the same. 
 
 13. reliqua attendite, listen to the remainder. 
 
 14. nescio quo pact5, somehow or other. 
 
 15. excogitavit nescio quid, he thought out something or 
 other. 
 
 16- apud poetam nescid quern, in some poet or other. 
 
 17. utraque castra bene munita sunt, both camps were well 
 fortified. 
 
 18. uterque horum, each of these. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Aliquis, as well as quisquam, is used in negative sentences, 
 though much less frequently, and with its regular force of some 
 one. Thus non eget consilio alicujus means : he does not need 
 the advice of some one, i.e. some individual. This sentence is the 
 negation of eget consilio alicujus, he needs the advice of some 
 individual. Non eget consilio cujusquam, on the other hand, 
 constitutes a move general denial, — he does not need the advice of 
 anybody {at all) . 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 blame, culpo, 1. 
 
 both, uterque, utraque, 
 utrumque. 
 
 each, quisque, quaeque, 
 quicque ; each (of two) , 
 uterque, utraque, utrum- 
 que. 
 
 guard. Gustos, odis, c. 
 
 jump down, desilio, ire, ui. 
 
 knowledge, scientia, ae, f. 
 
 no (with adjectives used sub- 
 
 stantively), nem5, defec- 
 tive ; dat. nemini, ace. 
 nenunem. 
 
 not even, ne . . . quidem, 
 with the emphatic word 
 placed between. 
 
 opportunity, facultas, atis, f. 
 
 pass, passes, angustiae, aruin,f . 
 
 rashness, temeritas, atis, f. 
 
 seamanship, res nauticae, re- 
 rum nauticarum, f. 
 
80 Latin Composition. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. Both these passes had already been seized by the 
 enemy a little (while) before. 2. On account of the 
 rashness of the enemy Labienus hoped for some 
 opportunity of battle. 3. We asked each of these 
 (two) captives concerning the plans of the enemy. 
 4. Both^ answered briefly.^ 5. This tribe surpassed 
 the rest of the Gauls in knowledge of seamanship. 
 6. The remainder of the booty was left in the other 
 camp. 7. He was eager for another^ opportunity. 
 8. Not even at that ^ time did any one withdraw from 
 his post. 9. He called to him * the chieftains of each 
 tribe. 10. Some blamed Caesar's acts, others praised 
 (them). 11. He will place a guard over both of you. 
 12. The soldiers jumped down into the water, some 
 from one vessel, others from another. 13. No good 
 man will ever defend you. 14. In one place he saw 
 our men surrounded by the enemy, in another already 
 put to flight. 15. Somehow or other we saw no one 
 outside the fortifications. 
 
 Sugrgrestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. Both : use the singular of uterque. 
 
 2. answered briefly : translate: answered a few (things). 
 
 3. The genitive of alius is alterius. 
 
 4. that: this is the emphatic word; its Latin equivalent should 
 stand between nS and quidem. 
 
 5. him : this is reflexive. 
 
LESSON XXVI. 
 
 TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. The Present. 259. 1-4 ; A. & G. 465, 466, 467, 469 ; H. 
 532 and 1,2, 3; 533. 1; 530. 
 
 2. The Imperfect. 260. 1-4; A. & G. 470, 471. a-c; H. 
 534andl, 2, 3; 535. 1; 530. 
 
 3. The Future. 261. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 472 and b ; H. 536. 
 
 4. The Perfect. 262. ^ and 5 ; A. & G. 473, 476 ; H. 537. 
 1, 2, 4. 
 
 5. The Pluperfect. 263 ; A. & G. 477 ; H. 539. 
 
 6. The Future Perfect. 264 and a ; A. & G. 478 ; H. 540 
 and 2. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. dum vitant vitia, in contraria currunt, while they try to 
 avoid (some) faults^ they rush into opposite ones. 
 
 2. te jam dudum hortor, I have long been urging you. 
 
 3. Saturnalibus munera dividebat, at the Saturnalia he 
 used to distribute presents. 
 
 4. multitudd terrebat eum clamore, the crowd tried to 
 frighten him by shouting. 
 
 5. jam dudum flebam, 1 had already long been weeping. 
 
 6. legates interrogabat, he kept asking the envoys. 
 
 7. Graeci hanc urbem tum tenebant, the Greeks were at 
 that time holding this city. 
 
 8. multas C. Caesaris virtutes cognovi, I am acquainted 
 with many virtues of Gains Caesar. 
 
 81 
 
82 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 9. quern ad modum consueverunt, as they are accustomed. 
 10. scribam epistulam, cum redieris, / will write the letter 
 when you have returned. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 accustomed, be accustomed, 
 
 perfect tenses of consuesco, 
 
 ere, suevi, suetus. 
 consult for, consulo, ere, 
 
 sului, consultus ; with the 
 
 dative, 
 hold, teneo, Sre, ui. 
 institution, institutum, i, n. 
 language, lingua, ae, f. 
 little, paulum (i), n. 
 
 long time, diu. 
 
 look down, despicio, ere, 
 
 spexi, spectus. 
 low, bumilis, e. 
 means, resources, plu. of fa- 
 
 cultSs, atis, f. 
 not yet, nondum. 
 rule, imperium, i, n. 
 sea, mare, is, n. 
 unjust, injuBtus, a, um. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. He made the vessels a little lower * than (those) 
 which we are accustomed to use on our sea. 2. This 
 lieutenant always used to consult for the safety of his 
 troops. 3. We were at that time holding the top of 
 the hill and looking down into the valley. 4. We 
 do not yet know the customs, institutions, and lan- 
 guages of all these tribes. 5. We had already for 
 a long time been reminding you of these dangers. 
 
 6. Why did you not keep performing your duty? 
 
 7. He will be writing me a letter when you come to 
 Rome. 8. Twice a year* these tribes assembled at a 
 common council.^ 9. The defenders of this town 
 tried to keep our men away from the wall and gate. 
 
Tenses of the Indicativeo 83 
 
 10. Among the Belgians the regal power used to be 
 seized by those who hati large means. 11. These 
 men have already for a long time been complaining 
 of the unjust rule of the Roman people. 12. The 
 Romans were not acquainted with "the harbors of those 
 districts where they were about to wage war. 
 
 Sugg^estions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. a little lower : Le. lower by a little. 
 
 2. twice a year : see Lesson XXI, Example 10. 
 
 3. at a common council : in Latin, to a common council. 
 
LESSON XXVII. 
 
 HORTATORY, JUSSIVE, PROHIBITIVE, DELIBERATIVE, AND 
 CONCESSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Hortatory Subjunctive. 274 ; A. & G. 439 ; H. 559. 1. 
 
 2. Jussive Subjunctive. 275 ; A. & G. 439 ; H. 559. 2. 
 
 3. Prohibitions. 276 and c ; A. & G. 450 ; H. 561. 1, 2. 
 
 4. Deliberative Subjunctive. 277 and a ; A. & G. 444 ; H. 
 559. 4. 
 
 5. Concessive Subjunctive. 278 ; A. & G. 440 ; II. 559. 3. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. fastidium arrogantiamque fugiamus, let us avoid pride 
 and arrogance. 
 
 2. ne difficilia optemus, let us not wish for what is difficult. 
 
 3. suum quisque ndscat ingenium, let each one learn his 
 own natural ability. 
 
 4. ceteros pudeat, let the others be ashamed. 
 
 6. ne attingant rem publicam, let them not touch the state ! 
 
 6. noli haec putare, do not think this f 
 
 7. ndlite, judices, hunc hominem condemnare, do not con- 
 demn this man, judges. 
 
 8. quid faciam, what am I to do! 
 
 9. quid facerem, what ims I to do! 
 
 10. C. Cornelium non defenderem, was I not to defend Oaius 
 Cornelius f 
 
 11. me autem quid pudeat, but why should I be ashamed I 
 
 84 
 
The Subjunctive, 
 
 85 
 
 12. sit hoc verum, granted that this is true. 
 
 13. ne sit summum malum dolor, malum certe est, granting 
 that pain is not the greatest evil, at any rate it is an evil. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Observe that ne with the 2d singular present or perfect sub- 
 junctive is an unusual form of expressing a prohibition in prose, 
 and one not to be imitated in the writing of Latin. See 276, a, b. 
 
 2, Cave, cave ne, with the subjunctive are likewise infrequent 
 in standard prose. Fac ne is colloquial only. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 avenge, ulciscor, i, ultus. 
 betray, prodo, ere, didi, ditus. 
 deed, factum, i, n. 
 deprive, privo, 1. 
 eagle, aquila, ae, f. 
 injurious, be injurious, noceo, 
 
 ere, ui, itiinis. 
 know (be aware), scio, ire, 
 
 ivi, itus. 
 
 neglect, neglego, ere, lezi, 
 
 lectus. 
 once, at once, statim. 
 right, rectus, a, um. 
 think, regard, existimo, 1. 
 victory, victoria, ae, f. 
 while, dum. 
 win, earn, mereo, ere, ui, itus. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. Let them withdraw from this place, while there 
 is opportunity, and betake themselves to the legion. 
 2. Let us remember the brave deeds of our ancestors, 
 and let us avenge these wrongs. 3. Were we not to 
 hold this hill and keep the enemy away from the 
 camp ? 4. Do not deprive the soldiers of the prizes 
 which they have won by their recent victories ! 5. Let 
 him not think us unworthy of confidence ! 6. Why 
 should we longer indulge this hope ? 7. How was I 
 
86 Latin Composition. 
 
 to know that? 8. Why should I honor those who 
 neglect what is right and honorable^? 9. Do not, 
 soldiers, do those things which ^ are injurious both 
 to yourselves and to your country. 10. Let each one 
 jump down from the vessel into the water! Let no 
 one^ betray the eagle to the enemy! 11. Let them 
 not neglect their own danger for the sake of our 
 safety! 12. Let us withdraw at once to Vesontio 
 and place the legions in winter quarters there ! 
 
 Aiiovlstus Appears in Gaul. 
 
 Ariovistus led a multitude of Germans across the 
 Rhine and settled them on the lands of the Sequani. 
 Afterwards other Germans came, until there were one 
 hundred and twenty thousand (of them) in Gaul. The 
 more ^ Germans came, the more * lands the Gauls were 
 forced to relinquish. Ariovistus had already occu- 
 pied a third* of the Sequanian territory, and was 
 ordering the Sequani to relinquish a second® third, 
 when the Gauls in a common council sought aid from 
 Caesar. 
 
 Sugrerestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. wliat is right and honorable : express by the neuter plural of 
 the adjectives used substantively, — right and honorable (things), 
 
 2. those things which : ea quae. 
 
 3. no one: in the Volitive uses of the subjunctive, no one is 
 expressed by n6 quia. 
 
 4. the (more) . . . the (more) : express by quO . . . eO. See 
 Lesson XVIII, Example 11. 
 
 5. third : use tertia pars. 
 
 G. second : use alter, a, um. 
 
LESSON XXVIII. 
 
 THE OPTATIVE AND POTENTIAL SUBJUNCTIVE. THE 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. The Optative Subjunctive. 279. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 441, 442 ; 
 H. 558 and 1, 2. 
 
 2. The Potential Subjunctive. 280. 1, 2, 3; A. & G. 446, 
 447. 1-3 ; H. 552, 555. 
 
 3. The Imperative. 281 and 1 ; A. & G. 448, 449; H. 560 
 and 4. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. quod di 5men avertant, may the gods avert this omen I 
 
 2. utinam res publica stetisset, would that the republic had 
 stood ! 
 
 3. utinam, Quirites, virorum fortium cdpiam tantam 
 haberetis, would, O Bomans^ that you had so great an abun- 
 dance of brave men ! 
 
 4. quaerat quispiam, some one may ask. 
 
 5. dixerit aliquis, some one may say. 
 
 6. vix verisimile videatur, it would hardly seem likely. 
 
 7. Ciceronem cuicumque Graecorum fortiter opposuerim, 
 I should boldly match Cicero with any one of the Greeks. 
 
 8. hoc sine uUa dubitatione cdnfirmaverim, this I should 
 affirm without any hesitation. 
 
 9. videres, one could see, you could have seen. 
 
 10. in exsilium proficiscere, go forth into exile. 
 
 11. rem vobis proponam : v6s eam penditote, I will lay the 
 matter before you : do you consider it. 
 
 87 
 
88 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 12. consules summum jus habento, let the constils have 
 supreme power. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 answer, make answer, respon- 
 
 deo, ere, spondi, sponsus. 
 bring upon, infero, ferre, 
 
 intuli, illatus ; takes ace. of 
 
 direct object, and dat. of 
 
 indirect, 
 build, struo, ere, strlizi, 
 
 Btructus. 
 delay, moror, 1. 
 disembark, g navi Sgredior, 
 
 I, gressus ; literally, step out 
 
 from the ship. 
 
 easily, facile. 
 
 inherit, receive, accipid, ere, 
 
 cSpi, ceptus. 
 linger, moror, 1. 
 remain vacant, vaco, 1. 
 return, reditus, us, m. 
 route, iter, itineris, n. 
 short, brevis, e. 
 space, spatium, i, n. 
 storm, tempestas, Itis, f. 
 without, sine, prep, with abl 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. The districts from which the Helvetii marched 
 out shall not remain vacant ! 2. Would that storms 
 had not delayed the return of the soldiers ! 3. With- 
 out great hope of victory Caesar would not have dis- 
 embarked. 4. Would that another route were left to 
 us ! 5. May they not bring war on us or our allies ! 
 6. No one would easily build so large a camp in a 
 shorter space of time. 7. May we long enjoy these 
 blessings. 8. No honest man would regard these 
 soldiers (as) worthy of praise and honor. 9. May he 
 return safe and sound from Geneva to Rome! 
 10. Make answer to all those things* which I shall 
 ask you concerning this man. 11. Would that we 
 had retained the excellent customs and strict discipline 
 
The Optative and Potential Subjunctive, 89 
 
 which we inherited from our ancestors ! 12. Would 
 that you had not lingered more than three days ^ in the 
 neighborhood of Geneva! 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. to those things : ad ilia. 
 
 2. more than three days : see Lesson XVI, Examples 5 and 6. 
 
LESSON XXIX. 
 
 PURPOSE CLAUSES. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Purpose Clauses with wf, /le, quo. 282. 1. a-e ; A. & G. 
 531. 1 and a; H. 568 and 7. 
 
 2. Relative Clauses of Purpose. 282. 2; A. & G. 531. 2; 
 H. 590. 
 
 3. Relative Clauses with dlgnus, indlgnus, idoneus. 282. 
 3; A. &G. 535./; II. 591. 7. 
 
 4. Sequence of Tenses. 267. 1-3 ; 268. 1, 3 ; A. & G. 482. 
 1, 2, 483, 485. a, e ; H. 543-546. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Lentulus in ea loca missus est, ut privates agros coeme- 
 ret, Lentulus was sent to those places to purchase private lands. 
 
 2. pecuniam dedit ne condemnaretur, he gave money that 
 he might not be condemned. 
 
 3. portas clausit ne quam oppidan! injuriam aceiperent, he 
 closed the gates, that the townspeople might not receive any 
 injury. 
 
 4. PompejuB portas obstruit, qu5 facilius impetum tarda- 
 ret,^ Pompey blocked the gates that he might the more easily 
 impede the attack. 
 
 6. nt n5n ejectns ad aliends sed invitatus ad tuos videaris, 
 that you may seem not driven out among strangers but invited 
 to your own friends. 
 
 6. profugit, ne caperetur neve interficeretor, he fled that he 
 might not be captured or killed. 
 
 eo 
 
Purpose Clauses. 
 
 91 
 
 7. creant decern praet5res qui exercitui praeessent,i they 
 appoint ten generals to command the army. 
 
 8. digni sunt qui civitate ddnentur, they are worthy to he 
 presented icith citizenship. 
 
 9. veni ut te certiorem facerein,^ / have come to inform you. 
 
 Notes on the Examples. 
 
 1) Note the secondary sequence after the historical present. 
 
 2) Note the secondary sequence after the present perfect. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Note that the Latin uses ne quis, in order that no one ; ne 
 quid, in order that nothing ; ne ullus, ne qui, in order that no; 
 similarly, ne usquam, ne quando, ne unquam. 
 
 2. Observe the occasional use of purpose clauses, as in English 
 to denote the purpose with which a statement is made, as, ne 
 timeas, incolumis est, that you may have no fears (I will say) 
 he is safe. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 appoint, constituo, ere, m, 
 
 utus. 
 complete, perficio, ere, feci, 
 
 fectus. 
 conduct, gero, ere, gessi, 
 
 gestus. 
 fit, idoneuB, a, um. 
 guard, custos, odis, c. 
 happen, accido, ere, i. 
 
 imitate, imitor, 1. 
 
 lessen, minu5, ere, ui, utus. 
 
 protect, tueor, eri. 
 
 say, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. 
 
 strong, validus, a, um. 
 
 understand, intellego, ere, 
 
 lexi, lectus. 
 uprightly, honeste. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. Tljat the barbarians might better understand our 
 commands, we sent envoys to them. 2. The bravery 
 
92 Latin Composition, 
 
 of these soldiers is worthy of your imitation.* 
 3. That these dangers may be lessened, we are sta- 
 tioning strong guards about the camp. 4. We re- 
 mained at home that these things might not happen. 
 5. I sent a letter to your friend, in order to inform 
 him concerning your departure. 6. I have always 
 conducted myself uprightly, that you might not judge 
 me unworthy of confidence or deprive me of your 
 friendship. 7. The commentaries of Caesar are suit- 
 able for reading ^ by you all. 8. Caesar left Crassus 
 (as) his lieutenant to complete these things. 9. I 
 had this to say concerning the customs and institu- 
 tions of the Gauls and Germans. 10. That the citi- 
 zens may not fear, I have appointed guards to protect 
 their lives and fortunes. 11. Labienus was a fit man 
 for Caesar to place in charge of the winter quarters. 
 12. That no one ^ might be absent, I sent letters to all. 
 
 Sugrsrestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. worthy of your imitation : i.e. worthy for you to imitate, 
 
 2. suitable for reading : i.e. suitable to be read. 
 
 3. that no one : see Remark 1. 
 
LESSON XXX. 
 
 CLAUSES OF CHARACTERISTIC. CLAUSES OF RESULT. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Simple Clauses of Characteristic. 283. 1, 2; A. & G. 
 535 and rt, 6; H. 591. 1, 5. 
 
 2. Clauses of Characteristic denoting Cause (since) or Op- 
 position (though). 283. 3; A. & G. 535. e; H. 592 and 1; 
 593. 2. 
 
 3. Clauses of Characteristic introduced by quln. 283. 4; 
 A. & G. 559. 2 ; H. 594. II. 2, end, 595. 4. 
 
 4. Idiomatic Expressions. 283. 5; A. & G. 535. d; H. 
 591. 3. 
 
 5. Clauses of Result introduced by ut and uf non. 284. 1 ; 
 A. & G. 537 and 1; H. 570. — For Sequence of Tenses in 
 Result Clauses, see 268. 6; A. & G. 485. c; H. 550. 
 
 6. Relative Clauses of Result. 284. 2; A. & G. 537. 2; 
 H. 591. 2. 
 
 7. Result Clauses introduced by quln. 284. 3; A. & G. 
 559. 1 ; H. 594. II. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. multi invent! sunt, qui summum malum dolorem dice- 
 rent, many have been found who declared pain the greatest ill. 
 
 2. quis est qui somniis pareat, who is there that heeds 
 dreams ? 
 
 3. sapientia est una quae maestitiam pellat, philosophy is 
 the only thing that dispels sorrow. 
 
94 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 4. 6 magna vis veritatis quae se ipsa defendat, oh the 
 mighty power of truths since it defends itself! 
 
 5. hie qui in coUegio sacerd5tuni esset, tamen est condem- 
 natus, this man, though he was in the college of priests, was 
 nevertheless condemned. 
 
 6. nulla natura est quin suam vim retineat, there's no 
 nature that doesnH retain its native force. 
 
 7. Epicurus se unus, quod sciam, sapientem professus est, 
 Epicurus alone, so far as I know, set up for a philosopher'. 
 
 8. multis vulneribus confectus est ut jam se sustinere non 
 posset, he was exhausted with many wounds, so that he could 
 hold out no longer. 
 
 9. adeo plus virtute valuerunt ut decemplicem hostium 
 numerum profligarint, they icere so superior in prowess, that 
 they routed ten times their number of the enemy. 
 
 10. innocentia est aflFectio talis animi quae nemini noceat, 
 innocence is such a quality of the mind as to harm no one. 
 
 11. nemo est tam fortis quin rei novitate perturbetur, no 
 one is so steadfast as not to he confused by a strange occurrence^ 
 lit. by the strangeness of an occurrence. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 advantage, commodum, I, n. 
 as not to, after so, such, etc., 
 
 in a negative clause, quin. 
 can, be able, possum, posse, 
 
 potul. 
 consternation, perturbSltiS, 
 
 finis, f. 
 hinder, impedifi. Ire, IvI or il, 
 
 Itus. 
 night, nox, noctis, f. 
 
 not know, nescifi. Ire, IvI or 
 
 il, Itus. 
 only, only one, only person, 
 
 Onus, 9, inn. 
 so great, tantus, a, lun. 
 so many, tot. 
 that, so that, ut ; that not, at 
 
 nfin. 
 their, their own, suus, a, um. 
 wreck (of vcs-sels), frangfi, ere, 
 
 frfigl, frSctus. 
 
Clauses of Characteristic, 95 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. There are no advantages wMch you do not enjoy. 
 2. These men came in such numbers^ that we could 
 not keep them away. 3. There was no one who did 
 not see both ^ of you. 4. You were the only (person) 
 whom we judged suitable for our sons to imitate. 
 
 5. These chiefs had so great wealth that they got 
 possession of the regal power in their own states. 
 
 6. Who is there who does not know all these things ? 
 
 7. There was no one of us who did not know (it). 
 
 8. We were hindered by so many things that we did 
 not return to camp before night. 9. You are the only 
 one whom I judge worthy of regal power. 10. Who 
 is so unjust as not to defend this man from cruelty ? 
 11. There was no state so small that it did not send 
 envoys to this council. 12. So many of Caesar's 
 vessels were wrecked that there was great consterna- 
 tion on the part of ^ the whole army. 
 
 Ariovistus's Justification. 
 
 I was called '^ from Germany by the Gauls, in order 
 that I might lend them assistance and ward off from 
 them the injuries of their enemies. Besides Caesar 
 there is no one who blames my acts. The Sequani do 
 not object to^ my authority, but regard my rule (as) so 
 mild and just that they willingly pay the tribute which 
 they promised. Therefore let Caesar come to me ! I 
 shall not go to him. For I have no army to which to 
 commit ^ my safety. 
 
96 Latin Composition, 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. in such numbers : use tarn frequens. 
 
 2. both : see Lesson XXV. 
 
 3. 0)1 the part of: express by the genitive case. 
 
 4. called: use arcesso, ere, ivi, itus. 
 
 5. object to : use recusS, 1 ; it is transitive. 
 
 6. to lohich to commit: use Relative Clause of Purpose. For 
 commit, use committo, ere, misi, missus. 
 
LESSON XXXI. 
 
 CAUSAL CLAUSES. TEMPOEAL CLAUSES. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Causal Clauses. 286. 1 and 6; 286. 2; A. & G. 540. 
 1,2; 549; H. 588. I, If, and 2 ; 598. 
 
 2. Temporal Clauses introduced by postquam, ut, etc., de- 
 noting a single act. 287. 1 ; A. & G. 543 ; H. 602. 
 
 3. Clauses introduced by ut, ubi, simul ac, denoting a re- 
 peated act. 287. 2 ; H. 602. 2. 
 
 4. Pluperfect Indicative with postquam. 287. 3 ; H. 602. 1. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Gallia laudetur, quod se non tradidit,i let Gaul he praised 
 because it did not surrender. 
 
 2. laudatur provincia quod resistat ^ Antonio, the province 
 is praised because it resists Antony. 
 
 3. me accusas non quod tuis rationibus non assentiar sed 
 quod nullis, you arraign me, not because I do not agree with 
 your arguments, but because (/ agree) with none. 
 
 4. quae cum ita sint, since these things are so. 
 
 5. postquam in Hispaniam venit magnas res gessit, after 
 he arrived in Spain he performed great exploits. 
 
 6. ut Hostius cecidit, R5mana inclinatur acies, tchen Hos- 
 tiusfell, the Boman line wavered. 
 
 7. id ubi audivit, cupiditate incensus est, when he heard 
 that, he was kindled with eagerness. 
 
 97 
 
98 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 8. simnl ac te aspexi, hoc sensi, as soon as I set eyes on 
 you I observed this. 
 
 9. ut quisque Verris animum ofFenderat in lautumias coni- 
 ciebatur, whenever anybody had offended Verres's feelings he 
 was put in the stone-quarry. 
 
 10. post diem tertium gesta res est, quam hoc dixerat,^ the 
 deed was done three days after he had said this. 
 
 Notes on the Examples. 
 
 1) The speaker's own reason, — hence the indicative. 
 
 2) Not the reason of the writer, but of those who bestow the 
 praise, — hence the subjunctive. 
 
 3) Note the pluperfect indicative after a phrase denoting a 
 definite interval of time (post diem tertium) . 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 after, postquam. 
 
 angry, be angry with, irascor, 
 1 ; with dat. 
 
 as soon as, simul atque (ac). 
 
 away, be away, absum, ease, 
 Sful, Sfutiirua. 
 
 because, quod. 
 
 drive back, repello, ere, rep- 
 pull, repulBUB. 
 
 eagerness, cupidltSs, &ti8, f. 
 
 else, alius, a, ud. 
 
 furthest, superl. of long6, far. 
 
 hasten, m^turo, 1. 
 
 inflame, incendo, ere, endl, 
 
 SnsuB. 
 javelin, jaculum, i, n. 
 summon, voco, 1. 
 ward off, dgpello, ere, pull, 
 
 pulsus. 
 when, as, ut, ubl. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. After I had heard the words of these messengers, 
 I hastened at once to return to the army. 2. The 
 Belgians were the bravest because they were furthest 
 away from our province. 3. As soon as they drew 
 
Causal Clauses. Temporal Clauses. 99 
 
 near to the wall and gates of the town, they were 
 driven back by stones and javelins. 4. Since we 
 saw no one else whom we knew, we summoned you to 
 us. 5. Caesar blamed Ariovistus because he had for- 
 gotten all the favors of the Roman people. 6. The 
 Romans, whenever they had warded off their own 
 dangers, used to lend help to their allies and friends. 
 7. When he heard this, he was so inflamed with eager- 
 ness that he immediately called me to him.^ 8. He 
 asked me my opinion, not that I knew anything, but 
 because he had no one else to consult.^ 9. Eighteen 
 days after ^ he had led away his army into the forests 
 of Germany, Caesar destroyed the bridge and returned 
 into Gaul. 10. Are you angry with us because we 
 went away ? 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. hira : use the reflexive. 
 
 2. to consult : use relative clause of purpose, — whom he should 
 consult. 
 
 3. eighteen datjs after: = after by eighteen days than; see 
 Lesson XVIII, Example 8. 
 
LESSON XXXII. 
 
 TEMPORAL CLAUSES (continued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Cum-Clauses. 288. 1-3 ; 289 ; A. & G. 545 and a, 546 
 and a, 547, 548 ; II. 600. I and 1, II, 601 and 2. 
 
 2. Antequam and priusquam. 291. 1,2; 292, 1, 2 ; A. & G. 
 551. a-^; H. 605. I, IT. 
 
 3. Dum, donee, quoad. 293. 1-III; A. & G. 553, 554, 555, 
 556; H. 603, 1, II, 1, 2. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. an turn eras consul, cum in Palatid mea domus ardebat, 
 or were you then consul^ when my house burned up on the Pala- 
 tine ? 
 
 2. cam de templd elatus esset, animam efflavit, when he 
 had been carried out of the temple^ he expired^ lit. breathed out 
 his life. 
 
 3. jam Gain fugere apparabant, cum matres familiae 
 repente procurrerunt, the Gauls were just preparing to JleCj 
 when the matrons suddenly rushed forth. 
 
 4. neque, cum aliquid mandarat, cdnfectum putabat, nnr 
 when he had allotted any tasky did he think itjinished. 
 
 5. cum venies, cognosces, ichen you come^ you will learn. 
 
 6. antequam ad causam redeo, de me pauca dicam, before I 
 come back to the case, I will say a few things concerning myself. 
 
 7. ndn prius fugere destiterunt quam ad Rhenum perve- 
 nerunt, they did not cease to flee before they reached the Rhine. 
 
 100 
 
Temporal Clauses. 
 
 101 
 
 8. antequam veniat, litteras mittet, before he comes, he 
 will send a letter, i.e. he will send a letter in anticipation of his 
 coming. 
 
 9. antequam verbum facerem, abiit, he left before I uttered 
 a icord. 
 
 10. dum haec geruntur, ceteri discesserunt, while these 
 things icere being done, the rest withdrew. 
 
 11. Lacedaemoniorum gens fortis fuit, dum Lyciirgi leges 
 vigebant, the race of the Spartans was hardy as long as the 
 laws of Lycurgus were in force. 
 
 12. donee rediit, fuit silentium, there was silence till he 
 came. 
 
 13. exspectavit Caesar, dum naves convenirent, Caesar 
 waited for the ships to assemble. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 as long as, dum. 
 
 attack, adorior, iri, ortus. 
 
 attempt, conor, 1. 
 
 before, antequam, priusquam. 
 
 cease, desisto, ere, destiti. 
 
 depart, decedo, ere, cessi, 
 
 cessurus. 
 faction, factio, onis, f. 
 flight, fuga, ae, f. 
 go forth, exeo, ire,e:sii,iturus. 
 
 last, continue, duro, 1. 
 
 once, quondam. 
 
 rear, novissimum agmen, no- 
 vissiml agminis, n. ; liter- 
 ally, last column. 
 
 sight, conspectus, us, m. 
 
 silent, become silent, taceo, 
 ere, ui. 
 
 until, dum, ddnec, quoad. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. When tlie Helvetii had gone forth from home 
 many years before, they defeated the army of the 
 consul Cassius.^ 2. They did not cease to follow the 
 enemy until (before) they came to this river. 3. Be- 
 
102 Latin Composition. 
 
 fore we attempt anything else, we will summon Divi- 
 tiacus and his brother to us. 4. They did not desist 
 from flight before they came in sight ^ of our camp. 
 5. There was once a time when the Gauls surpassed 
 the Germans in valor. 6. At the time when^ Caesar 
 came into Gaul there were two factions. 7. When 
 he saw this, he quickly became silent. 8. When the 
 envoys had said this, they departed. 9. Whenever 
 they came to a river, they built * a bridge. 10. The 
 troops had not yet crossed this river, when the cavalry 
 of the enemy attacked their rear. 11. Scipio will be 
 praised as long as the memory of the Roman state 
 lasts.'' 12. While the enemy were crossing this river, 
 the horsemen attacked their rear. 13. Here he re- 
 mained three days, until the rest of the legions should 
 arrive. 
 
 Sugrerestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. the consul Cassius: in Latin: Cassius, the consul. 
 
 2. insight: translate: into sight. 
 
 3. at the time when : use cum alone with the proper mood and 
 tense. 
 
 4. huilt: use faciO, ere, f§ci, factus. 
 
 5. lasts: use the future tense. 
 
LESSON XXXITI. 
 
 SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Substantive Clauses developed from the Jussive. 295. 
 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8; cf. A. & G. 563, and c, d, e, 565; H. 564. 1, II 
 and 1. 
 
 2. Substantive Clauses developed from the Deliberative. 
 295. 7 ; 298 ; c/ A. & G. 558. a ; H. 595. 1, 591. 4. 
 
 3. Substantive Clauses after verbs of hindering, preventing^ 
 etc. 295. 3 ; A. & G. 553. 6 ; H. 595. 2, 596. 2. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. vos oro ne id faciatis, I beg you not to do that. 
 
 2. populus R5manus permittit ut civitate donentur, the 
 Boman people allows them to be presented with citizenship. 
 
 3. senatus decernit ut frumentum ematur, the Senate 
 decrees that grain be purchased. 
 
 4. laborabam ne testes dicerent, I strove that the ivitnesses 
 should not speak. 
 
 5. reliquum est ut hoc doceam, it remains for me to shoxo 
 this. 
 
 6. licet redeas, you may return. 
 
 7. oportet loquamur, we ought to speak. 
 
 8. maneat necesse est, it is necessary for him to remain. 
 
 9. non fuit causa cur postulares, there was no reason why 
 you should ask. 
 
 103 
 
104 Latin Composition, 
 
 10. nihil causae est quin ita judicetis, there's no reason why 
 you shouldnH decide thus. 
 
 11. non dubitd quin h5c verum sit, I do not doubt that this 
 is true. 
 
 12. plura ne dicam tuae lacrimae me impediunt, your tears 
 prevent me from saying more. 
 
 13. prohibuit quominus in unum coirent, he prevented them 
 from coming together. 
 
 14. nee quin erumperet prohiberi poterat, nor could he be 
 prevented from rushing forth. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Licet and oportet take either the infinitive, or the subjunc- 
 tive without ut, but the infinitive is tlie commoner construction, 
 especially with licet ; necesse est admits either construction. 
 
 2. Constituo, when denoting another act of the same subject, 
 more commonly takes an infinitive than an ut-clauso. 
 
 3. Prohibeo is much more commonly construed with an infini- 
 tive than with a Substantive Clause introduced by ne, quo minus, 
 or quin, e.g. si qui te introire prohibuerit, if any one should 
 prevent your entenng. In Cicero and Caesar prohibeS never 
 occurs followed by a quin-clause, though it may take qu6 minus. 
 
 4. ImpediS quin does not occur in Cicero's speeches or philo- 
 sophical works, though impedid qu6 minus is frequent. 
 
 5. In general, after negative expressions of huideringt qu5 
 minus is often used in preference to quin. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 avoid, vito, 1. 
 
 beg, 6r6, 1. 
 
 colony, colonla, ae, f. 
 
 contrary to, against, contra, 
 
 prep, with ace. 
 doubt, dubito, 1. 
 
 extend (thanks), ago, ere, 6gl, 
 
 ftCtUB. 
 
 go away, abe5, Ire, il, itQrus. 
 necessary, it is necessary, ne- 
 cesse est. 
 
Substantive Clauses. 105 
 
 order, mandatum, i, n. 
 prevent, prohibeo, ere, uT, 
 
 itus. 
 reason, causa, ae, f. 
 
 send back, remitto, ere, misi, 
 
 missus. 
 settler, colonus, i, m. 
 thanks, gratiae, arum, f. 
 why . . . not, quin. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. I demanded^ that you should send these messen- 
 gers back to me. 2. There is no reason why we 
 should not go away immediately. 3. Who doubts 
 that these things are so ? 4. I begged you, soldiers, 
 not to forget^ my orders. 5. What reason is there 
 why these two brothers should not lead a colony into 
 Hither Gaul ? 6. We advised you to avoid ^ suspicion 
 of treason. 7. Caesar demanded that Ariovistus 
 should not injure the Haedui or their allies. 8. We 
 decided that no one'' should remain here longer. 
 9. We prevented these barbarians from marching^ 
 into the fertile districts near the province.^ 10. It is 
 necessary that we adjudge these men enemies. 11. By 
 whom were you prevented from waging war ? 
 12. Did you permit the soldiers'" to occupy the lands 
 of these settlers ? 13. Who will doubt that these 
 things were done contrary to law ? 14. You ordained 
 that thanks should be extended to our allies. 15. You 
 decreed that no one"* should prevent us from holding 
 these lands. 
 
 Sugg-estions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. c?emanc?ecZ; use postulo. 
 
 2. not to forget : translate, that you should not forget; that . . . 
 not must be rendered by ne. 
 
106 ' Latin Composition. 
 
 3. to avoid : translate: that you avoid. 
 
 4. that no one : in Latin : that not any one, ne quia. 
 
 5. See Remark 3. 
 
 6. near the province : translate near by finitimus, which takes 
 the dative. 
 
 7. the soldiers : use the dative in translating this. 
 
LESSON XXXIV. 
 
 SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES {continued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Substantive Clauses developed from the Optative. 296 
 entire ; cf. A. & G. 563. 6, 564 ; H. 565. 
 
 2. Substantive Clauses of Result. 297. 1-3 ; A. & G. 569. 
 1, 2, 570, 571 ; II. 571. 1-4. 
 
 3. Substantive Clauses introduced by quod. 299. 1,2; A. 
 & G. 572 and a ; H. 588. 3. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. opto ut hoc audiatis, I desire that you hear this. 
 
 2. visne hdc primum videamus,! do you loish that we con- 
 sider this first ? 
 
 3. velim^ scribas,i / icish you would write. 
 
 4. vellem^ scriberes,i I wish you were writing. 
 
 5. vellem scripsisses,i I wish you had written. 
 
 6. verebar, ne animos vestros offenderem, / was afraid 
 that I should offend your feelings. 
 
 7. veritus est ut hostium impetum sustinere posset, he 
 feared that he could not vnthstand the attack of the enemy. 
 
 8. non vereor ne nSn^ te expleam, / am not afraid that 1 
 shall not satisfy you. 
 
 9. gravitas morbi facit ut medicina egeamus, the severity 
 of disease makes us need medicine. 
 
 10. accidit ut veniret, it happened that he came. 
 
 11. accedebat ut naves deessent, another consideration was 
 the lack of boats, lit. it teas added that boats icere lacking. 
 
 107 
 
108 
 
 Latin Composition, 
 
 12. est hoc commune vitium ut invidia gloriae comes sit, 
 this is a common evil, that Envy is the attendant of Glory. 
 
 13. mirabile videtur, quod rediit, it seems wonderful, that 
 he came back. 
 
 14. bene fecisti quod mansisti, you did well, that you staid. 
 
 Notes on the Examples. 
 
 1) Note the absence of ut, as regularly after visno, velim, 
 vellem. 
 
 2) Velim is potential subjunctive; the present implies that the 
 wish contained in the object clause is one capable of realization. 
 
 3) Vellem is likewise a potential subjunctive ; the imperfect 
 implies regret at the unreality of the object clause. 
 
 4) Note the use of ne n5n (instead of ut) after a main clause 
 containing a negative. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 added, it is added, accSdit, 
 ere, cessit, impersonal. 
 
 afraid, be afraid, time5, 6re, 
 m. 
 
 Britons, Britanni, orum, ni. 
 
 chariot, war-chariot, essedimi, 
 I, n. 
 
 desert, dSserS, ere, ul, sertus. 
 
 desire, opto, 1. 
 
 fear, vereor, 6rl, itug. 
 
 happen, it happens, accidit, 
 
 ere, it, impersonal, 
 have, habeo, Sre, ui, itus. 
 onset, impetus, us, m. 
 
 so, SIC. 
 
 suddenly, subitS. 
 till, ad, prep, with ace. 
 vengeance, take vengeance on, 
 
 ulciscor, 1, ultus. 
 wish, volo, velle, volul. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. It happened that we suddenly entered upon a 
 new plan. 2. Another fact was* that the horsemen, 
 whom he was awaiting, had not yet arrived. 3. I 
 was afraid that you, O soldiers, would not be able 
 
Substantive Clauses, 109 
 
 to withstand the onset of the enemy. 4. It was 
 the custom of the Britons to fight with chariots.^ 
 5. They feared that Caesar would take vengeance 
 upon them.^ 6. We desire that you should choose 
 men worthy to be sent.'* 7. I wisli my father had 
 lived till this day. 8. In time of war^ it often 
 happens that women and children undergo greater 
 hardships than the soldiers themselves. 9. I wish 
 you would ask your brother not to desert*' us. 10. It 
 so happened that the general had already sent a letter 
 from camp to the Senate at Rome.^ 11. I do not 
 fear that he will be angry with me. 12. I wish, we 
 had more friends. 
 
 Panic of the Romans at Vesontio. 
 
 Caesar's soldiers wT-re in great panic® at Vesontio, 
 since they had heard from Gallic traders of ^ the fierce 
 looks of the Germans and the size of (their) frames. 
 There were (some) in the camp who were so much afraid 
 that they even made their wills. But when Caesar 
 made a speech ^^ before " the soldiers, and urged them 
 to lay aside their fears and to be of good oourage, their 
 spirits^^ were altered and they began to desire ^^ battle. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. Another fact was: translate by accedebat; literally, it 
 was added. 
 
 2. loith chariots : Ablative of Means. 
 
 3. them : use the reflexive. 
 
 4. See Lesson XXIX. 
 
110 Latin Composition. 
 
 5. in war : express by in with the ablative. 
 
 6. not to desert: Substantive Clause Developed from the 
 Volitive. 
 
 7. to the Senate at Rome : see lesson VII, Example 8. 
 
 8. panic: use pavor, oris, m. 
 
 9. heard of: audio means hear of, as well as hear. 
 
 10. made a speech : orationem habere (to hold a discourse), is 
 the Latin idiom for * deliver a speech.' 
 
 11. before: ad. 
 
 12. spirits : use mens, mentis, f . 
 
 13. desire: use cupio, ere, ivi, itus. 
 
LESSON XXXV. 
 
 INDIRECT QUESTIONS. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Simple Questions. 300. 1-3 ; A. & G. 574, 575. b, 576. 
 a ; H. 649. 11. 
 
 2. Double Questions. 300. 4 ; cf. A. & G. 334, 335. d ; H. 
 650. 1, 2. 
 
 3. Haud scid an, nescio an. 300. 5; A. & G. 575. d; H. 
 650. 4. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. qua celeritate haec gesta sint, videtis, you see with what 
 rapidity these things have been achieved. 
 
 2. quaeret a me ubi sit pecunia, he icill inquire of me where 
 the money is. 
 
 S. exquire num quid scripserit, ask ichether he has written 
 anything. 
 
 4. nescio cur hoc putes, I do not know why you think this. 
 
 5. rogavi pervenissentne Agrigentum, I asked whether they 
 had come to Agrigentum. 
 
 6. quaer5 a te nonne putes, I ask of you whether you do not 
 think. 
 
 7. nescio quo me vertam, / do not know whither to turn 
 (direct : qu5 vertam, whither am I to turn ?). 
 
 8. hanc paludem si nostri transirent, hostes exspectabant, 
 the enemy v^ere waiting (to see) ichether our men would cross 
 this marsh. 
 
 Ill 
 
112 
 
 Latin Composition, 
 
 9. quaerd utrum verum an falsam sit, ' 
 
 10. quaero verumne an falsum sit, I ask whether it is 
 
 11. quaero verum an falsum sit, true or false. 
 
 12. quaero verum falsumne sit, 
 
 13. di utrum sint necne quaeritur, it is asked whether there 
 are gods or not. 
 
 14. hand scio an malim, I am inclined to think I prefer. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. To denote future time in indirect questions, periphrastic forms 
 are used where amhiguity would otherwise result ; as, non quaerS 
 quid dicturus sis, I do not ask what you will say. 
 
 2. Nonne in indirect questions is used only after quaero ; see 
 the 6th example above. 
 
 3. In indirect double questions necne is commonly used to ex- 
 press or not ; ann5n is much less frequent. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 ask, inquire of, quaero, ere, 
 quaesivi, ituB. 
 
 burn (of things), comburo, 
 ere, ussi, ustus ; (of per- 
 sons), cremo, 1. 
 
 deliberate, dSlibero, 1. 
 
 hand, be on' hand, Buppeto, 
 ere, ivi or ii, Itum. 
 
 how much, quantvun ; with 
 Gen. of the Whole. 
 
 inclined to think, baud Bci5 an. 
 
 inquire, quaero, ere, quae- 
 
 Bivi, itus. 
 or not (whether) ... or not, 
 
 in indirect questions, necne. 
 whether, num ; -ne. 
 whether . . . not, nonne. 
 whether ... or, utrum . . . 
 
 an. See also other modes 
 
 of expression given in the 
 
 grammar, 
 wonder, miror, 1. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. I asked you how many envoys came and what 
 each said. 2. AVho will inform us whether this town 
 
Indirect Questions, 113 
 
 has already been captured ? 3. I do not know whether 
 I approve this plan or not. 4. He inquired of ^ me 
 how long I had remained at home. 5. They deliber- 
 ated in common council whether they should burn the 
 ships or defend (them). 6. He does not know of 
 whom to ask ^ assistance. 7. Do you know whether 
 the Germans burned Procillus or spared him ? 8. I 
 do not ask what reason impelled you. 9. Why does 
 it concern us^ whether a colony was led to that place* 
 or not? 10. I was waiting (to see) if you would 
 write me anything concerning your brother. 11. I 
 will now ask whether you did not linger more than 
 three days at Bibracte. 12. I am inclined to think 
 I regard this plan (as) better. 13. I do not know 
 how much grain is on hand. 14. I wonder how you 
 found the place. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. of: a, de, or e. 
 
 2. of whom to ask : translate : of whom he shall ask. 
 
 3. concern us : see Lesson XIV, Examples 16, 18. 
 
 4. to that place : express by the adverb illo. 
 
LESSON XXXVI. 
 
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. First Type. Nothing Implied. 302. 1-4 ; A. & G. 515 
 and a; 518. a, b; 516. a; H. 574 and 2, 580. 1. 
 
 2. Second Type. Supposed Case Contingent (should . . . 
 would). 303; A. & G. 516. 6; II. 576. 
 
 3. Third Type. Contrary to Fact. 304 entire ; A. & G. 
 517 and a,c,d\ H. 579 and 1, 582, 583. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. si hoc dicis, erras, if you say this^ you are mistaken. 
 
 2. 81 hoc dicebas, errabas, if you loere saying this, you were 
 mistaken. 
 
 3. si hoc dices, errabis, if you say (i.e. shall say) this, you 
 will be mistaken. 
 
 4. si hoc dixisti, erravisti, if you said this, you were mis- 
 taken. 
 
 6. memoria miuuitur, nisi earn exerceas, memory grows 
 weak unless you exercise it. 
 
 6. si quis equitum deciderat, pedites circumsistebant, if 
 any one of the horsemen fell, the foot-soldiers gathered around 
 him. 
 
 7. si viri samus, hie maneamus, if we are men, let us 
 remain here t 
 
 8. si hoc dicas, erres, 1 If you shituld say this, you 
 0. si hoc dixeris, erraveris, J would be mistaken. 
 
 114 
 
Conditional Sentences. 115 
 
 10. si hoc diceres, errares, if you were saying this, you 
 vmuld he mistaken. 
 
 11. si hoc dixisses, erravisses, if you had said this, you 
 would have been mistaken. 
 
 12. deleri potuit exercitus, si quis aggressus esset, the 
 army could have been wiped out, if any one had attacked it, lit. 
 was able to be wiped out. 
 
 13. eum patris loco colere debebas, si uUa in te pietas 
 esset, you ought to revere him as a father, if you had in you 
 any sense of devotion. 
 
 14. si Pompejus occisus esset, fuistisne ad arma ituri, if 
 Pompey had been slain, would you have proceeded to arms ? 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 despair of, dSspero, 1 ; gov- 
 erns the accusative, 
 help, juvo, are, juvi, jutus. 
 how great, quantus, a, um. 
 inhabitant, incola, ae, m. 
 learn, disco, ere, didicl. 
 listen, listen to, audio, ire. 
 
 ivi or ii, itus ; governs the 
 
 accusative, 
 refuse, respuo, ere, ui. 
 terms, conditions, condici- 
 
 ones, um, f., plu. of con- 
 
 dicio. 
 visit, adeo, ire, 11, itus. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. If you quickly fortify a camp, it will not be 
 necessary that we leave this place at once. 2. It 
 will be of great advantage^ to us, if we visit this 
 island and learn the customs of the inhabitants. 
 3. If he refuses our terms, let us not delay longer, but 
 at once bring war upon him. 4. I should approve 
 this plan, unless I saw a better (one). 5. If he for- 
 gets what he has promised us, I shall despair of safety. 
 6. I should not have sent you to him, if I had under- 
 
116 Latin Oomposifion 
 
 stood how great the dangers were. 7. If you listen 
 to my words, you will understand how great a kind- 
 ness you received from me. 8. If he should beg us 
 to help him, what would you reply ? 9. They could 
 have freed ^ this town from siege, if they had not lost 
 all their grain and supplies. 10. Be of good courage,^ 
 if you hope for victory. 
 
 Conference of Ariovistus and Caesar. 
 
 After Ariovistus had once refused a conference, he 
 finally granted (one). The two leaders met in the 
 midst of a plain near a hillock, each attended. * by a 
 band^ of horsemen. At *^ this conference Caesar ear- 
 nestly demanded that Ariovistus should send back all 
 hostages to the Gauls and lead no more^ Germans 
 across the Rhine. These demands Ariovistus rejected. 
 If he had granted them, he would have avoided war. 
 
 Sugrgestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. of great advantage : magnS usui, literally, /or flrrcat service. 
 
 2. could have freed : see Example 12. 
 
 3. of good courage : see Lesson XVIII, Example 15. 
 
 4. attended: the perfect participle of comitor may be hero 
 used. 
 
 5. by a band : the simple ablative should be used here. 
 
 6. At: use in. 
 
 7. no more : neu piarSs ; compare Lesson XXIX, Example 6. 
 
LESSON XXXVII. 
 USE OF nisi, si non, sin. conditional clauses of 
 
 COMPARISON. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. /V/'s/, sf non, s/n. 306 entire ; c/ A. & G. 525. a.l,2,d; 
 H. 575. 2, 4, 5, 7. 
 
 2. Conditional Clauses of Comparison. 307. 1,2; A. & G. 
 524 and N. 2 ; H. 584 and 1, 2. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. hoc enim non facerem, nisi necesse esset, for I should 
 not be doing this unless it were necessary, 
 
 2. etiam si vir bonus non esset, even if he icere not a good 
 man. 
 
 3. dolorem si non potuero frangere, tamen oceultabo, if 1 
 cannot subdue my grief yet I will hide it. 
 
 4. SI futurum est, fiet ; si non futurum est, non fiet, if it 
 is destined to be., it will be ; if it is not destined, it icill not be. 
 
 5. hoc si assecutus sum, gaudeo ; si minus, me consolor, 
 if I have attained this, I am glad; if not, I console myself. 
 
 6. haec si dices, tenebere ; sin alia dices, me non refu- 
 tabis, if you say this, you vnll be caught; but if you say some- 
 thing else, you will not refute my statements. 
 
 7. nihil quaesivit nisi justitiam, he sought nothing but 
 justice. 
 
 8. nisi vero n5n hostem Ant5nium judicavistis, unless 
 indeed you did not consider Antony an enemy. 
 
 117 
 
118 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 9. ndmen petis quasi incertam sit, you ask for the name 
 as if it were uncertain. 
 
 10. h5c loc5 sedebat, quasi reus ipse esset, he sat in this 
 place as if he were himself under accusation. 
 
 11. ita loquor quasi ego illud fecerim, / speak as though I 
 had done that. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 ancient, pristine, pristinus, a, 
 
 um. 
 as if, as though, quasi. 
 begin, join (of battle), com- 
 
 mitto, ere, misi, missus, 
 but if, sin. 
 
 courageously, fortiter. 
 if not, SI minus, when the verb 
 
 of the conditional clause is 
 
 omitted. 
 
 near, prope, prep, with ace. 
 owe, debeo, ere, ui, itus. 
 pay, solvo, ere, solvi, solu- 
 
 tus. 
 prepare for, paro, 1. 
 proceed, pergo, ere, perrgxl, 
 
 rgctum. 
 treachery, perfidia, ae, f. 
 unless, nisi ; unless indeed, nisi 
 
 v6r6. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. Unless you withdraw from this place, I shall 
 regard you not (as) a friend, but an enemy. 2. If 
 you make peace with us, we will return home; but 
 if you proceed to bring war upon us, remember our 
 ancient valor! 3. Do not begin ^ battle, unless our 
 forces have been seen* near the camp of the enemy. 
 4. If he comes with cavalry, we shall not despair of 
 victory ; if he does not come, not even Fortune herself 
 can save us. 5. If he pays me the money which he 
 owes, I will come; if not, I will remain at home. 
 6. In the city, the Romans courageously prepared for 
 war, as though they had not just^ lost two consuls and 
 
Conditional Clauses of Comparison. Il9 
 
 a large army. 7. You speak as though we had not 
 all undergone'* the greatest hardships. 8. We shud- 
 der at the cruelty of Ariovistus, as if he were present. 
 9. You are unworthy of honor, unless indeed treachery 
 and cowardice deserve to be praised.^ 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. Do not begin : see Lesson XXVII, Examples 6 and 7. 
 
 2. have been seen : use the future perfect. 
 
 3. just : paulo ante, or modo. 
 
 4. had not undergone : note the proper tense. See Example 11. 
 
 5. deserve to be praised : use the passive periphrastic conjuga- 
 tion. 
 
LESSON XXXVIII. 
 
 SUBORDINATE ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES INTRODUCED BY 
 
 quamvis, quamquam, etc. provisos. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 I. Subordinate Adversative Clauses. 309. 1-5; A. & G. 
 527 and a-e ; H. 585, 58G. I, II. 
 
 a. Provisos. 310. II; A. & G. 528; H. 587. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. quod turpe est, id quamvis occultetur, non honestum fit, 
 wJiat is base does not become honorable, even though it be hidden. 
 
 2. quamvis amplum sit, parum est, however extensive it he, 
 it is too little. 
 
 3. Kdmani, quamquam itinere fessi erant, tamen proce- 
 dunt, though the Bomans locre weary with marching, yet they 
 advanced. 
 
 4. etsi nunquam dubium fuit, though it was never doubtful. 
 
 5. Atticus honores non petiit, cum ei paterent, Atticus did 
 not seek honors, though they were open to him. 
 
 6. quamquam quid loquor, and yet why do I talk f 
 
 7. magnd me metii liberabis dum modo inter me atque te 
 miirus intersit, you will relieve me of a great fear, provided only 
 there be a wall between you and me. 
 
 8. id faciat saepe dum ne lassus fiat, let him do that often, 
 provided he dors not become tired. 
 
 0. manent Ingenia senibus, modo permaneat industria, old 
 men'' s faculties continue, provided only industry remains. 
 
 12Q 
 
Subordinate Adversative Clauses. 
 
 121 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Btsi, although, is carefully to be distinguished from etsi, even 
 if ; the latter is a conditional particle and takes any of the construc- 
 tions admissible for si ; see Lesson XXXVI. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 and yet, quamquam ; etsi. 
 
 eight hundred, octingenti, ae, 
 a. 
 
 fear, metus, us, m. 
 
 finally, postremo. 
 
 mainland, continens, entis, f. 
 
 may, it Is permitted, licet, 
 licere, licuit, with the sub- 
 junctive. 
 
 nevertheless, tamen. 
 provided, dum ; provided only, 
 
 dum modo. 
 put, place, pono, ere, posui, 
 
 positus. 
 remain in charge, praesum, 
 
 esse, fui ; governs the dative, 
 though, quamquam, quamvis. 
 yet, tamen. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. Although these tribes had sent messengers to the 
 mainland and had sought peace of us, yet, after we 
 arrived in Britain, they brought war upon us. 2. Al- 
 though our men were deserted by their leader, yet 
 they put all hope of safety in valor. 3. Though we 
 should learn nothing concerning these tribes, neverthe- 
 less let us visit them ! 4. Provided only he does not 
 lead his soldiers from the province to Rome, he may 
 remain in charge of his army. 5. And yet I am not 
 afraid that he will do us harm. 6. Although the 
 Germans had not more than eight hundred horsemen, 
 they routed five thousand Koman cavalry. 7. Pro- 
 vided you come soon with an army, you will relieve 
 
122 Latin Composition, 
 
 this city of fear ^ of siege. 8. Although he had under- 
 gone so many hardships, Procilhis finally escaped 
 unharmed. 
 
 Sugrgestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. 0/ fear : express by the ablative. 
 
LESSON XXXIX. 
 
 INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 Moods. 
 
 1. Declaratory Sentences. 314. 1,3; 331. 1 ; A. & G. 580 ; 
 H. 642, 643. 3, 4. 
 
 2. Interrogative Sentences. 315. 1-3; A. & G. 586, 587; 
 H. 642 and 2, 3. 
 
 3. Imperative Sentences. 316 and a ; A. & G. 588 and a ; 
 H. 642. 
 
 Tenses. 
 
 1. Of the Infinitive. 317 and a ; A. & G. 584 and a ; H. 644, 
 617. 
 
 2. Of the Subjunctive. 318 and a ; A. & G. 585 and a ; 
 H. 644. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Ariovistus respondit sese non esse venturum, Ariovistus 
 replied that he would not come. (Direct : non veniam.) 
 
 2. Regulus dixit quam diu jure jurando hostium teneretur 
 non esse se senatorem, Begulus said that so long as he was 
 held by his oath to the enemy he was not a senator. (Direct : 
 quam diu . . . teneor, non sum senator. ) 
 
 3. referunt, esse silvam infinita magnitiidine, quae Bacenis 
 appellatur, they bring back word that there is a forest of limit- 
 less extent, which is called Bacenis. (The direct statement here 
 is est silva ; the clause quae appellatur is an addition of the 
 writer.) 
 
 123 
 
124 Latin Composition, 
 
 4. Caesari respondit se prius in Galliam venisse quam popn- 
 lum Romanum. Quid sibi vellet? Cur in suas possessionea 
 veniret ? he answered Caesar that he had come into Gaul before 
 the Roman people. What did he want ? Why did he come into 
 his domain ? (Direct : ego prius veni. Quid vis ? Cur venis?) 
 
 5. si veteris contumeliae oblivisci vellet, num etiam recen- 
 tium injuriarum memoriam se deponere posse, if he were will- 
 ing to forget the former indignity^ could he also banish the 
 recollection of recent wrongs ? (Direct : si velim, num possum?) 
 
 6. quid metueret, what (said he) had he to fear ? (Direct : 
 quid metuam.) 
 
 7. dixit illi irent ad cdpias, let them, he said, go to their 
 troops. (Direct : vos ite.) 
 
 / know yon were doing this. (Direct : 
 agebas.) 
 1 I know you did this. (Direct : egisti.) 
 / know you had done this. (Direct: 
 egeras. ) 
 
 9. videor ostendisse quales del essent, / seem to have shown 
 of what nature the gods are. (Direct : ostendi.) 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Note that a dependent perfect infinitive is treated as an his- 
 torical tense whenever, if resolved into an equivalent indicative, it 
 would be historical. See the last example above. 
 
 2. Note that for the sake of vividness a present tense of the 
 direct discourse is not infrequently retained in the indirect after an 
 historical tense. This is called repraesent&tiO, ' a bringing back 
 to the present.' 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 8. scio te haec 
 
 egisse, 
 
 announce, ndntid, 1. 
 appoint (a dictator), dlc5, ere, 
 dIxT, dictuB. 
 
 approach, adventua, iis, m. 
 bringback word, report, referO, 
 ferre, rettull, relfttus. 
 
Indirect Discourse. 125 
 
 conspire, conjuro, 1. 
 
 crusb, opprimo, ere, pressi, 
 
 pressus. 
 dictator, dictator, oris, m. 
 hide, c§16, 1. 
 
 hostage, obses, idis, m. 
 number, numerus, i, m. 
 plough, aro, 1. 
 twenty, viginti. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. Crassus knew that he was waging war in those 
 places where a few years before a Roman array had 
 been routed and a lieutenant had been slain. 2. This 
 deserter said that Caesar was in great danger, and 
 that the Veneti would crush his army. 3. We 
 understand that these tribes have surrendered all the 
 arms which they had hidden, and are now seeking 
 peace. 4. Caesar promised the Ubii that he would 
 come and help^ them. 5. We were informed that 
 the leaders of the Belgians were conspiring and giving 
 hostages to each other.^ 6. We read that Cincinnatus 
 was ploughing when it was announced to him that 
 he had been appointed dictator. 7. He said to the 
 soldiers that the place was suitable for a battle; let 
 each (man) perform his duty, and not^ forget the 
 glory of the Eoman name. 8. These scouts brought 
 back word that when the Gauls ^ had been informed 
 of Caesar's approach they left the villages, which were 
 twenty in number, and fled into the woods. 
 
 The Battle with Ariovistus. 
 
 The two armies had encamped^ near the Rhine 
 in the territory of the Sequani. Ariovistus, whose 
 
126 Latin Composition. 
 
 forces were larger, led his (men) past the camp of 
 the Romans, in order to cut them off from supplies. 
 When Caesar offered battle to the Germans,^ Ario- 
 vistus at first refused^ to fight, but finally attacked 
 the Roman camp. The Romans withstood this assault 
 and then advanced themselves against the Germans, 
 whom they soon routed and pursued to the Rhine. 
 Only a very few escaped. 
 
 Sugrgestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. help : the future active participle of juv6 is Juvaturus. 
 
 2. to each other : inter se. 
 
 3. See Lesson XXIX, Example 6. 
 
 4. that when the Gauls : in Latin : that the Gauls, when they^ 
 etc. ; B. 354, 2. 
 
 5. had encamped : translate : had pitched camp. 
 
 6. offered battle to the. Germans : translate : harassed the Ger- 
 mans by battle (proeliS lacessere). 
 
 7. re/used: translate: was unwilling {n616). 
 
LESSON XL. 
 
 INDIRECT DISCOURSE {cojitinued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 Conditional Sentences in Indirect Discourse. 319-322 en- 
 tire ; A. & G. 589 entire ; H. 646, 647. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Note. — The direct form is giveu first in parenthesis. 
 
 (si hoc credis, erras, if you believe this, you are wrong.) 
 
 1. dico te, si hoc credas, errare, / say that, if you believe 
 this, you are wrong. 
 
 2. dixi te, si hoc crederes, errare, I said that, if you believed 
 this, you were wrong. 
 
 (si hoc credes, errabis, if you believe (i.e. shall believe) this, 
 you icill be wrong.) 
 
 » 3. dico te, si hoc credas, erraturum esse, / say that if yqu 
 believe (i.e. shall believe) this, you icill be wrong. 
 
 4. dixi te, si hoc crederes, erratiirum esse, / said that if 
 you should believe this, you would be wrong. 
 
 (si hoc credideris, errabis, if you shall have believed this, 
 you will be wrong.) 
 
 5. dico te, si hoc credideris, erratiirum esse, / say that if 
 you shall have believed this, you will be icrong. 
 
 6. dixi te, si hoc credidisses, erratiirum esse, / said that, if 
 you should have believed this, you would be wrong. 
 
 127 
 
128 Latin Composition. 
 
 (si hoc credas, erres, if you should believe this, you would 
 be wrong.) 
 
 7. dico te, si h5c credas, erraturum ease, / say that if you 
 should believe this, you would he wrong. 
 
 8. dixi te, si hoc crederes, erraturum esse, / said that, if 
 you should believe this, you would be wrong. 
 
 (si hoc crederes, errares, if you were believing this, you 
 would be in error.) 
 
 9. died (dixi) te, si hoc crederes, erraturum esse, / say 
 (said) that, if you were believing this, you would be wrong. 
 
 (si hoc credidisses, erravisses, if you had believed this, you 
 would have been wrong.) 
 
 10. dico (dixi) te, si hoc credidisses, erraturum fuisse, / 
 say {said) that, if you had believed this, you would have been 
 wrong. 
 
 (si h5c dixisses, punitus esses, if you had said this, you 
 would have been punished.) 
 
 11. dioo (dixi) si h5c dixisses, futurum fuisse ut punireris, 
 I say (said) that, if you had said this, you would have been pun- 
 ished, lit. it would have happened that you should be punished. 
 
 12. non dubitd quin, si h5c dixisses, erraturus fueria, I.do 
 not doubt that if you had said this, you would have been xcrong. 
 
 13. quaero, num, si h5c dixisses, erraturus fueris, / ask 
 whether you would have made a mistake, if you had said this. 
 
 14. tam acriter ptignatum est ut si equites adfuissent cas- 
 tra capi potuerint, the fighting was so fierce that, if the cavalry 
 had been present, the camp could have been taken. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 advice, cdnsillum, I, n. 
 believe, credo, ere, crSdidI, 
 
 crSdltuB. 
 declare, dficl&rS, 1. 
 emigrate, 6migr5, 1. 
 
 labor, labor, Cris, m. 
 necessary, necess^ius, a, am. 
 resources, opfis, um, f. 
 secure, procure, parO, 1. 
 
Indirect Discourse, 129 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. These envoys declare that unless we lend help to 
 the Gauls they will all emigrate from home and seek 
 new abodes. 2. I believe that if they should secure 
 the necessary resources, they would march out and 
 bring war upon us. 3. He says that if the enemy 
 had got possession of this bridge, they would have cut 
 us off from supplies. 4. Do you think that we should 
 ever have undertaken so many and so great labors, 
 unless we had persuaded ourselves that you would 
 lend us assistance? 5. I asked him whether he 
 would have come if I had sent him a letter. 6. I do 
 not doubt that Caesar would have made peace with 
 the Helvetii, if they had given him the hostages which 
 he demanded of them. 7. I say that you will be 
 safe, if you follow my advice. 8. I said that you 
 would be safe, if you should follow my advice. 
 
LESSON XLI. 
 
 THE INFINITIVE. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Infinitive without Subject Accusative, used as Subject. 
 
 327. 1, 2 and « ; A. & G. 452. N. 2, 45r3. a ; 11. G15, 612. 3. 
 
 2. Infinitive without Subject Accusative, used as Object. 
 
 328. 1, 2 ; A. & G. 456 ; II. 607 and 1, 2, 608. 4, 612 and 1. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, it is sweet and 
 noble to die for one'^s country. 
 
 2. senatui placuit legatos mittere, the Senate decided (lit. 
 it pleased the Senate) to send envoys. 
 
 3. non semper licet 5ti5sum esse, one cannot be always at 
 leisure. 
 
 4. patricio tribuno plebis fieri non licebat, it was not 
 allowed a patrician to become a tribune of the plebs. 
 
 5. litteras mittere non audet, he does not dare send the letter. 
 
 6. nonne me audire vultis, do you not wish to hear me f 
 
 7. huic audaciae resistere debetis, you ought to resist this 
 audacity. 
 
 8. col5niam dediicere cdnatas est, he tried to lead out a 
 colony. 
 
 0. evadere n5n potuit, he could not escape. 
 
 10. paratus abire, 7'fndy to depart. 
 
 11. assuetus videre, accustomed to see. 
 
 12. beatus esse sine virtute nem5 potest, no one can be 
 happy without virtue. 
 
 ISO 
 
The Infinitive. 
 
 131 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Note that where the English says ' ought to have done,* 
 ' might have done,' the Latin uses debui, oportuit, potui, with 
 the present infinitive, as, debuit venire, he ought to have come ; 
 potuit venire, he might (could) have come. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 accept, accipio, ere, cepi, 
 
 ceptus. 
 behold, aspicio, ere, spexi, 
 
 spectus. 
 between, inter, prep, with ace. 
 confer, colloquor, I, collocu- 
 
 tus. 
 find (by search), reperio, ire, 
 
 repperl, repertus. 
 gather (trans.), cogo, ere, 
 
 coegi, CO actus, 
 habit, mos, moris, m. 
 
 make ready, paro, 1. 
 merit, virtus, litis, f. 
 measure out, metior, iri, 
 
 mensus. 
 pain, dolor, oris, m. 
 permitted, it is permitted, licet, 
 
 ere, licuit, impersonal, 
 recount, enumero, 1. 
 retreat, recipio, ere, cepi, 
 
 ceptus, with the reflexive, 
 treat, treat of, ago, ere, egi, 
 
 actus. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. It is not our habit to accept terms of peace from 
 an enemy. 2. It is necessary to hasten at once into 
 Gaul and crush this uprising. 3. It was permitted 
 to withdraw. 4. On account of the multitude of the 
 enemy we decided to refrain from battle. 5. At 
 what time did this bridge begin to be built ? ^ 6. The 
 Treveri having already gathered large forces were 
 making ready to attack Labienus. 7. On this day it 
 was necessary to measure out grain to the soldiers. 
 8. Most of the tribes neglected to send to the main- 
 
132 Latin Composition. 
 
 land the hostages that they had promised. 9. I wish 
 to confer with you concerning those matters which 
 began to be treated of between us. 10. Caesar 
 decided to fight, as soon as^ he saw that the enemy 
 wished to retreat. 11. It was not easy to prevent 
 him from finding us. 12. I began to recount the 
 merits of this general a little while ago. 13. Could 
 you behold all this without the greatest pain ? 14. You 
 ought to have read this book. 15. You might have 
 reminded ^ me of this before. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. he built : use fi5, fieri, factus. 
 
 2. The order in Latin should be : Caesar as soon as he, etc. ; B. 
 351,2. 
 
 3. might have reminded : see Remark 1. 
 
LESSON XLII. 
 
 THE INFINITIVE (continued). 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Infinitive with Subject Accusative, used as Subject. 
 330; A. & G. 455. 2; H. 615. 
 
 2. Infinitive with Subject Accusative, used as Object. 331 
 entire ; A. & G. 459 ; H. 613. 1-3. 
 
 3. Passive Construction of Verbs which in the Active are 
 followed by the Infinitive with Subject Accusative. 332 
 entire; H. 611. 1, 2 and Notes 1, 3. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. legem esse brevem oportet, the law ought to be brief. 
 
 2. turpe est me mortem timuisse, it is disgraceful for me to 
 have feared death. 
 
 3. milites remigesque reverti jussit, he ordered the soldiers 
 and oarsmen to return. 
 
 4. consul ludos fieri vetuit, the consul forbade the games to 
 be held. 
 
 6. non patiar istam suspicionem manere, I icill not allow 
 that suspicic^n to remain. 
 
 6. sinite me nostram calamitatem praeterire, permit me to 
 pass over our misfortune. 
 
 7. cur hunc tanto dolore affici vis, why do you wish this 
 man to be visited with so great grief 9 
 
 8. vos enim haec audire cupio, for I wish you to hear this. 
 
 9. maluit se diligi quam metui, Jie preferred to be loved 
 rather than feared. 
 
 133 
 
134 Latin Composition. 
 
 10. non moleste ferebant se libidinum vinculis laxatoa 
 esse, they did not regret (lit. bear it ill) that they had been 
 freed from the fetters of passion. 
 
 11. his frumentum dari cogebat, he compelled grain to be 
 given to these. 
 
 12. ire in exsilium jussus est, he teas ordered to go into 
 exile. 
 
 13. populi majestas conservari jubetur, the majesty of the 
 people is ordered to be preserved. 
 
 14. videbatur magnam gloriam c6nsecutus,i he seemed to 
 have attained great gloi'y. 
 
 15. dicitur in Italiam venisse, he is said to have come into 
 Italy. 
 
 16. Aristides justissimus fuisse traditur, Aristides is re- 
 ported to have been very just. 
 
 17. traditum est Aristidem justissimum fuisse, it is re- 
 ported that Aristides was very just. 
 
 Notes on the Examples. 
 
 1) Observe that the participle in the compound tenses of the 
 infinitive agrees with the subject of the main verb in constructions 
 of this type. The auxiliary esse is also freely omitted. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Note that verbs which have no participial stem express the 
 future infinitive active and passive by fore ut or futdrum esse 
 ut, with the subjunctive, as spSrS fore ut hostSs arceantur, I 
 hope the enemy will he kept off, lit. / hope it will happen that the 
 enemy will be kept off. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 band, manus, Hb, f. 
 citizen, clvis, is, c. 
 clear, is clear, cSnstat, fire, 
 stitit, impersonal. 
 
 discuss, disputS, 1. 
 fair, just, aequus, a, um. 
 forbid, vets, 5re, ui, itus. 
 formerly, 51im. 
 
The Infinitive, 
 
 135 
 
 hold regard, habeo, ere, ui, 
 
 itus. 
 injure, laedo, ere, laesi, lae- 
 
 sus. 
 keep apart, distineo, ere, ui, 
 
 tentus. 
 other side of, ultra, prep, with 
 
 ace. 
 
 present, praesens, entis. 
 report, announce, nuntid, 1. 
 reputation, fama, ae, f. 
 sacred, sacer, sacra, sacnim. 
 unwilling, be unwilling, nolo, 
 nolle, nolui. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. It is not fair (for) the Germans to cross the Ehine 
 and come into Gaul. 2. It was clear that Caesar 
 would wage war in the territory of the Veneti. 3. It 
 is of great importance^ that the bands of the enemy 
 be kept apart. 4. They reported to us that the* 
 ascent of this mountain was not difficult. 5. It is 
 clear that this town could not be defended. 6. I am 
 unwilling that these matters be discussed in your 
 presence.^ 7. He ordered Sabinus- to lead out four 
 cohorts. 8. He forbade the bridge to be torn down. 
 9. The Sequani will suffer the Helvetii to go through 
 their territory. 10. The Belgians are said formerly 
 to have dwelt the other side of the Rhine. 11. He 
 did not wish his reputation to be injured. 12. This 
 army seems to have been entirely wiped out. 13. Do 
 we not wish the rights of Roman citizens to be held 
 sacred among all nations ? 
 
 Uprising: of the Belgae. 
 
 Having defeated the Helvetii and the Germans, 
 Caesar returned across^ the Alps into Hither Gaul. 
 
136 Latin Composition, 
 
 Here lie passed the winter and held court.* At the 
 beginning of the next spring he enrolled two new 
 legions and set out for Gaul, where the Belgae were 
 conspiring and exchanging hostages.* These had long 
 seen that Caesar was gradually drawing near them, 
 and believed that he would soon lead a Roman army 
 against them. Accordingly, remembering their ancient 
 valor, they decided to resist the Romans. 
 
 Sugrg-estions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. is of great importance : magrnopere interest. 
 
 2. in your presence : translate: you being present. 
 
 3. across: per. 
 
 4. held cow't : the Latin idiom for ' held court ' is conventds 
 (ace. plu.) agrere. 
 
 5. exchanging hostages: translate: giving hostages bettoeen 
 themselves. 
 
LESSON XLIII. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. Tenses of the Participle. 336. 1-5; A. & G. 489 and 
 491 ; H. 640 and 1. 
 
 2. Use of Participles. 337. 1-3, 5, 8, a, 6. 1), 2) ; A. & G. 
 494; 496, 497 and d) 500 and 1, 2, 4; H. 638, 1-3, 639, 613. 5. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. audio te loquentem, I hear you as you speak. 
 
 2. audivi te loquentem, I heard you as you were speaking. 
 
 3. audiam te loquentem, I shall hear you as you speak, i.e. 
 as you shall be speaking. 
 
 4. locutus tacet, he has spoken and is silent, lit. having 
 spoken he is silent. 
 
 6. locutus tacuit, he had spoken and was silent. 
 
 6. locutus tacebit, he will speak and then keep silent. 
 
 7. idoneum tempus ratus, Athenas se contulit, thinking 
 the time favorable, he betook himself to Athens. 
 
 8. Plato scribens est mortuus, Flato died ichile writing. 
 
 9. perfidiam veritus ad su5s recessit, fearing treachery, he 
 returned to his own troops. 
 
 10. Catonem vidi in bibUotheca sedentem, I saw Cato sitting 
 in his library. 
 
 11. Polyphemum Homerus cum ariete colloquentem facit, 
 Homer represents Polyphemus talking with the ram. 
 
 137 
 
138 Latin Composition. 
 
 12. post reges exactos, after the expulsion of the kings, lit. 
 after the kings expelled. 
 
 13. leges observandae, laws deserving of observance. 
 
 14. veniendum est, it is necessary to come. 
 
 15. huic mulieri parcendum est, this woman miist be spared. 
 
 16. obliviscendum est injuriarum, 07ie must forget injuries. 
 
 17. legem scribendam curavit, he saw to the engrossing of 
 the law. 
 
 18. eum jugulandum vobis tradiderunt, they handed him 
 over to you to be put to death. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. Note that the perfect passive participle is often equivalent 
 to a co-ordinate clause in English, as, C. Servilius Ahftla Sp. 
 Maelium occupatum interemit. Gains Servilius Ahala sur- 
 prised and slew Spurius Maelius, lit. slew him having been 
 surprised. 
 
 2. Observe that the present active participle is used much less 
 freely in Latin than in English. We employ it somewhat loosely to 
 denote an act prior to that of the verb with which it is connected; 
 as, * Finding no means of escape, he surrendered.' Here the finding 
 is anterior to the surrender. In such cases the Latin would employ 
 some other form of expression ; in that language the present 
 participle is usually strictly limited to the expression of acts con- 
 temporary with the action of the main verb. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 advance, prdgredior, I, gre«- 
 
 ■U8. 
 
 civil, cIviliB, e. 
 
 found, condd, ere, didi, 
 
 ditus. 
 hand over, trftdd, ere, dldl, 
 
 ditus. 
 offer, d5, dare, dedX, datus. 
 
 old, vetus, veteris. 
 overthrow, 6vert5, ere, verti, 
 
 versus. 
 provide, provide for, cilrS, 1. 
 pupil, disclpuluB, I, m. 
 ravage, populor, 1. 
 rejoice, gaude5, 6re, gftvlsus. 
 
Participles. 139 
 
 republic, res publica, rei 
 
 publicae, f. 
 seven hundredth, septingen- 
 
 tesimus, a, um. 
 
 strong, validus, a, um. 
 think, arbitror, 1. 
 thither, eo. 
 urge, hortor, 1. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. Kejoicing that this opportunity was offered to 
 him/ he ordered his soldiers to advance. 2. I heard 
 you urging your pupils to read Caesar's commentaries 
 on the civil war. 3. In the seven hundred and eighth 
 year after the founding of the city the old republic 
 was overthrown. 4. We must withdraw ^ from these 
 woods to our camp. 5. We must use^ these vessels. 
 6. Having ravaged these districts, they returned to 
 camp. 7. Thinking that this war could be quickly 
 finished, Caesar led his army thither. 8. The legions 
 were held almost surrounded by the enemy. 9. Our 
 men attacked the rest as they attempted to cross this 
 river. 10. I provided for defending the city by many 
 strong"* guards. 11. I handed these prisoners over to 
 you to be led back to camp. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. Use the reflexive. 
 
 2. we must withdraw : translate : it must he withdrawn by us. 
 
 3. we must use : translate : it m,ust he used hy us. 
 
 4. many strong : translate : many and strong ; B. 241, 3. 
 
LESSON XLIV. 
 
 THE GERUND; THE GERUNDIVE CONSTRUCTION; THE 
 SUPINE. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 1. The Gerund. 338. 1-5 ; A. & G. 502 ; 504 and h ; 505 
 and a ; 506 and N. 2 ; 507 ; H. 624, 626, 627, 628 and foot- 
 note 2, 629. 
 
 2. The Gerundive Construction. 339. 1-5 ; A. & G. 503 ; 
 504 and h, 505, 506, 507 ; H. 621, 623 and 1, 628. 
 
 3. The Supine. 340 entire ; A. & G. 509, 510 and N. 2 ; 
 H. 632 and 1, 633, 635 and 1, 2, 4. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. finem sequendi fecit, he made an end of following. 
 
 2. cupidus te audiendi, desirous of hearing you. 
 
 3. gldriandi causa, for the sake of boasting. 
 
 4. spatium sumamus ad c5gitandum, let us take time for 
 reflection. 
 
 6. fratrem tuum laudandd, by praising your brother. 
 
 6. ex discendo capiunt voluptatem, they derive pleasure 
 from learning. 
 
 7. consilium urbis delendae et civium trucldanddrum, the 
 plan of destroying the city and massacring the citizens. 
 
 8. sensus ad res percipiendas iddnei, Fenses adapted to per- 
 ceivitig objects. 
 
 0. Brutus in liberanda patria interfectus est, Brutus toat 
 slain in freeing his country. 
 
 140 
 
The Gerund, 141 
 
 10. cupiditas plura ^ habendi, desire of having more. 
 
 11. ad agrum fruendum^ nos allectat senectus, old age 
 invites us to enjoy the farm. 
 
 12. sui conservandP causa, for the sake of saving them- 
 selves. 
 
 13. vestri conservandi ^ causa, for the sake of saving your- 
 selves. 
 
 14. pacem petitum oratores mitttint, they send envoys to 
 ask for peace. 
 
 15. mirabile auditu, wonderful to hear 1 
 
 Notes on the Examples. 
 
 1) The Gerundive Construction could not be used here; plti- 
 rium habendorum could be masculine as well as neuter, and 
 would thus occasion ambiguity. 
 
 2) Note that fruor, like the other deponents governing the ab- 
 lative, admits the gerundive construction. 
 
 3) Conservandi agrees merely in form with sui and vestri ; 
 in sense it is plural. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. The dative of the gerund and of the gerundive are both rare 
 in Ciceronian Latin; consequently the construction, though com- 
 mon later, is hardly to be imitated by the beginner in Latin writing. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 accomplish, conficio, ere, 
 
 feci, fectus. 
 against, in, prep, with ace. 
 ambush, insidiae, arum, f. 
 arm, armo, 1. 
 collect, coUigS, ere, legi, 
 
 lectus. 
 draw on, lure on, traho, ere, 
 
 txdc^, tractuB. 
 
 endure, perfero, ferre, tuli, 
 
 latus. 
 for (denoting purpose), ad, 
 
 prep, with ace. 
 gain possession of, potior, irl, 
 
 itus. 
 hurl, conicio, ere, conjSci, 
 
 jectus. 
 ready, promptus, a, um. 
 
142 Latin Composition. 
 
 renew, renovo, 1. 
 spend, dSgd, ere, dSgi. 
 
 sufficient, satis. 
 
 temper, animus, i, m. 
 winter, spend the winter, 
 hiemo, 1. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 1. These tribes formed the plan of renewing the war 
 and crushing the Eoman legion. 2. All hope of 
 gaining possession of this town at once departed. 
 3. We stationed our troops in this village for the 
 sake of wintering (here). 4. No opportunity was 
 offered for hurling javelins^ against the enemy. 
 5. I believe that one year will be sufficient for accom- 
 plishing these things. 6. The temper of the Gauls 
 is ready for undertaking wars, but it is weak for en- 
 during misfortunes. 7. Wonderful to tell, no one 
 was in charge of these troops. 8. Very little time 
 was given the Romans for arming themselves. 9. We 
 spent three days at Geneva in writing Jetters. 
 10. By their eagerness for pursuing they were drawn 
 on to the place of ambush. 11. They gave the 
 enemy no opportunity of collecting themselves. 
 
 The Pifirht with the Nervli. 
 
 As the Romans were pitching camp on the summit 
 of a hill near the left bank of the Sabis ' river, the 
 Nervii and their allies suddenly crossed the stream 
 and advanced up hill ^ towards the Roman camp. So 
 sudden was the onset that time was not given the 
 Romans for arming themselves. They fought where 
 
The Gerund, 143 
 
 they stood,* without line of battle, without leaders, 
 without plan. But such was their courage and dis- 
 cipline in consequence of former battles, that they 
 finally defeated the Nervii and reduced their tribe 
 almost ^ to extinction.^ 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. for hurling javelins : use the genitive of the gerund. 
 
 2. Sabis : Sabis, is. 
 
 3. up hill : adverse coUe ; literally, the hill being against 
 (them) . 
 
 4. stood: use the pluperfect of consisto, — constiterant ; 
 literally, had taken their stand. 
 
 5. Almost: prope. 
 
 6. extinction : intemecio, onis. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 
 
 IN 
 
 CONTINUED DISCOURSE. 
 15.* 
 
 Galba at Octodurus. 
 
 Servius Galba was a brave lieutenant, who had been 
 ordered by Caesar to conduct^ one legion and eight 
 hundred horsemen into (the territory of) the Veragri. 
 Galba had stationed his cohorts in a village, which is 
 called Octodurus, and was fortifying a camp, when 
 suddenly the Gauls made an attack upon ^ the Romans. 
 After these ^ had resisted bravely (for) many hours, 
 they finally made a sortie,* and put the Gauls to 
 flight.* 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. conduct: dSdacO, ere, dazi, ductus. 
 
 2. upon : in, with ace. 
 
 3. after these had resisted, they made ; translate : these, after 
 they resisted, made, etc. 
 
 4. sortie : SruptiO, Onls. 
 
 5. put to flight : in f uffam coniciS, ere, conjScI, conjectus. 
 
 • Fourteen passages of continuous discourse have been inter- 
 spersed among the preceding lessons. 
 
 144 
 
Exercises in Continued Discourse. 145 
 
 16. 
 
 Crassus's Expedition against the Maritime Tribes. 
 
 A few months after ^ the Belgians had been brought 
 under the Eoman power, Publius Crassus was sent 
 with an army into the maritime ^ states lying ^ between 
 the Loire ^ and the Seine.^ Here dwelt the Veneti 
 and many other tribes, all (of) which were especially 
 skilled^ in seamanship. Crassus persuaded these to 
 submit^ to the Romans and to give him^ hostages. 
 But they soon repented ^ of this act, and when in the 
 following ^*^ winter Roman officers" came into these 
 districts to levy^^ grain, they were arrested ^^ and 
 held " by the Veneti. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. a few months after: translate : by a few months after (post- 
 quam) . 
 
 2. maritime : maritimus, a, una. 
 
 3. lying : use positus, a, um ; literally, placed. 
 
 4. Loire : Liger, is ; aec. Ligerim. 
 
 5. (Seine ; Sequana, ae. 
 
 6. especially skilled in: use superlative of peritus, a, una; 
 governs gen. 
 
 7. submit : use se dedere (dedo, ere, dedidi, itus). 
 
 8. him: reflexive. 
 
 9. they repented of this act : translate : it repented them of this 
 act. Compare Lesson XIV, Examples 11, 12. 
 
 10. following : proximus, a, una. 
 
 11. officers : use praefectus, i. 
 
 12. levy : inapero, 1, 
 
 13. arrested : use conaprehendo, ere, endi, ensus. 
 
 14. held : use retineo, ere, ui, tentus. 
 
146 Latin Composition, 
 
 17. 
 
 War Breaks out with the Veneti. 
 
 The neighboring tribes quickly followed the ex- 
 ample ^ of the Veneti. Thus ^ a new war broke out.^ 
 Caesar himself had set out for Illyricum, when he 
 was informed through messengers of these occur- 
 rences.'* Since he knew that the Gauls would not 
 wage war before the next spring, he remained in his 
 province the entire winter. Meanwhile/ fearing** 
 that the Belgae might lend aid to the maritime Gauls, 
 he sent Labienus with all the cavalry to the Rhine. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. example : exemplum, i. 
 
 2. thus: ita. 
 
 3. break out : use coorlor, iri, ortus. 
 
 4. occurrences : use res. 
 
 5. meanwhile : intereS. 
 
 6. fearing: use vereor. For the tense, see Lesson XLIII, 
 Example 7. 
 
 18. 
 
 Caesar's Preparations for the Contest. 
 
 Since Caesar understood that the Veneti would fight 
 with ships, he ordered a large Roman fleet to be made 
 ready and rowers and pilots ^ to be collected from the 
 province. Having first assembled^ his land' forces at 
 the beginning of the summer, he began to attack the 
 towns of the Veneti and captured very many. But 
 whenever* a town was captured, the enemy escaped by 
 
Exercises in Continued Discourse. 147 
 
 means of their ships and betook themselves to another 
 place. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. pilots : use gubernator, oris. 
 
 2. assembled: use c6g5, ere, coegi, coactus. 
 
 3. land: use pedester, tris, e. 
 
 4. whenever: see 288. 3 ; A. & G. 548; H. 601. 4. 
 
 19. 
 
 End of the Struggle. 
 
 Accordingly Caesar decided to wait for ^ the Eoman 
 fleet, which had long been detained by violent^ storms. 
 When this arrived, the Komans and Veneti engaged in 
 a naval battle,^ which lasted* from the fourth* hour 
 until sunset.^ Although the Veneti were superior ^ in 
 number of vessels, the Komans finally conquered.^ 
 For Brutus, who was in charge of the fleet, had 
 equipped^ his (men) with sharp ^*^ hooks" fastened ^^ to 
 long poles,^'^ by means of which they cut^'' the rigging^* 
 of the ships of the enemy. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. wait for : exspecto, 1 (transitive). 
 
 2. violent : translate : very great. 
 
 3. engarjed in a battle: use pugnam committere (com- 
 mitto, ere, misi, missus). 
 
 4. which lasted : begin a new sentence, and translate : it teas 
 fought (impers.)- 
 
 5. fourth ; quartus, a, um. 
 
 6. sunset: occasus solis (occasus, us). 
 
148 Latin Composition. 
 
 7. were superior: use superS, 1, 
 
 8. conquered: use vinco, ere, vici, victus. 
 
 9. equipped: use instruo, ere, struxi, stractus. 
 
 10. sharp : acutus, a, um. 
 
 11. hooks: falx, falcis, f. 
 
 12. fastened : use af figo, ere, fixi, flxus. 
 
 13. long poles: use long-urius, i, m. 
 
 14. cut : use abscido, ere, cidi, scisus. 
 
 15. rigging : rudentes, um, m. 
 
 20. 
 The Germans Invade Qa\il. 
 
 Although after three years Caesar had subdued ^ all 
 the Gallic tribes which resisted Roman authority,^ yet 
 the Germans were unwilling to remain in their own 
 territory, and often crossed the Rhine into Gaul. In 
 the consulship of Pompey and Crassus a large multi- 
 tude of Usipetes ^ and Tencteri * had emigrated from 
 home and come into the territory of the Belgae. 
 Thinking it would be dangerous,* if he should allow** 
 these to remain, Caesar decided to bring war upon 
 them. 
 
 Suersrestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. subdued: use dom5, &re, ul, itus. 
 
 2. authority : auctSritfts, atis, f. 
 
 3. f/«i/)e<e«; Usipetes, um. 
 
 4. Tencteri : Tencteri, Orum. 
 
 6. dangerous : periculOsus, a, um. 
 6. allou) : ainO, ere, sivl, situs. 
 
Exercises in Continued Discourse. 149 
 
 21. 
 
 Massacre of the Germans. 
 
 The ambassadors of the Germans had asked Caesar 
 to assign ^ them lands or to suffer them, with the sanc- 
 tion 2 of the Eoman people, to hold those which they 
 had already seized in the territory of the Menapii. 
 While the ambassadors were discussing ^ these matters 
 with Caesar at* a conference, they were suddenly 
 arrested. Caesar then marched out with all his forces 
 and attacked the camp of the Germans, before they 
 knew what had happened. Many thousands perished,* 
 and the rest returned into Germany. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. assign: tribuo, ere, ui, utus. 
 
 2. sanction : volTintas, atis. 
 
 3. were discussing : ago, ere, egi, actus. 
 
 4. at : translate : in. 
 
 5. perished: pereS, ire, ii, itiirus. 
 
 22. 
 
 Condemnation of Caesar's Act. 
 
 There were some ^ at Rome who blamed this act of 
 Caesar. He himself says in his Commentaries that 
 the Germans were merely ^ seeking a delay ,^ until the 
 cavalry which they had sent across the Meuse * should 
 return. Whether this suspicion was well-grounded* 
 or not, we do not know. Most (persons) believe that 
 
150 Latin Composition, 
 
 Caesar was cruel and treacherous. In the Roman 
 Senate Cato even moved ^ that Caesar be given up ^ to 
 the Germans, that they might take vengeance on him. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. some : nonnuUi, ae, a. 
 
 2. merely : tantum. 
 
 3. delay : mora, ae. 
 
 4. Meuse : Mosa, ae. 
 
 5. well-grounded: Justus, a, um. 
 
 6. moved: censeo, ere, ui, census. 
 
 7. given up : trado, ere, didi, ditus. 
 
 23. 
 Caesar Crosses the Rhine. 
 
 The Ubii, who had been made tributaries^ by the 
 Suebi, a powerful German tribe, had already long be- 
 fore,^ through their envoys, entreated^ Caesar to free 
 them from the domination* of the Suebi. Besides 
 this * the Usipetes and Tencteri had found safety and 
 abodes among the Sugambri, another German tribe. 
 For® these reasons Caesar decided to cross the Rhine, 
 and build a bridge of piles,^ by which to lead® his 
 troops across. But the Sugambri, as soon as they 
 heard that Caesar was drawing near them, abandoned* 
 their villages and betook themselves into the forests. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. tributaries : vectigaies, lum. 
 
 2. long before : before by much. 
 
Exercises in Continued Discourse, 151 
 
 3. entreated : obsecro, 1. 
 
 4. domination : dominatio, onis. 
 
 5. besides this the Usipetes had found : translate: it was added 
 that the Usipetes had found. See Lesson XXXIV, Example 11. 
 
 6. for : propter, prep, with ace. 
 
 7. of piles : use the ablative ; pile iu Latin is sublica, ae. 
 
 8. by which to lead across : use a Relative Clause of Purpose. 
 
 9. abandoned : desero, ere, m, sertus. 
 
 24. 
 
 Caesar's Second Invasion of Britain. 
 
 In the consulship of Pompey and Crassus^ Caesar 
 first landed^ an army in Britain. A year later ^ he 
 set out a second time * for this island with five legions 
 and a large number of cavalry. When he had disem- 
 barked* his army and chosen a place suitable for a 
 camp, he inquired from certain captives^ where the 
 enemy were, and was informed that, terrified by the 
 multitude of Eoman ships which they had seen, they 
 had withdrawn far from the coast.^ 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. in the consulship of Pompey and Crassus : express by the 
 iVblative Absolute. 
 
 2. landed: expono, ere, posui, positus. 
 
 3. a year later : translate : afterwards by a year. 
 
 4. a second time : iterum. 
 
 5. disembarked : use expono, as above. 
 
 6. captives: captivus, i, m. . 
 
 7. coast : litus, oris. 
 
152 Latin Composition, 
 
 25. 
 
 The Britons. 
 
 Caesar tells (us) that at this time there were many 
 large and very powerful tribes in Britain; that of 
 these the most civilized^ were those which inhabited 
 Kent,^ a region on the sea ^ ; that as money * they did 
 not use gold and silver,* but copper and iron^; that 
 timber'' of almost every kind grew* there, except^ 
 beech and fir ^^ ; that the Britons had hares, geese, and 
 hens," but thought it impious ^^ to eat^ these. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. civilized : hamftnus, a, um. 
 
 2. Kent : Cantium, i. 
 
 3. on the sea : maritimus, a, um. 
 
 4. as money : pro nummo : literally, for money, 
 
 5. gold, silver : aurum, i; argentum, I. 
 
 6. copper, iron: aes, aeris; ferrum, i. 
 
 7. timber : materia, ae. 
 
 8. grew : nSscor, i, natus. 
 
 9. except : praeter; prep, with ace. 
 10. beech, fir: f&gus, I; abiSs, etis. 
 
 H. hares, geese, hens: lepus, oris, m.; Anser, eris, m.; 
 gallina, ae, f. 
 
 12. impiotis : nefas, indecl. 
 
 13. eat : edS, ere, Sdl. Ssiis. 
 
 26. 
 A Battle with the Britons. 
 
 On the following ' day our cavalry fought with the 
 horsemen and charioteers^ of the enemy, and drove'* 
 
Exercises in Continued Discourse, 153 
 
 them from the plain across a small stream into the 
 woods ; but following too eagerly, our men lost more 
 than twenty^ of their own number.^ They then re- 
 turned across the stream and were fortifying a camp, 
 when suddenly the Britons rushed forth® from the 
 woods and made an attack upon' our men engaged^ 
 in the work. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. following : use posterus, a, um, here. 
 
 2. charioteers: essedarius, i. 
 
 3. drove : repello, ere, reppuli, pulsus, 
 
 4. more than tioenty : see 217. 3; A. & G. 407. c; H. 471. 4. 
 
 5. of their own number : see Lesson XXIII, Remark 1. 
 
 6. rushed forth : se eicio (eicio, ere, ejeci, ejectus). 
 
 7. upon : in, with ace. 
 
 8. engaged : versatus, a, um. 
 
 27. 
 
 Caesar Prepares to Return to Gaul. 
 
 Finally the Britons sent envoys to Caesar with 
 reference to^ submission.^ They promised they would 
 give the hostages which he demanded, and furnish him 
 grain and all things which he should need.^ Caesar, 
 since he wished to pass the winter on the continent,* 
 in order to see to it ^ that the Gauls made no ^ uprising,' 
 received the hostages and led his army back to the sea. 
 Here he found the ships, which had been shattered® 
 by a storm, already repaired.^ 
 
154 Latin Composition. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. with reference to : d§. 
 
 2. submission : deditiS, Snis, f . 
 
 3. which he should need : see Lesson XVI, Example 11. 
 
 4. continent: continens, entis, f. ; abl. continent!. 
 6. see to it : video, ere, vidi, visus. 
 
 6. that the Gauls made no: translate: that the Gauls should not 
 make any. 
 
 7. uprising : motus, us, m. 
 
 8. shattered: aflQigo, ere, flixi, flictus. 
 
 9. repaired : reflciS, ere, feci, fectus. 
 
 Caesar's Second Expedition into Germany. 
 
 In the following ^ year Caesar led his army a second 
 time ^ into Germany, because the Suebi had sent help 
 to the Treveri. He crossed the Rhine by a bridge a 
 little above ^ that place where he had led his army 
 across two years before. When he inquired of the 
 Ubii where the Suebi were, he was informed that, as 
 soon as they had learned of* Caesar's approach, they 
 had betaken themselves into the midst of a forest of 
 boundless * extent/ which is called Bacfinis. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. /o//ou>in»7; posterus, a, um. 
 
 2. a second time : iterum. 
 
 3. above : suprft, prep, with ace. 
 
 4. of: dS. 
 
 5. boundless : Inflnltus, a, um. 
 
 6. extent : magnitQdO, inis, f. 
 
Exercises in Continued Discourse, 155 
 
 Institutions of the Gauls — Tlie Druids. 
 
 Caesar tells (us) that in all Gaul those who were 
 of any account^ and honor were either Druids^ or 
 Knights ; that the Druids attended to ' the sacrifices * 
 both public* and private and the other religious^ ob- 
 servances; that they also decided' controversies, and 
 determined^ rewards^ and punishments; that at the 
 head ^^ of all the Druids was one, who was regarded as 
 the chief; that at a fixed time of year they all assem- 
 bled in a consecrated place in the territory of the 
 Carnutes." 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. account : numerus, i, m. ; of account : express by the 
 Ablative of Quality. 
 
 2. Druids : Druides, um. 
 
 3. attended to: procuro, 1 (transitive). 
 
 4. sacrifices : sacriflcium, i, n. 
 
 5. public, pHvate : publicus, a, um ; privatus, a, um. 
 
 6. religious observances : use religio, onis, f . 
 
 7. decided : decerno, ere, crevi, cretus. 
 
 8. determined: constituo, ere, ui, atus. 
 
 9. rewards, punishments : praemium, i ; poena, ae. 
 
 10. was at the head: praesum, esse, fui. 
 
 11. Carnutes : Garnutes, um. 
 
 30. 
 
 The Druids (continued). 
 
 (Caesar tells us) That hither^ came all who had 
 controversies and submitted to^ the decisions of the 
 Druids; that the Druids themselves enjoyed exenip- 
 
156 Latin Composition, 
 
 tion^ from military service* and all other burdens,* 
 which the people bore ; that the system ® originated ^ 
 in Britain and was transferred ® from there ® to Gaul ; 
 and that those who wished to understand it better 
 were wont ^^ to go thither for the sake of learning (it). 
 
 Sugrerestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. hither: hac. 
 
 2. submitted to : pare5, ere, ui, itarus; governs the dative. 
 
 3. exemption: immanitas, atis, f, 
 
 4. from militarif service : use the genitive of militia, ae. 
 
 5. burden : onus, eris, n. 
 
 6. system : disciplina, ae, f . 
 
 7. originated : orior, iri, ortus. 
 
 8. was transferred: transfer©, ferre, tuli, latns. 
 
 9. from there : illinc. 
 
 10. were wont : soleS, ere, solitxis. 
 
 31. 
 
 The Oauls Plan an Uprising:. 
 
 A short time after ^ Caesar had set out for Italy, 
 frequent^ rumors* were brought to the Gauls that 
 great dissensions had broken out * at Kome and that 
 Caesar, detained on that account,* was not able to 
 return to his army. Induced® by this opportunity,' 
 they began to adopt plans for waging war * ; nor did 
 they doubt that they would be able to cut Caesar off 
 from the army, if he should return into Gaul, since 
 the legions did not dare® to march out from winter 
 quarters without their commander. ^'^ 
 
Exercises in Continued Discourse, 157 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. See p. 145, Exercise 16, Suggestion 1. 
 
 2. frequent: creber, bra, brum. 
 
 3. rumors: rumor, oris, m. 
 
 4. break out : coorior, iri, coortus. 
 
 5. on that account : propterea. 
 
 6. induced : impell5, ere, puli, pulsus, 
 
 7. opportunity : liere use occasio, onis, f. 
 
 8. for waging tear: use tiie genitive of the gerundive con- 
 struction. 
 
 9. dare : audeS, ere, ausus. 
 
 10. commander : imperator, oris, m. 
 
 32. 
 
 Vercingetorix. 
 
 The leader of this uprising ^ was Vercingetorix, an 
 Arvernian,^ a young man of the greatest ability and 
 daring,^ whose father for many years had held the 
 leadership^ of all Gaul and had finally been killed on 
 the ground that^ he sought regal power. When his 
 plans became known,^ the chieftains of the Arverni, 
 who did not believe that the Roman power could be 
 crushed at this time, endeavored to restrain him/ but 
 Vercingetorix, having collected a large band, urged 
 his (countrymen) to take arms for the sake of their 
 common freedom.^ 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. uprising : motus, us, m. 
 
 2. Arvernian : Arvernus, i. 
 
 3. ability, daring : virtus, utis, f . ; audacia, ae, f . 
 
 4. leadership : principatus, us, m., 
 
158 Latin Composition. 
 
 5. on the ground that : quod ; 286 ; A. & G. MO. 2 ; H. 588. II. 
 
 6. when his plans became knoicn : translate : his plans having 
 become known. As verb use cogrn6sc6, ere, novi, nitus. 
 
 7. endeavored to restrain : express by the Conative Imperfect of 
 coerceo, ere, ui, itus, 
 
 8. freedom : libertas, atis, f . 
 
 Caesar Returns to Gaul. 
 
 Meanwhile the Koman commander-in-chief suddenly 
 returned to Gaul in the depth of winter.^ He quickly- 
 made ready those things which he regarded necessary 
 for defending the province, and sent also a large force* 
 across the Cevennes^ Mountain(s) into the territory of 
 the Arverni. But he did not dare to remain here, 
 fearing that he might be cut off from his army. 
 Accordingly he came first to Vienne,* and from there,* 
 attended only by a few horsemen, he returned through 
 the Haedui to his own troops. 
 
 Suererestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. depth of winter : translate : middle of winter, 
 
 2. force: use the plural, c6plae. 
 
 3. Cevennes: Cevenna, ae. 
 
 4. Viennc : Vienna, ae. 
 6. from there : inde. 
 
 84. 
 
 Verclngretorix is Accused of Treason. 
 
 While these ^ (events) were in progress,'* Vercin- 
 getorix was accused, of treason by liis (countrymen), 
 
Exercises in Continued Discourse, 159 
 
 * 
 because a few days previously he had moved his camp 
 
 nearer the Komans ; because he had himself departed 
 
 with the larger part of the Gallic horsemen ; because 
 
 he had put no one in charge of the infantry^ forces 
 
 which he had left behind."* His enemies said that 
 
 all these (things) could not have happened^ without 
 
 design,^ and that he seemed to be seeking the regal 
 
 power through Caesar's favor/ 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. these : use the neuter. 
 
 2. were in progress : use the passive of ag5, ere, egi, actus. 
 For the mood and tense, see 293. I ; A. & G. 556 ; H. 604. 1. 
 
 3. infantry : use pedester, tris, tre, 
 
 4. had left behind : relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus. 
 
 5. could not have happened: translate: were not able to hap' 
 pen ; Lesson XLI, Remark 1. 
 
 6. design : consilium, i, n. 
 
 7. favor : in this sense, gratia, ae, f. 
 
 35. 
 
 Vercingetorix's Defence. 
 
 "As to the fact that^ I moved the camp, I did this 
 in order that we might find more fodder 2; as to my 
 approaching^ nearer the Romans, I simply* chose a 
 place, which we could defend more easily ; as to my 
 withdrawing^ the cavalry, I wished to use it. I did 
 not hand over to any one the forces which I left, lest 
 he should be forced^ by the multitude to fight, against 
 my will.^" When he had said these and similar 
 
160 Latin Composition. 
 
 (things), the whole multitude shouted® that they no 
 longer ^ doubted concerning his loyalty.^® 
 
 Suggrestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. as to the fact that : quod, with indicative. 
 
 2. fodder : pabulum, i. For the proper case here, see Lesson 
 XII, Example 7. 
 
 3. as to my approaching : translate : as to the fact that I 
 approached. Use appropinqu5, 1. 
 
 4. simply: tantum. 
 
 5. as to my withdraioing : see Suggestion 3. For withdraw 
 (transitive), use deduce, ere, duxi, ductus. 
 
 6. 6e /orced .• c6g6, ere, coegi, coactus, 
 
 7. against my 10 ill : translate: I being unwilling, 
 
 8. shouted: conciamS, 1. 
 
 9. no longer : jam n6n. 
 10. loyalty : fides, ei, f . 
 
 36. 
 Pinal Revolt of the Gauls. 
 
 Finally all the Gauls from the Pyrenees* to the 
 Rhine, except the Remi ^ and a few other states, re- 
 volted,^ hoping that they could drive the Romans out 
 of Gaul and regain* their former freedom. The 
 Haedui demanded that a leader chosen from their 
 state should be placed in charge of the war, but the 
 rest desired* Vercingetorix, who, having been ap- 
 pointed commander-in-chief, betook himself to Alesia, 
 a town well fortified® and stocked' with food and 
 other supplies.* 
 
Exercises in Continued Discourse. 161 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. Pyrenees : Pyrenaei montes, 
 
 2. Remi : Remi, orum. 
 
 3. revolted: deflcio, ere, feci, fectum. 
 
 4. regain: recupero, 1. 
 
 5. desired: cupio, ere, cupivi, itus. 
 
 6. well fortified : use the superlative of mdnitus, a, um. 
 
 7. stocked : refertus, a, um. 
 
 8. supplies : opes, um. 
 
 37. 
 
 The Gauls Make Sorties from Alesia. 
 
 The eighty thousand Gauls shut up^ with Vercin- 
 getorix in Alesia soon lacked food.^ They determined 
 therefore ^ to try * whether ^ they could break through ® 
 the circumvallation ^ of the Eomans. Their first 
 assault was repulsed,^ but on the following^ day they 
 filled (up) the trenches of the enemy and drove the 
 defenders from the rampart.^^ Then Labienus, sent 
 thither by Caesar, collected the nearest cohorts and 
 with four legions attacked the enemy. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. shtit up : include, ere, clusi, clusus. 
 
 2. lacked food : translate : food was lacking to. Use desum, 
 deesse, defui. 
 
 3. therefore : igitur, post-positive. 
 
 4. to try : conor, 1. 
 
 5. whether : use si ; 300. 3 ; A. & G. 576. a ; H. 649. II. 3. 
 
 6. break through : perrunapS, ere, rupi, ruptus. 
 
 7. circumvallation : vallum, i. 
 
162 Latin Composition. 
 
 8. repulsed: repello, ere, reppuli, pulsus. 
 
 9. following : posterus, a, um. 
 10. rampari ; afirgrer,eris,m. 
 
 Failure of the Gallic Cause. 
 
 Before the eyes of Caesar himself, who came into 
 view ^ at this crisis,^ the Gauls were driven back, and 
 the squadrons ^ of Koman cavalry that had come with 
 Caesar, attacking their rear as they fled,* cut them to 
 pieces. On the following day Vercingetorix, having 
 called a council, declared that they must yield* to 
 fortune and that he himself was prepared*^ to give him- 
 self up' to the Eoman commander-in-chief. Mounted 
 on his horse ^ he advanced to the tribunal * of Caesar, 
 surrendered himself and his weapons, and sat down^° 
 in silence" on the steps ^^ at^^ Caesar's feet. 
 
 SuGrerestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. view : c5nspectus, Us. 
 
 2. crisis : discrimen, inis, n. 
 
 3. squadrons : turma, ae. 
 
 4. their rear as they fled : translate : the rear of (them) fleeing. 
 
 6. theij must yield : translate : it must be yielded ; impersonal 
 use of the passive periphrastic conjugation. 
 
 C. prepared : paratus, a, um. 
 
 7. give himself up : se dSdere. 
 
 8. mounted on his horse: equ5 vectus; literally, borne by 
 his horse. 
 
 9. tribunal: tribflnal, ftlis, n. 
 
 10. sat down: cdnsidd, ere, sSdi, sessum. 
 
Exercises in Continued Discourse, 163 
 
 11. in silence : ta.c\t\x.a. 
 
 12. steps: gradus, us. 
 
 13. at: ad. 
 
 Beginning of Strife between Pompey and Caesar. 
 
 When Caesar had brought all Gaul under the power 
 of the Romans, he placed Titus Labienus in charge of 
 these districts and himself set out for Italy. There 
 he was informed that his enemies were urging that he 
 be deprived of a part of his army. Caesar promised 
 that he would disband ^ a part of his troops, if Pompey 
 would do the same, and released ^ two legions. These 
 he supposed^ would, according'^ to the resolution * of 
 the Senate, be sent to the Parthian ^ war, but he later 
 found out that they had been handed over to Pompey. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. disband: dimitto, ere, misi, missus. 
 
 2. released: remitto, ere, misi, missus. 
 
 3. supposed: credo, ere, credidi, itus. 
 
 4. according to : ex. 
 
 5. resohitio7i: con8ultuTO.,i,n. 
 
 6. Parthian : Parthicus, a, um. 
 
 40. 
 
 The Character of Caesar. 
 
 It is difficult to form a correct judgment* concern- 
 ing Caesar's character.^ It is admitted^ that in early 
 
164 Latin Composition. 
 
 life ^ he was dissolute,* and that afterwards he showed 
 no regard^ for justice and the laws. Yet he was (a 
 man) of exceptional ^ foresight,^ and saw not only from 
 what evils the state was suffering ^ but also by what 
 means ^'^ these could be checked." Yet on account of 
 his premature ^^ death we cannot say how success- 
 fully^^ he would have organized" the government/* 
 if he had lived. 
 
 Suggestions on the Exercise. 
 
 1. form a correct judgment : r§cte jtldicftre. 
 
 2. character: Ingenlum. 
 
 3. it is admitted : constat. 
 
 4. in early life : express by adulSscSns in agreement with the 
 subject of the dependent infinitive. 
 
 5. dissolute : libidinosus, a, um. 
 
 (i. showed no regard: 'to show no regard* is in Latin n6n 
 ratiSnem habere, construed with a gen. of the thing. 
 
 7. exceptional : singularis, e. 
 
 8. foresight : prtldentia, ae. 
 
 9. was suffering from : labOrS, 1 ; with abl. 
 
 10. means: ratiS, 6nis. 
 
 11. be checked : contineS, Sre, ui, tentus. 
 
 12. premature : praematarus, a, um. 
 
 13. successfully: feliciter. 
 
 14. would have organized: cOnstltuO, ere, ul, tltus; for the 
 mood and tense, see 322. b. 
 
 16. government : rSs pttbllca. 
 
SPECIMENS OF LATIN COMPOSITION 
 ENTRANCE PAPERS SET BY REP- 
 RESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The sea was so full of pirates that no Roman sailed 
 there in safety. Traders were afraid that their for- 
 tunes would not be safe. Even armies crossed in the 
 dead of winter to escape the pirates ; for they knew 
 that a fleet which had a consul for commander had 
 been sunk at Ostia. When men asked who was de- 
 fending the provinces, the answer was that no one 
 was defending them, that perhaps the city of Rome 
 itself would be taken. — Based on Cicero: Manilian 
 Law, 31-33. — Harvard, 1904 (Advanced). 
 
 Since you have now captured the wicked leaders 
 of this dangerous and nefarious conspiracy you may 
 (debere) consider all the hopes, all the sources of 
 Catiline to be ruined {concidere). For I drove him 
 from the city because I knew that he alone was to be 
 feared, but only as long as he was within the walls of 
 the city. He, indeed, knew everything ; he selected 
 apt men and peri^uaded them to perform the most 
 shameful deeds. When he had conceived (capere) a 
 plan, his tongue and his hands were always ready to 
 accomplish it. When, therefore, I drove him from the 
 city into the camp I relieved you from the greatest 
 burden and anxiety, so that you might live in peace. 
 
 165 
 
166 Latin Composition. 
 
 For if Catiline had remained in the city we should al- 
 ways have to fight against him. But since he is gone, 
 there is no reason why we should fear either Lentulus 
 or Cassius or Cethegus. — Ya/e, 1903. 
 
 1. Was it not because the Haedui could not defend 
 themselves that they sent envoys to Caesar to ask his 
 aid? 
 
 2. When everything had been prepared for depart- 
 ure, there came storms which kept our soldiers in camp. 
 
 3. I think no one can deny that all these things 
 which we see are ruled by the power of the gods. 
 
 4. Who doubts that our soldiers have already gained 
 possession of the smaller camp? — College Entrance 
 Board, 1903 {Elementary). 
 
 If Cicero had not urged the Senate to declare that 
 the conspirators were no longer citizens, on the ground 
 that they had plotted against their country, he him- 
 self would have acted more justly and his enemies 
 would have been unable later to secure his banishment. 
 Nevertheless we must not believe that Cicero was in- 
 fluenced by bad motives. No one ought to doubt that 
 he was very fond of his country and was desirous only 
 of protecting his fellow-citizens from destruction. 
 Without doubt he had persuaded himself that the 
 safety of the country demanded the death of the con- 
 spirators. But he ought to have known that he was 
 putting them to death contrary to law. — College En- 
 trance Board, 1904 (Advanced). 
 
Sx>ecimen Entrance Papers. 167 
 
 If there had been a larger supply of grain in this 
 camp, I should not have informed you that our sol- 
 diers were without food. Since I did not know what 
 else we could do, I sent to you these messengers that 
 we might learn whether you could send us help. No 
 one doubted that you were in the same place near the 
 territory of the Allobroges. — College Entrance Board, 
 1904 {Elementary). 
 
 1. On receiving the letter, the general sent messen- 
 gers to say that the Romans desired peace, but would 
 fight all who attacked them. Meanwhile he fortified 
 his camp and got together as large a supply of pro- 
 visions as possible. Two days afterwards the enemy 
 came in sight, but soon withdrew. Nevertheless the 
 Eoman general asked for reenforcements, since it was 
 clear that the enemy would return next year in still 
 greater force. He now realized that he must show the 
 greatest diligence, that the soldiers must be encouraged, 
 and that spies must be sent to learn the movements of 
 the enemy. In this way the winter passed. 
 
 2. I am sorry that I said that I would not go. Now 
 I do not know what to do. What do you advise ? Tell 
 me what you really think, for I trust you in every 
 thing. — Princeton, 1904. 
 
 . 1. Caesar set out to the army earlier than was his 
 wont. Upon his arrival he learned that what he had 
 suspected would be done had actually been done : that 
 embassies had been sent by several states to the 
 Germans, and that the latter had been invited to leave 
 
168 Latin Composition. 
 
 the Ehine [with the promise] that all their demands 
 should be granted. 
 
 2. Therefore, since the war is so necessary that it 
 cannot be neglected, so great that it must be carried on 
 with the utmost care, and since you are able ta place 
 in command of it a general who has full knowledge of 
 the art of war, exceptional valor, splendid reputation, 
 wonderful fortune, do you still hesitate, citizens, to 
 employ [use verb coiiferre'] for the preservation and 
 enlargement of the state this great blessing, which the 
 immortal gods have offered you ? — Wellesley^ 1902. 
 
 1. The next day they moved the camp from that 
 place. Caesar did the same and sent forward all the 
 cavalry to the number of four thousand to see in what 
 direction the enemy were marching. Word was brought 
 to Caesar that these, following too eagerly upon the 
 enemy's rear, had engaged in battle with the cavalry of 
 the Helvetians and had been repulsed. Caesar kept 
 his men from fighting, until by forced marches they 
 had come to a place about six miles distant from the 
 enemy's camp. Then at last Liscus was persuaded to 
 tell what he knew of the plans of the Haedui. 
 
 2. Since I have spoken of the character of the war, 
 I will now say a few words as to its magnitude. For 
 this can be said, that the war is so necessary that it 
 must be waged, not so great that it must be dreaded.* 
 
 3. Therefore, fellow-citizens, do you, as I have said, 
 defend your houses by night-watches: I have made 
 provision that the city should have sufficient protection 
 without any disturbance. — Wellesley, 1904. 
 
GENERAL VOCABULARY. 
 
 N<?tE. — "Words enclosed in parentheses are not themselves defined, but are 
 inserted to assist in the definition of other words. Regular verbs of the first 
 conjugation are indicated by the numeral 1 following the present indicative. 
 
 A. 
 
 able, be able, possum, posse, 
 
 potui. 
 abode, domicilium, i, n. 
 about, concerning, de, prep. 
 
 with abl. 
 about, around, circum, prep. 
 
 with ace. 
 absent, be absent, absum, esse, 
 
 afui, afuturus. 
 accept, accipio, ere, cepi, 
 
 ceptus. 
 accomplish, efficio, ere, feci, 
 
 fectus ; conficio, ere, feci, 
 
 fectus. 
 accordingly, itaque. 
 (account), on account of, prop- 
 ter, prep, with ace. 
 accuse, accus5, 1. 
 accustomed, am accustomed, 
 
 perfect tenses of consuesco, 
 
 ere, suevi, suetus. 
 acquainted, be acquainted 
 
 with, perfect tenses of 
 
 cognosco, ere, novi, nitus. 
 across, trans, prep, with ace. 
 act, factum, i, n. 
 (added), be added, accedo, ere, 
 
 cessi, cessurus ; literally, 
 
 approach ; it is added, ac- 
 
 cedit, ere, accessit. 
 adjudge^ jiidic5, 1. 
 admire, admiror, 1. 
 admonition, give admonition, 
 
 admoneo, ere, ui, itus. 
 adopt (a plan), capio, ere, cepi, 
 
 captus. 
 advance, progredior, i, gressus 
 
 sum. 
 advantage, commodum, i, n. ; 
 
 iisus, lis, ra. 
 advice, consilium, i, n. 
 advise, moneo, ere, ui, itus. 
 advocate, promoter, auctor, 
 
 oris, ra. 
 afraid, be afraid, timeo, ere, 
 
 ui. 
 Africa, Africa, ae, f. 
 after, postquam, conj. 
 after, post, prep, with ace. 
 afterwards, postea. 
 against, in, prep, with ace. 
 against, contrary to, contra, 
 
 prep, with ace. 
 (age), at the age of, natus, con- 
 strued with the ace. of the 
 
 age. 
 
 169 
 
170 
 
 Latin Composition, 
 
 ago, ante, adv. 
 
 aid, subsidium, i, n. 
 
 Alesia, Alesia, ae, f. » 
 
 alive, vivus, a, um. 
 
 all, omnis, e. 
 all the best, noblest, etc., 
 quisque, with superl. 
 
 allies, socii, orum, m. 
 
 Allobroges, AUobroges, um, m. 
 
 allow, sino, ere, sivi, situs. 
 
 almost, paene. 
 
 Alps, Alpes, ium, f. 
 
 already, jam. ^ 
 
 already for a long time, jam 
 diu. 
 
 also, etiam ; quoque, post-posi- 
 tive. 
 
 alter, converto, ere, verti, ver- 
 sus. 
 
 although, though, quamquam ; 
 quam vis ; cum. 
 
 always, semper. 
 
 ambassador, legatus, i, m. 
 
 ambush, insidiae, arum, f. 
 
 among, apud, prep, with ace. 
 among, between, in the midst 
 
 of, inter, prep, with ace. 
 among, in, in, prep, with abl. 
 
 ancestors, majores, um, m. 
 
 ancient, pristinus, a, um ; anti- 
 quus, a, um. 
 
 and, et; -que (enclitic); atque. 
 and not, neve, neu ; neque. 
 and yet, quamquam. 
 
 angry, be angry, irascor, i, con- 
 strued with dat. 
 
 announce, nuntid, 1. 
 
 another, alius, a, ud. 
 
 answer, responded, ere, spondi, 
 
 sponsum. 
 anybody, any one, anything, 
 
 quisquam, quaequam, quia- 
 
 quam; quis, quid. 
 Apollo, Apollo, inis, m. t«. 
 appearance, species, ei, f. 
 appoint, constituo, ere, ui, iitus. 
 appoint, elect, cred, 1 ; ai>- 
 
 point (a dictator), dico, 
 
 ere, dixi, dictus. 
 approach, adventus, iis, m. 
 approach somebody or some- 
 thing, adeo, ire, ii, itus 
 
 (trans.) ; accedo, ere, cessi, 
 
 cessurus, followed by ad 
 
 with ace. 
 approve, probo, 1. 
 April, of April, Aprilis, e. 
 Aquileia, Aquileia, ae, f. 
 Aquitania, Aquitania, ae, f. 
 Arar, Arar, aris, m. 
 archer, Sagittarius, i, m. 
 Ariovistus, Ariovistus, i, m. 
 arm, armo, 1. 
 armament, armor, armatura, 
 
 ae, f. 
 armed, armatus, a, um. 
 arms, weapons, arma, 5rum, n. 
 army, exercitus, us, m. 
 army (on the march), ag- 
 
 men, inis, n. 
 arrest, comprehendd, ere, hendi, 
 
 hensus. 
 arrival, adventus, us, m. 
 arrive, adveniS, ire, veni, ven- 
 
 tum ; perveni5, ire, rSni, 
 
 ventum. 
 
General Vocabulary, 
 
 171 
 
 arrogant, insolens, entis. 
 Arveriii, Arvemi, orum, m. 
 as, ut. 
 as, when, cum ; ut ; ubi. 
 as, correlative with previous 
 
 so or as^ quam. 
 as = so, tarn. 
 2& if, as though, quasi. 
 as long as, dum. 
 as not to, after so^ such, 
 etc., in a negative clause, 
 quin. 
 as soon as, simul atque (ac). 
 ascent, ascensus, iis, ni. 
 ashamed, it shames, pudet, ere, 
 
 uit, impersonal, 
 ask (a question) , rogo ; inter- 
 rogo, 1. 
 ask, inquire of, quaero, ere, 
 
 quaesivi, quaesitus. 
 ask, request, rogo, 1. 
 assassination, caedes, is, f. 
 assault, oppugnatio, 5iiis, f. 
 assemble (intrans.), convenio, 
 
 ire, veni, ventum. 
 assembly, concilium, i, n. 
 assistance, auxilium, i, n. 
 at, ad, prep, with ace.; also in, 
 prep, with abl. 
 (at hand) , be at hand, adsum, 
 
 esse, adfui, adfuturus. 
 at once, statim. 
 attack (noun), impetus, us, m. 
 attack (verb), adorior, iri, ortus 
 sum. 
 attack, assault (a town), op- 
 pugno, 1. 
 attempt, conor, 1. 
 
 attend, accompany, comitor, 1. 
 authority, auctoritas, atis, f. 
 auxiliaries, auxilia, orum, n. 
 avail, valeo, ere, ui, itiirus. 
 avenge, ulciscor, i, ultus. 
 avenue, avenue of approach, 
 
 aditus, iis, m. 
 avoid, vito, 1. 
 await, exspecto, 1. 
 away, be away, be distant, ab- 
 
 sum, esse, afui, afuturus. 
 
 B. 
 
 bad, malus, a, um. 
 
 baggage, impedimenta, orum, 
 
 n. 
 band, manus, us, f. 
 baneful, capitalis, e. 
 bank, ripa, ae, f. 
 barbarians, barbari, orum, m. 
 battle, proelium, i, n.; pugna, 
 
 ae, f . 
 be, sum, esse, fui, futunis. 
 be without, careo, ere, ui, itu- 
 
 rus. 
 bear, fero, ferre, tuli, latus. 
 bear in mind, memini, isse, 
 
 with gen. of the person, 
 because, quod ; quia ; cum. 
 become, fi5, fieri, factus sum. 
 before, in the presence of, 
 
 apud, ad, preps, with ace. 
 before, ante ; antea, adv. 
 before, antequam, priusquam, 
 
 conj. • 
 
 beg, 5r6, 1. 
 begin, coepi, coepisse ; when 
 
 governing a pass. inf. the 
 
172 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 perf. ind. is regularly coep- 
 
 tus est. 
 begin (a thing) , instituo, ere, 
 
 ui, utus ; begin (battle), 
 
 proelium committd, ere, 
 
 misi, missus, 
 beginning, initium, i, n. 
 behold, aspicio, ere, spexi, 
 
 spectus. 
 Belgians, Belgae, arum, m. 
 believe, cred5, ere, credidi, 
 
 creditus. 
 besides (prep.), praeter, with 
 
 ace. 
 besides (adv.), praeterea. 
 best, superl. of bonus, 
 betake oneself, recipio, ere, 
 
 cepi, ceptus, with a re- 
 flexive, 
 betray, prodo, ere, prodidi, 
 
 ditus. 
 better, adj., melior ; adv., 
 
 melius. 
 between, inter, prep, with ace. 
 Blbracte, Bibracte, is, n. 
 Bibulus, Bibulus, i, m. 
 blame (noun), culpa, ae, f. 
 blame (verb), culpO, 1. 
 blessing, commodum, i, n. 
 block, obstruct, obstruo, ere, 
 
 struxi, structus. 
 l)loodshe(l, caedes, is, f. 
 blue, caeruleus, a, um. 
 boast, make a boast, glorior, 1. 
 boat, navigtum, i, n. 
 body, corpus, oris, n. 
 book, liber, libri, m. 
 booty, praeda, ae, f. 
 
 borders, fines, ium, m. 
 
 born, be born, nascor, i, natus 
 
 sum. 
 born, natus, a, um. 
 both . . . and, et . . . et. 
 both, each, uterque, utraque, 
 
 utrumque. 
 boy, puer, eri, m. 
 brave, fortis, e. 
 bravely, fortiter. 
 bravery, fortitudo, inis, f. 
 break (of camp), moveo, ere, 
 
 movi, motus. 
 bridge, pons, pontis, m. 
 bring, affero, ferre, attuli, al- 
 
 latus. 
 bring back, rediico, ere, diixi, 
 
 ductus, 
 bring back word, referS, 
 
 ferre, rettuli, relatus. 
 bring under, redigo, ere, egi, 
 
 actus, 
 bring on or upon, infer5, ferre, 
 
 intuli, illatus ; with dat. 
 
 of indir. obj. 
 Britain, Britannia, ae, f. 
 Britons, Britanni, 5rum, m. 
 broad, latus, a, um. 
 brother, frater, tris, m. 
 brushwood, virgulta, 5rum, n. 
 build, struS, ere, striixi, striic- 
 
 tus ; (a bridge) faci6, ere, 
 
 feci, factus. 
 burrt (tr.), of things, combiir5, 
 
 ere, ussi, ustus ; of per- 
 sons, crem5, 1. 
 but (if strongly adversative), 
 
 sed. 
 
General Vocabulary. 
 
 173 
 
 but (denoting transition) , au- 
 
 tem, post-positive, 
 but if, sin. 
 buy, emo, ere, emi, emptus. 
 by (of personal agent), a, ab, 
 prep, with abl. 
 by no means, minime. 
 
 C. 
 
 Caesar, Caesar, is, m. 
 call, name, appell5, 1. 
 call, summon, voco, 1. 
 call together, convoco, 1. 
 camp, castra, orum, n. 
 can, be able, possum, posse, 
 
 potui. 
 captive, captivus, i, m. 
 capture, capio, ere, cepi, captus. 
 care, cura, ae, f. 
 carry, porto, 1. 
 carry (in), infero, ferre, 
 
 intuli, illatus. 
 Carthage, Karthago, inis, f. 
 Cassius, Cassius, i, m. 
 Casticus, Casticus, i, m. 
 Catamantaloedes, Catamanta- 
 
 loedes, is, m. 
 Cato, Cato, 5nis, m. 
 cause, causa, ae, f. 
 cavalry, equitatus, iis, m. ; 
 
 equites, um, m. pi. 
 cease, desisto, ere, destiti. 
 centurion, centurio, onis, m. 
 century (military division), cen- 
 
 turia, ae, f. 
 certain, certain one, quidam, 
 
 quaedam, quiddam or 
 
 quoddam. 
 
 change (of affairs), res novae, 
 rerum novarum, f . 
 
 character, nature, natura, ae, f. 
 character, acquired charac- 
 ter, mores, um, m. 
 
 characteristic of, proprius, a, 
 um. 
 
 charge, be in charge, praesum, 
 esse, fui, construed with 
 dat. 
 charge, put in charge, prae- 
 ficio, ere, feci, fectus, 
 construed with dat. 
 
 chariot, war chariot, essedum, 
 i, n. 
 
 cherish, col5, ere, colui, cultus. 
 
 chief, princeps, ipis, m. 
 
 chieftain, princeps, ipis, m. 
 
 children, liberi, orum, m. 
 
 choose, deligo, ere, legi, lectus. 
 
 Cincinnatus, Cincinnatus, i, m. 
 
 citizen, fellow-citizen, civis, 
 is, m. 
 
 city, urbs, urbis, f. 
 
 civil, civilis, e. 
 
 clear, be clear, constat, are, 
 stitit, impersonal. 
 
 clearly hear, exaudio, ire, ivi, 
 itus. 
 
 climb, ascendo, ere, endi, en- 
 sus. 
 climb over, transcends, ere, 
 scendi. 
 
 cohort, cohors, rtis, f. 
 
 collect, colligo, ere, legi, lec- 
 tus. 
 
 colony, colonia, ae, f. 
 
 come, venio, ire, veni, ventum. 
 
174 
 
 Latin Composition, 
 
 come np, arrive, advenio, ire, 
 
 veni, ventum. 
 command, mandatum, i, n. 
 commander, dux, ducis, m. ; 
 
 imperator, oris, m. 
 commander-in-chief, impera- 
 tor, oris, m. 
 commentary, commentarius, i, 
 
 m. 
 common, commiinis, e. 
 complain, queror, i, questus 
 
 sum. 
 complete, perficio, ere, feci, 
 
 fectus. 
 complexion, color, 5ris, m. 
 comrade, commilito, onis, m. 
 concern, it concerns, interest, 
 
 esse, f uit ; refert, ferre, re- 
 
 tulit, impersonal, 
 concerning, de, prep, with 
 
 abl. 
 condemn, condemns, 1. 
 conduct, manage, gero, ere, 
 
 gessi, gestus. 
 confer (with), coUoquor, i, 
 
 locutus. 
 conference, colloquium, i, n. 
 confidence, trustworthiness, 
 
 fides, ei, f. 
 confident, confidens, entis. 
 confusi(m, tumultus, iis, m. 
 congratulate, gratulor, firi, 
 
 atus sum, with tho dat. 
 consecrate, c5nsecr5, 1. 
 consequence, in consequence 
 
 of, propter, prep, with ace. 
 consider, regard, puto, 1 ; ex- 
 
 istitnO, 1. 
 
 conspiracy, conjuratio, onis, f. 
 conspirators, conjiirati, orum, 
 
 m. 
 conspire, conjuro, 1. 
 consternation, perturbati5, 
 
 onis, f. 
 consul, consul, is, m. 
 consulship, consulatus, iis, m. 
 consult, consulo, ere, ui, sultus, 
 
 with the ace. 
 consult for, consulo, ere, ui, 
 
 sultus, with the dat. 
 contempt, contemptio, 5nis, f. 
 contented, contentus, a, um. 
 contrary to, contra, prep, with 
 
 ace. 
 controversy, controversia, ae, 
 
 f. 
 convict, condemns, 1. 
 council, concilium, i, n. 
 country, native country, patria, 
 
 ae, f. 
 country (as opposed to the 
 
 city), rus, ruris, n. 
 courage, animus, i, m. 
 courageously, fortiter. 
 cowardice, ignavia, ae, f. 
 Crassus, Crassus, i, m. 
 crime, scelus, eris, n. 
 cross, transeo, ire, ii, itiinis. 
 cruel, crudelis, e. 
 cruelty, crudelitas, atis, f. 
 crush, opprim5, ere, pressi, 
 
 pressus. 
 cry (of distress), pl5ratus, us, 
 
 m. 
 cultivate, col9, ere, colui, cul- 
 
 tus. 
 
General Vocabulary. 
 
 175 
 
 custom, mos, moris, m. 
 
 cut off, intercludo, ere, clusi, 
 
 clusus. 
 cut to pieces, occido, ere, cidi, 
 
 cisus. 
 
 D. 
 
 danger, periculum, i, n. 
 
 dare, audeo, ere, ausus. 
 
 daughter, filia, ae, f. 
 
 day, dies, ei, m. 
 
 dead, mortuus, a, um. 
 
 deadly, capitalis, e. 
 
 dear, cams, a, um. 
 
 death, mors, mortis, f. 
 to death, with verbs of con- 
 demning, capite (caput, 
 ills, n.)- 
 
 decide, constituo, ere, ui, iitus. 
 
 decision, judicium, i, n. 
 
 declare, declaro, 1. 
 
 decree, decern5, ere, crevi, 
 cretus. 
 
 dedicate, dedico, 1. 
 
 deed, factum, i, n. 
 
 deep, altus, a, um. 
 
 defeat, supero, 1. 
 
 defence, defensio, onis, f. 
 
 defend, defendo, ere, fendi, 
 fensus. 
 
 defender, defensor, 5ris, m. 
 
 delay, moror, 1. 
 
 deliberate, delibero, 1. 
 
 deliver (a speech), habeo, ere, 
 ui, itus. 
 deliver from, liber5, 1. 
 
 Delos, Delos, i, f. 
 
 demand (verb), postulo, 1 ; 
 
 flagito, 1 ; posc5, ere, po- 
 
 posci. 
 demand (noun), postulatum, 
 
 i, n. 
 depart, deced5, ere, cessi, ces- 
 
 siirus. 
 departure, decessus, us, m. 
 depend, nitor, i, nisus or nixus 
 
 sum. 
 deprive, privo, 1. 
 desert, desero, ere, serui, ser- 
 
 tus. 
 deserter, perfuga, ae, m. 
 desire, wish, opt5, 1. 
 desire, eagerness, cupiditas, 
 
 atis, f. ; libido, inis, f. 
 desirous, cupidus, a, um ; avi- 
 
 dus, a, um. 
 desist, desisto, ere, destiti. 
 despair of, despero, 1, with the 
 
 ace. 
 despise, contemno, ere, tempsi, 
 
 temptus. 
 destroy, wipe out, deleo, ere, 
 
 evi, etus. 
 destroy, break down, re- 
 
 scindo, ere, soldi, scissus. 
 detain, retineo, ere, ui, ten- 
 
 tus. 
 devote, devote one's self to 
 
 something, dedo, ere, de- 
 
 didi, deditus, with a re- 
 flexive pronoun. 
 Diana, Diana, ae, f. 
 dictator, dictator, oris, m. 
 die, morior, mori, mortuus 
 
 sum. 
 difficult, dif&cilis, e. 
 
176 
 
 Latin Composition, 
 
 difficulty, difficultas, atis, f. 
 dig (a trench), duco, ere, duxi, 
 
 ductus, lit. lead, run. 
 disagree, dissentio, ire, sensi. 
 disaster, clades, is, f. 
 discipline, disciplina, ae, f. 
 discuss, disputo, 1. 
 disembark, e navi or navibus 
 
 egredior, i, gressus. 
 dissension, dissensio, onis, f. 
 distant, be distant, absum, esse, 
 
 afui, afuturus. 
 distribute, distribuo, ere, ui, 
 
 iitus. 
 district, regio, onis, f. 
 ditch, fossa, ae, f. 
 Divico, Divico, onis, m. 
 Divitiacus, Divitiacus, i, m. 
 do, facio, ere, feci, factus. 
 doubt, dubito, 1. 
 draw near, appropinquo, 1, 
 
 construed with dat. 
 draw on, lure on, traho, ere, 
 
 traxi, tractus. 
 draw up, instruo, ere, struxi, 
 
 striictus. 
 drive, drive away, drive out, 
 
 drive from, expello, ere, 
 
 puli, pulsus, 
 drive back, repello, ere, rep- 
 
 puli, repulsus. 
 Druids, Druides, um, m. 
 Dumnorix, Dumnorix, igis, m. 
 duty, of&cium, i, n. 
 dwell, incol5, ere, colui, cultus ; 
 
 figuratively, insum, inesse, 
 
 infui, construed with in 
 
 and the abl. 
 
 E. 
 
 each, quisque, quaeque, quic- 
 
 que. 
 each (of two), uterque, utra- 
 
 que, utrumque. ^ 
 each other, for the first and 
 
 second persons, use the 
 
 plural of ego and tu ; for 
 
 the third person, use sui. 
 eager, eager for, cupidus, a, um, 
 
 with the gen. 
 eagerly, acriter. 
 eagerness, zeal, studium, i, n. ; 
 
 cupiditas, atis, f. 
 eagle, aquila, ae, f. 
 earnestly, vehementer. 
 easily, facile, 
 easy, facilis, e. 
 efforts, opera, ae, f. 
 eight, octo, indecl. 
 eighteen, duodeviginti, indecl. 
 eighth, octavus, a, um. 
 eight hundred, octingenti, ae, a. 
 eighty, octoginta. 
 either ... or, aut . . . aut, if the 
 
 two alternatives exclude 
 
 each other ; otherwise vel 
 
 . . . vel. 
 either, either one (of two), 
 
 utervis, utravis, utrumvis. 
 eldest, maximus, maximus 
 
 natu. 
 elect, cre5, 1. 
 
 election, comitia, 5rum, n. 
 elevated, excelsus, a, um. 
 ( Ise, alius, a, ud. 
 embankment, agger, eris, m. 
 
General Vocabulary. 
 
 Ill 
 
 erabezzlement, peculatus, us, 
 
 m. 
 emigrate, emigro, 1. 
 empty, inanis, e. 
 (end), at the end of, extremus, 
 
 a, um, with a substantive, 
 endure, perfero, ferre, tuli, 
 
 latus. 
 enemy (in military sense), hos- 
 
 tis, is, 0. ; (collectively), 
 
 hostes, ium, m. 
 personal enemy, inimicus, i, 
 
 m. 
 energy, virtiis, iitis, f. 
 enjoin, enjoin upon, praecipio, 
 
 ere, cepi, ceptus, construed 
 
 with dat. of the person, 
 enjoy, fruor, i, fruitiirus. 
 enough, satis, 
 enroll, c5nscrib6, ere, scrips!, 
 
 scriptus. 
 enter into, enter upon, ineo, 
 
 ire, ii, itus. 
 entire, t5tus, a, um. 
 entirely, omnino. 
 envoy, legatus, i, m. 
 envy, invideo, ere, vidi, visum, 
 
 w^ith dat. 
 error, error, 5ris, m. 
 escape, get away (intrans.), 
 
 evado, ere, vasi, vasum. 
 escape something, effugio, 
 
 ere, fiigi, fugiturus. 
 especially, praecipue. 
 even, etiam. 
 not even, ne . . . quidem, with 
 
 the emphatic word or 
 
 phrase between. 
 
 ever, at any time, unquam. 
 
 ever, always, semper. 
 every, omnis, e. 
 evil (noun), malum, i, n. 
 excellent, egregius, a, um. 
 except, praeter, prep, with ace. 
 excuse, exciisati5, onis, f. 
 exempt, liber, a, um. 
 exercise, iitor, i, usus. 
 exhibit, praest5, are, stiti, 
 
 stilus. 
 (expected, supposed, — sooner, 
 
 larger) than expected or 
 
 supposed, opini5ne, abl. of 
 
 opinio, onis. 
 experienced, peritus, a, um. 
 exploits, res gestae, rerum ges- 
 
 tarum, f. 
 extend (thanks), ago, ere, egi, 
 
 actus, 
 eye, oculus, i, m. 
 
 F. 
 
 faction, f actio, onis, f. 
 
 fair, just, aequus, a, um. 
 
 fall upon, incido, ere, incidi, 
 
 with the dat. 
 family, stock, genus, eris, n. 
 famous, clams, a, um. 
 far, longe, adv. 
 farther, ulterior, us. 
 fate, fatum, i, n. 
 father, pater, patris, m. 
 favor j beneficium, i, n. 
 fear (noun), metus, us, m. 
 fear (verb), metuo, ere, ui ; 
 
 vereor, eri, itus. 
 fertile, ferax, acis. 
 
178 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 few, paucT, ae, a. 
 
 very few, perpauci, ae, a. 
 field, agar, agri, m. 
 fifteen, quindecim. 
 fifth, quintus, a, um. 
 figbt, pugno, 1. 
 fill, compleo, ere, evi, etus. 
 filled, completus, a, um. 
 filled, crowded full of, refer- 
 
 tus, a, um. 
 finally, postremo. 
 find (by searching), reperii, 
 
 ire, repperi, repertus. 
 find, come upon, invenio, ire, 
 
 veni, ventus. 
 find out something (by inves- 
 tigation), comperio, ire, 
 
 peri, pertus. 
 find (good, bad, etc.), utor, 
 
 i, usus, with pred. abl. 
 find, secure, obtain, pario, 
 
 ere, peperi, partus; nan- 
 
 ciscor, i, nactus. 
 finish, perficio, ere, feci, fectus ; 
 
 conficio, ere, feci, fectus. 
 first, primus, a, um. 
 first (adv.), primum ; at first, 
 
 primo. 
 fit, idoneus, a, um. 
 five, quinque. 
 fixed, certus, a, um. 
 flee, fugio, ere, fugi, fugitiirus. 
 fleet, classis, is, f. 
 flight, fuga, ae, f. 
 flourishing, florens, entis. 
 follow, sequor, i, secutus. 
 follower, comes, itis, c. 
 folly, stultitia, ae, f. 
 
 food, cibus, i, m. 
 
 foot, pes, pedis, m. 
 foot of, base of, imus, a, um. 
 
 foot-soldier, pedes, itis, m. 
 
 for, denoting purpose, ad, prep, 
 with ace. ; denoting motion, 
 in, with ace. 
 
 for (conj.), nam ; or enim, post- 
 positive. 
 
 forbid, veto, are, ui, itus. 
 
 force, compel, cogo, ere, coegi, 
 coactus. 
 
 force, vis, vis, f. 
 forces, c5piae, arum, f. 
 
 foresight, priidentia, ae, f. 
 
 forest, silva, ae, f. 
 
 forget, obliviscor, i, oblitus sum. 
 
 form, make, facio, ere, feci, fac- 
 tus. 
 
 former . . . (latter), ille, a, ud. 
 
 former, with reference to the 
 present, superior, us. 
 
 formerly, olim. 
 
 fortification, munitio, onis, f. 
 
 fortify, muni5, ire, ivi, itus. 
 
 fortune, fortiina, ae, f. 
 fortune (in sense of prop- 
 erty), fortiinae, arum, f. 
 
 forty, quadraginta. 
 
 Forum, Forum, i, n. 
 
 found, condd, ere, didi, ditus. 
 
 four, quattuor. 
 
 frame, corpus, oris, n. 
 
 free (adj.), liber, a, um. 
 
 free (verb), libero, 1. 
 
 freedom, libertas, atis, f. 
 
 friend, amicus, i, m. ; amica, 
 ae, f. 
 
General Vocabulary. 
 
 179 
 
 friendly, amicus, a, um. 
 
 friendship, amicitia, ae, f. 
 
 from, a, ab ; from, out of, e, ex ; 
 down from, de ; preposi- 
 tions with abl. 
 from tlie vicinity of, a, ab, 
 
 witli abl, 
 from (after verbs of hinder- 
 ing, etc.), quo minus, 
 ne, quin. 
 
 fruit, fructus, iis, m. 
 
 full, plenus, a, um. 
 
 furnish, praebeo, ere, ui, itus. 
 
 furthest, superl. of longe. 
 
 G. 
 
 gain possession of, potior, iri, 
 
 itus. 
 Gains, Gaius, i, m. ; abbreviated 
 
 C. 
 Galba, Galba, ae, m. 
 Gallic, Gallicus, a, um. 
 garrison, praesidium, i, n. 
 gate, porta, ae, f. 
 gather (intrans.), convenio, ire, 
 
 veni, ventum. 
 gather (trans.), cogo, ere, coegi, 
 
 coactus. 
 Gaul, a Gaul, Gallus, i, m. 
 Gaul, the country, Gallia, 
 ae, f. 
 general, dux, ducis, m. 
 Geneva, Genava, ae, f. 
 Gergovia, Gergovia, ae, f. 
 German, Germanus, a, um ; as 
 
 noun, Germani, orum, m. 
 Germany, Germania, ae, f. 
 get possession, potior, iri, itus. 
 
 get ready (trans.), comparo, 1. 
 gift, d5num, i, n. 
 give, d5, dare, dedi, datus. 
 glory, gloria, ae, f. 
 Gnaeus, Gnaeus, i, m. ; abbre- 
 viated Cn. 
 go, e5, ire, ivi, itum. 
 go around, circumeo, ire, ii, 
 
 itus. 
 go away, abeo, ire, ii, iturus. 
 go forth, exeo, ire, ii, itum. 
 good, bonus, a, um. 
 gradually, paulatim. 
 grain, friimentum, i, n. 
 grant, do, dare, dedi, datus ; 
 
 concedd, ere, cessi, ces- 
 
 surus. 
 great, magnus, a, um. 
 greatest (of qualities), sum- 
 
 mus, a, um. 
 greatly, magnopere. 
 grieve, grieve over, doled, ere, 
 
 ui, itiirus. 
 guard, protection, praesidium, 
 
 i, n. 
 guard, a guard, ciistos, 
 
 odis, c. 
 guardian, ciistos, odis, c. 
 
 H- 
 
 habit, mos, moris, m. 
 
 Haeduan (adj.), Haeduus, a, 
 um ; as noun, Haeduus, i, 
 m. ; Haedui, Haedui, orum. 
 
 hand, manus, iis, f. 
 
 (hand), on (left) hand, 
 (right) hand, etc., parte 
 (abl. of pars, partis, f.). 
 
180 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 liand, be at hand, adsum, esse, 
 adfui, adfuturus. 
 
 hand, be on hand, suppeto, 
 ere, ivi or ii, itum. 
 
 hand over, trad5, ere, didi, ditus. 
 
 happen, be done, fio, fieri, fac- 
 tus. 
 happen, accido, ere, i ; acci- 
 dit, ere, accidit, imper- 
 sonal. 
 
 harbor, portus, us, m. 
 
 hardship, labor, 5ris, m. 
 
 harm, do harm, noceo, ere, ui, 
 itiirus, with dat. of indi- 
 rect obj. 
 
 hasten (to do something), ma- 
 tiiro, 1 ; hasten, press on, 
 contendo, ere, endi, entum. 
 
 hate, odi, odisse. 
 
 hateful, odiosus, a, um. 
 
 hatred, odium, i, n. 
 
 haughty, superbus, a, um. 
 
 have, habeo, ere, ui, itus. 
 
 he who, is qui. 
 
 hear, audio, ire, ivi, itus. 
 hear clearly, exaudi5, ire, 
 ivi, itus. 
 
 heavy, gravis, e. 
 
 height, altitud5, inis, f. 
 
 help (noun), auxilium, i, n. 
 
 help (verb), juvo, are, jiivi, 
 jutus. 
 
 Helvetii, Helvetians, Helvetii, 
 5rum, m. 
 
 her, suus, a, um, reflexive. 
 
 here, hie. 
 here, be here, adsum, esse, 
 f ui, futiirus. 
 
 hide, cel5, 1. 
 high, altus, a, um. 
 high (of price), magnus, a, 
 
 um. 
 higher, at a higher price 
 
 (with verbs of vahdng^ 
 
 buying^ and selling) ^ plu- 
 
 ris. 
 highest (of qualities), sum- 
 
 mus, a, um. 
 hill, collis, is, m. 
 hillock, tumulus, i, m. 
 himself, herself, etc., reflexive, 
 
 sui, sibi, se. 
 hinder, impede, impedid, ire, 
 
 ivi, itus. 
 hindrance, impedimentum, i, n. 
 his, suus, a, um, reflexive, 
 hither, citerior, us. 
 hitherto, antea. 
 hold, teneo, ere, ui. 
 hold, regard, habeo, ere, ui, 
 
 itus. 
 (home), at home, domi. 
 from home, domo. 
 to one's home, domum. 
 honest, upright, probus, a, um. 
 honor (noun), honor, oris, m. 
 honor (verb), honord, 1. 
 honorable, honestus, a, um. 
 hope, spes, ei, f. 
 hope, hope for, sperO, 1, with 
 
 the ace. 
 horse, equus, i, m. 
 horseman, eques, itis, m. 
 hostage, obses, idis, c. 
 liostile, inimicus, a, um. 
 hour, bora, ae, f. 
 
General Vocabulary. 
 
 181 
 
 how, if used to introduce the 
 sentence as a whole, qui 
 or qu5 modo in direct ques- 
 tions, qu5 modo or ut in 
 indirect ; quam, if used to 
 modify an adjective or ad- 
 verb in the sentence. 
 how great, quantus, a, um. 
 how many, quot, indecl. 
 how much, quantum, fol- 
 lowed by gen. of the 
 whole. 
 
 however (much), quamvis. 
 
 huge, ingens, entis. 
 
 humanity, hiimanitas, atis, f. 
 
 hundred, centum. 
 
 hunger, fames, is, f. ; abl. sing. 
 fame. 
 
 hurl, conicio, ere, conjeci, con- 
 jectus. 
 
 hurry, contendo, ere, tendi, 
 tentus. 
 
 I, ego, mei. 
 
 Ides, Idiis, uum, f. 
 
 if, si, conj. 
 
 if not, si minus, when the verb 
 
 is omitted, 
 ignorant, ignarus, a, um. 
 illustrious, illustris, e. 
 imbue, imbuo, ere, ui, utus. 
 imitate, imitor, 1. 
 immediately, statim. 
 immortality, immortalitas, atis, 
 . f. 
 impel, impelld, ere, impuli, im- 
 
 pulsus. 
 
 imperator, imperator, oris, m. 
 
 in, in, prep, with abl. 
 
 inch, digitus, i, ra. 
 
 inclined to think, baud scio 
 
 an. 
 indulge, indulged, ere, dulsi, 
 
 dultiirus. 
 infantry, pedites, um, m. 
 inflame, incendo, ere, cendi. 
 
 census. 
 inflict on, infero, ferre, intuli, 
 
 illatus ; with dat. 
 influence, auctoritas, atis, f. 
 inform, certi5rem facio, ere, 
 
 feci, factus. 
 be informed, certior fio, fieri, 
 
 factus. 
 inhabit, incolo, ere, ui, cul- 
 
 tus. 
 inhabitant, incola, ae, m. 
 inherit, receive, accipio, ere, 
 
 cepi, ceptus. 
 injure, noceo, ere, ui, iturus, 
 
 with the dat., used of per- 
 sons ; laedo, ere, laesi, lae- 
 
 sus, used of both persons 
 
 and things, 
 injurious, be injurious, noceo, 
 
 ere, ui, iturus. 
 injury, injuria, ae, f. 
 inquire, quaero, ere, quaesivi, 
 
 itus. 
 mstitution, institiitum, i, n. 
 interval, intervallum, i, n. 
 into, in, prep, with ace. 
 island, insula, ae, f. 
 Italy, Italia, ae, f. 
 its, ejus ; suus, a, um. 
 
182 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 javelin, jaculum, i, n. 
 journey, iter, itineris, n. 
 judge, judico, 1. 
 judgment, opinion, sententia, 
 
 ae, f. 
 Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar, 
 
 Juli Caesaris, m. 
 jump down, desilio, ire, ui. 
 just, jiistus, a, um. 
 justice, justitia, ae, f. 
 justly, jure. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kalends, Kalendae, arum, f. 
 keep, keep in, confine, teneo, 
 ere, ui. 
 keep apart, distineo, ere, ui, 
 
 tentus. 
 keep away, ward off, arceo, 
 
 ere, ui. 
 keep from, keep away from 
 (tr.), prohibeo, ere, ui, 
 itus. 
 kill, occido, ere, cidi, cisus. 
 kind, genus, eris, n. ; modus, 
 
 i, m. 
 kindness, beneficium, i, n. 
 king, rex, regis, m. 
 knight, eques, itis, m. 
 know, understand, sci6, ire, ivi, 
 itus. 
 know, be familiar with, per- 
 fect tenses of nosc5, ere, 
 n5vi, notus. 
 not know, nescid, ire, ii. 
 knowledge, scientia, ae, f. 
 
 L. 
 
 Labienus, Labienus, i, m. 
 labor, labor, oris, m. 
 lack (noun), inopia, ae, f. 
 lack (verb), careo, ere, ui, itii- 
 
 rus. 
 land, ager, agri, m. 
 land, as opposed to the water, 
 terra, ae, f. 
 language, lingua, ae, f. 
 large, magnus, a, um. 
 in large part, magnam par- 
 tem ; bonam partem, 
 so large, tantus, a, um. 
 last, final, ultimus, a, um. 
 last, previous, proximus, a, 
 um. 
 last, continue, diird, 1. 
 later, post, postea. 
 latter, the latter of two already 
 mentioned, hie, haec, h6c. 
 law, the law, jiis, juris, n. 
 
 law, statute, lex, legis, f. 
 law-court, basilica, ae, f. 
 lay aside, depond, ere, posui, 
 
 itus. 
 lay waste, vastd, 1. 
 lead, duc5, ere, diixi, ductus. 
 lead across, traduco, ere, 
 
 diixi, ductus, 
 lead back, rediic5, ere, diixi, 
 
 ductus, 
 lead, lead out, lead away, 
 deduc5, ere, diixi, ductus. 
 leader, dux, ducis, c. 
 learn (by study), discS, ere, 
 didici. 
 
General Voeahutary. 
 
 183 
 
 learn, find out, comperio, 
 
 ire, peri, pertus. 
 leave, relinquo, ere, liqui, lic- 
 
 tus. 
 left, sinister, tra, trum. 
 legion, legio, onis, f. 
 legionary, legi5narius, a, um. 
 lend (help), fero, ferre, tuli, 
 
 latus. 
 less, minus. 
 
 lessen, minuo, ere, ui, utus. 
 lest, ne. 
 letter, litterae, arum, f. ; or 
 
 epistuhi, ae, f. 
 liberal, generous, largus, a, um. 
 liberty, libertas, atis, f. 
 lieutenant, legatus, i, m. 
 life, vita, ae, f. 
 light, levis, e. 
 
 light, fair, albus, a, um. 
 light-armed, expeditus, a, um. 
 like, similis, e. 
 likewise, expressed by idem, in 
 
 agi-eement with subject. 
 line of battle, acies, ei, f . 
 linger, moror, 1. 
 Liscus, Liscus, i, m. 
 list, tabula, ae, f. 
 listen, listen to, audio, ire, ivi, 
 
 itus, with ace. 
 little, a little, paulum. 
 very little, paullulum, with 
 
 gen. 
 little while before or ago, 
 
 paulo ante, 
 live, vivo, ere, vixi, victum. 
 
 live, dwell, habito, 1. 
 lofty, altus, a, um ; sublimis, e. 
 
 long, longus, a, um. 
 
 long, long time, diii, adv. ; 
 
 already for a long time, 
 
 jam diii. 
 longing, desiderium, i, n. 
 look down, despicio, ere, spexi, 
 
 spectus. 
 looks, vultiis, uum, m. pi. 
 lose, amitto, ere, misi, missus, 
 
 the general word ; perdo, 
 
 ere, perdidi, itus, where the 
 
 responsibility of the subj. 
 
 is implied, 
 loss, damnum, i, n. 
 lot, sors, sortis, f. 
 love, amor, oris, m. 
 love, amo, 1. 
 
 low (of position), humilis, e. 
 loyal, fidelis, e. 
 luckless, infelix, icis. 
 
 M. 
 
 magistrate, magistratus, iis, m. 
 
 mainland, continens, entis, f. 
 
 make, faci5, ere, feci, factus. 
 make answer, responded, ere, 
 
 spondi, sponsus. 
 make ready, par5, 1. 
 make (somebody or some- 
 thing safe, bold, clear, 
 e^c), reddo, ere, reddidi, 
 redditus. 
 
 man, hom5, inis, m., the gen- 
 eral term ; man as opposed 
 to woman, or as a compli- 
 mentary designation, vir, 
 viri, m. 
 
 maniple, manipulus, i, m. 
 
184 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 many, multi, ae, a. 
 
 march (noun), iter, itineris, n. 
 
 march (verb), iter facio, ere, 
 feci, factus. 
 
 (March), of March, Martius, a, 
 um. 
 
 march out, egredior, i, gressus 
 sum. 
 
 Marcus, Marcus, i, m. ; abbre- 
 viated M. 
 
 maritime, maritimus, a, um. 
 
 Mars, Mars, tis, m. 
 
 matter, thing, res, rei, 1 
 
 (May), of May, Majus, a, um. 
 
 may, licet, ere, licuit, with the 
 subjunctive. 
 
 mean, volo, velle, volui, with 
 dat. of the reflexive. 
 
 means, resources, facultates, 
 um, f. 
 
 meanwhile, interea. 
 
 measure out, metior, iri, men- 
 sus. 
 
 meet (trans, or intrans.), con- 
 veni5, ire, veni, ventus. 
 
 memory, memoria, ae, f. 
 
 mention, commemoro, 1. 
 
 merchant, mercator, oris, m. 
 
 mercy, dementia, ae, f. 
 
 merit, virtiis, utis, f. 
 
 messenger, niintius, i, m. 
 
 middle, middle of, medius, a, 
 um. 
 
 midst, midst of, medius, a, um. 
 
 mild, lenis, e. 
 
 mile, mille passus, lit. thou- 
 sand paces ; pi. milia pas- 
 suum. 
 
 military matters, res militaris, 
 rei militaris, f. 
 
 mindful, memor, oris. 
 
 misfortune, calamitas, atis, f. 
 
 mistake, make a mistake, 
 pecco, 1. 
 
 mode, modus, i, m. 
 
 money, peciinia, ae, f. 
 
 month, mensis, is, m. 
 
 more, amplius, magis, adv. 
 more, plus, pluris, n., sub- 
 stantive. 
 
 most, plerique, aeque, aque. 
 for the most part, maximam 
 partem. 
 
 mother, mater, matris, f. 
 
 mountain, m5ns, mentis, m. 
 
 move, moved, ere, movi, motus. 
 
 much, multus, a, um; adverbi- 
 ally, multum. 
 
 multitude, multitiido, inis, f. 
 
 my, meus, a, um. 
 
 N. 
 
 name, nSmen, inis, n. 
 Narbo, Narbo, onis, m. 
 narrow, angustus, a, um. 
 nation, gens, gentis, f. ; nati5, 
 
 6nis, f. 
 naval, navalis, e. 
 near, neighboring, finitimus, 
 
 a, um. 
 near, with town names, ad, 
 
 prep, with ace. ; with other 
 
 words, prope, prep, with 
 
 ace. 
 nearer, propius, adv. and prep. 
 
 with ace. 
 
General Vocabulary. 
 
 185 
 
 nearest, proximus, a, um. 
 
 nearly, prope. 
 
 necessary, necessarius, a, um. 
 it is necessary, necesse est. 
 
 need, there is need, opus est. 
 need, feel need, be in need, 
 egeo, ere, ui ; indigeo, ere, 
 ui. 
 
 neglect, neglego, ere, lexi, lec- 
 tus. 
 
 neighborhood, in, or to the 
 neighborhood of, ad, prep. 
 with ace. 
 
 neighboring, finitimus, a, um. 
 
 neither . . . nor, neque . . . 
 neque ; nee . . . nee. 
 
 Nervii, Nervii, orum, m. 
 
 never, numquam. 
 
 nevertheless, tamen. 
 
 new, novus, a, um. 
 
 news, as gen. of the whole, 
 novi. 
 
 next, proximus, a, um. 
 
 night, nox, noctis, f. 
 
 no, nuUus, a, um. 
 
 no, with adjectives used sub- 
 stantively, nemo (defec- 
 tive), 
 no one, nemo (defective). 
 
 noble, nobilis, e. 
 
 noise, strepitus, iis, m. 
 
 Nones, Nonae, arum, f. 
 
 nor, neque or nee. 
 
 not, non, ne. 
 if . . . not, nisi, 
 (not), is not? does not ? etc., 
 
 nonne. 
 not even, ne . . . quidem, 
 
 with the emphatic word 
 between, 
 not know, nescio, ire, ivi, or 
 
 ii. 
 not only . . . but also, non 
 
 solum . . . sed etiam. 
 not that, non qu5. 
 not yet, nondum. 
 nothing, nihil. 
 now, already, jam. 
 now, at the present time, nunc, 
 number, numerus, i, m. 
 numbers, multitiido, inis, f. 
 (numbers), in great numbers, 
 frequens, entis. 
 
 O. 
 
 0, 0, interjection. 
 
 oath, jiis jiirandum, juris jii- 
 
 randi, n. 
 obey, pared, ere, ui, itiirus. 
 obstinacy, pertinaeia, ae, f. 
 occupy, occup5, 1. 
 Octodurus, Octodurus, i, m. 
 of, from, a, ab, prep, with abl. 
 of, concerning, de, prep, with 
 
 abl. 
 of (partitive), e, ex. 
 offer, do, dare, dedi, datus. 
 offer battle, proelid lacessS, 
 ere, laeessivi, lacessitus ; 
 lit. worry by battle. 
 often, saepe. 
 old, vetus, eris. 
 
 old man, senex, senis, m. 
 on, in, prep, with abl. 
 
 on, concerning, de, prep, with 
 abl. 
 
186 
 
 Latin Composition, 
 
 on all sides, from all sides, 
 undique. 
 once, once upon a time, quon- 
 dam ; 51im. 
 once, one time, semel. 
 at once, statim. 
 one, unus, a, um. 
 one . . . another, alius . . . 
 
 alius, 
 the one . . . the other, alter 
 . . . alter, 
 only, tantum. 
 
 only one, iinus, a, um. 
 onset, impetus, us, m. 
 opinion, deliberate judgment, 
 
 sententia, ae, f. 
 opportunity, facultas, atis, f. ; 
 
 occasio, onis, f. 
 oppression, obsidi5, onis, f. 
 or, aut ; vel. 
 or, in second member of a 
 double question, an or -ne. 
 or not, in questions, annon, 
 necne. 
 ordain, decerno, ere, crevi, 
 
 cretus. 
 order (verb), jube5, ere, jussi, 
 
 jussus. 
 order (noun), mandatum, i, n. 
 
 order, at the order, jussii. 
 Orgetorix, Orgetorix, rigis, in. 
 other, another, -alius, a, ud. 
 other, the other, alter, a, um. 
 others, all the others, ceteri, 
 
 ae, a. 
 other side of, ultra, prep, 
 with ace. 
 our, our own, noster, tra, trum. 
 
 outside, extra, prep, with ace. 
 overthrow, everto, ere, verti, 
 
 versus, 
 owe, debeo, ere, ui, itus. 
 
 P. 
 
 pain, dolor, 5ris, m. 
 
 panic, paver, oris, m. 
 
 part, pars, partis, f. 
 
 party, partes, ium, f. 
 
 pass, passes, angustiae, arum, f. 
 
 pass, spend, dego, ere, degi. 
 pass over, omitto, ere, misi, 
 
 missus, 
 pass the winter, hiemo, 1. 
 pass through, transeo, ire, ii, 
 itiirus. 
 
 passage, iter, itineris, n. 
 
 past, by, praeter, prep, with 
 ace. 
 
 pay (noun), stipendium, i, n. 
 
 pay (verb), pendo, ere, pependi, 
 pensus ; solvo, ere, solvi, 
 solutus. 
 
 peace, pax, pacis, f. 
 
 people, populus, i, m. 
 
 perceive, sentio, ire, sensi, sen- 
 sus. 
 
 perform, fungor, i, fiinctus sum. 
 
 period of life, aetas, atis, f. 
 
 permission, sanction, voluntas, 
 atis, f. 
 
 permit, permittS, ere, misi, mis- 
 sus ; sin5, ere, sivi, situs ; 
 be pernntted, it is per- 
 mitted, licet, ere, uit. 
 
 persuiule, persuaded, ere, suasi, 
 suasum. 
 
Creneral Vocabulary. 
 
 187 
 
 Piso, Pis5, onis, ra. 
 
 pitch, pono, ere, posui, itus. 
 
 pity, it excites pity, miseret, 
 miserere, miseruit, imper- 
 sonal ; also misereor, eri, 
 itus. 
 
 place, locus, i, m. 
 
 place, colloco, 1. 
 
 place in charge, place in com- 
 mand over, place over, 
 praeficio, ere, feci, fectus, 
 with the dat. of indirect 
 obj. 
 
 plain, planities, ei, f. 
 
 plan, consilium, i, n. 
 
 pleasure, voluptas, atis, f. 
 
 plough, aro, 1. 
 
 Pompey, Pompejus, i, m. 
 
 poor, pauper, eris. 
 
 possess, possideo, ere, sedi, ses- 
 sus. 
 
 post, place, locus, i, m. 
 
 power, potestas, atis, f . ; poten- 
 tia, ae, f. 
 
 powerful, potens, entis, m. 
 
 praise (noun), laus, laudis, f. 
 
 praise (verb), laudo, 1. 
 
 praiseworthy, laudabilis, e. 
 
 prepare, prepare for, paro, 1, 
 with ace. 
 
 present, praesens, entis. 
 
 present, be present, adsum, 
 esse, fui, futiirus. 
 
 present, d5n5, 1. 
 
 prevent, prohibeo, ere, ui, itus. 
 
 previously, before, ante, adv. 
 
 prisoner, captive, captivus, i, 
 m. 
 
 privilege, commodum, i, n. 
 prize (verb), magni aestimo, 1. 
 prize (noun), praemium, i, n. 
 proceed, pergo, ere, perrexi, 
 
 rectum. 
 Procillus, Procillus, i, m. 
 production, opus, eris, n. 
 project, consilium, i, n. 
 promise (verb), promitto, ere, 
 
 misi, missus ; polliceor, 
 
 eri, itus. 
 promise (noun), pollicitati5, 
 
 onis, f. 
 protect, tueor, eri. 
 provide, provide for, cur5, 1. 
 provided, provided that, dum ; 
 
 provided only, dum modo. 
 province, provincia, ae, f. 
 provincials, socii, orum, m. 
 punishment, supplicium, i, n. 
 pupil, discipulus, i, m. 
 pursue, sequor, i, seciitus. 
 pursuit, studium, i, n. 
 put, place, p5n5, ere, posui, 
 
 positus. 
 put in charge, praeficio, ere, 
 
 feci, fectus; governs ace. 
 
 and dat. 
 put to confusion, perturbo, 1. 
 put to flight, fugo, 1. 
 
 Q- 
 
 quaestor, quaestor, oris, m. 
 quickly, celeriter. 
 
 K. 
 
 raise (a mound, eic), exstruo, 
 ere, struxi, striictus. 
 
188 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 rashness, temeritas, atis, f. 
 
 ravage, populor, 1. 
 
 read, leg5, ere, legi, lectus. 
 
 read (aloud), recito, 1. 
 ready, promptus, a, um. 
 rear, novissimum agmen (ag- 
 
 minis), n. 
 reason, causa, ae, f. 
 receive, accipio, ere, cepi, cep- 
 
 tus. 
 recent, recens, entis. 
 recollection, memoria, ae, f. 
 recount, enumero, 1. 
 redoubt, castellum, i, n. 
 reduce, redigo, ere, egi, actus, 
 refrain, abstineo, ere, ui, ten- 
 turn, 
 refuse, denego, 1. 
 regal power, regnum, i, n. 
 regard, habe5, ere, ui, itus ; 
 
 existimo, 1. 
 regret, it causes regret, paeni- 
 
 tet, ere, uit, iuipei-sonal. 
 reject, respu5, ere, ui. 
 rejoice, gaudeo, ere, gavisus. 
 relieve, free from, libero, 1. 
 relinquish, relinqu5, ere, liqui, 
 
 lictus. 
 relying, fretus, a, um. 
 remain, mane5, ere, mansi, 
 
 mansurus. 
 remain in charge, praesum, 
 
 esse, fui. 
 remain vacant, vacS, 1. 
 remaining, remainder of, reli- 
 
 quus, a, um. 
 remember, bear in mind, me- 
 
 mini, isse ; reminiscor, i, 
 
 supplies the present parti- 
 ciple of memini. 
 remind, admoneo, ere, ui, itus. 
 renew, renovo, 1. 
 repent, it repents, paenitet, 
 
 ere, uit, impersonal, 
 reply, respondeo, ere, respond!, 
 
 responsus. 
 report, announce, niintid, 1. 
 report, nuntius, i, m. 
 republic, res piiblica, rei publi- 
 
 cae, f. 
 reputation, fama, ae, f. 
 resist, resists, ere, restiti, with 
 
 dat. 
 resources, opes, um, f. 
 rest, the rest, ceteri, ae, a. 
 rest on, positus est in, with 
 
 abl. 
 restore, replace, restituo, ere, 
 
 ui, utus ; restore, return, 
 
 reddo, ere, reddidi, red- 
 
 ditus. 
 retain, retine5, ere, ui, tentus. 
 retreat, recipio, ere, cepi, cep- 
 
 tus, with the reflexive, 
 return, reditus, iis, m. 
 return, go biick, reded, ire, ii, 
 
 itum ; reverter, i. 
 reward (noun), munus, eris, n. 
 reward (verb), remiineror, 1. 
 Rhea Silvia, Rhea Silvia, ae, f. 
 Rhine, RhSnus, i, m. 
 rich, dives, itis. 
 right, jiis, jiiris, n. 
 right, rectus, a, um. 
 river, flumen, inis, a. 
 road, via, ae, f. 
 
General Vocabulary, 
 
 189 
 
 Roman, R5manus, a, um ; as 
 
 noun, Ronianus, i, ra. 
 Rome, Roma, ae, f. 
 Romulus, Romulus, i, m. 
 rout, fugo, 1. 
 route, iter, itineris, u. 
 rower, remex, igis, m. 
 rule, imperium, i, n. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabinus, Sabinus, i, m. 
 
 sacred, sacer, era, cnim. 
 
 safe, tutus, a, um; salvus, a, 
 um. 
 safe and sound, s5spes, itis. 
 
 safety, salus, utis, f. 
 
 sake, for the sake, causa (abl.) 
 with gen. ; the gen. always 
 precedes. 
 
 sally, make a sally, erumpd, 
 ere, riipi, niptus. 
 
 salute, saliitd, 1. 
 
 same, idem, eadem, idem. 
 
 save, servo, 1. 
 
 say, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. 
 
 Scipio, Scipi5, onis, m. 
 
 scout, explorator, 5ris, m, 
 
 sea, mare, is, n. 
 
 seamanship, res nauticae, re- 
 rum nauticarum, f. 
 
 second, secundus, a, um. 
 
 secure, procure, paro, 1. 
 
 see, video, ere, vidi, visus. 
 
 seek, peto, ere, ivi (ii), itus. 
 
 seem, videor, eri, visus. 
 
 seize, occupo, 1. 
 
 seldom, raro. 
 
 select, deligo, ere, legi, lectus. 
 
 self, oneself, sui, sibi, se. 
 self, i.e. I myself, you your- 
 self, etc., ipse in apposition 
 with a noun or pronoun. 
 
 sell^ vendo, ere, vendidi, vendi- 
 tus. 
 
 Senate, senatus, iis, ra. 
 
 send, mitto, ere, misi, missus, 
 send back, remitto, ere, misi, 
 missus. 
 
 Senones, Senones, um, ra. 
 
 Sequani, Sequani, orum, ni. 
 
 Sequanian, Sequanus, a, um. 
 
 sesterce, sestertius, i, ni., Ro- 
 man coin worth about five 
 cents ; gen. plur. sesterti- 
 um. 
 
 set on fire, incendo, ere, cendi, 
 census. 
 
 set out, proficiscor, i, fectus sum. 
 
 settle, place, colloco, 1. 
 
 settler, colonus, i, ra. 
 
 seven, septem. 
 
 seven hundredth, septingen- 
 tesimus, a, um. 
 
 share, pars, partis, f. 
 
 shelter, tectum, i, n. 
 
 shield, sciitum, i, n. 
 
 ship, navis, is, f . 
 
 shore, litus, oris, n. 
 
 short, brevis, e. 
 
 show (oneself), praesto, are, 
 praestiti, praestitus. 
 
 shower, imber, imbris, ra. 
 
 shudder, shudder at, horred, 
 ere, ui. 
 
 siege, obsidio, onis, f. 
 
 sight, conspectus, iis, ra. 
 
190 
 
 Latin Composition, 
 
 silent, be silent, become silent, 
 
 taceo, ere, ui, itus. 
 similar, similis, e. 
 since (causal), cum. 
 situated, is situated, situs est 
 
 (sino, ere, sivi, situs), 
 six, sex. 
 
 six hundred, sexcenti, ae, a. 
 sixteen, sedecim. 
 sixty, sexaginta. 
 size, magnitiido, inis, f. 
 slay, occido, ere, cidi, cisus. 
 siinger, funditor, oris, m. 
 small, parvus, a, um. 
 
 of small account, parvi. 
 snatch, snatch away, eripio, ere, 
 
 ripui, reptus. 
 so (of degree), tam, adeo. 
 
 so, thus (of manner), sic, 
 ita. 
 
 80 great, tantus, a, um. 
 
 so many, tot, indeclinable. 
 
 so much, so greatly, tanto- 
 pere. 
 soldier, miles, itis, m. 
 soldurii, soldurii, orum, m. 
 some, sonu'thing, aliquis, ali- 
 qua, aliquid or aliquod. 
 
 some one, aliquis. 
 some . . . others, alii . . . alii, 
 some (persons), nonnuUi, 5rum. 
 somehow or other, nescio qu5 
 
 pacto. 
 son, filius, i, m. 
 soon, quickly, mox ; cito. 
 
 sooner, citius. 
 sorrow, maeror, 5ris, m. 
 space, spatium, i, n. 
 
 spare, parco, ere, peperci, par- 
 
 surus. 
 speak, loquor, i, locutus. 
 speech, oratio, onis, f . 
 speed, celeritas, atis, f. 
 spend, dego, ere, degi. 
 spot, place, locus, i, m. 
 spring, ver, veris, n. 
 state, civitas, atis, f. 
 station, coUoco, 1. 
 statue, statua, ae, f. 
 steadfastness, constantia, ae, f. 
 steep, arduus, a, um. 
 still (temporal), adhiic. 
 stone, lapis, idis, m. 
 storm, tempestas, atis, f. 
 (story), the story goes, tradi- 
 
 tur, ttadi, traditum est, lit. 
 
 it is handed down. 
 stream, flumen, inis, n. 
 strength, vires, ium, f.; pi. of 
 
 vis. 
 strict, severus, a, um. 
 strip, niidd, 1 ; exuo, ere, ui, 
 
 iitus. 
 strong, validus, a, um. 
 such, talis, e. 
 sudden, subitus, a, um. 
 suddenly, subito. 
 sue for, peto, ere, ivi or ii, itus. 
 Suebi, Suebi, orum, m. 
 suffer, patior, i, passus sum. 
 
 suffer from, laborS, 1. 
 sufficient, satis, 
 suitable, idoneus, a, um. 
 summer, aestas, atis, f. 
 summit of, summus, a, um, 
 
 limiting a subsUntive. 
 
Greneral Vocabulary, 
 
 191 
 
 summon, voco, 1 ; arcesso, ere, 
 
 ivi, itus. 
 supplies, commeatus, us, m. 
 surpass, supero, 1. 
 surrender, trado, ere, tradidi, 
 
 traditus. 
 surround, circumveni5, ire, 
 
 veni, ventus ; circumd5, 
 
 dare, dedi, datus. 
 suspicion, suspicio, onis, f. 
 sword, gladius, i, m. 
 
 T. 
 take, capio, ere, cepi, captus. 
 
 take away, take from, adimo, 
 
 ere, emi, emptus. 
 take possession, possid5, ere, 
 sedi, sessus. 
 
 talent, talentum, i, n. 
 
 teach, doce5, ere, ui, doctus. 
 taught, edoctus. 
 
 teacher' praeceptor, oris, m. ; 
 praeceptrix, icis, f. 
 
 tear down, rescindo, ere, scidi, 
 scissus ; diru5, ere, rui, 
 rutus. 
 
 tell, say, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. 
 
 temper, animus, i, m. 
 
 temple, aedes, is, f. ; templum, 
 i, n. AVhen used with pre- 
 cision aedes refers to the 
 building only, while tem- 
 plum includes the conse- 
 crated area as well. 
 
 ten, decern. 
 
 tenth, decimus, a, um. 
 
 terms, conditions, condiciones, 
 um, f. 
 
 terrify, terreo, ere, ui, territus. 
 territory, fines, ium, m. 
 than, quam, conj. 
 thanks, gratiae, arum, f. 
 that, ille, ilia, illud ; is, ea, id ; 
 that of yours, iste, ista, 
 istud. 
 that (rel. pron.), qui, quae, 
 
 quod. 
 that, in order that, ut ; qui, 
 quae, quod with the sub- 
 junctive ; with compara- 
 tives, qu5. 
 that, lest, with verbs of fear- 
 ing^ ne. 
 that not, in order that not, 
 
 ne. 
 that not, with verbs of fear- 
 ing^ ut. 
 that (of result), ut ; that not, 
 
 ut non. 
 that, the fact that, quod, conj. 
 that, on the ground that, 
 
 quod. 
 that, after verbs of doubting, 
 etc. , quin, lit. why not ? 
 the . . . the (with compara- 
 tives), quo . . . eo. 
 theft, furtum, i, n. 
 their, their own, suus, a, um. 
 then, afterwards, deinde. 
 then, accordingly, igitur. 
 then, at that time, tum. 
 there, ibi. 
 
 therefore, itaque ; or igitur fol- 
 lowing one or more words 
 of the sentence, 
 thick, crassus, a, um. 
 
192 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 thing, res, rei, f. 
 
 tiling, a thing which, id 
 quod, or simply quod. 
 
 think, puts, 1 ; arbitror, 1. 
 think, regard, existimo, 1. 
 
 third, tertius, a, um. 
 third, third part, tertia pars. 
 
 thirty, triginta. 
 
 this, hie, haec, hoc. 
 
 thither, eo. 
 
 those (as antecedent of rela- 
 tive), ei, eae, ea. 
 
 thou, tu, tui. 
 
 though, quamquam, quamvis, 
 etsi, cum. 
 
 thousand, mille, pi. milia, ium, 
 n. 
 
 threaten, minor, 1. 
 
 threats, minae, arum, f. 
 
 three, tres, tria. 
 three days, triduum, i, n. 
 three years, triennium, i, n. 
 
 through, through the instru- 
 mentality of, per, prep, 
 with ace. 
 
 thus, ita ; sic. 
 
 thwart, transtrum, i, n. 
 
 till, dum, donee, quoad, conj. 
 
 till, up to, ad, prep, with ace. 
 
 time, tempus, oris, n. 
 
 to, ad, prep, with ace. 
 to which, whither, qu5, adv. 
 
 toil, labor, oris, m. 
 
 (too), and that too, et is, ea, 
 id. 
 
 top of, summus, a, um. 
 
 touch, moved, ere, movi, m5tus. 
 
 Toulouse, Tolosa, ae, f. 
 
 towards (of feeling), in, erga, 
 with ace. ; of motion, ad, 
 with ace. 
 town, oppidum, i, n. 
 townspeople, oppidani, orum, 
 
 m. 
 trader, mercator, oris, m. 
 train, exereed, ere, ui, itus. 
 traitor, proditor, oris, m. 
 transport, transporto, 1. 
 treacherous, perfidus, a, um. 
 treachery, perfidia, ae, f. 
 treason, prdditio, onis, f. 
 treat, behave towards, iitor, i, 
 iisus. 
 
 treat of, ago, ere, egi, actus. 
 trench, fossa, ae, f. 
 Treveri, Treveri, orum, m. 
 tribe, gens, gentis, f. 
 tribune, tribiinus, i, m. 
 tribute, stipendium, i, n. 
 troops, copiae, arum, f. 
 trust, confido, ere, fisus, semi- 
 
 dep. 
 twelfth, duodecimus, a, um. 
 twelve, duodecim. 
 twenty, viginti. 
 twice, bis. 
 two, duo, duae, duo. 
 
 two days, biduum, i, n. 
 
 two hundred, ducenti, ae, a. 
 
 two years, biennium, i, n. 
 
 U. 
 
 Ubii, Ubii, 5rum, m. 
 undergo, subeo, ire, ii, iturus. 
 understand, intellegd, ere, lexi, 
 lectus. 
 
General Vocabulary. 
 
 193 
 
 undertake, suscipio, ere, cepi, 
 
 ceptus. 
 unharmed, incolumis, e. 
 uninterruptedly, contincnter. 
 unjust, injustus, a, um. 
 unless, nisi, 
 unless indeed, nisi vero, nisi 
 
 forte. 
 unlike, dissimilis, e. 
 unmindful, immemor, oris, 
 until, dum, donee, quoad ; as 
 
 prep., ad with ace. 
 unwilling, invitus, a, um. 
 be unwilling, nolo, nolle, 
 
 nolui. 
 unworthy, indignus, a, um. 
 uprightly, honeste. 
 uprightness, probitas, atis, f. 
 uprising, tumultus, us, m. ; 
 
 motus, lis, m. 
 urge, hortor, 1. 
 us, nos, nostrum, nostri, pi. of 
 
 ego. 
 use, iitor, i, iisus. 
 usually, fere. 
 
 V. 
 
 valley, vallis, is, f. 
 valor, virtus, litis, f. 
 Veneti, Veneti, orum, m. 
 (vengeance), take vengeance 
 
 on, ulciscor, i, ultus. 
 Veragri, Veragri, orum, m. 
 Vercingetorix, Vercingetorix, 
 
 rigis, m. 
 vergobretus, vergobretus, i, m. 
 very, valde. 
 with substantives, ipse, a, um. 
 
 very, with superlatives, vel. 
 
 very many, complures, ia. 
 
 very much, plurimum. 
 
 Vesontio, Vesontio, 5nis, m. 
 
 vessel, navis, is, f. 
 
 vice, vitium, i, n. 
 
 vicinity, in the vicinity of, for 
 
 the vicinity of, ad, with 
 
 ace. 
 victory, victoria, ae, f. 
 village, vicus, i, ra. 
 virtue, virtus, utis, f. 
 visit, adeo, ire, ii, itus. 
 
 W. 
 
 wage, gero, ere, gessi, gestus. 
 wait, exspecto, 1. 
 wall, murus, i, m. 
 war, bellum, i, n. 
 ward off, depello. ere, puli, pul- 
 sus, 
 warlike, bellic5sus, a, um. 
 (warning), give a warning, ad- 
 
 moneo, ere, ui, itus. 
 watch, vigilia, ae, f. 
 watchfulness, vigilantia, ae, f. 
 water, aqua, ae, f. 
 way, manner, modus, i, m. 
 
 way, route, iter, itineris, n. 
 weak, debilis, e ; mollis, e. 
 wealth, divitiae, arum, f. 
 weapons, arma, orum, n. 
 welcome, gratus, a, um. 
 well-to-do, beatus, a, um. 
 what (interrog.), quid, subst. 
 whatever, quisquis, quicquid. 
 when? quando. 
 
 when (relative), cum, ut, ubi. 
 
194 
 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 whenever, ut, cum. 
 where ? ubi. 
 
 where (relative), ubi. 
 whether, num, -ne. 
 whether . . . or, utrum ... an ; 
 whether . . . not, nonne. 
 which, qui, quae, quod. 
 while, dum, donee, conj. 
 who? quis. 
 who, which (rel. pron.), qui, 
 
 quae, quod. 
 who (does) not, who (is) not, 
 quin. 
 whole, totus, a, um. 
 why ? cur, quid, quam ob rem. 
 why not, after nulla causa 
 est, etc., quin. 
 wicked, malus, a, um ; scelera- 
 
 tus, a, um. 
 wife, uxor, oris, f. 
 wild, trux, trucis. 
 will, testamentum, i, n. 
 willingly, readily, libenter. 
 win, earn, mereo, ere, ui, itus. 
 
 win over, concilio, 1. 
 winter, hiems, emis, f. 
 winter quarters, hiberna, 
 drum, n. 
 winter, spend the winter, hie- 
 
 m5, 1. 
 wipe out, destroy, deleS, 6re, 
 
 evi, etus. 
 wisdoin, sapientia, ae, f. 
 wish, volo, velle, volui. 
 with, cum, prep, with abl. 
 with (not involving partici- 
 
 pation), apud, prep, with 
 
 ace. 
 withdraw, decedd, ere, cessi, 
 
 cessurus. 
 within, intra, prep, with ace. 
 without, sine, prep, with abl. 
 be without, careo, ere, ui, itii- 
 
 rus. 
 withstand, sustineo, ere, ui, 
 
 tentus. 
 woman, mulier, eris, f. 
 wonder, miror, 1. 
 wonderful, mirabilis. e. 
 wonted, solitus, a, um. 
 woods, silva, ae, f. 
 word, verbum, i, n. 
 work (a work), opus, eris, n. 
 worthy, dignus, a, um. 
 wounded, saucius, a, um. 
 wreck (of vessels), frangd, ere, 
 
 fregi, fractus. 
 write, scrib5, ere, scripsi, scrip- 
 
 tus. 
 wrong, injiiria, ae, f. 
 
 year, annus, i, m. 
 
 yesterday, heri. 
 
 yet, nevertheless, tamen. 
 
 not yet, nondum. 
 yield, cedo, ere, cessi, cessurus. 
 you, tu, tui ; vos, vestrum or 
 
 vestri. 
 young man, juvenis, is, m. 
 your, your own, tuus, a, um ; 
 
 Tester, tra, trum. 
 
LA TIN, 15 
 
 Latin Lessons. 
 
 By Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT, of Cornell University. i6mo, 
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 PROFESSOR BENNETT is a believer in the old-fashioned 
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