; GRAY'S 
 SCHOOL AND FIELD BOOK 
 
 OP 
 
 BOTANY 
 
 CONSISTING OF "LESSONS IN BOTANY" AND 
 
 "FIELD, FOREST, AND GARDEN BOTANY" 
 
 BOUND IN ONE VOLUME 
 
 REVISED EDITION
 
 PUBLISHERS' PREFACE 
 
 TO 
 
 GRAY'S SCHOOL AND FIELD BOOK OF BOTANY. 
 
 THIS work consists of the "LESSONS IN BOTANY" and the "FIELD, 
 FOREST, AND GARDEN BOTANY," bound together in one complete volume, 
 forming a most popular and comprehensive SCHOOL BOTANY, adapted to 
 beginners and advanced classes, to Agricultural Colleges and Schools, as well 
 as to all other grades in which the science is taught. It is also adapted for 
 use as a handbook to assist in analyzing plants and flowers in field study of 
 botany either by classes or individuals. 
 
 The book is intended to furnish Botanical Classes and beginners with an 
 easier introduction to the Plants of this country, and a much more compre- 
 hensive work, than the MANUAL. 
 
 Beginning with the first principles, it progresses by easy stages until the 
 student who is at all diligent is enabled to master the intricacies of the 
 science. 
 
 It is a Grammar and Dictionai-y of Botany, and comprises the common 
 Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of the Southern as well as the Northern and Middle 
 States, including the commonly cultivated as well as the native species in 
 fields, gardens, pleasure grounds, or house culture, and even the conservatory 
 plants ordinarily met with.
 
 GKKAY'S LESSONS IN BOTANY 
 
 REVISED EDITION 
 
 THE 
 
 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY 
 
 FOR BEGINNERS AND FOR SCHOOLS 
 
 BY ASA GRAY 
 
 NEW YOKK : CINCINNATI : CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
 
 GRAY'S BOTANICAL SERIES 
 
 Gray's How Plants Grow 
 Gray's How Plants Behave 
 *Gray's Lessons in Botany 
 Gray's Field, Forest, and Garden Botany 
 
 (Flora only) 
 
 *Gray's School and Field Book of Botany 
 
 (Lessons and Flora) 
 
 Gray's Manual of Botany. (Flora only) 
 *Gray's Lessons and Manual of Botany 
 Gray's Botanical Text-Book 
 
 I. Gray's Structural Botany 
 II. Goodale's Physiological Botany 
 
 Coulter's Manual of Botany of the Rocky 
 
 Mountains 
 Gray and Coulter's Text-Book of 
 
 Western Botany 
 
 EDITIONS OF 1901 
 *Leavitt's Outlines of Botany 
 
 (Based on Gray's Lessons) 
 
 *Leavitt's Outlines of Botany with Flora 
 
 (Outlines and Gray's Field, Forest, and Garden Botany) 
 
 *Leavitt's Outlines and Gray's Manual 
 
 Copyright, 1887, by ASA GRAY 
 
 REV. LESSONS 
 W. P. II
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THIS volume takes the place of the author's LESSONS IN BOTANY 
 AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY, published over a quarter of a cen- 
 tury ago. It is constructed on the same lines, and is a kind 
 of new and much revised edition of that successful work. While 
 in some respects more extended, it is also more concise and terse 
 than its predecessor. This should the hetter fit it for its purpose 
 now that competent teachers are common. They may in many cases 
 develop paragraphs into lectures, and fully illustrate points which 
 are barely, but it is hoped clearly, stated. Indeed, even for those 
 without a teacher, it may be that a condensed is better than a 
 diffuse exposition. 
 
 The book is adapted to the higher schools, " How Plants Grow 
 and Behave " being the " Botany for Young People and Common 
 Schools." It is intended to ground beginners in Structural Botany 
 and the principles of vegetable life, mainly as concerns Flowering 
 or Phanerogamous plants, with which botanical instruction should 
 always begin ; also to be a companion and interpreter to the Man- 
 uals and Floras by which the student threads his flowery way to 
 a clear knowledge of the surrounding vegetable creation. Such a 
 book, like a grammar, must needs abound in technical words, 
 which thus arrayed may seem formidable ; nevertheless, if rightly 
 apprehended, this treatise should teach that the study of bot- 
 any is not the learning of names and terms, but the acquisition 
 of knowledge and ideas. No eifort should be made to com- 
 mit technical terms to memory. Any term used in describing a 
 plant or explaining its structure can be looked up when it is 
 wanted, and that should suffice. On -the other hand, plans of
 
 iv PREFACE. 
 
 structure, types, adaptations, and modifications, once understood, 
 are not readily forgotten ; and they give meaning and interest to 
 the technical terms used in explaining them. 
 
 In these "Elements" naturally no mention has been made of 
 certain terms and names which recent cryptogam ically-minded 
 botanists, with lack of proportion and just perspective, are en- 
 deavoring to introduce into phanerogamous botany, and which are 
 not needed nor appropriate, even in more advanced works, for the 
 adequate recognition of the ascertained analogies and homologies. 
 
 As this volume will be the grammar and dictionary to more than 
 one or two Manuals, Floras, etc., the particular directions for pro- 
 cedure which were given in the " First Lessons " are now relegated 
 to those works themselves, which in their new editions will pro- 
 vide the requisite explanations. On the other hand, in view of 
 such extended use, the Glossary at the end of this book has been 
 considerably enlarged. It will be found to include not merely the 
 common terms of botanical description but also many which are 
 unusual or obsolete ; yet any of them may now and then be encoun- 
 tered. Moreover, no small number of the Latin and Greek words 
 which form the whole or part of the commoner specific names are 
 added to this Glossary, some in an Anglicized, others in their Latin 
 form. This may be helpful to students with small Latin and less 
 Greek, in catching the meaning of a botanical name or term. 
 
 The illustrations in this volume are largely increased in number. 
 They are mostly from the hand of Isaac Sprague. 
 
 It happens that the title chosen for this book is that of the 
 author's earliest publication, in the year 1836, of which copies are 
 rarely seen ; so that no inconvenience is likely to arise from the 
 present use of the name. 
 
 ASA GRAY. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, 
 March, 1887-
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PACE 
 
 SECTION I. INTRODUCTORY 9 
 
 SECTION H. FLAX AS A PATTERN PLANT 11 
 
 Growth from the Seed, Organs of Vegetation 11 
 
 Blossoming, Flower, &c 14 
 
 SECTION m. MORPHOLOGY OF SEEDLINGS ....... 16 
 
 Germinating Maples 16 
 
 Cotyledons thickened, hypogaeous in germination 18 
 
 Store of Food external to the Embryo 20 
 
 Cotyledons as to number 22 
 
 Dicotyledonous and Polycotyledonons 23 
 
 Monocotyledonous 24 
 
 Simple-stemmed Plants 26 
 
 SECTION IV. GROWTH FROM BUDS; BRANCHING . ... 27 
 
 Buds, situation and kinds 27 
 
 Vigorous vegetation from strong Buds 28 
 
 Arrangement of Branches 29 
 
 Non-developed, Latent, and Accessory Buds 30 
 
 Enumeration of kinds of Buds 31 
 
 Definite and Indefinite growth ; Deliquescent and Excurrent . 31 
 
 SECTION V. ROOTS 33 
 
 Primary and Secondary. Contrast between Stem and Root . 34 
 
 Fibrous and Fleshy Roots ; names of kinds 34 
 
 Anomalous Roots. Epiphytic and Parasitic Plants .... 36 
 
 Duration : Annuals, Biennials, Perennials 37 
 
 SECTION VI. STEMS 38 
 
 Those above Ground : kinds and modifications .39 
 
 Subterranean Stems and Branches 42 
 
 Rootstock, 42. Tuber, 44. Corra, 46. Bulb and Bulblete . . 46 
 
 Consolidated Vegetation 47 
 
 SECTION VII. LEAVES 49 
 
 1. LEAVES AS FOLIAGE 49 
 
 Parts and Venation 60 
 
 Forms as to general outline 62 
 
 As to apex and particular outline 63
 
 CONTENTS, 
 
 As to lobing or division 56 
 
 Compound, Perfoliate, and Equitant Leaves 67 
 
 With no distinction of Petiole and Blade, Phyllodia, Ac. . . . 61 
 
 2. LEAVES OF SPECIAL CONFORMATION AND USB .... 32 
 
 Leaves for storage 62 
 
 Leaves as bud-scales, 63, Spines, 64, and for Climbing ... 64 
 
 Pitchers, 64, and Fly-traps .... 65 
 
 1 8. STIPULES 66 
 
 4. THE ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES 67 
 
 Phyllotaxy, 67, of Alternate Leaves 60 
 
 Of Opposite and Whorled Leaves 71 
 
 Venation or Praefoliation 71 
 
 vra. FLOWERS 72 
 
 I 1. POSITION AND ARRANGEMENT, INFLORESCENCE .... 73 
 
 Raceme, 73, Corymb, Umbel, Spike, Head 74 
 
 Spadix, Catkin, or Ament 76 
 
 Panicle: Determinate Inflorescence 76 
 
 Cyme, Fascicle, Glomerule, Scorpioid or Helicoid Cymes . . 77 
 
 Mixed Inflorescence 78 
 
 2. PARTS OB ORGANS OF THE FLOWER 79 
 
 Floral Envelopes : Perianth, Calyx, Corolla 79 
 
 Essential Organs : Stamen, Pistil 80 
 
 Torus or Receptacle r 81 
 
 3. PLAN OF THE FLOWER 81 
 
 When perfect, complete, regular, or symmetrical 81 
 
 Numerical Plan and Alternation of Organs 82 
 
 Flowers are altered branches 83 
 
 4. MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE 86 
 
 Unisexual or diclinous 86 
 
 Incomplete, Irregular, and Ur.sym metrical 86 
 
 Flowers with Multiplication of Parts 88 
 
 Flowers with Union of Part* : Coalescence 88 
 
 Regular Forms, 89, Irregular Forms 90 
 
 Papilionaceous, 91, Labiate, 92, and Ligulate Corollas .... 93 
 
 Adnation or Consolidation 94 
 
 Position of Flower or of its Parts 96 
 
 6. ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS IN THE BUD 97 
 
 ^Estivation or Praefloration, its kinds 67 
 
 SECTION IX. STAMENS IN PARTICULAR 98 
 
 Androecium, 98, Insertion, Relation, &c 99 
 
 Anther and Filament. Pollen 101 
 
 SECTION X. PISTILS IN PARTICULAR 106 
 
 | 1. ANGIOSPERMOCS OR ORDINARY GYNOECIUM 106 
 
 Parts of a complete Pistil 106 
 
 Carpels. Simple Pistil 106
 
 CONTENTS. Vii 
 
 Compound Pistil with Cells and Axile Placenta 107 
 
 One-celled with Free Central Placenta 108 
 
 One-celled with Parietal Placenta 108 
 
 2. GTMNOSPERMOU8 GTN<ECIUM 109 
 
 SECTION XL OVULES 110 
 
 Their Parts, Insertion, and Kind* Ill 
 
 SECTION XIL MODIFICATIONS OF THE RECEPTACLE . . 112 
 
 Torus, Stipe, Carpophore, Disk 113 
 
 SECTION XIII. FERTILIZATION 1.14 
 
 1. ADAPTATIONS FOB POLLINATION op THE STIGMA ... 114 
 
 Close and Cross Fertilization, Anemophilousand Entomophilous 115 
 
 Dichogamy and Heterogony 116 
 
 2. ACTION OF THE POLLEN AND FORMATION OP THE EMBRTO 117 
 
 SECTION XIV. THE FRUIT 117 
 
 Nature and kinds 118 
 
 Berry, Pepo, Pome 119 
 
 Drupe and Akene 120 
 
 Creraocarp, Caryopsis, Nut 121 
 
 Follicle, Legume, Capsule 122 
 
 Capsular Dehiscence, Silique and Silicic 123 
 
 Pyxis, Strobile or Cone 124 
 
 SECTION XV. THE SEED 125 
 
 Seed-coats and their appendages 125 
 
 The Kernel or Nucleus, Embryo and its parts, Albumen . . 127 
 
 SECTION XVI. VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK 128 
 
 1. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND GROWTH 129 
 
 Nature of Growth, Protoplasm 129 
 
 Cells and Cell-walls. Cellular Structure or Tissue .... 130 
 
 Strengthening Cells. Wood, Wood-cells, Vessels or Ducts . 132 
 
 2. CELL-CONTENTS 136 
 
 Sap, Chlorophyll, Starch 136 
 
 Crystals, Rhaphides 137 
 
 3. ANATOMY OF ROOTS AND STEMS 138 
 
 Endogenous and Exogenous Stems .....' 139 
 
 Particular structure of the latter 140 
 
 Wood, Sapwood and Heart-wood. The living parts of a Tree 141 
 
 4. ANATOMY OF LEAVES 142 
 
 Epidermis, Stomata or Breathing pores 143 
 
 6. PLANT FOOD AND ASSIMILATION 144 
 
 6. PLANT WORK AND MOVEMENT 149 
 
 Movements in Cells or Cyclosis 149 
 
 Transference from Cell to Cell 160
 
 Tlii CONTENTS. 
 
 Movements of Organ*, Twining Stems, Leaf-movements . . 150 
 
 Movements of Tendrils, Sensitiveness 152 
 
 Movements in Flowers .... 153 
 
 Movements for capture of Insects . ........ 154 
 
 Work costs, using up Material and Energy 155 
 
 SECTION XVII. CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS 156 
 
 Vascular Cryptogams, Pteridophytes 156 
 
 Horsetails (Equisetacese), Ferns . 167 
 
 Club-Mosses (Lj-copodium), &c 161 
 
 Quillworts (Isoetes), Pillworts (Marsilia) , . 161 
 
 Azolla. Cellular Cryptogams 162 
 
 Bryophytes. Mosses (Musci) 163 
 
 Liverworts (Hepaticae) 164 
 
 Thallophytes 165 
 
 Characeaa 167 
 
 Alg, Seaweeds, Ac. 168 
 
 Lichenes or Lichens 171 
 
 Fungi 172 
 
 SECTION XVIII. CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE 176 
 
 1. KINDS AND RELATIONSHIP 176 
 
 Species, Varieties, Individuals 176 
 
 Genera, Orders, Classes, &c 177 
 
 | 2. NAMES, TERMS, AND CHAEACTBRS 178 
 
 Nomenclature of Genera, Species, and Varieties 179 
 
 Nomenclature of Orders, Classes, &c. Terminology .... 180 
 
 3. STSTEM 181 
 
 Artificial and Natural 182 
 
 Synopsis of Series, Classes, &c 183 
 
 SECTION XIX. BOTANICAL WORK 184 
 
 1. COLLECTION OR HERBORIZATIOW 184 
 
 2. HERBARIUM 186 
 
 3. INVESTIGATION AND DETERMINATION OF PLANTS ... 187 
 
 4. SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS 188 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS OP THE NAMES OP BOTANISTS 190 
 
 GLOSSARY COMBINED WITH INDEX 193
 
 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 
 
 SECTION I. INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 1. BOTANY is the name of the science of the vegetable kingdom in 
 general ; that is, of plants. 
 
 2. Plants may be studied as to their kinds and relationships. This 
 study is SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. An enumeration of the kinds of vegetables, 
 as far as known, classified according to their various degrees of resemblance 
 or difference, constitutes a general System of plants. A similar account of 
 the vegetables of any particular country or district is called a Mora. 
 
 3. Plants may be studied as to their structure and parts. This is 
 STRUCTURAL BOTANY, or ORGANOGRAPHY. The study of the organs or 
 parts of plants in regard to the different forms and different uses which 
 the same kind of organ may assume, the comparison, for instance, of 
 a flower-leaf or a bud-scale with a common leaf, is VEGETABLE MOR- 
 PHOLOGY, or MORPHOLOGICAL BOTANY. The study of the minute structure 
 of the parts, to learn by the microscope what they themselves are formed 
 of, is VEGETABLE ANATOMY, or HISTOLOGY ; in other words, it is Micro- 
 scopical Structural Botany. The study of the actions of plants or of their 
 parts, of the ways in which a plant lives, grows, and acts, is the province 
 
 .of PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY, or VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 4. This book is to teach the outlines of Structural Botany and of the 
 simpler parts of the physiology of plants, that it may be known how 
 plants are constructed and adapted to their surroundings, and how they 
 live, move, propagate, and have their being in an existence no less real, 
 although more simple, than that of the animal creation which they support. 
 Particularly, this book is to teach the principles of the structure and rela- 
 tionships of plants, the nature and names of their parts and their modifica- 
 tions, and so to prepare for the study of Systematic Botany ; in which the 
 learner may ascertain the name and the place in the system of any or all 
 of the ordinary plants within reach, whether wild or cultivated. And in 
 ascertaining the name of any plant, the student, if rightly taught, will come 
 to know all about its general or particular structure, rank, and relationship 
 to other plants.
 
 10 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. [SECTION 1, 
 
 5 The vegetable kingdom is so vast and various, and the difference is 
 so wide between ordinary trees, shrubs, and herbs on the one hand, and 
 mosses, moulds, and such like on the other, that it is hardly possible to 
 frame an intelligible account of plants as a whole without contradictions 
 or misstatements, or endless and troublesome qualifications. If we say 
 that plants come from seeds, bear flowers, and have roots, stems, and 
 leaves, this is not true of the lower orders. It is best for the beginner, 
 therefore, to treat of the higher orders of plants by themselves, without 
 particular reference to the lower. 
 
 6. Let it be understood, accordingly, that there is a higher and a lower 
 series of plants ; namely : 
 
 PHANEROGAMOUS PLANTS, which come from seed and bear foteert, es- 
 sentially stamens and pistils, through the co-operation of which seed is 
 produced. For shortness, these are commonly called PHANEROGAMS, or 
 Phanogams, or by the equivalent English name of FLOWERING PLANTS.* 
 
 CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS, or CRYPTOGAMS, come from minute bodies, which 
 answer to seeds, but are of much simpler structure, and such plants have 
 not stamens and pistils. Therefore they are called in English FLOWEH.LESS 
 PLANTS. Such are Ferns, Mosses, Alga? or Seaweeds, Fungi, etc. These 
 sorts have each to be studied separately, for each class or order has a plan 
 of its own. 
 
 7. But Phanerogamous, or Flowering, Plants are all constructed on one 
 plan, or type. That is, taking almost any ordinary herb, shrub, or tree for 
 a pattern, it will exemplify the whole series : the parts of one plant answer 
 to the parts of any other, with only certain differences in particulars. And 
 the occupation and the delight of the scientific botanist is in tracing out 
 this common plan, in detecting the likenesses under all the diversities, and 
 in noting the meaning of these manifold diversities. So the attentive study 
 of any one plant, from its growth out of the seed to the flowering and 
 fruiting state and the production of seed like to that from which the plant 
 grew, would not only give a correct general idea of the structure, growth, 
 and characteristics of Flowering Plants in general, but also serve as a pat- 
 tern or standard of comparison. Some plants will serve this purpose of a 
 pattern much better than others. A proper pattern will be one that is 
 perfect in the sense of having all the principal parts of a phanerogamous 
 plant, and simple and regular in having these parts free from complications 
 or disguises. The common Flax-plant may very well serve this purpose. 
 Being an annual, it has the advantage of being easily raised and carried 
 in a short time through its circle of existence, from seedling to fruit and 
 seed. 
 
 ' The name is sometimes Phanerogamous, sometimes Phanogamous (Phanero- 
 gams, or Phanogams), terms of the same meaning etymologically ; the former of 
 preferable form, but the latter shorter. The meaning of such terms is explained 
 in the Glossary.
 
 SECTION 2.] A PATTERN PLANT. 11 
 
 SECTION II. FLAX AS A PATTERN PLANT. 
 
 8. Growth from the Seed. Phanerogamous plants grow from seed, 
 and their flowers are destined to the production of seeds. A seed has a 
 rudimentary plant ready formed iu it, sometimes with the two most 
 essential parts, i. e. stem and leaf, plainly discernible ; sometimes with no 
 obvious distinction of organs until germination begins. This incipient 
 plant is called an EMBRYO. 
 
 9. In this section the Flax-plant is taken as a specimen, or type, and 
 the development and history of common plants in general is illustrated by 
 it. In flux-seed the embryo nearly fills the coats, but not quite. There 
 is a small deposit of nourishment between the seed-coat and the embryo : 
 this may for the present be left out of the account. This embryo consists 
 of a pair of leaves, pressed together face to face, and attached to an ex- 
 tremely short stem. (Fig. 2-4.) In this rudimentary condition the real 
 nature of the parts is not at once apparent ; but when the seed grows they 
 promptly reveal their character, as the accompanying figures (Fig. 5-7) 
 show. 
 
 10. Before the nature of these parts in the seed was altogether under- 
 stood, technical names were given to them, which are still in use. These 
 initial leaves were named COTYLEDONS. The initial stem on which they 
 stand was called the RADICLE. That was because it gives rise to the first 
 root ; but, as it is really the beginning of the stem, and because it is the 
 stem that produces the root and not the root that produces the stem, it is 
 better to name it the CATJLICLE. Recently it has been named Hypocotyle; 
 which signifies something below the cotyledons, without pronouncing what 
 its nature is. 
 
 FIG. 1. Pod of Flax. 2. Section lengthwise, showing two of the seeds; one whole, 
 the other cut half away, bringing contained embryo into view. 3. Similar section 
 of a flax-seed more magnified and divided, flatwise; turned round, so that the 
 stem-end (caulicle) of the embryo is below: the whole broad upper part is the 
 inner face of one of the cotyledons; the minute nick at its base is the plumule. 
 4. Similar section through a seed turned edgewise, showing the thickness of the 
 cotyledons, and the minute plumule between them. i. e. the minute bud on the 
 upper end of the canlicle.
 
 12 
 
 A PATTERN PLANT. 
 
 [SECTION 2. 
 
 11. On committing these seeds to moist and warm soil they soon sprout, 
 i. e. germinate. The very short stem-part of the embryo is the first to 
 grow. It lengthens, protrudes its root-end ; this turns downward, if not 
 already pointing in that direction, and while it is lengthening a root forms 
 at its point and grows downward into the ground. This root continues to 
 grow on from its lower end, and thus insinuates itself and 
 penetrates into the soil. The stem meanwhile is adding 
 
 to its length throughout ; it erects itself, and, seeking the 
 light, brings the seed up out of the ground. The mate- 
 rials for this growth have been supplied by the cotyledons 
 or seed-leaves, still in the seed : it was the store of nour- 
 ishing material they held which gave them their thickish 
 shape, so unlike that of ordinary leaves. Now, relieved of 
 a part of this store of food, which has formed the growth by 
 which they have been raised into the air 
 and light, they appropriate the remain- 
 der to their own growth. In enlarging 
 they open and throw off the seed-husk ; 
 they expand, diverge into a horizontal 
 position, turn green, and thus become 
 a pair of evident leaves, the first foliage 
 of a tiny plant. This seedling, although 
 diminutive and most simple, possesses 
 and puts into use, all the ORGANS of 
 VEGETATION, namely, root, stem, and 
 leaves, each in its proper element, the 
 root in the soil, the stem rising out of 
 it, the leaves in the light and open air. 
 It now draws in moisture and some 
 food-materials from the soil by its root, 
 
 conveys this through the stem into the leaves, where these materials, along 
 with other crude food which these imbibe from the air, are assimilated into 
 vegetable matter, i. e. into the material for further growth. 
 
 12. Further Growth soon proceeds to the formation of new parts, 
 downward in the production of more root, or of branches of the main root, 
 upward in the development of more stem and leaves. That from which a 
 stem with its leaves is continued, or a new stem (i. e. branch) originated, is 
 a BUD. The most conspicuous and familiar buds are those of most shrubs 
 and trees, bearing buds formed in summer or autumn, to grow the following 
 
 Fid. 5. Early Flax seedling ; stem (caulicle), root at lower end, expanded seed- 
 leaves (cotyledons) at the other : minute bud (plumule) between these. 6. Same 
 later; the bud developed into second pair of leaves, with hardly any stem-part be- 
 low them; then into a third pair of leaves, raised on a short joint of stem ; and a 
 fifth leaf also showing. 7. Same still older, with more leaves developed, but these 
 singly (one after another), and with joints of stem between them.
 
 SECTION 2.] 
 
 A PATTERN PLANT. 
 
 13 
 
 spring. But every such point for new growth may equally bear the name. 
 When there is such a bud between the cotyledons in the seed or seedling 
 it is called the PLUMULE. This is conspicuous enough in a beau (Fig. 29.), 
 where the young leaf of the new growth looks like a little plume, whence the 
 name, plumule. In flax-seed this is very minute indeed, but is discernible 
 with a magnifier, and in the seedling it shows itself distinctly (Fig. 5, 6, 7). 
 
 13. As it grows it shapes itself into a second pair of leaves, which of 
 course rests on a second joint of stem, although in this instance that remains 
 too short to be well seen. Upon its 
 
 summit appears the third pair of 
 leaves, soon to be raised upon its 
 proper joint of stem ; the next leaf is 
 single, and is carried up still further 
 upon its supporting joint of stem ; 
 and so on. The root, meanwhile, 
 continues to grow underground, not 
 joint after joint, but continuously, 
 from its lower end ; and commonly 
 it before long multiplies itself by 
 branches, which lengthen by the 
 same continuous growth. But 
 stems are built up by a succession 
 of leaf-bearing growths, such as are 
 strongly marked in a reed or corn- 
 stalk, and less so in such an herb as 
 Flax. The word "joint " is ambigu- 
 ous : it may mean either the portion 
 between successive leaves, or their 
 junction, where the leaves are at- 
 tached. For precision, therefore, 
 the place where the leaf or leaves 
 are borne is called a NODE, and the 
 naked interval between two nodes, 
 an INTERNODE. 
 
 14. In this way a simple stem 
 with its garniture of leaves is de- 
 veloped from the seed. But besides 
 
 this direct continuation, buds may form and develop into lateral rf*jms, that 
 is, into branches, from any node. The proper origin of branches is from 
 the AXIL of a leaf, i. e. the angle between leaf and stem on the upper side ; 
 and branches may again branch, so building up the herb, shrub, or tree. 
 But sooner or later, and without long delay in an annual like Flax, instead 
 of this continuance of mere vegetation, reproduction is prepared for by 
 
 Fia. 8. Ujjuer part of Flax-plant in blossom.
 
 14 A PATTERN PLANT, [SECTION 2. 
 
 15. Blossoming. In Flax the flowers make their appearance at the 
 end of the stein and branches. The growth, which otherwise might con- 
 tinue them farther or indefinitely, now takes the form of blossom, and is 
 subservient to the production of seed. 
 
 16. The Flower of Flax consists, first, of five small green leaves, 
 crowded into a circle : this is the CALYX, or flower-cup. When its sepa- 
 rate leaves are referred to they are called SEPALS, a name which distin- 
 guishes them from foliage-leaves on the one hand, and from petals on the 
 other. Then come five delicate and colored leaves (in the Flax, blue), which 
 form the COEOLLA, and its leaves are PETALS ; then a circle of organs, in 
 
 9 10 
 
 which all likeness to leaves is lost, consisting of slender stalks with a knob 
 at summit, the STAMENS; and lastly, in the centre, the rounded body, 
 which becomes a pod, surmounted by five slender or stalk-like bodies. 
 This, all together, is the PISTIL. The lower part of it, which is to contain the 
 seeds, is the OVARY ; the slender organs surmounting this are STYLES ; the 
 knob borne on the apex of each style is a STIGMA. Going back to the sta- 
 mens, these are of two parts, viz. the stalk, called FILAMENT, and the body 
 it bears, the ANTHER. Anthers are filled with POLLEN, a powdery sub- 
 stance 'made up of minute grains. 
 
 17 The pollen shed from the anthers when they open falls upon or is 
 conveyed to the stigmas ; then the pollen-grains set up a kind of growth (to 
 be discerned only by aid of a good microscope), which penetrates the style : 
 this growth takes the form of a thread more delicate than the finest spider's 
 web, and reaches the bodies which are to become seeds (OVULES they are 
 called until this change occurs) ; these, touched by this influence, are in- 
 cited to a new growth within, which becomes an embryo. So, as the ovary 
 ripens into the seed-pod or capsule (Fig. 1, etc.) containing seeds, each 
 seed enclosing a rudimentary new plantlet, the round of this vegetable 
 existence is completed. 
 
 Fro. 9. Flax-flowers about natural size. 10. Section of a flower moderately 
 enlarged, showing a part of the petals and stamens, all five styles, and a section 
 of ovary with two ovules or rudimentary seeds.
 
 SECTION 3.J SEEDLINGS. 15 
 
 SECTION HI. MORPHOLOGY OP SEEDLINGS. 
 
 18. Having obtained a general idea of the growth and parts of a pha- 
 nerogamous plant from the common Flax of the field, the seeds and seed- 
 lings of other familiar plants may be taken up, and their variations from the 
 assumed pattern examined. 
 
 19. Germinating Maples are excellent to begin with, the parts being 
 so much larger than in Flax that a common magnifying glass, although 
 convenient, is hardly necessary. The only disadvantage is that fresh seeds 
 are not readily to be had at all seasons. 
 
 20. The seeds of Sugar Maple ripen at the end of summer, and germi- 
 nate in early spring. The em- 
 bryo fills the whole seed, in 
 
 which it is nicely packed ; and 
 the nature of the parts is ob- 
 vious even before growth begins. 
 There is a stemlet (caulicle) and 
 a pair of long and narrow seed- 
 leaves (cotyledons), doubled up and coiled, green even in the seed, and in 
 germination at once unfolding into the first pair of foliage-leaves, though 
 of shape quite unlike those that follow. 
 
 21. Red Maple seeds are ripe and ready to germinate at the beginning of 
 summer, and are therefore more convenient for study. The cotyledons are 
 crumpled in the seed, and not easy to straighten out until they unfold them- 
 selves in germination. The story of their development into the seedling is 
 told by the accompanying Fig. 14-20 ; and that of Sugar Maple is closely 
 similar. No plumule or bud appears in the embryo of these two Maples 
 until the seed-leaves have nearly attained their full growth and are acting 
 as foliage-leaves, and until a root is formed below. There is no great store 
 of nourishment in these thin cotyledons; so further growth has to wait 
 until the root and seed-leaves have collected and elaborated sufficient ma- 
 terial for the formation of the second internode and its pair -of leaves, 
 which lending their help the third pair is more promptly produced, and 
 so on. 
 
 22. Some change in the plan comes with the Silver or Soft White Maple. 
 (Fig. 21-25). This blossoms in earliest spring, and it drops its large and 
 ripened keys only a few weeks later. Its cotyledons have not at all the 
 appearance of leaves ; they are short and broad, and (as there is no room 
 to be saved by folding) they are straight, except a small fold at the top, 
 a vestige of the habit of Maples in general. Their unusual thickness is due 
 
 FIG. 11. Embryo of Sugar Maple, cut through lengthwise and taken out of the 
 eed. 12, 13. Whole embryo of same just beginning to grow; a, the stemlet or 
 caulicle, which in 13 has considerably lengthened,
 
 16 
 
 SEEDLINGS. 
 
 [SECTION 3. 
 
 to the large store of nutritive matter they contain, and this prevents their 
 developing into actual leaves. Correspondingly, their caulicle does not 
 lengthen to elevate them above the surface of the soil ; the growth below 
 the'cotyledons is nearly all of root. It is the little plumule or bud between 
 
 them which makes the upward growth, and which, being well fed by the 
 cotyledons, rapidly develops the next pair of leaves and raises them upon 
 a long internode, and so on. The cotyledons all the while remain below, 
 in the husk of the fruit and seed, and perish when they have yielded up the 
 store of food which they contained. 
 
 23. So, even in plants so much alike as Maples, there is considerable 
 difference in the amount of food stored up in the cotyledons by which the 
 growth is to be made ; and there are corresponding differences in the ger- 
 
 Fio. 14. One of the pair of keys or winged fruits of Red Maple ; the seed-bear- 
 ing portion cut open to show the seed. 15. Seed enlarged, and divided to show 
 the crumpled embryo which fills it. 16. Embryo taken out and partly opened. 
 
 17. Embryo which has unfolded in early stage of germination and begun to grow. 
 
 18. Seedling with next joint of stem and leaves apparent; and 19 with these parts 
 foil-grown, and bud at apex for further growth. 20. Seedling with another joint 
 of stem and pair of leaves.
 
 SECTION 3.] 
 
 SEEDLINGS. 
 
 17 
 
 mination. The larger the supply to draw upon, the stronger the growth, 
 and the quicker the formation of root below and of stem and leaves above. 
 This deposit of food thickens the 
 cotyledons, and renders them less 
 and less leaf-like in proportion to 
 its amount. 
 
 2i. Examples of Embryos 
 with thickened Cotyledons. 
 In the Pumpkin and Squash (Fig. 
 26, 27), the cotyledons are well 
 supplied with nourishing matter, 
 as their sweet taste demonstrates. 
 Still, they are flat and not very 
 thick. In germination this store 
 is promptly utilized in the devel- 
 opment of the caulicle to twenty or 
 thirty times its length in the seed, 
 and to corresponding thickness, in 
 the formation of a cluster of roots 
 at its lower end, and the early pro- 
 duction of the incipient plumule ; 
 also in their own growth into effi- 
 cient green leaves. The case of 
 our common Beau (Phaseolus vul- 
 garis, Fig. 28-30) is nearly the 
 same, except that the cotyledons 
 are much more gorged ; so that, although carried up into the air and light 
 upon the lengthening caulicle, and there acquiring a green color, they 
 never expand into useful leaves. Instead of this, they nourish into rapid 
 growth the plumule, which is plainly visible in the seed, as a pair of 
 incipient leaves ; and these form the first actual foliage. 
 
 25. Very similar is the germination of the Beech (Pig. 31-33), except 
 that the caulicle lengthens less, hardly raising the cotyledons out of the 
 ground. Nothing would be gained by elevating them, as they never grow 
 out into efficient leaves ; but the joint of stem belonging to the plumule 
 lengthens well, carrying up its pair of real foliage-leaves. 
 
 26. It is nearly the same in the Bean of the Old World (Vicia Faba, 
 here called Horse Bean and Windsor Bean) : the caulicle lengthens very 
 little, does not undertake to elevate the heavy seed, which is left below or 
 
 FIG. 21. Fruit (one key) of Silver Maple, Acer dasycarpum, of natural size, the 
 seed-bearing portion divided to show the seed. 22. Embryo of the seed taken 
 out. 23. Same opened out, to show the thick cotyledons and the little plumule 
 or bud between them. 24. Germination of Silver Maple, natural size; merely the 
 base of the fruit, containing the seed, is shown. 25. Embryo of same, taken out 
 of the husk ; upper part of growing stem cut off, for want of room.
 
 18 
 
 SEEDLINGS. 
 
 [SECTION 3. 
 
 upon the surface of the soil, the flat but thick cotyledons remaining in it, 
 and supplying food for the growth of the root below and the plumule 
 above. In its near relative, the Pea (Fig. 34, 35), this use of cotyledons 
 
 for storage only is most completely carried out. For they are thickened 
 to the utmost, even into hemispheres; the caulicle does not lengthen at all ; 
 merely sends out roots from the lower end, and develops its strong plu- 
 mule from the upper, the seed remaining unmoved underground. That is, 
 in technical language, the germination is hypogteous. 
 
 27. There is sufficient nourishment in the cotyledons of a pea to make 
 a very considerable growth before any actual foliage is required. So it 
 is the stem-portion of the plumule which is at first conspicuous and strong- 
 growing. Here, as seen in Fig. 35, its lower nodes bear each a useless 
 leaf-scale instead of an efficient leaf, and only the later ones bear leaves 
 fitted for foliage. 
 
 Fio. 26. Embryo of Pumpkin-seed, partly opened. 27. Young seedling of same. 
 
 FlQ. 28. Embryo of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): caulicle bent down 
 over edge of cotyledons. 29. Same germinating : caulicle well lengthened and root 
 beginning; thick cotyledons partly spreading; and plumule (pair of leaves) growing 
 between them. 30. Same, older, with plumule developed into internode and 
 pair of leaves, .
 
 SECTION 3.] 
 
 SEEDLINGS. 
 
 19 
 
 28. This hypog&ous germination is exemplified on a larger scale by the 
 Oak (Pig. 36, 37) and Horse-chestnut (Fig. 38, 39); but in these the 
 downward growth is wholly a stout tap-root. It is not the caulicle; for 
 
 this lengthens hardly any. Indeed, the earliest growth which carries 
 the very short caulicle out of the shell comes from the formation of foot- 
 stalks to the cotyledons ; above these develops the strong plumule, below 
 grows the stout root. The growth is at first entirely, for a long time 
 
 FIG. 31. A Beech-nut, cut across. 32. Beginning germination of the Beech, 
 showing the plumule growing before the cotyledons have opened or the root has 
 scarcely formed. 33. The same, a little later, with the plumule-leaves developing, 
 and elevated on a long internode. 
 
 FIG. 34. Embryo of Pea, i. e. a pea with the coats removed; the short and 
 thick caulicle presented to view. 35. Same in advanced germination : the plumule 
 na developed four or five internodes, bearing single leaves ; but the first and sec- 
 end leaves are mere scales, the third begins to serve as foliage ; the next more so.
 
 20 
 
 SEEDLINGS. 
 
 [SECTION 3. 
 
 mainly, at the expense of the great store of food in the cotyledons. These, 
 after serving their purpose, decay and fall away. 
 
 29. Such thick cotyledons never separate; indeed, they sometimes grow 
 together by some part of their contiguous faces ; so that the germination 
 
 seems to proceed from a solid bulb-like mass. 
 This is the case in a horse-chestnut. 
 
 30. Germinating Embryo supplied by its 
 own Store of Nourishment, i. e. the store in 
 the cotyledons. This is so in all the illustrations 
 thus far, essentially so even in the Flax. This 
 nourishment was supplied by the mother plant to 
 the ovule and seed, and thence taken into the 
 embryo during its growth. Such embryos, filling 
 the whole seed, are comparatively large and strong, 
 and vigorous in germination in proportion to the 
 amount of their growth while connected with the parent plant. 
 
 31. Germinating Embryo supplied from a Deposit outside of It- 
 self. This is as common as the other mode ; aud it occurs iu all degrees. 
 
 Fio. 36. Half of an acorn, cut lengthwise, filled by the very thick cotyledons, 
 the base of which encloses the minute caulicle. 37. Oak-seedling. 
 
 Fio. 38. Half of a horse-chestnut, similarly cut ; the caulicle is curved down on 
 the side of one of the thick cotyledons. 39. Horse-chestnut in germination; foot- 
 stalks are formed to the cotyledons, pushing out in their lengthening the growing 
 parte.
 
 SECTION 3.] 
 
 SEEDLINGS. 
 
 21 
 
 Some seeds have very little of this deposit, but a comparatively large em- 
 bryo, with its parts more or less developed and recognizable. In others 
 this deposit forms the main bulk of the seed, and the embryo is small or 
 minute, and comparatively rudimentary. The following illustrations exem- 
 plify these various grades. When an embryo in a seed is thus surrounded 
 by a white substance, it was natural to liken the latter to the white of an 
 egg, and the embryo or germ to the yolk. So the matter around or by 
 the side of the embryo was called the Albumen, 
 i. e. the white of the seed. The analogy is not 
 very good ; and to avoid ambiguity some botan- 
 ists call it the ENDOSPERM. As that means iu 
 English merely the inwards of a seed, the new 
 name is little better than the old one ; and, since 
 we do not change names in botany except 
 when it cannot be avoided, this name of albu- 
 men is generally kept up. A seed with such a 
 deposit is albuminous, one with none is exal- 
 buminous. 
 
 32. The ALBUMEN forms the main bulk of 
 the seed in wheat, maize, rice, buckwheat, and 
 the like. It is the floury part of the seed. 
 Also of the cocoa-nut, of coffee (where it is dense 
 and hard), etc. ; while in peas, beans, almonds, 
 and in most edible nuts, the store of food, al- 
 though essentially the same in nature and in 
 use, is in the embryo itself, and therefore is not 
 counted as anything to be separately named. 
 In both forms this concentrated food for the 
 germinating plant is food also for man and for 
 animals. 
 
 33. For an albuminous seed with a well-developed embryo, the com- 
 mon Morning Glory (Ipomcea purpurea, Fig. 40-43) is a convenient exam- 
 ple, being easy and prompt to grow, and having all the parts well apparent. 
 The seeds (duly soaked for examination) and the germination should be 
 compared with those of Sugar and Red Maple (19-21). The only essen- 
 tial difference is that here the embryo is surrounded by and crumpled up in 
 the albumen. This substance, which is pulpy or mucilaginous in fresh 
 and young seeds, hardens as the seed ripens, but becomes again pulpy in 
 germination ; and, as it liquifies, the thin cotyledons absorb it by their 
 
 FIG. 40. Seed of Morning Glory divided, moderately magnified; shows a longi- 
 tudinal section through the centre of the embryo as it lies crumpled in the albu- 
 men. 41. Embryo taken out whole and unfolded; the broad and very thin 
 cotyledons notched at summit ; the caulicle below. 42. Early state of germina- 
 tion. 43. Same, more advanced; caulicle or primary stem, cotyledons or seed- 
 leaves, and below, the root, well developed.
 
 22 
 
 SEEDLINGS, 
 
 [SECTION 3. 
 
 whole surface. It supplements the nutritive matter contained in the 
 embryo. Both together form no large store, but sufficient for establishing 
 the seedling, with tiny root, stem, and pair of leaves for initiating its 
 independent growth; which in due time proceeds as in Tig. 44, 45. 
 
 34. Smaller embryos, less developed in the seed, are more dependenl 
 upon the extraneous supply of food. The figures 46-53 illustrate fouf 
 
 grades in this respect. The smallest, that of the Peony, is still large enough 
 to be seen with a hand magnifying glass, and even its cotyledons may be 
 discerned by the aid of a simple stage microscope. 
 
 35. The broad cotyledons of Mirabilis, or Four-o'clock (Fig. 52, 53), 
 with the slender caulicle almost encircle and enclose the floury albumen, 
 instead of being enclosed in it, as in the other illustrations. Evidently 
 here the germinating embryo is principally fed by one of the leaf-like coty- 
 ledons, the other being out of contact with the supply. In the embryo of 
 Abronia (Fig. 54, 55), a near relative of Mirabilis, there is a singular 
 modification ; one cotyledon is almost wanting, being reduced to a rudi- 
 ment, leaving it for the other to do the work. This leads to the question 
 of the 
 
 36. Number of Cotyledons. In all the preceding illustrations, the 
 embryo, however different in shape and degree of development, is evidently 
 
 Fio. 44. Seedling of Morning Glory more advanced (root cut away); cotyledons 
 well developed into foliage-leaves: succeeding internode and leaf well developed, 
 and the next forming. 45. Seedling more advanced; reduced to much below 
 natural size.
 
 SECTION 3.J 
 
 SEEDLINGS. 
 
 23 
 
 constructed upon one and the same plan, namely, that of two leaves on a 
 caulicle or initial stem, a plan which is obvious even when one cotyledon 
 becomes very much smaller than the other, as in the rare instance of Abro- 
 nia (Fig. 54, 55). Im other words, the embryos so far examined are all 
 
 37. Dicotyledonous, that is, two-cotyledoned. Plants which are thus 
 similar in the plan of the embryo agree likewise in the *eneral structure of 
 60 62 
 
 53 
 
 their stems, leaves, and blossoms ; and thus form a class, named from their 
 embryo DICOTYLEDONES, or in English, DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. So long 
 a name being inconvenient, it may be shortened into DICOTTLS. 
 
 38. Polycotyledonous is a name employed for the less usual case in 
 which there are more than two cotyledons. The Pine is the most familiar 
 case. This occurs in all Pines, the number of cotyledons varying from three 
 to twelve ; in Fig. 56, 57 they are six. Note that they are all on the same 
 level, that is, belong to the same node, so as to form a circle or whorl at the 
 summit of the caulicle. When there are only three cotyledons, they divide 
 the space equally, are one third of the circle apart. When only two they 
 are 180 apart, that is, are opposite. 
 
 39. The case of three or more cotyledons, which is constant in Pines 
 and in some of their relatives (but not in all of them), is occasional among 
 Dicotyls. And the polycotyledonous is only a variation of the dicotyledonous 
 type, a difference in the number of leaves in the whorl ; for a pair is a 
 whorl reduced to two members. Some suppose that there are really only 
 
 FIG. 46. Section of a seed of a Peony, showing a very small embryo in the 
 albumen, near one end. 47. This embryo detached, and more magnified. 
 
 FIG. 48. Section of a seed of Barberry, showing the straight embryo in the 
 middle of the albumen. 49. Its embryo detached. 
 
 Fio. 50. Section of a Potato-seed, showing the embryo coiled in the albumen. 
 51. Its embryo detached. 
 
 FlQ. 52. Section of the seed of Mirabilis or Four-o'clock, showing the embryo 
 coiled round the outside of the albumen. 53. Embryo detached; showing the very 
 broad and leaf-like cotyledons, applied face to face, and the pair incurved. 
 
 FIG. 54. Embryo of Abronia umbellata; one of the cotyledons very smalL 
 65. Same straightened out.
 
 SEEDLINGS. 
 
 [SECTION 3. 
 
 two cotyledons even in a Pine-embryo, but these divided or split up con- 
 genitally so as to imitate a greater number. But as leaves are often in 
 whorls on ordinary stems, they may be so at the very beginning. 
 
 40. MonocotyledODOus (meaning with 
 single cotyledon) is the i lame of the one-coty- - 
 
 'ledoned sort of embryo. This goes along " 
 with peculiarities in sten t, leaves, and flowers ; 
 which all together assouiate such plants into 
 a great class, called MONOCOTYLEDONOUS 
 PLANTS, or, for shortness, MONOCOTYLS. It 
 means merely that the leaves are alternate 
 from the very first. 
 
 41. In Iris (Fig. 58, 59) the embryo in 
 the seed is a small cylinder at one end of the 
 mass of the albumen, with no apparent dis- 
 tinction of parts. The end which almost 
 touches the seeii-coat is caulicle; the other 
 end belongs to the solitary cotyledon. In 
 
 germination the whole lengthen? (but mainly the 
 cotyledon) only enough to push the proximate 
 end fairly out of the seed : front this end the root 
 is formed ; and from a little higher the plumule 
 later emerges. It would appear, therefore, that 
 the cotyledon answers to a raiaute leaf rolled up, 
 and that a chink through ^hich the plumule 
 grows out is a part of the in rolled edges. The 
 embryo of Indian Corn shows these parts on a 
 larger scale and in a more open state (Fig. 66- 
 68). There, in the seed, the cotyledon remains, 
 imbibing nourishment from fhe softened albu- 
 men, and transmitting it to the growing root 
 below and new-forming leaves above. 
 
 49. The general plan is the st me in the Onion (Fig. 60-65), but witn 
 a striking difference. The embryo is long, and coiled in the albumen of the 
 .seed. To ordinary examination it shows no distinction of parts. But 
 germination plainly shows that all except the lower end of it is cotyledon. 
 For after it has lengthened into a long thread, the chink from which the 
 
 Fio. 50. Section of a Pine-seed, showing its polycotyledonous embryo in the 
 centre of the albumen; moderately magnified. 57. Seedling of same, showing the 
 freshly expanded six cotyledons in a whorl, and the plumule just appearing. 
 
 Pig. 58. Section of a seed of tho Iris, or Flower-de-Luce, enlarged, showing its 
 small embryo in the albumen, near the bottom. 59. A germinating seedling of the 
 same, its plumule developed into the first four leaves (alternate), the first one 
 rudimentary i the cotyledon remains in the seed. 
 
 Pio. 60. Section of an Onion-seed, showing the slender and coiled embryo in the 
 albumen ; moderately magnified. 61. Seed of same in early germination.
 
 SECTION 3.J SEEDLINGS. 25 
 
 plumule in time emerges is seen at the base, or near it ; so the caulicle it 
 
 extremely short, and does not elongate, 
 but sends out from its base a simple 
 root, and afterwards others in a cluster. 
 Not only does the cotyledon lengthen 
 enormously in the seedling, but (un- 
 like that of Iris, Indian Corn, and all 
 
 FIG. 62. Germinating Onion, more advanced ; the chink at base of cotyledon 
 opening for the protrusion of the plumule, consisting of a thread-shaped leaf. 
 63. Section of base of Fig. 62, showing plumule enclosed. 64. Section of same 
 later ; plumule emerging. 65. Later stage of 62; upper part cut off. 66. A grain 
 of Indian Corn, flatwise, cut away a little, so as to show the embryo, lying on the 
 albumen, which makes the principal bulk of the seed. 67. A grain cut through the 
 middle in the opposite direction, dividing the embryo through its thick cotyle- 
 don and its plumule, the latter consisting of two leaves, one enclosing the other. 
 68. The embryo, taken out whole : the thick mass is the cotyledon ; the narrow 
 body partly enclosed by it is the plumule ; the little projection at its base is the 
 very short radicle enclosed in the sheathing base of the first leaf of the plumule. 
 
 FIG. 69. Grain of Indian Corn in germination ; the ascending sprout is the first 
 leaf of the plumule, enclosing the younger leaves within ; at its base the primary 
 root has broken through. 70. The same, advanced; the second and third leaves 
 developing, while the ."^eathing first leaf does not further develop.
 
 SEEDLINGS. 
 
 [SECTION 3. 
 
 the cereal grains) it raises the comparatively light seed into the air, the 
 tip still remaining in the seed and feeding upon the albumen. When 
 this food is exhausted and the seedling is well es- 
 tablished in the soil, the upper end decays and the 
 emptied husk of the seed falss away. 
 
 43. In Maize or In- 
 dian Corn (Tig. 66-70), 
 the embryo is more de- 
 veloped in the seed, and 
 its parts can be made out. 
 It lies against the starchy 
 albumen, but is not 
 enclosed therein. The 
 larger part of it is the 
 cotyledon, thickish, its 
 edges involute, and its 
 back in contact with the 
 albumen ; partly enclosed 
 by it is the well-devel- 
 oped plumule or bud 
 which is to grow. For 
 the cotyledon remains in 
 the seed to fulfil its office 
 of imbibing nourishment 
 from the softened albu- 
 men, which it conveys to 
 the growing sprout ; the 
 part of this sprout which is visible is the first leaf of the plumule rolled up 
 into a sheath and enclosing the rudiments of the succeeding leaves, at the 
 base enclosing even the minute caulicle. In germination the first leaf of 
 the plumule develops only as a sort of sheath, protecting the tender parts 
 within; the second and the third form the first foliage. The caulicle never 
 lengthens : the first root, which is formed at its lower end, or from any 
 part of it, has to break through the enclosing sheath ; and succeeding roots 
 soon spring from all or any of the nodes of the plumule. 
 
 44. Simple-stemmed Plants are thus built up, by the continuous pro- 
 duction of one leaf-bearing portion of stem from the summit of the preced- 
 ing one, beginning with the initial stem (or caulicle) in the embryo. Some 
 Dicotyls and many Monocotyls develop only in this single line of growth (as 
 to parts above ground) until the flowering state is approached. For some 
 examples, see Cycas (Fig. 71, front, at the left) ; a tall Yucca or Spanish 
 Bayonet, and two Cocoa-nut Palms behind ; at the right, a group of Sugar- 
 canes, and a Banana behind. 
 
 FIG. 71. Simple-stemmed vegetation.
 
 SECTION 4.] 
 
 BUDS. 
 
 27 
 
 SECTION IV. GROWTH FROM BUDS : BRANCHING. 
 
 45. Most plants increase the amount of their vegetation by branching, 
 that is, by producing lateral shoots. 
 
 46. Roots branch from any part and usually without definite order. 
 Stems normally give rise to branches only at definite points, namely, at the 
 nodes, and there only from the axils of leaves. 
 
 47. Buds (Fig. 72, 73). Every incipient shoot is a Bud (12). A 
 stem continues its growth by its terminal bud; it branches by the forma- 
 tion and development of lateral buds. As normal lateral buds occupy the 
 axils of leaves, they are called axillary buds. As leaves are symmetrically 
 arrauged on the stem, the buds in their axils and the branches into which 
 axillary buds grow partake of this symmetry. 
 
 The most conspicuous buds are the scaly winter- 
 buds of most shrubs and trees of temperate and 
 cold climates ; but the name belongs as well to 
 the forming shoot or branch of any herb. 
 
 48. The Terminal Bud, in the most general 
 sense, may be said to exist in the embryo, as 
 cotyledons, or the cotyledons and plumule, and 
 to crown each successive growth of the simple 
 stem so long as the summit is capable of growth 
 The whole ascending growth of the Palm, Cy- 
 cas, and the like (such as in Fig. 71) is from 
 a terminal bud. Branches, being repetitions of 
 the main stem and growing in the same way, 
 are also lengthened by terminal buds. Those of 
 Horse-chestnut, Hickory, Maples, and such trees, 
 being the resting buds of winter, are conspicu- 
 ous by their protective covering of scales. 
 These bud-scales, as will hereafter be shown, 
 are themselves a kind of leaves. 
 
 49. Axillary Buds were formed on these 
 annual shoots early in the summer. Occasion- 
 ally they grow the same season into branches ; at least, some of them are 
 pretty sure to do so whenever the growing terminal bud at the end of the 
 shoot is injured or destroyed. Otherwise they may lie dormant until the 
 following spring. In many trees or shrubs these axillary buds do not 
 show themselves until spring ; but if searched for, they may be detected, 
 though of small size, hidden under the bark. Sometimes, although early 
 
 FIG. 72. Shoot of Horse-chestnut, of one year's growth, taken in autumn after th 
 leaves have fallen; showing the large terminal bud and smaller axillary buds- 
 FIG. 73. Similar shoot of Shagbark Hickory, Carya alba.
 
 28 BUDB. [SECTION 4. 
 
 formed, they are concealed all summer long under the base of the leaf-stalk, 
 which is theu hollowed out into a sort of inverted cup, like a candle- 
 extinguisher, to cover them ; as in the Locust, the Yellow.wood, or more 
 strikingly in the Button-wood or Plane-tree (Fig. 74). 
 
 50. The leaf '-scars, so conspicuous in Fig. 72, 73, under each axillary 
 bud, mark the place where the stalk of the subtending leaf was attached 
 until it fell in autumn. 
 
 51. Scaly Buds, which are well represented fa Fig. 72, 73, commonly 
 belong to trees and shrubs of countries in which growth is suspended dur- 
 ing winter. The scaly coverings protect the tender young parts beneath, 
 not so much by keeping out the cold, which of course would penetrate the 
 bud in time, as by shielding the interior from the effects of sudden changes. 
 There are all gradations between these and 
 
 52. Naked Buds, in which these scales are inconspicuous or wanting, 
 as in most herbs, at least above ground, and most tropical trees and shrubs. 
 But nearly related plants of the same climate may differ widely in this re- 
 spect. Rhododendrons have strong and scaly winter-buds ; while in Kalmia 
 they are naked. One species of Viburnum, the Hobble-bush, has com- 
 pletely naked buds, what would be a pair of scales developing into the first 
 leaves in spring ; while another (the Snowball) has conspicuous scaly buds. 
 
 53. Vigor of Vegetation from strong buds. Large and strong buds, 
 like those of the Horse-chestnut, Hickory, and the like, contain several 
 leaves, or pairs of leaves, ready formed, folded and packed away in small 
 compass, just as the seed-leaves of a strong embryo are packed away in the 
 seed : they may even contain all the blossoms of the ensuing season, plainly 
 visible as small buds. And the stems upon which these buds rest are filled 
 with abundant nourishment, which was deposited the summer before in the 
 
 FIG. 74. An axillary bud, concealed under the hollowed base of the leafstalk, 
 in Buttonwood or Plane-tree.
 
 SECTION 4.] BUDB. 29 
 
 wood or in the bark. Under the surface of the soil, or on it covered with 
 the fallen leaves of autumu, similar strong buds of our perennial herbs maj 
 be found ; while beneath are thick roots, rootstocks, or tubers, charged 
 with a great store of nourishment for their use. This explains how it is that 
 vegetation from such buds shoots forth so vigorously in the spring of the 
 year, and clothes the bare and lately frozen surface of the soil, as well as 
 the naked boughs of trees, very promptly with a covering of fresh green, 
 and often with brilliant blossoms. Everything was prepared, and even 
 formed, beforehand : the short joints of stem in the bud have only to 
 lengthen, and to separate the leaves from each other so that they may un- 
 fold and grow. Only a small part of the vegetation of the season comes 
 directly from the seed, and none of the earliest vernal vegetation. This is 
 all from buds which have lived through the winter. 
 
 64. The Arrangement of Branches, being that of axillary buds, answers 
 to that of the leaves. Now leaves principally are either opposite or alternate. 
 Leaves are opposite when there are two from the same joint of stem, as in 
 Maples (Fig. 20), the two being on opposite sides of the stem ; and so the 
 axillary buds and branches are opposite, as in Fig. 75. Leaves are alter- 
 nate when there is only one from each joint of stem, as in the Oak, Lime- 
 tree, Poplar, Button-wood (Fig. 74), Morning-Glory (Fig. 45, not 
 counting the seed-leaves, which of course are opposite, there being a pair 
 of them) ; also in Indian Corn (Fig. 70), and Iris (Fig. 59). Consequently 
 the axillary buds are also alternate, as in Hickory (Fig. 73) ; and the 
 branches they form alternate, making a different kind of spray from the 
 other mode, one branch shooting on one side of the stem and the next 
 on some other. For in the alternate arrangement no leaf is on the same 
 side of the stem as the one next above or next below it. 
 
 55. But the symmetry of branches (unlike that of the leaves) is rarely 
 complete. This is due to several causes, and most commonly to the 
 
 56. Non-development of buds. It never happens that all the buds 
 grow. If they did, there might be as many branches in any year as there 
 were leaves the year before. And of those which do begin to grow, a 
 /arge portion perish, sooner or later, for want of nourishment, or for want 
 of light, or because those which first begin to grow have an advantage, 
 which they are apt to keep, taking to themselves the nourishment of the 
 stem, and starving the weaker buds. In the Horse-chestnut (Fig. 72), 
 Hickory (Fig. 73), Magnolia, and most other trees with large scaly buds, 
 the terminal bud is the strongest, and has the advantage in growth ; and 
 next in strength are the upper axillary buds : while the former continues 
 the shoot of the last year, some of the latter give rise to branches, and 
 the rest fail to grow. In the Lilac also (Fig. 75), the uppermost axillary 
 buds are stronger than the lower ; but the terminal bud rarely appears at 
 all; in its place the uppermost pair of axillary buds grow, and so each 
 stem branches every year into two, mating a repeatedly two-forked 
 ramification, as in Fig. 76.
 
 30 
 
 BUDS. 
 
 [SECTION 4. 
 
 57. Latent Buds. Axillary buds that do not grow at the proper season, 
 and especially those which make no appearance externally, may long remain 
 latent, and at length upon a favorable occasion start into growth, so form- 
 ing branches apparently out of place 
 as they are out of time. The new 
 shoots seen springing directly out 
 of large stems may sometimes orig- 
 inate from such latent buds, which 
 have preserved their life for years. 
 But commonly these arise from 
 
 58. Adventitious Buds. These 
 are buds which certain shrubs and 
 trees produce anywhere on the sur- 
 face of the wood, especially where 
 it has been injured. They give risfr 
 to the slender twigs which often 
 feather the sides of great branches 
 of our American Elms. They some- 
 times form on the root, which natu- 
 rally is destitute of buds ; they are 
 even found upon some leaves ; and 
 they are sure to appear on the 
 trunks and roots of Willows, Pop- 
 lars, and Chestnuts, when these are 
 wounded or mutilated. Indeed 
 Osier-Willows are pollarded, or out 
 off, from time to time, by the culti- 
 vator, for the purpose of produc- 
 ing a crop of slender adventitious twigs, suitable for basket-work. Such 
 branches, being altogether irregular, of course interfere with the natural 
 symmetry of the tree. Another cause of 
 irregularity, hi certain trees and shrubs, 
 is the formation of what are called 
 
 59. Accessory or Supernumerary 
 Buds. There are cases where two, three, 
 or more buds spring from the axil of a 
 leaf, instead of the single one which is or- 
 dinarily found there. Sometimes they are 
 placed one over the other, as in the Aris- 
 tolochia or Pipe- Vine, and in the Tartarean Honeysuckle (Fig. 77) ; also 
 in the Honey-Locust, and in the Walnut and Butternut (Fig. 78), where 
 
 FIG. 75. Shoot of Lilac, with winter buds ; the two uppermost axillary ones 
 strong; the terminal not developed. 76. Forking ramification of Lilac; reduced 
 In size. 
 
 Fio. 77. Tartarean Honeysuckle, with three accessory buds in each axil.
 
 SECTION 4] 
 
 31 
 
 the upper supernumerary bud is a good way out of the axil and above the 
 
 others. Arid this is here stronger than the others, and grows into a 
 
 branch which is considerably out of the axil, while the lower and smaller 
 
 ones commonly do not grow at all. In other cases 
 
 three buds stand side by side in the axil, as in the 
 
 Hawthorn, and the Red Maple (Fig. 79.) If these 
 
 were all to grow into branches, they would stifle each 
 
 other. But some of them are commonly flower-buds : 
 
 in the Red Maple, only the middle one is a leaf-bud, 
 
 and it does not grow until after those on each side of 
 
 it have expanded the blossoms they contain. 
 
 60. Sorts of Buds. It may be useful to enumerate 
 the kinds of buds which have been described or men- 
 tioned. They are 
 
 Terminal, when they occupy the summit of (or ter- 
 minate) a stem, 
 
 Lateral, when they are borne on the side of a stem ; 
 of which the regular kind is the 
 
 Axillary, situated in the axil of a leaf. These are 
 
 Accessory or Supernumerary, when they are in 
 addition to the normal solitary bud; and these are 
 Collateral, when side by side ; Superposed, when one 
 above another; 
 
 Extra-axillary, when they appear above the axil, as 
 some do when superposed, and as occasionally is the 
 case when single. 
 
 Naked buds ; those which have no protecting scales. 
 
 Scaly buds ; those which have protecting scales, 
 which are altered leaves or bases of leaves. 
 
 Leaf-buds, contain or give rise to leaves, and develop into a leafy shoot. 
 
 Flower-buds, contain or consist of blossoms, and no leaves. 
 
 Mixed buds, contain both leaves and blossoms. 
 
 61. Definite annual Growth from winter buds is marked in most of 
 the shoots from strong buds, such as those of the Horse-chestnut and 
 Hickory (Fig. 72, 73). Such a bud generally contains, already formed in 
 miniature, all or a great part of the leaves and joints of stem it is to pro- 
 duce, makes its whole growth in length in the course of a few weeks, or 
 sometimes even in a few days, and then forms and ripens its buds for the 
 next year's similar growth. 
 
 62. Indefinite annual Growth, on the other hand, is well marked in 
 such trees or shrubs as the Honey-Locust, Sumac, and in sterile shoots of 
 
 FIG. 78. Butternut branch, with accessory buds, the uppermost above the axil. 
 
 FIG. 79. Red-Maple branch, with accessory buds placed side by side. The an- 
 nular lines toward the base in this and in Fig. 72 are scars of the bud-scales, and 
 indicate the clace of the winter-bud of the preceding year.
 
 32 
 
 BUDS. 
 
 [SECTION 4. 
 
 the "Rose, Blackberry, and Raspberry. That is, these shoots ave apt to 
 grow all summer long, until stopped by the frosts of autumn or some other 
 cause. Consequently they form and ripen no terminal bud protected by 
 scales, and the upper axillary buds are produced so late in the season that 
 they have no time to mature, nor has their wood time to solidify and ripen. 
 Such stems therefore commonly die back from the top in winter, or at 
 least all their upper buds are small and feeble ; so the growth of the suc- 
 ceeding year takes place mainly from the lower axillary buds, which are 
 more mature. 
 
 63. Deliquescent and Excurrent Growth. In the former case, and 
 wherever axillary buds take the lead, there is, of course, no single main 
 stem, continued year after year in a direct line, but the trunk is soon lost 
 
 in the branches. Trees so formed commonly have rounded or spreading 
 tops. Of such trees with deliquescent stems, that is, with the trunk 
 dissolved, as it were, into the successively divided branches, the common 
 American Elm (Fig. 80) is a good illustration. 
 
 64. On the other hand, the main stem of Firs and Spruces, unless de- 
 stroyed by some injury, is carried on in a direct line throughout the whole 
 growth of the tree, by the development year after year of a terminal bud : 
 this forms a single, uninterrupted shaft, an excurrent trunk, which can- 
 not be confounded with the branches that proceed from it. Of such spiry 
 or spire-shaped trees, the Firs or Spruces are characteristic and familiar 
 examples There are all gradations between the two modes. 
 
 FIQ. 80. An American Elm, with Spruce-trees, and on the left Arbor Vitae.
 
 SECTION 5.] ROOTS. 33 
 
 SECTION V. ROOTS. 
 
 65. It is a property of stems to produce roots. Stems do not spriug 
 from roots in ordinary cases, as is generally thought, but roots from stems. 
 When perennial herbs arise from the ground, as they do at spring-time, 
 they rise from subterranean stems. 
 
 66. The Primary "Root, is a downward growth from the root-end of 
 the caulicle, that is, of the initial stem of the embryo (Fig. 5-7, 81). I* 
 it goes on to grow it makes a main or tap-root, as in Fig. 37, etc. Som 
 plants keep this main root throughout 
 
 their whole life, and send off only 
 small side branches ; as in the Carrot 
 aud Radish : and in various trees, like 
 the Oak, it takes the lead of the 
 side-branches for several years, unless 
 accidentally injured, as a strong tap- 
 root. But commonly the main root 
 divides off very soon, and is lost in the 
 branches. Multiple primary roots now 
 and then occur, as in the seedling of 
 Pumpkin (Fig. 27), where a cluster 
 is formed even at the first, from the 
 root-end of the caulicle. 
 
 67. Secondary Roots are those 
 which arise from other parts of the 
 stem. Any pari of the stem may 
 
 produce them, but they most readily come from the nodes. As a general 
 rule they naturally spring, or may be made to spring, from almost any 
 young stem, when placed in favorable circumstances, that is, when 
 placed in the soil, or otherwise supplied with moisture and screened from 
 the light. For the special tendency of the root is to avoid the light, seek 
 moisture, and therefore to bury itself in the soil. Propagation by division, 
 which is so common and so very important in cultivation, depends upon 
 the proclivity of stems to strike root. Stems or branches which remain 
 uuder ground give out roots as freely as roots themselves give off branches. 
 Stems which creep on the ground most commonly root at the joints ; so 
 will most branches when bent to the ground, as in propagation by layer- 
 ing; and propagation by cuttings equally depends upon the tendency of the 
 cut end of a shoot to produce roots. Thus, a piece of a plant which has 
 stem and leaves, either developed or in the bud, may be made to produce 
 roots, and so become an independent plant. 
 
 Fio. 81. Seedling Maple, of the natural size; the root well supplied with root-hairs, 
 here large enough to be seen by the naked eye. 82. Lower end of this root,magni- 
 fied, the root seen just as root-hairs are beginning to form a little behind the tip.
 
 34 
 
 ROOTS. 
 
 [SECTION 5. 
 
 68. Contrast between. Stem and Root. Steins are asceudiug axes; 
 roots are descending axes. Stems grow by the successive development of 
 internodes (13), one after another, each leaf-bearing 
 at its summit (or node) ; so that it is of the essen- 
 tial nature of a stem to bear leaves. Roots bear no 
 leaves, are not distinguishable into nodes and inter-. 
 nodes, but grow on continuously from the lower 
 end. They commonly branch freely, but not from 
 any fixed points nor in definite order. 
 
 69. Although roots 
 generally do not give 
 rise to stems, and there- 
 fore do not propagate 
 the plant, exceptions are 
 not uncommon. For as 
 stems may produce ad- 
 ventitious buds, so also 
 may roots. The roots of 
 the Sweet Potato among 
 herbs, and of the Osage 
 Orange among trees 
 freely produce adventi- 
 tious buds, developing 
 into leafy shoots; and 
 so these plants are 
 propagated by root-cut- 
 tings. -But most growths 
 of subterranean origin 
 which pass for roots are forms of stems, the common Potato for example. 
 70. Roots of ordinary kinds and uses may be roughly classed mlojibrous 
 
 71. Fibrous Roots, such as those of Indian Corn (Fig. 70), of most 
 annuals, and of many perennials, serve only for absorption : these are 
 slender or thread-like. Fine roots of this kind, and the fine branches which 
 most roots send out are called ROOTLETS. 
 
 72. The whole surface of a root absorbs moisture from the soil while fresh 
 and new ; and the newer roots and rootlets are, the more freely do they im- 
 bibe. Accordingly, as long as the plant grows above ground, and expands 
 fresh foliage, from which moisture largely escapes into the air, so long it 
 continues to extend and multiply its roots in the soil beneath, renewing and 
 increasing the fresh surface for absorbing moisture, in proportion to the 
 demand from above. And when growth ceases above ground, and the 
 leaves die and fall, or no longer act, then the roots generally stop growing, 
 
 FIG. 83-85. Forms of tap-root,
 
 SECTION 5.] 
 
 ROOTS. 
 
 35 
 
 and their soft and tender tips harden. From this period, therefore, until 
 growth begins anew the next spriiigr, is the best time for transplanting ; 
 especially for trees and shrubs. 
 
 73. The absorbing surface of young roots is much increased by the for- 
 mation, near their tips, of ROOT-HAIRS (Fig. 81 82), which are delicate 
 
 tubular outgrowths from the surface, through the delicate walls of which 
 moisture is promptly imbibed. 
 
 74. Fleshy Boots are those in which the root becomes a storehouse of 
 nourishment. Typical roots of this kind are those of such biennials as the 
 turnip and carrot ; in which the food created in the first season's vege- 
 tation is accumulated, to be expended the next season in a vigorous growth 
 and a rapid development of flowers, fruit, and seed. By the time the seed 
 is matured the exhausted root dies, and with it the whole plant. 
 
 75. Fleshy roots may be single or multiple. The single root of the 
 commoner biennials is the primary root, or tap-root, which begins to 
 thicken in the seedling. Names are given to its shapes, such as 
 
 Conical, when it thickens most at the crown, or where it joins the stem, 
 and tapers regularly downwards to a point, as in the Parsnip and Carrot 
 (Fig- 84); 
 
 Turnip-shaped or napiform, when greatly thickened above, but abruptly 
 becoming slender below ; as the Turnip (Fig. 83) ; and 
 
 FIG. 86. Sweet-Potato plant forming thickened roots. Some in the middle are 
 just beginning to thicken; one at the left has grown more; one at the right is still 
 larger. 
 
 FiG. 87. Fascicled fusiform roots of a Dahlia : o, a, buds on base of stem.
 
 BOOTS. 
 
 [SECTION 5. 
 
 Spindle-shaped, or Fusiform, when thickest in the middle and tapering to 
 both cuds ; as the common Radish (Fig. 85). 
 
 76. These examples are of primary roots. It will be seen that turnips, 
 carrots, and the like, are uot pure root throughout ; for the caulicle, from 
 the lower end of which the root grew, partakes of the thickening, perhaps 
 also some joints of stem above : so the bud-bearing and growing top is 
 stem. 
 
 77. A fine example of secondary roots (67), some of which remain fibrous 
 for absorption, while a few thicken and store up food for the next season's 
 growth, is furnished by the Sweet Potato (Fig. 86). As stated above, 
 these are used for propagation by cuttings; for any part will produce ad- 
 ventitious buds and shoots. The Dahlia produces fascicled (i. e. clustered) 
 fusiform roots of the same kind, at the base of the stem (Fig. 87) : but 
 these, like most roots, do not produce adventitious buds. The buds by 
 which Dahlias are propagated belong to the surviving base of the stem 
 above. 
 
 78. Anomalous Roots, as they may be sailed, are those which subserve 
 other uses than absorption, food-storing, and fixing the plant to the soil. 
 
 Aerial Roots, i. e. those that strike from stems in the open air, are 
 common in moist and warm 
 climates, as in the Mangrove 
 which reaches the coast of 
 Florida, the Banyan, and, less 
 strikingly, in some herbace- 
 ous plants, such as Sugar 
 Cane, and even in Indian 
 Corn. Such roots reach the 
 ground at length, or tend to 
 do so. 
 
 Aerial Rootlets are abun- 
 dantly produced by many 
 climbing plants, such as the 
 Ivy, Poison Ivy, Trumpet 
 Creeper, etc., springing from 
 the side of steins, which they 
 fasten to trunks of trees, 
 walls, or other supports. 
 These are used by the plant 
 frr climbing. 
 
 79. Epiphytes, or Air- 
 Plants (Fig. 88), are called by the former name because commonly growing 
 
 Fio. 88. Epiphytes of Florida and Georgia, viz., Epidendrum conopsenm, a 
 small Orchid, and Tillandsia usneoides, the so-called Long Moss or Black Moss, 
 which is no moss, but a flowering plant, also T. recurvata ; on a bough of Live Oak.
 
 SECTION 5.J ROOTS. 37 
 
 upon the trunks or limbs of other plants ; by the latter because, having no 
 connection with the soil, they must derive their sustenance from the air 
 only. They have aerial roots, which do not reach the ground, but are used 
 to fix the plant to the surface upon which the plant grows : they also take 
 a part in absorbing moisture from the air. 
 
 80. Parasitic Plants, of which there are various kinds, strike their 
 roots, or what answer to roots, into the tissue of foster plants, or form atr 
 tachmeuts with their surface, so as to prey upon their juices. Of this sort 
 is the Mistletoe, the seed of which germinates on the bough where it 
 falls or is left by birds ; and the forming root penetrates the bark and en- 
 grafts itself into the wood, to which it becomes united as firmly as a natural 
 branch to its parent stem ; and indeed the parasite lives just as if it were 
 a branch of the tree it grows and feeds on. A most common parasitic herb 
 is the Dodder; which abounds in low grounds ia summer, and coils its 
 long and slender, leafless, yellowish stems resembling tangled threads of 
 yarn round and round the stalks of other plants ; wherever they touch 
 piercing the bark with minute and very short rootlets in the form of 
 suckers, which draw out the nourishing juices of the plants laid hold of. 
 Other parasitic plants, like the Beech-drops and Pine-sap, fasten their roots 
 under ground upon the roots of neighboring plants, and rob them of their 
 juices. 
 
 81. Some plants are partly parasitic ; while most of their roots act in 
 the ordinary way, others make suckers at their tips which grow fast to the 
 
 roots of other plants and rob them of nourishment. Some of oar species of 
 Gerardia do this (Fig. 89). 
 
 82. There are phanerogamous plants, like Monotropa or Indian Pipe, 
 the roots of which feed mainly on decaying vegetable matter in the soil. 
 These are SAPROPHYTES, and they imitate Mushrooms and other Fungi in 
 their mode of life. 
 
 83. Duration of Roots, etc. Roots are said to be either annual, bien- 
 nial, or perennial. As respects the first and second, these terms may be 
 applied either to the root or to the plant. 
 
 84. Annuals, as the name denotes, live for only one year, generally for 
 
 PIG. 89. Roots of Yellow Gerardia, some attached to and feeding on the root ol 
 * Blueberry-bush.
 
 38 STEMS. [SECTION 6. 
 
 only a part of the year. They are of course herbs ; they spring from the 
 seed, blossom, mature their fruit and seed, and then die, root and all. An- 
 nuals of our temperate climates with severe winters start from the seed in 
 spring, and perish at or before autumn. Where the winter is a moist and 
 growing season and the summer is dry, winter annuals prevail ; their seeds 
 germinate under autumn or winter rains, grow more or less during winter, 
 blossom, fructify, and perish in the following spring or summer. Annuals 
 are fibrous-rooted. 
 
 85. Biennials, of which the Turnip, Beet, and Carrot are familiar ex- 
 amples, grow the first season without blossoming, usually thicken their 
 roots, laying up in them a stock of nourishment, are quiescent during the 
 winter, but shoot vigorously, blossom, and seed the next spring or summer, 
 mainly at the expense of the food stored up, and then die completely. 
 Annuals and biennials flower only once ; hence they have been called 
 Monocarpic (that is, once-fruiting) plants. 
 
 86. Perennials live and blossom year after year. A perennial herb, in 
 a temperate or cooler climate, usually dies down to the ground at the end 
 of the season's growth. But subterranean portions of stem, charged with 
 buds, survive to renew the development. Shrubs and trees are of course 
 perennial ; even the stems and branches above ground live on and grow 
 year after year. 
 
 87. There are all gradations between annuals and biennials, and between 
 these and perennials, as also between herbs and sbrubs ; and the distinc- 
 tion between shrubs and trees is quite arbitrary. There are perennial herbs 
 and even shrubs of warm climates which are annuals when raised in a cli- 
 mate which has a winter, being destroyed by frost. The Castor-oil plant 
 is an example. There are perennial herbs of which only small portions 
 survive, as off-shoots, or, in the Potato, as tubers, etc. 
 
 SECTION VI. STEMS. 
 
 88. The Stem is the axis of the plant, the part which bears all the 
 other organs. Branches are secondary stems, that is, stems growing out of 
 stems. The stem at the very beginning produces roots, in most plants a 
 single root from the base of the embryo-stem, or caulicle. As this root 
 becomes a descending axis, so the stem, which grows in the opposite direc- 
 tion is called the ascending axis. Rising out of the soil, the stem bears 
 leaves ; and leaf-bearing is the particular characteristic of the stem. But 
 there are forms of stems that remain underground, or make a part of their 
 growth there. These do not bear leaves, in the common sense ; yet they 
 bear rudiments of leaves, or what answers to leaves, although not in the 
 form of foliage. The so-called stemless or acaulescent plants are those 
 which bear no obvious stem (caulis) above ground, but only flower-stalks, 
 and the like.
 
 SECTION 6.] STEMS. 39 
 
 89. Stems above ground, through differences in duraivn, texture, and 
 size, form herbs, shrubs, trees, etc., or in other terms are 
 
 Herbaceous, dying down to the ground every year, or after blossoming. 
 
 Su/rutescent) slightly woody below, there surviving from year to year. 
 
 Suffruticose or Frutesceat, when low stems are decidedly woody below, 
 but herbaceous above. 
 
 Fruticose or Shrubby, woody, living from year to year, and of considerable 
 size, not, however, more than three or four times the height of a man. 
 
 Arborescent, when tree-like in appearance or mode of growth, or ap- 
 proaching a tree in size. 
 
 Arboreous, when forming a proper tree-trunk. 
 
 90. As to direction taken in growing, stems may, instead of growing 
 upright or erect, be 
 
 Diffuse, that is, loosely spreading in all directions. 
 Declined, when turned or bending over to one side. 
 Decumbent, reclining on the ground, as if too weak to stand. 
 Assurgent or Ascending, rising obliquely upwards. 
 Procumbent or Prostrate, lying flat on the ground from the first. 
 Creeping or Repent, prostrate on or just beneath the ground, and -striking 
 root, as does the White Clover, the Partridge-berry, etc. 
 
 Climbing or Scandent, ascending by clinging to other objects for support, 
 whether by tendrils, as do the Pea, Grape- Vine, and Passion-flower and 
 Virginia Creeper (Fig. 92, 93) ; by their twisting leaf-stalks, as the Virgin's 
 Bower; or by rootlets, like the Ivy, Poison Ivy, and Trumpet Creeper. 
 
 Twining or Voluble, when coiling spirally around other stems or 
 supports; like the Morning-Glory (Fig. 90) and the Hop. 
 
 91. Certain kinds 
 of stems or branches, 
 appropriated to spe- 
 cial uses, have re- 
 ceived distinct substantive names ; such as the following : 
 
 92. A Culm, or straw-stem, such as that of Grasses 
 and Sedges. 
 
 93. A Caudex is the old name for such a peculiar 
 trunk as a Palm-stem ; it is also used for an upright and 
 thick rootstock. 
 
 94. A Sucker is a branch rising from stems under 
 ground. Such are produced abundantly by the Rose, 
 Raspberry, and other plants said to multiply " by the 
 root." If we uncover them, we see at once the great 
 difference between these subterranean branches and real 
 roots. They are only creeping branches under ground. 
 
 Remarking how the upright shoots from these branches become separate 
 
 FIG. 90. Twining or voluble stem of Morning-Glory.
 
 40 STEMS, [SECTION 6. 
 
 plants, simply by the dying off of the connecting under-ground stems, the 
 gardener expedites the result by cutting them through with Ms spade. 
 That is, he propagates the plant " by division." 
 
 95. A Stolon is a branch from above ground, which reclines or becomes 
 prostrate and strikes root (usually from the nodes) wherever it rests on the 
 soil. Thence it may send up a vigorous shoot, which has roots of its own, 
 and becomes an independent plant when the connecting part dies, as it 
 does after a while. The Currant and the Gooseberry naturally multiply in 
 this way, as well as by suckers (which are the same thing, only the connect- 
 ing part is concealed under ground). Stolons must have suggested the 
 operation of layering by bending down and covering with soil branches 
 which do not naturally make stolons ; and after they have taken root, as 
 they almost always will, the gardener cuts through the connecting stem, 
 and so converts a rooting branch into a separate plant. 
 
 96. An Offset is a short stolon, or sucker, with a crown of leaves at the 
 end, as in the Houseleek (Fig. 
 
 91), which propagates abundantly 
 in this way. 
 
 97. A Runner, of which the 
 Strawberry presents the most fa- 
 miliar and characteristic example, 
 is a long and slender, tendril-like 
 stolon, or branch from next the 
 ground, destitute of conspicuous 
 leaves. Each runner of the Straw- 
 berry, after having grown to its full 
 
 length, strikes root from the tip, which fixes it to the ground, then forms 
 a bud there, which develops into a tuft of leaves, and so gives rise to a new 
 plant, which sends out new runners to act in the same way. In this 
 manner a single Strawberry plant will spread over a large space, or produce 
 a great number of plants, in the course of the summer, all connected at 
 first by the slender runners ; but these die in the following winter, if not 
 before, and leave the plants as so many separate individuals. 
 
 98. Tendrils are branches of a very slender sort, like runners, not destined 
 like them for propagation, and therefore always destitute of buds or leaves, 
 being intended only for climbing. Simple tendrils are such as those of 
 Passion-flowers (Fig. 92). Compound or branching tendrils are borne by 
 the Cucumber and Pumpkin, by the Grape- Vine, Virginia Creeper, etc. 
 
 99. A tendril commonly grows straight and outstretched until it reaches 
 some neighboring support, such as a stem, when its apex hooks around it 
 to secure a hold; then the whole tendril shortens itself by coiling up 
 spirally, and so draws the shoot of the growing plant nearer to the sup- 
 porting object. But the tendrils of the Virginia Creeper (Ampelopsis, Fig. 
 
 Fio. 91. Houseleek (Sempervivum), with offsets
 
 SECTION b. | 
 
 41 
 
 93), as also the shorter ones of the Japanese species, effect the object differ- 
 ently, namely, by expanding the tips of the tendrils into a flat disk, with 
 an adhesive face. This is applied to the supporting object, and it adheres 
 
 firmly ; then a 
 shortening of 
 the tendril and 
 
 its branches by coiling brings up the growing 
 shoot close to the support. This is an adapta- 
 tion for climbing mural rocks or walls, or the 
 trunks of trees, to which ordinary tendrils are 
 unable to cling. The Ivy and Poison Ivy attain 
 the same result by means of aerial rootlets (78). 
 
 100. Some tendrils are leaves or parts of 
 leaves, as those of the Pea (Fig. 35). The na- 
 ture of the tendril is known by its position. A 
 tendril from the axil of a leaf, like that of Pas- 
 sion-flowers (rig. 92) is of course a stem, i. e. 
 a branch. So is one which terminates a stem, 
 as in the Grape-Vine. 
 
 101. Spines or Thorns (Fig. 95, 96) are 
 commonly stunted and hardened branches 
 or tips of stems or branches, as are those of 
 Hawthorn, Honey-Locust, etc. In the Pear 
 and Sloe all gradations occur between spines 
 and spine-like (spinescent) branches. Spinet 
 
 i day be reduced and indurated leaves ; as in the Barberry, where theit 
 nature is revealed by their situation, underneath an axillary bud. Bnt 
 
 FIG. 92. A small Passion-flower (Passiftora sicyoides), showing the tendrils. 
 
 FIG. 93. Piece of the stem of Virginia Creeper, bearing a leaf and a tendril. 
 94. Tips of a tendril, about the natural size, showing the disks by which they hold 
 fast to walls, etc.
 
 42 
 
 STEMS 
 
 [SECTION 6, 
 
 prickles, such as those ot Blackberry and Roses, are only excrescences 
 of the bark, aud not branches. 
 
 102. Equally strange forms of 
 stems are characteristic of the 
 Cactus family (Fig. 111). These 
 may be better understood by com- 
 parison with 
 
 103. Subterranean Stems 
 and Branches. These are very 
 numerous aud various ; but they 
 are commonly overlooked, or else 
 are confounded with roots. From 
 their situation they are out of or- 
 dinary sight ; but they will well 
 repay examination. For the veg- 
 etation that is carried on under 
 ground is hardly less varied or 
 important than that above ground. 
 All their forms may be referred to 
 four principal kinds : namely, the 
 Rhizoma (Rhizome) or Rootstock, 
 the Tuber, the Corn or solid bulb, 
 and the true Bulb. 
 
 10*. The Rootstock, or Rhi- 
 zoma, in its simplest form, is 
 merely a creeping stem or branch 
 growing beneath the surface of the soil, or partly covered by it. Of 
 this kind are the so-called creeping, running, or scaly roots, such as those 
 
 by which the Mint (Fig. 97), the Couch-grass, or Quick -grass, and manj 
 other plants, spread so rapidly and widely, " by the root," as it is said. 
 That these are really stems, and not roots, is evident from the way in which 
 
 FIG. 95. A branching thorn of Honey Locust, being an indurated leafless branch 
 developed from an accessory bud far above the axil: at the cut portion below, three 
 other buds (a) are concealed under the petiole. 
 
 FIG. 96. Spine of Cockspur Thorn, developed from an axillary bud, as the leaf- 
 scar below witnesses : an accessory leaf-bud is seen at its base. 
 
 Fid. 97. Rootstocks, or creeping subterranean branches, of the Peppermint.
 
 SECTION 6.] STEMS. 43 
 
 they grow ; from their consisting of a succession of joints ; and from the 
 leaves which they bear on each node, in the form of small scales, just like 
 the lowest ones on the upright stem next the ground. They also pro- 
 duce buds in the axils of these scales, showing the scales to be leaves ; 
 whereas real roots bear neither leaves nor axillary buds. Placed as 
 they are in the damp and dark soil, such stems naturally produce roots, 
 just as the creeping stem does where it lies oil the surface of the 
 ground. 
 
 105. It is easy to see why plants with these running rootstocks take 
 such rapid and wide possession of the soil, and why they are so hard to 
 get rid of. They are always perennials ; the subterranean shoots live over 
 the first winter, if not longer, and are provided with vigorous buds at every 
 joint. Some of these buds grow in spring into upright stems, bearing 
 foliage, to elaborate nourishment, and at length produce blossoms for re. 
 production by seed ; while many others, fed by nour- 
 ishment supplied from above, form a new generation 
 
 of subterranean shoots ; and this is repeated over and 
 over in the course of the season or in succeeding 
 years. Meanwhile, as the subterranean shoots in- 
 crease in number, the older ones, connecting the suc- 
 cessive growths, die off year by year, liberating the 
 already rooted side-branches as so many separate plants ; and so on indefi- 
 nitely. Cutting these running rootstocks into pieces, therefore, by the hoe 
 or the plough, far from destroying the plant, only accelerates the propaga- 
 tion ; it converts one many -branched plant into a great number of separate 
 individuals. Cutting into pieces only multiplies the pest ; for each piece 
 (Fig. 98) is already a plantlet, with its roots and with a bud in the axil of 
 its scale-like leaf (either latent or apparent), and with prepared nourishment 
 enough to develop this bud into a leafy stem ; and so a single plant is all the 
 more speedily converted into a multitude. Whereas, when the subterra- 
 nean parts are only roots, cutting away the stem completely destroys 
 the plant, except in the rather rare cases where the root freely produces 
 adventitious buds. 
 
 106. Rootstocks are more commonly thickened by the storing up of 
 considerable nourishing matter in their tissue. The common species of 
 Iris (Fig. 164) in the gardens have stout rootstocks, which are only partly 
 covered by the soil, and which bear foliage-leaves instead of mere scales, 
 closely covering the upper part, while the lower produces roots. As the 
 leaves die, year by year, and decay, a scar left in the form of a ring marks 
 the place where each leaf was attached, that is, marks so many nodes, 
 separated by very short internodes. 
 
 107. Some rootstocks are marked with large round scars of a different 
 
 PIG. 98. A piece of the running rootstock of the Peppermint, with its node 01 
 joint, and an axillary bud ready to spovr.
 
 STEMS. 
 
 [SECTION 6. 
 
 sort, like those of the Solomon's Seal (Pig. 99), which gave this name to 
 the plant, from their looking somewhat like the impression of a seal upon 
 
 wax. Here the 
 rootstock sends up 
 every spring an 
 herbaceous stalk or 
 stem, which bears 
 the foliage aud 
 flowers, and dies 
 in autumn. The 
 sealis the circular 
 
 Bear left by the death and separation of the base of the stout stalk from the 
 living rootstock. As but one of these is formed each year, they mark 
 the limits of a year's growth. The bud at the end of the rootstock in the 
 figure (which was taken in summer) will grow the next spring into the 
 stalk of the season, which, dying in autumn, will 
 leave a similar scar, while another bud will be formed 
 farther on, crowning the ever-advancing summit or 
 growing end of the stem. 
 
 108. As each year's growth of stem makes its 
 own roots, it soon becomes independent of the older 
 parts. And after a certain age, a portion annually 
 dies off behind, about as fast as it increases at the 
 growing end, death following life with equal and cer- 
 tain step, with only a narrow interval. In vigorous 
 plants of Solomon's Seal or Iris, the living rootstock 
 is several inches or a foot in length ; while in the 
 short rootstock of Trillium or Birthroot (Fig. 100) 
 life is reduced to a narrower span. 
 
 109. An upright or short rootstock, like this of Trillium, is commonly 
 called a CAUDEX (93) ; or when more shortened and thickened it would 
 become a corm. 
 
 110. A Tuber may be understood to be a portion of a rootstock thick- 
 ened, and with buds (eyes) on the sides. Of course, there are all grada. 
 tions between a tuber and a rootstock. Helianthus tuberosus, the so-called 
 Jerusalem Artichoke (Fig. 101), and the common Potato, are typical aud 
 familiar examples of the tuber. The stalks by which the tubers are at- 
 tached to the parent stem are at once seen to be different from the roots, 
 both in appearance and manner of growth. The scales on the tubers are the 
 rudiments of leaves ; the eyes are the buds in their axils. The Potato-plant 
 
 PIG. 99. Rootstock of Solomon's Seal, with the bottom of the stalk of the sea- 
 eon, and the bud for the next year's growth. 
 
 Fio. 100. The very short rootstock and strong terminal bud of a Trillium or 
 Birthroot.
 
 SECTION 6,] 
 
 STEMS. 
 
 has three forms of branches : 1. Those that bear ordinary leaves expanded 
 in the air, to digest what they gather from it and what the roots gather 
 from the soil, and convert it into nourishment. 2. After a while a second 
 set of branches at the summit of the plant bear flowers, which form fruit 
 and seed out of a portion of the nour- 
 ishment which the leaves have pre- 
 pared. 3. But a larger part of this 
 nourishment, while in a liquid state, 
 is carried down the stem, into a third 
 sort of branches under ground, and 
 accumulated in the form of starch at 
 their extremities, 
 which become tu- 
 bers, or deposito- 
 ries of prepared 
 solid food, just 
 as in the Turnip, 
 Carrot, and Dah- 
 lia (Fig. 83-87), 
 it is deposited in 
 
 L he root. The use of the store of food is obvious enough. In the autumn 
 the whole plant dies, except the seeds (if it formed them) and the tubers ; 
 and the latter are left disconnected in the ground. Just as that small 
 portion of nourishing matter which is deposited in the seed feeds the 
 embryo when it germinates, so the much larger portion deposited in the 
 tuber nourishes its buds, or eyes, when they likewise grow, the next 
 spring, into new plants. And the great supply enables them to shoot 
 with a greater vigor at the beginning, and to produce a greater amount 
 of vegetation than the seedling plant could do in the same space of time ; 
 which vegetation in turn may prepare and store up, in the course of a 
 few weeks or months, the largest quantity of solid nourishing material, 
 in a form most available for food. Taking advantage of this, man has 
 transported the Potato from the cool Andes of Chili to other cool climates, 
 and makes it yield him a copious supply of food, especially important in 
 countries where the season is too short, or the summer's heat too little, for 
 profitably cultivating the principal grain-plants. 
 
 111. The Conn or Solid Bulb, like that of Cyclamen (Fig. 103), and 
 of Indian Turnip (Fig. 104), is a very short and thick fleshy subterranean 
 stem, often broader than high. It sends off roots from its lower end, or rather 
 face, leaves and stalks from its upper. The corm of Cyclamen goes on to 
 enlarge and to produce a succession of flowers and leaves year after year. 
 
 PlQ. 101. Tubers of Helianthus tuberosus, called " artichokes." 
 FlQ. 102. Bulblet-like tubers, such as are occasionally formed on the stem of a 
 Potato-plant above ground.
 
 STEMS, 
 
 [SECTION 6. 
 
 104 
 
 That of Indian Turnip is formed one year and is consumed the next. Fig. 
 104 represents it in early summer, having below the corm of last year, from 
 which the roots have falleu. It is partly consumed by the growth of the 
 
 stem for the season, and the 
 corm of the year is forming 
 at base of the stem above 
 the line of roots. 
 
 112. The corm of Crocus 
 (Pig. 105, 106), like that 
 of its relative Gladiolus, is 
 also reproduced annually, 
 the new ones forming upon 
 the summit and sides of the old. Such a corm is like a tuber in bud- 
 ding from the sides, i. e. from the axils of leaves ; but these leaves, instead 
 of being small scales, are the sheathing bases of fo- 
 liage-leaves which covered the surface. It resem- 
 bles a true bulb in having these sheaths or broad 
 scales ; but in the corm or solid bulb, this solid part 
 or stem makes up the principal bulk. 
 
 113. The Bulb, strictly so-called, is a stem like 
 a reduced corm as to its solid part (or plate) ; 
 while the main body consists of thickened scales, 
 which are leaves or leaf-bases. These are like bud- 
 scales ; so that in fact a bulb is a bud with fleshy 
 scales on an exceedingly short stem. Compare a 
 White Lily bulb (Fig. 107) with the strong scaly 
 buds of the Hickory and Horse-chestnut (Fig. 72 
 and 73), and the resemblance will appear. In 
 corms, as in tubers and rootstocks, the store of 
 food for future growth is deposited in the stem ; 
 while in the bulb, the greater part is deposited in 
 the bases of the leaves, changing them into thick 
 scales, which closely overlap or enclose one another. 
 
 114. A Scaly Bulb (like that of the Lily, Fig. 107, 108) is one in which 
 the scales are thick but comparatively narrow. 
 
 115. A Tunicated or Coated Bulb is one in which the scales enwrap 
 each other, forming concentric coats or layers, as in Hyacinth and Onion. 
 
 FIG. 103. Corm of Cyclamen, much reduced in size : roots from lower face, leaf- 
 stalks and flower-stalks from the upper. 
 
 FIG. 104. Corm of Indian Turnip (Arisaema). 
 
 FIG. 105. Corm of a Crocus, the investing sheaths or dead leaf-bases stripped 
 off. The faint cross-lines represent the scars, where the leaves were attached, i. e. 
 the nodes : the spaces between are the internodes. The exhausted corm of the 
 previous year is underneath ; forming ones for next year on the summit and sides 
 
 FIG. 106. Section of the same.
 
 SECTION 6.] 
 
 STEMS. 
 
 47 
 
 116. Bulblets are very small bulbs growing out of larger ones ; or 
 small bulbs produced above ground oil some plants, as in the axils of the 
 leaves of the bulbiferous Lilies of the gardens (Fig. 110), and often iu the 
 flower-clusters of the Leek and Onion. They are plainly 
 
 buds with thickened scales. They never grow into 
 branches, but detach themselves when full grown, fall to 
 the ground, and take root there to form new plants. 
 
 117. Consolidated Vegetation. An ordinary herb, 
 shrub, or tree is evidently constructed on the plan 
 developing an extensive surface. In fleshy rootstocks, 
 
 tubers, corms, and bulbs, the more enduring portion of the plant is con- 
 centrated, and reduced for the time of struggle (as against drought, heat, 
 or cold) to a small amount of 
 exposed surface, and this mostly 
 sheltered in the soil. There are 
 many similar consolidated forms 
 which are not subterranean. 
 Thus plants like the Houseleek 
 (Fig. 91) imitate a bulb. Among 
 Cactuses the columnar species of 
 Cereus (Fig. Ill, 6), may be lik- 
 ened to rootstocks. A green rind serves the purpose of foliage ; but the 
 surface is as nothing compared with an ordinary leafy plant of the same 
 bulk. Compare, for instance, the largest Cactus known, the Giant Cereus 
 of the Gila River (Fig. Ill, in the background), which rises to the height 
 of fifty or sixty feet, with a common leafy tree of the same height, such 
 as that in Fig. 89, and estimate how vastly greater, even without the foli- 
 age, the surface of the latter is than that of the former. Compare, in the 
 
 FIG. 107. Bulb of a wild Lily. 108. The same divided lengthwise, showing two 
 forming buds of the next generation. 
 
 FIG. 109. A ground leaf of White Lily, its base (cut acrossj thickened into 9- 
 tmlb-scale. This plainly shows that bulb-scales are leaves. 
 
 FIG. 110. Bulblets in the axils of leaves of a Tiger Lily.
 
 48 
 
 STEMS. 
 
 [SECTION 6. 
 
 same view, an Opuntia or Prickly-Pear Cactus, its stem and branches 
 formed of a succession of thick and flattened joints (Fig. Ill, a), which 
 may be likened to tubers, or an Epiphyllum (a?), having short and flat 
 joints, with an ordinary leafy shrub or herb of equal size. And finally, 
 in Melon-Cactuses, Echinocactus (c), or other globose forms (which may 
 be likened to permanent conns), with their globular or bulb-like shapes, 
 we have plants in the compactest shape ; their spherical figure being such 
 as to expose the least possible amount of substance to the air. These are 
 adaptations to climates which are very dry, either throughout or for a part 
 of the year. Similarly, bulbous and corm-beariug plants, and the like, are 
 examples of a form of vegetation which in the growing season may expand a 
 large surface to the air and light, while during the period of rest the living 
 vegetable is reduced to a globe, or solid form of the least possible surface; 
 and this protected by its outer coats of dead and dry scales, as well as by 
 its situation under ground. Such are also adapted to a season of drought. 
 They largely belong to countries which have a long hot season of little or 
 no rain, when, their stalks and foliage above and their roots beneath early 
 perishing, the plants rest securely in their compact bulbs, filled with 
 nourishment and retaining their moisture with great tenacity, until the 
 rainy season comes round. Then they shoot forth leaves and flowers with 
 wonderful rapidity, and what was perhaps a desert of arid sand becomes 
 green with foliage and gay with blossoms, almost in a day.
 
 SECTION 7.J ORDINARY LEAVES. 49 
 
 SECTION VII. LEAVES. 
 
 118. STEMS bear leaves, at definite points (nodes, 13) ; and these are 
 produced in a great variety of forms, and subserve various uses. The 
 commonest kind of leaf, which therefore may be taken as the type or 
 pattern, is an expanded green body, by means of which the plant exposes 
 to the air and light the matters which it imbibes, exhales certain portions, 
 and assimilates the residue into vegetable matter for its nourishment and 
 growth. 
 
 119. But the fact is already familiar (10-30) that leaves occur under 
 other forms and serve for other uses, for the storage of food already 
 assimilated, as in thickened seed-leaves and bulb-scales ; for covering, as in 
 bud-scales ; and still other uses are to be pointed out. Indeed, sometimes 
 they are of no service to the plant, being reduced to mere scales or rudi- 
 ments, such as those on the rootstocks of Peppermint (Fig. 97) or the 
 tubers of Jerusalem Artichoke (Fig. 101). These may be said to be of 
 service only to the botanist, in explaining to him the plan upon which a 
 plant is constructed. 
 
 120. Accordingly, just as a rootstock, or a tuber, or a tendril is a kind 
 of stem, so a bud-scale, or a bulb-scale, or a cotyledon, or a petal of a flower, 
 is a kind of leaf. Even in respect to ordinary leaves, it is natural to use 
 the word either in a wider or in a narrower sense ; as when in one sense 
 we say that a leaf consists of blade and petiole or leaf-stalk, and in another 
 sense say that a leaf is petioled, or that the leaf of Hepatica is three-lobed. 
 The connection should make it plain whether by leaf we mean leaf-blade 
 only, or the bkde with any other parts it may have. And the student will 
 readily understand that by leaf in its largest or morphological sense, the 
 botanist means the organ which occupies the place of a leaf, whatever be 
 its form or its function. 
 
 1. LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. 
 
 121. This is tautological; for foliage is simply leaves: but it is very 
 convenient to speak of typical leaves, or those which serve the plant for 
 assimilation, as foliage-leaves, or ordinary leaves. These may first be 
 considered. 
 
 122. The Parts of a Leaf. The ordinary leaf, complete in its parts, 
 consists of blade, foot-stalk, or petiole, and a pair of stipules. 
 
 123. First the BLADE or LAMINA, which is the essential part of ordinary 
 leaves, that is, of such as serve the purpose of foliage. In structure it con- 
 sists of a softer part, the green pulp, called parenchyma, which is traversed 
 and supported by a fibrous frame, the parts of which are called ribs or veins, 
 on account of a certain likeness in arrangement to the veins of animals.
 
 50 
 
 LEAVES. 
 
 [SECTION 7. 
 
 The whole surface is covered by a transparent skin, the Epidermis, not 
 unlike that which covers the surface of all fresh shoots. 
 
 124. Note that the leaf-blade expands horizontally, that is, normally 
 presents its faces one to the sky, the other to the ground, or when the 
 leaf is erect the upper face looks toward the stem that bears it, the lower 
 face away from it. Whenever this is not the case there is something to be 
 explained. 
 
 125. The framework consists of wood, a fibrous and tough material 
 which runs from the stem through the leaf-stalk, when there is one, in the 
 
 form of parallel thi-eads or bundles of fibres ; 
 and in the blade these spread out in a hori- 
 zontal direction, to form the ribs and veins 
 of the leaf. The stout main branches of 
 the framework are called the Ribs. When 
 there is only one, as in Fig. 112, 114, or a 
 middle one decidedly larger than the rest, 
 it is called the Midrib. The smaller divi- 
 sions are termed Veins; and their still 
 smaller subdivisions, Veinlets. The latter 
 subdivide again and again, until they be- 
 come so fine that they are invisible to the 
 naked eye. The fibres of which they are 
 composed are hollow; forming tubes by 
 which the sap is brought into the leaves 
 and carried to every part. 
 
 126^ Venation is the name of the mode 
 of veining, that is, of the way in which the 
 veins are distributed in the blade. This is 
 tf two principal kinds ; namely, the parallel-veined, and the netted-veined. 
 
 127. In Netted-veined (also called Reticulated) leaves, the veins branch 
 off from the main rib or ribs, divide into finer and finer veinlets, and the 
 branches unite with each other to form meshes of network. That is, they 
 anastomose, as anatomists say of the veins and arteries of the body. The 
 Quince-leaf, in Fig. 112, shows this kind of veining in a leaf with a single 
 rib. The Maple, Basswood, Plane or Buttonwood (Fig. 74) show it in 
 leaves of several ribs. 
 
 128. In parallel-veined leaves, the whole framework consists of slender 
 ribs or veins, which run parallel with each other, or nearly so, from the 
 base to the point of the leaf, not dividing and subdividing, nor forming 
 meshes, except by minute cross-veinlets. The leaf of any grass, or that of 
 the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 113) will furnish a good illustration. Such 
 parallel veins Linnaeus called Nerves, and parallel-veined leaves are still 
 eommonlv called nerved leaves, while those of the other kind are said to be 
 
 FIG. 112. Leaf of the Quince: 6, blade; p, petiole; st, stipules.
 
 SECTION 7-3 
 
 ORDINARY LEAVES. 
 
 51 
 
 veined, terms which it is convenient to use, although these " nerves " 
 and " veins " are all the same thing, and have no likeness to the nerves and 
 little to tlie veius of animals. 
 
 129. Netted-veined leaves belong to plants which have a pair of seed- 
 leaves or cotyledons, such as the Maple (Fig. 20, 24,), Beech (Fig. 33), and 
 
 the fike; while pardtkl-veined or nerved leaves belong to plants with one 
 cotyledon or true seed-leaf; such as the Iris (Fig. 59), and Indian Corn 
 (Fig. 70). So chat a mere glance at the leaves generally tells what the 
 structure of the bmbryo is, and refers the plant to one or the other of these 
 two grand classes, which is a great convenience. For when plants differ 
 from each other in some one important respect, they usually differ corres- 
 pondingly in other respects also. 
 
 130. Parallel- veined leaves are of two sorts, one kind, and the com- 
 monest, having the ribs or nerves all running from the base to the point of 
 the leaf, as in the examples already given ; while in another kind they run 
 from a midrib to the margin, as in the common Pickerel-weed of our 
 ponds, in the Banana, in Calla (Fig. 114), and many similar plants of 
 warm climates. 
 
 131. Netted-veined leaves are also of two sorts, as in the examples al- 
 ready referred to. In one case the veins all rise from a single rib (the 
 midrib), as in Fig. 112, 116-127. Such leaves are called Feather-veined 
 or Penni -veined, i. e. Pinnately-veined ; both terms meaning the same thing, 
 namely, that the veins are arranged on the sides of the rib like the plume 
 of a feather on each side of the shaft. 
 
 FIG. 113. A (parallel-veined) leaf of the Lily of the Valley. 114. One of the 
 Calla Lilv-
 
 52 
 
 LEAVES. 
 
 [SECTION 7. 
 
 132. In the other case (as in Fig. 74, 129-132)) the veins branch off 
 from three, five, seven, or nine ribs, which spread from the top of the leaf- 
 stalk, and run through the blade like the toes of a web-footed bird. Hence 
 these are said to be Palmately or Digitately veined, or (since the ribs di- 
 verge like rays from a centre) Radiate-veined. 
 
 133. Since'the general outline of leaves accords with the frame-work or 
 skeleton, it is plain that feather-veined (or penni-veined) leaves will incline 
 to elongated shapes, or at least to be longer than broad ; while in radiate- 
 veined leaves more rounded forms are to be expected. A glance at the 
 following figures shows this. 
 
 134. Forms of Leaves as to General Outline. It is necessary to give 
 names to the principal shapes, and to define them rather precisely, since 
 they afford easy marks for distinguishing species. The same terms are used 
 
 115 116 117 1 8 119 120 
 
 for all other flattened parts as well, such as petals ; so that they make up a 
 great part of the descriptive language of Botany. It will be a good exer- 
 cise for young students to look up leaves answering to these names and 
 definitions. Beginning with the narrower and proceeding to the broadest 
 forms, a leaf is said to be 
 
 Linear (Fig. 115), when narrow, several times longer than wide, and of 
 the same breadth throughout. 
 
 Lanceolate, or Lance-shaped, when conspicuously longer than wide, and 
 tapering upwards (Fig. 116), or both upwards and downwards. 
 
 Oblong (Fig. 117), when nearly twice or thrice as long as broad. 
 
 Elliptical (Fig. 118) is oblong with a flowing outline, the two ends alike 
 in width. 
 
 Oval is the same as broadly elliptical, or elliptical with the breadth con- 
 siderably more than half the length. 
 
 Ovate (Fig. 119), when the outline is like a section of a hen's egg 
 lengthwise, the broader end downward. 
 
 Orbicular, or Rotund (Fig. 132), circular in outline, or nearly so. 
 
 135. A leaf which tapers toward the base instead of toward the apex 
 may be 
 
 Oblanceolate (Fig. 121) when of the lance-shaped form, only more tapering 
 toward the base than in the opposite direction. 
 
 Spatulate (Fig. 122) when more rounded above, but tapering thence to a 
 narrow base, like an old-fashioned spatula. 
 
 FIG. 115-120. A series of shapes of feather- veined leaves.
 
 SECTION 7.] 
 
 ORDINARY LEAVES. 
 
 53 
 
 Obovate (Fig. 123) or inversely ovate, that is, ovate with the narrower 
 
 end down. 
 
 Cuneate or Cuneiform, that is, 
 Wedge-shaped (Fig. 124), broad 
 above and tapering by nearly 
 straight lines to an acute angle at 
 the base. 
 
 136. As to the Base, its shape 
 characterizes several forms, such as 
 Cordate or Heart-shaped (Fig. 
 120, 129), when a leaf of an ovate form, or something like it, has the out- 
 /\ \ \ \^ ^|/ ^/ I /^ line of its rounded base 
 
 turned in (forming a 
 notch or sinus) where the 
 stalk is attached. 
 
 Reniform, or Kidney- 
 shaped (Fig. 131), like 
 the last, only rounder and 
 broader than long. 
 
 Auriculate, or Eared, 
 having a pair - of small 
 J2T and blunt projections, or 
 
 ears, at the base, as in one species of Magnolia (Fig. 126). 
 
 Sagittate, marrow -shaped, 
 where such ears are acute 
 and turned downwards, 
 while the main body of the 
 blade tapers upwards to a 
 point, as hi the common 
 Sagittaria or Arrow-head, 
 and in the Arrow-leaved 
 Polygouum (Fig. 125). 
 Hastate, or Halberd-shaped, 
 when such lobes at the base 
 point outwards, giving the 
 shape of the halberd of the 
 olden time, as in another 
 Polygonum (Fig. 127). 
 
 Peltate, or Shield-shaped (Fig. 132), is the name applied to a curious 
 modification of the leaf, commonly of a rounded form, where the footstalk 
 is attached to the lower surface, instead of the base, and therefore is natu- 
 
 FIG. 121, oblanceolate ; 122, spatulale ; 123, obovate ; and 124, wedge-shaped, 
 feather-veined, leaves. 
 
 FIG. 125, sagittate ; 126, auriculate ; and 127, halberd-shaped or hastate leaves. 
 FIG. 128-132 Various forms of radiate-veined leaves.
 
 54 LEAVES. [SECTION 7. 
 
 rally likened to a shield borne by the outstretched arm. The common 
 Watershield, the Nelumbium, and the White Water-lily, and also the Man- 
 drake, exhibit this sort of leaf. On comparing the shield-shaped leaf of 
 the common Marsh Pennywort (Fig. 132) with that of another common 
 species (Fig. 130), it is at once seen that a shield-shaped leaf is like a 
 kidney-shaped (Fig. 130, 131) or other rounded leaf, with the margins at 
 the base brought together and united. 
 
 137. As to the Apex, the following terms express the principal varia- 
 tions : 
 
 Acuminate, Pointed, or Taper-pointed, when the summit is more or less 
 prolonged into a narrowed or tapering point; as in Fig. 133. 
 
 Acute, ending in an acute angle or not prolonged point ; Fig. 134. 
 
 Obtuse, with a blunt or rounded apex ; as in Fig. 135, etc. 
 
 Truncate, with the end as if cut off square ; as in Fig. 136. 
 
 Refuse, with rounded summit slightly indented, forming a very shallow 
 notch, as in Fig. 137. 
 
 Emarginate, or Notched, indented at the end more decidedly; as in 
 Fig. 138. 
 
 Obcordate, that is, inversely heart-shaped, where an obovate leaf is more 
 deeply notched at the end (Fig. 139), as in White Clover and Wood-sorrel ; 
 so as to resemble a cordate leaf inverted. 
 
 Cuspidate, tipped with a sharp and rigid point ; as in Fig. 140. 
 
 Mucronate, abruptly tipped with a small and short point, like a mere 
 projection of the midrib ; as in Fig. 141. 
 
 Aristate, Awn-pointed, and Bristle-pointed, are terms used when this 
 mucronate point is extended into a longer bristle-form or slender appen- 
 dage. . 
 
 The first six of these terms can be applied to the lower as well as to the 
 upper end of a leaf or other organ. The others belong to the apex only. 
 
 138. As to degree and nature of Division, there is first of all the dif- 
 ference between 
 
 Simple Leaves, those in which the blade is of one piece, however much 
 it may be cut up, and 
 
 Compound Leave*, those in which the blade consists of two or more sep- 
 arate pieces, upon a common leaf-stalk or support. Yet between these two 
 kinds every intermediate gradation is to be met with. 
 
 139. As to Particular Outlines of Simple Leaves (and the same 
 applies to their separate parts), they are 
 
 FIG. 133-141. Forms of the apex of leaves.
 
 SECTION 7.J 
 
 ORDINARY LEAVES. 
 
 55 
 
 "Entire, when their general outline is completely filled out, so that the 
 margin is an even line, without teeth or notches. 
 
 Serrate, or Saw-toothed, when the margin only is cut into sharp teeth, 
 like those of a saw, and pointing forwards : as in Fig. 142. 
 
 Dentate, or Toothed, 
 when such teeth point 
 outwards, instead of 
 forwards ; as in Fig. 
 143. 
 
 Crenate, or Seal* 
 loped, when the teeth 
 are broad and round- I 
 ed ; as in Fig. 144. \ 
 
 Repand, Undulate, \ 
 or Wavy, when the ^ 
 margin of the leaf V x 
 forms a wavy line, 142 
 bending slightly in- 
 wards and outwards in succession; as in Fig. 145. 
 
 Sinuate, when the margin is more strongly sinuous or turned inwards 
 and outwards ; as in Fig. 146. 
 
 Incised, Cut, or Jagged, when the margin is cut into sharp, deep, and 
 irregular teeth or incisions ; as in Fig. 147- 
 
 Lobed, when deeply cut. Then the pieces are in a general way called 
 LOBES. The number of the lobes is briefly expressed by the phrase ttoo- 
 lobed, three-lobed,five-lobed, many-lobed, etc., as the case may be. 
 
 140. When the depth and character of the lobing needs to be more par- 
 ticularly specified, the following terms are employed, viz. : 
 
 lobed, in a special sense, when the incisions do not extend deeper than 
 about half-way between the margin and the centre of the blade, if so far, 
 nnd are more or less rounded ; as in the leaves of the Post-Oak, Fig. 148, 
 and the Hepatica, Fig. 152. 
 
 Cleft, when the incisions extend half way down or more, and especially 
 when they are sharp ; as in Fig. 149, 153. And the phrases two-cleft, or, 
 in the Latin form, bifid, three-cleft or trifid, four-cleft or quadrifid, Jive- 
 cleft or quinquefid, etc., or many -cleft, in the Latin form, multifid, express 
 the number of the Segments, or portions. 
 
 Parted, when the incisions are still deeper, but yet do not quite reach 
 to the midrib or the base of the blade; as in Fig. 150, 154. And 
 the terms two-parted, three-parted, etc., express the number of such 
 divisions. 
 
 Divided, when the incisions extend quite to the midrib, as in the lower 
 part of Fig. 151, or to the leaf-stalk, as in Fig. 155 ; which really makes the 
 
 Fio. 142-147. Kinds of margin of leaves.
 
 LEAVES. 
 
 [SECTION 7 
 
 leaf compotmd. Here, using the Latin form, the leaf is said to be bisected, 
 trisected (Tig. 155), etc., according to the number of the divisions. 
 
 141. The Mode of Lobing or Division corresponds to that of the 
 veining, \i\\ei\\erpinnately veined or palmately veined. In tne former the 
 notches or incisions, or sinuses, coming between the principal veins or ribs 
 are directed toward the midrib : in the latter they are directed toward the 
 apex of the petiole ; as the figures show. 
 
 142. So degree and mode of division may be tersely expressed in brief 
 phrases. Thus, in the four upper figures of pinnately veined leaves, the 
 first is said to be pinnately lobed (in the special sense), the second pinnately 
 cleft (or pinnatifid in Latin form), the third pinnately parted, the fourth 
 pinnately divided, or pinnatisected. 
 
 143. Correspondingly in the lower row, of palmately veined leaves, the 
 first is palmately lobed, the second palmately cleft, the third palmately 
 parted, the fourth palmately divided. Or, in other language of the same 
 meaning (but now less commonly employed), they are said to be digitately 
 lobed, cleft, parted, or divided. 
 
 144. The number of the divisions or lobes may come into the phrase. 
 Thus in the four last named 6gures the leaves are respectively palmately 
 
 119 
 
 tkree-lobed, three-cleft (or trtfid), three-parted, three-divided, or better (in 
 Latin form), trisected. And so for higher numbers, ssjive-lobed, five-cleft, 
 
 PIG. 148, pinnately lobed; 149, pinnately cleft; 150, pinnately parted; 151, 
 pinnately divided, leaves. 
 
 Fto. 152, palmately three-lobed ; 153 palmately three-left; 154, palmately 
 three-parted; 155, palmately three-divided or trisected, leaves.
 
 SECTION 7.] 
 
 ORDINARY LEAVES. 
 
 57 
 
 etc., up to many-lobed, many-cleft or multifid, etc. The same mode of ex- 
 pression may be used for pinnately lobed leaves, as pinnately 1 -lobed, -cleft, 
 -parted, etc. 
 
 145. The divisions, lobes, etc., may themselves be entire (without teeth 
 or notches), or serrate, or otherwise toothed or incised; or lobed, cleft, 
 parted, etc. : in the latter cases making twice pinnatifid, twice palmately or 
 pinnately lobed, parted, or divided leaves, etc. From these illustrations 
 one will perceive how the botanist, in two or three words, may describe 
 any one of the almost eudlessly diversified shapes of leaves, so as to give a 
 clear and definite idea of it. 
 
 146. Compound Leaves. A compound Jeaf is one which has its blade 
 in entirely separate parts, each usually with a stalklet of its own ; and the 
 stalklet is often jointed (or articulated) with the main leaf-stalk, just a& this 
 
 157 
 
 158 
 
 is Jointed with the stem. When this is the case, there is no doubt that 
 the leaf is compound. But when the pieces have no stalklets, and are not 
 jointed with the main leaf-stalk, it may be considered either as a divided 
 simple leaf, or a compound leaf, according to the circumstances. This is 
 a matter of names where all intermediate forms may be expected. 
 
 147. While the pieces or projecting parts of a simple leaf-blade are 
 called Lodes, or in deeply cut leaves, etc., Segments, or Divisions, the sep- 
 arate pieces or blades of a compound leaf are called LEAFLBTS. 
 
 148. Compound leaves are of two principal kinds, namely, the Pinnate 
 and the Palmate; answering to the two modes of veining in reticulated 
 ./eaves, and to the two sorts of lobed or divided leaves (141). 
 
 149. Pinnate leaves are those in which the leaflets are arranged on the 
 sides of a main leaf-stalk; as in Fig. 156-158. They answer to the 
 
 Fio. 156-158. Pinnate leaves, the first with an odd leaflet (odd-pinnate); the 
 second with a tendril in place ef uppermost leaflets ; the third abruptly pinnate, 
 or of even pairs.
 
 58 LEAVES. [SECTION 7. 
 
 feather-veined (i. e. pinnately-veined) simple leaf; as will be seen at once 
 on comparing the forms. The leaflets of the former answer to the lobes or 
 divisions of the ktter ; and the continuation of the petiole, along which the 
 leaflets are arranged, answers to the midrib of the simple leaf. 
 
 150. Three sorts of pinnate leaves are here given. Fig. 156 is pinnate 
 Kith an odd or end leaflet, as in the Common Locust and the Ash. Fig. 
 157 is pinnate with a tendril at the end, in place of the odd leaflet, as in 
 the Vetches and the Pea. Fig. 158 is evenly or abruptly pinnate, as in the 
 Honey-Locust. 
 
 151. Palmate (also named Digitate) leaves are those in which the leaf- 
 
 lets are all borne on the tip of the leaf, 
 stalk, as in the Lupine, the Common 
 Clover, the Virginia Creeper (Fig. 93), 
 and the Horse-chestnut and Buckeye 
 (Fig. 159). They evidently answer to 
 the radiate-veined or palmately-veined 
 simple leaf. That is, the Clover-leaf of 
 three leaflets is the same as a palmately 
 three-ribbed leaf cut into three separate 
 leaflets. And such a simple five-lobed 
 leaf as that of the Sugar-Maple, if 
 more cut, so as to separate the parts, 
 
 would produce a palmate leaf of five leaflets, like that of the Hovse-chestnut 
 
 or Buckeye. 
 
 152. Either sort of compound leaf may have any number of leaflets ; yet 
 palmate leaves cannot well have a great many, since they are all crowded 
 together on the end of the main leaf-stalk. Some Lupines have nine or 
 eleven ; the Horse-chestnut has seven, the Sweet Buckeye more commonly 
 five, the Clover three. A pinnate leaf often has only seven or five leaflets, 
 or only three, as in Beans of the genus Phaseolus, etc. ; in some rarer cases 
 only t3K>; in the Orange and Lemon and also in the common Barberry 
 there is only one! The joint at the place where the leaflet is united with 
 the petiole distinguishes this last case from a simple leaf. In other specie* 
 of these genera the lateral leaflets also are present. 
 
 153. The leaflets of a compound leaf may be either entire (as in Fig. 
 126-128), or serrate, or lobed, cleft, parted, etc.; in fact, may present all 
 the variations of simple leaves, and the same terms equally apply to them. 
 
 154. When the division is carried so far as to separate what would be 
 one leaflet into two, three, or several, the leaf becomes doubly or twice 
 compound, either pinnately or palmately, as the case may be. For example, 
 while the clustered leaves of the Honey-Locust are simply pinnate, that is, 
 once pinnate, those on new shoots are bipinnate, or twice pinnate, as in 
 Fig. 160. When these leaflets are again divided in the same way, the leaf 
 
 PlO. 169. Palmate (or digitate) leaf of five leaflets of the Sweet Buckeye,
 
 SECTION 7.] 
 
 ORDINARY LEAVES. 
 
 becomes thrice pinnate, or tripinnate, as in many Acacias. The first divi- 
 sions are called Pinna ; the others, Pinnules ; and the last, or little blades 
 themselves, Leaflets. 
 
 155. So the palmate leaf, if again 
 compounded in the same way, be- 
 comes twice palmate, 01, 
 
 when the d ; visious are in threes, 
 twice ternate (in Latin form biter- 
 nate) ; if a third time compounded, 
 thrice ternate or triternate. But 
 if the division goes still further, 
 or if the degree is variable, we 
 simply say that the leaf is decom- 
 pound ; either palmately or piu- 
 nately decompound, as the case 
 may be. Thus, Fig. 161 repre- 
 sents a four times ternately com- 
 pound (in other words a ternately 
 decompound) leaf of a common 
 Meadow Rue. 
 
 156. When the botanist, in de- 
 scribing leaves, wishes to express 
 the number of the leaflets, he 
 may use terms like these : 
 
 U/iifoliolate, for a compound 
 leaf of a single leaflet ; from the 
 Latiu mum, one, and foliolum, 
 leaflet. 
 
 Bifoliolate, of two leaflets, from the Latin bis, twice, an&foliolum, leaflet. 
 Trifoliolate (or ternate), of three leaf- 
 lets, as the Clover ; and so on. 
 
 Palmately bifoliolate, trifoliolate, 
 quadr ifoliate, plurifoliola te (of several 
 leaflets), etc. : or else 
 
 Pinnately bi-, tri-, quadri-, or pluri- 
 foliolate (that is, of two, three, four, 
 five, or several leaflets), as the case 
 may be: these are terse ways of de- 
 noting in single phrases both the num- 
 ber of leaflets and the kind of com- 
 pounding. 
 
 157- Of foliage-leaves having certain peculiarities in structure, the 
 following may be noted: 
 
 PIG. 160. A twice-pinnate (abruptly) leaf 01 the Honey-Locust. 
 FIG. 161. Ternately decompound leaf of Mwadow Rue.
 
 60 
 
 LEAVES. 
 
 ^SECTION 7. 
 
 158. Perforate Leaves, In these the stem that bears them seems to 
 run through the blade of the leaf, more or less above its base. A common 
 
 Bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata, Pig. 
 162) is a familiar illustration. The 
 lower and earlier leaves show it 
 distinctly. Later, the plant is apt 
 to produce some leaves merely 
 clasping the stem by the sessile 
 and heart-shaped base, and the 
 latest may be merely sessile. So 
 the series explains the peculiarity : 
 in the formation of the leaf the 
 bases, meeting around the stem, grow together there. 
 
 159. Oonnate-perfoliate. Such are the upper leaves of true Honey, 
 suckles. Here (Tig. 163) of the opposite and sessile leaves, some pairs, 
 especially the uppermost, in the course of their formation unite around the 
 stem, which thus seems to run through the disk formed by their union. 
 
 160. Equitant Leaves. While ordinary leaves spread horizontally, and 
 present one face to the sky and the other to the earth, there are some that 
 present their tip to the sky, and their faces right and left to the horizon. 
 Among these are the equitant leaves of the Iris or Flower-de-Luce. In- 
 spection shows that each leaf was formed as if folded together lenythwise, 
 
 FIG. 162. A summer branch of Uvularia perfoliata; lower leaves perfoliate, upper 
 cordate-clasping, uppermost simply sessile. 
 
 Fid. 163. Branch of a Honeysuckle, with connate-perfoliate leaves. 
 
 Fio. 164. Rootstock and equitant leaves of Irfs. 165. A section across the 
 cluster of leaves at the bottom, showing the equitation.
 
 SECTION 7.] 
 
 ORDINAEY LEAVES. 
 
 61 
 
 so that what would be the upper surface is within, and all grown together, 
 except next the bottom, where each leaf covers the next younger one. It 
 was from their straddling over each other, like a man on horseback (as is 
 seen in the cross-section, Fig. 165), that Linnaeus, with his lively fancy, 
 called these Equitant leaves. 
 
 161. Leaves with no distinction of Petiole and Blade. The leaves, 
 of Iris just mentioned show one form of this. The flat but narrow leaves, 
 of Jonquils, Daffodils, and the cylindrical leaf of Onions 
 
 are other instances. Needle-shaped leaves, like those of 
 the Pine, Larch, and Spruce, and the awl-shaped as well 
 as the scale-shaped leaves of Junipers, Red Cedar, and 
 Arbor- Vitse (Fig. 166), are examples. 
 
 162. Phyllodia. Sometimes an expanded petiole takes 
 the place of the blade; as in numerous New Holland 
 Acacias, some of which are now common in greenhouses. 
 Such counterfeit blades are called phyllodia, meaning 
 leaf-like bodies. They may be known from true blades 
 by their standing edgewise, their margins being directed 
 upwards and downwards ; while in true blades the faces 
 look upwards and downwards; excepting in equitant 
 leaves, as already explained. 
 
 163. Falsely Vertical Leaves. These are apparent 
 exceptions to the rule, the blade standing edgewise in- 
 stead of flatwise to the stem ; but this position comes 
 
 by a twist of the stalk or the base of the 
 blade. Such leaves present the two 
 faces about equally to the light. The 
 Compass-plant (Silphium laciniatum) is 
 an example. So also the leaves of Bolto- 
 nia, of Wild Lettuce, and of a vast num- 
 ber of Australian Myrtaceous shrubs 
 and trees, which much resemble the 
 phyllodia of the Acacias of the same 
 country. They are familiar in Calliste- 
 mon, the Bottle-brush Mower, and in 
 Eucalyptus. But in the latter the 
 leaves of the young tree have the nor- 
 mal structure and position. 
 
 164. Cladophylla, meaning branch- 
 leaves. The foliage of Ruscus (the Butcher's Broom of Europe) and of 
 Myrsiphyllum of South Africa (cultivated for decoration under the false 
 
 1G7 
 
 FIG. 166. Branch of Arbor-Vitae, with awl-shaped and scale-shaped leave* 
 FIG. 167. The ambiguous leaf ? (cladophyllum) of Myrsiphyllum. 
 Fio. 168. Same of Ruscus, or Butcher's Broom.
 
 62 LEAVES. [SECTION 7. 
 
 name of Smilax) is peculiar and puzzling. Tf these blades (Fig. 167, 168) 
 
 are really leaves, they are most anomalous in occupying the axil of another 
 leaf, reduced to a little scale. Yet they have an upper and lower face, as 
 leaves should, although they soon twist, so as to stand more or less edge- 
 wise. If they are branches which have assumed exactly the form and 
 office of leaves, they are equally extraordinary in not making any further 
 development. But in Ruscus, flowers are borne OH one face, in the axil 
 of a little scale : and this would seem to settle that they are branches. In 
 Asparagus just the same things as to position are thread-shaped and 
 branch-like. 
 
 2. LEAVES OP SPECIAL CONFORMATION AND USR 
 
 165. Leaves for Storage. A leaf may at the same time serve both 
 ordinary and special uses. Thus in those leaves of Lilies, .such as the 
 common White Lily, which spring from the bulb, the upper and green part 
 x serves for foliage 
 
 and elaborates 
 nourishment, while 
 the thickened por- 
 tion or bud-scale 
 beneath serves for 
 the storage of this 
 nourishment. The 
 thread-shaped leaf 
 of the Onion ful- 
 fils the same office, 
 and the nourishing 
 matter it prepares 
 is deposited in 
 its sheathing base, 
 forming one of the 
 concentric layers of 
 the onion. When 
 
 these layers, so thick and succulent, have given up their store to the grow- 
 ing parts within, they are left as thin and dry husks. In a Houseleek, 
 an Aloe or an Agave, the green color of the surface of the fleshy leaf indi- 
 cates that it is doing the work of foliage ; the deeper-seated white por- 
 tion within is the storehouse of the nourishment which the green surface 
 has elaborated. So, also, the seed-leaves or cotyledons are commonly used 
 for storage. Some, as in one of the Maples, the Pea, Horse-chestnut, 
 Oak, etc., are for nothing else. Others, as in Beecli and in our common 
 
 FIG. 169. A young Agave Americana, or Century-plant : fleshy -leaved.
 
 SECTION 7.] SPECIAL LEAVES. 63 
 
 Beans, give faiat indications of service as foliage also, chiefly in Tain. Still 
 others, as in the Pumpkin and Flax, having served for storage, develop 
 into the first efficient foliage. Compare 
 11, 22-30, and the accompanying figures. 
 
 166. Leaves as Bud-Scales serve to 
 protect the forming parts within. Hav- 
 ing fulfilled this purpose they commonly 
 fall off when the shoot develops and 
 foliage-leaves appear. Occasionally, as 
 in Fig. 170, there is a transition of bud- 
 scales to leaves, which reveals the nature 
 of the former. The Lilac also shows a 
 gradation from bud-scale to simple leaf. 
 In Cornus florida (the Flowering Dog- 
 wood), the four bud-scales which through 
 the winter protect the head of forming 
 flowers remain until blossoming, and then the base of each grows out into 
 
 FIG. 170. Series of bud-scales and foliage-leaves from a developing bud of the 
 Low Sweet Buckeye (^Esculus parviflora), showing nearly complete gradation, from 
 A scale to a compound leaf of five leaflets; and that the scales answer to reduced 
 petioles. 
 
 Via. 171. Shoot of common Barberry, showing transition of foliage-leaves t 
 opines.
 
 64 LEAVES. [SECTION 7. 
 
 a large and very showy petal-like teaf ; the original dry scale is apparent 
 in the notch at the apex. 
 
 167. Leaves as Spines occur in several plants. A familiar instance is 
 that of the common Barberry (Fig. 171)- In almost any summer shoot, 
 most of the gradations may be seen between the ordinary leaves, with 
 sharp bristly teeth, and leaves which are reduced to a branching spine or 
 thorn. The fact that the spines of the Barberry produce a leaf-bud in 
 their axil also proves them to be leaves. 
 
 168. Leaves for Climbing are various in adaptation. True foliage- 
 leaves serve this purpose ; as in Gloriosa, where the attenuated tip of a sim 
 pie leaf (otherwise like that of a Lily) hooks around a supporting object ; 
 or in Solanum jasminoides of the gardens (Fig. 172), and in Mauraudia, 
 etc., where the leaf-stalk coils round and clings to a support; or in the 
 compound leaves of Clematis and of Adlumia, in which both the leaflets 
 and their stalks hook or coil around the support. 
 
 169. Or in a compound leaf, as in the Pea and most Vetches, and in 
 Cobsea, while the lower leaflets serve for foliage, some of the uppermost 
 are developed as tendrils for climbing (Fig. 167). In the common Pea this 
 is so with all but one or two pairs of leaflets. 
 
 170. In one European Vetch, the leaflets are wanting and the whole 
 petiole is a tendril, while the stipules become the only foliage (Fig. 173). 
 
 171. Leaves as Pitchers, or hollow tubes, are familiar in the common 
 Pitcher-plant or Side-saddle Flower (Sarracenia, Fig. 174) of our bogs. 
 These pitchers are generally half full of water, in which flies and other in- 
 sects are drowned, often in such numbers as to make a rich manure for the 
 plant. More curious are some of the southern species of Sarracenia, which 
 seem to be specially adapted to the capture and destruction of flies and 
 other insects. 
 
 FIG. 172. Leaves of Solanum jasminoides, the petiole adapted for climbing. 
 FlQ. 173. Leaf of Lathyrus Aphaca, consisting of a pair of stipules and a tendril.
 
 SECTION 7.] 
 
 SPECIAL LEAVES. 
 
 65 
 
 172. The leaf of Nepenthes (Fig. 175) combines three structures and 
 ses. The expanded part below is foliage : this tapers into a tendril for 
 
 climbing ; and this bears a pitcher with a lid. 
 baps digested, in the pitcher. 
 
 173. Leaves as Fly-traps. Insects are 
 caught in another way, and more expertly, 
 by the most extraordinary of all the plants 
 of this country, the Dionaea or Venus's Fly- 
 trap, which grows in the sandy bogs around 
 Wilmington, North Carolina, Here (Fig. 
 176) each leaf bears at its summit an appen- 
 dage which opens and shuts, in shape some- 
 thing like a steel-trap, and operating much 
 like one. For when open, no sooner does 
 a fly alight on its surface, and brush against 
 any one of the two or three bristles that grow 
 there, than the trap suddenly closes, captur- 
 ing the intruder. If the fly escapes, the trap 
 soon slowly opens, and is ready for another 
 capture. When retained, the insect is after 
 a time moistened by a secretion from mi- 
 nute glands of the inner surface, and is 
 
 In the various species of Drosera or Sundew, insects are caught 
 
 FIG. 174. Leaf of Sarracenia purpurea, entire, and another with the upper part 
 e\\t off. 
 
 FIG. 175. Leaf of Nepenthes; foliage, tendril, and pitcher combined. 
 FIG. 176. Leaves of O'onaea; the trap ii) one of them open, in the others closed.
 
 LEAVES. 
 
 [SECTION 7. 
 
 by sticking fast to very viscid glands at the tip of strong bristles, aided 
 by adjacent gland-tipped bristles which bend slowly toward the captive 
 The use of such adaptations and operations may be explained in another 
 place. 
 
 f 8. STIPULES. 
 
 174. A leaf complete in its parts consists of blade, leaf-stalk or petiole, 
 and a pair of stipules. But most leaves have either fugacious or minute 
 stipules or none at all ; many have no petiole (the blade being sessile or 
 stalkless) ; some have no clear distinction of blade and petiole ; and many 
 of these, such as those of the Onion and 
 all phyllodia (] 66), consist Oi petiole only. 
 175. The base of the petiole is apt to 
 be broadened and flattened, sometimes 
 into thin margins, sometimes into a sheath 
 which embraces the stem at the point of 
 attachment 
 
 180 
 
 176. Stipules are such appendages, either wholly or partly separated 
 from the petiole. When quite separate they are said to be free, as in Fig. 
 112. When attached to the base of the petiole, as in the Rose and in 
 
 Fio. 177. Leaf of Red Clover: st, stipules, adhering to the base of p, the petiole; 
 6, blade of three leaflets. 
 
 Fio, 178. Part of stem and leaf of Frince's-Peather (Polygonum orientale) with 
 the united sheathing stipules forming a sheath or ocreti. 
 
 Fio. 179. Terminal winter bud of Magnolia Umbrella, natural size. 180. Outer- 
 most bud-scale (pair of stipules) detached.
 
 SECTION 7.] 
 
 THEIR ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 C7 
 
 Clover (Tig. 177), they are adnate. When the two stipules unite and 
 sheathe the stem above the insertion, as in Polygonum (Fig. 178), this 
 sheath is called an Ocrea, from its likeness to a greave or leggin. 
 
 177. In Grasses, when the sheathing base of the leaf may answer to 
 petiole, the summit of the sheath commonly projects as a thin and short 
 membrane, like an ocrea : this is called a LIGULA or LIGTJLE. 
 
 178. When stipules are green and leaf-like they act as so much foliage, 
 la the Pea they make up no small part of the actual foliage. In a related 
 plant (Lathyrus Aphaca, Fig. 173), they make the whole of it, the remainder 
 of the leaf being tendril. 
 
 179. In many trees the stipules are the bud-scales, as in the Beech, and 
 very conspicuously in the Fig-tree, Tulip-tree, and Magnolia (Fig. 179). 
 These fall off as the leaves unfold. 
 
 180. The stipules are spines or prickles in Locust and several other 
 Leguminous trees and shrubs ; they are tendrils in Srnilax or Greenbrier 
 
 f 4. THE ARRANGEMENT OP LEAVES. 
 
 181. Phyllotaxy, meaning leaf-arrangement, is the study of the position 
 t/ leaves, or parts answering to leaves, upon the stem. 
 
 182. The technical name for the attachment of leaves to the stem is 
 
 the insertion. Leaves (as already noticed, 54) are inserted in three modes. 
 They are 
 
 Alternate (Fig. 181), that is, one after another, or in other words, with 
 only a single leaf to each node ; 
 
 PIG. 181. Alternate leaves, in Linden, Lime-tree, or Basswood. 
 FIG. 182. Opposite leaves, in Red Maple.
 
 68 
 
 LEAVES. 
 
 [SECTION 7. 
 
 Opposite (Fig. 182), when there is a pair to each node, the two leaves in 
 this case being always on opposite sides of the stem ; 
 
 Wkorled or Verticillate (fig. 183) when there are more than two leaves 
 on a node, in whica. case they divide the circle 
 equally between them, forming a Verticel or whorl. 
 When there are three leaves in the whorl, the 
 leaves are one third of the circumference apart ; 
 when four, one quarter, and so on. So the plan of 
 opposite leaves, which is very common, is merely 
 that of whorled leaves, with the fewest leaves to the 
 whorl, namely, two. 
 
 183. In both modes and in all their modifica- 
 tions, the arrangement is such as to distribute the 
 leaves systematically and in a way to give them a 
 good exposure to the light. 
 
 184. No two or more leaves ever grow from the same point. The so- 
 called Fascicled or Clustered leaves are 
 the leaves of a branch the nodes of 
 which are very close, just as they are 
 in the bud, so keeping the leaves in a 
 cluster. This is evident hi the Larch 
 (Fig. 184), in which examination shows 
 each cluster to be made up of nume- 
 rous leaves crowded on a spur or short 
 axis. In spring there are only such 
 clusters ; but in summer some of them 
 lengthen into ordinary shoots with scat- 
 tered alternate leaves. So, likewise, 
 each cluster of two or three needle- 
 shaped leaves in Pitch Pines (as in Pig. 185), or of five leaves 
 in White Pine, answers to a similar extremely short branch, 
 springing from the axil of a thin and slender scale, which 
 represents a leaf of the main shoot. Por Pines produce two 
 kinds of leaves, 1. primary, the proper leaves of the shoots, 
 not as foliage, but in the shape of delicate scales in spring, 
 which soon fall away ; and 2. secondary, the fascicled leaves, 
 from buds in the axils of the former, and these form the 
 actual foliage. 
 
 Fig. 183. Whorled leaves of Galium. 
 
 Fid. 184. A piece of stem of Larch with two clusters (fascicles) of numerous 
 leaves. 
 
 Fid. 185. Piece of a branch of Pitch Pine, with three leaves in a fascicle or bun- 
 dle, in the axil of a thin scale which answers to a primary leaf. The bundle is sur- 
 rounded at the base by a short sheath, formed of the delicate scales of the axillary 
 bud.
 
 SECTION 7.] 
 
 THEIR ARRANGEMENT, 
 
 185. Phyllotaxy of Alternate Leaves. Alternate leaves are distrib- 
 uted along the stem in an order which is uniform for each species. The 
 arrangement in all its modifications is said to be spiral, because, if we 
 draw a line from the insertion (i. e. the point of attachment) of one leaf to 
 that of the next, and so on, this line will wind spirally around the stem as 
 it rises, and in the same species will always bear the same number of leaves 
 for each turn round the stem. That is, any two successive leaves will 
 always be separated from each other by an equal portion of the circum- 
 ference of the stem. The distance in height between any two leaves may 
 vary greatly, even on the same shoot, for that depends upon the length of 
 the internodes, or spaces between the leaves ; but the distance as measured 
 around the circumference (in other words, the Angular Divergence, or angle 
 formed by any two successive leaves) is uniformly the same. 
 
 186. Two-ranked. The greatest possible di- 
 vergence is, of course, where the second leaf stands 
 on exactly the opposite side of the stem from the 
 first, the third on the side opppsite the second, and 
 therefore over the first, and the fourth over the 
 second, This brings all the leaves into two ranks, 
 one on one side of the stem and one on the other, 
 and is therefore called the Two-ranked arrangement. 
 It occurs in all Grasses, in Indian Corn, for in- 
 stance; also, in the Basswood (Fig. 181). This 
 is the simplest of all arrangements, and the one 
 which most widely distributes successive leaves, but 
 which therefore gives the fewest vertical ranks. 
 Next is the 
 
 187. Three-ranked arrangement, that of all 
 Sedges, and of White Hellebore. Here the second 
 leaf is placed one third of the way round the stem, 
 the third leaf two thirds of the way round, the fourth 
 leaf accordingly directly over the first, the fifth over 
 the second, and so on. That is, three leaves occur 
 in each turn round the stem, and they are separated 
 from each other by one third of the circumference. 
 (Fig. 186, 187.) 
 
 188. Five-ranked is the next in the series, and 
 
 the most common. It is seen in the Apple (Fig. 188), Cherry, Poplar, 
 and the greater number of trees and shrubs. In this case the line traced 
 from leaf to leaf will pass twice round the stem before it reaches a leaf 
 
 FIG. 186. Three-ranked arrangement, shown in a piece of the stalk of a Sedge, 
 with the leaves cut off above their bases ; the leaves are numbered in order, from 
 Itoti. 187. Diagram or cross-section of the same, in one plane ; the leaves simi- 
 larly numbered ; showing two cycles of three.
 
 70 
 
 LEAVES. 
 
 [SECTION 7. 
 
 X 
 
 k 
 
 situated directly over any below (Pig. 189). Here the sixth leaf is over 
 the first ; the leaves stand in five perpendicular ranks, with equal angular 
 distance from each other; and this distance between any two successive 
 leaves is just two fifths of the circumference of the stem. 
 
 189. The five-ranked arrangement is expressed by the fraction |. This 
 
 fraction denotes the divergence of jgg 
 
 the successive leaves, i. e. the air 
 gle they form with each other : the 
 ' numerator also expresses the num- 
 ber of turns made round the stem 
 by the spiral line in completing 
 one cycle or set of leaves, namely, 
 two ; and the denominator gives 
 the number of leaves in each cy- 
 cle, or the number of perpendic- 
 ular ranks, namely, five. In the 
 same way the fraction ^ stands for 
 the two-ranked mode, and J for 
 the three-ranked : and so these 
 different sorts are expressed by 
 
 yie series of fractions , , f . Other cases follow in 
 
 the same numerical progression, the next being the 
 
 190. Eight-ranked arrangement. In this the ninth 
 leaf stands over the first, and three turns are made 
 around the stem to reach it; so it is expressed by 
 the fraction f . This is seen in the Holly, and in the 
 common Plantain. Then conies the 
 
 191. Thirteen-ranked arrangement, in which the 
 fourteenth leaf is over the first, after five turns around the stem, 
 common Houseleek (Fig. 191) is a good example. 
 
 192. The series so far, then, is \, , \, f , ^ ; the numerator and the 
 denominator of each fraction being those of the two next preceding ones 
 added together. At this rate the next higher should be ^ T , then Jf , and 
 so on ; and in fact just such cases are met with, and (commonly) no others. 
 These higher sorts are found in the Pine Family, both in the leaves and 
 the cones and in many other plants with small and crowded leaves. But 
 in those the number of the ranks, or of leaves in each cycle, can only rarely 
 
 Fio. 188. Shoot with its leaves 5-ranked, the sixth leaf over the first; as in the 
 Apple-tree. 
 
 Fio. 189. Diagram of this arrangement, with a spiral line drawn from the attach, 
 ment of one leaf to the next, and so on ; the parts on the side turned from the eye 
 are fainter. 
 
 Fio. 190. A ground-plan of the same; the section of the leaves similarly num- 
 bered ; a dotted line drawn from the edge of one leaf to that of the next marks out 
 the spiral. 
 
 The
 
 SECTION 7.] 
 
 THEIR ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 71 
 
 be made out by direct inspection. They may be indirectly ascertained, how- 
 ever, by studying the secondary spirals, as they are called, which usually 
 become conspicuous, at least two series of them, one 
 turning to the right and one to the left, as shown in 
 Fig. 191. Tor au account of the way in which the 
 character of the phyllotaxy may be deduced from the 
 secondary spirals, see Structural Botany, Chapter IV. 
 193. Phyllotaxy of Opposite and whorled Leaves. 
 This is simple and comparatively uniform. The leaves 
 of each pair or whorl are placed over the intervals 
 between those of the preceding, and therefore under 
 the intervals of the pair or whorl next above. The 
 whorls or pairs alternate or cross each other, usually 
 at right angles, that is, they decussate. Opposite 
 leaves, that is, whorls of two leaves only, are far com- 
 moner than whorls of three or four or more members. 
 This arrangement in successive decussating pairs gives 
 an advantageous distribution on the stem in four verti- 
 cal ranks. Whorls of three give six vertical ranks, 
 and so on. Note that in descriptive botany leaves in 
 whorls of two are simply called opposite leaves ; and 
 that the term verticillate or whorled, is employed only 
 for cases of more than two, unless the latter number 
 is specified. 
 
 194. Vernation or Praefoliation, the disposition 
 of the leaf-blades in the bud, comprises two things ; 1st, 
 the way in which each separate leaf is folded, coiled, 
 or packed up in the bud; and 2d, the arrangement 
 of the leaves in the bud with respect to one another. 
 The latter of course depends very much upon the 
 
 phyllotaxy, i. e. thb position and order of the leaves upon the stem. The 
 same terms are used for it as for the arrangement of the leaves of the 
 flower in the flower-bud. See, therefore, " ^Estivation, or Praefloration." 
 
 195. As to each leaf separately, it is sometimes straight and open in 
 vernation, but more commonly it is either bent, folded, or rolled up. When 
 the upper part is bent down upon the lower, as the young blade in the 
 Tulip-tree is bent upon the leafstalk, it is said to be Inflexed or Reclined in 
 vernation. When folded by the midrib so that the two halves are placed 
 face to face, it is Conduplicate (Fig. 193), as in the Magnolia, the Cherry, 
 and the Oak. W T hen folded back and forth like the plaits of a fan, it is 
 
 FIG. 191. A young plant of the Houseleek, with the leaves (not yet expanded) 
 numbered, and exhibiting the 13-ranked arrangement; and showing secondary 
 spirals. 
 
 FIG. 192. Opposite leaves of Euonymus, or Spindle-tree, showing the successive 
 pairs crossing each other at right angles.
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 [SECTION 8. 
 
 Plicate or Plaited (Fig. 194), as in the Maple and Currant. If rolled, it 
 may be so either from the tip downwards, as in Ferns and the Sundew 
 
 (Fig. 197), when in unroll- 
 ing it resembles the head 
 of a crosier, and is said to 
 be Circinate; or it may be 
 rolled up parallel with the 
 axis, either from one edge 
 into a coil, when it is Con- 
 volute (Fig. 195), as in the 
 Apricot and Plum ; or rolled 
 from both edges towards 
 the midrib, sometimes 
 inwards, when it is Invo- 
 196 197 198 'lute (Fig. 198), as in 'the 
 
 Violet and Water - Lily ; 
 
 sometimes outwards, when it is Eevolute (Fig. 196), in the Rosemary and 
 Azalea. The figures are diagrams, representing sections through the leaf, 
 in the way they were represented by Linuseus. 
 
 SECTION VIII. FLOWEB& 
 
 196. Flowers are for the production of seed (16). Stems and branches, 
 which for a time put forth leaves for vegetation, may at length put forth 
 flowers for reproduction. 
 
 1 1. POSITION AND ARRANGEMENT OP FLOWERS, OR INFLOR- 
 ESCENCE. 
 
 197. Flower-buds appear just where, leaf -buds appear; that is, they are 
 either terminal or axillary (47-49). Morphologically, flowers answer to 
 shoots or branches, and their parts to leaves. 
 
 198. In the same species the flowers are usually from axillary buds only, 
 or from terminal buds only; but in some they are both axillary and 
 terminal. 
 
 199. Inflorescence, which is the name nsed by Linnaeus to signify mode 
 of flower-arrangement, is accordingly of three classes : namely, Indeterminate, 
 when the flowers are in the axils of leaves, that is, are from axillary buds; 
 Determinate, when they are from terminal buds, and so terminate a stem 
 or branch ; and Mixed, when these two are combined. 
 
 200. Indeterminate Inflorescence (likewise, and for the same reason, 
 called indefinite inflorescence) is so named because, as the flowers all come 
 from axillary buds, the terminal bud may keep on growing and prolong the 
 stem indefinitely. This is so in Moneywort (Fig. 199).
 
 SECTION 8.J 
 
 INFLORESCENCE, 
 
 73 
 
 201. "VYhen Sowers thus arise singly from the axils of ordinary leaves, 
 they are axillary and solitary, not collected into flower-clusters. 
 
 202. But when several or many flowers are produced near each other, 
 the accompanying leaves are 
 
 apt to be of smaller size, or of 
 different shape or character : 
 then they are called BRACTS, 
 aud the flowers thus brought 
 together form a cluster. The 
 kinds of flower-clusters of the 
 indeterminate class have re- 
 ceived distinct names, according to their form and disposition. They are 
 principally Raceme, Corymb, Umbel, Spike, Head, Spadix, Catkin, and 
 Panicle. 
 
 203. In defining these it will be necessary to use some of the following 
 terms of descriptive botany which relate to inflorescence. If a flower is 
 stalkless, i. e. sits directly in the axil or other support, it is said to be 
 sessile. If raised on a naked stalk of its own (as in Fig. 199) it is pedun- 
 culate, and the stalk is a PEDUNCLE. 
 
 204. A peduncle on which a flower-cluster is raised is a 
 Common peduncle. That which supports each separate flower 
 of the cluster is a Partial peduncle, and is generally called a 
 PEDICEL. The portion of the general stalk along which 
 flowers are disposed is called the Axis of inflorescence, or, 
 when covered with sessile flowers, the Rhachis (back-bone), 
 and sometimes the Receptacle. The leaves of a flower-cluster 
 generally are termed BRACTS. But when bracts of different 
 orders are to be distinguished, those on the common pedun- 
 cle or axis, and which have a flower in their axil, keep the 
 name of bracts ; and those on the pedicels or partial flower- 
 stalks, if any, that of BRACTLETS or Bracteoles. The for- 
 mer is the preferable English name. 
 
 205. A Raceme (Fig. 200) is that form of flower-cluster 
 in which the flowers, each on their own foot-stalk or pedicel, 
 are arranged along the sides of a common stalk or axis of 
 inflorescence; as in the Lily of the Valley, Currant, Bar- 
 berry, one section of Cherry, etc. Each flower comes from 
 the axil of a small leaf, or bract, which, however, is often 
 200 so small that it might escape notice, and even sometimes (as 
 m the Mustard Family) disappears altogether. The lowest blossoms of a 
 
 FIG. 199. Piece of a flowering-stem of Moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia,) 
 with single flowers successively produced in the axils of the leaves, from below 
 upwards, as the stem grows on. 
 
 FIG. 200. A raceme, with a general peduncle (p), pedicels (p r ), bracts (5), and 
 brackets (6'). Plainly the bracts here answer to the leaves in Fig. 193
 
 74 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 [SECTION 8. 
 
 raceme are of course the oldest, and therefore open first, aiid the order of 
 blossoming *s ascending from the bottom to the top. The summit, never 
 being stopped by a terminal flower, may go on to grow, and often does 
 so (as in the common Shepherd's Purse), producing lateral flowers one 
 after another for many weeks. 
 
 206. A Corymb (Fig. 202) is the same as a raceme, except that it is 
 flat and broad, either convex, or level-topped. That is, a raceme becomes 
 a corymb by lengthening the lower pedicels while the uppermost remain 
 
 203 
 
 shorter. The axis of a corymb is short in proportion to the lower pedicels 
 By extreme shortening of the axis the corymb may be converted into 
 
 *207. An Umbel (Pig. 203) as in the Milkweed, a sort of flower-cluster 
 where the pedicels all spring apparently from the same point, from the top 
 of the peduncle, so as to resemble, when spreading, the rays of an umbrella ; 
 whence the name. Here the pedicels are sometimes called the 
 Rays of the umbel. And the bracts, when brought in this way 
 into a cluster or circle, form what is called an INVOLUCRE. 
 
 208. The corymb and the umbel being more or less level- 
 topped, bringing the flowers into a horizontal plane or a con- 
 vex form, the ascending order of development appears as Cen- 
 tripetal. That is, the flowering proceeds from the margin or 
 circumference regularly towards the centre; the lower flowers 
 of the former answering to the outer ones of the latter. 
 
 209. In these three kinds of flower-clusters, the flowers are 
 raised on conspicuous pedicels (204) or stalks of their own. The 
 shortening of these pedicels, so as to render the flowers sessile 
 or nearly so, converts a raceme into a Spike, and a corymb or an 
 umbel into a Head. 
 
 210. A Spike is a flower-cluster with a more or less length- 
 ened axis, along which the flowers are sessile or nearly so ; as in 
 
 801 the Plantain (Fig. 204). 
 211. A Head (Capitulum) is a round or roundish cluster of flowers, 
 
 Pio. 201. A raceme. 202. A corymb. 203, An umbel. 
 FIQ. 204. Spike of the common Plantain or Ribwort.
 
 SECTION 8.] 
 
 INFLORESCENCE. 
 
 75 
 
 which are sessile on a very short axis or receptacle, as in the Button-ball, 
 Button-busb (Fig. 205), and Red Clover. It is just what a spike would 
 
 become if its axis were shortened ; or an umbel, if its pedicels were all 
 
 shortened until the flowers became sessile. The head 
 
 of the Button-b:ish is naked ; but that of the Thistle, 
 
 of the Dandelion, and the like, is surrounded by empty 
 
 bracts, which form an Involucre. Two particular forms 
 
 of the spike and the head have received particular 
 
 name?, namely, the S$adix and the Catkin. 
 
 212. A Spadix is a fleshy spike or head, with small 
 and often imperfect flowers, as in the Calla, Indian 
 Turnip, (Fig. 206), Sweet Flag, etc. It is commonly 
 surrounded or embraced by a peculiar enveloping leaf, 
 called a SPATHE. 
 
 213. A Catkin, or Ament, is the name given to the 
 scaly sort of spike of the Birch (Fig. 207) and Alder, 
 the Willow and Poplar, and one sort of flower-clusters 
 of the Oak, Hickory, and the like, the so-called Amen- 
 taceous trees. 
 
 214. impound flower-clusters of these kinds are 
 not uncommon. When the stalks which in the sim- 
 ple umbel are the pedicels of single flowers themselves 
 branch into an umbel, a Compound Umbel is formed. 
 
 FIQ. 205. Head of the Button-bush (Cephalanthns). 
 
 FIG. 206. Spadix and spathe of the Indian Turnip; the latter cnt through below, 
 
 FIG. 207. Catkin, or Ament, of Birch.
 
 76 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 [SECTION 8. 
 
 This is the inflorescence of Caraway (Fig. 208), Parsnip, and almost all of 
 the great family of Umbelliferous (umbel-bearing) plants. 
 
 215. The second- 
 ary or partial umbels 
 of a compound um. 
 bel are UMBELLETS. 
 When the umbellets 
 are subtended by an 
 involucre, this sec- 
 ondary involucre is 
 called an IKVOLTJCEL. 
 
 216. A Compound raceme is a cluster of racemes 
 racemosely arranged, as in Smilacina racemosa. A 
 compound corymb is a corymb some branches of which 
 branch again in the same way, as in Mountain Ash. A 
 compound spike is a spicately disposed cluster of spikes. 
 
 217. A Panicle, such as that of Oats and many 
 Grasses, is a compound flower-cluster of a more or less 
 open sort which branches with apparent irregularity, 
 neither into corymbs nor racemes. Tig. 209 repre- 
 sents the simplest panicle. It is, as it were, a raceme 
 of which some of the pedicels have branched so as to 
 bear a few flowers on pedicels of their own, while 
 others remain simple. A compound panicle is one that 
 branches in this v 7 ay again and again. 
 
 218. Determinate Inflorescence is that in which the flowers are from 
 terminal buds. The simplest case is that of a solitary terminal flower, as 
 
 212 
 
 in Fig. 210. This stops the growth of the stem ; for its terminal bud, be- 
 coming a blossom, can no more lengthen in the manner of a leaf-bud. Any 
 
 FIG. 208. Compound Umbel of Caraway. 
 
 FIG. 209. Diagram of a simple panicle. 
 
 FIG. 210. Diagram of an opposite-leaved plant, with a single terminal flower 
 211. Same, with a cyme of three flowers; a, the first flower, of the main axis: b b. 
 those of branches. 212. Same, with flowers also of the third order, c c.
 
 \ 
 
 SECTION 8.J INFLORESCENCE 77 
 
 further growth must be from axillary buds developing into branches. If 
 such branches are leafy shoots, at length terminated by single blossoms, 
 the inflorescence still consists of solitary flowers at the summit of stem and 
 branches. But if the flowering branches bear only bracts in place of ordi- 
 nary leaves, the result is the kind of flower-cluster called 
 
 219. A Cyme. This is commonly a flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, 
 like a corymb, only the blossoms are from terminal buds. ... 
 Fig. 211 illustrates the simplest cyme in a plant with oppo- ^ i/5 /*& 
 site leaves, namely, with three flowers. The middle flower, y j^ 
 a, terminates the stem ; the two others, b b, terminate branches, \ / 
 one from the axil of each of the uppermost leaves ; and being 
 
 later than the middle one, the flowering proceeds from the 
 centre outwards, or is Centrifugal. This is the opposite of 
 the indeterminate mode, or that where all the flower-buds are 
 axillary. If flowering branches appear from the axils below, . 
 the lower ones are the later, so that the order of blossoming K\ 
 continues centrifugal or, which is the same thing, descending, ^ 
 as in Fig. 213, making a sort of reversed raceme we false ra- 
 ceme, a kind of cluster which is to the true raceme just 
 what the flat cyme is to the corymb. 
 
 220. Wherever there are bracts or leaves, buds may be 213 
 produced from their axils and appear as flowers. Fig. 212 represents the 
 case where the brandies, b b, of Fig. 211, each with a pair of small leaves 
 or bracts about their middle, have branched again, and produced the 
 brauchlets and flowers c <?, on each side. It is the continued repetition of 
 this which forms the full or compound cyme, such as that of the Laures- 
 tiuus, Hobble-bush, Dogwood, and Hydrangea (Fig. 214). 
 
 221. A Fascicle (meaning a bundle), like that of the Sweet William 
 and Lychnis of the gardens, is only a cyme with the flowers much crowded. 
 
 222. A Glomerule is a cyme still more compacted, so as to imitate a 
 head. It may be known from a true head by the flowers not expanding 
 centripetally, that is, not from the circumference towards the centre. 
 
 223. The illustrations of determinate or cymose inflorescence have been 
 taken from plants with opposite leaves, which give rise to the most regular 
 cymes. But the Rose, Cinque foil, Buttercup, etc., with alternate leaves, 
 furnish also good examples of cymose inflorescence. 
 
 224. A Cymule (or diminutive cyme) is either a reduced small cyme of 
 few flowers, or a branch of a compound cyme, i. e. a partial cyme. 
 
 225. Scorpioid or Helicoid Cymes, of various sorts, are forms of de- 
 terminate inflorescence (often puzzling to the student) in which one half of 
 the ramification fails to appear. So that they may be called incomplete 
 cymes. The commoner forms may be understood by comparing a complete 
 
 FIG. 213. Diagram of a simple cyme in which the axis lengthens, so as to take 
 the form of a raceme.
 
 78 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 [SECTION 8. 
 
 cyme, like that of Fig. 215 with Fig. 216, the diagram of a cyme of an op- 
 posite-leaved plant, having a series of terminal flowers and the axis con- 
 
 tinued by the development of a branch in the axil of only one of the leaves 
 at each node. The dotted lines on the left indicate the place of the wanting 
 
 branches, which if present would 
 convert this scorpioid cyme into the 
 complete one of Fig. 215. Fig. 217 
 is a diagram of similar inflorescence 
 with alternate leaves. Both are 
 kinds of false racemes (219). When 
 the bracts are also wanting in such 
 cases, as in many Borragineous 
 plants, the true nature of the in- 
 florescence is very much disguised. 
 
 Fio. 214. Compound cyme of Hydrangea arborescens, wirn neutral enlarged 
 flowers round the circumference. 
 
 Fio. 215. A complete forking cyme of an Arenaria, or Chickweed. 
 Fio. 216. Diagram of a scorpioid cyme, with opposite leaves or bracts. 
 Fio. 217._ Diagram of analogous scorpioid cyme, with alternate leaves or bracts.
 
 SECTION g.J ORGANS OF THE FLO WEB. 79 
 
 226. These distinctions between determinate and indeterminate inflores- 
 cence, between corymbs and cymes, and between the true and the false 
 raceme and spike, were not recognized by botanists much more than half 
 a century ago, and even now are not always attended to in descriptions. 
 It is still usual and convenient to describe rounded or flat-topped and open 
 ramification as corymbose, even when essentially cymose; also to call the 
 reversed or false racemes or spikes by these (strictly incorrect) names. 
 
 227. Mixed Inflorescence is that in which the two plans are mixed or 
 combined in compound clusters. A mixed panicle is one in which, while 
 the primary ramification is of the indeterminate order, the secondary or 
 ultimate is wholly or partly of the determinate order. A contracted or 
 elongated inflorescence of this sort is called a THYRSUS. Lilac and Horse- 
 chestnut afford common examples of mixed inflorescence of this sort. When 
 loose and open such flower-clusters are called by the general name of 
 Panicles. The heads of Composite are centripetal; but the branches 01 
 peduncles which bear the heads are usually of centrifugal order. 
 
 2. PARTS OE ORGANS OF THE FLOWER, 
 
 228. These were simply indicated in Section II. 16. Some parts are 
 necessary to seed-bearing ; these are Essential Organs, namely, the Stamens 
 and Pistils. Others serve for protection or for attraction, often for both. 
 Such are the leaves of the Flower, or the Floral Envelopes. 
 
 229. The Floral Envelopes, taken together, are sometimes called the 
 PERIANTH, also Perigone, in Latin form Perigonium. In a flower which 
 possesses its full number of organs, the floral envelopes are of two kinds, 
 namely, an outer circle, the CALYX, and an inner, the COROLLA. 
 
 230. The Calyx is commonly a circle of green or greenish leaves, but 
 not always. It may be the most brightly colored part of the blossom. 
 Each calyx-leaf or piece is called a SEPAL. 
 
 231. The Corolla is the inner circle of floral envelopes or flower-leaves, 
 usually of delicate texture and colored, that is, of some other color than 
 'green. Each corolla-leaf is called a PETAL. 
 
 232. There are flowers in abundance whhAi consist wholly of floral envel- 
 opes. Such are the so-called full double flowers, of which the choicer roses 
 and camellias of the cultivator are familiar examples. In them, under the 
 gardener's care and selection, petals have taken the, place of both stamens 
 and pistils. These are monstrous or unnatural flowers, incapable of pro- 
 ducing seed, and subservient only to human gratification. Their common 
 name of double flowers is not a sensible one : except that it is fixed by 
 custom, it were better to translate their Latin name, flores pleni, and call 
 them full flowers, meaning full of leaves. 
 
 233. Moreover, certain plants regularly produce neutral flowers, consist- 
 ing of floral envelopes only. In Fig. 214, some are seen around the margin
 
 80 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 [SECTION 8. 
 
 of the cyme in Hydrangea. They are likewise familiar in the Hobble-bush 
 and in Wild-Cranberry tree, Viburnum Oxycoccus ; where they form an 
 attractive setting to the cluster of small and comparatively inconspicuous 
 
 perfect flowers which they adorn. In the Guelder Rose, or Snow-ball of 
 ornamental cultivation, all or most of the blossoms of this same shrub are 
 transformed into neutral flowers. 
 
 234. The Essential Organs are likewise 
 of two kinds, placed one above or within 
 the other ; namely, first, the STAMENS or 
 fertilizing organs, and second, the PISTILS, 
 which are to be fertilized and bear the 
 seeds. 
 
 235. A Stamen consists of two parts, 
 namely, the FILAMENT or stalk (Fig. 219 a), 
 and the ANTHER (4). The latter is the only 
 
 essential part. It is a case, commonly with two lobes or cells, each opening 
 lengthwise by a slit, at the proper time, and discharging a powder or dust- 
 like substance, usually of a yellow color. This powder is the POLLEN, 01 
 fertilizing matter, to produce which is the office of the stamen. 
 
 236. A Pistil (Fig. 220, 221) when complete, has three parts; OVARY, 
 STYLE, and STIGMA. The Ovary, at base, is the hollow portion, which con- 
 tains one or more OVULES or rudimentary seeds. The Style is the tapering 
 
 Fia. 218. Kflosplenus, namely, a full double flower of Rose. 
 Fio. 219. A stamen : a, filament : b, anther, discharging pollen. 
 FIG. 220. A pistil; with ovary, a, half cut away, to show the contained ovules ; 
 b. style; c, stigma.
 
 SECTION 8.] 
 
 PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 
 
 81 
 
 portion above : the Stigma is a portion of the style, usually its tip, with 
 moist naked surface, upon which grains of pollen may 
 lodge and adhere, and thence make a growth which ex- 
 tends down to the ovules. When there is no style then 
 the stigma occupies the tip of the ovary. 
 
 237. The Torus or Receptacle is the end of the 
 flower-stalk, or the portion of axis or stem out of which 
 the several organs of the flower grow, upon which they 
 are borne (Fig. 223). 
 
 238. The parts of the flower are thus disposed on the 
 receptacle or axis essentially as are leaves upon a very 
 short stem ; first the sepals, or outer floral leaves ; then 
 the petals or inner floral leaves ; then the stamens ; lastly, 
 at summit or centre, the pistils, when thtere are two or 
 more of them, or the single pistil, when only one. Fig. 
 223 shows the organs displayed, two of each kind, of such 
 a simple and symmetrical flower as that of a Sedum or 
 Stonecrop, Fig. 222. 
 
 221 
 3. PLAN OF FLOWER. 
 
 239. All flowers are formed upon one general plan, but with almost In- 
 finite variations, and many disguises. This common plan is best understood 
 by taking for a type, or standard for comparison, some perfect, complete, 
 
 regular, and symmetrical blossom, and one as simple as such a blossom 
 could well be. Flowers are said to be 
 
 Perfect (hermaphrodite), when provided with both kinds of essential or- 
 gans, i. e. with both stamens and pistils. 
 
 Complete, when, besides, they have the two sets of floral envelopes, namely, 
 
 FIG. 221. Model of a simple pistil, with ovary cut across and slightly opened 
 ventrally, to show the ovules and their attachment.' 
 
 FIG. 222. Flower of Sedum ternatnm, a Stonecrop. 
 
 FIG. 223. Parts of same, two of each kind, separated and displayed ; the torus or 
 receptacle in the centre; a, a sepal ; b, a petal; c, a stamen ; d, a pistil.
 
 82 
 
 FLOWERS- 
 
 [SECTION 8. 
 
 calyx, and corolla. Such are completely furnished with all that belongs to 
 
 a flower. 
 
 Regular, when all the parts of each set are alike in shape and size. 
 Symmetrical, when there is an equal number of parts in each set or circle 
 
 of organs. 
 
 240. Flax-flowers were taken for a pattern in Section II. 16. But in 
 
 them the five pistils have their ovaries as it were consolidated into one body. 
 Sedum, Fig. 222, has the pistils and all the other parts 
 free from such combination. The flower is perfect, 
 complete, regular, and symmetrical, but is not quite 
 as simple as it might be ; for there are twice as many 
 stamens as there are of the other organs. Crassula, 
 a relative of Sedum, cultivated in the conservatories 
 for winter blossoming (Fig. 224) is simpler, being 
 isostemonous, or with just as many stamens as petals or 
 sepals, while Sedum is diplostemonous, having double 
 that number : it has, indeed, two sets of stamens. 
 
 241. Numerical Plan. A certain number either 
 runs through the flower or is discernible in some of 
 its parts. This number is most commonly either five 
 or three, not very rarely four, occasionally two. Thus 
 the ground-plan of the flowers thus far used for illus- 
 tration is five. That of Trillium (Fig. 226, 227) is 
 
 three, as it likewise is as really, if not as plainly, in Tulips and Lilies, Crocus, 
 
 Iris, and all that class of blossoms. In some Sedums all the flowers are 
 
 in fours. In others the first flowers are 
 
 on the plan of five, the rest mostly on 
 
 the plan of four, that is, with four sepals, 
 
 four petals, eight 
 
 stamens (i. e. twice 
 
 four), and four pis- 
 tils. Whatever the 
 
 ground number may 
 
 be, it runs through 
 
 the whole in symmet- 
 rical blossoms. 
 
 242. Alternation of the successive Circles. In these flowers the 
 
 parts of the successive circles alternate ; and such is the rule. That is, 
 
 FIG. 224. Flower of a Crassula. 225. Diagram or ground-plan of same. 
 
 FIG. 226. Flower of a Trillium ; its parts in threes. 
 
 FIG. 227. Diagram of flower of Trillium. In this, as in all such diagrams of cross- 
 section of blossoms, the parts of the outer circle represent the calyx ; the next, co- 
 rolla; within, stamens (here in two circles of three each, and the cross-section is 
 through the anthers) ; in the centre, section of three ovaries joined into a compound 
 sne of three cells
 
 SECTION 8.] PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 83 
 
 the petals stand over the intervals between the sepals ; the stamens, when 
 of the same number, stand over the intervals between the petals ; or when 
 twice as mauy, as in the Trillium, the outer set alternates with the petals, 
 and the inner set, alternating with the other, of course stands before the 
 petals; and the pistils alternate with these. This is just as it should be 011 
 the theory that the circles of the blossom answer to whorls of leaves, which 
 alternate in this way. While in such flowers the circles are to be regarded 
 as whorls, in others they are rather to be regarded as condensed spirals of 
 alternate leaves. But, however this may be, in the mind of a morphological 
 botanist, 
 
 243. Flowers are altered Branches, and their parts, therefore, altered 
 leaves. That is, certain buds, which might have grown and lengthened 
 into a leafy branch, do, under other circumstances and to accomplish other 
 purposes, develop into blossoms. In these the axis remains short, nearly 
 as it is in the bud ; the leaves therefore remain close together in sets or 
 circles ; the outer ones, those of the calyx, generally partake more or less 
 of the character of foliage ; the next set are more delicate, and form the co- 
 rolla, while the rest, the stamens and pistils, appear under forms very dif- 
 ferent from those of ordinary leaves, and are concerned in the production 
 of seed. This view gives to Botany an interest which one who merely no- 
 tices the shape and counts the parts of blossoms, without understanding 
 their plan, has no conception of. 
 
 244. That flowers answer to branches may be shown, first, from their 
 position. As explained in the section on Inflorescence, flowers arise from 
 the same places as branches, and from no other ; flower-buds, like leaf-buds, 
 appear either on the summit of a stem, that is, as a terminal bud, or in the 
 axil of a leaf, as an axillary bud. And, as the plan of a symmetrical flower 
 shows, the arrangement of the parts on their axis or receptacle is that ol 
 leaves upon the stem. 
 
 245. That the sepals and petals are of the nature of leaves is evident 
 from their appearance ; they are commonly called the leaves of the flower. 
 The calyx is most generally green in color, and foliaceous (leaf-like) in 
 texture. And though the corolla is rarely green, yet neither are proper 
 leaves always green. In our wild Painted-cup, and in some scarlet Sages, 
 common in gardens, the leaves just under the flowers are of the brightest 
 red or scarlet, often much brighter-colored than the corolla itself. And 
 sometimes (as in many Cactuses, and in Carolina Allspice) there is such a 
 regular gradation from the last leaves of the plant (bracts or bractlets) into 
 the leaves of the calyx, that it is impossible to say where the one ends and 
 the other begins. If sepals are leaves, so also are petals ; for there is no 
 clearly fixed limit between them. Not only in the Carolina Allspice and 
 Cactus (Tig. 229), but in the Water-Lily (Fig. 228) and in a variety of 
 flowers with more than one row of petals, there is such a complete transi- 
 tion between calyx and corolla that no one can surely tell how many of the 
 leaves belong to the one and how many to the other.
 
 84 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 [SECTION 8. 
 
 246. That stamens are of the same general nature as petals, and there- 
 fore a modification of leaves, is shown by the gradual transitions that ocfcui 
 
 between the one and the 
 other in many blos- 
 soms ; especially in cul- 
 tivated flowers, such as 
 Roses and Camelh'as, 
 when they begin to 
 double, that is, to change 
 their stamens into pet- 
 als. Some wild and 
 natural flowers show 
 the same interesting 
 transitions. The Caro- 
 lina Allspice and the 
 White Water-Lily ex- 
 hibit complete grada- 
 tions not only between 
 sepals and petals, but 
 
 between petals and stamens. The sepals of our Water-Lily are green out- 
 side, but white and petal-like on the inside ; the petals, in many rows, 
 gradually grow narrower towards the centre of the flower ; some of these 
 are tipped with a trace of a yellow 
 anther, but still are petals; the 
 next are more contracted and sta- 
 men-like, but with a flat petal-like 
 filament; and a further narrow- 
 ing of this completes the genuine 
 stamen. 
 
 247. Pistils and stamens now 
 and then change into each other in 
 some Willows; pistils often turn 
 into petals in cultivated flowers; 
 and in the Double Cherry they 
 are occasionally replaced by small 
 green leaves. Sometimes a whole 
 blossom changes into a cluster of 
 green leaves, as in the "green 
 roses " occasionally noticed in gar- 
 dens, and sometimes it degenerates into a leafy branch. So the botanist 
 regards pistils also as answering to leaves ; that is, to single leaves when 
 simple and separate, to a whorl of leaves when conjoined. 
 
 Fio. 228. Series of sepals, petals, and stamens of White Water-Lily, showing 
 the transitions. 
 
 fto.229. A Cactus blossom.
 
 SECTION 8.J MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE. 
 
 4. MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE. 
 
 248. The Deviations, as they may be called, from the assumed type or 
 pattern of flower are most various and extensive. The differences between 
 one species and another of the same genus are comparatively insignificant ; 
 those between different genera are more striking ; those between different 
 families and classes of plants more and more profound. They represent 
 different adaptations to conditions or modes of life, some of which have" 
 obvious or probable utilities, although others are beyond particular expla- 
 nation. The principal modifications may be conveniently classified. Eirst 
 those which in place of perfect (otherwise called hermaphrodite or bisexual) 
 flowers, give origin to 
 
 249. Unisexual, or Separated, or Diclinous Flowers, imperfect flow- 
 ers, as they have been called in contradistinction to perfect flowers ; but that 
 
 term is too ambiguous. In 
 these some flowers want the 
 stamens, while others want the pistils. Taking 
 hermaphrodite flowers as the patteru, it is natural 
 to say that the missing organs are suppressed. This 
 expression is justified by the very numerous cases 
 in which the missing parts are abortive, that is, 
 are represented by rudiments or vestiges, which 
 serve to exemplify the plan, although useless as 
 co office. Unisexual flowers are 
 
 Monoecious (or Monoicous, i. e. of one household), when flowers of both 
 sorts or sexes are produced by the same individual plant, as in the Ricinus 
 or Castor-oil Plant, Fig. 230. 
 
 Dioecious (or Dioicous, i. e. of separate households), when the two kinds 
 are borne on different plants ; as in Willows, Poplars, Hemp, and Moon- 
 seed, Fig. 231, 232. 
 
 Polygamous, when the flowers are some of them perfect, and some 
 staminate or pistillate only. 
 
 Fio. 230. Unisexual flowers of Castor-oil plant : s, staminate flower ; p, pistillate 
 flower. 
 FIQ. 231, staminate, and 232, pistillate flower of Moonseed.
 
 86 
 
 FLOWERS, 
 
 [SECTION 8. 
 
 250. A blossom having stamens and no pistil is a Staminate or Male 
 flower. Sometimes it is called a Sterile flower, not appropriately, for other 
 flowers may equally be sterile. One having pistil but no stamens is a 
 Pistillate or Female flower. 
 
 251. Incomplete Flowers are so named 
 in contradistinction to complete : they waut 
 either one or both of the floral envelopes. 
 Those of Fig. 230 are incomplete, having ca- 
 lyx but no corolla. So is the flower of Anem- 
 one (Fig. 233), although 
 its calyx is colored like a 
 corolla. The flowers of 
 Saururus orLizard's-tail, 
 
 although perfect, have neither calyx nor corolla (Fig. 
 234). Incomplete flowers, accordingly, are 
 
 Naked or Achlamydeous, destitute of both floral en- 
 velopes, as in Fig. 234, or 
 dpetalow, when wanting only the corolla. The case of corolla present 
 and calyx wholly wanting is extremely rare, although there are seeming 
 instances. In fact, a single or simple perianth is taken to be a calyx, 
 unless the absence or abortion of a calyx can be made evident. 
 
 252. In contradistinction to 
 regular and symmetrical, very 
 many flowers are 
 
 Irregular, that is, with the 
 members of some or all of the 
 floral circles unequal or dissim- 
 ilar, and 
 
 Unsymmetrical, that is, when 
 the circles of the flower or 
 some of them differ in the num- 
 *** of tbeir members. (Sym- 
 metrical and unsymmetrical are 
 Bse< ^ * n a different sense in some 
 recent books, but the older use 
 should be adhered to.) Want 
 of numerical symmetry and 
 irregularity commonly go to- 
 gether; and both are common. 
 Indeed, few flowers are entirely 
 
 FIG. 233. Flower of Anemone Pennsylvania; apetalous, hermaphrodite. 
 FIG. 234. Flower of Saurnrus or Lizard's- tail; naked, but hermaphrodite. 
 FIG. 235. Flower of Mustard. 236. Its stamens and pistil separate and enlarged. 
 FIG. 237. Flower of a Violet. 238. Its calyx and corolla displayed: the fiva 
 smaller parts are the sepals; the five intervening larger ones are the petals.
 
 SECTION 8.J MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE. 
 
 symmetrical beyond calyx, corolla, and perhaps stamens ; and probably no 
 irregular blossoms are quite symmetrical. 
 253. Irregular and Unsymmetrical Flowers may therefore be illus- 
 
 trated together, beginning with cases 
 which are comparatively free from other 
 complications. The blossom of Mustard, 
 and of all the very natural family which 
 it represents (Fig. 235, 236), is regular 
 but unsymmetrical hi the stamens. There 
 are four equal sepals, four equal petals ; 
 but six stamens, and only two members 
 in the pistil, which for the present may 
 
 FIG. 839. Flower of a Larkspur. 240. Its calyx and corolla displayed ; the five 
 larger parts are the sepals; the four smaller, of two shapes, are the petals; the 
 place of the fifth petal is vacant. 241. Diagram of the same ; the place for the 
 missing petal marked by a dotted line. 
 
 FIG. 242. Flower of a Monkshood. 248. Its parts displayed ; five sepals, the up- 
 per forming the hood; the two lateral alike, broad and flat; the two lower small. 
 The two pieces under the hood represent the corolla, reduced to two odd-shaped 
 petals; in centre the numerous stamens and three pistils. 244. Diagra-n of th 
 calyx and corolla ; the three dotted lines in the place of missing petals.
 
 88 FLOWERS. L SECTION 8 ' 
 
 be left out of view. The want of symmetry is in the stamens. These are in 
 two circles, an outer and an inner. The outer circle consists of two stamens 
 only; the inner has its proper number of four. The flower of Violet, which 
 is on the plan of five, is symmetrical in calyx, corolla, and stamens, inas- 
 much as each of these circles consists of five members ; but it is conspicu- 
 ously irregular in the corolla, one of the petals being very different from the 
 rest. 
 
 254. The flowers of Larkspur, and of Monkshood or Aconite, which are 
 nearly related, are both strikingly irregular in calyx and corolla, and con- 
 siderably unsymmetrical. In Larkspur (Pig. 239-241) the irregular calyx 
 consists of five sepals, one of which, larger than the rest, is prolonged be- 
 hind into a large sac or spur ; but the corolla is of only four petals (of two 
 shapes), the fifth, needed to complete the symmetry, being left out. And 
 the Monkshood (Fig. 242-244) has five very dissimilar sepals, and a corolla 
 of only two very snaall and curiously-shaped petals, the three needed to 
 make up the symmetry being left out. The stamens in both are out of 
 symmetry with the ground-plan, being numerous. So are the pistils, which 
 are usually diminished to three, sometimes to two or to one. 
 
 255. Flowers with Multiplication of Parts are very common. The 
 
 stamens are indefinitely numerous 
 in Larkspur and in Monkshood 
 (Fig. 242, 243), while the pistils 
 are fewer than the ground-plan 
 suggests. Most Cactus-flowers 
 have all the organs much in- 
 creased in number (Fig. 229), 
 and so of the Water-Lily. In 
 Anemone (Fig. 233) the stamens 
 and pistils are multiplied while 
 the petals are left out. In Buttercups or Crowfoot, while the sepals and 
 petals conform to the ground-plan of five, both stamens and pistils are indefi- 
 nitely multiplied (Fig. 245). 
 
 256. Flowers modified by Union of Parts, so that these parts more 
 or less lose the appearance of separate leaves or other organs growing out 
 of the end of the stem or receptacle, are extremely common. There are two 
 kinds of such union, namely : 
 
 Coalescence of parts of the same circle by their contiguous margins; and 
 Adnation, or the union of adjacent circles or unlike parts. 
 
 257. Coalescence is not rai-e in leaves, as in the upper pairs of Honey- 
 suckles, Fig. 163. It may all the more be expected in the crowded circles 
 or whorls of flower-leaves. Datura or Stramonium (Fig. 246) shows this 
 coalescence both in calyx and corolla, the five sepals and the five petals be- 
 ing thus united to near their tips, each into a tube or long and narrow cup. 
 These unions make needful the following terms : 
 
 FIG. 245. Flower of Ranunculus bulbosus, or Buttercup, in section.
 
 SECTION 8.] MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE. 
 
 89 
 
 Gamopetalous, said of a corolla the petals of which are thus coalescent 
 into one body, whether only at base or higher. The union may extend to 
 the very summit, as in Morning Glory and 
 the like (Fig. 247), so that the number of 
 petals in it may not be apparent. The old 
 name for this was Monopetalous, but that 
 means " one-petalled ; " while gamopetalous 
 means " petals united," and therefore is the 
 proper term. 
 
 Polypetalous is the counterpart term, to 
 denote a corolla of distinct, that is, separate 
 petals. As it means " many petalled," it is 
 not the best possible name, but it is the old 
 one and in almost universal use. 
 
 Gamosepalous applies to the calyx when 
 the sepals are in this way united. 
 
 Polysepalous, to the calyx when of sepa- 
 rate sepals or calyx-leaves. 
 
 258. Degree of union or of separation in 
 descriptive botany is expressed in the same 
 way as is the lobing of leaves (139). See 
 Fig. 249-253, and the explanations. 
 
 259. A corolla when gamopetalous com- 
 monly shows a distinction (well marked in 
 Fig. 249-251) between a contracted tubular 
 portion below, the TUBE, and the spread- 
 ing part above, the BORDER or LIMB. The 
 junction between tube and limb, or a more 
 or less enlarged upper portion of the tube 
 between the two, is the THROAT. The 
 same is true of the calyx. 
 
 260. Some names are given to partic- 
 ular forms of the gamopetalous corolla, 
 applicable also to a gamosepalous calyx, 
 such as 
 
 WTieel-shaped, or Rotate; when spread- 
 ing out at once, without a tube or with 
 a very short one, something in the shape 
 of a wheel or of its diverging spokes, Fig. 
 252, 253. 
 
 Salver-shaped, or Salver-form ; when a flat-spreading border is raised on 
 
 FIG. 246. Flower of Datura Stramonium ; gamosepalous and gamopetalous. 
 FIG. 247. Funnelform corolla of a common Morning Glory, detached from its 
 polysepalous calyx.
 
 90 FLOWERS. [SECTION 8. 
 
 a narrow tube, from which it diverges at right angles, like the salver rep- 
 
 resented in old pictures, with a slender 
 handle beneath, Fig. 249-251, 255. 
 
 Bell-shaped, or Campanulate; where 
 a short and broad tube widens upward, 
 in the shape of a bell, as in Fig. 254. 
 
 Funnel-shaped, or Funnel-form ; grad- 
 ually spreading at the summit of a tube which is narrow below, in the 
 
 254 265 266 267 
 
 shape of a funnel or tunnel, as in the corolk of the common Morning 
 Glory (Fig. 247) and of the Stramonium (Fig. 246). 
 
 FIG. 248. Polypetalous corolla of Soapwort, of five petals with long claw? or 
 stalk-like bases. 
 
 FIG. 249. Flower of Standing Cypress (Gilia coronopifolia) ; gamopetalous: the 
 tube answering to the long claws in 248, except that they are coalescent : the limb 
 or border (the spreading part above) is five-parted, that is, the petals not there 
 united except at very base. 
 
 FIG. 250. Flower of Cypress-vine (Ipomoea Quamoclit); like preceding, but limb 
 five-lobed. 
 
 FIG. 251. Flower of Ipomcea coccinea; limb almost entire. 
 
 FIG. 252. Wheel-shaped or rotate and five-parted corolla of Bittersweet, Solanum 
 Dulcamara. 253. Wheel-shaped and five-lobed corolla of Potato. 
 
 FIG. 254, Flower of a Campanula or Harebell, with a campanulate or bell-shaped 
 corolla; 255, of a Phlox, with salver-shaped corolla; 256, of Dead-Nettie (Larnium), 
 with labiate ringent (or gaping) corolla; 257, of Snapdragon, with labiate person- 
 ate corolla; 258, of Toad-Flax, with a similar corolla spurred at the base.
 
 SECTION 8.] MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE. 
 
 91 
 
 Tubular ; when prolonged into a tube, with little or no spreading at the 
 border, as in the corolla of the Trumpet Honeysuckle, the calyx of Stra- 
 monium (Fig. 246), etc. 
 
 261. Although sepals and petals are usually all blade or lamina (123), 
 like a sessile leaf, yet they may have a contracted and stalk-like base, an- 
 swering to petiole. This 
 is called its CLAW, in 
 
 _ ^WlT Latin Unguis. Unguicu- 
 
 late petals are universal 
 and strongly marked in 
 the Pink tribe, as in 
 Soapwort (Fig. 248). 
 
 262. Such petals, and 
 various others, may have 
 
 259 260 an outgrowth of the in- 
 
 ner face into an appendage or fringe, as in Soapwort, and in Silene (Fig. 
 259), where it is at the junction of 
 claw and blade. This is called a 
 CROWN, or Corona. In Passion- 
 flowers (Fig. 260) the crown consists 
 of numerous threads on the base of 
 each petal. 
 
 263. Irregular Flowers may be 
 polypetalous, or nearly so, as in the 
 papilionaceous corolla; but most of 
 them are irregular through coales- 
 cence, which often much disguises 
 the numerical symmetry also. As 
 affecting the corolla the following 
 forms have received particular names : 
 
 264. Papilionaceous .Corolla, 
 Fig. 261, 262. This is polypetalous, 
 except that two of the petals cohere, 
 usually but slightly. It belongs only 
 to the Leguminous or Pulse family. 
 The name means butterfly-like; but 
 the likeness is hardly obvious. The 
 names of the five petals of the 
 papilionaceous corolla are curiously 
 incongruous. They are, 
 
 FIG. 259. Unguiculate (clawed) petal of a Silene; with a two-parted crown. 
 FIG. 260. A small Passion-flower, with crown of slender threads. 
 FIG. 261. Front view of a papilionaceous corolla. 262. The parts of the same, 
 displayed : s, Standard, or Vexillum ; w, Wings, or Alae ; k, Keel, or Carina.
 
 92 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 [SECTION 8. 
 
 The STANDARD or Banner (Fexittuni), the large upper petal which is 
 
 external in the bud and wrapped around the others. 
 
 The WINGS (Aloe), the pair of side petals, of quite different shape from 
 
 the standard. 
 
 The KEEL (Carina), the two lower and usually smallest petals ; these are 
 
 lightly coalescent into a body which bears some likeness, not to the keel, 
 
 but to the prow of a boat ; and this encloses the stamens and pistil. A 
 
 Pea-blossom is a typical example ; the present illustration is from a species 
 
 of Locust, Robinia hispida. 
 
 265. Labiate Corolla (Fig. 256-258), which would more properly have 
 been called Bilabiate, that is, two-lipped. 
 This is a common form of gamopetalous co- 
 rolla ; and the calyx is often bilabiate also. 
 These flowers are all on the plan of five; 
 and the irregularity in the corolla is owing 
 to unequal union of the petals as well as to 
 diversity of form. The two petals of the 
 upper or posterior side of the flower unite 
 with each other higher up than with the 
 lateral petals (in Fig. 256, quite to the top), 
 forming the Upper lip : the lateral and the 
 lower similarly unite to form the Lower lip. 
 The single notch which is generally found 
 at the summit of the upper lip, and the two 
 notches of the lower lip, or in other words 
 the two lobes of" the upper and the three of 
 the lower lip, reveal the real composition. 
 So also does the alternation of these five 
 parts with those of the calyx outside. When 
 the calyx is also bilabiate, as in the Sage, 
 this alternation gives three lobes or sepals 
 to the upper and two to the lower lip. Two 
 forms of the labiate corolla have been desig- 
 nated, viz. : 
 
 Rinffetit or Gaping, when the orifice is 
 wide open, as in Fig. 256. 
 . Personate or Masked, when a protube- 
 rance or intrusion of the base of the lower 
 lip (called a Palate) projects over or closes 
 
 the orifice, as in Snapdragon and Toad -Flax, Fig. 257, 258. 
 
 FIG. 263. Corolla of a purple Gerardia laid open, showing the four stamens ; the 
 cross shows where the fifth stamen would be, if present. 
 
 FIG. 264. Corolla, laid open, and stamens of Pentstemon grandiflorus, with a 
 sterile filament in the place of the fifth stamen, and representing it. 
 
 FIG. 265. Corolla of Catalpa laid open, displaying two good stamens 
 abortive ones or vestiges. -
 
 SECTION 8.] MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPB. 93 
 
 266. There are all gradations between labiate and regular corollas. In 
 those of Gerardia, of some species of Pentstemon, and of Catalpa (Fig. 
 263-265), the labiate character is slight, but is manifest on close inspection, 
 In almost all such flowers the plan of five, which is obvious or ascertain- 
 able in the calyx and corolla, is obscured in the stamens by the abortion or 
 suppression of one or three of their number. 
 
 267. Ligulate Corolla. The ligulate or Strap-shaped corolla mainly 
 belongs to the family of Composite, in which numerous small flowers are 
 
 gathered into a head, within an involucre that imitates a calyx. It is best 
 exemplified in the Dandelion and in Chiccory (Fig. 266). Each one of 
 these straps or Ligules, looking like so many petals, is the corolla of a dis- 
 
 tinct flower: the base is a short tube, which opens out into the ligule : the 
 five minute teeth at the end indicate the number of constituent petals. So 
 this is a kind of gamopetalous corolla, which is open along one side nearly 
 
 FlO. 266. Two flower-heads of Chiccory- 
 
 FKk 207. One of them half rot vmj, setter Bhowlnjr ome of the flow*^
 
 94 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 [SECTION 8. 
 
 to the base, and outspread. The nature of such a corolla (and of the sta- 
 mens also, to be explained in the next section) is illustrated by the flower 
 of a Lobelia, Fig. 285. 
 
 268. In Asters, Daisies, Sunflower, Coreopsis (Fig. 268), and the like, 
 only the marginal (or Ray) corollas are ligulate; the rest (those of- the 
 
 Disk) ar* regularly gamopetalous, 
 tubular, and five-lobed at summit ; 
 ' but they are small and individually 
 inconspicuous, only the ray-Jiowers 
 making a show. In fact, those of 
 Coreopsis and of Sunflower are 
 simply for show, these ray-flowers 
 being not only sterile, but neutral, 
 that is, having neither stamens 
 nor pistil. But in Asters, Daisies, 
 Golden-rods, and the like, these ray-flowers are pistillate and fertile, serving 
 
 therefore for seed-bearing as well as for show. Let it not be supposed tha* 
 the show is useless. See Section XIII. 
 
 269. Actuation, or Consolidation, is the onion of the members of parts 
 belonging to different circles of the flower (256). It is of course under- 
 stood that in this (as likewise in coalescence) the parts are not formed and 
 then conjoined, but are produced in union. They are born united, as the 
 term adnate implies. To illustrate this kind of union, take the accompany, 
 ing series of flowers (Fig. 270-274), shown in vertical section. In the 
 first, Fig. 270, Flax-flower, there is no adnation ; sepals, petals, and sta- 
 mens, are free as well as distinct, being separately borne on the receptacle, 
 Dne circle within or above the next j only the five pistils have their ovaries 
 coalescent. In Fig. 271, a Cherry flower, the petals and stamens are borne 
 on the throat of the calyx-tube ; that is, the sepals are coalescent into a cup, 
 and the petals and stamens are adnate to the inner face of this; in other 
 
 Pio. 268. Head of flowers of a Coreopsis, divided lengthwise. 
 
 Fio. 269. A slice of the preceding more enlarged, with one tubular perfect flower 
 /a) left standing on the receptacle, with its bractlet or chaff (6), one ligulate and 
 neutral ray-flower (cc\ and part of another; dd, section of bracts or leaves of th 
 involucre.
 
 SECTION 8.] MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE, 
 
 95 
 
 words, the sepals, petals, and stamens are all consolidated up to a certain 
 height. In Fig. 272, a Purslane-flower, the same parts are adnate to or 
 consolidated with the ovary up to 
 its middle. In Fig. 273, a Haw- 
 thorn-flower, the consolidation has 
 extended over the whole ovary; 
 and petals and stamens are adnate 
 to the calyx still further. In Fig. 
 274, a Cranberry-blossom, it is the 
 same except that all the parts are 
 free at the same height; all seem 
 to arise from the top of the ovary. 
 
 270. In botanical description, 
 to express tersely such differences 
 in the relation of these organs to 
 the pistil, they are said to be 
 
 Hypogynous (i. e. under the pis- 
 til) when they are all/ra?, that is, 
 not adnate to pistil nor connate 
 with each other, as in Fig. 270. 
 
 Perigynous (around the pistil) 
 when couuate with each other, 
 that is, when petals and stamens 
 are inserted or borne on the calyx, 
 whether as in Cherry -flowers (Fig. 
 271) they are free from the pistil, 
 or as in Purslane and Hawthorn 
 (Fig, 272, 273) they are also ad- 
 nate below to the ovary. 
 
 Epigynous (on the ovary) when 
 so adnate that all these parts ap- 
 pear to arise from the very summit of the ovary, as in Fig. 274. The 
 last two terms are not very definitely distinguished. 
 
 271. Another and a simpler form of expression is to describe parts of 
 the flower as being 
 
 Free, when not united with or inserted upon other parts. 
 
 Distinct, when parts of the same kind are not united. This term is the 
 counterpart of coalescent, as free is the counterpart of adnate. Many 
 writers use the term " free " indiscriminately for both ; but it is better to 
 distinguish them. 
 
 FIG. 270 Flax-flower in section; the parts all free, hypogyuous. 
 
 FIG. 271. Cherry-flower in section; petals and stamens adnate to tube of calyx, 
 perigynous. 
 
 FIG. 272. Purslane-flower in section; calyx, petals, stamens, all adnate to lower 
 half of ovary, perigynous.
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 [SECTION 8. 
 
 Connate is a term common for either not free or not distinct, that is, foi 
 parts united congenitally, whether of same or of different kinds. 
 Adnate, as properly used, relates to the union of dissimilar parts. 
 
 272. In still another form of ex- 
 pression, the terms superior and 
 inferior have been much used in 
 the sense of above and below. 
 
 Superior is said of the ovary of 
 Flax-flower, Cherry, etc., because 
 above the other parts ; it is equiv- 
 alent to "ovary free." Or it is 
 said of the calyx, etc., when above 
 the ovary, as in Eig. 273-275. 
 
 Inferior, when applied to the 
 ovary, means the same as " calyx 
 adnate ; " when applied to the flo- 
 ral envelopes, it means that they 
 are free. 
 
 273. Position of Flower or 
 of its Parts. The terms superior 
 and inferior, or upper and lower, 
 are also used to indicate the relative 
 position of the parts of a flower in 
 reference to the axis of inflorcs- 
 
 An axillary flower stands between the bract or leaf which sub- 
 tends it and the axis or stem which bears this bract 
 or leaf. This is represented in 
 sectional diagrams (as in ig. 275, 
 276) by a transverse line for the 
 bract, and a small circle for the axis 
 of inflorescence. Now the side of 
 the blossom which faces the bract 
 is the 
 
 Anterior, or Inferior, or Lower side ; 
 while the side next the axis is the 
 Posterior, or Superior, or Upptr side of the flower. 
 274. So, in the labiate corolla (Fig. 256-258), the lip which is composed 
 of three of the five petals is the anterior, or inferior, or lower lip; the other 
 is the posterior, or superior^ or upper lip. 
 
 FIQ. 273. Hawthorn-blossom in section ; parts adnate to whole face of ovary. 
 nd with each other beyond; another grade of perigynous. 
 
 FlQ. 274. Cranberry-blossom in section ; parts epigynous. 
 
 FIQ. 275. Diagram of papilionaceous flower (Robinia, Fig. 261), with bract be- 
 low; axis of inflorescence above. 
 
 FIQ. 276. Diagram of Violet-flower; showing the relation of parts to bract and 
 axis.
 
 SECTION 8.] ARRANGEMENTS IN THE BUD. 97 
 
 975. In Violets (Fig. 238, 276), the odd sepal is posterior (next the 
 axis) ; the odd petal is therefore anterior, or next the subtending leaf. In 
 the papilionaceous flower (Fig. 261, and diagram, Fig. 275), the odd sepal is 
 anterior, and so two sepals are posterior; consequently, by the alternation, 
 the odd petal (the standard) is posterior or upper, and the two petals form- 
 ing the keel are anterior or lower. 
 
 5. ARRANGEMENT OP PARTS IN THE BUD. 
 
 276. -Estivation was the fanciful name given by Linnaeus to denote 
 the disposition of the parts, especially the leaves of the flower, before An- 
 thesis, i. e. before the blossom opens. Prafloration, a better term, is some- 
 times used. This is of importance in distinguishing different families or 
 genera of plants, being generally uniform in each. The aestivation is best 
 seen by making a slice across the flower-bud ; and it may be expressed in 
 diagrams, as in the accompanying figures. 
 
 277. The pieces of the calyx or the corolla either overlap each other in 
 the bud, or they do not. When they do not overlap, the aestivation is 
 
 Vahate, when the pieces meet each other by their 
 abrupt edges, without any infolding or overlapping; 
 as the calyx of the Linden or Basswood (Fig. 277). 
 Induplicate, which is valvate with the margins of 
 each piece projecting inwards, as in the calyx of a 
 common Virgin's-bower, Fig. 278, or 
 
 Involute, which is the same but the margins rolled y^_ _// 
 inward, as in most of the large-flowered species of 377 """ 
 
 Clematis, Fig. 279. 
 
 Reduplicate, a rarer modification of valvate, is similar but with margins 
 projecting outward. 
 
 Open, the parts not touching in the bud, as 
 the calyx of Mignonette. 
 
 278. When the pieces overlap in the bud, it 
 is in one of two ways ; either every piece has 
 one edge in and one edge out, or some pieces 
 are whdly outside and others wholly inside. In 
 the first case the estivation is 
 
 Convolute, also named Contorted or Twisted, as in Fig. 280, a cross-sec- 
 tion of a corolla very strongly thus convolute or rolled up together, and in 
 the corolla of a Flax-flower (Fig. 281), where the petals only moderately 
 overlap in this way. Here one edge of every petal covers the next before 
 
 Pio. 277. Diagram of a flower of Linden, showing the calyx valvate and corolla 
 imbricate in the bud, etc. 
 
 FIG. 278. Valvate-indttplicate estivation of calyx of common Virgin's-bower. 
 FIG. 279. Valvate-involute aestivation of same in Vine-bower, Clematis Vitialla. 
 
 7
 
 STAMENS. 
 
 [SECTION 9. 
 
 ft, while its other edge is covered by the next behind it The other mode 
 is the 
 
 Imbricate or Imbricated, in which the outer parts cover or overlap the 
 inner so as to "break joints," like tiles 
 or shingles on a roof ; whence the name. 
 When the parts are three, the first, or 
 outermost is wholly external, the third 
 wholly internal, the second has one 
 margin covered by the first while the 
 other overlaps the third or innermost 
 piece: this is the arrangement of alternate three- 
 ranked leaves (187). When there are five pieces, as in the corolla of Fig. 
 825, and calyx of Fig. 281, as also of Fig. 241, 276, two are external, 
 two are internal, and one (the third in the spiral) has one edge covered 
 by the outermost, while its other edge covers the in- 
 nermost; which is just the five-ranked arrangement of 
 alternate leaves (188). When the pieces are four, two 
 are outer and two are inner; which answers to the ar- 
 rangement of opposite leaves. 
 
 279. The imbricate and the convolute modes some- 
 times vary one into the other, especially in the corolla. 
 
 280. In a gamopetalous corolla or gamosepalons calyx, 
 the shape of the tube in the bud may sometimes be notice- 
 able. It may be 
 
 Plicate or Plaited, that is, folded lengthwise; and the 
 plaits may either be turned outwards, forming projecting 
 ridges, as in the corolla of Campanula; or turned in- 
 wards, as in that of Gentian Belladonna ; or 
 
 Supervolvte, when the plaits are convolutely wrapped 
 round each other, as in the corolla of Morning Glory and of Stramonium, 
 Fig. 882. 
 
 SECTION IX. STAMENS IN PARTICULAR. 
 
 881. Androecium is a technical name for the staminate system of 
 flower (that is, for the stamens taken together), which it is sometimes con- 
 venient to use. The preceding section has dealt with modifications of the 
 flower pertaining mainly to calyx and corolla. Those relating to the sta- 
 mens are now to be indicated. First as to 
 
 Pio. 280. Convolute aestivation, as In the corolla-lobes of Oleander. 
 
 FIG. 281. Diagram of a Flax-flower; calyx imbricated and corolla convolute In 
 the bnd. 
 
 Fio. 282. Upper part of corolla of Datura Stramonium in the bud ; and below 
 ft section showing the convolution of the plaits.
 
 SECTION 9.] 
 
 STAMENS. 
 
 99 
 
 282. Insertion, or place of attachment. The stamens usually go with 
 the petals. Not rarely they are at base 
 
 Epipetalous, that is, inserted 
 on (or adnate to) the corolla, as 
 in Tig. 283. When free from 
 the corolla, they may be 
 
 Hypogynous, inserted on the 
 receptacle under the pistil or 
 gynoecium. 
 
 Perigynous, inserted on the 
 calyx, that is, with the lower 
 part of filament adnate to the 
 calyx-tube. 
 
 Epigynous, borne apparently on the top of the ovary ; all which is ex- 
 plained in Fig. 270-274. 
 
 Grynandrous is another term relating to insertion of rarer occurrence, 
 that is, where the stamens are 
 inserted on (in other words, 
 adnate to) the style, as in 
 ^ Lady's Slipper (Fig. 284), and 
 in the Orchis family generally. 
 283. In Relation to each 
 Other, stamens are more com- 
 monly 
 
 Distinct, that is, without any 
 union with each other. But 
 when united, the following 
 technical terms of long use 285 
 indicate their modes of mutual connection : 
 
 Monadelphous (from two Greek words, meaning " in one brotherhood "), 
 when united by their filaments into one set, usually into a ring or cup 
 below, or into a tube, as in the Mallow Family (Fig. 286), the Passion- 
 flower (Fig. 260), the Lupine (Fig. 287), and in Lobelia (Fig. 285). 
 
 Diadelphous (meaning in two brotherhoods), when united by the fila- 
 ments into two sets, as in the Pea and most of its near relatives (Fig. 288), 
 usually nine in one set, and one in the other. 
 
 Triadelphous (three brotherhoods), when the filaments are united in three 
 sets or clusters, as in most species of Hypericum. 
 
 FIG. 283. Corolla of Morning Glory laid open, to show the five stamens inserted 
 on it, near the base. 
 
 FIG. 284. Style of a Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium), and stamens united with it ; 
 a, a, the anthers of the two good stamens ; st, an abortive stamen, what should 
 be its anther changed into a petal-like body ; stig, the stigma. 
 
 FIG. 285. Flower of Lobelia cardinalis, Cardinal flower ; corolla making approach 
 to the ligulate form; filaments (st) monadelphous, and anthers la) syngenasious.
 
 100 
 
 STAMENS. 
 
 [SECTION 9. 
 
 Pentadelphous (five brotherhoods), when in five sets, as in some species 
 of Hypericum and in American Linden (Fig. 277, 289). 
 
 Polyadelphous (many or several 
 brotherhoods) is the term generally 
 employed when these sets are several, 
 or even more than two, and the par- 
 ticular number is left unspecified. 
 These terms all relate to the fila- 
 
 ments. 
 
 Syngenesious is the term to denote 
 that stamens have their anthers united, 
 coalesceut into a ring or tube ; as in 
 Lobelia (Fig. 285), in Violets, and hi 
 all of the great family of Compositse. 
 
 284. Their Number in a flower is commonly expressed directly, but 
 sometimes adjectively, by a series of terms which were the name of classes 
 in the Linnsean artificial system, of which the following names, as also the 
 preceding, are a survival -. 
 
 Monandrous, i. e. solitary-stamened, when the flower has only one stamen, 
 
 Diandrous, when it has two stamens only, 
 
 Triandrous, when it has three 
 stamens, 
 
 Tetrandrous, when it has four 
 stamens, 
 
 Pentandrous, when it has 
 five stamens, 
 
 Hexandrous, when with six 
 stamens, and so on to 
 
 Polyandrous, when it has 
 many stamens, or more than a dozen. 
 
 285. For which terms, see the Glossary. They are all Greek numerals 
 prefixed to -andria (from the Greek), which Linnseus used for andrcecium, 
 and are made into an English adjective, -androus. Two other terms, of 
 same origin, designate particular cases of number (four or six) in con- 
 nection with unequal length. Namely, the stamens are 
 
 Didynamous, when, being only four, they form two pairs, one pair longer 
 than the other, as in the Trumpet Creeper, in Gerardia (Fig. 263), etc. 
 
 FIG. 286. Flower of a Mallow, with calyx and corolla cut away ; showing mona- 
 delphous stamens. 
 
 FIG. 287. Monadelphous stamens of Lupine. 288. Diadelphous stamens (9 and 1) 
 of a Pea-blossom, v 
 
 FIG. 289. One of the five stamen-clusters of the flower of American Linden, with 
 accompanying scale. The five clusters are shown in section in the diagram of this 
 flower, Fig. 277. 
 
 FIG. 290. Five syngenesious stamens of a Coreopsis. 291. Same, with tube laid 
 ooen and displayed.
 
 SECTION 9-3 
 
 ANTHERS. 
 
 101 
 
 Tetradynamous, when, being only six, four of them surpass the other 
 two, as iu the Mustard-flower and all the Cruciferous family, Fig. 235. 
 
 286. The Filament is a kind of stalk to the anther, commonly slender 
 or thread-like : it is to the anther nearly what the petiole is to the blade of 
 a leaf. Therefore it is not an essential part. As a leaf may be without 
 a stalk, so the anther may be Sessile, or without a filament. 
 
 287. The Anther is the essential part of the stamen. It is a sort of 
 case, tilled with a One powder, the Pollen, which serves to fertilize the pis- 
 til, so that it may perfect seeds. The antber is said to be 
 
 Innate (as in Fig. 292), when it is attached by its base to the very apex 
 of the filament, turning neither inward nor outward; 
 
 Adnate (us in Fig. 293), when attached 
 as it were by one face, usually for its whole 
 length, to the side of a continuation of the 
 filament ; and 
 
 Versatile (as in Fig. 291), when fixed by 
 or near its middle only to the very point of 
 the filament, so as to swing loosely, as in 
 the Lily, in Grasses, etc. Versatile or ad- 
 nate anthers are 
 
 Introrse, or Incumbent, when facing in- 
 ward, that is, toward the centre of the flow- ^ 2 93 294 
 er, as in Magnolia, Water-Lily, etc. 
 
 Extrorse, when facing outwardly, as in the Tulip-tree. 
 
 288. Rarely does a stamen bear any resemblance to a leaf, 
 or even to a petal or flower-leaf. Nevertheless, the botanist's 
 idea of a stamen is that it answers to a leaf developed in a 
 peculiar form and for a special purpose. In the filament he 
 sees the stalk of the leaf; in the anther, the blade. The 
 blade of a leaf consists of two similar sides ; so the anther 
 consists of two LOBES or CELLS, one answering to the left, the 
 other to the right, side of the blade. The two lobes are often 
 connected by a prolongation of the filament, which answers 
 to the midrib of a leaf ; this is called the CONNECTIVE. This 
 is conspicuous in Fig. 292, where the connective is so broad 
 that it separates the two cells of the anther to some distance. 
 
 289. A simple conception of the morphological relation of 
 an anther to a leaf is given in Fig. 295, an ideal figure, the lower part rep- 
 resenting a stamen with the top of its anther cut away; the upper, the 
 corresponding upper part of a leaf. 
 
 FIG. 292. Stamen of Isopyrum, with innate anther. 293. Of Tulip-tree, with 
 adnate (and extrorse) anther. 294. Of Evening Primrose, with versatile anther. 
 
 FIG. 295. Diagram of the lower part of an anther, cut across above, and the upper 
 part of a leaf, to show how the one answers to the other; the filament to petiole, 
 the connective to midrib; the two cells to the right and left halves of the blade.
 
 102 
 
 STAMENS. 
 
 [SECTION 9, 
 
 890. So anthers are generally two-celled. But as the pollen begins to 
 form in two parts of each cell (the anterior and the posterior), sometimes 
 these two strata are not confluent, and the anther even at maturity may be 
 four-celled, as in Moonseed (Fig. 296) ; or rather, in that case (the word 
 cell being used for each lateral half of the 
 
 PF\ ^fiS& r ^\ or S an )> ifc fa to- celled > but the cells bikcel- 
 LD /\ y/M^ late. 
 
 291. But anthers may become one-celled, 
 and that either by confluence or by suppres- 
 sion. 
 
 292. By confluence, when the two cells 
 run together into one, as they nearly do in 
 most species of Pentstemou (Fig. 297), more 
 so in Monarda (Fig. 300), and completely 
 
 in the Mallow (Fig. 298) and all the Mallow family. 
 
 3ns 
 
 804 
 
 FIG. 296. Stamen of Moonseed, with anther cut across; this 4-celled, or rather 4- 
 locellate. 
 
 FIG. 297. Stamen of Pentstemon pubescens ; the two anther-cells diverging, and 
 almost confluent. 
 
 FIG. 298. Stamen of Mallow ; the anther supposed to answer to that of Fig. 297, 
 but the cells completely confluent into one. 
 
 FIG. 299. Stamen of Globe Amaranth ; very short filament bearing a single 
 anther-cell; it is open from top to bottom, showing the pollen within. 
 
 FIG. 300-305. Stamens of several plants of the Labiate or Mint Family. FIG. 
 300. Of a Monarda : the two anthei>cells with bases divergent so that they are 
 transverse to the filament, and their contiguous tips confluent, so as to form one 
 cell opening by a continuous line. FIG. 301. Of a Calamintha: the broad connec- 
 tive separating the two cells. FIG. 302. Of a Sage (Sal via Texan a ; with long and 
 slender connective resembling forks of the filament, one bearing a good anther-cell; 
 the other an abortive or poor one. FIG. 303. Another Sage (S. coccinea), with 
 connective longer and more thread-shaped, the lower fork having its anther-cell 
 wholly wanting. FIG. 304. Of a White Sage, Audibertia grandiflora; the lower 
 fork of connective a mere vestige. FIG. 305. Of another White Sage (A. stachy. 
 oides), the lower fork of connective suppressed.
 
 SECTION 9.] 
 
 POLLEN. 
 
 103 
 
 293. By suppression ih certain cases the anther may be reduced to one 
 cell or halved. In Globe Amaranth (Fig. 299) there is a single cell without 
 vestige of auy other. Different species of Sage and of the White Sages of 
 California show various grades of abortion of one of the anther-cells, along 
 with a singular lengthening of the connective (Fig. 302-305). 
 
 294-. The splitting opeu of an anther for the discharge of its pollen is 
 termed its Dehiscence. 
 
 295. As the figures show, this is commonly by a line along the whole 
 length of each cell, either lateral or, 
 
 when the anthers are extrorse, often 
 along the outer face, and when introrse, 
 along the inner face of each cell. Some- 
 times the opening is only by a chink, hole, 
 or pore at the top, as hi the Azalea, Py- 
 rola (Fig. 307), etc. ; sometimes a part of 
 the face separates as a sort of trap-door 
 (or valve), hinged at the top, and open- 
 ing to allow the escape of the pollen, 
 as in the Sassafras, Spice-bush, and Barberry (Fig. 308). 
 
 296. Pollen, This is the powdery matter, commonly of a yeflow color, 
 which fills the cells of the anther, and is discharged during blossoming, 
 
 809 810 811 812 818 
 
 after which the stamens generally fall or wither away. Under the micro- 
 scope it is found to consist of grains, usually round or oval, and all alike 
 in the same species, but very diiferent in different plants. So that the 
 
 Q.Q 
 
 314 315 316 817 818 
 
 plant may sometimes be recognized from the pollen alone. Several forms 
 are shown in the accompanying figures. 
 
 FIG. 306. Stamen with the usual dehiscence of anther down the side of each cell. 
 
 FIG. 307. Stamen of Pyrola; cells opening by a terminal hole. 
 
 FIG. 308. Stamen of Barberry; cells of anther each opening by an nplifted valve. 
 
 FIG. 309. Magnified pollen of a Lily, smooth and oval; 310, of Echinocystis, 
 grooved lengthwise; 311, of Sicyos, with bristly points and smooth bands; 312, of 
 Mask Plant (Mimulus), with spiral grooves; 313, of Succory, twelve-sided and 
 dotted. 
 
 FlG. 314. Magnified pollen of Hibiscus and other Mallow-plants, beset with 
 prickly projections ; 315. of Circsea, with angles bearing little lobes: 316. of Fven-
 
 104 
 
 STAMENS. 
 
 [SECTION 9. 
 
 897. An ordinary pollen-grain has two coats; the outer coat ehickish, 
 but weak, and frequently adorned with lines or bands, or studded with 
 points ; the inner coat is extremely thin and delicate, but extensible, and 
 its cavity when fresh contains a thickish protoplasmic fluid, often rendered 
 turbid by an immense number of minute particles that float in it. As the 
 pollen matures this fluid usually dries up, but the protoplasm does not lose 
 its vitality. When the grain is wetted it absorbs water, swells up, and is 
 apt to burst, discharging the contents. But when weak 
 syrup is used it absorbs this slowly, and the tough in- 
 ner coat will sometimes break through the outer and 
 begin a kind of growth, like that which takes place when 
 the pollen is placed upon the stigma. 
 
 298. Some pollen - grains are, as it 
 were, lobed (as in Fig. 315, 316), or 
 formed of four grains united (as in the 
 Heath family, Fig. 317) : that of Pine 
 (Fig. 318) has a large rounded and empty 
 bladder-like expansion upon each side. 
 This renders such pollen very buoyant, 
 and capable of being trans- 
 ported to a great distance 
 
 by the wind. 
 
 299. In species of Acacia 
 simple grains lightly cohere 
 into globular pellets. In 
 Milkweeds and in most 
 Orchids all the pollen of an 
 
 anther-cell is compacted or coherent into one mass, called a Pollen-mast, o? 
 POLLINIUM, plural POLLINIA. (Fig. 319-322.) 
 
 ing Primrose, the three, lobes as large as the central body; 317, of Kalmia, four 
 graius united, as in most of the Heath family; 318, of Pine, as it were of three 
 grains or cells united; the lateral empty and light. 
 
 FIG. 319. Pollen, a pair of pollinia of a Milkweed, Asclepias, attached by stalks 
 to a gland; moderately magnified. 
 
 FIG. 320. Pollinium of an Orchis (Habenaria), with its stalk attached to a 
 sticky gland; magnified. 321. Some of the packets or partial pollinia, of which 
 Fig. 320 is made up, more magnified. 
 
 Fro. 322. One of the partial pollinia, torn up at top to show the grains <whiei> 
 re each composed of four), and highly magnified.
 
 SECTION 10.] piariia. 106 
 
 SECTIOH X. PISTILS IN PARTICTJLAB. 
 
 1. ANGIOSPERMOUS OB ORDINARY GYNCECIUM. 
 
 300. Gynoecium is the technical name for the pistil or pistils of a 
 flower taken collectively, or for whatever stands in place of these. The 
 various modifications of the gyucecium and the terms which relate to 
 them require particular attention. 
 
 301. THE- PISTIL, when only one, occupies the centre of the flower ; 
 when there are two pistils, they stand facing each other in the centre of 
 the flower ; when several, they commonly form a ring or circle ; and when 
 very numerous, they are generally crowded in rows or spirals on the sur- 
 face of a more or less enlarged or elongated receptacle. Their number 
 gives rise to certain terms, the counterpart of those used for stamens (284), 
 which are survivals of the names of orders in the Linnsean artificial system. 
 The names were coined by prefixing Greek numerals to -gynia used for 
 gynoecium, and changed into adjectives in the form of -gynous. That is, a 
 flower is 
 
 Monogynous, when it has a single pistil, whether that be simple or com- 
 pound ; 
 
 Digynous, when it has only two pistils ; Trigynous, when with three ; 
 Tetragynous, with four ; Pentagynous, with five ; Hexagynous, with six ; 
 and so on to Polygynous, with many pistils. 
 
 302. The Parts of a Complete Pistil, as already twice explained (16, 
 236), are the OVARY, the STYLE, and the STIGMA. The ovary is one es- 
 sential part: it contains the rudiments of seeds, called OVULES. The 
 stigma at the summit is also essential : it receives the pollen, which fer- 
 tilizes the ovules in order that they may become seeds. But the style, 
 commonly a tapering or slender column borne on the summit of the ovary, 
 and bearing the stigma on its apex or its side, is no more necessary to a 
 pistil than the filament is to the stamen. Accordingly, there is no style in 
 many pistils : in these the stigma is sessile, that is, rests directly on the 
 ovary (as in Fig. 326). The stigma is very various in shape and appear- 
 ance, being sometimes a little knob (as in the Cherry, Fig. 271), sometimes 
 a point or small surface of bare tissue (as in Fig. 327-330), and sometimes 
 a longitudinal crest or line (as in Fig. 324, 341-343), or it may occupy the 
 whole length of the style, as in Fig. 331. 
 
 303. The word Pistil (Latin, Pistilluni) means a pestle. It came into 
 use in the first place for such flowers as those of Crown Imperial, or Lily, 
 in which the pistil in the centre was likened to the pestle, and the perianth 
 around it to the mortar, of the apothecary. 
 
 304. A pistil is either simple or compound. It is simple when it answers 
 to a single flower-leaf, compound when it answers to two or three, or a 
 fuller circle of such leaves conjoined.
 
 106 
 
 SIMPLE PISTILS. 
 
 [SECTION 10. 
 
 305. Carpels. It is convenient to have a name for each flower-leaf of 
 the gyucecium ; so it is called a Carpel, in Latin Carpellum or Carpidium. 
 A simple pistil is a carpel. Each component flower-leaf of a compound 
 pistil is likewise a carpel. When a flower has two or more pistils, these 
 of course are simple pistils, that is, separate carpels or pistil-leaves. There 
 may be only a single simple pistil to the flower, as in a Pea or Cherry 
 blossom (Eig. 271) ; there may be two such, as in many Saxifrages ; or 
 many, as in the Strawberry. More commonly the single pistil in the 
 centre of a blossom is a compound one. Then there is seldom much 
 difficulty in ascertaining the number of carpels or pistil-leaves that com- 
 pose it. 
 
 306. The Simple Pistil, viewed morphologically, answers to a leaf, 
 blade with margins incurved and united where they meet, so forming a 
 closed case or pod (the ovary), and bearing ovules at the suture or junction 
 of these margins : a tapering upper portion with margins similarly inrolled, 
 is supposed to form the style ; and these same margins, exposed at the tip 
 or for a portion of the length, become the stigma. Compare, under this 
 view, the three accompanying figures. 
 
 307. So a simple pistil should have a one-celled ovary, only one line of 
 
 attachment for the ovules, a single style, 
 and a single stigma. Certain variations 
 from this normal condition which some- 
 times occur do not invalidate this mor- 
 phological conception. For instance, the 
 stigma may become two-lobed or two- 
 ridged, because it consists of two leaf- 
 margins, as Fig. 324- shows; it may 
 become 2-locellate by the turning or grow- 
 ing inward of one of the sutures, so as to 
 divide the cavity. 
 
 308. There are two or three terms which primarily relate to the parts 
 of a simple pistil or carpel, and are thence carried on to the compound 
 pistil, viz. : 
 
 VENTRAL SUTURE, the line which answers to the united margins of the 
 carpel-leaf, therefore naturally called a suture or seam, and the ventral 
 or inner one, because in the circle of carpel-leaves it looks inward or to the 
 centre of the flower. 
 
 DORSAL SUTURE is the line down the back of the carpel, answering to 
 
 FIG. 323. An inrolled small leaf, such as in double-flowered Cherry blossoms is 
 often seen to occupy the place of a pistil. 
 
 FIG. 324. A simple pistil (of Isopyrum), with ovary cut across ; the inner (ven- 
 tral) face turned toward the eye : the ovules seem to be borne on the ventral suture, 
 answering to leaf-margins : the stigma above seen also to answer to leaf-margins. 
 
 FIG. 325. Pod or simple pistil of Caltha or Marsh-Marigold, which has opened 
 *nd shed its seeds.
 
 SECTION 10.] 
 
 PISTILS. 
 
 107 
 
 the midrib of the leaf, not a seam therefore ; but at maturity many fruits, 
 such as pea-pods, open by this dorsal as well as by the ventral line. 
 
 PLACENTA, a name given to the surface, whatever it be, which bears 
 the ovules and seeds. The name may be needless when the ovules grow 
 directly on the ventral suture, or from its top or bottom ; but when there 
 are many ovules there is usually some expansion of an ovule-bearing 
 or seed-bearing surface ; as is seen in our Mandrake or Podophyllum, 
 Fig. 326. 
 
 309. A Compound Hstfl is a combination of two, three, or a greater 
 number of pistil-leaves or carpels in a circle, united into one body, at least 
 
 by their ovaries. The annexed figures should make it clear. A series 
 of Saxifrages might be selected the gyncecium of which would show every 
 gradation between two simple pistils, or separate carpels, and their com- 
 plete coalescence into one compound and two-celled ovary. Even when 
 the constituent styles and stigmas are completely coalescent into one, the 
 nature of the combination is usually revealed by some external lines or 
 grooves, or (as in Fig. 328-330) by the internal partitions, or the number 
 of the placentse. The simplest case of compound pistil is that 
 
 310. With two or more Cells and Axile Placentae, namely, with as 
 many cells as there are carpels, that have united to compose the organ. 
 
 FIG. 326. Simple pistil of Podophyllum, cut across, showing ovules borne on 
 placenta. 
 
 FIQ. 327. Pistil of a Saxifrage, of two simple carpels or pistil-leaves, united at 
 the base only, cut across both above and below. 
 
 FIG. 328. Compound 3-carpellary pistil of common St. John's-wort, cut across : 
 the three styles separate. 
 
 FIG. 329. The same of shrubby St. John's-wort ; the three styles as well as 
 ovaries here united into one. 
 
 FIG. 330. Compound 3-carpellary pistil of Tradescantia or Spiderwort ; the three 
 stigmas as well as styles and ovary completely coalescent into one.
 
 108 
 
 COMPOUND PISTILS, 
 
 [SECTION 10. 
 
 Such a pistil is just what would be formed if the simple pistfls (two, three, 
 
 or five in a circle, as the case may be), like those of a Pseony or Stonecrop 
 
 (Fig. 224, 225), pressed together in the centre of the flower, 
 
 were to cohere by their contiguous parts. In such a case 
 
 the placentae are naturally axile, or all brought together in 
 
 the axis or centre ; and the ovary has as many DISSEPIMENTS, 
 
 or internal Partitions, as there are carpels in its composition. 
 
 For these are the contiguous and coalesceut walls or sides of 
 
 the component carpels. When such pistils ripen into pods, 
 
 they often separate along these lines into their elementary 
 
 carpels. 
 
 311. One-celled, with free Central Placenta. The 
 commoner case is that of Purslane (Fig. 272) and of the 
 Pink and Chickweed families (Fig. 331, 332). This is ex- 
 plained by supposing that the partitions (such as those of 
 Fig. 329) have early vanished or have been suppressed. In- 
 deed, traces of them may often be detected in Pinks. On the other hand, 
 it is equally supposable that in the Primula family the free central is de- 
 rived from parietal placentation by the carpels bearing ovules 
 
 only at base, and forming a consolidated common placenta 
 in the axis. Mitella and Dionaea help out this conception. 
 
 312. One-celled, with Parietal Placentae. In this not 
 uncommon case it is conceived that the two or three or 
 more carpel-leaves of such a compound pistil coalesce by 
 their adjacent edges, just as sepal-leaves do to form a gamo- 
 
 sepalous calyx, 
 or petals to form 
 
 mm \*s. y*\ wST^M 
 
 is shown in the 
 diagram, Fig. 
 333, and in an 
 actual cross-sec- 
 tion, Fig. 334. Here each carpel is an open leaf, or with some introflexion, 
 bearing ovules along its margins ; and each placenta consists of the con- 
 
 PIG. 331, 832. Pistil of a Sandwort, with vertical and transverse section of the 
 ovary : free central placenta. 
 
 FIG. 333. Plan of a one-celled ovary of three carpel-leaves, with parietal pla- 
 centa, cut across below, where it is complete ; the upper part showing the top of 
 the three leaves it is composed of, approaching, but not united. 
 
 FIG. 334. Cross section of the ovary of Frost-weed (Helianthemum), with three 
 parietal placentae, bearing ovules. 
 
 FIG. 335. Cross section of an ovary of Hypericum graveolens, the three large pla- 
 eemse meeting in the centre, so as to form a three-celled ovary. 336. Same in fruit, 
 the placenta now separate and rounded.
 
 SECTION 10.] PISTILS. 109 
 
 tiguous margins of two pistil-leaves grown together. There is every grada- 
 tion between this and the three-celled ovary with the placentae in the axis, 
 even in the same genus, sometimes even in different stages in the same 
 pistil (Fig. 335, 336). 
 
 2. GYMNOSPEEMOUS GYNffiCIUM. 
 
 318. The ordinary pistil has a closed ovary, and accordingly the pollen 
 can act upon the contained ovules only indirectly, through the stigma. 
 This is expressed in a term of Greek derivation, viz. : 
 
 Angiospermous, meaning that the seeds are borne in a sac or closed 
 vessel. The counterpart term is 
 
 Gymnospermous, meaning naked-seeded. This kind of pistil, or gynoe- 
 cium, the simplest of all, yet the most peculiar, characterizes the Pine 
 family and its relatives. 
 
 314. While the ordinary simple pistil is conceived by the botanist to 
 
 be a leaf rolled together into a closed pod (306), those of the 
 Pine, Larch (Fig. 337), Cedar, and Arbor-Vita? (Fig. 338, 
 339) are open leaves, in the form of scales, each bearing two 
 or more ovules on the inner face, next the base. At the time 
 of blossoming, these pistil-leaves of the young cone diverge, 
 
 and the pollen, so abundantly shed from the stam- 
 
 inate blossoms, falls directly upon the exposed, 
 
 ovules. Afterward the scales close over each' 
 
 other until the seeds are ripe. Then they sepa- 
 rate that the seeds may be shed. As the pollen 
 
 acts directly on the ovules, such pistil (or organ 
 
 acting as pistil) has no stigma. 
 
 315. In the Yew, and in Torreya and Gingko, 
 the gynoecium is reduced to extremest simplicity, 
 that is, to a naked ovule, without any visible 
 carpel. 
 
 316. In Cycas the large naked ovules are borne 
 
 on the margins or lobes of an obvious open leaf. All GYMNOSPEEMOUS 
 plants have other peculiarities, also distinguishing them, as a class, from 
 ANGIOSPEBMOUS plants. 
 
 FIG. 337. A pistil, that is, a scale of the cone, of a Larch, at the time of flower- 
 ing; inside view, showing its pair of naked ovules. 
 
 FIG. 338. Branchlet of the American Arbor- Vite, considerably larger than in 
 nature, terminated by its pistillate flowers, each consisting of a single scale (an 
 open pistil), together forming a small cone. 
 
 FIG. 339. One of the scales or carpels of the last, removed and more enlarged, 
 ihe inside exposed to view, showing a pair of ovules on its base.
 
 110 OVULES. [SECTION H 
 
 SECTION XI. OVULES. 
 
 317. Ovule (from the Latin, meaning a little egg) is the technical 
 of that which in the flower answers to and becomes the seed. 
 
 318. Ovules are naked in gymnospermous plants (as just described) ; in 
 %U others they are enclosed in the ovary. They may be produced along the 
 
 whole length of the cell or cells of the ovary, and then they are 
 apt to be numerous ; or only from some part of it, generally 
 the top or the bottom. In this case they are usually few or 
 single (solitary, as in Fig. 341-343). They may be sessile, 
 L e. without stalk, or they may be attached by a distinct stalk, 
 the FUNICLE or FUNICULUS (Fig. 340). 
 
 319. Considered as to their position and direction in the ovary, they are 
 Horizontal, when they are neither turned upward nor downward, as in 
 
 Podophyllum (Fig. 326) ; 
 
 Ascending^ when rising obliquely upwards, usually from the side of the 
 cell, not from its very base, as in the But- 
 tercup (Fig. 341), and the Purslane (Fig. 
 272); 
 
 Erect, when rising upright from the 
 very base of the cell, as in the Buck- 
 wheat (Fig. 342); 
 
 Pendulous, when hanging from the 841 342' 843 
 
 side or from near the top, as in the Flax (Fig. 270) ; and 
 
 Suspended, when hanging perpendicularly from the very summit of the 
 cell, as in the Anemone (Fig. 343). All these terms equally apply to 
 seeds. 
 
 320. In structure an ovule is a pulpy mass of tissue, usually with one 
 or two coats or coverings. The following parts are to be noted ; viz : 
 
 KERNEL or NUCLEUS, the body of the ovule. In the Mistletoe and some 
 related plants, there is only this nucleus, the coats being wanting. 
 
 TEGUMENTS, or coats, sometimes only one, more commonly two. When 
 two, one has been called PRIMINE, the other SECUNDINE. It will serve all 
 purposes to call them simply outer and inner ovule-coats. 
 
 ORIFICE, or FORAMEN, an opening through the coats at the organic apex 
 of the ovule. In the seed it is Micropyle. 
 
 CHALAZA, the place where the coats and the kernel of the ovule blend. 
 
 HILUM, the place of junction of the ftmiculus with the body of the ovule. 
 
 Fio. 340. A cluster of ovules, pendulous on their funicles. 
 Fio. 841. Section of the ovary of a Buttercup, lengthwise, showing its ascending 
 ornle. 
 
 FlO. 342. Section of the ovary of Buckwheat, showing the erect ovule. 
 Fio. 343. Section of the ovary of Anemone, showing its suspended o-vul*
 
 SECTION a.] 
 
 OVULES. 
 
 Ill 
 
 321. The Kinds of Ovules. The ovules iu their growth develop in 
 three or four different ways, and thereby, are distinguished into 
 
 Ortkotropoits or Straight, those which develop without curving or turn- 
 
 347 
 
 ing, as in Fig. 344. The chalaza is at the insertion or base ; the foramen 
 or orifice is at the apex. This is the simplest, but the least common kind of 
 ovule. 
 
 Campylotropous or Incurved, in which, by the greater growth of one side, 
 
 the ovule curves into a kidney-shaped outline, so bringing the orifice down 
 close to the base or chalaza; as in Fig. 345. 
 
 Amphitropous or Half-Inverted, Fig. 346. Here 
 the forming ovule, instead of curving perceptibly, 
 keeps its axis nearly straight, and, as it grows, turns 
 round upon its base so far as to become transverse to 
 its funiculus, and adnate to its upper part for some 
 distance. Therefore in this case the attachment of 
 the funiculus or stalk is about the middle, the chal- 
 aza is at one end, the orifice at the other. 
 
 Anatropous or Inverted, as in Fig. 347, the com- 
 monest kind, so called because in its growth it has 
 as it were turned over upon its stalk, to which it has continued adnate. 
 The organic base, or chalaza, thus becomes the apparent summit, and the 
 
 FIG. 344. Orthotropous ovule of Buckwheat : e, hilum and chalaza; /, orifice. 
 
 FIG. 345. Campylotropous ovule of a Chickweed: c, hilum and chalaza ; /, orifice. 
 
 FIG. 346. Amphitropous ovule of Mallow:/, orifice; h, hilum; r, rhaphe; c, 
 chalaza. 
 
 FIG. 347. Anatropous ovule of a Violet; the parts lettered as in the last. 
 
 FIG. 348-350. Three early stages in the growth of ovule of a Magnolia, showing 
 the forming outer and inner coats, which, even in the later figure have not yet 
 completely enclosed the nucleus ; 351, further advanced, and 352, completely aiia- 
 tropous ovule. 
 
 FIG. 353. Longitudinal section, and 354, transverse section of 352. 
 
 FIG. 355. Same as 353, enlarged, showing the parts in section : a, outer coat ; 
 ft, inner coat i c, nucleus ; d, rhaphe.
 
 112 
 
 THE RECEPTACLE. 
 
 [SECTION 12. 
 
 orifice is at the base, by the side of the hilum or place of attachment. The 
 aduate portion of the fuuiculus, which appears as a ridge or cord extending 
 from the hilum to the chalaza, and which distinguishes this kind of ovule, 
 is called the RHAPHE. The amphitropous ovule (Fig. 346) has a short or 
 incomplete rhaphe. 
 
 322. Fig, 348-352 show the stages through which an ovule becomes 
 anatropous in the course of its growth. The annexed two figures are sec- 
 tions of such an ovule at maturity ; and Fig. 355 is Fig. 353 enlarged, 
 with the parts lettered. 
 
 SECTION XII. MODIFICATIONS OF THE RECEPTACLE. 
 
 323. The Torus or Receptacle of the flower (237, Fig. 223) is the por- 
 tion which belongs to the stem or axis. In all preceding illustrations it is 
 small and short. But it sometimes lengthens, sometimes thickens or vari- 
 ously enlarges, and takes on various forms. Some of these have received 
 special names, very few of which are in common use. A lengthened por- 
 tion of the receptacle is called 
 
 A STIPE. This name, which means simply a trunk or stalk, is used in 
 
 8CT 
 
 botany for various stalks, even for the leaf-stalk in Ferns. It is also applied 
 to the stalk or petiole of a carpel, in the rare cases when there is any, as in 
 
 FIG. 356. Longitudinal section of flower of Silene Pennsylvania, showing stipe 
 between calyx and corolla. 
 
 FIG. 357. Flower of a Cleome of the section Gynandropsis, showing broadened 
 receptacle to bear petals, lengthened stipe below the stamens, and another between 
 these and pistil. 
 
 FIG. 358. Pistil of Geranium or Cranesbill. 
 
 FIG. 359. The same, ripe, with the five carpels splitting away from the long 
 beak (carpophore), and hanging from its top by their recurving styles.
 
 SECTION 12.] 
 
 THE RECEPTACLE. 
 
 113 
 
 Goldthread. Then it is technically distinguished as a THECAPHORE. When 
 there is a stalk, or lengthened internode of receptacle, directly under a 
 compound pistil, as in Stanleya and some other Cruciferae, it is called a 
 GYNOPHORE. When the stalk is developed below the stamens, as in most 
 species of Silene (Tig. 356), it has been called an ANTHOPHORE or GONO- 
 PHORE. In Fig. 357 the torus is dilated above the calyx where it bears 
 the petals, then there is a long internode (gonophore) between it and the 
 stamens ; then a shorter one (gynophore) between these and the pistil. 
 
 324. A Carpophore is a prolongation of receptacle or axis between the 
 carpels and bearing them. Umbelliferous plants and Geranium (Fig. 358, 
 359) afford characteristic examples. 
 
 325. Flowers with very numerous simple pistils generally have the re- 
 ceptacle enlarged so as to give them room ; sometimes becoming broad and 
 tot, as in the Flowering Raspberry, sometimes elongated, as in the Black- 
 
 berry, the Magnolia, etc. It is the receptacle in the Strawberry (Fig. 360), 
 much enlarged and pulpy when ripe, which forms the eatable part qf the 
 fruit, and bears the small seed-like pistils on its surface. In the Rose 
 (Fig. 361), instead of being convex or conical, the receptacle is deeply 
 concave, or urn-shaped. Indeed, a Rose-hip may be likened to a straw- 
 berry turned inside out, like the finger of a glove reversed, 
 and the whole covered by the adherent tube of the calyx. 
 The calyx remains beneath in the strawberry. 
 
 326. In Nelumbium, of the Water-Lily family, the singu- 
 lar and greatly enlarged receptacle is shaped like a top, and 
 bears the small pistils immersed in separate cavities of its flat 
 upper surface (Fig. 362). 
 
 327. A Disk is an enlarged low receptacle or an out- 
 growth from it, hypogynous when underneath the pistil, as in 
 Rue and the Orange (Fig. 363), and periffynom when aduate 
 
 to calyx-tube (as in Buckthorn, Fig. 364, 365), and Cherry (Fig. 271), or 
 
 FIG. 360. Longitudinal section of a young strawberry, enlarged. 
 FIG. 361. Similar section of a young Rose-hip. 
 
 FIG. 362. Enlarged and top-shaped receptacle of Nelumbium, at matnrity. 
 Fio. 363. Hypogynous disk in Orange. 
 8
 
 114 FERTILIZATION. [SECTION 13. 
 
 to both calyx-tube and ovary, as in Hawthorn (Fig. 273). A flattened 
 hypogyuous disk, underlying the ovary 
 or ovaries, and from which they fall 
 away at maturity, is sometimes called 
 GYNOBASE, as in the Rue family. 
 In some Borragineous flowers, such as 
 Houndstongue, the gynobase runs up 
 in the centre between the carpels into 
 
 a carpophore. The so-called epigynous disk (or STYLOPODIUM) crowning 
 
 the summit of the ovary in flowers of Umbelliferse, etc., cannot be said to 
 
 belong to the receptacle. 
 
 SECTION XIIL FERTILIZATION. 
 
 328. The end of the flower is attained when the ovules become seeds. 
 A flower remains for a certain time (longer or shorter according to the 
 species) in anthesis, that is, in the proper state for the fulfilment of this 
 end. During anthesis, the ovules have to be fertilized by the pollen ; or at 
 Ibast some pollen has to reach the stigma, or in gymuospermy the ovule 
 itself, and to set up the peculiar growth upon its moist and permeable tis- 
 sue, which has for result the production of an embryo in the ovules. By 
 this the ovules are said to be fertilized. The first step is pollination, or, 
 so to say, the sowing of the proper pollen upon the stigma, where it is to 
 germinate. 
 
 1. ADAPTATIONS FOR POLLINATION OF THE STIGMA. 
 
 329. These various and ever-interesting adaptations and processes are 
 illustrated in the " Botanical Text Book, Structural Botany," chap. VI. 
 sect, iv., also in a brief and simple way in " Botany for Young People, How 
 Plants Behave." So mere outlines only are given here. 
 
 330. Sometimes the application of pollen to the stigma is left to chance, 
 as in dioecious wind-fertilized flowers ; sometimes it is rendered very sure, 
 as in flowers that are fertilized in the bud ; sometimes the pollen is prevented 
 from reaching the stigma of the same flower, although placed very near to 
 it, but then there are always arrangements for its transference to the stigma 
 of some other blossom of the kind. It is among these last that the most 
 exquisite adaptations are met with. 
 
 331. Accordingly, some flowers are particularly adapted to close or self- 
 fertilization ; others to cross fertilization ; some for either, according to 
 circumstances. 
 
 FIG. 364. Flower of a Buckthorn showing a conspicuous perigynous disk. 
 Flo. 365. Vertical section of same flowf .
 
 SECTION 13.J FERTILIZATION. 115 
 
 Close Fertilization occurs when the pollen reaches and acts upon a stigma 
 of the very same flower (this is also called self-fertilization), or, less closely, 
 upon other blossoms of the same clustei or the same individual plant. 
 
 Cross Fertilization occurs when ovules are fertilized by pollen of other 
 individuals of the same species. 
 
 Hybridization occurs when ovules are fertilized by pollen of some other 
 (necessarily some nearly related) species. 
 
 332. Close Fertilization would seem to be the natural result in ordi-' 
 nary hermaphrodite flowers; but it is by no means so in all of them. More 
 commonly the arrangements are such that it takes place only after some 
 opportunity for cross fertilization has been afforded. But close fertiliza- 
 tion is inevitable in what are called 
 
 Cleistogamous Flowers, that is, in those which are fertilized in the flower-, 
 bud, while still unopened. Most flowers of this kind, indeed, never open 
 at all ; but the closed floral coverings are forced off by the growth of the 
 precociously fertilized pistil. Common examples of this are found in the 
 earlier blossoms of Specularia perfoliata, in the later ones of most Violets, es- 
 pecially the stemless species, in our wild Jewel weeds or Impatiens, in the 
 subterranean shoots of Amphicarpsea. Every plant which produces these 
 cleistogamous or bud-fertilized flowers bears also more conspicuous and 
 open flowers, usually of bright colors. The latter very commonly fail to 
 set seed, but the former are prolific. 
 
 333. Cross Fertilization is naturally provided for in dioecious plants 
 (249), is much favored in monoecious plants (249), and hardly less so in 
 dichogamous and in heterogonous flowers (338). Cross fertilization depends 
 upon the transportation of pollen ; and the two principal agents of convey- 
 ance are winds and insects. Most flowers are in their whole structure 
 adapted either to the one or to the other. 
 
 334. Wind-fertilizable or Anemophilous flowers are more commonly 
 dioecious or monoecious, as in Pines and all coniferous trees, Oaks, and 
 Birches, and Sedges; yet sometimes hermaphrodite, as in Plantains and 
 most Grasses ; they produce a superabundance of very light pollen, adapted 
 to be wind-borne; and they offer neither nectar to feed winged insects, 
 nor fragrance nor bright colors to attract them. 
 
 335. Insect-fertilizable or Entomophilous flowers are those which 
 are sought by insects, for pollen or for nectar, or for both. Through their 
 visits pollen is conveyed from one flower and from one plant to another. 
 Insects are attracted to such blossoms by their bright colors, or their fra- 
 grance, or by the nectar (the material of honey) there provided for them. 
 While supplying their own needs, they carry pollen from anthers to stigmas 
 and from plant to plant, thus bringing about a certain amount of cross fer- 
 tilization. Willows and some other dioecious flowers are so fertilized, 
 chiefly by bees. But most insect-visited flowers have the stamens and pis- 
 tils associated either in the same or in contiguous blossoms. Even when 
 in the same blossom, anthers and stigmas are very commonly so pihia*-J
 
 116 FERTILIZATION. [SECTION 13. 
 
 that under insect- visitation, some pollen Is more likely to be deposited upon 
 other than upon own stigmas, so giving a chance for cross as well as for 
 close fertilization. On the other hand, numerous flowers, of very various 
 kinds, have their parts so arranged that they must almost necessarily be cross- 
 fertilized or be barren, and are therefore dependent upon the aid of insects. 
 This aid is secured by different exquisite adaptations and contrivances, 
 which would need a volume for full illustration. Indeed, there is a good 
 number of volumes devoted to this subject. 1 
 
 336. Some of the adaptations which favor or ensure cross fertilization 
 are peculiar to the particular kind of blossom. Orchids, Milkweeds, Kal- 
 mia, Iris, and papilionaceous flowers each have their own special contriv- 
 ances, quite different for each. 
 
 337. Irregular flowers (253) and especially irregular corollas are usu 
 ally adaptations to insect-visitation. So are all Nectaries, whether hollow 
 spurs, sacs, or other concavities in which nectar is secreted, and all nectar- 
 iferons glands. 
 
 338. Moreover, there are two arrangements for cross fertilization com- 
 mon to hermaphrodite flowers in various different families of plants, which 
 have received special names, Dichogamy and Heterogony. 
 
 339. Dichogamy is the commoner case. Flowers are dichogamous when 
 the anthers discharge their pollen either before or after the stigmas of that 
 flower are in a condition to receive it. Such flowers are 
 
 Proterandrous, when the anthers are earlier than the stigmas, as in Gen- 
 tians, Campanula, Epilobium, etc. 
 
 Proterogynous, when the stigmas are mature and moistened for the re- 
 ception of pollen, before the anthers of that blossom are ready to supply 
 it, and are withered before that pollen can be supplied. Plantains or 
 Ribworts (mostly wind-fertilized) are strikingly proterogynous : so is Amor- 
 pha, our Papaws, Scrophularia, and in a less degree the blossom of Pears, 
 Hawthorns, and Horse-chestnut. 
 
 340. In Sabbatia, the large-flowered species of Epilobium, and strikingly 
 hi Clerodendron, the dichogamy is supplemented and perfected by move- 
 ments of the stamens and style, one or both, adjusted to make sure of 
 cross fertilization. 
 
 341. Heterogony. This is the case in which hermaphrodite and fer- 
 tile flowers of two sorts are produced on different individuals of the same 
 species ; one sort having higher anthers and lower stigmas, the other hav- 
 ing higher stigmas and lower anthers. Thus reciprocally disposed, a visit- 
 ing insect carries pollen from the high anthers of the one to the high stigma 
 of the other, and from the low anthers of the one to the low stigma of the 
 other. These plants are practically as if dioecious, with the advantage thai 
 
 1 Beginning with one by C. C. Sprengel in 1793, and again in our day with 
 Darwin, " On the Varions Contrivances by which Orchids are fertilized by Insects," 
 nd in succeeding works.
 
 SECTION 14.] FRUIT. 117 
 
 both kinds are fruitful. Houstonia and Mitchella, or Partridge-berry, are 
 excellent and familiar examples. These are cases of 
 
 Heterogone Dimorphism, the relative lengths being only short and long 
 reciprocally. 
 
 Heterogone Trimorphism, in which there is a mid-length as well as a long 
 and a short set of stamens and style ; occurs in Lythruin Salicaria and some 
 species of Oxalis. 
 
 342. There must be some essential advantage in cross fertilization or 
 cross breeding. Otherwise all these various, elaborate, and exquisitely 
 adjusted adaptations would be aimless. Doubtless the advantage is the 
 same as that which is realized in all the higher animals by the distinction 
 of sexes. 
 
 $ 2. ACTION OP POLLEN, AND FORMATION OF THE EMBRYO. 
 
 343. Pollen-growth. A grain of pollen may be justly likened to one 
 of the simple bodies (spores') which answer for seeds in Cryptogamous plants. 
 Like one of these, it is capable of germination. When deposited upon the 
 moist surface of the stigma (or in some cases even when at a certain dis- 
 tance) it grows from some point, its living inner coat breaking through the 
 inert outer coat, and protruding in the form of a delicate tube. This as it 
 lengthens penetrates the loose tissue of the stigma and of a loose conduct- 
 ing tissue in the style, feeds upon the nourishing liquid matter there pro- 
 vided, readies the cavity of the ovary, enters the orifice of an ovule, and 
 attaches its extremity to a sac, or the lining of a definite cavity, in the 
 ovule, called the Embryo-Sac. 
 
 344. Origination of the Embryo. A globule of living matter in the 
 embryo-sac is formed, and is in some way placed in close proximity to the 
 apex of the pollen tube ; it probably absorbs the contents of the latter ; it 
 then sets up a special growth, and the Embryo (8-10) or rudimentary 
 plautlet in the seed is the result. 
 
 SECTION XIV. THE FEUIT. 
 
 345. Its Nature. The ovary matures into the Fruit. In the strictest 
 sense the fruit is the seed-vessel, technically named the PERICARP. But 
 practically it may include other parts organically connected with the peri- 
 carp. Especially the calyx, or a part of it, is often incorporated with the 
 ovary, so as to be undistinguishably a portion of the pericarp, and it even 
 forms along with the receptacle the whole bulk of such edible fruits as 
 apples and pears. The receptacle is an obvious part in blackberries, and 
 is the whole edible portion in the strawberry. 
 
 346. Also a cluster of distinct carpels may, in ripening, be consolidated 
 or compacted, so as practically to be taken for one fruit. Such are raspber-
 
 118 
 
 FRUIT. 
 
 [SECTION 14. 
 
 ries, blackberries, the Magnolia fruit, etc. Moreover, the ripened product 
 of many flowers may be compacted or grown together so as to form a single 
 compound fruit. 
 
 347. Its kinds have therefore to be distinguished. Also various names 
 of common use in descriptive botany have to be mentioned and defined. 
 
 348. In respect to composition, accordingly, fruits may be classified 
 into 
 
 Simple, those which result from the ripening of a single pistil, and con- 
 sist only of the matured ovary, either by itself, as in a cherry, or with 
 calyx-tube completely incorporated with it, as in a gooseberry or cranberry. 
 Aggregate, when a cluster of carpels of the same flower are crowded into 
 a mass ; as in raspberries and blackberries. 
 
 Accessory or Anthocarpous, when the surroundings or supports of the 
 pistil make up a part of the mass ; as does 
 the loose calyx changed into a fleshy and 
 berry-like envelope of our Wintergreen 
 (Gaultheria, Fig. 366, 367) and Buffalo- 
 berry, which are otherwise simple fruits. 
 In an aggregate fruit such as the straw- 
 berry the great mass is receptacle (Fig. 
 360, 368) ; and in the blackberry (Fig. 369) the juicy receptacle forms the 
 central part of the savory mass. 
 
 Multiple or Collective, when formed from several flowers consolidated 
 into one mass, of which the common 
 receptacle or axis of inflorescence, 
 the floral envelopes, and even the 
 bracts, etc., make a part. A mul- 
 berry (Fig. 408, which superficially 
 much resembles a 
 blackberry) is of this 
 multiple sort. A pine- 
 apple is another ex- 
 ample. 
 
 349. In respect to 
 texture or consist- 
 ence, fruit* may be 
 distinguished into three kinds, viz. : 
 
 Fleshy Fruits, those which are more or less soft and juicy throughout ; 
 
 FIG. 366. Forming fruit (capsule) of Gaultheria, with calyx thickening around 
 its base. 367. Section of same mature, the berry -like calyx nearly enclosing the 
 capsule. 
 
 FIG. 368. Section of a part of a strawberry. Compare with Fig. 360. 
 
 FIG. 369. Similar section of part of a blackberry. 370. One of its component 
 simple fruits (drupe) in section, showing the pulp, stone, and contained seed, mort 
 enlarged. Compare with Fig. 375.
 
 SECTION U.] 
 
 F1RUIT. 
 
 119 
 
 Stone Fruits, or Drupaceous, the outer part fleshy like a berry, the inner 
 hard or stony, like a nut ; and 
 
 Dry Fruits, those which have no flesh or pulp. 
 
 350. In reference to the way of disseminating the contained seed, fruits 
 are said to be 
 
 IndeUscent when they do not open at maturity. Fleshy fruits and stone 
 fruits are of course indehiscent. The seed becomes free only through 
 decay or by being fed upon by animals. Those which escape digestion are 
 thus disseminated by the latter. Of dry fruits many are indehiscent ; and 
 these are variously arranged to be transported by animals. Some burst 
 irregularly; many are 
 
 Dehiscent, that is, they split open regularly along certain lines, and 
 discharge the seeds. A dehiscent fruit almost always contains many or 
 several seeds, or at least more than one seed. 
 
 871 373 878 374 
 
 351. The principal kinds of fruit which have received substantive names 
 and are of common use in descriptive botany are the following. Of fleshy 
 fruits the leading kind is 
 
 352. The Berry, such as the gooseoerry and currant, the blueberry 
 and cranberry (Fig. 371), the tomato, and the grape. Here the whole 
 flesh is soft throughout. The orange is a berry with a leathery rind. 
 
 353. The Pepo, or Gourd-fruit, is a hard-rinded berry, belonging to 
 the Gourd family, such as the pumpkin, squash, cucumber, and melon, 
 Fig. 372, 373. 
 
 354. The Pome is a name applied to the apple, pear (Fig. 374), and 
 quince ; fleshy fruits, like a berry, but the principal thickness is calyx, only 
 
 FIG. 371. Leafy shoot and berry (cut across) of the larger Cranberry, Vaccinium 
 tnacrocarpon. 
 
 Fia. 372. Pepo of Gourd, in section. 373. One carpel of same in diagram. 
 FJQ. 374. Longitudinal and transverse sections of a pear (pome).
 
 120 
 
 FRUIT. 
 
 [SECTION H. 
 
 the papery pods arranged like a star in the core really belonging to the 
 carpels. The fruit of the Hawthorn is a drupaceous pome, something be- 
 tween pome and drupe. 
 
 355. Of fruits which are externally fleshy and internally hard the lead- 
 ing kind is 
 
 356. The Drupe, or Stone-fruit; of which the cherry, plum, and peach 
 
 (Tig. 375) are familiar examples. In this the 
 outer part of the thickness of the pericarp be- 
 comes fleshy, or softens like a berry, while the 
 inner hardens, like a nut. From the way in which 
 the pistil is constructed, it is evident that the 
 fleshy part here answers to the lower, and the 
 stone to the upper face of the component leaf. 
 The layers or concentric portions of a drupe, or 
 of any pericarp which is thus separable, are named, 
 when thus distinguishable into three portions, 
 Epicarp, the external layer, often the mere skin of the fruit, 
 Mesocarp, the middle layer, which is commonly the fleshy part, and 
 Endocarp, the innermost layer, the stone. But more commonly only two 
 portions of a drupe are distinguished, and are named, the outer one 
 
 Sarcocarp or Exocarp, for the flesh, the first name referring to the fleshy 
 character, the second to its being an external layer; and 
 Putamen or Endocarp, the Stone, within. 
 
 357. The typical or true drupe is of a single carpel. But, not to multiply 
 technical names, this name is extended to all such fruits when 
 
 fleshy without and stony within, although of compound pistil, 
 even to those having several or separable stones, such as the 
 fruit of Holly. These stones in such drupes, or drupaceous 
 fruits, are called Pyretue, or Nucules, or simply Nutlets of 
 the drupe. 
 
 358. Of Dry fruits, there is a greater diversity of kinds hav- 
 ing distinct names. The indehis- 
 
 cent sorts are commonly one- 
 
 359. The Akene or Ache- 
 nium is a small, dry and indehis- 
 cent one-seeded fruit, often so 
 seed-like in appearance that it is 
 
 377 
 
 popularly taken for a naked seed. The fruit of the Butter cup or Crowfoot 
 is a good example, Tig. 376, 377. Its nature, as a ripened pistil (in this 
 
 Fio. 375. Longitudinal section of a peach, showing flesh, stone, and seed. 
 
 Fio. 376. Akene of a Buttercup. 377. The same, divided lengthwise, to show 
 the contained seed. 
 
 Fio. 378. Akene of Virgin's-bower, retaining the feathered style, which aids in 
 dissemination.
 
 SECTION 14.] 
 
 FRUIT. 
 
 121 
 
 case a simple carpel), is apparent by its bearing the remains of a style or 
 stigma, or a scar from which this has fallen. It may retain the style and 
 use it in various ways for dissemination (Fig. 378). . 
 
 360. The fruit of Composite (though not of a single carpel) is also an 
 akene. In this case the pericarp is invested 
 by an adherent calyx-tube ; the limb of which, 
 when it has any, is called the PAPPUS. This 
 name was first given to the down like that of 
 the Thistle, but is applied to all forms under 
 which the limb of the calyx of the " compound 
 flower" appears. In Lettuce, Dandelion (Fig. 
 
 384), and the like, the achenium as it matures tapers upwards into a slendei 
 
 beak, like a stalk to the pappus. 
 
 361. A Cremocarp (Fig. 385), a name given to the fruit of Umbelli 
 ferae, consists as it were of a pair of akenes united com- 
 pletely in the blossom, but splitting apart when ripe 
 into the two closed carpels. Each of these is a Heri~ 
 carp or Hemicarp, names seldom used. 
 
 362. A Utricle is the same as an akene, but with 
 a thin and bladdery loose pericarp; like that of the 
 Goosefoot or Pigweed (Fig. 386). When ripe it may 
 burst open irregularly to discharge the seed ; or it may 
 open by a circular line all round, the upper part fall- 
 ing off like a lid ; as in the Amaranth (Tig. 387). 
 
 363. A Caryopsis, or Grain, is like an akene with 
 the seed adhering to the thin pericarp throughout, so 
 
 that fruit and seed are incorporated into one body ; as in wheat, Indian 
 corn, and other kinds of gram,. 
 
 364. A Nut is a dry and indehiscent fruit, commonly one-celled and one. 
 
 FIG. 379. Akene of Mayweed (uo pappus). 380. That of Succory (its pappus a 
 shallow cup). 381. Of Sunflower (pappus of two deciduous scales). 382. Of 
 Sneezeweed (Helenium), with its pappus of five^cales. 383. Of Sow-Thistle, with 
 its pappus of delicate downy hairs. 384. Of the Dandelion, its pappus raised on 
 a long beak. 
 
 FIG. 385. Fruit (cremocarp) of Osmorrhiza; the two akene-like ripe carpels sep- 
 arating at maturity from a slender axis or carpophoree. 
 
 FIG. 386. Utricle of the common Pigweed (Chenopodium album). 
 
 FIG. 387. Utricle (pyxis) of Amaranth, opening all round (circumscissile).
 
 122 
 
 FRUIT. 
 
 [SECTION 14. 
 
 seeded, with a hard, crustaceous, or bony wall, such as the cocoanut, hazel- 
 nut, chestnut, and the acorn (Fig. 37, 388.) Here the 
 involucre, in the form of a cup at the base, is called the 
 CUPULE. In the Chestnut the cupule forms the bur; in 
 the Hazel, a leafy husk. 
 
 365. A Samara, or Key-fruit, is either a nut or an 
 akene, pr any other iudehiscent fruit, furnished with a wing, 
 like that of Ash (Fig. 389), and Elm (Tig. 390). The 
 Maple-fruit is a pair of keys (Fig. 391). 
 
 366. Dehiscent Fruits, or Pods, are of two classes, viz., 
 those of a simple pistil or carpel, and those of a compound 
 
 pistil. Two common sorts of the first are named as follows : 
 
 367. The Follicle is a fruit of a simple carpel, which dehisces down one 
 side only, i. e. by the inner or ventral suture. The 
 
 fruits of Marsh Marigold (Fig. 392), Pseony, Larkspur, 
 and Milkweed are of this kind. 
 
 368. The Legume or true Pod, such as the peapod 
 (Fig. 393), and the fruit of the Leguminous or Pulse 
 family generally, is one which opens along the dorsal as 
 
 well as the ventral suture. The two pieces 
 
 into which it splits are called VALVES. A LOMENT is a legume which is 
 constricted between the seeds, and at length breaks up crosswise into dis- 
 tinct joints, as in Fig. 394. 
 
 369. The pods or dehiscent fruits belonging to a compound ovary have 
 several technical names : but they all may be regarded as kinds of 
 
 370. The Capsule, the dry and dehiscent fruit of any compound pistil. 
 The capsule may discharge its seeds through chinks or pores, as in the 
 
 FIG. 388. Nut (acorn) of the Q0k, with its cup or cupule. 
 
 FIG. 389. Samara or key of the White Ash, winged at end. 390. Samara oJ 
 the American Elm, winged all round. 
 
 FIG. 39.1. Pair of samaras of Sugar Maple. 
 
 FIG. 392. Follicle of Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris). 
 
 FIG. 393. Legume of a Sweet Pea, opened- 
 
 Fio- 394, Loment or jointed legume of a Tick-Trefoil (Desmodium).
 
 SECTION 14.] 
 
 FRUIT. 
 
 123 
 
 Poppy, or burst irregularly iu some part, as in Lobelia and the Snapdragon ; 
 but commonly it splits open (or is dehiscent) lengthwise into regular pieces, 
 called VALVES. 
 
 371. Regular Dehiscence in a capsule takes place in two ways, which are 
 best illustrated in pods of two or three cells. It is either 
 
 Loculicidal, or, splitting directly into the loculi or cells, that is, down 
 the back (or the dorsal suture) of each cell or carpel, as in 
 Iris (Fig. 395) ; or A * 
 
 Septicidal, that is, splitting through the partitions or septa, 
 as in St. Jolm's-wort (Fig. 396), Rhododendron, 
 etc. This divides the capsule into its compo- 
 nent carpels, which then open by their ventral 
 suture. 
 
 372. In loculicidal dehiscence the valves nat- 
 urally bear the partitions on their middle ; in 
 the septicidal, half the thickness of a partition 
 is borne on the margin of each valve. See the 
 annexed diagrams. A variation of either mode 
 occurs when the valves break away from the 
 partitions, these remaining attached in the axis of 
 the fruit. This is called Septifrugal dehiscence. 
 One form is seen in the Morning-Glory (Fig. 
 400). 
 
 373. The capsules of Rue, Spurge, and some others, are both loculi 
 cidal and septicidal, and so split ^ 
 
 into half-carpellary valves or pieces, f 
 
 374. The Silique (Fig. 401) is /\ 
 the technical name of the peculiar I 
 pod of the Mustard family ; which 
 
 is two-celled by a false partition 
 stretched across between two pa- 
 rietal placentae. It generally opens 
 by two valves from below up- /^ >>. 
 ward, and the placentae with the / ^V 
 
 partition are left behind when the / \. ^^ \ 
 valves fall off. |^ 
 
 375 . A Silicle or Pouch is only 
 
 a short and broad silique, like that ^ ' 
 
 of the Shepherd's Purse, Fig. 402, 
 
 403. 
 
 FIG. 395. Capsule of Iris, with loculicidal dehiscence; below, cut across. 
 FIG. 396. Pod of a Marsh St. John's- wort, with septicidal dehiscence. 
 FIG. 397, 398. Diagrams of the two modes. 
 
 FIG. 399. Diagram of septifragal dehiscence of the loculicidal type. 400. Same 
 of the septicidal or marginicidal type.
 
 124 
 
 FRUIT. 
 
 [SECTION 14. 
 
 376. The Pyxis is a pod which opens by a circular horizontal line, the 
 upper part forming a lid, as in Purslane (Fig. 404), the Plantain, Hen- 
 bane, etc. In these the dehisceuce extends all round, or is cir- 
 cumscissile. So it does in Amaranth (Fig. 387), forming a one- 
 seeded utricular pyxis. In Jeffersouia, the line does not separate 
 quite round, but leaves a portion for a hinge to the lid. 
 
 377. Of Multiple or Collective Fruits, which are properly 
 masses of fruits aggregated 
 into one body (as is seen in 
 the Mulberry (Fig. 408), Pine- 
 apple, etc.), there are two kinds 
 with special names and of pe- 
 culiar structure. 
 
 378. The Syconiumor Fig- 
 
 403 402 404 fruit (Fig. 405, 406) is a fleshy 
 
 axis or summit of stem, hollowed out, and lined within by a multitude of 
 minute flowers, the whole becoming pulpy, and in the common fig, luscious. 
 
 406 
 
 401 
 
 379. The Strobile or Cone (Fig. 411), is the peculiar multiple fruit 
 of Pines, Cypresses, and the like : hence named Coniferee, viz. cone-bearing 
 
 FIG. 401. Silique of a Cadamine or Spring Cress. 
 
 FIG. 402. Silicic of Shepherd's Purse. 403. Same, with one valve removed. 
 
 FIG. 404. Pyxis of Purslane, the lid detaching. 
 
 FIG. 405. A fig-fruit when young. 406. Same in section. 407. Magnified por- 
 tion, a slice, showing some of the flowers. 
 
 FIG. 408. A mulberry. 409. One of the grains younger, enlarged ; seen to b 
 a pistillate flower with calyx becoming fleshy, 410. Same, with fleshy calyx cat 
 across.
 
 SECTION 15.] 
 
 125 
 
 plants. As already shown (313), these cones are open pistils, mostly in 
 the form of flat scales, regularly overlying each 
 other, and pressed together in a spike or head. 
 Each scale bears one or two naked seeds on its 
 inner face. When ripe and dry, the scales turn 
 back or diverge, and in the Pine the seed peels 
 off and falls, generally carrying with it a wing, a 
 part of the lining of the scale, 
 which facilitates the disper- 
 sion of the seeds by the wind 
 (Fig. 412, 413). In Arbor- 
 Vitae, the scales of the small 
 
 cone are few, and not very 
 unlike the leaves. In Cy- 
 press they are very thick at 
 the top and narrow at the 
 base, so as to make a peculiar sort of closed cone. In Juniper and Red 
 Cedar, the few scales of the very small cone become fleshy, and ripen into 
 a fruit which closely resembles a berry. 
 
 SECTION XV. THE SEED. 
 
 380. Seeds are the final product of the flower, to which all its parts and 
 offices are subservient. Like the ovule from which it originates, a seed 
 consists of coats and kernel. 
 
 381. The Seed-coats are commonly two (320), the outer and the inner. 
 Fig. 414 shows the two, in a seed cut through lengthwise. 
 
 The outer coat is often hard or crustaceous, whence it is 
 called the Testa, or shell of the seed ; the inner is almost al- 
 ways thin and delicate. 
 
 382. The shape and the markings, so various in different 
 seeds, depend mostly on the outer coat. Sometimes this fits 
 
 the kernel closely ; sometimes it is expanded into a wing, as in the Trum- 
 pet-Creeper (Fig. 415), and occasionally this wing is cut up into shreds 
 or tufts, as in the Catalpa (Fig. 416) ; or instead of a wing it may bear a 
 Coma, or tuft of long and soft hairs, as in the Milkweed or Silkweed (Fig. 
 417). The use of wings, or downy tufts is to render the seeds buoyant 
 
 FIG. 411. Cone of a common Pitch Pine. 412. Inside view of a separated scale 
 or open carpel ; one seed in place : 413, the other seed. 
 
 Fio. 414. Seed of a Linden or Basswood cut through lengthwise, and magnified, 
 tne parts lettered: a, the hilum or scar; b, the outer coat; c, the inner; d, the 
 albumen; , the embryo.
 
 126 
 
 [SECTION 15. 
 
 for dispersion by the winds. This is clear, not only from their evident 
 
 adaptation to this purpose, but also from the fact that winged and tufted 
 
 seeds are found only in fruits that split open at maturity, never in those 
 
 jrifo that remain closed. The coat of some seeds is beset with 
 
 /" v'.r\ long linirs or wool. Chiton, one of the most important vege- 
 table products, since it forms the principal clothing of the 
 
 larger part of the human race, consists of the long and woolly hairs which 
 thickly cover the whole surface of the seed. There are also crests or other 
 appendages of various sorts on certain seeds. A few seeds 
 have an additional, but more or less incomplete covering, out- 
 side of the real seed-coats called an 
 
 383. Aril, or Arillus. The loose and transparent 
 bag which encloses the seed of the White Water-Lily 
 (Fig. 418) is of this kind. So is the mace of the 
 nutmeg ; and also the scarlet pulp around the seeds 
 of the Waxwork (Celastrus) and Strawberry-bush 
 (Euonymus). The aril is a growth from the ex- 
 tremity of the seed-stalk, or from the placenta when 
 there is no seed-stalk. 
 
 384. A short and thickish appendage at or close to the hilam in certain 
 seeds is called a CARUNCLE or STROPHIOLE (Fig. 419). 
 
 385. The various terms which define the position or direc- 
 tion of the ovule (erect, ascending, etc.) apply equally to the 
 seed : so also the terms anatropous, orthotropous, campylotro- 
 pous, etc., as already denned (320, 321), and such terms as 
 
 HILUM, or Scar left where the seed-stalk or funiculus falls 
 away, or where the seed was attached directly to the placenta 
 when there is no seed-stalk. 
 
 RHAPHE, the line or ridge which runs from the hilum to the chalaza in 
 anatropous and amphitropous seeds. 
 
 CHALAZA, the place where the seed-coats and the kernel or nucleus are 
 organically connected, at the hilum in orthotropous and campylotropous 
 seeds, at the extremity of the rhaphe or tip of the seed in other kinds. 
 
 MICROPTLE, answering to the Foramen or orifice of the ovule. Compare 
 the accompanying figures and those of the ovules, Fig. 341-355. 
 
 Fio. 415. A winged seed of the Trumpet-Creeper. 
 
 Flo. 416. One of Catalpa, the kernel cut to show the embryo. 
 
 Fio. 417. Seed of Milkweed, with a Coma or tuft of long silky hairs at one end. 
 
 Fia. 418. Seed of White Water-Lily, enclosed in its aril. 
 
 Fio. 418. Seed of Ricinus or Oastor-oil plant, with oarunole.
 
 SECTION 15.] EMBRYO. 127 
 
 386. The Kernel, or Nucleus, is the whole body of the seed within the 
 coats. In many seeds the ker- 
 nel is all Embryo , in others 
 
 a large part of it is the ^/- 
 
 bumen. For example, in Fig. 
 
 423, it is wholly embryo; in 
 
 Fig. 422, all but the small 420 
 
 speck (g) is albumen. 
 
 387. The Albumen or Endosperm of the seed is sufficiently charac- 
 terized and its office explained in Sect. III., 31-35. 
 
 388. The Embryo or Germ, which is the rudimentary plantlet and the 
 final result of blossoming, and its development in germination have been 
 extensively illustrated in Sections II. and III. Its essential parts are the 
 Radicle and the Cotyledons. 
 
 389. Its Radicle or Caulicle (the former is the term long and gener- 
 ally used in botanical descriptions, but the latter is the more correct one, 
 for it is the initial stem, which merely gives origin to the root), as to its 
 position in the seed, always points to and lies near the micropyle. In re- 
 lation to the pericarp it is 
 
 Superior, when it points to the apex of the fruit or cell, and 
 Inferior, when it points to its base, or downward. 
 
 390. The Cotyledons have already been illustrated as re- 
 spects their number, giving the important distinction of Dicoty- 
 ledonous, Polycotyledonous and Monocotyledonous embryos (36-43), 
 also as regards their thickness, whether foliaceous or fleshy ; 
 
 and some of the very various shapes and adaptations to the seed have been 
 figured. They may be straight, or folded, or rolled up. In the latter 
 case the cotyledons may be rolled up as it were from one margin, as 
 in Calycanthus (Fig. 424), or from apex to base in 
 a flat spiral, or they may be both folded (plicate) 
 and rolled up (convolute), as in Sugar Maple (Fig. 
 11.) In one very natural family, the Cruciferae, two 
 different modes prevail in the way the two cotyledons 
 are brought round against the radicle. In one series 
 425 426 they are 
 
 FIG. 420. Seed of a Violet (anatropous) : o, hilum; b, rhaphe; c, chalaza. 
 
 FIG. 421. Seed of a Larkspur (also anatropous); the parts lettered as in the last. 
 
 FIG. 422. The same, cut through lengthwise: a, the hilum; c, chalaza; d, outer 
 seed-coat; , inner seed-coat; /, the albumen; g, the minute embryo. 
 
 FIG. 423. Seed of a St. John's- wort, divided lengthwise; here the whole kernel 
 is embryo. 
 
 FIG. 424. Embryo of Calycanthus; upper part cut away, to show the convolute 
 cotyledons. 
 
 FIG. 425. Seed of Bitter Cress, Barbarea, cut across to show the aecumbent 
 cotyledons. 426. Embryo of same, whole.
 
 128 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK, [SECTION 16. 
 
 Aecnmlent, that is, the edges of the flat cotyledons lie against the radicle, 
 as in Fig. 425, 426. In another they are 
 
 Incumbent, or with the plane of the cotyledons brought up in the opposite 
 direction, so that the back of one of them lies against 
 the radicle, as shown in Fig. 427, 428. 
 
 391. As to the situation of the embryo with respect 
 to the albumen of the seed, when this is present in any 
 quantity, the embryo may be Axile, that is occupying 
 427 428 the axis or centre, either for most of its length, as in 
 
 Violet (Fig. 429), Barberry (Fig. 48), and 
 Pine (Fig. 56) ; and in these it is straight. 
 But it may be variously curved or coiled 
 in the albumen, as in Helianthemum 
 (Fig. 430), in a Potato-seed (Fig. 50), 
 or Onion-seed (Fig. 60), and Linden 
 (Fig. 414) ; or it may be coiled around 
 the outside of the albumen, partly or into a circle, as in Chickweed (Fig. 
 431, 432) and in Mirabilis (Fig. 52). The latter mode prevails in Campylo- 
 tropous seeds. In the cereal grains, such as Indian 
 Corn (Fig. 67) and Rice, 430 ), and in all other 
 Grasses, the embryo b straight and applied to the 
 outside of the abundant albumen. 
 392. The matured seed, with embryo ready to germinate and reproduce 
 the kind, completes the cycle of the vegetable life in a phanerogamous 
 plant, the account of which began with the seed and seedling. 
 
 SECTION XVI. VEGETABLE LIFE AND WOEK. 
 
 393. The following simple outlines of the anatomy and physiology ot 
 plants (3) are added to the preceding structural part for the better prepar- 
 ation of students in descriptive and systematic botany ; also to give to all 
 learners some general idea of the life, growth, intimate structure, and action 
 of the beings which compose so large a part of organic nature. Those who 
 would extend and verify the facts and principles here outlined will use the 
 Physiological Botany of the " Botanical Text Book," by Professor Goodale, 
 or some similar book. 
 
 FIG. 427. Seed of a Sisymbrium, cut across to sbow the incumbent cotyledons. 
 428. Embryo of the same, detached whole. 
 
 FIG. 429. Section of seed of Violet ; anatropous with straight axile embryo in 
 the albumen. 430. Section, of seed of Rock Rose, Helianthemum Canadense ; 
 orthotropous, with curved embryo in the albumen. 430. Section of a grain of 
 Rice, lengthwise, showing the embryo outside the albumen, which forms the 
 principal bulk. 
 
 FIG. 431. Seed of a Chickweed, campylotropous. 432. Section of same, show' 
 ing slender embryo coiled around the outside of the albumen of the kernel.
 
 SECTION 16.] STRUCTURE AND GROWTH. 129 
 
 1. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND GROWTH. 
 
 394. Growth is the increase of a living thing in size and substance* It 
 appears so natural that plants and animals should grow, that one rarely 
 thinks of it as requiring explanation. It seems enough to say that a thing 
 is so because it grew so. Growth from the seed, the germination and de- 
 velopment of an embryo into a plantlet, and at length into a mature plant 
 (as illustrated in Sections II. and III.), can be followed by ordinary obser- 
 vation. But the embryo is already a miniature plantlet, sometimes with 
 hardly any visible distinction of parts, but often one which has already 
 made very considerable growth in the seed. To investigate the formation 
 and growth of the embryo itself requires well-trained eyes and hands, and 
 the expert use of a good compound microscope. So this is beyond the 
 reach of a beginner. 
 
 395. Moreover, although observation may show that a seedling, weigh- 
 ing only two or three grains, may double its bulk and weight every week 
 of its early growth, and may in time produce a huge amount of vegetable 
 matter, it is still to be asked what this vegetable matter is, where it came 
 from, and by what means plants are able to increase and accumulate it, and 
 build it up into the fabric of herbs and shrubs and lofty trees. 
 
 396. Protoplasm. All this fabric was built up under life, but only a 
 small portion of it is at any one time alive. As growth proceeds, life is 
 passed on from the old to the new parts, much as it has passed on from 
 parent to offspring, from generation to generation in unbroken continuity. 
 Protoplasm is the common name of that plant-stuff in which life essentially 
 resides. All growth depends upon it; for it has the peculiar power of 
 growing and multiplying and building up a living structure, the animal 
 MO less than the vegetable structure, for it is essentially the same in both. 
 Indeed, all the animal protoplasm comes primarily from the vegetable, 
 which has the prerogative of producing it ; and the protoplasm of plants 
 furnishes all that portion of the food of animals which forms their flesh 
 and living fabric. 
 
 397- The very simplest plants (if such may specifically be called plants 
 rather than animals, or one may say, the simplest living things) are mere 
 particles, or pellets, or threads, or even' indefinite masses of protoplasm of 
 vague form, which possess powers of motion or of changing their shape, 
 of imbibing water, air, and even other matters, and of assimilating these 
 into plant-stuff for their own growth and multiplication. Their growth 
 is increase in substance by incorporation of that which they take in and 
 assimilate. Their multiplication is by spontaneous division of their sub- 
 stance or body into two or more, each capable of continuing the process. 
 
 398. The embryo of a phanerogamous plant at its beginning (344) is es- 
 sentially such a globule of protoplasm, which soon constricts itself into two 
 and more such globules, which hold together inseparably in a row ; then 
 the last of the row divides without separation in the two other planes, tc
 
 130 
 
 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16. 
 
 form a compound mass, each grain or globule of which goes on to double 
 itself as it grows; aud the definite shaping of this still increasing mass 
 builds up the embryo into its form. 
 
 399. Cell-walls. While this growth was going on, each grain of the 
 forming structure formed and clothed itself with a coat, tliiu and trans 
 parent, of something different from protoplasm, something which hardly 
 
 and only transiently, if at all, partakes of the life and action. 
 The protoplasm forms the living organism ; the coat is a kind 
 433 f protective covering or shelL The protoplasm, like the 
 flesh of animals which it gives rise to, is composed of four 
 
 chemical elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitro- 
 gen. The coating is of the nature of wood (is, indeed, that 
 which makes wood), and has only the three elements, Car. 
 bon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, in its composition. 
 
 400. Although the forming structure of an embryo in 
 the fertilized ovule is very minute and difficult to see, there 
 are many simple plants of lowest grade, abounding in pools 
 of water, which more readily show the earlier stages or sim- 
 plest states of plant-growth. One of these, which is common 
 in early spring, requires only moderate magnifying power 
 to bring to view what is shown in Fig. 437. In a slimy 
 mass which holds all loosely together, little spheres of green 
 vegetable matter are seen, assembled in fours, 
 and these fours themselves in clusters of fours. 
 A transient inspection shows, what prolonged 
 watching would confirm, that each sphere di- 
 vides first in one plane, then in the other, to 
 make four, soon acquiring the size of the original, and so on, 
 producing successive groups of fours. These pellets each 
 form on their surface a transparent wall, like that just des- 
 cribed. The delicate wall is for some time capable of expan- 
 sive growth, but is from the first much firmer than the 
 protoplasm within; through it the latter imbibes sur- 
 rounding moisture, which becomes a watery sap, occupy- 
 ing vacuities in the protoplasmic mass which enlarge or 
 run together as the periphery increases and distends. 
 When full grown the protoplasm may become a mere lining 
 to the wall, or some of it central, as a nucleus, this usually connected with 
 the wall-lining by delicate threads of the same substance. So, when full 
 grown, the wall with its lining a vesicle, containing liquid or some 
 
 Flo. 433-436. Figures to illustrate the earlier stages in the formation of an 
 embryo ; a single mass of protoplasm (Fig. 433) dividing into two, three, and then 
 into more incipient cells, which by continued multiplication build up an embryo. 
 
 FIG. 437. Magnified view of some of a simple fresh water Alga, the Tetraspora 
 hibrica, each sphere of which may answer to an individual plant 
 
 Q 
 
 O 
 Q 
 
 ooop 
 
 QQQQ 
 
 Q OQ 
 OO CO 
 
 437
 
 SKCTION 16.] ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE. 
 
 131 
 
 solid matters and in age mos% air naturally came to be named a CELL. 
 Bat the name was suggested by, and first used only for, cells in combination 
 or built up into a fabric, much as a wall is built of bricks, that is, into a 
 
 401. Cellular Structure or Tissue. Suppose numerous cells like 
 those of Fig. 437 to be heaped up like a pile of cannon-balls, and as they 
 grew, to be compacted together while soft and yielding ; they would flatten 
 where they touched, and each sphere, 
 being touched by twelve surrounding 
 ones would become twelve-sided. Fig. 
 438 would represent one of them. 
 Suppose the contiguous faces to be 
 united into one wall or partition be- 
 tween adjacent cavities, and a cellular 
 itructure would be formed, like that 
 shown in Fig. 439. Hoots, stems, leaves, 
 and the whole of phan- 
 erogamous plants are a 
 fabric of countless num- 
 bers of sucli cells. No 
 such exact regularity in 
 size and shape is ever 
 actually found ; but a nearly truthful magnified view of a small portion of 
 a slice of the flower-stalk of a Calla Lily (Fig. 440) shows a fairly oorres 
 
 ponding structure; except that, owing to the great air-spaces of the interior, 
 the fabric may be likened rather to a stack of chimneys than to a solid 
 fabric. In young and partly transparent parts one may discern the cel- 
 lular structure by looking down directly on the surface, as of a form- 
 ing root. (Fig. 82, 441, 442). 
 
 402. The substance of which cell-walls are mainly composed is called 
 CELLULOSE. It is essentially the same in the stem of a delicate leaf or 
 petal and in the wood of an Oak, except that in the latter the walls are 
 
 Fio. 438. Diagram of a vegetable cell, such as it would be if when spherical it 
 were equally pressed by similar surrounding cells in a heap. 
 
 FIG. 439. Ideal construction of cellular tissue so formed, in section. 
 
 FIG. 440. Magnified view of a portion of a transverse slice of stem of Calla 
 Lilv. The great spaces are tubtrtar air-channels built up bv the op.lla.
 
 132 
 
 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16. 
 
 much thickened and the calibre small. The protoplasm of each living cell 
 appears to be completely shut up and isolated in its shell of cellulose ; but 
 microscopic investigation has brought to view, in many cases, minute 
 threads of protoplasm which here and there traverse 
 the cell-wall through minute pores, thus connecting 
 the living portion of one cell with that of adjacent 
 cells. (See Fig. 447, &c.) 
 
 403. The hairs of plants are cells formed on the 
 surface ; either elongated single cells 
 (like the root-hairs of Fig. 441, 442), 
 or a row of shorter cells. Cotton 
 fibres are long and simple cells grow- 
 ing from the surface of the seed. 
 
 404. The size of the cells of which 
 common plants are made up varies 
 from about the thirtieth to the thou- 
 sandth of an inch in diameter. An 
 ordinary size of short or roundish 
 cells is from -gfa to -fa of an inch ; so that there may generally be from 
 27 to 125 millions of cells in the compass of a cubic inch 1 
 
 405. Some parts are built up as a compact structure ; in others cells 
 are arranged so as to build up regular air- 
 
 channels, as in the stems of aquatic and other IjjIiHf: 
 water-loving plants (Fig. 440), or to leave Wjj$ 
 irregular spaces, as in the lower part of most ^M^ 
 leaves, where the cells only here and there 
 come into close contact (Fig. 443). 
 
 406. All such soft cellular tissue, like 
 this of leaves, that of pith, and of the green 
 bark, is called PARENCHYMA, while fibrous 
 and woody parts are composed of PBOSEN- 
 CHYMA, that is, of peculiarly transformed 
 
 407. Strengthening Cells. Common cellular tissue, which makes uu 
 the whole structure of all very young plants, and the whole of Mosses 
 and other vegetables of the lowest grade, even when full grown, is too 
 tender or too brittle to give needful strength and toughness for plants 
 which are to rise to any considerable height and support themselves. In 
 these needful strength is imparted, and the conveyance of sap through the 
 plant is facilitated, by the change, as they are formed, of some cells into 
 thicker-walled and tougher tubes, and by the running together of some of 
 
 Fia. 441. Much magnified small portion of young root of a seedling Maple 
 (such as of Fig. 82) ; and 442, a few cells cf same more magnified. The prolonga- 
 tions from the back of some of the cells are root-hairs. 
 
 FIQ. 443. Magnified section through the thickness of a leaf of Florida Star- 
 Anise.
 
 SECTION 16.] ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE. 
 
 133 
 
 these, or the prolongation of others, into hollow fibres or tubes of various size. 
 Two sorts of such transformed cells go together, and essentially form the 
 
 408. Wood. This is found in all common herbs, as well as in shrubs 
 and trees, but the former have much less of it in proportion to the softer 
 cellular tissue. It is formed very early in the growth of the root, stem, 
 and leaves, traces of it appearing in large embryos even while yet in the 
 seed. Those cells that lengthen, and at the same time thicken their walls 
 form the proper WOODY FIBRE or WOOD-CELLS ; those of larger size and 
 thinner walls, which are thickened only in certain parts so as to have 
 peculiar markings, and which often are seen 
 
 to be made up of a row of cylindrical cells, 
 with the partitions between absorbed or bro- 
 ken away, are called DUCTS, or sometimes 
 VESSELS. There are all gradations between 
 wood-cells and ducts, and between both these 
 and common cells. But in most plants the 
 three kinds are fairly distinct. 
 
 409. The proper cellular tissue, or paren- 
 chyma, is the ground-work of root, stem, and 
 leaves ; this is traversed, chiefly lengthwise, 
 by the strengthening and conducting tissue, 
 wood-cells and duct-cells, in the form of 
 bundles or threads, which, in the stems and 
 stalks of herbs are fewer and comparatively 
 scattered, but in shrubs and trees so numer- 
 rous and crowded that in the stems and 
 all permanent parts they make a solid mass 
 of wood. They extend into and ramify in 
 the leaves, spreading out in a horizontal 
 plane, as the framework of ribs and veins, 
 which supports the softer cellular portion or 
 parenchyma, 
 
 410. Wood-Cells, or Woody Fibres, 
 consist of tubes, commonly between one and 
 
 two thousandths, but in Pine-wood sometimes two or three hundredths, 
 of an inch in diameter. Those from the tough bark of the Basswood, 
 
 FIG. 444. Magnified wood-cells of the bark (bast-cells) of Basswood, one and 
 part of another. 445. Some wood-cells from the wood (and below part of a duct); 
 and 446, a detached wood-cell of the same ; equally magnified. 
 
 FIG. 447. Some wood-cells from Buttonwood, Platanus, highly magnified, a 
 whole cell and lower end of another on the left ; a cell cut half away lengthwise, 
 and half of another on the right ; some pores or pits (a) seen on the left; while 
 b b mark sections through these on the cut surface. When living and young the 
 protoplasm extends into these and by minuter perforations connects across them. 
 In age the pits become open passages, facilitating the passage of sap and air
 
 134 
 
 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION Ifi, 
 
 A 
 
 shown in Fig. 444, are only the fifteen-hundredth of an inch wide. Those 
 of Buttonwood (Fig. 447) are larger, and are here highly magnified besides. 
 The figures show the way wood-cells are commonly put together, namely, 
 with their tapering ends overlapping each other, spliced together, as it 
 were, thus giving more strength and toughness. In hard woods, such 
 as Hickory and Oak, the walls of these tubes are very thick, as well as 
 dense ; while in soft woods, such as White-Pine and Basswood, they are 
 thinner. 
 
 411. Wood-cells in the bark are generally louger, finer, and tougher 
 than those of the proper wood, and appear more like fibres. Tor example, 
 Fig. 446 represents a cell of the wood of Basswood of average length, and 
 Fig. 444 one (and part of another) of the fibrous bark, both drawn to the 
 same scale. As these long cells form the principal part of fibrous bark, or 
 bast, they are named Bast-cells or Bast-Jibres. These give the great tough- 
 ness and flexibility to the inner bark of Basswood (i. e. Bast-wood) and of 
 Leatherwood; and they furnish the invaluable fibres of flax and hemp; 
 
 the proper wood of their stems 
 being tender, brittle, and de- 
 j stroyed by the processes which 
 separate for use the tough and 
 slender bast-cells. In Leather- 
 wood (Dirca) the bast-cells are 
 remarkably slender. A view of 
 one, if magnified on the scale 
 of Fig. 444, would be a foot 
 and a half long. 
 
 412. The wood-cells of Pines, 
 and more or less of all other Coniferous trees, have on two of their sides 
 very peculiar disk-shaped markings (Fig. 448-450) by which that kind of 
 wood is recognizable. 
 
 413. Ducts, also called VESSELS, are mostly larger 
 than wood-cells : indeed, some of them, as in Red Oak, 
 have calibre large enough to be discerned on a cross 
 section by the naked eye. They make the visible porosity 
 of such kinds of wood. This is particularly the case with 
 Dotted ducts (Fig. 451, 452), the surface of which 
 appears as if riddled with round or oval pores. Such 
 ducts are commonly made up of a row of large cells more 
 or less confluent into a tube. 
 
 Scalariform ducts (Fig. 458, 459), common in Ferns, 
 and generally angled by mutual pressure in the bundles, 
 
 Fio. 448. Magnified bit of a pine-shaving, taken parallel with the silver grain. 
 449. Separate whole wood-cell, more magnified. 450. Same, still more magnified} 
 both sections represented : a, disks in section, 6, in face. 
 
 FlQ- 451. 452. A large and a smaller dotted duct from Grape-Vine. 
 
 ^/ 
 
 \J 
 
 452
 
 SECTION 16.] ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE. 
 
 135 
 
 have transversely elongated thin places, parallel with each other, giving 
 a ladder-like appearance, whence the name. 
 
 Annular ducts (Fig. 457) are marked with cross lines or rings, which 
 are thickened portions of the cell-wall. 
 
 457 
 
 Spiral ducts or vessels (Fig. 453-455) have thin walls, strengthened by 
 a spiral fibre adherent within. This is as delicate and as strong as spider- 
 web : when uncoiled by pulling apart, 
 it tears up and annihilates the cell- 
 wall. The uncoiled threads are seen 
 by gently pulling apart many leaves, 
 such as those of Amaryllis, or the 
 stalk of a Strawberry leaflet. 
 
 Laticiferous ducts, Vessels of the 
 Latex, or Milk-vessels are peculiar 
 branching tubes which hold latex or 
 milky juice in certain plants. It is 
 very difficult to see them, and more 
 so to make out their nature. They 
 are peculiar in branching and inosculating, so as to make a net-work of 
 tubes, running in among the cellular tissue; and they are very small, 
 except when gorged and old (Fig. 460, 461). 
 
 Fio. 453, 454. Spiral ducts which uncoil into a single thread. 455. Spiral 
 duct which tears up as a band. 456. An annular duct, with variations above. 
 457. Loose spiral duct passing into annular. 458. Scalariform ducts of a Fern; 
 part of a bundle, prismatic by pressure. 459. One torn into a band. 
 
 FIQ. 460. Milk Vessels of Dandelion, with cells of the common cellular tissue. 
 461. Others from the same older and gorged with milky juice. All highly mag- 
 nified.
 
 136 VEGETABLE LIFE AND GROWTH. [SECTION 16. 
 
 } 2. CELL-CONTENTS. 
 
 414. The living contents of young and active cells are mainly protoplasm 
 with water or watery sap which this has imbibed. Old and effete cells are 
 often empty of solid matter, containing only water with whatever may be 
 dissolved in it, or air, according to the time and circumstances. All the 
 various products which plants in general elaborate, or which particular 
 plants specially elaborate, out of the common food which they derive from 
 the soil and the air, are contained in the cells, and in the cells they are 
 produced. 
 
 415. Sap is a general name for the principal liquid contents, Crude sap, 
 for that which the plant takes in, Elaborated sap for what it has digested or 
 assimilated. They must be undistinguishably mixed in the cells. 
 
 416. Among the solid matters into which cells convert some of their 
 elaborated sap two are general and most important. These are Chlorophyll 
 and Starch. 
 
 417. Chlorophyll (meaning leaf-green) is what gives the green color to 
 herbage. It consists of soft grains of rather complex nature, partly wax- 
 like, partly protoplasmic. These abound in the cells of all common leaves 
 and the green rind of plants, wherever exposed to the light. The green 
 nolor is seen through the transparent skin of the leaf and the walls of the 
 containing cells. Chlorophyll is essential to ordinary assimilation in plants : 
 
 . by its means, under the influence of sunlight, the plant converts crude sap 
 into vegetable matter. 
 
 418. Tar the largest part of all vegetable matter produced is that which 
 goes to build up the plant's fabric or cellular structure, either directly or 
 indirectly. There is no one good name for this most important product of 
 vegetation. In its final state of cell-walls, the permanent fabric of herb 
 and shrub and tree, it is called Cellulose (408) : in its most soluble form 
 it is Sugar of one or another kind ; in a less soluble form it is Dextrine, a 
 kind of liquefied starch : in the form of solid grains stored up in the cells 
 it is Starch. By a series of slight chemical changes (mainly a variation in 
 the water entering into the composition), one of these forms is converted 
 into another. 
 
 419. Starch (Farina or Fecula) is the form in which this common plant 
 material is, as it were, laid by for future use. It consists of solid grains, 
 somewhat different in form in different plants, in size varying from -g^-g- to 
 3-^jft, of an inch, partly translucent when wet, and of a pearly lustre. From 
 the concentric lines, which commonly appear under the microscope, the 
 grains seem to be made up of layer over layer. When loose they are com- 
 monly oval, as in potato-starch (Fig. 462) : when much compacted the 
 grains may become angular (Fig. 463). 
 
 420. The starch in a potato was produced in the foliage. In the soluble 
 form of dextrine, or that of sugar, it was conveyed through the cells of the 
 herbage and stalks to a subterranean shoot, and there stored up in the
 
 SECTION 16.) 
 
 CELL-CONTENTS. 
 
 137 
 
 tuber. When the potato sprouts, the starch in the vicinity of developing 
 
 buds or eyes is changed back again, first into mucilaginous dextrine, then 
 
 into sugar, dissolved 
 
 in the sap, and in this 
 
 form it is made to 
 
 flow to the growing 
 
 parts, where it is laid 
 
 down into cellulose 
 
 or cell-wall. 
 
 421. Besides these cell-contents which are in obvious and essential rela- 
 tion to nutrition, there are others the use of which is problematical. Of 
 such the commonest are 
 
 422. Crystals. These when slender or needle-shaped are called 
 RHAPHIDES. They are of inorganic matter, usually of oxalate or phosphate 
 or sulphate of lime. Some, at least of the latter, may be direct crystalliza- 
 
 tions of what is taken in dissolved in the water absorbed, but others must 
 be the result of some elaboration in the plant. Some plants have hardly 
 any ; others abound in them, especially in the foliage and bark. In Locust- 
 bark almost every cell holds a crystal ; so that in a square inch not thicker 
 than writing-paper there may be over a million and a half of them. When 
 
 FIG. 462. Some magnified starch-grains, in two cells of a potato. 463. Some 
 cells of the albumen or floury part of Indian Corn, filled with starch-grains. 
 
 FIG. 464. Four cells from dried Onion-peel, each holding a crystal of different 
 shape, one of them twinned. 465. Some cells from stalk of Rhubarb-plant, three 
 containing chlorophyll ; two (one torn across) with rhaphides. 466. Rhaphides 
 in a cell, from Arisaema, with small cells surrounding. 467. Prismatic crystals 
 from the bark of Hickory. 468. Glomerate crystal in a cell, from Beet-root. 
 469. A few cells of Locust-bark, a crystal in each. 470. A detached cell, with 
 rhaphides being forced out, as happens when put in water.
 
 138 
 
 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16. 
 
 needle-shaped (rhaphides), as in stalks of Calla-Lily, Rhubarb, or Four- 
 o'clock, they are usually packed in sheaf-like bundles. (Fig. 465, 466.) 
 
 f 3. ANATOMY OP BOOTS AND STEMS. 
 
 423. This is so nearly the same that an account of the internal structure 
 of stems may serve for the root also. 
 
 424. At the beginning, either in the embryo or in an incipient shoot 
 from a bud, the whole stem is of tender cellular tissue or parenchyma. 
 But wood (consisting of wood-cells and ducts or vessels) begins to be 
 formed in the earliest growth ; and is from the first arranged in two ways, 
 making two general kinds of wood. The difference is obvious even in 
 herbs, but is more conspicuous in the enduring stems of shrubs and 
 
 425. On one or the other of these two types the stems of all phanero- 
 gamous plants are constructed. In one, the wood is made up of separate 
 threads, scattered here and there throughout the whole diameter of the 
 stem. In the other, the wood is all collected to form a layer (in a slice 
 across the stem appearing as a ring) between a central cellular part which 
 has none in it, the Pith, and an outer cellular part, the Bark. 
 
 426. An Asparagus-shoot and a Corn-stalk for herbs, and a rattan for a 
 
 woody kind, represent the first kind. To it 
 belong all plants with monocotyledonous em- 
 bryo (40). A Bean-stalk 
 and the stem of any com- 
 mon shrub or tree rep- 
 resent the second; and 
 
 471 472 
 
 to it belong all plants with dicotyledonous or polycotyledonous embryo. 
 The first has been called, not very properly, Endogenous, which means in- 
 side-growing ; the second, properly enough, Exogenous, or outside-growing. 
 427. Endogenous Stems, those of Monocotyls (40), attain their 
 greatest size and most characteristic development "in Palms and Dragon- 
 trees, therefore chiefly in warm climates, although the Palmetto and some 
 
 Pro. 471. Diagram of structure of Palm or Yucca. 472. Structure of a Ooid- 
 stalk, in transverse and longitudinal section. 473. Same of a small Palm-stem. 
 The dots on the cross sections represent cut ends of the vroody bundles or threads.
 
 SECTION 16.] 
 
 ANATOMY OF STEMS. 
 
 139 
 
 Yuccas become trees along the southern borders of the United States. la 
 such stems the woody bundles are more numerous and crowded toward the 
 circumference, and so the harder wood is outside ; while in an exogenous 
 stem the oldest and hardest wood is toward the centre. An endogenous 
 stem has no clear distinction of pith, bark, and wood, concentrically ar- 
 ranged, no silver grain, no annual layers, no bark that peels off clean from 
 the wood. Yet old steins of Yuccas and the like, that continue to increase 
 in diameter, do form a sort of layers and a kind of scaly bark when old. 
 Yuccas show well the curving of the woody bundles (Fig. 471) which 
 below taper out and are lost at the rind. 
 
 428. Exogenous Stems, those of Dicotyls (37), or of plants coming 
 from dicotyledonous and also polycotyledouous embryos, have 
 a structure which is familiar in the wood of our ordinary 
 trees and shrubs. It is the same in an herbaceous shoot 
 (such as a Flax-stem, Fig. 474) as in a Maple-stem of the 
 first year's growth, except that the woody layer is com- 
 monly thinner or perhaps reduced to a circle of bundles. 
 It was so in the tree-stem at the beginning. The wood all 
 forms in a cylinder, in cross section a ring around a cen- 
 tral cellular part, dividing the cellular core within, the pith, from a celliv 
 lar bark without. As the wood-bundles increase in number and in size, 
 
 they press upon each other and become -wedge-shaped in the cross sec- 
 tion ; and they continue to grow from the outside, next the bark, so that 
 they become very thin wedges or plates. Between the plates or wedges 
 are very thin plates (in cross section lines) of mnch compressed cellular 
 tissue, which connect the pith with the bark. The plan of a one-year-old 
 woody stem of this kind is exhibited in the figures, which are essentially 
 diagrams. 
 429. Wlien such a stem grows on from year to year, it adds annually a 
 
 Pio. 474. Short piece of stem of Flax, magnified, showing the bark, wood, and 
 pith in a cross section. 
 
 FIG. 475. Diagram of a cross section of a very young exogenous stem, showing 
 six woody V.nndles or wedges. 476. Same later, with wedges increased to twelve. 
 477. Still later, the wedges filling the space, separated only by the thin lines, or 
 medullary rays, running from pith to bark.
 
 140 
 
 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16. 
 
 layer of wood outside the preceding one, between that and the bark. This 
 is exogenous growth, or outside-growing, as the name denotes. 
 
 430. Some new bark is formed every year, as well as new wood, the 
 
 former inside, as the latter 
 is outside of that of the 
 year preceding. The ring 
 or zone of tender forming 
 tissue between the bark 
 and the wood has been 
 called the Cambium Layer. 
 Cambium is an old name 
 of the physiologists for 
 nutritive juice. And this 
 thin layer is so gorged 
 with rich nutritive sap 
 when spring growth is re- 
 newed, that the bark then 
 seems to be loose from 
 the wood and a layer of 
 viscid sap (or cambium) to 
 be poured out between the 
 two. But there is all 
 the while a connection of 
 the bark and the wood by 
 delicate cells, rapidly mul- 
 tiplying and growing. 
 
 431. The Bark of a 
 year-old stem consists of 
 three parts, more or less distinct, namely, beginning next the wood, 
 
 1. THE LIBER or FIBROUS BARK, the Inner Bark. This contains some 
 wood-cells, or their equivalent, commonly in the form of bast or bast-cells 
 (411, Fig. 444), such as those of Basswood or Linden, and among herbs 
 those of flax and hemp, which are spun and woven or made into cordage. 
 It also contains cells which are named *<?p*-cells, on account of numerous 
 slits and pores in their walls, by which thf protoplasm of contiguous cells 
 communicates. In woody stems, whenever a new layer ot wood is formed, 
 some new liber or inner bark is also formed outride of it. 
 
 480 
 
 Fio. 478. Piece of a stem of Soft Maple, of a year old, cut crosswise and length- 
 wise. 
 
 FIG. 479. A portion of the same, magnified. 
 
 FIG. 480. A small piece of the same, taken from one side, reaching from the bark 
 to the pith, and highly magnified: a, a small hit of the pith ; b, spiral ducts of what 
 is called the medullary sheath; c, the wood; d, d, -lotted ducts in the wood; 
 ,, annular ducts;/, the liber or inner bark- g, the green bark; h, the corky 
 layer; t, the skin, or epidermis ; ,;, one of the medullary rays, or plates of silvei 
 grain, seen on the cross-section.
 
 SECTION 16.] 
 
 ANATOMY OF STEMS. 
 
 141 
 
 2. THE GREEN BARK or Middle Bark. This consists of cellular tissue 
 only, and contains the same green matter (chlorophyll, 417) as the leaves. 
 In woody stems, before the season's growth is completed, it becomes cov- 
 ered by 
 
 3. THE CORKY LATEE or Outer Bark, the cells of which contain no 
 chlorophyll, aud are of the nature of cork. Common cork is the thick 
 corky layer of the bark of the Cork-Oak of Spain. It is this which gives 
 to the stems or twigs of shrubs and trees the aspect and the color peculiar 
 to each, light gray in the Ash, purple in the Red Maple, red in several 
 Dogwoods, etc. 
 
 4. THE EPIDERMIS, or skin of the plant, consisting of a layer of thick- 
 sided empty cells, which may be considered to be the outermost layer, or 
 in most herbaceous stems the only layer, of cork-cells. 
 
 432. The green layer of bark seldom grows much after the first season. 
 Sometimes the corky layer grows and forms new layers, inside of the old, 
 for years, as in the Cork-Oak, the Sweet Gum-tree, and the White and the 
 Paper Birch. But it all dies after a while ; and the continual enlargement 
 of the wood within finally stretches it more than it can bear, and sooner or 
 later cracks and rends it, while the weather acts powerfully upon its sur- 
 face ; so the older bark perishes and falls away piecemeal year by year. 
 
 433. So on old trunks only the inner bark remains. This is renewed 
 every year from within and so kept alive, while the older and outer layers 
 die, are fissured and rent by the distending trunk, weathered and worn, and 
 thrown off in fragments, in some trees slowly, so that the bark of old 
 trunks may acquire great thickness ; in others, more rapidly. In Honey- 
 suckles and Grape-Vines, the layers of liber loosen and die when only a 
 year or two old. The annual layers of liber are sometimes as distinct as 
 those of the wood, but often not so. 
 
 FIG. 481. Magnified view of surface of a bit of young Maple wood from which 
 !he bark has been torn away, showing the wood-cells and the bark-ends of medul- 
 lary rays. 
 
 Fio. 482. Section in the opposite direction, from bark (on the left) to beginning 
 9f pith (on the right), and a medullary ray extending from one to the other.
 
 142 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WOR3, [SECTION 16. 
 
 434. The Wood of an exogenous trunk, having the old growths covered 
 by the new, remains nearly unchanged in age, except from decay. Wherever 
 there is an annual suspension and renewal of growth, as in temperate cli- 
 mates, the annual growths are more or less distinctly marked, in the form 
 of concentric rings on the cross section, so that the age of the tree may bt 
 known by counting them. Over twelve hundred layers have been counted 
 on the p*umps of Sequoias in California, and it is probable that some trees 
 now living antedate the Christian era. 
 
 435. The reason why the annual growths are distinguishable is, that the 
 wood formed at the beginning of the season is more or less different in the 
 size or character of the cells from that of the close. In Oak, Chestnut, etc., 
 the first wood of the season abounds in dotted ducts, the calibre of which 
 is many times greater than that of the proper wood-cells. 
 
 436. Sap-wood, or Alburnum. This is the newer wood, living or 
 recently alive, and taking part in the conveyance of sap. Sooner or later, 
 each layer, as it becomes more and more deeply covered by the newer ones 
 and farther from the region of growth, is converted into 
 
 437. Heart-wood, or Duramen. This is drier, harder, more solid, 
 and much more durable as timber, than sap-wood. It is generally of a 
 different color, and it exhibits in different species the hue peculiar to each, 
 such as reddish in Red-Cedar, brown in Black-Walnut, black in Ebony, etc. 
 The change of sap-wood into heart- wood results from the thickening of the 
 walls of the wood-cells by the deposition of hard matter, lining the tubes 
 and diminishing their calibre ; and by the deposition of a vegetable coloring- 
 matter peculiar to each species. The heart-wood, being no longer a living 
 part, may decay, and often does so, without the least injury to the tree, 
 except by diminishing the strength of the trunk, and so rendering it more 
 liable to be overthrown. 
 
 438. The Living Parts of a Tree, of the exogenous kind, are only 
 these : first, the rootlets at one extremity ; second, the buds and leaves of 
 the season at the other ; and third, e zone consisting of the newest wood 
 and the newest bark, connecting the rootlets with the buds or leaves, how- 
 ever widely separated these may be, in the tallest trees from two to foui 
 h'm(*red feet apart. And these parts of the tree are all renewed every year. 
 !No * :*><ler, therefore, that trees may live so long, since they annually re- 
 prod tee everything that is essential to their life and growth, and since only 
 a very small part of their bulk is alive at once. The tree survives, but 
 nothing now living has been so long. In it, as elsewhere, life is a transi- 
 tory tiling, ever abandoning the old, and renewed in the young, 
 
 | 4. ANATOMY OF LEAVES. 
 
 439. The wood in leaves is the framework of ribs, veins, and veinlet* 
 (125), serving not only to strengthen them, but also to bring in the sap, 
 and to distribute it throughout nrery part. The cellular portion is the
 
 SECTION 16.] 
 
 ANATOMY OF LEAVES. 
 
 143 
 
 green pulp, and is nearly the same as the green layer of the bark. So that 
 the leaf may properly enough be regarded as a sort of expansion of the 
 fibrous and green layers of the bark. It has no proper corky layer ; but 
 the whole is covered by a transparent skin or epidermis, resembling that 
 of the stem. 
 
 440. The cells of the leaf are of various forms, rarely so compact as to 
 form a close cellular tissue, usually loosely arranged, at least in the lower 
 part, so as to give copious intervening spaces or air passages, communi- 
 cating throughout the whole interior (Fig. 443, 483). The green color is 
 given by the chlorophyll (417), seen through the very transparent walls of 
 the cells and through the translucent epidermis of the leaf. 
 
 441. In ordinary leaves, having an upper and under surface, the green 
 cells form two distinct strata, of different arrangement. Those of the 
 upper stratum are oblong or cylindrical, and stand endwise to the surface 
 of the leaf, usually close together, leaving hardly any vacant spaces ; those 
 of the lower are commonly irregular in shape, most of them with their 
 longer diameter parallel to the face of the leaf, and are very loosely ar- 
 ranged, leaving many and wide air-chambers. The green color of the 
 lower is therefore diluted, and paler than that of the upper face of the leaf. 
 The upper part of the leaf is so constructed as to bear the direct action 
 
 of the sunshine ; the lower so as to afford freer circulation of air, and to 
 facilitate transpiration. It communicates more directly than the upper 
 with the external air by means of Stomates. 
 
 442. The Epidermis or skin of leaves and all young shoots is best 
 seen in the foliage. It may readily be stripped off from the surface of a 
 Lily-leaf, and still more so from more fleshy and soft leaves, such as those 
 
 FIG. 483. Magnified section of a leaf of White Lily, to exhibit the cellular 
 structure, both of upper and lower stratum, the air-passages of the lower, and 
 the epidermis or skin, in section, also a little cf that of the Icwer face, with som 
 of its stomate*.
 
 144 
 
 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16. 
 
 of Houseleek. The epidermis is usually composed of a single layer, occa- 
 sionally of two or three layers, of empty 
 cells, mostly of irregular outline. The sin- 
 uous lines which traverse it, and may be dis- / " ^ ^ ) ( 
 
 cerned under low powers of the microscope (Fig. 487), are the boundaries 
 of the epidermal cells. 
 
 443. Breathing-pores, or Stomates, Stomata (singular, a Stoma, 
 literally, a mouth) are openings through the epidermis into the air-chambers 
 or intercellular passages, always between and guarded by a pair of thin- 
 walled guardian cells. Although most abundant in leaves, especially on 
 their lower face (that which is screened from direct sunlight), they are 
 found on most other green parts. They establish a direct communication 
 between the external air and that in the loose interior of the leaf. Their 
 guardian cells or lips, which are soft and delicate, like those of the green 
 pulp within, by their greater or less turgidity open or close the orifice as the 
 moisture or dryness varies. 
 
 444. In the White Lily the stomata are so remarkably large that they 
 may be seen by a simple microscope of moderate power, and may be dis- 
 cerned even by a good hand lens. There are about 60,000 of them to the 
 square inch of the epidermis of the lower face of this Lily-leaf, and only 
 about 3000 to the same space on the upper face. It is computed that an 
 average leaf of an Apple-tree has on its lower face about 100,000 of these 
 mouths. 
 
 5. PLANT FOOD AND ASSIMILATION. 
 
 445. Only plants are capable of originating organizable matter, or the 
 materials which compose the structure of vegetables and animals. The es- 
 sential and peculiar work of plants is to take up portions of earth and air 
 (water belonging to both) upon which animals cannot live at all, and to 
 convert them into something organizable; that is, into something that, 
 under life, may be built up into vegetable and animal structures. All the 
 food of animals is produced by plants. Animals live upon vegetables, 
 
 FIG. 484. Small portion of epidermis of the lower face of a White-Lily leaf, 
 nth stomata. 
 
 FIQ. 485. One of these, more magnified, in the closed state. 486. Another 
 stoma, open. 
 
 Fid. 487. Small portion of epidermis of the Garden Balsam, highly magnified, 
 showing very sinuous-walled cells, and three stomata^
 
 SECTION 16.] PLANT FOOD AND ASSIMILATION. 145 
 
 directly or at second hand, the carnivorous upon the herbivorous; and 
 vegetables live upon earth and air, immediately or at second hand. 
 
 446. The Food of plants, then, primarily, is earth and air. This is 
 evident enough from the way in which they live. Many plants will flourish 
 in pure sand or powdered chalk, or on the bare face of a rock or wall, 
 watered merely with rain. And almost any plant may be made to grow 
 from the seed in moist sand, and increase its weight many times, even if it 
 will not come to perfection. Many naturally live suspended from the 
 brandies of trees high in the air, and nourished by it alone, never hav- 
 ing any connection with the soil ; and some which naturally grow on the 
 ground, like the Live-forever of the gardens, when pulled up by the roots 
 and hung in the air will often flourish the whole summer long. 
 
 447. It is true that fast-growing plants, or those which produce much 
 vegetable matter in one season (especially in such concentrated form as 
 to be useful as food for man or the higher animals) will come to maturity 
 only in an enriched soil. But what is a rich soil ? One which contains 
 decomposing vegetable matter, or some decomposing animal matter; that 
 is, in either case, some decomposing organic matter formerly produced by 
 plants. Aided by this, grain-bearing and other important vegetables will 
 grow more rapidly and vigorously, and make a greater amount of nourish- 
 ing matter, than they could if left to do the whole work at once from the 
 beginning. So that in these cases also all the organic or organizable matter 
 was made by plants, and made out of earth and air. Far the larger and 
 most essential part was air and water. 
 
 448. Two kinds of material are taken in and used by plants ; of which 
 the first, although more or less essential to perfect plant-growth, are in a 
 certain sense subsidiary, if not accidental, viz. : 
 
 Earthy constituents, those which are left in the form of ashes when a leaf 
 or a stick of wood is burned in the open air. These consist of some potash 
 (or soda in a marine plant), some silex (the same as flint), and a little lime, 
 alumine, or magnesia, iron or manganese, sulphur, phosphorus, etc., some 
 or all of these in variable and usually minute proportions. They are such 
 materials as happen to be dissolved, in small quantity, in the water taken 
 up by the roots ; and when that is consumed by the plant, or flies off pure 
 (as it largely does) by exhalation, the earthy matter is left behind in the 
 cells, just as it is left incrustiug the sides of a teakettle b which much 
 hard water has been boiled. Naturally, therefore, there is more earthy 
 matter (i. e. more ashes) in the leaves than in any other part (sometimes 
 as much as seven per cent, when the wood contains only two per cent) ; 
 because it is through the leaves that most of the water escapes from the 
 plant. Some of this earthy matter incrusts the cell-walls, some goes to 
 form crystals or rhaphides, which abound in many plants (422), some 
 enters into certain special vegetable products, and some appears to be ne- 
 cessary to the well-being of the higher orders of plants, although forming 
 no necessary part of the proper vegetable structure. 
 10
 
 U6 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16. 
 
 The essential constituents of the organic fabric are those which are dissi- 
 pated into air and vapor in complete burning. They make up from 88 to 
 99 per cent of the leaf or stem, and essentially the whole both of the cellu- 
 lose of the walls and the protoplasm of the contents. Burning gives these 
 materials of the plant's structure back to the air, mainly in the same condi- 
 tion in which the plant took them, the same condition which is reached 
 more slowly in natural decay. The chemical elements of the cell-walls (or 
 cellulose, 402), as also of starch, sugar, and all that class of organizable 
 cell-material, are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (399). The same, with 
 nitrogen, are the constituents of protoplasm, or the truly vital part of 
 vegetation. 
 
 449. These chemical elements out of which organic matters are com- 
 posed are supplied to the plant by water, carbonic acid, and some combina- 
 tions of nitrogen. 
 
 Water^ far more largely than anything else, is imbibed by the roots ; also 
 more or less by the foliage in the form of vapor. Water consists of oxygen 
 and hydrogen; and cellulose or plant- wall, starch, sugar, etc., however 
 different in their qualities, agree in containing these two elements in the 
 same relative proportions as in water. 
 
 Carbonic acid gas (Carbon dioxide) is one of the components of the atmos- 
 phere, a small one, ordinarily only about 5-5^ ^ ^ s bulk, sufficient 
 for the supply of vegetation, but not enough to be injurious to animals, as it 
 would be if accumulated. Every current or breeze of air brings to the leaves 
 expanded in it a succession of fresh atoms of carbonic acid, which it absorbs 
 through its multitudinous breathing-pores. This gas is also taken up by 
 water. So it is brought to the ground by rain, and is absorbed by the roots 
 of plants, either as dissolved in the water they imbibe, or in the form of 
 gas in the interstices of the soil. Manured ground, that is, soil containing 
 decomposing vegetable or animal matters, is constantly giving out this gas 
 into the interstices of the soil, whence the roots of the growing crop absorb 
 it. Carbonic acid thus supplied, primarily from the air, is the source of the 
 carbon which forms much the largest part of the substance of every plant. 
 The proportion of carbon may be roughly estimated by charring some wood 
 or foliage; that is, by heating it out of contact with the air, so as to decom- 
 pose and drive off all the other constituents of the fabric, leaving the large 
 bulk of charcoal or carbon behind. 
 
 Nitrogen, the remaining plant-element, is a gas which makes up more 
 than two thirds of the atmosphere, is brought into the foliage and also to 
 the roots (being moderately soluble in water) in the same ways as is car- 
 bonic acid. The nitrogen which, mixed with oxygen, a little carbonic acid, 
 and vapor of water, constitutes the air we breathe, is the source of this 
 fourth plant-element. But it is very doubtful if ordinary plants can use 
 any nitrogen gas directly as food ; that is, if they can directly cause it to 
 combine with the other elements so as to form protoplasm. But when com- 
 bined with hydrogen ''forming ammonia), or wheu combined with oxygen
 
 SECTION 16.] PLANT FOOD AND ASSIMILATION. 147 
 
 (uitric acid and nitrates) plants appropriate it with avidity. And several 
 natural processes are going on in which nitrogen of the air is so combined 
 and supplied to the soil in forms directly available to the plant. The most 
 efficient is nitrification, the formation of nitre (nitrate of potash) in the soil, 
 especially in all fertile soils, through the action of a bacterial ferment. 
 
 450. Assimilation in plants is the conversion of these inorganic sub- 
 stances essentially, water, carbonic acid, and some form of combined or 
 combinable nitrogen into vegetable matter. This most dilute food the 
 living plant concentrates and assimilates to itself. Only plants are capable 
 of converting these mineral into organizable matters ; and this all-important 
 work is done by them (so far as all ordinary vegetation is concerned) only 
 
 451. Under the light of the sun, acting upon green parts or foliage, that 
 is, upon the chlorophyll, or upon what answers to chlorophyll, which these 
 parts contain. The sun in some way supplies a power which enables the 
 living plant to originate these peculiar chemical combinations, to organ- 
 ize matter into forms which are alone capable of being endowed with life. 
 The proof of this proposition is simple ; and it shows at the same time, in 
 the simplest way, what a plant does with the water and carbonic acid it 
 consumes. Namely, 1st, it is only in sunshine or bright daylight that the 
 green parts of plants give out oxygen gas, then they regularly do so ; 
 and 3d, the giving out of this oxygen gas is required to render the chemical 
 composition of water and carbonic acid the same as that of cellulose, that 
 is, of the plant's permanent fabric. This shows why plants spread out so 
 large a surface of foliage. Leaves are so many workshops, full of ma- 
 chinery worked by sun-power. The emission of oxygen gas from any 
 sun-lit foliage is seen by placing some of this under water, or by using an 
 aquatic plant, by collecting the air bubbles which rise, and by noting that 
 a taper burns brighter in this air. Or a leafy plant in a glass globe may 
 be supplied with a certain small percentage of carbonic acid gas, and after 
 proper exposure to sunshine, the air on being tested will be found to con- 
 tain less carbonic acid and just so much the more oxygen gas. 
 
 452. Now if the plant is making cellulose or any equivalent substance, 
 that is, is making the very materials of its fabric and growth, as must 
 generally be the case, all this oxygen gas given off by the leaves comes 
 from the decomposition of carbonic acid taken in by the plant. For cellu- 
 lose, and also starch, dextrine, sugar, and the like are composed of carbon 
 along with oxygen and hydrogen in just the proportions to form water. 
 And the carbonic acid and water taken in, less the oxygen which the carbon 
 brought with it as carbonic acid, and which is given off from the foliage in 
 sunshine, just represents the manufactured article, cellulose. 
 
 453. It comes to the same if the first product of assimilation is sugar, 
 or dextrine which is a sort of soluble starch, or starch itself. And in the 
 plant all these forms are readily changed into one another. In the tiny 
 seedling, as fast as this assimilated matter is formed it is used in growth, 
 that is, in the formation of cell-walls. After a time some or much 01
 
 148 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16. 
 
 the product may be accumulated in store for future growth, as in the root 
 of the turnip, or the tuber of the potato, or the seed of corn or pulse, 
 rhia store is mainly in the form of starch. When growth begins anew, 
 this starch is turned into dextrine or into sugar, in liquid form, and used 
 to nourish and build up the germinating embryo or the new shoot, where 
 it is at length converted into cellulose and used to build up plant-structure. 
 454> But that which builds plant-fabric is not the cellular structure 
 itself; the work is doue by the living protoplasm which dwells within the 
 walls. This also has to take and to assimilate its proper food, for its own 
 maintenance and growth. Protoplasm assimilates, along with the other 
 three elements, the nitrogen of the plant's food. This comes primarily from 
 the vast stock in the atmosphere, but mainly through the earth, where it is 
 accumulated through various processes in a fertile soil, mainly, so far as 
 concerns crops, from the decomposition of former vegetables and animals. 
 This protoplasm, which is formed at the same time as the simpler cellulose, 
 is essentially the same as the flesh of animals, and the source of it. It is 
 the common basis of vegetable and of animal life. 
 
 455. So plant-assimilation produce* all the food and fabric of animals, 
 Starch, sugar, the oils (which are, as it were, these farinaceous matters 
 more deoxidated), chlorophyll, and the like, and even cellulose itself, form 
 the food of herbivorous animals and much of the food of man. When 
 digested they enter into the blood, undergo various transformations, and are 
 at length decomposed into carbonic acid and water, and exhaled from the 
 lungs in respiration, in other words, are given back to the air by the ani- 
 mal as the very same materials which the plant took from the air as its food, 
 are given back to the air in the same form that they would have taken if 
 the vegetable matter had been left to decay where it grew, or if it had been 
 set on fire and burned ; and with the same result, too, as to the heat, the 
 heat in this case producing and maintaining the proper temperature of the 
 animal. 
 
 456. The protoplasm and other products containing nitrogen (gluten, 
 legumine, etc.), and which are most accumulated in grains and seeds (for 
 the nourishment of their embryos when they germinate), compose the most 
 nutritious vegetable food consumed by animals; they form their proper 
 flesh and sinews, while the earthy constituents of the plant form the earthy 
 matter of the bones, etc. At length decomposed, in the secretions and 
 excretions, these nitrogenous constituents are through successive changes 
 finally resolved into mineral matter, into carbonic acid, water, and ammonia 
 or some nitrates, into exactly or essentially the same materials which the 
 plants took up and assimilated. Animals depend upon vegetables abso- 
 lutely and directly for their subsistence ; also indirectly, because 
 
 457. Plants purify the air for animals. In the very process by which they 
 create food they take from the air carbonic acid gas, injurious to animal res- 
 piration, which is continually poured into it by the breathing of all animals, 
 by all decay, by the burning of fuel aud all other ordinary combustion; and
 
 SECTION 16.] MOVEMENTS. 149 
 
 they restore an equal bulk of life-sustaining oxygen needful for the respiration 
 of animals, needful, also, in a certain measure, for plants in any work they 
 do. for in plants, as well as in animals, work is done at a certain coat 
 
 6. PLANT WORK AND MOVEMENT. 
 
 458. As the organic basis and truly living material of plants is identical 
 with that of animals, so is the life at bottom essentially the same ; but in 
 animals something is added at every rise from the lowest to highest organ- 
 isms. Action and work in living beings require movement. 
 
 459. Living things move; those not living are only moved. Plants 
 move as truly as do animals. The latter, nourished as they are upon or- 
 ganized food, which has been prepared for them by plants, and is found 
 only here and there, must needs have the power of going after it, of collect- 
 ing it, or at least of taking it in ; which requires them to make spontaneous 
 movements. But ordinary plants, with their wide-spread surface, always 
 hi contact with the earth and air on which they feed, the latter every- 
 where the same, and the former very much so, might be thought to have 
 no need of movement. Ordinary plants, indeed, have no locomotion ; some 
 float, but most are rooted to the spot where they grew. Yet probably ah 1 
 of them execute various movements which must be as truly self-caused as 
 are those of the lower grades of animals, movements which are over- 
 looked only because too slow to be directly observed. Nevertheless, the 
 motion of the hour-hand and of the minute-hand of a watch is not less real 
 than that of the second-hand. 
 
 460. Locomotion. Moreover, many microscopic plants living in water 
 are seen to move freely, if not briskly, under the microscope ; and so like- 
 wise do more conspicuous 
 
 aquatic plants in their embryo- 
 like or seedling state. Even at 
 maturity, species of Oscillaria 
 (such as hi Fig. 488, minute 
 worm-shaped plants of fresh 
 waters, taking this name from 
 their oscillating motions) freely 
 execute three different kinds 
 
 of movement, the very delicate investing coat of cellulose not impeding the 
 action of the living protoplasm within. Even when this coat is firmer and 
 hardened with a siliceous deposit, such crescent-shaped or boat-shaped 
 one-celled plants as Closterium or Navicvla are able in some way to move 
 along from place to place in the water. 
 
 461. Movements in Cells, or Cell-circulation, sometimes called Cy* 
 closis, has been detected in so many plants, especially in comparatively 
 
 FIG. 488. Two individuals of an Oscillaria, magnified.
 
 150 
 
 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16. 
 
 transparent aquatic plants and in hairs on the surface of land plants (where 
 it is easiest to observe), that it may be inferred to take place in all cells 
 during the most active part of their life. This motion is commonly a 
 treaming movement of threads of protoplasm, carrying 
 '^ A tr~=si along solid granules by which the action may be ob- 
 served and the rate measured, or in some cases it is a 
 rotation of the whole protoplasmic contents of the cell. 
 A comparatively low magnifying power will show it in 
 the cells of Nitella and Chara (which are cryptogamous 
 plants) ; and under a moderate power it is well seen in 
 the Tape Grass of fresh water, Vallisneria, and in Naias 
 flexilis (Fig. 489). Minute particles and larger green- 
 ish globules are seen to be carried along, as if in a cur- 
 rent, around the cell, passing up one side, across the 
 end, down the other and across the bottom, completing 
 the circuit sometimes within a minute or less when well 
 warmed. To see it well in the cell, which like a string 
 of beads form the hairs on the stamens of Spiderwort, 
 a high magnifying power is needed. 
 
 462. Transference of Liquid from Cell to Cell, 
 and so from place to place in the plant, the absorption 
 of water by the rootlets, and the exhalation of the 
 greater part of it from the foliage, these and similar 
 operations are governed by the physical laws which 
 regulate the diffusion of fluids, but are controlled by the 
 action of living protoplasm. Equally under vital control 
 are the various chemical transformations which attend 
 assimilation and growth, and which involve not only molecular movements 
 but conveyance. Growth itself, which is the formation and shaping of 
 new parts, implies the direction of internal activities to definite ends. 
 
 463. Movements of Organs. The living protoplasm, in all but the 
 lowest grade of plants, is enclosed and to common appearance isolated in 
 separate cells, the walls of which can only in their earliest state be said to 
 be alive. Still plants are able to cause the protoplasm of adjacent cells 
 to act in concert, and by their combined action to effect movements in 
 roots, stems, or leaves, some of them very slow and gradual, some manifest 
 and striking. Such movements are brought about through individually 
 minute changes in the form or tension in the protoplasm of the innumera- 
 ble cells which make up the structure of the organ. Some of the slower 
 movements are effected during growth, and may be explained by inequality 
 of growth on the two sides of the bending organ. But the more rapid 
 changes of position, and some of the slow ones, cannot be so explained. 
 
 FIG. 489. A few cells of a leaf of Naias flexilis, highly magnified: the arrows 
 Indicate the courses of the circulating currents-
 
 SECTION 16.J MOVEMENTS. 151 
 
 464. Boot-movements, In its growth a root turns or bends away 
 from the light and toward the centre of the earth, so that in lengthening 
 it buries itself in the soil where it is to live and act. Every one must 
 have observed this in the germination of seeds. Careful observations have 
 shown that the tip of a growing root also makes little sweeps or short 
 'movements from side to side. By this means it more readily insinuates 
 itself into yielding portions of the soil. The root-tips will also turn 
 toward moisture, and so secure the most favorable positions in the soil. 
 
 465. Stem-movements. The root end of the caulicle or first joint ot 
 stem (that below the cotyledons) acts like the root, in turning downward 
 in germination (making a complete bend to do so if it happens to point 
 upward as the seed lies in the ground), while the other end turns or 
 points skyward. These opposite positions are taken in complete dark- 
 ness as readily as in the light, in dryness as much as in moisture : there 
 fore, so far as these movements are physical, the two portions of the same 
 internode appear to be oppositely aifected by gravitation or other in- 
 fluences. 
 
 466. Rising into the air, the stem and green shoots generally, while 
 young and pliable, bend or direct themselves toward the light, or toward 
 the stronger light when unequally illuminated ; while roots turn toward the 
 darkness. 
 
 467. Many growing stems have also a movement of Nutation, that is, 
 of nodding successively in different directions. This is brought about by 
 a temporary increase of turgidity of the cells along one side, thus bowing 
 the stem over to the opposite side; and this line of turgescence travels 
 round the shoot continually, from right to left or from left to right accord- 
 ing to the species : thus the shoot bends to all points of the compass in 
 succession. Commonly this nutation is slight or hardly observable. It is 
 most marked in 
 
 468. Twining Stems (Fig. 90). The growing upper end of such 
 stems, as is familiar in the Hop, Pole Beans, and Morning-Glory, turns 
 over in an inclined or horizontal direction, thus stretching out to reach a 
 neighboring support, and by the continual change in the direction of the 
 nodding, sweeps the whole circle, the sweeps being the longer as the stem 
 lengthens. When it strikes against a support, such as a stem or branch of 
 a neighboring plant, the motion is arrested at the contact, but continues 
 at the growing apex beyond, and this apex is thus made to wind spirally 
 around the supporting body. 
 
 469. Leaf-movements are all but universal. The presentation by 
 most leaves of their upper surface to the light, from whatever direction 
 that may come, is an instance ; for when turned upside down they twist or 
 bend round on the stalk to recover this normal position. Leaves, and the 
 leaflets of compound leaves, change this position at nightfall, or when the 
 light is withdrawn ; they then take what is called their sleeping posture, 
 resuming the diurnal position when daylight returns. This is very striking
 
 152 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16. 
 
 in Locust-trees, in the Sensitive Plant (Fig. 490), and in Woodsorrel. 
 Young seedlings droop or close their leaves at night in plants which are 
 not thus affected in the adult foliage. All this is thought to be a protec- 
 tion against the cold by nocturnal radiation. 
 
 470. Various plants climb by a coiling movement of their leaves or their 
 leaf-stalks. Familiar examples are seen in Clematis, Maurandia, Tropseo- 
 lum, and in a Solanum which is much cultivated in greenhouses (Fig. 172). 
 In the latter, and in other woody plants which climb in this way, the 
 petioles thicken and harden after they have grasped their support, thus 
 securing a very firm hold. 
 
 471. Tendril movements. Tendrils are either leaves or stems (98, 
 168), specially developed for climbing purposes. Cobeea is a good exam. 
 pie of partial transformation ; some of the leaflets are normal, some of the 
 same leaf are little tendrils, and some intermediate in character. The 
 Passion-flowers give good examples of simple stem-tendrils (Fig. 92) ; 
 Grape- Vines, of branched ones. Most tendrils make revolving sweeps, like 
 those of twining stems. Those of some Passion-flowers, in sultry weather, 
 are apt to move fast enough for the movement actually to be seen for a part 
 of the circuit, as plainly as that of the second-hand of a watch. Two 
 herbaceous species, Passiflora gracilis and P. sicyoides (the first an annual, 
 the second a strong-rooted perennial of the easiest 
 
 cultivation), are admirable for illustration both of 
 revolving movements and of sensitive coiling. 
 
 472. Movements under Irritatioa The most 
 familiar case is that of the Sensitive Plant (Fig. 490). 
 The leaves suddenly take their nocturnal position 
 when roughly touched or when shocked by a jar. 
 The leaflets close in pairs, the four outspread par- 
 tial petioles come closer together, and the common 
 petiole is depressed. 
 
 The seat of the move- 
 ments is at the base of 
 the leaf-stalk and stalk- 
 lets. Schrankia, a near 
 relative of the Sensitive 
 Plant, acts in the same 
 way, but is slower. 
 These are not anoma- 
 lous actions, but only 
 
 extreme manifestations of a faculty more or less common in foliage. In 
 Locust and Honey-Locusts for example, repeated jars will slowly pro* 
 dnce similar effects. 
 
 FIG. 490. Piece of stem of Sensitive Plant (Mimosa pudica), with two leaves, 
 the lower open, the upper in the closed state.
 
 SECTION 16.] 
 
 MOVEMENTS. 
 
 153 
 
 473. Leaf -stalks and tendrils are adapted to their uses in climbing by a 
 similar sensitiveness. The coiling of the leaf-stalk is in response to a 
 kind of irritation produced by contact with the supporting body. This 
 may be shown by gentle rubbing or prolonged pressure upon the upper 
 face of the leaf-stalk, which is soon followed by a curvature. Ten- 
 drils are still more sensitive to contact or light friction. This causes the 
 free end of the tendril to coil round the support, and the sensitiveness, 
 propagated downward along the tendril, causes that side of it to become 
 less turgesceut or the opposite side more so, thus throwing the tendril into 
 coils. This shortening draws the plant up to the support. Tendrils which 
 have not laid hold will at length commonly coil spontaneously, in a simple 
 coil, from the free apex downward. 
 
 In Sicyos, Echinocystis, and the 
 above mentioned Passion-flowers 
 (471), the tendril is so sensitive, 
 under a high summer temperature, 
 that it will curve and coil prompt- 
 ly after one or two light sttokes 
 by the hand. 
 
 474. Among spontaneous move- 
 ments the most singular are those 
 of Desmodium gyrans of India, 
 sometimes called Telegraph-plant, 
 which is cultivated on account of 
 this action. Of its three leaflets, 
 the larger (terminal) one moves 
 only by drooping at nightfall and 
 rising with the dawn. But its two 
 small lateral leaflets, when in a 
 congenial high temperature, by day 
 and by night move upward and 
 downward in a succession of jerks, 
 stopping occasionally, as if to re- 
 cover from exhaustion. In most 
 plant-movements some obviously 
 useful purpose is subserved : this 
 of Desmodium gyrans is a riddle. 
 
 475. Movements in Flowers are very various. The most remarkable 
 are in some way connected with fertilization (Sect. XIII.). Some occur 
 under irritation : the stamens of Barberry start forward when touched at 
 the base inside : those of many polyandrous flowers (of Sparmannia very 
 strikingly) spread outwardly when lightly brushed : the two lips or lobes 
 
 FIG. 491. Portion of stem and leaves of Telegraph-plant (Desmodium gyrans), 
 almost of natural size.
 
 154 
 
 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16. 
 
 of the stigma in Mimulus close after a touch. Some are automatic and 
 are connected with dichogamy (339) : the style of Sabbatia and of large- 
 flowered species of Epilobium bends over strongly to one side or turns down- 
 ward when the blossom opens, but slowly erects itself a day or two later. 
 
 476. Extraordinary Movements connected with Capture of In- 
 sects. The most striking cases are those of Drosera and Dionaea ; for an 
 account of which see "How Plants Behave," and Goodale's " Physiological 
 Botany." 
 
 477. The upper face of the leaves of the common species of Drosera, 
 or Sundew, is beset with stout bristles, having a glandular tip. This tip 
 secretes a drop of a clear but very viscid liquid, which glistens like a dew- 
 drop in the sun ; whence the popular name. When a fly or other small 
 insect, attracted by the liquid, alights upon the leaf, the viscid drops are so 
 tenacious that they hold it fast. In struggling it only becomes more com- 
 pletely entangled. Now the neighboring bris- 
 tles, which have not been touched, slowly bend 
 inward from all sides toward the captured in- 
 sect, and bring their sticky apex against its 
 body, thus increasing the number of bonds. 
 Moreover, the blade of the leaf commonly aids 
 in the capture by becoming concave, its sides 
 or edges turning inward, which brings still 
 more of the gland-tipped bristles into contact 
 with the captive's body. The insect per- 
 ishes ; the clear liquid disappears, apparently 
 
 by absorption into the tissue of 
 the leaf. It is thought that the 
 absorbed secretion takes with it 
 some of the juices of the insect 
 or the products of its decompo- 
 sition. 
 
 478. Dionsea muscipula, the 
 most remarkable vegetable fly-trap 
 (Fig. 176, 492), is related to the 
 Sundews, and has a more special 
 and active apparatus for fly- 
 catching, formed of the summit 
 of the leaf. The two halves of this rounded body move as if they were 
 hinged upon the midrib; their edges are fringed with spiny but not 
 glandular bristles, which interlock when the organ closes. Upon the face 
 are two or three short and delicate bristles, whicli are sensitive. They do 
 not themselves move when touched, but they propagate the sensitiveness to 
 the organ itself, causing it to close with a quick movement. In a fresh 
 
 Fio. 492. Plant of Dionaea muscipula, or Venus's Fly-trap, reduced in size.
 
 SECTION 16.] TRANSFORMING MATERIAL AND ENERGY. 155 
 
 and vigorous leaf, under a high summer temperature, and when the trap 
 lies widely opeu, a touch of any one of the minute bristles on the face, by 
 the finger or any extraneous body, springs the trap (so to say), and it 
 closes suddenly ; but after an hour or so it opens again. When a fly or 
 other small insect alights on the trap, it closes in the same manner, and so 
 quickly that the intercrossing marginal bristles obstruct the egress of the 
 insect, unless it be a small one and not worth taking. Afterwards and 
 more slowly it completely closes, and presses down upon the prey ; then 
 some hidden glands pour out a glairy liquid, which dissolves out the juices 
 of the insect's body ; next all is re-absorbed into the plant, and the trap 
 opens to repeat the operation. But the same leaf perhaps never captures 
 more than two or three insects. It ages instead, becomes more rigid and 
 motionless, or decays away. 
 
 479. That some few plants should thus take animal food will appear 
 less surprising when it is considered that hosts of plants of the lower grade, 
 known as Fungi, moulds, rusts, ferments, Bacteria, etc., live upon animal 
 or other organized matter, either decaying or living. That plants should 
 execute movements in order to accomplish the ends of their existence is 
 less surprising now when it is known that the living substance of plants 
 and animals is essentially the same ; that the beings of both kingdoms par- 
 take of a common life, to which, as they rise in the scale, other and higher 
 endowments are successively superadded. 
 
 480. Work uses up material and energy in plants as well as in ani- 
 mals. The latter live and work by the consumption and decomposition 
 of that which plants have assimilated into organizable matter through an 
 energy derived from the sun, and which is, so to say, stored up hi the as- 
 similated products. In every internal action, as well as in every movement 
 and exertion, some portion of this assimilated matter is transformed and 
 of its stored energy expended. The steam-engine is an organism for con- 
 verting the sun's radiant energy, stored up by plants in the fuel, into me- 
 chanical work. An animal is an engine fed by vegetable fuel in the same 
 or other forms, from the same source, by the decomposition of which it 
 also does mechanical work. The plant is the producer of food and accumu- 
 lator of solar energy or force. But the plant, like the animal, is a con- 
 sumer whenever and by so much as it does any work except its great work 
 of assimilation. Every internal change and movement, every transforma- 
 tion, such as that of starch into sugar and of sugar into cell-walls, as well 
 as every movement of parts which becomes externally visible, is done at 
 the expense of a certain amount of its assimilated matter and of its stored 
 energy ; that is, by the decomposition or combustion of sugar or some such 
 product into carbonic acid and water, which is given back to the air, just 
 as in the animal it is given back to the air in respiration. So the respira 
 tion of plants is as real and as essential as that of animals. But what plants 
 consume or decompose in their life and action is of insignificant amount ia 
 comparison with what they compose.
 
 156 CRYPTOGAMOUS OE FLOWEKLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17. 
 
 SECTIO* XVH. CBYPTOGAMOU8 OB FLOWERLESS 
 PLANTS. 
 
 481. Even the beginner in botany should have some general idea of 
 what cryptogamoua plants are, and what are the obvious distinctions of the 
 principal families. Although the lower grades are difficult, and need special 
 books and good microscopes for their study, the higher orders, such as 
 Ferns, may be determined almost as readily as phanerogamous plants. 
 
 482. Linnaeus gave to this lower grade of plants the name of Crypto- 
 gamia, thereby indicating that their organs answering to stamens and 
 pistils, if they had any, were recondite and unknown. There is no valid 
 reason why this long-familiar name should not be kept up, along with the 
 counterpart one of Phanerogamia (6), although organs analogous to stamens 
 and pistil, or rather to pollen and ovule, have been discovered in all the 
 higher and most of the lower grades of this series of plants. So also 
 the English synonymous name of Flowerless Plants is both good and con- 
 venient : for they have not flowers in the proper sense. The essentials of 
 flowers are stamens and pistils, giving rise to seeds, and the essential of a 
 seed is an embryo (8). Cryptogamous or Flowerless plants are propagated 
 by SPORES; and a spore b not an embryo-plantlet, but mostly a single 
 plant-cell (399). 
 
 483. Vascular Cryptogams, which compose the higher orders of this 
 series of plants, have stems and (usually) leaves, constructed upon the 
 general plan of ordinary plants ; that is, they have wood (wood-cells and 
 vessels, 408) in the stem and leaves, in the latter as a frame work of veins. 
 But the lower grades, having only the more elementary cellular structure, 
 are called Cellular Cryptogams. Far the krger number of the former are 
 Ferns : wherefore that class has been called 
 
 484. Pteridophyta, Pteridophytes in English form, meaning Fern- 
 plants, that is, Ferns and their relatives. They are mainly Horsetails, 
 Ferns, Club-Mosses, and various aquatics which have been called Hi/drop- 
 terides, i. e. Water-Ferns. 
 
 485. HorsetaUs, Equisetacea, is the name of a family which consists 
 only (among now-living plants) of Equisetum, the botanical name of Horse- 
 tail and Scouring Rush. They have hollow stems, with partitions at the 
 nodes; the leaves consist only of a whorl of scales at each node, these 
 coalescent into a sheath : from the axils of .these leaf-scales, in many species, 
 branches grow out, which are similar to the stem but on a much smaller 
 scale, close-jointed, and with the tips of the leaves more apparent. At the 
 apex of the stem appears the fructification, as it is called for lack of a better 
 term, in the form of a short spike or head. This consists of a good num 
 ber of stalked shields, bearing on their inner or under face several wedge. 
 shaped spore-cases. The spore-cases when they ripen open down the innef
 
 SECTION 17.] 
 
 PTERIDOPHYTES. 
 
 157 
 
 side and discharge a great number of green spores of a size large enough 
 to he well seen by a hand-gkss. The spores are aided in their discharge 
 
 and dissemination by four club-shaped threads attached to one part of them 
 These are hygrometric : when moist they are rolled 
 up over the spore ; when dry they straighten, 
 and exhibit lively movements, closing over the 
 spore when breathed upon, and unrolling promptly 
 a moment after as they dry. (See Fig. 493-498.; 
 486. Ferns, or Filices, a most attractive family 
 of plants, are very numerous and varied. In warm 
 and equable climates some rise into forest-trees, 
 with habit of Palms ; but most of them are peren- 
 nial herbs. The wood of a Fern-trunk is very dif- 
 ferent, however, from that of a palm, or of any exogenous stem either. A 
 section is represented in Fig. 500. The curved plates of wood each ter- 
 
 Fio. 493. Upper part of a stem of a Horsetail, Equisetum sylvaticnm. 494. Part 
 of the head or spike of spore-cases, with some of the latter taken off. 495. View 
 (more enlarged) of under side of the shield-shaped body, bearing a circle of spore* 
 cases. 496. One of the latter detached and more magnified. 497. A spore with 
 the attached arras moistened. 498. Same when dry, the arms extended. 
 
 FIG. 499. A Tree-Fern, Dicksonia arborescens, with a young one near its base. 
 In front a common herbaceous Fern (Polypodium vulgare) with its creeping ateip 
 or rootstock. 
 
 FIG. 500. A section of the trunk of a Tree- torn.
 
 158 CBYPTOGAMOU8 OR FLOWEKLESS PLANTS. {SECTION 17. 
 
 miuate upward in a leaf-stalk. The subterranean trunk or stem of any 
 strong-growing herbaceous Fern shows a similar structure. Most Ferns 
 are circinate in the bud ; that is, are rolled up in the manner shown in Fig. 
 197. Uncoiling as they grow, they have some likeness to a crosier. 
 
 487. The fructification of Ferns is borne on the back or under side of 
 
 the leave" The early botanists thought this such a peculiarity that they 
 
 606 607 
 
 always called a Fern-leaf a FROND, and its petiole a STIPE. Usage con- 
 tinues these terms, although they are superfluous. The fruit of Ferns 
 consists of SPORE-CASES, technically SPORANGIA, which grow out of the 
 veins of the leaf. Sometimes these are distributed over the whole lower 
 
 Fio. 501. The Walking-Fern, Camptosorus, reduced in size, showing its fruit- 
 dots on the veins approximated in pairs. 502. A small piece (pinnule) of a 
 Shield-Fern: a row of fruit-dots on each side of the midrib, each covered by its 
 kidney-shaped indnsium. 603. A spore-case from the latter, just bursting by the 
 partial straightening of the incomplete ring; well magnified. 504. Three of the 
 spores of 509, more magnified. 505. Schizaea pusilla, a very small and simple- 
 leaved Fern, drawn nearly of natural size. 506. One of the lobes of its fruit- 
 bearing portion, magnified, bearing two rows of epore-cases. 507. Spore-case of 
 the latter, detached, opening lengthwise. 508. Adder-tongue, Ophioglossum: 
 ipore-cases in a kind of spike: a, a portion of the fruiting part, about natural 
 *ze; showing two rows of the firm spore-cases, which open transversely into two 
 Mire*-
 
 SECTION 17.] 
 
 PTER1DOPHYTES. 
 
 159 
 
 surface of the leaf or frond, or over the whole surface when there are no 
 proper leaf-blades to the frond, but all is reduced to stalks. Commonly the 
 spore-cases occupy only detached spots or iines, each of which is called a 
 SOKUS, or in English merely a Fruit-dot. In many Ferns these fruit-dots 
 are naked ; in others they are produced under a scale-like bit of membrane, 
 called an INDUSIUM. In Maidenhair-Ferns a little lobe of the leaf is folded 
 back over each fruit-dot, to serve as its shield or indusium. In the true 
 Brake or Bracken (Pteris) the whole edge of the fruit-bearing part of the 
 leaf is folded back over it like a hem. 
 
 488. The form and structure of the spore-cases can be made out with 
 a common hand magnifying glass. The commonest kind (shown in Fig. 
 503) has a stalk formed of a row of jointed cells, and is itself composed 
 of a layer of thin-walled cells, but is incompletely surrounded by a border of 
 thicker-walled cells, forming the RING. This extends from the stalk up 
 one side of the spore-case, round its summit, descends 011 the other side, 
 but there gradually vanishes. In ripening and drying the shrinking of the 
 cells of the ring on the outer side causes it to straighten ; in doing so it 
 tears the spore-case open on the weaker side and 
 discharges the minute spores that fill it, com- 
 monly with a jerk which scatters them to the 
 wind. Another kind of spore-case (Fig. 507) 
 
 is stalkless, and has its 
 
 ring-cells forming a kind 
 
 of cap at the top : at ma- 
 turity it splits from top 
 
 to bottom by a regular 
 
 dehiscence. A third kind 
 
 is of firm texture and 
 
 opens across into two 
 
 valves, like a clam-shell 
 
 (Fig. 508): this kind 
 
 makes an approach to the 
 
 next family. 
 
 489. The spores germi- 
 nate on moistened ground. 
 
 In a conservatory they 
 
 may be found germinating 
 on a damp wall or on the edges of a well-watered flower-pot. Instead of 
 directly forming a fern-plautlet, the spore grows first into a body which 
 
 FIG. 509. A young prothallus of a Maiden-hair, moderately enlarged, and an 
 older one with the first fern-leaf developed from near the notch. 510. Middle por- 
 tion of the young one, much magnified, showing below, partly among the rootlets, 
 the antheridia or fertilizing organs, and above, near the notch, three pitttilidiu 
 to be fertilized.
 
 160 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17. 
 
 closely resembles a small Liverwort. This is named a PROTHJLLLUS (Fig. 
 509) : from some point of this a bud appears to originate, which produces 
 the first fern-leaf, soon followed by a second and third, and so the stem 
 %nd leaves of the plant are set up. 
 
 490. Investigation of this prothallus under the microscope resulted in 
 the disoovary of a wholly unsuspected kind of fertilization, taking place at 
 
 this germinating stage of the plant. On the under side of the prothallus 
 two kinds of organs appear (Fig. 510). One may be likened to an open 
 and depressed ovule, with a single cell at bottom answering to nucleus ; 
 the other, to an anther; but instead of pollen, it discharges corkscrew- 
 shaped microscopic filaments, which bear some cilia of extreme tenuity, by 
 the rapid vibration of which the filaments move freely over a wet surface. 
 These filaments travel over the surface of the prothallus, and even to other 
 prothalli (for there are natural hybrid Ferns), reach and enter the ovule- 
 
 Pio. 511. Lycopodium Caroliniannm, of nearly natural size. 512. Inside view 
 of one of the bracts and spore-case, magnified. 
 
 FIG. 513. Open 4-valved spore-case of a Selaginella, and its four large spores 
 (macrospores), magnified. 514. Macrospores of another Selaginella. 515. Same 
 separated. 
 
 FIG, 516. Plant of Isoetes. 617. Base of a leaf and contained sporocarp filled 
 with microspores cut across, magnified. 518. Same divided lengthwise, equally 
 magnified ; some microspores seen at tne left. 519. Section of a spore-case contain- 
 ing macrospores, equally magnified 5 at the right three macrospores more magnified.
 
 SECTION 17.] 
 
 PTERIDOPHYTES. 
 
 161 
 
 like cavities, and fertilize the cell. This thereupon sets up a growth, forms 
 a vegetable bud, and so develops the new plant. 
 
 491. Au essentially similar process of fertilization has been discovered 
 in the preceding and the following families of Pteridophytes ; but it is 
 mostly subterranean and very difficult to observe. 
 
 492. Club-Mosses or Lycopodiums. Some of the common kinds, 
 called Ground Pine, are familiar, being largely used for Christmas wreaths 
 and other decoration. They are low evergreens, some creeping, all with 
 considerable wood in their stems : this thickly beset with small leaves. In 
 the axils of soce of these leaves, or more commonly, in the axils of pecu- 
 liar leaves changed into bracts (as in Fig. 511, 512) spore-cases appear, as 
 roundish or kidney-shaped bodies, of firm texture, opening round the top 
 into two valves, and discharging a 'great quantity of a very fine yellow 
 powder, the spores. 
 
 493. The Selaginellas have been separated from Lycopodium, which 
 they much resemble, because they produce two kinds of spores, in sepa- 
 rate spore-cases. One kind (MICKOSPOBES) is just that of Lycopodium ; 
 the other consists of only 
 
 four large spores (MACKO- 
 SPORES), in a spore-case 
 which usually breaks in 
 pieces at maturity (Fig. 
 513-515). 
 
 494. The Qum\rorts, 
 Isoetes (Tig. 516-519), 
 are very unlike Club Mos- 
 ses in aspect, but have been 
 associated with them. They 
 look more like Rushes, and 
 live in water, or partly out 
 of it. A very short stem, 
 like a corm, bears a cluster 
 of roots underneath ; above 
 it is covered by the broad 
 bases of a cluster of awl- 
 shaped or thread-shaped 
 leaves. The spore-cases 
 are immersed in the bases 
 of the leaves. The outer 
 
 leaf-bases contain numerous macrospores ; the inner are filled with innu- 
 merable ttjicrospores. 
 
 495. The Kllworts (Marsilia and Pilularia) are low aquatics, which 
 
 FIG. 520. Plant of Marsilia quadrifoliata, reduced in size ; at the right a pair of 
 sporo-carps of about natural size.
 
 162 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17. 
 
 betx globular or pill-shaped frnit (SPOROCARPS) on the lower part of then 
 leaf-stalks or on their sleuder creeping steins. The leaves of the commoner 
 species of Marsilia might be taken for four-leaved Clover. (See Fig. 520.) 
 The sporocarps are usually raised on a short stalk. Within they are 
 divided lengthwise by a partition, and then crosswise by several partitions. 
 These partitions bear numerous delicate sacs or spore-cases of two kinds, 
 intermixed. The larger ones contain each a large spore, or macrospore ; 
 the smaller contain numerous microspores, immersed in mucilage. At 
 maturity the fruit bursts or splits open at top, and the two kinds of spores 
 are discharged. The large ones in germination produce a small prothallus ; 
 upon which the contents of the microspores act in the same way as iu 
 Ferns, and with a similar result 
 
 496. Azolla is a little floating plant, looking like a small Liverwort or 
 Moss. Its branches are covered with minute and scale-shaped leaves. 
 On the under side of the branches are found egg-shaped thin- walled sporo- 
 carps of two kinds. The small ones open across and discharge micro- 
 spores ; the larger burst irregularly, and bring to view globose spore-cases, 
 attached to the bottom of the sporocarp by a slender stalk. These delicate 
 spore-cases burst and set free about four macrospores, which are ferti. 
 lized at germination, in the manner of the Pillworts and Quillworts. 
 
 (See Fig. 521-526.) 
 
 521 
 
 497. Cellular Cryptogams (483) are so called because composed, 
 even in their higher forms, of cellular tissue only, without proper wood- 
 cells or vessels. Many of the lower kinds are mere plates, or ribbons, 
 or simple rows of cells, or even single cells. But their highest orders 
 follow the plan of Ferns and phanerogamous plants in having stem and 
 leaves for their upward growth, and commonly roots, or at least rootlets, 
 
 FIG. 521. Small plant of Azolla Carolinians. 522. Portion magnified, showing 
 tbe two kinds of sporocarp; the small ones contain microspores ; 523 represents 
 one more magnified. 524. The larger sporocarp more magnified. 525. Same 
 more magnified and burst open, showing stalked spore-cases. 526. Two of the 
 latter highly magnified ; one of them bursting shows four contained macrospores: 
 between the two, three of these scores highly magnified.
 
 SECTION 17.] 
 
 BRYOPHYTES. 
 
 163 
 
 to attach them to the soil, or to trunks, or to other bodies on which they 
 grow. Plants of this grade are chiefly Mosses. 80 as a whole they take 
 the name of 
 
 498. Biyophyta, Bryophytes in English form, Bryum being the 
 Greek name of a Moss. These plants are of two principal kinds : true 
 Mosses (Musci, which is their Latin name in the plural) ; and Hepatic 
 Mosses, or Liverworts (Hepatictg). 
 
 499. Mosses or Musoi. The pale Peat-mosses (species of Sphagnum, 
 the principal component of sphagnous bogs) and the strong-growing Hair- 
 cap Moss (Polytrichum) are among the lar- 
 ger and commoner representatives of this 
 
 numerous family ; while Fountain Moss (Fon- 
 tinalis) in running water sometimes attains the 
 length of a yard or more. On the other hand, 
 some are barely individually distinguishable 
 to the naked eye. Fig. 52?' represents a com- 
 mon little Moss, enlarged to about twelve 
 times its natural size ; and by its side is part 
 of a leaf, much magnified, showing that it is 
 composed of cellular tissue (parenchyma-cells) 
 only. The leaves of Mosses are always sim- 
 ple, distinct, and sessile on the stem. The 
 fructification is an urn-shaped spore-case, in 
 this as in most cases raised on a slender stalk. 
 The spore-case loosely bears on its summit 
 a tliin and pointed cap, like a candle-extin- 
 guisher, called a Calyptra. Detaching this, it 
 is found that the spore-case is like a pyxis 
 (376), that is, the top at maturity comes off 
 as a lid (Operculum) ; and that the interior is 
 filled with a green powder, the spores, which 
 are discharged through the open mouth. In 
 most Mosses there is a fringe of one or two 
 rows of teeth or membrane around this month 628 B27 
 
 or orifice, the Peristone. When moist the peristome closes hygrometri- 
 cally over the orifice more or less; when drier the teeth or processes 
 commonly bend outward or recurve ; and then the spores more readily es- 
 cape. In Hair-cap Moss a membrane is stretched quite across the mouth, 
 like a drum-head, retaining the spores until this wears away. See Figures 
 527-541 for details. 
 
 500. Fertilization in Mosses is by the analogues of stamens and pistils, 
 which are hidden in the axils of leaves, or in the cluster of leaves at the 
 
 Flo. 527o Single plant of Physcomitrium pyriforme, magnified. 628. Top of a 
 leaf, out across; it consists of a single layer of cell*.
 
 164 CRYPTOGAMOUS OB FLOWEKLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17. 
 
 end of the stem. The analogue of the anther (Antheridium) is a cellulai 
 sac, which in bursting discharges innumerable delicate cells floating in a 
 mucilaginous liquid; each of these bursts and sets free a vibratile self- 
 681 84 Ml 640 
 
 moving thread. These threads, one or more, reach the orifice of the pistil, 
 shaped body, the Pistillidium, and act upon a particular cell at its base 
 within. This cell in its growth develops into the spore-case and its stalk 
 (when there is any), carrying on its summit the wall of the pistillidium, 
 which becomes the calyptra. 
 
 501. Liverworts or Hepatio Mosses (Hepaticee) in some kinds re- 
 semble true Mosses, having distinct stem and leaves, although their leaves 
 occasionally run together ; while in others there is no distinction of stem 
 and leaf, but the whole plant is a leaf-like body, which produces rootlets on 
 the lower face and its fructification on the upper. Those of the moss-like 
 kind (sometimes called Scale-Mosses) have their tender spore-cases splitting 
 into four valves ; and with their spores are intermixed some slender spiral 
 
 FIG. 529. Mnium cuspidatum, smaller than nature. 530. Its calyptra, detached, 
 enlarged. 531. Its spore-case, with top of stalk, magnified, the lid (532) being 
 detached, the outer peristome appears. 533. Part of a cellular ring (annulus) 
 which was under the lid, outside of the peristome, more magnified. 534. Some 
 of the enter and of the inner peristome (consisting of jointed teeth) much magni- 
 fied. 535. Antheridia and a pistillidium (the so-called flower) at end of a stem 
 of same plant, the leaves torn away (<f , antheridia, 9, pistillidium), magnified. 
 536. A bursting antheridium, and some of the accompanying jointed threads, 
 highly magnified. 537. Summit of an open spore-case of a Moss, which has 
 a peristome of 16 pairs of teeth. 538. The double peristome of a Hypnum. 
 539-541. Spore-case, detached calyptra, and top of more enlarged spore-case 
 and detached lid, of Physcomitrium pyriforme (Fig. 527) : orifice shows that there 
 is no peristome.
 
 SECTION 17.] BRYOPHYTES. 165 
 
 and very hygrometric threads (called Slaters) which are thought to aid in 
 the dispersion of the spores. (Fig. 542-544.) 
 
 502. Marchantia, the commonest and largest of the true Liverworts, 
 forms large green plates or fronds on damp and shady ground, and sends up 
 from some part of the upper face a stout stalk, ending in a several-lobed 
 umbrella-shaped body, under the lobes of which hang several thin-walled 
 spore-cases, which burst open and discharge spores and elaters. Riccia 
 natans (Fig. 545) consists of wedge-shaped or heart-shaped fronds, which 
 float free in pools of still water. The under face bears copious rootlets ; in 
 the substance of the upper face are the spore-cases, their pointed tips 
 
 544 
 
 merely projecting: there they burst open, and discharge their spores. 
 These are comparatively few and large, and are in fours ; so they are very 
 like the macrospores of Pillworts or Quillworts. 
 
 503. ThaUophyta, or Thallophytes in English form. This is the name 
 for the lower class of Cellular Cryptogams, plants in which there is no 
 marked distinction into root, stem, and leaves. Roots in any proper sense 
 they never have, as organs for absorbing, although some of the larger 
 Seaweeds (such as the Sea Colander, Fig. 553) have them as holdfasts. 
 Instead of axis and foliage, there is a stratum of frond, in such plants 
 commonly called a THALLUS (by a strained use of a Greek and Latin word 
 which means a green shoot or bough), which may have any kind of form, 
 leaf-like, stem-like, branchy, extended to a flat plate, or gathered into a 
 sphere, or drawn out into threads, or reduced to a single row of cells, or 
 even reduced to single cells. Indeed, Thallophytes are so multifarious, so 
 numerous hi kinds, so protean in their stages and transformations, so re- 
 condite in their fructification, and many so microscopic in size, either of 
 
 FIG. 542. Fructification of a Jungermannia, magnified; its cellular spore-stalk, 
 surrounded at base by some of the leaves, at summit the 4-valved spore-case open- 
 ing, discharging spores and elaters. 543. Two elaters and some spores from the 
 same, highly magnified. 
 
 FIG. 544. One of the frondose Liverworts, Steetzia, otherwise like a Junger- 
 mannia; the spore-case not yet protruded from its sheath.
 
 166 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17. 
 
 the plant itself or its essential organs, that they have to be elaborately 
 described in separate books and made subjects of special study. 
 
 504-. Nevertheless, it may be well to try to give some general idea of 
 what Algse and Lichens and Fungi are. Linnaeus had them all under the 
 orders of Algse and Fungi. Afterwards the Lichens were separated ; but 
 645 646 647 
 
 549 
 
 of late it has been made most probable that a Lichen consists of an Alga 
 and a Fungus conjoined. At least it must be so in some of the ambiguous 
 Forms. Botanists are in the way of bringing out new classifications of the 
 Thallophytes, as they come to understand their structure and relations 
 better. Here, it need only be said that 
 
 505. Lichens live in the air, that is, on the ground, or on rocks, trunks, 
 walls, and the like, and grow when moistened by rains. They assimilate air, 
 water, and some earthy matter, just as do ordinary plants. Algse, or Sea- 
 
 weeds, live in water, and live the same kind of life as do ordinary plants. 
 Fungi, whatever medium they inhabit, live as animals do, upon organic mat- 
 ter, upon what other plants have assimilated, or upon the products of 
 
 FIG. 545, 546. Two plants of Riccia natans, about natural size. 547. Magnified 
 section of a part of the frond, showing two immersed spore-cases, and one emptied 
 space. 548. Magnified section of a spore-case with some spores. 549. Magni- 
 fied spore-case torn out, and spores; one figure of the spores united; the other of 
 the four separated. 
 
 FIG. 550. Branch of a Chara, about natural size. 551. A fruiting portion, 
 magnified, showing the structure; a sporocarp, and an antheridium. 552. Outlines 
 of a portion of the stem in section, showing the central cell and the outer or 
 cortical cell*-
 
 SECTION 17.] 
 
 THALLOPHYTES. 
 
 167 
 
 their decay. True as these general distinctions are, it is no less true that 
 these orders run together in their lowest forms ; and that Algse and Fungi 
 may be traced down into forms so low and simple that no clear line can be 
 drawn between them ; and even into forms of which it is uncertain whether 
 they should be called plants or animals. It is as well to say that they are 
 not high enough in rank to be distinctively either the one or the other. On 
 the other hand there is a peculiar group of plants, which in simplicity of 
 composition resemble the simpler Algse, while in fructification and in the 
 arrangements of their simple cells into stem and branches they seem to be 
 of a higher order, viz. : 
 
 506. Characea9. These are aquatic herbs, of considerable size, abound- 
 ing in poud. The simpler kinds (Nitella) have the stem formed of a 
 single row of tubular cells, and at the nodes, or junction of the cells, a 
 whorl of similar branches. Chara (Fig. 550-552) is the same, except that 
 the cells which make up the stem and the principal branches are strength- 
 ened by a coating of many smaller tubular cells, applied to the surface 
 of the main or central cell. The fructifi 
 cation consists of a globular sporocarp 
 of considerable size, which is spirally 
 
 enwrapped by tubular cells twisted around it: by the side of this is a 
 smaller and globular autheridium. The latter breaks up into eight shield- 
 
 Fia 553. Agarum Turneri, Sea Colander (so called from the perforations with 
 which the frond, as it grows, becomes riddled); very much reduced in size. 
 
 FIG. 554. Upper end of a Rockweed, Fucus vesiculosus, reduced half or more, 
 6, the fructification.
 
 168 CRYPTOGAMOUS OB FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17. 
 
 shaped pieces, with an internal stalk, and bearing long and ribbon -shaped 
 filaments, which consist of a row of delicate cells, each of which dis- 
 charges a free-moving microscopic thread (the analogue of the pollen or 
 pollen-tube), nearly in the manner of Ferns and Mosses. One of these 
 threads reaches and fertilizes a cell at the apex of the nucleus or solid 
 body of the sporocarp. This subsequently germinates and forms a new 
 individual. 
 
 507. Algse or Seaweeds. The proper Seaweeds may be studied by 
 the aid of Professor Farlow's " Marine Algse of New England ; " the 
 
 
 556 
 
 fresh-water species, by Prof. H. C. Woods's "Fresh- water Algae of North 
 America," a larger and less accessible volume. A few common forms are 
 here very briefly mentioned and illustrated, to give an idea of the family. 
 But they are of almost endless diversity. 
 
 508. The common Rockweed (Fucus vesiculosus, Fig. 554, abounding 
 between high and low water mark on the coast), the rarer Sea Colander 
 (Agarutn Turneri, Fig. 553), and Laminaria, of which the larger forms 
 are called Devil's Aprons, are good representatives of the olive green or 
 brownish Seaweeds. They are attached either by a disk-like base or by 
 root-like holdfasts to the rocks or stones on which they grow. 
 
 509. The hollow and inflated places in the Fucus vesiculosus or Rock- 
 weed (Fig- 554) are air-bladders for buoyancy. The fructification forms 
 in the substance of the tips of the frond : the rough dots mark the places 
 where the conceptacles open. The spores and the fertilizing cells are in 
 different plants. Sections of the two kinds of conceptacles are given in Fig. 
 555 and 556. The contents of the conceptacles are discharged through 
 
 PIG. 555. Magnified section through a fertile conceptacle of Rockweed, showing 
 the large spores in the midst of threads of cells. 556. Similar section of a sterila 
 conceptacle, containing slender antheridia. From Farlow's " Marine Algae of Ne* 
 England."
 
 SECTION 17.] 
 
 THALLOPHYTE8. 
 
 169 
 
 a small orifice which in each figure is at the margin of the page. The large 
 spores are formed eight together in a mother-cell. The minute motile 
 filaments of the antheridia fertilize the large spores after injection into the 
 water: and then the latter promptly acquire a cell- wall and germinate. 
 
 510. The Florideae or Rose-red series of marine Algae (which, however, 
 are sometimes green or brownish) are the most attractive to amateurs. 
 The delicate Porphyra or Laver is in some countries eaten as a delicacy, and 
 the cartilaginous Chondrus crispus has 
 been largely used for jelly. Besides their 
 conceptacles, which contain true spores 
 (Fig. 560), they mostly have a fructifi- 
 cation in Tetraspores, that is, of spores 
 originating in fours (Fig. 559). 
 
 511. The Grass-green Alga? sometimes form broad membranous fronds, 
 such as those of the common Ulva of the sea-shore, but most of them form 
 
 
 icre threads, either simple or branched. To this division belong almost 
 
 FIG. 557. Small plant of Chondrus crispus, or Carrageen Moss, reduced in 
 size, in fruit ; the spots represent the fructification, consisting of numerous tetra- 
 spores in bunches in the substance of the plant. 558. Section through the thickness 
 of one of the lobes, magnified, passing through two of the imbedded fruit-clusters. 
 559. Two of its tetraspores (spores in fours), highly magnified. 
 
 FIG. 560. Section through a conceptacle of Delesseria Leprieurei, much magni- 
 fied, showing the spores, which are single specialized cells, two or three in a row. 
 
 FIG. 561. A piece of the rose-red Delesseria Lepreiurei, double natural size. 
 662. A piece cut out and much magnified, showing that it is composed of a layer 
 of cells. 563. A few of the cells more highly magnified: the cells are gelatinous 
 and thick-walled.
 
 JTO CKYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17 
 
 all the Fresh-water Algse, such as those which constitute the silky threads 
 or green slime of running streams or standing pools, and which were .all 
 called Confervas before their immense diversity was known. Some are 
 formed of a single row of cells, developed each from the end of another. 
 Others branch, the top of one cell producing more than one new one 
 (Fig. 564). Others, of a kind which is very common 
 in fresh water, simple threads made of a line of cells, 
 have the chlorophyll and protoplasm of each cell ar- 
 ranged in spiral lines or bands. 
 They form spores in a peculiar 
 way, which gives to this family the 
 designation of conjugating Alg. 
 
 512. At a certain time two par- 
 allel threads approach each other 
 more closely ; contiguous parts of 
 
 a cell of each thread bulge or grow out, and unite when they meet ; the 
 cell-wall partitions between them are absorbed so as to open a free commu- 
 nication; the spiral band of green matter in both cells breaks up ; the whole 
 of that of one cell passes over into the other ; and of the united contents 
 a large green spore is formed. Soon the old cells decay, and the spore 
 
 FIG. 564. The growing end of a branching Conferva (Cladophora glomerata), 
 much magnified ; showing how, by a kind of budding growth, a new cell is formed 
 by a cross partition separating the newer tip from the older part below; also, how 
 the branches arise. 
 
 FIG. 565. Two magnified individuals of a Spirogyra, forming spores by con- 
 jugation; a completed spore at base : above, successive stages of the conjugation 
 are represented. 
 
 FIG. 566. Closterium acutum, a common Desmid, moderately magnified. It is 
 a single firm-walled cell, filled with green protoplasmic matter. 
 
 FIG. 567. More magnified view of three stages of the conjugation of a pair of 
 the same.
 
 SECTION 17.] 
 
 THALLOPHTTES. 
 
 171 
 
 set free is ready to germinate. Fig. 565 represents several stages of the 
 conjugating process, which, however, would never be found all together like 
 this in one pair of threads. 
 
 513. Desinids and Diatomes, which are microscopic one-celled plants of 
 the same class, conjugate in the same way, as is shown in a Closterium bj 
 Fig. 566, 567. Here the whole living contents of two individuals are in- 
 corporated into one spore, for a fresh start. A reproduction which costs 
 the life of two individuals to make a single new one would be fatal to the 
 species if there were not a provision for multiplication by the prompt divi- 
 sion of the new-formed individual into two, and these again into two, and 
 so on in geometrical ratio. And the costly process would be meaningless 
 if there were not some real advantage in such a fresh start, that is, ia 
 
 574 
 
 514. There are other Algae of the grass-green series which consist of 
 single cells, but which by continued growth form plants of considerable 
 size. Three kinds of these are represented in Fig. 568-574. 
 
 515. Lichens, Latin Lichenes, are to be studied in the works of the 
 late Professor Tuckermau, but a popular exposition is greatly needed. 
 The subjoined illustrations (Fig. 575-580) may simply indicate what some 
 of the commoner forms are like. The cup, or shield-shaped spot, or knob, 
 which bears the fructification is named the Apothecium. This is mainly 
 
 PIG. 568. Early stage of a species of Botrydium, a globose cell. 569, 570. Stages 
 of growth. 571. Full-grown plant, extended and ramified below in a root-like 
 way. 572. A Vaucheria; single cell grown on into a much-branched thread; the 
 end of some branches enlarging, and the green contents in one (a) there condensed 
 into a spore. 573. More magnified view of a, and the mature spore escaping. 
 574. Bryopsis plumosa; apex of a stem with its brancblets; all the extension of 
 one celL Variously magnified.
 
 172 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17. 
 
 composed of slender sacs (Asci), having thread-shaped cells intermixed ; 
 and each ascus contains few or several spores, which are commonly double 
 or treble. Most Lichens are flat expansions of grayish hue ; some of them 
 foliaceous in textnre, but never of bright green color; more are crusta- 
 ceous ; some are wholly pulverulent and nearly formless. But in several 
 the vegetation lengthens into an axis (as in Fig. 5 SO), or imitates stem 
 
 573 580 
 
 and branches or threads, as in the Reindeer-Moss on the ground in our 
 northern woods, and the Usnea hanging from the boughs of old trees 
 overhead. 
 
 516. Fungi For this immense and greatly diversified class, it must 
 here suffice to indicate the parts of a Mushroom, a Sphseria, and of one or 
 two common Moulds. The true vegetation of common Fungi consists of 
 slender cells which form what is called a Mycelium. These filamentous 
 
 FIG. 575. A stone on which various Lichens are growing, such as (passing from 
 left to right) a Parmelia, a Sticta, and on the right, Lecidia geographica, so called 
 from its patches resembling the outline of islands or continents as depicted upon 
 maps. 576. Piece of thallus of Parmelia conspersa, with section through an 
 apothecinm. 577. Section of a smaller apothecinm, enlarged. 578. Two asci 
 of same, and contained spores, and accompanying filaments; more magnified. 
 579. Piece of thallus of a Sticta, with section, showing the immersed apothecia; 
 the small openings of these dot the surface. 580. Cladonia coccinea; the fructi- 
 fication is in the scarlet knobs, which surround the cups.
 
 SECTION 17.] 
 
 THALLOPHYTES. 
 
 173 
 
 cells lengthen and branch, growing by the absorption through their whole 
 surface of the decaying, or organizable, or living matter which they feed 
 npon. In a Mushroom (Agaricus), a knobby mass is at length formed, 
 which develops into a stout stalk (Stipe), bearing the cap (Pileus") : the 
 under side of the cap is covered by the Hymenium, in this genus consisting 
 of radiating plates, the gills or Lamella; aud these bear the powdery spores 
 in immense numbers. Under the microscope, the gills are found to be 
 studded with projecting cells, each of which, at the top, produces four 
 stalked spores. These form the powder which collects on a sheet of paper 
 upon which a mature Mushroom is allowed to rest for a day or two. (Fig. 
 581-586.) 
 
 517. The esculent Morel, also Sphseria (Fig. 585, 586), and many other 
 Fungi bear their spores in sacs (asci) exactly in the manner of Lichens 
 
 518. Of the Moulds, one of the commoner is the Bread Mould (Fig. 
 587). In fruiting it sends up a slender stalk, which bears a globular sac ; 
 
 FIG. 581. Agaricus campestris, the common edible Mushroom. 582. Section 
 of cap and stalk. 583. Minute portion of a section of a gill, showing some spore- 
 bearing cells, much magnified. 584. One of these, with its four spores, more 
 magnified. 
 
 TIG. 585. Sphseria rosella. 586. Two of the asci and contained double spores, 
 quite like those of a Lichen; much magnified.
 
 174 CRYPTOGAMOUS OB FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17. 
 
 this bursts at maturity and discharges innumerable spores. The blue 
 Cheese-Mould (Fig. 588) bears a cluster of branches at top, each of 
 which is a row of naked spores, like a string of beads, all breaking apart 
 
 at maturity. Botrytis 
 
 (* 589 >' the fruit ' 
 
 ing stalk of which 
 branches, and each 
 branch is tipped with 
 a spore, is one of the 
 many moulds which 
 live and feed upon the 
 juices of other plants 
 or of animals, and are 
 often very destructive. 
 The extremely nume- 
 rous kinds of smut, rust, mildew, the ferments, bacteria, and the like, 
 many of them very destructive to other vegetable and to animal life, are 
 also low forms of the class of Fungi. 1 
 
 FIG. 687. Ascophora, the Bread-Mould. 588. Aspergillus glaucus, the mould 
 of cheese, but common on mouldy vegetables. 589. A species of Botrytis. All 
 magnified. 
 
 i The "Introduction to Cryptogamous Botany," or third volume of "The Botan- 
 ical Text Book," now in preparation by the author's colleague, Professor Farlow, 
 will be the proper guide in the rtudy of the Flowwlesa Plants, especially of th 
 Algw and Fmxt
 
 SECTION 18.] CLASSIFICATION. 175 
 
 SECTION XVIII. CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATIVE. 
 
 519. Classification, in botany, is the consideration of plants in respect 
 to their kinds and relationships. Some system of Nomenclature, or nam- 
 ing, is necessary for fixing and expressing botanical knowledge so as to 
 make it available. The vast multiplicity of plants and the various degrees 
 of their relationship imperatively require order and system, not only as to 
 names for designating the kinds of plants, but also as to terms for defining 
 their differences. Nomenclature is concerned with the names of plants. 
 Terminology supplies names of organs or parts, and terms to designate 
 their differences. 
 
 1. KINDS AND RELATIONSHIP. 
 
 520. Plants and animals have two great peculiarities : 1st, they form 
 themselves ; and 2d, they multiply themselves. They reproduce their kind 
 in a continued succession of 
 
 521. Individuals. Mineral things occur as masses, which are divisible 
 into smaller and still smaller ones without alteration of properties. But 
 organic things (vegetables and animals) exist as individual beings. Each 
 owes its existence to a parent, and produces similar individuals in its turn. 
 So each individual is a link of a chain; and to this chain the natural- 
 historian applies the name of 
 
 522. Species. All the descendants from the same stock therefore com- 
 pose one species. And it was from our observing that the several sorts of 
 plants or animals steadily reproduce themselves, or, in other words, keep 
 up a succession of similar individuals, that the idea of species originated. 
 There are few species, however, in which man has actually observed the 
 succession for many generations. It could seldom be proved that all the 
 White Pine trees or White Oaks of any forest came from the same stock. 
 But observation having familiarized us with the general fact that indi- 
 viduals proceeding from the same stock are essentially alike, we infer from 
 their close resemblance that these similar individuals belong to the same 
 species. That is, we infer it when the individuals are as much like each 
 other as those are which we know, or confidently suppose, to have sprung 
 from the same stock. 
 
 523. Identity in species is inferred from close similarity in all essential 
 respects, or whenever the differences, however considerable, are not known 
 or reasonably supposed to have been originated in the course of time under 
 changed conditions. No two individuals are exactly alike ; a tendency to 
 variation pervades all living things. In cultivation, where variations are 
 looked after and cared for, very striking differences come to light ; and if 
 in wild nature they are less common or less conspicuous, it is partly be- 
 cause they are uncared for. When such variant forms are pretty well 
 marked they are called
 
 176 CLASSIFICATION. [SECTION 18. 
 
 524. Varieties. The White Oak, for example, presents two or three 
 varieties in the shape of the leaves, although they may be all alike upon 
 each particular tree. The question often arises, and it is often hard to 
 answer, whether the difference in a particular case is that of a variety, or 
 is specific. If the former, it may commonly be proved by finding such 
 intermediate degrees of difference in various individuals as to show that 
 no clear distinction can be drawn between them ; or else by observing the 
 variety to vary back again in some of its offspring. The sorts of Apples, 
 Pears, Potatoes, and the like, show that differences which are permanent 
 in the individual, and continue unchanged through a long series of gen- 
 erations when propagated by division (as by offsets, cuttings, grafts, 
 bulbs, tubers, etc.), are not likely to be reproduced by seed. Still they 
 sometimes are so, and perhaps always tend in that direction. For the 
 fundamental law in organic nature is that offspring shall be like parent. 
 
 RACES are such strongly marked varieties, capable of coming true to 
 seed. The different sorts of Wheat, Maize, Peas, Radishes, etc., are 
 familiar examples. By selecting those individuals of a species which have 
 developed or inherited any desirable peculiarity, keeping them from min- 
 gling with their less promising brethren, and selecting again the most 
 promising plants raised from their seeds, the cultivator may in a few 
 generations render almost any variety transmissible by seed, so long as it is 
 cared for and kept apart. In fact, this is the way the cultivated domesti- 
 cated races, so useful to man, have been fixed and preserved. Races, in 
 fact, can hardly, if at all, be said to exist independently of man. But 
 man does not really produce them. Such peculiarities often surprising 
 enough now and then originate, we know not how (the plant sports, as 
 the gardeners say) ; they are only preserved, propagated, and generally 
 further developed, by the cultivator's skilful care. If left alone, they are 
 likely to dwindle and perish, or else revert to the original form of the 
 species. Vegetable races are commonly annuals, which can be kept up 
 only by seed, or herbs of which a succession of generations can be had 
 every year or two, and so the education by selection be completed without 
 great lapse of time. But all fruit-trees could probably be fixed into races 
 in an equal number of generations. 
 
 BUD-VARIETIES are those which spring from buds instead of seed. 
 They are uncommon to any marked extent. They are sometimes called 
 Sports, but this name is equally applied to variations among seedlings. 
 
 CROSS-BREEDS, strictly so-called, are the variations which come from 
 cross-fertilizing one variety of a species with another. 
 
 HYBRIDS are the varieties, if they may be so called, which come from 
 the crossing of species (331). Only nearly related species can be hybridized; 
 and the resulting progeny is usually self-sterile, but not always. Hybrid 
 plants, however, may often be fertilized and made prolific by the pollen 
 of one or the other parent. This produces another kind of cross-breeds. 
 
 525. Species are the units in classification. Varieties, although of
 
 SECTION 18.] KINDS AND RELATIONSHIP. 177 
 
 utmost importance In cultivation and of considerable consequence in the 
 flora of any country, are of less botanical significance. For they are apt 
 to be indefinite and to shade off one form into another. But species, the 
 botanist expects to be distinct. Indeed, the practical difference to the 
 botanist between species and varieties is the definite limitation of the one 
 and the indefiniteness of the other. The botanist's determination is partly 
 a matter of observation, partly of judgment. 
 
 526. In an enlarged view, varieties may be incipient species ; and nearly 
 related species probably came from a common stock in earlier times. For 
 there is every reason to believe that existing vegetation came from the 
 more or less changed vegetation of a preceding geological era. However 
 that may be, species are regarded as permanent and essentially unchanged 
 in their succession of individuals through the actual ages. 
 
 527. There are, at nearly the lowest computation, as many as one hun- 
 dred thousand species of phanerogamous plants, and the cryptogamous 
 species are thought to be still more numerous. They are all connected by 
 resemblances or relationships, near and remote, which show that they are 
 all parts of one system, realizations in nature, as we may affirm, of the con- 
 ception of One Mind. As we survey them, they do not form a single and 
 connected chain, stretching from the lowest to the highest organized 
 species, although there obviously are lower and higher grades. But the 
 species throughout group themselves, as it were, into clusters or constel- 
 lations, and these into still more comprehensive clusters, and so on, with 
 gaps between. It is this clustering which is the ground of the recognition 
 of kinds of species, that is, of groups of species of successive grades or 
 degree of generality ; such as that of similar species into Genera, of genera 
 into Families or Orders, of orders into Classes. In classification the se- 
 quence, proceeding from higher or more general to lower or special, is always 
 CLASS, ORDER, GENUS, SPECIES, VARIETY (if need be). 
 
 528. Genera (in the singular, Genus) are assemblages of closely related 
 species, in which the essential parts are all constructed on the same partic- 
 ular type or plan. White Oak, Red Oak, Scarlet Oak, Live Oak, etc., 
 are so many species of the Oak genus (Latin, Quercus). The Chestnuts 
 compose another genus; the Beeches another. The Apple, Pear, and 
 Crab are species of one genus, the Quince represents another, the various 
 species of Hawthorn a third. In the animal kingdom the common cat, the 
 wild-cat, the panther, the tiger, the leopard, and the lion are species of the 
 cat kind or genus ; while the dog, the jackal, the differed species of wolf, 
 and the foxes, compose another genus. Some genera are represented by 
 a vast number of species, others by few, very many by only one known 
 species. For the genus may be as perfectly represented in one species as 
 in several, although, if this were the case throughout, genera and species 
 would of course be identical. The Beech genus and the Chestnut genus 
 would be just as distinct from the Oak genus even if but one Beech and 
 one Chestnut WPJ-B known ; as Indeed was once the case. 
 
 18
 
 17 CLASSIFICATION. [SECTION 18, 
 
 529. Orders are groups of genera that resemble each other ; that is, 
 they are to genera what genera are to species. As familiar illustrations, 
 the Oak, Chestaut, and Beech genera, along with the Hazel genus and the 
 Hornbeams, all belong to one order. The Birches and the Alders make 
 another; the Poplars and Willows, another; the Walnuts (with the But- 
 ternut) and the Hickories, still another. The Apple genus, the Quince 
 and the Hawthorns, along with the Plums and Cherries and the Peach, 
 the Raspberry with the Blackberry, the Strawberry, the Rose, belong 
 to a large order, which takes its name from the Rose. Most botanists 
 use the names "Order" and "Family" synonymously; the latter more 
 popularly, as "the Rose Family," the former more technically, as 
 "Order Rosaceee" 
 
 530. But when the two are distinguished, as is common in zoology, 
 Family is of lower grade than Order. 
 
 531. Classes are still more comprehensive assemblages, or great groups. 
 Thus, in modern botany, the Dicotyledonous plants compose one class, 
 the Monocotyledonous plants another (36-40). 
 
 532. These four grades, Class, Order, Genus, Species, are of universal 
 use. Variety comes in upon occasion. For, although a species may have 
 no recognized varieties, a genus implies at least one species belonging to 
 it ; every genus is of some order, and every order of some class. 
 
 533. But these grades by no means exhaust the resources of clas- 
 sification, nor suffice for the elucidation of all the distinctions which 
 botanists recognize. In the first place, a higher grade than that of class 
 is needful for the most comprehensive of divisions, that of all plants into 
 the two Series of Phanerogamous and Cryptogamous (6) ; and in natu- 
 ral history there are the two Kingdoms or Realms, the Vegetable and 
 the Animal. 
 
 534. Moreover, the stages of the scaffolding have been variously ex- 
 tended, as required, by the recognition of assemblages lower than class but 
 higher than order, viz. Subclass and Cohort ; or lower than order, a Sub- 
 order; or between this and genus, a Tribe ; or between this and tribe, a 
 Subtribe ; or between genus and species, a Subgenus ; and by some a 
 species has been divided into Subspecies, and a variety into Subvarieties. 
 Last of all are Individuals. Suffice it to remember that the following are 
 the principal grades in classification, with the proper sequence ; also that 
 only those here printed in small capitals are fundamental and universal 
 in botany: 
 
 SERIES, 
 
 CLASS, Subclass, Cohort, 
 
 ORDEB, or FAMILY, Suborder, Tribe, SubtrtDe, 
 GENUS, Subgenus or Section, 
 SPECIES, Variety,
 
 SECTION 18. J NOMENCLATURE. 179 
 
 { 2. NAMES, TERMS, AND CHARACTERS. 
 
 535. The name of a plant is the name of its genus followed by that of 
 the species. The name of the genus answers to the surname (or family 
 name) ; that of the species to the baptismal name of a person. Thus Quer. 
 cus is the name of the Oak genus; Quercus alba, that of the White Oak, 
 Q. rubra, that of Red Oak, Q. nigra, that of the Black-Jack, etc. Botani- 
 cal names being Latin or Latinized, the adjective name of the species 
 comes after that of the genus. 
 
 536. Names of Genera are of one word, a substantive. The older 
 ones are mostly classical Latin, or Greek adopted into Latin; such as 
 Quercus for the Oak genus, Fagus for the Beech, Corylus, the Hazel, and 
 the like. But as more genera became known, botanists had new names to 
 make or borrow. Many are named from some appearance or property of 
 the flowers, leaves, or other parts of the plant. To take a few examples 
 from the early pages of the " Manual of the Botany of the Northern United 
 States," the genus Hepatica comes from the shape of the leaf, resembling 
 that of the liver. Myosurus means mouse-tail. Delphinium is from del- 
 phin, a dolphin, and alludes to the shape of the flower, which was thought 
 to resemble the classical figures of the dolphin. Xanthorrhiza is from two 
 Greek words meaning yellow-root, the common name of the plant. Cimi- 
 cifuga is formed of two Latin words meaning to drive away bugs, i. e. 
 Bugbane, the Siberian species being used to keep away such vermin. 
 Sanguinaria, the Bloodroot, is named from the blood-like color of its juice. 
 Other genera are dedicated to distinguished botanists or promoters of 
 science, and bear their names : such are Magnolia, which commemorates 
 the early French botanist, Magnol ; and Je/ersonia, named after President 
 Jefferson, who sent the first exploring expedition over the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. Others bear the name of the discoverer of the plant ; as, Sarra- 
 cenia, dedicated to Dr. Sarrazin, of Quebec, who was one of the first to 
 send the common Pitcher-plant to the botanists of Europe ; and Ctaytonia, 
 first made known by the early Virginian botanist Clayton. 
 
 537. Names of Species. The name of a species is also a single word, 
 appended to that of the genus. It is commonly an adjective, and therefore 
 agrees with the generic name in case, gender, etc. Sometimes it relates to 
 the country the species inhabits ; as, Claytonia Virginica, first made known 
 from Virginia; Sanguinaria Canadensis, from Canada, etc. More com- 
 monly it denotes some obvious or characteristic trait of the species ; as, 
 for example, in Sarracenia, our northern species is named purpurea, from 
 the purple blossoms, while a more southern one is named fava^ because 
 its petals are yellow ; the species of Jeffersonia is called diphylla, meaning 
 two-leaved, because its leaf is divided into two leaflets. Some species are 
 named after the discoverer, or in compliment to a botanist who has made 
 them known ; as, Magnolia Frateri, named after the botanist Fraser, onp
 
 180 NOMENCLATURE. [SECTION 18. 
 
 of the first to find this species ; and Sarracenia Drummondii, for a Pitcher- 
 plant found by Mr. Drummond in Florida, Such personal specific names 
 are of course written with a capital initial letter. Occasionally some old 
 substantive name is used for the species ; as Magnolia Umbrella, the Um- 
 brella tree, and Ranunculus Flammula. These are also written with a 
 capital initial, and need not accord with the generic name in gender. Geo- 
 graphical specific names, such as Canadensis, Caroliniana, Americana, in 
 the later usage are by some written without a capital initial, but the older 
 usage is better, or at least more accordant with English orthography. 
 
 538. Varietal Names, when any are required, are made on the plan of 
 specific names, and follow these, with the prefix var. Ranunculus Flam- 
 mula, var. reptans, the creeping variety: R. abortivus, var. micranthus, 
 the small-flowered variety of the species. 
 
 539. In recording the name of a plant it is usual to append the name, 
 or an abbreviation of the name, of the botanist who first published it ; and 
 in a flora or other systematic work, this reference to the source of the 
 name is completed by a further citation of the name of the book, the 
 volume and page where it was first published. So " Ranunculus acris, 
 L.," means that this Buttercup was first so named and described by Lin- 
 nseus ; " R. multifidus, Pursh," that this species was so named and pub- 
 lished by Pursh. The suffix is no part of the name, but is an abbreviated 
 reference, to be added or omitted as convenience or definiteness may re- 
 quire. The authority for a generic name is similarly recorded. Thus, 
 " Ranunculus, L.," means that the genus was so named by Linnaeus ; 
 " Myosurus, Dill.," that the Mouse-tail was established as a genus under 
 this name by Dilleuius ; Caulophyllum, Michx., that the Blue Cohosh was 
 published under this name by Michaux. The full reference in the last- 
 named instance would be, " in Flora Boreali-Americana, first volume, 205th 
 page," in the customary abbreviation, "Michx. Fl. i. 205." 
 
 540. Names of Orders are given in the plural number, and are com- 
 monly formed by prolonging the name of a genus of the group taken as a 
 representative of it. For example, the order of which the Buttercup or 
 Crowfoot genus, Ranunculus, is the representative, takes from it the name 
 of Ranunculaceee ; meaning Planta Ranunculaceee when written out in 
 full, that is, Ranunculaceous Plants. Some old descriptive names of 
 orders are kept up, such as Cruciferce for the order to which Cress and 
 Mustard belong, from the cruciform appearance of their expanded corolla, 
 and Umbelliferee, from the flowers being in umbels. 
 
 541. Names of Tribes, also of suborders, sabtribes, and the like, are 
 plurals of the name of the typical genus, less prolonged, usually in eee, 
 nea, idea, etc. Thus the proper Buttercup tribe is Ranunculea, of the 
 Clematis tribe, Clematidea. While the Rose family is Rosaceee, the special 
 Rose tribe is Roseee. 
 
 542. Names of Classes, eto. For these see the following synopsis of 
 the actual classification adopted, p. 183.
 
 SECTION 18.] TERMINOLOGY. 181 
 
 543. So a plant is named in two words, the generic and the specific 
 names, to which may be added a third, that of the variety, upon occasion. 
 The generic name is peculiar : obviously it must not be used twice over in 
 botany. The specific name must not be used twice over in the same genus, 
 but is free for any other genus. A Quercus alba, or White Oak, is no 
 hindrance to Betula alba, or White Birch ; and so of other names. 
 
 544. Characters and Descriptions. Plants are characterized by a 
 terse statement, in botanical terms, of their peculiarities or distinguishing 
 marks. The character ot the order should include nothing which is com- 
 mon to the whole class U belongs to ; that of the genus, nothing which is 
 common to the orde v ; that of the species nothing which is shared with 
 all other species or the genus; and so of other divisions. Descriptions 
 may enter into complete details of the whole structure. 
 
 545. Terminology, also called Glossology, is nomenclature applied to 
 organs or p*\rts, and their forms or modifications. Each organ or special 
 part has ? substantive name of its own : shapes and other modifications of 
 an orgin or part are designated by adjective terms, or, when the forms 
 are peculiar, substantive names are given to them. By the correct use 
 of such botanical terms, and by proper subordination of the characters 
 under the order, genus, species, etc., plants may be described and deter- 
 mined with much precision. The classical language of botany is Latin. 
 While modern languages have their own names and terms, these usually 
 lack the precision of the Latin or Latinized botanical terminology. For. 
 tuuately, this Latinized terminology has been largely adopted and incor- 
 porated into the English technical language of botany, thus securing pre- 
 cision. And these terms are largely the basis of specific names of plants. 
 
 546. A glossary or vocabulary of the principal botanical terms used in 
 phanerogamous and vascular cryptogamous botany is appended to this 
 Tolume, to which the student may refer, as occasion arises. 
 
 3. SYSTEM. 
 
 547. Two systems of classification used to be recognized in botany, the 
 artificial and the natural ; but only the latter is now thought to deserve 
 the name of a system. 
 
 548. Artificial classifications have for object merely the ascertaining 
 of the name and place of a plant. They do not attempt to express relation- 
 ships, but serve as a kind of dictionary. They distribute the genera and 
 species according to some one peculiarity or set of peculiarities (just as a 
 dictionary distributes words according to their first letters), disregarding 
 all other considerations. At present an artificial classification in botany 
 is needed only as a key to the natural orders, as an aid in referring an 
 unknown plant to its proper family ; and such keys are still very needful, 
 at least for the beginner. Formerly, when the orders themselves were 
 not clearly made out, an artificial classification was required to lead the
 
 182 SYSTEM. [SECTION 18. 
 
 student down to the genus. Two such classiflcatious were long in vogie : 
 First, that of Tournefort, founded mainly on the leaves of the flower, the 
 calyx and corolla : this was the prevalent system throughout the first half 
 of the eighteenth century ; but it has long since gone by. It was suc- 
 ceeded by the well-known 
 
 549. Artificial System of Linnaeus, which was founded on the sta- 
 mens and pistils. It consists of twenty-four classes, and of a variable 
 number of orders ; the classes founded mainly on the number and dispo- 
 sition of the stamens ; the orders partly upon the number of styles or stig- 
 mas, partly upon other considerations. Useful and popular as this system 
 was down to a time within the memory of still surviving botanists, it is 
 now completely obsolete. But the tradition of it survives in the names of 
 its classes, Monandria, Diandria, Triandria, etc., which are familiar in 
 terminology in the adjective terms monandrous, diandrous, triandrous, etc. 
 (284) ; also of the orders, Monogyuia, Digynia, Trigynia, etc., preserved in 
 the form of monogynous, digynous, trigyuous, etc. (301) ; and in the name 
 Cryptogamia, that of the 24th class, which is continued for the lower series 
 in the natural classification. 
 
 550. Natural System. A genuine system of botany consists of the 
 orders or families, duly arranged under their classes, and having the tribes, 
 the genera, and the species arranged in them according to their relation- 
 ships. This, when properly carried out, is the Natural System ; because 
 it is intended to express, as well as possible, the various degrees of relation- 
 ship among plants, as presented in nature; that is, to rank those species 
 and those genera, etc., next to each other in the classification which are 
 really most alike in all respects, or, in other words, which are constructed 
 most nearly on the same particular plan. 
 
 551. There can be only one natural system of botany, if by this term 
 is meant the plan according to which the vegetable creation was called into 
 being, with all its grades and diversities among the species, as well of past 
 as 'of the present time. But there may be many natural systems, if we 
 mean the attempts of men to interpret and express that plan, systems 
 which will vary with advancing knowledge, and with the judgment and 
 skill of different botanists. These must all be very imperfect, bear the 
 impress of individual minds, and be shaped by the current philosophy of 
 the age. But the endeavor always is to make the classification answer to 
 Nature, as far as any system can which has to be expressed in a definite 
 and serial arrangement. 
 
 552. So, although the classes, orders, genera, etc., are natural, or as 
 natural as the systematist can make them, their grouping or order of 
 arrangement in a book, must necessarily be in great measure artificial. 
 Indeed, it is quite impossible to arrange the orders, or even the few classes, 
 in a single series, and yet have each group stand next to its nearest relatives 
 on both sides. 
 
 553. Especially it should be understood that, although phanerogamous
 
 SECTION 1S.J SYSTEM. 183 
 
 plants are of higher grade than cryptogamous, and angiospermous or or- 
 dinary phanerogamous higher than the gymnospermous, yet there is no 
 culmination in the vegetable kingdom, nor auy highest or lowest order of 
 phanerogamous plants. 
 
 554. The particular system most largely used at present in the classi- 
 fication of the orders is essentially the following : 
 
 SERIES I. PHANEROGAMIA : PHANEROGAMOUS OB. FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 CLASS I. D1COTYLEDONES ANGIOSPERME^J, called for shortness 
 
 in English, DICOTYLEDONS or DICOTYLS. Ovules in a closed ovary. 
 
 Embryo dicotyledonous. Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves 
 
 reticulate-veined, 
 
 Artificial Division I. POLYPETALJZ, with petals mostly present and 
 
 distinct. Orders about 80 in number, Uanunculacea to Cornacees. 
 Artificial Division II. GAMOPETAL^:, with gamopetalous corolla. 
 
 Orders about 45, Caprifoliaceee to Plantaginacece. 
 Artificial Division III. APETAUE or INCOMPLETE, with perianth, 
 when present, of calyx only. Orders about 35 in number, from 
 Nyctaginacea to Salicacece. 
 
 CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES GYMNOSPERME^), in English GYM- 
 NOSPERMS. No ovary or pericarp, but ovules and seeds naked, and no 
 proper calyx nor corolla. Embryo dicotyledonous or polycotyledonous. 
 Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. 
 Consists of order Gnetaceee, which strictly connects with Angiospermous 
 Dicotyls, of Coniferte, and of Cycadacea. 
 
 CLASS III. MOXOCOTYLEDONES, in English MONOCOTYLEDONS or 
 MOXOCOTYLS. Angiospermous. Embryo monocotyledonous. Stem with 
 endogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. 
 
 Division I. PETALOIDEE. Perianth complete, having the equivalent 
 of both calyx and corolla, and all the inner series corolliue. About 
 18 orders. 
 
 Division II. CALYCIN^E. Perianth complete (in two series) but not 
 corolline, mostly thickish or glumaceous. Chiefly two orders, 
 Juncaceee, the true Rushes, and Palma, Palms. 
 Division HI SPADICIFLORE or NUDIFLOR.S:. Perianth none, or rudi- 
 mentary and incomplete : inflorescence spadiceous. Of five orders, 
 Typhacea and Aroideae the principal. 
 
 Division IV. GLUMACE^;. Perianth none, or very rudimentary : 
 glumaceous bracts to the flowers. Orders mainly Cyperacea; and 
 Gramineee. 
 
 SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMIA : CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS 
 CLASS L PTERIDOPHYTA, PTEBIDOPHYTES (484). 
 CLASS 1L BRYOPHYTA, BRYOPHYTES (498). 
 CLASP III. THALLOPHYTA, THALLOPHYTES (503).
 
 184 BOTANICAL WORK. 1 SECTION 19. 
 
 SECTION XIX. BOTANICAL WORK. 
 
 555. Some bints and brief instructions for the collection, examination, 
 and preservation of specimens are added. They are especially intended 
 for the assistance of those who have not the advantage of a teacher. They 
 apply to phanerogamous plants and Ferns only, and to systematic botany. 1 
 
 fi 1. COLLECTION, OB HERBORIZATION. 
 
 556. As much as possible, plants should be examined in the living state, 
 or when freshly gathered. But dried specimens should be prepared for 
 more leisurely examination and for comparison. To the working botanist 
 good dried specimens are indispensable. 
 
 557. Botanical Specimens, to be complete, should have root or root- 
 stock, stem, leaves, flowers, both open and hi bud, and fruit. Some- 
 times these may all be obtained at one gathering ; more commonly two or 
 three gatherings at different times are requisite, especially for trees and 
 shrubs. 
 
 558. In Herborizing, a good knife and a narrow and strong trowel are 
 needed ; but a very strong knife will serve instead of a trowel or small pick 
 for digging out bulbs, tubers, and the like. To carry the specimens, either 
 the tin box (vasculum) or a portfolio, or both are required. The tin box is 
 best for the collection of specimens to be used fresh, as in the class-room ; 
 also for very thick or fleshy plants. The portfolio is indispensable for long 
 expeditions, and is best for specimens which are to be preserved in the 
 herbarium. 
 
 559. The Pasculwm, or Botanical Collecting-box, is made of tin, in shape 
 like a candle-box, only flatter, or the smaller sizes like an English sandwich- 
 case ; the lid opening for nearly the whole length of one side of the box. 
 Any portable tin box of convenient size, and capable of holding specimens 
 a foot or fifteen inches long, will answer the purpose. The box should shut 
 close, so that the specimens may not wilt : then it will keep leafy branches 
 and most flowers perfectly fresh for a day or two, especially if slightly 
 moistened. They should not be wet. 
 
 560. The Portfolio is best made of two pieces of solid binder's-board, 
 covered with enamel cloth, which also forms the back, and fastened by 
 straps and buckles. It may be from a foot to twenty inches long, from 
 nine to eleven or twelve inches wide. It should contain a needful quantity 
 of smooth but strong and pliable paper (thin so-called Manilla paper is 
 best), either fastened at the back as in a book, or loose in folded sheets 
 when not very many specimens are required. As soon as gathered, the 
 specimens should be separately laid between the leaves or in the folded 
 sheets, and kept under moderate pressure in the closed portfolio. 
 
 1 For fuller directions in many particulars, see "Structural Botany," pp. 370- 
 874.
 
 SECTION 19.] HEEBOEIZATION. 186 
 
 561. Of small herbs, especially annuals, the whole plant, root and all, 
 should be taken for a specimen. Of larger ones branches will suffice, with 
 some leaves from near the root. Enough of the root or subterranean part 
 of the plant should be collected to show whether it is an annual, a 
 biennial, or a perennial. Thick roots, bulbs, tubers, or branches of speci- 
 mens intended to be pressed should be thinned with a knife, or cut into 
 slices. Keep the specimens within the length of fifteen or sixteen inches, 
 by folding, or when that cannot be done, by cutting into lengths. 
 
 562. For Drying Specimens a good supply of soft and unsized 
 paper is wanted; and some convenient means of applying considerable 
 pressure. To make good dried botanical specimens, dry them as rapidly 
 as possible between many thicknesses of sun-dried paper to absorb their 
 moisture, under as much pressure as can be given without crushing the 
 more delicate parts. This pressure may be had by a botanical press, of 
 which various forms have been contrived; or by weights placed upon a 
 board, from forty to eighty or a hundred pounds, according to the 
 quantity of specimens drying at the time. For use while travelling, a 
 good portable press may be made of thick binders' boards for the sides, 
 and the pressure may be applied by strong straps with buckles. Still 
 better, on some accounts, are portable presses made of wire network, 
 which allow the dampness to escape by evaporation between the meshes. 
 For herborization in a small way, a light wire-press may be taken into 
 the field and made to serve also as a portfolio. 
 
 563. It is well to have two kinds of paper, namely, driers of bibulous 
 paper, stitched into pads (or the pads may be of thick carpet-paper, cut to 
 size) and thin smooth paper, folded once ; the specimens to be laid into the 
 fold, either when gathered or on returning from the excursion. These, 
 sheets are to hold the specimens until they are quite dry. Every day, or 
 at first even twice a day, the specimens, left undisturbed in their sheets, 
 are to be shifted into fire-dried or sun-dried fresh driers, and the pressure 
 renewed, while the moist sheets are spread out to dry, so as to take their 
 turn again at the next shifting. This course must be continued until the 
 specimens are no longer moist to the touch. Good and comely specimens 
 are either made or spoiled within the first twenty-four or thirty-six hours. 
 After that, when plenty of driers are used, it may not be necessary to 
 change them so frequently. 
 
 664. Succulent plants, which long refuse to part with life and moisture, 
 and Spruces and some other evergreens which are apt to cast off their 
 leaves, may be plunged for a moment into boiling water, all but the flowers. 
 Delicate flowers may be encased in thin tissue paper when put into the press. 
 Thick parts, like the heads of Sun-flowers and Thistles, may be cut in two 
 or into slices. 
 
 565. Dried specimens may be packed in bundles, either in folded paper 
 or upon single half-sheets. It is better that such paper should not be 
 bibulous. The packages should be well wrapped or kept in close cases.
 
 186 BOTANICAL WORK. [SECTION 19. 
 
 560. Poisoning is necessary if specimens are to be permanently pre- 
 served from the depredatiou of insects. The usual application is an almost 
 saturated solution of corrosive sublimate in 95 per cent alcohol, freely ap- 
 plied with a large and soft brush, or the specimens dipped into some of the 
 solution poured into a large and flat dish; the wetted specimens to be 
 transferred for a short time to driers. 
 
 52. HERBARIUM. 
 
 567. The botanist's collection of dried specimens, ticketed with their 
 names, place, and time of collection, and systematically arranged under 
 their genera, orders, etc., forms a Hortus Siccus or Herbarium. It com. 
 prises not only the specimens which the proprietor has himself collected, 
 but those which he acquires through friendly exchanges, or in other ways. 
 The specimens of an herbarium may be kept in folded sheets of paper; 
 or they may be fastened on half-sheets of thick and white paper, either 
 by gummed slips, or by glue applied to the specimens themselves. The 
 former is best for private and small herbaria; the latter for large ones 
 which are much turned over. Each sheet should be appropriated to one 
 species ; two or more different plants should never be attached to the same 
 sheet. The generic and specific name of the plant should be added to 
 the lower right-hand corner, either written on the sheet, or on a ticket 
 pasted down; and the time of collection, the locality, the color of the 
 flowers, and any other information which the specimens themselves do 
 not afford, should be duly recorded upon the sheet or the ticket. The 
 sheets of the herbarium should all be of exactly the same dimensions. 
 The herbarium of Linnaeus is on paper of the common foolscap size, about 
 eleven inches long and seven wide. This is too small. Sixteen and three 
 eighths inches by eleven and a half inches is an approved size. 
 
 568. The sheets containing the species of each genus are to be placed 
 in genus-coven, made of a full sheet of thick paper (such as the strong- 
 est Manilla-hemp paper), to be when folded of the same dimensions as the 
 species-sheet but slightly wider: the name of the genus is to be writ- 
 ten on one of the lower corners. These are to be arranged under the 
 orders to .which they belong, and the whole kept in closed cases or cabi- 
 nets, either laid flat in compartments, like " pigeon-holes," or else placed 
 in thick portfolios, arranged like folio volumes. All should be kept, as 
 much as practicable, in dust-proof and insect-proof cases or boxes. 
 
 569. Fruits, tubers, and other hard parts, too thick for the herbarium, 
 may be kept in pasteboard or light wooden boxes, in a collection apart. 
 Small loose fruits, seeds, detached flowers, and the like may be conven- 
 iently preserved in paper capsules or envelopes, attached to the herbarium 
 ifceeto.
 
 SECTION 19.] INVESTIGATION AND DETERMINATION. 187 
 
 3. INVESTIGATION AND DETERMINATION OF PLANTS. 
 
 570. The Implements required are a band magnifying glass, a pocket 
 lens of an inch or two focus, or a glass of two lenses, one of the lower 
 and the other of the higher power ; and a sharp penknife for dissection. 
 With these and reasonable perseverance the structure of the flowers and 
 fructification of most phanerogamous plants aud Ferns can be made out. 
 But for ease and comfort, as well as for certainty and right training, the 
 student should have some kind of simple stage microscope, and under 
 this make all dissections of small parts. Without it the student will be 
 apt to fall into the bad habit of guessing where he ought to ascertain. 
 
 571. The simple microscope may be reduced to a good lens or doublet, 
 of an inch focus, mounted over a glass stage, so that it can be moved up 
 and down and also sidewise, and with (or without) a little mirror under- 
 neath. A better one would have one or two additional lenses (say of half 
 and of a quarter inch focus), a pretty large stage, on the glass of which 
 several small objects can be placed and conveniently brought under the 
 lens ; and its height or that of the lens should be adjustable by a rack- 
 work; also a swivel-mounted little mirror beneath, which is needed for 
 minute objects to be viewed by transmitted light. 
 
 572. For dissecting and displaying small parts on the stage of the 
 microscope, besides a thin-bladed knife, the only tools needed are a good 
 stock of common needles of various sizes, mounted in handles, and one or 
 more saddler's-needles, which, being triangular, may be ground to sharp 
 edges convenient for dissection. Also a pair of delicate-pointed forceps ; 
 those with curved points used by the dentist are most convenient. A 
 cup of clean water is indispensable, with which to moisten or wet, or 
 in which occasionally to float delicate parts. Small flowers, buds, fruits, 
 and seeds of dried specimens can be dissected quite as well as fresh ones. 
 They have only to be soaked in warm or boiling water. 
 
 573. The compound microscope is rarely necessary except in crypto- 
 gamic botany and vegetable anatomy ; but it is very useful and convenient, 
 especially for the examination of pollen. To the advanced botanist it is a 
 necessity, to all students of botany an aid and delight. 
 
 574. Analysis. A few directions and hints may be given. The most 
 important is this : In studying an unknown plant, make a complete ex- 
 amination of all its parts, and form a clear idea of its floral structure 
 and that of its fruit, from pericarp down to the embryo, or as far as the 
 materials in hand allow, before taking a step toward finding out its name 
 and relationship by means of the keys or other helps which the Manuals 
 and Floras provide. If it is the name merely that is wanted, the shorter 
 way is to ask some one who already knows it. To verify the points of 
 structure one by one as they happen to occur in an artificial key, without 
 any preparatory investigation, is a usual but is not the best nor the surest
 
 188 BOTANICAL WORK. [SECTION 19. 
 
 way. It is well to make drawings or outline sketches of the smaller parts, 
 and especially diagrams of the plaa of the flower, such as those of Fig. 
 225, 227, 241, 244, 275-277. For these, cross sections of the flower-bud 
 or flower are to be made : and longitudinal sections, such as Fig. 270-274, 
 are equally important. The dissection eveu of small seeds is not difficult 
 after some practice. Commonly they need to be soaked or boiled. 
 
 575. The right appreciation of characters and terms used in description 
 needs practice and calls for judgment. Plants do not grow exactly by 
 rule and plummet, and measurements must be taken loosely. Diiference 
 of soil and situation are responded to by considerable variations, and other 
 divergences occur which cannot be accounted for by the surroundings, nor 
 be anticipated in general descriptions. Annuals may be very depauperate 
 in dry soils or seasons, or very large when particularly well nourished. 
 Warm and arid situations promote, and wet ones are apt to diminish pubes- 
 cence. Salt water causes increased succulence. The color of flowers is 
 apt to be lighter in shade, and brighter in open and elevated situations. 
 A color or hue not normal to the species now and then occurs, which 
 nothing in the conditions will account for. A white-flowered variation o/ 
 any other colored blossom may always be expected ; this, though it may be 
 notable, no more indicates a distinct variety of the species than an albino 
 would a variety of the human species. The numerical plan is subject to 
 variation in some flowers ; those on the plan of five may now and then vary 
 to four or to six. Variations of the outline or lobing of leavss are so familiar 
 that they do not much mislead. Only wider and longer observation suf- 
 fices to prevent or correct mistakes in botanical study. But the weighing 
 of evidence and the balancing of pi-obabilities, no less than the use of the 
 well-ordered and logical system of classification, give as excellent training 
 to the judgment as the search for the facts themselves does to the observing 
 powers. 
 
 f 4 SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 576. For a full account of these, whether of former or actual use, see 
 " Structural Botany " of the " Botanical Text Book," pp. 367, 392, as also 
 for the principles which govern the accentuation of names. It is needful 
 here to explain only those used in the Manuals and Floras of this country, 
 for which the present volume is an introduction and companion. They 
 are not numerous. 
 
 577. In arranging the species, at least those of a large genus, the divi- 
 sions are denoted and graduated as follows : The sign is prefixed to sec- 
 tions of the highest rank : these sections when they have names affixed to 
 them (as PRUNUS CEEASUS) may be called subgenera. When the divi- 
 sions of a genus are not of such importance, or when divisions are mado 
 under the subgenus itself, the most comprehensive ones are marked by as- 
 terisks, * for the first, * * for the second, and so on. Subdivisions are
 
 SECTION 19.] SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS. 189 
 
 marked with a prefixed -i- ; those under this head with ++ ; and those 
 under this with , if there be so many grades. A similar notation is fol- 
 lowed in the synopsis of the genera of an order. 
 
 578. The interrogation point is used in botany to indicate doubt. Thus 
 Clematis crispa, L.? expresses a doubt whether the plant in question is 
 really the Clematis crispa of Liuua3us. Clematis ? polypetala expresses 
 a doubt whether the plant so named is really a Clematis. On the other 
 hand the exclamation point (!) is used to denote certainty whenever there 
 is special need to affirm this. 
 
 579. For size or height, the common signs of degrees, minutes, and 
 seconds, have been used, thus, 1, 2', 3", stand respectively for a foot, 
 two inches, and three lines or twelfths of an inch. A better way, when 
 such brevity is needed, is to write 1". 2 to . 3 1 . 
 
 580. Signs for duration used by Linnaeus were Q for an annual, $ for 
 a biennial, # for a perennial herb, 5 for a shrub or tree. DeCandolle 
 brought in for a plant that died after once flowering, (T) if annual, (2) 
 if biennial. 
 
 581. To indicate sexes, $ means staminate or male plant or blossom; 
 9 , pistillate or female ; K , perfect or hermaphrodite. 
 
 582. To save room it is not uncommon to use oo in place of " many ; " thus, 
 " Stamens oo," for stamens indefinitely numerous : "oo flora " for pluriflora 
 or many-flowered. Still more common is the form " Stamens 5-20," or 
 "Calyx 4-5-parted," for stamens from five to twenty, calyx four-parted or 
 five-parted, and the like. Such abbreviations hardly need explanation. 
 
 583. The same may be said of such abbreviations as Cat. for calyx, 
 Cor. for corolla, Pet. for petals, St. for stamens, Fist, for pistil, Hab. for 
 habitat, meaning place of growth, Herb, for herbarium, Hort. for garden. 
 Also /. c., loco citato, which avoids repetition of volume and page. 
 
 584. "Structural Botany" has six pages of abbreviations of the names 
 of botanists, mostly of botanical authors. As they are not of much 
 consequence to the beginner, while the more advanced botanist will know 
 the names in full, or know where to find them, only a selection is here
 
 190 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF BOTANISTS. 
 
 ABBEBVIATIONS OP THE NAMES OF BOTANISTS 
 
 Mam* 
 
 = Adanson. 
 
 Gmel. - 
 
 = Gmelin. 
 
 Ait. 
 
 Alton. 
 
 Good. 
 
 Goodenougk 
 
 All. 
 
 AUioni. 
 
 Grev. 
 
 Greville. 
 
 Andr. 
 
 Andrews. 
 
 Griseb. 
 
 Grisebach. 
 
 Arm. 
 Aub. 
 
 Arnott. 
 Anblet. 
 
 Gron. 
 Gronov. 
 
 J Grouovius. 
 
 Bartr. 
 
 Bartram. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 HaHer. 
 
 Beauv. 
 
 Palisot de Beauvois. 
 
 Hartm. 
 
 Hartmann. 
 
 Benth. 
 
 Bentham. 
 
 Hartw. 
 
 Hartweg. 
 
 Bernh. 
 
 Bernhardi. 
 
 Harv. 
 
 Harvey. 
 
 Bigel. 
 
 Jacob Bigelow. 
 
 Haw. 
 
 HawortL 
 
 Bong. 
 
 Bongard. 
 
 Hegelm. 
 
 Hegelmaier. 
 
 Bovpl. 
 
 Bonpland. 
 
 Hemsl. 
 
 Hemsley. 
 
 Br. or S. Br. Robert Brown. 
 
 Herb. 
 
 Herbert. 
 
 Cass. 
 
 Cassini. 
 
 Hofm. 
 
 Hoffmann. 
 
 Cav. 
 
 Cavanilles. 
 
 Hoffmans. 
 
 Hoffmansegg. 
 
 Cham. 
 
 Chamisso. 
 
 Hook. 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 Chapm. 
 
 Chapman. 
 
 Hook.f. 
 
 J. D. Hooker. 
 
 Chols. 
 
 Choisy. 
 
 Hornem. 
 
 Hornemann. 
 
 Clayt. 
 
 Clayton. 
 
 Huds. 
 
 Hudson. 
 
 Curt. 
 
 Curtis. 
 
 Humb. 
 
 Humboldt. [Kunth 
 
 Curt.(M. A.} M. A. Curtis. 
 
 HBK. 
 
 Humboldt, Bonpland, an 
 
 Darf. 
 
 Darlington. 
 
 Jacq. 
 
 Jacquin. 
 
 DC. 
 DeCand. 
 
 | DeCandolle. 
 
 Jacq.f. 
 Just. 
 
 J. F. Jacquin. 
 Jussieu. 
 
 A. DC. 
 
 Alphonse DeCandolK 
 
 A. Juts. 
 
 Adrien de Jussien. 
 
 Desc. 
 
 Descourtilz. 
 
 Kit. 
 
 Kitaibel. 
 
 Desf. 
 
 Desfontaines. 
 
 L. or Linn. 
 
 Linnaeus. 
 
 Desv. 
 
 Desvaux. 
 
 Labill. 
 
 Labillardierc. 
 
 Dill. 
 
 Dillenius. 
 
 Lag. 
 
 Lagasca. 
 
 Douffl. 
 
 Douglas. 
 
 Lam. 
 
 Lamarck. 
 
 DuAam. 
 
 Duhamel 
 
 Ledeb. 
 
 Ledebour. 
 
 Dun. 
 
 Dnnal. 
 
 Lehm. 
 
 Lehmann. 
 
 Eat. 
 
 Eaton (Amos) or D. C. 
 
 Letq. 
 
 I^esqnereax. 
 
 Ehrh. 
 
 Ehrhart 
 
 Lets. 
 
 Lessing. 
 
 Ell. 
 
 Elliott. 
 
 Lestib. 
 
 Lestibudois. 
 
 Endl. 
 
 Endlicher. 
 
 L'Her. 
 
 L'Heritier. 
 
 Engelm. 
 
 Engelmann. 
 
 Lindb. 
 
 Lindberg. 
 
 Engl. 
 
 Engler. 
 
 Lindh. 
 
 Lindheimer. 
 
 Fitch. 
 
 Fischer. 
 
 Lindl. 
 
 Lindley. 
 
 Frost. 
 
 Froelich. 
 
 Lodd. 
 
 Loddiges. 
 
 Gartn. 
 
 Gartner. 
 
 Loud. 
 
 Loudon. 
 
 Gaud. 
 
 Gandin. 
 
 M. Bieb. 
 
 Marschall von Bieberstein. 
 
 Gaudich. 
 
 Gandichand. 
 
 Marsh. 
 
 Marshall (Humphrey). 
 
 GtKff. 
 
 Ginsdw. 
 
 Mart. 
 
 Martiua.
 
 ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF BOTANISTS. 
 
 191 
 
 Mast. as Masters. 
 
 Rcem.$-Sc> 
 
 \ult. = Roemer & Scholtes. 
 
 Maxim. Maximowicz. 
 
 Rottb. 
 
 Rottlwell. 
 
 Meisn. \ Meisner or 
 
 Rupr. 
 
 Ruprecht. 
 
 Meissn. i Meissner. 
 
 St. Hil. 
 
 Saint- Hilaire. 
 
 Michx. or MX. Michaux. 
 
 Salisb. 
 
 SaKsbaiy. 
 
 Michx.f. F. A. Michaux. 
 
 Schk. 
 
 Schkuhr. 
 
 Mill. Miller. 
 
 Schlecht. 
 
 SchlechtendaL 
 
 Miq. Miquel. 
 
 Schrad. 
 
 Schrader. 
 
 Mitch. Mitchell 
 
 Schreb. 
 
 Schreber. 
 
 Moc. Mo?ino. 
 
 Schwein. 
 
 Schweinits. 
 
 Moq. Moquin-Tandon. 
 
 Scop. 
 
 Scopoli. 
 
 Moric. Moricand. 
 
 Spreng. 
 
 SprengeL 
 
 Moris. Morison. 
 
 Sternb. 
 
 Sternberg. 
 
 Muell. Arg. J. Mueller. 
 
 Steud. 
 
 Steudel. 
 
 Nuell. (F.) Ferdinand Mueller. 
 
 Sull. 
 
 Sullivant 
 
 Muhl. Muhlenberg. 
 
 Thunb. 
 
 Thunberg. 
 
 Murr. Murray. 
 
 Torr. 
 
 Torrey. 
 
 Naud. Naudin. 
 
 Tourn. 
 
 Tonmefort 
 
 Neck. Necker. 
 
 Trautv. 
 
 Trautvetter. 
 
 N ab E 1 ^ eeS Ton 8en ^ )ec ' ' 
 
 Trin. 
 Tuck. 
 
 Trinius. 
 Tuckermao. 
 
 Nult. Nuttall. 
 
 Vaill. 
 
 VaiUant 
 
 (Ed. CEder. 
 
 Vent. 
 
 Ventenat 
 
 Ort. Ortega. 
 
 riii. 
 
 Villare. 
 
 P. de Beauv. Palisot de Beauvoi*. 
 
 Wahl. 
 
 Wahlenberg. 
 
 Pall. Pallas. 
 
 Walds. 
 
 Waldstein. 
 
 Part. Parlatore. 
 
 Wall. 
 
 Wallicb, 
 
 Pao. Pavon. 
 
 Wallr. 
 
 Wallroth. 
 
 Pers. Persoon. 
 
 Walp. 
 
 Walpere. 
 
 Planch. Planchon. 
 
 Walt. 
 
 Walter. 
 
 Pluk. Pluk-net 
 
 Wang. 
 
 Wangenheim. 
 
 P/WOT. Plumier. 
 
 Wats. 
 
 Sereno Watson, unless 
 
 PozV. Poiret. 
 
 
 other initials are giret 
 
 Radlk. Radlkofer. 
 
 Wedd. 
 
 Weddell. 
 
 Raf. Rafinesquc. 
 
 Wendl. 
 
 Wendland. 
 
 Red. Redoute. 
 
 Wiks. 
 
 Wikstrora. 
 
 Reichenb. Reichenbach. 
 
 Willd. 
 
 Willdenow. 
 
 Rich. L. C. Richard. 
 
 Wulf. 
 
 Wulfen. 
 
 Rich. f. or A. Achille Richard 
 
 Zucc. 
 
 Zuccarini. 
 
 Richards. Richardson. 
 
 Zuccag. 
 
 ZuccagioL 
 
 Ridd. Biddcll. 
 

 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX, 
 
 OR 
 
 DICTIONARY OF THE PRINCIPAL TERMS IN DESCBJPTIV1 
 BOTANY, COMBINED WITH AN INDEX. 
 
 For the convenience of unclasslcal students, the commoner Latin and Greek words (or 
 their equivalents in English form) which enter into the composition of botanical 
 well as of technical terms, are added to this Glossary. The numbers refer to pages. 
 
 A, at the beginning of words of Greek derivation, commonly signifies a negative, 
 or the absence of something; as apetalous, without petals; aphyllous, leaf- 
 less, &c. In words beginning with a vowel, the prefix is an ; as owantherous, 
 destitute of anther. 
 
 Abnormal, contrary to the usual or the natural structure. 
 
 Aooriginal, original in the strictest sense; same as indigenous. 
 
 Abortive, imperfectly formed, or rudimentary. 
 
 Abortion, the imperfect formation or the non-formation of some part 
 
 Abrupt, suddenly terminating; as, for instance, 
 
 Abruptly pinnate, pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end, 58. 
 
 Acantho-, spiny. 
 
 Acaulescent (acaidis), apparently stemless; the proper stem, bearing the leaves 
 and flowers, being very short or subterranean. 
 
 Accessory, something additional; as Accessory buds, 30, 31^ Accessory fruits, 118. 
 
 Accrescent, growing larger after flowering. 
 
 Accrete, grown to. 
 
 Accumbent, lying against a thing. The cotyledons are accumbent when they lie 
 with their edges against the radicle, 128. 
 
 Acephalous, headless. 
 
 Acerwe, needle-shaped, as the leaves of Pines. 
 
 Acetdbuliform, saucer-shaped. 
 
 Achosnium, or Achenium (plural achenia), a one-seeded, seed-like frnit, 120 
 
 Achlamydeous (flower), without floral envelopes, 86. 
 
 Acicular, needle-shaped; more slender than acerose. 
 
 Acinaciform, scimitar-shaped, like some bean-pods. 
 
 Acines, the separate grains of a fruit, such as the raspberry. 
 
 Acorn, the nut of the Oak, 122. 
 
 Acotyledonous, destitute of cotyledons or seed-leaves. 
 
 Acrogenous, growing from the apex, as the stems of Ferns and Mosses. Acrogens 
 or Acrogenous Plants, a name for the vascular cryptogamous plants, 156. 
 
 Aculeate, armed with prickles, i. e. aculei ; as the Rose and Brier. 
 
 Acuteolate, armed with small prickles, or slightly prickly. 
 
 Acuminate, taper-pointed, 54. 
 
 Acute, merely sharp-pointed, or ending in a point less than a right angle, 54. 
 18
 
 194 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Adelphous (stamens), joined in a fraternity (adelphia); see monadelphous, &c. 
 
 Aden, Greek for gland. So Adenophorous, gland-bearing. 
 
 Adherent, sticking to, or more commonly, growing fast to another body. 
 
 Adnate, literally, growing fast to, born adherent, 95. The anther is adnate when 
 
 fixed by its whole length to the filament or its prolongation, 101. 
 A dnation, the state of being adnate, 9i. 
 
 Adpressed or appressed, brought into contact with, but not united. 
 Adscendent, ascendent, or ascending, rising gradually upwards, 39. 
 Adsurgent, or assurgent, same as ascending, 39. 
 
 Adventitious, out of the proper or usual place; e. g. Adventitious buds, 30. 
 Adventive, applied to foreign plants accidentally or sparingly introduced into a 
 
 country, but hardly to be called naturalized. 
 ^Equilateral, equal-sided ; opposed to oblique. 
 Aerial roots, &c., 36. 
 jEruginous, verdigris-colored. 
 ^Estival, produced in summer. 
 
 ^Estivation, the arrangement of parts in a flower-bud, 97. 
 Agamous, sexless. 
 Aggregate fruits, 118. 
 Agrestis, growing in fields. 
 
 Air-cells or Air-passages, spaces in the tissue of leaves and some stems, 131. 
 Air-Plants, 36. 
 Akene or Akenium, 120. 
 
 Ala (plural, alee), a wing; the side-petals of a papilionaceous corolla, 92. 
 Alabastrum, a flower-bud. 
 Alar, situated in the forks of a stem. 
 Alate, winged. 
 
 Albescent, whitish, or turning white. 
 Albus, Latin for white. 
 
 Albumen of the seed, nourishing matter stored up with the embryo, 21, 127o 
 Albumen, a vegetable product, of four elements. 
 Albuminous (seeds), furnished with albumen, 21. 
 Alburnum; young wood, sap-wood, 142. 
 Alliaceous, with odor of garlic. 
 Attogamous, close fertilization. 
 Alpestrine, subalpine. 
 
 Alpine, belonging to high mountains above the limit of forests. 
 Alternate (leaves), one after another, 29, 67. Petals are alternate with the 
 
 sepals, or stamens with the petals, when they stand over the intervals between 
 
 them, 82. 
 
 Alveolate, honeycomb-like. 
 
 Ament, the scaly spike of trees like the Birch and Willow, 75. 
 Amentaceous, catkin-like, or catkin-bearing. 
 Amorphous, shapeless, without any definite form. 
 Amphicarpous, producing two kinds of fruit. 
 
 Amphigastrium (plural, amphigastria), a peculiar stipule-like leaf of Liverworts. 
 Amphitropous, ovules or seeds, 111. 
 Amphora, a pitcher-shaped organ. 
 
 Amplectant, embracing. Amplexicaul (leaves), clasping the stem by the base. 
 Amptillaceous, swelling out like a bottle or bladder (ampulla'). 
 Amylaceous, Amyloid, composed of starch (amylum), or starch-like. 
 Anandrous, without stamens. 
 
 Anantherous, without anthers. AnantJious, destitute of flowers ; flowerless. 
 Anastomosing, forming a net-work (anastomosis), as the veins of leaves, 50. 
 Anatropous ovules or seeds, 111, 
 Ancipital (anceps), two-edged. 
 Andracium, a name for the stamens taken together, 98.
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 195 
 
 Andro-dioxious, flowers staminate on one plant, perfect on another. 
 Androgynous, having both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same cluster. 
 Androphore, a column of united stamens, as in a Mallow. 
 Androus, or Ander, andra, andrum, Greek in compounds for male, or stametta 
 Anemophilous, wind-loving, said of wind-fertilizable flowers, 113. 
 Anfractuose, bent hither and thither as the anthers of the Squash, &c. 
 Anyiospermce, Angiospermous, with seeds formed in an ovary or pericarp, 106. 
 Angular divergence of leaves, 69. 
 
 Anisos, unequal. Anisomerous, parts unequal in number. Anisopetalous, with un- 
 equal petals. Anisophyllous, the leaves unequal in the pairs. 
 Annual (plant), flowering and fruiting the year it is raised from the seed, and then 
 
 dying, 37. 
 
 Annular, in the form of a ring, or forming a circle. 
 Annulate, marked by rings ; or furnished with an 
 Annulus, or ring, like that of the spore-case of most Ferns. In Mosses it is a ring 
 
 of cells placed between the mouth of the spore-case and the lid in many species. 
 Annotinous, yearly, or in yearly growths. 
 Anterior, in the blossom, is the part next the bract, i. e. external; while the 
 
 posterior side is that next the axis of inflorescence. Thus, in the Pea, &c., the 
 
 keel is anterior, and the standard posterior , 96. 
 Anthela, an open paniculate cyme. 
 
 Anther, the essential part of the stamen, which contains the pollen, 14, 80, 101. 
 Antheridium (plural antheridia), the organ in Cryptogams which answers to the 
 
 anther of Flowering Plants, 150. 
 Antheriferous, anther-bearing. 
 
 Anthesis, the period or the act of the expansion of a flower. 
 Anthocarpus (fruits), 118. 
 
 Anthophore, a stipe between calyx and corolla, 113, 
 Anthos, Greek for flower ; in composition, Monanthotu, one-flowered. & 
 Anticous, same as anterior. 
 Antrorse, directed upwards or forwards 
 Apetalous, destitute of petals, 8C, 
 Aphyllous, leafless. 
 
 Apical, belonging to the apex or point. 
 Apictilate, pointleted; tipped with a small point- 
 
 Apocarpous (pistils), when the several pistils of the same flower are separate. 
 Apophysis, any irregular swelling ; the enlargement at the base of the spore-case o 
 
 the Umbrella-Moss. 
 
 Apothecium, the fructification of Lichens, 171. 
 
 Appendage, any superadded part. Appendiculate, provided with appendages. 
 Appressed, close pressed to the stem, &c. 
 Apricws, growing in dry and sunny places. 
 Apterous, wingless. 
 Aquatic (Aqttatilis), living or growing in water ; applied to plants whether growing 
 
 under water, or with all but the base raised out of it. 
 
 Arachnoid, Araneose, cobwebby; clothed with, or consisting of, soft downy fibres. 
 Arboreous, Arborescent, tree-like, in size or form, 39. 
 Arboretum, a collection of trees. 
 Archegonium (plural archegonia), the organ in Mosses, &c., which is analogous to 
 
 the pistil of Flowering Plants. 
 Arcuate, bent or curved like a bow. 
 Arenose (Arenarius), growing in sand. 
 Areolate, marked out into little spaces or areofa. 
 Arffenteous, or Argentate, silvery-like. 
 Argillote, growing in clay. 
 
 Argot, Greek for pure white ; Argophyltou* or Argyr aphyllous, white-leaved, &c, 
 Argutui, asutely dentate.
 
 196 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 ArUlate (seeds) furnished with an aril 
 
 Ariiliform, aril-like. 
 
 Arillus, or Aril,, a fleshy growth from base of a seed, 126. 
 
 Aristate, awned, L e. furnished with an arista, like the beard of Barley, &c., 54. 
 
 Aristulate, diminutive of the last ; short-awned. 
 
 Arrect, brought into upright position. 
 
 Arrow-shaped or Arrow-headed, same as sagittate, 53. 
 
 Articulated, jointed ; furnished with joints or articulations, where it separates or 
 
 inclines to do so. Articulated leaves, 57. 
 Artificial Classification, 181, 
 Ascending (stems, &c.), 39; (seeds or ovules) 110. 
 Ascidium, a pitcher-shaped body, like leaves of Sarracenia. 
 Ascus (asci), a sac, the spore-case of Lichens and some Fungi. 
 Aspergilliform, shaped like the brush used to sprinkle holy water; as the stigmas 
 
 of many Grasses. 
 Asperous, rough to touch. 
 Assimilation, 144, 147. 
 Assurgent, same as ascending, 89. 
 Atropous or Atropol (ovules), same as orthotropous. 
 Aurantiacous, orange-colored. 
 Aureous, golden. 
 
 Auriculate, furnished with auricles or ear-like appendages, 58. 
 Autogamy, self-fertilization, 115. 
 Awl-shaped, sharp-pointed from a broader base, 61. 
 Awn, the bristle or beard of Barley, Oats, &c.; or any similar appendage. 
 Awned or Awn-pointed, furnished with an awn or long bristle-shaped tip, 54. 
 Axil, the angle on the upper side between a leaf and the stem, 13. 
 Axile, belonging to the axis, or occupying the axis. 
 Axillary (buds, &c.), occurring in an axil, 27. 
 Axis, the central line of any body ; the organ round which others are attached; the 
 
 root and stem. Asctnding and Descending Axis, 38. 
 
 Baccate, berried, berry-like, of A pulpy-nature like a berry (bacca). 
 
 Bndius, chestnut-colored. 
 
 Banner, see Standard, 92. 
 
 Barbate, bearded; bearing tufts, spots, or lines of hairs. 
 
 Barbed, furnished with a barb or double hook ; as the apex of the bristle on the 
 
 fruit of Echinospermum (Stickseed), &c. 
 Barbellate, said of the bristles of the pappus of some Compositae when beset with 
 
 short, stiff hairs, longer than when denticulate, but shorter than when plumose 
 Barbellulate, diminutive of barbellate. 
 Bark, the covering of a stem outside of the wood, 138, 140. 
 Basal, belonging or attached to the 
 
 Bftse, that extremity of any organ by which it is attached to its support. 
 Bneifixed, attached by its base. 
 Bait, Bast-fibres, 134. 
 Beaked, ending in a prolonged narrow tip. 
 Bearded, see barbate. Beard is sometimes used for awn, more commonly for lonp 
 
 or stiff hairs of any sort. 
 
 Bell-shaped, of the shape of a bell, as the corolla of Harebell, 90. 
 Berry, a fruit pulpy or juicy throughout, as a grape, 119. 
 fit- (or Bit), in compound words, twice; as 
 
 Biarticulate, twice-jointed, or two-jointed; separating into two pieces, 
 Biauriculate, having two ears, as the leaf in fig. 126. 
 BicaUose, having two callosities or harder spots. 
 Bicarinate, two-keeled. 
 Bicipital (Biceps), two-headed: dividing into two parts.
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 197 
 
 Biconjugate, twice paired, as when a petiole forks twice. 
 
 Bidtntate, having two teeth (not twice or doubly dentate). 
 
 Biennial, of two years' continuance; springing from the seed one season, flowering 
 
 ami dying the next, 38. 
 
 Bifarious, two-ranked ; arranged in two rows. 
 Bifid, two-cleft to about the middle. 
 Bifoliolnte, a compound leaf of two leaflets, 59. 
 Bifurcate, twice, forked ; or more commonly, forked into two branches. 
 Bijuyatt, bearing two pairs (of leaflets, &c.). 
 Bilabiate, two-lipped, as the corolla of Labiatae. 
 Bilameltate, of two plates (lamella), as the stigma of Stimulus. 
 Bilobed, the same as two-lobed. 
 Bilocdlate, when a cell is divided into two locetti. 
 Bilocular, two-celled; as most anthers, the pod of Foxglove, &c. 
 Binary, in twos. 
 
 Binate, in couples, two together. Bipartite, the Latin form of two-parted. 
 Binodal, of two nodes. 
 
 Binomial, of two words, as the name of genus and species taken together, 180. 
 Bipalmate, twice palmately divided. 
 Biparous, bearing two. 
 
 Bipinnate (leaf), twice pinnate, 58. Bipinnatifid, twice pinnatifid, 57. 
 Bipinnatisect, twice pinnately divided. 
 Biplicate, twice folded together. 
 
 Biseriol, or Biseriate, occupying two rows, one within the other. 
 Biserrate, doubly serrate, as when the teeth of a leaf are themselves serratu. 
 Bisexual, having both stamens and pistil. 
 
 Biternate, twice ternate; i. e. principal divisions three, each bearing three leaflets. 59 
 Bladdery, thin and inflated. 
 Blade of a leaf, its expanded portion, 49. 
 Bloom, the whitish powder on some fruits, leaves, &c. 
 Boat-shaped, concave within and keeled without, in shape like a small boat. 
 Border of corolla, &c., 89. 
 
 Brachiate, with opposite branches at right angles to each other. 
 Brachy-, short, as Brachycarpous, short-fluited, &c. 
 Bract (Bractea), the leaf of an inflorescence. Specially, the bract is the small leal 
 
 or scale from the axil of which a flower or its pedicel proceeds, 73. 
 Bracteate, furnished with bracts. 
 Bracteolate, furnished with bractlets. 
 Bracteose, with numerous or conspicuous bracts. 
 
 Bractlet ( Bracteola), or Bracteole, is a bract seated on the pedicel or flower-stalk, 73. 
 Branch, Branching, 27. 
 Breathing-pores, 144. 
 
 Bristles, stiff, sharp hairs, or any very slender bodies of similar appearance. 
 Bristly, beset with bristles. Bristle-pointed, 54. 
 Brunneous, brown. 
 Brush-shaped, see aspergilliform. 
 Bryolor/y, that part of botany which relates to Mosses. 
 Bryophyta, Bryophytes, 163. 
 
 Bud, a branch in its earliest or undeveloped state, 27. Bud-scalet, 63. 
 Bulb, a leaf-bud with fleshy scales, usually subterranean, 46. 
 Bulbils, diminutive bulbs. 
 
 Bulbtferous, bearing or producing bulbs. Bulbose or bulbous, bulb-like in shape, &o 
 Bulblets, small bulbs, borne above ground, 46. 
 Bulb-tcales, 46. 
 
 Bullate, appearing as if blistered or bladdery (from bulla, a bubble). 
 Bystaceous, composed of fine flax-like threads.
 
 198 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Caducous, dropping off very early, compared with other parts; as the calyx in th 
 
 Poppy, falling wLen the flower opens. 
 Cceruleous, blue. Ccerulescent, becoming bluish. 
 Cce&pitose, or Cespitose, growiug in turf-like patches or tufts. 
 Calathiform, cup-shaped. 
 
 Calcarate, furnished with a spur (calcar), 86, 87. 
 
 Calceolate or Calceiform, slipper-shaped, like one petal of the Lady's Slipper. 
 Callose, hardened ; or furnished with callosities or thickened spots. 
 Calvous, bald or naked of hairs. 
 
 Calycifltn-us, when petals and stamens are adnate to calyx. 
 Calycine, belonging to the calyx. 
 Calculate, furnished with an outer accessory calyx (calyculus) or set of bracts 
 
 looking like a calyx, as in true Pinks. 
 Calyptra, the hood or veil of the capsule of a Moss, 163. 
 Calypirate, having a calyptra. 
 
 Calyptnform, shaped like a calyptra or candle-extinguisher. 
 Calyx, the outer set of the floral envelopes or leaves of the flower, 14, 79. 
 Cambium, Cambium-layer, 140. 
 Campanulate, bell-shaped, 90. 
 Campylotropous, or Campylotropal, curved ovules and seeds, 111. Campylotpermous, 
 
 applied to fruits of Umbelliferae when the seed is curved in at the edges, 
 
 forming a groove down the inner face ; as in Sweet Cicely. 
 Canaliculate, channelled, or with a deep longitudinal groove. 
 Cancellate, latticed, resembling lattice-work. 
 Candidus, Latin for pure white. 
 Canescent, grayish-white; hoary, usually because the surface is covered with fine 
 
 white hairs. Incanous is whiter still. 
 Canous, whitened with pubescence; see incanout. 
 
 Capillaceous, Capillary, hair-like in shape; as fine as hair or slender bristles 
 Capitate, having a globular apex, like the head on a pin. 
 Capitellate, diminutive of capitate. 
 
 Capitulum, a close rounded dense cluster or head of sessile flowers, 74, 
 Capreolate, bearing tendrils (from capreolus, a tendril). 
 Capsule, a dry dehiscent seed-vessel of a compound pistil, 122. 
 Capsular, relating to, or like a capsule. 
 Capture of insects, 154. 
 
 Carina, a keel; the two anterior petals of a papilionaceous flower, 92. 
 Carinate, keeled, furnished with a sharp ridge or projection on the lowei side. 
 Cariopsis, or Caryopsis, the one-seeded fruit or grain of Grasses, 121. 
 Carneous, flesh-colored; pale red. Carnose, fleshy in texture. 
 Carpel, or Carpidium, a simple pistil or a pistil-leaf, 106. 
 Caipellary, pertaining to a carpel. 
 
 Carpoloyy, that department of botany which relates to fruits. 
 Carpophore, the stalk or support of a pistil extending between its carpels, 113 
 Carpos, Greek for fruit. 
 
 Cartilaginous, or Carttlagineous, firm and tough in texture, like cartilage 
 Caruncle, an excrescence at the scar of some seeds, 126. 
 Carunculate, furnished with a caruncle- 
 
 Caryophyllaceous, pink-like : applied to a corolla of 5 long-ciawed pet-Js. 
 Cassideous, helmet-shaped 
 Cassue, empty and sterile 
 
 Catenate, or Catenulate, end to end a. in a chain. 
 Catkin, see Ament, 75. 
 Caudate, tailed, or tail-pointed. 
 
 Caudex, a sort of trunk, such as that of Pahns; an upright rootstock, 38, 44 
 Caudicle, the stalk of a pollen-mass, &c. 
 Caulescent, having an obvious stem. 86.
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. iyi> 
 
 Caulide, & little stem, or rudimentary stem (of a seedling), 11, 127. 
 Cauline, of or belonging to a stem, 36. Caulis, Latin name of stem. 
 Caulocarpic, equivalent to perennial. 
 Caulome, the cauline parts of a plant. 
 
 Cell (diminutive, Cellule), the cavity of an anther, ovary, &c. ; one of the anatomi- 
 cal elements, 131. 
 
 Cellular Cryptogams, 162. Celluiar tissue, 131. 
 Cellulose, 131. Cell-walls, 130. 
 Centrifugal (inflorescence), produced or expanding in succession from the centre 
 
 outwards, 77. 
 
 Centripetal, the opposite of centrifugal, 74. 
 Cephala, Greek for head. In compounds, Monocephalous, with one head, Micro 
 
 cephalous, small-headed, &c. 
 Cereal, belonging to corn, or corn-plants. 
 Cernuous, nodding; the summit more or less inclining. 
 Chceta, Greek for bristle. 
 Chaff, small membranous scales or bracts on the receptacle of Composite; th 
 
 glumes, &c., of grasses. 
 
 Chaffy, furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff. 
 Chalaza, that part of the ovule where all the parts grow together, 110, 128. 
 Channelled, hollowed out like a gutter; same as canaliculate. 
 Character, a phrase expressing the essential marks of a species, genus, &c., 181 
 Chartaceous, of the texture of paper or parchment. 
 Chloros, Greek for green, whence Chloranthous, green-flowered; Chlorocarpouf . 
 
 green-fruited, &c. 
 Chlorophyll, leaf green, 136. 
 
 Chlorosis, a condition in which naturally colored parts turn green. 
 Choripetalous, same as polypetalous. 
 Chorisis, separation of the normally united parts, or where two or more parts tak 
 
 the place of one. 
 
 Chromule, coloring matter in plants, especially when not green, or when liquid. 
 Chrysos, Greek for golden yellow, whence Chrysanthous, yellow-flowered, &c. 
 Cicatrix, the scar left by the fall of a leaf or other organ. 
 Ciliate, beset on the margin with a fringe of cilia, i. e. of hairs or bristles, like the 
 
 eyelashes fringing the eyelids, whence the name. 
 Cinereous, or Cineraceous, ash-grayish ; of the color of ashes. 
 Circinate, rolled inwards from the top, 72. 
 Circumscissile, or Circumcissile, divided by a circular line round the sides, as tht 
 
 pods of Purslane, Plantain, &c., 124. 
 Circumscription, general outline. 
 Cirrhiferous, or Cirrkose, furnished with a tendril (Latin, Cirrhtu) ; as the Grape 
 
 vine. Cirrhose also means resembling or coiling like tendrils, as the leaf 
 
 stalks of Virgin's-bower. More properly Cirrus and CirroK. 
 Citreous, lemon-yellow. 
 dados, Greek for branch. Cladophylla, 64. 
 Class, 178, 183. 
 Classification, 175, 183. 
 Clathrate, latticed; same as cancellate. 
 Clavate, club-shaped; slender below and thickened upwards. 
 Clavellate, diminutive of clavate. 
 
 Claviculate, having Clnviculce, or little tendrils or hooks. 
 Clntc, the narrow or stalk-like base of some petals, as of Pinks, 91 
 Cleistoyamous (Cleistogamy), fertilized in closed bud, 115. 
 Cleft, cut into lobes, 55. 
 Close fertilization, 115. 
 
 Climbing, rising by clinging to other objects, 39, 151. 
 Club-shaped, see clavate. 
 Clustered, leaves, flowers. &c., aggregated or collected into a bunco.
 
 200 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Clypeate, buckler-shaped. 
 
 Coadunate, same as connate, i. e. united. 
 
 Caulescent, growing together- Coalescence, 88. 
 
 Coarctate, contracted or brought close together. 
 
 Coated, having an integument, or covered in layers. Coated bulb, 46. 
 
 Cobwebby, same as arachnoid; bearing hairs like cobwebs or gossamer. 
 
 Coccineous, scarlet-red. 
 
 Coccus (plural cocci), anciently a berry ; new mostly used to denote the separable 
 
 carpels or nutlets of a dry fruit. 
 Cochleariform, spoon-shaped. 
 Cochleate, coiled or shaped like a snail-shell 
 Ccelospermous, applied to those fruits of UmbellifersB which have the seed hollowed 
 
 on the inner face, by incurving of top and bottom ; as in Coriander. 
 Coherent, usually the same as connate. 
 
 Cohort, name sometimes used for groups Between order and class 17ft. 
 Coleorhiza, a root-sheath. 
 Collateral, side by side. 
 Collective fruits, 118. 
 
 Collum or Collar, the neck or junction of stem and root. 
 Colored, parts of a plant which are other-colored than green. 
 Columella, the axis to which the carpels of a compound pistil are often attached, 
 
 as in Geranium (112), or which is left when a pod opens, as in Azalea. 
 Column, the united stamens, as in Mallow, or the stamens and pistils united inti 
 
 one body, as in the Orchis family. 
 Columnar, shaped like a column or pillar. 
 Coma, a tuft of any sort (literally, a head of hair), 125. 
 Comose, tufted; bearing a tuft of hairs, as the seeds of Milkweed, 126. 
 Commissure, the line of junction of two carpels, as in the fruit of Umbelliferse, 
 Complanate, flattened. 
 
 Compound leaf, 54, 57. Compound pistil, 107. Compound umbel, 75, &c. 
 Complete (flower), 81. 
 Complicate, folded upon itself 
 Compressed, flattened on opposite sides. 
 Conceptacle, 168. 
 Concinnous, neat. 
 Concolor, ail of one color. 
 Conchiform, shell- or half-shell- shaped. 
 Conduplicate, folded upon itself lengthwise, 71. 
 Cone, the fruit of the Pine family,124. Coniferoui, cone-bearing. 
 Confertus, much crowded. 
 
 Conferruminate, stuck together, as the cotyledons in a horse-chestnut 
 Confluent, blended together; or the same as coherent. 
 Conformed, similar to another thing it is associated with or compared to; or closei} 
 
 fitted to it, as the skin to the kernel of a seed. 
 Congested, Conglomerate, crowded together. 
 Conglomerate, crowded into a glomerule. 
 Conjugate, coupled ; in single pairs. Conjugation, 170. 
 Connate, united or grown together from the first formation, 96- 
 Connate-perfoliate, when a pair of leaves are connate round a stem, 60, 
 Connective, Ctmnectivum, the part of the anther connecting its two cells, 101. 
 Connivent, converging, or brought close together. 
 Consolidation (floral), 94. 
 Consolidated forms of vegetation, 47. 
 Contents of cells, 136. 
 
 Continuous, the reverse of Interrupted or articuiateri 
 Contorted, twisted together. Contorted cestivation, same as convolute, 97. 
 Contortuplicate, twisted back upon itself. 
 Contracted* either narrowed or shortened.
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 201 
 
 Contrary, turned in opposite direction to the ordinary. 
 
 Convolute, rolled up lengthwise, as the leaves of the Plum In Ternation, 72. ID 
 
 aestivation, same as contorted, 97. 
 Cordate, heart-shaped, 53. 
 Coriaceous, resembling leather in texture. 
 Corky, of the texture of cork. Corky layer of bark, 141. 
 Conn, a solid bulb, like that of Crocus, 45. 
 Corneous, of the consistence or appearance of horn. 
 Corniculate, furnished with a small horn or spur. 
 Cornule, horned; bearing a horn-like projection or appendage. 
 Corolla, the leaves of the flower within the calyx, 14, 79. 
 Corollaceous, Coralline, like or belonging to a corolla. 
 
 Corona, a coronet or crown; an appendage at the top of the emw of some petals, 91 
 Coronate, crowned; furnished with a crown. 
 Cortex, bark. Cortical, belonging to the bark (cortex). 
 Corticate, coated with bark or bark-like covering. 
 Corymb, a flat or convex indeterminate flower-cluster, 74. 
 Corymbiferous, bearing corymbs. 
 
 Corymbose, in corymbs, approaching the form of a corymb, or branched in that way 
 Costa, a rib; the midrib of a leaf, &c. Costate, ribbed. 
 Cotyledons, the proper leaves of the embryo, 11, 127. 
 Crattriform, goblet-shaped or deep saucer-shaped. 
 Creeping (stems), growing flat on or beneath the ground and rooting, 39. 
 Cremocarp, a half-fruit, or one of the two carpels of Umbelliferae, 121. 
 Crenate, or Crenelled, the edge scalloped into rounded teeth, 55 
 Crenulate, minutely or slightly crenate. 
 
 Crested, or Cristate, bearing any elevated appendage like a crest. 
 Cretaceous, chalky or chalk-like. 
 
 Cribrose, or cribriform, pierced like a sieve with small aperture*. 
 Crinite, bearing long hairs. 
 Crispate, curled or crispy. 
 Croceous, saffron-color, deep reddish-yellow. 
 Cross-breeds, the progeny of interbred varieties, 176- 
 Cross fertilization, 115. 
 Crown, see corona. Crowned, see coronate. 
 Cruciate, or Cruciform, cross-shaped. Cruciform Corolla^ 86. 
 Crustaceous, hard and brittle in texture; crust-like. 
 Cryptogamous Plants, Cryptogams, 10, 156. 
 Cryptos, concealed, as Cryptopetalous, with concealed petals, &c. 
 Crystals in plants, 137. 
 Cucullate, hooded, or hood-shaped, rolled up like a cornet of paper, or 8 hood 
 
 (cucullus), as the spathe of Indian Turnip, 75. 
 Culm, a straw ; the stem of Grasses and Sedges, 89. 
 Cultrate, shaped like a trowel or broad knife. 
 Ctmeate, Cuneiform, wedge-shaped, 53. 
 Cup-shaped, same as cyathiform or near it. 
 Cupule, a little cup; the cup to the acorn of the Oak, 129 
 Cupular, or Cupulate, provided with a cupule. 
 Cupuliferous, cupule-bearing. 
 Curviveined, with curved ribs or veins. 
 Curviserial, in oblique or spiral ranks. 
 
 Cushion, the enlargement at the insertion or base of a petiole. 
 Cuspidate, tipped with a sharp and stiff point or cusp, 54. 
 Cut, same as incised, or applied generally to any sharp and deep division, 55. 
 Cuticle, the skin of plants, or more strictly its external pellicle. 
 Cyaneous, bright blue. 
 
 Cyathiform, in the shape of a cup, or particularly of a wine-glass. 
 Cycle, one complett turn of a spire, or a circle, 70.
 
 202 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Cyclical, rolled up circularly, or coiled into a complete circle. 
 
 Cyclosis, circulation in closed cells, 149. 
 
 Cylindraceous, approaching to the Cylindrical form, terete and not tapering. 
 
 Cymbcsform, or Cymbiform, same as boat-shaped. 
 
 Cyme, a cluster of centrifugal inflorescence, 77. 
 
 Cymote, furnished with cymes, or like a cyme. 
 
 Cymule, a partial or diminutive cyme, 77. 
 
 Deca- (In words of Greek derivation), ten; as 
 
 Decagynous, with 10 pistils or styles, Decamerous, of 10 parts, Decandrous, with 
 
 10 stamens, &c. 
 Deciduous, falling off, or subject to fall; said of leaves which fall in autumn, and 
 
 of a calyx and corolla which fall before the fruit forms. 
 Dtclinate, declined, turned to one side, or downwards. 
 Decompound, several times compounded or divided, 59. 
 Decumbent, reclined on the ground, the summit tending to rise, 39. 
 Decurrent (leaves), prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion, as in Thistles 
 Decussate, arranged in pairs which successively cross each other, 71. 
 Deduplication, same as chorisis. 
 
 Definite, when of a uniform number, and not above twelve or so. 
 Definite Inflorescence, 72. 
 Defiexed, bent downwards. 
 
 Deflorate, past the flowering state, as an anther after it has discharged its pollen. 
 Dehiscence, the regular splitting open of capsule or anther, 103, 119. 
 Dehiscent, opening by regular dehiscence, 119, 123. 
 Deliquescent, branching off so that the stem is lost in the branches, 32. 
 Deltoid, of a triangular shape, like the Greek capital A. 
 Demersed, growing below the surface of water. 
 Dendroid, Dendritic, tree-like in form or appearance. 
 Dendron, Greek for tree. 
 Deni, ten together. 
 Dens, Latin for tooth. 
 
 Dentate, toothed, 55. Denticulate, furnished with denticulations, or little teeth. 
 Depauperate, impoverished or starved, and so below the natural size. 
 Depressed, flattened or as if pressed down from above. 
 Derma, Greek for skin. 
 
 Descending, tending gradually downwards. Descending axis, the root. 
 Desmos, Greek for things connected or bound together. 
 Determinate Inflorescence, 72. 
 Dextrorse, turned to the right hand. 
 Di- Dis (in Greek compounds), two, as . 
 
 Diadelphout (stamens), united by their filaments in two sets, 99. 
 Diagnosis, a short distinguishing character or descriptive phrase 
 Dialypetalous, same as polypetalous. 
 Diandrous, having two stamens, &c. 
 Diaphanous, transparent or translucent. 
 Dicarpellary, of two carpels. 
 
 Dichlamydeous (flower), having both calyx and corolla. 
 Dichogamous, Dichogamy, 116. 
 Dichotomous, two-forked. 
 
 Diclinous, having the stamens in one flower, the pistils in another, 85. 
 Dicoccous (fruit), splitting into two cocci or closed carpels. 
 Dicntyh, 23 
 Dicotylt<lono>u < enr oryo N. having A pair of cotyledons, 2 Kcotyledono*t Plants, 25 
 
 189 
 
 Didymout, twin. 
 
 Didynnmout (stamen*), having four stamen* in two pairs. lv 
 Difute. upreading widely and irrefralarly
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 203 
 
 Digitate (fingered), where the leaflets of a compound leaf are all bora* on the apex 
 of the petiole, 58. 
 
 Digynous (flower), having two pistils or styles, 105. 
 
 Dimerous, made up of two parts, or its organs in twos. 
 
 Dimidiate, halved; as where a leaf or leaflet has only one side developed. 
 
 Dimorphism, 117. Dimorphous, Dimorphic, of two forms, 117. 
 
 Dioecious, or Dioicous, with stamens and pistils on different plants, 85. 
 
 Dipetalous, of two petals. Diphyllous, two-leaved. Dipterous, two-winged. 
 
 Diplo-, Greek for double, as Diplostemonous, with two sets of stamens. 
 
 Distifurm or Disk-shaped, flat and circular, like a disk or quoit 
 
 Discoidal, or Discoid, belonging to or like a disk. 
 
 Discolor, of two different colors or hues. 
 
 Discrete, separate, opposite of concrete. 
 
 Disepalous, of two sepals. 
 
 Dak, the face of any flat body; the central part of a head of flowers, like the Sun- 
 flower, or Coreopsis, as opposed to the ray or margin ; a fleshy expansion of th 
 receptacle of a flower, 113. 
 
 Disk-flowers, those of the disk in Compositse. 
 
 Dissected, cut deeply into many lobes or divisions. 
 
 Dissepiments, the partitions of a compound ovary or a fruit, 108. 
 
 Dissilient, bursting in pieces. 
 
 Distichous, two-ranked. 
 
 Distinct, uncornbined with each other, 95, 
 
 Dithecous, of two thecae or anther-cel.'s. 
 
 Divaricate, straddling; very widely divergent. 
 
 Divided (leaves, &c.), cut into divisions down to the base or midrib, 55. 
 
 Dodeca, Greek for twelve ; as Dodecagynouz, with twelve pistils or styles, Dode- 
 candrous, with twelve stamens. 
 
 Dodrans, span-long. 
 
 Dolabriform, axe-shaped. 
 
 Dorsal, pertaining to the back (dorsum) of an organ. Dorsal Suture, 106. 
 
 Dotted Ducts, 148. 
 
 Double Flowers, where the petals are multiplied unduly, 79. 
 
 Downy, clothed with a coat of soft and short hairs. 
 
 Drupaceous, like or pertaining to a drupe. 
 
 Drupe, a stone-fruit, 120. Drupelet or Drupel, a little drupe. 
 
 Ducts, the so-called vessels of plants, 134. 
 
 Dumose, bushy, or relating to bushes. 
 
 Duramen, the heart-wood, 142. 
 
 Dwarf, remarkably low in stature. 
 
 J?-, as a prefix of Latin compound words, means destitute of; as ecottate, without . 
 
 rib or midrib; exalbuminous, without albumen, &c. 
 Eared, see auriculate, 53. 
 
 Ebracteate, destitute of bracts. Ebracleolate, destitute of bractlets. 
 Ebumeous, ivory-white. 
 
 Echinate, armed with prickles (like a hedgehog). Echinutate, a diminutive of ft 
 Edentate, toothless. 
 
 Effete, past bearing. & ; said of anthers which have discharged tht pollen 
 Effuse, very loosely branched and spreading. 
 Eglandulose, destitute of glands. 
 
 Elaters, threads mixed with the spores of Liverworts, 166. 
 Ellipsoidal, approaching an elliptical figure. 
 Elliptical, oval or oblong, with the ends regularly rounded, fift. 
 Emarffinate, notched at the summit. 64- 
 Embryo, the rudimentary plantlet in a seed, 11, 187. 
 Embryonal, belonging or relating tc tae embryo-
 
 204 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Emerged, raised out of water. 
 
 Endecagynous, with eleven pistils or styles. Endecandrous, with eleven stamens, 
 
 Endemic, peculiar to the country geographically. 
 
 Endocarp, the inner layei of a pericarp or fruit, 120. 
 
 Endockrome, the coloring matter of Algae and the like. 
 
 Endogenous Stems, 138. Endogenous plants, an old name for monocotyledons. 
 
 Endopleura, inner seed-coat. 
 
 Endvrhizal, radicle or root sheathed in germination. 
 
 Endosperm, the albumen of a seed, 21. 
 
 Endostome, the orifice in the inner coat of an ovule. 
 
 Ennea-, nine. Enneagynous, with nine petals or styles. Enneandrous, nine-stamened 
 
 Ensate, Ensiform, sword-shaped. 
 
 Entire, the margins not at all toothed, notched, or divided, but even, 55. 
 
 Entomophilous, said of flowers frequented and fertilized by insects, 113. 
 
 Ephemeral, lasting for* day or less, as the corolla of Purslane, &c. 
 
 Epi-, Greek for upon. 
 
 Epicalyx, such an involucel as that of Malvaceae. 
 
 Epicarp, the outermost layer of a fruit, 120. 
 
 Epidermal, relating to the Epidermis, or skin of a plant. 50, 141, 143. 
 
 Epigaeous, growing on the earth, or close to the ground. 
 
 Epigynous, upon the ovary, 95, 99. 
 
 Epipetalous, borne on the petals or the corolla, 99, 
 
 Epiphyllous, borne on a leaf. 
 
 Epiphyte, a plant growing on another plant, but not nourished by it, 86. 
 
 Epiphytic or Epiphytal, relating to Epiphytes. 
 
 Epipterous, winged at top. 
 
 Episperm, the skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat. 
 
 Equal, alike in number or length. 
 
 Equally pinnate, same as abruptly pinnate, 57. 
 
 Equitant (riding straddle), 60. 
 
 Erion, Greek for wool. Erianthous, woolly-flowered. Eriophorovt, wool- bearing, &c 
 
 Erase, eroded, as if gnawed. 
 
 Erostrate, not beaked. 
 
 Erythros, Greek for red. Erythrocarpoui, red-fruited, &c. 
 
 Essential Organs of the flower, 80. 
 
 Estivation, see (estivation. 
 
 Etiolated, blanched by excluding the light, as the stalks of Celery. 
 
 Eu, Greek prefix, meaning very, or much. 
 
 Evergreen, holding the leaves over winter and until new ones appear, or longer. 
 
 Ex, Latin prefix; privative in place of "e" when next letter is a vowel. So Ex, 
 
 alate, wingless; Exalbuminous (seed), without albumen, 21. 
 Excurrent, running out, as when a midrib projects beyond the apex of a leaf, or a 
 
 trunk is continued to the very top of a tree, 32. 
 
 puny. 
 
 lank or meagre. 
 Evimius, distinguished for size or beauty 
 Fvo-, in Greek compounds, outward, as in 
 Exocarp, outer layer of a pericarp, 120. 
 Exogenous, outward growing. Exogenous stemt, lift. 
 Exorhizal, radicle in germination not sheathed. 
 Exostome, the orifice in the outer coat of the <nni! 
 Explanate, spread or flattened out. 
 
 Exserted, protruding out of, as the stamens out of the corolU- 
 Exstipulate, destitute of stipules. 
 Extine, outer coat of a pollen-grain. 
 
 Ext>-n-axillary, said of a branch or hud somewhat out of the axil, 3i 
 Extrorse, turned outwards; the anther Is extrorse when fastened tw the filament ot 
 
 the side next the pistil, and opening on the outer side, 101.
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 205 
 
 Falcate, scythe-shaped; a flat body curved, its edges parallel. 
 
 False Racemes, 78. 
 
 Family, in botany same as Order, 177. 
 
 Farina, meal or starchy matter, 136. 
 
 Farinaceous, mealy in texture. Farinose, covered with a mealy powder. 
 
 Fasciate, banded; also applied to monstrous stems which grow flat. 
 
 Fascicle, a close cluster, 77. 
 
 Fascicled, Fasciculated, growing in a bundle or tuft, as the leaves of Larch, 68, and 
 roots of Peony, 35. 
 
 Fastigiate, close, parallel, and upright, as the branches of Lombardy Poplar. 
 
 Faux (plural, fauces), the throat of a calyx, corolla, &c., 89. 
 
 Faveolate, Favose, honeycombed; same as alveolate. 
 
 Feather-veined, with veins of a leaf all springing from the sides of a midrib, 51. 
 
 Fecula or Faecula, starch, 136. 
 
 Female flower or plant, one bearing pistils only. 
 
 Fenestrate, pierced with one or more large holes, like windows. 
 
 Ferrugineous, or Ferruginous, resembling iron-rust; red-grayish. 
 
 Fertile, fruit-bearing, or capable of it; also said of anthers producing good pollen. 
 
 Fertilization, the process by which pollen causes the embryo to be formed, 114. 
 
 Fibre (woody), 133. Fibrous, containing much fibre, or composed of fibres. 
 
 Fibrillose, formed of small fibres, or Fibrillce. 
 
 Fibro-vascular bundle or tissue, formed of fibres and vessels. 
 
 Fiddle-shaped, obovate with a deep recess on each side. 
 
 Fidus, Latin suffix for cleft, as Bifid, two-cleft. 
 
 Filament, the stalk of a stamen, 14, 80, 101 ; also any slender thread-shaped body 
 
 Filamentose, or Filamentous, bearing or formed of slender threads. 
 
 Filiform, thread-shaped; long, slender, and cylindrical. 
 
 Fimbriate, fringed; furnished with fringes (jimbrice). 
 
 Fimbrillate, Fimbrilliferous, bearing smallj/n6nee, i. e.fimbrilla. 
 
 Fissiparous, multiplying by division of one body into two. 
 
 Fissus, Latin for split or divided. 
 
 Fistular, or Fistulose, hollow and cylindrical, as the leaves of the Onion. 
 
 Flabelliform, or Flabellate, fan-shaped. 
 
 Flagellate, or Flagelliform, long, narrow, and flexible, like the thong of a whip; 01 
 like the runners (flagellce) of the Strawberry. 
 
 Flavescent, yellowish, or turning yellow. 
 
 Flavus, Latin for yellow. 
 
 Fleshy, composed of firm pulp or flesh. 
 
 Flexuose, or Flexuous, bending in opposite directions, in a zigzag way 
 
 Floating, swimming on the surface of water. 
 
 Floccose, composed of or bearing tufts of woolly or long and soft hairs. 
 
 Flora (the goddess of flowers), the plants of a country or district, taken together, 01 
 a work systematically describing them, 9. 
 
 Floral Envelopes, or Flower-leaves, 79. 
 
 Floret, a diminutive flower, one of a mass or cluster. 
 
 Floribund, abundantly floriferous. 
 
 Florula, the flora of a small district 
 
 Flos, floris, Latin for flower. 
 
 Flosculus, diminutive, same as floret. 
 
 Flower, the whole organs of reproduction of Phaenogamous plants. 14. 72 
 
 Flower-bud, an unopened flower. 
 
 Flowering Plants, 10, 156. Flowerless Plants, 10, 156. 
 
 Fly-trap leaves, 65. 
 
 Fluitans, Latin for floating. Fluviatile, belonging to a river or stream. 
 
 Foliaceous, belonging to, or of the texture or nature of, a leaf (folium). 
 
 Foliate, provided with leaves. Latin prefixes denote the number of leaves, as bifo- 
 liate, trifoliate, &c. Foliose, leaf}'; abounding in leaves. 
 
 e, relating to or bearing leaflets (foliola) , trifoliate, with three leaflets &e
 
 206 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Folium (plural, folia), Latin for leaf. 
 
 Follicle, a simple pod, opening down the inner suture, 182. 
 
 Follicular, resembling or belonging to a follicle. 
 
 Food of Plants, 144. 
 
 Foot-stalk, either petiole or peduncle, 49. 
 
 Foramen, a hole or orifice, as that of the ovule, 110. 
 
 Foraminost, Foraminulose, pierced with holes. 
 
 Forked, branched in two or three or more. 
 
 Fornicate, bearing fornices. 
 
 Fornix, little arched scales in the throat of some corollas, as of Comfrey. 
 
 Foveate, deeply pitted. Foveolate, diminutive oifoveate. 
 
 Free, not united with any other parts of a different sort, 95. 
 
 Fringed, the margin beset with slender appendages, bristles, &c. 
 
 Frond, what answers to leaves in Ferns, &c., 157 ; or to the stem and leave* fused 
 
 into one, as in Liverwort. 
 Frondescence, the bursting into leaf. 
 
 Frondose, frond-bearing; like a frond, or sometimes used for leafy. 
 Fructification, the state or result of fruiting. 
 Fructus, Latin for fruit. 
 
 F-ruit, the matured ovary and all it contains or is connected with, 117. 
 Fruit-dots in Ferns ; see Sorus. 
 
 Frustulose, consisting of a chain of similar pieces, or Frustules. 
 Frutescent, somewhat shrubby ; becoming a shrub (Frutex), 39. 
 Fruticulose, like a small shrub, or Fruticulus. Fruticose, shrubby, 39. 
 Fugacious, soon falling off or perishing. 
 Fulcrate, having accessor}' organs or fulcra, i. e. props. 
 Fulvous, tawny; dull yellow with gray. 
 Fungus, Fungi, 172. 
 
 Funicle, Funiculus, the stalk of a seed or ovule, 110. 
 Funnelform, or funnel-shaped, expanding gradually upwards into an open mouth, 
 
 like a funnel or tunnel, 90. 
 Furcate, forked. 
 
 Furfuraceous, covered with bren-like fine scurf. 
 Furrowed, marked by longitudinal channels or grooves. 
 Fuscous, deep gray-brown. 
 Fusiform, spindle-shaped, 36. 
 
 Galbalus, the fleshy or at length woody cone of Juniper and Cypress. 
 
 Galea, & helmet-shaped body, as the upper sepal of the Monkshood, 87. 
 
 Galeate, shaped like a helmet. 
 
 Gamopetalous, of united petals, 89. 
 
 Gamophyllous, formed of united leaves. Gamosepalous, formed of united sepals, 88 
 
 Geminate, twin; in pairs. 
 
 Gemma, Latin for a bud. 
 
 Gemmation, the state of budding; budding growth, 
 
 Gemmule, a small bud; the plumule, 6. 
 
 Genera, plural of genus. 
 
 Geniculate, bent abruptly, like a knee (ffenu), as many stems. 
 
 Generic Names, 179. 
 
 Genus, a kind of a rank above species, 177. 
 
 Germ, a growing point; a young bud; sometimes the same as embryo, 127 
 
 Germen, the old name for ovary. 
 
 Germination, the development of a plantlet from the seed, 12. 
 
 Gerontoffceous, inhabiting the Old World. 
 
 Gibbous, more tumid at one place or on one side than the other 
 
 Gilvous, dirty reddish-yellow. 
 
 Glabrate, becoming glabrous with age, or almost glabrous. 
 
 Glabrou*. smooth, in the sense of having no hairs, bristles, or other pubescence
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 207 
 
 Gladiate, sword-shaped, as the leaves of Iris. 
 
 Glands, small cellular organs which secrete oily or aromatic or other products ; they 
 
 are sometimes sunk in the leaves or rind, as in the Orange, Prickly Ash, &c. ; 
 
 sometimes on the surface as small projections ; sometimes raised on hairs or 
 
 bristles (glandular hairs, $c.), as in the Sweetbrier and Sundew. The name is 
 
 also given to any small swellings, &c., whether they secrete anything or not; so 
 
 that the word is loosely used. 
 
 Glandular, Glandulvse, furnished with glands, or gland-like. 
 Glans (Gland), the acorn or mast of Oak and similar fruits. 
 Glareose, growing in gravel. 
 Glaucesctnt, slightly glaucous, or bluish-gray. 
 Glaucous, covered with a bloom, viz. with a fine white powder of wax that rubs off, 
 
 like that on a fresh plum, or a cabbage-leaf. 
 
 Globose, spherical in form, or nearly so. Globular, nearly globose. 
 Glochidiate, or Glochideous, (bristles) barbed; tipped with barbs, or with a double 
 
 hooked point. 
 
 Glomerate, closely aggregated into a dense cluster. 
 Glomerule, a dense head-like cluster, 77. 
 
 Glossology, the department of botany in which technical terms are explained. 
 Glumaceous, glume-like, or glume-bearing. 
 Glume ; Glumes are the husks or floral coverings of Grasses, or ; particularly, the 
 
 outer husks or bracts of each spikelet 
 Glumelles, the inner husks of Grasses. 
 Gonophwe, a stipe below stamens, 113. 
 Gossypine, cottony, flocculent. 
 Gracilis, Latin for slender. 
 Grain, see Caryopsis, 121. 
 Gramineous, grass-like. 
 
 Granular, composed of grains. Granule, a small grain. 
 Graveolent, heavy-scented. 
 Griseous, gray or bluish-gray. 
 Growth, 129. 
 
 Grumous, or Grumose, formed of coarse clustered grains. 
 Guttate, spotted, as if by drops of something colored. 
 Gymnos, Greek for naked, as 
 
 Gymnocarpous, naked-fruited. Gymnospermous, naked-seeded, iOS 
 Gymnospermous yyncecium, 109. 
 GymnospermcB, or Gymnospermous Plants, 183. 
 Gynandrous, with stamens borne on, i. e. united with, the pistil, 99. 
 Gynoecium, a name for the pistils of a flower taken altogether, 105. 
 Gynobase, a depressed receptacle or support of the pistil or carpels, 114. 
 Gynophore, a stalk raising a pistil above the stamens, 113. 
 Gynostegium, a sheath around pistils, of whatever nature. 
 Gynostemium, name of the column in Orchids, &c., consisting of style and stigma 
 
 with stamens combined. 
 Gyrate, coiled or moving circularly. 
 Gyrose, strongly bent to and fro. 
 
 Habit, the genera! aspect of a plant, or its mode of growth. 
 Habitat, the situation or country in which a plant grows in a wild state 
 Hairs, hair-like gn>wths on the surface of plants. 
 Hairy, beset with hairs, especially longish ones. 
 Halberd-shaped, see hastate, 53. 
 
 Hahed, when appearing as if one half of the body were cut away. 
 Hamate, or Hamose, hooked; the end of a slender body bent round. 
 Hamulose, bearing a small hook; a diminutive of the last. 
 
 Haplo-, in Greek compounds, single; as Haplottemonous, having only one series ol 
 stamens.
 
 SOS GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Hastate, or Basiile, shaped like a halberd; furnished with a spreading iobe on each 
 
 side at the base, 53. 
 
 ffead, capitulum, a form of inflorescence. 74. 
 Heart-shaped, of the shape of a heart as painted on cards, 63. 
 Heart-wood, the older or matured wood of exogenous trees, 14i 
 Helicoid, coiled like a helix or snail-shell, 77. 
 Helmet, the upper sepal of Monkshood is so called. 
 Helvolous, grayish-yellow. 
 
 Hemi- in compounds from the Greek, half; e. g Hemispherical, &c- 
 Hemicarp, half-fruit, one carpel of an Umbelliferous plant, 121. 
 Hemitropous (ovule or seed), nearly same as amphitropous, 123. 
 Hepta- (in words of Greek origin), seven; as Heptagynous, with seven pistils 01 
 
 styles. Heptamerous, its parts in sevens. Heptandrous, having seven stamens 
 Herb, plant not woody, at least above ground. 
 Herbaceous, of the texture of an herb ; not woody, 39. 
 Herbarium, the botanist's arranged collection of dried plants, 186. 
 Herborization, 184. 
 
 Hermaphrodite (flower), having stamens and pistils in the same blossom, 81 
 Hesperidium, orange-fruit, a hard-rinded berry. 
 Hetero-, in Greek compounds, means of two or more sorts, as 
 Heterocarpous, bearing fruit of two kinds or shapes. 
 Heterogamous, bearing two or more sorts of flowers in one cluster. 
 Heterogany, Heterogone, or Heterogonous, with stamens and pistil reciprocally of 
 
 two sorts, 116. Heterostyled is same. 
 Heleromorphous, of two or more shapes. 
 Heterophyllous, with two sorts of leaves. 
 Heterotropous (ovule), the same as amphitropous, 123. 
 Hexa- (in Greek compounds), six; as Hexagonal, six-angled. Hexngynovg. with 
 
 six pistils or styles. Hexamerous, its parts in sixes, ffexandrous, with six 
 
 stamens. Hexapterous, six-winged 
 Hibernaculum, a winter bud. 
 Hiemal, relating to winter. 
 Hilar, belonging to the hilum. 
 
 Hilum, the scar of the seed; its place of attachment, 110. 12f 
 Hippocrepiform, horseshoe-shaped. 
 Hirsute, clothed with stiffish or beard-like hairs. 
 Hirtellous, minutely hirsute. 
 
 Hispid, bristly, beset with stiff hairs. Hispidulous, diminutive ?* hispm 
 Histology, 9. 
 
 Hoary, grayish-white; see canescent, &c. 
 Holostriceous, all over sericeous or silky. 
 Homo-, in Greek compounds, all alike or of one sort. 
 Homodromous, running in one direction. 
 Homogamous, a head or cluster with flowers all of one km<i 
 Homogeneous, uniform in nature ; all of one kind. 
 Bomogone, or Homogenous, counterpart of Heterogone or ffomostyled. 
 Homologous, of same type ; thus petals and sepals are the homologues of leaves. 
 Hqmomallous (leaves, &c.), originating all round an axis, but all bent or curved 
 
 to one side. 
 
 Homorphous, all of one shape. 
 
 Homotropous (embryo), curved with the seed; curved only one way. 
 Hood, same as helmet or galea. Hooded, hood-shaped; see cucullate. 
 Hooked, same as hamate. 
 
 Horn, a spur or some similar appendage. Horny, of the texture of horn 
 Hortensis, pertaining to the garden. 
 
 Hortus Siccus, an herbarium, or collection of dried plants, 201. 
 Ihtmifuse, Humistrate, spread over the surface of the ground- 
 in stature
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 209 
 
 Byaiine, transparent, or partly o. 
 
 Hybnd, a cross-breed between two allied pcis, 17* 
 
 Hydrophyte*, water-plants. 
 
 ffyemai, see hiemal. 
 
 Hymenium of a Mushroom, 172. 
 
 Hypanthium, a hollow flower-receptacle, such as that of Rose. 
 
 Hypo-, Greek prefix for under, or underneath. 
 
 Hypocotyle, or Hypocotyl, part of stem below the cotyledons, 11. 
 
 Hypocrateriform, properly Hypocraterimorphous, salver-shaped. 
 
 Hypogcean, or Hypogceous, produced under ground, 19. 
 
 Hypogynous, inserted under the pistil, 95, 99. 
 
 llysteranthous, with the blossoms developed earlier than the leaves- 
 
 Icosandrous, having 20 (or 12 or more) stamens inserted on the calyx. 
 
 Imberbis, Latin for beardless. 
 
 Imbricate, Imbricated, Imbricative, overlapping one another, like tiles or shingles 
 
 on a roof, as the bud-scales of Horse-chestnut and Hickory, 27. In aestivation, 
 
 where some leaves of the calyx or corolla are overlapped on both sides by 
 
 others, 98. 
 
 /mmarginate, destitute of a rim or border. 
 Immersed, growing wholly under water. 
 Impari-pinnate, pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex, 57 
 Imperfect flowers, wanting either stamens or pistils, 85. 
 Inaquilateral, unequal-sided, as the leaf of a Begonia. 
 Inane, empty, s^id of an anther which produces no pollen, &c. 
 Inappendiculate , not appendaged. 
 
 Incanous, Incnnescent, hoary with soft white pubescence. 
 Incarnate, flesh-colored. 
 Incised, cut rather deeply and irregularly, 58. 
 
 Included, enclosed ; when the part in question does not project beyond another. 
 Incomplete Flower, wanting calyx or corolla, 86. 
 Incrassated, thickened. 
 
 Inotbous, with tip of one leaf lying flat over the base of the next above. 
 Incumbent, leaning or resting upon ; the cotyledons are incumbent when the back oi 
 
 one of them lies against the radicle, 128; the anthers are incumbent when 
 
 turned or looking inwards. 
 Incurved, gradually curving inwards. 
 
 Indefinite, not uniform in number, or too numerous to mention (over 12). 
 Indefinite or Indeterminate Inflorescence, 72. 
 Indehiscent, not splitting open; i. e. not dehiscent, 119. 
 Indigenous, native to the country. 
 Individuals, 175. 
 
 Indumentum, any hairy coating or pubescence. 
 Induplicate, with the edges turned inwards, 97. 
 Induviate, clothed with old and withered parts or inrfuvue. 
 Indusium, the shield or covering of a fruit-dot of a Fern, 169. 
 Inermis, Latin for unarmed, not prickly. 
 Inferior, growing below some other organ, 96. 
 Infertile, not producing seed, or pollen, as the case may be- 
 Inflated, turgid and bladdery. 
 Inflexed, bent inwards. 
 
 Inflorescence, the arrangement of flowers on the stem, T& 
 Infra-axillary, situated beneath the axil. 
 Infundibuliform or Infundibular, funnel-shaped, 90. 
 
 Innate (anther), attached by its base to the very apex of the filament, 101. 
 Innovation, a young shoot, or new growth. 
 
 insertion, the place or the mode of attachment of an organ to its support, 95, 99 
 Integer, entire, not lobed. Integerrimus, quite entire, not serrate. 
 14
 
 J10 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Intercellular Pauages or Space*, 131, 143. 
 
 Interfuiiaceous, between the leaves of a pair or wborl. 
 
 Internode, the part of a stem between two nodes, 7.3 
 
 Interpetiolar, between petioles. 
 
 Interruptedly pinnate, pinnate with small leaflets intermixed with larger. 
 
 Intine, inner coat of a pollen grain. 
 
 Intrafoliaceous (stipules, &c.), placed between the leaf or petiole and the stem. 
 
 Introrse, turned or facing inwards ; i. e. towards the axis of the flower, 101. 
 
 Intruse, as it were pushed inwards. 
 
 Inversed or Inverted, where the apex is in the direction opposite to that of the organ 
 it is compared with. 
 
 fnvolucel, a partial or small involucre, 76. 
 
 Involucellate, furnished with an involucel. Involucrate, furnished with an involucre. 
 
 Involucre, a whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head, &c., 74, 75. 
 
 Involute, in vernation, 72; rolled inwards from the edges, 97. 
 
 Irregular Flowers, 86, 91. 
 
 Isos, Greek for equal in number. Isomerous, the same number in the successive cir- 
 cles or sets. Isostemonous, the stamens equal in number to the sepals or petals. 
 
 Jointed, separate or separable at one or more places into pieces, 64, &c. 
 
 Jugum (plural Juga), Latin for a pair, as of leaflets, thus Unijugate, of a single 
 
 pair ; Bijugate, of two pairs, &c. 
 Julaceus, like a catkin or Julus. 
 
 Keel, a projecting ridge on a surface, like the keel of a boat ; the two anterioj 
 
 petals of a papilionaceous corolla, 92. 
 Keeled, furnished with a keel or sharp longitudinal ridge. 
 Kermesine, Carmine-red. 
 Kernel of the ovule and seed, 110. 
 Key, or Key-fruit, a Samara, 122. 
 Kidney-shaped, resembling the outline of a xidney, 58. 
 
 Labellum, the odd petal in the Orchis Family. 
 
 Labiate, same as bilabiate or two-lipped, 92. 
 
 Labiatiflorous, having flowers with bilabiate corolla. 
 
 Labium (plural, Labia), Latin for lip. 
 
 Lacerate, with margin appearing as if torn. 
 
 Laciniate, slashed; cut into deep narrow lobes or Lacinice, 
 
 Lactescent, producing milky juice, as does the Milkweed, &c. 
 
 Lacteus, Latin for milk-white. 
 
 Lacunose, full of holes or gaps. 
 
 Lacustrine, belonging to lakes. 
 
 Lcevigate, smooth as if polished. Latin, Lcevis, smooth, as opposed to rough 
 
 Lageniform, gourd-shaped. 
 
 Layopnus, Latin, hare-footed ; densely clothed with long soft hairs. 
 
 Lamellar or Lamellate, consisting of flat plates, Lamella. 
 
 Lamina, a plate or blade, the blade of a leaf, &c., 49. 
 
 Lanate, Lanose, woolly; clothed with long and soft entangled hairs 
 
 Lanceolate, lance-shaped, 52. 
 
 Lanu'ginous, cottony or woolly. 
 
 Latent buds, concealed or undeveloped bads, 30. 
 
 Lateral, belonging to the side. 
 
 Latex, the milky juice, &c., of plants, 135. 
 
 Lax (Laxus), loose in texture, or sparse; the opposite of crowded. 
 
 Leaf, 49. Leaf-buds, 31 
 
 Leaflet, one of the divisions or blades of a compound leaf, &7. 
 
 Leaf-like, same &sfoliaceous. 
 
 Leathery, of about the consistence of leather ; coriaceous
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. Jll 
 
 Legume, a simp.e poo which dehisces in two pieces, like that of the Pea. 12a 
 
 Leguminous, belonging to legumes, or to the Leguminous Family. 
 
 Lenticular, lens-shaped ; i. e. flattish and convex on both sides 
 
 Lappaceous, bur-like. 
 
 Lasio, Greek for woolly or hairy, as Lasianthus, woolly-flowered 
 
 Lateritious, brick-colored. 
 
 Laticiferous, containing latex, 138. 
 
 Lotus, Latin for broad, as Latifolius, broad-leaved. 
 
 Leaf-scar, Leafstalk, petiole. 
 
 Lenticels, lenticular dots on young bark. 
 
 Lentiginose, as if freckled. 
 
 Lepal, a made-up word for a staminode. 
 
 Lepis, Greek for a scale, whence Lepidote, leprous ; covered with scurfy scales. 
 
 Leptos, Greek for slender; so Leptophyllous, slender-leaved. 
 
 Leukos, Greek for white; whence Leucanthous, white-flowered, &e. 
 
 Liber, the inner bark of Exogenous stems, 140. 
 
 Lid, see operculum. 
 
 Ligneous, or Liynose, woody in texture. 
 
 Ligulate, furnished with a ligule, 93. 
 
 Ligule, Ligula, the strap-shaped corolla in many Composite, 93 ; the membranout 
 
 appendage at the summit of the leaf-sheaths of most Grasses, 67. 
 Limb, the border of a corolla, &c., 89. 
 Limbate, bordered (Latin, Limbus, a border). 
 Line, the twelfth of an inch ; or French lines, the tenth 
 Linear, narrow and flat, the margins parallel, 52 
 
 Lineate, marked with parallel lines. Lineolate, marked with minute line*. 
 Lingulate, Linguiform, tongue-shaped. 
 Lip, the principal lobes of a bilabiate corolla or calyx, 92. 
 Literal or Littoral, belonging to the shore. 
 Livid, pale lead-colored. 
 
 Lobe, any projection or division (especially a rounded one) of a leaf, &c. 
 Lobe d or Lobate t cut into lobes, 55, 56 ; Lobulate, into small lobes. 
 Locellate, having Locelli, i. e. compartments in a cell: thus an anther-cell is ofter 
 
 bilocellate. 
 
 Loculament, same as loculus. 
 
 Locular, relating to the cell or compartment {Loculus) of an ovary, &c. 
 ' Loculicidal (dehiscence), splitting down through the back of each cell, 123. 
 Locusta, a name for the spikelet of Grasses. 
 
 Lodicule, one of the scales answering to perianth-leaves in Grass-flowers- 
 Lament, a pod which separates transversely into joints, 122. 
 Lomentaceous, pertaining to or resembling a loment. 
 Lorate, thong-shaped. 
 
 Lunate, crescent-shaped. Lanulate, diminutive of .unate. 
 Lupuline, like hops. 
 
 Lusus, Latin for a sport or abnormal variation. 
 Luteolus, yellowish; diminutive of 
 
 Luteus, Latin for yellow. Lutescent, verging to yellow. 
 Lyrate, lyre-shaped ; a pinnatifid leaf of an obovate or spatulate outline, the end- 
 
 lobe large and roundish, and the lower lobes small, as in fig. 149. 
 
 Macros, Greek for long, sometimes also used for large ; thus Macrophylloiu, lonjf 
 
 or large-leaved, &c. 
 
 Macrotpore, the large kind of spore, when there are two kinds, 160, 161. 
 Maculnte. spotted or blotched. 
 
 Mate (flowers or plants), having stamens but no pistil 
 Mammose, breast-shaped. 
 Marcescent, withering without falling oft. 
 Marginal, belonging to margin.
 
 212 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Margtnate, margined with an edge different from the rest. 
 
 Marginicidal dehiscence, 123. 
 
 Maritime, belonging to sea-coasts. 
 
 Marmorate, marbled. 
 
 Mas., Muse., Masculine, male. 
 
 Masked, see personate. 
 
 Mealy, nee farinaceous. 
 
 Median, Medial, belonging to the middle. 
 
 Medifixed, attached by the middle. 
 
 Medullary, belonging to or of the nature of, pith (Medulla)-, pithy 
 
 Medullary Rays, the silver-grain of wood, 140, 141. 
 
 Medullary Sheath, a set of ducts just around the pith, 140. 
 
 Meiostemonous, having fewer stamens than petals. 
 
 Membranaceous or Membranous, of the texture of membrane; thin and soft. 
 
 Menitcoid, crescent-shaped. 
 
 Mericarp. one carpel of the fruit of an Umbelliferous plant, 121. 
 
 Merismatic, separating into parts by the formation of partitions across. 
 
 Merous, from the Greek for part; used with numeral prefix to denote the number ol 
 
 pieces in a set or circle: as Monomerous, of only one, Dimerous, with two- Tri- 
 
 merous, with three parts (sepals, petals, stamens, &c.) in each circle. 
 Mesocarp, the middle part of a pericarp, when that is distinguishable Into three 
 
 layers, 120. 
 
 Mesophlaeum, the middle or green bark. 
 Micropyle, the closed orifice of the seed, 110, 126. 
 Microspore, the smaller kind of spore when there are two kinds, I0L 
 Midrib, the middle or main rib of a leaf, 50. 
 Milk-vessels, 138. 
 Miniate, vermilion-colored. 
 
 Mitriform, mitre-shaped: in the form of a peaked cap, or one cleft at the top, 
 Moniliform, necklace-shaped; a cylindrical body contracted at intervals. 
 Monocarpic (duration), flowering and seeding but once, 38. 
 Monochlamydeous, having only one floral envelope. 
 Monocotyledonous ( embryo), with only one cotyledon, 24. 
 Monocotyledonous Plants, 24. Monocotyls, 24. 
 Moncecious, or Monoicous (flower), having stamens or pistils only, 9t 
 Monogynous (flower), having only one pistil, or one style, 105. 
 Monopetalous (flower), with the corolla of one piece, 89. 
 Monophyllous, one-leaved, or of one piece. 
 Monos, Greek for solitary or only one ; thus Monadelphous, stamens united by thelt 
 
 filaments into one set, 99 ; Monandrous (flower), having only one stamen, 100. 
 Monosepalous, a calyx of one piece; i. e. with the sepals united into one body. 
 Monospermous, one-seeded. 
 
 Monstrosity, an unnatural deviation from the usual structure or form. 
 Morphology, Morphological Botany, 9; the department of botany which treats of 
 
 the forms which an organ may assume. 
 Moschate, Musk-like in odor. 
 Movements, 149. 
 
 Mucronate, tipped with an abrupt short point (Mucro), 54. 
 Mucronulate, tipped with a minute abrupt point; a diminutive of the last. 
 Multi-, in composition, many; as Multangular, many-angled; Multicipital, many 
 
 headed, &c.; Multifarious, in many rows or ranks; Multifid, many-cleft; Mul 
 
 tilocular, many-celled; Multiterial, in many rows. 
 Multiple Fruits, 118, 124. 
 
 Muricate, beset with short and hard or prickly points. 
 Muriform, wall-like; resembling courses of bricks in a wall. 
 Muticovt, pointless, blunt, unarmed. 
 Mycelium, the spawn of Fungi; i. e. the filaments from which Mushrooms, &c n 
 
 originate, 172.
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 213 
 
 Naked, wanting some usual covering, as achlamydeous flowers, 86, gymnospermoug 
 seeds, 109, 125, &c. 
 
 Names in botany, 179. 
 
 Nanus, Latin for dwarf 
 
 Napiform, turnip-shaped, 35- 
 
 Natural System, 182. 
 
 Naturalized, introduced from a foreign country, and flourishing wild. 
 
 Navicular, boat-shaped, like the glumes of most Grasses. 
 
 Necklace-shaped, looking like a string of beads; see moniliform. 
 
 Nectar, the sweet secretion in flowers from which bees make honey, &c. 
 
 Nectariferous, honey-bearing; or having a nectary. 
 
 Nectary, the old name for petals and other parts of the flower when of unusual 
 shape, especially when honey-bearing. So the hollow spur-shaped petals of 
 Columbine were called nectaries; also the curious long-clawed petals of Monks 
 hood, 87, &c. 
 
 Needle-shaped, long, slender, and rigid, like the leaves of Pines. 
 
 Nemorose or Nemoral, inhabiting groves. 
 
 Nerve, a name for the ribs or veins of leaves when simple and parallel, 50. 
 
 Nerved, furnished with nerves, or simple and parallel ribs or veins, 50. 
 
 Nervose, conspicuously nerved. Ntrvulose, minutely nervose. 
 
 Netted-veined, furnished with branching veins forming network, 50, 51 
 
 Neuter, Neutral, sexless. Neutral flower, 79. 
 
 Niger, Latin for black. Nigricans, Latin for verging to black. 
 
 Nitid, shining. 
 
 Nival, living in or near snow. Niveus, snow-white- 
 
 Nodding, bending so that the summit hangs downward. 
 
 Node, a knot; the "joints " of a stem, or the part whence a leaf or a pair of leaves 
 springs, 13. 
 
 Nodose, knotty or knobby. Nodulose, furnished with little knobs or knots. 
 
 Nomenclature, 175, 179. 
 
 Normal, according to rule, natural. 
 
 Notate, marked with spots or lines of a different color. 
 
 Nucamentaceous, relating to or resembling a small nut. 
 
 Nuciform, nut-shaped or nut-like. 
 
 Nucleus, the kernel of an ovule (110) or seed (127) of a cell. 
 
 Nucule, same as nutlet. 
 
 Nude, (Latin. Nudus), naked. So Nudicaulis, naked-stemmed, &c. 
 
 Nut, Latin Nux, a hard, mostly one-seeded indehiscent fruit; as a chestnut, butter- 
 nut, acorn, 121. 
 
 Nutant, nodding. 
 
 Nutlet, a little nut; or the stone of a drupe. 
 
 Ob- (meaning over against), when prefixed to words signifies inversion; as, Ob- 
 compressed, flattened the opposite of the usual way ; Obcordate, heart-shaped, 
 with the broad and notched end at the apex instead of the base, 54; Oblance- 
 olate, lance-shaped with the tapering point downwards, 52. 
 
 Oblique, applied to leaves, &c., means unequal-sided. 
 
 Oblong, from two to four times as long as broad, 52. 
 
 Obovate, inversely ovate, the broad end upward, 53. Obovoid, solid obovate. 
 
 Obtuse, blunt or round at the end, 54. 
 
 Obverse, same as inverse. 
 
 Obvolute (in the bud), when the margins of one piece or leaf alternately overlap 
 those of the opposite one. 
 
 Ocellate, with a circular colored patch, like an eye. 
 
 Ochroleucous, yellowish-white ; dull cream-color. 
 
 Ocreate, furnished with Ocrece (boots), or stipules in the form of sheaths, 57. 
 
 0cto- 3 Latin for eight, enters into the composition of Octayynous, with eight pistils 
 or styles; Octamerous, its parts in eights; Octandrous, with eight stamens. &c-
 
 214 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Oculate, with eye-shaped marking. 
 
 Officinal, used in medicine, therefore kept In the snops. 
 
 Offset, short branches next the ground which take root, 40 
 
 Oides, termination, from the Greek, to denote likeness ; so Dianthoidei. Pink-tike 
 
 Oleraceous, esculent, as a pot-herb. 
 
 Oligos, Greek for few; thus Oliganthous, few-flowered, &c. 
 
 Olivaceous, olive-green. 
 
 Oophoridium, a name for spore-case containing macrospores, 
 
 Opaque, applied to a surface, means dull, not shining. 
 
 Operculate, furnished with a lid (Operculum), as the spore-case of Mosses, 163. 
 
 Opposite, said of leaves and branches when on opposite sides of the stem from each 
 
 other (i. e. in pairs), 29. 68. Stamens are opposite the petals, &c., when they 
 
 stand before them. 
 
 Oppositifolius, situated opposite a leaf. 
 Orbicular, Orbiculate, circular in outline, or nearly so, 52. 
 Order, group below class, 178. Ordinal names, 180. 
 Organ, any member of the plant, as a leaf, a stamen, &c. 
 Organography, study of organs, 9- Organogentsis, that of the development of 
 
 organs. 
 
 Orgyalis, of the height of a man. 
 Orthos, Greek for straight; thus, OrtTiocarpous, with straight fruit; C~ttH>aichous, 
 
 straight-ranked. 
 
 Orthotropous (ovule or seed), 111. 
 Osseous, of a bony texture. 
 
 Outgrowths, growths from the surface of a leaf, petal, &c. 
 Oval, broadly elliptical, 52. 
 
 Ovary, that part of the pistil containing the ovules or future seeds, 14, 80, 105. 
 Ovate, shaped like an egg, with the broader end downwards; or, in plain surfaces, 
 
 such as leaves, like the section of an egg lengthwise, 52. 
 Ovoid, ovate or oval in a solid form. 
 
 Ovule, the body which is destined to become a seed, 14, 80, 105, 110. 
 Ovuliferous, ovule-bearing. 
 
 Palate, a projection of the lower lip of a labiate corolla into the throat, as in Snap- 
 dragon, &c. 
 
 Palea (plural palece), chaff; the inner husks of Grasses; the chaff or bracts on the 
 receptacle of many Composites, as Coreopsis, and Sunflower. 
 
 Paleaceous, furnished with chaff, or chaffy in texture. 
 
 Paleolate, having Paleolce or palese of a second order, or narrow paleae. 
 
 Palet, English term for palea. 
 
 Palmate, when leaflets or the divisions of a leaf all spread from the apex of the 
 petiole, like the hand with the outspread fingers, 57, 58. 
 
 Palmately (veined, lobed, &c.), in a palmate manner, 51, 56. 
 
 Palmatifid, -lobed, -sect, pahnately cleft, or lobed, or divided. 
 
 Paludose, inhabiting marshes. Palustrine, same. 
 
 Panduriform, or Pandurate, fiddle-shaped (which see). 
 
 Panicle, an open and branched cluster, 81. 
 
 Panicled, Paniculate, arranged in panicles, or like a panicle. 
 
 Pannose, covered with a felt of woolly hairs. 
 
 Papery, of about the consistence of letter-paper. 
 
 Papilionaceous, butterfly-shaped; applied to such a corolla as that of the Pea, 91. 
 
 Papilla (plural papillae), little nipple-shaped protuberances. 
 
 Papillate, Papilloie, covered with papillae. 
 
 Pappus, thist.e-dowri. The down crowning the achenium of the Thistle, Groundsel, 
 &c., and whatever in Compositae answers to calyx, whether hairs, teeth, 01 
 scales. 121. 
 
 Papyraceous, like parchment in texture. 
 
 Parallel-veined or nerved (leaves). 50.
 
 SLOSSAEY AND IND3X. 21& 
 
 parapnyiet, jointed filaments mixed with the antheridia of Mossm 
 
 Paratitic, living as a parasite, i. e. on another plant or animal, 37. 
 
 Parenchemytous, composed of parenchyma. 
 
 Parenchyma, soft cellular tissue of plants, like the green pulp of leases, 138, 
 
 Parietal (placentae, &c.), attached to the walls (parleys) of the ovary. 
 
 Paripinnate, pinnate with an even number of leaflets. 
 
 Parted, separated or cleft into parts almost to the base, 55. 
 
 Parthenogenesis, producing seed without fertilization. 
 
 Partial involucre, same as an involucel; partial petiole, a division of a main leaf 
 
 stalk or the stalk of a leaflet; partial peduncle, a branch of a peduncle; par 
 
 tial umbel, an umbellet, 76. 
 
 Partition, a segment of & parted leaf; or an internal wall in an ovary, anther, &c. 
 Patelliform, disk-shaped, like the patella or kneeoan. 
 Patent, spreading, open. Patulous, moderately spreading. 
 Pauci-, in composition, few; as paucijlorous, few-flowered, &c. 
 Pear-shaped, solid obovate, the shape of a pear. 
 Pectinate, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into narrow and close divisions, like the 
 
 teeth of a comb. 
 Pedate, like a bird's foot; palmate or palmately cleft, with the side divisions agair 
 
 cleft, as in Viola pedata, &c. 
 
 Pedicel, the stalk of each particular flower of a cluster, 73. 
 Pedicellate, Pedicelled, borne on a pedicel. 
 Pedalis, Latin for a foot high or long. 
 
 Peduncle, a flower-stalk, whether of a single flower or of a flower-cluster, 78. 
 Peduncled, Pedunculate, furnished with a peduncle. 
 Peloria, an abnormal return to regularity and symmetry in an irregular flower; com 
 
 monest in Snapdragon. 
 Peltate, shield-shaped; said of a leaf, whatever its shape, when the petiole is at 
 
 tached to the lower side, somewhere within the margin, 53. 
 Pelviform, basin-shaped. 
 
 Pendent, hanging. Pendulous, somewhat hanging or drooping. 
 Penicillate, Penicilliform, tipped with a tuft of fine hairs, like a painter's pencil; as 
 
 the stigmas of some Grasses. 
 
 Pennate, same as pinnate. Penninerved and Penniveined\ pinnately veined, 51. 
 Penta- (in words of Greek composition), five; as Pentadelphous, 99; Pentagynous, 
 
 with five pistils or styles; Pentamerous, with its parts in fives, or on the plan of 
 
 five; Pentandrous, having five stamens, 112; Pcntasticho&s, in five ranks, &c. 
 Pepo, a fruit like the Melon and Cucumber, 119. 
 Perennial, lasting from year to year, 38. 
 Perfect (flower), having both stamens and pistils, 31. 
 Perfoliate, passing through the leaf, in appearance, 60. 
 Perforate, pierced with holes, or with transparent dots resembling holes, as an 
 
 Orange-leaf. 
 
 Peri-, Greek for around ; from which are such terms as 
 Perianth, the leaves of the flower collectively, 79. 
 Pericarp, the ripened ovary; the walls of the fruit, 117. 
 Pericarpic, belonging to the pericarp. 
 Perigonium, Peri gone, same as perianth. 
 Perigynium, bodies around the pistil; applied to the closed cup or bottie-shapeo 
 
 body (of bracts) which encloses the ovary of Sedges, and to the bristles, littl* 
 
 scales, &c., of the flowers of some other Cyperaceae. 
 Perigynous, the petals and stamens borne on the calyx, 95, 99. 
 Peripherie, around the cutside, or periphery, of any organ. 
 Perispe.rm, a name for the albumen of a seed. 
 Perutome, the fringe of teeth to the spore-case of Mosses, 163. 
 Persistent, remaining beyond the period when such parts commonly fall, as th 
 
 leaves of evergreens, and the calyx of such flowers as persist during th growth 
 
 of the fruit-
 
 216 GLOSSARY AND INDEX 
 
 Pertonate, masked; a bilabiate corolla with a palate in the throat, 9i. 
 
 Pertuse, perforated with a hole or slit. 
 
 Perulate, having scales (Ferulae), such as bud-scales. 
 
 Peg, pedis, Latin for the foot or support, whenct Longipes, long-stalked, &c 
 
 Petal, a leaf of the corolla, 14, 79. 
 
 Petalody, metamorphosis of stamens, &c., into petals. 
 
 Petaloid, Petaline, petal-like ; resembling or colored like petals. 
 
 Petiole, a footstalk of a leaf; a leaf stalk, 49. 
 
 Petioled, Petiolate, furnished with a petiole. 
 
 Petiolulate, said of a leaflet when raised on its own partial leafstalk 
 
 Petrceus, Latin for growing on rocks. 
 
 Phalanx, phalanges, bundles of stamens. 
 
 Phcenogamous, or Phanerogamous, plants bearing flowers and producing seeds 
 
 same as Flowering Plants. Phcenogams, Phanerogams, 10. 
 Phlceum, Greek name for bark, whence Endophlceum, inner bark, &c. 
 Phceniceotts, deep red verging to scarlet. 
 Phycology, the botany of Algae. 
 
 Phyllocladia, branches assuming the form and function of leaves. 
 Phyllodium (plural, phyllodia), a leaf where the seeming blade is a dilated petiole, 
 
 as in New Holland Acacias, 61. 
 
 Phyllome, foliar parts, those answering to leaves in their nature. 
 Phyllon (plural, j)hylla), Greek for leaf and leaves; used in many compound terms 
 
 and names. 
 
 Phyllotaxis, or Phyllolaxy, the arrangement of leaves on the stem, 87. 
 Physiological Botany, 9. 
 
 Photography, relates to characterizing and describing plants. 
 Phyton, or Phytomer, a name used to designate the pieces which ty their repetition 
 
 make up a plant, theoretically, viz. a joint of stem with its leaf or pair of leaves. 
 Pileus of a mushroom, 172. 
 
 Piliferous, bearing a slender bristle or hair (pilum), or beset with hairs. 
 Pilose, hairy; clothed with soft slender hairs. 
 
 Pinna, a primary division with its leaflets of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf. 
 Pinnule, a secondary division of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf, 66. 
 Pinnate (leaf), when leaflets are arranged along the sides of a common petiole, 57. 
 Pinnately lobed, cleft, parted, divided, veined, 56. 
 
 Pinnatijid, Pinnatisect, same as pinnately cleft and pinnately parted, 56. 
 Pisiform, pea-shaped. 
 
 Pistil, the seed-bearing organ of the flower, 14, 80, 106. 
 Pistillate, having a pistil, 85. 
 
 Pistillidium, the body which in Mosses answers to the pistil, 159, 164. 
 Pitchers, 64. 
 
 Pith, the cellular centre of an exogenous stem, 138. 
 
 Placenta, the surface or part of the o retry to which the ovules are attached, 107. 
 Placentiform, nearly same as quoit-shaped. 
 Plaited (in the bud), or Plicate, folded, 72, 98. 
 
 Platy-, Greek for broad, in compounds, such as Platyphyllous, broad-leaved, &c. 
 Pleio-, Greek for full or abounding, used in compounds, such as Pleiopetalous, of 
 
 many petals, &c. 
 Plumbeus, lead-colored. 
 Plumose, feathery; when any slender body (such as a bristle of a pappus or a style* 
 
 is beset with hairs along its sides, like the plume of a feather. 
 Plumule, the bud or first shoot of a germinating plantlet above the cotyledons, 13 
 Pluri-, in composition, many or several; as Plurifoliolate, with several leaflets. 
 Pod, specially a legume, 122; also may be applied to any sort of capsule. 
 Podium, a footstalk or stipe, used only in Greek compounds, as (suffixed) Leptn- 
 
 podus, slender-stalked, or (prefixed) Podocephalus, with a stalked head, and 
 
 in Podosperm, a seed stalk or f iinieiilus 
 Pogon, Greek for beard, comes into various compounds.
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 217 
 
 Pointtea, destitute of any pointed tip, such as a macro, awn, acumlnation, &c. 
 
 Pollen, the fertilizing powder contained in the anther, 14, 80, 103. 
 
 Pollen-growth, 117 Polleniferous, pollen-bearing. 
 
 Pollen-mass, Pollinium, the united mass of pollen, 104, as in Milkweed and Orchis 
 
 Pollicaris, Latin for an inch long. 
 
 Pollination, the application of pollen to the stigma, 114 
 
 Poly-, in compound words of Greek origin, same as multt- in those of Latin origin 
 
 viz. many, as 
 
 Polyadelphous, stamens united by their filaments into several bundles, 100. 
 Polyandrous, with numerous stamens (inserted on the receptacle), 100. 
 Polycarpic, term used by DeCandolle in the sense of perennial. 
 Polycotyledonous, having many (more than two) cotyledons, as Pines, 23. 
 Polygamous, having some perfect and some unisexual flowers, 85. 
 Polygonal, many-angled. 
 Polygynous, with many pistils or styles, 105. 
 Polymerous, formed of many parts of each set. 
 Polymorphous, of several or varying forms. 
 
 Polypetalous, when the petals are distinct or separate (whether few or many), 89. 
 Polyphyllous, many-leaved; *ormed of several distinct pieces. 
 Polysepalous, same as the last when applied to the calyx, 89. 
 Polyspermous, many-seeded. 
 
 Pome, the apple, pear, and similar fleshy fruits, 119. 
 Pomiferous, poms-bearing. 
 Porrect, outstretched. 
 
 Posterior side or portion of a flower (when axillary) is that toward the axis. 96- 
 Pouch, the silicle or short pod, as of Shepherd's Purse, 123. 
 Precocious (Latin, prcecox), unusually early in development 
 Prtefloratwn, same as cestivation, 97. 
 Prcefoliation, same as vernation, 71. 
 Prcemorse, ending abruptly, as if bitten off. 
 Pratensis, Latin for growing in meadows. 
 
 Prickles, sharp elevations of the bark, coming off with it, as of the Rose. 
 Prickly, bearing prickles, or sharp projections like them. 
 Primine, the outer coat of the covering of the ovule, 110. 
 
 Primordial, earliest formed; primordial leaves are the first after the cotyledons 
 Prismatic, prism-shaped ; having three or more angles bounding flat sides. 
 Procerous, tall, or tall and slim. 
 
 Process, any projection from the surface or edge of a body. 
 Procumbent, trailing on the ground, 39. 
 Procurrent, running through but not projecting. 
 Produced, extended or projecting ; the upper sepal of a Larkspur is produced abov< 
 
 into a spur, 87. 
 Proliferous (literally, bearing offspring), wh u re a new branch rises from an oldei 
 
 one, or one head or cluster of flowers out of another. 
 Pntpaculum or Projmgulum, a shoot for propagation. 
 Prosenchyma, a tissue of wood-cells. 
 Prostrate, lying flat on the ground, 39. 
 
 Protandrous or Proterandrous, the anthers first maturing, 116. 
 Proteranthous, flowering before leafing. 
 
 Proterogynous or Protogynous, the stigmas first to mature, 116. 
 Prothalhum or Prothallus, 160. 
 
 Protoplasm, the soft nitrogenous lining or contents, or living part, of cells, 128 
 Protos, Greek for first; in various compounds. 
 Pruinose, Pruinate, frosted; covered with a powder like hoar-frost. 
 Pseudo-, Greek for false. Pseudo-bulb, the aerial corms of epiphytic Orchids. &c 
 Psilos, Greek for bare or naked, used in many compounds. 
 Pteridophyta, Pteridophytes, 158. 
 
 s, Greek for wing, and general name for Fern, enters into many compounds
 
 218 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Puberulent, covered with fine and short or almost imperceptible down. 
 
 Pubescent, hairy or downy, especially with fine and soft hairs or pubescence 
 
 Pulverulent or Pulveraceous, as if dusted with fine powder. 
 
 Pulvinate, cushioned, or shaped like a cushion. 
 
 Pumilus, low or little. 
 
 Punctate, dotted, either with minute holes or what look as such. 
 
 I'uucticulate. minutely punctate. 
 
 Pungent, prickly-tipped. 
 
 Puniceous, carmine-red. 
 
 Purpureus, originally red or crimson, more used for duller or bluish **A,. 
 
 Pusiltus, weak and small, tiny. 
 
 Futamen, the stone of a drupe, or the shell of a nut, 120. 
 
 Pygm&us, Latin for dwarf. 
 
 Pyramidal, shaped like a pyramid. 
 
 Pyrene, Pyrena, a seed-like nutlet or stone of a small drupe. 
 
 Pyriform, pear-shaped. 
 
 Pyxidaie, furnished with a lid. 
 
 Pyxis, Pyxidium, a pod opening round horizontally by a lid, 124. 
 
 Utt*oM- in words of Latin origin, four; as Quadrangular, four-angled; Quadn 
 foliate, four-leaved; Quadrifid, four-cleft. Quaternatt in fours. 
 
 Quinate, in fives. Quinque, five 
 
 Qtincuncial, in a quincunx ; when the parts in aestivation are five, two of then 
 outside, two inside, and one half out and half in. 
 
 Quintuple, five-fold. 
 
 Mace, a marked variety which may be perpetuated from seed, 176 
 
 kaceme, a flower-cluster, with one-flowered pedicels arranged iVot? '.a e sides of 
 
 general peduncle, 73. 
 
 fiacemose, bearing racemes, or raceme-like. 
 Racrets, see rhachis. 
 Radial, belonging to the ray. 
 Radiate, or Radiant, furnished with ray-flowers, 94. 
 Radiate-veined, 52. 
 
 Radical, belonging to the root, or apparently coming from taa XK&. 
 Radicant, rooting, taking root on or above the ground. 
 Radicels, little roots or rootlets. 
 
 Radicle,' the stem part of the embryo, the lower end of which forms the root, 11, 127 
 Rameal, belonging to a branch. Ramose, full of branches (ramt). 
 Ramentaceous, beset with thin chaffy scales (Ramenta), as the stalks of many Ferns 
 Ramification, branching, 27. 
 Ramuiose, full of branchlets (ramuli). 
 Rnphe, seerhaphe. 
 Ray, parts diverging from a centre, the marginal flowers of a head (as of Coreopsis, 
 
 94), or cluster, as of Hydrangea (78), when different from the rest, especially 
 
 when ligulate and diverging (like rays or sunbeams); also the branches of an 
 
 umbel, 74. 
 Ray-flowers, 94. 
 Receptacle, the axis or support of a flower, 81, 112; also the common 4Jua or sup 
 
 port, of B head of flowers, 73. 
 
 heclined, turned or carved downwards; nearly recumbent. 
 Rectinerved, with straight nerves of- veins. 
 Recurved, curved outwards or backward*. 
 
 Reduplicate (in aestivation), valvate with tue margins turned outwards. -W 
 Reflexed, bent cutwards or backwards. 
 Refracted, bent suddenly, so as to appear broken at the benii 
 Regular, all the parts similar in shape, Si 
 Reniform. kidney-shaped, 53.
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 219 
 
 Repand, wavy-margined, 65. 
 
 Repent, creeping, i. e. prostrate and rooting underneath. 
 
 Replurn, the frame of some pods (as of Prickly Poppy and Cress) persistent after 
 
 the valves fall away. 
 Reptant, same as repent. 
 
 Resupinate, inverted, or appearing as if upside down, or reversed. 
 Reticulated, the veins forming network, 50. Retiform, in network 
 Retinerved, reticulate-veined. 
 Retroflexed, bent backwards; same as reflexed. 
 
 Retuse, blunted; the apex not only obtuse but somewhat indented, 54. 
 Revolute, rolled backwards, as the margins of many leaves, 72. 
 Rhachls (the backbone), the axis of a spike or other body, 73. 
 Rhaphe, the continuation of the seed-stalk along the side of an anatropous ovule 01 
 
 seed, 112, 126. 
 
 Rhaphides, crystals, especially needle-shaped ones, in the tissues of plants, 137, 
 Rhizanthous, flowering from the root. 
 Rhizoma, Rhizome, a rootstock, 42-44. 
 
 Rhombic, in the shape of a rhomb. Rfiomboidal, approaching that shape. 
 Rib, the principal piece, or one of the principal pieces of the framework of a leaf, 
 
 or any similar elevated line along a body, 49, 50. 
 Rimose, having chinks or cracks. 
 Ring, an elastic band on the spore-cases of Ferns, 159 
 Ringent, grinning ; gaping open, 92. 
 Riparious, on river-banks. 
 
 Rivalis, Latin for growing along brooks; or Rivulaiis, in rivruete. 
 Moot, 33. 
 Root-hairs, 35. 
 
 Rootlets, small roots, or root-branches, 33. 
 
 Rootstock, root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground, 42. 
 Roridus, dewy. 
 
 Rosaceous, arranged like the petals of a rose. 
 Rostellate, bearing a small beak (Rostellum). 
 Rostrnte, bearing a beak (Rostrum) or a prolonged appendage. 
 Rosulate, in a rosette or cluster of spreading leaves. 
 Rotate, wheel-shaped, 89. 
 Rotund, rounded or roundish in outline. 
 
 Ruler, Latin for red in general. Rubescent, Rubicund, reddish or blushing. 
 Rudimentary, imperfectly developed, or in an early state of development 
 Rufous, Rufescent, brownish-red or reddish-brown. 
 Rugose, wrinkled; roughened with wrinkles. 
 Ruminated (albumen), penetrated with irregular channels or portions, as a nutmeg, 
 
 looking as if chewed. 
 Runcinate, coarsely saw-toothed or cut, the pointed teeth turned towards the base of 
 
 the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion. 
 Runner, a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end, or at the joints, 40 
 
 Sabulose, growing in sand. 
 
 Sac, any closed membrane, or a deep purse-shaped cavity- 
 
 Saccate, sac-shaped. 
 
 Sagittate, arrowhead-shaped, 53. 
 
 Salsuginous, growing in brackish soil. 
 
 Salver-shaped, or Salver-form, with a border spreading at right angles to a slendei 
 
 tube, 89. 
 
 Samara, a wing-fruit, or key, 122 
 Samaroid, like a samara or key-fruit 
 Sap, the juices of plants generally, 138. Sapwood, 142. 
 Saprophytes, 37. 
 Sarcocarp, the fleshy part of a stone-fruit. 120
 
 220 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Sarmentaceotu, Sarmentose, aeanng long ana ttexible twigs (SarmeHU), eitbei 
 
 spreading or procumbent 
 Saw-toothed, see terrate, 66. 
 Scabrous, rough 01 harsh to the touch. 
 
 Scaiariform, with cross-bands, resembling the steps of a ladder, 184. 
 Scales, of buds, 28; of bulbs, &c., 46. 
 Scalloped, same as cremate, 65. 
 Scaly, furnished with scales, or scale-like in texture. 
 Scandent, climbing, 39. 
 
 Scape, a peduncle rising from the ground or near it, as :n many Violets 
 Scapiform, scape-like. 
 Scapigerous, scape-bearing. 
 Scar of the seed, 126. Leaf-scars, 27, 28. 
 Scarioutor Scariose, thin, dry, and membranons. 
 Scion, a shoot or slip used for grafting. 
 Scleros, Greek for hard, hence Sclerocarpotu, hard-fruited. 
 Scobiform, resembling sawdust. 
 
 Scorpioid or Scorpioidal, curved or circinate at the end, 77. 
 Scroblculate, pitted; excavated into shallow pits. 
 
 Scurf, Scurfiness, minute scales on the surface of many leaves, as of Goosefoot, 
 Scutate, Scutiform, buckler-shaped. 
 
 Scutellate, or Scutelliform, saucer-shaped or platter-shaped. 
 Secund, cne-sided; i. e. where flowers, leaves, &c., are all turned to one side. 
 Secundine, the inner coat of the ovule, 110. 
 Seed, 125. Seed-leaves, see cotyledons. Seed-vessel, 127. 
 Segment, a subdivision or lobe of any cleft body. 
 Segregate, separated from each other. 
 Semi-, in compound words of Latin origin, half; as 
 Semi-adherent, as the calyx or ovary of Purslane; Semicordate, half-heart-shapeo 
 
 Semilunar, like a half-moon; Semiovate, half-ovate, &c. 
 Seminal, relating to the seed (Semen). Semini/eroHt, seed-bearing. 
 Sempervirent, evergreen. 
 Sensitiveness in plants, 149, 152. 
 Senary, in sixes. 
 
 Sepal, a leaf or division of the calyx, 14, 79. 
 Sepaloid, sepal-like. Sepaline, relating to the sepals. 
 Separated Flowers, those having stamens or pistils only, 85. 
 Septate, divided by partitions. 
 Septenate, with parts in sevens. 
 
 Septiddal, where dehiscence is through the partitions, 123. 
 Septiferous, bearing the partition. 
 
 Septifragal, where the valves In dehiscence break away from the partitions, 123 
 Septum (plural septa), a partition or dissepiment. 
 Serial, or Seriate, In rows ; as biserial, in two rows, &c. 
 Sericeous, silky ; clothed with satiny pubescence. 
 Serotinous, late in the season. 
 
 Serrate, the margin cut into teeth (Serratures) pointing forwards, 65. 
 Serrulate, same as the last, but with fine teeth. 
 Sessile, sitting; without any stalk. 
 
 Sesgui-, Latin for one and a half; so Besqmpedalis, a foot and a half long. 
 Seta, a bristle, or a slender body or appendage resembling a bristle. 
 Setaceous, bristle-like. Setiform, bristle-shaped. 
 Setigerous, bearing bristles. Setose, beset with bristles or bristly hairs 
 Setula, a diminutive bristle, Setutose, provided with such. 
 Sex, six. Sexangular, six-angled. Bexfarious, six-faced. 
 Sheath, the base of such leaves as those of Grasses, wbicb. are 
 Sheathing, wrapped round the stem. 
 Shield-shaped, same as scutate, or as peltate, 53.
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 221 
 
 Shrub, Shrubby, 39- 
 
 Sieve-cdU, 140. 
 
 Sigmoid, curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek nyma. 
 
 Silicle, a pouch, or short pod of the Cress Family, 123. 
 
 Siliculose, bearing a silicic, or a fruit resembling it. 
 
 Silique, capsule of the Cress Family, 123. 
 
 Siliquose, bearing siliques or pods which resemble siliques. 
 
 Silky, glossy with a coat of fine and soft, close-pressed, straight hairs. 
 
 Silver-grain, the medullary rays of wood, 139. 
 
 Silvery, shining white or bluish-gray, usually from a silky pubescence. 
 
 Simple, of one piece; opposed to compound. 
 
 Sinistrorse, turned to the left. 
 
 Sinuate, with margin alternately bowed inwards and outwards, 65. 
 
 Sinus, a recess or bay; the re-entering angle between two lobes or projections. 
 
 Sleep of Plants (so called), 151. 
 
 Smooth, properly speaking not rough, but often used for glabrous, i. e. not pa 
 
 Descent. 
 
 Soboliferous, bearing shoots (Soboles) from near the ground.. 
 Solitary, single; not associated with others. 
 Sordid, dull or dirty in hue. 
 Sorediate, bearing patches on the surface. 
 Sorosis, name of a multiple fruit, like a pine-apple 
 Sorus, a fruit-dot of Ferns, 159. 
 Spadiceous, chestnut-colored. Also spadix-bearme. 
 Spadix, a fleshy spike of flowers, 75. 
 Span, the distance between the tip of the thumb and of little finger outstretched, sis 
 
 or seven inches. 
 
 Spathaceous, resembling or furnished with a 
 Spathe, a bract which iuwraps an inflorescence, 76 
 Spntulate, or Spatltulate, shaped like a spatula, 6'i 
 Species, 175. 
 Specific Names, 179. 
 Specimens, 184. 
 
 Spermaphore, or Spermophore, one of the names of the placenta. 
 Spermum, Latin form of Greek word for seed ; much used in composition. 
 Spica, Latin for spike; hence Spicate, in a spike, Spiciform, in shape resembling a 
 
 spike. 
 
 Spike, an inflorescence like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile, 74. 
 Spikelet, a small or a secondary spike; the inflorescence of Grasses 
 Spine, 41, 64. 
 
 Spindle-shaped, tapering to each end, like a radish, 8fl 
 Spinescent, tipped by or degenerating into a thoru. 
 Spinose, or Spiniferous, thorny- 
 Spiral Vessels or ducts, 135. 
 Spithameous, span-high. 
 
 Spora, Greek name for seed, used in compound words. 
 Sporadic, widely dispersed. 
 Sporangium, a spore-case in Ferns, &c., 158 
 Spore, a body resulting from the fructification cf Cryptogamous plants, in them 
 
 the analogue of a seed. 
 Spore-case (Sporangium), 158. 
 Sporocarp, 162. 
 
 Sport, a newly appeared variation, ITfi. 
 Sporule, same as a spore, or a small spore. 
 Spumescent, appearing like froth. 
 Spur, any projecting appendage of the dower, booking like a spur but hollow, as 
 
 that of Larkspur, fig. 239. 
 3gvamate, Squamose, or Squamaceoiu. furnished with scales (.squama).
 
 222 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Squametlate, or Squrtmulose, furnished with little scales (Squamelke, or 8quamul<r). 
 
 Squamtform, shaped like a scale. 
 
 Squarrose, where scales, leaves, or any appendages spread widely from the axis on 
 
 which they are thickly set. 
 
 Squarrulose, diminutive of squarrose ; slightly squarrose. 
 Stackys, Greek for spike. 
 
 Stalk, the stem, petiole, peduncle, &c., as the case may be. 
 Stamen, 14, 80, 98. 
 
 Staminate, furnished with stamens, 86. Stamineal, relating to the stamens. 
 Staminodium, an abortive stamen, or other body in place of a stamen. 
 Standard, the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla, 92. 
 Starch, 136, 163. 
 
 Station, the particular kind of situation in which a plant naturally occurs. 
 Stellate, Stellular, starry or star-like; where several similar parts spread out from 
 
 a common centre, like a star. 
 Stem, 39. Stemlet, diminutive stem. 
 Stemless, destitute or apparently destitute of stem. 
 Stenos, Greek for narrow ; hence Stenophyllous, narrow-leaved, &c. 
 Sterile, barren or imperfect. 
 
 Stigma, the part of the pistil which receives the pollen, 14, 80, 105. 
 Stigmatic, or Stigmatose, belonging to the stigma. 
 Stipe (Latin Stipes), the stalk of a pistil, &c., when it has any, 112; also of a Fern, 
 
 158, and of a Mushroom, 172. 
 Stipel, a stipule of a leaflet, as of the Bean, &c. 
 Stipellate, furnished with stipels, as in the Bean tribe. 
 Stipitate, furnished with a stipe. 
 
 Stipulaceous, belonging to stipules. Stipulate, furnished with stipules. 
 Stipules, the appendages one each side of the base of certain leaves, 66. 
 Stirps (plural, stirpes), Latin for race. 
 Stock, used for race or source. Also for any root-like base from which the herb 
 
 grows up. 
 
 Stole, or Stolon, a trailing or reclined and rooting shoot, 40. 
 Stoloniferous, producing stolons. 
 
 Stomatf 'Latin Stoma, plural Stomata), the breathing-pores of leaves, 144. 
 Stone-J ritit, 119. 
 Storage-leavts, 62. 
 
 Stramineous, straw-like, or straw-colored. 
 Strap-shaped, long, flat, and narrow. 
 
 Striate, or Striated, marked with slender longitudinal grooves or stripes. 
 Strict, close and narrow; straight and narrow. 
 
 Strigillose, Strigose, beset with stout and appressed, stiff or rigid bristles. 
 Strobilaceous, relating to or resembling a strobile. 
 Strobile, a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, 124. 
 Strombuliform, twisted, like a spiral shell. 
 
 Strophiole, same as caruncle, 126. Strophiolate, furnished with a strophiole 
 Struma, a wen; a swelling or protuberance of any organ. 
 Strumose, bearing a struma. 
 Slupose, like tow. 
 
 Style, a stalk between ovary and stigma, 14, 80, 105. 
 Styliferous, Stylose, bearing styles or conspicuous ones. 
 Stylopodium, an epigynous disk, or an enlargement at the base of the style. 
 8ub-, as a prefix, about, nearly, somewhat; as Subcordate, slightly cordate; Suoter- 
 
 rate, slightly serrate; Subnxttlarg, just beneath the axil, &c. 
 Subclass, Suborder, Subtribe, 178. 
 Suberose, corky or cork-like in texture. 
 
 Subulate, awl-shaped; tapering trom a broadish or thickish base to a sharp point 
 Succise, as if cut off at lower end. 
 Svccubous, when crowded leaves are each covered by base of next above
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 323 
 
 8*ckert, shoots from subterranean branches, 89. 
 
 Sufrutescent, slightly shrubby or woody at the base only, 39. 
 
 Suffruticose, rather more than suffrutescent, 37, 39. 
 
 Sulcate, grooved longitudinally with deep furrows. 
 
 Superior, above, 96; sometimes equivalent to posterior, M 
 
 Supernumerary Buds, 30, 31. 
 
 Supervolule, plaited and convolute in bud, 97. 
 
 Supine, lying flat, with face upward. 
 
 Supra-axillary, borne above the axil, as some buds, 31. 
 
 Supra-decompound, many times compounded or divided. 
 
 Surculose, producing suckers (Surculi) or shoots resembling them. 
 
 Suspended, hanging down. Suspended ovules or seeds hang from the very summit 
 
 of the cell which contains them. 
 Sutural, belonging or relating to a suture. 
 
 Suture, the line of junction of contiguous parts grown together, 106. 
 Sword-shaped, applied to narrow leaves, with acute parallel edges, tapering above. 
 Syconium, the fig-fruit, 124. 
 Sylvestrine, growing in woods. 
 
 Symmetrical Flower, similar in the number of parts of each set, 82. 
 Sympetalous, same as gamopetalous. 
 Sympode, Sympodium, a stem composed of a series of superposed branches in such 
 
 a way as to imitate a simple axis, as in Grape-vine. 
 
 Synantherous or Syngenesious, where stamens are united by their anthers, 100. 
 Syncarpous (fruit or pistil), composed of several carpels consolidated into one. 
 Synonym, an equivalent superseded name. 
 Synsepalous, same as gamosepalous. 
 System (artificial and natural), 182, 183. 
 Systematic Botany, the study of plants after their kinds, 6. 
 
 Tabescent, wasting or shrivelling. 
 
 Tail, any long and slender prolongation of an organ. 
 
 Taper-pointed, same as acuminate, 54. 
 
 Tap-root, a root with a stout tapering body, 32-35. 
 
 Tawny, dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown. 
 
 Taxonomy, the part of botany which treats of classification 
 
 Tegmen, a name for the inner seed-coat. 
 
 Tendril, a thread-shaped orgao used for climbing, 40. 
 
 Terete, long and round; same as cylindrical, only it may taf-er. 
 
 Terminal, borne at, or belonging to, the extremity or summit. 
 
 Terminology treats of technical terms; same as Glossology, 181- 
 
 Ternate, Ternately, in threes. 
 
 Tessellate, in checker-work. 
 
 Testa, the outer (and usually the harder) coat or shell of the seed, 128 
 
 Testaceous, the color of unglazed pottery. 
 
 Tttra- (in words of Greek composition), four; as, Tetracoccow, of four cocci. 
 
 Tetradynamous, where a flower has six stamens, two shorter than the four, 101. 
 
 Tetragonal, four-angled. Tetragynous, with four pistils or styles. Tetramerotu 
 
 with its parts or sets in fours. Tetrandrous, with four stamens, 100. 
 Tetraspore, a quadruple spore, 169. 
 
 Thalamaflorous, with petals and stamens inserted on the torus or Thalamu* 
 Thallophyta, Thallvphytes, 165. 
 Thallus, a stratum, in pl&ce of stem and leaves, 166 
 Theca, a case; the cells or lobes of the anther. 
 Thecaphore, the stipe of a carpel, 113. 
 Thorn, an indurated pointed branch, 41, 42. 
 Thread-shaped, slender and round or roundish, Ifke a thread. 
 Throat, the opening or gorge of a monopetalous corolla, &c.> where the border &ad 
 
 the tube join, and a little below. 80.
 
 224 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 
 
 Thyrte or Thyrsus, a compact and pyramidal panicle of cymes or cymules, 79. 
 
 Tomentose, clothed with matted woolly hairs (tomentum). 
 
 Tongue-shaped, long and flat, but thickish and blunt. 
 
 Toothed, furnished with teeth or short projections of any sort on the margin; used 
 especially when these are sharp, like saw-teeth, and do not point forwards, 55. 
 
 Top-shaped, shaped like a top, or a cone with apex downwards. 
 
 Torose, Torulose, knobby; where a cylindrical body is swollen at intervals. 
 
 Torus, the receptacle of the flower, 81, 112. 
 
 Trachea, a spiral duct. 
 
 Trachys, Greek for rough; used in compounds, as, Trachyspermous, rough-seeded. 
 
 Transverse, across, standing right and left instead of fore and aft. 
 
 Tri- (in composition), three; as, 
 
 Triadelphous, stamens united by their filaments into three bundles, 99. 
 
 Triandrous, where the flower has three stamens, 112. 
 
 Tribe, 178. 
 
 Trichome, of the nature of hair or pubescence. 
 
 Trichotomous, three-forked. Tricoccous, of three cocci or roundish carpels. 
 
 Tricolor, having three colors. Tiicostate, having three ribs. 
 
 Tricuspidate, three-pointed. Tridentate, three-toothed. 
 
 Triennial, lasting for three years. 
 
 Trifarious, in three vertical rows; looking three ways. 
 
 Trifid, three-cleft, 56. 
 
 Trifoliate, three-leaved. Trifoliolate, of three leaflets. 
 
 Trifurcate, three-forked. Trigonous, three-angled, or triangular. 
 
 Trigynous, with three pistils or styles, 116. Tnjugate, in three pairs (jugi), 
 
 Trilobed or Trilobate, three-lobed, 55. 
 
 Trilocular, three-celled, as the pistils or pods in fig. 328-330. 
 
 Trimerous, with its parts in threes. Trimorphism, 117. Trimorphic or Trimor- 
 phous, in three forms. 
 
 Trinervate, three-nerved, or with three slender ribs. 
 
 TrvKcious, where there are three sorts of flowers on the same or different individ- 
 uals, as in Red Maple. A form of Polygamous. 
 
 Tripartite, separable into three pieces. Tripartite, three-parted, 55. 
 
 Tripetalous, having three petals. 
 
 Triphyllous, three-leaved ; composed of three pieces. 
 
 Tripinnate, thrice pinnate, 59. Tripinnatiftd, thrice pinnately cleft, 57. 
 
 Triple-ribbed, Triple-nerved, &c., where a midrib branches into three, near the base 
 of the leaf. 
 
 Triquetrous, sharply three-angled; and especially with the sides concave, like a 
 bayonet. 
 
 Triserial, or Triseriate, in three rows, under each other. 
 
 Tristichmts, in three longitudinal or perpendicular ranks. 
 
 Tristigmatic, or Tristigmatose, having three stigmas. 
 
 Trisulcate, three-grooved. 
 
 Tritemate, three times ternate, 59. 
 
 Trivial Name, the specific name. 
 
 Trochlear, pulley-shaped. 
 
 Trumpet-shaped, tubular; enlarged at or towards the summit. 
 
 Truncate, as if cut off at the top. 
 
 Trunk, the main stem or general body of a stem or tree. 
 
 Tube (of corolla, &c.), 89. 
 
 Tuber, a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, provided with eyef 
 (buds) on the sides, 44. 
 
 Tubercle, a small excrescence. 
 
 Tubercled, or Tuberculate, bearing excrescences or pimples. 
 
 Tubtefoi-m, trumpet-shaped. 
 
 Tuberous, resembling a tuber. Tuberiferous, bearing tubers. 
 
 Tubular, hollow and of an elongated form; hollowed like a pipe, 91.
 
 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 225 
 
 Tubuliflorous, bearing only tabular flowers. 
 
 Tunicate, coated; invested with layers, as an onion, 46. 
 
 Turbinate, top-shaped. 
 
 Turio (plural turiones), strong young shoots or suckers springing out of the ground 
 
 as Asparagus-shoots. 
 
 Turnip-shaped, broader than high, abruptly narrowed below, 36. 
 Twining, ascending by coiling round a support, 39. 
 Type, the ideal pattern, 10. 
 Typical, well exemplifying the characteristics of a species, genus, &c. 
 
 Uliginose, growing in swamps. 
 
 Umbel, the umbrella-like form of inflorescence, 74. 
 
 Umbellate, in umbels. Umbelliferous, bearing umbels. 
 
 Umbellet (umbellula), a secondary or partial umbel, 76. 
 
 Umbilicate, depressed in the centre, like the ends of an apple ; with a navel. 
 
 Umbonate, bossed; furnished with a low, rounded projection like a boss (umbo) 
 
 Umbraculiform, umbrella-shaped. 
 
 Unarmed, destitute of spines, prickles, and the like. 
 
 Uncial, an inch (uncia) in length. 
 
 Uncinate, or Uncate, hook-shaped ; hooked over at the end. 
 
 Under-shrub, partially shrubby, or a very low shrub. 
 
 Undulate, or Undate, wavy, or wavy-margined, 55. 
 
 Unequally pinnate, pinnate with an odd number of leaflets, 66. 
 
 Unguiculate, furnished with a claw (unguis), 91. 
 
 Uni-, in compound words, one; as Unicellular, one-celled. 
 
 Uniflorous, one-flowered. Unifoliate, one-leaved. 
 
 Unifoliolate, of one leaflet, 59. Unijugate, of one pair. 
 
 Unilabiate, one-lipped. Unilateral, one-sided. 
 
 Unilocular, one-celled. Uniovulate, having only one ovule. 
 
 Uniserial, in one horizontal row. 
 
 Unisexual, having stamens or pistils only, 85. 
 
 Univalved, a pod of only one piece after dehiscence. 
 
 Unsymmetrical Flowers, 86. 
 
 Urceolate, urn-shaped. 
 
 Utricle, a small thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of Goosefoot, 121. 
 
 Utricular, like a small bladder. 
 
 Vaginate, sheathed, surrounded by a sheath (vagina). 
 
 Valve, one of the pieces (or doors) into which a dehiscent pod, or any similar body 
 splits, 122, 123. 
 
 Valvate, Valvular, opening by valves. Vahate, in aestivation, 97. 
 
 Variety, 176. 
 
 Vascular, containing vessels, or consisting of vessels or ducts, 134. 
 
 Vascular Cryptogams, 156. 
 
 Vaulted, arched ; same as fornicate. 
 
 Vegetable Life, &c., 128. Vegetable anatomy, 129. 
 
 Veins, the small ribs or branches of the framework of leaves, &c., 49, 50. 
 
 Veined, Veiny, furnished with evident veins. Veinless, destitute of veins. 
 
 Veinhts, the smaller ramifications of veins, 60. 
 
 Velate. furnished with a veil. 
 
 Velutinous, velvety to the touch. 
 
 Venation, the veining of leaves, &c., 50, 
 
 Venenate, poisonous. 
 
 Venose, veiny ; furnished with conspicuous veins. 
 
 Ventral, belonging to that side of a simple pistil, or other organ, which looks to- 
 wards the axis or centre of the flower; the opposite of dorsal; as the 
 
 Ventral Suture, 106. 
 
 Ventricose, inflated or swelled out on one side. 
 16
 
 226 GLOSSARY AND INDEX, 
 
 f. furnished with reinleto. 
 Vermicular, worm-like, shaped like worms. 
 Vernal, belonging to spring. 
 
 Vernation, the arrangement of the leaves in the bud, 71. 
 Vemicose, the surface appearing as if varnished. 
 Verrucose, warty ; beset with little projections like warts. 
 Versatile, attached by one point, so that it may swing to and fro, 101 
 Vertex, same as apex. 
 
 Vertical, upright, perpendicular to the horizon, lengthwise. 
 Verticil, a whorl, 68. Verticillate, whorled, 68. 
 Verticillaster, a false whorl, formed of a pair of opposite cymes. 
 Vesicular, bladdery. 
 
 Vespertine, appearing or expanding at evening. 
 Vessels, ducts, &c., 134. 
 Vexillary, Vexillar, relating to the 
 Vexillwn, the standard of a papilionaceous flower, 92. 
 Villose, shaggy with long and soft hairs ( Villosity). 
 Vimineous, producing slender twigs, such as those used for wicker-work. 
 Vine, in the American use, any trailing or climbing stem ; as a Grape-vine 
 Virescent, Viridescent, greenish ; turning green. 
 Virgate, wand-shape ; as a long, straight, and slender twig. 
 Viscous, Viscid, having a glutinous surface. 
 Vitta (plural vittce), the oil-tubes of the fruit of Umbelliferge. 
 Vitelline, y3llow, of the hue of yolk of egg. 
 
 Viviparous, sprouting or germinating while attached to the parent plant. 
 Voluble, twining; as the stem of Hops and Beans, 39. 
 Volute, rolled up in any way. 
 
 Wavy, the surface or margin alternately convex and concave, 55. 
 
 Waxy, resembling beeswax in texture or appearance. 
 
 Wedge-shaped, broad above, tapering by straight lines to a narrow base, 63 
 
 Wheel-shaped, 89. 
 
 Whorl, an arrangement of leaves, &c., in circles around the stem. 
 
 Whorled, arranged in whorls, 68. 
 
 Wing, any membranous expansion. Wings of papilionaceous flowers, 92. 
 
 Winged, furnished with a wing; as the fruit of Ash and Elm, fig. 300, 301. 
 
 Wood, 133, 142. Woody, of the texture or consisting of wood. 
 
 Woody Fibre, or Wood-Cells, 134. 
 
 Woolly, clothed with long and entangled soft hairs. 
 
 Work in plants, 149, 155. 
 
 Xanthos, Greek for yellow, used in compounds ; as Xanthocarpus, yellow-fruited. 
 
 Zygomorphous, said of a flower which can be bisected only in one plane into similat 
 halves.
 
 FIELD, FOREST, AND GARDEN BOTANY
 
 FIELD, FOREST, AND GARDEN 
 
 BOTANY I 
 
 
 A SIMPLE INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMON 
 
 PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES EAST 
 
 OF THE 100TH MERIDIAN, BOTH 
 
 WILD AND CULTIVATED 
 
 BY 
 
 ASA GRAY 
 
 LATE FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN 
 HARVARD UNIVERSITY 
 
 REVISED AND EXTENDED BY 
 
 L. H. BAILEY 
 
 NEW YORK : CINCINNATI : CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
 
 
 GRAY'S BOTANICAL SERIES 
 
 Gray's How Plants Grow 
 Gray's How Plants Behave 
 *Gray's Lessons in Botany 
 Gray's Field, Forest, and Garden Botany 
 
 (Flora only) 
 
 *Gray's School and Field Book of Botany 
 
 (Lessons and Flora) 
 
 Gray's Manual of Botany. (Flora only) 
 *Gray's Lessons and Manual of Botany 
 Gray's Botanical Text-Book 
 
 I. Gray's^Structural Botany 
 II. Goodale's Physiological Botany 
 
 Coulter's Manual of Botany of the Rocky 
 
 Mountains 
 Gray and Coulter's Text-Book of 
 
 Western Botany 
 
 EDITIONS OF 1901 
 *Leavitt's Outlines of Botany 
 
 (Based on Gray's Lessons) 
 
 *Leavitt's Outlines of Botany with Flora 
 
 (Outlines and Gray's Field, Forest, and Garden Botany) 
 
 *Leavitt's Outlines and Gray's Manual 
 
 COPTBIGHT, 1895, 
 
 BY THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OP HARVARD COLLEGE. 
 
 OKAY'S F. F. & 0. BOTANY. 
 
 w. p. 9
 
 PEEFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 THIS book is intended to furnish botanical classes and beginners 
 generally with an easier introduction to the plants of this country 
 than the Manual, and one which includes the common cultivated as 
 well as the native species. It is made more concise and simple, first, 
 by the use of somewhat less technical language ; second, by the omis- 
 sion, as far as possible, of the more recondite and, for the present 
 purpose, less essential characters ; and also of most of the obscure, 
 insignificant, or rare plants which students will not be apt to meet 
 with or to examine, or which are quite too difficult for beginners ; 
 such as the Sedges, most Grasses, and the crowd of Golden Rods, 
 Asters, Sunflowers, and the like, which require very critical study. 
 On the other hand, this small volume is more comprehensive than 
 the Manual, since it comprises the common herbs, shrubs, and trees 
 of the Southern as well as the Northern and Middle States, and all 
 which are commonly cultivated or planted, for ornament or use, in 
 fields, gardens, pleasure grounds, or in house culture, including even 
 the conservatory plants ordinarily met with. 
 
 It is very desirable that students should be able to use exotic as 
 well as indigenous plants in analysis ; and a scientific acquaintance 
 with the plants and flowers most common around us in garden, field, 
 and greenhouse, and which so largely contribute to our well-being 
 and enjoyment, would seem to be no less important than in the case 
 of our native plants. If it is worth while so largely to assemble 
 around us ornamental and useful trees, plants, and flowers, it is cer- 
 tainly well to know what they are and what they are like. To stu- 
 dents in agricultural schools and colleges this kind of knowledge will 
 be especially important. 
 
 One of the main objects of this book is to provide cultivators, 
 gardeners, and amateurs, and all who are fond of plants and flowers, 
 with a simple guide to a knowledge of their botanical names and 
 6
 
 6 PREFACE. 
 
 structure. There is, I believe, no sufficient work of this kind in the 
 English language, adapted to our needs, and available even to our 
 botanists and botanical teachers for whom the only resource is to a 
 botanical library beyond the reach and means of most of these, and 
 certainly quite beyond the reach of those whose needs I have here 
 endeavored to supply, so far as I could, in this small volume. The 
 great difficulties of the undertaking have been to keep the book within 
 the proper compass, by a rigid exclusion of all extraneous and unneces- 
 sary matter, and to determine what plants, both native and exotic, are 
 common enough to demand a place in it, or so uncommon that they 
 may be omitted. It is very unlikely that I can have chosen wisely in 
 all cases and for all parts of the country, and in view of the different 
 requirements of botanical students on the one hand and of practical 
 cultivators on the other the latter commonly caring more for 
 made varieties, races and crosses, than for species, which are the 
 main objects of botanical study. 
 
 But I have here brought together, within less than 350 pages, brief 
 and plain botanical descriptions or notices of 2650 species, belonging 
 to 947 genera ; and have constructed keys to the natural families, and 
 analyses of their contents, which I hope may enable students, who 
 have well studied the First Lessons, to find out the name, main char- 
 acters, and place of any of them which they will patiently examine in 
 blossom, and, when practicable, in fruit also. If the book answers 
 its purpose reasonably well, its shortcomings as regards cultivated 
 plants may be made up hereafter. As to the native plants omitted, 
 they are to be found, and may best be studied, in the Manual of the 
 Botany of the Northern United States, and in Chapman's Flora of the 
 Southern United States. 
 
 This book is designed to be the companion of the First Lessons in 
 Botany, which serves as grammar and dictionary ; and the two may 
 be bound together into one compact volume, forming a comprehensive 
 School Botany. 
 
 For the account of the Ferns, and the allied families of Cryptoga- 
 mous Plants I have to record my indebtedness to Professor D. C. 
 Eaton of Yale College. These beautiful plants are now much cul- 
 tivated by amateurs; and the means here so fully provided for 
 studying them will doubtless be appreciated. 
 
 HARVARD UNIVERSITY HERBARIUM, Cambridge, Mass., 
 August 29, 1868.
 
 PREFACE TO THE REVISION. 
 
 THREE motives have dominated the course of this revision ; First, 
 to preserve, so far as possible, the method of the original ; it is still 
 Asa Gray's botany, and the reviser has attempted nothing more 
 than to bring it down to date. Second, it is a companion to the 
 Manual, and, therefore, the nomenclature is made to conform strictly 
 with that volume ; and the authorities have been added for the purpose 
 of identifying the names, and to distinguish them from other systems 
 of nomenclature which are now advocated. Third, it is primarily a 
 school book, and there has been no attempt to include either all the 
 wild or all the cultivated plants of its territory, but rather to consider 
 those species which are most readily accessible for demonstration, 
 and which are most likely to attract the attention of a beginner in 
 botany. If it is said that many conspicuous wild plants are omitted, 
 the reviser will answer that all such plants are described in the 
 Manual, and Chapman's Flora of the Southern States, while there is no 
 other account of our domesticated flora. Therefore, in cases of doubt 
 as to the relative importance, to this volume, of wild and cultivated 
 species, the cultivated rather than the native plants have been inserted. 
 
 A preliminary draft of this revision, through the family Legumi- 
 nosae, was made by Professor Charles R. Barnes, of the University of 
 Wisconsin, of which I have been glad to avail myself. 
 
 L. H. BAILEY. 
 
 CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, New York, 
 January, 1895. 
 
 7
 
 Cuts in Leavitt's Outlines of Botany which correspond to the 
 cuts in Gray's Lessons referred to in this Flora. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GRAY 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 182 
 
 207 
 
 ' 247 
 
 274 
 
 186 
 
 347 
 
 235 
 
 36 
 
 10 
 
 208 
 
 248 
 
 276 
 
 188 
 
 355 
 
 231 
 
 37 
 
 10 
 
 226 
 
 129 a 
 
 277 
 
 236 
 
 360 
 
 156 
 
 39 
 
 12 
 
 227 
 
 129 a 
 
 278 
 
 238 
 
 361 
 
 157 
 
 42 
 
 11 
 
 228 
 
 159 
 
 279 
 
 239 
 
 362 
 
 158 
 
 43 
 
 11 
 
 231 
 
 175 
 
 280 
 
 240 
 
 369 
 
 256 
 
 56 
 
 5 
 
 232 
 
 175 
 
 281 
 
 237 
 
 370 
 
 256 
 
 57 
 
 5 
 
 233 
 
 176 
 
 284 
 
 207 
 
 371 
 
 258 
 
 73 
 
 17 
 
 234 
 
 177 
 
 286 
 
 147 
 
 374 
 
 259 
 
 74 
 
 19 
 
 235 
 
 178 
 
 287 
 
 146, 210 
 
 375 
 
 255 
 
 86 
 
 37 
 
 236 
 
 179 
 
 288 
 
 209 
 
 376 
 
 260 
 
 89 
 
 30 
 
 237 
 
 154,180 
 
 290 
 
 211 
 
 377 
 
 260 
 
 90 
 
 38 
 
 238 
 
 154, 181 
 
 292 
 
 212 
 
 378 
 
 261 
 
 91 
 
 44 
 
 245 
 
 133 
 
 293 
 
 213 
 
 383 
 
 262 
 
 93 
 
 40 
 
 246 
 
 189 
 
 296 
 
 215 
 
 384 
 
 263 
 
 97 
 
 45 
 
 247 
 
 155 
 
 297 
 
 216 
 
 388 
 
 264 
 
 100 
 
 47 
 
 248 
 
 190 
 
 298 
 
 217 
 
 390 
 
 265 
 
 101 
 
 48 
 
 249 
 
 191 
 
 299 
 
 218 
 
 391 
 
 266 
 
 107 
 
 51 
 
 250 
 
 192 
 
 300 
 
 219 
 
 392 
 
 267 
 
 108 
 
 51 
 
 251 
 
 193 
 
 301 
 
 220 
 
 393 
 
 268 
 
 110 
 
 43 
 
 252 
 
 194 
 
 302 
 
 221 
 
 394 
 
 269 
 
 112 
 
 55 
 
 253 
 
 196 
 
 303 
 
 222 
 
 395 
 
 270 
 
 113 
 
 62 
 
 254 
 
 196 
 
 304 
 
 223 
 
 396 
 
 271 
 
 115 
 
 83 
 
 255 
 
 197 
 
 305 
 
 224 
 
 406 
 
 273 
 
 159 
 
 127 
 
 256 
 
 198 
 
 307 
 
 144 
 
 407 
 
 274 
 
 160 
 
 128 
 
 257 
 
 199 
 
 308 
 
 145 
 
 408 
 
 257 
 
 161 
 
 129 
 
 258 
 
 200 
 
 320 
 
 226 
 
 414 
 
 275 
 
 164 
 
 46 
 
 259 
 
 201 
 
 328 
 
 136 
 
 415 
 
 276 a 
 
 165 
 
 46 
 
 261 
 
 203 
 
 329 
 
 137 
 
 416 
 
 2766 
 
 170 
 
 21 
 
 262 
 
 204 
 
 331 
 
 140 
 
 417 
 
 276 c 
 
 171 
 
 69 
 
 266 
 
 205 
 
 341 
 
 228 
 
 418 
 
 277 
 
 172 
 
 70 
 
 269 
 
 206 
 
 342 
 
 229 
 
 419 
 
 278 
 
 174 
 
 77 
 
 270 
 
 182 
 
 343 
 
 230 
 
 499 
 
 344 
 
 176 
 
 78 
 
 271 
 
 130,183 
 
 344 
 
 232 
 
 511 
 
 357 
 
 199 
 
 241 
 
 272 
 
 162, 184 
 
 345 
 
 233 
 
 512 
 
 357 
 
 205 
 
 246 
 
 273 
 
 185 
 
 346 
 
 234 
 

 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE NATURAL FAMILIES ... .13 
 
 SIGNS AND EXPLANATIONS . . . .... . . 27 
 
 STATISTICS. . . . . '; . ..,,., . 28 
 
 NOMENCLATURE 29 
 
 SERIES I. FLOWERING OR PH^ENOGAMOUS PLANTS. 
 
 CLASS I. ANGIOSPERMS. 
 Subclass I. Dicotyledons or Exogens, pp. 33 to 401. 
 
 I. POLYPETALOUS DIVISION . . , . . . .... ,, .., ; ., .33 
 
 I. Ranunculacese (Crowfoot Family) . . . . 34 
 
 II. * Magnoliaceae (Magnolia Family) . , 45 
 
 III. Anonaceae (Custard Apple Family) . ., . . 48 
 
 IV. Menispermacese (Moonseed Family) ... . 48 
 V. Berberidaceae (Barberry Family) . .;*,... . 49 
 
 VI. Nymphaeaceae (Water Lily Family) . . ,-4,^. .51 
 
 VII. Sarraceniacese (Pitcher Plant Family) . 53 
 
 VIII. Papaveracese (Poppy Family) . . . . , . 54 
 
 IX. Fumariaceae (Fumitory Family) 67 
 
 X. Cruciferaj (Mustard Family) 58 
 
 XI. Capparidaceae (Caper Family) 6$. 
 
 XII. Resedacese (Mignonette Family) . . 7'' J. ' . 68 
 
 XIII. Pittosporacese (Pittosporum Family) . . . . 69 
 
 XIV. Cistaceaa (Rockrose Family) . . . . 1 , . 69 
 XV. Violaceae (Violet Family) . : . . . .71 
 
 XVI. Caryophyllacese (Pink Family) . . .' . . 73 
 
 XVII. Portulacaceae (Purslane Family) . . . . . 79 
 
 XVIII. Tamariscine33 (Tamarisk Family) . . . .81 
 
 XIX. Hypericacese (St. John's- Wort Family) ... 81 
 
 XX. Ternstrremiaceae (Camellia or Tea Family) ... 84 
 
 XXI. Malvaceae (Mallow Family) . . '. , . .... 85 
 
 XXII. Sterculiacese (Sterculia Family) . ' . . , . . 90 
 
 XXIII. Tiliacese (Linden Family) . . . : .'.,.. 91 
 
 XXIV. Linacese (Flax Family) 92 
 
 XXV. Geraniaceae (Geranium Family) 93 
 
 XXVI. Rutacese (Rue Family) . - .98 
 
 9
 
 10 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 XXVII. Simarubacese (Quassia Family) 101 
 
 XXVIII. Meliaceee (Melia Family) . . . . . .101 
 
 XXIX. Ilicineae (Holly Family) 102 
 
 XXX. Celastraceae (Staff Tree Family) 103 
 
 XXXI. Rhamnacese (Buckthorn Family) . . . .104 
 
 XXXII. Vitacese (Vine Family) 106 
 
 XXXIII. Sapindaceae (Soapberry Family) . . , -. . 108 
 
 XXXIV. Anacardiaceae (Cashew Family) . . ; . .112 
 XXXV. Polygalaceje (Polygala Family) ....... . . 114 
 
 XXXVI. Leguminosae (Pulse Family) . . . . .116 
 
 XXXVII. Rosaceae (Kose Family) . ."'.''' '"''. . . 141 
 
 XXXVIII. Calycanthaceae (Calycanthus Family) . . . .163 
 
 XXXIX. Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage Family) . . '. .164 
 
 XL. Crassulaceae (Orpine Family) 170 
 
 XLI. Droseraceae (Sundew Family) 173 
 
 XLII. Hamamelideaj (Witch-Hazel Family) . . . .174 
 
 XLIII. Haloragese (Water Milfoil Family) . P . . 175 
 
 XLIV. Myrtaceae (Myrtle Family) . . *: ..>;,,', . 175 
 
 XLV. Melastomaceae (Melastoma Family) . . . .176 
 
 XL VI. Lythracese (Loosestrife Family) . . .' V . 177 
 
 XL VII. Onagracese (Evening Primrose Family) '; " " ; \ ! . 179 
 
 XLVIII. Loasaceae (Loasa Family) . . . '. ' '-'' . .187 
 
 XLIX. Passifloraceae (Passion Flower Family) f 189 
 
 L. Cucurbitacese (Gourd Family) . . >''.''. . 190 
 
 LJ. Begoniaceae (Begonia Family) . . ' . '"'". . 193 
 
 LH. Cactacese (Cactus Family) . . ;" r . . . 195 
 
 LIH. Ficoidese (Fig Marigold Family) . 'i . . . 199 
 
 LIV. Umbelliferae (Parsley Family) . ; ' i . .200 
 
 LV. Araliacese (Ginseng Family) 204 
 
 LVI. Cornaceae (Dogwood Family) . . . . . 206 
 
 n. MONOPBTALOUS DIVISION 208 
 
 LVII. Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) . . . . 208 
 
 LVIII. Rubiaceae (Madder Family) 214 
 
 LIX. Valerianaceae (Valerian Family) 218 
 
 LX. Dipsaceae (Teasel Family) 219 
 
 LXI. Compositae (Composite Family) 220 
 
 LXII. Lobeliaceae (Lobelia Family) 260 
 
 LXIII. Campanulaceae (Campanula Family) . . . .261 
 
 LXIV. Ericaceae (Heath Family) 262 
 
 LXV. Diapensiaceae (Diapensia Family) . . . .271 
 LXVI. Plumbaginaceae (Leadwort Family) . . .271 
 
 LXVII. Primulaceae (Primrose Family) 273 
 
 LXVIII. Sapotaceae (Sapodilla Family) 276 
 
 LXIX. Ebenacese (Ebony Family) 277 
 
 LXX. Styracaceae (Storax Family) 277 
 
 LXXI. Oleaceae (Olive Family) 279
 
 CONTENTS. 11 
 
 PAGE 
 
 LXXII. Apocynaceae (Dogbane Family) . . . . j vK- . 283 
 
 LXXIII. Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed Family) . , ;i .> . 286 
 
 LXXIV. Loganiaceae (Logania Family) . . ,>,. ^/ . 290 
 
 LXXV. Gentianaceae (Gentian Family) . . _. .. . . / . 291 
 
 LXXVI. Polemoniaceae (Polemonium or Phlox Family) . . 295 
 
 LXXVII. Hydrophyllaceaj (Waterleaf Family) . . . .298 
 
 LXXVIII. Borraginaceae (Borage Family) . . . ni .,-, .< . 301 
 
 LXXIX. Convolvulaceae (Convolvulus Family) . .,. -j ./ . 306 
 
 LXXX. Solanacese (Nightshade Family) . . ^ f fi/ . 311 
 
 LXXXI. Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) . .,-, .. . 318 
 
 LXXXII. Orobanchaceae (Broom Rape Family) . , ; . . . 332 
 
 LXXXIII. Lentibulariaceae (Bladderwort Family) . . 333 
 
 LXXXI V. Gesneraceae (Gesneria Family) . . , )a ,j, j, 334 
 
 LXXXV. Bignoniaceae (Bignonia Family) . . {'.,.^,3.,, . 335 
 
 LXXXVI. Pedaliacese (Sesamum Family) . . .., ./ . 337 
 
 LXXXVII. Acanthaceae (Acanthus Family) . ..... 337 
 
 LXXXVIII. Verbenaceaa (Vervain Family) . ... . . 339 
 
 LXXXIX. Labiatse (Mint Family) . . . . . .342 
 
 XC. Plantaginacese (Plantain Family) . . / 356 
 
 III. APETALOUS DIVISION . ... * . .: . 358 
 
 XCI. Nyctaginaceaa (Four-o'clock Family) .... 358 
 
 XCII. Illecebraceas (Knotwort Family) . . . ; .. ;, . 359 
 
 XCIII. Amarantacese (Amaranth Family) ., : ,.. ; ,i . 360 
 
 XCIV. Chenopodiaceae (Goosefoot Family) . . . .363 
 
 XCV. Phytolaccacese (Pokeweed Family) . . . .367 
 
 XCVI. Polygonaceae (Buckwheat Family) . . . .367 
 
 XCVII. Aristolochiacese (Birth wort Family) . .. ., . 372 
 
 XCVIII. Piperaceae (Pepper Family) 374 
 
 XCIX. Lauraceae (Laurel Family) . . .' ' ~. . . 376 
 
 C. Thymelaeaceae (Mezereum Family) . . . .376 
 
 CI. Elaeagnaceae (Oleaster Family) . 1 ..i< ^ 377 
 
 Cn. Loranthaceae (Mistletoe Family) . . . . . 378 
 
 CIII. Santalace33 (Sandalwood Family) . . . .378 
 
 CIV. Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family) . v . . 379 
 
 CV. UrticaceiB (Nettle Family) . . . ., ' . .384 
 
 CVI. Platanaceae (Plane Tree Family) 389 
 
 CVII. Juglandaceae (Walnut Family) . . ... .390 
 
 CVIII. Myricaceas (Sweet Gale Family) . . . . .' . 392 
 
 CIX. Cupuliferae (Oak Family) . . '/-'^ m m 392 
 
 CX. Salicace33 (Willow Family) 399 
 
 Subclass II. Monocotyledons or Endogens, pp. 402 to 475. 
 
 I. PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION 402 
 
 CXI. Hydrocharidaceae (Frogbit Family) . . . .402 
 
 CXII. Orchidaceae (Orchis Family) . , * . . 403 
 
 CXIII. Scitamineae (Banana Family) 410
 
 12 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CXIV. Bromeliacese (Pineapple Family) . . . .414 
 
 CXV. Hsemodoracese (Bloodwort Family) . . . .414 
 
 CXVI. Iridaceae (Iris Family) 415 
 
 CXVII. AmaryllidaceEe (Amaryllis Family) . . . .424 
 
 CXVIII. Dioscoreaceae (Yam Family) 430 
 
 CXIX. Liliacese (Lily Family) 431 
 
 CXX. Pontederiacese (Pickerel Weed Family) . . .452 
 
 CXXI. Commelinacese (Spiderwort Family) .... 453 
 
 CXXII. Alismacese (Water Plantain Family) . . . .454 
 
 CXXIIL Xyridacese (Yellow-eyed Grass Family) . . .456 
 
 CXXIV. Mayacese (Mayaca Family) . . '.' ; i; . 456 
 
 CXXV. Eriocaulonacese (Pipewort Family) . . ! I'' 456 
 
 CXXVI. Juncacese (Rush Family) . . . '." /' . 456 
 
 II. SPADICEOUS DIVISION . . 457 
 
 CXXVII. Naiadacese (Pondweed Family) 457 
 
 CXXVIII. Lemnacese (Duckweed Family) 457 
 
 CXXIX. Aracese (Arum Family) . . ' . ! V i ! .457 
 
 CXXX. Typhacese (Cat-tail Family) . . '. : / ! . 461 
 
 CXXXI. Pandanacese (Screw Pine Family) . . . .462 
 
 CXXXII. Palmacese (Palm Family) . . . ; ;y"; . 463 
 
 III. GLUMACEOTJS DIVISION 465 
 
 CXXXIII. Cyperacete (Sedge Family) . . . ; i f '' -j" . 465 
 
 CXXXIV. Graminese (Grass Family) . . . : ' : ';'- j ! . 467 
 
 CLASS II. GTMNOSPBRMS. 
 
 CXXXV. Conif era (Pine Family) . . . .'/' ','j . 476 
 
 CXXXVI. Cycadaceae (Cycad FamUy) . . ;' '.', . 485 
 
 SERIES H. FLOWERLESS OR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS. 
 CLASS III. ACEOGENS. 
 
 CXXXVII. Equisetacese (Horsetail Family) . ... . .486 
 
 CXXXVIII. Filices (Fern Family) 486 
 
 CXXXIX. Ophioglossacese (Adder's-tongue Fern Family) . . 501 
 CXL. Lycopodiacese (Club Moss Family) . . . .501 
 CXLI. Selaginellaceaj (SelagineUa Family) . . . .503
 
 AN ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE NATURAL 
 FAMILIES. 
 
 A. FLOWERING OK PELENOGAMOUS. Plants producing true flowers and 
 seeds. (B, page 25.) 
 
 I. ANGIOSPERMS, those plants bearing the ovules in a closed ovary ; coty- 
 ledons normally 2 or I (includes all but the Pine and Cycad families). 
 (II, page 24.) 
 
 + DICOTYLEDONS OK EXOGENS, with wood in a circle or in concentric 
 annual circles or layers around a central pith ; netted-veined leaves ; 
 and parts of the flower mostly in fives or fours. Cotyledons typically 2. 
 (++ page 23.) 
 
 O. Polypetalous Division, typically with both calyx and corolla, the latter of 
 wholly separate petals. (OO, page 17. OOO, page 21.) 
 
 * More than 10 stamens, more than twice the number of the sepals or divi- 
 sions of the calyx. (* * page 15.) PAGE 
 
 Stamens monadelphous, united with the base of the corolla: anthers kid- 
 ney-shaped, one-celled .... MALLOW FAMILY, 85 
 Stamens monadelphous at base: anthers two-celled: leaves twice 
 
 pinnate MIMOSA SUBF. 122 
 
 Stamens monadelphous at base : anthers two-celled : leaves not pinnate 
 Leaves with joint between petiole and blade, which is translucent- 
 dotted (Citrus) RUE F. 98 
 
 Leaves without a joint and not translucent-dotted CAMELLIA F. 84 
 Stamens not monadelphous 
 
 Pistils numerous, but imbricated over each other and cohering in a 
 
 mass on a long receptacle .... MAGNOLIA F. 45 
 Pistils several, immersed in hollows in a top-shaped receptacle, 
 
 (Nelumbo) WATER LILY F. 51 
 Pistils numerous and separate, at least their ovaries, but concealed 
 
 in a hollow fleshy receptacle 
 Which bears sepals or bracts over its surface: leaves simple 
 
 opposite CALYCANTHUS F. 163 
 
 Which is naked and imitates an inferior ovary : leaves alternate, 
 
 compound (Rosa) ROSE F. 141 
 
 Pistils numerous or more than one, separate, on the receptacle 
 
 Stamens borne on the calyx ROSE F. 141 
 
 Stamens borne on the receptacle 
 
 Leaves centrally peltate : aquatic herb (Brasenia), 
 
 WATER LILY F. 51 
 Leaves peltate near the margin : woody climber, 
 
 MOONSEED F. 48 
 Leaves not peltate, quite entire : trees or shrubs 
 
 Spicy anise-scented: petals numerous: seed solitary, 
 
 (Ulicium) MAGNOLIA F. 45 
 Unpleasantly scented when bruised : petals 6 in 2 ranks : 
 
 seeds several . . . CUSTARD APPLE F. 48 
 Leaves not peltate : herbs, or if woody-stemmed the leaves 
 
 are compound CROWFOOT F. 34 
 
 18
 
 14 ANALYTICAL KEY. 
 
 Pistils (as to ovary) one below but 3-several-lobed or horned at the top PAS* 
 Not fleshy plants: petals unequal, cut or cleft: pod 1-celled, 
 
 many-seeded MIGNONETTE F. 68 
 
 Not fleshy : pod several-celled, several-seeded, 
 
 (Nigella) CROWFOOT F. 34 
 
 Fleshy plants: petals equal, narrow, entire FIG MARIGOLD F. 199 
 Pistil one, completely so as to the ovary, which is 
 
 One-celled, and with one parietal placenta, or otherwise showing 
 
 that the pistil is of a single carpel 
 Shrubs or trees : leaves twice pinnate or else phyllodia : fruit 
 
 apod . . . . (Acacia) PULSE F. 116 
 
 Shrubs or trees : leaves simple : stone fruit (Primus) ROSE F. 141 
 Herbs ; with 1-flowered 1-2-leaved stems : leaves peltate, 
 
 (Podophyllum) BARBERRY F. 49 
 Herbs; with flowers in racemes, &c.: leaves not peltate, 
 
 CROWFOOT F. 34 
 One-celled, with two or more parietal placentae 
 
 Calyx free from the ovary : stamens on the receptacle 
 Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots, opposite, 
 
 entire . . . .ST. JOHN'S-WORT F. 81 
 leaves not punctate 
 
 Calyx persistent, of 5 unequal sepals ROCKROSE F. 69 
 Calyx deciduous, of 4 sepals : petals 4, 
 
 (Polanisia) CAPER F. 68 
 
 Calyx falling when the corolla opens or before : 
 petals more numerous than the (mostly 2) 
 
 sepals POPPY F. 64 
 
 Calyx coherent with the ovary 
 
 Fleshy and leafless, often prickly plants CACTUS F. 195 
 Leafy herbs, rough or bristly, the hairs sometimes 
 
 stinging LOASA F. 187 
 
 Two-several-celled, or when 1-celled the ovules not parietal 
 Leaves punctate with both dark and pellucid dots, opposite: 
 
 ovary superior . . .ST. JOHN'S-WORT F. 81 
 Leaves punctate with pellucid dots, not jointed with their 
 
 stalk: ovary inferior .... MYRTLE F. 175 
 Leaves punctate with pellucid dots, alternate, jointed with 
 
 their stalk : ovary superior .... RUE F. 98 
 Leaves not punctate with pellucid dots, and 
 
 All at the root, in the form of pitchers or tubes, 
 
 PITCHER PLANT F. 53 
 All at the root, bearing a flytrap at the end, 
 
 SUNDEW F. 173 
 
 All from prostrate rootstocks or tubers under water, 
 mostly peltate or rounded, equal-sided, 
 
 WATER LILY F. 51 
 
 On the rootstock or tuber, or alternate on stems, unequal- 
 sided, succulent : flowers monoecious BEGONIA F. 193 
 On herbaceous stems, succulent : pod 1-celled, 
 
 PURSLANE F. 79 
 
 On woody stems (trees or shrubs), of ordinary confor- 
 mation 
 
 Stamens on the receptacle, mostly in 5 clusters : calyx 
 valvatein the bud: stipules (often deciduous), 
 
 LINDEN F. 91 
 Stamens in 5 clusters, one on the base of each petal : 
 
 calyx imbricated in the bud : no stipules 
 Ovary superior, 5-celled . CAMELLIA F. 84 
 Ovary partly inferior, becoming one-celled and 
 
 one-seeded .... STORAX F. 277 
 Stamens separate : leaves alternate, mostly with 
 
 stipules PEAR SUBF. 143 
 
 Stamens separate : leaves opposite or some of them 
 
 scattered: no stipules 
 Calyx tube or cup wholly adherent to the 3-5- 
 
 celled ovary . . SAXIFRAGE F. 164 
 Calyx cup extended beyond the free or adherent 
 
 few-many-celled ovary LOOSESTRIFE F. 177
 
 ANALYTICAL KEY. 15 
 
 * Not more than 10 stamens, or if so not more than twice the number of PAG* 
 
 the sepals or divisions of the calyx. 
 -Calyx free from the two or more separate or nearly separate 
 
 ovaries. 
 Woody twiners, with dioacious flowers, separate stamens opposite as 
 
 many petals, and few pistils . . . MOONSEED F. 48 
 Woody twiners, with monoecious flowers, united stamens, and many 
 
 pistils in a head, in fruit scattered in a spike MAGNOLIA F. 45 
 Trees, with dioacious or polygamous flowers, pinnate leaves, and few 
 
 winged fruits QUASSIA F. 101 
 
 Trees, with dioscious flowers, or herbs with perfect flowers : leaves 
 
 pinnate, pellucid-dotted, strong-scented or aromatic EUE F. 98 
 Herbs or shrubs: leaves not pellucid-dotted: flowers chiefly 
 
 perfect 
 Succulent or fleshy plants : pistils, petals, and sepals all equal in 
 
 number ORPINE F. 170 
 
 Not succulent nor fleshy thickened 
 
 Stamens inserted on the calyx : leaves alternate, 
 
 ROSE F. 141, & SAXIFRAGE F. 164 
 Stamens inserted on a disk adhering to bottom of the calyx : 
 leaves opposite, compound, 
 
 (Staphylea) SOAPBERRY F. 108 
 
 Stamens inserted on the receptacle . . CROWFOOT F. 34 
 -t-Calyx free from the single (simple or compound) ovary ; i.e. ovary 
 
 superior. 
 
 Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them 
 Anthers opening by uplifted valves : ovary simple, 1-celled, 
 
 BARBERRY F. 49 
 Anthers opening lengthwise 
 
 Ovary 1-celled, l-o vuled: styles 5 . . LEADWORT F. 271 
 Ovary l-celled, with several ovules on a central placenta 
 Style and stigma only one : calyx persistent, 
 
 PRIMROSE F. 273 
 
 Style or stigma cleft or lobed . . PURSLANE F. 79 
 Ovary 5-celled, with several ovules in each cell, 
 
 STERCULIA F. 90 
 Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of erect ovules in each cell, 
 
 VINE F. 106 
 Ovary 2-4-celled, with one erect ovule in each cell, 
 
 BUCKTHORN F. 104 
 Stamens when of the same number as the petals alternate with them, 
 
 sometimes more numerous, sometimes fewer 
 Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots, opposite, entire : 
 
 calyx persistent . . . ST. JOHN'S-WORT F. 81 
 Leaves punctate with large pellucid dots: leaves alternate or 
 
 compound . . RUE F. 98 
 
 Leaves not punctate with pellucid dots 
 
 Ovary simple, as shown by the style, stigma, and single pari- 
 etal placenta PULSE F. 116 
 
 Ovary seemingly simple, 1-celled, 1-seeded : style 1, 
 
 (Fumaria) FUMITORY F. 57 
 Ovary compound, as shown by the number of cells, placentae, 
 
 styles, or stigmas 
 
 With 2 parietal placentae, but 2-celled by a partition be- 
 tween : stamens tetradynamous MUSTARD F. 58 
 With 2 parietal placentas, and 1-celled: stamens 6, sepa- 
 rate, not tetradynamous . . . CAPER F. 68 
 With 2 parietal placentae, and 1-celled : stamens 6 in 2 sets, 
 
 FUMITORY F. 57 
 With 3 (rarely 5) parietal placentas, and l-celled: 
 
 stamens not 6 
 
 Stamens inserted on the calyx, or with 5 clusters of 
 gland-tipped stamen-like bodies, 
 
 SAXIFRAGE F. 164 
 Stamens on the long stalk of the ovary: tendril 
 
 climbers . . PASSION-FLOWER F. 189 
 Stamens on the receptacle 
 
 Flower irregular: style 1 . . VIOLET F. 71
 
 16 ANALYTICAL KEY. 
 
 Flower regular : styles various 
 
 Styles or their divisions twice as many as 'ASH 
 the placentae : leaves glandular-bristly, 
 
 SUNDEW F. 173 
 
 Styles as many as the placentae : leaves awl- 
 shaped or scale-shaped, 
 
 TAMARISK F. 81 
 Style and stigma one: stamens 5: leaves 
 
 coriaceous . PITTOSPORUM F. 69 
 Style and stigma one, or sessile stigmas 3 : 
 
 stamens not 5 . ROCKROSE F. 69 
 With one cell, one erect ovule, and 3 styles or stigmas, 
 
 CASHEW F. 112 
 With one cell and many ovules on a central placenta, 
 
 With two cells and several or many ovules in the center, 
 but becoming 1-celled : stamens 4-12, on the calyx, 
 
 LOOSESTRIFE F. 177 
 
 With two cells and a single hanging ovule in each cell 
 
 Flowers ii regular : stamens 6 or 8, diadelphous or 
 
 monadelphous : anthers opening at the apex, 
 
 POLYGALA F. 114 
 Flowers regular, with narrow petals: shrubs or 
 
 trees 
 With alternate simple leaves and 4 stamens 
 
 with anthers . WITCH-HAZEL F. 174 
 With opposite leaves and 2 (rarely 3 or 4) stamens, 
 
 OLIVE F. 279 
 With more than two cells, or when only two cells with 2 
 
 or more ovules in each cell 
 
 Seeds very numerous in each of the 3-^5 cells of the 
 pod : style 1 : stamens on the receptacle, 
 
 HEATH F. 262 
 
 Seeds numerous, or few on a stalk bursting out of 
 the pod : style 1 : stamens on the calyx, 
 
 LOOSESTRIFE F. 177 
 
 Seeds indefinitely numerous: styles 2 or more, or 
 splitting into 2 : stamens on the calyx, 
 
 SAXIFRAGE F. 164 
 Seeds several or few, at least the ovules 3-12 in each 
 
 cell- 
 Shrubs, with opposite leaves of 3 or 5 leaflets, and 
 
 a bladdery pod BLADDERNUT SUBF. 109 
 Herbs, with alternate or radical leaves of 3 or 
 more leaflets : flower regular, 
 
 (Oxalis) GERANIUM F. 93 
 Herbs, with simple alternate leaves: flower 
 
 irregular (Impatiens) GERANIUM F. 93 
 Shrubs, wath simple leaves : seeds in a pulpy aril, 
 
 STAFF TREE F. 103 
 Seeds and ovules only one or two in each cell 
 
 Tree, with twice pinnate leaves, and anthers 
 within the tube of united filaments, 
 
 MELIA F. 101 
 
 Shrubs or herbs, with stamens monadelphous only 
 at base, and aromatic-scented leaves, 
 
 GERANIUM F. 93 
 
 Herbs, with alternate leaves, mostly of pungent 
 taste and odor, no tendrils when climbing : 
 stamens separate . v GERANIUM F. 93 
 Herbs, with alternate and compound insipid 
 leaves, climbing by a hook or tendril in the 
 flower cluster, 
 
 (Cardiospermum) SOAPBERRY F. 108 
 Herbs (or one species shrubby) , with simple and 
 entire scentless leaves, and stamens often 
 slightly monadelphous at the base, 
 
 FLAX F. 92
 
 ANALYTICAL KEY. 1? 
 
 Shrubs or trees, leaves not aromatic-scented.- PAGK 
 
 stamens separate 
 Leaves simple, not lobed : fruit a small berry, 
 
 HOLLY F. 102 
 
 Leaves simple, not lobed: fruit a colored 
 pod : seeds in a red pulpy aril, 
 
 STAFF TREE F. 103 
 Leaves simple, palmately-lobed or cleft. 
 
 opposite . . . MAPLE SUBF. 109 
 Leaves compound, pinnate or digitate, 
 
 SOAPBERRY F. 108 
 4 * ) Calyx with tube adherent to the ovary, i.e. ovary inferior. 
 
 Tendril-bearing herbs, with mostly monoecious or dioecious flowers : 
 
 stamens commonly only 3 . . . GOURD F. 190 
 
 Not tendril-bearing 
 
 Pod many-seeded, 4-celled : anthers 1-celled, opening by a pore : 
 
 leaves 3-5 ribbed MELASTOMA F. 176 
 
 Pod or berry many-seeded : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise 
 
 Styles 2-5, or one and 2-cleft . . . SAXIFRAGE F. 164 
 Style 1 : stigma 2-4 lobed or entire, EVENING PRIMROSE F. 179 
 Pod with 1-4 seeds, and ovary with more than one ovule in each 
 
 cell, the seed inclosed in a pulpy aril . STAFF-TREE F. 103 
 Fruit with one seed, and ovary with only one ovule in each cell 
 Stamens just as many as the petals, and opposite them, 
 
 BUCKTHORN F. 104 
 Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or 
 
 sometimes twice as many 
 
 Style only one, slender : stigma notched or 4-lobed : calyx 
 with its tube mostly prolonged more or less beyond 
 the ovary: herbs . EVENING PRIMROSE F. 179 
 Style only one, thick : stigmas 5 : calyx not at all con- 
 tinued beyond the ovary . . GINSENG F. 204 
 Style and stigma one: trees or shrubs, or if herbs the 
 head of flowers with corolla-like involucre, 
 
 DOGWOOD F. 205 
 Style none : sessile stigmas 4 : aquatic herbs, 
 
 WATER MILFOIL F. 175 
 Styles 2-5 
 
 Petals 4 : styles 2 : flowers in axillary clusters in 
 late autumn: shrub: pod 2-lobed, 
 
 WITCH-HAZEL F. 174 
 Petals 5: styles 2-^5: flowers corymbed: shrub or 
 
 trees PEAR SUBF. 143 
 
 Petals 5: styles 2-5, mostly 5: flowers umbelled: 
 
 fruit berry-like . . . GINSENG F. 204 
 Petals 5: styles 2: flowers in (mostly compound) 
 umbels : fruit dry, splitting into 2 closed 
 
 pieces PARSLEY F. 200 
 
 OO Monopetalous Division, typically with both calyx and corolla, the lat- 
 ter united more or less into one piece. 
 * Calyx with its tube adherent to the ovary, i.e. superior, or ovary 
 
 inferior. 
 
 Flowers collected in a head which is provided with a calyx-like involucre : 
 anthers syngenesious, i.e. united into a tube or ring around the 
 
 style, only 4 or 5 COMPOSITE F. 220 
 
 Flowers not involucrate, or when in an involucrate head having the 
 
 anthers separate 
 Tendril-bearing herbs : leaves alternate : flowers usually monoecious 
 
 or dioecious GOURD F. 190 
 
 Not tendril-bearing: flowers commonly perfect, at most polygamous 
 Stamens free from the corolla, or lightly cohering with its base 
 Flowers irregular: stamens with the 5 anthers and some- 
 times the filaments also united . . LOBELIA F. 260 
 Flowers regular: herbs, with some milky juice : stamens only 
 
 as many as the lobes of the corolla CAMPANULA F. 261 
 Flowers regular : shrubs, or evergreen and trailing : stamens 
 twice as many as lobes of corolla, 
 
 WHORTLEBERRY SUBF. 262 
 OKAY'S r. F. & G. BOX. 2
 
 18 ANALYTICAL KEY. 
 
 Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla and fewer than its lobes. PAGB 
 
 viz. 
 One to three : ovary sometimes 3-celled, but the fruit only 
 
 1-celled and 1-seeded . . . VALERIAN F. 218 
 Four, two of them shorter: ovary 3-celled, but two cells 
 
 empty : fruit 1-seeded (Linnsea) HONEYSUCKLE F. 208 
 Four, one longer and one shorter pair : ovary 1-celled : fruit 
 
 very many-seeded .... GESNERIA F. 334 
 Stamens borne on the corolla, twice or more than twice the num- 
 ber of its lobes, more or less monadelphous or 5-adelphous : 
 
 leaves alternate STORAX F. 277 
 
 Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla, just as many as its 
 lobes : leaves opposite, whorled, crowded, or radical 
 
 With stipules entire MADDER F. 214 
 
 Without true stipules 
 
 Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded : flowers in an involucrate head, 
 
 TEASEL F. 219 
 Ova. ,y 2-o-celled 
 
 2-celled, the fruit twin : leaves entire, in whorls, 
 
 MADDER F. 214 
 
 2-5-celled: flowers not in a proper head; leaves 
 chiefly opposite, often toothed or compound, 
 
 HONEYSUCKLE F. 208 
 3-celled: leaves mossy-crowded, or radical, 
 
 DIAPENSIA F. 271 
 
 * * Calyx free from the ovary, i.e. inferior, or ovary superior 
 - Corolla more or less irregular 
 
 Stamens 10 or 5, distinct : anthers opening by a hole at the apex of 
 
 each cell: ovary 5-elled HEATH F. 262 
 
 Stamens 10, diadelphous or monadelphous : anthers opening length- 
 wise : ovary 1-celled PULSE F. 116 
 
 Stamens 8 or 6, diadelphous or monadelphous : anthers opening by a 
 
 hole at the apex: ovary 2-celled. . . POLYGALA F. 114 
 Stamens 6, diadelphous: the middle anther of each set 2-celled, the 
 
 other two l-elled: ovary 1-celled . . FUMITORY F. 57 
 Stamens (with anthers) 5 
 
 Ovary deeply 4-lobed, making 4 seed-like fruits or pieces, 
 
 (Echium, etc.) BORAGE F. 301 
 Ovary not divided : fruit (mostly a pod) many-seeded 
 
 Calyx urn-shaped, inclosing the pod, which is 2-celled, the 
 top separating as a lid, 
 
 (Hyoscyamus) NIGHTSHADE F. 311 
 Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted : pod 2-valved, 
 
 (Verbascum) FIGWORT F. 318 
 Stamens (with anthers) 4 or 2 
 
 Ovary 1-celled with a central placenta, bearing several or many 
 
 seeds: stamens 2 .... BLADDER WORT F. 333 
 Ovary l-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentse : stamens 4, didyn- 
 
 amous 
 Leafless plants, brownish or yellowish, never green, with 
 
 scales in place of foliage . . BROOM RAPE F. 332 
 Leafy plants, with ordinary foliage 
 
 Not climbing: seeds minute, wingless GESXERIA F. 334 
 Climbing: seeds winged . . . BIGNONIA F. 335 
 Ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled : pod containing very many flat and 
 
 winged seeds : woody climbers or trees BIGNONIA F. 335 
 Ovary 4-celled (but stigmas only 2) : many flat and wingless large 
 
 seeds, filled by the embryo : herbs . . SESAMUM F. 337 
 Ovary 2-celled, many-seeded or few-seeded, the placenta in the 
 
 axis 
 
 Seeds few or several in each cell, flat and borne on hook-like 
 projections of the placentae, or globular on a cartilagi- 
 nous ring: no albumen . . . ACANTHUS F. 337 
 Seeds man?/ or few in each cell, not borne on hooks, &c. : 
 
 embryo in albumen 
 Corolla 2-lipped or very irregular , 
 
 FIGWORT F. 318 (Also SCHIZANTHUS, 318) 
 Corolla regular or very nearly so . NIGHTSHADE F. 311
 
 ANALYTICAL KEY. 19 
 
 Ovary 2-4 celled, rarely 1-celled, with only a single ovule or seed PAGE 
 
 in each cell, not lobed VERVAIN F. 339 
 
 Ovary 4-parted, making 4 seed-like pieces or nutlets around the 
 
 single style MINT F. 342 
 
 -Corolla regular. 
 
 Stamens more numerous than the divisions of the corolla. (Here, 
 from the cohesion of the bases of the petals, some of the follow- 
 ing, ranked as polypetalous, may be sought) 
 Leaves twice pinnate, or else phyllodia: ovary one, simple. 
 
 1-celled MIMOSA SUBF. 122 
 
 Leaves simply compound, of 3 leaflets : ovary 5-celled : stamens 
 
 10, monadelphous at the base (Oxalis) GERANIUM F. 93 
 Leaves simple, in one compound, fleshy, very thick: anthers 2- 
 
 celled : pistils as many as lobes of the corolla ORPINE F. 170 
 Leaves simple or lobed or divided : stamens indefinite, monadel- 
 phous : anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled . MALLOW F. 85 
 Leaves simple, not lobed or divided, nor fleshy : anthers 2-celled: 
 
 pistil compound, more than 1-celled 
 
 Anthers commonly opening at the end : stamens on the re- 
 ceptacle, free or nearly free from the corolla, 
 
 HEATH F. 262 
 Anthers opening lengthwise : stamens on the corolla or 
 
 mainly so : trees or shrubs 
 Flowers polygamous or dioacious: stamens separate: 
 
 styles 4, each 2-lobed . . . EBONY F. 277 
 Flowers perfect : stamens more or less monadelphous or 
 ^-clustered 
 
 STORAX F. 277 
 Calyx wholly free from the ovary CAMELLIA F. 84 
 Stamens fewer than the lobes or divisions of the corolla 
 four, mostly didynamous 
 
 Ovary 2-celled, with usually many ovules in each cell, 
 
 FIGWORT F. 318 
 Ovary 2-celled, with few or several ovules in each cell : 
 
 seeds flat on hooks . . . ACANTHUS F. 337 
 Ovary 2-4-celled, with a single ovule in each cell, 
 
 VERVAIN F. 339 
 Two only with anthers, and two abortive ones : ovary deeply 
 
 4-lobed (Lycopus) MINT F. 342 
 
 Two, exserted : herbs, or some exotic species are low shrubby 
 
 plants .... (Veronica) FIGWORT F. 318 
 Two or three : shrubs, trees, or woody twiners OLIVE F. 279 
 Stamens (with anthers) as many as the lobes or divisions of the 
 
 corolla and opposite them 
 Styles or stigmas 5 : ovary 1-celled : ovule and seed solitary, 
 
 LEADWORT F. 271 
 Style and stigma only one 
 
 Herbs : ovary 1-celled with a central placenta : seeds few or 
 
 many PRIMROSE F. 273 
 
 Trees or shrubs : ovary 5-celled : fruit 1-f ew-seeded : petal- 
 like scales alternate with the anthers SAPODILLA F. 276 
 Stamens (with anthers) as many as the lobes or parts of the corolla 
 
 and alternate with them 
 Pistil one and simple, with one parietal placenta : fruit a legume 
 
 orloment: leaves twice pinnate . . MIMOSA SUBF. 122 
 Pistils as many as the lobes of the corolla, separate : fleshy plants, 
 
 ORPINE F. 170 
 
 Pistils several or many as to the ovary, or ovaries deeply lobed, 
 the lobes or pieces making so many separate little 1-seeded 
 fruits or akenes, but all around one common style 
 Akenes or lobes numerous in a heap or several in a circle, 
 
 (Nolana) CONVOLVULUS F. 306 
 
 Akenes or lobes only 4 around the base of the common style 
 Aromatic plants, with opposite leaves, 
 
 (Mentha, etc.) MINT F. 342 
 Not aromatic, with alternate and commonly rough leaves, 
 
 BORAGE F. 301
 
 20 ANALYTICAL KEY. 
 
 Pistils 2 as to their ovaries, these making many-seeded pods, but J-AOB 
 
 stigmas and often styles also united into one 
 Pollen powdery and loose, as in ordinary plants, not in 
 
 masses DOGBANE F. 283 
 
 Pollen all in waxy or granular masses, usually 10, and fixed 
 
 in pairs to 5 glands of the stigma . MILKWEED F. 286 
 Pistil one, with a single compound ovary which is not divided 
 
 nor deeply lobed 
 
 Stamens on the receptacle, or lightly cohering above with 
 what seems to be the corolla : ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded, 
 
 (Mirabilis) FOUR-O'CLOCK F. 358 
 Stamens on the receptacle, or nearly so : ovary 5-celled : pod 
 
 many-seeded HEATH F. 262 
 
 Stamens borne on very base of the 4-8-parted corolla : the 
 cells of the ovary just as many, one ovule in each: no 
 style : berry-like fruit containing as many little stones, 
 
 HOLLY F. 102 
 Stamens plainly borne on the^ corolla 
 
 Leaves all radical, 1-7-ribbed: flowers in a spike: co- 
 rolla thin and becoming dry : stamens 4 : style and 
 stigma one : pod 2-celled, rarely 3-celled, opening 
 transversely .... PLANTAIN F. 356 
 Leaves on the stem 
 
 All opposite and entire, their bases or petioles con- 
 nected by small stipules or a transverse stipu- 
 lar line : ovary and pod 2-celled, several-seeded, 
 
 LOGANIA F. 290 
 
 All opposite or whorled and entire, without stipules : 
 ovary and pod 1-celled, several-many-seeded ; 
 placentae parietal 
 Juice milky : leaves short-petioled, 
 
 (Allamanda) DOGBANE F. 283 
 Juice not milky, bitter : stem leaves sessile, 
 
 GENTIAN F. 291 
 Alternate or some opposite, loithout stipules : ovary 
 
 and pod 1-ceHed icith 2 parietal placentas 
 Smooth marsh or water plants: leaves round- 
 heart-shaped, entire, or of 3 entire leaflets, 
 
 GENTIAN F. 291 
 
 More or less hairy plants : leaves mostly toothed 
 or divided: style 2-cleft, 
 
 WATERLEAF F. 298 
 
 Opposite, no stipules: ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled: 
 stamens 4 : style not 3-cleft, 
 
 VERVAIN F. 339 
 
 Opposite or alternate, simple or compound, without 
 stipules, not twining : ovary and pod 3-celled: 
 stamens 5 : style 3-cleft at the apex, 
 
 POLEMONIUM F. 296 
 
 Alternate, pinnate and tendril-bearing, lowest leaf- 
 lets imitating leafy stipules, 
 
 (Cobjea) POLEMONIUM F. 295 
 Alternate, at least not opposite, without stipules : 
 
 stamens 5, rarely 4: ovary 2-5-celled 
 Four cells of the ovary 1-ovuled : fruit splitting 
 into little nutlets : flower-clusters coiled, 
 
 (Heliotrope) BORAGE F. 301 
 Two or three 2-ovuled or four 1-ovuled cells: 
 seeds large : mostly twiners, 
 
 CONVOLVULUS F. 306 
 Two or rarely more many-ovuled cells : seeds 
 
 numerous 
 Styles 2, or rarely 3, or 2-cleft, 
 
 WATERLEAF F. 298 
 Style and stigma only one, 
 
 NIGHTSHADE F. 311 
 Leaves none: leafless parasitic twiners, destitute of 
 
 green herbage .... DODDER SUBF. 730
 
 ANALYTICAL KEY. 21 
 
 OOO Apetalous Division, with only one series of true floral envelopes PASB 
 
 (corolla absent) , or no envelopes. 
 * Flowers not in catkins. (* * bottom page 22.) 
 
 Ovary 2-6-celled, its cells containing numerous ovules 
 
 Six-celled, the tube of the calyx coherent with its surface or the 
 
 lower part of it: lobes of the calyx 3 . BIRTHWORT F. 372 
 Four-celled, the tube of calyx coherent with its surface : lobes of 
 
 calyx and stamens 4 (Ludwigia) EVENING PRIMROSE F. 179 
 Five-celled, five-horned, free from the calyx: stamens 10, 
 
 (Penthorum) ORPINE F. 170 
 Three-celled, free from the calyx of 5 sepals white inside: 
 
 stamens 3 ... (Mollugo) FIG MARIGOLD F. 199 
 Two-celled or four-celled, free from but inclosed in the cup- 
 shaped calyx: stamens 4, 
 
 (Rotala Ammannia) LOOSESTRIFE F. 177 
 Two-celled } many pistils in a head: no calyx: flowers monce- 
 
 cious. Tree . . (Liquidambar) WITCH-HAZEL F. 174 
 Ovary 1-2-celled, several-ovuled on one side of a basal placenta, 
 
 (Cuphea) LOOSESTRIFE F. 177 
 Ovary or ovaries l-celled, with numerous or several ovules, on parietcA 
 
 placentss; calyx free . v 
 
 Calyx of 2 sepals: placentae 2 . . (Bocconia) POPPY F. 53 
 Calyx of 4 or more sepals : placenta 1 . . CROWFOOT F. 34 
 Ovary l-celled, with several or many ovules from the bottom or on a 
 
 central placenta, free from the calyx 
 Flowers surrounded by dry scarious or colored bracts 
 Pod opening by a transverse line above the base, 
 
 AMARANTH F. 360 
 
 Pod splitting from the top ... KNOTWORT F. 359 
 Flowers not surrounded by dry or colored bracts 
 Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary, 
 
 CHICKWEED SUBF. 73 
 
 Stamens inserted on the calyx . . KNOTWORT F. 359 
 Ovary or separate (or separable) ovaries l-celled, with one or some- 
 times two or three ovules 
 
 Woody plants, parasitic on trees, dioecious . MISTLETOE F. 378 
 Woody or partly woody climbers by their leafstalks, 
 
 (Clematis) CROWFOOT F. 34 
 Trees or shrubs, not climbing 
 
 Leaves pinnate, aromatic, their stalks mostly prickly : pis- 
 tils more than one . . (Xanthoxylum) RUE F. 98 
 Leaves pinnate, not aromatic nor prickly : pistil one, 
 
 (Fraxinus) OLIVE F. 279 
 Leaves simple, beset with silvery (rarely coppery) scurf or 
 
 scurfy down OLEASTER F. 377 
 
 Leaves simple, not silvery-scurfy 
 
 Aromatic or spicy-tasted : calyx mostly corolla-like : 
 
 anthers opening by uplifted valves LAUREL F. 375 
 Aromatic-scented: no proper calyx: anthers not open- 
 ing by valves .... SWEET GALE F. 392 
 Not aromatic : juice milky: stipules deciduous : flowers 
 in a closed receptacle, which becomes pulpy, 
 
 (Fig) FIG SUBF. 385 
 Not aromatic, and juice not milky: the leaves 
 
 Palmatelv lobed and veined, with sheathing stipules : 
 
 no evident calyx . . PLANE TREE F. 389 
 Mostly toothed, feather- veined, sometimes also with 
 ribs from the base : calyx free from the ovary, 
 
 ELM SUBF. 384 
 Entire: calyx corolla-like and free from the ovary: 
 
 flowers perfect ... . MEZEREUM F. 376 
 Entire (rarely toothed) : tube of calyx coherent with 
 
 ovary : flowers diceciously polygamous 
 Ovary and fruit pear-shaped : stigma terminal, 
 
 SANDALWOOD F. 378 
 
 Ovary globular or oval : stigma running down 
 one side of the awl-shaped style, 
 
 (Nyssa) DOGWOOD F. 205
 
 22 ANALYTICAL KEY. 
 
 Herbs, with sheathing stipules above the tumid joints of the PA 
 stem : leaves alternate .... BUCKWHEAT F. 367 
 Herbs, with the stipules (if any) not in the form of sheaths 
 Pistils numerous or several: calyx commonly corolla-like : 
 
 stipules none CROWFOOT F. 34 
 
 Pistils 3 or 4 : calyx and corolla none : flowers perfect, in a 
 
 spike PEPPER F. 374 
 
 Pistils 1-4, inclosed by the persistent calyx: leaves alter- 
 nate, pinnate or lobed, with stipules, 
 
 (Poterium, etc.) ROSE F. 141 
 Pistil 1, with 2 hairy styles or stigmas: leaves palmately 
 
 compound or cleft : flowers dioecious. HEMP SUBF. 386 
 Pistil only one : leaves simple 
 
 Calyx corolla-like (white), its tube coherent with the 
 ovary : flowers perfect : leaves alternate, 
 
 SANDALWOOD F. 378 
 
 Calyx corolla-like, free from the ovary, but the base of 
 
 its tube hardening and persistent as a covering to 
 
 the thin akene, making a sort of nut-like fruit : 
 
 style and stigma simple . FOUR-O'CLOCK F. 358 
 
 Calyx greenish, sometimes colored or corolla-like : seed 
 
 solitary 
 Style or stigma one and simple : flowers monoecious 
 
 or dioecious NETTLE F. 384 
 
 Styles or stigmas 2 or 3, or 2-3-cleft : flowers mostly 
 
 perfect 
 Flowers crowded with dry and scarious bracts, 
 
 AMARANTH F. 360 
 
 Flowers without imbricated and scarious bracts 
 Leaves chiefly alternate, often toothed, cleft, 
 
 or lobed . . . GOOSEFOOT F. 363 
 Leaves opposite, entire, 
 
 CHICKWEED SUBF. 73 
 Calyx none, except as an adherent covering to the ovary, 
 
 without lobes : aquatic . WATER MILFOIL F. 175 
 Calyx none, the flowers in catkin-like spikes, 
 
 (Piper, etc.) PEPPER F. 374 
 Ovary 2-lQ-celled, with one or two ovules in each cell 
 
 Aquatic herbs, with 3-4-celled nut-like little fruits in the axils of 
 
 the leaves or bracts .... WATER MILFOIL F. 175 
 Herbs, shrubs, rarely trees, with monoecious flowers, 3-celled 
 ovary and 3-lobed pod : the ovules and seeds single or a 
 pair hanging from the summit of the cell: juice milky, 
 
 except in the Box, etc SPURGE F. 379 
 
 Herbs, with stout hollow stems, perfect flowers, and 10-celled 
 
 ovary, becoming berry-like . . . POKEWEED F. 367 
 Shrubs or trees, with 2-celled ovary, and winged fruit (samara or 
 
 key) 
 Of two keys, joined at their base and winged from the apex, 
 
 MAPLE SUBF. 109 
 Of a single key/winged from the apex or almost all round : 
 
 leaves pinnate .... (Fraxinus) OLIVE F. 279 
 Of a single key, thin-winged all round : leaves simple, 
 
 ELM SUBF. 384 
 Shrubs or trees with wingless 2-9-celled fruit, no milky juice, 
 
 and 
 Perfect or sometimes dicecious flowers : stamens 4-9 
 
 Ovule hanging HOLLY F. 102 
 
 Ovule erect BUCKTHORN F. 104 
 
 Perfect flowers : stamens about 24, white : seeds hanging, 
 
 (Fothergilla) WITCH-HAZEL F. 174 
 * * Flowers (all monoecious or dicecious) one or both sorts in catkins or 
 
 catkin-like heads. 
 Twining herb, with sterile flowers panicled, and fertile in a short 
 
 scaly catkin (strobile) . . . (Humulus) NETTLE F. 384 
 Climbing and woody, or low herbs, with mostly perfect flowers in 
 
 slender spikes PEPPER F. 374 
 
 Parasitic shrub, on trees : fruit a berry . . MISTLETOE F. 378
 
 ANALYTICAL KEY. 23 
 
 Trees or shrubs PAGK 
 
 With resinous juice, needle-shaped or scale-like leaves, and a 
 
 cone (strobile) for fruit PINE F. 476 
 
 With milky or colored juice, sterile flowers in spikes or ra- 
 cemes and fertile in catkin-like heads or short spikes, 
 forming a fleshy mass in fruit, inclosing the akenes, 
 
 FIG SUBF. 385 
 
 With colorless juice, often strong-scented resinous-aromatic bark, 
 pinnate leaves, and only sterile flowers in catkins, 
 
 WALNUT F. 390 
 With colorless juice and simple leaves 
 
 Both kinds of flowers in short catkins or heads : fruit waxy- 
 coated, berry-like or nut-like : leaves aromatic, 
 
 SWEET GALE F. 392 
 
 Both kinds of flowers in scaly catkins : the fertile with 2 or 3 
 flowers, forming winged or sometimes wingless akenes 
 or small keys, under each scale or bract, 
 
 (Betula, Alnus) OAK F. 392 
 
 Both kinds of flowers in catkins, dioecious, one under each 
 scale or bract : pod filled with downy-tufted seeds, 
 
 WILLOW F. 399 
 Both kinds of flowers in heads, monoecious, without calyx; 
 
 leaves palmately-lobed 
 Fruit of many two-beaked hard pods in a head : stipules 
 
 deciduous .... WITCH-HAZEL F. 174 
 Fruit a head of club-shaped hairy-based nutlets : stipules 
 
 sheathing .... PLANE TREE F. 389 
 Both kinds of flowers or commonly only the sterile in cat- 
 kins : fruit a nut in a scaly cup, or bur, or sac, or leafy- 
 
 bracted involucre OAK F. 392 
 
 H h MONOCOTYLEDONS OR ENDOGENS, with wood in separate threads scat- 
 tered through the diameter of the stem, not in a circle, no annual 
 circles or layers ; leaves mostly parallel-veined ; and parts of the 
 flower almost always in threes, never in fives ; cotyledon 1. 
 O Petahideous Division, with flowers not on a spadix, and perianth or 
 
 part of it more or less corolla-like. 
 
 Pistils more than one, mostly numerous, separate or nearly so : peri- 
 anth of 3 green sepals and 3 colored petals: leaves mostly 
 netted-veined between the ribs . WATER PLANTAIN F. 454 
 Pistil only one as to the ovary 
 
 Perianth adherent to the ovary, or superior, i.e. ovary inferior 
 Flowers dioecious : stem twining : leaves with distinct petiole 
 
 and blade, the veins or veinlets netted . . YAM F. 430 
 Flowers dioecious or polygamous: aquatic herbs: flowers 
 
 from a spathe FROGBIT F. 402 
 
 Flowers perfect 
 
 Anthers only one or two, borne on or united with the 
 
 style or stigma : flower irregular . ORCHIS F. 403 
 Anther only one, embracing the slender style but not 
 united with it, 2-celled : flower irregular, 
 
 GINGER SUBF. 410 
 Anther only one, free from the style, 1-celled: flower 
 
 irregular .... ARROWROOT SUBF. 410 
 Anthers 5 (one abortive filament without any anther) : 
 
 flower somewhat irregular . . BANANA F. 410 
 Anthers 3, turned outwards: filaments either separate 
 
 or monadelphous .... . IRIS F. 415 
 Anthers 3, fixed by the middle : flower woolly outside, 
 
 (Lachnanthes) BLOODWORT F. 414 
 Anthers 6, all the stamens being perfect 
 
 Epiphytes or air plants, except the Pineapple, 
 
 PINEAPPLE F. 414 
 Terrestrial plants, chiefly from bulbs or corms, some 
 
 from tubers, fibrous roots, or rootstalks 
 Perianth woolly or much roughened outside, 
 
 BLOODWORT F. 414 
 Perianth not woolly or roughened without, 
 
 AMARYLLIS F. 424
 
 24 ANALYTICAL KEY. 
 
 \ 
 
 Perianth free from the ovary or very nearly so PASB 
 
 Epiphytes or air plants, with dry and often scurfy leaves, 
 
 (Tillandsia) PINEAPPLE F. 414 
 
 Stout aquatic herbs: flowers irregular as to the (corolla- 
 like) perianth or stamens, or both, 
 
 PICKEREL WEED F. 452 
 
 Moss-like aquatic herb, with regular flowers . MAYACA F. 466 
 Terrestrial herbs or sometimes woody plants, not rush-like 
 
 or grass-like 
 Perianth of green sepals and colored petals which are 
 
 distinctly different 
 
 Styles or sessile stigmas 3, separate: petals 3, not 
 ephemeral: leaves netted-veined, 
 
 (Trillium) LILY F. 431 
 Style and stigma one: petals 3 or 2, ephemeral, 
 
 SPIDERWORT F. 453 
 Perianth with all 6 (in one instance only 4) parts colored 
 
 alike or nearly so 
 Anthers 1-celled : plants mostly climbing by tendrils 
 
 on the petiole . . . SMILAX SUBF. 431 
 
 Anthers 2-celled LILY F. 431 
 
 Terrestrial or aquatic rush-like or grass-like plants, with 
 
 small regular flowers 
 Not in a simple scaly-bracted head: perianth glnma- 
 
 ceous, RUSH F. 456 
 
 In a simple spike or raceme: flowers bractless, perfect: 
 
 perianth herbaceous . WATER PLANTAIN F. 454 
 In a simple scaly-bracted head on a scape: leaves all 
 
 from the root 
 
 Perianth yellow, the inner divisions or petals with 
 claws: flowers perfect: pod 1-celled, many 
 seeded, the placentae parietal, 
 
 YELLOW-EYED GRASS F. 456 
 Perianth whitish: flowers monoecious or dioecious: 
 
 pod 2-3-celled, 2-3-seeded . PIPEWORT F. 456 
 OO Spadiceous Division, with flowers on a spadix or fleshy spike, peri- 
 anth none or not corolla-like, and no glumes. 
 Trees or woody plants with simple trunk, caudex, or stock 
 
 Leaves persistent, long-petioled, fan-shaped and plaited or pinnate : 
 
 spadix branched : floral envelopes of 3 or 6 parts . PALM F. 463 
 Leaves undivided, long-linear and stiff . . . SCREW PINE F. 462 
 Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy . . . PONDWEED F. 457 
 Small or minute free-floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and 
 
 foliage DUCKWEED F. 457 
 
 Reed-like or Flag-like marsh herbs, with linear and sessile nerved leaves 
 Flowers naked in the spike: no distinct perianth CAT-TAIL F. 461 
 Flowers with a 6-parted perianth . . . (Acorus) ARUM F. 457 
 Terrestrial or marsh plants, with leaves of distinct blade and petiole, the 
 
 veins netted ARUM F. 457 
 
 OOO Glumaceous Division, with flowers enveloped by glumes (chaffy 
 
 bracts), and no manifest perianth. 
 
 Ovary 3-celled or 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae, becoming a pod, 
 3-many-seeded : flowers with a regular perianth of six glumaceous 
 divisions. In structure of the flower most like the Lily Family ; 
 but the glumaceous perianth and the herbage imitate this division, 
 
 RUSH F. 456 
 
 Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, in fruit an akene or grain. True gluma- 
 ceous plants ; the glumes being bracts 
 
 Glumes single, bearing a flower in the axil . . SEDGE F. 465 
 Glumes in pairs, an outer pair for the spikelet, an inner pair for 
 
 each flower GRASS F. 467 
 
 II. GYMNOSPERMS, without proper pistil, the ovules naked on a scale or 
 on the end of a short axis : cotyledons often more than two in a 
 whorl. 
 With palm-like columnar trunks or corn-like stock, and pinnate 
 
 palm-like foliage CYCAD F. 485 
 
 With branching trunks, and simple, mostly needle-shaped, linear, or 
 
 scale-like entire leaves PINE F. 476
 
 ANALYTICAL, KEY. 25 
 
 B. FLOWERLESS OR CRYPTOGAMOUS. Plants not producing flow- rjna 
 
 ers, propagated by spores. 
 
 With many-jointed stems and no leaves, except the united scales or 
 teeth that form a sheath or ring at each joint : spore cases in a 
 
 terminal head or spike HORSETAIL F. 486 
 
 With ample leaves often compound, all from a rootstock or trunk, 
 
 and bearing the minute spore cases 
 
 Herbage circinate, or rolled up in the bud . ". FERN F. 486 
 Herbage erect (not rolled up) as it unfolds, 
 
 ADDER'S TONGUE FERN F. 501 
 
 With scale-shaped, linear, or awl-shaped and wholly simple leaves 
 thickly set on the leafy stems : spore cases in the axil of some 
 of them 
 
 Spores all of one kind . : ...: -.- . . CLUB MOSS F. 501 
 Spores of two unlike kinds . . . SELAGINELLA F. 503 
 
 APPARENT EXCEPTIONS TO THE CLASSIFICATORY SCHEME. 
 
 1. Key to those exogens which from their foliage might perhaps be mis- 
 taken for endogens. 
 Pistils indefinitely numerous: herbs, polypetalous, 
 
 (Myosurus and some species of Ranunculus) CROWFOOT F. 34 
 Pistils 3-12, separate 
 
 Leaves peltate or round heart-shaped : aquatic, polypetalous, 
 
 WATER LILY F. 51 
 Leaves heart-shaped : marsh plants, apetalous, also destitute of 
 
 calyx PEPPER F. 374 
 
 Leaves thick and fleshy: polypetalous or some few monopeta- 
 
 lous : flowers completely symmetrical . . ORPINE F. 170 
 Pistil one, but the ovary deeply 3-20-lobed or horned and style sepa- 
 rate : leaves thick and fleshy : polypetalous, 
 
 FIG MARIGOLD F. 199 
 Pistil one, the ovary 4-lobed, and sessile stigmas separate: leaves 
 
 slender: aquatics WATER MILFOIL F. 175 
 
 Pistil one : ovary not lobed : polypetalous 
 
 Petals usually very numerous : ovary many-celled, many-seeded : 
 
 aquatics WATER LILY F. 51 
 
 Petals with the sepals usually very numerous : style 1 : ovary 
 1-celled. many-ovuled : fleshy, leafless plants, 
 
 CACTUS F. 195 
 Petals and styles, also the stamens 5: ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, 
 
 LEADWORT F. 271 
 Petals 5 : styles 2 or 3 : ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled, free from 
 
 the calyx : leaves opposite . (Dianthus, etc.) PINK F. 73 
 Petals 5 : styles 2 : ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled : teeth of the calyx on 
 its summit : leaves alternate, 
 
 (Eryngium, etc.) PARSLEY F. 200 
 Petals 5 or 3 : style only one, not lobed 
 
 Calyx free from the 1-celled simple ovary : stamens 
 numerous 
 
 (Acacias with phyllodia) MIMOSA SUBF. 122 
 Calyx adherent to the several-celled ovary : stamens 8 or 10, 
 
 MELASTOMA F. 176 
 
 Pistil only one, both as to ovary and style : monopetalous 
 Stamens 5: style 3-cleft at the apex : pod 3-celled, 
 
 POLEMONIUM F. 295 
 Stamens 4 : style and stigma one : corolla 4-cleft, dry and scari- 
 
 ous: pod 2-celled: leaves ribbed . . PLANTAIN F. 356 
 Stamens 8 or 10 : style and stigma one : corolla becoming dry 
 
 and scarious : leaves narrow . (Heaths) HEATH F. 262 
 Pistil, if it may be so called, an open scale, or none, 
 
 GYMNOSPERMS, 476
 
 26 ANALYTICAL KEY. 
 
 2. Key to those endogens which from their foliage might be mistaken for PAOH 
 
 ezogens. 
 
 Flowers spiked on a spadix, and with a prominent spa the ARUM F. 457 
 Flowers not on a spadix : nistils several or many : calyx and corolla 
 
 distinctly different . . . WATER PLANTAIN F. 454 
 .^lowers not on a spadix : pistil only one 
 
 Calyx coherent with the ovary : flowers dioecious or polygamous 
 Terrestrial plants, twiners : small flowers in racemes, spikes, 
 
 or panicles YAM F. 430 
 
 Aquatic plants : flowers from a spathe . . FROGBIT F. 402 
 Calyx free from the ovary 
 
 Aquatic herbs : flowers more or less irregular, from a sort 
 
 of spathe PICKEREL WEED F. 452 
 
 Terrestrial herbs, not climbing : anthers 2-celled 
 
 (Trillium, etc.) LILY F. 431 
 Terrestrial and mostly twining shrubs or herbs, with tendrils 
 
 on the petiole: anthers 1-celled . SMILAX SUBF. 431
 
 SIGNS AND EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 THE SIGNS AND ABBBEVIATIONS employed in this work are few. The 
 signs are : 
 
 (J) for an annual plant. 
 (2) for a biennial plant. 
 2i for a perennial plant. 
 
 The signs for degrees, minutes, and seconds are used for feet, inches, 
 and lines, the latter twelve to the inch. Thus 1 means a foot in length 
 or height, &c. ; 2', two inches ; 6", five lines, or five-twelfths of an inch. 
 
 The dash between two figures, as 5- 10 means from five to ten, &c. 
 
 The character oo means many. 
 
 Fl. stands for flowers or flowering. 
 
 Cult, stands for cultivated. 
 
 Nat. stands for naturalized. 
 
 N., E., S., W. stand for North, East, South, and West. 
 
 The geographical abbreviations, such as Eu. for Europe, and the com- 
 mon abbreviations for the names of the States, need no particular expla- 
 nation. 
 
 Species printed in heavy-faced Roman type are indigenous to some 
 part of our territory (the U. S., East of the 100th meridian). 
 
 Those in heavy-faced Italic type are not indigenous to this territory, and 
 they exist in our region only in cultivation or as introduced weeds. 
 
 The species and varieties in SMALL CAPITAL ROHAN LETTERS are hor- 
 ticultural forms or hybrids. When in parenthesis, they are simply 
 synonyms. 
 
 Pronunciation. In accordance with the usage in Gray's botanies, it 
 is intended that the Latin names in this volume shall be pronounced after 
 the English method. The accent marks designate both the accentuation 
 (or most emphatic syllable), and the length of the vowel. The grave (*) 
 designates a long vowel, and the acute (') a short one. The letters <n", 
 like to, representing the Greek ending -oe5ijs, should properly be pro- 
 nounced separately. If the i, in this case, is the penultimate syllable 
 (next to the last) , it should be pronounced long, as in prino-ides, usneo- 
 ides ; but if it is the antepenultimate (third syllable from the end), it is 
 pronounced short, as rhomb o-idea. In names derived from dioicus and 
 monoicus (dioecious and monoecious), oi is a true diphthong, as in choice. 
 27
 
 28 STATISTICS. 
 
 The diphthong au is given its customary English sound. The pupil should 
 bear in mind that the final e in the names of plants should always be 
 pronounced (taking the sound of short i), as in officina-le, vulga-re, 
 commu-ne. 
 
 STATISTICS OF THE REVISION. 
 
 Number of families . . . . . . . .141 
 
 Number of genera . 1029 
 
 Number of indigenous species . 1784 
 
 Number of extra-limital species (or reputed species) . . . 1419 
 Total species 3203 
 
 Making a total gain over the first edition of 82 genera and 553 species.
 
 NOMENCLATIVE. 
 
 THE first part of the name of a plant designates the genus to 
 which it belongs, or is generic; the second part belongs to the 
 particular species, or is specific; but both words are necessary 
 for the designation of the plant or species. The literature of 
 systematic botany is so voluminous, however, that, in order to 
 identify the plant names and to aid in tracing them to their 
 origins, it is necessary to cite the author of the name along with 
 the name itself. In accordance with the method in Gray's 
 botanies, this author is understood to be the one who first used 
 the two names together ; that is, he is the author of the com- 
 plete name or combination and not necessarily of either part 
 of it. The full names of the authors most frequently cited in 
 this book are here given : 
 
 ADANS. Michel Adanson, 1727-1806. France. 
 
 A. DC. Alphonse De Candolle, 1806-1893. Switzerland. (See DC.) 
 
 AIT. William Aiton, 1731-1793. England. 
 
 AIT. f. William Townsend Aiton, the son, 1766-1849. England. 
 
 ALL. Carlo Allioni, 1725-1804. Italy. 
 
 ANDK. Henry C. Andrews, author of The Botanist's Repository at the 
 opening of the century. England. 
 
 ARN. George Arnold Walker Arnott, 1799-1868. Scotland. 
 
 BAKER. John Gilbert Baker, 1834- , keeper of the Herbarium of 
 the Royal Gardens, Kew, England. 
 
 BART. William P. C. Barton, 1787-1856. Pennsylvania. 
 
 BARTR., BARTRAM. William Bartram, 1739-1823. Pennsylvania. 
 
 BEAUV. Ambroise Marie Francois Joseph Palisot de Beauvois, 1756- 
 1820. France. 
 
 BECK Lewis C. Beck, 1798-1853. New York. 
 
 BENTH. George Bentham, 1800-1884. England. 
 
 BENTH. & HOOK. Bentham (George) and Hooker (J. D.), authors of 
 Genera Plantarum. England. 
 
 BERNH. Johann Jacob Bernhardi, 1774-1850. Prussia. 
 
 BIEB. Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein, 1768-1826. Ger- 
 many. 
 
 BIGEL. Jacob Bigelow, 1787-1879. Massachusetts. 
 
 BLUME Karl Ludwig Blume, 1796-1862. Holland. 
 
 Boiss. Edinond Boissier, 1810-1886. Switzerland. 
 
 BOJER W. Bojer, 1800-1856, author of a Flora of Mauritius. Austria. 
 
 BRITTON Nathaniel Lord Britton, Professor in Columbia College. New 
 York. 
 
 BRONG. Adolphe Theodore Brongniart, 1801-1876. France. 
 29
 
 30 NOMENCLATURE. 
 
 BUCKLEY Samuel Botsford Buckley, 1809-1884. United States. 
 BUNGE Alexander von Bunge, 1803-1890. Russia. 
 CARR. Elie Abel Carriere, a contemporaneous botanist and horti- 
 culturist. France. 
 
 CASS. Alexandre Henri Gabriel Cassini, Comte de, 1781-1832. France. 
 CAT. Antonio Jose 1 Cavanilles, 1745-1804. Spain. 
 
 C. DC. Casimir De Candolle, 1836- . Switzerland. (See DC.) 
 CERV. Vicente Cervantes, 1759(?)-1829. Mexico. 
 
 CHAM. Adalbert von Chamisso (poet and naturalist), 1781-1838. Ger- 
 many. 
 
 CHAPM. Alvan Wentworth Chapman, a contemporaneous botanist of 
 Florida, 1809- . Massachusetts. 
 
 CHOIS. Jacques Denys Choisy, 1799-1859. Switzerland. 
 
 CURT. William Curtis, 1746-1799. England. 
 
 CURTIS. Moses Ashley Curtis, 1808-1873. North Carolina. 
 
 DC. Augustin Pyramus De Candolle, 1778-1841. Switzerland. Pro- 
 jector of the Prodromus, and head of a renowned family. Al- 
 phonse De Candolle, the son, and Casimir De Candolle, the grandson, 
 are quoted in this book. 
 
 DECNE. Joseph Decaisne, 1809-1882. France. 
 
 DESF. Rene 1 Louiche Desfontaines, 1750-1833. France. 
 
 DESV. Augustin Nicaise Desvaux, 1784-1856. France. 
 
 DON George Don, 1798-1856. England. 
 
 D. DON David Don, brother of George, 1800-1841. Scotland. 
 DONN James Donn, author of Hortus Cantabrigiensis. England. 
 DOUGLAS David Douglas, 1799-1834; collector in N. W. America. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 DUCHESNE Antoine Nicolas Duchesne, 1747-1827. France. 
 
 DUMORT. Barthfilemy Charles Dumortier, 1797-1878. Belgium. 
 
 DUNAL Michel Felix Dunal, 1789-1856. France. 
 
 EHRH. Friedrich Ehfhart, 1742-1795. Germany. 
 
 ELL. Stephen Elliott, 1771-1830. South Carolina. 
 
 ELLIS John Ellis, 1711-1776. England. 
 
 ENGELM. George Engelmann, 1809-1884. Missouri. 
 
 FEE Antoine Laurent Apollinaire F6e, 1789-1874. France. 
 
 FISCH. Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von Fischer, 1782-1854. Russia. 
 
 FORST. Johann Reinhold Forster, 1729-1798. Germany. (Also Georg 
 Forster, the son) . 
 
 FRCEL. Joseph Aloys Froelich, 1766-1841. Germany. 
 
 GAERTN. Joseph Gaertner, 1732-1791. Germany. 
 
 GAUD. Charles Gaudichaud-Beauprfi, 1789-1864. France. 
 
 GMEL. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin, 1743-1774. Russia. 
 
 GRAY Asa Gray, 1810-1888. Harvard University. Massachusetts. 
 
 GRISEB., GRIS. Heinrich Rudolph August Grisebach, 1814-1879. Ger- 
 many. 
 
 HASSK. Justus Karl Hasskarl, 1811- . Germany. 
 
 HAW. Adrian Hardy Haworth, 1772-1833. England. 
 
 HBK. Friedrich Alexander von Humboldt, 1796-1859. Germany. 
 Aim6 Bonpland, 1773-1858. France. Karl Sigismund Kunth, 
 1788-1850. Germany. 
 
 HERB. William Herbert, 1778-1847. England. 
 
 HOFFM. Georg Franz Hoffmann, 1761-1826. Germany. 
 
 HOOK. William Jackson Hooker, 1785-1865. England. 
 
 HOOK. f. Joseph Dalton Hooker, the son, 1817- . England. 
 
 HORT. Used to designate names of horticultural or garden origin. 
 
 JACQ. Nicolaus Joseph Jacquin, 1727-1817. Austria. 
 
 Juss. Antoine Laurent Jussieu, 1748-1836, the first to introduce the 
 natural families of plants. France.
 
 NOMENCLATURE. 31 
 
 KBB John Bellenden Ker (or Gawler) ? -1871. England. 
 KLATT Friedrich Wilhelm Klatt, a contemporaneous botanist. Ger- 
 many. 
 
 KOCH Karl Koch, 1809-1879. Germany. 
 KUNTH See HBK. 
 LAM. Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre Monnet Lamarck, 1744-1829, 
 
 author of the Lamarckian philosophy of organic evolution. France. 
 LE CONTE John Eaton Le Conte, 1784-1860. Pennsylvania. 
 LEDEB. Karl Friedrich von Ledebour, 1785-1851. Russia. 
 LEHM. Johann Georg Christian Lehmann, 1792-1860. Germany. 
 LEM. Charles Lemaire, 1800-1871. Belgium. 
 L'HER. C. L. L'Heritier de Brutelle, 1746-1800. France. 
 LINDEN J. Linden, 1817- . Belgium. 
 LINDL. John Lindley, 1799-1865. England. 
 LINK Heinrich Friedrich Link, 1767-1851. Germany. 
 LINN. Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne), 1707-1778, the "Father of 
 
 Botany," and author of binomial nomenclature. Sweden. 
 LINN, f . Carl von Linn6, the son, 1741-1783. Sweden. 
 LODD. Conrad Loddiges, nurseryman near London, in the early part of 
 
 this century. 
 LOISEL. Jean Louis Auguste Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, 1774-1849. 
 
 France. 
 
 LOUR. Juan Loureiro, 1715-1796, Missionary in China. Portugal. 
 MARSH. Humphrey Marshall, 1722-1801. Pennsylvania. 
 MAXIM. Karl Johann Maximowicz, 1827-1891. Russia. 
 MEISN. Karl Friedrich Meisner (or Meissner) , 1800-1874. Switzerland. 
 MEY. Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer, 1791-1851. Prussia. 
 MICHX. Andrfe Michaux, 1746-1802. France, but for ten years a resident 
 
 in North America. 
 
 MICHX. f. Francois Andrfe Michaux, the son, 1770-1855. France. 
 MILL. Phillip Miller, 1691-1771. Garden-author of Chelsea, England. 
 MIQ. Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel, 1811-1871. Holland. 
 MOENCH Kourad Moench, 1744-1805. Germany. 
 MOQ. Alfred Moquin-Tandon, 1804-1863. France. 
 MUHL. Henry Ludwig Muhlenberg, 1756-1817. Pennsylvania. 
 MURR. Johann Andreas Murray, 1740-1791. Germany. 
 NEES. Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbeck, 1776-1858. Prussia. 
 NOTT. Thomas Nuttall, 1786-1859. Massachusetts. 
 ORTEGA, ORT. Casimiro Gomez Ortega, 1740-1818. Spain. 
 OTTO Friedrich Otto, 1782-1856. Germany. 
 PALL. Peter Simon Pallas, 1741-1811, professor and explorer in Russia. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 PAXT. Joseph Paxton, 1802-1865. England. 
 PERS. Christian Hendrick Persoon, 1755-1837. Germany. 
 PLANCH. Jules Emile Planchon, Professor at Montpellier. France. 
 POIR. Jean Louis Marie Poiret, 1755-1834. France. 
 PRESL Karel Boriwog Presl, 1794-1852. Bohemia. 
 PCRSH Fredrick T. Pursh, 1774-1820. Siberia, but for twelve years 
 
 a resident in the United States. 
 RADDI Giuseppe Raddi, 1770-1829. Italy. 
 RAF. Constantino Samuel Rafinesque- Schmaltz, 1784-1842, Professor 
 
 of Natural History at Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky. 
 R. BR. Robert Brown, 1773-1858. England. 
 
 REICH. Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach, 1793-1879. Germany. 
 RICH. John Richardson, 1787-1865. Scotland. 
 RICHARD Louis Claude Marie Richard, 1754-1821. France. 
 RIDDELL John Leonard Riddell, 1807-1865, Professor of Chemistry in 
 
 Cincinnati and New Orleans. Massachusetts.
 
 32 NOMENCLATURE. 
 
 ROKM. Johann Jacob Roemer, 1763-1819. Switzerland. Also M. J. 
 Roemer. 
 
 ROSCOE William Roscoe, 1753-1831. England. 
 
 ROXBG. William Roxburgh, 1769-1815. India. 
 
 Ruiz & PAV. Hipolito Ruiz Lopez, 1764-1815, and Jos6 Pavon, authors 
 of a Flora of Peru and Chile. Spain. 
 
 RUPR. Franz J. Ruprecht, 1814-1870. Russia. 
 
 SABINE Joseph Sabine, 1770-1837. England. 
 
 SALISB. Richard Anthony Salisbury, 1761-1829. England. 
 
 SCHLECHT. Diedrich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal, 1794-1866. 
 Germany. 
 
 SCHRAD. Heinrich Adolph Schrader, 1767-1836. Germany. 
 
 SCHW., SCHWEIN. Lewis David von Schweinitz, 1780-1834. Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 SCOP. Johann Anton Scopoli, 1723-1788. Italy. 
 
 SIBTH. John Sibthorp, 1758-1796, author of a Flora of Greece. England. 
 
 SIEB. & Zucc. Philipp Franz von Siebold, 1796-1866, and Joseph Ger- 
 hard Zuccarini, 1797-1848. Germany. 
 
 SIMS John Sims, 1792-1838. England. 
 
 SMITH James Edward Smith, 1759-1828. England. 
 
 SOL., SOLAND. Daniel Solander, 1736-1782. England. 
 
 SPACH Eduard Spach, 1801-1879. France. 
 
 SPRENG. Kurt Sprengel, 1766-1833. Germany. 
 
 STECD. Ernst Gottlieb Steudel, 1783-1856. Germany. 
 
 ST. HIL. Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, 1779-1853. France. 
 
 SWARTZ Olof Swartz, 1760-1818. Sweden. 
 
 SWEET Robert Sweet, garden-author of the early part of the century. 
 England. 
 
 THUNB. Carl Peter Thunberg, 1743-1822. Sweden. 
 
 TORR. John Torrey, 1796-1873. New York. 
 
 TUCKM. Edward Tuckennan, 1817-1886. Massachusetts. 
 
 VAHL Martin Vahl, 1749-1804. Denmark. 
 
 VEITCH John Gould Veitch, 1839-1867, and successors, horticulturists 
 at Chelsea, England. 
 
 VENT. Etienne Pierre Ventenat, 1757-1808. France. 
 
 VILL. Dominique Villars, 1745-1814. France. 
 
 WAHL. Georg Wahlenberg, 1780-1851. Sweden. 
 
 WALP. Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers, 1816-1853. Germany. 
 
 WALT. Thomas Walter, about 1740-1788, author of Flora Caroliniana. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 WANG. Friedrich Adam Julius von Wangenheim, 1747-1800. Germany. 
 
 WATS. Sereno Watson, 1826-1892. Harvard University. Massachusetts. 
 
 WENDL. Johann Christoph Wendland, 1755-1828, and Hermann Wend- 
 land. Germany. 
 
 WILLD. Karl Ludwig Willdenow, 1765-1812. Germany. 
 
 WITH., WITHBK. William Withering, 1741-1799. England.
 
 SERIES L 
 
 FLOWERING OR PHJENOGAMOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Plants bearing true flowers ; that is, having stamens and 
 pistils, and producing seeds containing an embryo. 
 
 CLASS I. ANGIOSPERMS. 
 
 Plants having a closed ovary which contains the ovules : 
 includes all but the Pine and Cycas families. 
 
 SUBCLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS (or EXOGBNS). 
 
 Distinguished by having the woody strands of the stem 
 in a circle around a pith ; the wood often increasing by 
 yearly layers when the stem is more than one year old ; 
 the embryo with a pair of cotyledons or seed leaves ; 
 leaves generally net-veined; parts of the flower seldom 
 in threes, most commonly in fives or fours. See Lessons, 
 pp. 23, 139. This class includes all our ordinary trees and 
 shrubs, and the greater part of our herbs. 
 
 I. POLYPETALOUS DIVISION. 
 
 Includes the families which have, at least in some 
 species, both calyx and corolla, the latter with the petals 
 not united with each other. Yet some plants of almost all 
 these families have apetalous flowers, and in some species 
 the petals are more or less united. 
 GRAY'S F. F. & o. HOT. 3 33
 
 34 CBOWFOOT FAMILY. 
 
 L EANTTNCULACK41, CROWFOOT FAMILY. 
 
 Not perfectly distinguished by any one or two particular 
 marks, but may be known, on the whole, by having numerous 
 stamens, and usually more than one pistil, all the parts of the 
 flower distinct, and inserted on the receptacle. The calyx is 
 often colored like a corolla, when the latter is wanting. The 
 bulk of the seed is hard albumen, the embryo being very small. 
 The plants are herbs with an acrid watery juice (not milky or 
 colored), or a few barely shrubby. Many are cultivated for 
 ornament. 
 
 1. Sepals valvate, or with their edges turned inward in the bud. Petals none, o\ 
 minute. Leaves opposite, the plants mostly climbing by their leaf -stalks. 
 
 1. CLEMATIS. Sepals commonly 4, sometimes several, petal-like. 
 
 2. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Not climbing, nor woody except in 22 and one of 21. 
 * Pistils several or many in a head, ripening into l-seeded akenes. 
 
 +- Petals none; sepals petal-like. 
 
 ++ AH but lower leaves opposite or whorled, often simulating an involucre. Peduncles 
 \-flowered. 
 
 2. ANEMONE. Involucre of 2 or more leaves much below the flower. Pistils very many 
 
 In a close head (or fewer in one species), forming pointed or tailed akenes. 
 8. HEPATICA. Involucre close to the flower, exactly imitating a 3-leaved calyx. 
 Pistils 12-20. 
 
 4. ANEMONELLA. Involucre at the base of an umbel of flowers. Pistils 4-15. 
 
 H- -M- Leaves alternate. Flowers in panicles or corymbs. 
 
 5. THALICTEUM. Leaves 2-3-ternately compound (Lessons, Fig. 161). 
 
 6. TBAUTVETTEBIA. Leaves simple. Flowers perfect. 
 
 +- - Petals and sepals both conspicuous, 5 or more. 
 
 7. ADONIS. Petals and sepals with no pit or appendage at the base. Akenes in a head 
 
 or short spike. 
 
 8. MTOSURU8. Sepals with a spur at the base underneath. Petals on a slender claw, 
 
 which is hollow at its apex. Akenes in a long, tail-shaped spike. 
 
 9. RANUNCULUS. Sepals naked. Petals with a little pit or a scale on the short claw. 
 
 Akenes in a head. 
 
 * * Pistils few, rarely single, ripening into few- to many-seeded pods or berries. 
 
 +- Ovules, and commonly seeds, more than 2. Herbs. 
 
 H- flowers regular, not racemose ; sepals petal-like. 
 
 = Petals in our species. 
 
 10. ISOPTRUM. Sepals 5, broad, white. Leaves compound. 
 
 11. OALTHA. Sepals 5-9, broad, yellow. Leaves simple. 
 
 >= Petals 5 or more inconspicuous nectar-bearing bodies, usually very much smaller 
 
 than the sepals. 
 I Leaves palmately parted or divided. 
 
 12. TEOLLIUS. Petals with a little depression near the base. 
 18. HELLEBORUS. Petals hollow and 2-lipped. 
 
 I 1 Leaves distinctly confound.
 
 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 35 
 
 14. COPTI8. Leaves of 3 leaflets. 
 
 15. NIGELLA. Leaves finely dissected. 
 
 _ _ ,= Petals large hollow spurs projecting between the sepals. 
 
 16. AQUILEGIA. Pistils usually 5. Leaves compound. 
 
 ++++ Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical, racemose orpanicled. 
 
 17. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal spurred. 
 
 18. ACONITUM. Upper sepals In the form of a hood or helmet. 
 
 +*.++ T+ Flowers regular, racemose; sepals falling when the flower opens, petal-like. 
 
 19. ACT-iEA. Pistil only one, becoming a berry. Flowers in a short and thick raceme 
 
 or cluster. 
 
 20. CIMICIFUGA. Pistils 1-S, becoming pods In fruit. Flowers In long racemes. 
 +><_,.+++> Flowers very large, regular, not racemose; sepals herbaceous and per- 
 sistent. 
 
 21. P-iEONIA. Pistils 2 or more, becoming leathery pods. 
 
 --I- Ovules a single pair. Flower 8 regular, solitary, or in compound racemes. Herbs 
 or shrubs. 
 
 22. XANTHORRHIZA. Petals 5, small Little pods 1-seeded. Undershrnb, with yellow 
 
 wood and roots. 
 28. HYDRASTIS. Petals none. Fruit berry-nke. Low perennial. 
 
 1. CLEMATIS, VIRGIN'S BOWER. (The Greek name of a climb- 
 ing plant.) Akenes numerous, in a head, the persistent style forming 
 naked, hairy, or plumose tails to the fruit. Many garden hybrids and 
 forms. If. Ornamental climbers, with somewhat woody stems ; a few 
 are erect herbs. (Lessons, Figs. 278, 279, 378.) 
 
 1. Flowers solitary ; climbers. 
 
 * Sepals thin, spreading, 6 or more. 
 
 C. f!6rida, Thunb. Flowers 3'^' across, sepals broad-ovate, white, 
 purplish, or with a purple center of transformed stamens (var. SIE- 
 B6LDii) ; leaves usually twice compound. Japan. 
 
 C. lanugindsa, Lindl. Cult, from China. Flowers 6'-10' across, 
 lavender. Leaves thick, usually simple (rarely ternate), cordate, acute, 
 smooth above, hairy below ; buds woolly. 
 
 C. JACKMANNI of gardens is a hybrid between this species and C. Viti- 
 cella. 
 
 C. patens, Morr. & Dene., also called C. c<ERtTLEA, and various 
 names for varieties. Flower 5'-7' across, with 6-9 or more oblong or 
 lance-shaped sepals of various colors ; leaflets simply in threes. Japan. 
 
 * * Sepals thin, spreading, 4 only. 
 
 C. verticiUiris, DC. Flowers about 3' across, sepals bluish-purple, 
 acute ; leaflets mostly entire ; akenes with feathery tails. Rocky woods 
 or ravines N. and in mountainous parts. 
 
 C. Viticella, Linn. VINE BOWER C. From Eu. ; a hardy climber, 
 with flower 2 '-3' across ; the widely spreading sepals obovate, either pur 
 pie or blue ; akenes with short, naked points. 
 
 C. orientalis, Linn. HEAVY-SCENTED C. Cult, from Central Asia; 
 flowers yellow, H' across, sepals ovate, bluntish; long and feathery tails 
 to the akenes. In cult, as C. GRAVEOLENS. 
 
 * * * Sepals thick, leathery, erect. 
 
 C. Viorna, Linn. LEATHER FLOWER. Wild from Penn. and Mo., S., 
 in rich soil ; sepals purple or purplish, 1' long or more, erect, and with the 
 narrow tips only spreading or recurved ; akenes with very feathery tails.
 
 36 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 
 
 C. Pftcheri, Torr. & Gray. Wild from S. Ind. to Kans. and Tex., 
 has a flower much like the preceding, but the tails of the akenes are fili- 
 form and naked, or slightly hairy, but not feathery. 
 
 C. crispa, Linn. Calyx cylindraceous below, upper part bluish ; sepals 
 with broad, thin wavy margins ; tails of akenes silky or smooth. Va. 
 and S. ; also cult. 
 
 2. Flowers solitary; low, erect herbs. 
 
 C. ochroleuca, Ait. PALE C. Wild from Long Island S., but 
 scarce ; has ovate silky leaves and dull silky flowers on long stalks ; tails 
 of akenes very feathery. 
 
 C. Fremonti, Wats. Leaves thick and often coarsely toothed ; sepals 
 purple, woolly on the edge ; tails short, hairy, or smooth. Mo. and Kans., 
 the western representative of the preceding. 
 
 3. Flowers small, white, panicled. 
 * Herbaceous, erect. 
 
 C. rScfa, Linn. UPRIGHT VIRGIN'S BOWER. 3-4 high, with large 
 panicles of white flowers in early summer ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate 
 or slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire. Eu. 
 
 * * Woody, climbing. 
 
 C. Flammula, Linn. SWEET-SCENTED V. Flowers perfect, with 
 copious sweet-scented flowers at midsummer in small and rather simple 
 panicles ; sepals woolly on outside near the edge only ; leaflets 3-6 or 
 more of various shapes, often lobed or cut. 
 
 C. Vit&lba, Linn. Flowers perfect, greenish- white ; sepals woolly on 
 both surfaces ; leaves pinnate, of 5 ovate leaflets. S. Eu. 
 
 C. Virginiana, Linn. COMMON WILD V. Flowers dioecious, late in 
 summer ; leaflets 3, cut-toothed or lobed. 
 
 C. paniculata, Thunb., from Japan, and now becoming popular, hardy 
 N., has large panicles of small, white, fragrant, perfect flowers in mid- 
 summer, and 3-7 small mostly cordate-ovate, acute leaflets. 
 
 2. ANEMONE, ANEMONE, WINDFLOWEB. (Greek, shaken by 
 the wind, because growing in windy places, or blossoming at the windy 
 season.) # Erect herbs. Sepals 4-20. (Lessons, Figs. 233, 343.) 
 
 1. Long hairy styles form feathery tails to the akenes. Flowers large, 
 purple, in early spring. 
 
 A. PulsatHla, Linn. PASQUE FLOWER of Europe. Cult, in some 
 flower-gardens, has the root-leaves finely thrice-pinnately divided or cut ; 
 otherwise much like the next. 
 
 A. patens, var. Nuttalliana, Gray. WILD P. Prairies, HI., Mo., and 
 N. W. The handsome purplish or whitish flower (l'-H' across when 
 open), rising from the ground on a low, silky-hairy stein (3' -6' high), 
 with an involucre of many very narrow divisions ; the leaves from the 
 root appearing later, and twice or thrice ternately divided and cut. 
 
 2. Short styles not making long tails, but only naked or hairy tips. 
 
 * Cult, species, exotic, with tuberous or woody rootstocks and very large 
 flowers. 
 
 A. coronaria, Linn. Leaves cut into many fine lobes ; sepals 6 or 
 more, broad and oval ; and 
 
 A. hortSnsis, Thor., perhaps a var. of preceding, with leaves less cut 
 into broader wedge-shaped divisions and lobes, and many longer and 
 narrow sepals, are the originals of the spring-flowered, mostly double or 
 semi-double, GARDEN ANEMONES of many colors.
 
 CKOWFOOT FAMILY. 37 
 
 A. Japdnica, Sieb. & Zucc. 2-3 high, flowering in autumn ; flowers 
 2'-3' across, rose-color or white ; leaves ternate, the leaflets variously 
 cut and toothed. Hardy. China. 
 
 * * Wild species, smaller-flowered. 
 *- Akenes densely woolly and very numerous. 
 
 -M. Stems single, 3'-6' high, from a small tuber; sepals 10-20 ; involucre 
 sessile. 
 
 A. Caroliniana, Walt. Involucre 3-parted, its wedge-shaped divi- 
 sions 3-cleft, purple or whitish. N. C. west to 111. and Neb. May. 
 
 M--W- Stems branched, 2-3 high; leaves of the involucre long-petioled, 
 compound ; sepals 5, small, greenish-white, silky beneath. 
 
 A. cylindrica, Gray. LONG-FRUITED A. Involucre several-leaved 
 surrounding several long, naked peduncles ; flowers late in spring (in dry 
 soil N. and W.), followed by a cylindrical head of fruit. 
 
 A. Virginiana, Linn. VIRGINIAN A. Involucre 3-leaved ; peduncles 
 formed in succession all summer, the middle or first one naked, the others 
 bearing 2 leaves (involucel) at the middle, from which proceed two more 
 peduncles, and so on ; head of fruit oval or oblong. Common in woods 
 and meadows. 
 
 H- 1- Akenes not woolly, fewer; flower 1' broad or more. 
 
 A. Pennaylvanica, Linn. PENNSTLVANIAN A. Stem 1 high, bearing 
 an involucre of 3 wedge-shaped 3-cleft and cut sessile leaves, and a naked 
 peduncle, then 2 or 3 peduncles with a pair of smaller leaves at their 
 middle, and so on ; flowers white in summer. (Lessons, Fig. 233.) Allu- 
 vial ground, N. and W. 
 
 A. nemor6sa, Linn. WOOD A. Stem 4'-10' high, bearing an invo- 
 lucre of 3 long-petioled leaves of 3 or 5 leaflets, and a single short-pedun- 
 cled flower ; sepals white, or purple outside. Woodlands, early spring. 
 
 3. HEPATICA, LIVERLEAF, HEPATICA. (Shape of the leaves 
 likened to that of the liver.) Among the earliest spring flowers. 
 Stemless low ^, with 3-lobed leaves and 1 -flowered scapes. The 
 involucre is so close to the flower and of such size and shape that it is 
 most likely to be mistaken for a calyx, and the six or more oblong, 
 colored sepals for petals. 
 
 H. trfloba, Chaix. ROUND-LOBED H. Leaves with 3 broad and 
 rounded lobes, appearing later than the flowers, and lasting over the 
 winter ; stalks hairy ; flowers blue, purple, or almost white. Woods, 
 common. Full double-flowered varieties, blue and purple, are cult, from 
 Eu. Atlantic to Mo. and N. 
 
 H. acutiloba, DC. SHARP-LOBED H. Has pointed lobes to the 
 leaves, sometimes 5 of them, and paler flowers. Passes into the last; 
 same range. 
 
 4. ANEMONELLA, RUE ANEMONE. (Name diminutive of Ane- 
 mone.) Petals 0. Sepals 5-10, white. Leaves compound, radical, ex- 
 cept the involucral. Akenes 8-10-ribbed. Low, smooth, 3/ 
 
 A. thalictroldes, Spach. RUE ANEMONE. Smooth and delicate, some- 
 what resembling Wood Anemone ; stem-leaves none, except those that 
 form an involucre around the umbel of white (rarely pinkish) flowers, 
 appearing in early spring ; leaflets roundish, 3-lobed at the end, long- 
 stalked ; stigma flat-topped, sessile ; roots clustered, very fleshy.
 
 38 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 
 
 5. THALICTRUM, MEADOW RUE. (Old name of obscure deriva- 
 tion.) (Lessons, Fig. 161.) ^[ 
 
 * Floicers mostly dioecious, small, in loose compound panicles ; the 4 or 6 
 sepals falling early ; filaments slender ; stigmas slender ; akenes sev- 
 eral-grooved and angled. 
 
 T. di6icum, Linn. EARLY MEADOW RUE. Herb glaucous, l-2 
 high ; flowers greenish in early spring ; the yellowish linear anthers of 
 the sterile plant hanging on long capillary filaments ; leaves all on gen- 
 eral petioles. Rocky woods. 
 
 T. polygamum, Muhl. TALL M. Herb 4-8 high ; stem-leaves not 
 raised on a general petiole ; flowers white in summer ; anthers oblong, 
 blunt, not drooping ; the white filaments thickened upwards. Low or 
 wet ground. 
 
 T. purpurscens, Linn. PURPLISH M. Later, often a little downy, 
 2-4 high ; stem-leaves not raised on a general petiole ; flowers greenish 
 and purplish ; anthers short-linear, drooping on capillary and upwardly 
 rather thickened filaments. Dry uplands and rocky hills. 
 
 * * Flowers all perfect, corymbed ; filaments strongly club-shaped or in- 
 
 flated under the short anther ; stigmas short ; akenes long-stalked. 
 
 T. clav^tum, DC., has the size and appearance of T. dioicum ; 
 flowers white, fewer, appearing in June or July ; mountains southward. 
 
 6. TRAUTVETTERIA, FALSE BUGBANE. (For Trautvetter, a 
 Russian botanist.) One species, with numerous 4-angled, capitate, in- 
 flated akenes. ]/ 
 
 T. palmita, Fisch. & Meyer, along streams of S. Central States. Stems 
 2-3 high ; root-leaves large, palmately 5-11-lobed, the lobes toothed and' 
 cut. 
 
 7. ADONIS. (Adonis, killed by a wild boar, was fabled to have been 
 changed at death into a flower.) Stems leafy ; leaves finely much cut 
 into very narrow divisions. Cult, from Europe for ornament. 
 
 A. cestivalis, Linn. Stems about 1 high ; flower deep crimson ; 
 petals flat, half longer than calyx. 
 
 A. autumnalis, Linn. PHEASANT'S EYE A. Near 1 high, stem or 
 its branches terminated by a small globose flower of 6-8 scarlet or crim- 
 son petals, concave, commonly dark at base, scarcely larger than sepals. 
 Sparingly naturalized. 
 
 A. vernalis, Linn. SPRING A. % Stems about 6' high, bearing a 
 large, showy flower of 10-20 lanceolate, light-yellow petals in early spring. 
 
 8. MYOSURUS, MOUSETAIL (which the name means in Greek). 
 
 M. minimus, Linn. An insignificant little plant, wild or run wild 
 along streams from Illinois S., with a tuft of narrow entire root-leaves, 
 and scapes l'-3' high, bearing an obscure yellow flower, followed by tail- 
 like spike of fruit, l'-2' long in spring and summer. 
 
 9. RANUNCULUS, CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUP. (Latin name for 
 a little frog, and for the Water Crowfoots, living with the frogs.) A 
 large genus of plants, wild with the exception of the double -flowered 
 varieties of three species cult, in gardens for ornament. (Lessons, 
 Figs. 245, 341, 376, 377.)
 
 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 39 
 
 1. Aquatic; the leaves all or mostly under water, and repeatedly dis- 
 sected into many capillary divisions ; flowering all summer. 
 * Petals white, or only the claw yellow. 
 
 R. circinatus. Sibth. STIFF WATER CROWFOOT. Leaves sessile, stiff, 
 and rigid enough to keep their shape (spreading in a circular outline) 
 when drawn out of water. Rarer than the next. 
 
 R. aquatilis, var. trichophyllus, Gray. WHITE W. Capillary leaves 
 petioled, collapsing into a tuft when drawn out of the water ; petals small, 
 white, or yellow only at the base, where they bear a spot or little pit, but 
 no scale ; akenes wrinkled crosswise. Common. 
 
 * * Petals bright yellow. 
 
 R. multffidus, Pursh. YELLOW W. Leaves under water, much like 
 those of the White Water Crowfoots, or rather larger; but the bright 
 yellow petals 1' long, with a little scale at the base. 
 
 2. Terrestrial, many in wet places, but naturally growing with the foliage 
 out of water ; petals with a little scale at the base, yellow in all the wild 
 species. ^ ^. enes striatej ^ n -&& e d down the sides. 
 
 R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. SEA SIDE CROWFOOT. A little plant of sandy 
 shores of the sea and Great Lakes, etc., smooth, with naked flowering 
 stems 2'-6' high, and long runners ; leaves rounded and kidney-shaped, 
 coarsely crenate ; flowers small in summer. 
 
 * * Akenes not prickly nor bristly nor striate on the sides. If. 
 
 t- SPEARWORTS, growing in very wet places, with entire or merely toothed 
 
 leaves, all, or all but the lowest, lanceolate or linear ; flowers all summer. 
 
 W Pistils flattened, pointed, or beaked. 
 
 R. ambigens, Wats. WATER PLANTAIN SPEARWORT. Stems ascend- 
 ing, l-2 high ; leaves lanceolate, or the lowest oblong ; flower fully ^ 
 in diameter ; akenes beaked with a straight and slender style. Common. 
 
 R. Flammula, Linn. SMALLER SPEARWORT. Smaller than the last, 
 and akenes short-pointed ; rare N., but very common along borders of 
 ponds and rivers is the 
 
 Var. reptans, Meyer, or CREEPING S., with slender stems creeping a few 
 inches in length ; leaves linear or spatulate, seldom 1' long ; flower only J' 
 broad. ^ ^ Pistils globular, pointless. Stems not rooting. 
 
 R. oblongifdlius, Ell. Diffusely branched above and many-flowered ; 
 leaves serrate or denticulate ; lower ovate or oblong, upper linear. HI., 
 Mo., and So. States. 
 
 R. pusillus, Poir. Differs from the preceding chiefly in the broader 
 entire leaves ; the lower round, ovate, or heart-shaped, upper oblong or 
 lanceolate. N. Y. and S. along the coast. 
 
 1- -i- CROWFOOTS in wet or moist places, with all or at least the upper leaves 
 
 S-parted or divided. 
 
 M. Soot-leaves roundish, crenate, or toothed, but not lobed or cleft. 
 R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Hairy, 3'-8' high ; petals large, deep yellow. 
 Prairies, Mich, to N. 111., Minn, and W. 
 
 R. abordvuB, Linn. Very smooth and slender (rarely pubescent = 
 var. micranthus} , 6'-2 high ; petals shorter than sepals, pale yellow. 
 Very common in shady moist places in spring. 
 
 w- -t-t- Hoot-leaves variously lobed, cleft, or parted. 
 
 = Pistils in oblong or cylindrical clusters. 
 
 R. affinis, R. Br. Low or slender, 1 high or less ; root-leaves pedately 
 many-cleft ; styles recurved. Iowa, N., and W.
 
 40 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 
 
 R. sceleratus, Linn. CURSED C. So called because the juice is very 
 acrid and blistering ; very smooth ; stem thick and hollow ; root-leaves 3- 
 lobed ; styles very short, straight. In water or very wet places. 
 
 R. Fennsylvinicus, Linn. f. BRISTLY C. Bristly, hairy, coarse, and 
 stout, 2-3 high; leaves all 3-divided; the divisions stalked, again 3- 
 cleft, sharply cut and toothed; akenes tipped with a short straight 
 style. Along streams. 
 
 = = Pistils in globular clusters. 
 II Petals small, not exceeding the sepals. 
 
 R. recurvatus, Poir. HOOK-STYLED C. Hairy, l-2 high ; leaves all 
 3-cleft and long-petioled, with broad, wedge-shaped, 2-3-lobed divisions ; 
 akenes with long recurved styles. Woods. 
 
 || || Petals large, bright yellow, much exceeding the sepals. (BUTTERCUPS.) 
 o Styles long and attenuate, stigmatose only at tip. 
 
 R. fascicularis. Muhl. EARLY B. Low, about 6' high, without run- 
 ners ; roots thickened ; root-leaves much divided, somewhat pinnate ; 
 petals rather narrow and distant ; akenes scarcely edged, slender- 
 beaked. On rocky hills in early spring. 
 
 R. septentrioiialis. Poir. CREEPING B. Everywhere common in very 
 wet or moist places, flowering in spring and summer ; variable ; stem 
 soon ascending, sending out some prostrate stems or runners in summer ; 
 leaves more coarsely divided and cleft than those of the last; petals 
 obovate ; akenes sharp-edged and stout-beaked. 
 
 R. bulbbsus, Linn. BULBOUS B. Stem about 1 high from a solid bul- 
 bous base nearly as large as a hickory nut ; peduncles grooved ; calyx 
 reflexed when the very bright yellow and showy large corolla expands in 
 late spring. Abundant only in E. New Eng. ; rare W. 
 
 R. acris. Linn. TALL B. Stem 2-3 high, no bulbous base ; pedun- 
 cles round, not grooved ; calyx only spreading when the lighter yellow 
 corolla expands in summer. Commoner than the last, except E. A full 
 double-flowered variety is cult, in gardens, forming golden-yellow balls 
 or buttons. 
 
 o o Styles awl-shaped, stigmatose along the inner edge. 
 
 R. repens. Linn. CREEPING B. In habit and foliage like R. septen- 
 trionalis ; leaves frequently white-variegated or spotted ; calyx spreading, 
 peduncles grooved. In low grounds, E. where it is probably nat. from 
 Eu. ; native W. A full double form in gardens. 
 
 -i- - 1- GARDEN RANUNCULUSES. Besides the double variety of fi. 
 repens, the choice Double Ranunculuses of the florist come from the 
 two following : 
 
 R. Asidticus, Linn., of the Levant ; with 3-parted leaves and flowers 
 nearly 2' broad, resembling Anemones, yellow, or of various colors. Not 
 hardy N. 
 
 R. aconitifdlius, Linn., of Eu., taller, smooth, with 5-parted leaves, and 
 smaller white flowers, the full double called FAIR MAIDS OF FRANCE. 
 
 10. ISOP YRUM. (Greek : ancient name of a Fumaria. ) Sepals petal- 
 like, deciduous ; stamens 10-40 ; pistils 3-6 ; pods 2-several-seeded. 
 ^ Slender and smooth, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the leaf- 
 lets 2-3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal. (Lessons, Fig. 292. ) 
 
 I. bitematum, Torr. & Gray. O. to Minn, and S. Much like Anemo- 
 nella in general appearance, but the roots are fibrous, and tuberous- 
 thickened here and there.
 
 CKOWFOOT FAMILY. 41 
 
 11. CALTHA, MARSH MARIGOLD. (A Latin name for the com- 
 mon Marigold. ^ (Lessons, Figs. 325, 392.) TJ. One common spe- 
 cies N. 
 
 C. paliistris, Linn. MARSH MARIGOLD, wrongly called COWSLIP in the 
 country. Stem l-2 high, bearing one or more rounded or somewhat 
 kidney-shaped, entire or crenate leaves, and a few flowers with showy 
 yellow calyx, about H' across ; followed by a cluster of many-seeded 
 pods. Marshes in spring ; young plant boiled for "greens." 
 
 12. TROLLIUS, GLOBEFLOWER. (German: troll, a globe, or 
 something round?) Flower large, like that of Caltha, but the 6-many 
 sepals not spreading except in our wild species ; a row of small nectary- 
 like petals around the stamens, and the leaves deeply palmately cleft or 
 parted. ^ Flowers spring. 
 
 T. laxus, Salisb. WILD G. Sepals only 5 or 6, spreading wide open, 
 yellowish or dull greenish-white ; petals very small, seeming like abor- 
 tive stamens. Swamps, N. H. to Del. and Mich. Also W. 
 
 T. Europceus, Linn. EUROPEAN G, Sepals bright yellow (10-20), or 
 white, broad, and converging into a kind of globe, the flower appearing 
 as if semi-double ; petals equaling the stamens. Eu. 
 
 T. Asi&ticus, Linn. ASIATIC G. Like the last, but flower rather more 
 open, and deep orange, yellow, or white ; the petals longer than stamens. 
 Siberia. 
 
 13. HELLEBORUS, HELLEBORE. (Old Greek name of unknown 
 meaning.) TJ. Sepals 5, persistent, enlarging, and becoming green after 
 flowering. European plants, with pretty, large flowers, in early spring. 
 
 H. viridis, Linn. GREEK H., has stems near 1 high, bearing 1 or 2 
 leaves and 2 or 3 pale yellowish-green flowers ; run wild in a few places E. 
 
 H. nlger, Linn. BLACK H., the flower called CHRISTMAS ROSE (because 
 flowering in warmer parts of England in winter), has single large flowers 
 (2'-3' across, white, turning pinkish, then green), on scapes shorter than 
 the shining evergreen leaves in earliest spring. Garden varieties are more 
 commonly cult, than the species. 
 
 14. COPTIS, GOLDTHREAD. (Greek : to cut, from divided leaves.) 
 1J. Sepals &-7, deciduous. The only common species is 
 
 C. trif61ia, Salisb. THREE-LEAVED G. A delicate little plant in bogs 
 and damp cold woods N., sending up early in spring single white flowers 
 (smaller than those of Wood Anemone) on slender scapes, followed by 
 slender-stalked leaves of three wedge-shaped leaflets ; these become 
 bright-shining in summer, and last over winter. The long, slender, bright 
 yellow, underground stems are used as a popular medicine. 
 
 15. NIGELLA, FENNEL FLOWER. (Name from the black seeds.) 
 (D Garden plants from Eu. and Orient; stems leafy; the 5 ovaries 
 united below into one 5-styled pod. Seeds large, blackish, spicy. One 
 species has been used as a substitute for spice or pepper. 
 
 N. Damascene, Linn. COMMON F. or RAGGED LADY. LOVE-IN-A- 
 MIST. Flower bluish, rather large, surrounded and overtopped by a 
 finely divided, leafy involucre, like the other leaves; succeeded by a 
 smooth, inflated, 5- celled pod in which the lining of the cells separates 
 from the outer part.
 
 42 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 
 
 16. AQUTLEQIA, COLUMBINE. (From Latin aquilegus, water- 
 drawing, of obscure application.) ^ Well-known ornamental herbs, 
 flowering in spring and early summer, with erect or dropping flowers of 
 various colors. Sepals 5, colored ; petals 5, each produced into a long, 
 slender, straight, or hooked spur; pistils 5, forming narrow pods. 
 Leaves ternately compound or decompound. The species are much 
 modified by cultivation, and garden forms are rarely typical. Often, 
 but erroneously, called HONEYSUCKLE. 
 
 * Corolla with long straight spurs ; North American species. 
 *- Flowers pendulous, the spurs therefore ascending, often red. 
 
 A. Canade'nsis, Linn. WILD C. Flowers about 2' long, scarlet and 
 orange, or light yellow inside, the petals with a very short lip or blade, 
 and stamens projecting. Common on rocks. 
 
 A. Skinneri, Hook. MEXICAN C., is taller, later, and considerably larger- 
 flowered than the last, the narrower acute sepals usually tinged greenish ; 
 otherwise very similar. 
 
 A. truncata, Fisch. & Meyer (also known as A. CALiF6RNicA and A. 
 ExfMiA), from California is l-2 high, with red, yellow-tinged flowers 
 l'-2' across, spreading or reflexed sepals, and petals truncate with a very 
 short limb ; spurs A'-f ' long, thick, and blunt. 
 
 A. formdsa, Fischer. Flower carmine-red or scarlet, spurs about 
 equaling the wide-spreading sepals, only about twice the length of the 
 roundish yellow blade, the limb of the petals longer than in the last, and 
 extending upwards on the outer side. Rocky Mountains, 
 i- -i- Flowers erect or becoming so, never red. 
 
 A. ccerulea, James. LONG-SPURRED C., native of the Rocky Mountains, 
 has blue and white flowers, the ovate sepals often U', the very slender 
 spurs 2' long, the blade of the petals (white) half the length of the (mostly 
 blue) sepals, spreading. 
 
 A. chrysdntha, Gray, from New Mex. and Ariz., has bright yellow 
 flowers, the sepals lance-oblong and about equaling the blade of the 
 petals; spurs long (2|'-3')' 
 
 * Corolla with hooked or incurved spurs; Old World. 
 
 A. vulgaris, Linn. COMMON GARDEN C. Common in gardens, l-3 high, 
 many-flowered ; spurs rather longer than the blade or rest of the petal ; 
 pods pubescent. Flowers varying from blue to purple, white, etc., greatly 
 changed by culture, often full double, with spur within spur, sometimes 
 all changed into a rosette of plane petals or sepals. 
 
 A. glandulbsa, Fischer. GLANDULAR C. A choice species, 6'-l high, 
 with fewer, very showy deep blue flowers, the blade of the petals white or 
 white-tipped and twice the length of the short spurs ; pods and summit 
 of the plant glandular-pubescent. 
 
 A. Siblrica, Lam. SIBERIAN C. Equally choice with the last, and like 
 it ; but the spurs longer than the mostly white-tipped short blade, as well 
 as the pods, etc., smooth. 
 
 17. DELPHINIUM, LARKSPUR. (Latin : dolphin, alluding to the 
 shape of the flower.) The familiar and well-marked flower of this 
 genus is illustrated in wessons, Figs. 239-241 ; the seed in Figs. 421, 422. 
 
 * Annuals; petals 2, united; pistil 1 ; the leaves finely and much divided; 
 
 flowers summer and fall. 
 
 D. Consdtida, Linn. FIELD L. Escaped sparingly into roadsides and 
 fields, flowers scattered on the spreading branches, blue, varying to pink 
 or white; pod smooth. Eu.
 
 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 48 
 
 D. Ajacis, Linn. ROCKET L. More showy in gardens, and with simi- 
 lar flowers crowded in a long close raceme, and downy pods ; spur shorter ; 
 some marks on the front of the united petals were fancied to read AIAI 
 = Ajax. Eu. 
 
 * * Perennials, with 4 separate petals and 2-5, mostly 3, pistils. 
 -t- Flowers deep blue to white ; cultivated. 
 
 D. grandiflbrum, Linn. GREAT-FL L. (Known also as D. CHINENSE and 
 D. SINEXSE). l-2high, leaves cut into narrow linear divisions ; flowers 
 !' or more across ; sepals ample, oval ; the 2 lower petals rounded and en- 
 tire. Various in color, also double-flowered ; summer. Siberia and China. 
 
 D. cheil&nthum, Fischer, commonly still larger-flowered, with lower 
 petals also entire or nearly so ; the mostly downy leaves have fewer and 
 lanceolate or wedge-lanceolate divisions ; is now much modified by culti- 
 vation. D. FORM6suM, SHOWY L., is one of the various garden forms. 
 Summer. Siberia. 
 
 D. elatum, Linn. BEE LARKSPUR, from Eu. , is very tall and somewhat 
 pubescent, with leaves 5-7-cleft, and the long divisions lobed or toothed ; 
 flowers many in a long wand-like raceme, the lower petals 2-cleft and 
 yellowish bearded ; spur curved. 
 
 *- i- Flowers deep blue to white; indigenous. 
 
 D. exaltatum, Ait. TALL WILD L. 2-6 high ; leaves deeply 3-6- 
 cleft, the divisions narrow, wedge-form, or wedge-oblong, diverging 
 3-cleft at apex ; flowers and panicled racemes hoary or downy ; spur 
 straight ; pods erect ; summer. Perm., W. and S. 
 
 D. azureum, Michx. AZURE L. Often downy, l-3 high , with narrow 
 linear divisions to the leaves, and a spike-like raceme of rather small 
 flowers in spring ; sepals and 2-cleft lower petals oblong ; spurs curved 
 up ; pods erect. Var. with full double flowers in gardens ; summer. 
 Wis. to Dak. and S. 
 
 D. tric6rne, Michx. DWARF WILD L. 6'-3 high, from a branched 
 tuberous root ; leaves with broadly linear lobes and a loose raceme of few 
 or several rather large showy flowers in spring ; sepals and cleft lower 
 petals oblong ; pods strongly diverging. Open woods from Penn., W. and S. 
 
 +- -t- - Flowers scarlet and yellow ; cult, from California. 
 
 D. nudicatife, Torr. & Gray. l-2high, few-leaved, leaves deeply cleft 
 into obovate or wedge-shaped divisions ; racemes loose ; pedicels 2'-4' long. 
 
 18. ACONITUM, ACONITE, WOLFSBANE, MONKSHOOD. (An- 
 cient name.) ^ Root thick, tuberous, or turnip-shaped, a virulent 
 poison, and used as medicine. Leaves palmately divided or cleft and 
 cut-lobed. Flowers showy. The large upper sepal from its shape is 
 called the hood or helmet. Under it are two long-stalked, queer little 
 bodies which answer for petals. (Lessons, Figs. 242-244.) Flowers 
 in summer. 
 
 A. uncinatum, Linn. WILD A. or MONKSHOOD. Stem slender, 3-6, 
 erect, but weak and inclined to climb ; leaves cleft or parted into 3-5 
 ovate or wedge-lanceolate, cut-toothed lobes ; flowers loosely panicled, 
 blue ; the roundish helmet nearly as broad as high, its pointed visor 
 turned down. Low grounds from Penn., S. and W. 
 
 A. reclinatum, Gray. TRAILING WOLFSBANE. Smooth, stems trailing ; 
 leaves deeply 3-7-cleft ; flowers wfiite ; helmet soon horizontal, elongated 
 conical. Allegheny Mountains, S.
 
 44 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 
 
 * * Leaves divided to very base. 
 
 A. variegatum, Linn. VARIEGATED A. Erect, l-6 high; leaves 
 divided into rather broad-lobed and cut divisions; flowers in a loose 
 panicle or raceme, blue and often variegated with white, or whitish ; the 
 helmet considerably higher than wide, its top curved forward, its pointed 
 visor ascending or horizontal. Eu. 
 
 A. Napellus, Linn. TRUE MONKSHOOD or OFFICINAL ACONITE, from 
 Eu. Erect, 3-4 high, from a turnip-shaped root ; divisions of leaves 
 2-3 times cleft into linear lobes ; flowers crowded in a close raceme, blue 
 (also a white variety) ; helmet broad and low. 
 
 A. Anthora, Linn. Erect, l-2 high ; leaves very finely divided into 
 linear lobes ; crowded flowers yellow ; helmet broad, rather high. Eu. 
 Various garden forms. 
 
 19. ACTJBA, BANEBERRY. (Greek name of the Elder, from some 
 likeness in the leaves.) ^ Flowers in spring, ripening the berries 
 late in summer ; growing in rich woods. Leaflets of the thrice-ternate 
 leaves ovate, sharply cleft, and cut-toothed. 
 
 A. apicata, var. rtibra, Ait. RED BANEBERRY. Flowers in a very 
 short, ovate raceme or cluster, on slender pedicels ; berries red. 
 
 A. cilba. Bigel. WHITE BANEBERRY. Taller than the other, smoother, 
 and flowering a week or two later, with an oblong raceme ; pedicels in 
 fruit very thick, turning red, the berries white. 
 
 20. dMICIPUOA, BUGBANE. (Latin: to drive away bugs.) H 
 Like baneberry, but tall, with very long racemes (l-3), and dry pods 
 instead of berries ; flowers in summer. 
 
 C. Americana, Michx. AMERICAN B. Slender, 2-4 high ; pistils 5, 
 with slender style and minute stigma ; pods raised from the receptacle 
 on slender stalks, flattish, containing few scaly-coated seeds. Alleghanies 
 from Perm., S. ; flowers, late summer. 
 
 C. racemdsa, Nutt. TALL B. or BLACK SNAKEROOT. Stem with the 
 long raceme 4-8 high ; pistil mostly single, with a flat-topped stigma ; 
 short pod holding 2 rows of horizontally flattened seeds. Rich woods. 
 
 21. F-SJONIA, PEONY. (Ancient name, after a Greek physician, 
 Paeon.") y. Well-known large-flowered ornamental plants, cult, from the 
 Old World. A fleshy disk at the base of the 2 or more pistils which form 
 leathery pods in fruit. Seeds large, rather fleshy-coated. Leaves ternately 
 decompound. Roots thickened below. Known in old gardens as PINEY. 
 
 * Herbs with single-flowered stems in spring, and downy pods. 
 
 P. officinalis, Retz. COMMON P. Very smooth, with large, coarsely divided, 
 green leaves ; the great flowers red, white, etc., single or very double. 
 
 P. peregrlna, Mill., including P. PARADOXA. Leaves glaucous and 
 more or less downy beneath, and smaller flowers than the last, rose-red, 
 etc., generally full double, with the petals cut and fringed. 
 
 P. tenuifdlia, Linn. SLENDER- LEAVED P. Low, with early crimson 
 red flowers, and narrow linear divisions to the leaves. Siberia. 
 
 * Herbs with several-flowered stems in summer, and smooth pods. 
 
 P. albiflbra, Pall. WHITE-FL. or FRAGRANT P., or CHINESE P. Very 
 smooth, about 3 high, with bright green foliage, and white or rose-colored, 
 often sweet-scented, rather small flowers, single, also double, and with 
 purple varieties.
 
 MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 46 
 
 * * Shrubby ; flowers in spring and early summer. 
 
 P. Moutan, Sims. TREE PEONY of China. Stems 2-3 high ; leaves 
 pale and glaucous, ample ; flowers very large (6' or more across), white 
 with purple base, or rose-color, single or double ; the disk, which in other 
 species is a mere ring, in this forms a thin fleshy sac or covering, inclosing 
 the 5 or more ovaries, but bursting and falling away as the pods grow. 
 
 22. XANTHORRHIZA, SHRUB YELLOWROOT. (Greek: yellow, 
 root.) Only one species. 
 
 X. apiif61ia, L'Her. A shrubby plant, l-2 high, with deep yellow 
 wood and roots (used by the Indians for dyeing), pinnate leaves of about 
 5 cut-toothed or lobed leaflets, and drooping compound racemes of small, 
 dark or dull purple flowers in early spring, followed by little 1-seeded 
 pods ; grows in damp, shady places. Penn., to N. Y., and Ky. ; S. along 
 the mountains. 
 
 23. HYDRASTIS, ORANGEROOT, YELLOW PUCCOON, GOLDEN 
 
 SEAL. (Name of no application.) 2/ 
 
 H. Canadensis, Linn. Low, sending up in early spring a rounded 5- 
 7-lobed root-leaf, and a stem near 1 high, bearing 1 or 2 alternate, 
 smaller leaves above, just below the single small flower. The 3 greenish 
 sepals fall from the bud, leaving the many white stamens and little head 
 of pistils ; the latter grow pulpy and produce a crimson fruit resembling a 
 raspberry. Rich woods from New York, W. and S. 
 
 IL MAGNOLIACRffi, MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with aromatic bitter bark, bud-scales formed 
 of stipules (Lessons, p. 66, Figs. 179, 180), simple mostly 
 entire alternate leaves, and solitary flowers ; the similar sepals 
 and petals (rarely 0) on the receptacle in three or more rows of 
 three, imbricated in the bud ; pistils 2-5, or numerous, the car- 
 pels cohering and covering the elongated receptacle, forming a 
 sort of cone in fruit ; stamens numerous, with adnate anthers 
 (Lessons, p. 101, Fig. 293) ; seeds only 1 or 2 in each carpel ; 
 embryo small. 
 
 I. Stipules forming the bud-scales, and falling early. 
 Flowers perfect and large, or smaller and dioecious in No. 3. 
 
 1. LIKIODENDRON. Sepals S, reflexed. Corolla bell-shaped, of 6 broad, greenish- 
 
 orange petals. Stamens almost equaling the petals, with slender filaments, and 
 long anthers opening outwards. Carpels thin and scale-form, closely packed over each 
 other, dry in fruit, and after ripening separating and falling away from the slender 
 axis ; the wing-like portion answering to style ; the small seed-bearing cell, at the base 
 and indehiscent. Leaf-buds flat ; stipules free from the petiole. 
 
 2. MAGNOLIA. Sepals 3. Petals 6 or 9. Stamens short, with hardly any filaments ; 
 
 anthers opening inwards. Carpels becoming fleshy in fruit and forming a red or rose- 
 colored cone, each when ripe (in autumn) splitting down the back and discharging 1 or 
 2 coral-red, berry-like seeds, which hang on extensile cobwebby threads. Stipules 
 united with the base of the petiole, falling as the leaves unfold. 
 
 3. CERCIDIPHYLLUM. Calyx and corolla 0. Stamens many, filaments capillary. Piatik 
 
 stalked, forming 2-6 narrowly oblong follicles. Seeds numerous.
 
 46 MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 
 
 II. Stipules none. Flowers not very large, perfect or dioe- 
 cious. Two Southern plants which have been made the repre- 
 sentatives of as many small orders. 
 
 4. ILLICIUM. Flowers perfect. Petals 9-80. Stamens many, separate. Pistils several 
 
 in one row, forming a ring of almost woody little pods. 
 
 5. SCHIZANDRA. Flowers monoecious. Petals mostly 6. Stamens 5, united into a 
 
 disk or button-shaped body, which bears 10 anthers on the edges of the 5 lobes. 
 Pistils many in a head, which lengthens into a spike of scattered red berries. 
 
 1. LIRIODENDRON, TULIP TREE (which is the meaning of the 
 name in Greek). 
 
 L. Tulipifera, Linn. A tall, very handsome tree in rich soil, com- 
 monest W., where it, and the light and soft lumber (much used in cabi- 
 net-work), is called WHITE-WOOD, and erroneously POPLAR and WHITE 
 POPLAR ; planted for ornament ; flowers late in spring, yellow with green- 
 ish and orange. Leaves with 2 short side-lobes, and the end as if cut off. 
 
 2. MAGNOLIA. (Named for Magnol, professor of botany at Mont- 
 pellier in 17th century.) Some species are called UMBRELLA TREES 
 from the way the leaves are placed on the end of the shoots ; others, 
 CUCUMBER TREES from the appearance of the young fruit. (Lessons, 
 Figs. 179, 348-355.) 
 
 * Native trees of this country, often planted for ornament; flowers appear- 
 ing after the leaves. 
 
 - Leaves all scattered along the branches ; leaf-buds silky. 
 M- Leaves coriaceous, evergreen (in the second only so at S.~). 
 
 M. grandifl6ra. Linn. GREAT-FLOWERED MAGNOLIA of S., half-hardy 
 in the Middle States. The only perfectly evergreen species ; splendid 
 large tree with coriaceous oblong or obovate leaves, shining above, mostly 
 rusty beneath ; the flowers very fragrant, white, 6'-9' broad, in spring. 
 
 M. glauca. Linn. SMALL or LAUREL M., SWEET BAY. Wild in swamps 
 N. to New Jersey, Penn., and E. Mass. ; a shrub or small tree, with oval, 
 broadly lanceolate, obtuse leaves, glaucous beneath, and globular, white, 
 and very fragrant flowers (2'-3' wide) in summer. 
 
 Leaves thin, deciduous. 
 = Green beneath. 
 
 M. acuminata. Linn. CUCUMBER TREE. Wild from Western N. Y. 
 to 111. and S. ; a stately tree, with the leaves thin, green, oblong, acute 
 at both ends, and somewhat downy beneath, and oblong-bell-shaped pale 
 yellowish-green flowers (2' broad), late in spring. 
 
 = = Whitish, downy, or glaucous beneath. 
 
 M. cordata, Michx. YELLOW CUCUMBER M. of Georgia, hardy even 
 in New England ; like the last, but a small tree with the leaves ovate or 
 oval, seldom cordate ; flowers lemon-yellow. 
 
 M. macrophylla, Michx. GREAT-LEAVED M. of the S., nearly hardy 
 N. to Mass. A small tree, with leaves very large (2-3 long), obovate- 
 oblong with a cordate base, downy and white beneath, and an immense 
 open, bell-shaped flower (8'-12' wide when outspread), somewhat fra- 
 grant in early summer ; petals ovate, white, with a purple spot at the
 
 MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 47 
 
 - *- Leaves crowded in an umbrella-like cluster ; leaf-buds smooth. 
 
 M. Umbrella, Lam. UMBRELLA TREE (also called M. TRIPETALA). 
 Wild in S. Perm, and southward. A low tree, with the leaves smooth 
 and green both sides, obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, l-2 
 long, surrounding a large white flower, in spring ; the petals 4'-5' long, 
 obovate-lanceolate and acute, narrowed at the base; the ovate-oblong 
 cone of fruit showy in autumn, rose-red, 4'-5' long. 
 
 M. Fraseri, Walt. EAR-LEAVED UMBRELLA TREE (also called M. 
 AURIC L-LATA). Wild from Virginia S., hardy as the last, and like it; 
 but a taller tree, with the leaves seldom 1 long and auricled on each 
 side at the base, the white obovate-spatulate petals more narrowed below 
 into a claw ; cone of fruit smaller. 
 
 * * Chinese and Japanese species ; flowers appearing before the obovate 
 leaves. 
 
 M. consplcua, Salisb. YULAN. A small tree, with very large white 
 flowers ; petals 6-9, obovate ; leaves pointed, downy when young. Half- 
 hardy in N. States. 
 
 M. SOULANGEANA is probably a hybrid of this with M. obovata, more 
 hardy, and the petals tinged with purple. 
 
 M. NORBEBTIA.NA, a like hybrid, has darker flowers and slenderer 
 habit. 
 
 M. 8PEci6sA, probably of like parentage, blooms a week later than M. 
 Soulangeana, and has more durable, somewhat smaller and lighter colored 
 flowers: 
 
 M. LENNEI, offshoot of M. obovata or hybrid with it, has very showy 
 flowers, purple outside and pearl-colored within. 
 
 M. obovata, Thunb. (or M. PURPUREA). PURPLE M. A shrub (6 high), 
 the showy flowers pink-purple outside, white within ; leaves dark green, 
 tapering gradually to petiole ; petals 9, obovate. Japan, hardy N. 
 
 M. ste/lata, Maxim, (or M. HALLL\NA). A small tree ; flowers white ; 
 petals about 15, linear-oblong ; leaves varying to elliptic. Japan. 
 
 M. Kobus, DC. (or M. THURBERI), is a small bushy tree, with leaves 
 broadest at the top and green below ; and very early, blush-white, fra- 
 grant flowers. Japan. 
 
 3. CERCIDIPHYLLUM. (Cercis-leaved, from the resemblance of 
 the foliage to that of the Red Bud.) Two large trees hi Japan, one of 
 which is now becoming popular in this country as an ornamental tree. 
 
 C. Jap6nicum, Sieb. & Zucc. Leaves round heartrshaped, or some- 
 what kidney-shaped, with 3-6 main veins, crenate, glaucous beneath. 
 Tree fastigiate ha shape. 
 
 4. ILLICIUM, STAR ANISE. (Latin : to entice.) Shrubs, aromatic, 
 especially the bark and pods, with evergreen oblong leaves. 
 
 I. Floridanum, Ellis. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; petals 20-80, narrow- 
 widely spreading, dark purple, the flowers about 1' hi diameter. Shrub 
 6-10, far S. 
 
 I. parvifldrum, Michx., S., sometimes cult., has lanceolate leaves, 6- 
 12, ovate or roundish, yellow petals, and smaller flowers. 
 
 5. SCHIZANDRA. (Greek: cut-stamens.} 
 
 S. coccinea, Michx., a twining shrub of S. States, scarcely aro- 
 matic, with thin ovate or oblong, alternate, deciduous leaves, and small 
 crimson-purple flowers in spring.
 
 48 MOONSEED FAMILY. 
 
 EL ANONACKE, CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY, 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with 3 sepals and 6 petals in 2 sets, each 
 set valvate in the bud, and many short stamens on the recep- 
 tacle, surrounding several pistils, which ripen into pulpy fruits 
 containing large and flat bony seeds. Embryo small; the 
 albumen which forms the bulk of the kernel appears as if cut 
 up into small pieces. No stipules. 
 
 1. ASIMINA, PAPAW of TJ. S. (From the Indian name, asstmtn.) 
 Petals greenish or yellowish, becoming dark purple as they enlarge ; 
 the 3 inner small. Pistils few in the center of the head of anthers, 
 making one or more large, oblong, pulpy fruits, sweet and edible. 
 Flowers solitary, in early spring. 
 
 A. triloba, Dunal. COMMON PAPAW. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate ; flower 1'-1J' wide ; fruit yellowish, 3'-6' long. A shrub or small 
 tree ; wild W. and S., and sometimes planted. 
 
 A, parvifldra, Dunal. SMALL-FLOWERED P. Leaves oblong-obovate, 
 abruptly pointed ; petals greenish-purple, twice as long as sepals ; flower 
 J' wide j fruit few-seeded. Shrub 2-6 high. Fla. to N. C. and W. 
 
 IV. MENISPERMACHE, MOONSEED FAMILY. 
 
 Woody twiners, with small dioecious flowers ; their sepals 
 and petals much alike, and one before the other (usually 6 
 petals before as many sepals) ; as many or 2-3 times as many 
 stamens; and- 2-6 pistils, ripening into 1-seeded little stone- 
 fruits or drupes ; the stone curved, commonly into a wrinkled 
 or ridged ring. Leaves palmate or peltate ; no stipules. 
 
 1. COCCULTJS. Sepals, petals, and stamens each 6. Pistils 8-6. 
 
 2. MEXISPERMUM. Sepals and petals 6-8. Pistils 2-4 in fertile flowers. Stamens, in 
 
 sterile flowers, 12 or more. (Lessons, Figs. 231, 232, 296.) 
 8. CALYCOCABPCTM. Petals 0. Sepals 6, petal-like. Pistils 3. Stamens in sterile flowers,12. 
 
 1. COCCULTTS. (Latin : a little berry.) Flowers in axillary clusters. 
 C. Carolinus,.DC. CAROLINA C. Somewhat downy; leaves ovate 
 
 or heart-shaped, entire or sinuate-lobed ; flowers greenish in summer ; 
 fruits red, as large as peas. From Virginia, S. and W. 
 
 2. MENISPERMUM, MOONSEED. (Greek : moon, seed.) Stamens 
 as long as sepals ; anthers 4-celled ; drupe globular, with a crescent or 
 ring-like wrinkled stone ; flowers in axillary panicles. 
 
 M. Canadense, Linn. Almost smooth ; leaves peltate near the edge ; 
 flowers white in late summer ; fruits black, looking like small grapes. 
 
 3. CALYCOCARPUM, CUPSEED. (Greek : cup, fruit.) Anthers 
 2-celled ; flowers greenish-white in long racemose panicles. 
 
 C. Ly6ni, Nutt. Climbing high ; leaves large, thin, 3-5-lobed, cordate 
 at base ; fruit globular, 1' diameter, black. Ky. and S. 111. to Kans. and S.
 
 BARBERRY FAMILY. 49 
 
 V. BERBERIDACRffi, BARBEKKY FAMILY. 
 
 Flowers perfect, a petal before each sepal, and a stamen 
 before each petal, anthers opening lengthwise or by a pair of 
 valves like trap-doors, hinged at the top (Lessons, p. 103, Fig. 
 308), pistil single, simple. (But No. 1 has monoecious flowers ; 
 No. 7 has numerous stamens ; 6 and 7 have more petals than 
 sepals.) Commonly bracts or outer sepals behind the true 
 ones. All blossom in spring or early summer. 
 
 * Woody twiner ; flowers imperfect ; berry many-seeded. 
 
 1. AKEBIA. Flowers purple in few-flowered axillary racemes ; petals ; leaves digitate, 
 
 of about 5 leaflets. 
 
 * Woody, erect ; flowers perfect ; berry few-seeded. 
 
 2. BEEBERIS. Flowers yellow or reddish tinted, in racemes ; petals with two deep colored 
 
 spots at the base. Leaves simple, or simply pinnate. Wood and inner bark yellow. 
 Leaves with sharp, bristly or spiny teeth. 
 
 8. NANDINA. Flowers white, in panicles ; anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves twice or 
 thrice pinnate. 
 
 * * * Perennial herbs. 
 
 +- With 1 to 3 twice or thrice ternately compound leaves. 
 
 4. EPIMEDIUM. Stamens 4. Petals 4 hollow spurs or hoods. Pod several-seeded. 
 
 Leaflets with bristly teeth. 
 
 5. CAULOPHTLLUM. Stamens 6. Petals 6 broad and thickish bodies much shorter 
 
 than the sepals. Ovary bursting or disappearing early, leaving the two ovules 
 to develop into naked, berry-like, or rather drupe-like, spherical seeds on thick 
 stalks. 
 
 t- -i- With simply 2-9-parted leaves, and solitary white flowers ; sepals falling when the 
 blossom opens. Seeds numerous, parietal. Pistils rarely more than one. 
 
 6. JEFFEESONIA. Flower on a scape, rather preceding the 2-parted root-leaves. Petals 
 
 (oblong) and stamens mostly 8. Fruit an ovate pod, opening by a cross-line half-way 
 round, the top forming a conical lid. Seeds with an aril on one side. 
 
 7. PODOPHTLLUM. Flower in the fork between the two peltate 5-9-parted leaves ; root- 
 
 leaf single and peltate in the middle, umbrella-like. Petals 6-9, large and broad. Sta- 
 mens usually 12-18. Fruit an oval, large, and sweet, edible berry ; the seeds imbedded 
 in the pulp of the large parietal placenta. 
 
 1. AKEBIA. (Japanese : Akebi.} Flowers monoecious ; sepals 3, $ 
 flowers ; stamens 6, 9 flowers ; carpels 3-9, ripening (only occasion- 
 ally) into oblong, purplish, mottled berries (4'-6')> which split open, dis- 
 closing the black seeds. 
 
 A. quinata, Decne. Leaflets 6, oval or obovate, notched at end, nearly 
 or quite evergreen. An excellent hardy climber. Flowers, spring. 
 Japan. 
 
 2. BERBERIS. BARBERRY. (Medieval Latin name.) The 2 sec- 
 tions have sometimes been regarded as distinct genera. (Lessons, Fig, 
 308.) 
 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. BOX. 4
 
 50 BARBERRY FAMILY. 
 
 1. TRUE BARBERRY, with apparently simple (really compound with 1 
 leaflet as shown by the joint in the short petiole) leaves clustered in the 
 axil of branched spines. 
 
 * Flowers in axillary racemes; leaves bristly or spiny-toothed, not 
 pinnate. 
 
 B. vulgaris, Linn. COMMON B. A shrub with drooping, many -flowered 
 racemes, and entire petals, and oblong, red, and sour berries ; leaves obo- 
 vate-oblong. The triple or multiple spines answer to leaves of the shoot 
 of the previous season. (Lessons, p. 63, Fig. 171.) Naturalized in New 
 Eng., planted and occasionally spontaneous elsewhere. There are cult, 
 forms with fruits of divers colors and purple foliage. 
 
 B. Canadensis, Pursh., wild in mountains from Virginia, S., is a low 
 bush, with few-flowered racemes ; repandly -toothed and less bristly leaves ; 
 petals notched at the top ; and oval red berries. Probably not in com- 
 mercial cult., the plant sold under this name being B. vulgaris. 
 
 * * Flowers solitary or in pairs; leaves entire. 
 
 B. TftunbSrgii, DC. A low Japanese shrub ; leaves i'-l' long ; flowers 
 on slender stalks, hardly longer than the small obovate leaves ; sepals red, 
 and petals often tinged with red : berries bright red. Foliage becomes red 
 in fall. 
 
 2. MAHONIA, with pinnate, evergreen leaves and clustered racemes of 
 early spring flowers ; berries blue or black with a bloom. Planted for 
 
 * Leaflets broad or rounded. 
 
 B. Aquifblium, Pursh. HOLLY B. or MAHONIA from Oregon, etc., rises 
 to 3-4 high ; leaflets ovate to oblong-taper-pointed, 5-9, shining, finely 
 reticulated. 
 
 B. repens, Lindl. CREEPING or Low M., OREGON GRAPE, is more 
 hardy, rises only 1 or less, and has ovate, acute (not taper-pointed), 
 usually fewer, pale or glaucous leaflets. Rocky Mountains. 
 
 B. nervbsa, Pursh. (or B. GLUM\CEA). Has husk-like, long, and pointed 
 bud-scales at the end of the stems, which rise only a few inches above 
 the ground ; leaflets 11-21, along the strongly jointed stalk, lance-ovate, 
 several-ribbed from the base. Also from Oregon. 
 
 * * Leaflets distinctly oblong or lanceolate. 
 
 B. Nepalensis, Spreng. (B. JAP6NICA of gardens). Tall, rising fully 
 6 high, the rigid leaflets (5-25) obovate-oblong and repand-toothed, with 
 only 3 or 4 strong spiny teeth on each side. India to Japan. 
 
 B. Fortune!, Lindl. A dwarf species from China, the foliage turning 
 red in the fall ; leaflets 5-9, narrowly lanceolate and acuminate, with nu- 
 merous shallow spiny teeth. 
 
 3. NANDINA. (From the Japanese name.) A single species. 
 
 N. domestica, Thunb. Cult, in cool greenhouses, etc., from Japan; 
 very compound large leaves ; the panicle of globular red berries of the 
 size of peas, more ornamental than the blossoms. 
 
 4. EFIMEDIUM, BARRENWORT. (Old Greek name of uncertain 
 meaning.) Hardy. ^ Low herbs, with neat foliage ; cult, for orna- 
 ment; petals 4 hollow spurs or hoods; pods several-seeded. 
 
 E. a/plnum, Linn., odd-looking small flowers in panicles, the yellow 
 petals not larger than the reddish sepals. Cent. Ea.
 
 WATER LILY FAMILY. 51 
 
 E. macr&nthum, Morr. & Decne. LAKGE-FLOWEBED B., with similar 
 foliage, has large white flowers with very long-spurred petals. Japan. 
 Several garden varieties are cult. 
 
 5. CAULOPHYLLUM, BLUE COHOSH, PAPPOOSE BOOT. 
 
 (Greek : stem, leaf; the stem seeming to form a stalk for the great 
 
 leaf.) A single species. 2/ 
 
 C. thalictroldes, Michx., with usually only 1 stem-leaf, and that 
 close to the top of the naked stem, and thrice ternate, but, having no 
 common petiole, it looks like 3 leaves ; and there is a larger and more 
 compound radical leaf, with a long petiole. Albumen horny, the in- 
 tegument forming a thin blue pulp. Glabrous (glaucous while young) 
 from thick, knotty, matted rootstocks. In rich woods, commoner W. 
 
 6. JEFFERSONIA, TWINLEAF. (For Thomas Jefferson.") 11 
 
 J. diphylla, Pers., sometimes called RHEUMATISM ROOT. Rich woods, 
 W. and S., sometimes cult. ; the pretty white flower and the leaves both 
 long-stalked from the ground, appearing in early spring. 
 
 7. PODOPHYLLUM, MAY APPLE, or MANDRAKE. (Greek: 
 
 foot, leaf, the 5-7 -parted leaf likened to a webbed-foot.) (Lessons, Fig. 
 
 326.) "21 
 
 P. peltitum, Linn. Flower white, !' broad ; fruit ovoid, l'-2' long, 
 slightly acid, edible ; but the leaves and long running root-stocks drastic 
 and poisonous. Rich woods, common. 
 
 VI. NYMPREACE^l, WATER LILY FAMILY. 
 
 Aquatic, perennial herbs, from strong, horizontal rootstocks, 
 with the leaves which float on the surface of the water or rise 
 above it mostly peltate or roundish heart-shaped (dissected 
 and immersed in No. 1), their margins in-rolled in the bud, 
 long-petioled ; axillary 1-flowered peduncles ; sepals and petals 
 hardly ever 5, the latter usually numerous and imbricated in 
 many rows. The genera differ so widely in their botanical 
 characters that they must be described separately. One of 
 them is the famous Amazon Water Lily, VICTORIA REGIA, with 
 floating leaves, 3 feet or more in diameter, and the magnificent 
 flowers almost in proportion ; while the dull flowers of Water- 
 Shield are only half an inch long. 
 
 1. Sepals and petals eachSor4. Stamens andpieMe 18 or leas, the latter 1^-seeded. 
 Flowers small. 
 
 1. CABOMBA. Sepals and petals 8, the latter oval and short-clawed. Stamens 8-6, with 
 
 extrorse anthers. Pistils 2-^, with 8 pendulous ovules. Immersed slender plants, 
 with mostly opposite or verticillate, finely dissected leaves, or a few floating, linear, 
 oblong, and peltate ones. Flowers single, on long axillary peduncles. 
 
 2. BEASENIA. Sepals and petals each 8 or 4, narrow, and much alike, dull purple, linear. 
 
 Stamens 12-18, with innate anthers. Pistils 4-18, forming tndehiscent, 1-8-seeded 
 pods. All the parts separate and persistent Ovule* commonly on the dorsal Butur*. 
 Embryo, etc., as in Water Lily.
 
 52 WATER LILY FAMILY. 
 
 2. Sepals and petals numerous, in several rows and passing into each other. Sta- 
 mens many. Pistils several, each sunken in the obconical and nearly flat-topped 
 receptacle, the imbedded nut-like fruits appearing like seeds in separate open 
 cells. 
 
 8. NELUMBO. Upper part of the receptacle enlarged into a top-shaped body, bearing a 
 dozen or more ovaries, each tipped with a flat stigma and separately immersed in as 
 many hollows. (Lessons, p. 113, Fig. 362.) In fruit these form 1-seeded nuts, resem- 
 bling small acorns. The whole kernel of the seed is embryo, a pah- of fleshy and fari- 
 naceous cotyledons inclosing a plumule of 2 or 3 rudimentary green leaves. 
 3. Sepals 4-6. Petals and stamens numerous in many rows. Pistil 1, compound. 
 
 4. NYMPH^EA. Sepals 4, green outside. Petals numerous, many times 4, passing some- 
 
 what gradually into the numerous stamens (Lessons, p. S4, Fig. 228) ; both organs 
 grow attached to the globular many-celled ovary, the former to its sides which they 
 cover, the latter borne on its depressed summit. Around a little knob at the top of 
 the ovary the numerous stigmas radiate as in a poppy-head, ending in long and narrow 
 incurved lobes. Fruit like the ovary enlarged, still covered by the decaying persistent 
 bases of the petals ; numerous seeds cover the partitions. Ripe seeds each in an aril- 
 ras, or bag, open at the top. (Lessons, p. 126, Fig. 418.) Embryo, like that of Nelumbo 
 on a very small scale, but inclosed in a bag, and at the end of the kernel, the rest of 
 which is mealy albumen. 
 
 5. NTJPHAK. Sepals usually 6 or 5, partly green outside. Petals many small and thickish 
 
 bodies inserted under the ovary along with the very numerous short stamens. Ovary 
 naked, truncate at the top, which is many-rayed by stigmas, fleshy in fruit ; the inter- 
 nal structure as in Nymphsea, only there is no arillus to the seeds. 
 
 1. CABOMBA. (Name aboriginal ?) 
 
 C. Caroliniana, Gray. Flowers 6"-8" broad on long axillary stalks, 
 with yellow spots at base of petals. Ponds, S. 111. and S. 
 
 2. BRASENIA, WATER SHIELD. (Name unexplained.) One species. 
 
 B. peltata, Pursh. In still, rather deep water; stems rising to the 
 surface, slender ; leaves 2'-3' long, long-petioled ; flowers small, produced 
 all summer. 
 
 3. NELUMBO. (The Ceylonese name for N. Indica.) 
 
 N. Ifctea, Pers. YELLOW N. or WATER CHINQUAPIN. S. Conn, (in- 
 troduced by Indians perhaps) to Lake Ont., Minn., E. Neb., and S. 
 Flower pale dull yellow, 5'-8' across ; anthers hook-tipped ; leaf and 
 flower-stalks sparsely warty roughened. The leaves are very large (1- 
 2 across) and centrally peltate, with an ascending limb, and raised high out 
 of the, water. 
 
 N. Indica, Pers. (or NELCMBIOM spECi6suM), FALSE LOTUS, SACRED 
 BEAN of the Orient, now commonly cult., has pink flowers and blunt 
 anthers, and the high flower and leaf-stalks studded with prickly warts. 
 
 4. NYMFHJEA, WATER LILY, POND LILY. (Dedicated to the 
 water nymphs.) Long prostrate rootstocks, often as thick as one's 
 arm, send up floating leaves (rounded and with a narrow cleft nearly 
 or quite to the petiole) and large handsome flowers, produced all sum- 
 mer ; these close in the afternoon ; the fruit ripens under water. 
 
 * White-flowered ; native in N. States. 
 
 N. odorata. Ait. WHITE W. Flower very sweet-scented, white, or 
 sometimes pinkish, rarely pink-red, variable in size, 2'-6' broad ; petals 
 obtuse ; leaves 2'-9' broad ; seeds oblong ; rootstocks with few and per- 
 sistent branches. Common hi still or slow water, especially E.
 
 PITCHER PLANT FAMILY. 53 
 
 N. renifdrmis, DC. (or N. xuBER6sA). Flower nearly scentless 
 (its faint odor like that of apples), pure white, 4'-9' in diameter ; petals 
 proportionately broader and blunter ; leaves 8'-15' wide ; seeds almost 
 globular; rootstock bearing copious tubers like "artichokes," attached 
 by a narrow neck and spontaneously separating. W. N. Y. and Penn., 
 Mich, and W., probably also in S. States. 
 
 * * Flowers colored; exotic or southern. 
 
 N. stel/ata, Willd. (or N. CCERULEA), BLUE W., cult, in aquaria ; a ten- 
 der species, with crenate-toothed leaves, and blue or bluish sweetrscented 
 flowers, the petals few, narrow, and acute. Trop. Africa, India, etc. 
 
 N. ZAXZIBARENSIS of gardens is a form of this, with intense blue 
 flowers, and free blooming habit. 
 
 N. Lotus, Linn. EGYPTIAN LOTUS, an Old World tropical species, has 
 large red or whitish flowers, with red-margined sepals, and peltate, sharply 
 serrate leaves which are pubescent below. N. RUBRA and N. DEVONIEN- 
 8is are forms of it ; and from the latter garden form the variety known 
 as N. STURTEVANTII originated. 
 
 N. flava, Leitn. YELLOW W. Leaves broadly oval with wavy margins, 
 the lobes at base of notch not pointed ; flowers bright, light yellow ; petals 
 sub-acute. Florida. 
 
 5. NtJPHAH, YELLOW POND LILY, SPATTER-DOCK. (Ara- 
 bic name ?) Rootstock, etc., as in Nymphsea ; leaves often rising out 
 of water; flowers by no means showy, yellow, sometimes purplish- 
 tinged, produced all summer ; fruit ripening above water. 
 
 N. advena, Ait.f. Sepals 6 or more, unequal ; petals truncate, 
 shorter than the stamens and resembling them ; stigma 12-24-rayed ; 
 ovary and fruit not contracted above into a neck; the thickish leaves 
 (6'-12' long) rounded or ovate-oblong. 
 
 Var. minus, Morong, has smaller leaves (3'-8' long), spatulate petals, 
 stigmas 9-13-rayed ; fruit contracted above. Probably a hybrid between 
 this species and the next. N. Vt. to Mich, and Pa. 
 
 N. Kalmianum, Ait., has the floating leaves only 2'-4' long, submersed 
 leaves thin, round, kidney-shaped ; petals spatulate or obovate ; stigmas 
 7-10-rayed ; fruit with a short neck. Me. to Penn., Minn., and N. 
 
 N. sagittif61ium, Pursh. ARROW-LEAVED N. Leaves sagittate, nar- 
 rowly oblong to oblanceolate, obtuse (1 by 2'). This and the last produce 
 their earlier leaves under water and very thin. S. Ind. and 111. and S. E. 
 
 VH SARRACENIACEJ1, PITCHER PLANT FAMILY. 
 
 Bog plants with hollow pitcher-form or trumpet-shaped 
 leaves ; flowers with numerous hypogynous stamens. Only 1 
 genus in the E. U. S. y. There are many hybrids of the fol- 
 lowing species in cult. : 
 
 1. SARRACENIA. (For Dr. Sarrasin of Quebec.) SIDESADDLE 
 FLOWER. Leaves yellowish green or purplish, all radical from a 
 perennial root, winged down the inner side, open at the top, where there 
 is a sort of arching blade or hood ; scape tall, naked, bearing a single, 
 large, nodding flower in early summer ; sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the 
 base, colored, persistent ; petals 5 ; style with an umbrella-shaped, 5- 
 angled top, a hooked stigma under each angle ; ovary 5-celled ; pods 
 many-seeded, rough-warty. (Lessons, Fig. 174.)
 
 54 POPPY FAMILY. 
 
 * Flower purple. 
 +- Leaves ascending or reclined, short, wing broad, 
 
 3. purptirea, Linn. PITCHER PLANT. Leaves with an erect round- 
 heart-shaped hood and a broad side-wing, purple-veiny ; flower deep 
 purple or greenish tinged ; petals fiddle-shaped, arched over the style. 
 Common in bogs N. 
 
 S. psittacina, Michx. PARROT PITCHER PLANT of S. States, and 
 cult. Leaves short and spreading, with a narrow tube, a broad wing, 
 and an inflated globular hood, which is incurved over the mouth of the 
 tube, spotted with white. 
 
 +- -t- Leaves erect, with long and narrow trumpet-shaped tube, the wing 
 narrow. 
 
 S. rfcbra, Walt. RED-FLOWERED TRUMPET LEAF of S. States ; cult, 
 in greenhouses. Leaves slender, a foot long, with an erect, ovate, pointed 
 hood ; flower crimson-purple. 
 
 S. Drummdndii, Groom. GREAT TRUMPET LEAF of Florida ; some- 
 times cult. Leaves much like the last, but 2 or 3 long, upper part of 
 the tube and the roundish erect hood variegated and purple-veiny ; and 
 the deep-purple flower very large. 
 
 * * Flower yellow. 
 
 S. variolaris, Michx. SPOTTED TRUMPET LEAF, S. States. Leaves 
 erect, 6'-12' long, white-spotted above, longer than the scape, with a 
 broad wing, and an ovate hood arching over the orifice ; flower 2' wide. 
 
 S. flava, Linn. YELLOW TRUMPET LEAF of S. States ; cult, more 
 commonly than the rest, as a curiosity, and almost hardy N. Leaves 2 
 long, erect, yellowish, or purple-veiny, with a narrow wing and an erect 
 roundish, but pointed hood ; scape tall as the leaves ; flower 4'-6' wide. 
 
 Darlingtbnia Califdrnica, Torr., occasionally cult., may be known by 
 the reddish or yellowish two-cleft appendage hanging at the mouth of the 
 leaves which looks downward. 
 
 VHI. PAPAVERACEJ!, POPPY FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs with regular flowers, a calyx mostly of 2 sepals which 
 fall when the blossom opens, petals twice or 3-5 times as 
 many, numerous free stamens and a 1-celled ovary, with 2 or 
 more parietal placentae. Fruit a pod, many-seeded. Juice 
 usually milky or colored, and narcotic, as in Poppy (opium), 
 or acrid. (No. 4. has watery juice, with the odor of muriatic 
 acid, and the calyx like a cap or lid ; No. 1 has no petals and few 
 
 * Petals none; flowers in panicles; flower-buds drooping. 
 
 1. BOCCONIA. Sepals 2, colored. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod few-seeded. Juice reddish. 
 
 * * Petals present. Flowers notpanicled, the buds either erect or nodding. 
 
 +- Pod strictly 1-celled, opening more or less completely by valves. 
 
 H- Flower-bud erect. 
 
 2. SANGTJINARIA. Sepals 2 ; but the petals 8-12. Stigma 2-lobed, on a short style. 
 
 Pod oblong, with 2 placentae. Juice orange-red. 
 
 8. AKGEMONE. Stigma 8-6-lobed, almost sessile. Sepals and oblong pod prickly ; the 
 latter opening by valves from the top, leaving the thread-like placenta between. Juice 
 yellow.
 
 POPPY FAMILY. 55 
 
 4. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. Sepals united Into a pointed cap which falls off entire. Receptacle 
 
 or end of the flower-stalk dilated Into a top-shaped body, often with a spreading rim. 
 Stigmas 4-6, spreading, unequal ; but the placenta only 2. Pod long and slender, 
 grooved. Juice colorless. 
 
 -H- Flower-bud generally nodding. 
 
 5. 8TTLOPHOEUM. Stigma 3-4-lobed, raised on a style. Pod ovoid, bristly, opening 
 
 from the top into 8 or 4 valves, leaving the thread-like placentae between them. Juice 
 yellow. 
 
 6. CHELIDONIUM. Stigma 2-lobed, almost sessile. Pod linear, with 2 placentae, split- 
 
 ting from below into 2 valves. Juice orange. 
 
 -H +- Pod becoming -2- f. -celled. 
 True herbs. 
 
 T. GLAUCIUM. Stigma 2-lobed ; style 0. Pod rough, linear, 2-celled by a spongy felse 
 partition. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Juice yellow. 
 
 8. PAPAVER. Stigmas united into a many-rayed circular body which is closely sessile on 
 
 the ovary. Pod globular or oblong, imperfectly many-celled by the projecting placentae 
 which are covered with numberless seeds, opening only by pores or chinks at the top. 
 Juice milky. ++ More or less woody. 
 
 9. ROMNETA. Stigmas many, free ; the ovary setose, and more or less completely sev- 
 
 eral-celled by the intrusion of the oo -ovuled placenta, but becoming completely 7-11- 
 celled and dehiscing to the middle. Sepals 3, with a broad, thin, dorsal wing. Petals 6, 
 white. Stamens numerous, with slender filaments. Juice colorless. 
 
 1. BOCCONIA. (Named for Bocconi, an Italian botanist.) ^ 
 
 B. cordata, Willd., from China, is a tall herb with leafy stems and 
 round-cordate, lobed leaves which are thick, veiny, and glaucous, and 
 long panicles of whitish or rose flowers in summer. 
 
 2. SANGUINARIA, BLOODROOT. (Name from the blood-red 
 juice.) y. 
 
 S. Canade'nsis, Linn., the only species ; common in rich woods. The 
 thick red rootstock in early spring sends up a rounded-reniform and pal- 
 mate-lobed, veiny leaf, wrapped around a flower-bud ; as the leaf comes 
 out of ground and opens, the scape lengthens, and carries up the hand- 
 some flower, from which the sepals soon fall. 
 
 3. ARGEMONE, PRICKLY POPPY. (Greek: a disease of the eye, 
 for which a plant called by this name was a supposed remedy.) 
 
 A. grand 'ifldra, Sweet. Hardy % Petals white, lJ'-2' long; stems, 
 sepals, and pod smooth and unarmed (the latter rarely with a few stiff 
 bristles) . Mexico. 
 
 A. Mexicana, Linn. MEXICAN P. Stems, leaves, sepals, and pod 
 prickly ; petals dull yellow or yellowish, 1' or less long in summer. Var. 
 ALBIFLORA has the flower larger, sometimes very large ; white ; l-2 
 high. Waste places S. and gardens. Cult, for ornament. 
 
 4. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. (Named for one of the discoverers, Esch- 
 scholtz.~) 2/ 
 
 E. Califdrnica, Cham. CALIFORNIAN POPPY. Common in gardens ; with 
 pale, dissected leaves, and long-peduncled large flowers, remarkable for 
 the top-shaped dilatation at the base of the flower, on which the extin- 
 guisher-shaped calyx rests ; this is forced off whole by the opening petals.
 
 56 POPPY FAMILY. 
 
 The latter are bright orange-yellow, and the top of the receptacle is broad- 
 rimmed. Var. Dougl&sii wants this rim, and its petals are pure yellow, 
 or sometimes white ; but the sorts are much mixed in the gardens ; and 
 there are smaller varieties under different names. 
 
 5. STYLOPHORUM, CELANDINE POPPY. (Greek: style-bearing; 
 a distinctive character.) ^J 
 
 S. diphyllum, Nutt. Low, with stems naked below, with usually 2 op- 
 posite leaves above ; leaves whitish beneath, pinnately parted into 5-7 
 sinuate-lobed segments ; flowers few in umbels, 2' broad. Damp woods, 
 W. Perm, to Wise, and Tenn. May. 
 
 6. CHELIDONIUM, CELANDINE. (Greek : the swallow ; its flowers 
 appearing with the swallows.) @ 
 
 C. /no/us, Linn. l-4 high ; branching, with pinnate or twice pinna- 
 tifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yellow flowers in a sort of umbel, 
 all summer ; old gardens and moist waste places. Eu. 
 
 7. GLAUCIUM, HORN POPPY. (Greek: referring to the glaucous 
 herbage.) 
 
 G. luteum, Scop. Stem l-6 high, stout, glaucous, and hairy ; leaves 
 thickish, lower bipinnatifid, upper sinuate-lobed, clasping ; flowers soli- 
 tary, terminal, golden yellow ; pod &-\ long. Cult, and sparing nat. 
 eastward. Eu. 
 
 8. PAP AVER, POPPY. (Name obscure, ancient.) 
 
 * Annuals, flowering in summer ; cult, and weeds of cultivation. 
 
 P. somniferum, Linn. OPIUM POPPY. Cult, for ornament from the 
 Old World (especially double-flowered varieties), and for medical uses. 
 Smooth, glaucous, with clasping and wavy leaves, and white or purple 
 flowers, which are often much doubled and fringed. Pod large, short- 
 oblong. 
 
 /. Rhoeas, Linn. CORN POPPY of Eu. Low, bristly, with almost pin- 
 nate leaves, and deep red or scarlet flowers with a dark eye, or, when 
 double, of various colors ; pod small, obovate. 
 
 * * Perennial ; cult, for ornament ; flowering in spring. 
 
 P. orientate, Linn. ORIENTAL P. Rough-hairy, with tall flower-stalks, 
 almost pinnate leaves, and a very large, deep-red flower, under which are 
 usually some leafy persistent bracts. Var. BRACTEATUM has these 
 bracts larger, petals still larger and deeper red, with a dark spot at the 
 base. 
 
 P. nudicaule, Linn. DWARF or ICELAND P. Rough-hairy, leaves all 
 radical, oblong-spatulate or obovate in outline, pinnatifid ; petals yellow, 
 orange, or white ; flower single on a hairy scape 6'-2 high. A widely 
 distributed alpine species. 
 
 9. ROMNEYA. (Named for T. Bomney Bobinson, an Irish astron- 
 omer.) A single species. 
 
 R. Cbulteri, Harvey. Smooth shrub, 6-8 high of S. California, or 
 nearly herbaceous in cultivation E. ; leaves petioled, glaucous, the lower 
 ones pinnatifid, upper ones pinnately cut or toothed ; flowers very showy, 
 4'-6' across.
 
 FUMITORY FAMILY. 57 
 
 IX. FITMARIACE.fi, FUMITORY FAMILY. 
 
 Sepals 2, scale-like ; petals 4, much larger, also irregular 
 and closed, the 2 outer with spreading tips and 1 or both 
 spurred or saccate at base, the 2 inner and smaller petals 
 united by their spoon-shaped tips, which inclose the anthers 
 of the 6 stamens in 2 sets along with the stigma ; the middle 
 anther of each set is 2-celled, the lateral ones being 1-celled. 
 Delicate or tender and very smooth herbs, with colorless and 
 inert juice, and much dissected or compound leaves. 
 
 Corolla heart-shaped or -2-spurred at base ; pod several-seeded. 
 
 1. DICENTRA. Petals slightly cohering with each other. Seeds crested. 
 
 2. ADLUMIA. Petals all permanently united into one slightly heart-shaped body, which 
 
 incloses the small pod. Seeds crestless. Climbing by the very compound leaves. 
 * * Corolla with only onepetal spurred at base. 
 
 3. CORYDALIS. Ovary and pod slender, several-seeded. Seeds created. 
 
 4. FUMAKIA. Ovary and small closed fruit globular, 1-seeded. 
 
 1. DICENTRA (meaning 2-spurred in Greek). Often named DICLY- 
 TRA or DIELYTRA. ^ Flowers in spring. 
 
 * American species, low, with delicate decompound leaves and few-flowered 
 
 scapes sent up from the ground in early spring. 
 *- Eacemes simple, few-flowered; divisions of leaves linear. 
 
 D. Cucullaria, DC. DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. Common in leaf 
 mold in woods N. Foliage and flowers from a sort of granular-scaly 
 bulb ; corolla white, tipped with yellow, with the 2 diverging spurs at the 
 base longer than the pedicel, the inner petals minutely crested. 
 
 D. Canadensis. DC. CANADIAN D. or SQUIRREL CORN. With the 
 last N. Underground shoots bearing separate yellow grains, like Indian 
 corn, in place of a scaly bulb ; the corolla narrower and merely heart- 
 shaped at base, white or delicately flesh-colored, sweet-scented ; inner 
 petals prominently crested at tip. 
 
 *- f- Sacemes compound, although small, clustered; divisions of leaves 
 broad-oblong. 
 
 D. eximia, DC. A rare species in W. N. Y. and S. in Alleghanies, 
 also cult., has reddish-purple, drooping, narrow flowers with short- 
 hooked spurs ; underground shoots scaly. 
 
 D. formosa, DC., of the Pacific coast, also cult., has broader flowers 
 than the last and spurs not hooked. 
 
 * * Cultivated exotic, taller and coarser, leafy-stemmed, many-flowered. 
 D. spectdbilis, DC. SHOWY D. or BLEEDING HEART, very ornamental 
 
 through spring and early summer, with ample Peony-like leaves, and long 
 drooping racemes of bright pink-red (or white), heart-shaped flowers 
 (!' long) 1 ; the 2 small sepals fall off in the bud. China. 
 
 2. ADLUMIA, ADLUMIA or CLIMBING FUMITORY. (Named 
 for John Adlum, of Washington, D. C., one of the earliest cultivators 
 of native grapes, and author of the first American book upon the 
 subject.) (f) A single species.
 
 58 MUSTARD FAMILY. 
 
 A. cirrh6sa, Raf. Wild in low, shady grounds, and cult., climbing 
 over bushes to a height of 8-12 by means of the slender, young leaf- 
 stalks ; leaves delicate and decompound ; flowers flesh-colored in summer. 
 
 3. CORYDALIS. (Greek name for the crested lark.) Our species are 
 leafy-stemmed, (f) wild in rocky places ; flowers spring and summer. 
 
 * Stem strict ; flowers purplish or rose-color, with yellow tips. 
 
 C. glauca, Pursh. PALE CORYDALIS. Common, 6'-2 high, very 
 glaucous ; spur short, rounded ; pods erect, slender, elongated. 
 
 * * Stem ascending ; flowers yellow. 
 +- Outer petals wing-crested on the back; corolla pale yellow, 3"-4" long. 
 
 C. fl&vula, DC. YELLOWISH C. Pedicels slender, with conspicuous 
 bracts ; pods hanging or spreading ; seeds sharp-edged, irregularly 
 wrinkled ; petal-crest toothed. From Penn. S. & W. 
 
 C. micrntha, Gray. Pedicels short ; bracts small ; petal-crest entire ; 
 pods ascending; seeds blunt-edged, smooth, and shining. N. C., Mo., 
 Minn., and S. 
 
 *- - Outer petals merely keeled on the back, not crested; corolla golden 
 yellow, $' long. 
 
 C. aurea, Willd. GOLDEN C. Low and spreading ; petals with a 
 spur J" long ; spreading or hanging pods, and smooth, blunt-edged seeds. 
 From Vermont, W. and S. 
 
 A western var. (occidentalis') has longer flowers, with spur as long as body. 
 
 4. FUMARIA, FUMITOEY. (Latin: fumus, smoke.) Low, 
 leafy-stemmed, with finely cut compound leaves. 
 
 F. officinalis, Linn. COMMON F. A delicate, small weed, with a close 
 spike of small, pinkish, crimson-tipped flowers, in summer. Occasional 
 in old gardens, waste places, and dung-heaps. 
 
 X. CRUCrFERj;, MUSTAKD FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs, with watery juice, of a pungent taste (e.g. Horse- 
 radish, Mustard, Water Cress, etc.) ; cruciferous flowers (of 4 
 sepals, 4 petals, with their upper part generally spreading above 
 the calyx in the form of a cross) ; tetradynamous stamens 
 (i.e. 6, 2 of them shorter than the other 4 ; rarely 4 or 2) ; a 
 single 2-celled pistil with 2 parietal placentae, forming in 
 fruit a silique, or when short a silicle. (See Lessons, Figs. 
 235, 236, for the flower, Figs. 401^03 for the fruit, and Figs. 
 425-428 for the seed.) The embryo fills the whole seed, and 
 has the radicle bent against the cotyledons. Flowers in ra- 
 cemes, which are at first short, like simple corymbs, but 
 lengthen in fruiting ; no bracts below the pedicels. The blos- 
 soms are all nearly alike throughout the family ; so that the 
 genera are mainly known by the fruit and seed, which are, 
 therefore, indispensable and may usually be had before all 
 the flowers have passed.
 
 MUSTARD FAMILY. 59 
 
 $ 1. fruit a true pod, opening lengthwise by two valves, which fall away and leave the 
 
 thin, persistent partition when ripe. 
 . Pod flattened parallel to the partition; the seeds flat or flatfish ; seed-leavet edgewise 
 
 to their stem. 
 +- Pod broadly oblong or oval, large and very flat; seeds 2-4 in each cell in 2 rows. 
 
 1. LUNARIA. Seeds winged. Large pod stalked In the calyx. Flowers purple, rather 
 
 Iarge> -i- -- Pod oblong or linear ; seeds in 1 row. 
 
 ++ Valves nerveless. 
 
 2. LEAVENWORTHIA. Stems scape-like, 1-few-flowered. Seeds winged. Small 
 
 annuals. 
 
 8. DENT AKIA . Stems naked below, 2-8-leaved above, from a horizontal, fleshy, scaly root- 
 stock. Seeds wingless. 
 
 4. CARDAMINE. Stems leafy, from a fibrous root, or at least not from a scaly rootstock. 
 
 Seeds wingless. ^ ^ Valveg tpith a prominent midrib . 
 
 5. MATTHIOLA. Stigma deeply 2-lobed. Seeds as broad as the partition, winged. 
 
 Flowers large and showy, white to purple. 
 
 6. ARABIS. Stigma only shghtly, or not at all, 2-lobed. Seeds winged or margined. 
 
 H +- +- Pod linear, oblong, or even round-oval, but the seeds in 2 rotes. [See, also, 
 
 Arabis.] 
 
 1. DBABA. Seeds wingless, numerous. Pods flat, various in shape. Flowers small and 
 (in ours) white. 
 
 8. ALTSSUM. Seeds winged, 2-4. Pods flat, roundish. Flowers small, yellow or whtye. 
 * Pod globular, or cylindric, or 4-angled by the prominent mid-nerves; seeds winy- 
 
 less. [Matthiola may be sought here.] 
 
 -t- Pod globular or cylindric. 
 H- Valves nerveless ; cotyledons accumbent. (Lessons, Figs. 425, 426.) 
 
 9. LE8QUERELLA. Pod about 4-seeded. Low, hoary plants with mostly yellow, 
 
 small flowers. 
 
 10. AUBRIETIA. Pod many-seeded. Stronger, hoary, with purple, rather large flowers. 
 
 11. NASTURTIUM. Pod many-seeded. Aquatic or marsh plants, hairy or smooth, and 
 
 small yellow or white flowers. 
 
 H- -H- Valves nerved; cotyledons incumbent. (Lessons, Figs. 42T, 428.) 
 
 12. CAMELINA. Pod turgid, obovate, or pear-shaped. Weed, usually in flax. 
 
 +- +- Pod linear. 
 
 H- Cotyledons accumbent. 
 
 (11. NASTURTIUM.) Valves nerveless. Marsh or aquatic plants. 
 
 13. CHEIRANTHUS. Valves with a strong mid-nerve. Lateral sepals sac-like at base. 
 
 Leaves entire and flowers showy. 
 
 14. BARBAREA. Valves with strong mid-nerve. Sepals nearly equal and alike. Leaves 
 
 lyrate or pinnatifld. 
 
 -H- ++ Cotyledons incumbent. (Lessons, Figs. 42T, 428.) 
 = Flowers purple or rose-colored, or, if white, large. 
 
 15. HESPERIS. Stigma with 2 erect blunt lobes. Flowers pink-purple. Hairs glandular. 
 
 16. MALCOLMIA. Stigma with 2 pointed lobes. Hairs glandless. 
 
 17. THELYPODIUM. Stigma entire. 
 
 -= = Flowers yellow, or, if white, very small. 
 
 18. ERY8IMUM. Stigma rather large and 2-lobed. Leaves simple. 
 
 19. 8I8YMBRIUM. Stigma small and entire. Leaves twice pinnatifld. 
 
 Cotyledons conduplicate. 
 
 20. BEAS8ICA. Pod more or less beaked. Flowers yellow.
 
 60 MUSTARD FAMILY. 
 
 * * Pod short, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the valves, there- 
 fore, deeply boat-shaped. Flowers white, small. 
 +- Pod several or many-seeded. 
 
 21. CAPSELLA. Pod triangular, or pyriform, with a notch at the top. Weeds. 
 
 - -i- Pod with 2, or rarely more, seed*. 
 ++ Corolla regular and small. 
 
 22. LEPIDIUM. Pod thin, smooth, and oval. Erect herbs. 
 
 28. 8ENEBIEBA. Pod thickish and wrinkled, or warty-roughened. Diffuse or prostrate 
 herbs. ^ ^ Corolla irregular, the petals very unequal. 
 
 24. IBEEIS. Pod scale-shaped, roundish, or ovate. Flowers white or purple in flat-topped, 
 
 or sometimes elongated, clusters. 
 2. Fruit indehiscent, wing-like, l-seeded. [Senebiera may be sought here.] 
 
 25. ISATI8. Flowers yellow. Fruit 1-celled, l-seeded, resembling a small samara or ash- 
 
 fruit 
 8. Fruit fleshy, or when ripe and dry corky, not opening by valves, ^-many-seeded. 
 
 26. CAKILE. Fruit jointed in the middle ; the 2 short joints 1-celled, l-seeded. Seed 
 
 oblong. 
 
 27. RAPHANUS. Fruit several-seeded, with pithy matter, or with constrictions between 
 
 the spherical seeds. 
 
 1. LUNARIA, HONESTY or SATIN FLOWER. (Latin : the moon, 
 from the silvery persistent partition of the pods.) (2) y. 
 
 L. 6nnua. Linn, (or L. BIENNIS). COMMON HONESTY. Cultivated in 
 old-fashioned places, for the singular large oval pods, of which the broad 
 white partitions of satiny luster, remaining after the valves have fallen, 
 are used for ornament ; leaves somewhat heart-shaped ; flowers large, 
 pink-purple, in early summer. Eu. 
 
 L. redivlva, Linn. PERENNIAL HONESTY is a much rarer European 
 sort, with oblong pods ; seldom met with here. 
 
 2. LEAVENWORTHIA. (For the late M. C. Leavenworth.) Low 
 winter annuals, with lyrate leaves. 
 
 L. Michauxii, Torr. Leaves with 7-15 lobes ; petals obtuse, purple, 
 or nearly white, with yellowish claw; pods even. S. Ind. to Tenn. 
 and Mo. 
 
 L. torul6sa, Gray, similar to the preceding, but with notched petals 
 and knotty pods, grows in the barrens of Ky. and Tenn. 
 
 L. aurea. Torr., has leaves with 4-7 lobes, petals as in the last, but 
 pods even and flowers yellow. N. Ala. and W. 
 
 3. DENT ARIA, TOOTH WORT. (Latin: dens, a tooth.) # Low 
 plants with handsome flowers in early spring. 
 
 D. diphylla. Linn. TWO-LEAVED T., PEPPER ROOT, or CRINKLE ROOT. 
 Rootstocks fleshy, long (5'-10'), and toothed, edible ; stem-leaves 2, close 
 together, each of 3 rhombic-ovate and toothed leaflets ; root-leaf similar ; 
 flowers quite large, white, in spring. Rich woods, N. 
 
 D. heterophylla, Nutt. Rootstocks near the surface, short, promi- 
 nent, tubercled ; stem-leaves of 3-petioled leaflets which are oblong-lance- 
 olate to linear, entire or deeply crenate, rarely cut ; flowers in late spring. 
 Penn. to Ky. and S. 
 
 D. laciniata, Muhl. Rootstock deep in ground, short, necklace-form, 
 or constricted in 2 or 3 places, scarcely toothed j stem-leaves 3, often in a
 
 MUSTARD FAMILY. 61 
 
 whorl, each 3-parted into linear or lanceolate leaflets, which are cut or 
 cleft into narrow teeth, or the lateral ones 2-lobed ; flowers white or rosy 
 in spring. Banks of streams, N. 
 
 4. CARDAMINB, BITTER CRESS. (Ancient Greek name.) 1}. 
 Mostly attractive little plants of spring or early summer. (Lessons, 
 
 Fig ' 40L ) * Leaves simple, y. 
 
 C. rhombofdea, DC. Stems upright from a small tuber, simple, 
 bearing rather large, white, or rose-purple flowers in spring ; and leaves 
 simple, angled, or sparingly toothed, the lowest rounded or heart-shaped, 
 the upper ovate or oblong ; seeds round-oval. In wet places northward. 
 
 C. rotundifdlia, Michx. MOUNTAIN WATER CRESS. Stems weak or 
 decumbent, branching ; root fibrous ; leaves (all much alike) roundish, 
 angled ; flowers white ; seeds oval-oblong. N. J. to Ky. and S. in the 
 mountains. ** Leaves pinnate ; flowers showy . 11 
 
 C. prate"nsis, Linn. CUCKOOFLOWER or LADIES' SMOCK. Stem as- 
 cending from a short perennial rootstock ; leaves with rounded and stalked, 
 entire, small leaflets ; flowers in spring, pink or white. Wild, but rare, 
 in bogs at the N. A double-flowered variety is an old-fashioned plant in 
 gardens. % ^ # Leaves pinnate ; flowers small, white. or 
 
 C. hirsuta, Linn. SMALL B. A low and branching insignificant herb, 
 usually not hairy ; root slender, fibrous ; leaflets angled or toothed ; pods 
 narrow, upright. Wet places. Common and variable; flowers spring 
 and summer. 
 
 5. MATTHIOLA, STOCK or GILLYFLOWER. (Named for the early 
 naturalist, Matthioli.) Cult, garden or house plants, from Eu., 
 hoary-leaved, much prized for their handsome and fragrant, pretty, 
 large flowers, of which there are very double and showy varieties. 
 Colors various, pure, or variegated, through crimson, purple, rose, and 
 white. 
 
 M. incana, Br. COMMON STOCK. 1J. (f) in cultivation. Stout stem 
 becoming almost woody ; not hardy at the N. The source of the Bromp- 
 ton and Queen stocks. Flowers many colors. 
 
 HI. 6nnua, Sweet. TEN WEEKS and INTERMEDIATE STOCKS. An her- 
 baceous plant, probably only a form of the last. 
 
 6. ARABIS, ROCK CRESS. (Name from Arabia.) Flowers spring 
 and summer. Leaves mostly simple and undivided. 
 
 1. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, orbicular, somewhat winged. 
 
 * Flowers not showy, white or whitish ; native. @ 
 
 -- Low, spreading ; leaves pinnately parted. 
 
 A. Ludoviciana, Meyer. Nearly smooth ; pedicels very short. Open 
 grounds, Va. to Mo. and S. 
 
 *- - Erect, leafy- stemmed ; leaves simple ; the slender pods ascending or 
 erect ; seeds almost wingless. 
 
 A. patens. Sulliv. Downy, l-2 high, stem-leaves, oblong-ovate with 
 a clasping base ; pedicels spreading ; pods spreading or ascending, tipped 
 with a distinct style. Perm, to Ohio and S.
 
 62 MUSTARD FAMILY. 
 
 A. hirsuta, Scop. HAIRT R. Mostly rough hairy, l-2 high ; stem- 
 leaves many and sagittate ; pedicels of the small greenish-white flowers 
 and the pods strictly erect ; style almost 0. Rocks, N. 
 
 -i- *- +- Erect, leafy-stemmed l-3 high; leavs simple; pods 3'-4' long, 
 
 recurved or hanging ; seeds broadly winged. 
 A. laevigata, Poir. SMOOTH R. Smooth and glaucous ; upper leaves 
 
 sagittate and clasping ; petals scarcely as long as calyx ; pods very narrow 
 
 and not very flat, recurving. 
 
 A. Canad^nsis, Linn. SICKLE POD. Stem-leaves pointed at both ends, 
 ibescent ; petals twice as long as calyx ; pods scythe-shaped, very flat, 
 
 * * Flowers showy, white in spring ; garden species from Eu. y. 
 
 A. alplna, Linn. ALPINE R. Low and tufted, hairy or soft^downy ; 
 lower leaves oblong-obovate, sharply toothed ; petals gradually narrowed 
 to a claw. 
 
 A. dlbida, Stev. Leaves sparingly toothed; petals abruptly narrowed 
 into a claw. 
 
 2. Seeds in 2 more or less distinct rows, at least when young ; strict, 
 and very leafy-stemmed. 
 
 A. perfoliata, Lam. TOWER MUSTARD. 2-4 high, glaucous ; petals 
 yellowish-white, little longer than calyx ; pods and pedicels strictly erect. 
 N. Eng. to Minn., N. and W. @ 
 
 A. confinis, Wats. Scarcely glaucous ; petals white or rosy, twice 
 length of calyx ; pods loosely erect to spreading. Canada, S. to Conn., 
 W. to Minn, and 111. 
 
 3. Seeds in 1 row, very small, wingless. 
 
 A. lyrata, Linn. Low R. Delicate, low, nearly smooth, root-leaves 
 lyrate ; stem-leaves few and narrow with a tapering base ; bright white 
 petals rather conspicuous ; pods slender, spreading. (2) 1J. 
 
 A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Roughish pubescent ; root-leaves oblong, 
 toothed ; stem-leaves half-clasping and eared at base ; pods widely spread- 
 ing. N. Y. to Mich., Minn, and S. @ 
 
 7. DRAB A. WHITLOW GRASS. (Greek: the name of some cress 
 meaning unknown.) Low herbs, mostly with white flowers ; pods round- 
 oval, oblong or linear, flat. Flowers early spring. Winter annuals. 
 
 * Pods longer than their pedicels ; leaves obovate. 
 
 D. Caroliniana, Walt. Leaves entire, hairy, on a very short stem, 
 bearing a short raceme or corymb on as cape-like peduncle l'-4' high ; 
 petals not notched ; pods broadly linear, smooth ; in sandy waste places. 
 
 D. cuneif6lia, Nutt. Leaves toothed ; raceme elongated (l'-3') in 
 fruit ; petals notched ; pods oblong-linear, hairy. 111. to E. Kan. and S. 
 
 D. v6rna, Linn. Leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; scape l'-3' 
 high ; petals white, 2-cleft ; pods oval or oblong ; in sandy waste places. 
 Introd. from Eu. 
 
 * Pods equaling or shorter than their pedicels ; leaves oblong to lanceo- 
 late. 
 
 D. brachycarpa, Nutt. Stems leafy, 2'-4' high ; flowers yellow ; 
 petals minute or ; pods smooth. Va., W. 
 
 8. ALYSSUM. (Greek name of a plant.) Cult, for ornament. 
 
 A. marltimum, Lam. SWEET ALYSSUM. Spreading, green or slightly 
 hoary ; leaves lanceolate or linear entire, tapering at the base ; flowers
 
 MUSTARD FAMILY. 63 
 
 small, white, honey-scented, in at length elongated racemes, the round 
 little pods with a single seed in each cell. A variety much used for 
 borders has paler and white-edged leaves ; flowers all summer in gardens, 
 or in the greenhouse in winter. 
 
 A.saxdti/e, Linn. ROCK A. Low, hoary -leaved, with abundant bright yel- 
 low flowers, in spring ; a variety with white-edged leaves is also grown. 11 
 
 9. LESQUERELLA. (For the late Leo Lesquereux.) (D @ or ^ 
 with stellate hairs or scales, and globular, inflated pods. 
 
 L. globdsa, Wats. or @ Stems spreading ; petals bright yellow ; 
 style longer than the pod. Ky., Tenn., Mo. Two other species occur in 
 our territory W. and S. W. 
 
 10. ATJBRIETIA. (For Aubriet, a French botanical draughtsman.) 
 y. Pods cylindric, inflated ; seeds globular. Flowers purple. 
 
 A. deltoidea, DC. Leaves rhombic, with 1 or 2 large teeth. Racemes 
 few-flowered. A pretty plant from S. Eu. for rockeries. Several garden 
 varieties. 
 
 11. NASTURTIUM, WATER CRESS, HORSE-RADISH, etc. (Latin : 
 nasus tortus, convulsed nose, from the pungent qualities.) Pods short- 
 ish or short (from oblong-linear to almost spherical). Here are com- 
 bined a variety of plants, widely different in appearance. The following 
 are the commonest : 
 
 * Petals white, twice length of calyx ; leaves pinnate. 11 Nat, from Eu. 
 
 N. officinale, R. Br. WATER CRESS. Planted or run wild in streamlets, 
 spreading and rooting, smooth ; leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong; flowers 
 all summer ; pods broadly linear, slightly curved upwards on their spread- 
 ing pedicels. Young plants eaten. 
 
 * * Petals yellow, little exceeding the calyx; leaves pinnatifid. @ 
 
 N. sessilifl6rum, Nutt. Leaves obtusely incised; flowers minute, 
 nearly sessile ; pods oblong. Common from Illinois S. 
 
 N. obtfcsum, Nutt. Leaves pinnately parted or divided; flowers 
 minute ; pods longer than the short pedicels. 111., S. and westward. 
 
 N. paMstre, DC. MARSH CRESS. Erect, l-3 high, with pinnatifid 
 or lyrate leaves of several oblong, cut-toothed leaflets ; small yellowish 
 flowers ; and small oblong or ovoid pods, mostly shorter than the pedicels. 
 A very common homely weed in wet places. 
 
 * * Petals white, much longer than the calyx ; leaves undivided or the 
 lower pinnatifid. 11 
 
 N. laciiatre, Gray. LAKE CRESS. Aquatic ; immersed leaves dissected, 
 others entire, serrate, or pinnatifid. Lakes and rivers, N. Y. to Minn., 
 and S. W. Detached leaves produce new plants, like leaf-cuttings. 
 
 N. Armoracia, Fries. HORSE-RADISH. Leaves very large, oblong, or 
 lanceolate, chiefly from the ground, crenate, rarely cut, or pinnatifid ; 
 pods globular, but seldom seen. Planted or run wild in moist soil. The 
 long deep root is a familiar condiment. 
 
 12. CAMELINA, FALSE FLAX. (Greek: dwarf flax; the common 
 species was fancied to be a degenerate flax.) @ 
 
 C. sativa, Crantz. COMMON F. l-2 high ; leaves lanceolate, the 
 upper ones sagittate and clasping the stem ; the small pale yellow flowers 
 followed by obovate turgid pods in a long loose raceme ; style conspicu- 
 ous. A weed in grain and flax fields.
 
 64 MTTSTABD FAMILY. 
 
 13. CHEIRANTHUS, WALLFLOWER. (Greek: hand, flower.} 
 Slightly, if at all, hoary ; the showy flowers orange, brown-reddish, or 
 yellow ; seeds flat. ^ 
 
 C. Chelri, Linn. COMMON WALLFLOWER. Stem woody, crowded with 
 the narrow and pointed, entire leaves. Cult, from S. Eu., not hardy N., 
 a much-prized house-plant. Double varieties are especially ornamental. 
 
 14. BARBAREA, WINTER CRESS. (Anciently called the Herb of 
 Santa Barbara. ) Seeds oval. Leaves used by some as winter salad, but 
 bitterish. (Lessons, Figs. 425, 426.) @ ^ 
 
 B. vulgiris, R. Br. COMMON W. or YELLOW ROCKET. Smooth, with 
 green, (sometimes variegated) lyrate leaves, and bright yellow flowers in 
 spring and summer ; pods erect, crowded in a dense raceme much thicker 
 than their pedicels. Common in old gardens and other rich soil. Cult, 
 as a salad ; leaves closely resembling taste of Water Cress. 
 
 B. praecox, R. Br. EARLY W. or SCURVY GRASS. Probably a variety 
 of the last, with more numerous and narrower divisions to the leaves ; the 
 less erect pods scarcely thicker than their pedicels. Cult, from Penn., S., 
 for early salad ; beginning to run wild. 
 
 15. HESFERIS, ROCKET. (Greek : evening, the flowers being fragrant 
 then.) Pods long and slender, with a single row of marginless seeds 
 in each cell (as broad as the partition) ; flowers rather large, y. 
 
 H. matronalis, Linn. COMMON or DAME R. Tall and rather coarse ; 
 leaves oblong or lanceolate, toothed ; flowers in summer, followed by (2'- 
 4') long and slender pods. Gardens, from Eu., inclined to run wild in 
 rich shady soil. 
 
 16. MALCOLMIA. (Named for W. Malcolm, an English gardener.) 
 Pods somewhat thickened at the base. Otherwise much like Hesperis. 
 
 HI. marltima, Br. MAHON STOCK, called VIRGINIA STOCK in England, 
 but comes from the shores of the Mediterranean ; a garden annual not 
 much cult., a span high, with pale green, oblong, or spatulate nearly 
 entire leaves, and pretty, pink- red flowers changing to violet-purple ; also 
 a white variety (much smaller than those of true Stock) ; pods long and 
 slender. 
 
 17. THELYPODIUM. (Greek: female, foot, the ovary in some 
 species stalked.) Flowers pink-purple, rather showy. (2) ^ 
 
 T. pinnatlfidum, Wats, (or ARABIS HESPERIDO!DES). Smooth, erect, 
 l-3 high ; with rounded or heart-shaped long-petioled root- leaves, 
 ovate-lanceolate stem-leaves (2'-6' long), the lower on a winged petiole 
 or with a pair of small lateral lobes ; petals long-clawed ; pods spreading, 
 narrow ; seeds wingless. Banks of the Ohio and W. 
 
 18. ERYSIMUM. (Greek : to draw blisters, from the acridity.) Seeds 
 oblong ; sepals nearly equal and alike at the base. 
 
 * Flowers orange. 
 
 E. dsperum. DC. WESTERN WALLFLOWER. Wild from Ohio W. & 
 S. ; like the wild state of the Wallflower, with bright orange-yellow 
 flowers, but the seeds are different, and the (3'-4') long pods quite square 
 in the cross-section ; the leaves somewhat toothed and hoary. @ y.
 
 MUSTARD FAMILY. 66 
 
 . Perofskianum, Fisch. & Mey. Stem simple ; leaves lance-spatulate, 
 remotely toothed ; flowers showy ; pods about 1' long, obtusely 4-angled. 
 Cult, from Caucasus. 
 
 E. cheirantholdes, Linn. TREACLE MUSTARD or WORMSEED MUSTARD. 
 Annual ; branches slender ; leaves lanceolate, almost entire ; flowers 
 small, yellow ; stigma small. Along streams, N. 
 
 E. pulchellum, Boiss. (or CHEIRANTHUS PULCHELLUS). ^ Compact 
 growing, much branched at base ; lower leaves oblong- spatulate, dentate, 
 or lyrate, upper oblong or lanceolate, sharply pectinate-dentate ; stigma 
 broad as the pod ; flowers showy, sulphur-yellow in spring. Cult, from 
 Caucasus. 
 
 19. SISYMBRIUM, HEDGE MUSTAKD. (An ancient Greek 
 name.) Pod either flattened or 4-sided, or the cross-section nearly 
 circular; in the common species shortish, lance-awl-shaped, close- 
 pressed to the stem ; seeds oval, marginless. Flowers small. (Les- 
 sons, Figs. 427, 428.) 
 
 S. cane'scens, Nutt. HOARY H. or TANSY MUSTARD. (J) Hoary; leaves 
 finely cut, twice-pinnatifid ; flowers minute yellowish ; pods oblong-club- 
 shaped, 4-sided on slender horizontal pedicels. Pa. and N. Y. to 111. and 
 S. W. Common W. 
 
 S. officinale, Scop. COMMON H. Stems branching; leaves run- 
 cinate ; flowers very small, pale yellow, followed by awl-shaped, obscurely 
 6-sided pods close-pressed to the axis of the narrow spike. Coarse weed 
 in waste places. Eu. 
 
 S. Thai/ana, Gaud. MOUSE-EAR CRESS, (f) Leaves obovate or oblong, 
 entirely or barely toothed ; flowers white ; pods linear on spreading 
 pedicels. Mass, to Kans. Eu. 
 
 20. BRASSICA, CABBAGE, MUSTARD, &c. (Ancient Latin name 
 of Cabbage.) @ Pod oblong or linear, beaked or pointed beyond 
 the summit of the valves, by the enlarged and persistent style base ; 
 seeds spherical. Cult, from Eu., or run wild as weeds. (Lessons, 
 Fig. 235.) 
 
 * Whole plant glaucous-blue when in flower; leaves of the flower-stems 
 clasping ; flowers various. 
 
 i- Leaves from the first more or less fleshy throughout, and glaucous-blue 
 even when young ; flowers creamy yellow. 
 
 B. oleracea, Linn. CABBAGE TRIBE. The original is a seacoast plant 
 of Europe, with thick and hard stem, and pretty, large, pale yellow flowers ; 
 upper ones entire, clasping the stem, not auricled at the base ; cult, as a 
 biennial the rounded, thick, and fleshy, strongly veined leaves collected 
 into a head the first year upon the summit of a short and stoiit stem. CAU- 
 LIFLOWER and BROCCOLI have the nourishing matter mainly concentrated 
 in short, imperfect, flower-branches collected into a flat head. KOHL-RABI 
 has the nourishing matter accumulated in the stem, which forms a turnip- 
 like enlargement above ground, at the origin of leaves. KALE is more 
 nearly the natural state of the species, the fleshy leaves not forming a 
 head. BRUSSELS SPROUTS has numerous small heads along the stem 
 below the top leaves. 
 
 B. Napus, Linn. RAPE. Leaves smooth from the first, more deeply 
 scalloped than in the last, not forming thickened parts above ground. 
 
 B. campestris, Linn. RUTA-BAGA or SWEDISH TURNIP. First leaves 
 hairy ; the root usually tuberous. 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. EOT. 5
 
 66 MUSTARD FAMILY, 
 
 - *- Leaves (except upon the flower-stem) thin and green ; flowers small 
 and bright yellow, 
 
 8. Pe-Tsdi, Bailey. CHINESE CABBAGE, PE-TSAI. Leaves repand- 
 sinuate or only rarely somewhat lyrate, smooth or very nearly so, the 
 petiole thick and broadly winged; root annual, fibrous; leaves form a 
 loose head, resembling Cos Lettuce. China. 
 
 B. Rapa, Linn. TURNIP. Leaves prominently lyrate or interrupted 
 below, hairy ; the root tuberous. 
 
 * * Plant green or but slightly glaucous when in flower; leaves of the 
 flower-stem not prominently clasping ; flowers small and yellow. 
 
 B. nlgra, Koch. BLACK MUSTAED. Leaves somewhat hairy and divided ; 
 pods erect in the raceme or spike, smooth, short, 4-sided (the valves having 
 a strong midrib), and tipped with the short, empty, conical base of a 
 slender style ; seeds dark brown, small, pungent. Cultivated and in 
 waste places. Eu. 
 
 B. dfba, Boiss. WHITE MUSTARD. Leaves all pinnatifid and rough- 
 hairy ; pods spreading in the raceme, bristly hairy, the lower part 
 thick and few-seeded; seeds large, pale brown. Run wild, from 
 Eu. 
 
 B. Sinapfstrum, Boiss. CHARLOCK. Pods knotty, nearly smooth, 
 fully one third comprised in a stout 2-edged beak which is either 
 empty or 1-seeded ; upper leaves barely toothed. Weed in grain fields. 
 Eu. 
 
 21. CAPSELLA, SHEPHERD'S PURSE. (Name means a little pod.) 
 (Lessons, Figs. 402, 403.) 
 
 C. Btirsa-Pastbris, Moench. COMMON S. The commonest of weeds, in 
 waste places ; root-leaves pinnatifid or toothed, those of the stem sagit- 
 tate and partly clasping ; small white flowers followed by the triangular 
 and notched pods, in a long raceme. 
 
 22. LEPEDIUM, PEPPERGRASS, CRESS. (Greek : little scale, from 
 the pods.) Our common species have incised or pinnatifid leaves, and 
 very small white or whitish flowers. 
 
 Plant green. 
 t- Leaves large, clasping ; hairy. 
 
 L. camptetre, Br., has run wild (from Eu.) eastward. Known by its 
 strict habit, entire or only toothed leaves, and ovate winged rough pod. 
 
 - - Leaves small, tapering at base, the lower ones at length falling; 
 smooth. 
 
 L. Virginicum, Linn. WILD P. Cotyledons accumbent ; petals pres- 
 ent, and usually only 2 stamens ; the little pods scarcely margined at the 
 notched tops ; seeds flat. A common weed by roadsides. 
 
 L. intermedium, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent as in the following ; 
 pod minutely wing-margined at top ; petals minute or 0. W. N. Y. and 
 N. 111., N. and W. in dry places. 
 
 L. ruderale, Linn., introduced from Europe, is much less common, more 
 branched, with no petals, the smaller scarcely notched pods and turgid 
 seeds marginless. 
 
 L. safivum, Linn. GARDEN CRESS. Cultivated as a salad plant, has 
 petals, and the larger ovate pods are winged and slightly notched at 
 the top ; leaves (except the very uppermost) compound or much divided. 
 Eu.
 
 MUSTARD FAMILY. 67 
 
 23. SENEBIERA, WART CRESS, SWINE CRESS. (For J. Senebier, 
 a distinguished physiologist.) Prostrate <) and @, with minute whit- 
 ish flowers. Weeds from Eu. 
 
 S. didyma, Pers. Pods rough-wrinkled, notched at apex. Waste places. 
 Mass, and S. near seacoast. 
 
 5. Corondpus, DC. Pods warty, not notched at the apex. R. I. to 
 Va. at seaports. 
 
 24. IBERIS, CANDYTUFT. (Iberia, an old name for Spain.) The 
 2 petals on the outer side of the flower much larger than the others. 
 Pods scale-shaped, roundish or ovate, notched at the wing-margined 
 top. Low garden plants, from Europe, much cultivated for orna- 
 
 ment - * Perennial, woody at the base. 
 
 I. sempervirens, Linn. EVERGREEN C. Rather woody-stemmed, tufted, 
 with bright green, lanceolate or linear-spatulate, thickish, entire leaves, 
 and flat clusters of pure white flowers, in spring. 
 
 /. Gibraltarica, Linn., with large, rose-purple flowers in early spring, and 
 wedge-shaped leaves, is occasionally seen ; not hardy N. 
 
 * * Annual. 
 
 I. umbel lata, Linn. COMMON C. Lower leaves lanceolate, the upper 
 linear and entire ; flowers purple-lilac (or pale), in flat clusters in sum- 
 mer. Eu. 
 
 /. coronaria, Don. ROCKET C. Leaves lanceolate, coriaceous, sparingly 
 toothed. Flowers pure white in dense, spike-like racemes in summer. 
 Nativity uncertain. 
 
 25. ISATIS, WO AD. (Name of obscure derivation.) One com- 
 mon species of Eu. 
 
 /. tinctdria, Linn. DYKE'S WOAD. Rather tall, glabrous and glaucous, 
 the stem-leaves lanceolate and entire, sessile and somewhat sagittate ; 
 racemes of small yellow flowers panicled, succeeded by the hanging 
 samara-like closed pods ; flowers in early summer. Old gardens ; formerly 
 cult, for a blue dye. 
 
 26. CAKILE, SEA ROCKET. (An old Arabic name.) 
 
 C. Americana, Nutt. AMERICAN S. A fleshy herb, wild on the shore 
 of the sea and Great Lakes, with obovate wavy-toothed leaves, and pur- 
 plish flowers. 
 
 27. RAFHANUS, RADISH. (Greek: to appear quickly, referring 
 to the very rapid germination of the seeds.) (D @ From the Old 
 World. 
 
 /?. Raphani 'strum, Linn. WILD R. or JOINTED CHARLOCK. Leaves 
 rough lyrate ; petals yellow, changing to whitish or purplish, and pods 
 narrow, long-beaked, divided across between the several seeds, so as to 
 become necklace-form. Troublesome weed in cult, fields. 
 
 R. satlvus, Linn. RADISH. Lower leaves lyrate ; flowers purple and 
 whitish, and closed pods thick and pointed ; the seeds separated by ir- 
 regular fleshy false partitions ; cult, for the tender .and fleshy pungent 
 root ; inclined to run wild. 
 
 R. caudatus. Linn. RAT-TAIL RADISH. Probably a form of the last, 
 with small woody root and pods (used for pickles) 6'-12' long.
 
 68 MIGNONETTE FAMILY. 
 
 XI. CAPPAEIDACE^:, CAPER FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs (in our region) resembling Cruciferce, but with sta- 
 mens not tetradynamous and often more than 6, no partition 
 in the pod (which is therefore 1 -celled with two parietal pla- 
 centae), and kidney-shaped seeds, the embryo rolled up instead 
 of folded together ; the leaves commonly palmately compound, 
 and the herbage bitter and nauseous instead of pungent. But 
 in warm regions the cress-like pungency sometimes appears, 
 as in capers, the pickled flower-buds of CAPPARIS SPINOSA of 
 the Levant. This and its near relatives are trees or shrubs. 
 
 1. CLEOME. Calyx 4-cleft. Petals 4. Stamens 6, on a short, thickened receptacle. Ovary 
 
 and many-seeded pod in ours raised above the receptacle on a long stalk. Style very 
 short or none. Usually an appendage on 1 side of the receptacle. 
 
 2. POLANISIA. Sepals 4. Stamens S-32. Ovary and pod sessile or short-stalked on the 
 
 receptacle. Style present. Otherwise nearly as in No. 1. 
 
 3. GYNANDROPSI8. Sepals 4. Stamens borne on the long stalk of the ovary far above 
 
 the petals. Otherwise as in No. 1. 
 
 1. CLEOME. (Name of uncertain derivation.) 
 
 C. pungens, Willd. Tall (2-4 high), clammy-pubescent, with little 
 spines or prickly points (whence the name) in place of stipules, about 7 
 
 and a raceme of large and handsome flowers, with long-clawed, pink or 
 purple petals and declined stamens. Cult, from S. A., and run wild S. 
 
 C. integrif6lia, Torr. & Gray, much smaller, smooth, with 8 leaflets 
 and the pink petals without claws, is wild in Minn, to Kans., and cult, in 
 gardens, also for bees under the name ROCKT MOUNTAIN BEE PLANT. 
 
 2. POLANISIA. (Greek : many unequal, referring to the stamens.) 
 P. grav&olens, Raf . A heavy-scented (as the name denotes) , rather 
 
 clammy, low herb, with 3 oblong leaflets, and small flowers with short 
 white petals, about 11 scarcely longer purplish stamens, and a short style ; 
 flowers summer. Wild on gravelly shores from Vt. to Md. and W. 
 
 3. GYNANDROPSIS. (Greek : meaning that the stamens appear to 
 be on the pistil.) (Lessons, Fig. 357.) 
 
 G. pentaphylla, DC. Clammy-pubescent weed, with 5 leaflets to the 
 leaves and 3 to the bracts ; the white petals on claws. West Indies ; 
 naturalized from Carolina, S. 
 
 XH. RESEDACEJE, MIGNONETTE FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs, with inconspicuous flowers in spikes or racemes. 
 
 1. RESEDA, MIGNONETTE, etc. (Latin : to calm, from supposed 
 sedative properties.) Calyx 4-7-parted, never closed even in the bud ; 
 petals 4-7, unequal, cleft or notched, those of one side of the flower ap- 
 pendaged within ; stamens 10-40, borne on a sort of disk dilated on 
 one side of the flower ; ovary and pod composed of 3-0 carpels, united not 
 quite to the top into a 3-6-lobed or 3-6-horned, 1-celled pistil which
 
 BOCKROSE FAMILY. 69 
 
 opens at the top long before the seeds are ripe ; the seeds are numerous, 
 kidney-shaped, on 3-6 parietal placentae ; leaves alternate. 
 * Leaves not compound; flowers yellowish. 
 
 R. odorata, Linn. COMMON MIGNONETTE. Anthers orange ; petals 
 6, the posterior ones cut into several fine lobes ; stems low ; some leaves 
 entire and oblong, others 3-lobed. N. Africa. Cult, for the delicious 
 scent of the yellowish- white flowers. 
 
 R. Luteola, Linn. DYER'S WEED or WELD. Tall, with lanceolate, entire 
 leaves, and a long spike of yellowish flowers ; petals 4. Nat. along road- 
 sides. Eu. 
 
 * * Leaves compound, or essentially so ; flowers white. 
 
 R. dlba, Linn. WHITE or UPRIGHT M. or , 2-3 high, with 
 long, dense spikes of white flowers with brown anthers, and leaves all 
 pinnate or pinnatifid, the divisions lanceolate. Cult, from S. Eu. 
 
 XHI. PITTOSPORACE^E, PITTOSPORUM FAMILY. 
 
 A small family of shrubs and trees, belonging mostly to 
 the southern hemisphere, a few in common cultivation: 
 
 1. PITTOSPORUM. (Greek: pitch, seed; the seeds are generally 
 covered with a sticky exudation.) Flowers regular, of 5 sepals, 6 
 petals, and 5 stamens ; the claws of the petals sometimes slightly 
 united ; ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae ; a single style and 
 stigma ; fruit a globular woody pod, many-seeded. Greenhouses. 
 
 P. Toblra, Ait. COMMON P. Leaves obovate and retuse, evergreen, 
 crowded at the end of the branches, which are terminated by a small, 
 sessile umbel of white, fragrant flowers, produced in winter. Japan. A 
 low tree cultivated as a house-plant N., hardy S. 
 
 P. undulatum, Andr., from Australia, has oval-lanceolate undulated 
 leaves tapering at both ends, and white flowers in close panicles. 
 
 P. viridiflbrum, Sims (or P. SINENSE), from the Cape of Good Hope, 
 has obovate and retuse leaves and greenish-yellow jasmine-scented flowers 
 in somewhat globose panicles. 
 
 XIV. CISTACEJE, BOCKKOSE FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubby or low herbaceous plants, with regular flowers ; a 
 persistent calyx of 5 sepals, two of them exterior and resem- 
 bling bracts ; the petals and stamens on the receptacle ; the 
 style single or none ; ovary 1-celled with 3 or 5 parietal pla- 
 centae (Lessons, Fig. 334), bearing orthotropous ovules. 
 
 1. HELIANTHEMUM. Petals 5, crumpled In the bud, fugacious (falling at the close of 
 
 the first day), or none. Stamens and ovules many in the complete flower ; placenta? 8. 
 Style none or short. Low, yellow-flowered ; in sandy or gravelly soil. 
 
 2. HUDSONIA. Petals 5, fugacious, much larger than the calyx. Stamens 9-30. Style 
 
 slender. Ovules 2-6. Heath-like shrubs, 6'-12' high ; leaves minute, downy, closely 
 covering the branches ; flowers small, yellow, opening in sunshine in spring and sum- 
 mer. Near the coast and Great Lakes.
 
 70 ROCKROSE FAMILY. 
 
 3. LECHEA. Petals 8, persistent, not longer than the calyx. Stamens S-12. Style none. 
 Pod partly 3-celled, 6-seeded. Small homely herbs, with Inconspicuous, greenish, or 
 purplish flowers, and pods about the size of a pin's head, whence the popular name. 
 Flowers summer and autumn in sterile soil. 
 
 1. HELIANTHEMUM, ROCKROSE. (Greek: sun, flower; the 
 blossoms opening only in sunshine.) (Lessons, Figs. 334, 430.) If. 
 
 H. Canade'nse, Michx. FROSTWEED. Lance-oblong leaves, hoary 
 beneath ; flowers produced all summer, some with showy corolla 1' broad 
 and many stamens ; others small and clustered along the stem, with in- 
 conspicuous corolla and 3-10 stamens ; the latter produce small, few-seeded 
 pods. The only one common N. Popular name from the formation of 
 crystals of ice in late autumn about the cracked bark of the root. 
 
 H. corymbdsum, Michx. Downy all over, with smaller flowers clus- 
 tered at the top of the stem, and larger ones long-peduncled. Along the 
 coast from N. J., S. 
 
 H. vulgare, Gsertn. The ROCKROSE, of the Old World ; with yellow, 
 whitish, or red flowers in racemes and procumbent stems ; occasionally 
 grown in gardens. 
 
 H. Carolinianum, Michx. Hairy, with green leaves, the lower obvate 
 and clustered ; flowers all large-petaled and scattered, in spring. S. States. 
 
 2. HUDSONIA. (For an English botanist, William Hudson.") 11 
 
 H. ericoldes, Linn. Greenish ; leaves awl-shaped ; flowers peduncled. 
 From Va., N. 
 
 H. toment6sa. Nutt. Hoary with soft down ; leaves oblong or oval 
 and close-pressed ; peduncles short or hardly any. From Md. to Me. 
 and about the Great Lakes. 
 
 3. LECHEA, PINWEED. (For Leche, a Swedish botanist. ) 1}. 
 
 * Hairs long and soft, spreading; leaves oblong; flowers in small 
 cymose clusters. 
 
 L. major, Michx. LARGER P. Stem upright, hairy, l-2 high ; leaves 
 elliptical, mucronate ; flowers densely clustered. Borders of sterile wood- 
 lands. 
 
 * * Hairs oppressed ; leaves mostly narrower ; flowers paniculate. 
 *- Leaves thin, cauline ones, oval or oblong ; panicles leafy. 
 
 L. thymif6lia, Michx. Erect, about 2 high ; pod obovate-globose. 
 Atlantic coast. 
 
 - t- Leaves firm, cauline ones linear to slender awl-shaped ; panicles 
 rather naked and raceme-like. 
 
 - Pod nearly globose. 
 
 L. minor, Linn. SMALLER P. Stems low, 12'-18' high, rather strict ; 
 flowers loosely clustered. Opeu sterile ground. 
 
 Var. marftima. Gray, is stouter and stiffer, with linear, hoary, radical 
 leaves. In sandy soil, Mass. S., near the coast. 
 
 L. tenulf6lia, Michx. Low, slender and diffuse ; leaves very narrow 
 and small. E. Mass, to Mo. and S. 
 
 ~ ++ Pod ellipsoidal. 
 
 L. racemuldsa, Lam. Erect, leaves oblong-linear ; inflorescence loose. 
 Dry places, Long Island to Ky. and S.
 
 VIOLET FAMILY. 71 
 
 XV. VIOLACKfi, VIOLET FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs./ Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, more or less un- 
 equal, the lower one with a sac or spur at the base. (Lessons, 
 Figs. 237, 238, 276, 347, 420, 429.) Stamens 5, short; the 
 very broad flat filaments conniving or cohering around the 
 pistil. Style usually club-shaped; stigma 1-sided. Ovary 
 and pod 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, containing several 
 rather large seeds. Herbs, with stipules to the alternate 
 leaves, and 1-flowered peduncles. 
 
 1. VIOLA. Sepals eared at base ; stamens distinct, the two lower bearing spurs which 
 
 extend into the spur of the corolla. Cleistogamous blossoms are common and highly 
 fruitful, especially among stemless species. (See Lessons, p. 115.) 
 
 2. SOLE A. Sepals not eared at base ; stamens united into a sheath having a broad gland 
 
 below instead of spurs. 
 
 1. VIOLA, VIOLET, HEARTS-EASE. (The ancient Latin name.) 
 
 * STEMLESS VIOLETS, with leaves and peduncles all from creeping or sub- 
 terranean rootstocks, there being no proper ascending stems ; all flower- 
 ing in spring. 
 
 -- Garden species, from Europe ; fragrant. 
 
 If. odorata, Linn. SWEET VIOLET. Tufts spreading by creeping run- 
 ners ; leaves rounded heart-shaped, more or less downy ; flowers violet- 
 blue, varying to white ; single, or in cultivation commonly full double. 
 Hardy. 
 
 *_ 4- Wild species; only slightly sweet-scented or scentless. 
 
 ++ Flowers blue or violet-color. 
 
 = Sootstock short and thick; stigma not beaked; lateral petals not 
 bearded. 
 
 V. pedata, Linn. BIRD-FOOT V. Leaves all cut into linear divisions 
 or lobes ; the flower large, beardless, usually light violet-color, sometimes 
 whitish, sometimes the two upper petals deep dark violet, like a pansy ; 
 sandy or light soil. 
 
 = = Bootstock fleshy and thickened; stigma beaked; spur short and sac- 
 like ; lateral petals bearded. 
 
 V. pedatffida, G. Don. (or V. DEPHiNiF6LiA). Leaves all palmately 
 divided or parted ; segments 2-3-cleft ; lobes linear. Prairies, 111. W. 
 
 V. palmata. Linn. COMMON BLUE V. Rootstocks matted, scaly- 
 toothed ; leaves erect and heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, obscurely 
 serrate, the later ones, 3-7-cleft or parted, with the sides at the base 
 rolled in when young, on long petioles ; flowers sometimes pale or varie- 
 gated with white. 
 
 The var. cucullata, Gray, has the later leaves merely crenate, not 
 lobed. Both forms very variable and common. 
 
 V. sagittata, Ait. ARROW-LEAVED V. Leaves varying from oblong- 
 heart-shaped to ovate and often rather halberd-shaped, toothed near base, 
 the earlier ones on short and margined petioles ; flower large in propor- 
 tion ; common.
 
 72 VIOLET FAMILY. 
 
 = = = Rootstock long and slender, extensively creeping; spur almost as 
 long as the beardless petals. 
 
 V. Selkirk!!, Pursh. SELKIRK'S V. Small, only 2' high, the rounded, 
 heart-shaped leaves spreading flat on the ground ; the flower large in pro- 
 portion ; on shady banks, only N. 
 
 -M- *-* Flowers (small) white, the lower petal purplish-veined. 
 
 V. blanda, Willd. SWEET WHITE V. Very common, with faintly 
 sweet-scented flowers ; petals mostly beardless ; leaves rounded heart- 
 shaped or kidney-shaped. 
 
 V. primulaef6lia. Linn. PRIMROSE-LEAVED V. Between the last and 
 next, has oblong or ovate leaves, abrupt or cordate at base ; petals spar- 
 ingly bearded. Toward the coast. 
 
 ' V. lanceolata, Linn. LANCE-LEAVED V. Leaves lanceolate, tapering 
 into long petioles ; petals beardless. Commonest E. and S. 
 
 .M. .. +H. Flowers yellow ; lateral petals with brown veins. 
 
 V. rotundifdlia, Michx. ROUND-LEAVED V. Leaves roundish, heart- 
 shaped, flat on the ground, becoming large and shining in summer ; spreads 
 by runners ; flowers small. In cold woods N., and S. in Alleghanies. 
 
 * * LEAFY-STEMMED VIOLETS, wild, perennial ; flowering in spring and 
 
 summer ; stipules not leaf-like. 
 
 *- Stipules entire ; spur very short. 
 ++ Stems 2-4r-leaved above, naked below ; flowers yellow, short-spurred. 
 
 V. pub^scena, Ait. DOWNY YELLOW V. Soft-downy, also a rather 
 smooth variety; leaves broadly heart-shaped; stipules large. Woods, 
 common. 
 
 V. hastata, Michx. HALBERD- LEAVED V. Smoother ; leaves halberd- 
 shaped or oblong-heart-shaped ; stipules small. Scarce W. and S. 
 
 -w- -M- Stems more leafy ; flowers white and violet. 
 
 V. Canaddnsis, Linn. CANADA V. Common in rich woods N. and 
 W. ; l-2 high, large-leaved ; flowers all summer ; the petals white or 
 purplish above, the upper ones violet-purple underneath ; spur very short 
 and blunt. 
 
 - - Stipules fringe-toothed ; spur oblong to cylindrical ; flowers white 
 or violet. 
 
 V. striata, Ait. PALEV. Low; flowers creamy- white, with lower petal 
 purple-lined ; spur short ; stipules large in proportion. Not rare N. and W. 
 
 V. rostrata, Pursh. LONG-SPURRED V. 6' high, and slender spur 
 longer than the pale violet, beardless petals. Fields N. and W. 
 
 V. canina, Linn. DOG V., the Amer. variety (var. Muhlenbergii, 
 Gray). Low, with creeping branches or short runners ; spur cylindric, 
 half the length of the violet flower ; lateral petals slightly bearded ; com- 
 mon in low grounds. 
 
 * * * PANSY VIOLETS, from Europe, with leafy and branching stems and 
 
 large, leaf-like stipules ; flowering through the spring and summer. 
 
 V. tricolor, Linn. PANSY or HEART'S-EASE. Cult, or running wild in 
 gardens, low, with roundish leaves or the upper oval and lowest heart- 
 shaped ; stipules lyrate-pinnatifid ; petals of various colors, and often 
 variegated, and under cultivation often very large and showy, the spur 
 short and blunt. Var. arvensis, is a field variety, slender and small- 
 flowered, thoroughly naturalized in some places, (j) 1J. 
 
 If. corn uta, Linn. HORNED V. Sometimes cult, in borders ; has stipules 
 merely toothed, and light violet-purple flowers with a very long and 
 slender spur. 2/ Pyrenees.
 
 PINK FAMILY. 73 
 
 2. SOLEA, GREEN VIOLET. (For William Sole, author of an essay 
 on British Mints.) 2/ 
 
 S. cdncolor, Ging. l-2 high ; stems leafy, with 1-3 small, 
 axillary flowers ; leaves oblong, entire. N. Y. to Kan. and S. 
 
 XVI. CARYOPHYLLACKE, PINK FAMILY. 
 
 Bland herbs, with opposite, entire leaves, regular flowers with 
 not over 10 stamens, a commonly 1-celled ovary with the ovules 
 rising from the bottom of the cell or on a central column, and 
 with 2-5 styles or sessile stigmas, mostly separate to the 
 base. (Lessons, p. 108, Figs. 331, 332.) Seeds with a slender 
 embryo on the outside of a mealy albumen, and usually curved 
 into a ring around it. Calyx persistent. Petals sometimes 
 minute or wanting. Two great divisions or tribes, viz. the true 
 PINK FAMILY and the CHICKWEED FAMILY. 
 
 I. PINK SUBFAMILY. Sepals (5) united below into a 
 tube or cup. Petals with slender claws, which are inclosed in 
 the calyx tube, and commonly raised within it (with the 10 
 stamens), on a sort of stalk, often with a cleft scale or crown 
 at the junction of the blade and claw. (Lessons, p. 90, Fig. 
 248.) Pod mostly opening at the top, many-seeded. 
 
 * Calyx with a scaly cup or set of bracts at its base; seeds attached by their face; 
 
 embryo nearly straight. 
 
 1. DIANTHUS. Calyx cylindrical, faintly many-striate. Petals without a crown. Styles 2. 
 * * Calyx naked at base; seeds attached by the edge; embryo curved. 
 
 2. SAPOXAKIA. Calyx cylindrical, pyramidal, or oblong, often angled, 5-toothed. Pod 
 
 4-valved at the top. 
 
 3. GYPSOPHILA. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, or thin and delicate below the sinuses. Pod 
 
 4-valved. Flowers small and panicled, resembling those of Sandwort, etc. 
 - -i- Styles 3 or more. 
 
 4. LYCHNIS. Styles 5, rarely 4. Calyx opening by 5 or more teeth. 
 
 5. SILENE. Styles 3. Calyx opening by 3-6 teeth. 
 
 II. CHICKWEED SUBFAMILY. Petals spreading, 
 without claws, occasionally wanting. Sepals (4 or 5) separate, 
 or united only at base, or rarely higher up. Flowers small, 
 compared with the Pink Family, and the plants usually low 
 and spreading or tufted. 
 
 * Without stipules ; generally with petals ; pod several-seeded. 
 +- Styles opposite the sepals, or when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud. 
 
 6. AEENARIA. Petals entire, rarely none. Styles commonly 3. Pod globular or oblong, 
 
 splitting into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles.
 
 74 PINK FAMILY. 
 
 7. STELLARIA. Ptals white, 2-olett, or sometimes none. Styles usually 8, sometime* 
 
 4. Pod globular or ovoid, splitting into twice as many valves as there are styles. 
 
 8. CEBASTIUM. Petals longer than the calyx, notched at the end or 2-cleft, rarely none. 
 
 Styles 6. Pods cylindrical, opening at the top by 10 teeth. 
 
 i- -c Styles 4 or 5, alternate icith the 4 or 5 sepalt. 
 
 9. 8AGINA. Petals entire or none. Pod splitting into 4 or 5 valves. Small plants, l'-6* 
 
 high, tufted. 
 
 * * With scarious stipules between the leaves, rather conspicuous and entire petals, 
 
 and a many-seeded 3-o-valved pod. 
 
 10. BTJDA. Leaves opposite. Styles usually 3. Flowers reddish, produced all summer. 
 
 11. 8PERGULA. Leaves in whorls. Styles 5, as many as the sepals and alternate with 
 
 them. Flowers otherwise as in Buda. 
 
 1. DIANTHUS, PINK. (Greek: Jove's flower.') All but the first 
 
 species cultivated for ornament ; flowers summer. 
 * Flowers sessile and many in a close cluster bracts lance-awl-shaped. 
 
 D. Armenia, Linn. DEPTFORD PINK, () A rather insignificant plant ; 
 leaves hairy, linear ; flowers very small, scentless ; petals rose-color with 
 whitish dots. Eu. Nat. eastward. 
 
 D. barbatus, Linn. SWEET WILLIAM or BCNCH PINK. Leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, green ; various colored flowers in a very flat-topped cluster ; 
 the petals sharply toothed. Abounds in all country gardens; many 
 double-flowered choice varieties. 11 Eu. 
 
 * * Flowers single at the ends of the branches; leaves narrow and often 
 grass-like, rather rigid, glabrous and glaucous, usually without any evi- 
 dent veins. 
 
 -t- Bracts linear, acute, as long as the calyx. (g) 
 
 D. ChinSnsis, Linn, (or D. HEDDEW!:GII). CHINA or INDIAN PINK. 
 Leaves lanceolate, short, and broad, less rigid than any of the following ; 
 the large petals toothed or cut, of various colors, red predominating. Nu- 
 merous garden varieties, dwarf, double and single-flowered, some with 
 deeply cut petals. 
 
 -+- Bracts short and mostly broad. 1L 
 - Petals deeply fringed. 
 
 D. plumarius, Linn. COMMON PINK of old gardens. A low, hardy 
 species, making broad tufts, with small, very glaucous leaves, sending up 
 flower-stems in early summer, the white, or pink, or variegated petals 
 cut into a fringe of slender lobes. Eu. 
 
 D. superbus, Linn. Taller, less tufted, and later-flowered; the large 
 petals entirely dissected into delicate, almost capillary divisions. Eu. 
 
 M- -M- Petals dentate or entire. 
 
 D. Caryophyllus, Linn. CARNATION, CLOVE PINK, PICOTEE, GRENA- 
 DINE, etc. Stems hard or almost woody below ; long-linear, very glaucous 
 leaves ; the bracts very short and broad. Various colors, as white, pink, 
 red, yellow, and variegated. In this country grown mostly indoors, but 
 there are many hardy border varieties. Eu. 
 
 D. deltoldes, Linn. A low plant (1 or so high) growing in mats ; 
 leaves short, narrowly lanceolate, roughish ; bracts sharp and half as long 
 as calyx-tube ; petals rose-color or white. Cult, from Eu. and occasion- 
 ally naturalized. 
 
 2. SAPONARIA, SOAPWORT. (Latin and common names from 
 the mucilaginous juice of the stem and root forming a lather. ) From 
 Eu. (Lessons, Fig. 248.)
 
 PINK FAMILY. 75 
 
 * Petals notched ; plants smooth. 
 
 S. officin&lis, Linn. COMMON S. or BOUNCING BET. l-2 high ; leaves 
 ovate or oval ; flowers rather large, rose-color or white, single or double, 
 in dense clusters ; the petals crowned ; calyx not angled. Cult, and 
 along roadsides. 2/ 
 
 S- Vaccaria, Linn. Cow HERB. Leaves lanceolate and pale, partly 
 clasping ; flowers pale red in loose open cyme ; calyx becoming strongly 
 winged. Cult, and runs wild. @ 
 
 * * Petals entire ; plant hairy. 
 
 S. ocymoldes, Linn. BASIL S. Profusely branched ; leaves ovate-lance- 
 olate acute ; calyx purplish, cylindric ; petal-limb not narrowed. Cult. If. 
 
 3. GYPSOPHILA. (Greek: loving gypsum, because preferring cal- 
 careous soil.) 
 
 G. pan icu fata, Linn. BABY'S BREATH. Very smooth, pale, l-2 high ; 
 with lance-linear leaves and branches repeatedly forking into very loose 
 and light cymes, bearing innumerable very small and delicate white 
 flowers. Cult. 2Z Eu. 
 
 G. elegans, Eieb. ELEGANT G. l-2 high, loosely spreading ; with 
 lanceolate leaves much larger (' broad) and fewer flowers, white or 
 slightly rosy. Cult. Caucasus. 
 
 G. murafis, Linn. Low, leaves very narrowly linear ; flowers purplish 
 on slender pedicels solitary in the forks. Sparingly naturalized from Eu. 
 and cult. 
 
 4. LYCHNIS. (Greek : lamp, an old name applied to some flame- 
 colored species.) All from the Old World ; flowers summer. 
 
 1. Calyx icith long, leaf-like lobes; petals not crowned. 
 
 L. Githago, Lam. CORN COCKLE. Hairy, with long, linear leaves, and 
 long-peduncled, showy, red-purple flowers ; in fruit the calyx-lobes fall- 
 ing off. A weed in grainfields, the black seeds injurious to the grain. 
 
 2. Calyx without long, leaf-like lobes ; petals crowned with a 2-cleft little 
 scale or pair of teeth on the base of the blade or at the top of the claw. 1L 
 * Flowers in dense cymes, 1' or less broad. 
 
 L. Chalceddnica, Linn. SCARLET L. Very common in country gardens ; 
 tall, rather hairy, and coarse, with lance-ovate, partly clasping green leaves, 
 and a very dense, flat-topped cluster of many smallish flowers ; the bright 
 scarlet or brick-red petals deeply 2-lobed. 
 
 L Viscaria, Linn. Occasional in gardens; smooth, but the slender 
 stem glutinous towards the top ; leaves linear ; flowers many, in a narrow, 
 raceme-like cluster, rather small ; calyx tubular or club-shaped ; petals 
 pink-red, slightly notched ; also a double-flowered variety. 
 
 L. alplna, Linn. Dwarf, 6' high, tufted ; quite smooth ; leaves crowded ; 
 flowers in a round-topped cluster, petals deeply notched. Perhaps a var. 
 of the preceding. Eu. 
 
 * * Flowers few or single, very large (2' or more). 
 
 L. grand/flora, Jacq. Smooth ; leaves oblong, tapering to both ends ; 
 flowers short peduncled ; the red or scarlet petals fringe-toothed at the 
 end. Cult, from China. 
 
 L. fulgens, Fischer. Hairy, l-2 high; leaves ovate-lanceolate; 
 flowers bright vermilion ; petals deeply cleft, with 2 linear, awl-shaped, 
 lateral lobes. Siberia.
 
 76 PINK FAMILY. 
 
 * * * Flowers smaller, scattered or in loose clusters. 
 +- Petal limb slightly notched. 
 
 L. coronaria, Lam. MULLEIN LYCHNIS, DUSTY MILLER or MULLEIN 
 PINK. Cult, in gardens ; the flower crimson and like that of CORN 
 COCKLE ; teeth of the calyx short and slender ; plant white-cottony ; leaves 
 oval or oblong. @ 2L 
 
 +- H- Petal limb cleft into ^-linear lobes. 
 
 L Flos-cucu/i, Linn. CUCKOO L. RAGGED ROBIN is the double-flowered 
 variety, in gardens. Slightly downy and glutinous, with lanceolate leaves, 
 and an open panicle of pink-red flowers. 
 
 -i- i- I- Petal limb 2-cleft. 
 
 L. diurna, Sibth. DAY-BLOOMING L. Double-flowered form also called 
 RAGGED ROBIN in the gardens ; smoothish or soft-hairy, slightly sticky ; 
 leaves oblong or lance-ovate, the upper ones pointed ; flowers scattered 
 or somewhat clustered on the branches, rose-red or white, opening in 
 morning. 
 
 L. vespertlna, Sibth. EVENING-BLOOMING L. Sticky pubescent ; calyx 
 ovate, enlarging ; the flowers commonly dioecious, white, and open after 
 sunset ; the root biennial. But a full, double, day-flowering perennial 
 variety in gardens, is a white sort of RAGGED ROBIN. A weed in some 
 waste grounds, (g) 
 
 5. SILENE, CATCHFLY. (Greek, saliva; both names refer to the 
 sticky exudation on stems and calyx of several species, by which small 
 insects are often caught.) Flowers mostly all summer. (Lessons, 
 Figs. 259, 356.) 
 
 * Calyx inflated or bladdery; petals rather small, white, crownless or 
 
 nearly so ; not sticky. 2/ 
 
 S. stellata, Ait. STARRY CAMPION. Smooth; stem slender, 2-3 
 high ; leaves in whorls of 4, lance-ovate, pointed ; flowers in a long and 
 loose panicle ; petals cut into a fringe. Wild on wooded banks. 
 
 S. Cucubafus, Wibel. (or S. INFLATA). BLADDER CAMPION. Glaucous 
 or pale and very smooth, 1 high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, oppo- 
 site ; flowers loosely cymose ; the bladdery calyx veiny ; petals 2-cleft. 
 Nat. from Eu. , N. Eng. to HI. 
 
 * * Calyx inflated; sticky pubescent; petals red or white, crowned. 
 
 S. pSndu/a, Linn. Whole plant reddish. Leaves oval-lanceolate, op- 
 posite ; calyx obovate, purplish, the nerves darker ; petals deeply notched. 
 Cult, from S. Eu. 
 
 * * * Calyx not inflated, oblong, tubular, or club-shaped; somewhat sticky 
 
 pubescent; icild species with crowned pink or red petals. 2i 
 
 S. Fennsylvanica, Michx. PENNSYLVANIAN C. or WILD PINK. Stems 
 4'-8' high, bearing 2 or 3 pairs of lanceolate leaves and a cluster of short- 
 stalked middle-sized flowers in spring ; petals pink-red, wedge-shaped, 
 slightly notched. Gravelly soil. N. Eng. to Ky. and S. 
 
 S. Virginica, Linn. VIRGINIAN C. or FIRE PINK. l-2 high ; leaves 
 spatulate or lanceolate ; flowers few, peduncled ; the pretty, large, bright, 
 crimson-red petals 2-cleft. Open woods W. and S. 
 
 S. rfegia, Sims. ROYAL C. Like the last, but 3 high, with lance- 
 ovate leaves, numerous short-peduncled flowers in a narrow panicle, and 
 narrower, scarlet-red petals, scarcely cleft. Prairies, etc., Ohio to Mo. 
 andS.
 
 PINK FAMILY. 77 
 
 **** Calyx not inflated ; petals crowned. Weeds or cult. 
 
 1- Smooth, apart of each of the tipper joint of stems glutinous; flowers 
 small. 
 
 S. Armenia, Linn. SWEET WILLIAM C. Stem about 1 high ; flowers 
 showy in flat-topped cymes ; calyx slender, club-shaped ; petals notched, 
 bright pink, or a white variety, opening only in sunshine ; leaves lance- 
 ovate, glaucous. Eu. Cult, and escaped. 
 
 S. compacta, Fischer. 12'-18' high ; flowers in dense cymes (almost 
 fascicled) ; petals with an obovate, entire, or erose limb, (g) Cult, from 
 Caucasus. 
 
 S. antirrhina, Linn. SLEEPY C. Stem slender, 8'-30' high, rather 
 simple ; flowers very small, panicled ; calyx ovoid ; petals rose-color, ob- 
 cordate, opening only at midday in sunshine ; leaves lanceolate or linear. 
 Dry soil ; common. 
 
 H- -i- All over sticky-hairy ; naturalized from Eu. 
 
 S. noctifldra, Linn. NIGHT-FLOWERING C. Tall coarse weed in cult, or 
 waste grounds ; lower leaves spatulate, upper lanceolate and pointed ; 
 flowers single or in loose clusters terminating the branches, with awl- 
 shaped calyx-teeth and white or pale rosy 2-parted petals, opening at night- 
 fall or in cloudy weather. 
 
 6. ARENARIA, SANDWOKT. (Latin : sand, in which several species 
 grow. ) Plants of various habit, usually low and tufted. All the f ollow- 
 ing are wild, also some others less common. Flowers spring and sum- 
 mer. (Lessons, Figs. 215, 331, 332.) 
 
 * Petals inconspicuous, ichite. 
 
 A . serpylliiblia, Linn. 2'-6' high ; stems erect, roughish, much branched ; 
 leaves ovate, pointed ; flowers in leafy cymes ; petals scarcely longer than 
 the 3-5-nerved pointed sepals. (I) Sandy or gravelly waste places. Eu. 
 
 A. diffdsa, Ell. SPREADING S. Plant soft-downy ; stems diffusely 
 branched, prostrate, 1 or more long ; leaves lanceolate ; peduncles lat- 
 eral, 1 -flowered; petals shorter than the sepals or none. %. Shady 
 grounds S. 
 
 * * Petals conspicuous, longer than the calyx, white. ~H 
 - Leaves small, rigid, aid-shaped or bristle-shaped; 3'-6' high. 
 
 A. Caroliniana, Walt, (or A. QUARR6sA). PINE-BARREN S. Densely 
 tufted from a deep root ; leaves imbricated but spreading, obscuring the 
 internodes ; sepals obtuse. In sand, coast of N. J. and S. 
 
 A. Michatixii, Hook.f. Usually diffuse from a small root; inter- 
 nodes evident ; leaves with many others, clustered in the axils ; sepals 
 acute. Rocks and wooded banks N. and W. 
 
 *- - Leaves soft and herbaceous, filiform-linear ; petals refuse or notched. 
 
 A. patula, Michx. Minutely pubescent, diffusely branched filiform 
 stems, 6'-10' long ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5-nerved. Va., W. 
 to Kansas. ^ ^ +. Leaves oval, oblong, or ovate. 
 
 A. laterifldra. Linn. SIDE-FLOWERING S. Plant minutely downy ; 
 stem erect, 3'-10' high, sparingly branching ; peduncles few-flowered, 
 soon becoming lateral by the farther growth of the leafy stem ; leaves 
 oval or oblong. Gravelly shores and banks, N. and W. 
 
 A. peploldes, Linn. SEA S. 6'-10' high ; leaves very fleshy, ovate ; 
 flowers axillary. Sands of seashore N.
 
 78 PINK FAMILY. 
 
 7. STELLARIA, CHICKWEED STAR WORT. (Latin: stella, a 
 star.) Flowers spring and summer. (Lessons, Figs. 345, *31, 432.) 
 
 * Stems weak and spreading, marked with pubescent lines ; leaves broad. 
 
 S. media, Smith. COMMON CHICKWEED. Leaves ovate or oblong, the 
 lower on hairy petioles ; petals shorter than the calyx, 2-parted ; stamens 
 3-10. In all damp cult, grounds. 
 
 S. pfcbera, Michx. GREAT C. Leaves oblong or oval, sessile ; petals 
 longer than the calyx, 2-cleft. 2/ Shaded rocks, Penn., S. , and W. 
 
 * * Wholly glabrous ; stems erect or spreading ; leaves narrow, sessile. 2/ 
 
 -H- Petals 2-parted, equaling or surpassing calyx ; bracts scale-like. 
 
 3. longifdlia, Muhl. LONG-LEAVED S. or STITCHWORT. Stem weak 
 with rough angles, 8'-18' high ; leaves linear, widely spreading, acutish at 
 both ends ; flowers numerous on slender, spreading pedicels, in a very loose 
 cyme ; petals 2-parted, longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. Common 
 in damp grassy places N. 
 
 8. Idngipes, Goldie. Very smooth ; leaves ascending, lanceolate, or 
 linear-lanceolate, broadest at base ; flowers on long, strictly erect pedicels ; 
 seeds smooth. Rare in N. U. S. ; commoner in Canada. 
 
 S. graminea, Linn. Like the last ; leaves broadest above the base ; 
 pedicels widely spreading ; seeds wrinkled. Nat. from Eu. A yellow- 
 leaved variety is sometimes used in carpet bedding. 
 
 -i- -i- Petals shorter than calyx or 0; bracts leaf-like. 
 
 8. borealis, Bigel. NORTHERN S. Stem 3'-10' high, forking repeatedly 
 and with flowers in the forks of the leafy branches ; leaves broadly lan- 
 ceolate or narrow-oblong. Wet grassy places N. 
 
 8. CBRASTITTM, MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. (Greek: horn; 
 referring to the pod of some species. Popular name from the shape 
 and soft hairiness of the leaves of the common species.) 
 
 * Flowers inconspicuous, the deeply 2-cleft petals being shorter or little 
 
 longer than the calyx; flowering all summer, white. 
 
 C. viscdsum, Linn. An insignificant soft-hairy weed ; stems erect, 
 4'-9' high, slightly clammy ; leaves ovate or obovate, small ; pedicels in 
 fruit and petals shorter than the acute sepals. E. and S.; not common. 
 
 C. vulgatum, Linn. LARGER M. Stems spreading, 6'-15' long, clammy- 
 hairy ; leaves oblong ; pedicels becoming longer than the calyx ; petals as 
 long as the obtuse sepals. (2) 2/ Common in grassy places. 
 
 C. nutans, Raf. Clammy-pubescent, erect, 6'-18' high, becoming 
 very loosely many -flowered and branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; 
 petals longer than calyx ; pods thrice the length of the calyx, nodding on 
 the slender flower-stalk and curved upwards. In moist grounds. 
 
 * * Flowers conspicuous, the snowy white petals 2 or 3 times the length of 
 
 the calyx ; plants forming matted tufts. 11 
 
 C. arv^nse, Linn. FIELD M. Downy but green ; leaves linear to 
 narrowly lanceolate ; flowering stems 4'-6' high, few-flowered ; petals 
 notched at the end ; pod scarcely longer than calyx. Dry fields, etc. 
 
 The var. oblongif61ium is larger, with oblong leaves and pod twice as 
 long as calyx. Var. villdsum is densely villous. European forms are 
 sometimes grown for ornament. 
 
 C. tomentdsum, Linn. COTTONY M. Shoots spreading, crowded with 
 oblong or linear white-woolly leaves making dense silvery mats ; flower- 
 buds and pedicels densely woolly ; petals deeply 2-cleft. Cult, from Eu.
 
 PURSLANE FAMILY. 79 
 
 9. SAGINA, PEARL WORT. (Latin : sagina, fattening ; of no appli- 
 cation to these plants.) Small and insignificant plants, only two 
 
 S. proctimbens, Linn. Smooth; parts of the flower in fours as a 
 rule ; the petals (sometimes 0) shorter than the ovate obtuse sepals. 
 Moist places. N. or 11 
 
 S. decrimbeng, Torr. & Gray. Pedicels, calyx, and margins of upper 
 leaves at first glandular pubescent ; parts of the flower in fives ; pod 
 nearly twice length of acutish sepals. Mass, to Mo., and common S. 
 
 10. BUDA, SAND SPURREY. (After the city of this name prob- 
 ably.) Small herbs with scaly- membranaceous stipules, with red or 
 white flowers, mostly near the seacoast. Known also as Spergularia 
 and Tissa. 2/ ? 
 
 B. rubra, Dumort. Smoothish, prostrate in tufts ; leaves thread-shaped ; 
 pod and pink-red corolla hardly equaling or exceeding the calyx ; seeds 
 rough, wingless, half-obovate. Common in sand or gravel, along roads 
 and paths, E., quite away from salt water. 
 
 B. marina, Dumort. Larger and more fleshy, only in brackish sands ; 
 with short pedicels, pale corolla ; pod longer than the calyx, and rough, 
 obovate-rounded (narrow- winged or wingless) seeds. Variable. 
 
 11. SFERGULA, SPURREY. (Latin: spargo, scatter, i.e. its 
 
 S. arvensis, Linn. CORN S. Stems 1 or so high, bearing several 
 thread-shaped leaves in the whorls, and terminating in a panicle of white 
 flowers. A weed in grainfields ; cult, in Eu. as a forage plant for 
 sheep. 
 
 XVH. PORTULACACKffi, PURSLANE FAMILY. 
 
 Succulent-leaved herbs, with 2 sepals and 5 petals, the 
 stamens sometimes many, sometimes few and then one before 
 each petal; ovary 1-celled, becoming a pod, with many or few 
 kidney-shaped seeds on a central placenta, or on slender seed- 
 stalks from the base. Seeds as in the Pink Family. 
 
 Stamens more numerous than the petals ; flowers opening only once, in sunshine. 
 
 1. PORTULACA. Style cleft into several slender divisions. Lower part of the ovary and 
 
 many-seeded pod united with the bottom of the calyx ; the upper part when mature 
 falling off as a lid. Leafy and branching, low and spreading, with fleshy, sessile leaves. 
 
 2. TALINUM. Style 3-lobed at the summit. Calyx free from the ovary, deciduous. Pod 
 
 3-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 8. CALANDEINIA. Style 3-cleft at the summit. Calyx free from the ovary, persistent, 
 inclosing the 3-valved many-seeded pod. 
 
 * * Stamens 5, one attached to the base of each petal ; flowers opening for more than 
 one day. 
 
 4. CLAYTONIA. Style 3-cleft at the summit. Calyx persistent, free from the few-seeded 
 pod. Low smooth herbs, ours producing only a pair of stem leaves and a short 
 raceme of flowers. Stem simple, often from a round tuber.
 
 80 PURSLANE FAMILY. 
 
 1. FORTULACA, PURSLANE. (Old Latin name of unknown mean- 
 ing.) Flowering all summer. (Lessons, Figs. 272, 404.) 
 
 P. oleracea, Linn. COMMOM P. Very smooth, with prostrate stems, 
 obovate or wedge-shaped leaves, and small, sessile flowers opening only in 
 bright sunshine and for a short time ; the petals pale yellow. The com- 
 monest garden weed, sometimes used as a pot-herb. There is a cultivated 
 form with much stronger and erect stems, and larger and lighter-colored 
 leaves, excellent as a pot-herb. Eu. 
 
 P. grandifldra, Lindl. ROSE Moss. Cult, from S. Amer. and thriving 
 in the hottest sand, bearing large and handsome red, yellow, or white 
 flowers, single or double, and short terete leaves. 
 
 2. TALINUM. (Name unexplained.) One wild species in some 
 places. 
 
 T. teretif6lium, Pursh. TERETE-LEAVED T. Low and smooth, with 
 thick and fleshy root ; stems short ; leaves crowded, linear, terete ; peduncle 
 slender, naked, many-flowered ; petals pink ; style equaling stamens. 
 Rocks or sands Penn., W. and S. Flowering all summer. # 
 
 3. CALANDRINIA. (Named for a Swiss botanist, Calandrini.) 
 Cultivated for ornament in gardens ; flowering all summer. 
 
 * Erect (1-H high). 
 
 C. disco/or, Schrad. Very glabrous, making a rosette of fleshy spatu- 
 late leaves at the root (these glaucous above and tinged with purple 
 beneath), and sending up a naked flower-stem, bearing a raceme of large, 
 rose-purple flowers, 2' in diameter. Cult, as an annual, from Chile. 
 
 C. grandifldra, Lindl. Somewhat woody ; leaves mostly radical, fleshy, 
 rhomboid ; rosy flowers, 2' diameter, in a loose, naked, raceme. A half- 
 hardy annual from Chile. 
 
 * * Low (6 ; or less') and spreading. 
 
 C. Menziesii, Hook. MENZIES' C. Leafy-stemmed; leaves bright 
 green and tender, lance-spatulate ; crimson flowers nearly 1' broad, in a 
 short, leafy raceme. Oregon and California. 
 
 C. umbellata, DC. Leaves mostly radical, linear, acute, hairy ; flowers 
 purple-crimson, in a close corymb, 1' diameter, (g) Chile ; half-hardy. 
 
 4. CLAYTONIA, SPRING BEAUTY. (Named for John Clayton, 
 an early botanist in Virginia.) Low herbs, in rich land. 
 
 * Stem simple from a round tuber ; leaves separate. 1J. 
 
 C. Virgfnica, Linn. SPRING BEAUTY. Leaves linear-lanceolate ; 
 flowers rose-color with pink veins. One of the prettiest of early spring 
 flowers. 
 
 C. Caroliniana, Michx. BROADER-LEAVED S. Smaller than the pre- 
 ceding, with oblong-spatulate or lance-oblong leaves only 1' or 2' long. 
 In rich woods ; commonest N. and along the Alleghanies. 
 
 * * Hoot fibrous; leaves connate under the cluster of small, whitish 
 flowers. 
 
 C. perfoliata, Donn. From the Pacific Coast and Mexico and Cuba, 
 With long-spatulate root-leaves, is grown somewhat as a salad plant.
 
 ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. 81 
 
 XVIH. TAMARISCINE.fi, TAMARISK FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees of the Old World, represented in orna- 
 mental grounds by 
 
 1. TAMARIX, TAMARISK. (From the Tamaris, now Tambre, 
 a small river of Spain.) Sepals and petals 4 or 5, persistent, or the 
 latter withering, and stamens as many or twice as many, all on the 
 receptacle. Ovary pointed, 1-celled, bearing many ovules on three 
 parietal placentae next the base ; styles 3. Seeds with a plume of hairs 
 at the apex. Shrubs or small trees of peculiar aspect, with minute and 
 scale-shaped or awl-shaped, alternate leaves, appressed on the slender 
 branches, and small white or purplish flowers in spikes or racemes. 
 The one chiefly seen in this country is 
 
 T. G&llica, Linn. FRENCH T. Barely hardy N., often killed to the 
 ground, a picturesque, delicate shrub, rather Cypress-like in aspect, 
 glaucous- whitish, the minute leaves clasping the branches, nearly ever- 
 green where the climate permits ; parts of the flower in 5's ; in spring. 
 
 XIX. HYPERICACRffi, ST. JOHN'S-WOKT FAMILY. 
 
 Leaves opposite, entire, simple, chiefly sessile, punctate with 
 translucent and commonly with some blackish dots ; perfect 
 flowers with many or few stamens (usually in 3 or 5 clusters) 
 inserted on the receptacle, and a pod either 1-celled with pari- 
 etal placentae or 3-7-celled (Lessons, p. 108, Figs. 335, 336), 
 filled with many small seeds. Juice resinous and acrid. 
 
 * No glands between the stamens. Petals convolute in the bud. 
 
 1. ASCTEUM. Sepals 4 ; the outer pair very broad, the inner small and narrow. Petals 
 
 4, yellow. Stamens many. Ovary 1-celled. Leafy-stemmed, woody at base, with 
 2-dged branches. 
 
 2. HYPEEICUM. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens many, rarely few, often united in 3-5 
 
 clusters. Herbs or shrubs, with cymose yellow flowers. 
 * * Large gland between each of the 3 sets of stamens. Petals imbricated in the bud. 
 
 3. ELODES. Sepals erect and flesh-colored. Petals 5. Stamens 9 to 12, united in 3 sets. 
 
 Ovary 8-celled. Flowers in close, axillary clusters. Leaves pale, often purple-veined 
 oblong or ovate, and produced all summer. Petals pale purple or flesh-color, equal- 
 sided, erect. In water or wet bogs. 
 
 1. ASCYRUM, ST. PETER'S- WORT. (Greek: without roughness.} 
 Wild in pine barrens, etc., chiefly S. Flowers summer. 2/ 
 * A pair ofbractlets on the pedicel ; styles short. 
 
 A. steins. Michx. COMMON ST. PETER'S-WORT. Stems 2-3 high ; 
 leaves thickish, somewhat clasping, oval or oblong ; flowers large, with 
 obovate petals and 3 or 4 styles. From Long Island, S. 
 
 A. Crux-Andreae, Linn. ST. ANDREW'S CROSS. Low ; stems spread- 
 ing ; leaves thinnish, narrow-oblong and tapering to the base ; flowers 
 rather small, with linear-oblong, pale yellow petals; only 2 styles. From 
 New Jersey to Illinois, W. 
 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. EOT. 6
 
 82 ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. 
 
 * Pedicels bractless; styles longer than the ovary; in Ga. and Fla. 
 
 A. amplexicaule, Michx. Shrub 2-3 high, with cordate-ovate 
 clasping leaves. 
 A. pfrmilum, Michx. 6' or less high, with oblong-ovate leaves. 
 
 2. HYPERICUM, ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (Greek : of unknown mean- 
 ing.) Flowers in summer, mostly yellow. (Lessons, Figs. 328, 329, 
 335, 336, 396, 423.) 
 
 * Stamens very numerous, in 5 clusters ; styles 5. 2/ 
 
 H. Ascyron, Linn. GREAT ST. JOHN'S- WORT. Strong woody herb 
 (2-5 high) with angled branches ; leaves ovate-oblong and somewhat 
 clasping ; petals narrowly obovate, withering before they fall, 1' long, 
 showy. River banks. N. and W. 
 
 H. MOSERI\NUM, a recent introduction to gardens, said to be a hybrid 
 of the European species H. calycinum and H. patulum, is a very hand- 
 some woody herb, with large golden-yellow flowers 2' across, the petals 
 broad and more or less notched at the end, and the yellow stamens red- 
 tipped. 
 
 * * Stamens very numerous, scarcely clustered; styles 3 (except in the 
 first), more or less united. 2Z 
 
 H- Bushy shrubs, l-6 high, leafy to the top. 
 M- Leaves deciduous ; Northern and Southern. 
 
 H. Kalmianum. Linn. KALM'S S. Low shrub, with glaucous, linear 
 to oblanceolate leaves, and flowers 1 wide ; stamens almost distinct ; 
 stigmas not capitate ; pod J' long. Wild at Niagara Falls and northern 
 lakes. Also cult. 
 
 H. prolificum. Linn. SHRUBBY S. Like the last, but leaves scarcely 
 glaucous, lance-oblong or linear ; pod '-' long. From N. J., west to 
 Minn., and south. 
 
 H. densifldrum. Pursh. Tall, 5-6 high, very much branched above ; 
 flowers '-' wide ; pods '-' long. N. J. to Tex. 
 
 M- ++ Evergreen or nearly so ; Carolina and S. 
 
 H. fasciculatum, Lam. FASCICLED S. Leaves narrow-linear and 
 small, and with shorter ones clustered in the axils ; pod narrow. Wet 
 pine barrens. 
 
 H. myrtif61ium, Lam. MYRTLE-LEAVED S. Leaves heart-shaped and 
 partly clasping, thick, glaucous ; pod conical. Wet pine barrens. 
 
 H. atureum, Bartram. GOLDEN S. Leaves oblong with a narrow base, 
 glaucous beneath ; thick ; flowers mostly single, very large (2' broad), 
 orange-yellow ; pod ovate. River banks towards the mountains. Also 
 cult. 
 
 H. midifl6rum, Michx. NAKED-CLUSTERED S. Shrubby and ever- 
 green S., less so in Virginia, etc., has 4-angled branches, oblong pale 
 leaves, and a peduncled, naked cyme of rather small flowers ; pods conical. 
 
 - -*- Herbs, sometimes a little woody at the base. 
 ++ Pod incompletely 3-4-celled. 
 
 H. galioldes, Lam. Leaves- linear-oblanceolate, narrowed downward 
 and almost petioled ; flowers small, in terminal and axillary cymes. Del. 
 to Ga. and E. Tenn. 
 
 H. adpre"ssum. Barton. 1 high ; leaves ascending, lanceolate, often 
 acute ; flowers few ; stem angled. Low grounds, R. I., Penn., and Ga.
 
 ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. 83 
 
 *+ *+ Pod plainly l-celled, with 3 parietal placenta. 
 = Leaves very narrow. 
 
 H. dolabrif6rme, Vent. Branched from decumbent base 6'-20' high ; 
 leaves linear-lanceolate, mostly acute ; cyme few flowered, leafy ; sepals 
 oblong or ovate-lanceolate, i' long; pod ovate-conic, pointed. Ky. and 
 Tenn. 
 
 H. cistif61ium, Lam. CISTUS-LEAVED S. Nearly simple, l-2 high ; 
 leaves diverging, oblong-linear (2' long), mostly obtuse ; flowers numerous, 
 small, in a naked flat cyme ; sepals ovate ; pod globular. Rocky banks, 
 0. to Iowa and S. 
 
 H. elllpticum, Hook. ELLIPTICAL-LEAVED S. 10'-20' high ; leaves 
 spreading, oblong, thin ; flowers rather few, pale ; sepals oblong ; the pod 
 purple, ovoid, very obtuse. Wet soil, N. 
 
 H. virgatum, Lam. BRANCHY S. Wet pine barrens from New Jersey 
 S. Stem sharply 4-angled (l-2 high), smooth ; leaves ovate or lance- 
 oblong ; flowers scattered along the ascending branches of the cyme, 
 small, copper-yellow ; styles slender. 
 
 H. pildsum, Walt. HAIRY S. Wet pine barrens S. Stem terete, 
 and with the lance-ovate leaves roughish-downy ; styles short. 
 
 * * * Stamens many in 3 or 5 clusters; styles 3, not united; petals with 
 black dots. 2Z 
 
 H. perforatum, Linn. COMJION S. Upright stems branching ; leaves 
 oblong or linear- oblong, with pellucid dots ; flowers rather large, in open 
 leafy cymes ; the deep yellow petals twice the length of the lanceolate, 
 acute sepals ; juice very acrid. Nat. from Eu., a troublesome weed in 
 fields, etc. ; spreads by runners from the base. 
 
 H. maculatum, Walt. SPOTTED S. Stem 2 high, sparingly branched ; 
 leaves oblong, slightly clasping, having black as well as pellucid dots ; 
 flowers rather small, crowded ; petals light yellow and black-lined as well 
 as dotted ; sepals oblong ; styles not longer than the pod. Common. 
 
 * * Stamens definite (5-12), distinct or in 3 clusters ; styles 3, not 
 united ; stems 4-angled. 
 
 *- Leaves conspicuous and spreading ; flowers in cymes. 
 
 H. mtltilum, Linn. SMALL S. Slender, much-branched and leafy up 
 to the flowers, 6'-20' high ; leaves partly clasping, thin, 5-nerved, ovate 
 or oblong ; petals pale yellow. Common in low grounds. 
 
 H. gymnanthum, Engelm. & Gray. Stem almost simple, strict, l-3 
 high ; leaves clasping, the floral ones reduced to awl-shaped bracts. 
 
 H. Canade"nse, Linn. Stem and branches strictly erect ; leaves linear 
 or lanceolate, 3-nerved at the base ; petals copper-yellow. Wet sandy soil. 
 
 *- H- Leaves erect, awl-shaped or scale-like and minute; flowers very 
 small and scattered along the numerous bushy and wiry slender branches. 
 
 H. Drummdndii. Torr. & Gray. Leaves linear-awl- shaped ; flowers 
 short-pediceled ; pods not longer than the calyx. 111., W. and S. 
 
 H. nudicaiile^Walt. ORANGE GRASS or PINEWEED. Leaves reduced to 
 minute, awl-shapetl, appressed scales ; flowers sessile on the wiry branches ; 
 slender pods much exceeding the calyx. Common in dry, sterile soil. 
 
 3. ELODES, MARSH ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (Greek: marsh.') 2/ 
 
 E. campanulata, Pursh. l-2 high ; leaves closely sessile or clasp- 
 ing by a broad base ; filaments united below the middle. Swamps. 
 
 E. petiolata, Pursh. Taller ; leaves tapering into a short petiole ; 
 filaments united beyond the' middle. Va., S. and W.
 
 84 CAMELLIA OR TEA FAMILY. 
 
 XX. TERNSTR(EMIACRffi, CAMELLIA or TEA FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple, feather-veined leaves, 
 and no stipules ; the flowers large and showy, mostly axillary, 
 regular, with both sepals and petals imbricated in the bud; 
 the very numerous stamens with filaments more or less united 
 at the base with each other and with the base of the corolla ; 
 ovary 5 oo-celled, with one or more seeds in each cell. Petals 
 5 or 6 or even more, commonly more or less united at their base. 
 
 * Woody climber ; styles many ; fruit a berry. 
 
 1. ACTINIDIA. Ovary many -celled ; the styles as many and divergent from their base. 
 
 Seeds small. Leaves bristly hairy, thin. 
 
 * Erect shrubs or trees; styles 1-5 ; fruit a woody dehiscent pod. 
 +- Some of the inner stamens distinct. 
 
 2. CAMELLIA. Style 3-5-cleft. Seeds large, usually single in each cell of the thick and 
 
 woody pod. Leaves smooth, evergreen, serrate. 
 
 -i- -K Stamens all united at the base. 
 
 3. STUAKTIA. Stamens uniformly united by a short ring at the base of the filaments. 
 
 Seeds 2 in each cell, wingless. Leaves thin and deciduous. Flowers white, 2'-4' wide. 
 
 4. GOKDONIA. Stamens in 5 clusters, on a cup on the white petals. Style columnar ; 
 
 stigma 5-rayed. Seeds several, more or less winged. Leaves coriaceous or thickish. 
 
 1. ACTINIDIA. (Greek : a ray, from the radiate styles.) 
 
 A. polygama, Planch. Leaves elliptic, acuminate ; flowers solitary or 
 as many as 3 together, white, fragrant, 1' wide ; berry edible. Japan. 
 
 2. CAMELLIA. (For G. Cornelius, or Kamel, a missionary to China 
 in the 17th cent.) 
 
 * Numerous separate inner stamens icithin the ring formed by the united 
 bases of the outer. 
 
 C. Japdnica, Linn. JAPAN CAMELLIA. With oval or oblong, pointed, 
 shining, sharply serrate leaves, and terminal or nearly terminal flowers, 
 simple or double, red, white, or variegated, of very many varieties. The 
 only common species ; flowers through the winter, hardy only S. 
 
 C. Sasdn^ua, Thunb. Leaves obtusely serrate, and flowers smaller. 
 
 C. reticulata, Lindley. Differs from the preceding in having acuminate, 
 veiny leaves, not shining, and flowers rose-red, to 9' wide. 
 
 * * Separate inner stamens, as many as the petals (5 or 6). 
 
 C. Thea, Link. TEA PLANT. Leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate, 
 much longer than wide ; the white flowers (!' or more broad) nodding 
 on short stalks in their axils. Includes T. V^RIDIS and Tj. BOHEA. 
 
 3. STUARTIA. (Named for John Stuart, the Lord Bute at the tune 
 of the American Revolution.) Ornamental shrubs. 
 
 * Style 1 ; pod not sharply angled. 
 
 S. Virginica, Cav. Shrub 8-12 high, with finely serrate leaves soft- 
 downy underneath, pure white petals, purple stamens ; pod globular. 
 Low country, from Va., S.
 
 MALLOW FAMILY. 85 
 
 S. Pseudo-Camellia, Maxim, (or S. GRANDIFI^RA). Leaves smooth, 2'-3' 
 long ; flowers 2' wide ; the serrate sepals and erose petals densely silky-hairy 
 outside ; anthers orange ; pod ovoid. Japan. Hardier N. than the native 
 species. ^ # Styleg g . pod sharply 5. ang i ed and pointed. 
 
 S. pentagyna, L'Her. Leaves smooth, 5'-6' long, and very handsome 
 flowers, their petals (often 6) jagged-edged and tinged with cream-color, 
 the sepals often reddish outside; orange anthers. Mts. of Ky., Car., and 
 S. Cult. Hardy N. 
 
 4. GORDONIA, (Named for Dr. Gordon and a London nurseryman 
 of the same name.) 
 
 G. Lasianthus, Linn. LOBLOLLY BAT. Usually a small tree, but 
 reaching 6<P-75 ; leaves evergreen and smooth lance-oblong, tapering to 
 the base and minutely serrate ; flowers 2'-3' across, white, in summer on 
 slender peduncles ; stamens short, on a 5-lobed cup ; pod pointed. Swamps 
 near the coast from Va., S., rarer W. Also cult. 
 
 G. pubescens, L'Her., also called FRAXKLfxiA, after Dr. Franklin. 
 A tall, ornamental shrub or small tree, with thinner and deciduous lance- 
 obovate leaves, whitish-downy beneath ; flowers on short, stout peduncles 
 in autumn ; stamens directly on the petals ; pod globular. Native of Ga. , 
 but no longer known wild. 
 
 XXI MALVACEJS, MALLOW FAMILY. 
 
 Known by the monadelphous numerous stamens, their tube 
 connected with the base of the petals, kidney-shaped, 1-celled 
 anthers (Lessons, Figs. 286, 298), the calyx valvate, and the 
 corolla convolute in the bud. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, 
 palmately veined and often lobed leaves, evident stipules, and 
 regular flowers, the true sepals and the petals 5. There is 
 commonly an involucre of several bracts resembling an outer 
 calyx. Seeds kidney -shaped ; the leafy cotyledons crumpled 
 or doubled up in some mucilaginous albumen. Innocent 
 plants, mucilaginous, with a very tough fibrous bark. 
 
 1. Anthers all borne in a cluster at the top of the short tube of filaments. 
 
 * Ovaries numerous and separate, crowded in a head, in fruit becoming little l-seeded 
 
 pods or akenes. Involucel conspicuous as a sort of outer calyx. Herbs. 
 
 1. MALOPE. Involucel of 3 ovate or heart-shaped leaves. Annuals. 
 
 * * Ovaries several or many united in a ring around an axis, in fruit commonly fall- 
 
 ing away separately, each \-seeded. Ours are all herbs. 
 +- Stigmas running down the side of the slender styles. 
 
 2. ALTHAEA. Involucel of 6-9 bracts united at the base. Axis of the fruit not project- 
 
 ing or enlarged. 
 
 3. MALVA. Involucel of only 3 separate bracts. Petals obcordate, otherwise entire. 
 
 Carpels beakless. 
 4 CALL1RRHOE. Involucel of 1-3 bracts or none. Petals wedged-shaped and truncate, 
 
 denticulate, or cut-fringed at the end. Carpels with a sort of beak at the summit. 
 
 Flowers crimson, mauve, or red-purple, very showy. 
 5. NAP^EA. Involucel none. Flowers dioecious. Carpels beakless.
 
 86 MALLOW FAMILY. 
 
 - -i- Stigmas capitate or truncate at the apex of the styles. 
 
 6. MALVASTEUM. Involucel of 2-3 bractlets or 0. Seed ascending. Otherwise as Sida. 
 
 7. SIDA. Involucel none. Fruit separating into 5 or more closed carpels, or each 2- 
 
 valved at the apex ; seed hanging. Mostly rather small-flowered or weedy herbs, 
 with 5-12 styles and carpels. 
 
 * * * Ovaries and cells of the fruit 2-severul-seeded. 
 
 8. ABUTILON. Involncel none. Carpels each 3-several-seeded. Flowers mostly large. 
 
 9. MODIOLA. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Carpels each 2-seeded, with a cross-partition 
 
 between the upper and lower seed. 
 
 2. Anthers borne along the outside of the tube of filaments. Ovary and fruit 3-sev- 
 
 eral-celled ; stigmas capitate, Involucel present. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. 
 
 * Involucel of several or many bracts. 
 
 10. KOSTELETZKYA. Branches of the style and stigmas 5. Pod 5-celled ; the cells 
 
 single-seeded. 
 
 11. HIBISCUS. Branches of the style or stigmas and cells of the ovary 5. Pod 5-celled, 
 
 loculicidal; the cells many-seeded. 
 
 Involucel of 3 large and heart-shaped leaf-like bracts. 
 
 12. GOSSYPIUM. Styles united into one ; stigmas 3-5, as many as the cells of the pod. 
 
 Seeds numerous, bearing cotton. 
 
 1. MALOPE. (Ancient Greek name for some kind of Mallow.) Herbs, 
 resembling Mallows, cult, from the Mediterranean region ; flowers 
 summer. 
 
 Af. trifida, Cav. THREE-LOBED M. Smooth, with rounded leaves, the 
 upper ones 3-lobed ; the handsome flowers 2' or more broad, rose-color, 
 veined with purple or rose-red, also a white variety. (J) Cult, as M. 
 
 GRANDIFLORA. 
 
 2. ALTH2EA. (Greek : to cure ; used as an emollient.) Tall herbs 
 (the Shrubby Althcea belongs not to this genus, but to Hibiscus), na- 
 tives only of the Old World ; flowers summer and autumn. 
 
 A. officinalis, Linn. MARSH MALLOW. Rather coarse, downy ; leaves 
 ovate, sometimes a little heart-shaped or 3-lobed, with clusters of short- 
 peduncled flowers in their axils; corolla 1' broad, rose-color. The thick 
 root is used for its mucilage, and for making Marsh Malloics. ~U Rarely 
 cult. , but has run wild. 
 
 A. rdsea, Cav. HOLLYHOCK. Stem tall and simple, hairy ; leaves 
 rugose, rounded, and heart-shaped, angled, or 5-7-lobed ; large flowers on 
 very short peduncles, forming a long spike ; corolla of all shades of rose, 
 purple, white, or yellow, single or double, 3'-4' broad. (2) 2/ Cult, from 
 the Levant. 
 
 3. MALVA, MALLOW. (Latin alteration of Greek : soft or emollient. ) 
 All from Europe or the Orient, but several have run wild in fields and 
 along roadsides ; flowers all summer and autumn. (Lessons, Fig. 346.) 
 
 * Flowers small, white or whitish, not conspicuous or handsome. 
 
 M. rotundifblia, Linn. COMMON M., CHEESES. Weed in cult, grounds ; 
 stems procumbent from a strong deep root ; leaves rounded kidney-shaped, 
 crenate on very long petioles ; peduncles rather slender. @ 2L 
 
 M. crispa, Linn. CURLED M. Cult, for foliage and sparingly in waste 
 places ; stem erect (4-6 high), leafy to the top ; leaves rounded 5-7-lobed 
 or angled, very much crisped round the margin ; flowers clustered and 
 almost sessile in the axils.
 
 MALLOW FAMILY. 87 
 
 * Flowers larger, more or less showy, !J'-2' in diameter; the purple, 
 rose-color, or sometimes white petals much exceeding the calyx; stem 
 erect. 
 
 M. sylvSstris, Linn. HIGH M. Stem 2-3 high, rough-hairy, branch- 
 ing, with rather sharply 5-7-lobed leaves and purple-rose-colored flowers ; 
 fruit wrinkled-veiny. 2Z Gardens and roadsides. Var. Mauritiana, 
 sometimes called TREE MALLOW. Cult. ; taller, smoother, with obtusely- 
 lobed jeaves. 
 
 M. A/cea, Linn. 2-4 high, hairy ; stem leaves parted almost to the 
 base into 3-5 divisions, which are again 3-5-cleft or cut-toothed ; corolla 
 deep rose-color, l'-2' broad ; calyx densely stellate-pubescent ; fruit 
 glabrous, minutely wrinkled-veiny. 2Z Gardens, and escaped. 
 
 M. moschata, Linn. MUSK M. l-2 high, rather hairy ; leaves about 
 thrice parted or cut into slender linear lobes ; corolla li' broad, rose-color 
 or white ; calyx with simple hairs ; fruit downy, not wrinkled. Gardens, 
 and escaped to roadsides. 
 
 4. CALLIRRHOR (A Greek mythological name.) Flowers all summer. 
 
 * Hoot thick, fusiform or napiform, farinaceous. 11 (some (D?) 
 
 - Calyx b-lobed to middle; involucel S-leaved; short peduncles umbel- 
 lately few-several-flowered ; stipules small ; carpels plain. 
 
 C. triangulata, Gray. Stems erect, 2 high ; leaves triangular, hal- 
 berd-shaped, or the lowest heart-shaped, the upper cut-lobed or 3-5-cleft ; 
 corolla !' or less in diameter. Dry prairies, Minn, to Ind. and S. 
 
 --i- Calyx 5-parted ; involucel 3-leaved; peduncles long, 1-flowered; 
 stipules conspicuous, ovate; carpels wrinkled. 
 
 C. involucrata, Gray. Stems spreading on the ground, l-3 long ; 
 leaves rounded, 5-parted or cleft and cut-lobed ; corolla 2' or more broad. 
 Wild, Minn, to Tex. ; cult, for ornament. 
 
 i- *-)- Calyx 5-parted; involucel (or 1-3-leaved in the second), and 
 stipules small ; carpels rugose or wrinkled. 
 
 C. alcaeoldes, Gray. Stems 1 high ; lower leaves triangular-heart- 
 shaped, upper 5-7-parted or divided into linear segments ; flowers co- 
 rymbose. Ky. and Tenn., W. 
 
 C. Papaver, Gray. Stems short, ascending, few-leaved ; leaves 3-5- 
 parted with lance-linear divisions, or the lowest rather heart-shaped and 
 cleft into oblong lobes ; flowers solitary ; peduncles very long (often 1). 
 Ga. to Tex., and sparingly cult. 
 
 C. digiteta, Nutt. 1 high ; leaves mostly from the root, 6-7-parted 
 into long, linear, sometimes 2-3-cleft divisions ; flowers solitary on long 
 and slender peduncles ; petals fringe-toothed at the end. Wild Kans. to 
 
 r PpY 
 
 * * Boot slender or tapering ; involucel ; carpels even. 
 
 C. pedata, Gray. Stem erect, l-5 high, leafy ; leaves rounded, 
 3-7-lobed or parted, and the wedge-shaped divisions cleft or cut ; pedun- 
 cles slender, longer than the leaves ; petals minutely eroded at the end. 
 Texas ; not rare cult. 
 
 5. NAP^EA, GLADE MALLOW. (Greek: glade or nymph of the 
 
 groves.) 
 
 N. didica, Linn. A rather coarse, roughish herb ; stem 4-7 high ; 
 leaves 9-11-parted and their lobes cut and toothed, the lowest often 1 in 
 diameter ; flowers small, in panicled corymbs, in summer. Penn., Va., 
 and W. to Iowa.
 
 88 MALLOW FAMILY. 
 
 6. MALVASTRUM, FALSE MALLOW. (Name altered from 
 Malva.) 
 
 M. angtistum, Gray. Erect ; leaves lance-oblong or linear ; flowers 
 yellow, on axillary peduncles. (I) Tenn. and 111., W. 
 
 M. coccineum, Gray. Low, hoary ; leaves 5-parted or pedate ; flowers 
 red in short spikes or racemes. 2/ Minn, to Tex. and W. 
 
 7. SID A. (A name used by Theophrastus. ) Flower summer and autumn. 
 
 * Peduncles bearing a corymb of several white flowers from the upper 
 axils. 
 
 S. Napaea, Cav. Smooth ; stem simple, 4-7 high ; leaves rounded, 
 5-cleft, the lobes toothed and taper-pointed ; corolla about 1' broad ; 
 styles and cells of the pod 10. Kocky banks, Penn. and Va. Eare, but 
 cult, in old gardens. 2 
 
 * * Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered ; corolla yellow. 
 
 S. spindsa, Linn. Stems much branched, 10'-20 high ; leaves lance- 
 ovate, serrate, minutely soft-downy ; peduncles very short ; flower very 
 small ; pod ovate, of 5 carpels, each splitting at top into 2 points. A 
 common weed S. and W. (I) @ Tropics. 
 
 S. Elli6ttii, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth, l-4 high ; leaves linear 
 or lanceolate, serrate, short-petioled ; flower 1' broad, on a short pedun- 
 cle ; fruit of 10-12 nearly blunt carpels. Woodlands S. 2/ 
 
 S. rhombif61ia, Linn. Leaves usually lance-oblong, short-petioled, 
 serrate, pale and whitish downy beneath ; stems l-3 high, much 
 branched ; peduncles rather long ; flower small ; fruit of 10 or 12 one- 
 pointed carpels. A weed, only S. 
 
 S. stipulata, Nutt. Weed far S., has leaves and branches 2-ranked ; 
 leaves lance-oblong and acute, linear-subulate, stipules longer than the 
 petioles, and yellow flowers at midday, single or clustered on peduncles 
 3-4 times as long as the petioles. or 11 
 
 8. ABUTILON, INDIAN MALLOW. (Origin of name obscure.) 
 
 * A naturalised weed ; petals small, widely spreading. 
 A. Avicennce, Ga3rtn. VELVET LEAF. 3-5 high; leaves roundish, 
 heart-shaped, taper-pointed, soft-velvety ; peduncles shorter than petiole, 
 1-3-flowered ; corolla orange-yellow ; fruit of 12-15 united hairy carpels 
 with spreading beaks ; flowers autumn. India. 
 
 * * Tender cultivated shrubs ; flowers large. 
 
 -i- Corolla not spreading open widely ; plant smooth. 
 
 M- Leaves lobed or parted. 
 
 A. striatum, Dicks. STRIPED ABUTILON. Leaves rounded, heart- 
 shaped, 3-lobed, the lobes very taper-pointed ; flowers solitary, hanging 
 on a very long and slender peduncle ; corolla orange-colored, with deeper 
 or brownish veining or stripes. Leaves often spotted. Brazil. 
 
 A. venbsum, Lem. Tall shrub; leaves palmately 7-9-parted, the lobes 
 distantly toothed ; flowers solitary, 3' long, hanging on stalks a foot long, 
 orange with red veins. Mexico. 
 
 M- -w- Leaves not lobed. 
 
 A. vexillarium, Morren. Leaves long-ovate and cordate, coarsely 
 toothed ; flowers rather small, cylindrical, pendulous, the calyx dark red, 
 projecting petals pale yellow, and column of stamens dark brown, very 
 handsome. Probably from tropical America.
 
 MALLOW FAMILY. 89 
 
 *- - Corolla spreading, bell-shaped; plant pubescent. 
 +* Leaves lobed. 
 
 A. Darwfni, Hook. Densely velvety-pubescent ; leaves 5-9-ribbed, 
 lower palmately 5-7-lobed to the middle ; flowers 1-3 in the axils, dark 
 orange-red with blood-red veins. Brazil. 
 
 ++ -M- Leaves not lobed. 
 
 A. insigne, Planch. Young branches and calyx reddish-brown with 
 stellate hairs; leaves broad, cordate, coarsely serrate, with prominent 
 veins ; flowers in axillary, few-flowered racemes, purplish-crimson with 
 darker veins. New Granada. 
 
 9. MODIOL A. (The shape of the depressed fruit likened to the Roman 
 measure modiolus.} Procumbent or spreading, small-flowered, weedy 
 plants. 
 
 M. multlfida, Moench. Va. and S. , in low grounds ; leaves 3-7-cleft 
 and cut, or the earlier ones rounded and undivided ; flowers red, ' broad ; 
 fruit hairy at the top. 11 
 
 10. KOSTELETZKYA. (For Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.) 
 
 K. Virglnica, Gray. VIRGINIAN K. Roughish-hairy, 2-5 high; 
 leaves heart-shaped or mostly 3-lobed, often halberd-shaped ; flowers (in 
 summer) somewhat racemed or panicled, rose-purple, 2' broad. Salt 
 marshes, N. Y., S. 11 
 
 11. HIBISCUS, ROSE MALLOW. (Ancient name, of obscure 
 origin.) Flowers showy, usually large, in summer and autumn. 
 
 * Tall shrubs or even trees ; exotics. 
 
 H. Syrtacus, Linn. SHRUBBY ALTHAEA. Leaves nearly smooth, wedge- 
 ovate, and 3-lobed ; flowers short-peduncled in the axils, in autumn, about 
 3' broad, purple, rose-color, white, etc., often double. Levant; common 
 in gardens and grounds. 
 
 H. Rosa-Sinensis, Linn. CHINESE H. or ROSE OF CHINA. Very smooth ; 
 leaves bright green, ovate and pointed, somewhat toothed ; flowers on 
 slender peduncles, very showy, 4' or 5' broad, scarlet-red (rarely rose- 
 purple or even white), often double. Cult, in conservatories from China. 
 
 * * Herbs, with persistent and regular, b-lobed calyx, and a short pod. 
 
 *- Wild species, but sometimes cultivated ; tall and large. 11 
 
 M- Entirely glabrous. 
 
 H. coccineus, Walt. GREAT RED H. or R. 4-7 high ; leaves 5- 
 parted or deeply cleft into long, lanceolate and taper- pointed divisions ; 
 bright-red corolla 6'-ll' broad; petals narrow below. Wild in swamps 
 near coast, Ga. and Fla. ; cult. 
 
 H. militaris, Cav. HALBERD-LEAVED R. 3-4 high ; leaves ovate or 
 heart- shaped, toothed or 3-lobed, some of them halberd-shaped ; peduncles 
 slender ; calyx inflated ; corolla flesh- colored, 4'-5' broad. Penn. to Minn. 
 
 -< -w- Leaves downy beneath, often also on top. 
 
 H. aculeatus, Walt. PRICKLY R. In swamps, S. C., S. and W., has 
 the involucel leaves lobed, round-cordate 3-5-lobed leaves, hoary beneath, 
 yellow purple-centered flowers, and hispid stems. 
 
 H. Moscheutos, Linn. SWAMP R. 3-7 high ; the ovate, pointed, 
 and often 3-lobed leaves hoary beneath, generally smooth above ; pedun-
 
 90 STERCULIA FAMILY. 
 
 cles slender ; corolla 4'-6' broad, pale rose or white, with or without a 
 darker center; pod smooth. Swamps, mostly brackish, near the Great 
 Lakes E. and coastwise to Tex. 
 
 H. lasiocdrpus. Cav. HAIRY-FRUITED R. Like the last, but leaves 
 soft-downy both sides, and pod velvety-hairy. Swamps, 111. to Tex. , E. 
 to Ga. 
 
 H. Califdrnicus, Kellogg. CALIFORNIAN R. Has large white flowers 
 with a purple center on jointed peduncles, young leaves and growth 
 velvety, and cordate-acuminate rarely obscurely 3-lobed, crenate or dentate 
 leaves, longer than the petiole. Cult. 
 
 >- -i- Exotic low species, in gardens or escaped. (D 
 
 H. Tridnum, Linn. BLADDER KETMIA or FLOWER-OF-AN-HODR. Rather 
 hairy, l-2 high ; leaves toothed, or the upper 3-parted into lanceolate 
 lobes, the middle lobe longest ; calyx inflated and bladdery ; corolla about 
 2' broad, sulphur-yellow with a blackish eye, open only in midday sunshine. 
 
 * * * Herbs, with calyx splitting down one side, and generally falling off 
 at once, and with long or narrow pyramidal or angled pod; native of 
 East Indies. 
 
 H. esculentus, Linn. OKRA or GOMBO. Nearly smooth ; leaves rounded 
 heart-shaped, 5-lobed, toothed ; greenish-yellow flowers on slender peduncle 
 (involucel falling early); pods narrow, 3' or 4' long, very mucilaginous, 
 and when green cooked and eaten, or used to thicken soups. Cult. 
 
 12. QOSSYPIUM, COTTON. (Name given by Pliny, from the 
 Arabic.) Plants now diffused over warm countries, most valuable for 
 the wool on the seeds ; the species much confused. 
 
 G. herbaceum, Linn. COMMON COTTON. Leaves with 5 short and 
 roundish lobes ; petals pale yellow or turning rose-color, purple at base. 
 Cult. S. 
 
 G. Barbadense, Linn. BARBADOES or SEA-!SLAND C. Inclining to be 
 shrubby at base ; branches black-dotted ; leaves with 5 longer lance- 
 ovate and taper-pointed lobes ; leaves of the involucre with very long and 
 slender teeth ; petals yellowish or whitish, with purple base. Cult, on the 
 coast and upland S. 
 
 G. arbdreum, Linn. TREE C. Leaves with 5-7 nearly lanceolate and 
 taper-pointed lobes of involucre, slightly toothed ; corolla purple with a 
 darker center. Cult. S. as a curiosity. 
 
 XXTT. STERCULIACKE, STERCULIA FAMILY. 
 
 Chiefly a tropical family, to which belongs the THEOBROMA 
 or CHOCOLATE TREE ; in common cultivation known here only 
 by a single species of 
 
 1. MAHERNIA. (Name an anagram of Hermannia, a genus very 
 like it.) Calyx, corolla, etc., as in the Mallow Family ; but the stamens 
 only 6, one before each petal ; the filaments monadelphous only at the 
 base and enlarged about the middle, and the anthers with 2 parallel 
 cells. The edges of the base of the petals rolled inwards, making a 
 hollow claw. Ovary 5-celled, with several ovules in each cell ; styles 5, 
 united at the base.
 
 LINDEN FAMILY. 91 
 
 HI. verticiffdta, Linn. (Sometimes called M. ODORATA.) Cult, from 
 Cape of Good Hope, in conservatories, producing a succession of honey- 
 yellow, sweet-scented small blossoms, on slender peduncles, all winter and 
 spring ; a sort of woody perennial, with slender and spreading or hang- 
 ing roughish branches and small irregularly pinnatifid leaves ; the specific 
 name given because the leaves seem to be whorled ; but this is because 
 the stipules, which are cut into several linear divisions, imitate leaves. 
 
 XXTTT. TLLIACKffi, LINDEN FAMILY. 
 
 Trees (rarely herbs) with the mucilaginous properties, 
 fibrous bark, valvate calyx, etc., as in the Mallow Family ; but 
 sepals deciduous ; petals imbricated ; stamens in several clus- 
 ters, and anthers 2-celled. Chiefly a tropical family, repre- 
 sented here only by an herbaceous CORCHORUS on our 
 southernmost borders, and by the genus of fine trees which 
 gives the name : 
 
 1. TLLIA, LINDEN, BEE TREE, BASSWOOD. (The old Latin 
 name. ) Sepals 5 ; petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous ; 
 their filaments cohering in 5 clusters or with a petal-like body before 
 the true petal. Ovary 5-celled with 2 ovules in each cell ; fruit rather 
 woody, globular, 1-2-seeded. Style 1. Stigma 5-toothed. Trees with 
 tough inner bark (bast), soft white wood, alternate roundish and serrate 
 leaves more or less heart-shaped, and commonly oblique at the base, 
 deciduous stipules, and a cyme of small, dull cream-colored, honey- 
 bearing flowers, borne in early summer on a nodding axillary peduncle 
 which is united to a long and narrow leaf-like bract. (Lessons, Figs. 
 181, 277, 289, 414.) 
 
 * Stamens united with a petaloid body. 
 i- Fruit even, not ribbed or lobed; native species. 
 T. Americana, Linn. Large leaves of rather firm texture and smooth 
 
 or smoothish both sides ; bract tapering at.base ; fruit oval. N. B. to N. 
 
 Dak., S. to Ga. The common species. 
 T. pubescens, Ait. Under side of the leaves and the young shoots 
 
 covered with reddish pubescence ; bract rounded at base ; fruit globular. 
 
 N. Y. to Fla., W. to Tex. 
 T. heterophylla. Vent. Leaves smooth and bright green above, 
 
 silvery white with a fine down underneath ; bract tapering at base ; fruit 
 
 globose. Penn., S. and W. 
 
 -*- -i- Fruit ribbed or lobed; planted, from Eu. 
 
 T. argentea, DC. SILVER LINDEN. Leaves smooth above, white- 
 downy beneath, 2-4 times as long as the petiole ; fruit ovoid, acute, 5- 
 ribbed, or angled. Many forms. Commonly known as T. ALBA. 
 
 * * Stamens not attached to petaloid scales. Natives of Eu. 
 
 T. Europcea, Linn. EUROPEAN L. Glabrous except for tufts of pale 
 hairs in the axils of veins on the under side of leaves ; fruit oval or necrly 
 round, densely tomentose. 
 
 T. dasysty/a, Stev., with dark green shining leaves, fruit obovoid, 
 prominently 5-ribbed, is beginning to be planted.
 
 92 FLAX FAMILY. 
 
 XXIV. LINACKfi, FLAX FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs (rarely shrubs) with regular and symmetrical flowers ; 
 sepals 5, imbricated ; petals 5, convolute ; stamens 5, their fila- 
 ments united at the base ; ovary with as many cells as there 
 are styles ; pod with twice as many, through the growth of a 
 false partition. 
 
 1. LINUM. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat and a large, straight, oily embryo ; styles and 
 
 cells of the ovary 5 ; leaves simple, nearly sessile, narrow, and entire ; stipules 0, or 
 gland-like ; flowers (Lessons, p. 11, Figs. 1-t, p. 14, Figs. 9 and 10, p. 95, Fig. 270, 
 and p. 98, Fig. 281) usually opening for only one day and in sunshine, all summer. 
 Hardy. or TJ 
 
 2. KELNWARDTIA.. Styles and cells of the ovary 3-4 ; leaves broad ; stipules minute, 
 
 awl-shaped, falling early. Greenhouse shrubs, with showy yellow flowers. 
 
 1. LINUM, FLAX. (The classical name.) Ours are slender herbs, 
 with flowers (often minute) of short duration. 
 
 * Wild species, annuals or scarcely perennials, with yellow flowers. 
 *- Sepals and bracts entire. 
 
 L. Virginiinum, Linn. The commonest WILD FLAX in dry woods, 2 
 high, spreading or recurving branches, terete and even ; leaves oblong or 
 lanceolate, only the lower spatulate and opposite ; flowers scattered ; 
 styles distinct ; pod little larger than a phi's head. 
 
 L. Floridinum, Trelease. Found in 111., Va., and S., is more strict, 
 with broadly ovate and obtuse pods. 
 
 L. strtetum, Walt. Like the first ; but has the branches short and 
 sharply 4-angled, with intermediate grooves (whence the name) ; most of 
 the stem-leaves opposite and oblong; flowers more crowded. Wet 
 grounds, Mass, and Can., S. 
 
 +- - Sepals and bracts conspicuously serrulate with glandular-bristly 
 edges. 
 
 L. sulcatum. Riddell. Branches upright, grooved ; leaves linear and 
 scattered ; a pair of dark glands in place of stipules ; sepals sharp-pointed, 
 3-nerved ; styles united half-way up. Dry soil, Mass, to Minn, and S. W. 
 
 L. rigidum, Pursh. Usually low, glaucous ; branches rigid ; calyx 
 finally falling off ; the flowers rather large. Miss. River, W. 
 
 * * Cultivated, hardy, herbaceous, with largish handsome flowers. 
 
 L. usitatissimum, Linn. COMMON FLAX. Leaves narrow-lanceolate ; 
 flowers corymbose, rich blue ; sepals pointed, ciliate ; stigmas slender, 
 club-shaped. Old World, and inclined to run wild. Extensively 
 cult, for the seeds and fiber. 
 
 L. per^nne, Linn. PERENNIAL FLAX. Narrower leaved ; sepals blunt, 
 sometimes erose, but not ciliate ; petals sky-blue, but there are pink and 
 white forms ; stigmas oblong-capitate. 2Z Cult, from Eu. in some vari- 
 eties for ornament ; a variety also native beyond the Mississippi. 
 
 L. grandifldrum, Desf. RED FLAX. 1 high, with linear or lanceo- 
 late leaves and showy, crimson-red flowers ; sepals and bracts ciliate-ser- 
 rulate. 2Z Cult, as a hardy annual ; from North Africa. 
 
 2. REINWARDTIA. (For K. G. K. Beinwardt, a botanist of Leyden 
 in the early part of this century.) #
 
 GERANIUM FAMILY. 9d 
 
 R. trigyna, Planch. Leaves mostly obtuse, elliptic-obovate, entire or 
 serrulate ; styles 3. R. TETRAGNA, with acuminate leaves and 4 styles, 
 is probably a variety of the preceding. India. 
 
 XXV. GERANIACE^l, GERANIUM FAMILY. 
 
 As now received, a large and multifarious order, not to be 
 characterized as a whole in any short and easy way, including 
 as it does Geraniums, Nasturtiums, Wood Sorrels, Balsams, 
 etc.,which have to be separately described. 
 
 1. Flowers regular ; leaves simple, variously lobed or even dissected ; glands of the 
 disk 5, alternate with the petals. Herbs. 
 
 * Sepals imbricate; ovary 5-celled, W-ovuled ; fruit dehiscent, the 1-seeded 
 
 splitting elastically from a prolonged axis. (Lessons, Figs. 358, 859.) 
 
 1. GERANIUM. Flowers 5-merous ; sepals usually slender-pointed; stamens with 
 
 anthers 10 (rarely 5) ; the recurving bases of the styles or tails of the carpels in fruit 
 naked inside. Leaves with stipules. Herbage scented. 
 
 2. EEODIUM. Stamens with anthers only 5. Styles when they split off from the beak, 
 
 bearded inside, often twisting spirally ; otherwise as Geranium. 
 
 * * Sepals valvate ; ovary o-celled, 5-ovuled ; the carpels fleshy and indehiscent, break' 
 
 ing away from a very short axis ; leaves pinnately divided. 
 
 3. LIMNANTHE9. Sepals and petals 5, the latter convolute in the bud. Stamens 10, 
 
 separate at the base. Style 1, 5-lobed at the apex, rising from the center of thl 
 5 ovaries, which in fruit become thickish and warty nutlets. 
 
 4. FLO2RKEA. Sepals, small petals, stigmas, and lobes of the ovary 3 ; and stamens 6; 
 
 otherwise like Lknnantb.es. 
 
 2. Flowers regular,- leaves compound, of 3 obcordate leaflets ; disk glands 0. Herbs. 
 
 5. OXALIS. Sepals and petals 5, the former imbricated, the latter convolute in the bud. 
 
 Stamens 10, inonadelphous at base, the alternate ones shorter. Styles 5, separate on 
 a 5-celled ovary, which becomes a membranaceous several-seeded pod. Juice sour 
 and watery. Flowers usually open only in sunshine. 
 
 3. Flowers somewhat irregular, Geranium-like, the base of one sepal extending down- 
 ward on one side of the pedicel, forming a narrow tube or adherent spur. 
 Shrubby or fleshy-stemmed. 
 
 6. PELARGONIUM. Sepals and petals 5 ; the two petals on the upper side of the flower 
 
 differing from the rest more or less in size or shape. Stamens with anthers fewer than 
 10, commonly 7. Pistil, etc., as in Geranium. Herbage scented. Leaves with stipules. 
 
 4. Flowers very irregular, and unsymmetrical ; spur free. Tender herbs. 
 
 7. TROP^OLUM. Sepals 5, united at the base, and on the upper side of the flower ex- 
 
 tended into a long, descending spur. Petals 5, or sometimes fewer, usually with claws ; 
 the two upper more or less different from the others and inserted at the mouth of the 
 spur. Stamens 8, unequal or dissimilar ; filaments usually turned downwards and 
 curving. Ovary of 3 lobes surrounding the base of a single style, in fruit becoming 
 8 thick and fleshy closed, separate carpels, each containing a single large seed. Herbs, 
 often climbing by their long leafstalks ; the watery juice with the pungent odor and 
 taste of Cress. Leaves alternate ; stipules none or minute. Peduncles axillary, 1- 
 flowered. 
 
 8. IMPATIENS. Sepals and petals similarly colored, the parts belonging to each not 
 
 readily distinguished. There are 2 small outer pieces, plainly sepals, on the sides of 
 the flower ; then below (as it hangs, but really on the upper side) a third sepal form-
 
 94 GERANIUM FAMILY. 
 
 Ing a large sac contracted at the bottom into a spur or little tail ; opposite the gac 
 is a notched petal, and within are 2 small, unequally 2-lobed petals, one each side of 
 the sac ; these each represent 2 united petals. Stamens 5, short, conniving or lightly 
 cohering around and covering the 5-celled ovary, which in fruit becomes a several- 
 seeded pod ; this bursts elastically, flying in pieces at the touch, scattering the seeds, 
 separating into 5 twisting valves and a thickish axis. Style none. Seeds rather large. 
 Erect, branching, succulent-stemmed herbs, with simple leaves and no stipules. 
 
 1. GERANIUM, CRANESBILL. (Greek : crane, alluding probably 
 to the long beak in fruit) The so-called Geraniums of cultivation 
 belong to Pelargonium. Flowers spring and summer. 
 
 * Floicers large (!' or more across) and showy ; perennial. 
 -H- Peduncles ^-flowered and more or less clustered at the top of the stem. 
 
 G. maculatum, Linn. WILD CRANESBILL. Stem erect from a stout 
 rootstock, hairy, branching, and terminating in long peduncles bearing 
 a pair of flowers ; leaves palmately parted into 5-7 wedge-shaped divisions 
 cut and cleft at the end, sometimes whitish-blotched ; petals wedge- 
 obovate, light purple, \' long, bearded on the short claw ; calyx sparsely 
 hairy. Common in woodlands and open grounds. 
 
 G. Ibericum, Cav. IBEKIAN or SPANISH C. Leaves firm and lighter 
 below, roundish and cut into 5-7-toothed or lobed divisions ; flowers blue 
 or violet, with notched or trifid petals, and villous calyx. Cult, from 
 Spain. ^ ^ Peduncles leered, axillary. 
 
 G. sangulneum, Linn. BLOOD C. Stems diffuse (l-2 high) with 
 many opposite rounded leaves which are divided into 5-7 parts, these 
 again 3-lobed into linear divisions ; flowers red, on long solitary bracted 
 peduncles, pretty. Cult, from Eu. 
 
 * * Flowers small, pink ; annual or biennial. {Besides the two below, 
 which are native, several European species are sparingly introduced as 
 weeds.) 
 
 G. Hobertianum, Linn. HERB ROBERT. Diffusely spreading, very 
 strong-scented, loosely hairy; leaves finely cut, being divided into 3 
 twice-pinnatifid divisions; flowers small; petals pink or red purple. 
 Common N. in shady rocky places. 
 
 G. Carolinianum, Linn. Stems erect or soon diffusely branched from 
 the base, 6'-18' high ; leaves palmately parted into 5 much cleft and cut 
 divisions ; peduncles and pedicels short ; flowers barely half as large as 
 in the foregoing, the pale, rose-colored petals notched at the end. 
 Common in open and mostly barren soil. 
 
 2. ERODIUM, STORKSBILL. (Greek: a heron.) 
 
 E. cicutarium, L'Her. COMMON S. Low, hairy, and rather viscid ; 
 the leaves mostly from the root, pinnate ; the leaflets finely once or twice 
 pinnatifid ; peduncle bearing an umbel of several small pinkish flowers in 
 summer. Nat. from Eu., N. Y., Penn., etc., but not common. 
 
 3. LIMNANTHES. (Greek: marsh flower; but in fact the plant 
 flourishes in merely moist soil.) <J> 
 
 L. Dougldsii, R. Br. Low and spreading, mostly smooth, and slightly 
 succulent ; leaves divided into 5-7 oblong or lanceolate and often 3-5- 
 cleft leaflets ; flowers (in summer) solitary on slender axillary peduncles ; 
 petals white with a yellow base, wedge-oblong, notched at the end, twice 
 the length of the calyx, about ' long. Cult, from California.
 
 GERANIUM FAMILY. 95 
 
 4. FLOBRKEA, FALSE MERMAID. (For Flcerke, a German bot- 
 anist.) d) 
 
 F. proserpinacoldes, Willd. A small and insignificant plant; leaf 
 segments 3-5, lanceolate and entire, or rarely 2-3-cleft ; the axillary and 
 peduncled flower inconspicuous (in spring and summer) , the oblong petals 
 shorter than the calyx and entire. Marshes and river banks, N. and VV. 
 
 5. OXALIS, WOOD SORREL. (Greek: sour, from the acid juice.) 
 An attractive genus of small herbs, with many cultivated species. 
 
 * Peduncles \-flowered; petals white, red, or variegated. 
 
 O. Acetose'lla, Linn. TRUE W. The leafstalks and 1-flowered 
 scapes 2 '-4' Ligh from a creeping, scaly -toothed rootstock ; flower rather 
 large, white, with delicate reddish veins. Common in mossy woods N. 2/ 
 
 0. vari&bilis, Jacq. Is more hairy ; leaflets obovate and scarcely 
 notched, commonly crimson beneath, only 1' long ; scapes short, 3' ; petals 
 !' long, white, or pink-red with a yellowish base. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 0. versicolor, Linn. From small bulbs, sends up slender stems, 2'-3' 
 high ; leaflets almost linear, notched at the end ; petals 1' long, white or 
 tinged with rose, with bright, pink-red margins outside, so that the blos- 
 som is red when rolled up in the bud or closed in shade, but white above 
 when it opens in sunshine. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 0. flava, Linn. From a strong bulb, sends up to the surface a short 
 scaly stem, bearing thick flattish leafstalks and short scapes ; the leaflets 
 6-10 and linear ; petals nearly 1' long, yellow, often edged with reddish. 
 Cape of Good Hope. ^ # Peduncles 2^^^. 
 
 *- Leaflets 4 or 7-10 ; flowers crimson to purplish ; stemless, hairy. 2Z 
 
 0. tetraphyila, Cav. Leaflets 4, obcordate, with a brownish blotch or 
 band when young. Mexico. O. DEPPEI of gardens. 
 
 0. lasidndra, Graham. Leaflets 7-10, oblanceolate, 3' long by 1' broad, 
 obtuse and entire at apex ; scapes 9'-18' high, with a many-flowered 
 umbel. Mexico. ^ ^ Leaflets S. 
 
 +* Flowers yellow. 
 
 O. corniculata, Linn. YELLOW W., LADIES' SORREL. 1 high, pu- 
 bescent, with sharp, oppressed hairs ; stipules round or truncate, ciliate ; 
 peduncles 2-6-flowered; pods long, erect. Rare eastward, indigenous 
 Mo. and S.W. ; but 
 
 Var. stricta, Sav., is extremely common ; stems erect, nearly smooth to 
 very villous ; leafy ; stipules 0. 
 
 Var. RtBRA is a purple-leaved form in cultivation. 
 
 O. recurva, Ell. Like the first variety of the preceding ; leaflets larger 
 ('-li' broad), usually with a brownish margin ; flowers larger (6"-8" 
 long)" Penn. to S. 111. and S. 
 
 0. Ortgiesi, Regel. Stems purplish-red, erect, 1 high, rather fleshy, 
 becoming tough or woody below ; leaflets obovate, with 2-pointed lobes, 
 the notch broad, olive-green above, purple beneath ; flowers small, in 
 cymes on long axillary peduncles. Peru. 
 
 0. Valdiviensis, Barn. Stem smooth, 1 high, branching at base ; 
 leaflets obcordate, the lobes very round ; petals deep yellow, with reddish 
 veins, especially outside. Chile. 
 
 +-+ -w- Flowers violet, purple, or rose-red. 
 
 O. violacea, Linn. VIOLET W. Leafstalks and slender scape from 
 a scaly bulb, the flowers several in an umbel, middle-sized, violet. 2/ 
 Common S., rarer N., in rocky or sandy soil. In common cultivation.
 
 96 GERANIUM FAMILY. 
 
 0. Bowieana, Lodd. Whole plant finely pubescent ; leafstalks and few- 
 flowered scapes 6'-10' high from a small bulb on a spindle-shaped root ; 
 broad obcordate leaflets almost 2' long; petals deep rose-color, 1' long. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 6. PELARGONIUM, the GERANIUM, so-called, of house and sum- 
 mer-garden culture. (Greek : stork, from the beak of the fruit, which 
 is like that of Geranium.) 2/ Natives of the Cape of Good Hope ; in 
 cultivation so much modified that it is often difficult to distinguish the 
 original species. A synopsis of the chief groups is given. 
 
 I. IVY GERANIUMS. Stems trailing ; leaves peltate and fleshy, the 5 lobes 
 entire, generally smooth, with or without a darker zone. Now crossed 
 with the next for the sake of the larger flowers. 
 
 P. peltatum, Ait. IVY-LEAVED P. Generally smooth, the leaf fixed 
 towards the middle, with or without a darkish zone ; flowers pink or 
 varying to white. 
 
 II. SCARLET, HORSESHOE, FISH, BEDDING or ZONAL GERANIUMS. Stems 
 erect, obscurely lobed with large scallops or irregularly cut; leaves round 
 andcrenate, and with a deep narrow sinus, often with a horseshoe-shaped 
 dark zone, many forms (TRICOLORS) with bronzy-golden or silver-edged 
 or variegated leaves ; petals all of one color or variegated (scarlet, pink, 
 or varying to white} ; stems erect, shrubby, and succulent. 
 
 P. zonale, Willd. HORSESHOE P. So called from the dark horseshoe 
 
 mark or zone on the leaves, which, however, is not always present ; 
 
 petals smoothish, narrowish. 
 P. Inquinans, Ait. STAINING or SCARLET P. In the unmixed state is 
 
 soft-downy and clammy, the leaves without the zone ; petals broadly 
 
 obovate, originally intense scarlet. 
 
 tfl. LADY WASHINGTON GERANIUMS ; PELARGONIUMS ; DECORATIVE, 
 SHOW or FANCY P. of gardeners. Leaves usually moderately lobed, 
 but sometimes rather deeply cut, mostly sharply toothed; flowers very 
 large (2' or more), usually decidedly irregular, the 2 upper petals larger 
 and streaked or spotted ; stem decidedly shrubby. 
 
 * Leaves more or less hairy or pubescent. 
 
 P. cucullatum, Ait. COWLED P. Soft-hairy, the rounded kidney- 
 shaped leaves cupped, soft-downy. 
 
 P. cordatum, Ait. HEART-LEAVED P. Like the last or less hairy, with 
 flat, ovate-heart-shaped leaves. 
 
 P. anguldsum, Ait. MAPLE-LEAVED P. Harsher-hairy ; the leaves 
 rigid, inclined to be lobed, truncate or even wedge-shaped at the base 
 (scarcely ever heart-shaped), sharply toothed. 
 
 * Leaves smooth and pale or glaucous, rounded, palmately b-1-cleft. 
 P. grandiflbrum, Willd. GREAT-FLOWERED P. Shrubby ; peduncles 
 bearing about 3 large flowers, with white petals !' long, the two upper 
 larger and elegantly veined or variegated with pink or rose-color. 
 
 IV. ROSE GERANIUMS. Leaves hairy, roundish, often rough, lobed or 
 deeply pinnatifld (rarely only crenate), or in the last one palmately 3- 
 parted, balsamic or strong-scented; plants cult, chiefly for the fragrant 
 foliage ; the small rather sparse flowers rose-colored or purple, petals 
 often darker-veined. 
 
 Velvety or soft-hairy ; leaves moderately or not at all lobed. 
 
 P. capitatum, Ait. ROSE-SCENTED P. Softly hairy, with the rose- 
 scented leaves moderately lobed, the lobes short and broad; peduncle
 
 GERANIUM FAMILY. 97 
 
 bearing many sessile flowers in a head; petals rose-purple, barely ' 
 long. 
 
 P. tomentosum, Jacq. PEPPERMINT P. Densely soft-hairy ; branches 
 long and thickish ; leaves rather large, round-heart-shaped and with 5-7 
 open lobes, velvety-hairy both sides ; flowers on long pedicels in panicled 
 umbels, insignificant ; petals white, the 3 lower a little longer than the calyx. 
 
 P. odoratissimum, Ait. NUTMEG-SCENTED P. Branches slender and 
 straggling, from a very short, scaly stem or base ; leaves rounded and 
 crenate, soft- velvety, small ; flowers on short pedicels, very small ; petals 
 white, scarcely exceeding the calyx. 
 
 # # Hairy, roughish, or occasionally downy j leaves more or less pinnat- 
 ifid or pinnately compound or the main lobes or divisions pinnatifid. 
 
 P. quercifdlium, Ait. OAK-LEAVED P. Shrubby, hairy, and glandular ; 
 leaves deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, with wavy-toothed blunt lobes (the low- 
 est ones largest, making a triangular-heart-shaped outline), often dark- 
 colored along the middle, unpleasantly scented ; petals purple or pink, 
 the two upper (!' long) much longest. 
 
 P. graveolens, Ait. HEAVY-SCENTED P. Shrubby and hairy like the 
 last ; leaves palmately 5-7-lobed or parted, and the oblong lobes sinuate- 
 pinnatifid ; petals shorter. 
 
 P. r&dula, Ait. ROUGH P. Shrubby, rough and hairy above with 
 short bristles ; the balsamic or mint-scented leaves palmately parted and 
 the divisions pinnately parted or again cut into narrow linear lobes, with 
 revolute margins ; peduncles short, bearing few small flowers ; petals 
 rose-color, striped or veined with pink or purple. 
 
 P. fulgidum, Ait. BRILLIANT P. Shrubby and succulent-stemmed, 
 downy ; leaves mostly 3-parted, with the lateral divisions wedge-shaped 
 and 3-lobed, the middle one oblong and cut-pinnatifid ; calyx broad in 
 the throat ; petals obovate, scarlet, often with dark lines, ' long. 
 
 P. trlste, Ait. SAD or NIGHT-SCENTED P. Stem succulent and very 
 short from a tuberous rootstock, or none ; leaves pinnately decompound, 
 hairy ; petals dull brownish-yellow with darker spots, sweet-scented at 
 night. 
 
 P. exstipulatum, Ait. PENNYROYAL P. Low, rather shrubby ; leaves 
 (with no stipules) with the sweet scent of Pennyroyal or Bergamot, ' 
 wide, the 3 palmate lobes wedge-shaped and cut-toothed ; flowers small 
 and insignificant, white. 
 
 7. TROP^IOLUM, NASTURTIUM or INDIAN CRESS. (Greek: 
 a trophy, the foliage of the common sort likened to a group of shields.) 
 Cult, from South America, chiefly Peru, for ornament, and the pickled 
 fruits used as a substitute for capers, having a similar flavor and pun- 
 gency ; flowers all summer, showy. 
 
 * Leaves obscurely, if at all, lobed. 
 
 T. ma/us, Linn. COMMON N. Climbing high, also low and scarcely 
 climbing variety ; leaves roundish and about 6-angled, peltate towards the 
 middle ; spur straight, attenuate, petals much longer than calyx, all shades 
 of yellow and red, from cream-white to nearly black, pointless, entire or a 
 little jagged at the end, and the 3 lower and longer-clawed ones fringed at 
 the base ; also a full double variety. 
 
 7". minus, Linn. SMALLER N. Smaller ; petals with a bristle-like 
 point. Much less common than the preceding, but mixed with it. 
 
 T. Lobbianum, Veitch. Pilose all over except the petals and upper side 
 of the leaves ; leaves obscurely lobed, the lobes mucronulate ; spur 
 straight, thickish, three lower petals long-clawed, deeply toothed, fringed 
 at base ; shades of red chiefly, to nearly black. Colombia. 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. EOT. 7
 
 98 RUE FAMILY. 
 
 * Leaves b-1-lobed or parted. 
 
 T. peregrtnum, Willd. CANARY BIRD FLOWER. Climbing high ; lobes 
 of the leaves mucronate and cut ; spur hooked or curved ; petals light 
 yellow, the 2 upper cut into slender lobes, the 3 lower small and 
 fringed. 
 
 8. IMFATIENS, TOUCH-ME-NOT, JEWELWEED, BALSAM. 
 (Name from the sudden bursting of the pod when touched.) 
 
 Native, in low places. 
 
 I. pallida, Nutt. PALE T. l-4 high, branched ; leaves alternate, 
 oval ; flowers panicled, pale yellow dotted with brownish-red (rarely 
 spotless) , the sac broader than long and tipped with a short, incurved 
 spur. Wet ground and moist shady places, commonest N. 
 
 I. fiilva, Nutt. SPOTTED T. Has smaller orange-colored flowers 
 spotted with reddish-brown, sac longer than broad and tapering into a 
 strongly inflexed spur (spots and spur rarely wanting). Common, espe- 
 
 ciall y S " * * Garden species. 
 
 I. Balsdmina, Linn. GARDEN BALSAM, from India. Low, with crowded 
 lanceolate leaves, the lower opposite, a cluster of large and showy short- 
 spurred flowers in their axils, on short stalks, of very various shades 
 (from white to red and purple) ; the finer sorts full double. 
 
 /. Sultdni, Hook. Erect, leaves acuminate at both ends, serrate with 
 a bristle at each tooth ; flowers solitary or 2-3 together, on slender axil- 
 lary peduncles ; petals scarlet, quite flat, the lateral ones cleft to the base, 
 the lobes somewhat larger than the third ; blade of spurred sepal not 
 half the length of petals, spur long, slender, up-curved. Zanzibar. Cult, 
 in greenhouses. % 
 
 XXVI. RUTACEffi, RUE FAMILY. 
 
 Known by the transparent dots or glands resembling punc- 
 tures (wanting in No. 4) in the simple or compound leaves, 
 containing a pungent or acrid bitter-aromatic volatile oil ; and 
 stamens only as many or twice as many as the sepals (or in 
 Orange and Lemon more numerous), inserted on the base of 
 a receptacle (or a glandular disk surrounding it) which some- 
 times elevates more or less the single compound pistil or the 
 2-5 more or less separate carpels. Leaves either opposite or 
 alternate, in ours mostly alternate, without stipules. Flowers 
 only in No. 2 irregular. Many species are medicinal. 
 
 1. Perennial, strong-scented, hardy (exotic) herbs ; flowers perfect; stamens 8 or 
 
 10 ; ovary 4-5-lobed, 4-5-celled ; seeds several. 
 
 1. KTTTA. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, short, the latter roundish and arching. Stamens twice 
 as many as the petals. Style 1. Pod globular and many-seeded. Leaves decompound. 
 
 9. DICTAMNUS. Sepals and petals 5 ; the latter long and lanceolate, on short claws, the 
 
 lower one declining, the others ascending. Stamens 10 ; the long filaments declining 
 and curved, partly glandular. Styles 5, nearly separate. Ovary a little elevated, 
 deeply 5-lobed, in fruit becoming 5 flattened, rough-glandular, 2-3-seeded pods, each 
 plitting when ripe into 2 valves, which divide into an outer and an inner layer. 
 Leaves pinnate.
 
 RUE FAMILY. 99 
 
 2. Shrubs or trees, hardy, with polygamous, dioecious, or sometimes perfect, small 
 
 (greenish or whitish) flowers; stamens 4-6, as many as the petals; seeds single 
 
 or in pairs. . Leaves compoun d, deciduous. 
 
 8. XANTHOXYLUM. Flowers dioecious. Pistils 2-5 ; their styles slightly cohering ; the 
 
 ovaries separate, ripening into rather fleshy at length dry and 2-valved little pods. 
 
 Seed black, smooth, and shining. Prickly trees or shrubs ; leaves pinnate ; these and 
 
 the bark and pods very pungent and aromatic. 
 
 4. PHELLODENDRON. Flowers dioecious, greenish, inconspicuous ; stamens 5-6; ovary 
 
 5-lobed, rudimentary. Drupes berry-like, black, the size of a pea, with 5 stones, in 
 flat corymbs, hanging all winter. Leaves opposite, leaflets oblong-lanceolate, long- 
 acuminate, serrulate, not pellucid-punctate. 
 
 5. PTELEA. Flowers polygamous. Pistil a 2-celled ovary tipped with a short style, form- 
 
 ing a 2-celled, 2-seeded, and rounded wing-fruit or samara, in shape like that of the Elm. 
 Not prickly ; leaflets 3. 
 
 * * Leaves simple and entire, evergreen. 
 
 6. SKIMMIA. Flowers polygamous or perfect. Ovary 2-5-celled, with a single ovule from 
 
 the top of each cell, in fruit becoming a red berry or drupe. 
 
 8. Shrubs or trees, exotic (only one hardy), with sweet-scented foliage and conspicuous, 
 white, fragrant and perfect flowers. 
 
 7. CITRUS. Petals 4-8, usually 5, thickish. Filaments irregularly united more or less. 
 
 Ovary many-celled, encircled at the base by a conspicuous disk (Lessons, p. 113, 
 Fig. 363), in fruit becoming a many-seeded, large berry with a thick rind. Branches 
 usually spiny. Leaves evergreen, compound or apparently simple, but with a 
 joint between the blade and the (commonly winged or margined) petiole, showing 
 that the leaf is a compound one reduced to the end-leaflet. Flowers white, very 
 fragrant, rather showy. 
 
 8. jEGLE. Stamens fewer, and all distinct and free. Parts of the flower in 8's or 5's. 
 
 Leaves trifoliate. 
 
 1. RUT A, RUE. (The ancient name.) Natives of the Old World. 
 
 R. graveolens, Linn. COMMON RUE. A bushy herb, woody or almost 
 shrubby at the base; leaflets small, bluish-green and strongly dotted, 
 oblong or obovate, the terminal one broader arid notched at the end, 
 corymbs of greenish-yellow flowers produced all summer; the earliest 
 blossom has the parts in 5's, the rest in 4's. Plant very acrid, sometimes 
 even blistering the skin. Cult, in country gardens. 
 
 2. DICTAMNUS, FRAXINELLA, GAS PLANT. (Ancient Greek 
 
 name.) 
 
 D. 6lbus, Linn, (or D. FRAXINELLA.) Herb with an almost woody base, 
 viscid-glandular, and with a strong aromatic scent ; the leaves likened to 
 those of Ash on a smaller scale (whence one of the common names) of 
 9-13 ovate and serrate leaflets ; the large flowers in a terminal raceme, in 
 summer, in one variety pale purple with redder veins, another white. 
 S. Eu. 
 
 3. XANTHOXYLUM, PRICKLY ASH. (Greek: yellow wood.-) 
 
 X. Americ^num, Mill. NORTHERN P., or TOOTHACHE TREE. Leaves 
 downy when young, of 9-11 ovate or oblong leaflets ; the greenish flowers 
 in axillary clusters, in spring, preceding the leaves, the sepals wanting ; 
 pistils 3-5 with slender styles ; pods about the size and shape of pepper- 
 corns, lemon-scented, raised from the receptacle on thickish stalks. 
 Rocky woods and banks, N. 
 
 X. Clva-H<Srculis, Linn. SOUTHERN P. A small tree, the bark with 
 warty and the leafstalks with very slender prickles, smooth, with 7-9 
 ovate or lance-ovate leaflets, and whitish flowers in a terminal oyme, in
 
 100 RUE FAMILY. 
 
 early summer, later than the leaves, petals and sepals both present, 3 or 2 
 short-styled pistils ; pods not stalked. Sandy coast S. 
 
 4. PHELLODENDRON, COEK TREE. (Greek: corktree) 
 
 P. Amurense, Rupr. A spreading, hardy tree with ash-gray, deeply 
 furrowed corky bark, the inner bark lemon-yellow ; leaflets 2-6 pairs ; 
 general aspect of Ailanthus. Amur region. 
 
 5. PTELEA, HOP TREE. (The ancient Greek name for the Elm, 
 from the resemblance in the winged fruit.) 
 
 P. triiolteta, Linn. THREE-LEAVED H. A tall shrub, with ovate 
 pointed leaflets, and a terminal cyme of small, greenish-white, unpleasantly 
 scented flowers, in early summer ; the orbicular winged fruit bitter. Rocky 
 woods from L. L to Minn, and S. Alao planted, as vars., with variegated 
 or yellow leaves. 
 
 6. SKIMMIA. (Japanese : skimmi, the local name of the first-known 
 species.) Not fully hardy in the Northern States. 
 
 S. Fortune/, Masters. (S. JAPONICA of gardens.) A low, quite hardy shrub, 
 smooth, with oblong and entire, dark green, evergreen leaves, crowded on 
 the end of the branches, which in spring are terminated with a close panicle 
 or cluster of small and white sweet-scented, perfect flowers, of no beauty, 
 but followed by dull crimson, obovoid berries which last over winter. China. 
 
 S. Japdnica, Thunb. (S. OBL\TA and S. FR\GRANS of gardens) . Taller ; 
 flowers polygamous; leaves pale yellowish-green; berries bright red, 
 truncate or depressed, but rarely produced. Japan. 
 
 7. CITRUS, CITRON, ORANGE, LEMON, etc. (Ancient name for 
 citron.') Small trees, native to eastern Asia, grown in conservatories 
 in the north for ornament, and in Florida and California extensively 
 planted for fruit. (Lessons, Fig. 363.) 
 
 * LEMONS, ETC. Glabrous. Flowers (and young shoots) usually tinged 
 with red; fruit mostly elongated and rough, with a nipple or projection 
 at the tip, the rind closely adherent to the flesh, which is usitally acid. 
 
 C. Medico, Linn. CITRON. Leaves oblong or oval, acute, the petiole short, 
 winged or not ; fruit large, the rind very aromatic and covered with humps ; 
 the juice not abundant nor very acid. Named for the country Media. 
 
 Var. Llmon, Linn. LEMON. Petiole narrowly winged ; fruit distinctly 
 elongated, the rind not lumpy, with an abundant and acid juice. 
 
 Var. acris, Martyn. SOUR LIME. Flowers smaller ; fruit small, vari- 
 able in shape, the juice very acid. 
 
 * # ORANGES. Glabrous. Flowers white ; fruit mostly roundish, without a 
 nipple, the skin much thinner and smoother, and separating from the 
 flesh, which is usually sireetish. 
 
 C. Aurdntium, Linn. ORANGE. Tree, with ovate, large leaves, and 
 petiole either winged or naked ; fruit globose, usually 3'-4' in diameter, 
 golden-yellow, with a sweet edible flesh. China. 
 
 Var. vulgaris, Wight & Arn. BITTER or SEVILLE ORANGE. Petiole 
 usually broadly winged ; fruit small, with a thin roughish rind and bitter 
 pulp. Run wild in Florida and other parts of the world ; a deteriorated 
 form of the Orange. 
 
 C. nbbilis, Lour. MANDARIN, TANGERINE, KID-GLOVE ORANGE, OON- 
 SHIU. Tree small or bushy and much spreading ; leaves smaller and 
 narrower, the petioles not winged ; fruit small, flattened, the very thin 
 golden-russet rind parting readily from the loosely cohering, dryish, and 
 sweet carpels. Hardier than the Orange. Japan and China.
 
 MELIA FAMILY. 101 
 
 * * * SHADDOCK. Young growth pubescent. Flowers white ; fruit very 
 large, often borne in clusters, roundish, with a smooth rind and no 
 nipple; the flesh acid and very juicy. 
 
 C. Decumana, Lour. SHADDOCK, POMELO, GRAPE FRUIT. Leaves very 
 large and broad, often emarginate, pubescent beneath ; petioles much 
 winged ; fruit pale with distinct bitterish acid vesicles. Polynesia. 
 
 8. -ZEJGLE. (Name of one of the Hesperides.) 
 
 JE. sepiaria, DC. (or CITRUS TRIFOLIATA). A shrub with strong 
 thorns, 3 elliptic-crenulate leaflets, solitary flowers in the axils of the 
 thorns, and a light yellow, many-seeded, austere fruit, 1' in diameter. 
 Hardy in protected places as far N. as Washington. Grown for orna- 
 ment, hedges, and as a stock upon which to dwarf oranges. Japan. 
 
 XXVII. SIMARUBACE^l, QUASSIA FAMILY. 
 
 May be regarded as Butacese without transparent dots in 
 the leaves. (Phellodendron may be sought here. See the last 
 family.) Here represented by a single tree, the 
 
 1. AH.ANTHUS, CHINESE SUMACH or TREE OF HEAVEN. 
 
 (Ailanto, a native name.) Flowers polygamous, small, greenish, in 
 terminal branched panicles, with 5 short sepals and 5 petals, 10 stamens 
 in the sterile flowers, and few or none in the fertile flowers ; the latter 
 with 2-5 ovaries (their styles lateral, united, or soon separate), which 
 in fruit become linear-oblong, thin, and membranaceous, veiny samaras 
 or keys, 1-seeded in the middle. 
 
 A. glandulosus, Desf., the only species known here, from China, is a 
 common shade tree, tall, of rapid growth, with hard wood, very long pin- 
 nate leaves, and many obliquely lanceolate, entire, or sparingly sinuate 
 leaflets ; flowers in early summer, the staminate ill-scented. 
 
 XXVIIL MELIACRE, MELIA FAMILY. 
 
 Trees, chiefly with pinnately compound dotless leaves, sta- 
 mens twice as many as the petals and united up to or beyond 
 the anthers into a tube, and a several-celled ovary with a single 
 style ; almost all tropical. 
 
 1. MELIA. (Old Greek name of the Ash, transferred to a widely dif- 
 ferent tree.) Calyx 5-6-parted ; petals 5 or 6, linear-spatulate ; fila- 
 ments united into a cylindrical tube with a 10-12-cleft mouth, inclosing 
 as many anthers ; fruit a globose berry-like drupe, with a bony 5-celled 
 stone, and a single seed in each cell. Flowers in large compound 
 panicles. 
 
 M. Azedarach, Linn. PRIDE OF INDIA or CHINA TREE. A favorite 
 shade tree at the S., 30-40 high ; leaves twice pinnate, smooth ; leaflets 
 ovate and pointed-toothed, of a deep green color ; flowers numerous, fra- 
 grant, lilac-colored in spring, succeeded by the yellowish fruit.
 
 102 HOLLY FAMILY. 
 
 TTXTX HICINE2E, HOLLY FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with leaves alternate, simple; stipules 
 small, usually falling early; small, mostly polygamous, or 
 dioecious, axillary flowers, having divisions of the free calyx, 
 petals (these almost or quite distinct), stamens (alternate 
 with petals), and cells of the ovary of the same number (4-8 
 or even 9), and fruit berry-like, containing 4-8 single-seeded 
 little stones. Ovule solitary, hanging from the top of each 
 cell. Sessile stigmas 4-8, or united into one. Flowers white. 
 
 1. ILEX. Parts of the flower 4-6. Petals or corolla-lobes oval or obovate. Sterile flowers 
 
 clustered in the axils ; fertile, often solitary. Flowers early summer; fruit autumn. 
 
 2. NEMOPANTHES. Parts of the flower 4 or 5. Petals linear. Calyx-teeth minute or 
 
 obsolete. Flowers solitary on long, slender, axillary peduncles. 
 
 1. ILEX. HOLLY. (Ancient Latin name of the Holly Oak.) 
 1. TRUE HOLLY, icith thick and rigid evergreen leaves, red berries, and 
 parts of the flowers in fours, rarely some in fives or sixes. 
 
 * Leaves spiny-toothed. 
 
 I. Aquifblium, Linn. EUROPEAN HOLLY, is occasionally planted, but 
 not hardy N. ; tree with very glossy and wavy, spiny leaves ; umbellate 
 clusters of many flowers followed by many varieties in form and variega- 
 tion of leaves and color of berries, in cultivation. Bright red berries. 
 
 I. opaca, Ait. AMERICAN H. Tree 20-40 high, smooth, with gray 
 bark, oval leaves, wavy-margined and spiny-toothed ; flowers one to few 
 in a cluster, berries dull red. Low grounds from Maine and Ind. S. 
 
 Also cult - * * Leaves not spiny. 
 
 I. Cassine, Linn. CASSENA, YAUPON. Shrub on the sandy coast S., 
 with oblong or lance-ovate, crenate leaves only 1' long, and flowers in ses- 
 sile clusters. Leaves used for Yaupon tea. 
 
 I. D ah 6 on. Walt. DAHOON H. Shrub or small tree, of low pine 
 barrens from E. Va. S., a little downy, with obovate or oblong-linear, 
 short-petioled leaves sparingly toothed above the middle ; or, var. myrti- 
 fdlia, with narrower leaves barely 1' long and mostly entire. 
 2. PRINOIDES. Parts of the flower 4, 5, rarely 6 ; nutlets striate on the 
 
 back shrubs with deciduous, mostly thin leaves ; drupes red or purple. 
 
 I. decfdua, Walt. Leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely 
 serrate, downy on the midrib beneath, when old, glossy above ; calyx-lobes 
 acute. Wet grounds S. and W. 
 
 I. mpntfcola, Gray. Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, 3'-5' long, acumi- 
 nate, thin, smooth, sharply serrate ; fertile peduncles very short. N. Y., 
 S. in the mountains. 
 
 I. mdllis, Gray. Like the last, but leaves, softy-downy beneath ; pedicels 
 and calyx downy. Shady grounds along the Alleghanies from Penn. S. 
 
 3. PRINOS. Parts of the blossom 6 (or sometimes 5-9) in the fertile, 
 4-6 in the sterile flowers ; nutlets of the berry smooth and even ; shrubs. 
 
 Leaves deciduous ; flower- clusters sessile (or fertile flowers solitary) ; 
 fruit bright red. 
 
 I. verticillata, Gray. COMMON WINTER BERRY, BLACK ALDER. Leaves 
 (lJ'-2' long) obovate or wedge-lanceolate serrate, acute or pointed at
 
 STAFF TREE FAMILY. 103 
 
 both ends, downy on the veins beneath ; flowers very short-peduncled, 
 mostly clustered, very bright scarlet-red berries ripening late in autumn. 
 There is nothing whorled in the leaves or flowers, so that the name is 
 rather misleading. Common in low grounds. 
 
 I. laevigata, Gray. SMOOTH W. Leaves mostly smooth, lanceolate or 
 oblong-lanceolate, minutely serrate, glossy above, long-peduncled sterile 
 flowers, and larger, less bright berries ripening earlier. Wet grounds 
 Me. to Va. 
 
 * * Leaves thickish, evergreen, glossy above, often blackish-dotted beneath: 
 fruit black. 
 
 L glabra, Gray. IKK BERET. 2-4 high ; leaves wedge-oblong, few- 
 toothed near the apex; flowers several on the sterile, solitary on the 
 fertile peduncles. Along sandy coasts from Mass. S. 
 
 2. NEMOPANTHES. (Greek : flower stalk, a thread.) 
 
 N. fascicularis, Raf. MOUNTAIN HOLLY. A much-branched shrub ; 
 leaves alternate, oblong, deciduous, nearly or quite entire, smooth. Cold 
 damp woods Me. to Va. and Ind. N. W. 
 
 CELASTRACRE, STAFF TKEE FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs, sometimes twining, with simple leaves, minute and 
 deciduous stipules or none, and small flowers with sepals and 
 petals both imbricated in the bud, and stamens of the number 
 of the latter, alternate with them, and inserted on a disk 
 which fills the bottom of the calyx and often covers the 2-5- 
 celled, few-ovuled ovary ; the seeds usually furnished with or 
 inclosed in a fleshy or pulpy aril 
 
 1. CELASTETJS. Flowers polygamous or dioecious. Petals and stamens 5, on the edge of 
 
 a concave disk which lines the bottom of the calyx. Filaments and style rather 
 slender. Pod globular, berry -like, but dry, orange ; aril scarlet. Leaves alternate ; a 
 woody twiner. 
 
 2. EUONTMUS. Flowers perfect, flat ; the calyx-lobes and petals (4 or 5) widely spread- 
 
 ing. Stamens mostly with short filaments or almost sessile anthers, borne on the 
 surface of a flat disk which more or less conceals or covers the ovary. Pod 8-5-lobed, 
 generally bright-colored. Leaves opposite ; branchlets 4-sided. Shrubs not twining, 
 with dull-colored inconspicuous flowers, in small cymes on axillary peduncles, pro- 
 duced in early summer ; the pods in autumn ornamental, especially when they open 
 and display the seeds enveloped in their scarlet, pulpy aril. 
 
 1. CELASTRTJS, STAFF TREE. (Old Greek name for some ever- 
 green, which this plant is not.) 
 
 C. scandens, Linn. CLIMBING BITTERSWEET; WAXWORK. Smooth, 
 with thin ovate-oblong and pointed, finely serrate leaves, racemes of 
 greenish white flowers (in early summer) terminating the branches, the 
 petals serrate or crenate-toothed, wild in low grounds, and planted for the 
 showy, autumnal fruit. 
 
 C. articulatus, Thunb., a Japanese species, with conspicuously warty 
 branches, obovate or oval crenate leaves, and short peduncled axillary 
 flowers, is hardy, and occasionally planted, but inferior to the native 
 species. The fruit hangs long after the leaves have fallen.
 
 104 BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 
 
 2. EUONYMUS, SPINDLE TREE, BURNING BUSH, STRAW- 
 BERRY TREE. (Greek : of good repute.) 
 
 * Leaves deciduous, ovate. 
 -- Branches not winged. 
 
 w- Native species ; anthers nearly or quite sessile. 
 
 E. atropurptireuB, Jacq. BURNING BUSH or SPINDLE TREE. Tall shrub, 
 wild from New York W. and S., and commonly planted ; with short, 
 small buds and oval or oblong, petioled, sharply serrate leaves ; flowers 
 with rounded, dark, dull-purple petals (generally 4), and smooth, deeply 
 4-lobed, red fruit, hanging on slender peduncles. 
 
 E. Americanus. Linn. AMERICAN STRAWBERRY BUSH. Low shrub, 
 wild from New York W. and S., and sometimes cult. ; with thickish 
 ovate or lance-ovate, almost sessile leaves, usually 5 greenish-purple 
 rounded petals, and rough-warty, somewhat 3-lobed fruit, crimson when 
 ripe. Var. obovitus, with thinner and dull obovate or oblong leaves, 
 has long and spreading or trailing and rooting branches. 
 
 M- -M- Exotic; anthers raised on evident filaments. 
 
 E. Europasus, Linn. EUROPEAN SPINDLE TREE. Occasionally planted, 
 but inferior to the foregoing; a rather low shrub, with lance-ovate or 
 oblong, short-petioled leaves, about 3-flowered peduncles, 4 greenish 
 oblong petals, and a smooth, 4-lobed red fruit, the aril orange-color. Eu. 
 
 . fatifdlius, Bauh. Has long, pointed, large buds, many-flowered 
 peduncles, whitish flowers and red-ariled fruit. Eu. 
 
 -i- -i- Branches strongly winged. 
 
 E. Thunbergianus, Blume. (In cult. asE. AL\TUS.) Smooth branches 
 with 4 corky wings (these rarely wanting) ; leaves elliptic, acuminate ; 
 peduncles 1-3-flowered, capillary ; capsule 4-parted, smooth. Japan. 
 * * Leaves deciduous or nearly so ; linear. 
 
 E. nanus, Bieb. 2-3 high; leaves coriaceous, linear (l'-2' long), 
 on the young shoots alternate or apparently whorled, margin revolute ; 
 pod pink ; aril orange, covering only half the seed. Caucasus. Hardy N. 
 * * * Leaves evergreen, ovate or oblong. 
 
 E. Japdnicus, Thunb. JAPAN S. Planted S. under the name of CHI 
 NESE Box, there hardy, but tender N.; leaves obovate, shining and bright 
 green, also forms with white or yellowish variegation ; peduncles several- 
 flowered ; petals 4, obovate, whitish ; pods smooth, globular. 
 
 Var. radlcans, climbing by rootlets, leaves varying from oval and very 
 short-petiolate to ovate or elliptic and distinctly petiolate. Hardy N. to 
 Mass. 
 
 XXXI. RHAMNACKE, BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, of bitterish and astringent properties, with 
 simple, chiefly alternate leaves, and small flowers ; well marked 
 by the stamens of the number of the valvate sepals (4 or 5) and 
 alternate with them, i.e. opposite the petals, inserted on a disk 
 which lines the calyx-tube and often unites it with the base of the 
 ovary, this having a single, erect ovule in each of the (2-5) cells. 
 Branches often thorny ; stipules minute or none ; flowers often 
 apetalous or polygamous. Petal commonly hooded or invo- 
 lute around the stamen before it. (Lessons, Figs. 364, 365.)
 
 BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 105 
 
 Calyx free from the ovary. 
 
 1. BERCHEMIA. Twining climbers, with alternate, straight-veined leaves. Petals 5, 
 
 without claws, rather longer than the stamens. Disk thick, nearly filling the bottom 
 of the calyx. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a 2-celled, small stone-fruit. 
 
 2. 8AGERETIA. Trailing shrubs, with opposite, persistent leaves. Petals 5, minute. 
 
 Ovary 3-celled, becoming a 3-seeded stone-fruit. 
 
 3. KHAMNUS. Erect shrubs or trees. Petals 4 or 5 or 0, notched, with short claws. 
 
 Stamens short. Ovary 2-4-celled, becoming a black, berry-like fruit, containing 2-4 
 cartilaginous seed-like nutlets. Flowers greenish, axillary, mostly in small clusters, 
 in early summer. Berry -like fruit mawkish. 
 
 * * Calyx loith the disk coherent with the base of the ovary and fruit. 
 
 4. CEANOTHUS. Erect or depressed shrubs or undershrubs. Petals 5, hood-shaped, 
 
 spreading, their claws and the filaments slender. Ovary 3-celled, when ripe becom- 
 ing a cartilaginous or crustaceous 3-seeded pod. Flowers in little umbels or fascicles, 
 usually clustered in dense bunches or panicles, handsome, the calyx and even the 
 pedicels colored like the petals and stamens. Ours are low undershrubs, with white 
 flowers. 
 
 1. BERCHEMIA, SUPPLEJACK. (Probably named for some 
 
 person.) 
 
 B. volubilis, DC. Climbing on high trees, smooth, with very tough and 
 lithe stems (whence the popular name) ; leaves small, oblong-ovate and 
 simply parallel-veined ; flowers greenish white, in small panicles termin- 
 ating the branchlets, in early summer ; drupe purple. Common in low 
 
 grounds S. 
 
 2. SAGERETIA. (Named for Sageret, an able French agriculturist.) 
 
 S. Michauxii, Brongn. Stems vine-like and many feet long, trailing 
 in the sands along the coast from N. C., South ; leaves an inch long and 
 nearly sessile, finely serrate, shining ; spikes of flowers slender and inter- 
 rupted, clustered ; drupe dark purple. 
 
 3. RHAMNUS. BUCKTHORN. (The ancient name.) 
 
 * Plotters usually dioecious ; nutlets and seeds deeply grooved on the back; 
 
 winter buds scaly. 
 
 t- Flowers with petals, the parts in fours; leaves minutely serrate. 
 
 R. cathdrtica, Linn. COMMON BUCKTHORN. Cult, from Eu., for 
 hedges, run wild in a few places ; forms a small tree, with thorny branch- 
 lets, ovate or oblong leaves, and 3-4-seeded fruit. 
 
 R. lanceolate, Pursh. NARROW-LEAVED B. Wild from Penn. S. and 
 W. ; shrub not thorny, with lanceolate or oblong leaves and 2-seeded fruit. 
 
 -H- H- Flowers without petals ; stamens and lobes of the calyx 5. 
 
 R. alnif61ia, L'Her. ALDER-LEAVED B. Wild in cold swamps N. ; a 
 low shrub, with oval, acute, serrate leaves, and 3-seeded, berry -like fruit. 
 
 * * Floicers perfect; nutlets and seeds not furrowed; winter buds naked. 
 
 R. Caroliniana, Walt. INDIAN CHERRY. A thornless shrub or low 
 tree, with oblong and almost entire, rather large leaves ; flowers solitary 
 or in small clusters in the axils, in early summer on peduncles shorter 
 than the petioles ; the 3-seeded fruit at first crimson, finally black. Wild 
 in wet grounds, from N. .1. and Ky. S. 
 
 R. Purshiana, DC. From the N. W. coast, with peduncles much 
 longer than the petioles of the serrulate leaves, and R. Frdngula, Linn., 
 from Eu., with the flower clusters sessile and leaves entire, are occasion- 
 ally planted.
 
 106 VINE FAMILY. 
 
 4. CEANOTHTTS. (An ancient name of unknown meaning.) 
 
 C. Americanus, Linn. NEW JERSEY TEA or REDROOT. l-2 high, 
 from a dark red root ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, finely serrate, downy 
 beneath, 3-ribbed and veiny, deciduous (once used as a substitute for 
 tea) ; flowers crowded in a dense, slender-peduncled cluster, in summer. 
 Wild in dry grounds. 
 
 C. ovatus, Desf. Lower than the preceding and nearly smooth ; 
 leaves smaller, narrow-oval, or lance-oblong ; flowers on a short peduncle 
 in spring. Wild on rocks N., from Vermont to Minn., rare E. 
 
 C. microphyllus, Michx. SMALL-LEAVED C. Low and spreading, 
 much branched ; leaves evergreen, very small, obovate, 3 ribbed ; flower- 
 clusters small and simple in spring. Dry barrens S. 
 
 XXXTT. VITACEJJ, VINE FAMILY. 
 
 Woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with watery and often 
 acid juice, alternate leaves, deciduous stipules, and small 
 greenish flowers in a cyme or thyrsus ; with a minutely 4-5- 
 toothed or almost obsolete calyx; petals valvate in the bud 
 and very deciduous ; the stamens as many as the petals and 
 opposite them ; a 2-celled ovary with a pair of ovules rising 
 from the base of each cell, becoming a berry containing 1-4 
 bony seeds. Tendrils and flower-clusters opposite the leaves. 
 
 * Climbing by naked-tipped tendrils ; ovary surrounded by a nectar-secreting disk. 
 
 1. VITIS. Petals and stamens 5, the former lightly cohering at the top and thrown off 
 without expanding ; the base of the very short and truncate calyx filled with the disk, 
 which rises into 5 thick lobes or glands between the stamens ; leaves simple, rounded, 
 and heart-shaped, usually 3-5-lobed. Fruit a pulpy berry. 
 
 8. CI88US. Flowers in an ovate panicle. Petals and stamens 4 or 5, the former opening 
 
 regularly ; disk thick and broad, 4-5-lobed ; flowers mostly perfect ; berries not larger 
 than peas, not edible. Tendrils in ours among the flowers, which are panicled or cymose. 
 Climbing by the adhesion of the dilated tips of tendrils (Lessons, p. 41, Figs. 93, 
 94) ; disk 0. 
 
 9. AMPELOP8I8. Corolla expanding. Petals thick. Flowers cymose. 
 
 1. VITIS, GRAPEVINE. (Classical Latin name.) Flowers in late 
 spring, g l Bark lQose ^ shreddy . tendrils forked ; nodes solid. 
 * A tendril (or inflorescence) opposite every leaf. 
 
 V. Labnisca. Linn. NORTHERN Fox GRAPE, etc., furnishing most of the 
 American table and wine grapes ; leaves and young shoots very cottony, 
 even the adult leaves retaining the cottony wool underneath, the lobes 
 separated by roundish sinuses ; fruit large, with a tough musky pulp when 
 wild, dark purple, or amber-color in compact clusters. Common in moist 
 grounds N. and E. The original of the CONCORD, HARTFORD, and many 
 others. 
 
 * * Tendrils intermittent (none opposite each third leaf). 
 
 -H- Leaves pubescent andfloccose, especially beneath when young. 
 
 V. aestivalis. Michx. SUMMER GRAPE. Branches terete ; leaves 
 green above, and with loose, cobwebby, rusty down underneath, the lobes
 
 VINE FAMILY. 107 
 
 with roundish open sinuses ; clusters slender ; fruit smaller and earlier 
 than in the foregoing, black with a bloom, pleasant. Common from Va., 
 S. Original of the HERBEMONT, NORTON'S VIRGINIA, and others. 
 
 V. bicolor, Le Conte, represents the last in the N., has very glaucous 
 wood, thin leaves, glaucous-blue and only thinly pubescent below, and 
 late, austere, very small fruits. 
 
 V. cin&rea, Engelm. DOWNY GRAPE. Branches angular, pubescence 
 grayish or whitish and persistent ; leaves entire or slightly 3-lobed on 
 very long stalks ; berries small, black, without bloom in long-stalked 
 clusters. 111. W. and S. 
 
 - *- Leaves glabrous and mostly shining, or short-hairy beneath, cut-lobed 
 or undivided. 
 
 ++ Flowers more or less polygamous (some plants inclined to produce only 
 staminatc flowers), exhaling a fragrance like that of Mignonette; 
 native species. 
 
 V. cordif61ia, Michx. FROST or CHICKEN G. Leaves thin, heart-shaped, 
 with a deep acute sinus, little lobed, but coarsely and sharply toothed ; 
 stipules small ; clusters loose ; fruit small, bluish, or black with a bloom, 
 very sour, ripe after frosts. Common on banks of streams. 
 
 V. riparia, Michx. (or V. VULP*NA). RIVER G. Leaves usually 3- 
 lobed, sinus broad, rounded, or truncate ; stipules large (2"-3") ; fruit 
 4"-5" diameter, acid, often juicy, ripening July to Sept. Stream banks 
 N. and W. Original, in part, of CLINTON and others. 
 
 V. rupe"stris, Scheele. SAND G., SUGAR G. Low and bushy, often 
 without tendrils ; leaves broadly cordate or kidney-shaped, not acumi- 
 nate, usually not lobed, but coarsely toothed ; berries small in small 
 bunches, sweet ; ripe Aug. Wis. to Tenn. and Tex. 
 
 ++ .. Flowers all perfect, somewhat fragrant ; exotic. 
 
 If. vinifera, Linn. EUROPEAN GRAPE. Leaves circular and usually 
 green and shining, thin, the teeth deep and sharp or rounded, when 
 young 5-7-lobed. Cult, from immemorial time ; from the East, furnish- 
 ing the principal grapes of our greenhouses. 
 
 2. Bark of stem close and smooth, pale ; pith continuous through the 
 nodes ; tendrils simple, intermittent. 
 
 V. rotundifdlia, Michx. MUSCADINE, BULLACE, or SOUTHERN Fox 
 GRAPE. Leaves rather small, round, seldom slightly lobed, glossy, and 
 mostly smooth both sides, margin coarsely toothed ; clusters small ; fruit 
 i'-f diameter, purple, thick-skinned, ripe in early autumn ; original of 
 the SCUPPERNONG GRAPE. River banks from Md. and Ky. and Kans., S. 
 
 2. CISSUS. (Greek : Ivy.) Species often referred to Vitis. 
 * Wild species S. and W. , smooth, usually with 5 stamens and petals. 
 
 C. Ampeldpsis, Pers. A species with simple leaves like those of a true 
 Grape, heart-shaped or ovate, pointed, coarsely toothed, but not lobed ; 
 flower-clusters, small and loose ; style slender. 
 
 C. stans, Pers. A bushy or low-climbing plant, with few tendrils, and 
 decompound leaves, the small leaflets cut-toothed. 
 
 * * Exotic species, usually with 4 stamens and petals. 
 
 C. discolor, Blume. Leaves lance-oblong, with a heart-shaped base, 
 crimson underneath, velvety lustrous and dark-green, shaded with purple 
 or violet, or often mottled with white ; on the upper surface the shoots 
 reddish. Java ; cult, in hothouses for its splendid foliage.
 
 108 SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 
 
 3. AMPELOPSIS. (Greek: like the vine.) (Lessons, Figs. 93, 94.) 
 Flowers much like Vitis. 
 
 A. quinquefdlia, Michx. VIRGINIA CREEPER, WOODBINE. In all low 
 grounds, climbing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by the 
 tendrils ; leaflets 5, digitate, lance-oblong, cut-toothed, changing to crim- 
 son in autumn ; flowers cymose in summer ; berries small, black or bluish. 
 One form does not cling well. 
 
 A. tricuspidata, Sieb. & Zucc. (or A. VEITCHII). JAPAN IVY, BOSTON 
 IVY. Branching profusely and adhering tenaciously by much-branched 
 tendrils ; leaves very variable, roundish-ovate and crenate-serrate, or 
 cordate, 3-lobed or even 3-foliolate, shining, thickish, finely colored in 
 autumn ; cymes much shorter than petioles, inconspicuous. Japan. A 
 handsome hardy climber for covering walls. 
 
 A. heterophylla, Sieb. & Zucc. (or VITIS HETEROPHYLLA). Has the 
 small thin leaves variously 3-5-lobed, often blotched or variegated, slender 
 soft canes, and small, porcelain-blue berries. Hardy N. China and Japan. 
 Does not cling. 
 
 XXXIII. SAPINDACEJE, SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or one or two herbaceous climbers, mostly 
 with compound or lobed leaves, and unsymmetrical flowers, 
 the stamens sometimes twice as many as the petals or lobes 
 of the calyx, but commonly rather fewer, when of equal num- 
 ber alternate with the petals; these imbricated in the bud, 
 inserted on a disk in the bottom of the calyx and often coherent 
 with it ; ovary 2-3-celled, sometimes 2-3-lobed, with 1-3 (or 
 in Staphylea several) ovules in each cell. A large and diverse 
 order. 
 
 I. SOAPBERRY SUBFAMILY. Flowers often polyg- 
 amous or dioecious, mostly irregular or unsymmetrical, the 
 embryo coiled or curved, without albumen. No stipules. 
 
 * Leaves alternate, twice tcrnate and cut-toothed. Pod bladdery-inflated. 
 
 1. CAEDIOSPERMUM. Herbs, climbing by hook-like tendrils in the flower clusters. 
 
 Sepals 4, the Inner pah- larger. Petals 4, each with an appendage on the inner face, 
 that of the two* upper large and petal-like, of the two lower crest-like and with a de- 
 flexed spur or process, raised on a claw. Disk irregular, enlarged into two glands, 
 one before each lower petal. Stamens 8, turned towards the upper side of the flower 
 away from the glands, the filaments next to them shorter. Styles or stigmas 3, short : 
 ovary triangular, 8-celled, with a single ovule rising from the middle of each cell. Pod 
 8-lobed ; seeds bony, globose, with a scale-like heart-shaped aril adherent to the base. 
 * * Leaves alternate, pinnate. 
 
 2. KO3LREUTERIA. Small tree. Sepals 5. Petals 3 or 4 (the place of the others vacant), 
 
 each with a small, 2-parted, scale-like appendage attached to its claw. Disk enlarging 
 Into a lobe before each petal. Stamens 5-8, declined ; filaments hairy. Style single, 
 slender ; ovary triangular, 3-ceUed, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Pod bladdery, 
 8-lobed, 3-celled. 
 
 8. XANTHOCERAS. Shrub. Flowers regular. Sepals 5 ; petals 5, without a scale. Disk 
 oup-like. with 5 curved, spreading horns alternate with the petals. Stamens 8. Style
 
 SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 109 
 
 grooved, stigmas 3 ; ovary 3-lobed, 8-celled, with 8 ovnles In each cell. Fruit a thiok- 
 walled capsule tardily splitting into 3 valves. Seeds globular, J' diam., purple 
 brown. 
 
 * * * Leaves opposite, O/5-9 digitate leaflets. Pod leathery, not inflated. 
 4. ^ESCULUS. Trees or shrubs. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, more or less 
 unequal, on claws inclosed in the calyx, not appendaged. Stamens 7, rarely 6 or 8 ; 
 filaments slender, often unequal. Style single, as also the minute stigma ; ovary 3- 
 celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Flowers in a terminal crowded panicle, in 
 late spring, or summer. Fruit a leathery pod, splitting at maturity into 3 valves, 
 ripening 1-3 very large, chestnut-like, hard-coated seeds. (Lessons, p. 19, and Figs. 
 
 II. MAPLE SUBFAMILY. Flowers generally polyga- 
 mous or dioecious, and sometimes apetalous, a mostly 2-lobed 
 and 2-celled ovary, with a pair of ovules in each cell, ripening 
 a single seed in each cell of the winged fruit. Embryo with 
 long and thin cotyledons, coiled or crumpled. (Lessons, p. 15, 
 Figs. 11-13, etc.) Leaves opposite ; no stipules. 
 
 6. ACER. Trees or shrubs, with palmately-lobed or even parted leaves. Calyx mostly 
 5-cleft. Petals as many or none, and stamens 3-8 or rarely more, borne on the edge 
 of the disk. Styles or stigmas 2, slender. Fruit a pair of samaras or key-fruits, 
 united at the base or inner lace and winged from the back. Occasionally the ovary is 
 3-celled and the fruit 3-winged. 
 
 6. NEGUNDO. Trees, with pinnate leaves of 3-5 leaflets, and dioecious, very small flowers, 
 
 without petals or disk ; the calyx minute ; stamens 4 or 5. Fruit, etc., of Acer. 
 
 III. BLADDEE NUT SUBFAMILY. Flowers perfect 
 and regular; stamens as many as the petals; several bony 
 seeds with a straight embryo in scanty albumen, and opposite, 
 compound leaves both stipulate and stipellate. 
 
 7. STAPH YLEA. Erect sepals, petals, and stamens 5 ; the latter borne on the margin of 
 
 a fleshy disk which lines the bottom of the calyx. Styles 2-3, slender, separate or 
 lightly cohering ; ovary strongly 2-3-lobed, in fruit becoming a bladdery 2-3-lobed, 
 2-8-celled, and several-seeded, large, bladdery pod. Shrubs, with pinnately compound 
 leaves of 3-7 leaflets. 
 
 1. CARDIOSPERMUM, BALLOON VINE, HEARTSEED. (The 
 latter is a translation of the Greek name.) 
 
 C. Halicacabum, Linn. A delicate, climbing herb, or spreading; 
 flowers small, white, in summer. Wild in S. W. States, and cult, for the 
 inflated pods. 
 
 2. KCELREUTERIA. (Named for Kcelreuter, a German botanist. ) 
 
 K. paniculata, Laxm. Leaves of numerous thin and coarsely toothed ov 
 cut leaflets, and a panicle of small yellow flowers (in summer) terminal, 
 amply branched. China. 
 
 3. XANTHOCERAS. (Greek : yellow horn ; the disk-horned.) 
 
 X. sorbifdl/a, Bunge. Leaves large, leaflets 11-21 ovate-lanceolate, 
 coarsely serrate ; flowers (!' broad) in dense, raceme-like clusters; petals 
 crumpled, white, marked with yellow, changing to purple. China.
 
 110 SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 
 
 4. JBSCULUS, HORSE-CHESTNUT, BUCKEYE. (Ancient name 
 of an Oak or other mast-bearing tree, applied to these trees on account 
 of their large, chestnut- like, but unedible or even poisonous, seeds.) 
 (Lessons, Figs. 38, 39, 159, 170.) 
 
 * Petals 5, shorter than stamens ; fruit prickly. 
 
 /E". Hfppocdstanum, Linn. COMMON H. Tall fine tree, with mostly 
 7 leaflets, and large flowers of 5 petals, white, with yellow spots becoming 
 crimson ; stamens 7, at first declined. There are double, variegated, and 
 cut-leaved forms. 
 
 i- Petals broad, spreading on slender claws. 
 
 . rubicQnda, Lois. RED H. Compact, round-headed tree, flower- 
 ing even as a shrub ; leaves rather bright green, of 5-7 leaflets ; petals 
 rose-red ; stamens mostly 8. Origin unknown ; thought to be a hybrid. 
 
 /E . turbinata, Blume. CHINESE H. A tree, 30 high ; leaflets 5-7 
 obovate-cuneate ; panicle a span long, pubescent ; flowers whitish, calyx 
 5-lobed ; petals repand-toothed, ciliate ; stamens 6 or 7 ; ovary densely 
 reddish, pubescent. 
 
 X. Califdrnica, Nutt. CALIFORNIAN H. Low tree ; leaflets usually 5, 
 small, oblong-lanceolate, slender-stalked ; small, white or rosy-tinged 
 flowers densely crowded in a long pubescent thyrse ; calyx 2-lobed ; 
 stamens 5-7, slender ; ovary hoary, pubescent. Cal. 
 
 - M- Petals erect, and rather narrow, on slender claws. 
 
 JE. parvifldra, Walt. SMALL BUCKEYE. Shrub 3-9 high ; leaflets 
 6-7, soft downy underneath ; panicle slender, raceme-like, 1 long ; stamens 
 twice as long as the narrow white petals ; flowering N. as late as midsum- 
 mer; fruit smooth; seeds small, almost edible. Wild in the upper 
 country S., and planted N. 
 
 Si. glabra, Willd. FETID or OHIO BUCKEYE. Tall tree ; leaflets 5, 
 nearly smooth ; panicle short ; stamens moderately longer than the some- 
 what uniform, pale yellow petals ; fruit prickly roughened like that of 
 Horse-chestnut. W. of the Alleghanies. 
 
 * * * Petals 4, longer than the stamens. 
 
 Si. flava, Ait. YELLOW or SWEET BUCKEYE. Tree or shrub ; leaflets 
 5-7, smooth or smoothish ; panicle, short, dense ; calyx oblong ; petals 
 connivent, light yellow, these of two dissimilar pairs, the longer pair with 
 very small blade ; fruit smooth. W. and S. 
 
 Var. purpurascens, Gray. PURPLISH B. Has both calyx and corolla 
 tinged with purple or reddish, and leaflets generally downy underneath. 
 W. Va.,S. and W. 
 
 Si. Pavia, Linn. RED BUCKEYE. Shrub or low tree, like the last, 
 but leaves generally smooth ; the longer and tubular calyx and the petals 
 bright red ; the several forms showy in cultivation. S. and W. 
 
 5. ACER, MAPLE. (The classical Latin name from Celtic, hard.) 
 (Lessons, Figs. 11-25, 79, 81, 82, 182, 391.) 
 
 * Flower clusters terminating a shoot of the season, appearing after the 
 leaves. 
 
 >- Leaves undivided or 3-5-lobed, with as many palmate ribs. 
 -M- Flower clusters erect, rarely drooping. 
 
 A. Tartdricum, Linn. TARTARIAN M. A small tree or shrub ; young 
 branches tomentose ; leaves ovate or oblong, mostly undivided, incised ser-
 
 SOAPBERRY FAMILY. Ill 
 
 rate ; clusters of white flowers short, thyrsoid ; wings of fruit diverging 
 at an acute angle. Leaves very bright colored in autumn. Var. Ginnala. 
 Leaves much longer than broad, mostly deeply 3-lobed. Mediterranean 
 to E. Asia, 
 
 A. spicEttum, Lam. MOUNTAIN M. Tall shrub or tree ; leaves slightly 
 3-lobed and coarsely toothed, downy beneath ; spike-like clusters of small 
 greenish-yellow flowers ; fruits with narrow wings diverging at an obtuse 
 angle. Flowers June. N. 
 
 -M- *+ Flower clusters pendulous. 
 
 A. Pseudo-Pldtanus, Linn. SYCAMORE M. A fine tree, with spread- 
 ing branches, ample 5-lobed leaves, whitish and rather downy beneath, on 
 long reddish petioles, the lobes toothed, elongated ; clusters of greenish 
 flowers ; wings of the pubescent fruit moderately spreading. Eu. A great 
 many forms, with golden, purple, or variegated leaves are cult. 
 
 A! Pennsylvnicum, Linn. STRIPED M., MOOSEWOOD. Small tree ; 
 bark light green, striped with darker lines ; leaves large, thin, finely 
 sharply serrate all round, and at the end with 3 short and very taper- 
 pointed lobes ; racemes of rather large green flowers, slender and loose ; 
 fruit glabrous with very divergent wings. Common N. 
 
 t- *- Leaves 1 -\\-lobed or parted (sometimes dissected), with as many 
 ribs ; flowers in corymbiform clusters. 
 
 A. circinatum, Pursh. VINE M. Spreading shrub or tree ; leaves thin 
 and rounded, moderately 7-9-1 obed, the lobes serrate ; drooping clusters 
 of 10-20 purplish flowers ; wings of fruit strongly diverging. Oregon. 
 
 A. palmatum, Thunb. JAPAN M. A large tree ; leaves 7-11-parted ; 
 the segments narrow, often much laciniate ; small purple flowers in 
 erect clusters. A great number of forms with variously cut and colored 
 leaves in cult, under many names : A. POLYM6RPHUM, A. JAPONICUM (of 
 horticulturists, not Thunberg), A. DISSE'CTUM, etc. 
 
 * Flowei clusters corymbiform, terminating shoots of the season, or 
 some from lateral buds, appearing with the leaves. 
 
 t- Sepals distinct ; petals present. 
 ++ Leaves thin, with taper-pointed lobes. 
 
 A. platanoldes, Linn. NORWAY M. A handsome, round-headed tree ; 
 leaves broad, smooth, bright green both sides, their 5 short lobes set with 
 2-5 coarse and taper-pointed teeth ; flowers numerous ; fruit flat, smooth, 
 with wings 2' long diverging in a straight line. Juice milky ; leaves hold- 
 ing green later than others. There are cut and variegated-leaved forms ; 
 also with colored foliage. 
 
 A. Lobelii, Tenore. A tree much resembling the preceding, except 
 that the leaves are 5-7-lobed, with the lobes almost or quite entire. S. 
 Eu. Forms with reddish or variegated leaves are most planted. 
 
 A. pictum, Thunb., from Asia, with fruit wings, H-2 tunes the carpel 
 (2-3 times in A. Lobelii), and diverging at a right angle, may be different. 
 
 -*. ++ Leaves thickish and firm, lobes blunt. 
 
 A. campSstre, Linn. A low shrub or tree ; long-petioled, 5-lobed leases ; 
 lobes with a few, large blunt teeth ; fruit wings in a line or even recurved. 
 
 1- H- Sepals united ; petals ; leaf-lobes taper-pointed. 
 
 A. saccharlnum, Wang. ROCK or SUGAR M. Leaves rather deeply 
 3-5-lobed, pale or whitish beneath, the sinuses open and rounded, and 
 the lobes with one or two sinuate, coarse teeth ; calyx bell-shaped and 
 tiairy -f ringed ; wings of fruit ascending, barely 1' long. Large trees 
 2ommon, especially N. , valuable for timber and for the sugar of their sap.
 
 112 CASHEW FAMILY. 
 
 Var. nigrum, Torr. and Gray. BLACK SUGAR M. Has leaves green, 
 often downy beneath, thicker and more coriaceous when old, the sinus at 
 the base often closed. Stipules large, early deciduous. Also much planted. 
 
 * * * Flowers in earliest spring much preceding the leaves, in umbel-like 
 clusters from separate lateral buds. 
 
 A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. WHITE or SILVER M. A handsome tree ; 
 branches long and spreading or drooping ; leaves very deeply 5-lobed, 
 silvery-white, and when young downy beneath, the narrow lobes coarsely 
 cut and toothed ; flowers greenish ; petals ; fruit woolly when young, 
 but soon smooth, 2'-3' long, including the great diverging wings. River 
 banks S. and W. Cut-leaved forms are grown. 
 
 A. rilbrum, Linn. RED, SOFT, or SWAMP M. Rather small tree ; twigs 
 reddish ; leaves moderately 3-5-lobed, whitish beneath, the middle lobe 
 longest, all irregularly serrate; petals linear- oblong ; flowers scarlet, 
 crimson, or sometimes yellowish ; fruit smooth, with the slightly spreading 
 wings 1' or less in length, often reddish. 
 
 6. NEGUNDO, BOX ELDER, ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. (Meaning- 
 less name.) 
 
 N. aceroldes, Moench. Small tree, twigs light green ; leaflets ovate, 
 pointed, coarsely toothed, very veiny. Sterile flowers fascicled on long 
 hairy pedicels ; fertile in drooping racemes, all appearing with the leaves. 
 New Eng. S. and W. One form has variegated leaves. 
 
 7. STAPHYLEA, BLADDER NUT. (Greek : a cluster.) 
 
 * Leaflets 3, ovate, acuminate, serrate. 
 
 3. trifdlia, Linn. AMERICAN B. Shrub 8-10 high, branches green- 
 ish striped ; stipules deciduous ; raceme-like clusters of white flowers 
 hanging at the end of the branchlets of the season, in spring ; petals 
 longer than sepals ; fruit 3-celled. Low ground, common N. and W. 
 
 S. Bumdlda, DC. JAPAN B. Leaf edges bristly-serrate ; panicled clus- 
 ters of white flowers, erect or nodding ; petals equaling the serrulate sepals ; 
 ovary and flattish fruit 2-celled. Japan. 
 
 # Leaflets mostly 5, rarely 3 or 1 ; fruit ^-celled. 
 
 S. pinnata, Linn. EUROPEAN B. Leaflets broadly ovate ; flowers in 
 small pendulous clusters, 3"-4" long; sepals little spreading; fruit as 
 broad as long. Eu. 
 
 XXXIV. ANACARDIACE^l, CASHEW FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with resinous or acrid, sometimes poisonous, 
 often colored or milky juice ; alternate leaves without stipules ; 
 small flowers (often polygamous) with sepals, petals, and 
 stamens 5 ; and a 1-celled, 1-ovuled ovary, bearing 3 styles or 
 stigmas; represented by the genus 
 
 1. RHUS, SUMACH. (Ancient name.) Flowers whitish or greenish ; 
 stamens inserted under the edge or between the lobes of a flattened 
 disk in the bottom of the calyx ; fruit a small dry or berry -like drupe, 
 the solitary seed on a curved stalk rising from the bottom of the cell.
 
 CASHEW FAMILY. 113 
 
 1. Leaves compound; fruit symmetrical ', with style terminal. 
 
 * Flowers whitish, in large and very compact terminal panicles, in early 
 summer, succeeded by a compact mass of crimson fruit, beset with red- 
 dish acid hairs ; not poisonous. Leaves pinnate. 
 
 f- Petioles not winged ; leaflets glabrous or hairy only on veins beneath. 
 
 R. typbina, Linn. STAGHORN SUMACH. Shrub or tree, 10-30 high ; 
 juice resinous-milky ; branches and stalks velvety -hairy ; large leaves of 
 11-31 lance-oblong, pointed, and serrate leaflets. Hillsides ; also planted. 
 There is a cut-leaved form in cultivation. 
 
 R. glabra, Linn. SMOOTH S. Shrub 2-12 high, like the last, but 
 smooth, the leaflets whitened beneath. Var. laciniata. in Penn., 
 has the leaflets cut into narrow, irregular lobes ; planted. Rocky 
 places. 
 
 - +- Petioles winged or margined; leaflets densely pubescent beneath. 
 
 R. copalllna, Linn. DWARF S. Shrub 1-5 C high, spreading by sub- 
 terranean shoots ; stalks and branches downy ; leaflets 9-21, oblong or 
 lance-ovate oblique, entire or serrate, thickish and shining above ; panicle 
 \ as long as leaves ; drupes sparsely pilose ; juice resinous. Rocky or 
 sandy ground. 
 
 R. semiafata, Murr., var. Osbeckii, DC. WINGED S. A small tree or 
 shrub ; leaflets 4-6 pairs, sessile, crenate-serrate ; panicle very large, 
 equaling the leaves ; drupes densely tomentose. Japan. 
 
 * * Flowers in slender axillary panicles, in summer; fruit smooth, white 
 or dun-color; leaves pinnate or trifoliate, poisonous to the touch for 
 most people, the juice resinous. 
 
 R. venenata, DC. POISON SUMACH, P. ELDER, or P. DOGWOOD. 
 
 Shrub 6-18 high, smooth, with pinnate leaves of 7-13 obovate, entire 
 leaflets, and very slender panicles. More virulent than the next. Swampy 
 ground. 
 
 R. Toxicod^ndron, Linn. POISON IVY or POISON OAK. Climbing by 
 rootlets over rocks, etc., or ascending trees ; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, 
 often sinuate or cut-lobed, rather downy beneath. A vile pest. Common 
 in low grounds. Var. radlcans is more erect, less poisonous, with more 
 entire leaves. 
 
 * * * Flowers light yellow, dioecious, in small, scaly-bracted and catkin- 
 like spikes, in spring before the leaves appear; leaves of 3 cut-lobed 
 leaflets. 
 
 R. Canad^nsis, Marsh. FRAGRANT S. A straggling bush, with the 
 small, rhombic-ovate leaflets pubescent when young, aromatic-scented. 
 Rocky places from Vermont W. and S. 
 
 Var. trilobata. Gray, far westward, has smaller crenate leaflets. 
 
 2. Leaves simple, entire ; fruit gibbous, the remains of the style lateral ; 
 flowers in loose, ample panicles; pedicels elongating and becoming 
 feathery. 
 
 R. Cotinus, Linn. SMOKE TREE or VENETIAN SUMACH. Shrub 5-9 
 high, smooth, with obovate leaves on slender petioles ; fruits very few, 
 half-heart-shaped ; usually most of the flowers are abortive, while their 
 pedicels lengthen, branch, and bear long plumy hairs, making large and 
 light, feathery, or cloud-like bunches, either greenish or tinged with red. 
 In common cultivation. 
 
 R. cotinoldes, Xutt. Leaves thin, oval, 3'-6' long. Otherwise as in 
 the preceding. Mo., Tenn., and S. 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. HOT. 8
 
 114 POLYGALA FAMILY. 
 
 XXXV. POLYGALACEJ1, POLYGALA FAMILY. 
 
 Bitter, some of them medicinal plants, represented mainly, 
 and here wholly, by the genus 
 
 1. POLYGALA, MILKWORT. (Greek: much milk; from a notion 
 that in pasturage they increased the milk of cows. ) Flowers remark- 
 ably irregular, in outward appearance as if papilionaceous like those of 
 the next family, but really of a quite different structure ; calyx per- 
 sistent, of 5 sepals ; 3 of them small, viz. 2 on the lower, and 1 on 
 the upper side of the blossom ; and 1 on each side called wings, which 
 are larger, colored, and would be taken for petals. Within these, on 
 the lower side, are 3 petals united into 1 body, the middle one keel- 
 shaped and often bearing a crest or appendage. Stamens 6 or 8 ; fila- 
 ments united below into a split sheath, separating above usually in 2 
 equal sets, concealed in the hooded middle petal; style curved and 
 commonly enlarged above or variously irregular ; ovary 2-celled, with a 
 single ovule hanging from the top of each cell, becoming a small, flattish, 
 2-seeded pod ; seed with an appendage at the attachment (caruncle) ; 
 leaves simple, entire, without stipules. Our native species are numer- 
 ous, mostly with small or even minute flowers, and are rather difficult to 
 study. 
 
 1. Low herbs, mostly smooth ; native species. 
 
 * Perennial or biennial ; flowers purple or white; leaves alternate. 
 
 *- Flowers rose-purple, showy, also with cleistogamous flowers on sub- 
 terranean branches. 
 
 P. paucif61ia, Willd. FRINGED POLYGALA, FLOWERING WINTER- 
 GREEN. Stems 3'-4' high, from long, slender, subterranean shoots ; leaves 
 few and crowded at the summit, ovate, petioled, some of them with a 
 slender-peduncled flower in the axil, almost an inch long, with a conspicuous 
 fringed crest ; stamens 6 ; in spring. U Light soil in woods, chiefly N. 
 
 P. polygama, Walt. Stems 5'-8' high, tufted and very leafy ; leaves 
 linear-oblong or oblanceolate ; flowers many in racemes, their crest con- 
 spicuous. Flowers all summer. (f) Sandy soil. 
 
 - -i- Flowers white, small (in late spring) in a close spike terminating 
 simple tufted stems which rise from a perennial root, none subterranean; 
 leaves numerous, all alternate. 
 
 P. Senega, Linn. SENECA SNAKEROOT. 6'-12' high ; leaves short, lance- 
 olate, or oblong, or even lance-ovate ; spike cylindrical ; wings round- 
 obovate ; crest small. A medicinal plant ; N. Eng. to Minn, and S. 
 
 P. lba, Nutt. 1 high, slender ; leaves narrow-linear ; spike tapering, 
 long-peduncled, and wings oblong-obovate. Common only far W. and S. W. 
 
 * * Annuals ; leaves all alternate ; flowers purple or rose-color, in a ter- 
 minal spike, head, or raceme all summer; none subterranean. 
 
 - Keel conspicuously crested; claws of the true petals united into a long 
 and slender cleft tube, much surpassing the wings. 
 
 P. incarnata, Linn. From Penn. W. and S. ; stem slender, 6'-12 f 
 high ; leaves minute and awl-shaped ; the 3 united petals extended below 
 into a long and slender tube, the crest of the middle one conspicuous.
 
 POLYGALA FAMILY. 115 
 
 i- -*- feel minutely or inconspicuously crested; true petals not longer 
 (mostly shorter) than the wings. 
 
 P. sangulnea, Linn. Stem 4'-8' high, leafy to the top ; leaves oblong- 
 linear ; flowers bright rose-purple (sometimes pale or even white), in a 
 thick, globular at length oblong head or spike, without pedicels. Sandy, 
 damp ground. 
 
 P. fastigiata, Nutt. Slender, 4'-10' high, with smaller narrow-linear 
 leaves, and oblong dense spike of smaller rose-purple flowers on pedicels 
 as long as the pod ; bracts falling off with flowers or fruits. Pine bar- 
 rens from N. J., S. 
 
 P. Nuttllii, Torr. & Gray. Lower than the f oregoing ; flowers rather 
 looser in more cylindrical spikes, greenish-purple ; awl-shaped bracts 
 remaining on the axis after the flowers or fruits have fallen. Sandy 
 soil, coast of Mass., S. and W. 
 
 # * * Annuals with at least the lower leaves in whorls of 4, sometimes in 
 
 5's; spikes terminal; flowers summer and autumn. 
 
 *- Spikes short and thick (4"-9" diameter) ; bracts persisting ; flowers 
 rose or greenish-purple ; crest small. 
 
 P. cruciata, Linn. Stems 3'-10' high, 4-angled, and with spreading 
 branches ; leaves linear or spatulate ; spike nearly sessile ; wings of the 
 flower broad-ovate or heart-shaped, bristle-pointed. Low grounds. 
 
 P. brevif61ia, Nutt. Stems slender; leaves narrower, those on the 
 branches alternate ; spike stalked ; wings of the flower lance-ovate and 
 nearly pointless. Sandy bogs R. I., S. 
 
 *- -i- Spikes slender (2" diameter) ; bracts falling ; flowers (all summer) 
 greenish-white or scarcely tinged with purple, very small. 
 
 P. verticillata, Linn. Stem 6'-10' high, much branched; all the 
 leaves of the main stem whorled. Dry soil, common. 
 
 Var. ambigua, Wats. More slender ; only the lowest leaves whorled ; 
 flowers more scattered and often purplish-tinged, in long-peduncled spikes. 
 N. Y. to Mo. and S. 
 
 * * * * Biennials or annuals ; flowers yellow, some turning green in dry- 
 ing, in dense spikes or heads ; leaves alternate. Growing in low or wet 
 places in pine barrens, S. E. Flowers summer. 
 
 - Short and thick spike or head single ; root leaves clustered. 
 
 P. Ifctea, Linn. YELLOW BACHELOR'S BUTTON of S. Stem 5'-12' 
 high ; lower leaves spatulate or obovate, upper lanceolate ; flowers bright 
 orange. N. J. and S. 
 
 H- (- Numerous short spikes or heads in a cyme. 
 
 P. ram6sa, Ell. Stem 6'-12' high, more branched; lowest leaves 
 obovate or spatulate, upper ones lanceolate ; a caruncle at base of seed. 
 Del. and S. 
 
 P. cym6sa, Walt. Stem l-3 high, branching at top into a compound 
 cyme of spikes ; leaves linear, acute, the uppermost small ; no caruncle 
 to the seed. From Del. S. 
 
 2. Shrubby species of the conservatory, from the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 P. oppositifdl/a, Linn. Leaves opposite, sessile, heart-shaped and 
 mucronate, of a pale hue ; flowers large and showy purple with a tufted 
 
 P. myrtifdl/a, Linn. Leaves crowded, alternate, oblong or obovate, on 
 short petioles ; showy purple flowers 1' long, with a tufted crest.
 
 116 PULSE FAMILY. 
 
 XXXVI. LEGUMINOS^l, PULSE FAMILY. 
 
 Distinguished by the papilionaceous corolla (Lessons, Figs. 
 261, 262), usually accompanied by 10 monadelphous or diadel- 
 phous or rarely distinct stamens (Lessons, Figs. 287, 288) and 
 the legume (Lessons, Figs. 393, 394). These characters are 
 combined in the proper Pulse Subfamily. In the two other 
 great divisions the corolla becomes less papilionaceous or 
 wholly regular. Alternate leaves, chiefly compound, entire 
 leaflets, and stipules, are almost universal in this great family. 
 
 I. PULSE SUBFAMILY. Flower (always on the plan 
 of 5, and stamens not exceeding 10) truly papilionaceous, i.e. 
 the standard outside of and in the bud enwrapping the other 
 petals, or only the standard present in Amorpha. (For the 
 terms used to denote the parts of this sort of corolla, see 
 Lessons, p. 91.) Sepals united more or less into a tube or 
 cup. Leaves never twice compound, alternate in mature plants. 
 
 A. Stamens separate to the base. (Plants not twining or climbing.) 
 * Leaves simple or of 3 digitate leaflets. 
 
 1. CHORIZEMA. Somewhat shrubby, with simple and spiny-toothed leaves, scarcely any 
 
 stipules, and orange or copper-red flowers. Standard rounded, kidney -shaped ; keel 
 straight, much shorter than the wings. Pod ovoid, turgid, several-seeded. 
 
 2. BAPTISIA. Herbs, with simple entire sessile leaves and no stipules, or mostly of 8 
 
 leaflets with deciduous or persistent stipules. Flowers yellow, blue, or white. 
 Standard erect, with the sides turned back, about equaled by the oblong and straight- 
 Ish wings and keel. Pod inflated, coriaceous, stalked in the calyx, many-seeded. 
 8. THERMOPSIS. Pod linear, flat. Flowers yellow. Leaflets obovate or oblong. Other- 
 wise as Baptisia. Leaves od d-pinnate. 
 
 4. CLADEASTIS. Trees, with large leaflets, no obvious stipules, and hanging terminal 
 
 panicles of white flowers. Standard turned back ; the nearly separate straightish 
 keel-petals and wings oblong, obtuse. Pod short-stalked in the calyx, linear, very- 
 flat, thin, marginless, 4-6-seeded. Base of the petioles hollow and covering the 
 axillary leaf-buds of the next year. 
 
 5. SOPHORA. Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with numerous leaflets, and mostly white or yel- 
 
 low flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Keel-petals and wings oblong, obtuse, 
 usually longer than the broad standard. Pod commonly stalked in the calyx, terete, 
 several-seeded, fleshy or almost woody, hardly ever opening, but constricted across 
 into mostly 1-seeded portions. 
 
 B. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. 
 
 1. Herbs, shrubs, or one a small tree, never twining, trailing, or tendril bearing, 
 with leaves simple or of 8 or more digitate leaflets, monadelphous stamens, and 
 the alternate 3 anthers differing in size ami shape from the other 5; pod 
 usually several-seeded. 
 
 * Leaves (in our species} all simple. 
 
 6. CROTALARIA. Leaves with foliaceous stipules free from the petiole but running 
 
 down on the stem. Calyx 5-lobed. Keel scythe-shaped, pointed. Stamens with the 
 tube of filaments split down on the upper side. Pod inflated. Ours herbs.
 
 PULSE FAMILY. 117 
 
 T. GENISTA. Leaves entire ; stipules very minute or none. Calyx 5-cleft. Keel oblong, 
 nearly straight, blunt, turned down when the flower opens. Pod mostly flat. Low 
 shrubby plants. 
 
 8. T7LEX. Leaves reduced to a thorn-like petiole or sharp scale ; stipules 0. Calyx 2- 
 parted, upper segment 2- lower 3-toothed. Keel oblong, erect. Ovary sessile ; pod 
 ovate-oblong to short linear. Seeds with strophiole. Densely spiny shrubs, with 
 yellow flowers in the axils of the upper leaves. 
 
 * * Leaves (except the uppermost in No. 9 and one of No. 11) compound. 
 9. CYTISUS. Leaves of 1 or 3 leaflets, or the green branches sometimes leafless ; stipules 
 minute or wanting. Calyx 2-lipped or 5-toothed. Keel straight or somewhat curved, 
 blunt, soon turned down. Style incurved or even coiled up after the flower opens. 
 Pod flat. Seeds with a fleshy or scale-like appendage (strophiole) at the scar. Low 
 shrubby plants. 
 
 10. LABURNUM. Leaves of 3 leaflets ; stipules inconspicuous or wanting. Calyx with 
 
 2 short lips, the upper lip notched. Keel incurved, not pointed. Ovary and flat 
 pod somewhat stalked into the calyx. Seeds naked at the scar. Trees or shrubs, 
 with golden yellow flowers in long, hanging racemes. 
 
 11. LUPINUS. Leaves of several leaflets, in one species simple ; stipules adherent to the 
 
 base of the petiole. Flowers in a long, thick raceme. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla 
 of peculiar shape, the sides of the rounded standard being rolled backwards, and the 
 wings lightly cohering over and inclosing the narrow and incurved scythe-shaped or 
 sickle-shaped keel. Pod flat. Mostly herbs. 
 
 2. Herbs, never twining or tendril-bearing, with leaves of 3 leaflets (rarely more, 
 but then digitate), their margins commonly more or less toothed (which is re- 
 markable in this family) ; stipules conspicuous and united with the base of the 
 petiole (Lessons, p. 66, Fig. 177) ; stamens diadelphous ; pod \-few-seeded, never 
 divided across into joints. 
 
 Leaves pinnalely 3-foliolate, as is seen by the end leaflet being jointed with the com- 
 mon petiole above the side leaflets. 
 
 12. MELILOTUS. Herbage sweet-scented. Flowers small, in slender racemes. Corolla 
 
 as in Medicago. Pod small, but exceeding the calyx, globular, wrinkled, closed, 1-2- 
 seeded. 
 
 13. MEDICAGO. Flowers small, in spikes, heads, etc. Corolla short, not united with the 
 
 tube of stamens. Pod curved or coiled up, at least kidney-shaped. 
 
 Leaves mostly digitate or palmately 3-foliolate, all (with one exception) borne 
 directly on the apex of the common petiole. 
 
 14. TBIFOLIUM. Flowers in heads, spikes, or head-like umbels. Calyx with slender or 
 
 bristle-form teeth or lobes. Corolla slowly withering or becoming dry and permanent 
 after flowering ; the claws of all the petals (except sometimes the standard) more or 
 less united below with the tube of stamens or also with each other. Pod small and 
 thin, single-few-seeded, generally included in the calyx or the persistent corolla. 
 
 3. Herbs or woody plants, often twining but never tendril-bearing, with the leaves 
 not digitate, or even digitately 3-foliolate (except in Psoralea), and the leaflets 
 not toothed. Stipules, except in Nos. 23, 28, and 33, not united with the petiole. 
 (Here might be sought No. 51.) 
 
 * Flowers (small, in spikes or heads) indistinctly or imperfectly papilionaceous. Pod 
 very small and usually remaining closed, only \-1-sneded. Calyx 5-toothed, 
 persistent. Leaves odd-pinnate, mostly dotted tvith dark spots or glands. 
 
 +- Petals 5, on very slender claws ; stamens monadelphous in a split tube. 
 
 15. PETALOSTEMON. Herbs, with crowded leaves. Four petals similar, spreading, 
 
 borne on the top of the tube of the stamens ; the fifth (answering to the standard) 
 rising from the bottom of the calyx, and heart-shaped or oblong. Stamens only 5. 
 
 16. DALEA. Herbs, as to our species. Flowers as in the last, but rather more papiliona- 
 
 ceous, 4 of the petals borne on the middle of the tube of 10 stamens.
 
 118 PULSE FAMILY. 
 
 - - Petal only one. Stamens monadelphous only at the very bate, 
 IT. AMOEPHA. Shrubs, with leaves of many leaflets. Standard (the other petals 
 wholly wanting) wrapped around the 10 filaments and style. Flowers violet or 
 purple, in single or clustered terminal spikes. 
 
 * * Flowers (large and showy, in racemes) incompletely papilionaceous from the wings 
 
 or the keel also being small and inconspicuous. Pod several-seeded. 
 (81. EBYTHBINA. Herbs or shrubs, with 3 leaflets. Standard large and showy and 
 mostly erect. Pod torulose or knotty.) 
 
 * * * Flowers obviously papilionaceous, all the parts conspicuously present. Stamens 
 
 mostly diadelphous. 
 i- Herbage glandular-dotted. 
 
 18. P8OEALEA. Leaves of 8 or 5 leaflets. Flowers (never yellow) in spikes or racemes, 
 
 often 2 or 8 Under each bract. Pod ovate, thick, included or partly so in the 5-cleft 
 persistent calyx, often wrinkled. 
 
 -i- -i- Herbage not glandular-dotted. 
 H- Pod not jointed (or very slightly so in No. 20) ; leaflets more than 4 ; herbs, thrubs, 
 
 or trees, never twining or trailing if herbs. 
 
 Perennial herbs (in ours), mostly more or less hairy. 
 
 o Standard broad. 
 
 19. TEPHB08IA. Leaflets obliquely parallel-veined, often silky beneath, and white or 
 
 purple flowers (2 or more in a cluster) in racemes ; the peduncles terminal or opposite 
 the leaves. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Standard rounded, silky outside. Style in- 
 curved, rigid ; stigma with a tuft of hairs. Pod linear, several-seeded. 
 
 20. SESBANIA. Many pairs of leaflets, and minute or early deciduous stipules. Flowers 
 
 in axillary racemes, or sometimes solitary, yellow. Calyx short, 5-toothed. Stand- 
 ard rounded, spreading ; keel and style incurved. Pod usually intercepted internally 
 with cellular matter or membrane between the seeds, 
 o o Standard narrow. 
 
 21. INDIGOFEBA. Herbs, or sometimes shrubby ; when pubescent, the close-pressed 
 
 hairs are fixed by the middle. Flowers rose-color, purple, or white, in axillary 
 racemes or spikes, mostly small. Calyx 5-cleft. Standard roundish, often persis- 
 tent after the rest of the petals have fallen ; keel with a projection or spur on each 
 side. Anthers tipped with a little gland or blunt point. Pod oblong, linear, or of 
 various shapes, commonly with membranous partitions between the seeds. 
 
 22. ONOBETCHIS. Leaves odd-pinnate, of numerous leaflets. Flowers racemed, rose- 
 
 purple. Pod flattish, wrinkled, and spiny-roughened or crested. 
 
 28. A8TEAGALU8. Without stipels, and with white, purple, or yellowish rather small 
 flowers in spikes, heads, or racemes ; peduncles axillary. Corolla narrow ; standard 
 erect, mostly oblong. Style and stigma smooth and beardless. Pod commonly tur- 
 gid or inflated, and within more or less divided lengthwise by intrusion of the back 
 or a false partition from It. 
 
 = -= Trees or shrubs. 
 
 24. EOBINIA. Trees or shrubs, with netted-veined leaflets furnished with stipels, and 
 
 often with sharp spines or prickles for stipules. Flowers large and showy, white or 
 rose-color, in axillary racemes. Base of the leafstalk hollow and covering the axillary 
 bud of the next year. Calyx 5-toothed, the two upper teeth partly united. Standard 
 large, turned back ; keel incurved, blunt. Ovary stalked in the calyx. Pod broadly 
 linear, flat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, the valves thin. 
 
 25. CARAGANA. Shrubs, with mostly fascicled leaves of several pairs of leaflets, and a 
 
 little spiny tip in place of an end leaflet ; stipules minute or spiny. Flowers solitary 
 or 2-3 together on short peduncles, yellow. Calyx bell-shaped or short-tubular, 
 5-toothed. Standard nearly erect, with the sides turned back ; the blunt keel and 
 the style nearly straight. Pod linear, several-seeded. 
 
 2. COLUTEA. Shrubs, not prickly, and no stipules to the leaflets ; the flowers rather 
 large, yellow or reddish, in short axillary racemes. Calyx 5-toothed. Standard
 
 PULSE FAMILY. 119 
 
 raunded, spreading ; keel strongly Incurved, Want, on long, united claws. Style in- 
 curved, bearded down one side. Pod raised out of the calyx on a stalk of its own, 
 thin and bladdery-inflated, flattish on the seed-bearing side, several- seeded. 
 _ _= _= Woody climbers. 
 
 27. WISTARIA. High climber, with numerous leaflets, and large, showy, bluish flowers, 
 
 in hanging, terminal, dense racemes. Calyx with 2 short teeth on the upper, 
 and longer ones on the lower, side. Standard large, roundish, turned back ; keel 
 merely incurved, blunt. Pod knobby, several-seeded. 
 
 ++ ++ Pod jointed or constricted between the seeds (joint rarely reduced to 1) ; leaflets 
 3 or more; herbs (or No. 31 woody at base), not twining or trailing. 
 
 - Leaflets 3 (or rarely but 1 in No. 30). 
 o flowers yellow. 
 
 28. 8TTLOSANTHE8. Flowers in heads or short spikes, leafy-bracted. Calyx with a 
 
 slender stalk-like tube, and 4 lobes in the upper Up, one for the lower. Stamens 
 monadelphons ; 5 longer anthers fixed by their base, 5 alternate ones by their 
 middle. Pod flat, reticulated, sometimes raised on a stalk-like, empty, lower joint 
 Stipules united with the petiole. 
 
 o o Flowers purple to white. 
 
 . LE8PEDEZA. Stipules small and free, or falling early. Flowers in spikes, clusters, 
 or panicled, or scattered. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Pod flat and 
 thin, ovate or orbicular, reticulated, sometimes raised on a stalk-like, empty, lower 
 joint. 
 
 80. DESMODIUM. Leaflet rarely only 1, stipellate. Pod of very flat joints (Lessons, 
 
 p. 122, Fig. 394), usually roughish and adhesive by minute-hooked pubescence. 
 Herbs, with small flowers, in racemes, which are often panicled. 
 
 81. EETTHEINA. Shrubby, or from a woody base. Stem, branches, and even the leaf- 
 
 stalks usually prickly. Flowers large and showy, usually red, in racemes. Wings, 
 and sometimes keel small and inconspicuous. Calyx without teeth. Standard 
 elongated ; wings often wanting or so small as to be concealed in the calyx ; keel 
 much shorter than the standard, sometimes very small. Pod stalked in the calyx, 
 linear, knobby, usually opening only down the seed-bearing suture. Seeds scarlet. 
 
 82. 6LYCINE. Leaflets large, thin, and bean-like. Stipules very small and free, usually 
 
 persistent. Flowers small and hairy, in short, axillary racemes, the calyx toothed. 
 Pod flat and bean-like, short, in ours hanging, very hairy. Seed mostly short or 
 globular, and somewhat pea-like. Strong, erect, hairy herbs. 
 Leaflets more than 8. 
 o Leaflets 4. 
 
 88. AEACHIS. Annual. Flowers small, yellow, in axillary heads or spikes. Calyx with 
 one narrow lobe making a lower lip, the upper lip broad and 4-toothed, and a long, 
 thread-shaped or stalk-like tube. Keel incurved and pointed. Stamens monadel- 
 phous, 5 anthers longer and fixed by or near their base, the alternate ones short and 
 fixed by their middle. Ovary at the bottom of the very long and stalk-like tube of 
 the calyx, containing 2 or 3 ovules ; when the long style and the calyx with the rest 
 of the flower falls away, the forming pod is protruded on a rigid, deflexed stalk which 
 then appears, and is pushed into the soil, where it ripens into the oblong, reticulated, 
 thick, coriaceous fruit, which contains the 1-3 large and edible seeds ; the embryo 
 composed of a pair of very thick and fleshy cotyledons and an extremely short, nearly 
 straight, radicle. 
 
 o o Leaflets 5 or more, often many. (No. 20 may be sought here.) 
 
 84. ^ISCHTNOME^E. Leaflets several, odd-pinnate, small. Pod of very flat joints. 
 Herbs, with small yellow flowers (sometimes purplish externally), few or several on 
 axillary peduncles. 
 
 86. COBONILLA. Leaflets several, odd-pinnate, small. Pod of thickish, oblong or linear 
 joints. Herbs or shrubs, with flowers in head-like umbels raised on slender, axillary 
 peduncles.
 
 120 PULSE FAMILY. 
 
 ++ ++ +* Pod not jointed ; leaves 3- (rarely 1-, or in No. 46, and one of 44, 5-9-) foliolate ; 
 
 herbs (or No. 43 a woody greenhouse plant) toith a twining or trailing habit. 
 
 (In some Beans the twining habit has disappeared.) 
 
 = Leaves Z-foliolate (or in No. 36 sometimes \-foliolate, and in one of No. 44, 1-9-pinnate) . 
 a Flowers yellow (sometimes purple-tinged outside); ovules only 2 ; pod \-1-seeded ; 
 
 leaflets not stipellate. 
 36. EHYNCHOSIA. Keel of the corolla Incurved at the apex ; standard spreading. Calyx 
 
 4-5-parted or lobed. Pod short and flat. Flowers small. Leaves mostly soft-downy 
 
 and resinous-dotted, sometimes of a single leaflet. 
 
 o o Flowers not yellow ; seeds, or at least the ovules, several ; leaflets stipellate. 
 x Style variously bearded or hairy. 
 
 87. PHASEOLUS. Keel of the corolla, with included stamens and style, coiling into a spiral, 
 
 usually with a tapering blunt apex ; standard rounded, turned back or spreading. Style 
 bearded down the inner side ; stigma oblique or lateral. Pod scimiter-shaped. Flowers 
 usually clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme. Stipules striate, persistent. 
 
 88. VIGNA. Keel curved, either blunt or produced into a curved (not spiral) beak, about 
 
 equal to the wings ; standard nearly orbicular. Style hairy above ; stigma strongly 
 oblique or introrse. Otherwise like Phaseolus. 
 
 89. DOLICHOS. Keel of the corolla narrow and bent inwards at a right angle, but not 
 
 coiling. Style bearded under the terminal stigma. Stipules small. Otherwise nearly 
 as Phaseolus. 
 
 40. STROPHOST YLES. Keel with included stamens and style elongated, strongly incurved, 
 
 but not spirally coiled. Style bearded lengthwise. Pod linear, terete or flattish, 
 nearly straight. Flowers few, sessile in capitate clusters on the mostly long 
 peduncles. Otherwise as in Phaseolus. 
 
 41. CENTROSEMA. Keel broad, incurved, nearly equaling the wings ; standard large 
 
 and rounded, spreading, and with a spur-like projection behind. Calyx short, 5- 
 cleft. Style bearded only at the tip around the stigma. Pod long, linear, with 
 thickened edges bordered by a raised line on each side. Flowers showy. Stipules, 
 bracts, and bractlets striate, persistent. 
 
 42. CLITORIA. Keel small, shorter than the wings, incurved, acute ; standard much 
 
 larger than the rest of the flower, notched at the end, erect. Calyx tubular, 5- 
 toothed. Style bearded down the inner side. Pod oblong-linear, flattish, not bor- 
 dered. Flowers large and showy, 1-3 on a peduncle. Stipules, bracts, and bractlets 
 persistent, striate. x x style n^ked. 
 
 48. KENNEDYA. Keel incurved, blunt or acute, mostly equaling or exceeding the 
 wings; standard broad, spreading. Calyx 5-lobed; 2 upper lobes partly united. 
 Pod linear, not bordered. Flowers showy, red, single or few on the peduncle. Bracts 
 and stipules striate. 
 
 44. GALACTIA. Keel straightish, blunt, as long as the wings ; standard turned back. 
 Calyx of 4 pointed lobes, upper one broadest. Pod flattened, mostly linear. Flowers 
 clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme; flower-buds taper-pointed. Stipules 
 and bracts small or deciduous. 
 
 46. AMPHICARP^A. Keel and very similar wings nearly straight, blunt ; the erect ' 
 standard partly folded around them. Calyx tubular, 4-toothed. Flowers small ; 
 those in loose racemes above often sterile, their pods, when formed, scimiter-shaped 
 and few-seeded ; those at or near the ground or on creeping branches very small and 
 without manifest corolla, but very fertile, making small and fleshy, obovate or pear- 
 shaped, mostly subterranean, pods, ripening one or two large seeds. Bracts rounded 
 and persistent, striate, as are the stipules. 
 
 -= = Leaves b-1-foliolate. 
 
 46. APIOS. Herbs, twining over bushes, bearing sweet-scented chocolate-purple flowers, 
 in dense and short racemes ; peduncles axillary. Calyx with 2 upper very short 
 teeth, and 1 longer lower one, the side teeth nearly wanting. Standard very broad, 
 turned back ; keel long and scythe-shaped, strongly incurved, or at length coiled. 
 Pod linear, flat, almost straight, several-seeded.
 
 PULSE FAMILY. 121 
 
 4. Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common petiole terminated by a tendril, 
 by which the plant climbs or supports itself, or in many low species the tendril 
 reduced to a mere bristle or tip, or in Cieer, which has toothed leaflets, an odd 
 leaflet commonly takes its place; peduncles axillary ; stamens almost always 
 diadelphous. Cotyledons very thick, so that they remain underground in ger- 
 mination, as in the Pea. 
 
 i Leaflets entire or sometimes toothed at the apex ; radicle bent on the cotyledons ; 
 style inflexed and bearded; pod flat or flatfish. 
 
 47. PISTTM. Lobes of the calyx leafy. Style rigid, dilated above and the margins reflexed 
 
 and joined together so that it becomes flattened laterally, bearded down the inner 
 edge. Pod several-seeded ; seeds globose. Flowers large. Leaflets only 1-3 pairs. 
 
 48. LATHYKUS. Lobes of the calyx not leafy. Style flattened above on the back and 
 
 front, bearded down one face. Pod several-seeded. Seeds sometimes flattish. 
 Leaflets few or several pairs. 
 
 49. VICIA. Style slender, bearded or hairy only at the apex or all round the upper part. 
 
 Pod 2-several-seeded. Seeds globular or flattish. Leaflets few or many pairs. 
 
 50. LEX3. Lobes of the calyx slender. Style flattish on the back, and minutely bearded 
 
 down the inner face. Pod 1-2-seeded. Seeds flattened, lenticular. Flowers small 
 * Leaflets toothed all round, and usually an odd one at the end in place of a tendril; 
 style incurved, naked; radicle of the embryo almost straight. 
 
 51. CICER. Calyx 5-parted. Pod turgid oblong, not flattened, 2-seeded. 8eeds large, ir- 
 
 regularly rounded-obovate, pointed. Peduncle mostly 1-flowered. 
 
 II. BEASILETTO SUBFAMILY. Flowers more or less 
 irregular, but not papilionaceous; when they seem to be so, 
 the petal answering to the standard will be found to be within 
 instead of outside the other petals. Stamens 10 or fewer, 
 separate. The leaves are sometimes twice pinnate, which is 
 not the case in the true Pulse Family. Embryo of the seed 
 straight, the radicle not turned against the edge of the 
 cotyledons. 
 
 * Leaves simple and entire. Corolla appearing as if papilionaceous. 
 
 52. CEECIS. Trees, with rounded heart-shaped leaves, minute, early, deciduous stipules, 
 
 and small but handsome red-purple flowers in umbel-like clusters on old wood, earlier 
 than the leaves, rather acid to the taste. Calyx short, 5- toothed. Petals 5, the one 
 answering to the standard smaller than the wing-petals and covered by them ; the 
 keel-petals larger, conniving but distinct. Stamens 10, declining with the style. 
 Pod linear-oblong, flat, thin, several-seeded, one edge wing-margined. 
 * Leaves simply abruptly pinnate. Calyx and corolla almost regular. 
 58. CASSIA. Flowers in ours yellow. Calyx of 5 nearly separate sepals. Petals 5, 
 spreading, unequal (the lower larger) or almost equal. Stamens 10 or 5, some of the 
 upper anthers often imperfect or smaller, their cells opening by a hole or chink at the 
 apex. Pod many -seeded. 
 
 * * * Leaves, or at least some of them, twice-pinnate. 
 
 54. C^ESALPINIA. Trees or shrubs, chiefly tropical, with mostly showy red or yellow 
 
 perfect flowers. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, broad, spreading, more or less un- 
 equal. Stamens 10, declining, along with the thread-shaped style. Pod flat. 
 
 55. GYMNOCLADUS. Tall, thornless tree, with large compound leaves, no stipules, and 
 
 dioecious or polygamous, whitish, regular flowers in corymb-like clusters or short 
 racemes terminating the branches of the season. Calyx tubular below, and with 5 
 spreading lobes, the throat bearing 5 oblong petals and 10 short stamens, those of the 
 fertile flowers generally imperfect. Pod oblong, flat, very hard, tardily opening, with
 
 122 PULSE FAMILY. 
 
 * little pulp or sweetish matter inside, containing few or several large and thick hard 
 seeds (over |' in diameter) ; the fleshy cotyledons remaining underground in germi- 
 nation. , 
 
 66. 6LEDIT80HIA. Thorny trees, with abruptly twice-pinnate or some of them once- 
 
 pinnate leaves, the leaflets often crenate-toothed, inconspicuous stipules, and small, 
 greenish, polygamous flowers in narrow racemes. Calyx 3-5-cleft, the lobes and the 
 8-6 nearly similar petals narrow and spreading. Stamens 3-10. Pod flat, very tar- 
 dily opening, often with some sweetish matter around the 1-several flat seeds. 
 Cotyledons thin. 
 
 III. MIMOSA SUBFAMILY. Flowers perfectly regu- 
 lar, small, crowded in heads or spikes ; both calyx and corolla 
 valvate in the bud ; and the 4 or 5 sepals usually, and petals fre- 
 quently, united more or less below into a tube or cup. Stamens 
 4, 5, or more, often very many, usually more conspicuous than 
 the corolla and brightly colored, the long capillary filaments 
 inserted on the receptacle or base of the corolla. Embryo of 
 the seed straight. Leaves almost always twice-pinnate and with 
 small leaflets, or apparently simple and parallel-veined when 
 they have phyllodia (Lessons, p. 61) in place of true leaves. 
 The foliage and the pods only show the leguminous character. 
 
 Stamens once or twice as many as the petals, 4-10. Ours herbs or nearly so, with 
 rose-colored or whitish flowers, and leaves of many small leaflets. 
 
 67. MIMOSA. Calyx commonly minute or inconspicuous. Corolla of 4 or 5 more or less 
 
 united petals. Pod flat, oblong, or linear ; when ripe the valves fall out of a per- 
 sistent, slender margin or frame, and also usually break up into one-seeded joints. 
 
 58. SCHRANKIA. Calyx minute. Corolla funnel-form, the 5 petals being united up to 
 the middle. Stamens 10. Pod rough-prickly all over, long and narrow, splitting 
 lengthwise when ripe Into 4 parts. 
 
 89. DESMANTHUS. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 5 or 10. 
 Pod flat, smooth, linear or oblong, 2-valved, no persistent margin. 
 
 * * Stamens numerous, or more than 10. Ours all shrubs or trees. 
 
 60. ALBIZZIA. Flowers yellow or rose-color to nearly white ; the long stamens 
 
 delphous at the base. Corolla funnel-form, the 5 petals united beyond the middle. 
 Pod flat and thin, broadly linear, not opening elastically. Leaves twice pinnate. 
 
 61. ACACIA. Flowers yellow or straw-color ; the stamens separate and very numerous. 
 
 Corolla of 4 or 5 separate or partly united small petals. Pod various. 
 
 1. CHORIZEMA. (Greek, of no application. ) 2Z Greenhouse plants 
 from Australia. 
 
 C. iHcifdfium, Labill. HOLLY-LEAVED C. Bushy, with lance-oblong 
 leaves cut into strong spiny teeth or lobes, and racemes of small copper- 
 colored flowers, the wings redder. 
 
 C. varium, Benth. Leaves round-cordate, nearly sessile, spiny-toothed 
 or entire ; flowers yellow and red. 
 
 2. BAPTISIA, FALSE INDIGO. (Greek : dye, some species yielding 
 a poor sort of indigo.) Foliage of most species turning blackish in 
 drying ; nearly all grow in sandy or gravelly dry soil ; flowers spring 
 and early summer. 2
 
 PULSE FAMILY. 123 
 
 * Flowers yellow ; leaves simple, perfoliate. 
 
 B. perfoliata. R. Br. Low and spreading, smooth and glaucous ; 
 leaves round-ovate ; flowers single, small, axillary ; pod small and glob- 
 ular. Carolina and Georgia. 
 
 * * Flowers yellow ; leaves compound, of 3 leaflets. 
 
 B. tinctdria, K. Br. WILD INDIGO. Pale or glaucous, smooth, bushy, 
 2 high ; petiole very short ; leaflets small, wedge-obovate ; stipules minute, 
 deciduous ; racemes few-flowered, terminating the branches ; pods small, 
 globular. Common. 
 
 B. vill6sa, Ell. Minutely downy, stout stems, 2 high ; leaflets spatu- 
 late-oblong or wedge-obovate, becoming smooth above; petiole very 
 short ; stipules more or less persistent ; many-flowered racemes of large 
 flowers on slender pedicels ; pod minutely downy, oblong, taper-pointed. 
 Va. to N. C. and Ark. 
 
 B. lanceolata, Ell. Downy when young ; leaflets thickish, blunt, 
 lanceolate to obovate, very short ; petiole spreading ; stipules small, 
 deciduous ; flowers rather large, solitary in the axils and in short terminal 
 racemes ; pod globular, slender-pointed. Common S. and S. W. 
 
 * * * Flowers white, or cream-color ; leaves all of 3 wedge-obovate to ob- 
 
 lanceolate leaflets ; flowers in long terminal racemes. 
 
 B. leucophcba. Nutt. Low and spreading, 1 high, soft-hairy ; bracts 
 and stipules persistent, large and leaf-like ; racemes reclined, one-sided ; 
 flowers on slender pedicels, cream-colored, large (!' long) ; pods hoary, 
 ovate. Open woods, W and S. 
 
 B. leucantha, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous, stout, 3-5 high ; 
 branches spreading ; petioles rather short ; lanceolate stipules and bracts 
 deciduous ; racemes erect, long ; flowers large (!' long); pods oval-oblong, 
 2' long, raised on a stalk fully twice the length of the calyx. Alluvial 
 soil, from Ont. W. and S. 
 
 B. lba, R. Br. Smooth, 2-3 high ; branches slender, widely spread- 
 ing ; petioles slender ; stipules and bracts minute, deciduous ; racemes 
 loose, erect, or spreading, long-peduncled ; flowers small Q'-j' long) ; 
 pods cylindrical. S. Ind. and Mo. to La. and E. 
 
 * * * * Flowers indigo-blue ; leaves of 3 leaflets, as in the foregoing. 
 
 B. australis, R. Br. Smooth and stout, pale, erect, 2-5 high ; lance- 
 olate and rather persistent stipules as long as the short petiole ; racemes 
 erect ; flowers nearly 1' long, on short pedicels ; pods oval-oblong, 2'-3' 
 long, on a stalk as long as the calyx. Pa. to Ga. and W. to Mo.; also cult. 
 
 3. THERMOPSIS. (Greek : resembling the Lupine. ) 11 
 
 * Stipules prominently shorter than the long petioles ; pod sessile. 
 
 T. Caroliniana, Curtis. Stem smooth, 3-6 high, simple; leaflets 
 obovate-oblong, silky beneath ; stipules ovate or oblong, clasping ; racemes 
 6'-12' long, villous, erect, many-flowered ; pods oblong-linear, erect. 
 Mts. of N. C. ; and cult. 
 
 * * Stipules nearly equaling or longer than the short petioles ; pod stalked. 
 T. mdllis, Curtis. Downy, l-2 high ; branches spreading ; leaflets 
 
 3 obovate-oblong ; stipules oblong-ovate, leaflike, some as long as the 
 petioles ; long, narrow-linear, spreading pods ; flowers spring. Open 
 woods from S. Va., S. 
 
 4. CLADRASTIS, YELLOWWOOD. (Greek: branches brittle.) 
 
 C. tinctdria, Raf. Wood light yellow ; bark close, like that of Beech ; 
 leaves of 7-11 parallel- veined oval or ovate leaflets (3'-4' long and smooth,
 
 124 PULSE FAMILY. 
 
 as is the whole plant); panicles terminating the branchlets of the season, 
 ample hanging (1 or more long) ; flowers delicately fragrant, cream- 
 white. May to June. Much planted. Still often known in gardens as 
 
 VlRGfLIA LtfTEA. 
 
 5. SOPHORA. (An ancient name of an allied plant.) 
 
 S. Jap6nica, Linn. JAPAN S. Tree 20-50 high ; bark greenish ; leaf- 
 lets 11-13, oval or oblong acute, smooth ; panicles loose, terminating the 
 branches at the end of summer ; flowers cream-white ; fruit a string of 
 fleshy, 1-seeded joints. China. 
 
 6. CROTALARIA, RATTLEBOX. (Greek : a rattle, the seeds rat- 
 tling in the inflated pod.) Native, in sandy soil ; flowers yellow, in 
 summer. 
 
 C. sagittaiis, Linn. Low, 3'-6' high, branching, beset with rusty- 
 colored spreading hairs ; leaves nearly sessile, oval or lance-oblong ; pedun- 
 cles 2-3-flowered. N. and S. 
 
 C. ovalis, Pursh. Spreading, rough with appressed hairs; leaves 
 short-petioled, oval, oblong, or lanceolate, hairy ; peduncle with 3-6 scat- 
 tered flowers. 11 S. 
 
 C. Pdrshii, DC. Stems erect, rough-hairy; leaves smooth above, 
 oblong or linear ; racemes 6'-12' long, 5-10-flowered. S. ^ 
 
 7. GENISTA, WOAD- WAXEN, WHIN. (Celtic: little bush.') 
 
 G. tinctbria, Linn. DYER'S W. or GREENWEED. Low and under- 
 shrubby, not thorny; leaves lanceolate; flowers bright yellow, rather 
 small, somewhat racemed at the end of the striate-angled green branches, 
 in early summer. Nat. from Eu. in sterile soil, N. Y. and 'Mass. 
 
 8. ULEX, FURZE, GORSE, WHIN. (An old Latin name.) Cult. 
 
 U. Europceus, Linn. 2-5 high ; spines l'-2' long ; bracts large, 
 ovate ; calyx yellow, with black, spreading hairs, its teeth minute ; 
 flowers odorous. Eu. 
 
 U. nanus, Smith. DWARF F. l-3 high; spines shorter; bracts 
 minute ; calyx with appressed hairs, its teeth lanceolate. W. Eu. 
 
 9. CYTISUS. (Ancient Roman name of some plant.) 
 
 * Hardy shrubs. 
 
 C. scoparius, Link. SCOTCH BROOM. 3-5 high, smooth, with long 
 and tough, erect, angled, and green branches ; leaves small, the lower 
 short-petioled and with leaflets 3, obovate, or the upper of a single sessile 
 leaflet, and large and showy golden-yellow flowers on slender pedicels in 
 the axils ; calyx with 2 short and broad lips ; style and stamens slender, 
 held in the keel, but disengaged and suddenly starting upward when 
 touched (as when bees alight on the deflexed keel), the style coiling 
 spirally ; pod hairy on the edges. Barely hardy N. ; running wild in 
 Va. and S. ; flowers early summer. Eu. 
 
 C. capitdtus, Jacq. 2<M high ; branches erect-spreading, strict, rough- 
 hairy ; leaves villous ; flowers yellow, numerous, crowded in terminal 
 
 headlike umbels. Eu. 
 
 Greenhouse shrubs. 
 
 C. Canariensis, Steud. A shrub with crowded, slender, soft-hairy 
 leaves and leaflets 3, very small, obovate ; flowers small, yellow, sweet- 
 scented, in elongated racemes in late winter. Canary Islands ; cult, in 
 conservatories.
 
 PULSE FAMILY. 125 
 
 C. racemdsus, Hort. From Teneriffe ; has flowers more spicate, and 
 oblong-spatulate leaflets 3-4 times larger than the last. 
 
 10. LABURNUM. (Ancient Latin name.) 
 
 L. vulgare, Gris. LABURNUM, GOLDEN CHAIN, or BEAN TREE. A low 
 
 tree with smooth green bark ; leaves slender-petioled ; leaflets 3, oblong 
 (2'-3' long), pubescent beneath ; flowers showy, golden-yellow, hanging 
 in long racemes, in late spring ; pods hairy, with one thicker edge, but 
 not winged. Eu. Several cult, forms. 
 
 11. LUPINUS, LUPINE. (Latin: lupus, a wolf, because Lupines 
 were thought to devour the fertility of the soil.) 
 
 * Perennials. 
 
 L. pere'nuis, Linn. WILD L. Somewhat hairy ; stem erect, 1-1| 
 high ; leaflets 7-11, spatulate oblong or oblanceolate, green ; raceme long ; 
 flowers of showy purplish blue (rarely pale), in late spring. N. Eng. to 
 Minn, and S. 
 
 L. polyphyllus, Lindl. MANY-LEAVED L. 3-4 high, rather hairy; 
 leaflets 13-15, lanceolate or oblanceolate ; raceme very long, dense ; 
 flowers blue, sometimes purple, variegated, or even white, in June. Ore. 
 and Cal. ; the principal hardy perennial species of the gardens. 
 
 * * Annuals, or cult, as annuals. 
 H- Ovules only 2 ; leaflets usually 9. 
 
 L. microcdrpus, Sims. l-2 high, sparsely hairy ; flowers yellow to 
 (rarely) white or pink, forming distinct and separate whorls ii> the long 
 raceme. Cal. 
 
 *- H- Ovules 4-8 ; leaflets usually feioer (5-9). 
 
 M. Flowers normally blue; stems dwarf (1 or less). 
 
 L. afflnis, Agardh. Short-hairy ; leaflets 5-7, rather smooth above, 
 broadly wedge-obovate, obtuse, or emarginate ; bracts short ; flowers 
 whorled in the raceme, deep blue. Cal. 
 
 L. ndnus, Dougl. DWARF L. Long-hairy ; leaflets linear to oblance- 
 olate, usually acute, pubescent both sides ; bracts exceeding calyx ; 
 flowers bluish-purple. Cal. 
 
 w -w Flowers blue, white, or rose-color; stems tall (2 or more). 
 
 L mutdbilis, Sweet. Cult, from S. Am.; tall, very smooth through- 
 out; leaflets blunt, about 9, narrow-oblong; flowers very large, sweet- 
 scented, violet-purple (or a white variety), with yellow and a little red on 
 the standard. 
 
 L. hirsutus, Linn. Cult, in old gardens, from Eu. Clothed wiMi soft 
 white hairs ; leaflets spatulate-oblong ; flowers in loose whorls in the 
 raceme, blue, with rose-color and white varieties ; pods very hairy. 
 
 .M. ++ HH. Flowers yellow. 
 
 L. luteus, Linn. YELLOW L., of the gardens, from Eu., silky-hairy, 
 rather low ; flowers in whorls, crowded in a dense spike. 
 
 12. MELILOTUS, MELILOT, SWEET CLOVER. (Greek: honey, 
 Lotus.) Foliage sweet-scented, especially in drying. Natives of the 
 Old World, running wild in waste or cultivated ground ; flowaw all 
 summer. (J) (g)
 
 126 PULSE FAMILY. 
 
 H. dtba, Lam. WHITE M., BOKHARA or TREE CLOVER, 
 branching; leaflets obovate or oblong, truncately notched at the end; 
 white flowers in loose racemes. Has been cult, for green fodder, and 
 now as a " bee plant." 
 
 M. officinalis, Willd. YELLOW M. 2-3 high, with merely blunt 
 leaflets and yellow flowers. 
 
 13. MEDICAGO, MEDICK. (The name of Lucerne, because it came 
 to the Greeks from Media.) All natives of the Old World ; a few have 
 run wild here. Flowers all summer. 
 
 Flo'.cers violet-purple or bluish. ^J. 
 
 M. sativa, Linn. LUCERNE, ALFALFA. Cultivated for green fodder, 
 especially S. ; stems erect, l-2 high, from a long, deep root ; leaflets 
 obovate-oblong ; racemes oblong ; pod several-seeded, linear, coiled about 
 2 turns. ^ ^ Flowers yellow. 
 
 M. /upuHna, Linn. BLACK MEDICK, NONESUCH. Low, spreading, 
 downy, with wedge-obovate leaflets, roundish or at length oblong heads 
 or spikes of small flowers, and little kidney-shaped, 1 -seeded pods turning 
 black when ripe. Waste places. 
 
 M. macu/ata, Willd. SPOTTED M. Spreading or trailing; somewhat 
 pubescent leaflets, broadly inversely heart-shaped, marked with a dark 
 spot ; peduncles 3-5-flowered ; pod flat, compactly coiled three or more 
 turns, its thickish edge beset with a double row of curved prickles. Waste 
 places, N. Eng. 
 
 M. denticulata, Willd. Like the last, but nearly glabrous ; pod loosely 
 coiled, deeply reticulated, with a sharp edge. Same range. 
 
 14. TRIFOLIUM, CLOVER, TREFOIL. (Latin name : three leaflets.') 
 
 Flowers sessile in dense heads ; corolla tubular, withering away after 
 flowering. 
 
 +- Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer than whitish corolla. 
 
 T. arvGnse, Linn. RABBIT FOOT or STONE C. Erect, 6'-10' high, silk- 
 downy, especially the oblong or at length cylindrical grayish heads or 
 spikes ; leaflets narrow. Eu. 
 
 i- +- Calyx scarcely hairy except a bearded ring in throat; shorter than 
 rose-purple, long-tabular corolla ; flowers sweet-scented, in summer. "#. 
 
 T. prafSnse, Linn. RED C. Stems ascending ; leaflets obovate or oval, 
 often notched at the end and with a pale spot on the face ; head closely 
 surrounded by the uppermost leaves. Eu. Extensively cult, in meadows. 
 
 T. medium, Linn. ZIGZAG C., MAMMOTH C. Like the last, but stem 
 zigzag ; leaves oblong, entire, spotless ; head usually stalked. Eu. Dry 
 hills, Nova Scotia to E. Mass. 
 
 * * Flowers short-pediceled (reflexed when old), persistent and turning 
 brownish in round umbels or heads, OH slender naked peduncles corolla 
 white, rose-color or red. 
 
 T. refldacum, Linn. BUFFALO C. Wild S. and especially W. ; some- 
 what downy ; stems ascending, 6'-12' high ; leaflets obovate-oblong, finely 
 toothed ; heads and rose-red and whitish flowers fully as large as in Red 
 Clover ; calyx-teeth hairy ; pods 3-6-seeded. (J) @ 
 
 T. stoloniferum, Muhl. RUNNING BUFFALO C. Smooth ; some of the 
 stems forming long runners ; leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate ; flowers 
 white, barely tinged with purple ; pods 2-seeded. ^ Prairies and oak- 
 openings, W.
 
 PULSE FAMILY. 127 
 
 T. Carolinianum, Michx. CAROLINA C. Fields and pastures S. ; a 
 little downy, spreading in tufts 6'-10' high; leaflets small; stipules 
 broad ; heads small ; corolla purplish, hardly longer than the lanceolate 
 calyx-teeth. 2Z 
 
 T. ripens, Linn. WHITE C. Smooth ; stems creeping ; leaflets obcor- 
 date ; petioles and peduncles long and slender ; stipules narrow ; heads 
 loose, umbel-like ; white corolla much longer than the slender calyx-teeth. 
 Fields, etc., everywhere. 1J. This is the SHAMROCK of Ireland. 
 
 T. hybridum, Linn. ALSIKE C. Like the last, but the taller stems 
 erect or ascending, not rooting at nodes ; flowers rose-tinged. Becoming 
 common. Eu. 2/ 
 
 T. incarnatum, Linn. CRIMSON C. Hairy, stem erect, l-2 high ; 
 leaflets obovate or nearly round ; stipules broad, with broad leafy tips ; 
 flowers crimson, scarlet, or (rarely) cream-color, ' long ; heads stalked, 
 terminal, ovoid, at length cylindric. Grown in Middle States and S. 
 
 * * * Floicers short-pediceled (reflexed when old), in round heads, pro- 
 duced through late summer and autumn; corolla yellow, turning chest- 
 nut-brown, dry and papery with age. 
 
 T. agrarium, Linn. YELLOW C., HOP C. Smoothish, 6'-12' high; 
 leaflets obovate-oblong, all nearly sessile on the end of the petiole ; stip- 
 ules narrow, cohering with petiole half its length. Eu. Eastward. 
 
 7". procumbens, Linn. Low HOP C. 3'-6' high, spreading, rather 
 downy ; leaflets wedge-obovate, notched at the end, the lateral at a little 
 distance from the other ; stipules ovate, short. Eu. Common. 
 
 15. PETALOSTEMON, PRAIRIE CLOVER. (Greek: petal, sta- 
 men.) In prairies, pine barrens, etc. W. and S. ; flowers never 
 yellow, in terminal spikes ; summer, y. 
 
 * Leaflets 5-9 ; spikes long-peduncled. 
 
 P. viplaceus, Michx. Smoothish, l-2 high; leaflets mostly 6, 
 narrow-linear ; spikes globose-ovate, oblong-cylindric with age ; flowers 
 rose-purple ; calyx silky, hoary. Prairies W. 
 
 P. candidus, Michx. Smooth, 2-3 high ; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or 
 linear-oblong ; spikes oblong, cylindric with age ; bracts awl-pointed. 
 
 * * Leaflets 13-29 ; spikes short peduncled. 
 
 P. vill6sus, Nutt. Soft, downy, or silky all over; leaflets 13-17, 
 linear or oblong ; spikes cylindric ; corolla rose-color. Wis. and W. 
 
 P. foli6sus, Gray. Smooth; leaflets 15-29, linear-oblong; spikes 
 cylindric ; corolla rose-color. I1L, Tenn. 
 
 16. DALEA. (For an English botanist, 8a...uel Dale.) 
 
 D. alopecuroldes, Willd. Stem erect, l-2 high ; leaves smooth, of 
 many linear-oblong leaflets ; flowers whitish, small, in a dense silky spike 
 in summer. Alluvial soil, Ala., far N. W. 
 
 17. AMORPHA, FALSE INDIGO. (Greek: wanting form, from the 
 absence of 4 of the petals.) Leaflets usually with little stipels. 
 Flowers summer. # pods l . 8eeded; leaflets small , 
 
 A. cane"scens, Nutt LEAD PLANT. l-3 high, hoary with soft 
 down ; leaves sessile, of 29-51 elliptical leaflets, smoothish above when 
 old ; flowers violet-purple in late summer. Prairies and rocky banks, 
 W. and S. W.
 
 128 PULSE FAMILY. 
 
 A. herbacea, Walt. In pine barrens, N. C. to Fla. and W., is pubes- 
 cent or glabrous, with 15-35 rigid, oblong, dotted leaflets, and spicate, 
 solitary, or panicled racemes of blue or white flowers ; shrub 2-4, with 
 purple branches. 
 
 * * Pods 2- seeded; leaflets larger, scattered. 
 
 A. frutic&sa, Linn. FALSE INDIGO. A tall or middle-sized shrub, 
 smoothish ; leaves petioled, of 16-25 oval or oblong leaflets ; flowers vio- 
 let or purple in early summer. River banks, Penn. S. and W. ; also 
 cult. 
 
 18. PSORA LI! A. (Greek : scurfy, from the roughish dots or glands.) 
 Flowers early summer, violet, bluish, or almost white. 2/ 
 
 * Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, or the uppermost of a single leaflet. 
 
 P. On6brychis, Nutt. 3-5 high, erect, nearly smooth; leaflets 
 lance-ovate, taper-pointed ; stipules and bracts awl-shaped ; flowers in 
 short peduncled racemes 3MJ' long; pods rough and wrinkled. River 
 banks, O. to 111., S. and E. 
 
 P. melilotoldes, Michx. Dry places, W. and S. l-2 high, erect, 
 somewhat pubescent, slender ; leaflets lanceolate or lance-oblong ; stip- 
 ules awl-shaped ; flowers in oblong spikes, long-peduncled ; pods strongly 
 wrinkled. 
 
 * * Leaves palmately 3-5-foliolate; root not tuberous. 
 
 P. tenuifl6ra, Pursh. Bushy-branched, slender, 2-4 high, somewhat 
 hoary when young ; leaflets linear or obovate-oblong, much dotted ; flowers 
 (2"-3"long) in loose racemes ; pods glandular-roughened. Prairies, 111., W. 
 
 P. argophylla, Pursh. Widely branched, l-3 high, silvery white all 
 over with silky hairs ; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate ; spikes interrupted. 
 Prairies, Wis., W. 
 
 * * * Leaves palmately 5-foliolatf ; root tuberous. 
 
 P. esculdnta, Pursh. POMME BLANCHE. Low and stout, 5'-15' high, 
 roughish hairy ; root turnip-shaped, mealy, edible ; leaflets 5, lance-oblong 
 or obovate ; spike dense, oblong ; flowers ' long ; pod hairy, pointed. 
 
 19. TEFHROSIA, HOARY PEA. (Greek: hoary.} Native plants 
 of dry, sandy, or barren soil, chiefly S. ; flowers summer. 
 
 * Stems erect, simple, very leafy up to the terminal, oblong, dense, raceme or 
 
 panicle. 
 
 T. Virginiana, Pers. GOAT'S RUE, CATGUT, from the very tough, 
 long and slender roots. White, silky-downy ; stem erect, simple, l-2 
 high ; leaflets 17-29 linear-oblong ; flowers large and numerous, yellowish- 
 white with purple ; pods downy. Common N. and S. 
 
 * * Stems branching, often spreading or decumbent; leaves scattered; 
 racemes opposite the leaves, long-peduncled; flowers fewer and smaller; 
 pubescence mostly yellowish or rusty. 
 
 T. spicata, Torr. & Gray. l-2 high, loosely soft-hairy ; leaflets 
 9-15, wedge-oblong or obovate ; flowers 6-10, rather large, scattered, 
 white and purple, in a raceme or spike. Del. S. 
 
 T. hispidula, Pers. Low, closely pubescent or smoothish ; leaflets 
 11-15, oblong, small, the lowest pair above the base of the petiole ; 
 flowers 2-4, small, reddish-purple. Va. S. 
 
 T. chrysophylla, Pursh. Nearly prostrate; leaflets 5-7, wedge-obo- 
 vate, smooth above and yellowish silky beneath, the lowest pair close to 
 the stem ; flowers as in the last. Ga. S. and W.
 
 PULSE FAMILY. 129 
 
 20. SESBANIA. (Arabic: Sesban, a little altered.) Flowers late 
 summer. 
 
 S. macrocdrpa, Muhl. Tall, smooth ; leaflets linear-oblong ; flowers 
 few, on a peduncle shorter than the leaves, corolla yellow with some red- 
 dish or purple ; pods linear, narrow, hanging, 8'-12' long ; seeds many. (D 
 Swamps S. 
 
 S. vesicaria, Ell. Resembles the preceding in foliage and small, yellow 
 flowers, but has a broadly oblong turgid pod, only 1' or 2' long, pointed, 
 raised above the calyx on a slender stalk, 2-seeded, the seeds remaining 
 inclosed in the bladdery white lining of the pod when the outer valves 
 have fallen. Low grounds S. 
 
 S. grand/flora, Poir. A shrub or tree-like plant of India, run wild 
 in Florida, occasionally cult, for ornament S. ; flowers 3'-4' long, white or 
 red ; pods slender, hanging, 1 or so long. 
 
 21. INDIGOFERA, INDIGO PLANT. (Name means producer of 
 indigo.) 
 
 I. tinctoria, Linn. This and the next furnish much of the indigo of 
 commerce, were cult, for that purpose S., and have run wild in waste 
 places ; woody at base, with 7-15 oval leaflets, racemes shorter than 
 the leaves, the deflexed knobby terete pods curved and several-seeded. 
 
 /. Anil, Linn. Differs mainly in its flattish and even pods thickened at 
 both edges. 
 
 22. ONOBRYCHIS, SAINFOIN. (Greek : asses 1 food.) 
 
 0. satlya, Lam. COMMON S. Sparingly cult, from Europe as a fodder 
 plant ; herb l-2 high ; leaflets numerous, oblong, small ; stipules brown, 
 thin, pointed ; spikes of light pink flowers on long axillary peduncles, in 
 summer ; pod semicircular bordered with short prickles or teeth. 2/ 
 
 23. ASTRAGALUS, MILK VETCH. (Greek: application uncer- 
 tain.) Very many native species west of the Mississippi. 2i 
 
 * Pod turgid, completely or partially 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal 
 suture. 
 
 <- Pod plum-shaped, becoming thick and fleshy, indehiscent. 
 
 A. caryocarpus, Ker. GROUND PLUMS. Minutely appressed-pubes- 
 cent ; leaflets narrow, oblong ; short racemes or spikes of violet- purple 
 flowers in spring ; fruit of the size and shape of a small plum, but more 
 or less pointed, fleshy, becoming dry and corky, very thick-walled. Com- 
 mon along the Upper Mississippi and W. and S. on the plains. 
 
 A. Mexicanus, DC. Smooth or with looser hairs ; leaflets roundish or 
 oblong ; corolla cream-color, bluish only at tip ; fruit globular, pointless. 
 Prairies, 111. to Kan. and S. 
 
 *- -*- Pod dry, coriaceous, cartilaginous, or membranous, dehiscent. 
 +* Pod completely 2-celled. 
 
 A. molllssimuB, Torr. Stout, decumbent, densely silky, villous 
 throughout and tomentose ; flowers violet ; pod sulcate at both sutures. 
 Neb. to Kan. and Tex. A "loco " weed. 
 
 A. Canad^nsis, Linn. Tall, erect, l-4 high, slightly pubescent ; 
 flowers greenish cream-colored, in summer ; pods oblong, terete, scarcely 
 sulcate. River banks, common. 
 
 A. glaber, Michx. Pine barrens, N. C. to Fla. ; tall, nearly smooth ; 
 leaflets 15-25, oblong-linear, pubescent beneath ; spikes loose, longer than 
 the leaves, with white flowers ; pod oblong and curved, flattened edgewise. 
 OKAY'S F. F. & G. HOT. 9
 
 130 PULSE FAMILY. 
 
 w Pod not completely 2-celled. 
 
 A. distdrtus, Torr. & Gray. Low, diffuse, nearly smooth; leaflets 
 oblong, emarginate ; flowers pale purple ; pod curved, thick-coriaceous. 
 111. to Iowa and S. to Tex. 
 
 * Pod 1-celled, neither suture intrusive, or the ventral more than dorsal. 
 
 A. Codperi, Gray. Gravelly shores N. and W. ; resembles the fore- 
 going, but smoother ; l-2 high, with small white flowers in a short spike, 
 and inflated ovoid pods about 1' long, thin-walled, and not divided inter- 
 nally ; flowers in early summer. 
 
 24. ROBINIA, LOCUST TREE. (For two early French botanists, 
 Bobi n. ) Natives of Atlantic, Middle, and Southern States, planted, 
 and the common Locust running wild N. Flowers late spring and early 
 summer. 
 
 R. Fseudacacia, Linn. COMMON L. or FALSE ACACIA. Tree ; branch- 
 lets naked ; racemes slender and loose-hanging ; flowers fragrant, white ; 
 pods smooth. Used as a stock for next two. 
 
 R. viscdsa, Vent. CLAMMY L. Small tree ; branches and stalks 
 clammy ; prickles very short ; racemes short and dense ; flowers faintly 
 rose-colored ; scentless pods rough, clammy. Very rare wild. 
 
 R. hfspida, Linn. BRISTLY L. or ROSE ACACIA. Ornamental shrub ; 
 branches and stalks bristly ; broad leaflets tipped with a long bristle ; 
 flowers large and showy, bright rose-colored in close or loose racemes ; 
 pods clammy-bristly. 
 
 25. CARAGANA, PEA TREE. (Tartar name.) Planted for ornament. 
 
 * Petioles with unarmed tip. 
 
 C. arborescens, Lam. SIBERIAN P. Shrub or low tree ; leaflets 4-6 
 pairs, oval-oblong, downy; stipules firm or spinescent; flowers 2 or 3 
 together, yellow, in spring ; pod cylindric. Siberia. 
 
 C. microphylla, Lam. Low shrub ; leaflets 6-9 pairs, 4-5 lines long ; 
 stipules thorny ; flowers solitary or in pairs ; pod small, compressed. Asia. 
 
 * * Petioles with spiny tips. 
 
 C. Chamlagu, Lam. CHINESE P. A low or spreading shrub ; has 2 
 rather distant pairs of smooth, oval, or obovate leaflets ; stipules spiny. 
 China and Japan. 
 
 C. frutescens, DC. Low shrub ; leaflets 2 pairs, obovate, crowded at 
 the summit of the petiole ; stipules soft. Siberia to Japan. 
 
 26. COLUTBA, BLADDER SENNA. (Derivation obscure.) 
 
 C. arborescens, Linn. COMMON B. Leaflets 7-11, oval and rather 
 truncate ; racemes of 5-10 yellow flowers, in summer ; pods large, very 
 thin-walled, closed. Eu. 
 
 27. WISTARIA. (For Prof. Wistar of Phila.) Very ornamental 
 woody twiners ; flowers spring. 
 
 W. frutescens. Poir. AMERICAN W. Soft-downy when young ; leaflets 
 9-15, lance-ovate ; raceme of showy blue-purple flowers, dense ; calyx 
 narrowish, wings with one short and one very long appendage at the base 
 of the blade ; ovary smooth. Along streams W. and S , and cult. 
 
 W. Chinensis, DC. CHINESE W. A very fast^growing climber (sometimes 
 20 in a season) ; racemes long, pendant ; wings appendaged on one side
 
 PULSE FAMILY. 131 
 
 only. Flowers blue. Often flowering twice in the season. There are 
 white and double-flowered and variegated-leaved varieties and some with 
 racemes 2-3 long. Barely hardy in New England. China or Japan. 
 
 28. STYLOS ANTHES. (Greek: column, flower, from the stalk- like 
 calyx-tube. ) 
 
 S. elatior, Swartz. Low, inconspicuous, tufted herb ; stems wiry, 
 downy on one side ; leaflets lanceolate, strongly straight-veined ; flowers 
 orange-yellow, small, in little clusters or heads, in late summer. Pine 
 barrens from L. I. to Fla. and Ind., S. W. 
 
 29. LESPEDEZA, BUSH CLOVER. (For Lespedez, a Spanish gov- 
 ernor of Florida.) Mostly homely plants in sandy or sterile soil ; flowers 
 late summer and autumn. 
 
 * Stipules and bracts minute; natives (except one), y. 
 
 - Flowers of two sorts, the larger violet-purple, scattered or in open pani- 
 cles or clusters, slender-peduncled, seldom fruitful,- the fertile ones 
 mostly without petals, intermixed or in small sessile clusters; pod 
 generally exserted. 
 
 L. proctimbens, Michx. Slender or trailing, minutely hairy or soft- 
 downy ; leaflets oval or oblong ; peduncles slender and few-flowered. 
 Common. 
 
 L. violacea, Pers. Bushy-branching, erect or spreading, sparsely 
 leafy ; leaflets thin, broadly oval or oblong, finely appressed-pubescent 
 beneath ; peduncles slender, loosely few-flowered. Common. 
 
 L. reticulata, Pers. Erect, densely leafy ; leaflets thickish, linear to 
 linear-oblong ; flowers clustered on peduncles, much shorter than the 
 leaves ; pods acute. Mass, to Minn, and S. 
 
 L. Stuvei, Nutt. Stems upright-spreading, very leafy, downy with 
 spreading hairs ; leaflets mostly oval or roundish, silky or white-woolly 
 beneath ; pods acuminate. Mass, to Mich, and S. 
 
 L. Siebdldi, Miq. (or DESSidDiusi PENDULIFI^RUM). A recent Japanese 
 garden plant, is a shrub-like herb 3-6, with lanceolate, pointed leaflets, 
 smooth above and appressed-pubescent beneath, and axillary racemes, 
 3'-6 ' long, of late rose-purple flowers about a half inch in length. Known 
 also as L. sfcoLOR, but that species is probably not cult, in this country. 
 
 - +- Flowers all alike, perfect, in close spikes or heads, on upright, (2- 
 4 high) simple, rigid stems; corolla cream-color or white with a purple 
 spot on the standard, about the length of the silky-downy calyx ; pod 
 included. 
 
 L. polystachya, Michx. Leaflets roundish or oblong-ovate ; petioles 
 and peduncles slender ; spikes becoming rather long and loose ; mature 
 pod hardly shorter than calyx. Common. 
 
 L. capitata, Michx. Stems rigid, woolly ; leaflets oblong or some- 
 times linear, silky beneath, thickish ; peduncles and petioles short ; 
 flowers in globular heads ; pod much shorter than the calyx. Common. 
 
 L. angustif61ia, Ell. Like the last, but leaflets linear, heads oblong 
 on slender peduncles ; pod hardly shorter than calyx. N. J., S. and W. 
 
 * * Stipules and bracts broad and scarious; naturalized from China and 
 
 Japan. (D 
 
 L. striata, Hook. & Arn. JAPAN CLOVER. Low and spreading, 3'-10' 
 high, much branched, almost smooth ; leaflets oblong or wedge-oblong, 
 4'-^' long; peduncles very short, with 1-5 small, purplish flowers. A 
 forage plant in the S. States and Cal.
 
 132 PULSE FAMILY. 
 
 30. DESMODIUM, TICK TREFOIL. (Greek : a band or chain, from 
 the connected joints of the pod.) 2/ Flowers in summer. 
 
 1. Native hardy species; the joints of the pod adhere, to clothing or to 
 the coats of animals ; flowers sometimes turning greenish in withering. 
 
 * Pod raised far above the calyx on a slender stalk, straightish on the 
 upper margin, divided from below into 1-4 joints; flowers in one naked 
 terminal raceme or panicle ; plants smooth, l-3 high; stipules bristle- 
 form. 
 
 D. nudifL6rum, DC. The mostly leafless flower-stalk and the leaf- 
 bearing stem rising separately from a common root ; the leaves all 
 crowded on the summit of the stem ; leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, 
 pale beneath. Common. 
 
 D. acuminatum, DC. Flower stalk terminating the stem, which bears 
 a cluster of leaves ; leaflets large (4'-5' long), round-ovate, with a taper- 
 ing point, or the end one blunter, green both sides. Common. 
 
 D. paucif!6rum, DC. Leaves scattered along the low, (8'-15' high) 
 ascending stems ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, pale beneath ; raceme terminal, 
 few-flowered. Ont. to Penn., Kans. and S. 
 
 * * Pod raised on a stalk little if at all surpassing the deeply-cleft calyx; 
 stems long, prostrate or decumbent; racemes mostly simple, axillary 
 and terminal ; stipules ovate, striate, taper-pointed, persistent. 
 
 D. rotundif6lium, DC. Soft-hairy ; leaflets orbicular, about 3' long; 
 flowers purple, the 3-5 rhombic-oval joints of the pod rather large. 
 
 * * * Pod little if at all stalked in the calyx ; racemes panicled. 
 
 *- Stems erect, 3-6 high; stipules large, ovate or lance-ovate, and 
 pointed; bracts similar but deciduous; flowers large for the genus. 
 
 *+ Pods 0/4-7 rhombic-oblong joints, each joint about \' long. 
 
 D. can^scens, DC. Hairy; stems branching; leaves pale; leaflets 
 ovate, bluntish, about the length of the common petiole, reticulated 
 beneath and both sides roughish ,with fine, close pubescence ; joints of 
 pod very adhesive. Common. 
 
 D. cuspidatum, Torr. & Gray. Very smooth, except panicle ; stem 
 straight ; leaflets lance-ovate, taper-pointed (3'-5' long), longer than the 
 common petiole ; pod with smoothish joints. Common. 
 
 M- -w- Pods of 3-5 oval joints, not over \' long. 
 
 D. Illino^nse, Gray. Rough with short hairs ; leaflets ovate-oblong 
 or ovate-lanceolate (2'-4' long), obtuse, firm, venation prominent, whitish 
 beneath ; pod scarcely over 1' long. 
 
 -*- +- Stems erect, 2-6 high; stipules mostly deciduous, awl-shaped, 
 small, and inconspicuous; racemes panicled. 
 
 ++ Bracts small and inconspicuous; common petiole slender ; flowers 
 smallish ; joints of pod 3-5, unequal-sided. 
 
 D. viridifl6rum, Beck. Stem very downy ; leaflets broad ovate, very 
 blunt, white, with soft-velvety down beneath. N. J. to Fla., Mo., 
 and Tex. 
 
 D. Dillfcnii, Darl. Stem and the oblong or oblong-ovate, bluntish, thin 
 leaflets softly and finely pubescent ; the latter 2'-3' long. Common. 
 
 D. paniculatum, DC. Smooth, or nearly so, throughout ; leaflets 
 lanceolate or lance-oblong, tapering to a blunt point, 3'-5' long ; panicle 
 loose. Common.
 
 PULSE FAMILY. 133 
 
 D. strfctum, DC. Slender stems smooth below, above and the narrow 
 panicle rough-glandular ; leaflets linear, blunt, reticulated, very smooth, 
 l'-2' long. N. J. to Fla. and La. 
 
 M- -M- Bracts, before flowering, conspicuous; common petiole very short; 
 joints of pod roundish. 
 
 D. Canadense, DC. Stem hairy, 3-6 high, leafy up to the panicle ; 
 leaflets lance-oblong, blunt, 2'-3' long ; racemes dense, the pink-purple 
 flowers larger than in any other, ^'-j' long. Chiefly N. and W. 
 
 D. sessilif61ium, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent, 2-4 high; the 
 long panicle naked ; common petiole hardly any ; leaflets linear or 
 linear-oblong, blunt, reticulated, rough above, downy beneath ; flowers 
 small. Chiefly westward. 
 H_ ^_ M_ Stems ascending or spreading, l-3 long ; stipules and bracts 
 
 awl-shaped and deciduous; panicle naked, loose; flowers small; pod of 
 
 2 or 3 small, oval, or roundish joints. 
 
 D. rigidum, DC. Stems hoary, with a rough pubescence ; leaflets 
 ovate-oblong, blunt, thickish, roughish, and reticulated, l'-2' long, the 
 lateral longer than the common petiole. Mass., S. and W. 
 
 D. Marilandicum, Boott. Smooth or nearly so, slender; leaflets 
 ovate or roundish, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the slender 
 petiole ; otherwise like the preceding, and of like range. 
 
 M- <- +- (- Stems reclining or prostrate ; racemes few-flowered. 
 D. lineatum, DC. Smoothish ; stem striate-angled ; stipules awl- 
 shaped, deciduous ; leaflets orbicular, 1' or less in length, much longer 
 than the common petiole ; flowers and 2 or 3 rounded joints of the pod 
 small. Md. to Fla. and La. 
 
 2. Exotic conservatory species. 
 
 D. gyrans, DC. TELEGRAPH PLANT. Leaflets elliptic-oblong, termi- 
 nal very large, lateral very small. Cult, from India for curious move- 
 ments of leaflets. (Lessons, Fig. 491.) 
 
 31. ERYTHRINA. (Greek : red, the usual color of the flowers.) 
 
 E. herbacea, Linn. Stems herbaceous, 2-4 high from a thick, 
 woody base, somewhat leafy, the leaflets broadly triangular-ovate ; others 
 nearly leafless, terminating in a long, erect raceme of narrow, scarlet 
 flowers ; standard (2' long) straight, folded, lanceolate ; keel small ; seeds 
 scarlet ; flowers spring. Sandy soil near the coast S. 
 
 E. Crista-g&lli, Linn. Tree-like ; leaflets oval or oblong ; loose racemes 
 of large crimson flowers ; keel large ; standard broad, spreading ; wings 
 rudimentary. Cult, in conservatories, from Brazil. 
 
 32. GLYCINE. (Greek: sweet.) 
 
 G~ hispida, Maxim, (or S6jA HISPIDA). SOY BEAN. Plant strong 
 and erect, 2-4 tall, loosely hairy ; leaflets large and thin, broadly ovate 
 and nearly or quite obtuse, the lateral ones lop-sided and short stipitate, 
 the terminal long stipitate, the common petiole 6'-12' long ; pods flat and 
 villous, 2'-4' long, containing from 2-4 roundish or oblong small Beans, 
 and splitting open when ripe. Coming into prominence as a forage plant, 
 the Beans also edible. Japan and China ; but unknown wild, and sup- 
 posed to be derived from Glycine Soja. 
 
 33. ARACHIS, PEANUT, GOOBER. (Meaning of name obscure.) 
 
 A. hypogcea, Linn. The only common species, from South America, 
 cult. S. ; the nut-like pods familiar, the oily, fleshy seeds being roasted 
 and much eaten. (f)
 
 134 PULSE FAMILY. 
 
 34. ^ESCHYNOMENE, SENSITIVE JOINT VETCH. (Greek: 
 ashamed, referring to the sensitive leaflets of some species.) Flowers 
 summer. 
 
 JE. hfspida, Willd. Stem rough-bristly, 2-4 high ; leaflets 37-51, 
 linear ; flowers yellow ; pod bristly, stalked ; joints 6-10. Low grounds, 
 Penn. S. 
 
 35. CORONTLLA. (Latin : a little crown.) Cult, from Eu. for orna- 
 ment. 2Z 
 
 C. varia, Linn. PURPLE CORONILLA. Hardy herb, spreading from 
 underground shoots, smooth, 2 high ; leaves sessile ; leaflets 15-21, obo- 
 vate-oval or oblong, small ; flowers pink-purple and white, all summer. 
 
 C. glauca, Linn. YELLOW SWEET-SCENTED C. Greenhouse shrub ; 
 leaflets 5-9, glaucous, obovate, or obcordate, the terminal largest ; flowers 
 sweet-scented, yellow, the claws of the petals not lengthened. 
 
 36. RHYNCHOSIA. (Greek: beaked; of no obvious application.) 
 Chiefly southern ; flowers summer. H 
 
 * Flowers in axillary racemes, 
 *- Calyx shorter than corolla, somewhat 2-lipped. 
 
 R. minima, DC. Along the coast from S. C., S. ; tomentose ; leaflets 
 small and broad ; racemes very slender, with 6-12 minute flowers. 
 
 ,- t- Calyx nearly or quite as long as corolla, not lipped. 
 
 R. toment6sa, Hook & Am. Trailing and twining, pubescent ; leaflets 
 3, round or round-rhombic ; racemes axillary, few flowered, almost sessile. 
 Dry sandy soil, from Va. S. 
 
 R. erecta, DC. Erect, more or less tomentose ; leaflets 3, oval to 
 oblong ; racemes short, on short peduncles. Del. S. 
 
 R. renifdrmis, DC. Dwarf, erect, pubescent ; leaflets solitary (rarely 
 3) round-reniform ; racemes sessile. Va. S. 
 
 * * Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs ; calyx shorter than corolla. 
 
 R. galactoldes, Endl. Bushy-branched, 2-4 high, not twining, 
 minutely pubescent ; leaflets 3, small and rigid, oval, hardly any common 
 petiole ; standard reddish outside. Dry sand ridges, from Ala. S. 
 
 37. FHASEOLUS, BEAN, KIDNEY BEAN. (The ancient name 
 of the Kidney Bean.) Flowers summer and autumn. (Lessons, Figs. 
 
 * Native species, small-flowered. 
 
 P. perdnnia, Walt. Stems slender, climbing high ; leaflets roundish- 
 ovate, short-pointed ; racemes long end loose, often panicled ; flowers 
 small, purple ; pods drooping, scimitar-shaped, few-seeded. ^ New 
 Eng. W. and S. 
 
 * Exotic species, cultivated mainly for food, all with ovate, pointed 
 leaflets. (D 
 
 P. vulgaris, Linn. KIDNEY BEAN, STRING BEAK, POLE BEAN. Twin- 
 ing ; racemes of white or sometimes dull purplish or variegated flowers 
 shorter than the leaf ; pods linear, straight ; seeds tumid. Many varie- 
 ties, ranging from BUSH BEANS to climbers, and presenting many forms 
 and colors of seeds. Probably from tropical America. 
 
 P. lunatus, Linn. LIMA BEAN, SIEVA or CAROLINA B., etc. Twining ; 
 racemes of small, greenish-white flowers shorter than the leaf ; pods broad
 
 PULSE FAMILY. 135 
 
 and curved to scimitar-shaped ; seeds few, large, and flat. Like the 
 preceding, this runs into many forms, amongst them the BUSH or DWAKF 
 LIMAS. S. Arner. 
 
 P. multifldrus, Willd. SPANISH BEAN, SCARLET RUNNER when red- 
 flowered ; twining high ; flowers showy, bright scarlet, or white, or mixed, 
 in peduncled racemes surpassing the leaves ; pods broadly linear, straight 
 or a little curved ; seeds large, tumid, white or colored. Tropical 
 America. 
 
 38. VIGNA. (For Dominic Vigni, commentator of Theophrastus at 
 Padua in the 17th century.) 
 
 V. Sinensis, Hassk. CHINA BEAN, BLACK-EYED BEAN, BLACK PEA, 
 COWPEA. With long peduncles bearing only 2 or 3 (white or pale) 
 flowers at the end ; the beans (which are good) white or dark with a 
 black circle round the scar ; is widely grown in the S. for forage. (f) 
 China and Japan. 
 
 V. luteola, Benth. Wild from S. C. to Fla. and W., is hirsute, with 
 ovate or lance-ovate leaflets ; yellow flowers on stout peduncles longer 
 than the leaves, and hairy pod. 
 
 39. DOLICHOS, BLACK BEAN, etc. (Greek: name of a Bean, 
 meaning elongated, perhaps from the tall-climbing stems.) 
 
 D. L6blab, Linn. EGYPTIAN or BLACK BEAN. Smooth twiner ; racemes 
 elongated ; flowers showy, violet, purple, or white, 1' long ; pods thick, 
 broadly oblong, pointed ; seeds black or tawny with a white scar, (f) 
 India. 
 
 40. STROFHOSTYLES. (Greek : turning, style.) 
 
 S. angu!6sa, Ell. Spreading on the ground; ovate entire or com- 
 monly 3-lobed or angled leaflets ; peduncles twice the length of the 
 leaves ; flowers purplish, or at length greenish; seeds oblong, 3" long; 
 pod 2'-3' long by 3" wide. Sandy shores and river banks. 
 
 S. peduncularis, Ell. More slender than the preceding, sometimes 
 twining a little ; leaflets ovate or oblong-linear, entire, rarely at all 
 lobed ; peduncles several times surpassing the leaves ; flowers pale 
 purple; seeds l"-2" long; pod l}'-2' long, scarcely 2" wide. Sandy 
 soil, from L. I. and S. Ind., S. 2Z 
 
 S. paucifldrus, Wats. Spreading or low-climbing, slender, pubescent ; 
 leaflets small, oblong-lanceolate or linear; flowers few and small, pur- 
 plish, on a short peduncle ; pod straight, flat, only 1' long. River banks 
 W. and S. 
 
 41. CENTROSEMA, SPURRED BUTTERFLY PEA. (Greek: 
 spur, standard.} "21 
 
 C. Virginianum, Benth. Trailing and low twining ; slender, roughish 
 with minute hairs ; leaflets ovate-oblong to linear, very veiny, shining ; 
 peduncles 1-4-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; flowers showy, violet- 
 purple, 1' long, in summer. Sandy woods, chiefly S. 
 
 42. CLITORIA, BUTTERFLY PEA. (Derivation recondite.) 2Z 
 
 C. Mariana, Linn. Smooth ; stem erect or slightly twining (l-3 
 high); leaflets obovate-oblong, pale beneath; flowers very showy, light 
 blue, 2' long, 1-3 on short peduncles ; pod straight, few-seeded ; flowers 
 summer. Dry ground, N. J., S., and W. to Mo. and Tex.
 
 136 PULSE FAMILY. 
 
 43. KENNEDYA. (For an English florist.) Australian plants, of 
 choice cultivation in conservatories. ^ 
 
 K. rubicunda, Vent., is hairy, free-climbing, with 3 ovate leaflets ; ovate- 
 lanceolate stipules ; about 3-flowered peduncles, the dark red or crimson 
 flowers over 1' long. 
 
 K. prostrata, R. Br., has 1- or 2-flowered peduncles, obovate or 
 oblong leaflets and cordate stipules. The Var. Marry&ttce, has 4-flowered 
 peduncles. 
 
 44. GALACTIA, MILK PEA. (Greek: milky, which these plants 
 are not.) Flowers summer. 11 
 
 G. glabe'lla, Michx. Prostrate, nearly smooth ; leaflets rather rigid, 
 ovate-oblong, shining above ; flowers rose-purple 4-8 on a peduncle not 
 exceeding the leaves ; pod somewhat hairy. Sandy soil, from N. Y. S. 
 
 G. pil6sa, Ell. Spreading, somewhat twining, soft-downy and hoary, 
 even to the 8-10-seeded pod ; racemes long-peduncled, many-flowered ; 
 leaflets oval. Sandy barrens, from Penn. S. 
 
 G. Ellidttii, Nutt. Near the coast, S. Car. to Fla. ; leaves pinnate, of 
 7-9 oblong, emarginate leaflets ; racemes longer than the leaves, bearing 
 few white red-tinged flowers ; pod falcate and hairy, 3-5-seeded. 
 
 45. AMPHICARP.ZBA, HOG PEANUT. (Greek: double-fruited, 
 alluding to the two kinds of pods. ) 1}. Twiners. 
 
 A. monbica, Nutt. Slender, much-branched ; stems brownish-hairy ; 
 leaflets 3, thin rhombic-ovate, \'-2' long ; racemes drooping ; calyx of 
 upper flowers, 2" long ; ovary glabrous, except margin ; subterranean pods, 
 turgid, hairy ; flower late summer and autumn. Common. 
 
 A. Pftcheri, Torr. & Gray. Like the preceding ; but leaflets 2'-4' 
 long ; calyx 3" long, teeth acuminate ; ovary hairy ; subterranean fruit 
 rare. W. N. Y. to 111., Mo., La., and Tex. 
 
 46. APIOS, GROUNDNUT, WILD BEAN. (Greek: pear, from 
 the shape of the tubers.) 2/ 
 
 A. tuber6sa, Moench. Underground shoots bearing strings of edible 
 tubers l'-2' long ; stems slender, rather hairy ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate. 
 Low grounds. 
 
 47. PISUM, PEA. (The old Greek and Latin name of the Pea.) 
 (Lessons, Figs. 34, 35.) 
 
 P. satlvum, Linn. COMMON PEA. Smooth and glaucous ; stipules 
 very large, leafy ; leaflets commonly 2 pairs ; tendrils branching; pedun- 
 cles with 2 or more large flowers ; corolla white, bluish, purple, or parti- 
 colored ; pods rather fleshy. Cult, from the Old World. 
 
 48. LATHYRUS, VETCHLING. (Old Greek name.) Flowers 
 summer. 
 
 * Stem and petioles wing -margined ; leaflets one pair ; cult, from Eu. for 
 ornament. 
 
 L. odoratus, Linn. SWEET PEA. Stem roughish-hairy ; leaflets oval 
 or oblong ; flowers 2 or 3 on a long peduncle, sweet-scented, white, with 
 the standard rose-color, or purple, with various varieties, (f) (Lessons, 
 Fig. 393.)
 
 PULSE FAMILY. 137 
 
 L. fatifdffus, Linn. EVERLASTING PEA, PERENNIAL PEA. Smooth, 
 climbing high ; stems broadly winged ; leaflets oval, with parallel veins 
 very conspicuous beneath ; flowers numerous in a long-peduncled raceme, 
 pink-purple ; also a white variety ; scentless. 2/ 
 
 * * Stems wingless or merely margined ; leaflets 2-8 pairs ; native. 2Z 
 
 - Stipules large and broad. 
 
 L. marltimus, Bigel. BEACH PEA. 1 high, leafy, smooth ; stipules 
 broadly ovate, hastate; leaflets oval, crowded; peduncle bearing 6-10 
 rather large purple flowers. Sea-shore N. J. N., and on the Great Lakes. 
 
 L. ochroleucus, Hook. Stems slender, l-3 high ; leaflets glaucous, 
 thin, ovate, or oval, twice larger than the semi-cordate stipules ; peduncles 
 with 7-10 rather small yellowish-white flowers. Hillsides and banks N. 
 
 *- -i- Stipules narrow, semi-sagittate, acuminate. 
 
 L. vendsus, Muhl. Climbing; leaflets 8-12, scattered, ovate, or ob- 
 long, often downy beneath; peduncles bearing many purple flowers. 
 Shady banks W. and S. 
 
 L. pahistris, Linn. Slender, l-2 high ; stems margined or slightly 
 winged ; leaflets 4-8, linear to oblong ; peduncles with 2-6 rather small 
 purple flowers. Wet grounds N. and W. 
 
 Var. myrtif6lius, Gray. Climbing 2-4 high; leaflets oblong or 
 oval ; upper stipules larger and more leaf-like ; flowers paler. Same 
 range, and S. to N. C. 
 
 49. VICIA, VETCH, TARE. (The old Latin name of the genus.) 
 
 * Flowers several or many, on a slender peduncle, in spring or summer ; 
 
 pod several- seeded ; wild species in low ground, l-4 high. % 
 
 -i- Peduncle ^-B-Jlowered ; plant smooth. 
 
 V. Americana, Muhl. Leaflets 10-14, oblong, very blunt, veiny; 
 flowers purplish, over $' long. Common N. and W. 
 
 *- *- Peduncle bearing very many small, soon reflexed flowers. 
 
 V. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish ; leaflets 8-24, oblong, blunt ; 
 flowers small, white, or purplish-tipped, rather loose in the slender 
 raceme. Can. to Ga. and W. 
 
 V. Cracca, Linn. Rather downy ; leaflets 20-24, lance-oblong, mu- 
 cronate-pointed ; spike dense ; flowers blue (nearly ' long), turning 
 purple. Only N. and W. 
 
 * * Flowers 1-5 on a slender peduncle, in summer or spring, very small; 
 leaflets oblong -linear, 4-8 pairs; pod oblong, only 2-4-seeded; slender 
 and delicate European annuals in fields and waste places, N. E. 
 coast. 
 
 V. tetrasperma, Linn. Leaflets blunt ; corolla whitish ; pod 4-seeded, 
 smooth. 
 
 If. hirsuta, Koch. Leaflets truncate ; corolla bluish ; pod 2-seeded, 
 hairy. 
 
 * * * Flowers 1-2, sessile, or on peduncles shorter than leaves, pretty 
 
 large ; pod several-seeded ; stem simple, loic, not climbing. 
 
 V. sativa, Linn. COMMON VETCH or TARE. Somewhat hairy ; leaflets 
 10-14, oblong or obovate to linear, apex notched and mucronate ; flowers 
 mostly in pairs and sessile, violet-purple ; seeds tumid. Eu. Nat. N. 
 Cult, for stock. 
 
 V. micrantha, Nutt. Smooth ; leaflets linear, obtuse, 4-6 ; flowers 
 minute, pale blue ; seeds black. N. Ala., W.
 
 138 PULSE FAMILY. 
 
 50. LENS, LENTIL. (Classical Latin name. The shape of the seed 
 gave the name to the glass lens for magnifying.) <D 
 
 L. esculenta, Moench. COMMON LENTIL of Europe, cult, for fodder 
 and for the seeds, but rarely with us ; slender plant, barely 1 high, re- 
 sembling a Vetch, with several pairs of oblong leaflets (' long), 2 or 3 
 small, white, or purplish flowers on a slender peduncle, and a small broad 
 pod, containing 2 orbicular sharp-edged (lens-shaped) seeds. 
 
 51. CICER, CHICK-PEA. (An old Latin name for the Vetch.) <f) 
 
 C. arietlnum, Linn. COMMON C. of the Old World, called COFFEE 
 PEA at the West, there cult, for its seeds, which are used for coffee; 
 their shape gave the specific name, being likened to the head of a sheep ; 
 plant 9'-20' high, covered with soft, glandular, acid hairs ; leaves of 8- 
 12 wedge-obovate serrate leaflets ; peduncle bearing 1 small whitish 
 flower, succeeded by the turgid small pod. 
 
 52. CERCIS, REDBUD, JUDAS TREE. (Ancient name of the 
 Judas tree.) 
 
 C. Canad^nsis, Linn. AMERICAN REDBUD. A small handsome 
 tree, ornamental in spring, when the naked branches are covered with 
 the small but very numerous pinkish-red flowers ; leaves round, cordate- 
 pointed, the basal sinus very broad and shallow ; pods scarcely stalked 
 in the calyx. N. Y., S. and W. 
 
 C. Chinensis, Bunge (or C. JAp6mcA), a bushy grower, native to China 
 and possibly to Japan, has more glossy leaves with a sharper point and 
 a narrow, deep basal sinus, and larger rosy-pink flowers. Scarcely hardy 
 in Northern States. 
 
 53. CASSIA, SENNA. (Ancient name of obscure meaning.) Flowers 
 summer. 
 
 * Smooth herbs; leaflets rather large; stipules deciduous; flowers in 
 short axillary racemes or crowded in a panicle ; stamens 10, unequal ; 
 some of the upper anthers imperfect. 
 
 C. Marilandica, Linn. WILD SENNA. 3-4 high ; leaflets 6-9 pairs, 
 narrow-oblong, blunt, and mucronate ; petiole with a club-shaped gland 
 near the base ; petals bright yellow, often turning whitish when old ; 
 anthers blackish ; pods linear, flat (at first hairy) . ^ New Eng., W. and S. 
 
 C. Tdra, Linn. Leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, obovate, a pointed gland between 
 the lowest : flowers pale, in pairs, and pods slender, curved, 6'-10' long. 
 From Va., S., and Ind. S. W. 
 
 C. occidentalis, Linn. l-5 high ; leaflets 4-6 pairs, lance-ovate, 
 acute, a globular gland on the base of the petiole ; pods narrow-linear, 
 smooth, 6' long. Va. and Ind., S. Nat. from S. A. 
 
 * * Low and spreading, smooth or roughish hairy herbs ; stipules per- 
 sistent, striate; leaflets 10-20 pairs, small linear-oblong, oblique, 
 or unequal-sided, somewhat sensitive, closing when roughly brushed; 
 a cup-shaped gland below the lowest pair ; flowers clustered in the axils. 
 
 C. Chameecriata, Linn. PARTRIDGE PEA. Flowers pretty large, 
 showy, on slender pedicels ; petals often purple-spotted at base ; style 
 slender ; stamens 10, unequal ; 4 anthers yellow, the others purple. 
 Sandy fields. 
 
 C. nictitana, Linn. WILD SENSITIVE PLANT. Flowers small, on 
 very short pedicels, with short style ; anthers 5, nearly equal. (I) New 
 Eng., S. and W.
 
 PULSE FAMILY. 139 
 
 54. CJESALPINIA. (For the early Italian botanist, Coesalpinus.) 
 
 C. pulcherrima, Swartz. BARBADOES FLOWER FENCE. Small tree, 
 prickly ; leaves twice-pinnate ; leaflets numerous, oblong, notched at the 
 end ; racemes terminal, open ; flowers large and showy ; petals short-- 
 clawed, broad, jagged-edged, 1' long, reddish orange ; filaments crimson, 
 3' long. Trop. Africa. Cult, in some conservatories ; planted S. 
 
 55. GYMNOCLADUS, KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE. (Greek: 
 naked branch, referring to the stout branches destitute of spray.) 
 
 G. Canadensis. Lam. Bark rough ; leaves twice-pinnate, 2 or 3 
 long, each partial leafstalk bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaflets, except the 
 lowest pair, which are single leaflets (2'-3' long) ; the leaflets standing 
 edgewise ; flowers in early summer ; ripening in late autumn ; large thick- 
 walled pods, 5'-10' long and lJ'-2' wide ; seeds bony, over ' across. 
 W. N. Y. S., and especially W. 
 
 56. GLEDITSCHIA, HONEY LOCUST. (For the early German 
 botanist, Gleditsch.) Flowers early summer, inconspicuous ; pods rip- 
 ening late in autumn. Thorns simple or compound ; those on the 
 branchlets are above the axils. 
 
 G. triacanthos, Linn. A rather tall tree, with light foliage ; thorns large 
 (sometimes wanting), often very compound, flattish at the base and taper- 
 ing ; leaflets small, lance-oblong ; pods linear, flat, 9'-20'long, often twisted 
 or curved. Rich soil from W. N. Y., S. and W. (Lessons, Figs. 95, 160.) 
 
 G. aquatica, Marsh. WATER LOCUST. Small tree ; thorns slender ; 
 leaflets ovate or oblong ; pods oval 1-seeded, containing no pulp. Swamps 
 Mo. to S. Ind., S. C. and S. 
 
 57. MIMOSA, SENSITIVE PLANT. (Greek: a mimic, i.e. the 
 
 movements imitating an animal faculty.) (Lessons, Fig. 490.) 
 
 M. pudica, Linn. COMMON S. Beset with spreading bristly hairs and 
 somewhat prickly ; leaves very sensitive to the touch, of very numerous 
 linear leaflets on 2 pairs of branches of the common petiole, crowded on 
 its apex, so as to appear digitate ; flowers in slender-peduncled heads, in 
 summer. Cult, from South America. 
 
 58. SCHRANKIA, SENSITIVE BRIER. (For a German botanist, 
 Schrank.} Two species wild in dry sandy soil, S. and W., spreading 
 on the ground, appearing much alike, with leaves closing like the Sen- 
 sitive Plant, but only under ruder handling ; flowers in globular heads 
 on axillary peduncles, in summer. 2Z 
 
 S. uncinata, Willd. Stems, petioles, peduncles, and oblong-linear 
 short-pointed pods beset with rather stout, hooked prickles ; leaflets ellip- 
 tical, reticulated with strong veins underneath. 
 
 S. angustata, Torr. & Gray. Prickles scattered, weaker, and less 
 hooked ; leaflets oblong-linear, not reticulated ; pods slender, taper-pointed. 
 
 59. DESMANTHTJS. (Greek: bond, flower; the flowers are crowded 
 in a head.) 
 
 D. brachylobus, Benth. Nearly smooth, l-4 high, erect; partial 
 petioles 6-15 pairs, each bearing 20-30 pairs of very small, narrow leaf- 
 lets ; one or more glands on the main petiole ; small heads of whitish 
 flowers, followed by short 2-6 seeded pods ; stamens 5. ^ Prairies 
 from Ind. S. and W.
 
 140 PULSE FAMILY. 
 
 60. ALBIZZIA, SILK FLOWER. (Named for an Italian botanist.) 
 
 A. Julibrissin, Durazz. SILK-FLOWER or SILK TREE. Planted S. ; 
 small tree ; leaves of 8-12 pairs of partial petioles, each with about 60 
 'oblong, acute leaflets, which appear as if halved ; panicled heads of rather 
 large, pale, rose-purple flowers ; filaments conspicuous, long, and lus- 
 trous, like silky threads in tufts (giving the popular name); pod 5'-6' 
 long, oblong-linear, very flat and thin. Asia. 
 
 A, loph&ntha, Benth. A greenhouse shrub ; leaves with 8-10 pairs of 
 partial petioles, each with 50-60 linear bluntish leaflets ; flowers yellow. 
 New Holland. 
 
 61. ACACIA. (Ancient name of Acacia trees.) No native species 
 north of Texas. The following are cult, in conservatories N., and one 
 of them planted or run wild far S. 
 
 1. Leaves twice pinnate, of very numerous small leaflets. 
 
 A. dealbata, Link. A fast-growing small tree, not prickly nor thorny, 
 pale or whitened with minute obscure down or mealiness ; leaves of 10-25 
 pairs of partial petioles (a little gland on the main petiole between each 
 pair), and very many pairs of closely set, minute, linear leaflets ; flowers 
 bright yellow in globular heads in an ample very open raceme or panicle, 
 odorous. Australia. 
 
 A. Farnesiana, Willd. OPOPANAX. Native of South America ; naturalized 
 along the Gulf of Mexico, sometimes cult. ; a nearly smooth shrub, with 
 pairs of short prickles along the branches, small linear leaflets, small 
 heads, on short peduncles (2 or 3 together) of yellow, very sweet-scented 
 flowers, used by the perfumers. The plant also yields gum. Pod thick, 
 pulpy or pithy within. 
 
 2. Only the leaves of the seedling twice-pinnate ; the rest simple and 
 entire mostly blade-like petioles (phyllodia, Lessons, p. 61), standing 
 edgewise, but otherwise imitating rigid simple leaves. Chiefly Australia. 
 
 * Leaves short, and with only a central nerve or midrib. 
 
 *- Linear awl-shaped or almost needle-shaped, prickly-tipped, small, about 
 long. 
 
 A. juniperlna, Willd. Rigid bushy shrub ; leaves scattered ; flowers in 
 single, small, round heads. 
 
 A. verticillata, Willd. Spreading shrub or low tree; leaves crowded 
 more or less in whorls of 5-8 or more ; flowers in cylindrical spikes. 
 
 t- H- Obliquely oblong, lanceolate, or broader, not prickly-tipped. 
 
 A. armata, R. Br. Tall-growing shrub ; branches usually hairy ; stip- 
 ules conspicuous, prickle-like ; leaves mostly blunt, half- ovate, oblong or 
 incurved-lanceolate, with somewhat wavy margins, feather-veined, not 
 over 1' long ; flowers in round heads. 
 
 A. vestlta, Ker. Tall-growing shrub, soft-downy ; branches drooping; 
 leaves pale, obliquely wedge-ovate or obovate and curved, bristle-pointed ; 
 small, globular heads of flowers in racemes. 
 
 * * Leaves 3'-6' or more long, pointless, with 2-5 parallel nerves, or when 
 very narrow only 1-nerved ; flowers in slender, loose, or interrupted axil- 
 lary spikes. 
 
 A. longifdlia, Willd. Shrub or small tree, smooth ; branches angular ; 
 leaves from lance-oblong to linear, greatly varying, 2-5-nerved, often 
 faintly veiny between the nerves. 
 
 A. linearis, Sims. Like the preceding, but leaves (2'-10' long) very 
 narrow-linear and with only one obvious nerve.
 
 ROSE FAMILY. 141 
 
 XXXVII. ROSACES, EOSE FAMILY. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or herbs with alternate stipulate leaves and 
 regular flowers, with usually indefinite unconnected stamens 
 inserted on the calyx, one, few, or many simple separate pistils 
 (except in the division to which the Pear belongs), and single, 
 few, or occasionally numerous seeds ; these filled with a 
 straight embryo. Calyx usually of 5 sepals, but sometimes 
 reinforced by a row of sepal-like bracts beneath. Petals as 
 many as the sepals, or sometimes wanting. Destitute of 
 noxious qualities (excepting the bark, leaves, and kernels of 
 some Cherries, the Almond, etc.), and furnishing the most 
 important fruits of temperate climates, as well as the queen of 
 flowers. We have three principal great divisions. 
 
 I. ALMOND or PLUM SUBFAMILY ; consists of trees 
 or shrubs, with simple leaves, stipules free from the petiole 
 (often minute or early deciduous, so that there may appear to 
 be none), a calyx which is deciduous after flowering, and a 
 single pistil, its ovary superior and tipped with a slender style 
 (Lessons, p. 95, Fig. 271), containing a pair of ovules, and 
 becoming a simple drupe or stone-fruit. (Lessons, p. 120, 
 Fig. 375.) 
 
 1. PRUNUS. Calyx with a bell-shaped or urn-shaped tube and 5 spreading lobes. Petals 
 
 5, and stamens 3-5 times as many, or indefinitely numerous, inserted on the throat 
 of the calyx. Flowers white or rose-color. 
 
 II. EOSE SUBFAMILY PROPER: consists of herbs or 
 shrubs, with stipules either free from or united with the base 
 of the petiole, calyx persisting below or around the fruit, 
 which is composed of sometimes one, but commonly several or 
 many distinct pistils. 
 
 1. Calyx not a fleshy tube or cup, nor closed over the fruit. 
 
 * Ovaries about 5 (2-12), becoming little pods, mostly several-(\-W-) seeded; calyx with 
 only 5 or rarely 4 lobes. 
 
 2. SPIRJ5A. Shrubs or perennial herbs, with stipules sometimes minute or obsolete, 
 
 sometimes conspicuous, and white or rose-purple, sometimes dioecious flowers. 
 Calyx open and short, mostly 5-cleft, not inclosing the pods. Petals equal, com- 
 monly broad. Stamens 10-50. Pods not inflated, 1-valved. Seeds linear. 
 
 3. PH YSOCARPUS. Shrubs, differing from Spiraea by inflated 2-valved pods, and round- 
 
 ish seeds. 
 
 4. EXOCHORDA. Shrubs with large white flowers, 5 bony 2-valved carpels joined to a 
 
 common axis, each with one large flat winged seed.
 
 142 ROSE FAMILY. 
 
 5. GILLENIA. Herbs, with nearly white flowers and almost sessile leaves of 3 leaflets. 
 
 Calyx narrow, oblong, 5-toothed, enclosing the 5 pistils (which at first lightly cohere 
 in a mass) and the little pods. Petals rather unequal, lance-linear. Stamens 10-20, 
 not projecting. 
 
 * * Ovaries few or many, single-ovuled, becoming dry akenes in fruit above the open 
 
 and mostly spreading calyx ; stamens numerous. 
 
 +- Pistils few, only 2-8. 
 
 6. KERRIA. Shrub, with long green branches, simple and coarsely toothed alternate 
 
 leaves and yellow flowers terminating the branchlets of the season. Calyx with 5 
 somewhat toothed large lobes. Petals 5. 
 
 7. KHODOTYPOS. Shrub, with large, opposite leaves. Petals 4. Sepals large, becom- 
 
 ing leaf-like in fruit. Akenes as large as peas, jet-black and shining. 
 
 8. WALDSTEINIA. Low perennial herbs, with chiefly root-leaves, either lobed or com- 
 
 pound, and a few yellow flowers on a short scape. Calyx with a top-shaped tube and 
 5 spreading lobes, alternate with which are sometimes 5 minute teeth or bractlets. 
 Petals obovate. Styles deciduous by a joint. 
 
 - -i- Pistils numerous and heaped in a head ; calyx (except in one, Geum) augmented 
 with additional outer lobes or bractlets alternating with the 5 proper lobes; leaves 
 mostly compound. 
 
 9. GEUM. Perennial herbs. Calyx with a bell-shaped, top-shaped, or hemispherical tube 
 
 or cup. Akenes narrow, or tapering to the base, tipped with the long persistent 
 style, or the greater portion of it, in the form of a naked or hairy tail. Seed erect. 
 Receptacle dry, conical, or cylindrical. 
 
 10. POTENTILLA. Herbs, or one species shrubby. Calyx flat or widely open. Akenes 
 
 small, on a dry receptacle, from which they at length fall. 
 
 11. FRAGAEIA. Perennial, small, and stemless herbs, producing runners after flowering. 
 
 Leaves compound, of 3 leaflets. Calyx open, flat. Styles short and lateral. 
 Akenes naked, small, on the surface of an enlarged pulpy edible receptacle. (Les- 
 sons, p. 118, Fig. 860, and p. 118, Fig. 368.) 
 
 * * * Ovaries several or many, 1-ovuled, in fruit becoming fleshy or pulpy and \-seeded, 
 forming a head or cluster above the flat or widely open simply o-cleft calyx ; stamens 
 numerous ; styles short, naked, at length falling off. 
 
 12. DALIBAEDA. Very low perennial tufted herb, with simple, rounded-heart-shaped 
 
 or kidney-shaped root-leaves and 1-2-flowered scapes. Calyx of 5 or even 6 unequal 
 sepals. Ovaries 5-10, in fruit merely fleshy, becoming almost dry and bony. 
 18. EUBUS. Perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Ovaries numerous, in fruit pulpy (berry- 
 like, or more properly drupe-like, the inner hard part answering to the stone of a 
 cherry or peach on a small scale), crowded on the dry or fleshy receptacle. (Lessons, 
 p. 118, Figs. 869, 870.) 
 
 2. Calyx with an urn-shaped dry tube, contracted or nearly closed at the mouth, and 
 inclosing 1-4 little pistils which become akenes. Flowers small; petals none 
 except in Agrimonia. 
 
 14. ALCHEMILLA. Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and minute 
 
 greenish flowers, in clusters or corymbs. Calyx with 4 inner and 4 outer or acces- 
 sory spreading lobes. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils 1-4, with lateral styles. 
 
 15. AGRIMONIA. Herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and flowers in slender 
 
 terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx with the top-shaped tube beset with hooked 
 bristles just below the 5 green lobes, the latter closing together in fruit. Petals 5, 
 commonly yellow, broad and spreading. Stamens 5-15. Pistils 2 ; styles terminal. 
 
 16. POTERIUM. Herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white, purple, or greenish flowers 
 
 (sometimes dioecious) in dense heads or spikes on long, erect peduncles. Calyx with 
 a short, 4-angled, closed tube, surmounted by 4 broad and petal-like at length decid- 
 nong lobes. Petals none. Stamens 4-12 or more, with long and slender projecting 
 filaments. Pistils 1-4 ; the terminal styles tipped with a brush -like or tufted stigma.
 
 ROSE FAMILY. 143 
 
 3. Calyx with an urn-shaped or globose fleshy tube or "hip," contracted at the 
 mouth, inclosing the many pistils and akenes. Flowers large and showy. 
 
 17. ROSA. Shrubby, mostly prickly, with pinnate leaves of 3-9 or rarely more serrate 
 
 leaflets, stipules united -with the base of the petiole, and flowers single or in corymbs 
 terminating leafy branches. Calyx with 5 sometimes leafy lobes which are often 
 unequal and some of them toothed or pinnately lobed. Petals 5, or more in cultiva- 
 tion, broad, inserted along with the many stamens at the mouth of the calyx tube. 
 Pistils numerous, with terminal styles, and one-ovuled ovaries, becoming hard or 
 bony akenes, inclosed in the tube or cup of the calyx, which in fruit becomes pulpy 
 and imitates a berry or pome. (Lessons, p. 113, Fig. 861.) 
 
 III. PEAR SUBFAMILY. Consists of shrubs or trees, 
 with stipules free from the petiole (often minute or early 
 deciduous) ; the thick-walled calyx-tube becoming fleshy or 
 pulpy and consolidated with the 2-5 ovaries to form a com- 
 pound pistil and the kind of fruit called a pome. (Lessons, 
 p. 119, Fig. 374.) Lobes of the calyx and petals 5. Stamens 
 numerous, or rarely only 10-15. 
 
 * Fruit drupe-like ; the seeds solitary in a hard stone or stones. 
 
 18. CBAT^EGUS. Trees or shrubs, mostly with thorny branches and flowers in corymbs 
 
 or cymes, or sometimes solitary, terminating the branchlets ; the leaves lobed or 
 serrate. Styles 2-5 (or rarely 1) ; ovary of as many 2-ovuled cells. Fruit with a 
 stone of 2-6 (rarely single) 1-seeded cells or carpels, more or less cohering with each 
 other. 
 
 19. COTONEASTEE. Shrubs (exotic), usually low, with the small coriaceous leaves entire 
 
 and whitish-downy underneath, small clustered flowers, and the calyx white-woolly 
 outside. Styles 2-5. Fruit small, the pulpy cajyx-tube containing 2-5 little seed- 
 like, hard stones. 
 
 Fruit with thin and cartilaginous or papery ^-several-seeded carpels in the pome. 
 +- Leaves persistent. 
 
 20. PHOTINIA. Trees or shrubs (exotic), not thorny, with ample evergreen leaves. 
 
 Flowers corymbed. Styles 2-5, dilated at the apex. Fruit berry-like, the 2-6 
 partitions thin, or vanishing. 
 
 21. AMELANCHTEB. Trees or shrubs, not thorny, with simple leaves, racemed flowers, 
 
 and narrow white petals. Styles 5, united below. Ovary of 5 two-ovuled cells, but 
 each cell soon divided more or less by a projection or growth from its back, making 
 the berry-like fruit 10-ceUed. 
 
 22. PTEUS. Trees or shrubs, sometimes rather thorny, with various foliage, and flowers 
 
 in cymes, corymbs, or rarely solitary. Styles 2-5. Ovary of 2-5 two-ovuled (or in 
 cultivated species, and in Cydonia, several-ovuled) cells, which are thin and papery 
 or cartilaginous in fruit in the fleshy or pulpy calyx tube. 
 
 1. PRUNT7S, PLUM, PEACH, CHERRY, etc. (The ancient Latin name 
 of the Plum.) Shrubs or trees, mostly with early and showy flowers. 
 
 1. ALMONDS, etc. Flowers solitary or in twos or threes, usually very 
 early, sessile, or short- stalked; leaves folded together lengthwise (con- 
 duplicate} in the bud ; fruit pubescent (or rarely smooth} at maturity, 
 the stone compressed and thick-walled, more or less deeply wrinkled and 
 
 P ' * Shrubs known as Flowering Almonds. 
 
 P. Japdnica, Thunb. COMMON FLOWERING ALMOND. Cult, from China 
 and Japan ; a low shrub, with handsome blush or rose-colored double or
 
 144 ROSE FAMILY. 
 
 semi-double (very rarely single) flowers, usually in twos or threes, on 
 stalks about an inch long, appearing with the leaves ; leaves ovate-lance- 
 olate, smooth, finely serrate. Generally, but erroneously, called P. NANA 
 in gardens. 
 
 P. trfloba, Lindl. FLOWERING ALMOND. Cult, from China ; bush with 
 nearly sessile, usually very double (rarely semi-double) flowers, pink or 
 rose-colored, borne singly and appearing before the leaves ; the latter 
 broadly ovate or obovate, and rather abruptly pointed, slightly hairy, 
 coarsely toothed or even jagged above, sometimes obscurely three-lobed. 
 
 * * Small trees, bearing fruit of commercial value. 
 
 P. Amygdalus, BaihV The COMMON ALMOND. Cult, from the Orient; 
 tree 10 to 20 high, with large sessile flowers, which appear before the 
 leaves and persist for many days ; leaves lanceolate, firm, and very' closely 
 serrate ; fruit with a dry flesh, which finally splits away, freeing the large 
 softish stone, which is the Almond of commerce. 
 
 P. Persica, Sieb. & Zucc. PEACH. From China ; differs from the last 
 in its thinner, broader, and more coarsely serrate leaves and thick- fleshed, 
 edible fruit, and mostly smaller, harder, and more deeply marked stone. 
 Var. necturlna, Maxim. The NECTARINE. Has a smooth fruit, usually 
 smaller. Var. platycdrpa is the PEEN-TO or FLAT PEACH of the S. 
 
 P. Simdnii, Carr. SIMON or APRICOT PLUM. Small, fastigiate tree 
 from China, cult, for its large, depressed, handsome maroon-red smooth 
 fruits ; flowers pink-white, very short-stalked, borne singly or in pairs 
 before the leaves appear ; leaves lance-oblong or lance-obovate, thick 
 and firm, dull, conduplicate, closely serrate ; flesh of the very firm fruit 
 yellow, and clinging to the small spongy-roughened pit. 
 
 2. APRICOTS. Flowers much as in 1 ; leaves convolute or rolled up 
 in the bud ; fruit pubescent or smooth, the stone compressed, bearing 
 one prominent margin, and either smoothed or slightly roughened. 
 
 P. Armenidca, Linn. COMMON APRICOT. Native of China ; flowers 
 pink- white, sessile and appearing singly before the leaves ; the latter 
 varying from ovate to round-ovate, prominently pointed and toothed, and 
 long-stalked ; fruit ripening (in the N.) in July and August, smooth, the 
 large, flat, smooth stone nearly or quite free. The BUSSIAN APRICOT is a 
 hardy race of this. 
 
 P. dasyc6rpa, Ehrh. BLACK or PURPLE APRICOT. Small tree, much 
 like the last, but the flowers prominently stalked ; the leaves thinner and 
 narrower, with smaller serratures ; fruit dull purple and fuzzy, the flesh 
 clinging to the thick, scarcely margined, pubescent stone. Nativity 
 unknown. 
 
 3. PLUMS, etc. Flowers stalked in umbel-like f asides, appearing either 
 before or with the leaves ; leaves either conduplicate or convolute in the 
 bud; fruit more or less globular and covered with a bloom, smooth, with 
 a compressed mostly smooth stone. 
 
 * Small trees ; PLUMS. 
 -t- Exotic or foreign species. 
 
 P. spindsa, Linn. Alow and spreading, thorny, European tree, appear- 
 ing in this country chiefly in the double-flowered variety ; flowers borne 
 singly or in pairs (rarely in 3's), very small as compared with the garden 
 Plum ; leaves small and mostly obovate and obtuse (or in some forms 
 very blunt-pointed), finely and doubly serrate, rugose, and more or less 
 hairy beneath ; fruit small and round, purple, scarcely edible. 
 
 P. domestica, Linn. COMMON PLUM. Probably Asian ; flowers showy 
 (white), more or less fascicled ; leaves large, ovate, or obovate usually,
 
 ROSE FAMILY. 145 
 
 firm and thick in texture, very rugose, usually pubescent beneath, 
 coarsely serrate ; shoots usually downy ; fruit very various, of many 
 shapes and flavors, but mostly globular-pointed or oblong, the stone large 
 and slightly roughened or pitted. Perhaps derived from the last. 
 
 P. cerasifera, Ehrh. MYROBALAN or CHERRY PLUM. Differs from 
 the last in a more slender habit, often thorny ; flowers mostly smaller ; 
 leaves smaller, thin, smooth, and finely and closely serrate ; fruit globu- 
 lar and cherry-like, ranging from the size of a large cherry to over an 
 inch in diameter, with a depression about the stem, in various shades of 
 red or yellow. Much used for stocks, and rarely grown for its fruit. 
 Perhaps a derivative of P. spinosa. Var. PISSARDI is a form with purple 
 leaves and purple-fleshed fruit. 
 
 P. trifldra, Roxb. JAPANESE PLUM. Strong growing tree, recently 
 imported from Japan (native to China ?) in several varieties ; flowers 
 usually densely fascicled ; leaves and shoots smooth and hard, the former 
 obovate or oblong-obovate, prominently pointed, and finely and evenly 
 serrate ; fruit usually conspicuously pointed, red, yellow, or purple, with 
 a very firm flesh and commonly a small stone. 
 
 -- - Native species. 
 
 P. umbellata, Ell. Small bushy tree of the S. States; flowers ap- 
 pearing with the leaves, 2 or 3 or more together on slender pedicels nearly 
 an inch long, rather large, white ; leaves smallish, ovate, or slightly obo- 
 vate, or sometimes short-oblong, thin and dull, closely and evenly ser- 
 rate ; fruit about three fourths of an inch in diameter, yellow, or reddish, 
 the flesh firm and austere ; stone short and turgid, cherry-like. Often 
 called HOG PLUM. 
 
 P. Americana. Marsh. COMMON WILD PLUM. A spreading, ragged, 
 often thorny, small tree, growing along streams and in copses from W. 
 New England to Col. and Tex. ; flowers large and white on slender 
 pedicels, appearing before or with the leaves ; the latter large, obovate, 
 abruptly pointed and coarsely toothed or even jagged above, very coarsely 
 vsined, never glossy or shining; fruit more or less flattened upon the 
 sides, firm and meaty, the skin tough and glaucous and never glossy, dull 
 yellow variously splashed or overlaid with dull red ; stone large and usu- 
 ally flattened, mostly nearly smooth and distinctly margined. Many 
 varieties in cultivation for their fruits. 
 
 P. hortulana, Bailey. WILD GOOSE PLUM. Strong, wide-spreading, 
 small trees with smooth straight twigs and a peach-like habit, wild in the 
 Mississippi Valley; flowers rather small, often very short-stalked ; leaves 
 narrow-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, thin and firm, flat, more or less peach- 
 like, smooth and usually shining, closely and obtusely glandular-serrate ; 
 fruit spherical, bright colored and glossy (lemon-yellow or brilliant red), 
 the bloom very thin, juicy, with a clinging, turgid, and roughish, small, 
 pointed stone. Many varieties in cultivation. 
 
 P. Chicasa, Michx. (more properly P. ANGUSTIFOLIA). CHICKASAW 
 PLUM, MOUNTAIN CHERRY. Smaller tree than the last, with slender, 
 zigzag, red twigs and smaller, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate leaves 
 which are very closely and finely serrate, shining, and conduplicate or 
 trough-like in habit ; fruit small and very early, red or rarely yellow, the 
 skin thin and shining, and covered with many small light dots and a very 
 thin bloom ; the flesh soft and juicy, often stringy, closely adherent to 
 the small, broad, roughish stone. Wild from Del. S. & W., and also 
 cultivated. ** Shrub; BEACH PLUM. 
 
 P. maritima, Wang. A straggling, more or less decumbent bush 
 
 *rom 3 to 12 feet high, growing in the sand on the seashore ; flowers 
 
 small and pediceled, opening slightly in advance of the leaves ; the latter 
 
 oval, thick and heavily veined, finely but sharply serrate, becoming nearly 
 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. HOT. 10
 
 146 ROSE FAMILY. 
 
 smooth ; fruits a half inch in diameter, deep dull purple, and very 
 glaucous, with a tough skin and usually acerb flesh ; stone cherry-like, 
 but distinctly margined, entirely free from the flesh. Cult, sparingly for 
 ornament and for fruit. 
 
 4. FASCICLED CHERRIES, EDIBLE. Flowers usually fascicled or umbel- 
 late, stalked, usually appearing with the leaves, the latter conduplicate 
 in the bud ; fruit small and mostly globular, and nearly always smooth 
 and destitute of bloom ; the stone nearly or quite spherical and mostly 
 
 smooth ' * Shrubs, native. 
 
 P. pumila, Linn. DWARF or SAND CHERRY. A straggling shrub, 
 usually with decumbent base, the stronger branches erect, the plant 
 finally reaching a height, perhaps, of 6 or 8 feet; flowers small, on 
 slender stalks, with the leaves somewhat preceding them ; leaves long, 
 oblanceolate, thick in texture and veiny, sharply serrate ; fruit mostly 
 black, the size of a small Garden Cherry, varying from astringent to sweet. 
 Along rivers and coasts, in the N. States. Cult, for fruit and flowers. 
 
 P. cuneata. Eaf . A slender, upright shrub, with larger flowers and 
 short-obovate or spatulate, thin leaves, which are less prominently toothed. 
 Grows in bogs and other cool land in the N. States. 
 
 * Small trees. 
 +- Garden or exotic cherries, grown only for ornament. 
 
 P. subhirtella, Miq. (or P. PENDULA) . EOSEBUD, or JAPANESE WEEP- 
 ING ROSE-FLOWERED CHERRY. A handsome tree, with tortuous or 
 weeping branches, and very early rose-colored flowers in simple umbels 
 on slender hairy bractless pedicels, the calyx funnel-form and red ; petals 
 obcordate, notched ; leaves ovate (or oblong-ovate on strong shoots) , 
 veiny and slightly hairy below, prominently pointed and rather coarsely 
 sharp-toothed. Japan. 
 
 P. Pseudo-Cerasus, Lindl. JAPANESE FLOWERING CHERRY. A strong 
 tree with much the aspect of a Sweet Cherry ; cult, from China and 
 Japan for its very large and pretty rose-colored double (rarely single) 
 flowers, which are borne in a stalked and more or less branching umbel- 
 like cluster, with large obovate, jagged bracts ; leaves large and veiny, 
 dull, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with very sharp teeth or often even 
 jagged, and prominent toothed or laciniate stipules. Var. Siebbldi, 
 Maxim., differing in having the young growth pubescent, is also in 
 cultivation. 
 
 P. semperfldrens, Ehrh. EVER-FLOWERING or ALL SAINT'S CHERRY. A 
 small tree with leaves like the Morello Cherry (those on the flowering 
 shoots smaller and more jagged), but producing flowers more or less con- 
 tinuously throughout the summer. These late flowers are solitary, with 
 conspicuous, glandular-serrate calyx lobes ; fruit small, red, and sour. 
 Probably derived from the next. 
 
 *- - Garden or exotic cherries grown chiefly for fruit. {Double-flowered 
 forms occur.) 
 
 w- Flower-clusters disposed along the branches. 
 
 P. Cerasus. Linn. SOUR, PIE, MORELLO and EARLY RICHMOND CHER- 
 RIES. GRIOTTES. A low-headed tree, with spreading grayish branches ; 
 flowers in small clusters from lateral buds, mostly in advance of the 
 leaves, the persistent bud-scales small ; leaves hard and stiff, short-ovate 
 or ovate-obovate, the point rather abrupt, smooth, and more or less 
 glossy, light or grayish green ; fruit roundish, red, in various shades, 
 tart. N Eu. 
 
 P. Avium, Linn. MAZZARD, SWEET, HEART and BIGARREAU CHERRIES. 
 GUIGNES or GEANS. Taller, with a more erect growth, and reddish brown,
 
 ROSE FAMILY. 147 
 
 more or less glossy bark ; flowers usually borne in dense clusters on 
 lateral spurs, and appearing with the hairy conduplicate young leaves, 
 the persistent bud-scales large ; leaves mostly oblong-ovate and gradually 
 taper-pointed, dull and soft, hanging limp upon the young growths, 
 Birch-like in aspect; fruit sweet (or sometimes sour, as in May Duke), 
 yellow or red, often pointed. Eu. Often escaped into woods. 
 
 *+ +< Flower-clusters borne on the ends of the branches. 
 
 P. Mah&leb, Linn. MAHALEB CHERRY. Slender small tree, with small, 
 fragrant flowers in terminal, umbel-like clusters ; leaves bright green, 
 broadly ovate or round-ovate and more or less heart-shaped, the point 
 short, smooth and veiny, the margins finely and obtusely serrate ; fruits 
 very small, dark red, austere. Used for stocks upon which to propagate 
 cherries, and occasionally running wild. S. Eu. 
 
 *-+-+- Native, very rarely cultivated. 
 
 P. Fennsylvnica, Linn. WILD RED, BIRD, or PIN CHERRY. Rocky 
 woods N. ; small tree, with light, red-brown bark ; oblong-lanceolate and 
 pointed leaves, smooth and green both sides, their margins finely and 
 sharply serrate ; small flowers on long pedicels ; and light, red, sour fruit, 
 not larger than peas. 
 
 6. RACEMED CHERRIES. Flowers small, in distinct racemes. 
 
 <- Drooping racemes in late spring or early summer, terminating leafy 
 shoots of the season. 
 
 P. serdtina, Ehrh. WILD BLACK CHERRY. Tree or shrub, westward 
 becoming a good-sized forest tree, with bitter aromatic bark, close-grained 
 reddish wood valued by the cabinet-maker ; the oblong or lance-oblong 
 shining leaves of thickish or firm texture, usually taper-pointed, serrate, 
 with incurved, short, callous teeth ; flowers in long racemes, considerably 
 later than the next ; purplish-black, bitterish, vinous fruit, ripening hi 
 autumn or late summer. 
 
 P. Virginiana, Linn. CHOKE CHERRY. Tall shrub or small tree, with 
 grayish bark, oval-oblong or obovate and abruptly pointed thin leaves, 
 very sharply serrate with slender projecting teeth; flowers in shorter 
 and closer racemes, in spring ; the fruit ripe in summer, red, turning 
 dark crimson ; astringent, but edible when fully ripe ; the stone smooth. 
 
 P. Padus, Linn. SMALL BIRD CHERRY of Eu., is occasionally planted ; 
 resembles the last ; has longer and looser, often drooping racemes, which 
 are a week later and usually more leafy, and a roughened stone. 
 
 t- -- Erect racemes in early spring, from the axils of evergreen leaves. 
 
 P. Caroliniana, Ait. CAROLINA LADREL CHERRY, also called MOCK 
 ORANGE at the South, probably from the coriaceous, smooth, and glossy 
 leaves, which are lance-ovate or oblong, entire or with a few sharp and 
 appressed teeth, longer than the racemes, the calyx as well as petals 
 white ; small fruit, black and bitter, becoming dry. Ornamental small tree. 
 
 2. SPIRAEA, SPIRAEA, MEADOWSWEET, etc. (Greek: twist, 
 referring to a peculiarity of the pods of one species.) All hardy shrubs 
 or perennial herbs ; flower late spring and summer. 
 1. Shrubs, with simple leaves. 
 * Native species, but the last common in gardens. 
 
 S. betulifdlia, Pall., var. corymbdsa, Wats. From S. Penn. S. and 
 W., not common ; shrub l-2 high, smooth', with oval leaves, cut-toothed 
 towards the apex ; and white flowers, in a flat, compound corymb.
 
 148 KOSE FAMILY. 
 
 S. toment6sa, Linn. HARDHACK or STEEPLE BUSH. Common in low 
 grounds ; 2-3 high ; hoary-downy, except the upper face of the ovate or 
 oblong, serrate, small leaves ; the rose-purple or white flowers crowded in 
 a very dense terminal panicle ; pistils downy. 
 
 S. salicifdlia. Linn. COMMOX MEADOWSWEET. Common in wet 
 grounds, also in old gardens ; shrub 2-3 high, bushy, smooth, with 
 wedge-lanceolate or oblong leaves, simply or doubly serrate, and white 
 or barely flesh-colored flowers in a crowded panicle. 
 
 * Cultivated for ornament, exotic or W. North American. 
 
 - Flowers in close or spike-like clusters collected in a close and narrow or 
 spike-like terminal panicle, pink-purple. 
 
 S. Dougldsif, Hook. DOUGLAS'S MEADOWSWEET. Cult, from Ore. 
 and Cal.; resembles our wild Hardback (S. tomentosa), but has longer, 
 usually lance-oblong and very blunt leaves, rather whiter beneath, and 
 deeper pink flowers with smooth pistils. S. NOBLEANA is a form of this, 
 with smoother leaves and broader clusters. 
 
 i- - Flowers in compound corymbs or broad panicles. 
 
 S. Japdnica, Linn. (Known also as S. CALL6SA and S. FORTUNEI). 
 From Japan and China ; shrub 3-6 high, smoothish, with lance-oblong 
 and taper-pointed, unequally and very sharply serrate leaves ; branches 
 terminated by clustered, pubescent, dense corymbs or cymes of deep pink 
 flowers; 10 glands at the mouth of the calyx; the pistils smooth. 
 Common. S. PANICULATA of gardens is a form with more panicled 
 inflorescence. 
 
 S. disco/or, Pursh., var. ariaefblia, Wats. Tall shrub from Ore., 
 with slender branches, terminated by a very large and light or drooping 
 decompound panicle of small, yellowish-white flowers ; the leaves round- 
 ish-ovate, very obtuse, thin, cut on each side into 4 or 5 blunt and toothed 
 lobes, sometimes almost pinnatifid, soft-downy, at least beneath. 
 
 *- - -i- Flowers in simple, often umbel-like corymbs terminating leafy 
 shoots of the season ; natives of Europe and Asia ; petals white (except 
 the first species.) 
 
 S. bella, Sims, from Nepal ; a low shrub, with ovate, acute and merely 
 sharply serrate leaves, whitish-downy beneath, the simple corymbs some- 
 times clustered, and rose-pink flowers. 
 
 S. rotundifolia, Lindl., from India, has roundish obovate small leaves, 
 which are entire below and sparingly toothed on the broad, obtuse sum- 
 mit, and flowers in compact clusters. 
 
 S. chamaedrifblia, Linn., from E. Eu. and Siberia; a spreading low 
 bush, smooth, with ovate or oblong, usually blunt and cut-toothed leaves, 
 at least towards the summit, and rather small flowers in simple corymbs. 
 S. OBLONGIF6LIA is a form with narrower leaves. 
 
 S. ulmi folia, Scop., from Siberia, is very like the last, but distinguished 
 by the ovate-lanceolate leaves which are more or less ciliate on the 
 edges. 
 
 S. trilobata, Linn, (or S. TRfLOBA of gardens), from Siberia ; a spread- 
 ing smooth bush, with rounded crenately cut and 3-lobed leaves and 
 rather showy flowers. S. VAN HOUTTEI is an improved form of this, with 
 larger stature and more profuse bloom. 
 
 S. cratcegi folia, Link. Leaves ovate and pointed, toothed and cut, 
 scarcely lobed ; flowers in small stalked umbels ; hardy and showy. 
 Native country unknown. 
 
 S. Cantoniinsis, Lour., (known also as S. LANCEOI.\TA and S. HKKVKS- 
 IAXA), from China, has oblong, lance-oblong, or some three-cleft serrate- 
 toothed leaves, and showy flowers.
 
 ROSE FAMILY. 149 
 
 S. hypericifdfia, DC. ITALIAN MAY or ST. PETER'S WREATH. Shrub 
 3-6 high, smooth or smoothish, with long recurved branches, and very 
 small, wedge-oblong leaves, a little toothed or lobed at the end ; flowers 
 small, white, early, in small sessile umbels. S. CRENATA is a form with 
 obovate and crenulate leaves. Asia. 
 
 t- - -i- - Flowers in simple, sessile umbels along the slender branches of 
 the preceding year, subtended only by greenish bud-scales or imperfect 
 leaves, rather earlier than the proper leaves, in spring. 
 
 S. pruni folia, Sieb., from Japan; slender shrub, with small, ovate, 
 finely and sharply serrate leaves, smooth above, often minutely downy 
 beneath ; the form usually cultivated has full-double, pure white blossoms, 
 ' in diameter, produced in great abundance. 
 
 S. Thunbergii, Sieb., from Japan ; dwarf compact shrub with slender 
 and somewhat drooping branches ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 
 sharply toothed, yellowish-green ; flowers small and white, the umbels 
 arranged in long open sprays, very early. 
 
 2. Shrubby, with pinnate leaves. 
 
 S. sorbifdlia, Linn. Cult, from Siberia, very hardy, 3-4 high, with 
 leaves (as the name denotes) resembling those of the Mountain Ash, of 
 17-21 lanceolate, taper-pointed, doubly and sharply serrate leaflets, and 
 white flowers in an ample terminal panicle, the narrow pods a little coher- 
 ing ; common in old gardens. 
 
 3. Herbs, with thrice pinnately- compound leaves, no stipules, and dioe- 
 cious flowers. 
 
 S. Artincus, Linn. GOAT'S BEARD. Rich woods from N. Y. S. and 
 W., also in some gardens; smooth, 3-5 high; with lance-oblong or 
 lance-ovate taper-pointed leaflets, sharply serrate and cut, and yellowish 
 white, very small flowers in great numbers, crowded in slender spikes 
 which are collected in a great compound panicle ; petals narrow ; pedicels 
 reflexed in fruit. 
 
 Var. astilboldes, Maxim., from Japan, is smaller (2), with pedicels 
 erect in fruit. 
 
 4. Herbs with interruptedly pinnate leaves, conspicuous stipules, per- 
 fect flowers, reflexed sepals and petals sometimes 4, and 6-12 little 
 1-3-seeded pods. 
 
 S. Filipendula, Linn. DROPWORT. Cult, from Eu. ; some of the 
 coarse, long, fibrous roots swollen at the lower end into oblong tubers ; 
 herbage smooth and green ; leaves chiefly from or near the ground, with 
 many oval or lanceolate leaflets deeply toothed, cut, or pinnately cleft, 
 and gradually diminishing in size downwards ; the nearly naked stems 
 l-2 high, bearing a compound terminal cyme of white or rosy-tipped 
 flowers, one variety full-double. 
 
 S. Ulmaria, Linn. ENGLISH MEADOWSWEET. Cult, from Eu. ; l-3 
 high, nearly smooth, except the lower surface of the lyrate and inter- 
 ruptedly pinnate leaves which is minutely white-downy ; the yellowish- 
 white, small, and sweet-scented flowers very numerous and crowded hi 
 a compound cyme at the naked summit of the stems, sometimes double ; 
 little pods twisting spirally. There is a variety with variegated foliage. 
 
 S. lobata, Jacq. QUEEN OF THE PRAIRIE. Wild in meadows and 
 prairies from Penn., W., also cult.; smooth and green; the leaves 
 mostly from or near the ground ; the end leaflet very large, 7-9-parted, 
 and its lobes cut-toothed ; stems 2-5, or even 8 high, bearing an ample 
 and panicled compound cyme crowded with the handsome peach-blossom- 
 colored flowers. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of Sweet Birch.
 
 150 ROSE FAMILY. 
 
 3. PHYSOCARFUS, NINE-BARK. (Greek name, compounded of 
 bladder and/ruft, in allusion to the inflated pods.) 
 
 P. (or SPIR.EA) opulifdlia, Maxim. NINE-BARK. So-called from the 
 loose bark, separating in thin annual layers from the stems ; a tall shrub, 
 with long recurviug branches ; the roundish and mostly heart-shaped 
 leaves partly 3-lobed and cut-toothed ; white flowers in umbel-like cor- 
 ymbs ; the pods commonly turning purplish. Wild on rocky banks, 
 from N. Y., W. and S. ; often cultivated. 
 
 4. EXOCHORDA. (Latin : ezo, external, and chorde, a cord or thong, 
 in reference to the structure of the fruit.) 
 
 . grandifldra, Lindl. PEARL BUSH. A beautiful shrub, or even small 
 tree ; cult, from China for its large white flowers, which appear with the 
 leaves in long axillary racemes ; leaves oblanceolate, whitish below, very 
 strongly toothed on strong shoots, but almost entire upon the older parts. 
 
 5. GILLENIA, INDIAN PHYSIC, AMERICAN IPECAC. (For 
 
 Dr. Gillen or Gillenius.') Flowers summer. 2Z 
 
 Q. trifoliata, Mrench. COMMON I. or BOWMAN'S ROOT. Rich woods 
 from N. Y. S. and W. ; smooth, branching, 2 high, with the 3 
 ovate-oblong pointed leaflets cut-toothed, entire stipules small and slen- 
 der, and rather pretty white or scarcely rosy-tinged flowers loosely pani- 
 cled on the slender branches. 
 
 G. stipulacea, Nutt. LARGE-STIPULED I. or AMERICAN IPECAC. 
 Open woods, W. N. Y. and W. ; has 'the lanceolate leaflets and leaf- 
 like stipules deeply cut and toothed ; otherwise like the other. 
 
 6. KERRIA. (Named for Bellenden Ker, a British botanist.) 
 
 K. Japdnica, DC. CORCHORUS (incorrectly), JAPANESE ROSE, from 
 Japan ; a familiar, smooth, ornamental, shrubby plant, with weak, bram- 
 ble-like and green branches, 4-8 high, with lance-ovate thin leaves, and 
 handsome yellow flowers, in summer, usually full-double ; the natural 
 state, with 5 petals and numerous stamens, less common. There is a form 
 with variegated leaves. 
 
 7. RHODOTYPOS. (Name means rose-type.) 
 
 R. kerrioldes, Sieb. Cult, from Japan ; a bush of medium size, with 
 large, ovate, thin, opposite leaves, which are coarsely and sharply toothed 
 and hairy below ; flowers solitary and terminal, an inch across, light 
 yellow or cream-color, succeeded by shining, black, bead-like akenes, 
 which are subtended by the very large and leafy calyx lobes. 
 
 8. WALDSTEINIA. (Named for F. von Waldstein, an Austrian 
 botanist.) 
 
 W. fragarioldes, Tratt. BARREN STRAWBERRY. Wooded banks, 
 chiefly N. and S. along the mountains ; in aspect and especially in the 3 
 broadly wedge-shaped leaflets resembles a Strawberry Plant (as the spe- 
 cific and the popular names denote), but is smoothish and yellow-flowered ; 
 flowers in summer on several-flowered bracted scapes. 2/ 
 
 9. GEUM, AVENS. (From Greek word, meaning to give an agreeable 
 flavor ; the roots of some species somewhat scented.) Several wild 
 species, only the following common ; flowers late spring and summer. 2Z 
 
 * Flowers purple ; style becoming plumose on the end. 
 G. rivale, Linn. PURPLE or WATER AVENS. In bogs and low 
 grounds N. ; thickish rootstock (sometimes used in medicine as an
 
 ROSE FAMILY. 151 
 
 astringent) sending up lyrately and interruptedly pinnate leaves, and 
 rather naked, several-flowered stems (2 high) ; the flowers pretty large, 
 nodding, with purplish-orange and broadly obovate or obcordate petals 
 narrowed at the base, never spreading ; in fruit the head of akenes erect, 
 stalked in the persistent calyx, the persistent styles jointed and bent in 
 the middle, the upper part plumose-hairy. 
 
 * * Flowers white or yellow; style not plumose. 
 -i- Head of fruit sessile in the calyx. 
 
 G. strfctum, Ait. FIELD A. Moist grounds and fields ; a coarse 
 herb, 3-5 high, rather hairy, with root-leaves interruptedly pinnate and 
 the leaflets wedge-obovate, those of the stem with 3-5 narrower leaflets ; 
 in summer bearing panicled flowers with broadly obovate golden-yellow 
 petals exceeding the calyx ; stipules large, deeply cut ; the persistent, 
 naked style hooked at the end after the short upper joint falls ; receptacle 
 downy. 
 
 G. Virginianum, Linn. WHITE A. Thickets and borders of woods ; 
 coarse and bristly-hairy herb l-3 high, with root and lower leaves of 
 several pinnate leaflets, the upper 3-parted and cut ; the panicled flowers 
 small, with inconspicuous greenish-white petals shorter than the calyx ; 
 head of fruit like the last, but its receptacle smooth or very nearly so. 
 
 G. Album, Gmelin. WHITE A. Grows in similar places with the 
 preceding, and like it, but smooth or soft-pubescent, with root-leaves of 
 3-5 leaflets, or some of them rounded and simple except a few minute 
 leaflets below ; the petals as long as the calyx, white or pale greenish- 
 yellow ; receptacle bristly. 
 
 - -t- Head of fruit stalked in the calyx. 
 
 G, ve'mum, Torr. & Gray. SPRING A. Thickets, from Penn. to HI. 
 and Ky. ; slender, 2-3 high ; root-leaves rounded, heart-shaped, and 3- 
 5-lobed, or some of them pinnate and cut ; flowers small, with yellow 
 petals about the length of the simply 5-lobed calyx ; styles smooth, the 
 upper joint falling off ; receptacle smooth. 
 
 10. POTENTILLA, CINQUEFOIL, FIVE-FINGER. (Name means 
 powerful, from reputed medicinal virtues.) Mostly wild plants in the 
 country ; several are cultivated. 
 
 1. Petals pale yellow, small, not surpassing the calyx. (J) (D 
 
 P. Norvegica, Linn. NORWAY C. An erect, hairy, weedy plant, 
 l-2 high, branching above, with only 3 obovate-oblong and cut-toothed 
 leaflets ; flowers summer, in fields. 
 
 P. supina, Linn. A spreading or decumbent, pubescent, weedy 
 plant, on river banks W., with pinnate leaves of 5-11 obovate-oblong, 
 cut-toothed leaflets, and akenes with a thick appendage at their base ; 
 flowers summer. 
 
 2. Petals whitish or cream-color, broad, surpassing the calyx; akenes 
 smooth. 1J. 
 
 P. arguta, Pursh. A stout, erect, brownish-hairy, coarse plant, l-4 
 high, rather clammy above, on rocky hills N. and W., with pinnate 
 leaves of 5-11 oval or ovate, cut-toothed leaflets, soft-downy beneath, and 
 a close terminal cluster of rather large flowers, in summer. 
 
 3. Petals bright yellow, larger than the lobes of the calyx. 2i 
 * Leaves of 5 or more digitate leaflets. 
 
 P. rScta, Linn. Cult, in some old gardens, from Eu. ; a coarse, erect, 
 hairy plant, 2-3 high, with sometimes 7 narrowly wedge-oblong leaflets, 
 coarsely toothed, and rather large, cymose flowers.
 
 152 ROSE FAMILY. 
 
 P. Canade"nsis. Linn. COMMON WILD C. or FITE-FINGER. Open, dry 
 ground ; dwarf, silky-hairy, with wedge-obovate leaflets, and axillary, 
 1-flowered peduncles ; flowering from early spring to midsummer, and 
 spreading by runners. A prostrate plant, variable, resembling a Strawberry. 
 
 P. argentea. Linn. SILVERY C. Dry fields, banks, and roadsides N. ; 
 a low, spreading or prostrate, much branched, white-woolly weed, with 
 wedge-oblong, cut-pinnatifid leaflets green above, white with silvery wool 
 beneath, and the margins revolute ; the small flowers somewhat panicled ; 
 all summer. 
 
 * * Leaves pinnate ; receptacle and sometimes the akenes white-hairy. 
 
 P. Anserlna, Linn. SILVERWEED. Wet banks and sandy shores, 
 N. and W. ; leaves all from the root or in the tufts at the joints of the 
 long, slender runners, green above, silvery with silky down beneath, of 
 9-19 oblong, cut-toothed principal leaflets and some pairs of minute ones 
 intermixed; stipules conspicuous and many-cleft; flowers solitary on 
 long, scape-like peduncles, all summer. 
 
 P. fruticdsa, Linn. SHRUBBY C. Wet grounds X. ; 2-4 high, 
 woody, silky, very much branched, with 5 or 7 crowded, oblong-lanceolate, 
 entire leaflets, scale-like stipules, and loose clusters of rather showy 
 flowers, all summer. Cultivated. 
 
 4. Petals white ; akenes and receptacle hairy ; leaflets only 3, digitate. 21 
 
 P. tridentata, Ait. THREE-TOOTHED C. Coast of N. England N. and 
 W. and on mountains ; 4'-6' high, tufted, spreading, with 3 thickish, 
 nearly smooth leaflets, coarsely 3-toothed at the end, and several flowers 
 in a cyme, in early summer. Cultivated. 
 
 6. Petals purple, rose-color, or crimson ; akenes smooth. H 
 Wild in wet and cold bogs N. ; petals narrow, shorter than the calyx. 
 
 P. paliistris, Scop. MARSH FIVE-FINGER. Stems ascending from an 
 almost woody creeping base ; leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lance-oblong serrate 
 and crowded leaflets, whitish beneath ; flowers in a small cyme, the calyx 
 nearly 1' broad, the inside as well as the petals, dull dark purple ; recep- 
 tacle becoming large and spongy ; flowers all summer. 
 
 * * From Himalaya, occasionally cult, for ornament; petals large, 
 obcordate. 
 
 P. NepalSnsis, Hook. NEPAL C. Leaflets 3 in the upper, 5 in the 
 lowest leaves, digitate, hairy but green both sides, wedge-oblong, coarsely 
 toothed ; flowers rose-red, all summer. P. HOPWOODIANA, with flesh- 
 colored flowers, is a garden hybrid of this and P. recta. 
 
 P. atrosanguinea, Lodd. DARK NEPAL C. Is soft silk-hairy, with 3 
 leaflets to all the leaves, and much darker-colored flowers than in the pre- 
 ceding, brown-purple or crimson. 
 
 11. FRAGARIA, STRAWBERRY. (Name fromfraga, the old Latin 
 name of the strawberry, referring to the fragrance.) 2Z 
 
 1. TRUE STRAWBERRIES. Petals white; receptacle of the fruit high- 
 flavored; scapes several-flowered; runners naked. Flowers in spring 
 and early summer, those of all but the first species inclined more or less 
 to be dicecious. 
 
 F. vesca, Linn. COMMON S. of Eu. Yields the ALPINE, PERPETUAL, 
 etc., its American form (var. Americana. Porter) plentifully native X. ; 
 is mostly slender, with thin, dull leaflets, strongly marked by the veins, 
 calyx remaining open or reflexed after flowering, small ovoid-conical or 
 elongated fruk, high-scented, and the akenes superficial. The flowers 
 usually stand above the leaves.
 
 ROSE FAMILY. 153 
 
 F. moschata, Duchesne (or F. ELATIOR), HATTTBOIS S., of Eu. some- 
 times cult, is taller and quite dioecious, more pubescent, with the 
 calyx strongly reflexed away from the fruit, which is dull, reddish, and 
 musky-scented. 
 
 F. Virginiana, Duchesne. WILD S. Original of several varieties once 
 cult, but now lost ; has leaflets of firm texture, their smooth and often 
 shining upper surface with sunken veins, flowers usually below the leaves, 
 calyx becoming erect after flowering and closing over the hairy receptacle 
 when unfructified ; fruit with a narrow neck, mostly globular, its surface 
 with deep pits in which the akeues are sunken, nodding on slender pedicels. 
 
 Var. Illinoe'nsis, Gray. Is coarser and larger, grows in richer soil, 
 from W. X. Y., W. and S. ; the hairs of the scape, etc., shaggy. 
 
 F. Chi/oensis, Duchesne. GARDEN STRAWBERRY. From Chile, but also 
 native all along the Pacific coast, has a low habit and thick, dark colored 
 leaves which are bluish- white below, and is clothed with long, shaggy hairs ; 
 scapes and runners strong ; fruit large and usually dark colored, with a very 
 large "hull" or calyx. The var. ANANASSA, or PINE STRAWBERRY, is a 
 horticulturally modified form, comprising the common garden strawberries. 
 
 2. Petals yellow; receptacle tasteless; runners bearing leaves and 1- 
 flowered peduncles; calyx -with 5 external pieces very large, leaf-like, 
 and 3-lobed. 
 
 F. Indlca, Andr. INDIAN S. Of Upper India, etc. ; cult., running wild 
 S. E. ; rather handsome both in flower and (red) fruit, which are produced 
 all summer and autumn. 
 
 12. DALIBARDA. ( Thomas Dalibard, an early botanist of Paris.) 11 
 
 D. r&pens, Linn., of wooded slopes N., is a low, stemless, tufted, 
 downy little plant, spreading more or less by subterranean runners, with 
 the aspect of a Violet, the scapes bearing 1 or 2 delicate white flowers, 
 in summer; leaves roundish and cordate, crenate. It sometimes pro- 
 duces cleistogamous flowers. 
 
 13. RUBUS, BRAMBLE, etc. (The Roman name, connected with 
 ruber, red.) 2Z A large and difficult group, comprising the Rasp- 
 berries and Blackberries. 
 
 1. FLOWERING RASPBERRIES, with simple leaves and broad, flattish fruit, 
 the very small and numerous reddish or amber-colored grains at length 
 separating from the persistent receptacle. 
 
 R. odoratus, Linn. PURPLE F., MULBERRY (erroneously). Dells, 
 etc., N. ; shrubby, 3-5 high, clammy-bristly and odorous, not prickly ; 
 ample 3-5-lobed maple-like leaves, the lobes pointed and the middle 
 one longest ; peduncles many-flowered ; calyx-lobes with long slender tips, 
 and petals purple-rose-color ; the showy flowers l'-2' across, produced all 
 summer. Cultivated. 
 
 R. Nutkanus, Moino. WHITE F. From Upper Mich, to Pacific. 
 Like the other, but less bristly and clammy, with leaves more equally 5- 
 lobed and coarsely toothed, and fewer flowers, with narrower white petals. 
 Cultivated. 
 
 2. TRUE RASPBERRIES (or the first doubtful"), with 3-5 leaflets, the fruit 
 falling when ripe from the then dry, narrow receptacle ; flowers with small, 
 white, erect petals, in early summer, on leafy shoots of the season which 
 (in all but the first") spring from prickly more or less woody stems of the 
 preceding year. # Trailing . nearly herbaceous. 
 
 R. trifldrus, Rich. DWARF RASPBERRY. Almost wholly herbaceous, 
 slender, trailing, not prickly, with thin, smooth leaves of 3 rhombic-ovate
 
 154 ROSE FAMILY. 
 
 acute leaflets, or the side-leaflets parted, making 6, all doubly serrate; 
 peduncle bearing 1-3 small flowers, and the fruit of few grains. Low 
 woods, N. 
 
 * * Bushes ; the canes woody. 
 
 - Not hairy, although bristly or prickly. 
 
 R. occidentals, Linn. BLACK R., BLACKCAP, or THIMBLEBERRT. 
 Borders of fields and thickets N., especially where ground has been 
 burned over; glaucous-whitened, the long, recurving stems, stalks, etc., 
 armed with hooked prickles, but no bristles ; leaflets mostly 3, ovate, 
 pointed, white-downy beneath, coarsely doubly toothed, the lateral ones 
 stalked; flowers in close umbel-like clusters, or some of them somewhat 
 scattered, the petals shorter than the sepals ; fruit purple-black (or an 
 amber-colored variety) , flattish, ripe at midsummer. Parent of the Black 
 Raspberries of the garden. 
 
 R. strig6sus, Michx. WILD RED R. Common especially N. ; 2-3 
 high, the upright stems, stalks, etc., beset with copious bristles, and some 
 of them becoming weak prickles, also glandular ; leaflets oblong-ovate, 
 pointed, cut-serrate, white-downy beneath, the lateral ones (either 1 or 
 2 pairs) not stalked ; flowers in more or less raceme-like clusters, the 
 petals as long as the sepals, the latter more or less glandular ; fruit light 
 red, tender and watery, but high flavored, ripening all summer. Parent 
 of some of the Red Raspberries of the garden. 
 
 R. NEGLECTUS, a hybrid between the last two, has given rise to the 
 Shaffer, Philadelphia, and other garden varieties of the PURPLE CANE 
 class. 
 
 R. Idaeus, Linn. EUROPEAN RASPBERRY. Tall and nearly erect, beset 
 with straight, slender prickles, or many of them mere bristles, the canes 
 whitish ; leaves thicker, and fruit firmer and larger than in R. strigosus, 
 red or yellowish, ripening through the summer ; calyx glandless. Parent 
 of the Antwerp and other garden Raspberries; once much grown, but 
 now mostly out of cultivation in this country. 
 
 - *- Densely glandular-hairy. 
 
 R. phcenicolasius, Maxim. WINEBERRY. Strong bush with the habit 
 of a raspberry, the branches covered with a copious red hair ; the dull 
 and sparsely hairy, wedge-ovate or wedge-cordate, toothed, and jagged 
 leaflets very white-tomentose below; flowers in fascicled clusters; the 
 soft reddish fruits at length inclosed in the great hairy calyx, edible. 
 Japan. 
 
 3. BLACKBERRIES and DEWBERRIES ; with the pulpy grains of the fruit 
 remaining attached to the pulpy receptacle, which at length falls away 
 from the calyx; stems prickly; leaves of 3 or pedately 5-7 leaflets; 
 flowers on leafy shoots from stems of the preceding year, in spring and 
 early summer, with white spreading petals. 
 
 * Stems more or less woody; fruit black (rarely amber') when ripe, 
 edible, ripening in summer and autumn. 
 
 *- Stems more or less erect, not propagating from the tip. BLACK- 
 BERRIES. 
 
 H. vill6sus, Ait. HIGH BLACKBERRY. Everywhere along thickets, 
 fence-rows, etc. ; stems l-6 high, furrowed ; prickles strong and hooked ; 
 leaflets 3-5, ovate or lance-ovate, pointed, their lower surface and stalks 
 hairy and glandular, the middle one long- stalked and sometimes heart- 
 shaped ; flowers rather large, with short bracts, in distinct leafless racemes ; 
 fruit oblong or cylindrical. The common Blackberry of gardens, running 
 into many forms.
 
 ROSE FAMILY. 155 
 
 Var. albinus, Bailey. WHITE BLACKBERRY. Canes bright yellowish- 
 green, and the fruit short and amber or cream-colored. In the N. 
 States ; also cult. 
 
 Var. frond6sus, Torr., is dwarfer, has narrower leaflets, and a short 
 and leafy inflorescence. N. States ; also cult. 
 
 Var. montanus, Porter, occurs on high hills from N. Y. southward, 
 and is known by lower habit, mostly redder stems, and sometimes fewer 
 prickles, shorter clusters, and especially by dry, "seedy," spicy, or bitter- 
 ish, thimble-shaped berries. 
 
 Hybrids occur between R. villosus and R. Canadensis, as in the garden 
 variety, WILSON EARLY, and others. 
 
 R. Millspaughii, Britton. THORNLESS BLACKBERRY. Stems nearly 
 or wholly thornless, and leaflets narrower (mostly ovate- lanceolate), the 
 middle three long-stalked ; inflorescence short, less pubescent than in the 
 preceding. N. States and southward along the mountains. 
 
 R. cuneifdlius, Pursh. SAND B. Sandy ground and barrens from 
 N. J., S. ; erect, l-3 high, with stout hooked prickles ; the branchlets 
 and lower surface of the 3-5 wedge-obovate, thickish leaves whitish- 
 woolly ; peduncles 2-4-flowered. 
 
 R. laciniatus, Willd. CUT-LEAVED or EVERGREEN BLACKBERRY. 
 Leaflets 3, each pinnately divided into lobed and cut portions; flower 
 clusters small, whitish-pubescent ; stems with recurved prickles. Prob- 
 ably a form of the European R. fruticosus. 
 
 1- -- Stems trailing, decumbent, or ascending, mostly rooting at the tips. 
 DEWBERRIES. 
 
 R. Canadensis, Linn. Low B. or DEWBERRY. Rocky and sandy 
 soil ; long-trailing, slightly prickly, smooth or smoothish, and with 3-7 
 small, doubly- toothed leaflets ; the racemes erect and 1-3-flowered, with 
 leaf -like bracts, the fruit of fewer grains and ripening earlier than the 
 Blackberries. Several varieties are cultivated. 
 
 Var. roribaccus, Bailey, native of W. Va., is the LUCRETIA Dewberry, 
 distinguished by strong growth, wedge-obovate, jagged leaflets, long flower 
 stalks, and large flowers (sometimes 2' across) , with leafy sepals. 
 
 Var. invlsus, Bailey. Parenl of BARTEL and other cultivated Dew- 
 berries ; has somewhat ascending round stems, and leaflets which are 
 coarsely and always simply toothed ; N. 
 
 R. trivialis, Michx. SOUTHERN Low B. Sandy soil from Va., 
 S.; widely trailing or creeping, bristly and very prickly ; the smooth, 
 partly evergreen leaves of 3-5 ovate-oblong or lance-oblong leaflets ; 
 peduncles 1-3-flowered. Cult. 
 
 R. setdsus, Bigel. Ascending ; the older stems densely clothed with 
 very slender but stiff, slightly bent prickles ; leaflets ovate to ovate-ob- 
 lanceolate, pointed, scarcely shining, very strongly toothed ; fruit reddish- 
 black. Woods and glades, Penn. and N. 
 
 * * Stems scarcely woody, but lasting over winter, wholly prostrate ; fruit 
 reddish, sour. 
 
 R. hfspidus, Linn. RUNNING SWAMP B. Low woods and sandy 
 places, etc., N.; with very long and slender running stems, beset with 
 small reflexed prickles, sending up short, leafy, and flowering shoots ; 
 leaves of mostly 3 obovate blunt, smooth, and shining leaflets, of firm 
 and thickish texture, somewhat evergreen ; flowers small and few, on a 
 leafless peduncle ; fruit of few grains, red or purple. 
 
 4. FLOWERING BRAMBLE ; cultivated for the flowers only. 
 
 R. rosaefolius, Smith, from China, called BRIER ROSE. Cult, in green- 
 houses and apartments, has pinnate leaves, and bears a succession of 
 full-double white flowers, resembling small roses.
 
 156 ROSE FAMILY. 
 
 14. ALCHEMILLA. (Name said to come from the Arabic.) A 
 minute annual species, A. ARVENSIS, called PARSLEY PIERT in England, 
 is introduced in Va. and N. C. 
 
 A. vulgaris, Linn. LADY'S MANTLE, from Eu., is cult, in some gar- 
 dens ; it is a low herb, not showy, with somewhat downy, rounded, 
 slightly 7-9-lobed leaves, chiefly from the root, on long stalks, and loose 
 cforymbs or panicles of small light green flowers through the summer. 2/ 
 
 15. AGRIMONIA, AGEIMONY. (Old name, of obscure meaning.) 
 Weedy herbs, in fields and borders of woods, producing their small 
 yellow flowers through the summer ; the fruiting calyx, containing the 
 2 akenes, detached at maturity as a small bur, lightly adhering by the 
 hooked bristles to the coats of animals. 2/ 
 
 A. Eupatdria, Linn. COMMON A. Principal leaflets 5-7, oblong- 
 obovate and coarsely toothed, with many minute ones intermixed ; petals 
 twice the length of the calyx ; stamens 10-15. 
 
 A. parvifldra, Ait. From N. Y., S.; has smaller flowers, 11-19 lance- 
 olate principal leaflets, and 10-15 stamens. 
 
 A. inclsa, Torr. & Gray. Only S.; has 7-9 oblong or obovate and 
 smaller principal leaflets, small flowers, and 5 stamens. 
 
 16. FOTERITJM, BURNET. (Old Greek name, of rather obscure 
 application.) ^ 
 
 P. Sanguis6rba, Linn. GARDEN or SALAD B. Common in old gardens 
 (used for salad) , from Eu. ; nearly smooth, growing in tufts ; leaves 
 of many small ovate and deeply toothed leaflets ; stems about 1 high, 
 bearing a few heads of light green or purplish monoacious flowers, in 
 summer, the lower flowers with numerous drooping stamens, several of 
 the uppermost with pistil, the style ending in a purple, tufted stigma. 
 
 P. Canadeuse, Benth. & Hook., or SANGuis6RBA CANADEXSIS, CANA- 
 DIAN or WILD B. Wet grounds N. ; 3*-6 high, nearly smooth, with 
 numerous lance-oblong, coarsely-toothed leaflets, often heart-shaped at 
 base, and cylindrical spikes of white, perfect flowers, in late summer and 
 autumn ; stamens only 4, their long, white filaments club-shaped. 
 
 17. ROSA, ROSE. (The ancient Latin name of the Rose.) (Lessons, 
 Fig. 218.) 
 
 1. WILD ROSES of the country; only the first species much cultivated. 
 
 * Styles lightly cohering in a column and projecting out of the calyx-cup. 
 
 H. setigera, Michx. PRAIRIE or CLIMBING WILD ROSE. Rich ground, 
 W. and S. : also planted ; represented by the original of QL-EEX OP THE 
 PRAIRIE, BALTIMORE BELLE, etc. Tall-climbing, armed with stout, nearly 
 straight prickles, not bristly ; stems glaucous ; leaves with only 3-5 ovate 
 acute leaflets ; the corymbed flowers produced towards midsummer ; 
 stalks and calyx glandular ; petals deep rose, becoming nearly white. 
 
 * * Styles separate, included in the calyx-tube, the stigmas closing its 
 
 orifice ; stems not disposed to climb. 
 
 R. Carolina, Linn. SWAMP ROSE. Wet grounds ; stems 4-8 high, 
 with hooked prickles and no bristles, glaucous ; leaflets 5-9, smooth, 
 dull above and pale beneath, finely serrate ; flowers numerous in the 
 corymb (in summer) ; the calyx and globular hip glandular-bristly. 
 Flowers bright rose-red.
 
 ROSE FAMILY. 157 
 
 R. lucida, Ehrh. DWARF WILD ROSE. Moist places and swamps, 
 N. Y. to Newf. ; has stem from l-5 high, with stout, more or less 
 hooked spines ; leaflets about 7, rather small, thick and shining, oval or 
 oval-obovate, and coarsely toothed above ; flowers solitary or in loose 
 corymbs, light rose-colored, the calyx lobes hispid and more or less pro- 
 longed, and occasionally notched. 
 
 R. hiunilis, Marsh. In drier soil, and extending farther W. ; lower 
 (l-3), vrith nearly straight spines ; larger and thin dull leaflets ; flowers 
 generally solitary or nearly so, and the outer sepals nearly always 
 lobed. 
 
 R. blnda, Ait. EARLY WILD ROSE. Rocky banks N. ; l-3 high, 
 with only straight, weak prickles, or commonly none ; 5-7 oval or cuneate 
 blunt and pale leaflets, sometimes hoary beneath ; large stipules ; 1-3- 
 flowered peduncles, and the sepals hispid but entire ; the hip globular ; 
 flower solitary or corymbose, large, in spring or early summer. 
 
 2. BRIER ROSES ; naturalized from Europe, by roadsides and in thickets, 
 or sometimes planted ; flowering in summer. 
 
 R. rubiginosa, Linn. SWEETBRIER. Tall, disposed to climb, armed 
 with strong and hooked, and some slender and awl-shaped prickles ; the 
 roundish and doubly-serrate small leaflets downy and beset with russet 
 glands beneath, giving the aromatic fragrance ; flowers mostly solitary, 
 pink ; hip pear-shaped, oblong, or obovate, crowned with the calyx lobes. 
 
 R. canlna, Linn. DOG-ROSE. Roadsides E. ; resembles Sweetbrier, 
 but the leaflets smooth or destitute of aromatic glands and simply serrate ; 
 flowers 3 or 4 together, pink or nearly white ; fruit from nearly globular 
 to oblong-ovate. 
 
 3. EVERGREEN ROSES; naturalized in the Southern States from China; 
 flowering in spring ; the flowers not double. 
 
 R. laevigata, Michx. (or R. S*NICA of Alton). CHEROKEE ROSE. Planted 
 for garden hedges, etc., also run wild S. ; disposed to climb high, armed 
 with strong hooked prickles, very smooth, with bright green and glossy 
 evergreen leaves of mostly only 3 leaflets, and single flowers at the end 
 of the branches, with bristly calyx cup and large pure-white petals. 
 Occasional in greenhouses N. 
 
 R. bracteata, Wendl. BRACTED ROSE. In hedges far S., not common ; 
 has downy branches armed with strong, hooked prickles, 5-9 roundish 
 leaflets, and single large white flowers on very short peduncle, the calyx 
 covered by leafy bracts. 
 
 4. EXOTIC GARDEN ROSES proper ; from Europe and Asia. Merely the 
 principal types ; the greater part of the modern garden roses much 
 mixed by crossing and changed by variation. 
 
 * Styles united in a column which projects out of the calyx cup. All with 
 long, rambling shoots, or disposed to climb. 
 
 R. sempervirens, Linn. EVERGREEN ROSE, of S. Not hardy or hold- 
 ing its leaves N. ; with coriaceous, bright-green, oblong leaflets, curved 
 prickles, and nearly solitary white flowers, not double. The AYRSHIRE 
 ROSE is evidently an offshoot of R. arvensis, a closely related species. 
 
 R. multifldra, Thunb. MANY-FLOWERED ROSE. A well-known half- 
 climbing species, from Japan and China, hardy in Middle States, with 
 branches, peduncles, and calyx more or less tomentose ; 5 or 7 soft and 
 somewhat rugose leaflets, slender, scattered prickles, and full corymbs of 
 small flowers, white, pale red, or rose-purple, not sweet-scented. The 
 double form is an old garden rose, but the single form is not common. 
 The POLYANTHA ROSES are offshoots of this, chiefly through hybridization 
 with Rosa Indica.
 
 158 ROSE FAMILY. 
 
 R. mosch&ta, Mill. MUSCAT or MUSK ROSE. Not climbing, with slender 
 curved prickles; leaves of 5 or 7 lanceolate and pointed leaflets, a 
 corymb of white flowers, with a yellowish base to the petals, very sweet 
 scented, especially at evening. 
 
 * * Styles not sensibly projecting, nor united. 
 - Tender, tall-climbing, and wholly destitute of prickles. 
 
 R. Bdnksice, R. Br. BANKSIA ROSE, from China. A slender conser- 
 vatory species (in the N.), very smooth, with 3-5-lanceolate glossy leaflets, 
 and umbels of very small, white or buff and violet- scented flowers. 
 
 - - Tender, armed only with distant hooked prickles, with leaves of 
 mostly 3 (3-5) rather coriaceous and shining leaflets. 
 
 R. Indica, Linn. INDIA or CHINA ROSES. Includes the TEA, PERPETUAL 
 or BENGAL, BOURBON, and NOISETTE ROSES ; and the BENGAL POMPONS, 
 etc., are miniature forms of similar origin. A plant of upright habit, 
 smooth, the peduncle thickened upwards, calyx either smooth or bristly. 
 Long grown and very variable. 
 
 *- - -i- Hardy or mainly so at the north, not climbing, more or less prickly, 
 and with leaves of 5 or more leaflets. 
 
 R. alplna, Linn. ALPINE ROSE, of Eu. Grows 5-8 high, unarmed 
 or with a few purplish spines, hispid peduncles, erect and solitary 
 blush flowers, and a more or less pendulous, orange-red, oblong or obovate 
 fruit. The BOURSALT ROSES are derived from this, probably crossed with 
 the China Rose, and are mostly smooth-stemmed plants of somewhat 
 climbing habit and large double flowers. 
 
 R. Gdl/ica, Linn. FRENCH or RED ROSE. Has slender stems beset 
 with both stout curved and slender straight prickles ; leaves of 5-7 rather 
 rigid doubly and glandular-toothed leaflets more or less downy beneath, 
 erect 1 -flowered peduncles, and pink- red or crimson (or variegated with 
 white) , spreading petals which have some astringency and are used for 
 conserve of roses, and a globose fruit. 
 
 R. centifdiia, Linn. HUNDRED-LEAVED, PROVENCE, or CABBAGE ROSE. 
 Has mostly straight prickles, 5-7 oval leaflets with glandular teeth or 
 edges, peduncle and calyx clammy, with odorous glands, the hip bristly 
 and glandular ; the flowers mostly nodding, large, and full-double, rose- 
 purple, or of various shades, rarely white ; fruit oblong. POMPON ROSES 
 are miniature varieties. Moss ROSES are abnormal states (var. Musc6sA) 
 with the glands and bristles of the calyx and peduncle developed into a 
 moss-like substance. Petals used for rose-water, essence of roses, etc. 
 
 R. Damascene!. Mill. DAMASK ROSE. Known from the foregoing by 
 the greener bark, larger curved prickles, corymbed flowers oblong in the 
 bud, and with the long sepals (some of them pinnatifid or lobed) reflexed 
 during flowering, the hip oblong and pulpy ; petals rose-purple, white, 
 etc. ; used in preference for attar-of-roses and rose-water. HYBRID PER- 
 PETUAL ROSES are largely derived from this through hybridization with 
 forms of R. Indica and others. 
 
 R. Alba, Linn. WHITE ROSE. Leaflets 5, glaucous and a little downy 
 beneath ; prickles straightish and slender ; sepals reflexed and lobed ; 
 petals pure white or delicate blush, fragrant ; fruit oblong and red. 
 
 R. cinnamdmea, Linn. CINNAMON ROSE, of Eu. Met with in country 
 gardens ; is related to our wild R. blanda ; 5 to 8 high, with brownish- 
 red bark, and some straightish prickles ; pale leaves downy underneath, 
 and small, pale-red, cinnamon-scented (mostly double) flowers, not showy ; 
 fruit roundish, red. 
 
 ft. spinoslss/ma, Linn. BURNET or SCOTCH ROSE, of Eu. Low, 1 or 
 2 high, exceedingly prickly with straight prickles, with 7 to 9 small and
 
 ROSE FAMILY. 159 
 
 roundish smooth leaflets, and small early flowers, either single or double, 
 and white, pink, and even yellow, the hips cartilaginous, roundish, and 
 dark purple. 
 
 R. Eglanteria, Linn. YELLOW EGLANTINE ROSE. Like a Sweetbrier, 
 but lower, 3-5 high, with scattered, straight prickles ; leaves deep 
 green and sweet scented ; flowers deep yellow, orange, or buff, and some- 
 times variegated with red, either single or double. The AUSTRIAN BRIER, 
 and the PERSIAN YELLOW and HARRISON'S YELLOW are forms of this 
 (var. LtTEA). 
 
 R. sulphured, Ait. The old YELLOW ROSE, from the far East. Tall, 
 with scattered prickles, glaucous or pale scentless leaves, and sulphur- 
 yellow (full-double) flowers in summer. 
 
 R. rugosa, Thunb. JAPANESE ROSE. Spreading bush, very densely 
 clothed with long, stout, and straight spines ; leaflets 7-11, round-ovate, 
 thick, dark green above and tomentose below, coarsely toothed, the stipules 
 leafy ; flowers large and mostly single, white or red ; the calyx lobes 
 1' or 2' long, and tomentose, persistent on the very large, nearly globular, 
 orange-red hip. 
 
 18. CRATJEGTTS, HAWTHORN, WHITETHORN. (Greek: 
 strength, from the hard wood.) Small trees or shrubs, with hard 
 wood ; flowers white, except in some varieties of English Hawthorn, 
 in spring or early summer ; ripening the red or reddish fruit mostly 
 in autumn. (Lessons, Fig. 273.) 
 
 1. Flowers many in the corymb, small, with 5 styles; fruit not larger 
 than small peas, scarlet or coral-red; leaves, etc., smooth, or nearly so. 
 
 C. Pyracdntha, Pers. EVERGREEN THORN. Planted for ornament and 
 sparingly nat. from S. Penn. S. (from S. Eu.) ; shrub 4-6, with the 
 shining evergreen leaves lance-spatulate and crenulate, only 1' long, and 
 small clusters of flowers terminating short branches. 
 
 C. spathulata, Michx. Tall shrub or low tree, from Va. S., with 
 almost evergreen, shining, spatulate leaves, crenate towards the apex, or 
 on vigorous shoots, cut-lobed, and with hardly any petiole. 
 
 C. cordate, Ait. WASHINGTON T. Small tree, from Va. and Ky. S., 
 and has been planted for hedges ; has broadly triangular-ovate or heart- 
 shaped, thinnish leaves, often 3-5-cleft or cut and serrate, on slender 
 petiole. 
 
 2. Flowers many in the corymb, middle-sized; fruit coral-red, ovoid, 
 rather small; styles 1-6. 
 
 C. vlridis, Linn, (or C. ARBORESCENS) . River banks far S. ; tree with 
 few stout thorns or none ; thin, oblong serrate leaves, acute at both ends, 
 on slender petioles ; styles 5. 
 
 C. Oxyac6ntha, Linn. ENGLISH HAWTHORN. Planted from Eu. for 
 ornament and hedges ; tree or shrub with obovate, smooth leaves, wedge- 
 shaped at base, cut-lobed and toothed above ; styles 2 or 3, rarely only 1. 
 With single or double, white, rose, or pink-red flowers. 
 
 C. apiifdlia, Michx. Common S. Small tree, soft-downy when 
 young ; the leaves smoothish with age, pinnatifid, the 6-7 lobes crowded, 
 cut and toothed ; petioles slender ; styles 1-3. 
 
 3. Floicers many in the corymb, large ; the calyx-teeth with the bracts 
 and stipules often beset with glands ; fruit edible, half an inch or more 
 long, its cells or stones and the styles variable in number, 1-5. All 
 tall shrubs or low trees, of thickets and rocky banks, or planted. 
 
 C. cocclnea, Linn. SCARLET-FRUITED T. Smooth, with the leaves 
 thin, roundish- ovate, sharply cut-toothed or lobed, on slender petioles,
 
 160 ROSE FAMILY. 
 
 the coral or scarlet fruit much smaller than in C. tomentosa next and 
 hardly edible. 
 
 Var. macracantha, Dudley. Has very long thorns, thick wedge- 
 shaped leaves deeply incised, and larger flowers and fruit. 
 
 Var. mollis, Torr. & Gray, larger plant, with densely pubescent under- 
 surfaces of leaves and shoots, and earlier, larger flowers. All forms hi N. 
 States. 
 
 C. toment6sa, Linn. PEAR THORN or BLACKTHORN. Downy or soft- 
 hairy when young; the leaves thickish, oval, or ovate-oblong, sharply 
 toothed or cut, below abruptly narrowed into a margined petiole, the upper 
 surface impressed along the main veins or ribs ; flowers late, often 1' broad ; 
 scarlet or orange fruit from two thirds to three fourths of an inch long, 
 pleasant-tasted. N. Y. , W. and S. 
 
 C. punctata, Jacq. Leaves wedge-obovate, the long lower portion 
 entire, toothed above and rarely indistinctly lobed, plicate and dull, pubes- 
 cent below when young, but becoming smooth ; fruit large and spherical, 
 red or yellow ; branches horizontal in mature specimens. Common. 
 
 C. Crus-galli, Linn. COCKSPUR T. Smooth ; the wedge-obovate or 
 oblanceolate leaves thick and firm, deep-green and glossy, serrate above 
 the middle, tapering into a very short petiole ; thorns very long and 
 sharp ; fruit bright red. Useful for hedges. (Lessons, Fig. 96.) 
 
 4. Flowers solitary, in pairs, or only 3-6 in the corymb ; styles and 
 cells, 4-5 ; leaves mostly pubescent underneath ; fruit often edible. 
 
 C. aestivalis, Torr. & Gray. SUMMER HAW of S. States. Along pine- 
 barren ponds, from S. Car. S. and W. ; small tree with spatulate or 
 wedge-obovate coriaceous leaves, crenate above the middle ; no glands ; 
 3-5-flowered peduncles, and large red juicy fruit, pleasantly acid, used 
 for tarts, etc. ; ripe in summer. 
 
 C. flava, Ait. YELLOW or SUMMER HAW. Sandy soil, from Va. S. and 
 W. ; small tree, with wedge-obovate leaves, downy or smoothish, toothed 
 or cut above the middle, the teeth or margins and short petiole glandular ; 
 the pear-shaped or globular fruit yellowish, greenish, or tinged with red. 
 
 C. parvif61ia, Ait. SMALL-LEAVED or DWARF THORN. Mostly in 
 pine barrens from N. J., S. ; shrub 3-6 high, downy, with thick and 
 firm spatulate-obovate, crenate leaves, these as well as the mostly solitary 
 flowers almost sessile ; calyx-lobes glandular-toothed and as long as the 
 petals; the large fruit pear-shaped or globular, at first hairy, greenish 
 and yellowish. 
 
 19. COTONEASTER. (Name alludes to the cottony covering of the 
 shoots, lower face of the leaves, etc.) Small-leaved and small-flowered, 
 chiefly Old- World shrubs. 
 
 C. vulgaris, Lindl. Planted from Eu. ; hardy shrub, 2-4 high, much 
 branched, with deciduous ovate leaves, hardly 1' long, white-tomentose 
 below, glabrous calyx, flesh-colored or white flowers in spring, and 
 reddish fruit. 
 
 C. nummularia, Lindl. From Nepal, is a large shrub or low tree, with 
 nearly orbicular leaves, which are dull below, and bright red fruits. 
 
 20. PHOTINIA. (Greek : shining, alluding to the glossy leaves of the 
 genuine species.) Choice greenhouse shrubs or small fruit trees, hardy 
 S. , with large evergreen leaves. 
 
 P. (or Eriobbtrya) Japdnica, Gray. The LOQUAT TREE of Japan, with 
 large, obovate toothed leaves, nearly 1 long, the lower surface and 
 corymb clothed with dense rather rusty loose wool ; has few and large 
 downy yellowish-white flowers, appearing in autumn, and an edible yellow, 
 acid fruit, with 1-5 large seeds. Often called, erroneously, JAPAN PLDM.
 
 ROSE FAMILY. 161 
 
 21. AMELANCHIER, JUNEBERRY, SERVICE BERRY. (Pop- 
 ular name of the European species in Savoy.) Flowering in spring, 
 and producing the berry-like purplish fruit (edible, sweet, sometimes 
 very pleasant-flavored) in summer. 
 
 A. Canad^nsis, Torr. & Gray. SHAD BUSH of New England, is a tree 
 10-30 high, glabrous or very nearly so ; the leaves ovate and pointed, 
 light green above, very sharply serrate, Birch-like ; flowers large, in open 
 and loose, more or less drooping racemes, before the leaves ; the calyx 
 lobes lanceolate ; fruit a purple, berry-like pome in June and July, much 
 relished by birds. The flowers appear in profusion in advance of the 
 leaves. 
 
 Var. oblongif61ia, Torr. & Gray (or A. OBLONG IF6LI A, Roemer). Is a 
 low plant C2-o high), with oblong, mostly blunt leaves, which are 
 floccose or woolly below, and nearly erect, woolly, panicle-like racemes, 
 appearing with the leaves ; growing in the N. States and known in culti- 
 vation as the DWARF JONEBERRT. 
 
 22. PYRT7S, PEAR, APPLE, etc. (Classical name of the Pear tree.) 
 Botanically the genus is made to include a great variety of plants, 
 agreeing in the cartilaginous, parchment-like, or thin-walled cells that 
 contain the seeds. Wood hard and tough. Flowers spring. 
 
 1. PEAR. Leaves simple; flowers in a simple corymb or cluster; fruit 
 generally with its base tapering down to the stalk. 
 
 P. communis, Linn. COMMON PEAR. Cult, from Eu. ; a smooth tree, 
 with branches inclined to be thorny ; ovate leaves with small, obtuse teeth, 
 and pure white flowers, the anthers purple. 
 
 P. Sinensis, Lindl. JAPAN or SAND PEAR. Cult, from China and 
 Japan, is a stronger grower than the last, with larger dark leaves which 
 are very sharply toothed, and tough, gritty fruits which are often 
 depressed about the stem, 4 and Apple-like. KIEFFEK, LE CONTE, and 
 others, are hybrids with the last. 
 
 2. APPLE. Leaves simple ; flowers showy, in a simple cluster or sim- 
 ple umbel; fruit sunken (umbilicate) at both ends, especially at the 
 base. , 
 
 * Exotic ; leaves simply and evenly serrate, ovate or oblong. 
 
 P. Malus, Linn. COMMON APPLE. Cult, from Eu. ; tree with buds, 
 lower face of the leaves (when young) and calyx woolly ; flowers white 
 and tinged with pink, on short, woolly peduncles ; fruit various, but always 
 holding the calyx lobes upon its apex. 
 
 P. spect&bilis, Ait. CHINESE FLOWERING APPLE. Cult, from China 
 for its showy rose-colored, semi-double or double flowers ; is an upright 
 tree with gray branches 20 to 25 high, and hard leaves which soon 
 become nearly smooth, and are evenly and sharply toothed ; fruit small, 
 with persistent calyx. 
 
 P. baccdta, Linn. CRAB APPLE. From Eu. Small tree with hard, 
 wiry, smooth shoots, long and smooth petioles and pedicels, narrower 
 smooth leaves, and a small, hard, translucent fruit from which the calyx 
 falls before maturity. TRANSCENDENT, HYSLOP, and various other im- 
 proved Crabs are probably hybrids with P. Malus. 
 
 P. floribunda, Lindl. JAPANESE FLOWERING CRAB. A bush or small 
 tree, perhaps an offshoot from the last ; smooth in all its parts, with long- 
 acuminate, mostty sharply toothed leaves ; handsome, flesh-colored or 
 rosy flowers and red flower buds, and a profusion of long-stemmed fruits 
 the size of a pea, from which the calyx falls. Semi-double forms are 
 known in gardens as P. HALLI\NA and P. PARKMANI. 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. BOX. 11
 
 162 ROSE FAMILY. 
 
 * * Wild species, with some of the leaves irregularly cut-toothed, or even 
 lobed; flowers bright rose-colored, and the fruit greenish. 
 
 P. coronaria, Linn. AMERICAN or GARLAND CRAB APPLE. Glades 
 from W. N. Y. to Mich, and S. and sparingly W. ; small tree, soon 
 smooth, with the mostly triangular ovate leaves rounded or obscurely 
 heart-shaped at base and inclined to be 3-lobed, on slender smooth 
 petioles ; flowers on long, smooth pedicels ; fruit bright green, flattened 
 lengthwise. 
 
 P. lo&isis. Bailey. WESTERN CRAB APPLE. Leaves oblong or obo- 
 vate-oval, variously notched and toothed, the lower surface as well as the 
 petioles, short pedicels and young growth, white-pubescent ; fruit spheri- 
 cal or oblong, dull green with minute light dots. There is a double- 
 flowered variety. W. of Great Lakes. 
 
 P. angustifblia, Ait. NARROW-LEAVED CRAB APPLE. Leaves lance- 
 oblong or elliptic and small, almost entire or bluntly and sparsely dentate, 
 obtuse or nearly so, thick, shining above, on short, smooth petioles; 
 flowers rather small, on smooth pedicels. From Penn. S. and W. 
 
 3. CHOKEBERRY. Leaves simple, the upper face with some small glands 
 along the midrib ; flowers (white) in compound cymes terminating the 
 branches; styles united at base; fruit berry-like. 
 
 P. arbutif61ia, Linn. COMMON CHOKEBERRY. Woods and bogs, N. ; 
 low, spreading shrub with oblong or oblanceolate serrate leaves, acute or 
 acuminate and pubescent below, and a scarlet or light purple fruit which 
 clings to the branches after the leaves fall. 
 
 Var. melanocclrpa, Hook (or P. N!GRA, Sargent), has broadly 
 obovate nearly smooth leaves, earlier flowers, and black fruit which soon 
 falls. 
 
 4. ROWAN TREE or MOUNTAIN ASH. Leaves odd-pinnate, of several 
 (9-17) leaflets; flowers (numerous and white) in ample, compound, flat 
 cymes terminating the branches of the season; fruit berry-like, scarlet- 
 red when ripe. Trees often planted for ornament, especially for the 
 clusters of showy fruit in autumn. 
 
 P. Americana, DC. AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH. Slender tree or tall 
 shrub, wild in the cooler districts ; smooth or soon becoming so, with 
 lanceolate taper-pointed and sharply serrate bright-green leaflets on a 
 reddish stalk, pointed and smooth glutinous leaf-buds, and berries not 
 larger than peas. 
 
 P. sambucifdlia, Cham. & Schlecht. ELDER-LEAVED R. or M. Wild 
 along the northern frontiers ; smooth or nearly so, with oblong or lance- 
 ovate and blunt or abruptly short-pointed leaflets, coarsely serrate with 
 more spreading teeth, sparingly hairy leaf-buds, and larger berries. 
 
 P. Aucuparia, Gsertn. EUROPEAN R. or M. Commonly planted from 
 Eu. ; forms a good-sized tree, with oblong and obtuse paler leaflets, 
 their lower surface, stalks, and the leaf -buds downy ; and the berries 
 larger (' in diameter). 
 
 5. QUINCE. Leaves simple; flowers either single upon the ends of leafy 
 shoots, or in small, sessile clusters, white or red; fruit more or less 
 pyriform, the 5 cells normally several or many-seeded. Small trees or 
 bushes. 
 
 P. Cyddnia, Linn, (or CYDONIA VULGARIS). COMMON QUINCE. From 
 Eu. ; a small bushy tree with soft, oval, entire leaves which are tomentose 
 below, and very large flowers terminating short leafy shoots, and woolly 
 fruits. (Lessons, Fig. 112.) 
 
 P. Jap6nica, Thunb. JAPAN QUINCE (also named CYDONIA JAP6NICA). 
 Thorny, smooth, widely branched shrub from Japan ; cult, for the large
 
 CALYCANTHUS FAMILY. 163 
 
 showy flowers, which are produced in spring earlier than the oval or 
 wedge-oblong leaves, on side spurs, in great abundance, single or more 
 or less double, scarlet-red, or sometimes almost white varieties ; calyx 
 with short and rounded lobes ; fruit green-speckled, very hard, sometimes 
 used for jellies. 
 
 XXXVIH, CALYCANTHACEJl, CALYCANTHUS FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs with opposite, entire leaves, no stipules, sepals and 
 petals imbricated and indefinite in number and passing one 
 into the other, stamens few or many, with anthers turned out- 
 wards, all these parts on a hollow receptacle or bracted calyx 
 cup in the manner of a rose hip, inclosing numerous pistils 
 which ripen into akenes. Cotyledons rolled up from one mar- 
 gin. Flowers rather large, mostly aromatic, as is the wood 
 also. (Lessons, Fig. 424.) 
 
 1. CALYCANTHUS. Flowers livid-purple or dull red, solitary in the axils or terminating 
 
 leafy branches, with loose bracts passing to colored lanceolate sepals, and these into 
 similar thickish petals, which are borne on the summit of the closed calyx tube ; 
 within these are numerous short stamens ; the outer having anthers ending in a tip, 
 the inner smaller and with imperfect anthers or none. Pistils inclosed in the fleshy 
 cup ; ovary with 2 ovules ; styles slender. Akenes oval, coriaceous, inclosed in the 
 leathery hip, which becomes about 2' long. 
 
 2. CHIMONANTHUS. Flowers yellow and purplish, along naked shoots, sessile in axils 
 
 of fallen leaves. Bracts and sepals scale-like, ovate, purplish, or brownish. Petals 
 honey-yellow, or the innermost red. Stamens with anthers only 5. 
 
 1. CALYCANTHUS, CAROLINA ALLSPICE or SWEET-SCENTED 
 SHRUB. (Greek : cup and flower.) All wild in U. S., and culti- 
 vated, especially the first, which has fragrant strawberry-scented 
 blossoms. Flowers spring and all summer. Mostly natives of elevated 
 lands. 
 
 C. fldridus, Linn. Wild S. of Va. in rich woods ; leaves soft^downy 
 beneath, l'-3' long, oval or oblong. 
 
 C. leevigitus, Willd. Wild from S. Penn., S. along the Alleghanies. 
 Smooth and green, with oval or oblong leaves l'-3' long, and rather 
 small flowers (1|' across). 
 
 C. glafccus, Willd. Wild from Va., S. ; like the foregoing (possibly 
 a variety of it), but with mostly larger and taper-pointed leaves, glaucous 
 beneath. 
 
 C. occidentalis, Hook & Am. WESTERN C. Smooth, with ovate or 
 ovate-oblong and slightly heart-shaped, larger leaves (5M5' long), green 
 both sides, the upper surface roughish ; the brick-red flowers 3' across, 
 scentless ; akenes hairy. Cult, from Cal. 
 
 2. CHIMONANTHUS, JAPAN ALLSPICE. (Greek: winter- 
 flower; it flowers in winter in a mild temperate climate.) 
 
 C. fragrans, Lindl. Shrub with long branches, which may be trained 
 like a climber, smooth, lance-ovate, pointed leaves, and rather small fra- 
 grant flowers ; hardy S. of Penn.
 
 164 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 
 
 SAXIFRAGACE.fi, SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 
 
 A large family not readily defined by any single characters ; 
 distinguished generally from Eosacese by having albumen in 
 the seeds, ovaries partly or wholly united, and seldom any 
 stipules ; the herbs and most of the shrubs of the family have 
 only as many or twice as many stamens, and fewer styles or 
 stigmas than there are petals or sepals. Flowers mostly per- 
 fect. Stamens and petals generally borne on the calyx, the 
 latter usually withering and persistent. Leaves alternate or 
 opposite. 
 
 I. SAXIFRAGE SUBFAMILY. Herbs. Stipules none, 
 or confluent with the base of the petiole. Seeds usually many. 
 
 Stamens twice the number of the petals or the lobes of the calyx, mostly 10 ; pod com- 
 monly 2-lobed, beaked, or 2, rarely 3-4, nearly separate pods. 
 
 +- Petals mostly 5, entire. 
 
 1. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers in cymes or panicles, or rarely solitary, perfect. Leaves 
 
 simple or palmately cut. Petals imbricated in the bud. Pod 2-celled below, or 2 
 (rarely more) separate pistils and pods, many-seeded. 
 
 2. A8TILBE. Flowers in spikes or racemes collected in an ample compound panicle, 
 
 sometimes polygamous or dioecious. Leaves ample, decompound. Petals small, 
 spatulate, or linear. Little pods 2 or S, nearly separate, opening down the inner 
 suture, several-seeded. 
 
 8. TIARELLA. Flowers in a raceme. Calyx colored (white), 5-parted, and in the sinuses 
 bearing 5 very narrow, slender-clawed petals. Filaments and styles long and slender. 
 Ovary 1-celled, with several ovules towards the base of the 2 parietal placentae, 
 2-beaked ; one of the beaks or carpels growing much more than the other and 
 making the larger part of the lance-shaped membranaceous pod, which is few- 
 seeded towards the bottom. 
 
 H +- Petals 5, pinnatifid, very delicate. 
 
 4. MTTELLA. Flowers in a simple raceme or spike, small. Petals colored like the short 
 
 open calyx (white or green). Stamens short. Styles 2, very short. Ovary and pod 
 globular, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae at the base, many-seeded, opening across 
 the top. 
 
 * Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, usually 5, and a cluster of 
 gland-tipped sterile filaments before each petal; stigmas mostly 4, directly over 
 as many parietal placentce. 
 
 5. PARNASSIA. Flower solitary, terminating a scape-like (usually 1-leaved) stem ; the 
 
 leaves mostly from the root, rounded, smooth, and entire. Calyx free from the ovary 
 of 5 sepals. Petals 5, veiny, imbricated in the bud. Styles none. Pod 1-celled, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 * Stamens only as many as the petals, 4 or 5 ; no sterile filaments ; styles 2 and 
 alternate with the placentce or partition. 
 
 6. HEUCHERA. Flowers small, in a long panicle, mostly on a scape. Calyx bell- 
 
 shaped, the tube cohering below with the 1-celled ovary, and continued beyond it, 
 above 5-cleft, and bearing 5 small, spatulate, erect petals at the sinuses. Styles 
 Blender. Pod 1-celled, 2-beaked at the apex, opening between the beaks.
 
 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 165 
 
 II. Shrubs, with simple leaves (includes plants which have 
 been ranked in 2 or 3 different families) . None of the follow- 
 ing have stipules, except Eibes. Seeds numerous. 
 
 * Leaves opposite. Calyx-tube wholly coherent with the top-shaped or hemispherical 
 
 ovary, but not at all extended beyond it. 
 +- Stamens only twice as many as the petals, 8 or 10. 
 
 T. DEUTZIA. Flowers all alike and perfect, more or less panlcled, showy. Lobes of the 
 calyx 5. Petals 5, valvate, with the edges turned inwards. Filaments flat, the 5 
 alternate ones longer, commonly with a tooth or fork on each side next the top. 
 Styles 3-6, slender. Pod 3-5-celled. 
 
 8. HYDRANGEA. Flowers in cymes, commonly of two sorts, the marginal ones (or in 
 
 high-cultivated plants almost all) enlarged and neutral, consisting of the corolla-like 
 calyx only (Lessons, p. 78, Fig. 214) ; the others perfect, with a 4-5-toothed calyx, as 
 many small petals valvate in the bud, and twice as many stamens with slender 
 filaments. Styles 2-5, diverging. Ovary 2-5-celled, becoming a small pod which 
 opens at the top between the styles. 
 
 -I- -t- Stamens indefinite, 20-10. 
 
 9. DECUMARIA. Flowers small, in a compound terminal cyme. Calyx minutely 7-10- 
 
 toothed. Style thick. Petals 7-10, valvate in the bud. Pod small, top-shaped, 
 many-ribbed, bursting at the sides between the ribs. 
 
 10. PHILADELPHIA. Flowers showy, often corymbed or panicled. Calyx with 4 or 5 
 
 valvate lobes. Petals 4 or 5, broad, convolute in the bud. Styles 8-5, usually some- 
 what united below. Ovary 3-5-celled, becoming a pod, which splits at length into 
 
 as many pieces. 
 
 * * Leaves alternate. 
 
 11. ITEA. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed. Flowers in a raceme. Calyx nearly free 
 
 from the 2-celled ovary, 5-cleft. Petals lanceolate, much longer than the calyx, and 
 Inserted along with the 5 stamens near its base. Pod slender, 2-celled, splitting 
 through the style and the partition. 
 
 12. EIBES. Leaves palmately veined and lobed ; sometimes with narrow stipules united 
 
 with the base of the petiole. Calyx with its tube cohering with the ovary, and often 
 extended beyond it, the 5 lobes usually colored like the petals. Petals and stamens 
 each 5, on the throat of the calyx, the former small and mostly erect. Styles 2 or 
 partly united into one ; ovary 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, in fruit becoming a 
 juicy berry, crowned with the shriveled remains of the rest of the flower. 
 
 1. SAXIFRAGA, SAXIFRAGE. (Latin name, rock-breaker: many 
 species rooting in the clefts of rocks.) Besides the following there are 
 a number of rare or local wild species. Jj. 
 
 * Leaves all clustered at the root; the naked scape clammy above and 
 bearing many small whitish flowers in a panicle or cyme, the 2 ovaries 
 united barely at the base, making at length a pair of nearly separate, 
 diverge.nt pods. Wild species. 
 
 S. Virgini^nsis, Michx. EARLY S. On rocks and moist banks ; 
 with obovate or wedge-spatulate, thickish, more or less toothed leaves in 
 an open cluster ; scape 3'-9' high, bearing in early spring white flowers in 
 a dense cluster, which at length opens into a loose panicled cyme ; calyx 
 not half the length of the petals ; pods turning purple. 
 
 S. Pennsylvdnica, Linn. SWAMP S. In low, wet ground N. ; with 
 lance-oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaves (4'-8' long), obscurely toothed 
 and narrowed into a very short, broad petiole ; scape l-2 high, bearing 
 small greenish flowers in an oblong cluster, opening with age into a looser 
 panicle (in spring) ; the reflexed lobes of the calyx as long as the lance- 
 linear petals.
 
 166 SAXIFKAGE FAMILY. 
 
 * * Leaves clustered ; flowers more or less showy ; ovaries 2, or sometimes 
 3-4, almost separate, becoming as many nearly distinct pods. Exotic 
 species cult, for ornament. 
 
 S. crassifdlia, Linn. THICK-LEAVED S. Cult, from Siberia ; very smooth, 
 with fleshy and creeping or prostrate rootstocks, sending up thick, round- 
 ish-obovate, nearly evergreen leaves, 6'-9' long, and scapes (bracted mid- 
 way) bearing an ample, at first compact cyme of large, bright, rose-colored 
 flowers, in early spring. Sold also as S. SisfRiCA and S. ccxEiF6LiA. 
 
 S. sarmentdsa, Linn. BEEFSTEAK S., also called STRAWBERRY GERA- 
 NIUM. Cult, from China and Japan as a house-plant, not quite hardy N. ; 
 rather hairy, with rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped and doubly 
 toothed leaves of fleshy texture, purple underneath, green-veined or 
 mottled with white above, on shaggy petioles, from their axils sending 
 off slender strawberry-like runners ; scapes bearing a light, very open 
 panicle of irregular flowers, with three of the petals small rose-pink and 
 yellow-spotted, and two much longer and nearly white ones lanceolate 
 and hanging. 
 
 2. ASTILBE. (Name means not shining.) Flowers summer. ^ 
 
 A. decandra. Don. A tall, rather pubescent herb, 3-5 high, imitat- 
 ing Spiraea Aruncus in appearance, but coarser ; leaflets of the decom- 
 pound leaves mostly heart-shaped, cut-toothed (2'-4' long) ; flowers 
 greenish-white, with petals inconspicuous or absent. Rich woods along 
 the Alleghanies from Va. S. 
 
 A. Japdnica, Gray (or HOTE!A JAP6NICA). Only l-2 high, with leaf- 
 lets of the thrice-ternate leaves lance-ovate or oblong, and crowded white 
 flowers of considerable beauty. Japan. 
 
 3. TIARELLA, FALSE MITERWORT. (From tiara, a turban.) 2/ 
 
 T. cordifdlia, Linn. Our only species, in rocky woods, especially N. ; 
 a low and hairy herb, spreading by summer leafy runners ; leaves 
 rounded heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed ; flowers in a short 
 raceme on a leafless scape, bright white, in spring. 
 
 4. MITELLA, MITERWORT, BISHOP'S CAP. (Name means a 
 little mitre, from the shape of the 2-cleft ovary and young pod.) Deli- 
 cate plants of moist woods, especially N. ; spreading by summer leafy 
 runners or rootstocks ; flowers late spring and early summer. 2/ 
 
 M. diphylla, Linn. COMMON or TWO-LEAVED M. Hairy, with 
 rounded heart-shaped and somewhat 3-5-lobed root-leaves on slender 
 petioles, and a pair of opposite, nearly sessile leaves on the scape below 
 the slender raceme of many white flowers. 
 
 M. nfcda, Linn. NAKED-STALKED M. A delicate little plant, with 
 roundish kidney-shaped doubly crenate leaves, and leafless scape (4'-6' 
 high) bearing a few greenish blossoms. 
 
 5. FARNASSIA, GRASS OF PARNASSUS. (Named for Mt. Par- 
 nassus.) Wild on wet banks; the large white flower handsome, in 
 summer and autumn. 2/ 
 
 P. Caroliniana, Michx. The only common species ; has the scape or 
 stem l-2 high, bearing one clasping leaf low down, and terminated with 
 a flower over 1' broad, the many- veined petals sessile, with 3 stout, small, 
 sterile filaments before each. Throughout. 
 
 P. asarifdlia, Vent. Along the Alleghanies S. ; has rather kidney- 
 shaped leaves, and petals narrowed at base into a short claw ; otherwise 
 like the first,
 
 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 167 
 
 6. HEUCHERA, ALUM BOOT, the rootstock being astringent. 
 (Named for a German botanist, J. H. Heucher.) Wild plants of 
 rocky woods ; the leaves rounded heart-shaped, and more or less lobed 
 or cut, mostly from the rootstock, often one or two on the tall stalk of 
 the panicle. Flowers mostly greenish, in summer. 2/ 
 
 * Flowers very small ; stamens and styles protruding. 
 
 H. Americana, Linn. COMMON A. The only one N. and E. of Penn. 
 (also S. to S. Car.) ; has scapes and loose panicle (2-3 high) clammy- 
 glandular and often hairy ; leaves with rounded lobes, and greenish 
 flowers in early summer. 
 
 H. vill6sa, Michx. From Md. to Ga. and W., along the upper coun- 
 try ; is lower, beset with soft, often rusty hairs ; has deeper-lobed leaves, 
 and very small white or whitish flowers, later in summer. 
 
 * * Flowers larger (the calyx fully J' long}, in a narrower panicle, 
 greenish, with stamens little if at all protruding ; leaves round and 
 slightly 5-9-lobed. 
 
 H. hispida, Pursh. Mountains of Va. and N. C., W. Tall (scape 
 2-4 high), usually with spreading hairs ; stamens a little protruding. 
 
 H. pube'scens, Pursh. Scapes (l-3 high) and petioles roughish- 
 glandular rather than pubescent ; stamens shorter than the lobes of the 
 calyx. From Penn. S. 
 
 7. DEUTZIA. (Named for Johann Deutz, a botanist of Amsterdam.) 
 Flowering shrubs, with numerous panicles of white or pinkish blos- 
 soms, in late spring and early summer ; the lower side of the leaves, 
 the calyx, etc., beset with minute starry clusters of hairs or scurf. 
 
 D. grdcilis, Sieb. & Zucc. The smaller species, is 2 high, with ovate- 
 lanceolate, sharply serrate leaves, bright green and smooth, and rather 
 small, snow-white flowers, earlier than the next ; often forced in green- 
 houses ; filaments forked at the top. Japan. 
 
 D. scdbra, Thunb. (or D. CRENATA and D. FORT^NEI). A tall shrub, 
 rough with the fine pubescence, with pale, ovate or oblong-ovate, minutely 
 crenate-serrate leaves, and rather dull white or pinkish blossoms in sum- 
 mer ; the filaments broadest upwards and with a blunt lobe on each side 
 just below the anther. China and Japan. 
 
 8. HYDRANGEA. (Formed of Greek words, water and vase, in 
 reference to the shape of the capsule.) Flowers summer j often sterile 
 and enlarged, and showy. (Lessons, Fig. 214. ) 
 
 * Leaves lobed. 
 
 H. quercifdlia, Bartram. OAK-LEAVED H. Stout shrub, 3-6 high, 
 very leafy, downy, with oval, 5-lobed, large leaves, and cymes clustered in 
 oblong panicle, with numerous sterile flowers. Wild from Ga. S., hardy 
 N. in cult. 
 
 * * Leaves not lobed. 
 
 -i- White-tomentose beneath. 
 
 H. radiata, Walt, (or H. NfvEA), has ovate or somewhat heart- 
 shaped, pointed leaves, very white-woolly beneath, but smooth and green 
 above ; the flat cyme with a few enlarged sterile flowers round the 
 margin. Wild from S. Car. S. and W., and cult.
 
 168 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 
 
 +- -i- Green, or nearly so, beneath. 
 
 H. arbore'scens, Linn. Wild from Penn. and Mo. S., rarely planted ; 
 is smooth or nearly so, with ovate or slightly heart-shaped, serrate, 
 pointed leaves ; the flat cyme often without any enlarged sterile flowers, 
 but sometimes with a full row round the margin. 
 
 H. Hortensia, DC. (and H. OTAKSA). COMMON GREENHOUSE HY- 
 DRANGEA. Is very smooth, with large and oval, coarsely toothed, bright 
 green glossy leaves, and the flowers of the round flattish cyme nearly 
 all neutral and enlarged, blue, purple, pink, or white. China and 
 Japan. 
 
 H. paniculata, Sieb. COMMON OUTDOOR or HARDY HYDRANGEA. More 
 or less pubescent, at least in the panicle, with oblong-ovate, sharply 
 toothed and long-pointed, dull leaves, which are roughish below, and an 
 elongated panicle of whitish flowers. Japan. 
 
 9. DECUMARIA. (Name probably meaning that the parts of the 
 flower are in tens, which is only occasionally the case.) 
 
 D. barbara. Linn. Along streams Va. and S. ; a tall, mostly smooth 
 shrub, with long branches disposed to climb; ovate or oblong shining 
 leaves, and a compound terminal cyme of small white odorous flowers, 
 in late spring. 
 
 10. PHILADELPHTTS, MOCK ORANGE, SYRINGA. (Name an- 
 cient, of no application.) Syringa is the generic name of the Lilac. 
 Ornamental shrubs. 
 
 P. coronarius, Linn. COMMON MOCK ORANGE. Cult, from S. Eu. 
 Shrub with erect branches, smoothish oblong-ovate leaves, having the 
 taste and smell of cucumbers, and crowded clusters of handsome and 
 odorous cream-white flowers, in late spring. 
 
 P. inod6rus, Linn. SCENTLESS M. Wild in upper districts S. ; shrub, 
 smooth, with spreading, slender branches, mostly entire, ovate-oblong 
 leaves ; rather small flowers scattered at the end of the diverging branch- 
 lets, and calyx-lobes not longer than the ovary. 
 
 P. grandifldrus, Willd. LARGE-FL. M. Wild along streams from 
 Va. S., and planted in several varieties ; tall shrub, with long recurving 
 branches, ovate and pointed, usually toothed, smoothish, or slightly downy 
 leaves, and very large, pure white, scentless flowers, in early summer, 
 either single or in loose clusters at the end of the branches, the slender- 
 pointed calyx lobes much longer than the ovary. 
 
 Var. floribundus, Torr. & Gray (or P. LATirdLics). Robust, 6- 
 12 high, with the ovate and toothed, 5-ribbed leaves hairy beneath, 
 and large, pure white and nearly scentless flowers clustered, in early 
 summer. Cult. 
 
 P. Gordonianus, Lindl. From Ore. ; is very tall, with ovate-acuminate 
 serrate leaves, the flowers very slightly scented and numerous, in 5-9- 
 flowered racemes, in midsummer, 10 days or more later than other kinds. 
 
 P. hirsfctua, Nutt. HAIRY M. Wild in N. Car. and Tenn., and cult. ; 
 slender, with recurving branches, the small, ovate and acute, sharply- 
 toothed leaves hairy, and beneath even hoary ; the small white flowers 
 solitary or 2-3 together at the end of short racemose side branchlets. 
 
 11. ITEA. (Greek name of Willow.) 
 
 I. Virginica, Linn. A tall shrub, with oblong, pointed, and serrulate 
 leaves, and racemes of pretty white flowers, in early summer. Low 
 places, Penn., S. and W.
 
 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 169 
 
 12 . RIBES, CURKANT, GOOSEBERRY. (Name of uncertain origin. ) 
 
 Low shrubs ; flowers spring ; fruit mostly edible. 
 
 1. GOOSEBERRY. Stems commonly with 1 or 2 thorns beloio the leaf- 
 stalks or the clusters of leaves, often with numerous scattered prickles 
 besides, these sometimes on the berry also. 
 
 * Flowers 1-3 in a cluster. 
 - Flowers red and showy. 
 
 R. specidsum, Pursh. SHOWY FLOWERING GOOSEBERRY, of Cal. 
 
 Somewhat cult, for ornament ; has small and shining leaves ; very 
 handsome flowers on a hanging peduncle, the short-tubular calyx, petals, 
 and long-projecting stamens deep red, so that the blossom resembles that 
 of a Fuchsia ; berry prickly, few-seeded. 
 
 <- - Flowers small and \greenish. 
 ** Calyx lobes shorter than the tube. 
 
 R. Cyn6sbati, Linn. Has bluntly 3-lobed downy leaves, with slen- 
 der peduncles, stamens and undivided style not exceeding the broad calyx, 
 and large prickly (or rarely smooth) dull purple berry. Common N. 
 
 w -. Calyx lobes conspicuously longer than the tube. 
 
 R. Grossularia, Linn. EUROPEAN GOOSEBERRY, but more or less 
 cult, here in several varieties, as INDUSTRY, CROWN BOB, etc., is a stocky 
 bush with thickish leaves, a pubescent ovary and calyx, and a large, 
 usually finely pubescent fruit. 
 
 R. oxyacantholdes, Linn. Parent of the American Gooseberries, 
 like HOCGHTON and DOWNING, is seldom downy, with thinner leaves, very 
 short thorns or none ; very short peduncles ; stamens and 2-cleft style 
 scarcely longer than the bell-shaped, smooth calyx ; ovary and berry 
 smooth, the latter medium-sized, either green or reddish when ripe. New 
 Eng. to N. J., W. 
 
 R. rotundifdlium, Michx. Often downy-leaved ; peduncles rather 
 slender ; the slender stamens and 2-parted style longer than the narrow 
 calyx ; berry smooth. Mass, and N. Y., S. 
 
 * * Flowers several, in a nodding raceme. 
 
 R. lacustre, Poir. LAKE or SWAMP G. Cold bogs and wet woods N. ; 
 low, with 3-5-parted heart-shaped leaves, their lobes deeply cut; very 
 small flowers with broad and flat calyx ; short stamens and style, and 
 small bristly berries of unpleasant flavor. 
 
 2. CURRANT. No thorns or prickles, and the flowers numerous in the 
 racemes. 
 
 * Flowers greenish or whitish, small. 
 
 *- Leaves without resinous dots; calyx flat and open; berries red (or 
 white). 
 
 R. prostratum, L'Her. FETID CURRANT. Cold woods N. ; with reclin- 
 ing stems ; deeply heart-shaped and acutely 5-7-lobed leaves ; erect ra- 
 cemes ; pedicels and pale-red berries glandular-bristly ; these and the 
 bruised herbage exhale an unpleasant, skunk-like odor. 
 
 R. rubrum, Linn. GARDEN CURRANT. Cult, from Eu., with straggling 
 or reclining stems, somewhat heart-shaped moderately 3-5-lobed leaves ; 
 the lobes roundish, and drooping racemes from lateral buds distinct from 
 the leaf buds ; edible berries red, or white ; also a striped variety. 
 
 Var. subglandu!6sum, Maxim., a native form in cold swamps N., lias 
 the racemes clustered below the leafy tips of the canes.
 
 170 ORPINE FAMILY. 
 
 -i- -i- Leaves sprinkled with resinous dots ; flowers larger, with oblong- 
 bell-shaped calyx; berries larger, black, aromatic and spicy, glandular- 
 dotted. 
 
 R. fldridum, L'Her. WILD BLACK C. Woods N. ; leaves slightly 
 heart-shaped, sharply 3-5-lobed and doubly serrate ; racemes drooping, 
 downy, bearing many whitish flowers, with conspicuous bracts longer 
 than the pedicels. 
 
 R. n/grum, Linn. GARDEN BLACK C. Cult, from Eu. ; much like 
 the preceding, but has greener and fewer flowers in the raceme, minute 
 bracts, and a shorter calyx. 
 
 * # Flowers highly colored (red or yellow), much larger. 
 
 R. sangulneum, Pursh. RED-FLOWERED C. From Ore. and Cal. ; 
 glandular and somewhat clammy, with 3-5-lobed leaves whitish-downy 
 beneath, nodding racemes of rose-red flowers, the calyx tube oblong- 
 bell-shaped, the berries glandular and insipid. 
 
 R. GoRDONiANUM is supposed to be a hybrid between this and the 
 next. 
 
 R. aureum, Pursh. GOLDEN, BUFFALO, MISSOURI or CRANDALL CUR- 
 RANT. From Mo. to Ore. ; abundantly cult, for its spicy -scented bright- 
 yellow flowers in early spring ; smooth, with rounded 3-lobed and 
 cut-toothed leaves (which are rolled up in the bud), short racemes with 
 leafy bracts, and tube of the yellow calyx very much longer than the 
 spreading lobes ; the berries blackish, usually insipid. 
 
 XL. CRASSULACKSJ, OKPINE FAMILY. 
 
 Succulent plants, differing from the Saxifrage Family mainly 
 in the complete symmetry of the flowers, the sepals, petals, 
 stamens, and pistils equal in number, or the stamens of just 
 double the number; the pistils all separate and forming as 
 many (mostly many-seeded) little pods, except in Penthorum, 
 where they are united together. (Lessons, p. 81, Figs. 222- 
 225.) Penthorum, which is not succulent, is intermediate 
 between this family and the foregoing. Several are somewhat 
 monopetalous. 
 
 1. Leaves not at all fleshy, but thin and membranaceous ; the 5 ovaries united into 
 one 5-horned 5-celled pod ; no scales behind the ovaries. 
 
 1. PENTHORUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, small, or usually none. Stamens 10. Pod open- 
 
 Ing by the falling away of ihc 5 beaks, many-seeded. Barely the parts are in sixes or 
 sevens. 
 
 2. Leaves thickened and succulent ; ovaries separate, a minute scale behind each. 
 * Petals separate ; sepals nearly so or united at the base. 
 
 2. 8EMPERVIVUM. Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 6-12 or even more, and stamens 
 
 twice as many. Plants usually multiplying by leafy offsets, on which the leaves are 
 
 crowded in close tufts like rosettes. 
 8. 8EDUM. Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 4 or 5 ; the stamens twice as many, the 
 
 alternate ones commonly adhering to the base of each petal. 
 4. CRASSULA. Sepals or lobes of the calyx, petals, stamens, and many-seeded pistils 5. 
 
 Perennial herbs or fleshy-shrubby plants, with flowers in cymes or clusters.
 
 ORPINE FAMILY. 171 
 
 * * Petals united by their edges below, and bearing the stamens. 
 -i- Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted ; pistils 5. 
 
 5. KOCHEA. Corolla salver-form, longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. 
 
 6. COTYLEDON. Corolla urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or cylindrical, sometimes 5-ngled. 
 
 Stamens 10. 
 
 +- +- Calyx and corolla both 4-lobed at summit ; pistils 4. 
 
 7. BRYOPHYLLUM. Calyx Inflated, shortly 4-toothed, the lobes of the corolla at length 
 
 projecting and spreading. Stamens 8, projecting on slender filaments. Leaves 
 opposite, petioled, simple or odd-pinnate, crenato. 
 
 1. PENTHORUM, DITCH STONECROP. (Name from Greek, 
 alluding to the parts of the flower being in fives.) If. 
 
 P. sedoldes, Linn. Wet places, especially by roadsides ; a homely 
 weed, about 1 high, with alternate lanceolate and serrate leaves, and 
 yellowish-green inconspicuous flowers loosely spiked on the upper side of 
 the branches of an open cyme, all summer and autumn. 
 
 2. SEMPERVIVUM, HOUSELEEK. (Latin for live-forever.) % 
 
 S. tectdrum, Linn. COMMON HOUSELEEK, HEN-AND-CHICKENS, ADAM- 
 AND-EVE, OLD- MAN- AND- WOMAN. Propagating abundantly by offsets on 
 short and thick runners ; leaves of the dense clusters oval or obovate, 
 smooth except the margins, mucronate ; those on the flowering stems 
 scattered, oblong, clammy-pubescent, as well as the clustered purplish or 
 greenish flowers ; sepals, petals, and pods mostly 12. Cult, in country 
 gardens, and used for carpet bedding ; rarely flowering, in summer. The 
 common country names refer to the companionship of the plants due to 
 their method of propagation. (Lessons, Figs. 91, 191.) 
 
 3. SEDUM, STONECROP, ORPINE. (From Latin sedeo, sit, i.e. 
 upon rocks, walls, etc.) The following are all smooth perennials, and 
 hardy N., except the first species. Many others are cult., but are not 
 common. 
 
 1. Leaves flat and broad, oblong, obovate, or rounded. 
 * The lower ones, at least, whorled in threes. 
 
 S. Siebbldii, Sweet. SIEBOLD'S S. Cult, from Japan, mostly in pots ; 
 with slender and weak or spreading stems, glaucous and mostly reddish- 
 tinged, round, and often concave leaves (!' or less long), with a wedge- 
 shaped base, and wavy-toothed margin, all in whorls up to the cyme of 
 rosy-purple flowers, which all have their parts in fives. 
 
 S. tern&tum, Michx. THREE-LEAVED S. Wild in rocky woods from 
 N. Y., S. and W., and in gardens; with spreading stems creeping at 
 base and rising 3'-6' when they blossom ; the lower leaves wedge-obovate 
 and whorled; the upper oblong and mostly scattered, about \' long; 
 flowers white, the first or central- one with parts generally in fives, the 
 others sessile along the upper side of the usually 3 spreading branches 
 and mostly with their parts in fours ; in late spring. 
 
 * * All or most of the leaves alternate ; flowers in a corymb-like, terminal 
 cyme, purple or purplish, in summer ,' all with their parts in fives. 
 
 S. Telephium, Linn. GARDEN ORPINE or LIVE-FOREVER. Cult, from 
 Eu. in old country gardens ; erect, about 2 high, with oval and mostly 
 wavy-toothed, pale, and thick leaves ; small and dull-colored flowers hi a 
 compound cyme, and short-pointed pods. Becoming a weed E.
 
 172 ORPINE FAMILY. 
 
 S. telephioldes, Michx. WILD O. or L. Dry rocks on mountains, 
 chiefly along the Alleghanies ; 6'-12' high, very like the last, but with 
 fewer flowers, and pods tapering into a slender style. 
 
 2. Leaves narrow and, thick, barely flattish or terete; low or creeping 
 plants. 
 
 S. acre, MOSSY S., or WALL PEPPER. Cult, from Eu., for edgings and 
 rock work, running wild in some places ; a moss-like little plant, forming 
 mats on the ground, yellowish-green, with very succulent and thick, 
 ovate, small, and crowded leaves, and yellow flowers in summer, their 
 parts in fives. 
 
 S. pulch^Uum, Michx. BEAUTIFUL S. Wild S. W. on rocks; also 
 cult, in gardens ; spreading and rooting stems, 4'-12' long ; leaves 
 crowded, terete, linear-thread-shaped ; flowers rose-purple, crowded on 
 the upper side of the 4 or 5 spreading branches of the cyme, their parts 
 mostly in fours, while those of the central or earliest flower are in fives ; 
 in summer. 
 
 S. sarmentdsum, Bunge. (Known in gardens as S. CARNEUM, var. 
 VARIEGATUM.) Cult, in borders, and for carpet bedding ; has creeping pink 
 stems, and the small leaves mostly opposite, sometimes in threes, linear, 
 flattish, acute, very pale green, and white-edged ; flowers yellow. China. 
 
 4. CRASSULA. (So named from the incrassated or thick leaves.) 
 House-plants, occasionally cult. , from Cape of Good Hope. 2/ 
 
 C. arborescens, Willd. Fleshy shrub, with glaucous roundish-obovate 
 leaves (2' long) tapering to a narrow base, and dotted on the upper face ; 
 the flowers rather large and rose-colored. ., 
 
 C. Idctea, Soland. Has greener and narrower-obovate leaves, connate 
 at the base in pairs, and a panicle of smaller white flowers. 
 
 C. falcata, Wendl. Has slightly woody stems, oblong and rather 
 falcate or curved leaves connate at base, 3'-4' long, powdery-glaucous, 
 and a compound cyme of many red sweet-scented flowers, the petals with 
 erect claws partly united below, and spreading abruptly above. 
 
 5. ROCHEA. (Named for a Swiss physician, Laroche.) Half-shrubby 
 succulent house-plants of the Cape of Good Hope. ^ 
 
 R. cocclnea, DC. Stems l-2 high, thickly beset with the oblong- 
 ovate (!' long) leaves up to the terminal and umbel-like, sessile cluster of 
 handsome flowers ; tube of the scarlet-red corolla, 1' long. 
 
 6. COTYLEDON. (From Greek word for a shallow cup.) House- 
 plants, not common. 2Z Many species are cult. 
 
 C. orbiculata, Linn. Half-shrubby, succulent plant, from Cape of 
 Good Hope, with opposite white-powdery or glaucous wedge-obovate 
 leaves (2'-4' long), and a cluster of showy red flowers (nearly 1' long) 
 raised on a slender naked petiole, the cylindraceous tube of the corolla 
 longer than the recurved lobes. 
 
 C. (or Echeveria} cocci nea, Cav. From Mex. ; is shrubby at base, with 
 the wedge-obovate, acute leaves in rosettes, and alternate and scattered 
 on the flowering stems ; flowers in a leafy spike, the 5-parted corolla not 
 longer than the spreading calyx, 5-angled at base, red outside, yellow within. 
 
 7. BRYOFHYLLUM. (Name of Greek words for sprout or bud and 
 leaf.} 11 
 
 B. calyclnum, Salisb. A scarcely shrubby, succulent plant, probably 
 from Mex., cult, in houses; with opposite petioled leaves, 3 or 5 pinnate
 
 SUNDEW FAMILY. 173 
 
 leaflets, or the upper of single leaflets, and an open panicle of large and 
 rather handsome, hanging green flowers, tinged with purple ; the calyx is 
 oblong and bladdery ; out of it the tubular corolla at length projects, and 
 has 4 slightly spreading acute lobes; the leaflets oval, 2'-3' long, 
 crenate ; when laid on the soil, or kept in a moist place, they root and 
 bud at the notches, and produce little plants. 
 
 XII DROSERACKE, SUNDEW FAMILY. 
 
 Bog-herbs, with regular flowers, on scapes ; leaves in a tuft 
 at the root, glandular-bristly or bristly-fringed, and rolled up 
 from the apex in the bud, in the manner of Ferns ; the per- 
 sistent sepals and withering-persistent petals each 5 ; stamens 
 5-15, with their anthers turned outward ; and a 1-celled many- 
 seeded pod. Kepresented here by two genera of insectivorous 
 plants. (See Lessons, p. 154.) 
 
 1. DEOSERA. Stamens 5. Styles 3-5, but 2-parted, so as to seem like &-10. Ovary with 
 
 8 (rarely 5) parietal placentae. Reddish-colored and sticky-glandular. 
 
 2. DION^EA. Stamens 15. Style 1 ; stigma lobed and fringed. Ovules and seeds all at 
 
 the broad base of the ovary and pod. Leaves terminated by a bristly-bordered fly- 
 trap. 
 
 1. DROSERA, SUNDEW. (Name means in Greek dewy, the gland 
 surmounting the bristles of the leaves producing a clear and dew-like 
 drop of liquid, which is glutinous, and serves to catch small insects.) 
 Flowers small, in a 1-sided spike or raceme, each opening only once, 
 in sunshine, in summer. ^ 
 
 * Flowers small, white ; leaves with a blade. 
 
 D. rotundif61ia, Linn. ROUND-LEAVED S. The commonest species In 
 peat bogs ; with round leaves on long, hairy petioles, spreading in a tuft. 
 When a small fly or other insect is caught by the sticky glands on the 
 upper face of the leaf, the bristles of the outer rows very slowly turn 
 inwards, so that their glands help to hold the prey. 
 
 D. intermedia, Hayne, var. Americana, DC. In very wet bogs or 
 shallow water N. ; has spatulate-oblong leaves on naked petioles, some of 
 them erect. 
 
 D. brevif61ia, Pursh. SHORT-LEAVED S. Small; scape only 2'-5' 
 high, few-flowered ; leaves short, wedge-shaped. In wet sand, only at 
 
 * * Flowers rose-purple ; no blade to the leaf. 
 
 D. filif6rmis, Raf. THREAD-LEAVED S. Leaves erect, thread-shaped ; 
 scape 6'-12' high, from a bulb-like base ; flowers handsome, ' or more 
 broad. In wet sandy soil near the coast, from Plymouth, Mass., to Fla. 
 
 2. DION-5JA, VENUS'S FLYTRAP. (Named for the mother of 
 Venus.) y. Only one 
 
 D. muscfpula, Ellis. Grows in sandy bogs in N. and S. Car., but kept 
 in conservatories as a curiosity. (Lessons, Figs. 176, 492.) Flowers 
 white, borne in an umbel-like cyme on a scape 1 high, in spring.
 
 174 WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY. 
 
 XLH HAMAMELLDEJ), WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, deciduous 
 stipules, small flowers in heads, spikes, or little clusters, the 
 calyx united below with the base of the 2-styled ovary, which 
 forms a hard or woody 2-celled and 2-beaked pod, opening at 
 the summit. Stamens and petals inserted on the calyx. 
 
 1. Shrubs, with perfect or merely polygamous flowers, a regular calyx, and a single 
 ovule, becoming a bony seed, suspended from the top of each cell. 
 
 1. HAMAMELIS. Flowers In small clusters in the axils of the leaves, expanding late in 
 
 autumn, ripening the seeds the next summer. Calyx 4-parted. Petals 4, strap- 
 shaped. Stamens 8, very short ; the 4 alternate with the petals bearing anthers, the 
 4 opposite them imperfect and scale-like. Styles short. Pod with an outer coat 
 separating from the inner. 
 
 2. FOTHERGILLA. Flowers in a scaly-bracted spike, in spring, rather earlier than the 
 
 leaves. Calyx bell-shaped, slightly 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, 
 rather showy, the long and club-shaped filaments bright white. Styles slender. Pod 
 hairy. 
 
 2. Tree, with monoecious small flowers, in dense heads or clusters, destitute both of 
 calyx and corolla, the fertile with many ovules in each cell, but only one or two 
 ripening into scale-like seeds. 
 
 8. LIQUIDAMBAR. Heads of flowers each with a deciduous involucre of 4 bracts, the 
 sterile in a conical cluster, consisting of numerous short stamens with little scales 
 intermixed ; the fertile loosely racemed or spiked on a drooping peduncle, composed 
 of many ovaries (surrounded by some little scales), each with 2 awl-shaped beaks, all 
 cohering together and hardening in fruit. 
 
 1. HAMAMELIS, WITCH-HAZEL. (An old Greek name.) 
 
 H. Virginiana, Linn. Tall shrub, of damp woods, with the leaves 
 obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, straight-veined like a Hazel, slightly 
 downy ; the yellow flowers remarkable for their appearance late in 
 autumn, just as the leaves are turning and about to fall. Seeds ripening 
 the following year, and forcibly ejected from the capsule through hygro- 
 scopic action. 
 
 2. FOTHEROILLA. (Named for Dr. Fothergill of London, an early 
 botanist.) 
 
 F. Gard&ni, Linn. Low, rather ornamental shrub, in swamps, from 
 Va. S., with oval or obovate, straight-veined leaves, toothed at the sum- 
 mit and often hoary beneath, the white flowers in spring. 
 
 3. LIQUIDAMBAR, SWEET GUM TEEE or BILSTED. (Names 
 allude to the fragrant juice or balsam which exudes from the trunk.) 
 
 L. Styraciflua, Linn. The only species of this country ; a large and 
 beautiful tree in low grounds, from S. N. Eng. to 111., and especially S., 
 with fine-grained wood, gray bark forming corky ridges on the branches, 
 and smooth and glossy, deeply 5-7-lobed leaves, which are fragrant when 
 bruised, changing to deep crimson in autumn, their triangular lobes 
 pointed and beset with glandular teeth ; greenish flowers appearing with 
 the leaves in early spring. Cult
 
 MYRTLE FAMILY. 175 
 
 XLHI. HALORAGE^E, WATER MILFOIL FAMILY. 
 
 Contains a few insignificant aquatic or marsh plants, with 
 very small greenish flowers, sessile in the axils of the (often 
 whorled) leaves or bracts, a single ovule and seed suspended 
 in each of the 1-4 cells of the ovary, and 1-8 stamens ; all of 
 them too obscure and unimportant for record here. The 
 species are fully treated in the Manual 
 
 XLIV. MYRTACEJ1, MYRTLE FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with simple, entire, and mostly aromatic 
 leaves, punctate with pellucid or resinous dots, no stipules, 
 perfect flowers, calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its throat, 
 or a disk bordering it, bearing the petals and numerous 
 stamens ; style and stigma single. A large family in the 
 tropics and southern hemisphere, here commonly known only 
 by a few house-plants, or grown for fruit or ornament far S., 
 which may be briefly noted as follows : 
 
 1. Myrtus communis, Linn. COMMON MYRTLE. From the Mediter- 
 ranean region ; smooth, with ovate or lance-ovate, opposite, shining 
 leaves, small in the variety usually cultivated ; peduncles in their axils 
 hearing a small white or rose-tinged flower (sometimes full double), fol- 
 lowed by a black berry, containing several kidney-shaped seeds. 
 
 2. Eugenia Jambos, Linn. ROSE APPLE. From India ; smooth, with 
 opposite, shining, long, and lanceolate leaves, and clusters of large white 
 flowers, with their long stamens most conspicuous ; the calyx tube 
 dilated and prolonged beyond the ovary, which forms a large edible 
 berry, like a small apple, scentless, but when eaten, of a rose-like savor ; 
 seeds very few, large. 
 
 3. Psidium Guyava, Linn. GUAVA. With oval, feather-veined, opposite 
 leaves, pubescent beneath, and one or two white flowers at the end of an 
 axillary peduncle ; the fruit a large and pear-shaped yellowish berry, 
 which is edible, and from which Guava jelly is made in the West Indies. 
 The WHITE, PEAR, and APPLE GTTAVAS are of this species. P. POMf- 
 FERUM and P. pYRfFERUM are forms of this species. The plant is prob- 
 ably native to tropical America, although now widely distributed. 
 
 P. Cattleianum, Sabine. CATTLE Y GUAVA. Has obovate, and thick, 
 and shining leaves, and a small reddish fruit, which lacks the muskiness 
 of the common sorts. 
 
 4. Callistemon lanceolatus, Sweet. Of Australia, called BOTTLE BRUSH, 
 on account of the appearance of the flowers (sessile all round the stem 
 below the later leaves) with their very long, deep red stamens ; the 5 
 petals small and falling early ; the fruit a small, many-seeded pod, open- 
 ing at the top; the alternate lanceolate leaves remarkable for being 
 turned edgewise by a twist at their base, as in many related Myrtaceous 
 plants of Australia.
 
 176 MELASTOMA FAMILY. 
 
 XLV. MELASTOMACRffi, MELASTOMA FAMILY. 
 
 Plants with opposite and simple 3-7-ribbed leaves, no stip- 
 ules, as many or twice as many stamens as petals, both inserted 
 in the throat of the calyx, anthers usually of peculiar shape, 
 and opening by a small hole at the apex. Flowers usually 
 handsome, but mostly scentless. None in common cultiva- 
 tion. 
 
 1. RHEXIA, DEERGRASS, MEADOW BEAUTY. (Name Greek, 
 application obscure.) Low, erect herbs of wet or sandy ground, com- 
 moner S., often bristly, at least on the margins of the sessile (or nearly 
 so) 3-5-ribbed leaves, with handsome flowers in a terminal cyme or 
 panicle. Tube of the calyx urn-shaped, adherent to the lower part of 
 the 4-celled ovary and continued beyond it into a short 4-toothed cup, 
 persistent ; petals 4, obovate ; stamens 8, with anthers opening by a 
 single, minute hole ; style slender ; stigma simple ; seeds numerous in 
 the pod, coiled like minute snail shells. Flowers summer. H 
 
 * Anthers linear and curved, with a sac-like base and usually a minute 
 spur; flowers in a panicle or loose cyme, peduncled. 
 
 R. Virginica, Linn. The common species N. in sandy swamps ; 6'- 
 20' high, with square stem almost winged at the angles ; ovate or lance-oval 
 leaves, gland, tipped hairs, and large, pink-purple flowers. 
 
 R. aristdsa, Britt. Branches more or less wing-angled ; leaves linear- 
 oblong, not nan-owed at base, the hairs few and not glandular ; flowers 
 bright purple ; the petals sparsely villous. N. J. to S. Car. 
 
 R. Mariana, Linn. 10'-24' high, with terete or 6-angled, branching 
 stem ; linear or lance-oblong leaves narrowed at base, and pale purple 
 flowers hairy outside. N. J. and Ky., S. 
 
 R. glabe'lla, Michx. Smooth, with a simple slender stem, lanceolate, 
 glaucous leaves, and large bright purple flowers. Pine barrens S. 
 
 R. stricta, Pursh. Stem tall and smooth, 4-winged, hairy at the 
 joints ; leaves lanceolate or nearly so and acute, 5-ribbed, bristly-serrate ; 
 flowers purple in a compound cyme, the calyx smooth and urn-shaped 
 with lanceolate lobes. Pine barrens, Ga., S. and W. 
 
 * * Anthers oblong and straight, destitute of any appendage. 
 
 -i- Flowers purple, few or solitary; leaves small (rarely 1' long), rounded- 
 ovate, ciliate with long bristles; stem square, smooth. 
 
 R. cili6sa, Michx. Stem 10'-12' high ; leaves bristly on the upper 
 face ; and calyx smooth. Bogs in pine barrens from Md. , S. 
 
 R. serrulata, Nutt. Stem 3'-6' high; leaves smooth above; calyx 
 bristly. Bog in pine barrens, Ga. and S. 
 
 *- -i- Flowers yellow, small, numerous, not casting the petals early, as do 
 the others ; stem Wangled, bristly, bushy branched above. 
 
 R. Ifctea, Walter. Stem 1 high, bristly; leaves lanceolate, or the 
 lower obovate, bristly-serrulate but smooth, acute ; calyx smooth. N. 
 Car., S. and W.
 
 LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 177 
 
 XLVI. LYTHEACEJ1, LOOSESTBIFE FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or herbs with the 1-4-celled, many-seeded ovary and 
 pod usually free from, but mostly inclosed in, the tube of the 
 calyx, the leaves not punctate, mostly opposite and entire, the 
 stamens on the throat of the calyx, with anthers opening 
 lengthwise. Flowers perfect, often dimorphous or trimor- 
 phous. To this family is now appended the Pomegranate, 
 which, although peculiar, is nearer to this than to the Myrtle 
 Family, to which it is often referred. 
 
 1. Ovary coherent with the calyx tube, becoming a fleshy fruit. Small tree. 
 
 1. PUNICA. Calyx tube colored (scarlet), thick and coriaceous, its top-shaped base cohe- 
 
 rent with the ovary, above enlarged and 5-7-lobed ; its throat bearing the 5-7 petals 
 and very many incurved stamens. Style slender. Ovary with many cells in two 
 sets, one above the other, and very many ovules in each. Fruit large, globular, 
 crowned with the calyx lobes, berry-like, but with a hard rind ; the numerous seeds 
 coated with a juicy edible pulp. 
 
 2. Ovary free from the calyx tube, becoming a 1-6-celled pod. 
 * Stamens indefinitely numerous. Small tree. 
 
 2. LAGERSTROZMIA. Calyx 6-lobed. Petals 6, very wavy-crisped, raised on slender 
 
 claws, borne on the throat of the calyx. Stamens borne in the bottom of the calyx, 
 
 very long and slender, 6 outermost larger than the rest. Style very slender. Pod 
 
 oblong, thick, many-seeded, 3-6-celled, only the base covered by the persistent calyx. 
 * * Stamens 4-16, only as many or twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, inserted 
 
 lower down than the petals. Herbs or nearly so ; calyx mostly with projecting 
 
 folds, or accessory teeth between the proper teeth or lobes. 
 
 +- Flowers regular or nearly so ; pod many-seeded, included in the calyx. 
 
 ++ Stamens 4. 
 8. KOTALA. Calyx short, bell-shaped, or nearly globose, with tooth-like appendages at 
 
 the sinuses. Stamens short. Petals 4. Capsule globular and 4-ceUed, septicidal. 
 
 Leaves (in ours) opposite. 
 4. AHMANNIA. Calyx short, 4-angled, generally with a horn-like appendage at each 
 
 sinus. Petals 4 and small, or none. Pod globular, 2-4-celled, opening irregularly. 
 
 Leaves opposite, narrow. 
 
 H- ++ Stamens more than 4. 
 6. LYTHRUM. Calyx cylindrical, &-12-ribbed or striate, with a minute appendage in each 
 
 sinus. Petals 5-7, mostly 6. Stamens 5-14. Style slender. Pod oblong, 2-celled. 
 
 Leaves sessile. 
 
 6. DECODON. Calyx short, bell-shaped, or hemispherical, with prominent projections 
 
 between the teeth. Stamens 8 or 10 (rarely more), twice as many as the petals, in 2 
 sets, with long projecting filaments. Style slender. Pod globular, S-5-celled. Leaves 
 mostly whorled in threes, or opposite. Flowers trimorphous. 
 
 -f- +- Flowers irregular ; pod mostly few-seeded. 
 
 7. CUPHEA. Calyx elongated, mostly many-ribbed, gibbous, spurred, or with a sac-like 
 
 projection at base on the upper side, oblique at the mouth, which has 6 proper 
 teeth, and usually as many intermediate accessory ones or processes. Petals mostly 
 6, with claws, and very unequal, the two upper ones larger ; sometimes all or part 
 wanting. Stamens 11 or 12, unequal. Ovary flat, 2-celled, but one cell smaller and 
 sterile or empty. Pod inclosed in the calyx, and bursting through it on the lower side. 
 GRAY'S r. F. & G. EOT. 12
 
 178 LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 
 
 1. FT7NICA, POMEGEANATE. (The name means Carthaginian.') 
 
 P. Granatum, Linn. Tree cult, from the Orient as a house plant N. 
 and for its fruit S. ; smooth, with small oblong or obovate obtuse leaves, 
 either opposite or scattered, mostly clustered on short branchlets ; the 
 flowers short-stalked, usually solitary, large, both calyx and corolla bright 
 scarlet, with 5-7 petals, or full double ; the seedy fruit as large as a small 
 apple. 
 
 2. LAGERSTRCTJMIA, CRAPE MYRTLE. (Named for a Swedish 
 
 naturalist, Lagerstrozm.) 
 
 L. Indica, Linn., from E. Indies; planted for ornament from Wash- 
 ington, S., and in conservatories N. ; shrub with smooth, ovate or oval 
 opposite, leaves, and panicles of very showy pale rose or flesh-colored 
 large flowers, remarkable for the wavy-crisped petals and long silky -tufted 
 stamens. 
 
 3. ROT AT. A. ( Wheel-shaped.') One inconspicuous marsh herb in our 
 
 region. 
 
 R. ram6sior, Koehne. Plant 3'-8' high, with narrow leaves tapering 
 to the base ; very small, sessile flowers in the axils, solitary or rarely 3 
 together. Mass, to Fla. and W. 
 
 4. AMM ANNIA. (Named for Paul Ammann, an early German bofc- 
 anist.) Low insignificant herbs in wet places S., with small, greenish 
 flowers in the axils of the narrow leaves. (D 
 
 A. cpccfnea, Rottb. Leaves linear-lanceolate, with an auricled base ; 
 flowers in dense subsessile axillary cymes. N. J. to Fla. and W. 
 
 5. LYTHRTJM, LOOSESTRIFE. (Name in Greek for blood; appli- 
 cation obscure.) Flowers summer. 
 
 * Flowers small and few; stamens 1 or less. 
 
 L. Hyssopif6lia, Linn. Leaves small and narrow, obtuse, longer 
 than the very small, pale purple flowers ; stamens 4-6 included. Low 
 (6'-10'), in marshes from Me. to N. J. 
 
 L. alatum, Pursh. Low grounds W. and S. ; nearly smooth, slender, 
 2-3 high, above and on the branches with margined angles, very leafy ; 
 the small leaves oblong, the uppermost not longer than the small flowers 
 in their axils ; petals 6, purple ; stamens 6, in some flowers exserted. y. 
 
 * * Flowers showy, in spicate clusters ; stamens 8 or more. 
 
 L. Salicaria, Linn. SPIKED L. With stems 2-3 high ; leaves broad- 
 lanceolate, and often with a heart-shaped base, in pairs or threes ; flowers 
 crowded in their axils and forming a wand-like spike, rather large, with 
 6 or rarely 7 lance-oblong pink petals, and twice as many stamens of two 
 lengths. Sparingly wild N. E. in wet meadows, and cult ; Eu. 2J 
 
 6. DECODON. (Name from Greek for ten-toothed.) %. 
 
 D. verticillatus, Ell. Common E. and S. in very wet places ; smooth 
 or minutely downy, with long, recurving branches (2-8 long), lanceolate 
 leaves, mostly in threes, the upper with clustered, short-stalked flowers in 
 their axils, 5 wedge-lanceolate rose-purple petals, and 10 stamens of two 
 or three lengths.
 
 EVENING PKIMROSE FAMILY. 179 
 
 7. CUPHEA. (Name from Greek, means gibbous or curved, from the 
 shape of the calyx.) Leaves chiefly opposite ; flowers all summer. 
 * Annuals. 
 
 C. viscosissima, Jacq. CLAMMY C. Sandy fields from Conn, to 111. 
 and S. ; a rather homely herb, l-2 high, branching, clammy-hairy, with 
 lance-ovate leaves ; small flowers somewhat racemed along the branches 
 and ovate pink petals on short claws. 
 
 C. lanceolata, DRYAND (or C. SILENO^DES). Cult, from Mexico ; clammy- 
 hairy, 1 high, with lance-oblong or lanceolate leaves tapering at base 
 into short petiole, and rather large flowers, some racemed on the branches ; 
 calyx purplish, almost 1' long, ovoid at base and with a tapering neck ; 
 petals blood-purple or crimson, rounded, the 2 larger ' in diameter. 
 
 * * Perennials, more or less woody at base. 
 
 C. hyssopifdlia, HBK. A diffuse plant usually grown in pots, with 
 small and linear-oblong spreading leaves, and solitary, little, pinkish 
 flowers which, including the slender pedicels, are scarcely longer than the 
 leaves. Mex. 
 
 C. Ignea, DC. (or C. PLATYCENTRA). Cult, from Mexico, both in 
 greenhouses and for borders, flowering through the season ; slightly 
 woody at base, 8' -12' high, forming masses, thickly beset with the ovate 
 or lance-ovate acute, smooth, and glossy bright green leaves, with bright 
 vermilion flowers between each pair, the calyx narrow and tubular, 
 almost 1' long, with a short and very blunt spur at base, the short border 
 and teeth dark violet edged on the upper side with white ; petals none. 
 
 XLVII. ONAGRACEJ!, EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, generally without stipules ; the 
 parts of the perfect and symmetrical flowers in fours (rarely 
 in two to sixes) throughout; the tube of the calyx usually 
 prolonged more or less beyond the adherent ovary, its lobes 
 valvate in the bud, its throat bearing the petals (convolute in 
 the bud), and as many or twice as many stamens ; styles always 
 united into one. Embryo filling the seed ; no albumen. Com- 
 prises many plants with showy blossoms. (Lopezia has irregu- 
 lar flowers with only one perfect stamen.) 
 
 * Capsule dry and dehiscent, 2-6-celled, and the cells oo -seeded. 
 +- Seeds comose : i.e. furnished with a tuft of long and soft hairs at one end. 
 
 1. EPILOBIUM. Calyx with tube scarcely at all extended beyond the linear ovary. 
 
 Petals 4. Stamens 8. 
 
 2. ZAUSCHNEEIA. Calyx extended much beyond the linear ovary into a ftinnel-shaped 
 
 tube, with an abruptly inflated base where it joins the ovary, and with 4 lobes as 
 long as the 4 oblong-obcordate petals, both of bright scarlet color. Stamens 8 and, 
 as well as the long style, projecting. 
 
 -i- -i- Seeds naked, i.e. without a downy tuft. 
 
 H- Flowers regular and symmetrical, but often without petals ; the calyx tube not 
 extended beyond the broad summit of the ovary, on which the green lobes mostly 
 persist ; style usually short ; stigma capitate. 
 
 8. JUSSI^EA. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, petals, and cells of the 
 pod ; i.e. 8 or 10, rarely 12.
 
 180 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 
 
 4. LUDWIGIA. Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and cells of the pod, almost 
 
 always 4. Petals 4, often small, or none. 
 
 5. CLARKIA. Calyx tube barely continued beyond the ovary into a very short, funnel- 
 
 form cup. Petals broad, wedge-shaped or rhombic, sometimes 8-lobed, raised on a 
 slender claw. Stamens 8, with slender filaments, the alternate ones shorter ; anthers 
 carved or coiled after opening, those of the short stamens much smaller, or deformed 
 and sterile. Stigmas 4, oval or oblopg. Pod linear and tapering upwards, 4-sided. 
 Flowers never yellow. 
 
 ++ ++ Flowers regular and symmetrical; calyx tube extended more or less beyond the 
 ovary, the lobes mostly reflexed; petals 4. 
 
 6. EUCHAEIDIUM. Calyx tube much prolonged and slender beyond the ovary. Petals 
 
 wedge-shaped and 8-lobed at summit, tapering into a short claw. Stamens only 4, 
 on slender filaments. Stigmas 2 or 4. Pod oblong-linear. Seeds slightly wing- 
 margined. Flowers never yellow. 
 
 7. CENOTHERA. Calyx tube generally much prolonged beyond the ovary. Petals 
 
 usually obovate or obcordate, with hardly any claw. Stigmas 4, long and slender 
 (rarely discoid). Stamens 8. Flowers yellow or white, or rose-red. 
 
 8. GODETIA. Calyx tube beyond the linear or spindle-shaped ovary, inversely conical 
 
 or funnel-shaped. Flowers open by day, scentless. Petals broad and fan-shaped 
 or wedge-shaped, the truncate summit generally eroded, lilac-purple, rose-color, or 
 sometimes white. Stigma with 4 linear or short and broad lobes. Anthers erect 
 (stamens 8) on short (the alternate ones on very short) and broadish filaments, curv- 
 ing after opening. 
 
 ** -H- -H. Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical ; calyx tube not extended. 
 
 9. LOPEZIA. Flowers small. Calyx with 4 linear purplish lobes. Petals with claws, 4, 
 
 turned towards the upper side of the flower, the two uppermost narrower and 
 with a callous gland on the summit of the claw, and what seems to be a fifth small 
 one (but is a sterile stamen transformed into a petal) stands before the lower lobe 
 of the calyx. Fertile stamen only one with an oblong anther. Style slender ; 
 stigma entire. Pod globular. 
 
 * Fruit a berry, ^-celled. 
 
 10. FUCHSIA. Flowers showy ; the tube of the highly colored calyx extended much 
 
 beyond the ovary, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or tubular, the 4 lobes spreading. 
 Petals 4. Stamens 8. Style long and thread-shaped; stigma club-shaped or 
 capitate. 
 
 * Capsule indehiscent, \-4-celled, the cells generally \ -seeded. 
 +- Parts of the flower in twos. 
 
 11. CIRC^EA. Delicate low herbs, with opposite thin leaves, and very small whitish 
 
 flowers in racemes. Calyx with 2 reflexed lobes, its tube slightly prolonged beyond 
 the 1-2-celled ovary, which becomes a 1-2-seeded little bur-like fruit, covered with 
 weak hooked bristles. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2. Style slender, tipped 
 with a capitate stigma. 
 
 +- +- Parts of the flower in threes or fours. 
 
 12. GAURA. Herbs with alternate sessile leaves, and small or smallish flowers in racemes 
 
 or spikes. Calyx with slender tube much prolonged beyond the 4-celled ovary. 
 Petals 4 (rarely 8), on claws, mostly turned toward the upper side of the flower. 
 Stamens 8 (or 6), these and the long style turned down ; a little scale-like appen- 
 dage before the base of each filament. Fruit small, 4-angled or ribbed, 1-4-seeded, 
 dry and nut-like. 
 
 18. TRAPA. Aquatic herbs with leaves of two forms ; those submerged opposite and 
 pinnatisect, the floating ones clustered, rhomboid and dentate. Petals and stamens 
 4. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a large, top-shaped, very hard, nut-like fruit with 2 or 
 4 horns-
 
 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 181 
 
 1. EFH.OBIUM, WILLOW-HERB. (Three Greek words meaning 
 violet on a pod.) Flowers summer. The pods opening give to the 
 winds great numbers of the downy-tufted seeds. 2/ 
 
 * Flowers large and showy, in a long spike or raceme, the widely spread- 
 ing petals on short claws, the stamens and long style bent downwards, 
 and the stigma of 4 long lobes; lower leaves alternate. 
 
 E. angustif61ium. Linn. GREAT W. or FIREWEED. One of the 
 plants that spring up abundantly, everywhere northward, where forests 
 have been newly cleared and the ground burned over ; tall (4-7 high) 
 and simple-s,temmed, smooth, with lanceolate leaves, and a long succes- 
 sion of pink-purple flowers. 
 
 * * Flowers small (save in the first} in corymbs or panicles terminating 
 the branches, with petals, stamens, and style erect, and all the lower 
 leaves opposite ; stem l-2 high. 
 
 - Stigma 4-parted ; flowers showy. 
 
 E. hirsutum, Linn. Nat. from Eu. in E. States, and sometimes 
 cult. ; a stout branching plant 3-6 high, densely sofl^hairy ; leaves 
 mostly opposite and lance-oblong, finely serrate ; flowers bright purple, 
 about 1' across, in a loose, leafy, terminal raceme. 
 
 t- <- Stigma clavate ; flowers small and mostly rather inconspicuous. 
 
 M- Leaves more or less revolute, small and narrow, entire or very nearly 
 so. All in bogs N. 
 
 E. paliistre, Linn. Slender and low (6'-12' high), often simple, 
 finely pubescent, the stem more or less angled or marked with hairy 
 lines; leaves erect or ascending, equaling the nodes, sessile, linear or 
 elliptic-oblong and obtuse ; capsules either pubescent or nearly glabrous, 
 mostly shorter than the slender peduncles. 
 
 E. lineare. Muhl. Taller and more branched, minutely hoary-pubes- 
 cent, the stem terete and with only a trace of hairy lines, or none ; leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, tapering to a short but distinct petiole, somewhat acute; 
 capsule hoary, the pedicels as long as the leaves. 
 
 E. strictum, Muhl. Densely pubescent, with soft and spreading, 
 somewhat glandular whitish hairs, l-3 high ; leaves broader, obtuse 
 and veiny, very short-petioled or sessile. 
 
 *+ * Leaves not revolute, rather broad and thin, prominently toothed. 
 All in wet places N. 
 
 E. coloratura. Muhl. More or less hoary and glandular-pubescent, 
 l-3 high, with angled stems ; leaves lanceolate, sharply denticulate and 
 acute, narrowed into a conspicuous petiole ; flowers pale and more or less 
 nodding, with pedicels shorter than the leaves ; seeds not prolonged at 
 top. Common. 
 
 E. adenocaiilon, Haussk. More glandular, with blunter and less 
 toothed leaves which are abruptly contracted into very short petioles; 
 flowers erect, and seeds slightly prolonged at the top. 
 
 E. glanduldsum, Lam. Nearly simple, and the pubescence above not 
 glandular ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, usually rounded into a sessile base, 
 more or less glandular-toothed. 
 
 2. ZAUSCHNERIA. (Named for H. Zauschner, a Bohemian bota- 
 nist.) 11 
 
 Z- Califdrnica, Presl. Cult, for ornament, from Gal., flowering through 
 late summer and autumn ; l-2 high ; the oval or lanceolate leaves and
 
 182 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 
 
 the pods with downy-tufted seeds resembling those of Epilobium, but the 
 handsome scarlet flowers more like those of a Fuchsia ; these are single 
 and sessile in the axils of the upper and alternate leaves, or at length 
 somewhat raceined, about 2' long. 
 
 3. JUSSLSIA. (Named for Bernard de Jussieu.~) Leaves entire. 
 Flowers yellow and axillary, all summer. 2/ 
 
 J. deciirrens, DC. Wet grounds, Va. to 111. and S. Erect stems 
 and slender branches margined or winged in lines proceeding from the 
 bases of the lanceolate leaves, smooth throughout; flowers sessile or 
 short-stalked, with 4 lobes of calyx nearly as long as the petals, and 
 oblong-club-shaped 4-angled pod. 
 
 J. r&pens, Linn. Smooth, with creeping or floating and rooting stems, 
 oblong leaves tapering into a slender petiole ; long-peduncled flowers 
 1' or more across, with 5 calyx lobes, the cylindrical or club-shaped pods 
 tapering at the base. In water from S. 111. S. 
 
 Var. grandifldra, Michl. Marshes S. ; has hairy stems erect from 
 a creeping base ; lanceolate acute leaves ; flowers 2' in diameter, the 
 5 calyx lobes only half as long as the petals, and pods cylindrical and 
 stalked. 
 
 4. LUDWIGIA, FALSE LOOSESTRIFE. (Named for C. G. Ludwig, 
 an early German botanist.) Small marsh herbs, with entire leaves ; 
 flowers seldom handsome, in summer and autumn. ^ 
 
 1. Leave* alternate, mostly sessile. 
 
 * Flowers peduncled in the upper axils, with yellow petals (about ' long}, 
 equaling the leaf-like ovate or lance-ovate calyx lobes; stamens and 
 styles slender; pod cubical, strongly 4-angled, opening by a hole at the 
 top ; stems 2-3 long. 
 
 L. alternifdlia. Linn. SEEDBOX. Common E., the only one found 
 far N. ; smoothish, branching, with lanceolate leaves tapering to both 
 ends ; petals scarcely longer than calyx, and angles of pod wing- 
 margined. 
 
 L. virgata, Michx. Downy, with mostly simple stems ; blunt, oblong 
 leaves or the upper linear and smaller ; and petals twice the length of the 
 reflexed calyx. Pine barrens S. 
 
 L. hirt&la, Raf. Hairy, with simple stems ; oblong or lanceolate, 
 short and blunt leaves ; and petals twice as long as the barely spreading 
 calyx lobes. Pine barrens from N. J. S. 
 
 * * Flowers sessile in the upper axils, small, and with pale yellow petals 
 about the length of the persistent calyx lobes; stamens and style short; 
 leaves on flowering stems narrow and linear. 
 
 L. linearis, Walt. Smooth, loosely branched, l-3 high, with acute 
 leaves on the flowering stems, but obovate ones on creeping runners ; 
 pods oblong-club-shaped or top-shaped, and much longer than the trian- 
 gular-ovate calyx lobes. Swamps from N. J. S. 
 
 * * * Flowers sessile, often clustered, and with no petals, or rarely mere 
 rudiments ; leaves mostly lanceolate, some species with obovate or spat- 
 ulate leaves on creeping runners ; flowering stems mostly 2-3 long ; 
 smooth or smoothish throughout. 
 
 L. cylindrica, Ell. Much branched, with long, lanceolate, and acute 
 leaves tapering into a petiole; small axillary flowers, and cylindrical 
 pods much longer than the small calyx lobes. 111. and N. Car. S. 
 andW.
 
 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 183 
 
 L. polycarpa, Short & Peter. Smooth leaves, narrowly lanceolate 
 and acute at both ends, with conspicuous slender bractlets at the base of 
 the 4-sided rather top-shaped pod, which is longer than the calyx lobes. 
 Mass. W. 
 
 L. capitata, Michx. Slender, simple stems, angled towards the top; 
 long lanceolate leaves ; flowers mostly crowded in an oblong or roundish 
 terminal head, and obtusely 4-angled pod longer than the calyx lobes. 
 N. Car. S. 
 
 L. alata, Ell. With simple or sparingly branched stems strongly 
 angled above ; few flowers in the axils of the upper wedge-lanceolate 
 leaves, and an inversely pyramidal pod as long as the white calyx lobes, 
 with concave sides and winged angles. N. Car. S. 
 
 2. Leaves opposite, obovate or spatulate, long-petioled, with small and 
 nearly sessile flowers in their axils ; stems creeping or floating. 
 
 L. paltistris, Ell. Common in ditches and shallow water; smooth, 
 with no petals, or small and reddish ones when the plant grows out of 
 water, and oblong, obscurely 4-sided pods' longer than the very short 
 calyx lobes. 
 
 L. natans. Ell. Larger than the foregoing, and with yellow petals as 
 long as the calyx lobes ; the pods tapering to the base. N. Car. S. 
 
 3. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, with a long-peduncled flower in the 
 axil of some of the upper ones ; stems creeping in the mud. 
 
 L. arcuata, Walt. From coast of Va. S. ; a small and smooth, deli- 
 cate plant, with oblanceolate leaves shorter than the peduncle ; yellow 
 petals, longer than the slender calyx lobes, and club-shaped somewhat 
 curved pod. 
 
 5. CLARKIA. (Named for Captain Clark, the explorer.) Herbs of 
 Ore. and Cal., with alternate, mostly entire leaves, and sliowy flowers 
 hi the upper axils, or the upper running into a loose raceme ; cult, for 
 ornament ; flowers summer. () 
 
 C. pulchella, Pursh. About 1 high, with narrow, lance-linear leaves, 
 deeply 3-lobed petals (purple, with rose-colored and white varieties), 
 bearing a pair of minute teeth low down on the slender claw, the lobes 
 of the stigma broad and petal-like. There is a partly double-flowered 
 variety. 
 
 C. e/egans, Dougl. Fully 2 high, commonly flowered in the conser- 
 vatory, with long branches ; lance-ovate or oblong leaves, the lower 
 petioled, lilac-purple entire petals broader than long, and much shorter 
 than their naked claw, smaller lobes to the stigma, and a hairy ovary and 
 pod. 
 
 6. EUCHARIDIUM. (Name from the Greek, means charming.) 
 
 . concinnum, Fisch & Mey. Of Gal., cult, for ornament; a low and 
 branching plant, like a Clarkia in general appearance, except in the long 
 tube to the calyx, and with ovate-oblong entire leaves on slender petioles, 
 and middle-sized rose-purple or white flowers, in summer. 
 
 7. CENOTHERA, EVENING PRIMROSE. (Greek, application ob- 
 scure.) Very many species, all originally American, and most of 
 them from the U. S., especially from S. W. and W. The following are 
 the principal common ones, both wild and cult, for ornament ; flowers 
 summer. (Pollen grains loosely connected by cobwebby threads, 
 strongly 3-lobed. See Lessons, p. 103, Fig. 316.)
 
 184 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 
 
 * YELLOW-FLOWERED EVENING PRIMROSES, properly so-called, the flowers 
 opening (usually suddenly) in evening twilight, and fading away when 
 bright sunshine returns ; odorous ; the yellow petals commonly obcordate. 
 
 -t- Stems elongated and leafy; pod cylindrical or spindle-shaped, ses- 
 sile. 
 
 CE. bi^nnis, Linn. COMMON E. Wild in open grounds, and the large- 
 flowered forms cult, for ornament ; erect, 2-5 high, hairy or smoothish, 
 with lance-oblong leaves, entire or obscurely toothed ; flowers at length 
 forming a terminal leafy-bracted spike, and petals obcordate ; calyx tips 
 appressed or contiguous. Runs into several varieties, of which the 
 largest and finest now cultivated belong to 
 
 Var. grandifl6ra, Lindl. From S. W., which is tall and stout, with 
 corolla 3'-4' in diameter ; the sudden opening at dusk is very striking. 
 
 CE. Oakeaiana, Robbins. In New Eng., has a more slender habit, 
 not hairy, the fine pubescence mostly appressed ; calyx tips not promi- 
 nently contiguous. 
 
 CE. rhombip^tala, Nutt. ' Wild on our western limits ; more slender, 
 hoary, 1-3 C high, the rather small flowers with rhombic ovate and acute 
 petals. 
 
 (E. Drummdndii, Hook. Cult, from Tex. ; has its stems spreading on 
 the ground, and large flowers, like those of the first, in the upper axils ; 
 the lance-ovate leaves, etc., soft-downy. 
 
 CB. sinuata, Linn. Wild from N. J. S. and W., in sandy ground; 
 low and spreading, hairy, with lance-oblong, sinuate or pinnatifid leaves ; 
 small flowers in their axils ; pale-yellow petals turning rose-color in 
 fading, and slender pods. 
 
 i- - Stems short and prostrate or scarcely any ; pod short, 1-winged. # 
 
 CE. trfloba, Nutt. Leaves pinnatifid and cut, like those of Dandelion, 
 smooth, all in a tuft at the surface of the ground, on the short crown, 
 which in autumn is crowded with the almost woody, pyramidal-ovate, 
 narrowly 4-winged sessile pods, forming a mass 3'-5' in diameter ; flowers 
 rather small, the slender tube of the calyx 4'-5' long, its lobes about as 
 long as the obscurely 3-lobed or notched pale-yellow petals, which turn 
 purplish in fading. Ky. W. and S. 
 
 CB. Missourie'iisis, Sims. Cult, from Mo. and Tex. ; finely hoary or 
 nearly smooth, with many short prostrate stems, 2'-12' long, from a 
 thick woody root ; crowded, lanceolate, entire or denticulate leaves, very 
 large and showy flowers in their axils, opening before sunset ; the tube 
 of the calyx somewhat enlarging upwards, 3'-7 ' long ; the bright yellow 
 corolla 4'-6' across ; pod with 4 very broad wings. 
 
 Var. Iatif61ia, Gray (or (E. MACROCARPA), is a form with larger and 
 greener leaves. 
 
 * * WHITE and RED-FLOWERED PRIMROSES, usually turning rose-colored 
 in fading, some of them opening in the daytime ; petals broadly obovate 
 or obcordate; flower buds commonly nodding. 
 
 (E. acaulis, Cav. (or (E. TARAXICIFOLIA). From Chile ; rather hairy, 
 at first stemless, at length forming prostrate stems, with pinnatifid or 
 pinnate leaves, after the manner of Dandelion (as one name denotes), 
 and very large flowers in the axils, tube of calyx 3 '-4' long, corolla 
 3'-5' across, and a woody, obovate and sharply 4-angled sessile pod. (f) 
 
 CB. apecidsa, Nutt. Of Mo. and Tex. ; not hardy in cult. N. ; pubes- 
 cent, with erect and branching stems 6 '-20' high ; lance-oblong, cut- 
 toothed leaves, the lower mostly pinnatifid ; flowers somewhat raceme* 
 at the summit, and opening in the daytime ; calyx tube rather club 
 shaped and not much longer than the ovary ; corolla 3'-4' across ; pod 
 club-shaped. ^
 
 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 185 
 
 GEJ. albicaulis, Nutt. With erect and white, often shreddy stems, 
 which are glabrous or nearly so, linear or oblong-lanceolate, entire or 
 repand-denticulate, or even sinuate-pinnatifid leaves, linear and sessile, 
 curved or twisted pods ; grows from W. Minn, to N. Mex. , and is cult. 2Z 
 
 (E. rdsea, Ait. MEXICAN PRIMROSE. Minutely downy, with slender 
 spreading stems 6'-24' high, ovate or lance-oblong leaves, the lower 
 sometimes rather pinnatifid, and red-purple diurnal flowers, 1' across in 
 leafy racemes ; pods club-shaped. Mex. (2) 
 
 * * * YELLOW-FLOWERED, DIURNAL PRIMROSES, sometimes called SUN- 
 DROPS, the blossoms opening in bright sunshine ; petals mostly obcordate ; 
 stems leafy ; leaves obscurely toothed or entire. Wild species of the 
 country, all but the last occasionally cultivated. % 
 
 <- Pod short-oblong or obovate, broadly ^-wing-angled. 
 
 CB. glafcca, Michx. Wild from Va. and Ky., near and in the moun- 
 tains S. ; l-2 high, smooth, pale and glaucous, leafy to the top ; leaves 
 ovate or lance-ovate ; corolla 2' or more in diameter. 
 
 t- - Pod club-shaped, somewhat ^-wing-angled above, with 4 intervening 
 ribs. 
 
 CE. frutic6sa, Linn. Wild in open places ; not shrubby, as the name 
 would imply ; hairy or nearly smooth, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, 
 somewhat corymbed flowers H'-2' in diameter, and short-stalked or 
 nearly sessile, more or less pubescent pods. 
 
 Var. linearis, Wats. Wild from Conn. S., near the coast; linear or 
 lance-linear leaves, and pods tapering into a slender stalk. A spreading 
 form is cultivated. 
 
 CB. piimila, Linn. In fields, etc. ; nearly smooth, 5-12' high, with 
 mostly simple, erect or ascending stein ; oblanceolate entire leaves, and 
 scattered flowers, the corolla less than 1 ' across, and smooth pods short- 
 stalked or sessile. 
 
 8. GODETIA. (Named for Charles Godet, botanist and entomologist 
 at Neufchatel.) Western American annuals, in gardens. The species 
 are often referred to (Enothera. 
 
 * Capsule ovate or oblong ; the seeds in 2 rows. 
 
 G. purpurea, Wats. Very leafy to the top, rather stout, 10'-20 high, 
 at length with many short branches ; leaves pale, lance-oblong, entire, 
 and sessile ; corolla l'-H' across, purple, with a dark eye ; short and 
 broad lobes of stigma dark-colored ; pods short and thick, rather conical, 
 hairy. 
 
 G. grandiflbra, Lindl. (or G. WnfTNETi). Stout and nearly simple, 
 with lanceolate leaves acute at both ends and borne on a short petiole, 
 entire or obscurely denticulate ; flowers 2' or more across, light-purple, 
 and usually with a purple spot in the center of each petal ; stigma lobes 
 linear ; capsule puberulent. 
 
 * * Capsule linear ; the seeds in a single row. 
 
 G. amcena, Lilja. (G. LINDLEYI and G. RCBICUNDA). Rather slender, 
 l-2 high ; leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or very nearly so, with 
 short petioles ; petals white or rose-colored, f'-lj' long, sometimes hairr 
 stigma lobes linear. 
 
 9. LOFEZIA. (Named for T. Lopez, an early Spanish naturalist.) 
 
 L. racemdsa, Cav. Cult, sparingly, from Mexico ; a slender, branch- 
 ing, nearly smooth plant, with alternate, ovate or lance-oblong leaves on
 
 186 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 
 
 slender petioles, the branches terminated with loose racemes of small 
 rose-pink or sometimes white flowers (only }' in diameter), on slender 
 pedicels from the axil of leafy bracts, produced all summer, followed by 
 very small round pods. 
 
 10. FUCHSIA. (Named for L. Fuchs, an early German botanist.) 
 Well-known, ornamental, tender, shrubby plants, or even trees, chiefly 
 natives of the Andes from Mexico to Fuegia, mostly smooth, with oppo- 
 site or ternately whorled leaves. The best known species are the fol- 
 lowing : ^ Erect . flowered species, 
 
 *- Flowers solitary ; plant dioecious. 
 
 F. procumbens, R. Cunn., from N. Zealand, is a trailing species with 
 small ovate leaves which are very light colored beneath, and small, apet- 
 alous, axillary flowers, with an orange calyx tube, and spreading or at 
 length reflexed, dark-purple, obtuse lobes. 
 
 -- -t- Flowers in a naked and compound terminal panicle-like cluster, 
 perfect. 
 
 F. arborescens, Sims. TREE F., from Mexico ; a stout shrub, with 
 oblong or lance-oblong entire leaves, acute at both ends and usually 
 whorled ; flowers light rose-color, J' long, with narrow, oblong, widely 
 spreading calyx lobes, and spreading petals rather longer than the tube, 
 about as long as the stamens and style. 
 
 * * Drooping-floioered species. 
 
 <- Short-flowered Fuchsias or Ladies 1 Eardrops, with the lobes of the nor- 
 mally red calyx longer than the tube and than the petals; the latter 
 normally violet or blue, obovate and retuse, convolute around the base 
 of the projecting filaments and still longer style; flowers hanging on 
 long peduncles from the axils of the leaves. Common conservatory 
 and house plants. 
 
 F. macrostSmma, Ruiz & Pav. The common species, in many forms ; 
 has dentate leaves on slender petioles ; calyx tube oblong or short-cylin- 
 drical, more or less shorter than the spreading lobes. The species now 
 greatly varied in color ; some varieties with calyx white or light and the 
 petals deeply colored, some with the reverse ; also double-flowered, the 
 petals being multiplied. Chile. F. coccfNEA, F. MAGELLAXICA, F. CON- 
 ICA, F. GRACILIS, and F. GLOB6sA are now commonly referred to this 
 species, although the last, with globular or ovoid calyx tube and nearly 
 globular small flowers, is perhaps specifically distinct. 
 
 -*- - Long-flowered Fuchsias, with trumpet-shaped or slightly funnel- 
 shaped tube of the calyx 2'-3' long, very much longer than the spread- 
 ing lobes, which little exceed the acute or pointed, somewhat spreading 
 petals ; stamens and style little projecting j flowers crowded into a rather 
 close, drooping raceme or corymb at the end of the branches ; leaves 
 large, 5'-7' long. The following species are seen only in choice 
 collections. 
 
 F. fulgens, Moc.. & Sesse, from Mexico ; smooth, with ovate, somewhat 
 heart-shaped leaves, and scarlet flowers, the lance-ovate calyx lobes often 
 tinged with green. 
 
 F. corymb/fldra, Ruiz & Pav., from Peru ; mostly pubescent, with lance- 
 oblong and taper-pointed, almost entire leaves, and red flowers, the lance- 
 olate calyx lobes and the lance-oblong petals taper-pointed, at length 
 widely spreading.
 
 LOASA FAMILY. 187 
 
 11. CIRCJEA, ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. (Named from Circe, 
 the enchantress, it is not obvious why ; the plants are insignificant and 
 inert, natives of damp woods, flowering in summer.) 2/ 
 
 C. Lutetiana, Linn. The common species, is l c -2 high, branching, 
 with ovate and slightly toothed leaves ; no bracts under the pedicels ; the 
 rounded little fruit 2-celled and beset with bristly hairs. 
 
 C. alpina, Linn. Common only N. or in mountainous regions ; smooth 
 and delicate, 3'-6' high, with thin and heart-shaped, coarsely toothed leaves, 
 minute bracts, and obovate or club-shaped fruit, 1-celled and soft-hairy. 
 
 12. GATJRA. (Name in Greek means superb, which these plants are 
 not.) Flowers all summer. 
 
 G. Lindheimeri, Engelm. & Gray, of Texas ; cult, for ornament, nearly 
 hardy N. ; about 3 high, hairy, with lanceolate, sparingly toothed leaves ; 
 long, weak branches producing a continued succession of handsome, white 
 flowers ; the calyx hairy outside ; petals nearly 1' long. ^ 
 
 G. bi^nnis, Linn. The common wild species ; 3-8 high, soft-hairy or 
 downy, with oblong-lanceolate obscurely toothed leaves, small, white, or 
 flesh-colored flowers, and downy fruit. 
 
 13. TRAP A, WATER CALTROPS or WATER CHESTNUT. (From 
 Latin for the Caltrops, a 4-spmed instrument for impeding naviga- 
 tion in tunes of war.) 
 
 T. ndtans, Linn. A curious water plant, occasionally cult., with small, 
 axillary, white flowers, and large nut-like fruits with 2 large and 2 smaller 
 horns. The seeds are eaten in parts of S. Eu., where the species is native. 
 
 XLVLn. LOASACRffi, LOASA FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs with rough pubescence, and some with, stinging bris- 
 tles, no stipules ; a 1-celled ovary coherent with the tube of the 
 calyx (which is little if at all extended beyond it), and mostly 
 with 3-5 parietal placentae, in fruit a pod, few-many-seeded ; 
 persistent calyx lobes and true petals mostly 5, and often an 
 additional inner set of petals ; stamens commonly numerous, 
 often in 5 clusters ; style single. 
 
 * Erect or spreading, not twining ; leaves alternate; petals flat. 
 
 1. MENTZELIA. Petals lanceolate, spatnlate, or obovate, deciduous. Filaments long 
 
 and slender, or some of the outermost broadened or petal-like, all inserted below the 
 petals. Anthers short and small. Style 8-cleft. Pod top-shaped, club-shaped, or 
 cylindrical, straight. Seeds few, rarely many, on 3 parietal placentae. Herbage 
 rough with short stiff pubescence, or bristly, but not stinging. 
 
 2. EUCXIDE. Differs in having the stamens united to the conjoined bases of the petals, 
 
 and with them felling off in a ring. Style 5-cleft. Seeds many and minute, on 5 
 broad placentae. Pod short. Flowers showy, yellow, opening in bright sunshine. 
 * * Tinning herbs ; leaves opposite, petioled ; petals hood-shaped or slipper-shaped. 
 8. BLUMENBACHIA. Petals 5, spreading, and as many scale-like small ones or append- 
 ages alternate with them. Stamens in 5 sets, one before each petal, with very slender 
 filaments ; also 10 sterile filaments, a pah- before each appendage. Ovary and many- 
 seeded pod, 10-ribbed, when old, spirally twisted and splitting lengthwise. Peduncles 
 axillary, mostly 1-flowered. Herbage beset with sharp bristles, commonly stinging 
 like nettles. Flowers on long axillary peduncles.
 
 188 LOASA FAMILY. 
 
 1. MENTZELIA. (Named for C. Mentzel, an early German botanist.) 
 Flowers summer or autumn. (2) Includes the BARrduiA of Nuttall. 
 
 1. Pod 3-9-seeded; flowers small, yellow, opening in sunshine. (2) 
 
 M. oligosperma, Nutt. Open dry ground from 111., S. W. ; a rough 
 and adhesive homely plant, with spreading brittle branches, ovate and 
 oblong angled or cut-toothed leaves, and yellow flowers less than 1' broad, 
 with 5 wedge-oblong pointed petals, and about 20 (or sometimes more) 
 slender filaments. 
 
 2. BART6xiA of authors, not of Muhlenberg. Pod mostly long, contain- 
 ing many or at least 20 cubical or flat seeds ; flowers large and showy ; 
 petals l'-2' long ; herbage rough. 
 
 M. Lindleyi, Torr. & Gray. Cult, from Cal., visually under the name 
 of BART6MA AtiREA. Plant l-2 high, with leaves lance-ovate in out- 
 line and deeply pinnatifid, their lobes linear ; flowers with 5 obovate and 
 pointed, bright yellow petals, opening hi sunshine, and the very numerous 
 filaments all slender. 
 
 M. ornata, Torr. & Gray. The BARTOXIA ORNATA of Nuttall, a very 
 large-flowered species of the plains of Nebraska and S. ; 2-4 high, with 
 oblong-lanceolate sinuate-pinnatifid leaves, and yellowish-white, fragrant 
 flowers opening at sunset or on a cloudy afternoon, leafy-bracted under 
 the ovary, and with 10 lance-ovate or spatulate, acute petals, about 2' 
 long, the 5 inner narrower, and the 200-300 filaments all slender ; seeds 
 very many and flat. Sometimes cult. (2) 
 
 M. nuda, Torr. & Gray. The BART6NIA NDA of Nuttall, of the same 
 district, and also in cultivation ; resembles the last, but has flowers of 
 half the size and without leafy bracts under the ovary ; outer filaments 
 mostly broadened ; seeds wing- margined. @ 
 
 2. ETJCNIDE. (Greek: well, nettle; probably in reference to the 
 sharp hairs.) The genus is often referred to Mentzelia. Known in 
 gardens by one species. 
 
 . barton ioldes, Zucc. (or MENTZELIA BARTONIOIDES or M. U!>NGIPES). 
 Cult, from Mex. and Tex. ; a tender succulent plant, branching and usu- 
 ally spreading pn the ground, bristly, with ovate cut-toothed or slightly 
 lobed leaves on slender petioles, and flowers mostly on still longer simple 
 peduncles (3'-6' long), the 5 ovate petals and very many slender fila- 
 ments fully 1' long. (I) 
 
 3. BLUMENB ACHIA. (Named for the distinguished German physi- 
 ologist, Blumenbach.) Includes CAIOPHORA, and species often referred 
 to LOASA. Flowers all summer. 
 
 B. insignis, Schrad. Cult, from Chile ; rather curious than orna- 
 mental, with palmately about 5-parted leaves ; small flowers with white 
 petals and yellow, red-tipped, inner appendages ; the pod obovate, slightly 
 twisted, with 5 strongly projecting placentae. (I) 
 
 B. lateritia, Gray. From South America, under the name of LOASA or 
 CAIOPHORA LATERfriA ; climbing freely ; with pinnatifid or pinnate leaves 
 of 5 or more lance-ovate divisions or leaflets, which are cut-toothed or 
 some of them again pinnatifid ; flowers almost 2' across, with brick-red 
 petals ; the long pod at length much twisted. 
 
 B. grandiflbra, G. Don (or B. CONTORTA). Is a greenhouse climber 
 with orange-red flowers, bearing cup-like scales within, and oblong or 
 ovate pinnatifid leaves, the lobes incised. Peru.
 
 PASSION FLOWER FAMILY. 189 
 
 XLIX. PASSIFLORACKfi, PASSION FLOWER FAMILY. 
 
 Represented mainly by the Passion flowers described below. 
 In conservatories may be found one or two species of TACSO- 
 NIA, differing from true Passion flowers in having a long tube 
 to the flowers ; also the true Papaw, CARICA PAPAYA. 
 
 1. PASSIFLORA, PASSION FLOWER. (Flower of the Passion ; 
 the early Roman Catholic missionaries in South America finding in 
 them symbols of the crucifixion, the crown of thorns in the fringes of 
 the flower, nails in the styles with their capitate stigmas, hammers to 
 drive them in the stamens, cords in the tendrils.) Herbs or woody 
 plants with alternate leaves and conspicuous stipules, climbing by 
 simple axillary tendrils ; the flowers also axillary, usually with 3 bracts 
 underneath, and a joint in the peduncle ; calyx with a very short tube 
 or cup, and 5 divisions which are colored inside like the petals, and 
 often with a claw-like tip ; petals 5 on the throat of the calyx, or some- 
 times none ; within them the conspicuous crown of numerous filaments 
 or rays, forming a double or more compound fringe ; stamens 5, with 
 narrow-oblong versatile anthers, then: filaments united in a tube below, 
 sheathing and adhering more or less to the long stalk which supports 
 the 1-celled ovary ; styles 3 ; stigmas capitate ; fruit berry-like, edible 
 in several species. 
 
 * Herbaceous. 
 
 *- Petals present, y. 
 
 P. lutea, Linn. Low grounds from S. Penn. to 111. and S. ; slender, 
 low-climbing, with the 3 short and blunt lobes of the leaves entire, and a 
 greenish-yellow flower of no beauty, barely l f wide. 
 
 P. incarnata, Linn. The fruit, called MAYPOP in S. States, edible, 
 as large as a hen's egg ; trailing or low-climbing, with deeply 3-cleft ser- 
 rate leaves, a pair of glands on the petiole, and one or more on the small 
 bracts, the purple crown of the handsome flower (2 '-3' across) rather 
 longer than the pale petals. Dry ground from Va. ajid Ky. S. 
 
 - - Petals absent. 
 
 P. grdci/is, Link. Slender herb, with roundish and slightly 3-lobed, 
 otherwise entire leaves, and whitish merely &-cleft flower only 1' in diam- 
 eter, destitute of true petals. Remarkable for the quick movement of its 
 tendrils. S. America. 
 
 # * Woody. South American. 
 *- Leaves palmately lobed ; flower widely spreading. 
 
 P. ccerulea, Linn. The COMMON or BLUE PASSION FLOWER. With 
 
 leaves very deeply cleft or parted into 5 or 7 lance-oblong, entire divisions, 
 pale ; and flower almost white, except the purple center and blue crown 
 banded with whitish in the middle. 
 
 P. edulis, Sims. GRANADILLA. The purplish edible fruit as large as a 
 goose egg ; leaves dark green and glossy, deeply cleft into 3 ovate, pointed 
 lobes beset with callous teeth ; bracts under the flower also toothed ; the 
 crown crisped, 2' across, whitish with a blue or violet base, as long as the 
 white petals.
 
 190 GOURD FAMILY. 
 
 i- - Leaves entire, feather-veined ; floicer bell-shaped. 
 
 P. quadrangularis, Linn. LARGE GRANADILLA. Very large, with the 
 branches 4-sided and the angles wing-margined ; leaves 4'-8' long, ovate 
 or oval, or slightly heart-shaped, bright green, with 2-4 pairs of glands on 
 the petiole ; flower about 3' long, fragrant, crimson-purple and the violet 
 or blue crown variegated with white. Fruit rarely formed here, edible, 
 6' long. 
 
 L. CTJCURBITACE^!, GOURD FAMILY. 
 
 Mostly tendril-bearing herbs, with succulent but not fleshy 
 herbage, watery juice, alternate palmately ribbed and mostly 
 lobed or angled leaves, monoecious or sometimes dioecious 
 flowers ; the calyx coherent with the ovary, corolla more com- 
 monly monopetalous, and stamens usually 3, of which one has 
 a 1-celled, the others 2-celled anthers ; but the anthers are 
 commonly tortuous and often all combined in a head, and the 
 filaments sometimes all united in a tube or column. Fruit 
 usually fleshy. Embryo large, filling the seed, straight, mostly 
 with flat or leaf-like cotyledons. 
 
 1. Flotcers large or middle-sized, on separate simple peduncles in the axils ; anthers 
 with long and narrow cells, bent up and down or contorted ; ovules and seeds 
 many, horizontal, on mostly S simple or double placenta ; fruit (of the sort 
 called a pepo) large, fleshy or pulpy with a harder rind. 
 
 * Both kinds of flowers solitary in the axils. 
 
 1. LAGENARIA. Tendrils 2-forked. Flowers musk-scented, with a funnel-form or bell- 
 
 shaped calyx tube, and 5 obcordate or obovate and mucronate white petals ; the sterile 
 on a long, the fertile on a shorter, peduncle. Anthers lightly cohering with each 
 other. Stigmas 3, each 2-lobed. Fruit with a hard or woody rind and soft flesh. 
 Seeds margined. Petiole bearing a pair of glands at the apex. 
 
 2. CUCURBITA. Tendrils 2-5-forked. Flowers large, with a bell-shaped or short funnel- 
 
 form 5-cleft yellow corolla, its base adherent to the bell-shaped tube of the calyx. 
 Stamens from the bottom of the flower ; anthers long-linear, much curved, all three 
 united Into a small head. Stigmas 8, each 2-lobed. Fruit fleshy with attrmer rind. 
 Seeds mostly margined. 
 
 8. CITRULLUS. Tendrils 2-8-forked. Flowers with a short bell-shaped calyx tube, and 
 a deeply 5-cleft, widely open, pale yellow corolla. Stamens with very short filaments ; 
 anthers lightly cohering. Stigmas 8, kidney-shaped. Seeds marginless, imbedded in 
 the enlarged pulpy placenta. 
 
 * Sterile flowers clustered, fertile ones solitary in the axils. 
 
 4. CUCUMIS. Tendrils simple. Corolla of 5 almost separate, acute petals. Stamens 
 
 separate ; anthers with only one bend. Stigmas 8, blunt. Fruit with a fleshy rind. 
 Seeds not margined. 
 
 2. Flowers of one or both sorts in racemes, panicles, corymbs, or long-stalked 
 clusters. 
 
 * Fruit large and gourd-like ; flowers large. 
 
 5. LTJFFA. Flowers cream-colored or orange, with obcordate or obovate petals ; the 
 
 staminate ones in a raceme on a long stalk ; the pistillate, solitary and peduncled. 
 Tendrils variously branched. Fruit long-cylindrical, dry when ripe, green, the 
 interior fibrous and sponge-like.
 
 GOUED FAMILY. 191 
 
 * * Fruit small and berry-like ; flowers very small for this Family. 
 +- Fruit smooth ; ovules and seeds many, horizontal, on 3 placentae ; filaments sepa- 
 rate ; anthers straightish ; tendrils simple. 
 
 6. MELOTHEIA. Flowers yellow or greenish, the sterile in small racemes, the fertile 
 
 solitary on a long and slender peduncle. Corolla open bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Anthers 
 slightly united, soon separate. Fertile flower with calyx tube constricted above the 
 ovary. 
 
 - +- Fruit prickly ; ovules and seeds 1^, large and vertical ; filaments monadelphous ; 
 anthers tortuous ; tendrils 3-forked. 
 
 7. ECHINOCYSTIS. Flowers white, the sterile in compound racemes or panicles, the 
 
 fertile solitary or In small clusters from the same axils. Corolla wheel-shaped, of 6 
 narrow petals united at the base. Anthers more or less united in a mass. Style 
 hardly any ; stigma broad. Fruit oval oi - roundish, beset with weak, simple prickles, 
 bursting irregularly at the top when ripe ; the outer part fleshy under the thin, green 
 rind, becoming dry ; the inner part a fibrous network making 2 oblong cells, each 
 divided at the base into two 1-seeded compartments. Seeds large, blackish, hard- 
 coated, erect from the base of the fruit. 
 
 8. SICYO8. Flowers greenish-white, the sterile in corymbs or panicles, the fertile (very 
 
 small) in a little head on a long peduncle, mostly from the same axils. Corolla nearly 
 wheel-shaped, 5-cleft. Anthers short, united in a little head. Style slender ; stigmas 
 8. Ovary tapering into a narrow neck below the rest of the flower, 1-celled, becom- 
 ing a dry and indehiscent, ovate or flattish-spindle-shaped, bur-like fruit, beset with 
 stiff and barbed bristles, filled by the single hanging seed. 
 
 1. LAGENARIA, BOTTLE GOURD. (Latin lagena, a bottle.) 
 
 L vulgaris, Ser. BOTTLE, SNAKE, and SUGAR-TROUGH GOURD, CALA- 
 BASH. Cult, from Africa and Asia; climbing freely, rather clammy- 
 pubescent and musky-scented, with rounded leaves, long-stalked flowers, 
 white petals greenish-veiny, and fruit of very various shape, usually 
 club-shaped, or long and much enlarged at the apex and slightly at base, 
 the hard rind used for vessels, dippers, etc. 
 
 2. CUCURBITA, PUMPKIN, SQUASH, GOURD. (Latin name.) 
 The very numerous cultivated forms, strikingly different in their fruit, 
 belong to three botanical species. Probably native to America. 
 
 # Stalks and somewhat lobed leaves rough-bristly almost prickly / flower- 
 stalks obtusely angled, that of the fruit strongly 5-8-ridged and with 
 intervening deep grooves, usually enlarging next the .fruit ; hollow 
 interior of the fruit traversed by coarse and separate, soft or pulpy 
 threads ; flower tube flaring, the lobes pointed and erect. 
 
 C. Pepo, Linn. PUMPKIN. Cult., as now, along with Indian Corn, by 
 the North American Indians before the coming of the whites. The chief 
 types are : the common FIELD PUMPKIN used for pies and fed to stock ; 
 the BUSH SCALLOP SQUASHES with white or yellow fruit flattened endwise 
 and the vines scarcely running ; the SUMMER CROOK-NECK or WARTY 
 SQUASHES, with white or yellow J-shaped fruits, and vines seldom run- 
 ning ; the GOURDS, small, very hard-shelled fruits of many shapes and 
 colors borne on slender running vines. 
 
 * * Stalks and bright green 5-7 -lobed leaves pubescent with soft hairs ; 
 fruit stalk bridged, prominently enlarged where it joins the fruit, the 
 central pulp less thready ; flower tube much like *, the lobes broader ; 
 calyx lobes often leafy. 
 
 C. moschata, Duchesne. CHINA, CUSHAW, CANADA CROOK-NECK, 
 WINTER CROOK-NECK SQUASHES. Cult, for the edible fruit, which is
 
 192 GOURD FAMILY. 
 
 club-shaped, pear-shaped, or long-cylindrical, often large with a glau- 
 cous-whitish surface, often green-striped. 
 
 * * * Stalks and almost kidney-shaped or roundish leaves roughish 
 hairy ; flower stalks terete, that of the fruit thick, many-striate but not 
 ridged and grooved; inner pulp copious and not thready ; flower tube 
 nearly cylindrical or even gibbous below, the lobes obtuse and drooping. 
 
 C. mdxima, Duchesne. WINTER and TURBAN SQUASH. Fruit rounded, 
 or ovate and pointed, often grooved lengthwise, varying from 6' to 3 in 
 length or breadth, the hard flesh yellow or orange. The crowned or 
 TURBAN SQUASHES have the top of the fruit projecting beyond an encir- 
 cling line or constriction which marks the margin of the adherent calyx 
 tube. Here belong the best fall and winter squashes, as HCBBARD, 
 BOSTON MARROW, etc. 
 
 3. CITRULLUS, WATERMELON. (Name made from Citrus, Latin 
 for Orange or Citron.) () 
 
 C. vulgaris, Schrad. WATERMELON. Cult, from Asia. Prostrate, 
 with leaves deeply 3-5-lobed, and the divisions again lobed or sinuate- 
 pinnatifid, pale or bluish ; the refreshing edible pulp of the fruit, in 
 which the dark seeds are imbedded, consists of the enlarged and juicy 
 placentae, which are reddish or rarely white. The so-called CITRON of 
 gardens is a variety with a firm or hard flesh, used for preserving. 
 
 4. CUCUMIS, MELON and CUCUMBER. (The Latin name.) 
 
 C. Melo, Linn. MELON, MUSKMELON, CANTALOUPE. Leaves round- 
 heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, the lobes, if any, and sinuses rounded ; 
 fruit with a smooth rind and sweet flesh, the edible part being the inner 
 portion of the pericarp, the thin and watery placentae being discarded 
 with the seeds. S. Asia. Var. flexudsus, the SERPENT MELON, some- 
 times called SNAKE CUCUMBER, is a strange variety with a long and 
 snake-like fruit. Var. Dudaim, with small curiously mottled fruits grown 
 for their novelty and agreeable odor, is the VEGETABLE POMEGRANATE, 
 QUEEN ANNE'S POCKET MELON, or C. ODORATfssiMcs. Var. Chito is the 
 VEGETABLE ORANGE or LEMON or APPLE, also called VISE PEACH, dis- 
 tinguished by slender vines and yellow sourish fruits the size of a goose 
 egg- 
 
 C. sathus, Linn. CUCUMBER. Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes 
 acute, the middle one more prominent, often pointed ; fruit rough or 
 muricate when young, smooth when mature, eaten unripe. S. Asia. 
 
 C. Anguria, Linn. WEST INDIAN or BURR GHERKIN. GOOSEBERRY 
 GOURD. Stems slender and hispid ; leaves deeply cut into 3-o narrow 
 segments ; flowers small, long-stalked ; fruit l'-2' long, rough and spiny. 
 
 5. LUFF A, RAG GOURD, DISHCLOTH GOURD. (Arabic name.) 
 
 
 L. cylindrica^ Roem. A cucumber-like vine with grape-like leaves about 
 6-angled or lobed and irregularly toothed ; fruit 10'-20' long, often curved, 
 cylindrical and smooth, green, pointed at the apex, the interior portion 
 becoming detached when dry and useful as a sponge ; whence the names 
 VEGETABLE SPONGE and DISHCLOTH GOURD. Tropics. 
 
 6. MELOTHRIA. (An ancient Greek name for some sort of grape.) 2/ 
 M. p^ndula, Linn. From Va. S., is a delicate low-climber, with 
 
 roundish or heart-shaped and 5-angled or lobed, roughish leaves, minute 
 flowers, in summer, and oval green berries.
 
 BEGONIA FAMILY. 193 
 
 7. ECHINOCYSTIS, WILD BALSAM APPLE, WILD CUCUM- 
 BER. (Name from Greek for hedgehog and bladder.) (D 
 
 E. lobata, Torr. & Gray. Low grounds, chiefly N. and W., and cult, 
 for arbors ; tall-climbing, smoothish, with strongly and sharply 5-lobed 
 leaves ; copious and rather pretty white flowers, produced all summer, and 
 oval fruit 2' long, dry and bladdery after opening ; seeds flat. 
 
 8. SICYOS, STAR CUCUMBER. (Ancient Greek name of Cu- 
 cumber.) 
 
 S. angulatus, Linn. A weed in damp or shady grounds, commoner 
 S.; climbing high; clammy-hairy, with roundish, heart-shaped and 5- 
 angled or slightly lobed leaves ; inconspicuous flowers, and little bur-like 
 fruits beset with deciduous, barbed prickles. 
 
 LI BEGONIACKE, BEGONIA FAMILY. 
 
 Somewhat succulent, herbaceous or more or less woody- 
 stemmed, mostly perennial house plants, with alternate and 
 unequal-sided leaves, deciduous stipules, and monoecious 
 flowers in cymes or clusters on axillary peduncles, numerous 
 stamens, inferior triangular ovary, becoming a many-seeded 
 pod, represented in choice cultivation by the genus 
 
 1. BEGONIA, ELEPHANT'S EAR, BEEFSTEAK GERANIUM. 
 (Named for M. Begon, Governor of St. Domingo 200 years ago.) 
 Flowers with the calyx and corolla colored alike, sometimes dull but 
 usually handsome, both kinds commonly in the same cyme, and flat in 
 the bud ; the outer pieces answering to sepals, mostly 2, valvate in 
 the bud ; the inner, or true petals, 2, or in the fertile flowers usually 
 3 or 4, or not rarely wanting, in the sterile flowers surrounding a 
 cluster of numerous stamens with short filaments ; in the fertile are 3 
 styles with thick or lobed stigmas. Ovary and pod triangular, often 
 3-winged. These curious plants are remarkable for the beauty of the 
 leaves of many species, as well as for flowers of many colors and 
 patterns. There are very many species and hybrids. Following are 
 some of the commonest : 
 
 I. TUBEROCS BEGONIAS. Low or even stemless plants, arising from a 
 bulb-like tuber, and bearing very large (2'-4' across) showy flowers, 
 generally in summer and autumn; leaves not showy. A. new class of 
 popular flowers, developed chiefly from the following, which are natives 
 of Peru and Bolivia. 
 
 * Stemless; scapes 4'-12' high. 
 
 B. Davisii, Veitch. Leaves on very short stalks, ovate-cordate, some- 
 what hairy, glossy green, the under surface, like the scapes and flowers, 
 bright red ; flowers 2' across, on 3-6-flowered scapes, 4'-C' high, and 
 standing above the leaves ; petals 4. 
 
 B. rosceflora, Hook. Leaves orbicular or kidney-shaped, lobed and 
 toothed ; flowers 2' across, rose-red, on hairy, about 3-flowered, stout 
 scapes ; petals 5. 
 
 OKAY'S r. F. & G. BOX. 13
 
 194 BEGONIA FAMILY. 
 
 * * Stem evident, but often short ; mostly taller. 
 
 B. Veitchii, Hook. Stem very short ; leaves roundish, scallop-lobed, 
 with ciliate margins, and a red spot near the center ; scape 12' high, 
 bearing twin brick-red flowers, 2' or more across, with 5 rounded, spread- 
 ing petals. This and the last are types of many garden forms. 
 
 B. Pearcei, Hook. A foot high, with lance-cordate leaves, reddish- 
 tomentose beneath ; flowers yellow, several, on rather slender pedi- 
 cels. 
 
 B. Boliviensis, A. DC. About 2, branching ; leaves nearly lanceolate, 
 very sharply serrate ; flowers large (2 ; long), bright red, in drooping 
 panicles ; the petals lanceolate-acute, not spreading. 
 
 II. NON-TUBEROUS (except B. Evansiana), comprising a great variety of 
 species, some of them from short subterranean rhizomes and stemless. 
 
 * Stemless; leaves, or especially the petioles, and the peduncles or scapes, 
 
 bristly-hairy, these all from a fleshy tuberous or creeping rootstock. 
 
 v- Leaves large, obliquely heart-shaped, toothed or merely wavy-margined, 
 variously silvered or variegated above, reddish or purple beneath; 
 flowers rather large, but not showy; cult, for their foliage, now much 
 crossed and mixed. 
 
 B. Rex, Putz. The most prized and now the commonest species of the 
 group, with the leaf silver-banded or silvery all over the upper face ; and 
 smooth, pale, rose-colored flowers. Himalaya. 
 
 B. Griffith!!, Hook. Like the preceding, but leaves and stalks more 
 downy-hairy, and the almost white flowers hairy outside. Himalaya. 
 
 B. xanthlna, Hook. With leaves, etc., much as in the two preceding, 
 but the flowers yellow. Himalaya. 
 
 '- - Leaves deeply about 7-cleft ; flowers with only the 2 sepals, no petals. 
 
 B. heracleifdlia, Cham. & Schlecht. With rather large and rounded, 
 hardly oblique leaves, smooth above and sometimes variegated, the lobes 
 broad lanceolate and cut-toothed, and small, pale rose or whitish flowers. 
 Mexico. 
 
 B. BiciNiFdLiA is a hybrid of the last and B. peponifolia. 
 
 * * Stems elongated, naked, bearing tubers or bulblets in the axils ; leaves 
 
 slightly bristly-hairy above and more so on the sharp teeth. 
 
 B. Evansiana, Andr. (or B. DfscoLOR), an old-fashioned species from 
 China, now rare, almost hardy even N., producing all summer showy, 
 rose-colored flowers in the open ground ; the ovate and heart-shaped, 
 pointed leaves not very oblique, red beneath. 
 
 * * * Stems fleshy, erect or ascending ; leaves smooth and naked above, 
 bristle-bearing on the toothed or cut margins and long petioles; flowers 
 with the 2 colored sepals, but seldom any petals. 
 
 B. manicata, Cels. A handsome species of the conservatory, remark- 
 able for the purple, bristle-bearing scales or fringes on the apex or upper 
 part of the petiole, and similar smaller tufts on the ribs of the lower face 
 of the large and broadly ovate-heart-shaped leaves ; flowers small, but 
 numerous and elegant, in an open panicle on a very long, naked peduncle, 
 flesh-colored. Mexico. 
 
 B. phyllomanlaca, Mart. Stem thickly beset with leaf-like scales or 
 little adventitious leaves, from which the plant may be propagated, both 
 leafstalks and peduncles bristly, the large leaves ovate-heart-shaped and 
 tapering to a narrow point, their margins cut-toothed, and rather large 
 but not showy flowers. Brazil.
 
 CACTUS FAMILY. . 196 
 
 * * Leafy-stemmed, rather tall-growing; leaves and whole plant 
 smooth and naked. 
 
 +- Leaves ovate or oblong, not heart-shaped, very small (!' or less long). 
 
 B. fuchsio/des, Hook. So-called because the bright scarlet flowers, 
 hanging on a slender drooping stalk, may be likened to those of Fuchsia ; 
 the crowded and small green and glossy ovate leaves only a little unequal- 
 sided at base, serrate with bristle-tipped teeth ; stem tall and strict. 
 Mexico. 
 
 B. fo/iosa, HBK. Lower, stem diffuse ; leaves oblong and smaller, 
 obtuse at the base, strongly setose-serrate ; flowers numerous, white 
 tinged with pink. S. America. 
 
 >- -- Leaves obliquely heart-shaped or half heart-shaped at base. 
 ** Almost entire. 
 
 B. nit/da, Dryander. Leaves obliquely heart-shaped and glossy, green 
 both sides, and with large, light rose-colored flowers. Jamaica. 
 
 B. sanguinea, Raddi. Leaves large and fleshy, obliquely ovate-heart- 
 shaped, having a narrow revolute margin, pale green above, red beneath, 
 as are the stalks ; the flowers white, not showy. Brazil. 
 
 B. maculata, Raddi. Cult, under the name of B. ARGYROsrfGMA, both 
 names referring to the silvery-white spots scattered over the upper face 
 of the leaves, which are narrower and more oblong than in the preced- 
 ing, purplish or crimson beneath, the margin cartilaginous but not revo- 
 lute, the flowers white or flesh-colored. Brazil. 
 
 B. coccinea, Ruiz. Flowers scarlet, as the name denotes (but cult, as 
 B. EtBRA), and oblong half heart-shaped leaves, glossy above, and green 
 both sides or purple at the margin, which is a little wavy-toothed. 
 Flowers long, with red pedicels, wax-like. Tall. Peru. 
 
 ++ *+ Prominently serrate or crenate. 
 
 B. incarnata, Link & Otto (including B. METALLICA). From Mexico ; is 
 2 high, with swollen joints, sinuate-serrate green or bronze leaves on 
 short stalks, and large, rose-colored, nodding flowers. 
 
 B. semperflorens, Link & Otto. Stem stout and fleshy ; leaves ovate, 
 subcordate and rather acute, crenate-undulate or serrate and ciliate, 
 glossy green ; flowers rather large, white or rose-colored, hi small axillary 
 clusters near the top of the stem. S. Brazil. 
 
 LIL CACTACKfi. CACTUS FAMILY. 
 
 Fleshy plants of peculiar aspect, mostly persistent and des- 
 titute of foliage; the leaves supplied by the green rind of 
 the flattened, columnar, globular, or various-shaped stem ; the 
 perfect solitary and sessile flower with calyx adherent to 
 the ovary, its lobes or sepals, the petals, and the stamens 
 numerous, usually in several ranks, the latter mostly very 
 numerous ; ovary 1-celled with several parietal placentae ; style 
 single, with several stigmas ; the fruit a 1-celled and generally 
 many-seeded pulpy berry. (Lessons, Figs. Ill, 229.) Nu- 
 merous species, all but one native to the New World. Many 
 are cultivated, but their study requires special knowledge, and 
 only the leading group-forms are specified here.
 
 196 . CACTUS FAMILY. 
 
 1. Tube formed of the united sepals, more or less extended beyond the ovary ; stem 
 
 either continuous or jointed. 
 Stems or branches ^-many -angled, or grooved, or terete, and with tubercles or woolly 
 
 tufts bearing a cluster of spines, prickles, or bristles. 
 +- Stem mostly elongated, rarely globular ; flower tube scaly. 
 
 1. CEREUS. Stem regularly ribbed or angled lengthwise, and with the clusters of spines 
 
 Or bristles on the ridges one above the other. Flowers from the side of the stem, 
 commonly with a conspicuous tube, which, with the ovary below, is beset with scale- 
 like sepals and generally with woolly or bristly tufts in their axils. Petals numerous 
 and spreading. 
 
 +- +- Stem globular or very short ; flower tube not scaly. 
 
 2. ECHINOCACTTTS. Stem with many ribs or ridges, bearing clusters of spines one 
 
 above the other. Flowers naked at the summit of the ridges, and with a short or 
 very short tube ; otherwise as in Cereus. 
 
 B. MAMILLAEIA. Stems mostly tufted, not ribbed, covered with distinct and strongly 
 projecting nipple-shaped tubercles, which are arranged in spiral order and tipped with 
 a cluster of prickles. Flowers from the axils of the tubercles, with a short tube. 
 Ovary and berry not scaly. 
 
 * * Stems and branches of flat and leaf-like joints, with the margins more or less 
 
 toothed or crenate, and with an evident woody center or midrib, with no prickles 
 and bristles, or only tufts of very short ones in the notches. 
 
 4. EPIPHTLLUM. Joints of the branches short and truncate, very smooth, and flower- 
 
 ing from the end. Flowers open in the daytime and for several days, mostly oblique, 
 the tube not much lengthened ; the sepals and petals rose-red, rather few, the inner- 
 most and larger ones about 8. Stamens not very many. Stigmas erect or conniving. 
 
 5. PHTLLOCACTUS. Leaf-like branches or joints long, arising from the side of older 
 
 ones, which with age form terete stems. Flowers from the marginal notches, slightly 
 if at all irregular. Stigmas slender and spreading. 
 
 2. No tube to the flower above the ovary ; stem jointed. 
 
 6. OPUNTIA. Stem branching, formed of successive joints, which are mostly flat, bearing 
 
 at first some minute awl-shaped bodies answering to leaves, which soon fall off, and 
 tufts of barbed bristles and often prickles also in their axils. Flowers from the edge 
 or side of a joint, opening in sunshine and for more than one day. 
 
 1. CEREUS. (Probably from Latin : wax taper or candle, from the 
 form of the stem of some species.) The following are the commonest 
 in cultivation, mostly from Mexico and S. America ; flowers summer. 
 
 1. Stems and branches long, spreading, creeping or climbing, remotely 
 jointed more or less, only 3-7-angled, very large flowered. 
 
 * Flower red, open in daytime for several days; stamens much declined. 
 
 C. specioslssimus, DC. The commonest red-flowered Cactus ; with 
 stems 2-3 high, rarely rooting, 3 or 4 broad and thin wavy-margined 
 angles or wings, and crimson or red flowers of various shades, 4'-5' in 
 diameter, the tube shorter than the petals. 
 
 * * Floicer white as to petals, opening at night, collapsing next mnrning, 
 fragrant, 6 f -9'in diameter ichen expanded, the tube 4'-5' long ; stems root- 
 ing and so climbing ; prickles short and fine. NIGHT-BLOOMING CERECS. 
 
 C. triangularis, Mill., has sharply triangular stems, minute prickles, 
 and flower with glabrous tube, olive-green sepals, and yellow stamens. 
 
 C. nycticafus, Link, has 4-6-angled stems with very minute prickles, 
 and flower much like the next, but with brownish sepals. 
 
 C. grand/flows, Mill. COMMON NIGHT-BLOOMIXG CEREUS. Stems 
 terete, with 5-7 slight grooves and blunt angles, bearing more conspicuous 
 prickles, long bristles on the flower tube, and dull-yellow sepals.
 
 CACTUS FAMILY. 197 
 
 2. Stems and branches long, weak, disposed to trail or creep, remotely 
 jointed, cylindrical, with 8-12 ribs or grooves, and rows of approximated 
 short and fine prickle clusters; flowers smaller. 
 
 C. serpentlnus, DC. Stems 1' or more in diameter, tapering at the 
 apex, about 12-ribbed, disposed to stand when short, not rooting ; flower 
 opening for a night, fragrant, with linear petals reddish-purple outside, 
 nearly white inside, 2' long, rather shorter than the tube. 
 
 C. flagellifdrmis, Mill. RAT-TAIL CACTUS. Stems long and slender, 
 prostrate, or hanging and rooting ; flower 2'-3' long, the narrow sepals 
 and petals not very many, rose-red, open by day. 
 
 3. Stems erect, self-supporting, tall-growing, cylindrical and column- 
 like, with about 8 (6-10) obtuse ribs and grooves; short, mostly dark- 
 colored prickles 9-12 in the cluster, and no long bristles; flower large, 
 white, tube 3'-6' long. 
 
 C. Peruvianus, Mill. The largest species (except the Giant Cereus of 
 Arizona), becoming even 40 high and thick in proportion, with rather 
 strong compressed ribs and stout prickles ; the flower 6' long, with green- 
 ish sepals and white or externally rose-tinged petals proportionally short. 
 
 Var. MONSTRu6sus, in old conservatories, has a short stem with 4-8 
 irregular and wavy, wing-like angles, sometimes broken up into tubercles. 
 
 4. Stem erect and simple, at length cylindrical, with 20-25 narrow 
 ridges, bearing clusters of short prickles and long bristly hairs. 
 
 C. sen)lis, Salm-Dyck. (or PILOCEREUS SENILIS). OLD MAN CACTUS. 
 
 Cult, for its singular appearance, the long, white, hanging bristles at the 
 top likened to the locks of an aged man ; flowers (seldom seen) not 
 large, with a very short tube. 
 
 2. ECHINOCACTT7S. (Name means Spiny or Hedgehog Cactus.) 
 Many wild species far S. W. Flowers mostly small, opening for 2 or 3 
 days, closing at night. 
 
 E. Texensis, Hopf., of S. Tex. and Ariz., has stem much broader than 
 high, or globular when young, becoming 1 broad, with 12-27 acute wavy 
 ridges ; 6 or 7 very stout and horn-like, reddish, recurved spines, the cen- 
 tral one larger and turned down, sometimes 2' long j flower rose-colored, 
 very woolly, 2' long. 
 
 E. Ottonis, Link & Otto. Pear-shaped, becoming club-shaped, 2'-3' 
 thick, with 12-14 narrow ridges, clusters of 10-14 short slender prickles, 
 and yellow flowers with red stigmas. Brazil. 
 
 3. MAMILLARIA. (Name from the nipple-shaped tubercles which 
 cover the stem.) Many wild species far W. and S. W. on the plains. 
 
 M. pusilla, DC. Wild in Tex. and S., with clustered ovate or globular 
 stems l'-2' long, oblong or ovate tubercles bearing wool in their axils, 
 and tipped with very many capillary crisped bristles and several slender 
 prickles ; flowers pink, \> long. 
 
 HI. e/ongata, DC. With cylindrical clustered stems, covered with short 
 conical tubercles, which bear 16-30 uniform, radiating, and recurving, 
 slender prickles in a starry tuft, and very rarely a central one ; flowers 
 small, creamy-white. Mex. 
 
 M. vivipara, Haw. l'-5' high, simple, or proliferous in tufts, globu- 
 lar, with the terete tubercles slightly grooved down the upper side, bear- 
 ing 12-30 rigid, widely radiating, whitish prickles, and 3-12 stouter and 
 darker ones ; flower pink- purple, large for the plant, about 2' in diameter. 
 Dak., Kans., W.
 
 198 CACTUS FAMILY. 
 
 4. EFIPHYIiLUM. (Name from Greek, meaning upon a leaf, i.e., 
 the flower from the top of what seems to be a leaf.) Flowers usually 
 in summer. 
 
 E. truncatum, Haw. Cult, from Brazil ; low, bright green, with droop- 
 ing branches ; the oblong joints scarcely 2' long, the upper end with a 
 shallow notch ; flower 2'-3' long, oblique, with petals and short sepals 
 spreading or recurved, the former so arranged that the blossom often 
 appears as if 2-lipped. 
 
 5. FHYLLOCACTUS. (Greek: Leaf-Gael MS.) Cult, from S. Amer- 
 ica and Mexico ; flowers summer. 
 
 Flower with tube shorter than the petals, red, scentless, open through 
 more than one day ; petals and stamens many, except in the first species. 
 
 P. bifdrmis, Lab. The least showy species ; with slender stems, and 
 two sorts of branches, one ovate or oblong, the other lanceolate ; the 
 latter producing a slender pink flower, 2' long, with about 4 slender 
 sepals, as many narrow lanceolate erect petals, with spreading tips, and 
 only 8-16 stamens. 
 
 P. phyllantholdes, Link. Has narrow-oblong, sinuate-toothed, leaf-like 
 branches ; numerous, rose-colored, oblong and similar sepals and petals, 
 the outermost widely spreading, the innermost erect. 
 
 P. Ackerm6nni, Link. Like the preceding, but much more showy, 
 with bright red and sharp-pointed petals spreading and 2'-3' long, and 
 the scattered sepals small and bracHike. '-j <" 
 
 * * Flower sweet-scented, with tube 4'-10' long, bearing scattered and 
 small scaly sepals or bracts, which are considerably longer than the 
 numerous spreading white or cream-colored petals. 
 
 P. crenatus, Walpers. Leaf-like branches l-2 long, 2'-3' broad, siu- 
 uately notched ; flower open in the daytime and for several days, 7'-8' in 
 diameter, with the stout tube 4'-5' long, the outer petals or inner sepals 
 brownish. 
 
 P. Phylldnthus, Link. Branches nearly as in the preceding ; but the 
 flower opening at evening and lasting only till morning, its slender tube 
 many times longer than the small petals. 
 
 6. OPUNTIA, PRICKLY PEAR CACTUS, INDIAN FIG. (An 
 
 ancient name transferred to these American plants.) Flowers summer. 
 Fruit often edible. 
 
 1. Stamens not longer than the roundish, in ours yellow, widely opening 
 petals. 
 
 * Low, prostrate, or spreading ; native species, also cultivated. 
 
 O. vulg&ris, Mill. COMMON PRICKLY PEAR. On rocks and sand, 
 from coast of N. Eng., S., with pale and rounded obovate flat joints, 3'-6' 
 long, -bearing minute appressed leaves, having bristles, but hardly any 
 spines in their axils, and a nearly smooth edible berry. 
 
 O. Rafin^squii, Engelm. Common W. and S. W. ; deeper green, 
 with joints 4'-8' long, the little leaves spreading, several small spines and 
 a single stronger one in the clusters, and flower often with a reddish center. 
 
 O. Miasouri^nsis, DC. From Wis. W. on the plains ; with obovate 
 joints 2'-4' long and tubercled, tufts of straw-colored bristles and 5-10 
 long and slender spines ; the berry dry and prickly. 
 
 O. Pes-C6rvi, LeConte. On the coast S., with small and narrow, 
 almost cylindrical, easily separable joints, their spines in pairs ; the berry 
 small and bristly.
 
 PIG MARIGOLD FAMILY. 199 
 
 * * Erect, shrubby, or tree-like, cultivated in conservatories from W. 
 Indies and S. America ; berry edible. 
 
 O. Ficua-Indica, Haw. Joints obovate, thick and heavy, 1 long, 
 with minute spines or none ; berry obovate, bristly. 
 
 2. Stamens longer than the erect crimson petals, shorter than the style. 
 
 0. coccinellifera, Mill. Tree-like, 6-10 high, with joints of the 
 branches obovate-oblong, 4'-12' long, spineless or nearly so, when young 
 with single recurved spines, pale ; berry red. One of the plants upon 
 which the cochineal insect feeds, whence the name. Sometimes cult. 
 Mex. and W. Indies. 
 
 LHI. FICOIDKE, FIG MAEIGOLD FAMILY. 
 
 Mostly fleshy herbs, generally with opposite or whorled 
 leaves and no stipules, very closely allied to the Pink and 
 Purslane Families; differing in apetalous (in ours) flowers, 
 the 2- or more-celled capsule which is 2-several-seeded, the 
 stamens generally numerous (not so in ours), and seeds with 
 a slender curved embryo. A heterogeneous family, repre- 
 sented in gardens by the ICE PLANTS (of which the common 
 one is MESEMBRYANTHEMUM CRYSTALLINUM) and the FIG 
 MARIGOLDS, of the same genus. 
 
 1. SESUVIUM. Calyx 5-lobed, petal-like. Stamens 5 (in ours) on the calyx. Styles 
 
 8-5. Capsule circumscissile. 
 
 2. MOLLUGO. Calyx of 5 separate sepals. Stamens 8-5, hypogynous. Stigmas 3. Cap- 
 
 sule 8-valved. 
 
 8. TETBAGONIA. Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens (in ours) in clusters. Styles and 1-ovuled 
 cells few. Fruit hard and nut-like, horned, 8-8-seeded. 
 
 1. SESUVIUM, SEA PURSLANE. (Name unexplained.) Prostrate, 
 succulent, seaside herbs. 
 
 S. pentndrum, Ell. Leaves oblong- or obovate-spatulate, obtuse ; 
 flowers axillary or terminal, sessile, small. Plants procumbent or some- 
 times partially erect. Seacoast, N. J., S. 
 
 2. MOLLUGO, INDIAN CHICK WEED. (Ancient name.) Low, 
 weed-like plants with the habit of CHICKWEED, and sometimes referred 
 to the Pink Family. 
 
 HI. verticillata, Linn. CARPET WEED. Prostrate and forming flat 
 patches on the ground, not succulent ; the small, spatulate leaves are 
 clustered or whorled, and the 1-flowered pedicels form an umbel-like 
 cluster ; flowers small and whitish. About cult, grounds. Tropics, d) 
 
 3. TETRAGONIA. (Name Greek for four-angled, from shape of the 
 fruit.) Low, spreading herbs, with broad and flat, thickish leaves, and 
 small flowers in their axils. 
 
 T. exp&nsa, Ait. NEW ZEALAND SPINACH. Occasionally cult, as a 
 Spinach ; leaves pale, triangular, or rhombic-ovate, with short margined 
 petioles.
 
 200 PARSLEY FAMILY. 
 
 LIV. UMBELLIFERJE, PARSLEY FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs, some innocent and many of them aromatic, others 
 acrid-narcotic poisons, with small flowers in umbels, calyx 
 adherent to the 2-celled ovary, which has a single ovule hang- 
 ing from the summit of each cell, 5 minute calyx teeth or 
 none, 5 petals, 5 stamens, and 2 styles ; the dry fruit usually 
 splitting into 2 seed-like portions or akenes ; seed with hard 
 albumen and a minute embryo. Eryngiurn and one or two 
 others have the flowers in heads instead of umbels. Stems 
 usually hollow. Leaves alternate, more commonly compound 
 or decompound. Umbels mostly compound; the circle of 
 bracts often present at the base of the general umbel is called 
 the involucre; that at the base of an umbellet, the involucel. 
 The flowers are much alike in all, and the characters are taken 
 from the form of the fruit, and much stress is laid upon the 
 receptacles of aromatic oil (vittce or oil tubes) which are found 
 in most species and' give characteristic flavor. The family is 
 too difficult for the beginner ; so that only the common culti- 
 vated species, and the most conspicuous or noteworthy wild 
 ones are given here. 
 
 1. Fruits covered with little scales or tubercles, crowded (as are the flowers) in a 
 head instead of an umbel, and with a pointed scaly bract under each flower. 
 
 1. ERTNGIUM. Flowers blue or white, with evident awl-shaped calyx teeth, and top- 
 
 shaped fruit without any ribs. Leaves In our species simple and with bristly or 
 pricklv teeth. 
 
 2. Fruits covered with bristly prickles, bur-like ; umbels compound. 
 
 2. 8ANICULA. Flowers greenish or yellowish, so short-stalked or nearly sessile that the 
 
 umbellets appear like little heads, each with some perfect and fertile and some 
 staminate flowers. Fruits ovoid or globular, not readily splitting in two, not ribbed, 
 completely covered with short, hooked prickles. Leaves palmately parted. 
 8. DAUCUS. Flowers white or cream-color, in a regular compound umbel ; the petals 
 unequal, or those of the marginal flowers larger. Prickles in rows on the ribs of 
 the short fruit, which splits in two when ripe. Leaves pinnately compound or 
 decompound. 
 
 8. Fruits naked (not prickly) , splitting when ripe and dry into two one-seeded pieces 
 or carpels, each usually with f> ribs or some of them may be wings. Fruits 
 mostly with oil tubes in the form of lines or stripes, one or more in the intervals 
 between the ribs, and some on the inner face, sometimes also under the ribs. 
 
 * Fruit inngless. 
 +- Marginal flowers larger and irregular. 
 
 4. COKIANDRUM. Fruit globular, not readily splitting in two, indistinctly many-ribbed ; 
 a pair of large oil tubes on the inner face of each carpel. Flowers white. Leaves 
 pinnately compound. Plant strong-scented.
 
 PARSLEY FAMILY. 201 
 
 +- -i- Flowers all alike, generally white. 
 
 H- Seed deeply grooved or hollowed down the inner face. 
 
 Fruit long and slender, club-shaped, or tapering at the base. 
 
 5. OSMOREHIZA. Fruit somewhat sweet-aromatic; no obvious oil tubes. Leaves 
 
 twice or thrice ternate. Boot sweet-aromatic. 
 
 = == Fruit ovate or orbicular. 
 
 6. EEIGENIA. Fruit twin, nearly orbicular, with many oil tubes, 5 very slender ribs, 
 
 flattened on the sides. Low plant in early spring, with finely cut ternately decom- 
 pound leaves ; flowers in small heads on a 2-3-rayed leafy umbel, and springing 
 from a round, deep tuber. 
 
 T. CONIUM. Fruit short, broadly ovate, rather strong-scented, compressed at the sides, 
 each carpel with 5 strong and more or less wavy ribs ; oil tubes many and minute. 
 Leaves pinnately decompound. 
 
 H. -H- Seed slightly if at all hollowed out on the inner face. 
 = Leaves once-pinnate. 
 
 8. 8IUM. Fruit globular or short-oblong and contracted on the sides, each carpel with 5 
 strong or corky ribs, and commonly 2 or more oil tubes in the narrow intervals. 
 No axis or hardly any left when the carpels separate. Flowers white. Not 
 
 aromatic. 
 
 = = Leaves 
 
 || Fruit flattened on the back and front. 
 
 9. FCENICULUM. Fruit oblong ; the two carpels with a broad flat face, 5 stout ribs, and 
 a single oil tube in the intervals between the ribs. Flowers yellow. Leaflets slen- 
 der thread-shaped. Whole plant sweet-aromatic. 
 
 1 1 Fruit flattened on the sides. 
 
 10. CICUTA. Fruit globular and contracted on the sides, each carpel with 5 broad and 
 
 thickened blunt ribs, and an oil tube in each interval ; the slender axis between the 
 carpels splitting in two. Flowers white. Leaves not aromatic. Fruit aromatic. 
 
 11. APIUM. Fruit ovate or broader than long, flattened on the sides, each carpel 5-ribbed 
 
 and a single oil tube in the intervals ; axis left when the carpels separate not splitting 
 in two. Flowers white. 
 
 12. CAEUM. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattish on the sides ; each carpel with 5 narrow ribs, 
 
 and a single oil tube in the intervals ; the axis from which the carpels separate split- 
 ting in two. Flowers mostly white. Fruit or foliage aromatic. 
 
 * * Fruit winged or wing -margined at the junction of the two carpels, which are 
 flat on the face and flat or flattish and 3-ribbed on the back. Leaves pinnately 
 or ternately compound. 
 
 +- Wing double at the margins of the fruit. 
 
 18. LEVISTICUM. Fruit ovate-oblong, with a pair of thickish marginal wings, and single 
 oil tube in each interval. Involucre and involucels conspicuous, the bracts of the 
 latter united by their margins. Flowers white. Plant sweet-aromatic. 
 
 14. ANGELICA. Fruit ovate or short-oblong, with thin or thickish marginal wings, and 
 
 many small oil tubes adherent to the surface of the seed. Involucels of separate 
 mostly small bracts ; involucre hardly any. Flowers white or greenish. 
 -H +- Wing surrounding the margin of the fruit, single, splitting in two only when the 
 ripe carpels separate. 
 
 15. HEEACLEUM. Fruit, including the thin and broad wing, orbicular, very flat, and the 
 
 three ribs on the back very slender ; the single oil tubes in the intervals reaching 
 from the summit only half-way down. Flowers white, the marginal ones larger and 
 irregular. Leaves ternately compound. Plant strong-scented. 
 
 16. PASTINACA. Fruit oval, very flat, thin-winged; the single oil tubes running from 
 
 top to bottom. Flowers yellow, the marginal ones not larger. Leaves pinnately 
 compound.
 
 202 PARSLEY FAMILY. 
 
 1. ERYNGIUM, ERYNGO. (Ancient name.) Flowers in summer. 
 
 E. yuccaefdlium, Michx. BUTTON SNA KEROOT. Sandy and mostly damp 
 ground, from N. J., S. and W. ; stout herb, 2-3 high, smooth ; leaves 
 linear and tapering, grass-like, parallel-veined in the manner of an 
 endogen, and fringed with bristles ; a few globular thick heads in place 
 of umbels, a very short involucre, and white flowers. 11 
 
 E. Virginianum, Lam. Wet grounds from X. J. S.; with lance-linear 
 rather veiny leaves, showing some distinction between blade and petiole, 
 the former with rigid teeth, and involucre longer than the bluish 
 heads. @ 
 
 2. SANICULA, SANICLE, BLACK SNAKEROOT. (Perhaps from 
 Latin sano, to heal. ) Common in thickets and open woods. Flowers 
 greenish, crowded in small and head-like umbellets, in summer. 11 
 
 8. Marilandica, Linn. Stems 2-3 high ; leaves of firm texture, 
 with 3-7 narrow divisions and rigid teeth ; umbellets with many flowers, 
 the sterile ones on slender pedicels, fertile ones with styles longer than 
 the prickles of the bur-like fruit. 
 
 Var. Canade'nsis, Torr. Leaves thin, 3-5-parted ; umbellets rather 
 few-flowered, with the sterile flowers in the center almost sessile ; styles 
 shorter than prickles. 
 
 3. DATJCTTS, CARROT. (Ancient Greek name.) Flowers in summer. 
 
 0. Cardta, Linn. COMMON C. Cult, from Eu. for the root, run wild 
 and a bad weed E. ; leaves cut into fine divisions ; umbel concave and 
 dense in fruit, like a bird's nest ; involucre of pinnatifid leaves. @ 
 
 4. CORIANDRUM, CORIANDER. (Name from Greek word for 
 bug, from the bug-like scent.) 
 
 C. sativum, Linn. Cult, from the Orient, for the aromatic coriander- 
 seed ; low, with small umbels of few rays ; flowers summer. () 
 
 5. OSMORRHIZA, SWEET CICELY. (Greek for scented root, the 
 root being sweet-aromatic.) Rich moist woods, common N. ; flowers 
 late spring and summer ; l-2 high. 11 (Lessons, Fig. 385.) 
 
 O. longlstylis, DC. The smoother species, with the sweeter root, has 
 slender styles, and ovate, cut-toothed, short-pointed leaflets, which are 
 slightly downy. 
 
 O. brevistylis, DC. Has conical styles not longer than the breadth 
 of the ovary, and downy-hairy, taper-pointed, almost pinnatifid leaflets. 
 
 6. ERIGENIA, HARBINGER OF SPRING. (Greek: born in the 
 spring.) 11 
 
 E. bulb6sa, Nutt. An attractive spring flower in rich woods, a half 
 foot or less high, the small flowers with white petals and purple stamens 
 giving the bloom a speckled effect, whence a common name, PEPPER AND 
 SALT. N. Y., W. and S. 
 
 7. CONIUM, POISON HEMLOCK. (Greek name of the Hemlock 
 by which criminals and philosophers were put to death at Athens.) 
 
 C. maculatum, Linn. SPOTTED H. Waste grounds, run wild, from 
 Eu. ; a smooth, branching herb, with spotted stems about 3 high, very 
 compound leaves with lanceolate and pinnatifid leaflets, ill-scented when 
 bruised ; a virulent poison, used in medicine ; flowers summer. @
 
 PARSLEY FAMILY. 208 
 
 8. SITJM, AVATER PARSNIP. (Old name, of obscure meaning.) H 
 
 S. cicuteef61ium, Gmelin. The common species, in water and wet 
 places ; tall, smooth, with grooved-angled stems, simply pinnate leaves, 
 the long leaflets linear or lanceolate, very sharply serrate and taper- 
 pointed, and globular fruit with wing-like, corky ribs ; flowers all sum- 
 mer. Root and herbage poisonous. 
 
 9. FCENICULUM, FENNEL. (Name from the Latin fcenum, hay. ) 
 
 F. officinale. All. (or F. VULG^RE). COMMOK F. Cult, from Eu. for 
 the sweet-aromatic foliage and fruit; stout, very smooth herb, 4-6 
 high ; leaves with very numerous and slender, thread-shaped divisions ; 
 large umbel with no involucre or involucels ; fruit J' or i' long, in late 
 summer. 1J. 
 
 10. CICUTA, WATER HEMLOCK. (Ancient Latin name of the 
 Hemlock.) Flowers summer. 2/ 
 
 C. maculata, Linn. SPOTTED COWBANE, MUSQUASH ROOT, BEAVER 
 POISON. Tall, smooth stem, sometimes streaked with purple, but seldom 
 really spotted ; leaflets lance-oblong, coarsely toothed or sometimes cut- 
 lobed, veiny, the main veins mostly running into the notches ; fruit 
 aromatic when bruised ; root a deadly poison. Common. 
 
 11. APIT7M, CELERY. (Old Latin name.) 
 
 A. graveolens, Linn. A strong-scented, acrid, if not poisonous plant, 
 of Eu. ; of which the GARDEN CELERY is a state rendered bland, and the 
 base of the leafstalks enlarged, succulent and edible when blanched, 
 through long cultivation ; leaves divided into 3-7 coarse and wedge- 
 shaped, cut or lobed leaflets or divisions ; umbels and fruits small. Var. 
 RAP.\CEUM, CELERIAC, TURNIP-ROOTED CELERY, is a state with the root 
 enlarged and edible. (2) 
 
 12. CARTJM, CARAWAY, etc. (Name perhaps from the country, 
 Caria.} (Lessons, Fig. 208.) 
 
 1. CARAWAY, with finely pinnately compound leaves, and white flowers. 
 
 C. C&rui, Linn. GARDEN CARAWAY. Cult, from Eu., for the " caraway 
 seed," the oblong, highly aromatic fruit ; stem leaves with slender but short, 
 thread-shaped, divisions. This and the next occasionally spontaneous. 
 
 2. PARSLEY, with coarser leaves and greenish flowers. 
 
 C. PetroseHnum, Benth. (or PETROSEL!NDM SATIVUM). PARSLEY. Cult, 
 from Eu., especially the curled-leaved state, for the pleasant- flavored 
 foliage, used in cookery, chiefly the root leaves, which have ovate and 
 wedge-shaped, 3-lobed and cut-toothed divisions ; fruit ovate. @ 
 
 13. LEVISTICTJM, LOVAGE. (Ancient Latin name.) One species. 2/ 
 
 L. officinale, Koch. GARDEN L. Cult, in old gardens, from Eu. ; a tall, 
 very smooth, sweet, aromatic herb, with large ternately or pinnately 
 decompound leaves, coarse wedge-oblong and cut or lobed leaflets, a 
 thick root, and small, many-flowered umbels. 
 
 14. ANGELICA. (Angelic, from reputed cordial properties.) Flowers 
 summer. 2/ 
 
 A. atropurpurea. Linn. Moist deep soil N. ; strong-scented, smooth, 
 with very stout, dark-purple stem, 3-6 high, large leaves ternately com-
 
 204 GINSENG FAMILY. 
 
 pound, and the divisions with 5-7 pinnate leaflets, which are ovate and 
 cut-serrate ; petioles with large, inflated, meinbranaceous base ; flowers 
 greenish-white ; fruit smooth and thin-winged. 
 
 A. hirsuta, Muhl. Dry ground, commoner S. ; stem 2-5 high, 
 rather slender, downy at top, as are the umbels and broadly winged 
 fruits ; leaflets thickish, ovate-oblong, serrate ; flowers bright white. 
 
 15. HERACLEUM, COW PARSNIP. (Named after Hercules.} 
 Flowers summer, y. 
 
 H. landtum, Michx. Damp rich ground N. ; very stout, 4-8 high, 
 woolly-hairy when young, unpleasantly strong-scented, with large cut 
 and toothed or lobed leaflets, some of them heart-shaped at base, and 
 broad umbels with white flowers and large fruits. 
 
 16. PASTINACA, PARSNIP. (Latin name from pastus, food.) 
 
 P. satlva, Linn. COMMON P. Run wild in low meadows, and then 
 rather poisonous ; cult, from Eu. for the esculent strong-scented root. 
 Tall, smooth, with grooved stem, coarse and cut-toothed or lobed leaflets, 
 and umbels of small yellow flowers. (D (g) 
 
 LV. ARALIACEJ), GINSENG FAMILY. 
 
 Like the foregoing family, but often shrubs or trees, usually 
 more than two styles and cells to the ovary and fruit, the 
 latter a berry or drupe. Besides a few choice and uncommon 
 shrubby house plants, represented only by the two following 
 genera. The flowers in both are more or less polygamous, and 
 the lobes or margin of the calyx very short or none. Petals 
 and stamens 5. 
 
 1. ARALIA. Flowers In simple or panicled umbels, white or greenish ; the petals lightly 
 
 overlapping in the bud. Styles 2-5, separate to the base, except in sterile flowers. 
 Leaves compound or decompound. Eoot, bark, fruit, etc., warm-aromatic or pungent. 
 
 2. HEDEEA. Flowers in panicled or clustered umbels, greenish ; petals valvate in the 
 
 bud. Ovary 5-celled ; the 5 styles united into a conical column. Leaves simple, 
 palmately 8-5-lobed or angled. Woody stems climbing by rootlets. 
 
 1. ARALIA. (Derivation obscure.) 11 
 
 1. WILD SARSAPARILLA, etc. Flowers perfect or polygamous with both 
 fertile and sterile on the same plant ; umbels more than one ; fruit black 
 or dark purple, spicy ; seeds or cells and styles 5. 
 
 * Large and leafy-stemmed, with very compound leaves sometimes 2 or 
 3 across and with many umbels in a large compound panicle ; flowers 
 in summer. 
 
 A. spindsa, Linn. ANGELICA TREE, HERCULES' CLUB. River banks 
 from Penn. S. , and planted ; a shrub or low tree, of peculiar aspect, the 
 simple stout trunk rising 6-20 high and beset with large prickles, bearing 
 immense leaves with ovate serrate leaflets and corymbed or panicled umbels. 
 
 A. racem6sa. Linn. SPIKENARD. Woodlands in rich soil, with her- 
 baceous stems 3-5 high, from a thick aromatic root, not prickly, widely 
 spreading branches, heart-ovate leaflets doubly serrate and slightly downy, 
 and racemed-panicled umbels.
 
 DOGWOOD FAMILY. 205 
 
 * * Smaller; short stems scarcely woody at base; few umbels ; flowers 
 early summer. 
 
 A. hispida, Vent. BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA. Rocky places ; bristly 
 stems l-2 high, leafy below, naked and bearing corymbed umbels 
 above ; leaves twice pinnate, the leaflets oblong-ovate and cut-toothed. 
 
 A. nudicaulis, Linn. COMMON WILD S. Low ground ; the aromatic, 
 horizontal, slender roots running 3-5 long, used as a substitute for offi- 
 cinal Sarsaparilla ; the smooth, proper stem rising only 2'-4', bearing a 
 single long-stalked leaf of 5 ovate or oval serrate leaflets on each of the 3 
 divisions of the petiole, and a short peduncle with 2-7 umbels. 
 
 2. GINSENG. Sterile and fertile flowers usually on separate simple- 
 stemmed plants, in a single slender-stalked umbel, below it a single 
 whorl of digitate leaves; styles and cells of the fruit 2 or 3. 
 
 A. quinquef6lia, Dec. & Planch. GINSENG. Root spindle-shaped, 
 warm-aromatic, 4'-9' long ; stem 1 high ; leaflets 5 at the end of each 
 of the 3 petioles, slender-stalked, thin, obovate-oblong, pointed, serrate ; 
 flowers in summer ; fruit red. Rich woods N. Also cult. Medicinal. 
 
 A. trifdlia, Dec. & Planch. DWARF G. or GROUNDNUT. Low woods, 
 N. ; 4'-8' high, from a deep, globular, pungent-tasted root ; leaflets 3 or 
 sometimes 6 sessile on the end of each of the 3 petioles, narrow-oblong 
 and obtuse ; flowers in spring ; fruit orange-yellow. 
 
 2. HEDERA, IVY. (The ancient Latin name.) Flowers late summer. 
 
 H. Helix, Linn. TRUE or ENGLISH IVY. Woody climber, with ever- 
 green, glossy, rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped and 3-lobed or 3- 
 angled, often variegated leaves, or in some varieties more deeply 3-7-cleft, 
 yellowish- green flowers, and blackish berries ; covers shaded walls, etc., 
 adhering by its rootlets, but scarcely hardy N. Eu. 
 
 LVI. CORNACE^E, DOGWOOD FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs, trees, or one or two mere herbs, with simple leaves, 
 small, often imperfect flowers, calyx tube in the perfect or pis- 
 tillate ones coherent with the surface of the 1-2-celled ovary, 
 which is crowned with the small calyx teeth or minute cup, 
 bearing the petals (valvate in the bud), and stamens of the 
 same number ; style and stigma single ; ovule and seed solitary 
 in the cells, hanging from the summit; fruit a small drupe 
 or berry. Petals sometimes 0. 
 
 * Flowers perfect, in cymes, close clusters, or heads. 
 
 \. CORNUS. Minute teeth of the calyx, petals, and stamens 4. Style slender ; stigma ter- 
 minal. Berry-like little drupe with a 2-celled, 2-seeded stone. Leaves entire, opposite 
 except in one species, deciduous. Bark very bitter, tonic. Flower cluster often 
 subtended by a corolla-like involucre. 
 
 * Floivers polygamous or dioecious, in axillary clusters or solitary. 
 
 t. AUCUBA. Flowers dioecious, dull purple. Teeth or lobes of the calyx and petals 4. 
 Stamens in the sterile flowers 4, with short filaments and oblong anthers. Fertile 
 flowers with a 1 -celled ovary, becoming an oblong, red berry in fruit ; style short ; 
 stigma capitate. Leaves opposite, coriaceous and glossy, evergreen, smooth, more or 
 less toothed.
 
 206 DOGWOOD FAMILY. 
 
 8. NYSSA. Flowers polygamous or dioecious, greenish ; the sterile ones numerous, the 
 fertile 2-8 in a bracted cluster, or rarely solitary. Calyx of 5 or more lobes or teeth. 
 Petals small and narrow, or minute, or none. Style slender or awl-shaped, bearing a 
 stigma down the whole length of one side, revolute. Ovary and stone of the drupe 
 1-celled and 1-seeded. Trees with deciduous alternate leaves, either entire, angled, or 
 few-toothed. 
 
 1. CORNUS, CORNEL or DOGWOOD. (Latin : cornu, horn, from 
 the hardness of the wood.) Flowers late spring and early summer. 
 
 Flowers greenish, in a head or close cluster surrounded by a showy, 
 corolla-like, (white or rarely pinkish) ^-leaved involucre; fruit bright 
 red. 
 
 C. Canade"nsis, Linn. DWARF CORNEL, BUNCHBERRY. Damp woods 
 N. ; a low herb, the stems from creeping, subterranean shoots which are 
 slightly woody, bearing 4-6 ovate or oval leaves at the summit below the 
 stalked flower head ; petal-like leaves of the involucre ovate ; fruits 
 globular, in a cluster, edible. 
 
 C. fl6rida, Linn. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Rocky woods ; also planted 
 for ornament. Tree 12-30 high, with ovate pointed leaves, petal-like 
 leaves of the whitish (or in a cult, variety red) involucre (li ; long) ob- 
 cordate or obovate and notched, and oval fruits in a head. 
 
 * * Flowers yellow (earlier than the leaves), in a small umbel, sur- 
 rounded by a small and dull-colored involucre of 4 scales; fruit 
 bright red. 
 
 C. Mas, Linn. CORNELIAN CHERRY. A tall shrub or low tree, with 
 oval, pointed (often variegated) leaves and handsome oblong fruit, the 
 pulp pleasantly acid ; planted from Eu. 
 
 * * Flowers white in open and flat cymes, without involucre; fruit 
 small, globular, inedible, blue, white, or black. 
 
 ->- Leaves alternate. 
 
 C. altemif61ia, Linn.f. Shrub or tree, 8-25 high, with streaked 
 branches, ovate or oblong taper-pointed leaves acute at base and only 
 minutely pubescent beneath, crowded at the end of the branches ; cymes 
 large and flat ; fruit bright blue on reddish stalks. Hillsides and banks 
 of streams. 
 
 Branches of the previous year red or purple, at least in spring (rarely 
 yellow in C. stolonifera). 
 
 = Leaves with lower surface more or less soft-pubescent (rarely smoothish 
 in C. Baileyi). 
 
 C. serlcea, Linn. KINNIKINIC (the dry bark smoked by the Indians 
 W.). In wet places N. and S.; has dull-red branches, the shoots, cymes, 
 and lower face of the narrow-ovate or oblong pointed leaves silky -downy ; 
 fruit bluish ; stone irregular and furrowed, generally broader than long. 
 
 C. Baileyi, Coult. & Evans. An erect shrub, with purple-red branches ; 
 leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute ; flowers white, in small cymes, often 
 continuing all summer, and followed by pearly-white berries ; stone much 
 compressed and prominently furrowed on the edge, broader than long. 
 Along the Great Lakes and far W. 
 
 = = Leaves smooth (although often whitish) below, or the pubescence, if 
 any, oppressed. 
 
 C, stolonifera, Michx. WILD RED OSIER. Shrub 3-6 high, in wet 
 places N., spreading by prostrate or subterranean running shoots, smooth,
 
 DOGWOOD FAMILY. 207 
 
 with ovate, abruptly pointed leaves, small cymes, and lead-colored fruit ; 
 stone scarcely compressed, longer than broad. 
 
 C. sanguined, Linn. EUROPEAN RED OSIER. Erect, with ovate 
 (sometimes variegated) leaves rather downy beneath, and black or dark 
 purple fruit ; planted from Eu. 
 
 ++ -w Branches brownish, gray, or green-streaked. 
 = Leaves loosely pubescent below. 
 
 C. asperif61ia, Michx. Shrub 3-5 high, with branches and small 
 oblong or ovate leaves pubescent, upper face of the latter rough, the 
 lower downy ; cymes small and flat ; fruit bluish. Dry soil, Lake Erie 
 W. and S. 
 
 C. circinata, L'Her. Shrub 3-10 high, with warty-dotted branches 
 rather large round-oval and short-pointed leaves downy beneath ; small 
 flat cymes, and light^blue fruit. Wooded hillsides, Va. and Mo., N. 
 
 = = Leaves scarcely pubescent below. 
 
 C. strlcta, Lam. Shrub 8-15 high, with ovate or lance-ovate taper- 
 pointed leaves, smooth and green both sides ; loose flat cymes, and pale 
 blue fruit. Wet grounds S. 
 
 C. paniculata, L'Her. Shrub 3-8 high, much branched, smooth, 
 with ash-colored bark, lance-ovate pointed leaves, acute at base and 
 whitish beneath, and proportionally large and numerous convex cymes, 
 often panicled ; fruit white. Roadsides and copses, N. 
 
 2. AUCUBA. (Japanese name of the species cultivated as a house- 
 plant.) 
 
 A. Japdnica, Thunb. Shrub, with large ovate-oblong leaves bright 
 green and usually marbled with yellow ; the flowers inconspicuous, but 
 the red berries (when formed) handsome. 
 
 3. NYSSA, TUPELO, PEPPERIDGE, SOUR GUM TREE. (Greek 
 name of a nymph, the trees growing in wet places.) Dowers spring. 
 
 * Sterile flowers in loose clusters ; fruit blue, not edible. 
 
 N. sylvatica, Marsh. COMMON TUPELO, SOUR GUM, PEPPERIDGE. 
 In swamps or rich woods, N. and S. ; tree 30-50 high, with horizontal 
 branches and Beech-like spray ; ovate or obovate leaves entire and smooth 
 or glossy when old ; fertile flowers 3-8 on the slender peduncle ; dark- 
 blue oval fruit ' long, and ovoid scarcely ridged stone ; wood tough ; 
 leaves changing to bright crimson in autumn. 
 
 N. bifl6ra, Walt. WATER TUPELO. In pine-barren swamps, N. J., 
 S. ; smaller leaves than in the preceding (l f -2' long) and varying from 
 lance-oblong to roundish ; short peduncles, the fertile 1-2-flowered ; 
 smaller oval fruit and a flattened ridged stone. 
 
 N. unifl6ra, Wang. LARGE TUPELO, WILD OLIVE. In water, from 
 Va. and 111., S. ; large tree, with leaves ovate or oblong, acute, often 
 with a few sharp teeth, 4'-6' long, on slender petioles, downy beneath ; 
 fertile peduncles long and 1-flowered ; fruit oblong, about 1' long ; stone 
 flattened, with very sharp ridges ; wood soft ; roots very spongy, used 
 for corks. 
 
 * * Sterile flowers in a head; oblong fruit red and edible. 
 
 N. Ogfcche, Marsh. OGEECHEE LIME or WILD LIME, so called from 
 the acid fruit (!' or more long) ; in swamps far S. ; a small tree, with 
 oblong or obovate leaves (3'-5' long) downy beneath ; fertile flowers soli- 
 tary on very short peduncles.
 
 208 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 
 
 II. MONOPETALOUS DIVISION. 
 
 Includes the families which have both calyx and corolla, 
 and the latter in one piece ; that is, the petals united more 
 or less into one body. Yet in some plants, especially the 
 compositse, the calyx is so much reduced or modified as to 
 appear to be wanting ; and in a few others, as some of the 
 Ericaceae, the petals are separate. 
 
 LVH. CAPRIFOLIACE.E, HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with calyx adherent to the 2-5- 
 celled ovary (the teeth or limb above it sometimes nearly 
 obsolete or obscure), stamens as many as the lobes of the 
 corolla (or in Adoxa twice as many, and in Linnaea one fewer) 
 and borne on its tube, and opposite leaves without stipules. 
 In some species of Viburnum there are little appendages 
 on the base of the petiole imitating stipules. Fruit a drupe 
 or berry, or sometimes a pod. Seeds with a small embryo in 
 fleshy albumen. 
 
 * Corolla shallow, wheel-shaped or urn-shaped ; stigmas 8-5 (sometimes 1 in Vibur- 
 num). Fruit a dryish or fleshy drupe. 
 +- Herbs ; flowers capitate. 
 
 1. ADOXA. Low, with a single pair of ternate, cauline leaves. A pair of separate or 
 
 united stamens with 1-celled anthers in each sinus of the 4-6-cleft, greenish or yellow- 
 ish, small corolla. Fruit dry, with 3-6 nutlets. 
 
 +- +- Shrubs or some low trees, with small flowers in broad cymes, and berry-like fruit, 
 containing 1-3 seeds or rather seed-like stones. Calyx-teeth on the ovary very 
 short or obscure ; stamens 5. 
 
 2. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple. Fruit containing a single flat or flattish stone. 
 
 8. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pinnate, and the oblong or lanceolate leaflets serrate. Fruit con- 
 taining 3 seeds or rather small, seed-like stones. 
 
 * * Corolla longer or tubular, frequently irregular, sometimes 1-lipped ; stigma \. 
 +- Perennial herbs, with prominent awl shaped or linear lobes to the calyx, and axil- 
 lary flowers. 
 
 4. LINN^EA. A pair of flowers nodding on the summit of a slender, scape-like peduncle. 
 
 Corolla narrow, bell-shaped, with 5 almost equal, rounded lobes. Stamens 4, two of 
 them shorter. Ovary and small pod 3-celled, but perfecting a seed in only one cell. 
 Creeping evergreen herb. 
 
 5. TKIOSTEUM. Flowers sessile in the axils of the leaves, single or in a cluster. Corolla 
 
 oblong-tubular, with 5 short, almost equal lobes, scarcely longer than the leaf-like lobes 
 of the calyx. Stamens 5, equal. Fruit fleshy, orange or red, crowned with the per- 
 sistent calyx-lobes, containing 3 bony seeds or rather nutlets. Erect and coarse, leafy 
 herbs ; their leaves narrowed at base, but united around the simple stem.
 
 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. XUV 
 
 +- -t- Shrubby, with cymose or axillary flowers. 
 
 ++ Teeth of the calyx very short on the '2-A-celled ovary ; fruit a berry ; leaves simple, 
 entire or rarely wavy or lobed on some rigorous young shoots. 
 
 6. SYMPHORICAIiPUS. Flowers small, in close clusters or interrupted spikes. Corolla 
 
 bell-shaped, with 4 or 5 equal roundish lobes and as many short stamens in the 
 throat. Ovary 4-celled, but the berry only 2-seeded, two cells being empty. Low 
 upright shrubs, with oval, short-petioled leaves. 
 
 7. LONICEKA. Corolla tubular, funnel-form, or oblong, more or less irregular, being 
 
 gibbous or bulging on one side at base, and the 5 lobes not all alike, but in one species 
 
 nearly so. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled, becoming a several-seeded berry. Twining 
 
 or upright shrubs. 
 H- ++ Teeth or lobes of the calyx slender, on the summit of the slender or taper-pointed 
 
 ovary which becomes a many-seeded, 1-valvedpod; leaves simple, serrate. 
 & DIERVILLA. Corolla funnel-form, almost regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary narrow, 
 
 sometimes linear and stalk-like. Low upright shrubs, with flowers in terminal or 
 
 axillary loose clusters or cymes. 
 
 1. ADOXA. (Greek: obscure}. TJ. 
 
 A. Moschat^llina, Linn. Radical leaves 1-3-ternate, the stem leaves 
 cleft or parted ; leaflets obovate ; head of flowers on a slender peduncle. 
 Wis., W.andN. 
 
 2. VIBURNUM, ARROWWOOD. (Ancient name, of uncertain 
 meaning.) Flowers white, or nearly so, in spring or early summer. 
 
 * Flowers all alike, small, and perfect. 
 
 t~ Leaves not lobed nor coarsely toothed, smooth or with some scurf; fruit 
 black, or with a bluish bloom. 
 
 *+ Leaves glossy, finely and evenly serrate with very sharp teeth. 
 
 V. Lentago, Linn. SWEET V., SHEEPBERRT. Tree 10-30 high, 
 common in moist grounds, chiefly N.; leaves ovate, conspicuously pointed, 
 on long-margined petioles ; cyme broad, sessile ; fruit oval, ' or more 
 long, sweet, edible. 
 
 V. prunifblium, Linn. BLACK HAW. Hardly so tall as the preced- 
 ing, with smaller and oval mostly blunt leaves. Dry soil, from Conn, 
 to Kans. and S. 
 
 tt- tt- Leaves thick and rugose, dull, finely serrate. 
 
 V. Lantana, Linn. WAYFARING TREE. Tall shrub, with short ovate- 
 cordate leaves, the lower surface and petioles and cymes scurfy-pubes- 
 cent; fruit red, becoming black. Eu. Cult, here under the name of 
 
 V. RUG6SUM. 
 
 M. -M- -M. Leaves entire or with a few wavy or crenate small teeth, thickish. 
 
 = Cyme more or less peduncled. 
 
 || Leaf edges ciliate. 
 
 V. Tlnus, Linn. LAURESTINUS. Cult, from S. Eu., with evergreen 
 smooth entire leaves ; not hardy N.; a common house plant, winter-flower- 
 ing, or planted out in summer ; leaves oblong ; fruit dark purple. 
 
 || || Leaf edges not ciliate. 
 
 V. cassinoldes. Linn. WITHE-ROD. Leaves thickish and dull, 
 ovate-oblong, the point bluntish, obscurely veiny and often irregularly 
 crenate-denticulate ; peduncle short and leafy ; shoots scurfy. Wet 
 grounds, N. 
 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. HOT. 14
 
 210 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 
 
 V. nudum, Linn. Much like the last, but leaves more veiny and 
 shining above, less scurfy, the peduncle generally as long as the cyme ; 
 flowers later. N. J., S. 
 
 = = Cyme sessile, small. 
 
 V. obovatum, Walt. In swamps, Va. and S., growing 8 high ; leaves 
 small, obovate, or spatulate, obtuse, entire or denticulate and thickish. 
 
 t- - Leaves coarsely toothed, strongly feather-veined ; the veins promi- 
 nently marked, straight and simple, or nearly so; fruit small; cyme 
 peduncled. ^ Leaves slender-petioled ; stone sulcate. 
 
 V. dentatum, Linn. ARROWWOOD (the stems having been used by 
 the Indians to make arrows) . Common in wet soil ; 5-10 high ; smooth, 
 with ash-colored bark, pale and broadly ovate, evenly sharp-toothed 
 leaves on slender petioles, and bright blue fruit. 
 
 V. mdlle, Michx. Soft-downy, with less sharply toothed oval or 
 obovate leaves, and blue oily fruit. N. Eng. to Tex. 
 
 M- Leaves nearly sessile ; stone flat. 
 
 V. pub^scens, Pursh. A low and straggling shrub, with ovate or 
 oblong and acute or taper-pointed leaves, having rather few coarse 
 teeth, their lower surface and the very short petioles soft-downy ; fruit 
 dark purple. Canada to Ga. and W. 
 
 t- -i- -- Leaves both coarsely toothed and somewhat 3-lobed, roundish, 3- 
 d-ribbed from the base and veiny ; cymes slender-peduncled, small. 
 
 V. acerif61ium, Linn. MAPLE-LEAVED A. or DOCKMACKIE. Shrub 
 3-6 high, in rocky woods, with 3- ribbed and 3-lobed leaves soft-downy 
 beneath, their pointed lobes diverging ; stamens slender ; fruit black. 
 
 V. paucifl6rum, Pylaie. Almost smooth leaves 5-ribbed at base and 
 3-lobed at summit ; cyme few-flowered ; stamens shorter than corolla ; 
 fruit sour, red. Cold woods, far N. 
 
 * * Flowers round the margin of the cyme neutral (without stamens 
 or pistils') and very much larger than the fertile ones, Hiidrangea-like 
 and showy (in cultivation, all becoming neutral) ; petioles bearing evi- 
 dent appendages which imitate stipules. 
 
 -t- Leaves 3-lobed. 
 
 V. Opulus, Linn. CRANBERRY TREE. Tall and nearly smooth shrub, 
 with gray bark, scaly buds, 3-5-ribbed leaves, the lobes pointed and com- 
 monly few-toothed ; cymes peduncled. The wild form in low grounds N. 
 and E. ; the juicy acid fruit bright red, used as a substitute for cran- 
 berries (whence the name of HIGH BUSH CRANBERRY). The cultivated 
 form from Eu., planted for ornament, under the name of GUELDER-ROSE 
 or SNOWBALL TREE, has all the flowers changed into enlarged corollas. 
 
 -- -f- Leaves not lobed. 
 
 V. lantanoldes, Michx. HOBBLEBCSH (popular name from the 
 straggling or reclining branches taking root at the end, and forming 
 loops). Cold moist woods N., with naked buds ; large round-ovate leaves, 
 heart-shaped at base and abruptly pointed at the apex, closely serrate, 
 and pinnately many-veined ; the veins and netted veinlets prominent under- 
 neath and covered, like the stalks and branchlets, with rusty scurf ; cymes 
 showy, very broad, sessile ; fruit not edible, coral-red turning crimson. 
 
 . tomentdsum, Thunb. (V. PLICATUM). JAPANESE SNOWBALL. Shrub 
 of medium size, with broad-ovate or obovate, plicate, shallow-toothed 
 leaves ; axillary dense heads of sterile flowers whiter and more delicate 
 than those of the Common Snowball. China and Japan.
 
 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 211 
 
 3. SAMBUCUS, ELDER. (From Greek name of an ancient musical 
 instrument, supposed to have been made of Elder stalks.) 
 
 * Flowers in a flatfish cyme. 
 
 S. CanaddnsiB, Linn. COMMON ELDER. Stems woody only towards 
 the base, 5-6 high, with white pith ; 7-11 oblong smooth or smoothish 
 leaflets, the lowermost often 3-parted ; flowers scentless, in early summer ; 
 fruit small, black-purple. Rich soils. 
 
 S. nlgra, Linn. EUROPEAN E. Taller and more woody (where hardy), 
 the leaflets usually 5, oblong-oval or ovate-lanceolate; flowers larger, 
 faintly sweet scented ; fruit black. Cult, from Eu., chiefly in the form of 
 golden-leaved, variegated, and cut-leaved varieties. 
 
 * * Flowers in a pyramidal panicle or thyrse. 
 
 8. racem6sa, Linn. RED E. Rocky woods chiefly N., with woody 
 stems and warty bark ; yellow-brown pith ; few lanceolate leaflets downy 
 underneath ; berries bright red. Blooms in early spring. 
 
 4. LINN.2EA, TWIN FLOWER. (Linnaeus.) 11 
 
 L. borealis, Gronov. Stems creeping, bearing round-oval and sparingly 
 crenate, somewhat hairy, small leaves, and in early summer the sweet- 
 scented pretty flowers ; corolla purple and whitish, hairy inside. Mossy 
 woods and cold bogs N. 
 
 5. TRIOSTEUM, FEVERWORT, HORSE GENTIAN. (Greek for 
 three bones, from the 3 bony seeds or stones.) The root has been used in 
 medicine, and the seeds for coffee. In rich soil ; flowering early summer. 
 T. perfoliatum, Linn. Softly hairy, 2-4 high, with oval leaves 
 
 abruptly narrowed at base, and brownish purple flowers in clusters ; the 
 common species. 
 
 T. angustif61iura, Linn. Smaller and bristly-hairy, with narrower 
 lanceolate leaves more tapering at base, and greenish or cream-colored 
 flowers, mostly solitary. Va. to 111., S. and W. 
 
 6. SYMPHORICARPOS. (Greek: crowded fruits.) Wild on rocky 
 banks, and cult, for the ornamental, insipid berries. Flowers white or 
 slightly rose-color, produced all summer. 
 
 S. racem6sus. Michx. SNOWBERRY. Clusters of flowers in inter- 
 rupted leafy spikes (rather than racemes) terminating the branches ; 
 corolla bearded within ; style (as in the next) glabrous ; berries snow- 
 white in autumn. N. Eng., S. and W. Common in gardens. 
 
 S. occidentalis, Hook. WOLFBERRT. Flowers in dense terminal 
 and axillary spikes ; corolla larger than in the last, much bearded within ; 
 berries white. Mich., W. 
 
 S. vulgaris, Michx. CORAL BERRY, INDIAN CURRANT. Short clus- 
 ters of flowers in the axils of most of the leaves ; corolla slightly bearded, 
 but style prominently so ; berries small, dark-red. N. Y., W. and S. 
 
 7. LONICERA, HONEYSUCKLE, WOODBINE. (Named for an old 
 German herbalist, Lonitzer, latinized Lonicerus.) 
 
 1. FLY HONEYSUCKLES, upright or straggling bushes, never twining, 
 with leaves all distinct to the base, and a pair of flowers on the summit 
 of an axillary peduncle, the 2 berries sometimes united into 1. 
 * Four large leafy bracts surrounding 2 cylindrical (' long) yellowish 
 
 flowers. 
 
 L. involucrata, Banks. Wild from Lake Superior to Cal., and spar- 
 ingly planted ; shrub 2-5 high, downy when young, with ovate or
 
 212 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 
 
 oblong leaves, 3'-5' long, on short petioles, clammy flowers, and berries 
 quite separate. 
 
 * * The 2 or 4 bracts under the ovaries small or minute, sometimes 
 
 caducous. 
 
 +- Flowers appearing before the leaves. 
 
 L. fragrantfssima, Lindl. Branches smooth ; flowers white or tinted, 
 sessile at the nodes, strongly 2-lipped, very fragrant ; leaves thickish and 
 veiny, short-obovate, with cusp at tip, smooth. China. Foliage ever- 
 green in favorable localities. 
 
 L. Standlshii, Hook. Much like the last, but branches retrorsely hairy, 
 and leaves ovate-lanceolate and ciliate and more deciduous. China. 
 
 - - Flowers appearing with or after the leaves. 
 M- Flowers nearly sessile. 
 
 L. ceerulea, Linn. Leaves oval, downy when young ; corolla 5-lobed, 
 yellowish ; bracts awl-like, longer than the united ovaries ; double berry 
 blue. Cold woods and bogs N. ; also cult. 
 
 -M. -w. Flowers conspicuously peduncled. 
 
 L. Tatdrica, Linn. TARTARIAN H. Strong growing tall shrub, now 
 commonly planted from Asia ; leaves cordate-oval, obtuse or acute, with 
 chaste whitish or bluish-red flowers in profusion, followed by united red 
 berries. 
 
 L. ciliata, Muhl. Straggling, 3-5 high ; oval or oblong and partly 
 heart-shaped leaves, thin and downy beneath when young, and ciliate 
 on the edge ; honey-yellow corolla (f long), with short, nearly equal 
 lobes and very unequal-sided base ; berries red, separate ; flowers early 
 spring. N. 
 
 L. oblongif&lia, Muhl. Upright, 2-5 high ; leaves oblong ; pedun- 
 cles long and slender; corolla deeply' 2-lipped (4' long) in early summer ; 
 bracts minute or deciduous ; berries united, red or purple. Swamps, N. 
 
 2. TRUE HONEYSUCKLES, with twining stems (in one wild species 
 
 only slightly so). 
 
 * Corolla with very long tube and 5 short, almost regular lobes. 
 L. semp^rvirena, Ait. TRUMPET H. Wild from N. Y., S., and 
 commonly cult. Leaves evergreen (as the name denotes) only at the S., 
 thickish, pale beneath, the lower oblong, the uppermost pairs united 
 round the stem ; flowers scentless, in spiked whorls 2' long, scarlet with 
 yellow inside (also a yellow variety), produced all summer ; berries red, 
 
 * * Corolla strongly 2-lipped; lower lip narrow, upper one broad and 
 
 4-lobed. 
 
 -- The 1 to 4 uppermost pairs of leaves united round the stem in the form 
 of an oval or rounded disk or shallow cup, the flowers sessile in their 
 axils, or partly in leafless spiked whorls beyond (Lessons, Fig. 163) ; 
 berries red or orange. 
 
 -* Corolla long (!' or more}, glabrous within. 
 
 L. grata, Ait. AMERICAN WOODBINE. Leaves smooth, glaucous 
 beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united ; flowers white, with a 
 pink or purple slender tube, fading to yellowish, fragrant, the corolla not 
 gibbous at the base, whorled in the upper axils. N. J. to Mich., S. and W.; 
 also cult. 
 
 L Caprifdlium, Linn. Leaves obovate, obtuse or slightly acute, very 
 glaucous, uppermost 2 or 3 pairs connate ; flowers yellow with a bluish, 
 very slender, not gibbous tube, in capitate whorls. Cult, from Eu. ; flowers 
 only in early summer.
 
 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Zld 
 
 ** *-* Corolla mostly shorter, hairy within. 
 = Foliage conspicuously glaucous. 
 
 L. Sullivantii, Gray. Leaves large, smooth, and oval or ovate- oblong, 
 sessile, and most of those on the flowering stems connate (the uppermost 
 forming a saucer-like disk), very glaucous ; flowers pale yellow, very 
 slightly gibbous below, in a somewhat loose cluster ; filaments nearly 
 glabrous. Ohio, W. and S.; also cult., as L. FLAVA and L. CAXADEXSIS. 
 
 L. glauca, Hill. Leaves oblong, less glaucous than the last and 
 sometimes puberulent beneath, the 1-4 upper pairs connate ; flowers 
 smaller than the last (' or less long), purplish or greenish, in a small 
 compact cluster, more gibbous below ; filaments hairy. N. Eng. W. 
 
 = = Foliage green or very nearly so, hairy. 
 
 L. hirsuta, Eaton. HAIRY H. Leaves large and broad-oval, dull and 
 veiny, downy and somewhat whitened below, about 2 of the upper 
 pairs connate ; flowers in loose whorls, orange-yellow and clammy pubes- 
 cent ; the tube slightly gibbous. Woods, Me., W. 
 
 -f -i- Leaves all separate and short-stalked. 
 
 L. Periclymenum, Linn. (L. BELGICA.) Leaves ovate, obtuse, atten- 
 uated at the base, sometimes downy, glaucous beneath ; flowers red out- 
 side and buff within, ringent, disposed in terminal heads. Eu. Some 
 varieties bloom throughout the summer. 
 
 L. Jap6nica, Thunb. (L. CONF^SA ; also L. BRACHYPODA, L. FLEXUOSA, 
 and L. HALLI\NA of gardens.) JAPANESE H. Long-trailing or climbing 
 vine with variable foliage ; leaves (sometimes variegated) generally ovate 
 and blunt, but sometimes acute, thin (but nearly evergreen in favorable 
 localities), and more or less hairy, at least when young, never glaucous ; 
 slender stems hairy; flowers long (2'), hairy, white or reddish outside, 
 fading to yellow, fragrant at nightfall. Common ; from Japan and China. 
 
 8. DIERVILLA, BUSH HONEYSUCKLE, WEIGELA. (Named for 
 Dr. Dierville, who took the common species from Canada to France.) 
 
 * Corolla pale or honey-yellow, and slender funnel-form, not showy ; pod 
 
 oblong. 
 
 D. trifida, Moench. Common N. ; l-4 high, with oblong-ovate, 
 taper-pointed leaves on distinct petioles, mostly 3-flowered peduncles, 
 and slender, pointed pods ; flowers all summer. Banks. 
 
 D. sessilif61ia, Buckley. Along the Alleghanies S. ; has lance-ovate, 
 sessile leaves, many-flowered peduncles, and short-pointed pods. 
 
 * * Corolla shovry, mostly rose-colored, funnel-form, with an abruptly 
 narrowed base ; very slender, stalk-like ovary and linear pod. Species 
 much confused, but the following are the sources of the garden WEIGELAS. 
 From Japan and China. 
 
 D. f!6rida, Sieb. & Zucc. Known under many names, as WEIGELA and 
 DIERVILLA ROSEA, D. AMABILIS, W. ALBA, W. ISALIN^E, etc. Calyx teeth 
 lanceolate ; corolla rose-color ; seeds wingless and triangular ; leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; 5-8. Common in cult. 
 
 D. Japdnica, DC. (D. HORTENSIS.) Usually lower ; calyx teeth 
 linear ; corolla rose-color, the tube broadly funnel-shaped ; seeds (as in the 
 two next) winged ; plant more or less hairy, the under side of the young 
 leaves especially so ; flowers numerous, nearly or quite sessile. 
 
 D. grand/flora, Sieb. & Zucc. Larger, 5-10 or sometimes even more, 
 with linear calyx teeth ; plant glabrous or very nearly so, the leaves much 
 larger than in the last ; the creamy (becoming rose) flowers on com-
 
 214 MADDER FAMILY. 
 
 monly distinct, more or less elongated peduncles ; corolla tube broadly 
 funnel-shaped. 
 
 D. floribunda, Sieb. & Zucc. (D. vERsfcoLOR and D. MULTIFI^RA). 
 Calyx teeth linear ; corolla tube narrowly funnel-shaped ; flowers brown- 
 ish or at first greenish, becoming purplish ; leaves villous ; ovary and calyx 
 hairy. 
 
 LVm, RTTBIACKffi, MADDER FAMILY. 
 
 Like the preceding family, but with stipules between the 
 opposite (or sometimes ternately whorled) entire leaves, or 
 else (as in Galium) the leaves whorled without stipules. 
 Fruit a capsule or berry. An immense family in the tropics, 
 and here represented by several wild and a few commonly 
 cultivated species. The CINCHONA or PERUVIAX BARK trees 
 belong here ; also COFFEE, of which the best known species is 
 COFFEA ARABICA, a shrub or small tree, sometimes cult, in 
 conservatories, with smooth and glossy oblong leaves, bearing 
 fragrant white flowers in their axils, followed by the red 
 berries, containing the pair of seeds. 
 
 Leaves opposite, with stipules ; ovules numerous in each cell. 
 +- Low herbs. 
 
 1. HOUSTONIA. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, the 4 lobes valvate in the bud. 
 
 Stamens 4. Style 1 ; stigmas 2. Pod short, 2-celled, the upper part rising more or 
 less free from the 4-lobed calyx, opening across the top, and ripening rather few 
 (4-20 in each cell) saucer-shaped or thimble-shaped pitted seeds. Stipules short and 
 entire, sometimes a mere margin connecting the bases of the opposite leaves. Flowers 
 more or less dimorphous. 
 
 2. OLDENLANDIA. Like Houstonia, but corolla mostly wheel-shaped, and the seeds 
 
 angular and very numerous. 
 
 t- +- Shrubs or trees. 
 
 8. PINCKNEYA. Flowers in a terminal compound cyme. Calyx with 5 lobes, 4 of 
 them small and lanceolate, the fifth often transformed into a large bright rose- 
 colored leaf. Corolla hairy, with a slender tube and 5 oblong-linear recurving lobes. 
 Stamens 5, protruding. Fruit a globular 2-celled pod, filled with very many thin- 
 winged seeds. 
 
 4. GARDENIA. Flowers solitary at the end of the branches or nearly so, large, very 
 
 fragrant. Calyx with 5 or more somewhat leaf-like lobes. Corolla funnel-shaped or 
 salver-shaped, with 5 or more spreading lobes convolute in the bud, and as many 
 linear anthers sessile in its throat. Style 1 ; stigma of 2 thick lobes. Fruit fleshy, 
 surmounted by the calyx lobes, ribbed down the sides, many -seeded. 
 
 5. BOUVARDIA. Flowers in clusters at the end of the branches. Calyx with 4 slender 
 
 lobes. Corolla with a long and slender or somewhat trumpet-shaped tube, and 4 
 short, spreading lobes, valvate in the bud. Anthers 4, almost sessile in the throat. 
 Style 1 ; stigma of 2 flat lips. Pod small, globular, 2-celled. Seeds wing-margined. 
 Leaves opposite or in 3's or 4's, with stipules ; ovule solitary in each cell. 
 +- Low herbs or creepers, with narrow funnel-form or salver-form corolla, its lobet 
 (valvate in the bud) and the stamens 4. 
 
 6. DIODIA. Flowers 1-8, sessile in the axils of the narrow leaves. Stipules sheathing, 
 
 dry, fringed with long bristles. Ovary 2- (rarely 8-), celled, in fruit splitting into 2 
 hard and dry closed nutlets. Calyx teeth 2-5, often unequal.
 
 MADDER FAMILY. 215 
 
 7. 8PERMACOCE. Flowers sessile, In axillary whorls or clusters. Fruit small and dry, 
 
 2-celled, one or both of the carpels opening (1 carpel, in falling, usually carrying the 
 partition with it, leaving the other open). Calyx teeth 4. 
 
 8. MITCHELLA. Flowers in pairs at the end of branches, the two ovaries united into 
 
 one, which in fruit forms a 2-eyed scarlet berry. Corolla densely white-bearded 
 inside, white or purplish-tinged outside. Style 1 ; stigmas 4, slender. Seeds, or 
 rather little stones, 4 to each of the two flowers. Stipules small, not fringed, 
 -f- -i- Shrubs or small trees ; lobes of the corolla overlapping in the bud. 
 
 9. CEPHALANTHU9. Flowers many and small, crowded in a close, round head, raised 
 
 on a peduncle. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla tubular with 4 very short lobes. Stamens 
 4. Style long and much protruded, tipped with a capitate stigma. Fruit small, dry 
 and hard, inversely pyramidal, at length splitting into 2 or 4 closed, 1-seeded por- 
 tions. * * Leaves whorled, without stipules ; ovules solitary. 
 
 10. GALIUM. Flowers small or minute, mostly in clusters, with a wheel-shaped, 4-parted 
 (or sometimes 3-parted) corolla, and as many short stamens. Ovary 2-celled, form- 
 ing a small and twin, fleshy or berry -like, or else dry and sometimes bur-like, 
 2-seeded fruit. Styles 2. Calyx above the ovary obsolete. Slender herbs, with 
 square stems, their angles and the edges of the leaves often rough or almost prickly. 
 
 1. HOUSTONIA. (Dr. Wm. Houston, an English physician, who 
 botanized on the coast of Mexico, where he died early.) 
 
 * Delicate little plants, with 1-flowered peduncles, flowering from early 
 spring to summer ; corolla salver-form ; pod somewhat 2-lobed, its upper 
 half free ; seeds with a deep hole occupying the face. 
 
 H. caerillea, Linn. COMMON H. or BLUETS. Moist banks and grassy 
 places ; 3'-5' high, smooth and slender, erect, with oblong or spatulate 
 leaves only 3" or 4" long, very slender peduncle, and light blue, purplish, 
 or almost white and yellowish-eyed corolla, its tube much longer than 
 the lobes. (2) 
 
 H. minima, Beck. Roughish, l'-4' high, at length much branched 
 and spreading ; leaves ovate, spatulate, or the upper linear ; earlier pedun- 
 cles slender, the rest short, and tube of the purplish corolla not longer 
 than its lobes and those of the calyx. Dry hills from Mo., S. W. (f) 
 
 H. rotundif6lia. Michx. Prostrate and creeping leafy stems ; pedun- 
 cles shorter than the roundish leaves and recurved in fruit ; corolla 
 white. Sandy soil from N. Car., S. y. 
 
 * * Erect leafy-stemmed, 5'-20' high, with flowers in terminal clusters or 
 cymes, in summer ; corolla funnel- form ; seeds rather saucer-shaped. 2Z 
 
 H. purpiirea, Linn. Wooded or rocky banks, commoner W. ; smooth 
 or slightly downy, with ovate or lanceolate 3-5-ribbed leaves ; pale-purple 
 flowers, and upper half of globular pod free from the calyx. Variable. 
 
 Var. ciliolata, Gray. 3' high, with thick small stem leaves, and oval 
 or oblong ciliate radical leaves. W. 
 
 Var. longifdlia, Gray. The common one N. ; slender or low, with 1- 
 ribbed leaves, those of the stem varying from lance-oblong to linear. 
 
 H. angustif61ia, Michx. Stems tufted erect ; narrow-linear and acute 
 1-ribbed leaves ; crowded short-pediceled flowers with lobes of the white 
 corolla densely bearded inside, and only the top of the obovate pod rising 
 above the calyx. Dry banks from 111., S. and W. 
 
 2. OLDENLA.NDIA. (H. B. Oldenland was a German botanist who 
 died at the Cape of Good Hope.) 
 
 O. B6scii, Chapm. 3' or 4' high, diffuse, glabrous ; leaves linear ; 
 flowers few or solitary ; calyx teeth broadly subulate, mostly shorter than 
 the capsule. S. Car., S. and W. 2/
 
 216 MADDER FAMILY. 
 
 O. glomerata, Michx. Taller, erect, or becoming diffuse, somewhat 
 pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong ; flowers generally in clusters ; calyx 
 lobes ovate or oblong and leafy, longer than the capsule. N. Y., S. and 
 W. 
 
 3. PINCKNEYA, GEORGIA BARK or FEVER TREE. (Named 
 for Chas. C. Pinckney.) 
 
 P. pubeiis, Michx. The only species ; a rather downy small tree or 
 shrub, in wet pine barrens, S. Car. to Ga., with large oval leaves, slender 
 stipules, and purplish flowers of little beauty, but the great calyx leaf 
 commonly produced is striking. 
 
 4. GARDENIA, CAPE JESSAMINE. (Named for Dr. Garden of 
 S. Car., who corresponded with Linnaeus.) 
 
 G. jasminotdes, Ellis. (G. FLORIDA). A house plant from China and 
 Japan ; 2-4 high ; leaves smooth and bright-green, oblong acute at both 
 ends ; large and showy, very fragrant flowers ; the white corolla 5-9-lobed, 
 or full double ; berry large, oblong, orange-colored, 5-6-angled and taper- 
 ing at the base. 
 
 5. BOUVARDIA. (Dr. Chas. Bouvard, director of the Paris Garden 
 of Plants over a century ago.) Favorite conservatory plants of several 
 species, the following from Mexico, best known : 
 
 B. triphylfa, Salisb. Shrubby or half -shrubby, blossoming through the 
 winter, and in grounds in summer ; with leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 
 smoothish, in 3's or the upper in pairs ; corolla scarlet, minutely downy 
 outside, nearly 1' long. 
 
 B. leidntha, Benth. Winter-blooming, has more downy leaves and 
 smooth, deep-scarlet corolla. 
 
 6. DIODI A, BUTTONWEED. (Greek : a thoroughfare, being humble 
 weeds, often growing by the wayside.) Flowers white or whitish. 
 
 D. Virginiana, Linn. Stems spreading, l-2 long; leaves broadly 
 lanceolate, sessile; corolla salver-shaped, ^' long; style 2-parted ; fruit 
 oblong, crowned with 2 calyx teeth. N. J., S. 11 
 
 D. tferea, Walt. Sandy fields from N. J. and 111., S. ; with slender 
 stems 3'-9' long ; linear and rigid leaves ; small corolla rather shorter 
 than the long bristles of the stipules, undivided style, and obovate little 
 fruit crowned with the 4 short calyx teeth. (J) 
 
 7. SPERMACOCE. (Greek, referring to the pointed carpels.) Sev- 
 eral species far S. 
 
 S. glabra, Michx. Glabrous ; stems spreading a foot or two ; leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate ; heads of small whitish flowers many-flowered and 
 axillary. Ohio, S. and W. 11 
 
 8. MITCHELLA, PARTRIDGE BERRY, SQUAWBERRY. (Named 
 for Dr. J. Mitchell, an early botanist of Va.) 11 
 
 M. r&pens, Linn. A little herb, creeping over the ground, with the 
 small, evergreen leaves round-ovate, very smooth and glossy, bright 
 green, sometimes with whitish lines, short-petioled ; flowers pretty and 
 sweet-scented ; fruit scarlet, remaining over winter, edible. Woods, ^. 
 andS.
 
 MADDER FAMILY. 217 
 
 9. CEPHALANTHUS, BUTTONBUSH. (Greek: head and flower. ) 
 Flowers summer and autumn. (Lessons, Fig. 205.) 
 
 C. occidentalis, Linn. A tall shrub, common along the borders of 
 ponds and streams, with lance-oblong or ovate-pointed leaves on peti- 
 oles, either in pairs or 3's, and with short stipules between them ; the 
 head of white flowers about 1' in diameter. 
 
 10. GALIT7M, BEDSTRAW, CLEAVERS or CLIVERS. (Greek: 
 milk, which some species in Eu. were used to curdle.) There are 
 other species in our region, some introduced from Eu. (Lessons, 
 Fig. 183.) 
 
 4- Fruit smooth; leaves with strong midrib but no side ribs or nerves, in 
 4's, 5's, or 6's; flowers white, loosely clustered at the end of spreading 
 branches. 11 
 
 G. asprdUum, Michx. Low thickets ; 3-5 high ; the backwardly 
 prickly -roughened angles of the stem and edges and midrib of the lance- 
 oblong pointed leaves adhering to contiguous plants ; leaves in whorls of 
 6 on the stem and of 4 or 5 on the branchlets ; flowers numerous. 
 
 G. trlfidum, Linn. Swamps and low grounds ; 6'-2 high ; roughish 
 or sometimes nearly smooth ; leaves varying from linear to oblong, 4-6 
 in the whorls ; flowers rather few, their parts often 3. 
 
 - H- Fruit smooth or slightly bristly ; leaves 3-nerved ; flowers white in a 
 narrow and long terminal panicle. If. 
 
 G. boreale, Linn. l-2 high ; smooth, erect, with lance-linear leaves 
 in 4's. Rocky banks of streams N. 
 
 ---- Fruit a little bur, being covered with hooked prickles. 
 ++ Leaves mostly 6 or 8 in a whorl, with midrib and no side nerves; 
 flowers ichitish or greenish ; stems reclining or prostrate, bristly-rough 
 backwards on the angles. 
 
 G. Aparine, Linn. CLEAVERS or GOOSE GRASS. Leaves in 8's, 
 lanceolate, rough-edged, l'-2' long ; peduncles axillary, 1-2-flowered ; 
 fruit large. Low grounds. 
 
 G. trifldrum, Michx. Leaves mostly in 6's, lance-oblong, bristle- 
 pointed ; peduncles terminating the branches, 3-flowered. Sweet-scented 
 in drying. Woodlands, especially N. 11 
 
 ++ -M- Leaves all in fours, more or less 3-nerved; flowers not white; stems 
 ascending, about 1 high, rather simple, not prickly-roughened. 11 
 
 G. pU6sum, Ait. Leaves oval, dotted, downy, 1' long ; flowers brown- 
 purple or cream-colored, all pediceled, the peduncle 2-3-times forked. 
 Commonest S , in dry thickets. Var. puncticuldsum is a smooth form S. 
 
 G. circsezans, Michx. WILD LIQUORICE, the root being sweetish ; 
 leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, ciliate ; peduncles once forked, their long 
 branches bearing short-pediceled dull or brownish flowers along the sides, 
 the fruit reflexed. Common. 
 
 G. lanceolatum. Torr. Like the preceding, but with lanceolate or 
 lance-ovate tapering leaves, 2' long. N. 
 
 * * Fruit a black berry ; the parts of the white flower only 4. Only in 
 Southern States, in dry, sandy soil. 11 
 
 G. hispidulum, Michx. Stems spreading l-2 long; leaves in 4's, 
 y or less in length, lance-ovate ; peduncle 1-3-flowered ; berry roughish. 
 
 G. unifldrum, Michx. Smooth, slender, 1 high ; leaves linear ; 
 flowers mostly solitary.
 
 218 VALERIAN FAMILY. 
 
 LIX. VALERIANACE^!, VALERIAN FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, calyx coherent with 
 the ovary, which has only one fertile, one-ovuled cell but two 
 abortive or empty ones, and stamens always fewer than the 
 lobes of the tubular or funnel-form corolla (1-3, distinct), and 
 inserted on its tube. Style slender ; stigmas 1-3. Fruit small 
 and dry, indehiscent; the single hanging seed with a large 
 embryo and no albumen. Flowers small, in clusters or cymes. 
 
 Lobes of the calyx many and slender, but hardly seen when in flower, being rolled 
 up inwards around the base of the corolla ; in fruit they unroll and appear as 
 long plumose bristles, resembling a pappus, like thistle-down. 
 
 1. VALEEIANA. Corolla with narrow or funnel-form tube usually gibbous at the base 
 
 on one side, but not spurred, its 5 spreading lobes almost equal. Stamens 8. Akene 
 1-celled, the minute empty cells early disappearing. Root strong-scented. 
 
 * * Lobes of the calyx of a few short teeth or mostly hardly any. 
 
 2. VALEEIANELLA. Corolla funnel-form, with 5 equal or rather unequal spreading 
 
 lobes. Stamens mostly 8. Akene-like fruit with one fertile and two empty cells, or 
 the latter confluent into one. 
 
 1. VALERIANA, VALERIAN. (Name obscure.) Flowers early 
 summer, often dioacious, white or purplish, 2J. 
 
 * Root fibrous or rhizomatous ; leaves rather thin. 
 i- Garden species from Eu., producing the medicinal Valerian-root. 
 
 If. officinalis, Linn. The commonest in gardens ; 2-3 high, a little 
 downy, with leaves of 11 to 21 lanceolate or oblong cut-toothed leaflets, 
 and rootstocks not running. 
 
 V. Phi), Linn. Smooth, with root leaves simple, stem leaves of 6-7 
 entire leaflets or lobes, and rootstock horizontal. 
 
 -i- f- Wild species N. and chiefly W. ; all rather rare or local. 
 
 V. paucifldra. Michx. l-2 high, smooth, with thin ovate and 
 heart-shaped toothed root leaves, stem leaves of 3-7 ovate leaflets ; flowers 
 rather few in the crowded panicled cyme ; corolla long and slender. 
 Woodlands, Penn. to 111. and S. W. 
 
 V. sylvtica, Banks. Root leaves mostly ovate or oblong and entire, 
 stem leaves with 5-11 lance-oblong or ovate almost entire leaflets ; corolla 
 funnel-form. Cedar swamps N. 
 
 * * Boot a spindle-shaped tuber ; leaves thickish, more simple. 
 
 V. 6dulis, Nutt. l-4 high, the large root eaten by the Indians W.; 
 leaves mostly from the root and minutely woolly on the edges, those of 
 the root lanceolate or spatulate, of the stem cut into 3-7 long and narrow 
 divisions. Alluvial ground from O. W. 
 
 2. VALERIANELLA (or FEDIA), CORN SALAD, LAMB'S LET- 
 TUCE. (Diminutive of Valeriana.} Our species are all very much 
 alike in appearance, smooth, with forking stems 6'-20' high ; tender^
 
 TEASEL FAMILY. 219 
 
 oblong leaves either entire or cut-lobed towards the base, and small 
 flowers in clusters or close cymes, with leafy bracts, and a short white 
 or whitish corolla, in early summer. 
 
 V. olitdria, Poll. CORN SALAD. Corolla bluish ; fruit broader than 
 long, and a thick corky mass at the back of the fertile cell. Eu. ; cult, 
 and sparingly naturalized. 
 
 V. chenopodifdlia, DC. Corolla whitish ; fruit ovate-triangular, 
 mostly smooth, shaped like a grain of buckwheat when dry, the confluent 
 empty cells occupying one angle, and much smaller than the broad and 
 flat seed. N. Y., W. and S. 
 
 V. radiata. Dufr. Corolla whitish ; fruit mostly downy and some- 
 what 4-angled, the parallel, narrow, empty cells contiguous, but with a 
 broad, shallow groove between them. Penn. and Mich. S. 
 
 LX. DIPSACE.E, TEASEL FAMILY. 
 
 Differs from the preceding family by having the flowers 
 strictly in heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the next 
 family, from which it differs in the separate stamens, hang- 
 ing seed, etc. All are natives of the Old World. 
 
 1. DIPSACUS. Coarse and stout herbs, with stems and midrib of leaves often prickly, 
 
 and the heads with rigid prickly-pointed bracts or chaff under each flower, under the 
 whole a conspicuous leafy involucre. Each flower has an involucel in the form of a 
 little calyx-like body inclosing the ovary and akene. Calyx continued beyond the 
 ovary into a mere truncate, short cup-like, border. Corolla slender, with 4 short 
 lobes. Stamens 4. Style slender. 
 
 2. SCABIOSA. Less coarse, not prickly ; the short heads surrounded by a softer green 
 
 involucre ; a short scale or soft bristle for a bract under each flower. Corolla funnel- 
 form, 4-5-cleft, oblique or irregular ; the outer ones often enlarged. Stamens 4. 
 Style slender. Involucel inclosing the ovary and the calyx various. 
 
 1. DIPSACUS, TEASEL. (Greek: to thirst; the united bases of the 
 leaves in some species catch rain water.) Flowers summer. 
 
 D. sylvestris, Mill. Stem 4-5 high, prickly, with lance-oblong leaves, 
 the upper ones united round the stem ; heads large, oblong ; corollas pur- 
 plish or lilac ; slender-pointed, straight chaff under each flower. @ 
 Along roads. 
 
 D. Fullbnum, Linn. FULLER'S T. Less prickly than the other, with 
 involucre hardly longer than the flowers, the awn-like tips of the rigid 
 chaff hooked at the end, which makes the teasel useful for carding 
 woollen cloth ; cultivated in central N. Y. for this purpose, sometimes 
 escaping into waste places and roadsides. @ 
 
 2. SCABIOSA, SCABIOUS. (Latin name.) Flowers summer. One 
 European species is commonly cultivated for ornament, 
 
 S. atropurpurea, Linn. SWEET S. Or when with dark purple or crimson 
 flowers, called MOURNING BRIDE ; the flowers are sometimes rose-colored 
 or even white ; plant l-2 high, with obovate or spatulate and toothed 
 root leaves, pinnately-parted stem leaves, the cup or involucel inclosing 
 the ovary 8-grooved, calyx proper with 5 long bristles surmounting the 
 akene : outer corollas enlarged. ()
 
 220 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 LXI. COMPOSITE, COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs, or a very few shrubs, known at once by the " com- 
 pound flower," as it was termed by the older botanists, this 
 consisting of several or many flowers in a head, surrounded 
 by a set of bracts (formerly likened to a calyx) forming an 
 involucre, the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla 
 (almost always 5) and inserted on its tube, their anthers 
 syngenesious, i.e. united in a ring or tube through which the 
 style passes. (Lessons, Figs. 290, 291.) Calyx with its tube 
 incorporated with the surface of the ovary, its limb or border 
 (named the pappus) consisting of bristles, either rigid or 
 downy, or of teeth, awns, scales, etc., or of a cup or crown, or 
 often none at all. (Lessons, Figs. 379-384.) Corollas either 
 tubular or funnel-form and lobed, or strap-shaped (ligulate), 
 or sometimes both sorts in the same head, when the outermost 
 or marginal row has the strap-shaped corollas, forming rays 
 (which answered to the corolla of the supposed compound 
 flower), the separate flowers therefore called ray flowers; those 
 of the rest of the head, or disk, called disk flowers. The 
 dilated end of the stalk or branch upon which the flowers are 
 borne is called the receptacle. The bracts, if there are any, 
 on the receptacle (one behind each flower) are called the chaff 
 of the receptacle. The bracts or leaves of the involucre out- 
 side the flowers are commonly called scales. Style 2-cleft at 
 the apex. Ovary 1-celled, containing a single ovule, erect from 
 its base, in fruit becoming an akene. Seed filled by the embryo 
 alone. (For the flowers, and the particular terms used in 
 describing them, see Lessons, pp. 93, 94, Figs. 266-269 ; for the 
 fruit, see p. 121, Figs. 379-384.) 
 
 The largest family of Flowering Plants, generally too diffi- 
 cult for the beginner ; but most of the common kinds, both 
 wild and cultivated, are here briefly sketched. For fuller 
 details as to the wild ones, with all the species, the student 
 will consult the Manual, and Chapman's Southern Flora. The 
 following synopsis is arranged to aid the beginner, but the 
 genera are numbered in systematic sequence. 
 
 SERIES I. Head with only the outermost flowers strap- 
 shaped, and these never perfect, i.e. they are either pistillate
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 221 
 
 or neutral, always without stamens ; or with strap-shaped 
 corollas entirely wanting. Plants destitute of milky or colored 
 juice. (Series II., p. 228.) 
 
 A. No strap-shaped corollas or true rays ; i.e. the head discoid. (B, p. 224.) 
 
 * Branches of the style filiform-subulate and rough all over with minute bristles ; 
 
 receptacle not chaffy ; flowers not yellow (* * and * * * this page). 
 
 1. VERNONIA. Heads corymbed, with an involucre of many imbricated, scales, and 15 to 
 
 30 or more rose-purple flowers. Lobes of the corolla slender. Akenes cylindrical, 
 several-ribbed ; pappus of copious hair-like bristles, surrounded at base by an outer 
 set of very short and fine scales or scale-like bristles. Leaves alternate. 
 
 * * Branches of the style long and slender or mostly rather club-shaped, obtuse, 
 
 usually very minutely puberulent under a lens, the stigmatic surface below the 
 middle ; receptacle not chaffy ; flowers not yellow. 
 -*- Pappus ; leaves opposite. 
 
 2. PIQUERIA. Heads very small, of 3-5 whitish flowers, and involucre of 4 or 5 imbri- 
 
 cated scales. Akene 4-5-angled. 
 
 +- -i- Pappus stiff, mostly scale-like ; leaves whorled or opposite. 
 
 3. SCLEROLEPIS. Heads many-flowered, flesh-colored, the scales of the involucre 
 
 equal. Corolla 5-toothed. Akenes 5-angled. Pappus a single row of 5 hard, oval, 
 obtuse scales. Leaves whorled. 
 
 4. AGEEATUM. Heads small and few-flowered, blue (in ours ; in others rose-colored), 
 
 with a cup-shaped involucre of imbricated narrow bracts ; receptacle flattish ; the 
 pappus of a few chaffy scales, mostly tapering into a slender stiff rough bristle. 
 Leaves opposite. 
 
 - -i- +- Pappus of slender bristles ; leaves various. 
 H- Stem twining ; involucral scales 4. 
 
 5. MIKANIA. Heads of 4 flesh-colored flowers. Corolla 5-toothed. Akenes 5-angled ; 
 
 pappus a row of hair-like, naked (barely roughish) bristles. Leaves opposite. 
 ++ -M- Stem erect ; involucral scales more than 4. 
 
 6. EUPATORIUM. Heads of 3 or more flowers, and an involucre of several or many scales. 
 
 Corolla 5-toothed. Receptacle flat or merely convex. Akenes 5-angled; pappus a row 
 of hair-like naked (rarely rough) bristles. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled. 
 
 7. KUHNIA . Heads small, of 10-25 dull cream-colored flowers, surrounded by a few lanceo- 
 
 late scales of the involucre. Corolla slender, barely 5-toothed. Akenes cylindrical, 
 many-striate ; pappus a row of white plumose bristles. Leaves mostly alternate. 
 
 8. LIATRIS. Heads of several or many rose-purple flowers, surrounded by a more or 
 
 less imbricated involucre. Lobes of the corolla rather long. Akenes slender, about 
 10-ribbed ; pappus of many long and slender bristles, which are plumose or else 
 beset with a short beard or roughness for their whole length. Heads spicate or 
 racemose. Leaves alternate, entire, often resinous-dotted. 
 
 * * * Branches of the style mostly short, often united, with obtuse or truncate tips, 
 
 naked or sometimes hairy appendaged (or even with a minute hairy tip) , the 
 stigmatic surface either extending to the tip or to an appendage; receptacle 
 either naked or chaffy ; flowers of many colors. 
 
 - Thistles or TJiistle-like, the heads with very many flowers, all alike and mostly perfect. 
 Branches of the style short or united, even to the tip. Scales of the involucre 
 many-ranked, these or the leaves commonly tipped with prickly or bristly points. 
 
 H- Pappus of many long-plumed bristles ; receptacle with bristles between the flowers. 
 
 (65) CNICUS. Scales of the involucre not fleshy -thickened, prickly-tipped or else merely 
 pointed. Akenes flattish, not ribbed. Filaments of the stamen* separate.
 
 222 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 66. CYNARA. Scales of the involucre of the great heads thickened and fleshy towards the 
 base, commonly notched at the end, with or without a prickle. Akenes slightly 
 ribbed. Otherwise much as in the last. 
 
 M- -H- Pappus of naked, rough, or short-barbed bristles, or none. 
 
 64. ARCTIUM. Scales of the globular involucre abruptly tipped with a spreading, slender, 
 awl-shaped appendage, mostly hooked at its point. Receptacle bristly. Akenes 
 flattened, wrinkled ; pappus of many short and rough bristles, their bases not 
 united, deciduous. Leaves and stalks not prickly. 
 
 68. CARTHAMTTS. Outer scales of the involucre leaf-like and spreading, middle ones with 
 ovate appendage fringed with spiny teeth or little spines, innermost entire and 
 sharp-pointed. Receptacle beset with linear chaff. Akenes very smootk, 4-ribbed ; 
 pappus none. Leaves with rigid or short spiny teeth. 
 
 (67) CENTAUREA ; see - +- 
 
 i- +- Thistle-like, with many-ranked imbricated scales to the involucre, many flower s\ 
 and the two branches of the style united into one body almost or quite to the tip, 
 as in -t- ; but the outer flowers of the head different from the rest and sterile 
 except in a few kinds of Centaurea. Receptacle beset with bristles. 
 
 68. CNICUS. Outer flowers smaller than the rest, slender-tubular, sterile. Scales of the 
 involucre tipped with a long, spine-like appendage which is spiny-fringed down the 
 sides. Akenes short-cylindrical, many-ribbed, and grooved, crowned with 10 short 
 and horny teeth, within which is a pappus of 10 long and rigid and 10 short naked 
 bristles. Leaves prickly-toothed. 
 
 6T. CENTAUREA. Outer flowers sterile and with corolla larger than the rest, often fun- 
 nel-shaped and with long, sometimes irregular lobes, forming a kind of false ray ; 
 but these are wanting in a few species. Involucre various, but the scales commonly 
 t with fringed, sometimes with spiny tips. Akenes flat or flattish ; pappus of several 
 or many bristles or narrow scales, or none. 
 
 4- + +- Bur-like or achenium-like in the fruit, which is a completely closed involucre 
 containing only one or two flowers, consisting of a pistil only, with barely a 
 rudiment of corolla, therefore very different from most plants of the family ; 
 but the staminate flowers are several and in a flat or top-shaped involucre. 
 Heads therefore monoecious, or rarely dioecious ; no pappus. Coarse and 
 homely weeds. 
 
 82. AMBROSIA. Heads of staminate flowers in racemes or spikes terminating the stems 
 or branches, then- involucre of several scales united in a flattish or top-shaped cup ; 
 fertile flowers clustered below the staminate, only one inclosed in each small ache- 
 nium-like involucre, which is naked, or with a few tubercles or strong points near 
 the top in a single row. 
 
 68. XANTHIUM. Heads of staminate flowers In short racemes or spikes, their involucre 
 of several scales in one row ; fertile flowers below them, clustered in the axils, two 
 together in a 2-celled hooked prickly bur. 
 
 i- -i- +- +- Plants not thistle-like, spiny, nor bur-like in their fruits, heads, or herbage. 
 
 H- Two kinds of flowers in the same head, the outer ones with pistils only. 
 
 = Pappus none, or a minute border or cup. 
 
 I No chaff among the flowers; scales of the involucre dry, often with scarious margins, 
 imbricated. Bitter -aromatic or rather acrid plants. 
 
 68. TANACETUM. Heads of many yellow flowers ; the marginal ones with pistil only 
 and a 8-5-toothed corolla. Akenes angled or ribbed, with a flat top, crowned with a 
 cup-like, toothed or lobed pappus. Very strong-scented herbs, with heads in a corymb. 
 
 64. ARTEMISIA. Heads small, of few or many yellow or dull purplish flowers, some of 
 the marginal ones pistillate and fertile, the others perfect, but sometimes not matur- 
 ing the ovary. Akenes obovate or club-shaped, small at the top, destitute of pappus. 
 Bitter-aromatic and strong-scented plants, with heads in panicles. 
 
 (68) CHRYSANTHEMUM. One species, of old yards, is discoid (p. 226).
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 223 
 
 I ! Chaffy receptacle ; scales of the involucre dry and very stiff, in many series, often 
 
 colored. 
 68. XERANTHEMUM. Heads large and solitary, long-peduncled. Involucre campanu- 
 
 late or cylindrical, the scales spreading, the outer ones shorter. Akene slender, 
 
 with a minute crown. Hoary. 
 
 1 1 1 Chaffy receptacle; scales of the involucre green, few, and rounded. 
 81. IVA. Heads small and few-several-flowered, the outer 1-4 pistillate and fertile, with 
 
 a small tubular corolla or 0, the others staminate with a funnel-form, 5-toothed corolla. 
 
 Anthers nearly separate. Akenes ovoid or lenticular. Pappus 0. 
 = = Pappus none at all to the outer pistillate and fertile flowers, but of some slender 
 
 bristles in the central and perfect, yet seldom fruit-bearing flowers ; scales of 
 
 the involucre woolly. 
 20. FILAGO. Heads small, crowded in close clusters, of many Inconspicuous flowers, each 
 
 fertile pistillate flower in the axil of a thin and dry chaffy scale, and with a very 
 
 slender, thread-like corolla ; the central flowers with a more expanded 4-6-toothed 
 
 corolla. Low herbs, clothed with cottony wool ; leaves entire. 
 
 = Pappus of all the flowers composed of bristles (but caducous in Grindelia); no 
 
 chaff among the flowers. 
 1 Cottony-white herbs. 
 
 81. GNAPHALIUM. Small heads (often clustered) of many whitish flowers, surrounded 
 by an involucre of many ranks of dry and white or otherwise colored (not green) 
 searious and persistent scales woolly at base ; the flowers all fertile, the outer ones 
 with pistil and very slender corolla, the central ones perfect and with more expanded 
 5-toothed corolla. Pappus a row of very slender and roughish bristles. 
 
 (22) ANTENNARIA. Like Gnaphalium, but the plants dkecious. Staminate flowers with 
 
 a simple style, but the ovary sterile, and their pappus of stouter bristles which are 
 thickened at the summit, and there more or less barbed or plumed ; pappus of fer- 
 tile flowers united and falling together. 
 
 28. ANAPHALIS. Heads dioecious or nearly so. Pappus not thickened or united. Fer- 
 tile heads usually bearing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the center. Otherwise 
 
 like Antennaria. 
 
 I [ Not cottony. 
 
 (9) GRINDELIA, which is sometimes rayless, may be sought here (p. 226). 
 
 25. HELICHRTSUM. Heads rather large, terminating the branches singly, the pistillate 
 flowers few and often in a single marginal row. Involucre dry and chaff-like, not 
 cottony, the scales stiff and spreading, often colored. 
 
 19. PLUCHEA. Heads many-flowered, the central flowers perfect but sterile, these few, 
 with a 5-cleft corolla ; all other flowers pistillate and fertile, with a thread-shaped trun- 
 cate corolla. Involucre imbricated. Anthers with tails. Akenes grooved. Pappus 
 in a single row. Strong-scented herbs, near the coast. 
 
 61. ERECHTITES. Heads of many whitish flowers, with a cylindrical involucre of many 
 narrow and naked scales in a single row ; outer flowers with very slender corolla : 
 inner with more open tubular corolla. Akenes narrow ; pappus of copious, very fine 
 and soft, naked, white hairs. Bank coarse herb. 
 
 f) ERIGERON. One species has such short and inconspicuous rays that it may b 
 looked for here (p. 225). 
 
 H. -H- Only one kind of flowers in the head. 
 
 -~ Scales of the involucre dry and papery or scarioiis, often colored (i.e., not green], 
 
 not withering, in many ranks ; many flowers in the head. 
 11 Plant dioecious : head containing only staminate or pistillate flowers. 
 
 22. ANTENNARIA. Pistillate flowers with very slender corollas and a pappus of long and 
 very fine, hair-like, naked bristles ; the staminate (with a simple imperfect style), 
 with the pappus of thicker bristles enlarging and somewhat plumed or barbed at theii 
 summit. Leaves and stems cottony. 
 
 (23) ANAPHALIS. See above.
 
 224 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 18. BACCHARI8. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like ; of the 
 staminate flowers, larger and 6-lobed. Anthers tailless. Akenes ribbed. Pappus 
 in the fertile flower long and abundant; in the staminate, scanty and tortuous. 
 Smooth or glutinous herbs near the coast. 
 
 1 1 Flowers perfect. 
 
 24. HELIPTERUM. Flowers with open 5-toothed yellowish corollas. Involucre (silvery 
 rose-colored), smooth obovate, or top-shaped. Akenes woolly ; pappus of numerous 
 plumose bristles. Leaves and stems smooth and naked. 
 
 26. AMMOBIUM. Flowers with yellow 5-lobed corollas, surrounded by a silvery-white 
 involucre. Chaffy scales on the receptacle among the flowers. Akenes flattish-4- 
 sided ; pappus of 4 teeth, 2 of them prolonged into a bristle. Leaves and stems 
 white-cottony, the latter with leaf-like wings. 
 
 (52) CHRYSANTHEMUM. One species is sometimes rayless, and with flowers all alike 
 from the suppression of the ligulate pistillate ray flowers (p. 226). 
 
 Scales of the involucre not dry and scarious or papery (i.e., they wilt) ; flowers 
 all perfect. 
 
 I Flowers yellow, with chaff between them; akenes flat, bearing 2-4 awns or bristles. 
 (43, 44) COREOPSIS and BIDENS (p. 227). A few species have no ray flowers. 
 
 I 1 Flowers yellow, no chaff; akenes not flat ; pappus of copious, very soft and fine, 
 
 down-like bristles. 
 
 (57) SENECIO. One or two species are destitute of ray flowers (p. 225) ; also (11) SOLI- 
 DAGO (p. 225). , , ! fiwerg ^i yellow ; no chaff. 
 
 59. EMILIA. Heads 'rather small, but with many orange-red disk flowers in a very 
 
 simple cup-shaped involucre with no small outer scales. Akenes with 5 acute and 
 hispid-ciliate angles. Very closely related to Senecio (p. 225). 
 
 60. CACALIA. Heads corymbed, with 5-80 white or whitish flowers. Scales of the in- 
 
 volucre a single row, with a few small bractlets at base. Corolla 5-cleft. Branches 
 of the style smooth, with a conical or flat usually minutely hairy tip. Akenes 
 oblong, smooth ; pappus of very many fine and soft, down-like, naked bristles. 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 (12) BELLIS. A cultivated state with quilled (monstrous) flowers may be sought here 
 (p. 225). 
 
 B. With strap-shaped corollas or rays at the margin of the head. (Discoid variations 
 may occur, ,) 
 
 * Herbage, involucres, etc., dotted with large pellucid or colored glands or oil recep- 
 tacles imbedded in their substance, making the plants strong -scented ; involucre 
 of one row of scales united into a bell-shaped or cylindrical cup; no chaff on 
 the flatfish receptacle ; flowers yellow or orange. 
 
 48. DY8ODIA. Rays pistillate, mostly short. Involucre with some loose bractlets at the 
 
 base. Receptacle not chaffy, but clothed with short chaffy bristles. Akenes slen- 
 der, 4-angled ; pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles, 
 so as to appear at first sight as if capillary. Leaves opposite. 
 
 49. TAGETES. Rays pistillate. Involucre without bractlets at base. Akenes elongated, 
 
 flat, somewhat 4-sided ; pappus of two or more unequal rigid chaffy scales, often 
 united into a tube or cup, sometimes tapering into awns. Herbs, very glabrous. 
 * Herbage not spotted with large translucent or colored, strong- scented glands. 
 +- Pappus of copious hair-like bristles ; no chaff on the receptacle among the flowers. 
 + Jtays yellow, except in one or two species of Senecio and one Solidago, pistillate. 
 
 -= Anthers caudate or appendaged at the base. 
 
 87. INTJLA. Ray flowers very numerous in one row, with narrow ligules. Outer scales 
 of the involucre leaf-like. Pappus of many slender roughish bristles. Akenes 
 narrow. Heads large and broad, the tubular perfect flowers very numerous, their 
 anthers with two tails at the base. Leaves alternate.
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 225 
 
 = = Anthers not truly appendaged. 
 I Leaves all radical, appearing after the vernal flowers. 
 
 55. TTJSSILAGO. Ray flowers very numerous and in many rows, fertile, with narrow 
 ligules ; the tubular disk flowers few in the center, and not fertile. Scale of the 
 involucre nearly in one row. Pappus fine and soft. Head solitary on a scaly-bracted 
 sea? 6 - | ! Leafy-stemmed, later flowering. 
 
 o Involucre imbricated. 
 
 10. CHKYSOPSIS. Ray flowers numerous in one row. Scales of the involucre narrow, 
 
 not leaf-like. Pappus of many roughish slender bristles, with also an outer row of 
 very short and stout or chaff-like bristles. Akenes flattened, hairy. Heads single 
 or corymbed. Leaves alternate. 
 
 11. SOLIDAGO. Ray flowers 1-8, or rarely 10-16, the tubular disk flowers several, rarely 
 
 many. Involucre oblong, its scales appressed, of unequal lengths. Pappus a single 
 row of slender roughish bristles. Akenes narrow and terete, many-ribbed. Heads 
 in large clusters, panicled or corymbed, small. Leaves alternate. 
 
 o o Involucre not (or very slightly) imbricated. 
 
 66. ARNICA. Ray flowers several or many in a single row. Scales of the involucre nearly 
 equal in 2 rows. Pappus a single row of rough rather rigid bristles. Akenes slender. 
 Heads few and rather large. Leaves opposite. 
 
 57. SENECIO. Ray flowers several in a single row, or sometimes none ; the disk flowers 
 
 (as in the last three) perfect and fertile. Scales of the involucre in a single row, 
 or often with small bractlets at the base. Pappus very fine and soft. Heads mostly 
 in corymbs. Leaves alternate, simple or compound. 
 
 58. OTHONXOPSIS. Ray flowers few, in one series. Disk flowers all sterile. Involucre 
 
 campanulate (in ours), the scales in one row, more or less united at the base. Akenes of 
 
 ray flowers oblong, 5-10-ribbed, pubescent, crowned with the copious pappus in several 
 
 or many rows ; of the disk flowers slender, glabrous, the pappus less. Leaves fleshy. 
 
 H- -H- Rays white, blue- or purple (at least never yellow) , the flowers of the disk mostly 
 
 yellow. Akenes flatfish. Leaves simple and alternate. 
 
 14. CALLISTEPHUS. Ray flowers very numerous, usually in more than one row, in cul- 
 
 tivation often very numerous. Involucre in several rows, more or less leafy. Pap- 
 pns of many slender and roughish bristles, surrounded at base by a little cup or 
 crown, consisting of many little scales or short stiff bristles more or less united. 
 Heads solitary terminating leafy stems or branches, large and broad. Leaves sessile, 
 coarsely toothed. Annual. 
 
 15. 8ERICOCARPUS. Ray flowers about 5, white, fertile ; disk flowers 12-20, pale yellow. 
 
 Involucre cylindrical or clavate, the scales loosely imbricated in several rows, whitish 
 and appressed, often with greenish spreading tips. Akenes short and obpyramidal, 
 very silky. Pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. Perennials, with sessile 
 leaves and mostly clustered heads. 
 
 16. ASTER. Ray flowers more or less numerous, in one row. Involucre imbricated. 
 
 Pappus of very numerous slender roughish bristles ; no cup or crown of short 
 bristles outside. Heads usually panicled or corymbed. Usually perennial. 
 
 17. ERIGERON. Ray flowers numerous, narrow, and commonly occupying more than 
 
 one row. Involucre more simple than in Aster, the scales narrower, appressed, 
 mostly of equal length and occupying only one or two rows, without any leaf-like 
 tips ; and the pappus more scanty, often some minute short and sometimes chaff- 
 like bristles at the base of the long ones. Annual or perennial. 
 *- -- Pappus not of long hair-like bristles, either a little cup or crown, or of a few 
 
 scales, teeth, awns, etc., or none at all. 
 
 H--2V0 chaff on the receptacle among the flowers, except perhaps in Achillea and Anthe- 
 mis and in some cultivated and altered forms of Chrysanthemum. Leaves 
 mostly alternate. 
 
 -= Akenes flat; rays (pistillate) not yellow, at least in our species. 
 12. BELLIS. Heads with numerous white, reddish, or purple rays. Receptacle high. 
 conical. Akenes flat, obovate, wingless ; no pappus. Low herbs, with solitary 
 peduncled heads, and entire or merely toothed leaves. 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. BOX. 16
 
 226 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 IS. BOLTONIA. Flowers resembling those of Aster and Erigeron. Receptacle conical or 
 hemispherical. Akenes very flat, obovate or obcordate with a callous margin or 
 wing ; pappus of several minute and short bristles, and commonly 2 or 3 short awns. 
 Leafy-stemmed, tall, branching herbs, with pale-green thickish and chiefly entire 
 leaves often turned edgewise. 
 
 61. ACHILLEA. Heads mostly with few and white (rarely rose-red or yellow) rays. 
 
 Receptacle small, flattish. chaffy. Akenes oblong, margined ; no pappus. 
 
 = = Akenes incurved or boat-shaped, rough-tubercled on the back ; no pappus ; rays 
 numerous in more than one row ; flowers all yellow or orange. 
 
 62. CALENDULA. Heads showy, solitary, terminating the branches, with the very 
 
 numerous rays pistillate and fertile, expanding in sunshine or bright daylight ; the 
 disk flowers sometimes few in the center and sterile. Involucre of numerous short 
 green scales. Receptacle flat. Akenes (all that mature) belonging to the ray flowers, 
 strongly incurved, some of them even horseshoe-shaped, or coiled into a ring, and 
 (especially the outer ones) with thickened margins. 
 
 = = = Akenes not flat, nor boat-shaped ; rays pistillate and fertile except sometimes 
 in Anthemis and Gaillardia, often yellow. 
 
 I Pappus a short crown, or none. 
 
 60. ANTHEMIS. Rays pistillate and fertile (or neutral in one), numerous, white or some- 
 times yellow. Involucre of many small, close-pressed scales. Receptacle convex, 
 with some slender chaff, at least at the center. Akenes terete, mostly ribbed. 
 Leaves once to thrice pinnately divided. 
 
 62. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous. Receptacle convex or 
 flat, without chaff, except in some double-flowered varieties. Disk flowers mostly 
 with a flattened tube. Pappus none. Otherwise nearly as in Anthemis. 
 
 1 1 Pappus of 5-10 conspicuous thin chaffy scales with midrib more or less extended 
 into a bristle or awn, or of a few rigid, caducous awns ; rays not very numer- 
 ous, yellow or partly reddish or brmonish-purple, never white. 
 
 9. GRINDELIA. Heads large and many-flowered, rarely rayless. Scales of the invo- 
 lucre in several rows or series, the tips green and more or less spreading, often 
 resinous. Akenes short and thick, truncate, glabrous. Pappus of a few rigid awns, 
 caducous. Leaves alternate. 
 
 46. HELENIUM. Rays pistillate. Involucre of a few small and narrow spreading or 
 reflexed scales. Receptacle globular or conical. Heads mostly corymbed. Akene 
 top-shaped and ribbed. Pappus of 5-8, 1-nerved and thin chafly scales. (Lessons, 
 Fig. 382.) 
 
 4T. GAILLARDIA. Rays often neutral, often party-colored. Involucre of two or more rows 
 of loose, leafy-tipped scales. Receptacle convex. Disk flowers often purple ; the styles 
 with very slender hispid branches. Heads solitary on slender terminal peduncles. 
 Akene top-shaped and 5-ribbed, villous. Pappus of 5-10 long and thin scales. 
 
 ++ ++ Chaff on the receptacle, one bract behind each flower in the head. 
 
 Disk flowers, even if apparently perfect, always sterile, only the ray flowers fertile 
 or maturing their akenes ; flowers all yellow. Coarse tall herbs. 
 
 I Flowers yellow or yellowish. 
 
 28. POLTMNIA. Heads rather small or middle-sized, with about 6 leaf-like scales to the 
 Involucre, and some thin and small inner ones, few or several ray flowers producing 
 turgid obovate or partly triangular akenes with no pappus. Herbage clammy-pubes- 
 cent and rather strong-scented ; all but the uppermost leaves opposite, and their 
 petioles winged or dilated and stipule-like at the clasping base. 
 
 89. SILPHIUM. Heads mostly large, with numerous, somewhat leafy-tipped or green 
 scales to the involucre imbricated in 2 or more rows, numerous ray flowers produc- 
 ing very broad and flat akenes (parallel with the scales of the involucre), which 
 have commonly a wing-like margin and 2 teeth or a notch at the top. Juice 
 resinous.
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 227 
 
 1 1 Flowers whitish. 
 
 80. PARTHENTUM. Heads small, many-flowered ; the rays 5, usually inconspicuous, 
 with very short and broad obcordate limbs not projecting beyond the woolly disk. 
 Involucre hemispherical, with two rows of short or roundish scales. Akenes ob- 
 compressed, with a slender callous margin, crowned with the persisting ray corolla 
 and the pappus of two small chaffy scales. 
 
 = Disk flowers perfect and fertile, those of the ray pistillate and fertile, or neutral. 
 ( Centaur ea may be sought here ; see p. 222.) 
 
 | Akenes flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre and chaff of the receptacle, 
 or in 44 sometimes very slender. Leaves generally opposite ; involucre double, 
 the outer mostly leafy like, the inner of erect scales. 
 
 42. DAHLIA. Bay in the natural flowers neutral or in the common species more or less 
 pistillate, but in the gardens most or all of the flowers are changed into rays. Inner 
 involucre of numerous more or less united scales. Akenes oblong, obscurely 2- 
 horned or notched at the apex. 
 
 48. COREOPSIS. Rays usually 8, neutral, mostly yellow, or brown-purple at base. In- 
 volucre commonly of about 8 outer loose or leaf-like scales and as many erect inner 
 ones. Chaff slender, deciduous with the flat akenes, which have mostly a pappus 
 of 2 teeth or awns, the latter not barbed downwards. 
 
 44. BIDENS. Like Coreopsis, but several without rays, and some with slender or needle- 
 
 shaped akenes ; all bear 2 or more rigid persistent awns, which are barbed down- 
 wards. 
 
 45. COSMOS. Differs from Bidens in having the akenes distinctly beaked, and the rays 
 
 (in ours) purple or rose-color. 
 
 1 1 Akenes flattened laterally (if at all), i.e., contrary to the scales of the involucre and 
 the chaff of the receptacle, the latter usually embracing or folded round their 
 outer margin. 
 
 o Rays deciduous after flowering, usually yellow; native. 
 x Receptacle flat or convex, 
 
 89. HELIANTHUS. Rays several or many, neutral. Scales of the involucre imbricated. 
 Receptacle flat or convex. Akenes flattish, but more or less 4-angled or lenticular, 
 marginless ; pappus of 2 thin chaffy scales corresponding with the outer and inner 
 angle of the akene, and sometimes with minute intermediate ones, all deciduous 
 from the ripe fruit. (Lessons, Fig. 381.) Leaves simple, entire or serrate ; stems 
 not winged. 
 
 40. VERBESINA. Rays few (in ours 1-6), pistillate. Involucre of few erect scales. Re- 
 
 ceptacle rather flat. Akenes flat, winged or wingless ; pappus of 2 persistent awns. 
 Leaves simple, decurrent into wings on the stem. 
 
 41. ACTINOMERIS. Rays neutral, few or several. Involucre of several nearly equal 
 
 scales. Receptacle convex or conical. Akenes flat, oval, wing-margined ; pappus 
 of 2 persistent smooth awns. Leaves simple, serrate, often decurrent into wings on 
 x x Receptacle high and columnar. 
 
 88. LEPACHTS. Like Rudbeckia (next page), but akenes flattened, wing-margined on the 
 inner and sometimes on the outer edge, 1-2-toothed at summit. Disk grayish. Chaff 
 short and truncate. Leaves alternate, pinnately compound. 
 
 o o Rays persistent on the fruit, becoming dry and papery, broad, pistillate and 
 fertile, of various colors ; exotic. 
 
 84. ZINNIA. Rays several. Receptacle conical ; the oblong chaff not longer than the 
 velvety-tipped disk corollas. Akenes oblong or linear, flattened, or those of the ray 
 8-sided ; pappus of a chaffy awn or tooth on each angle, or sometimes hardly any. 
 Leaves opposite, sessile, and entire. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or 
 branches. ( j j Akenes no t flattened, but angled or cornered. 
 
 (50, 51) ANTHEMIS and ACHILLEA, in which the receptacle is sometimes chaffy, may b 
 sought here (p. 226).
 
 228 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 85. HELIOPSIS. Rays 10 or more, pistillate. Scales of the involucre in 2 or 8 rows, the 
 
 inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical. Akenes 4-angled, somewhat cubi- 
 cal ; no pappus. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed. 
 
 86. ECHINACEA. Rays numerous, rather persistent, long, drooping, pistillate but sterile, 
 
 rose-purple. Scales of the involucre narrow and spreading. Receptacle conical ; 
 the persistent and rigid spiny-tipped chaff longer than the purplish disk corollas. 
 Akenes thick and short, 4-sided, and with a toothed border for a pappus. Leaves 
 chiefly alternate, 3-5-ribbed. 
 
 87. RUDBECKIA. Rays several or numerous, neutral. Yellow scales of the involucre 
 
 in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar. Chaff soft. Akenes 
 short, 4-angular, marginless, flat at the top ; pappus none or a short even cup or 
 border. Leaves alternate. 
 
 SERIES II. Head with all the flowers strap-shaped and per- 
 fect. Juice milky. Leaves alternate. 
 
 * No pappus. 
 
 69. LAMPSANA. Heads small, 8-12-flowered, loosely panicled. Involucre cylindrical, 
 
 with 8 scales in a single row. Akene oblong. Flowers yellow. 
 
 * Pappus of both chaff and bristles, or of chaffy scales alone which form a crown or 
 
 cup on top of the akene. 
 
 70. KRIGIA. Heads medium to large, terminating naked scapes or branches, yellow. 
 
 Scales of the involucre in two more or less defined rows. Akene short and truncate, 
 top-shaped or column-like, terete or angled. Pappus double, the outer row of thin 
 chaffy scales, the inner of slender bristles. Leaves mostly radical. 
 
 71. CICHORIUM. Head of several blue flowers. Involucre double ; the outer of 5 short 
 
 and spreading, the inner of about 10 erect scales. Akenes short, with broad sum- 
 mit. Pappus of small chaffy scales. Stems twiggy, leafy mostly towards the base. 
 (Lessons, Figs. 266, 267 ; the akene, Fig. 380.) 
 
 * Pappus of rather numerous and stout long-plumose bristles. 
 
 72. TRAGOPOGON. Head large, of many yellow or purplish flowers. Involucre of about 
 
 12 lanceolate rather fleshy scales in a single row, somewhat united at the base. 
 Akenes terete, slender, roughish, tapering into a long beak, which bears the rigid 
 long-plumed bristles of the pappua, 5 of these longer and naked at the summit. 
 Stems leafy ; leaves entire, parallel-veined, clasping at the base. 
 
 78. LEONTODON. Head rather small, of many yellow flowers. Involucre of many 
 narrow equal erect scales, and a few short bractlets at base. Akenes spindle-shaped ; 
 pappus a single row of tawny plumose bristles. Leaves all at the root, or base of the 
 scapes. 
 
 * * * * Pappus many slender, but rather stiff and rough, tawny, not plumose bristles. 
 
 74. HIERACIUM. Heads small or smallish, of 12 or more yellow flowers. Scales of the 
 
 involucre unequal and in more than one row. Akenes short, oblong or columnar, 
 not beaked ; the fragile bristles of the pappus not very copious. Stems naked or 
 leafy. 
 
 75. PRENANTHES. Heads usually nodding, of 5-40 greenish-white or yellowish, often 
 
 purple-tinged flowers. Involucre cylindrical, of 5-15 linear scales in a single row 
 and a few short bractlets at base. Akenes cylindrical ; pappus of very copious straw- 
 colored or brownish bristles. Stems leafy. 
 * Pappus of extremely copious, and fine, soft, hair-like, not plumose, bristles. 
 
 t- Mature akenes with the pappus raised on a very slender (short in some Lactucas) 
 stalk like beak. 
 
 76. PTRRHOPAPPUS. Head of yellow flowers as in the next ; but the pappus rusty red 
 
 and with a minute ring of soft down underneath it. Stems branching and leafy near 
 the base, the long peduncles naked.
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 229 
 
 77. TARAXACUM. Head of very many yellow flowers on a slender, hollow, and wholly 
 
 naked scape. Involucre double, the inner of numerous narrow scales in a single 
 row, the outer of short loose scales. Akenes terete or spindle-shaped, strongly 
 ribbed and tubercled on the ribs, much shorter than its slender beak which elevates 
 at maturity the soft and white pappus. (Lessons, Fig. 384.) 
 
 78. CHONDRILLA. Heads few-flowered, small, yellow. Involucre cylindrical, of several 
 
 very narrow equal scales, and a row of small bracts at the base. Akene terete, sev- 
 eral-ribbed, rough above but smooth below. Pappus bright white. Wand-like herbs. 
 
 79. LACTUCA. Heads of several variously colored flowers. Involucre of several lanceo- 
 
 late or ovate imbricated scales of unequal length. Akenes flat, abruptly contracted 
 into the beak or neck which elevates the very white soft pappus. Stems leafy. 
 +- +- Akenes beakless. 
 
 80. SONCHUS. Involucre as in the last, or with narrow and more equal scales, and tumid 
 
 at base. Flowers yellow. Akene flat and short, without a beak to support its very 
 soft whi*e pappus. Stems branching and leafy. (Lessons, Fig. 883.) 
 
 1. VERNONIA, IRONWEED. (Named for a' Wm. Vernon, of Eng- 
 land, who traveled in this country.) Flowers autumn. ^ 
 
 * Leaves slightly or not at all scabrous, not revolute. 
 
 V. Noveboracensis, Willd. COMMON IRONWEED. Near the coast 
 and along rivers W. ; 3-6 high, with lanceolate serrate leaves, crowded 
 along the whole height of the stem ; heads in a broad cyme ; scales of 
 involucre with slender awl-shaped or awn-like tips ; akene lightly hairy. 
 
 V. altissima, Nutt. Tall ; leaves lanceolate ; cyme loose ; scales close, 
 obtuse or simply mucronate ; akene slightly hairy. Penn., W. and S. 
 
 V. fasciculata, Michx. Scales of involucre blunt and pointless, except 
 perhaps some of the lowest ; akene smooth. Ohio, W. and S. 
 * * Leaves scabrous above, often revolute. 
 
 V. angustif6lia, Michx. Slender, l-3 high ; leaves filiform to linear- 
 lanceolate ; akenes minutely hirsute. N. C., S. and W. 
 
 2. PIQTJERIA. (Named for a Spanish botanist, A. Piquerio.*). 
 
 P. trinervia, Cav. Mexico ; cult, for winter-blooming ; smooth, 2-3 
 high (also a dwarfer form), branched, with lance-oblong, 3-nerved, spar- 
 ingly serrate leaves, and loose panicled corymbs of very small white- 
 flowered heads ; much used in dressing larger cut flowers. A form with 
 white- edged leaves is used for edgings. In gardens often known as 
 STEVIA SERRATA. 2/ 
 
 3. SCLEROLEPIS. (Greek : hard scale, referring to the pappus.) 11 
 S. verticillata, Cass. Stem simple, rooting in water at the base ; 
 
 leaves linear and entire, small, in whorls of 4-6 ; flowers rose-purple or 
 flesh-colored in a small terminal peduncled cluster. Pine barrens, N. J., S. 
 
 4. AGERATUM. (Greek : not growing old, probably applied originally 
 to some sort of Everlasting.) 
 
 A. conyzoldes, Linn. Soft-downy, 2-3 high; ovate or somewhat 
 heart-shaped petioled leaves ; corymbed heads of azure-blue flowers, 
 produced all summer and autumn. Known in gardens as A. MEXICANUM. 
 Tropical Amer.; sparingly nat. S. 
 
 5. MIKANIA, CLIMBING HEMP WEED. (A Bohemian botanist, 
 Prof. Mikan.) 
 
 M. scandens, Willd. Rather handsome plant, climbing over bushes 
 in low grounds, N. Eng. S. and W.; leaves triangular-heart-shaped or 
 halberd-shaped ; heads small, of purplish flowers, in summer. 2
 
 230 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 6. EUPATORIUM, THOROUGHWORT, BONESET. (Dedicated 
 to Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used the European species 
 in medicine.) 2/ Following are the commonest. 
 
 1. Receptacle flat ; scales of the involucre mostly unequal and more or 
 less imbricated. 
 
 * Leaves 3-6 in a whorl ; heads 5-15-flowered, cylindrical, the purplish 
 
 scales closely imbricated in several rows; flowers flesh-colored. 
 
 E. purpfcreum, Linn. PURPLE T. or JOE-PYE WEED. Stems simple, 
 3-12 high, with or without purplish spots or dots ; leaves on petioles, 
 very veiny, oblong-ovate, roughish-toothed and pointed ; corymbs dense, 
 compound. Low grounds. 
 
 * * Leaves alternate or, the lower opposite, all long-petioled ; corymbs 
 compound; scales imbricated; flowers 12-15 in the head, small, white. 
 
 E. serdtinum, Michx. Low grounds from Maryland to Minn, and 
 S., minutely pubescent, tall (3-6 high), bushy-branched ; leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate and taper-pointed, triple-ribbed, coarsely -toothed, 5'-6' long ; 
 the involucre very downy. 
 
 * * * Leaves opposite (or only the uppermost alternate) and sessile; 
 
 heads corymbed; the scales more or less imbricated; flowers white. 
 
 +- Leaves separate at base ; heads mostly i>-&-flowered. 
 M- Base of leaves broad. 
 
 E. sessilif61ium, Linn. Smooth ; 4-6 high, with lance-ovate serrate 
 leaves (3'-6' long) tapering from a rounded closely sessile base to a 
 slender point, and small heads (with obtuse scales) in very compound flat 
 corymbs. Mass., S. and W. 
 
 E. rotundif6lium, Linn. Leaves roundish-ovate, blunt, deeply toothed ; 
 heads in a large and dense corymb, the scales acute. R. I., S. 
 
 E. teucrif6lium. Willd. Low grounds near the coast; roughish-pu- 
 bescent; ovate-oblong or lance-oblong, veiny, deeply few-toothed leaves 
 and small corymbs ; scales oblong-lanceolate. 
 
 ++ ft- Base of leaves narrow. 
 
 E. dlbum, Linn. Roughish-hairy, 2 high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
 coarsely toothed and strongly veiny ; heads crowded in the corymb ; 
 the lanceolate and pointed scales of the involucre white above and larger 
 than the flowers. Sandy soil, L. I., S. 
 
 E. altlssimum, Linn. Stout and tall, 3-7 high, downy, with lanceo- 
 late leaves (resembling those of some Goldenrods) tapering to both ends 
 and conspicuously 3-nerved, either entire or toothed above the middle ; 
 corymbs dense ; scales of the involucre blunt. Penn., W. and S. 
 
 E. hyssopifdlium, Linn. l-2 high ; smoothish, with narrow linear 
 or lanceolate blunt, 1-3-nerved leaves. Dry sterile soil, from Mass., S. 
 
 f- - Leaves united at base around the stem in pairs (connate-perfoliate). 
 
 E. perfoliatum, Linn. THOROUGHWORT or BONESET. Low grounds 
 everywhere (the bitter infusion used as a popular medicine); 2-4 high, 
 hairy ; the lanceolate leaves taper-pointed, serrate, very veiny, and some- 
 what wrinkled, 5'-8' long; the very numerous heads crowded in a dense 
 corymb, 10-30-flowered. 
 
 * * * Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed; heads in corymbs, 8-30- 
 flowered, the scales of the involucre equal and almost in one row; 
 flowers white. 
 
 E. ageratoldes, Linn. WHITE SNAKE ROOT. Smooth, 2-3 high ; 
 broadly ovate, long-petioled, coarsely and sharply toothed, thin leaves
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 231 
 
 (4'-5' long) ; heads of handsome pure white flowers in compound cor- 
 ymbs. Woods, N. 
 
 B. aromaticum, Linn. Like the preceding, commoner S., and only 
 near the coast ; more slender, usually less smooth, with thicker leaves 
 more bluntly toothed on short petioles ; the corymbs usually less com- 
 pound. 
 
 2. Eeceptacle hemispherical or conical ; scales nearly equal, only slightly 
 imbricated. 
 
 E. ccelestlnum, Linn. l-2 high ; leaves triangular-ovate or slightly 
 heart-shaped, coarsely toothed ; corymb flat ; heads small, of blue- purple 
 flowers, in autumn. N. J., W. and S. 
 
 7. KUHNIA. (For Dr. Adam Kuhn of Penn.) 
 
 K. eupatorioldes, Linn. A rather homely herb, 2-3 high, with 
 lanceolate leaves, and panicled or corymbed small heads of creamy 
 flowers. N. J. to Minn, and S. 2/ 
 
 8. LIATRIS, BUTTON SNAKEROOT or BLAZING STAR. (An 
 
 unexplained name.) Chiefly in sandy soil. Flowers late summer and 
 autumn. Root tuberous or corm-like. ^ 
 
 , differing in fibrous root, not plumose pappus, little imbricated 
 involucre, and more or less panicled heads, has two species from Va., S. 
 
 * Bristles of the pappus plainly plumose to the naked eye. 
 -i- Heads small, only 4-5-flowered. 
 
 L. dlegans, Willd. Often hairy or downy, 2 high, with compact 
 spike ; short lanceolate or linear leaves ; scales of involucre with spread- 
 ing, rose-purple tips. Va., S. 
 
 -i- -i- Heads large and fewer, cylindrical, many-flowered. 
 
 L. squarrdsa, Willd. COMMON BLAZING STAR. l-5 high ; leaves 
 linear ; heads few, about 1' long ; scales of involucre with spreading leaf- 
 like tips. Penn., S. and W. 
 
 L. cylindracea, Michx. Smaller than the preceding, 6'-18' high, the 
 narrow heads with short and rounded appressed tips. W. N. Y., W. 
 
 * * Bristles of the pappus not plainly plumose to the naked eye. 
 -t- Heads 3Q-4Q-flowered, commonly an inch broad. 
 
 L. scari6sa, Willd. Stem stout, 2-5 high ; leaves lanceolate, or the 
 lower spatulate-oblong ; scales of the involucre very numerous, with 
 rounded tips, often scarious or purple on the margins. N. Eng., W. 
 and S. 
 
 t- -t- Heads 3-15-flowered, from %'-%' long ; stem 2-5 high. 
 
 L. pycnostachya, Michx. Leaves linear or lance-linear ; spike very 
 dense of about 5-flowered heads ; scales of the involucre with recurving 
 .purplish tips. Prairies, W. 
 
 L. spicata, Willd. The commonest species, in low grounds ; heads 
 8-12-flowered, crowded h?. a long spike, the. oblong and blunt scales of 
 involucre without any obvious tips. 
 
 L. graminif61ia, Willd. Heads 7-12-flowered in a looser spike or 
 raceme ; the rigid appressed scales bhmt or slightly pointed. Wet pine 
 barrens from N. J., S. 
 
 L. gracilis, Pursh. Leases spreading, the lower lance-oblong and 
 Jong-petioled, the others linear and short; heads 3-7-flowered, small.
 
 232 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 9. GRINDELIA. (JET. Grindel, a Russian botanist.) (p. 226.) 
 
 G. squarr6sa, Dunal. Branching leafy herb, a foot or two high, on 
 prairies from 111., W. ; also cult. Leaves spatulate-oblong, or narrower ; 
 involucre with strongly spreading or squarrose bracts with short-filiform 
 tips ; pappus of 2 or 3 awns. Usually 2A There is a ray less form. 
 
 10. CHRYSOPSIS, GOLDEN ASTER. (Greek: golden appear- 
 ance, from the yellow flowers.) Low herbs, wild chiefly S. and W., in 
 dry and barren or sandy soil ; flowers summer and autumn. 2Z 
 
 * Leaves and akenes linear or nearly so. 
 
 C. graminifdlia, Nutt. Silvery-silky, with long, lance-linear and grass- 
 like, shining, nerved leaves, and single or few heads. Del., S. 
 
 C. falcata, Ell. Only 4'-10' high, woolly, clothed to the top with short 
 and linear, 3-nerved, rigid leaves, which are often curved or scythe-shaped ; 
 heads small, corymbed. On the coast from Cape Cod to N. J. 
 
 * * Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; akenes obovate, flattened. 
 
 C. gossypina, Nutt. White-cottony all over (whence the name), with 
 oblong, obtuse, rarely toothed leaves, and few pretty large heads. Va., S. 
 
 C. Mariana, Nutt. The commonest species, from L. I., S. ; silky, with 
 long and weak hairs, or smoothish when old, with oblong leaves, and a 
 few corymbed heads on glandular peduncles. 
 
 C. villdsa, Nutt. Coarsely hairy and somewhat hoary, leafy to the 
 top, with corymbed branches bearing single heads on short peduncles, 
 and narrow- oblong leaves. Wis., S. and W. 
 
 11. SOLIDAGO, GOLDEN-ROD. (From Latin : to make whole, 
 from supposed healing qualities.) 2/ Characteristic plants of the 
 American autumn. The following synopsis includes the most impor- 
 tant species. For a fuller account, see the Manual and Chapman's 
 Flora (p. 226). 
 
 * Heads sessile and small, in flat-topped corymbs; leaves linear. 
 
 8. lanceolata, Linn. Leaves lance-linear, 3-5-nerved ; rays 15-20. 
 N. and S. 
 
 S. tenuifdlia, Pursh. Leaves linear, 1-nerved, dotted ; rays 6-12. 
 N. and S. 
 
 * * Heads all more or less pediceled, usually larger; leaves usually 
 broader. 
 
 -i- Scales of involucre with green herbaceous spreading tips. 
 
 S. squarr6sa, Muhl. Leaves large, oblong, or lower ones spatulate- 
 oval ; heads numerous, with 12-16 rays. Me., W. and S. 
 
 S. petiolaris. Ait. Leaves small, oval or oblong, mucronate ; heads 
 few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle ; rays about 10. 111., S. and W. 
 
 *- - Scales not green, nor conspicuously spreading. 
 
 Heads in small clusters in the leaf-axils (or the uppermost sometimes 
 becoming glomerate-spiked). 
 
 = Akenes pubescent. 
 
 8. cassia. Linn. Stem cylindrical, glaucous; leaves lanceolate, ser- 
 rate, sessile ; clusters very short, in upper axils, sometimes racemose on 
 the branches. N. and S.
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 233 
 
 3. latifdlia, Linn. Stem angled and zigzag ; leaves broadly ovate, 
 strongly serrate, pointed both ends ; rays 3-4. N. and S. 
 
 S. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Stem angled ; leaves oblong or long- 
 lanceolate, with narrow, entire base, toothed above ; clusters loose ; rays 
 
 4-7 ' Va '' S ' = = Akenes glabrous. 
 
 S. bicolor, Linn. Gray-hairy, strict ; leaves oblong or elliptic, some- 
 what serrate ; upper clusters spicate or nearly panicled ; involucral scales 
 very obtuse ; rays 5-14, cream-color. N. and S. 
 
 S. monticola, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate 
 or narrower, the lower sparingly serrate ; scales acutish ; rays yellow, 
 5-6. Md., S. 
 
 ++ *+ Heads in a compound terminal corymb, not at all axillary or 
 racemose. 
 
 = Leaves folded and recurved. 
 
 S. Ridd^llii, Frank. Smooth, 2-4, very leafy ; leaves long linear- 
 lanceolate, those on the stem mostly clasping ; heads 20-30-flowered, very 
 numerous. Grassy lands, Ohio, W. and S. 
 
 = = Leaves flat. 
 
 S. rlgida, Linn. Rough, somewhat hoary, 2-5 , very leafy ; leaves 
 oval or oblong, thick ; heads large, 30- or more-flowered ; rays 7-10. N. 
 Eng., S. and W. 
 
 S. Ohioe'nsis, Riddell. Very smooth, 2-3, leafy ; stem leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, the radical ones elongated and with margined petioles ; 
 head 16-20-flowered ; rays 6-7. W. N. Y., W. 
 
 .M. ++ 4-. Heads in a terminal panicle, or sometimes in a thyrse, small or 
 middle-sized. 
 
 = Leaves painly 3-ribbed; heads in 1-sided sprays. 
 
 U Both stem and leaves smooth and glabrous (or stem roughish only 
 above) . 
 
 o Leaves firm, thickish : outer involucral scales short and ovate, the inner 
 oblong-linear, all obtuse. 
 
 S. Missouri(nsis, Nutt. Smooth, l-3 ; leaves linear-lanceolate or 
 the lower broader ; clusters of heads racemose in a short and broad, 
 rather open panicle ; akenes nearly glabrous. Wis., S. and W. 
 
 S- Sh6rtii, Torr. & Gray. Roughish above ; leaves oblong-lance- 
 olate ; panicle short and crowded ; akenes pubescent. S. O. and S. W. 
 
 o o Leaves thinnish ; scales linear, obtuse. 
 
 S. Leavenwdrthii, Torr. & Gray. Strict and rigid, 2-4, scabrous 
 or puberulent above ; leaves mostly linear, sharply and finely serrate ; 
 panicle long and open ; rays 10-12, small. S. C., S. 
 
 S. serdtina, Ait. Stout, 2-7, smooth and sometimes glaucous ; 
 leaves lanceolate and taper-pointed, serrate and ciliate, smooth ; rays 
 7-14, rather long. N. and S. 
 
 Var. gigantea. Gray. Leaves pubescent, the lateral ribs more promi- 
 nent. Same range. 
 
 || || Stem and generally the leaves prominently pubescent or scabrous (S. 
 serotina, var. gigantea, above, may be sought here). 
 
 o Plant green. 
 
 S. Canadensis. Linn. Rough-hairy, stout, 3-6 ; leaves lanceolate 
 and pointed, serrate or sometimes almost entire, pubescent beneath and
 
 234 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 rough above ; heads small and rays very short. Common and variable. 
 N. and S. 
 
 S. radula, Nutt. Stem and leaves very rough ; leaves oblong or 
 obovate-spatulate. 111., W. and S. 
 
 o o Plant ashy-canescent. 
 
 S. nemoralis. Ait. Pubescence close ; stem nearly simple, less than 
 3 ; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower obscurely crenate ; 
 panicle becoming secund or one-sided; rays 6-9, light-colored. Sterile 
 soil, N. and S. 
 
 = = Leaves either not at all 3-ribbed, or very obscurely triplinerved. 
 II Leaves all perfectly entire. 
 
 S. sempe'rvirens, Linn. Smooth and stout, l-8 ; leaves lanceolate 
 and slightly clasping, very smooth, the lowest ones obscurely 3-nerved ; 
 heads rather large and showy, the 7-10 rays golden. Seashore, N. B. to 
 Fla. Flowers early. 
 
 S. oddra, Ait. Smooth or nearly so, 2-3, the stem slender and 
 sometimes reclined ; leaves not 3-nerved, linear-lanceolate, shining and 
 pellucid-dotted ; heads very small ; rays 3-4, rather large. Canada to Fla. 
 
 II || Some of the leaves more or less crenulate or serrate {except sometimes 
 the first). 
 
 o Panicle thyrsoid, pyramidal or long-virgate. 
 x Scales thin, acute. 
 
 B. strfcta. Ait. Very smooth, with small, appressed, entire, lance- 
 oblong, thickish leaves, the upper ones mere bracts ; heads in a narrow 
 spicate raceme ; rays 5-7. Pine barrens, N. J., S. 
 
 S. pub^rula, Nutt. Minutely hoary ; leaves lanceolate-acute ; heads 
 very numerous in short racemes which form a long dense panicle ; rays 
 about 10. Me.,S. ^ Scales firm, obtuse. 
 
 S. uligin6sa, Nutt. Smooth, 2-3 ; leaves lanceolate, tapering into 
 a winged petiole ; racemes much crowded into a dense wand-like panicle ; 
 rays 5-6, small. Bogs, N. 
 
 S. speci6sa, Nutt. Smooth, 3-6 ; leaves rather thick, rough-mar- 
 gined, oval or ovate, or the uppermost oblong-lanceolate ; heads in 
 numerous erect racemes, which form a pyramidal panicle ; rays about 5, 
 large. Can. to N. C. and W. 
 
 o o Panicle short and broad or racemose. 
 
 x Leaves linear or lanceolate, sessile (on the stem"), obscurely veiny; 
 heads in a short and broad panicle of secund clusters. 
 
 S. tortif6lia, Ell. Stem 2-3, scabrous-pubescent; leaves linear, 
 generally twisted ; rays very short. Va., S. 
 
 S. pi!6sa, Walt. Stout, 3-7, with spreading hairs ; leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, hairy beneath ; rays 7-10, very short. 
 Pine barrens, N. J., S. 
 
 x x Leaves broad or ample, veiny ; heads racemosely paniculate. 
 + Foliage rugose-veiny, pubescent or scabrous above or below. 
 
 S. patula, Muhl. Stem strongly angled, smooth, 2-4 ; leaves ovate, 
 very rough above, smooth and veiny beneath ; racemes rather short and 
 numerous. Can. to Ga. and Tex. 
 
 S. amplexicaulis, Torr. & Gray. Slender, l-3, more or less pubes- 
 cent ; leaves ovate, acute, scabrous above and soft-pubescent beneath, 
 clasping ; rays about 3 (sometimes 0). Fla., W.
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 235 
 
 3. rug6sa, Mill. Very leafy, l-6, rough-hairy ; leaves ovate-lance- 
 olate or oblong, firm, very rugose, often scabrous above and hirsute on 
 the veins beneath ; rays 6-9. Can. to Tex. 
 
 S. ulmifdlia, Muhl. Stem smooth ; leaves thinner, elliptic to oblong- 
 lanceolate, soft-hairy beneath ; rays about 4. Me., W. and S. 
 
 + + Foliage inconspicuously reticulated, not scabrous above, and com- 
 monly smooth and glabrous beneath. 
 
 Very leafy to the top. 
 
 S. Ellidttii, Torn & Gray. Smooth, stout, l-3 ; leaves very numer- 
 ous, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acute, strongly veined, thick, shining 
 above ; heads in dense spreading racemes of a crowded, often pyramidal 
 panicle. Mass, to Ga. 
 
 Leaves becoming few and small towards the top of the stem. 
 
 S. neglecta, Torr. & Gray. Smooth, stout, 2-4; upper leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, acute and nearly entire, the lower ovate-lanceolate or 
 oblong and sharply serrate ; racemes short and dense, becoming spread- 
 ing ; akenes nearly glabrous. Bogs, Can. to Md., W. 
 
 S. Bodttii, Hook. From smooth to pubescent, slender, 2-5 ; leaves 
 ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate ; heads loosely racemose ; 
 rays 1-5 (or 0); akenes pubescent. Va., S. 
 
 S. argfcta, Ait. Stem angled, smooth, 2-4 ; leaves large and thin, 
 ovate, strongly sharp-serrate ; racemes pubescent, spreading, in an 
 elongated open panicle ; rays large, 6-7 ; akene generally glabrous. 
 N. Eng. to Ohio and Va. 
 
 S. jtincea, Ait. Smooth ; stem rigid and mostly simple, l-3 ; stem 
 leaves elliptic or lance-oval, sharply serrate, pointed, the radical ones 
 lanceolate or narrow-oblong ; racemes dense and naked, becoming elon- 
 gated and recurved, forming a handsome corymbose panicle ; rays small, 
 8-12. Common, Can. to Tenn. 
 
 12. BELLIS, DAISY. (Latin: bellus, pretty.) Flowers spring and 
 
 summer (p. 225). 
 
 B. integrif61ia, Michx. In open grounds from Ky., S. W. ; stems 
 branching, spreading, 4'-10' long, bearing some lanceolate-oblong or 
 spatulate leaves, and terminal, slender-peduncled heads with pale blue- 
 purple rays. 
 
 B. perennis, Linn. TRUE or ENGLISH DAISY. Cult, from W. Eu., 
 mostly in double-flowered varieties, i.e., with many or all the disk flowers 
 changed into rays, or, hi the common quilled form, all into tubes (pink 
 or white) ; in the natural state the center is yellow, the rays white and 
 more or less purplish or crimson-tipped underneath ; head solitary, on a 
 short scape ; leaves spatulate or obovate, all clustered at the root. y. 
 
 13. BOLTONIA. (Named for James Bolton, an English botanist.) 
 Wild plants of low grounds S. and W., resembling Asters except in the 
 akenes and pappus ; ray flowers blue-purple or nearly white ; disk 
 flowers yellow ; in autumn. 2/ (p. 226.) 
 
 B. diffusa, L'Her. Heads small, loosely panicled on the slender, open 
 branches, which bear small, awl-shaped leaves, those of the stem lance- 
 linear ; pappus of several bristles and 2 short awns. 111. and S. 
 
 B. asteroldes, L'Her. Heads fewer and larger, in corymbs; leaves 
 lanceolate ; pappus of minute bristles and 2 (or 0) awns. Perm. , S. 
 and W.
 
 236 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 14. CALLISTEPHUS, CHINA ASTER. (Greek : beautiful crown.) 
 (p. 225.) 
 
 C. hortensis, Cass. (or C. CHINENSIS). The well-known GARDEN or 
 CHINA ASTER, of the gardens, a native of China and Japan, has numerous 
 varieties of various forms and colors, the finest full-double. 
 
 15. SERICOCARPUS. (Greek: silky fruit.) 11 (p. 225.) 
 
 * Pappus rusty ; leaves serrate. 
 
 S. conyzoldes, Nees. Pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the 
 lower spatulate, ciliate. Me., S. and W. 
 
 * * Pappus white; leaves entire. 
 
 S. solidaglneus, Nees. Smooth ; leaves linear and rigid, obtuse, the 
 margins rough. N. Eng., S. 
 
 16. ASTER, ASTEE, STAR WORT. (Aster, a star.) This vast 
 genus is too difficult for beginners, and those who are prepared for its 
 study will use the Manual for the northern species, and Chapman's 
 Southern Flora for the few that are peculiarly southern. Common and 
 characteristic plants of the autumn flora (p. 225). 
 
 * Pappus double, i.e. in two rows. 
 
 A. umbellatus. Mill. Smooth and stout, leafy to the top ; leaves 
 long-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; heads very many, in compound flat 
 corymbs ; rays rather few, white. Common and variable. 
 
 A. inffrmus, Michx. Slender, only moderately leafy ; leaves obovate 
 or oblong- lanceolate, ciliate ; heads few on spreading peduncles, white. 
 Mass., S. 
 
 A. linariiidlius, Linn. Leaves linear and rigid, rough-margined ; 
 heads with violet (rarely white) rays, solitary on simple branches ; plant 
 10-2. Common. ** Pappus simple. 
 
 *- Scales mostly closely imbricated, the tips not conspicuously herbaceous 
 or spreading. 
 
 f* Leaves lanceolate, or narrower. 
 
 A. iiemoralis, Ait. Minutely pubescent, slender, l-2 ; leaves small 
 and rather rigid, lanceolate, nearly entire, the margins revolute ; invo- 
 lucre obconical, the scales linear-lanceolate or the outer awl-like ; rays 
 long, dark lilac. Bogs, N. 
 
 A. acuminatus, Michx. Somewhat hairy, the stem simple (1) and 
 often zigzag ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, toothed, not revo- 
 lute ; scales few and loosish, linear-lanceolate ; heads not numerous, the 
 rays white or violet. N. Eng. and S. in the Mts. 
 
 A. ptarmicoldes, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so, the stems 
 simple (8'-2) and clustered ; leaves linear-lanceolate and rigid, entire, 
 not revolute, rough-margined; heads small, white (rarely yellowish W.) 
 in a flat corymb ; scales thickish and obtuse. Rocks, N. 
 
 +* >- Leaves cordate, stalked and coarsely serrate. 
 
 A. corymb6sus, Ait. Slender and often zigzag, 2 ; leaves thin and 
 nearly or quite smooth, taper-pointed, the teeth unequal and spreading, 
 on marginless petioles ; rays white, 6-9. Woods, Can. to Ga. 
 
 A. macrophyllus. Linn. Larger and stouter, witli thickish, rough, 
 closely-serrate and abrupt-pointed leaves ; heads larger, white or bluish , 
 the rays 10-15. Like range.
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 237 
 
 t- >- Scales variously imbricated, the tips herbaceous (green') and spread- 
 ing, or the. outer ones wholly leaf-like. 
 
 w- Leaves silvery-silky both sides, and sessile and entire. 
 A. serlceua, Vent. Slender, l-2 ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, 
 spreading ; involucre globular with spreading scales ; heads mostly soli- 
 tary, showy, violet. Dry soil, Wis., W. and S. 
 
 A. cdncolor, Linn. Leaves crowded and appressed, as are the scales 
 of the obovoid involucre ; heads in a compound wand-like raceme, violet. 
 Near the coast, R. I., S. 
 
 f* Leaves not silvery-silky, various. 
 
 = Stem leaves all (or at least the lowest} cordate and petioled ; radical 
 leaves all prominently cordate. 
 
 || Bays about 40 ; involucral scales squarrose. 
 
 A. andmalus, Engelm. Pubescent- and roughish, 2-4 ; upper leaves 
 small and nearly or quite sessile ; heads rather large, bright violet. El., 
 W. and S. 
 
 || || Hays 10-20, light-blue or white ; scales not squarrose. 
 
 o All or part of the petioles wing-margined. 
 
 A. undulatus, Linn. Leaves ovate or lance-ovate, the margins wavy 
 or slightly toothed, roughish above and downy beneath, the uppermost 
 with clasping petioles. Common. 
 
 A. sagittifdlius, Willd. Rigid and erect, 2-3, with ascending 
 branches ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, the lower cordate and on margined 
 petioles, the upper becoming narrower ; involucre oblong, the scales 
 narrow-tapering and loose. Common, N. and S. 
 
 o o Petioles not wing-margined (except occasionally in the first). 
 
 A. cordif61ius, Linn. Stem much branched, the branches diverging 
 and bearing very numerous panicled heads ; lower stem leaves all pro- 
 minently heart-shaped, the petioles ciliate and only slightly or not at all 
 margined ; involucre obconical, with short and nearly obtuse, appressed 
 tips. Common, Can. to Ga., and W. Variable. 
 
 A. aztireus, Lindl. Heads larger ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 
 rough, the petioles usually long and hairy, the uppermost becoming 
 nearly linear and sessile, or on the branches even awl-like ; involucre 
 obconical, slightly pubescent. N. Y., S. and W. 
 
 = = Stem leaves clasping or sessile (or if short-stalked, not cordate), 
 various. 
 
 o Leaves broadish, prominently cordate-clasping or with a winged- 
 petiole-like base. (Forms of A. Novi-Belgii and A. oblongifolius, 
 below, may be sought here.) 
 
 x Leaves entire (rarely very obscurely toothed in first two). 
 A. laevis, Linn. Smooth and glabrous, often glaucous, 2-4 ; leaves 
 thickish, lanceolate or broader, the upper auriculate, or cordate, clasp- 
 ing ; involucre hemispherical, with abrupt green tips ; rays blue. Com- 
 mon and handsome. 
 
 A. patens, Ait. Rough-pubescent, l-3, the branches loose and 
 widely spreading ; leaves ovate-oblong or longer, rough above and on the 
 margins ; involucre ovoid, scales with pointed spreading tips ; rays purple. 
 N. and S. 
 
 A. N6vae-Anglie, Linn. Tall and stout, 3-8, hairy, very leafy ; 
 leaves lanceolate and acute, pubescent ; scales nearly equal and loose, 
 awl-like, glandular-viscid ; flowers large, rose or purple. Can. to S. C., 
 and W. ; also cult.
 
 238 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 x x Leaves with few or many prominent teeth. 
 + Leaf base distinctly clasping. 
 
 A. prenantholdes, Muhl. l-3, hairy above in lines ; leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate, rough above and smooth beneath, narrowed into a long entire 
 portion which is suddenly dilated into an auricled base ; heads on short 
 divergent peduncles, pale violet or whitish. Along streams, N. 
 
 A. puniceus. Linn. Tall and stout, 3-7, rough-hairy all over (or in 
 some forms smoothish below) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate and but little 
 narrowed at the base ; heads subsessile, in a panicle or thyrse ; flowers 
 large, purple to white. Variable. N.;S. toGa. 
 
 + + Leaf base wing-petiole-like, not auriculate. 
 
 A. patulus, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so, l-4 ; leaves ovate or 
 oblong- lanceolate, serrate in middle, narrowed at both ends, the lower 
 ones into a winged petiole ; heads loosely panicled, violet or white ; scales 
 unequal. N. Eng. 
 
 A. Blli6ttii, Torr. & Gray. Stem (2-3) minutely pubescent ; leaves 
 thickish, oblong-lanceolate, appressed-toothed, tapering into a narrow, 
 petiole-like contraction ; heads numerous, corymbose-paniculate, purple ; 
 scales nearly equal. S. C. to Fla. 
 
 o o Leaves (mostly narrower) not cordate-clasping, nor with wing-sessile 
 bases. 
 
 x Involucre and branchlets viscid or glandular. 
 + Leaves rigid and obtuse. 
 
 A. grandifl6rus, Nutt. Slender, hispid, l-3; leaves very small, 
 linear ; rays violet, long. Handsome. Va. , S. 
 
 + + Leaves soft and acute. 
 
 A. oblongif 61iu3, Nutt. Minutely glandular-puberulent, l-2 ; leaves 
 narrow-oblong or lanceolate, mucronate, somewhat clasping ; flowers 
 rather small, purple. Banks, N. 
 
 A. spectabilis, Ait. Roughish, stout, l-2, leaves oblong-lanceolate 
 or spatulate-oblong, mostly entire ; heads few, large and showy (purple), 
 the scales with the upper half herbaceous and spreading. Near the coast, 
 Mass, to Del. 
 
 x x Not viscid or glandular (except, perhaps, in A. surculosus). 
 
 + Radical leaves tapering into margined petioles. 
 
 Leaves entire or obscurely serrate. 
 
 A. 8urcul6sus, Michx. Low (1 or less), with filiform rootstocks; 
 leaves linear or lanceolate, rigid ; heads medium-sized, few or solitary, 
 light purple. Near coast, N. J., S. 
 
 A. gracilis. Nutt. Leaves oblong-lanceolate and small ; scales coria- 
 ceous and whitish, with short-ovate green tips ; heads few. Pine barrens, 
 N. J., S. and W. 
 
 A. radula, Ait. Smooth or lightly hairy, leafy, l-3 ; leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, pointed, rugose, rough both sides, very closely sessile ; scales 
 with short, spreading green tips ; flowers light-violet. N. Eng. to Del. 
 
 + + Eadical leaves not with margined petioles. 
 
 Involucral scales squnrrose or with prominently spreading green tiptf 
 leaves small, linear and entire ; heads small and racemose. 
 
 A. amethystinus, Nutt. Tall and erect, 2-5, somewhat hirsute, 
 branchy ; leaves lax ; scales with only the tips spreading ; rays light blue. 
 Mass, to la,
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 239 
 
 A. multifldrus, Ait. Pale- or hoary -pubescent, l-2, bushy-branched ; 
 leaves rigici and crowded, with rough margins ; rays white (rarely bluish). 
 Common in dry ground. 
 
 Scales generally oppressed, 
 i i Plant very smooth, pale and glaucescent. 
 
 A. turbin^llus, Lindl. Slender, 3, paniculately branching ; leaves 
 oblong or narrow-lanceolate, with roughish margins ; scales linear, with 
 blunt and short green tips ; flowers violet. 111., S. W. 
 
 A. virgatus, Ell. Strict and simple, with the branches terminated by 
 single heads ; leaves lanceolate or linear, the lower ones long ; scales 
 acutish ; flowers violet. Va., S. 
 
 i 1 11 Plant variously scabrous or hirsute, not glaucescent (except forms of 
 the first). 
 
 ^ Leaves firm in texture, often thickish ; heads rather large and showy, 
 the scales icith loosish green tips. 
 
 A. N6vi-B(Slgii, Linn. Short, 6'-2, some forms wholly smooth, 
 others with sparse pubescence ; leaves from oblong to linear-lanceolate, 
 usually entire, the upper somewhat auriculate-clasping, the salt-marsh 
 forms nearly fleshy ; flowers blue or violet. Very common, in many 
 forms, along the Atlantic coast, but reaching 111. Flowers late. 
 
 ^ ^ Leaves of ordinary texture ; heads mostly smaller, with less prom* 
 inently green-tipped scales. 
 
 ^ Heads scattered, borne on the ends of slender bracteate branchlets. 
 
 A. dum6sus, Linn. Smooth or nearly so, l-3, loosely branched ; 
 leaves linear or somewhat broader towards the top of the plant, crowded 
 and entire, rough-margined ; involucre bell-shaped, with abruptly green- 
 tipped scales ; rays violet or blue. Common. 
 
 '-s /^ Heads in lax or racemose 1-sided sprays. 
 
 A. racem6sus, Ell. Scabrous-pubescent on the erect or ascending 
 slender branches ; leaves linear and rigid, small, acute, entire ; flowers 
 small, purplish, the scales very narrow and acute. S. C., S. 
 
 A. vimineus, Lam. Glabrous or very nearly so, 2-6 , very bushy ; 
 leaves small and stiffish, linear or narrow-lanceolate and rather long, the 
 larger ones sparsely serrate ; scales narrow-linear, mostly acute ; heads 
 very numerous, white. Very common. 
 
 A. diffusus, Ait. Pubescent, branchy ; leaves large, thin and lax, 
 lanceolate or broader, sharply serrate ; scales linear, obtuse or acutish ; 
 flowers white or violet. Very common and variable. 
 
 <~\ s-\ ^ Heads (in mature plants) paniculate or thyrsoid. 
 C Scales subitlately green-tipped; rays commonly pure white. 
 
 A. ericoldes, Linn. Smooth or sparsely hairy, l-3 ; heads often 
 tending rather to be racemose than paniculate, and borne on the ends of 
 erect, much-bracted branchlets ; leaves linear-lanceolate (or the lowest 
 oblong-spatulate) , becoming awl-like and stiffish above. Dry grounds. 
 Variable. 
 
 A. polyphyllus, "Willd. Tall, 4-5, with twiggy branches ; leaves 
 4' or 5' long, linear-lanceolate ; flowers rather large, early. N., and S. 
 
 C O Scales not awl-tipped ; rays violet to white. 
 () Scales of several lengths. 
 
 A. Tradescanti, Linn. Much branched, 2-4, the heads small and 
 numerous ; leaves lanceolate to linear, tapering to a slender point, the
 
 240 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 lower and larger somewhat serrate ; scales linear, green at the tip and 
 down the back ; rays small, white or violet. Common. 
 
 A. paniculatus, Lam. Often taller, generally more strict, profusely 
 paniculate-branched ; leaves thin, oblong or narrow-linear, the lower 
 sharply serrate, upper entire ; heads larger, in loose and leafy panicles ; 
 scales narrow-linear with green tips and the outer ones green the whole 
 length ; flowers violet or nearly white. Common. 
 
 A. salicif6lius. Ait. Leaves shorter and firmer than in the last, often 
 scabrous, mostly entire ; scales more imbricated, firmer, linear, with 
 acutish green tips ; heads (rarely white) tending to be raceinosely clus- 
 tered. Common. 
 
 () () Beetles nearly equal. 
 
 A. junceus, Ait. Slender and nearly simple, l-3 ; leaves long- 
 linear (3'-5'), all (or all but the lower most) entire ; heads comparatively 
 few, light-purple, the outer scales a little shorter than the inner. Bogs, X. 
 
 A. Iongif61ius, Lam. More branched ; leaves broader, entire or 
 sparsely serrulate ; heads larger, the scales about equal and little imbri- 
 cated ; rays violet to almost white. Far N. 
 
 17. ERIGERON, FLEABANE. (Greek words for spring and old man, 
 suggested probably by the hoary appearance of some vernal species.) 
 (p. 225.) 
 
 * Hays conspicuous; heads more or less corymbed; stem erect. 
 -H- Hays purple or purplish, very numerous (50-150) ; pappus simple. 2/ 
 
 E. Philad^lphicus, Linn. Rather hairy, 2 high ; stem leaves oblong, 
 mostly entire, and partly clasping ; spatulate and toothed root leaves, and 
 several heads ; rays very many and narrow, pale reddish-purple ; flowers 
 summer. Common. 
 
 E. bellidifdlius, Muhl. ROBIN'S PLANTAIN. Soft-hairy, l-2 high, 
 with a cluster of rather large roundish root leaves lying flat on the 
 ground ; stem leaves rather few and small ; heads 1-9 and long-pedun- 
 cled, rather large, with about 50 linear, light bluish-purple rays ; flowers 
 late spring. Common. 
 
 - *- Hays white, only about 30, rather broad ; pappus simple. 11 
 
 E. nudicatilis, Michx. Smooth, with oval or spatulate leaves all at 
 the root ; slender scape l-2 high, with a few small heads ; flowers 
 spring. Low grounds, Va., S. 
 
 -- *- -i- Rays white or nearly so, 50 or more, narrow ; pappus double, the 
 outer of a row of minute chaffy bristles or little scales. (D 
 
 E. strigdsus, Muhl. 2-4 high, smoothish, or roughish, with minute 
 close-pressed hairs ; leaves entire, the lower spatulate and slender-petioled, 
 the upper lanceolate ; rays rather long ; flowers all summer. Fields. 
 
 E. annuus, Pers. 3-5 c high, branched above, roughish, with spread- 
 ing hairs ; leaves ovate or lance-ovate, the lower ones coarsely toothed ; 
 rays rather short, often tinged with purple ; flowers all summer. Fields 
 and waste places. 
 
 * * Rays inconspicuous, scarcely longer than the cylindrical, bell-shaped, 
 involucre and the simple pappus, numerous, in more than one row. 
 
 E. Canadensis. Linn. HORSEWEED, BCTTERWEED, MARE'S-TAIL. A 
 common weed, with strong odor, in waste or cult, ground ; bristly hairy ; 
 stem erect, strict, l-5 high ; leaves linear, only the lowest ones cut- 
 lobed ; heads of whitish flowers very small, panicled ; all summer. (J)
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 241 
 
 18. B ACCHARIS. (Dedicated to Bacchus.') Shrubby seaside or pine- 
 barren plants, (p. 224.) 
 
 B. halimitolia, Linn. Smooth, somewhat scurfy, 6-12, the branches 
 angled ; leaves obovate, petioled, coarsely toothed or the upper ones 
 entire ; heads of whitish or yellowish flowers scattered or in leafy pani- 
 cles. Mass., S. 
 
 19. FLUCHEA. (The Abbe Pluche, a naturalist of a century ago.) 
 (p. 223.) 
 
 P. blfrons, DC. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, closely sessile or clasp- 
 ing, veiny, 2'-3' long. 2-3. 2J[ Cape May, S. 
 
 P. camphorata, DC. Pale ; leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thick- 
 ish and only obscurely veiny, the larger ones short-petioled. Taller. 
 Salt marshes, Mass., S. 
 
 20. FILAGO, COTTON ROSE. (Latin: filum, a thread, from the 
 cottony hairs.) (p. 223.) 
 
 F. Germdnica, Linn. HERBA IMPIA of the old herbalists the branches 
 with a new generation of clustered heads rising out of the parent cluster 
 at the top of the stem (as if undutifully exalting themselves) ; stems 5'- 
 10' high, crowded with the lanceolate, erect, and entire cottony leaves. 
 Old dry fields from N. Y., S. ; flowers summer and autumn. 
 
 21. GNAPHALIUM, EVERLASTING, CUDWEED. (Greek: lock 
 of wool.) (p. 223.) 
 
 * Scales of the involucre white or yellowish-white ; stem erect, l-2 high*; 
 
 heads many, corymbed. Common in old fields, copses, etc. 
 
 G. polyce"phalum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, with narrowed base 
 and wavy margins, the upper surface nearly naked ; the perfect flowers 
 few in the center of each head. 
 
 G. deciirrens, Ives. Common from N. J. to Mich, and N. ; leaves 
 lance-linear, cottony both sides, the base partly clasping and extending 
 down on the stem ; many perfect flowers in the center of each head. 34 
 
 * * Scales of the involucre tawny-purplish or whitish, not at all showy or 
 petal-like ; heads small, crowded in sessile clusters ; stems spreading or 
 ascending, 3'-20' high. 
 
 G. uligin6sum, Linn. An insignificant little weed in wet places, espe- 
 cially roadsides, with lanceolate or linear leaves, and inconspicuous heads 
 in terminal clusters. 
 
 G. purpureum, Linn. Taller, with oblong-spatulate or lanceolate 
 leaves green above and white-cottony beneath, and purplish heads in 
 axillary clusters, or spiked along the upper part of the stem ; pappus 
 plumes united at the base, and all falling off together. Coast of Me., S. 
 
 22. ANTENNARIA, EVERLASTING. (Name from the pappus of 
 the staminate flowers, which resembles the antennae of certain insects.) 
 2/ (p. 223.) 
 
 A. plantaginif6lia, Hook. Growing in patches, spreading by runners 
 and offsets ; the root leaves spatulate or obovate and tufted ; flowering 
 stems 4'-8' high, with few and small lanceolate leaves ; heads in a small 
 corymb, the fertile ones (pointed, with pinkish styles) with narrow and 
 acutish, the staminate (flat-topped) with white and rounded scales. 
 Sterile soil ; common. 
 
 GRATIS F. F. & G. BOX. 16
 
 242 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 23. ANAPHALIS, EVERLASTING. (Greek, of no application.) 
 11 (p. 223.) 
 
 A. margaritacea. Benth. & Hook. Stem about 2 high, leafy to the 
 top ; the leaves lance-linear ; heads in a broad corymb, the fertile ones 
 with a few imperfect staminate flowers in the center ; scales of the invo- 
 lucre pearly white, rounded. Dry soil ; common. 
 
 24. HELIPTERUM, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE. (Greek : sun 
 and wing, referring to the light plumed pappus.) Also known as 
 RHODANTHE. (p. 224.) 
 
 H. Mangles/'/, F. Muell. Cult, in gardens for ornament, from Aus- 
 tralia ; a low smooth herb, with oblong and alternate clasping entire 
 leaves, and loosely corymbed, showy, nodding heads of yellow flowers, 
 the pearly involucre obovate or obconical, smooth, rose or white, very 
 ornamental, in summer. 
 
 25. HELICHRYSUM, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE. (Greek, 
 referring to the golden flower heads.) (p. 223.) 
 
 H. bracteatum, Andr. or (H. MACRANTHUM). From Australia ; tall, 
 smoothish or slightly downy, with lanceolate leaves ; large heads termi- 
 nating the branches and with some leaf-like bracts on the peduncle, the 
 permanent and very numerous scales of the involucre very showy and 
 petal-like, spreading in many ranks, golden yellow, and with white vari- 
 eties. (D 
 
 26. AMMOBIUM, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE. (Greek : mean- 
 9 ing living in sand.) (p. 224.) 
 
 A. alatum, R. Br. l-3 high, rather cottony ; root leaves oblong and 
 tapering downwards into a petiole ; stem leaves small and lanceolate, and 
 extended down the branches and stems in the form of leaf-like wings ; 
 heads solitary, with pearly white involucre surrounding yellow flowers. 
 Cult, from Australia. 
 
 27. INULA, ELECAMPANE. (Ancient Latin name.) 11 (p. 224.) 
 /. Helen/urn, Linn. COMMON ELECAMPANE. A stout herb, with stems 
 
 3-5 c high, from a thick mucilaginous root (used in medicine) ; leaves 
 large, entire, woolly beneath, those from the root ovate and petioled, the 
 others partly clasping ; heads large, but the rays very narrow. In old 
 gardens and natural from Eu. by roadsides. 
 
 28. POLYMNIA, LEAFCUP. (The muse, Polyhymnia, the dedica- 
 tion for no obvious reason.) 2/ (P- 226.) 
 
 P. Canadensis, Linn. 3-5 high, clammy-hairy ; leaves thin, the 
 lower pinnatifid, the upper 3-5-lobed or angled ; rays of the small heads 
 shorter than the involucre, few, pale-yellow and broad. Moist woods. 
 
 P. Uvedalia, Linn. Roughish-hairy, stout, 4-10 high ; leaves large, 
 ovate and angled or lobed, the upper ones sessile ; rays of the large head 
 10-15, bright yellow, longer than the involucre. Rich soil, N. Y., S. and W. 
 
 29. SILPHIUM, ROSIN PLANT. (Ancient Greek name.) Flowers 
 summer and autumn, y. (p. 226. ) 
 
 * Leaves alternate, large, most of them petioled. 
 
 +- The stout and rough flowering stems (3-6 high) leafy up to the few large 
 heads; scales of involucre ovate, with tapering and spreading rigid tips. 
 S. laciniatum, Linn. ROSINWEED or COMPASS PLANT, of prai- 
 ries, from Mich. W. and S., so called because the rough-hairy, deeply
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 243 
 
 pinnatifid root leaves (of ovate outline) incline to present their edges N. 
 
 and S. 
 
 i- 4- The slender smooth flowering stems (4-10 high} leafy only near 
 the base, dividing above into a panicle of many smaller heads. 
 
 S. terebinthinaceum, Linn. PRAIRIE DOCK, so called from the 
 appearance of the large root leaves, which are ovate or heart-oblong and 
 l-2 long, besides the slender petiole, the margins somewhat toothed. 
 Ohio, W. 
 
 S. compdsitum, Michx. More slender and smaller, with round heart- 
 shaped leaves either toothed or cut, or divided. N. C., S. 
 
 * * Leaves, or many of them, in whorls of 3 or 4 along the terete stems, 
 rather small, entire or coarsely toothed. 
 
 8. trifoliatum, Linn. Stem smooth, often glaucous, 4-6 high ; leaves 
 lanceolate and entire or nearly so, roughish ; heads small. S. and W. 
 
 S. Asterfscus, Linn. Rough-hairy ; leaves usually coarsely toothed ; 
 heads fewer and larger. Va., S. 
 
 * * # Leaves opposite and clasping or connate ; stems leafy to the top. 
 
 8. integrifdlium, Michx. Roughish, 2-4 high, with terete stem and 
 lance-ovate, partly heart-shaped, and entire, distinct leaves. Mich. W. 
 and S. 
 
 8. perfoliatum, Linn. COP PLANT. Very smooth square stems 4-9 
 high, around which the ovate, coarsely toothed leaves are connate into cups 
 which hold water from the rains. Mich., W. and S. 
 
 30. PARTHENIUM. (Greek: virgin, of no application.) "U (p. 
 
 227.) 
 
 P. integrif6lium, Linn. A coarse, rough plant, l-4 high, with 
 alternate, oblong or oval, crenate-toothed leaves (the lower cut-lobed), 
 and small whitish heads in a flat and dense corymb. Dry soil, Md. to 
 Minn, and S. 
 
 31. IV A, MARSH ELDER. (Name unexplained.) (p. 223.) Our 
 commonest species is 
 
 I. frut^scens, Linn. Nearly smooth, shrubby at the base, 3-8 ; 
 leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely toothed, fleshy ; greenish-white heads 
 axillary and forming a leafy panicled raceme. Salt coast marshes, 
 Mass., S. 
 
 32. AMBROSIA, RAGWEED. (The classical name.) (p. 222.) 
 Flowers greenish, all summer and autumn. 
 
 * Leaves all opposite. 
 
 A. trffida, Linn. Tall, coarse herb along low borders of streams; 
 4-10 high, rough ; leaves deeply 3-lobed on margined petioles, the 
 lobes lance-ovate and serrate ; staminate heads in racemes, their in- 
 volucres 3-ribbed on one side, the fertile one or fruit obovate and with 6 
 or 6 ribs ending in a tubercle or spiny point. 
 
 * * Some or all the leaves alternate. 
 
 A. bidentata, Michx. Hairy, l-3 high, very leafy; leaves alter- 
 nate, closely sessile, lanceolate, and with a short lobe or tooth on one 
 side near the base ; heads in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre of 
 the sterile ones with a large lanceolate appendage on one side. Prairies, 
 111., S. and W.
 
 244 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 A. artemisiaef61ia, Linn. ROMAN WORMWOOD, HOGWEED, RAGWEED, 
 or BITTERWEED. Waste places and roadsides ; l-3 high, hairy or rough- 
 ish ; twice pinnatifid leaves, either opposite or alternate, pale or hoary be- 
 neath ; staininate heads in panicled racemes or spikes, the small, roundish 
 fruit with about 6 little teeth or spines. 
 
 33. XANTHIUM, COCKLEBUR, CLOTBUR. (Greek : yellow, the 
 plants said to yield that color.) Coarse and vile weeds, with stout and 
 low branching stems, alternate and petioled, merely toothed or lobed 
 leaves, and obscure greenish flowers, produced all summer. 
 (p. 222.) # Triple spines in the axils O j- the i eaves . 
 
 X- spindsum, Linn. Stems slender and hoary, l-2 ; leaves nar- 
 rowed at both ends, ovate-lanceolate, sometimes lobed or cut ; fruit invo- 
 lucre ^' long, with 1 beak. Waste places, E. Tropics. 
 
 * * No spines in the axils. 
 
 X. strumarium, Linn. Leaves cordate or ovate, dentate, often lobed ; 
 fruit involucre '-' long, glabrous or puberulent, with nearly straight 
 beaks and slender spines. Plant l-2. Waste places. Old World. 
 
 X. Canade'nse, Mill. Stouter ; fruit 1' long, densely prickly and 
 hispid, the beaks usually hooked or strongly curved. Waste places. 
 
 34. ZINNIA. (J. G. Zinn, a German botanist.) Commonly culti- 
 vated for ornament, (p. 227.) 
 
 Z. elegans, Jacq. GARDEN ZINNIA. Leaves ovate, heart-shaped, half- 
 clasping ; heads very large, rose-colored, purple, violet, red, or white, 
 2'-3' in diameter, also full-double like a small Dahlia ; chaff of receptacle 
 crested-toothed at tip ; akenes barely 2-toothed at summit. Mexico. 
 Cult, in many forms and under many names. 
 
 Z. pauciflbra, Linn, (or Z. MULTIFLORA). Less common in gardens, being 
 less showy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; peduncle hollow, much enlarged 
 under the head ; rays obovate, red- purple ; chaff blunt, entire ; akenes 
 1-awned. Mexico. 
 
 Z. angustifdlia, HBK. (Cult, as Z. AtiREA), from Mexico; is widely 
 and copiously branched, rough-hairy, with lanceolate leaves ; many small 
 heads ; oval orange-yellow rays, and conspicuously pointed chaff. 
 
 35. HELIOPSIS, OXEYE. (Greek-made name, from the likeness 
 to Sunflower.) ^ (p. 228.) 
 
 H. lee vis, Pers. Resembles a Sunflower, but has pistillate rays and 
 4-sided akenes, sometimes without pappus ; l-4 high, smooth ; leaves 
 ovate or lance-ovate, triple-ribbed, petioled, serrate ; head of golden- 
 yellow flowers (with linear rays) terminating the branches, in summer ; 
 pappus of 2-4 minute teeth, or 0. N. Y., W. and S. 
 
 H. scabra, Dunal. Roughish, particularly the leaves, which are more 
 narrowly pointed, and the upper ones sometimes entire ; rays broader ; 
 pappus of 2 or 3 conspicuous teeth. N. Y., W. and S. 
 
 36. ECHINACEA, PURPLE CONE-FLOWER. (Greek; hedgehog, 
 viz., receptacle with prickly pointed chaff.) 2/ (p. 228.) 
 
 E. purpfcrea, Moench. Stems (usually smooth) l-2 high, from a 
 thick and black, pungent-tasted root (called Black Samson by quack- 
 doctors), bearing ovate or lanceolate, 5-nerved and veiny leaves, the lower 
 long-petioled, and terminated by a large head; rays 15-20, dull rose- 
 purple. Penn., W and S.
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 245 
 
 E. angu8tif61ia, DC. From Wis. S., is a more slender form, bristly- 
 hairy, with narrow, lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire leaves, and 12-15 brighter- 
 colored rays. 
 
 37. RUDBECKIA, CONE-FLOWER. (Named for Hudbeck, father 
 and son, Swedish botanists.) (p. 228.) 
 
 * Disk oblong, or in fruit cylindrical and 1' long, greenish yellow, the 
 chaff very blunt and downy at the end ; leaves all compound or cleft. 11 
 
 R. laciniata, Linn. 3-7 high, smooth, branching above ; lowest 
 leaves pinnate with 5-7 cut or cleft leaflets, upper ones 3-5-parted, or 
 the uppermost undivided; heads long-peduncled, with linear drooping 
 rays l'-2' long. Thickets ; common. 
 
 * * Disk conical, dark-purple, the chaff awn-pointed; lower leaves often 
 
 pinnately parted or 3-cleft. 
 
 R. triloba, Linn. Hairy, 2-5 high, much branched ; upper leaves 
 lance-ovate and toothed, and the numerous small heads with only about 
 8 rays. Penn. to Mo. and S. 
 
 * * * Disk globular, pale dull brownish (receptacle sweet-scented), the 
 
 chaff blunt and downy at the end; lower leaves 3-parted. 11 
 
 R. subtoment6sa, Pursh. Somewhat downy, with leafy stems 3-5 
 high, ovate or lance-ovate, serrate upper leaves and short-peduncled heads. 
 Prairies, Wis., W. 
 
 * * * * Disk broadly conical, dark-colored, the soft chaff not pointed; 
 rough-hairy plants l-2 high, leafy below, the naked summit of the 
 stems or branches bearing single showy heads ; leaves simple. It 
 
 R. specidsa, Wend. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at 
 both ends, 3-5-nerved, petioled, coarsely toothed or cut. Penn., W. 
 and S. 
 
 R. hfrta, Linn. Stems stout and mostly simple ; leaves nearly entire, 
 triple-ribbed, oblong-lanceolate or the lowest spatulate, the upper sessile. 
 N. Y., W. and S.; introduced into meadows E. 
 
 38. LEPACHYS. (Greek : thick and scale.) Receptacle anise-scented 
 when crushed. 2/ (P- 227.) 
 
 L. pinnata, Torr. & Gray. Minutely roughish and slightly hoary ; 
 the slender leafy stems 3-5 high, bearing leaves of 3-7 lanceolate leaf- 
 lets, and somewhat corymbed heads with the oval or oblong disk much 
 shorter than the oblong, drooping yellow rays ; akenes scarcely 2-toothed, 
 flattish, the inner edge hardly wing-margined. Dry soil, W. N. Y., W. 
 and S. 
 
 L. columnaris, Torr. & Gray. l-2 high, with single or few long- 
 peduncled heads, their cylindrical disk often becoming 2' long, and longer 
 than the 5-8 broad drooping rays, these either yellow, or var. pulche'r- 
 rima, with the base or lower half brown-purple ; akenes 1-2-toothed at 
 top and winged down one edge. Prairies, W. ; also cult. 
 
 39. HELIANTHUS, SUNFLOWER (which the name means in 
 Greek). The following are the commonest of the numerous species, 
 many of which are difficult of study. (Lessons, Fig. 381.) (p. 227.) 
 
 * Eeceptacle flat and very broad; disk brownish; leaves generally 
 alternate, broad and triple-ribbed, petioled ; flowers summer. Cult, for 
 ornament; wild only far W. and S. W. ; flowers all summer. 
 
 H. animus, Linn. COMMON SUNFLOWER of the gardens, with huge 
 heads ; leaves green, roughish, not hoary.
 
 246 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 H. argophyllus, Torr. & Gray. Texas, cult, for its hoary-white foliage ; 
 heads smaller. 
 
 * * 2/ Receptacle and disk convex ; heads middle-sized or rather small, 
 the disk various; leaves opposite or alternate; flowering throughout 
 late summer and autumn. 
 
 *- Disk dark-purple or brown, contrasting with the yellow rays. 
 
 ++ Leaves long and linear, l-nerved, entire, sessile; heads small and 
 mostly corymbed; involucre of leaf-like spreading scales. 
 
 H. angustifdlius. Linn. Slender rough stems 2-6 high ; lower leaves 
 opposite and rough, revolute. Pine barrens, N. J., S. 
 
 H. orgyalis, DC. Stems (6-10 high); leaves crowded, very narrow, 
 alternate, smooth ; flowers late. W. of the Miss. Cult, for its tall strict 
 habit. 
 
 - <-* Leaves oval or lanceolate, opposite ; stems l-3 high, bearing solitary 
 
 or few long-peduncled, rather large heads; involucre of short, close 
 
 scales. 
 
 H. heterophyllus, Nutt. Rather hairy, with lowest leaves oval or 
 oblong, upper ones lance-linear and few ; scales of involucre lanceolate. 
 Low pine barrens, Ga., S. 
 
 H. rigidus, Desf. Dry prairies W. and S.; rough, with thick firm 
 leaves lance-oblong or the lower oval ; scales of the involucre ovate or 
 oblong, blunt. 
 
 <- *- Disk yellow as well as the rays, or hardly dingy-brownish. 
 
 w- Scales of the involucre short and broadly lanceolate, regularly imbri- 
 cated, without leaf-like tips; leaves nearly all opposite and nearly 
 entire. 
 
 H. occidentals, Riddell. Somewhat hairy, with slender simple stems 
 l-3 high, sending off runners from base, naked above, bearing 1-5 
 heads ; lowest leaves ovate or lance-ovate ; upper ones narrow, small and 
 distant. Ohio, W. and S. 
 
 H. mdllis, Lam. Soft white-woolly all over, 2-4 high, leafy to the 
 top, the leaves heart-ovate and partly clasping. Ohio, W. and S. 
 
 " ++ Scales of the involucre looser and leafy-tipped ; stems leafy to the 
 top. 
 
 = Leaves chiefly alternate and not triple-ribbed. 
 
 H. gr6sse-serratus, Martens. Smooth and glaucous, 6-10 ; leaves 
 long-lanceolate, petioled, serrate. Ohio, W. and S. 
 
 H. gigant&us, Linn. Rough and rather hairy, 3-10 high, with lance- 
 olate serrate, nearly sessile leaves, and pale-yellow rays. Common in low 
 grounds. 
 
 = = Leaves mainly opposite, except in the last, 3-ribbed at base or triple- 
 ribbed. (Several species, the 'following the most important.) 
 
 || Sessile or short-petiolate, entire, or serrulate. 
 
 H. divaricatus, Linn. Common in dry sterile soil ; stem smooth, 
 l-3 high ; leaves rough ovate -lanceolate, tapering to a point, and 
 3-nerved at the rounded sessile base. 
 
 H. hirsutus, Raf. Differs from the preceding in its rough-hairy stem 
 l-2 high, and leaves with narrower base more or less petioled. Ohio, W. 
 
 H. strum6sus, Linn. Stems mostly smooth, 3-4 high ; leaves broadly 
 lanceolate or lance-ovate, rough above and whitish or white-downy be- 
 neath, their margins beset with fine appressed teeth, and petioles short 
 and margined. Common.
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 247 
 
 II || Leaves longer-petioled, coarsely serrate. 
 
 H. decape'talus, Linn. So named because (like the preceding) it 
 commonly has 10 rays ; stems branching, 3-6 high ; leaves thin and 
 bright-green, smoothish, ovate, coarsely toothed and abruptly contracted 
 into margined petioles ; scales of the involucre long and loose. 
 
 H. MULTIFLOKUS, Linn, of gardens, unknown wild, is probably a 
 modified form of the last. The heads are 2'-4' across and double ; i.e. all 
 the disk flowers ligulate. 
 
 H. tuber&sus, Linn. JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE (i.e. Girasole or Sun- 
 flower in Italian, corrupted in England into Jerusalem); cult, for the 
 tubers, and run wild in fence rows ; also native, Penn. W. and S. ; 5-7 
 high, with triple-ribbed ovate petioled leaves, rough-hairy as well as the 
 stems, all the upper ones alternate, the running rootstocks ending in 
 ovate or oblong edible tubers. (Lessons, Fig. 101.) 
 
 40. VERBESINA, CROWN-BEARD. (Name obscure.) Ours are 
 tall (4-7 high) branching herbs, in rich soil, with compound corymbs 
 of small heads. 11 (p. 227.) 
 
 V. occidentalis, Walt. Stems 4-winged ; leaves smoothish, large and 
 thin, ovate and opposite pointed, at both ends ; flowers yellow ; akenes 
 wingless. Penn. to 111. and S. 
 
 V. Virginica, Linn. Of like range, has stem less winged, smaller 
 lance- ovate alternate leaves soft-downy beneath, white flowers, and 
 narrowly winged akenes. 
 
 41. ACTINO'MERIS. (Greek : alluding to the irregularity of the rays 
 in the commonest species.) 2/ (p. 227.) 
 
 A. squarr6sa, Nutt. Stems branching, 4-8 high ; leaves lance- 
 oblong, tapering to both ends ; heads numerous, corymbed ; spreading 
 involucre ; 4-10 irregular rays, and broadly winged akenes ; flowers Sept. 
 N. Y., W. and S. 
 
 42. DAHLIA. (Named for a Swedish professor, Dahl, contemporary 
 with Linnaeus.) ^ (p. 227.) 
 
 D. vari&bilis, Desf. COMMON DAHLIA. Leaves pinnate, with ovate 
 serrate leaflets ; heads large, much increased in size and altered, of all 
 colors ; the ray flowers pistillate ; roots fascicled and tuberous (Lessons, 
 Fig. 87). Mexico. 
 
 D. coccinea, Cav. Ray flowers scarlet and neutral ; the disk flowers 
 yellow ; outer involucral bracts 5, reflexed. Mexico. 
 
 43. COREOPSIS, TICKSEED. (From Greek for bug, from the shape 
 of the akenes.) Many wild species ; several cult, for ornament, being 
 known as CALLIOPSIS. (See Lessons, Figs. 268, 269, 290, 291.) (p. 227.) 
 
 1. Bays broad, coarsely 3-5-toothed; outer involucre not longer than 
 the inner; akenes orbicular or oval, incurved when mature. Chiefly 
 cultivated. 
 
 * @ Disk flowers and lower part of the rays dark-colored or brown- 
 purple ; akenes in these species wingless and nearly naked at top ; leaves 
 compound. 
 
 C. tinctdria, Nutt. The commonest species of country gardens ; smooth, 
 with lower leaves twice-pinnately divided into narrow leaflets, numerous 
 heads, and lower half or sometimes almost the whole of rays brown- 
 purple ; in one variety they are changed to tubes. Minn., S.
 
 248 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 C. Drumm6ndii, Torr. & Gray. Low and spreading, rather hairy, with 
 leaves of 3-7 oval leaflets, or some of them simple ; heads on long pedun- 
 cles ; very broad rays golden-yellow, with small dark spot at base. Tex. 
 Common in gardens. 
 
 * * Disk flowers yellow; rays yellow, with a darker and purplish- 
 
 streaked spot near the base ; akenes winged and 2-toothed. 
 
 C. coronata, Hook. Low, with slender-petioled leaves oblong or spatu- 
 late, or some of them 3-5-parted and very long peduncle ; rays broad 
 and handsome. Tex. Cult. 
 
 * * * 2i Disk flowers and rays (!' long") entirely yellow ; akenes orbicu- 
 lar, much incurved and broadly winged when ripe, crowned with 2 little 
 teeth or scales. 
 
 C. lanceolata, Linn. Wild W. and S., and cult. ; l-2 high, smooth 
 or sometimes downy, in tufts, with lanceolate or oblanceolate entire leaves, 
 mostly crowded at the base, and long slender peduncles ; flowers in early 
 summer. 
 
 C. auriculata, Linn. Wild W. and S., and in some gardens ; taller, 
 sometimes with runners or suckers at base, leafy to near the top ; upper 
 leaves oblong, lower roundish and sometimes auricled at base or with 3-6 
 lobes or leaflets. 
 
 2. Says entire or nearly so, oblong or lanceolate ; akenes oblong, with 
 a very narrow wing or border, not incurved, and obscurely if at all 2- 
 toothed at the apex; scales of outer involucre narrow and entire; heads 
 rather small, the flowers all yellow. 11 
 
 * Low, l-3 Ugh, leafy to the top ; leaves really opposite and sessile, but 
 divided into 3 leaflets, thus seeming to be 6 in a whorl. Wild chiefly in 
 S. States; all but the first are cult, in gardens. 
 
 C. senifdlia, Michx. Seemingly 6 lance-ovate and entire leaflets in a 
 whorl (i.e. two, but each 3-divided), smooth or downy. 
 
 C. verticillata, Linn. The pair of leaves cut into once or twice pin- 
 nate almost thread-shaped divisions, smooth. 
 
 C. delphinif61ia, Lam. Very like the last, but with fewer lance- 
 linear divisions. 
 
 * * Tall, leafy to the top, with evidently opposite petioled leaves. 
 
 C. trlpteris, Linn. Stems simple, 4-9 high ; leaves of 3-5 lanceo- 
 late entire leaflets ; heads corymbed ; very short outer involucre, and 
 blunt rays. Kich ground, W. and S. 
 
 3. Says oval or oblong, golden yellow, slightly notched ; akenes wing- 
 less, not incurved, bearing 2 awns or teeth for a pappus ; outer involucre 
 conspicuous and resembling leaves; branching plants of wet grounds, 
 with thin leaves mostly of 3-7 pinnate toothed or cut veiny leaflets; re- 
 sembling the next genus, but the awns not doicmcardly barbed. (D 
 
 C. trichosp^nna, Michx. Swamps mostly near the coast ; l-2 high, 
 with 3-7 lanceolate or linear cut-toothed leaflets or divisions ; numerous 
 heads, and narrow-oblong or linear wedge-shaped marginless akenes with 
 2 stout teeth. 
 
 C. aiirea, Ait. Upper leaves often simple, lower nearly as in the fore- 
 going, and shorter wedge-obovate akenes with 2 or 4 short, chaff-like 
 teeth. Va., S. 
 
 C. arist6sa. Michx. Leaves more compound, with oblong or lanceo- 
 late, often pinnatifid leaflets, and broad-obovate, very flat akenes slightly 
 margined and bristly ciliate, the pappus of 2 Ions; and slender awns, or 
 sometimes 3 or 4, or in one variety none at all. Mich., W. and S.
 
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 249 
 
 44. BIDENS, BUR MARIGOLD, BEGGAR'S TICKS, PITCHFORKS. 
 
 (Latin : two-toothed, from the usually 2 awns of the pappus.) Our 
 species (J) or (g). The akenes adhere to the dress or to the fleece of 
 animals by their barbed awns. (p. 227. ) 
 
 * Akenes broad and flat, with bristly ciliate margins. 
 H- Coarse and very homely weeds, commonly without any rays. 
 
 B. fronddsa, Linn. COMMON BEGGAR'S TICKS. Coarse weed in low or 
 manured grounds ; 2-6 high, branched, with pinnate leaves of 3-6 
 broad lanceolate, coarsely toothed leaflets, outer involucre much longer 
 than the head, and wedge-obovate akenes ciliate with upturned bristles, 
 and 2-awned. 
 
 B. connata, Muhl. Smooth, l-2 high, with simple lanceolate and 
 taper-pointed leaves, or the lower 3-divided and decurrent on the petiole ; 
 smaller heads ; narrow wedge-shaped akenes, minutely and downwardly 
 ciliate and bearing about 3 awns. Low grounds. 
 
 - *- Low smooth herbs, with showy golden rays 1' long. 
 
 B. chrysanthemoldes, Michx. Shallow water or wet places ; 6'-30' 
 high, with simple, lanceolate, sessile, serrate leaves, outer involucre 
 shorter than the rays, and wedge-shaped akenes with almost prickly, 
 downwardly barbed margins and 2-4 awns. 
 
 * * Akenes linear or needle-shaped. 
 
 B. B^ckii, Torr. Immersed in water, N. and W., the single, short- 
 peduncled heads rising above the surface, and with showy rays ; leaves 
 cut into very numerous, fine, hair-like divisions ; awns of the stout akenes 
 4-6, barbed near the tip. 
 
 B. bipinnata, Linn. l-3 high, branched, with 1-3-pinnately parted, 
 petioled leaves ; ovate-lanceolate leaflets ; small heads ; short, pale-yellow 
 rays, and slender akenes with 3-4 barbed awns. Dry soil, R. I., S. 
 and W. 
 
 45. COSMOS. (Greek: an ornament.) Tall plants with handsome, 
 fine, foliage and very late flowers. Cult. (p. 227.) 
 
 C. bipinndtus, Cav. Leaves pinnately divided into narrowly linear or 
 almost filiform lobes ; outer involucral scales ovate-lanceolate and acumi- 
 nate ; rays l'-2' long, rose-color, (i) Mexico. 
 
 C. tenuifdlius, Lindl. Rather lower, the foliage still more finely cut ; 
 outer scales less acuminate ; rays rich or dark purple. Mexico. 
 
 46. HELENIUM, SNEEZEWEED. (Old Greek name.) (p. 226.) 
 
 H. autumnale, Linn. The commonest species, wild in low grounds ; 
 l-4 high, with lanceolate, toothed leaves, their base often decurrent on 
 the stem, and a corymb of showy yellow-flowered heads, the rays often 
 drooping, in autumn. 2Z 
 
 47. GAILLARDIA. (Gaillard de Merentonneau, a French botanist.) 
 
 (p. 226.) 
 
 G. lanceolata, Michx. Leaves narrow (mostly entire), lanceolate; 
 rays commonly small and few, yellow, and purple disk flowers. S. Car., 
 W. and S. @ 2i 
 
 G. pulch^lla, Foug. Wild from La., W., and cult, for ornament (one 
 form called G. pfcxA), has broader leaves, some of them cut-toothed or 
 lobed, and showy heads with the large rays mostly brownish crimson- 
 purple with yellow tips. (J)
 
 250 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 Q. aristata, Pursh. More downy than the last, less branched, with 
 large showy rays yellow throughout, or their base brown-purple. In cul- 
 tivation known as G. GRANDIFLORA. ^ Dak., S. and W. 
 
 48. DYSODIA, FETID MAEIGOLD. (Greek : denoting ill-scent of 
 the plant.) (p. 224.) 
 
 D. chrysanthemoldes, Lag. A low weed, nearly smooth, with spread- 
 ing branches, opposite pinnately parted and finely cut leaves, and few 
 yellow rays scarcely exceeding the involucre. Roadsides, W. and S. (D 
 
 49. TAGETES, FRENCH or AFRICAN MARIGOLD, but from 
 South America and Mexico. (Mythological name.) Plants strong- 
 scented; leaves pinnate, the leaflets cut-toothed. (p. 224.) 
 
 T. erticta, Linn. LARGE AFRICAN M. Leaflets lanceolate, inflated 
 club-shaped peduncles, and heads of orange or lemon-colored flowers, 
 often full-double. 
 
 T. pdtula, Linn. FRENCH M. With finer lance-linear leaflets, cylin- 
 drical peduncles, and narrower heads, the rays orange or with darker 
 stripes. 
 
 7". signata, Bartl. More delicate, low, much-branched species, with 
 finely cut leaves, slender peduncles, and smaller heads, the 5 rays purple- 
 spotted or spotted and striped with darker orange at base. 
 
 50. ANTHEMIS, CHAMOMILE. (Ancient Greek name, from the 
 profusion of flowers.) Natives of Old World. Peduncles bearing 
 solitary or very few heads, (p. 226.) 
 
 * Says neutral. 
 
 A. Cdtufa, MAYWEED. Roadsides, especially E. ; low, strong-scented 
 and acrid, with leaves thrice pinnately divided into slender leaflets or 
 lobes, rather small heads terminating the branches, with white rays and 
 yellow center ; all summer. (Lessons, Fig. 379.) 
 
 * * Says pistillate. 
 
 A. arvensis, Linn. Resembles Mayweed and grows in similar places, 
 but less common ; not unpleasantly scented, has fertile rays and a minute 
 border of pappus. (f) 
 
 A. ndbilis, Linn. Yields the Chamomile-flowers of the apothecaries ; 
 spreads over the ground, very finely divided foliage pleasantly strong- 
 scented ; rays white ; pappus none. ^ 
 
 A. tinctdria, Linn. Cult, for ornament ; 2-3 high, with pinnately 
 divided and again pinnatifid or cut- toothed leaves and heads as large as 
 those of Oxeye Daisy, with golden-yellow flowers, or the rays some- 
 times white. 11 
 
 51. ACHILLEA, YARROW, SNEEZEWORT. (Named after 
 Achilles.} Leafy -stemmed, with small heads in corymbs. ^ (p. 226.) 
 
 A. Millef6lium, Linn. COMMON Y. or MILFOIL, abounds over fields 
 and hills ; KX-20' high, with leaves twice pinnately parted into very 
 slender and crowded linear 3-5-cleft divisions, heads crowded in a close 
 flat corymb, with 4 or 5 short rays, white (sometimes rose-colored). 
 
 A. Ptdrmica, Linn. SNEEZEWORT. Run wild from Eu. in a few places, 
 cult, in gardens, especially a full-double variety ; leaves simple, lance- 
 linear, sharply cut-serrate ; heads in a loose corymb, with 8-12 or more 
 rather long bright white rays.
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 251 
 
 52. CHRYSANTHEMUM, including LEUCANTHEMUM and PYRE- 
 THRUM. (Golden flower in Greek; but they are of various colors.) 
 All natives of Old World, (p. 226.) 
 
 * Akenes of disk and ray flowers similar, angled or striate, but not 
 winged. PYRETHRUMS. 5l 
 
 *- Leaves pinnatisect or compound. 
 
 C. coccineum, Willd. (PYRETHRUM R&SEUM of gardens). A handsome 
 plant from Persia, cult, in many varieties, the terminal solitary large 
 flowers in various colors, but chiefly in shades of red, and often double 
 (i.e., disk flowers radiate); leaves finely pinnatisect, the lobes linear. 
 Plant l-3, smooth, the lower leaves petioled, the upper sessile. This 
 (with C. CINERARKEF6LIUM, Vis., which has stem and lower surface of 
 broader-lobed leaves canescent) is a source of commercial Pyrethrum 
 or Persian insect powder. 
 
 C. Parthenium, Bernh. FEVERFEW. Smooth, with branching, leafy, 
 striate or grooved stems l-3 ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate in outline, 
 twice pinnately divided into coarse ovate cut divisions ; flowers ' across, 
 whitish, in corymbs, the peduncles leafy or bracted, the rays twice larger 
 than the involucre ; short pappus dentate. Common in old gardens, and 
 escaped. Eu. 
 
 C.prce6ltum,Vent. (PYRETHRUM PARTHENir6LiuM of gardens). GOLDEN 
 FEATHER. Pubescent, or becoming nearly smooth, the stems terete ; 
 leaves very much cut, the segments oblong ; peduncles naked ; rays 
 thrice longer than the involucre ; short pappus entire. A yellow-leaved 
 form is used for carpet-bedding. Asia. 
 
 *- -t- Leaves toothed or sometimes jagged, but not pinnatisect. 
 
 C. Leuc&nthemum, Linn. OXEYE DAISY, WHITEWEED. Stem nearly 
 simple and erect, smooth, l-2 ; leaves oblong-spatulate, sharply pinna- 
 tifid-toothed, those on the stem sessile and passing into bracts or wanting 
 near the top ; heads large and white, solitary and terminal. An abun- 
 dant weed E. Eu. 
 
 C. uligindsum, Pers. Tall and strong, 2-4, very finely pubescent; 
 leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, sessile, very sharply toothed; 
 large (2'-3' across) white flowers in a terminal corymb. Cult. E. Eu. 
 
 C. Bals6mita, Linn., var. tanacetoldes, Boiss. COSTMARY, MINT GERA- 
 NIUM, LAVENDER (erroneously). Tall grayish-canescent (at least above) 
 plant with sweet-scented herbage ; leaves oblong, obtuse, long-petioled, 
 obtusely serrate ; heads small and yellowish in the common rayless form 
 (rays white when they appear, when the plant is known as C. BALSAMITA), 
 in a terminal cluster. Asia. 
 
 * * Akenes of disk and ray flowers unlike, those of the rays winged. 
 *- Leaves twice-pinnatifld or pinnatisect. 
 
 C. frutescens, Linn. MARGUERITE, PARIS DAISY. Bushy and erect, 
 woody at the base, generally smooth, slightly glaucous ; leaf segments 
 linear, or the uppermost leaves reduced to trifid bracts ; flowers white 
 (rarely yellowish), large (2'-3' across), with spreading daisy-like rays, 
 all on long naked peduncles. Common in conservatories. Canaries. 2Z 
 
 C. corondrium, Linn. SUMMER CHRYSANTHEMUM, with yellow or some- 
 times whitish flowers, cult, from Mediterranean region ; smooth, with 
 diffuse stems ; leaves with auricled and clasping base, and lanceolate or 
 linear cut-toothed divisions ; the involucre of broad and scarious scales. 
 
 *- - Leaves lobed, but not pinnatifld. GARDEN CHRYSANTHEMUMS. %. 
 
 C. Sinense, Sabine. Canescent above, 2-4 ; the leaves ovate and 
 long-petioled, sinuate-cut and lobed, firm in texture, somewhat glaucous ;
 
 252 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 heads very large, immensely varied under cultivation ; the scales of the 
 involucre with narrow scarious margins, and the tubular disk flowers sub- 
 tended by chaffy scales. Japan ; parent of the greater number of garden 
 forms., 
 
 C. Indicum, Linn. Leaves more sharply cut, thinner and green ; invo- 
 lucral scales with wide scarious margins ; no chaff with the tubular disk 
 flowers ; heads smaller, yellow rays predominating. Japan. 
 
 53. TANACETUM, TANSY. (Old name.) 1). (p. 222.) 
 
 T. vulgare, Linn. COMMON TANSY. Eu. ; cult, in old gardens, and a 
 roadside weed, 2-4 high, smooth, strong-scented, and acrid, with deep 
 green 1-3-pinnately compound leaves ; the leaflets and winged margins of 
 the petiole cut-toothed ; var. cafspuM, leaves more cut and crisped. 
 
 54. ARTEMISIA, WORMWOOD. (Dedicated to Artemis, the Greek 
 Diana.) (p. 222.) 
 
 * Leaves (and whole plant} smooth and green, or nearly so. 
 
 t- Very fine thread-like or capillary divisions to the 1-3-pinnately divided 
 leaves ; heads loosely panicled. 
 
 A. Abr6tanum, Linn. SOUTHERNWOOD. From S. Eu. ; cult, in gardens 
 for the pleasant-scented foliage, 3-5 high, woody-stemmed, strict. H 
 
 A. caudata, Michx. Heads small, racemed in a wand-like panicle. 
 Sandy coast and lake shores. @ 
 
 <- -i- Leaves not very fine or finely cut. 
 
 A. bie"nnis, Willd. Gravelly banks and shores W., becoming a weed E. ; 
 l-3 high, with small greenish heads, much crowded in the axils ; the once 
 or twice pinnatifid leaves with their lobes linear, in the lower cut-toothed. 
 
 * * Leaves hoary or cottony, at least underneath. 11 
 
 A. Absinthium, Linn. WORMWOOD. Old gardens and a roadside weed ; 
 strong-scented, silky-hoary, with sterns 2-4 high and rather woody at 
 base, twice or thrice pinnately parted leaves with lanceolate lobes, and 
 nodding hemispherical heads. Eu. 
 
 A. vulgaris, Linn. MCGWORT. Old gardens and roadsides, from Eu. ; 
 leaves pinnatifid, green above and cottony-white beneath, their lance- 
 linear divisions mostly cut and cleft ; heads small, in open panicles. 
 
 A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate, mostly cottony-white on 
 both sides, many of them entire or merely toothed ; heads larger in nar- 
 row or spike-like panicles. Mich., W. and S. W. 
 
 55. TUSSILAGO, COLTSFOOT. (Latin : tussis, a cough, for which 
 the plant is a reputed remedy.) 11 (p. 225.) 
 
 T. Fdrfara, Linn. Spreading by its creeping (mucilaginous and bitter) 
 rootstocks, which send up, in earliest spring, scaly-bracted scapes, 3'-6' 
 high, bearing a single Dandelion-like head, followed by the rounded and 
 somewhat angled or toothed heart-shaped or kidney-shaped leaves, which 
 are cottony beneath when young. A weed from Eu., common E. 
 
 56. ARNICA. (Old name, thought to be a corruption of Ptarmica.} 
 The common European species is used in medicine. 11 (p. 225.) 
 
 A. midicaulis, Nutt. Stem naked, bearing only 1 or 2 pairs of small 
 leaves, although l-3 high, the main leaves being clustered at the root, 
 thickish, sessile, ovate or oblong, 3-5-nerved, mostly entire, hairy ; heads 
 several, loosely corymbed, pretty large and showy, in spring. Low pine 
 barrens, S. Penn., S.
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 253 
 
 57. SENECIO, GROUNDSEL. (Latin : senex, an old man, referring 
 to the hoary hairs of many species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.) 
 
 'P' '' * No ray flowers ; plant not climbing. 
 
 S. vulgaris, Linn. COMMON GROUNDSEL. A low weed in waste or 
 cultivated grounds E. ; corymbose, nearly smooth, with pinnatifid and 
 toothed leaves ; flowers yellow. Eu. 
 
 * * Heads with no rays and only 6-12 disk flowers, small, yellow ; stem 
 
 extensively climbing, more or less twining. 
 
 S. sc&ndens, DC. Cult, as house plant under the name of GERMAN 
 IVY, but it is from Cape of Good Hope, and resembles Ivy only in the 
 leaves, which are round heart-shaped or angled and with 3-7 pointed lobes, 
 soft and tender in texture, and very smooth ; the flowers seldom pro- 
 duced, y. 
 
 * * * With ray flowers, native herbs; flowers spring and early summer. 
 
 S. lob^tus, Pers. BUTTERWEED. Very smooth, l-3 high, with 
 tender lyrate-pinnatifid or pinnate and variously lobed leaves ; small 
 heads in naked corymbs, and about 12 conspicuous rays. N. Car., W. 
 and S. 
 
 S. aiireus, Linn. GOLDEN KAGWORT, SQDAWWEED. Cottony when 
 young, becoming smooth with age, sometimes quite smooth when young, 
 with simple stems l-3 high ; root leaves simple and in different varie- 
 ties either round, obovate, heart-shaped, oblong, or spatulate, crenate or 
 cut-toothed on slender petioles, lower stem leaves lyrate, upper ones ses- 
 sile or clasping and cut-pinnatifid ; corymb umbel-like ; rays 8-12. Com- 
 mon in low grounds, and very variable, y. 
 
 * * * * Heads with rays and numerous disk flowers ; cult, for ornament. 
 
 i- Flowers all yellow, "ty. 
 
 S. Cineraria, DC. (or CINERARIA MAR^TIMA), of Mediterranean coast, 
 an old-fashioned house plant, ash-white all over (whence the name Cine- 
 raria and the popular one of DUSTY MILLER), with a woolly coating; 
 the branching stems somewhat woody at base ; leaves pinnately parted 
 and the divisions mostly sinuate-lobed ; the small heads in a dense 
 corymb. 
 
 S. Kcempferi, DC. (or FARFUGIUM GRANDE). Cult, in greenhouses, 
 where it hardly ever flowers ; it is grown for the foliage, the thick and 
 smooth rounded and angled rather kidney-shaped root leaves blotched 
 with white ; some of the flowers more or less 2-lipped. China and 
 Japan. 
 
 - -- Ray flowers purple, violet, blue, or varying to white, those of the 
 disk of similar colors or sometimes yellow. 
 
 S. cruentus, DC. COMMON CINERARIA of the greenhouses, from Tene- 
 riffe ; herbaceous, smoothish, with the heart-shaped and angled more or 
 less cut-toothed leaves green above and usually crimson or purple on the 
 veins underneath, the lower with wing-margined petioles dilated into 
 clasping auricles at the base ; heads numerous in a flat corymb, the hand- 
 some flowers purple, crimson, blue, white, or party-colored. 2Z 
 
 S. elegans, Linn. PURPLE RAGWORT. Smooth herb, with deeply pin- 
 natifid leaves, the lower petioled, the upper with half-clasping base ; the 
 lobes oblong and often sinuate-toothed ; heads corymbed, with yellow or 
 purple disk flowers and purple or rarely white rays. (I) And a full- 
 double variety, having the disk flowers turned into rays. 11 Cape of 
 Good Hope.
 
 254 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 58. OTHONNOFSIS. (Like Othonna, an allied genus.) 2 (p. 225.) 
 
 0. cheirfdlia, Jaub. & Spach. Succulent prostrate herb, known in 
 this country by the form grown in window baskets as OTHONNA CKASSI- 
 F6LIA. Leaves alternate and cylindrical ; small terminal heads of yellow 
 flowers on long and slender pedicels. A pretty hanging- plant. N. Africa. 
 
 59. EMILIA, TASSEL FLOWER. (Name unexplained.) 
 Cultivated under the name of CACALIA. (p. 224.) 
 
 E. sonchifblia, DC. Cult, as a summer annual, from the Old World 
 tropics ; very smooth or a little bristly, pale or glaucous, l-2 high, with 
 root leaves obovate and petioled ; stem-leaves sagittate and partly clasp- 
 ing, and rather showy orange-red heads in a naked corymb, in summer. 
 
 60. CACALIA, INDIAN PLANTAIN. (Ancient name. ) Natives of 
 rich soil. 11 (p. 224.) 
 
 * Receptacle flat ; involucre with some bracts at the base. 
 
 C. suavfeolens, Linn. 3-5 high, with halberd-shaped serrate leaves 
 on winged petioles, and rather large heads of 10-30 flowers. Conn, to 
 la., and S. 
 
 * * Receptacle pointed in the middle ; involucre b-flowered, of 5 scales, 
 naked. 
 
 C. renifdrmis, Muhl. N. J. to 111. and S. along the mountains ; 4-9 
 high, with large and green repand-toothed petioled leaves, the lower 
 kidney-shaped, the upper fan-shaped. 
 
 C. atriplicifdlia, Linn. Pale or glaucous, with coarsely toothed or 
 angled leaves, the lower almost kidney-shaped, the upper wedge-shaped. 
 N. Y., W. and S. 
 
 C. tuberdsa, Nutt. Wet prairies, Ohio, W. ; stem angled ; leaves green, 
 thickish, 5-7-nerved, mostly entire, the lower lance-oval and tapering 
 into long petioles, the upper short-petioled. Flowers in early summer. 
 
 61. ERECHTITES, FIREWEED. (An ancient name.) (p. 223.) 
 
 E. hieracif&lia, Raf. One of the plants called FIREWEED, because 
 springing up where woods have been cleared and ground burned over, 
 especially N. ; very rank and coarse herb, with strong odor, often hairy, 
 l-5 high, with lanceolate or oblong cut-toothed leaves, the upper with 
 auricled clasping base, and panicled or corymbed heads of dull white 
 flowers, in fruit with copious white and very soft downy pappus. 
 
 62. CALENDULA, MARIGOLD. (Latin calendce or calends; flower- 
 ing through the months.) (p. 226.) 
 
 C. officinalis, Linn. POT MARIGOLD. Of the Old World; cult, in 
 country gardens, chiefly for the showy flowers, but the heads also some- 
 times dried and used in culinary preparations ; 1 high, spreading, with 
 green and succulent oblong and entire sessile leaves, rather unpleasantly 
 scented, and large head of yellow flowers, produced all summer, some- 
 times nearly full-double, most of the corollas being strap-shaped. 
 
 63. XERANTHEMUM, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE. (Greek: 
 dry flower.) (p. 223.) 
 
 X. dnnuum, Linn. Leaves linear or oblong, revolute ; heads purplish, 
 the scales dry and persistent and very glabrous ; 2-3. S. Eu.
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 255 
 
 64. ARCTITTM, BURDOCK. (Probably Greek, bear, from the spiny 
 involucre.) (p. 222.) 
 
 A. Ldppa, Linn. COMMON B. Leaves large, loosely cottony beneath, 
 or somewhat naked, the lower heart-shaped, upper ovate ; common in 
 manured soil and barnyards. Var. minor is smaller and smoother, with 
 leaves tapering at the base, often cut-toothed or cleft. Flowers mostly 
 purple, all summer and autumn. @ @ 
 
 65. CNICUS, THISTLE. (Old name.) Flowers purple or pink, 
 
 occasionally yellow or white, in summer. @ 2/ (PP- 221, 222.) 
 
 * All the scales of the head armed with spreading prickly tips. 
 
 C. lanceolatus, Hoffm. COMMON or BULL T. Nat. from Eu. in pastures ; 
 the base of the rough, deeply pinnatifid leaves running down the stem in 
 lobed prickly wings ; flowers purple. (2) 
 
 * * All or most of the scales of the head oppressed, the innermost not 
 
 prickly-pointed, the outer with a short prickle or point, or none. 
 
 - Leaves green both sides or a little cottony or cobwebby underneath. 
 
 C. arvensis, Hoffm. CANADA T. A vile pest in fields and meadows 
 N., nat. from Eu. ; spreading by deep, running roots as well as by seed ; 
 numerous short-peduncled heads only 1' long, with rose-purple flowers ; 
 leaves moderately pinnatifid, weak-prickly. 2/ 
 
 C. horridulus, Pursh. YELLOW T. Leaves very prickly, rather large 
 heads surrounded at base by an involucre or whorl of leaf-like very 
 prickly bracts ; flowers yellowish or purplish. Sandy fields near the 
 coast, Mass., S. 
 
 C. pumilus, Torr. l-3 high, with lance-oblong pinnatifid leaves, 
 single very large heads (almost 2' across) of fragrant (purple or rarely 
 white) flowers, sometimes leafy-bracted at base. Me. to Pa. (D 
 
 C. mtiticus, Pursh. Swamps and low ground; 3-8 high, with 
 deeply divided leaves, few or no prickles, and rather large naked heads, 
 most of the scales pointless ; flowers purple. 2Z 
 
 t- -i- Leaves white-cottony underneath ; flowers purple, rarely white. 
 
 C. altissimua, Willd. 3-10 high, branching, leafy up to the rather 
 small heads, the oblong leaves wavy or only slightly pinnatifid, except the 
 lowest. @) y. Mass, to Minn., S. 
 
 Var. discolor, Gray. 3-6 high, branching and leafy, with rather 
 small heads, and deeply pinnatifid leaves, green above, white beneath, 
 their lobes narrow and prickly pointed. @ 
 
 C. Virginianus, Pursh. Stems rather simple, l-3 high, ending in a 
 long naked peduncle ; leaves lanceolate and slightly or not at all pinnati- 
 fid ; head small. 2/ Plains and barrens, Va., W. and S. 
 
 66. CYNARA, ARTICHOKE. (Ancient Greek name.) 11 (p. 222.) 
 
 C. Cardunculus, Linn. CARDOON. Leaves deeply and compoundly 
 divided and prickly, the less fleshy scales of the head prickly-tipped ; the 
 fleshy leafstalks and midrib eaten after being blanched in the manner of 
 celery. Strong thistle-like plants, 4-6. Eu. 
 
 C. SCOLYMCS, ARTICHOKE, has less compound leaves, the ovate and 
 usually pointless scales of the involucre and the receptacle of the young 
 flower heads fleshy, and edible when cooked. A modification of the 
 above.
 
 256 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 67. CENTAURilA, CENTAUREA or STAR THISTLE. (Chiron 
 the Centaur.) (p. 222.) 
 
 * Flowers all alike in the head, the marginal ones not enlarged and ray- 
 like ; pappus of very short bristles ; scales of head with dark-fringed 
 appendage. 
 
 C. nlgra, Linn. KNAPWEED. A coarse weed, in fields and waste places 
 E., nat. from Eu. ; stem 2 high; leaves roughish, lance-oblong, the 
 lower with some coarse teeth ; flowers purple. ^ 
 
 * * Marginal flowers more or less enlarged, forming a kind of false ray, 
 and sterile; pappus of bristles; scales of head with fringed appendage. 
 
 C. Cineraria, Linn, (or C. CANDID^SSIMA). A low species, cult, from S. 
 Eu., with very white-woolly twice-pinnatifid leaves, and purple flowers, 
 the outermost little enlarged ; not hardy N. 2 
 
 C. Cyanus, Linn. BLUEBOTTLE, CORNFLOWER, BACHELOR'S BUTTON. 
 In gardens, from Eu., sparingly running wild ; loosely cottony, with 
 stem leaves linear and mostly entire, solitary long-stalked head, the outei 
 flowers very large and blue, with white or rose-colored varieties. (2) 
 
 * * * Marginal sterile flowers many ; pappus of narrow chaff, or none , 
 
 scales of head naked and smooth. Cult, for ornament, from Asia. 
 
 C. moschata, Linn, (or C. SUAVEOLENS ; AMBERsdA MOSCH\TA and A, 
 ODORATA). SWEET SULTAN. Smooth, with mostly pinnatifid leaves, 
 long-stalked head of yellow, rose or white fragrant flowers, the outer 
 ranks enlarged, and chaffy-bristled pappus or 0. (J) 
 
 68. CARTHAMUS, SAFFLOWER, FALSE SAFFRON. (Arabic 
 name, from the properties of the orange-colored flowers, which are 
 used in dyeing or coloring yellow, as a substitute for true Saffron.) 
 (p. 222.) 
 
 C. tinctdrius, Linn. Cult, in country gardens, from the Orient ; smooth, 
 6'-12' high, with ovate-oblong leaves and large head, in summer. 
 
 69. LAMPSANA, NIPPLEWORT. (Old Greek name.) (p. 228.) 
 
 L. commOnis, Linn. Homely weed E., from Eu. ; l-2, nearly smooth, 
 slender ; lower leaves ovate and somewhat lyrate ; heads yellow, small, 
 in loose panicles. 
 
 70. KRIGIA, DWARF DANDELION. (David Krieg, a German 
 botanical collector in Md. and Del.) 
 
 Pappus o/5-7 bristles, alternating with a like number of roundish 
 scales. 
 
 K. Virglnica, Willd. Stems several-flowered, 2'-12' high, branching 
 as they mature ; early leaves roundish and entire, the later ones narrow 
 and often pinnatifid. N. and S. 
 
 * * 2/ Pappus of 15-20 bristles, and fewer oblong scales. 
 
 K. Dandelion, Nutt. Scape leafless, 6'-18' high; leaves spatulate- 
 oblong to lanceolate, entire or few lobed ; root tuberiferous. Md., S. 
 
 K. amplexicafclis, Nutt. Scape bearing 1-3 oblong or oval clasping, 
 mostly entire leaves ; radical leaves toothed or lobed, \ving-petioled. N. 
 andS.
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 257 
 
 71. CICHORIUM, SUCCORY, CICHORY, or CHICORY. (Arabic 
 name of the plant. ) 
 
 C. Intybus, Linn. COMMON C. Nat. from Eu. by roadsides, mainly E. ; 
 leaves runciuate, rough-hairy on the midrib, or the upper ones on flower- 
 ing stems, small and bract-like, entire ; showy blue flowers opening only 
 in the morning and in cloudy weather ; root used as substitute for coffee. 
 Young shoots often grown as a blanched vegetable. 11 (Lessons, Figs. 
 266, 267, 381.) 
 
 C. Endivia, Linn. ENDIVE. Leaves smooth, slightly or deeply toothed, 
 or much cut and crisped ; flowering stems leafy, with pink-blue flowers ; 
 spreading root leaves used as a salad. Old World. (D 
 
 72. TRAGOFOGON, GOAT'S BEARD. (Greek: goafs beard, from 
 the pappus.) 
 
 T. porrifolius, Linn. SALSIFY, OYSTER PLANT. Cult, from Eu. for the 
 edible tap-root, sometimes running wild ; smooth and pale, 2-4 high, 
 branching, with long leaves tapering from a clasping base to a slender 
 apex, very large heads on hollow peduncle much thickened upwards, and 
 deep violet-purple flowers. (D 
 
 T. pratensis, Linn. Leaves broader at the base, and peduncle scarcely 
 thickened ; flowers yellow. Nat. from Eu. @ 
 
 73. LEONTODON, HAWKBIT. (Greek: lion-tooth, from the run- 
 cinate leaves of some species.) 
 
 L. autumnale, Linn. FALL DANDELION. Nat. from Eu. in meadows 
 and lawns E. ; leaves pinnatifid or laciniate ; scapes slender, 8'-12' high, 
 branching ; peduncles thickish and scaly-bracted next the small head ; 
 flowers summer and autumn. 11 
 
 74. HIERACIUM, HAWKWEED (which the name means in Greek). 
 Flowers mostly yellow. 11 
 
 * Involucre scarcely imbricated, with no distinct calyculate bracts at its 
 
 base ; pappus copious, in a single series. 
 
 H. aurantlacum, Linn. Low, the stems hirsute and glandular; invo- 
 lucre with dark hairs ; scape simple, with the leaves clustered near its 
 base ; flowers deep orange or orange-red ; akenes oblong and truncate. 
 Eu. In gardens, and escaped. 
 
 * * Involucre distinctly imbricated, or else with calyculate bracts at the 
 
 base; pappus scant (except in the first), unequal. 
 
 +- Heads large ; involucre imbricated. 
 
 H. Canadense, Michx. Stems simple, l-3 high and leafy up to the 
 corymbed summit ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, with a few coarse 
 teeth ; heads rather large, with loose imbricated involucre. N. 
 
 t- -t- Heads small ; involucre little imbricated, but calyculate. 
 f* Akenes not tapering upward; panicle rather broad (or not virgate). 
 
 H. paniculatum, Linn. Stems slender and branching, leafy, 2-3 
 high ; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ; panicle loose, of very small 
 12-20-flowered heads on slender peduncles, the involucre very simple. 
 N. and S. 
 
 H. vendsum, Linn. RATTLESNAKE WEED. Very smooth or with a 
 few hairs; leaves chiefly at the root, obovate or oblong, thin, purple- 
 tinged beneath and purple-veiny above; scape slender, l-2 high, fork- 
 GBAY'S F. F. & G. EOT. 17
 
 258 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 
 
 ing into 2-7 slender peduncles bearing small about 20-flowered heads ; 
 akenes linear. N., S. to Ga. 
 
 H. scabrum, Michx. Roughish-hairy, with rather stout simple stem 
 (2-3 high), bearing obovate or oval nearly entire leaves, and a narrow 
 panicle of many small heads, the 40-50-flowered involucre and stiff 
 peduncles thickly beset with dark glandular bristles. N., S. to Ga. 
 
 w- ++ Akenes tapering at the top ; panicle narrow or virgate. 
 
 H. longfpilum, Torr. So named from the exceedingly long (often 1') 
 straight bristly hairs of the stem ; leaves narrow-oblong, entire ; panicle 
 and 20-30-flowered involucre between the last and the next. Mich. , W. 
 andS. 
 
 H. Gron6vii, Linn. Stems slender, leafy, and very hairy below ; 
 leaves oblong or obovate ; heads small ; slender peduncles and 20-30- 
 flowered involucre sparingly glandular-bristly. N. and S. 
 
 75. FRENANTHES (or NABALUS), RATTLESNAKE ROOT. 
 (Greek: drooping blossom.) 
 
 * Peduncles and V2-AQ-flowered heads hairy. 
 
 P. racemdsa, Michx. Smooth wand-like stem 2-5 high; leaves 
 lance-oblong, slightly toothed, the upper ones partly clasping; narrow 
 spiked panicle of about 12-flowered heads. N. 
 
 P. aspera, Michx. Similar, but rough-pubescent, the upper leaves 
 not clasping and the 12-14-flowered heads mostly erect and larger. Ohio, 
 W. and S. 
 
 P. crepidfnea, Michx. Smoother, with stout stem 5-8 high, wide- 
 corymbed panicles of 20-40-flowered heads, brown pappus, and broad 
 leaves 6'-12' long on winged petioles. Penn., W. and S. 
 
 * * Peduncles and 5-12-Jlowered heads smooth ; leaves very variable. 
 
 P. altissima, Linn. TALL R. or WHITE LETTUCE. Rich woods N., 
 3-6 high, with long and narrow leafy panicle, petioled leaves inclined 
 to be ovate-triangular ; heads 5-6-flowered ; pappus dirty white. 
 
 P. alba. Linn. COMMON WHITE LETTUCE, in open woods, chiefly N. 
 and W. ; glaucous, with more corymbed panicles of 8-12-flowered heads, 
 usually more cut or divided leaves, and cinnamon-colored pappus. 
 
 P. serpentaria, Pursh. LION'S FOOT, or GALL OF THE EARTH. Com- 
 monest in dry soil E. and S. ; l-4 high, with narrow-corymbed panicles 
 of 8-12-flowered heads, and pappus dull straw-color. 
 
 76. PYRRHOPAPPTTS, FALSE DANDELION. (Greek: flame- 
 colored pappus ; this and the leafy stems distinguish this genus from 
 the next.) () 
 
 P. Carolinianus, DC. l-2 high, with oblong or lanceolate leaves 
 often pinnatifid or cut, the upper partly clasping ; flowers spring and 
 summer. Sandy fields from Md., S. 
 
 77. TARAXACUM, DANDELION. (Greek name referring to medici- 
 nal properties of the root. ) @ H (Lessons, Fig. 384.) 
 
 T. officinate, Weber. COMMON D. In all fields, from spring to autumn. 
 Inner involucre closes after blossoming till the akenes mature and the 
 beak lengthens and elevates the pappus ; then the involucre is reflexed, 
 the pappus spreads, and with the fruit is blown away by the wind. Very 
 variable. Eu.
 
 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 259 
 
 78. CHONDRILLA. (Ancient name.) 
 
 C. juncea, Linn. Branching herb, smooth above but bristly below, 
 l-3c, with wand-like stems ; root leaves runcinate ; stem leaves few and 
 small, linear ; small yellow heads scattered on the nearly leafless branches. 
 Weed E. Eu. () 
 
 79. LACTUCA, LETTUCE. (Latin : milk, from the juice.) 
 
 * Akenes very flat, with a long filiform beak. Flowers mostly 
 yellowish. 
 
 L. Scariola, Linn. PRICKLY LETTUCE. Tall (3-5) and coarse weed 
 from Eu. ; stem sparsely prickly or bristly below, as also the mid-rib 
 on the under surface of the oblong spinulose leaves ; heads small and 
 yellow. 
 
 L. safiva, Linn. GARDEN LETTUCE. Supposed to be derived from the 
 above ; the broad and tender root leaves used for salad ; stem leaves, as 
 in the above species, standing edgewise, often exhibiting polarity. 
 
 L. Canade"nsis, Linn. WILD LETTUCE. Tall and very leafy (4-9), 
 smooth or very nearly so and glaucous ; leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, the 
 upper lanceolate and entire ; yellow heads in a long panicle. Common, 
 N. and S. 
 
 L. integrif61ia, Bigel. Rather lower and less leafy ; leaves undivided, 
 oblong-lanceolate, pointed, entire or denticulate ; heads yellow or 
 purplish. N. and S. 
 
 L. hirsuta, Muhl. Stems generally reddish, 2-4, hirsute below, not 
 very leafy ; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, more or less hirsute ; heads 
 purplish-yellow or rarely whitish. N. and S. 
 
 * * Akenes oblong and thickish, contracted into a short and thick neck; 
 flowers mostly blue. 
 
 L. acuminata, Gray. 3-6 high, with ovate or lance-ovate barely 
 serrate leaves on winged petioles, blue flowers, and bright white pappus. 
 N. and S. 
 
 L. Floridana, Gaertn. Penn. W. and S.; like the last, but with all 
 the leaves or the lower ones lyrate or runcinate, uppermost partly clasp- 
 ing. 
 
 L. leucopheea, Gray. Resembles Wild Lettuce, and with equally 
 variable lanceolate or oblong often irregularly pinnatifld leaves, very 
 compound panicle of pale blue or bluish-white flowers, and tawny pappus. 
 Low grounds. 
 
 80. SONCHTTS, SOW THISTLE. (Ancient Greek name.) Coarse 
 weeds, with soft-spiny-toothed runcinate-pinnatifid leaves; nat. from 
 Eu. (Lessons, Fig. 383.) 
 
 * Heads pale yellow. 
 
 S. oleraceus, Linn. In manured soil and damp waste places ; l-5 
 high, with acute auricles to the clasping base of the leaves, pale yellow 
 flowers, and akenes wrinkled transversely. 
 
 S. dsper, Vill. Like the last, but the leaves less divided and more 
 spiny- toothed, the auricles of their clasping base rounded, and akenes 
 smooth with 3 nerves on each side. 
 
 * * 2/ Heads larger, bright yellow. 
 
 S. arvfnsis, Linn.; l-2 high from creeping rootstocks, with bristly 
 peduncles and involucre.
 
 260 LOBELIA FAMILY. 
 
 LXTT. LOBELIACE.fi, LOBELIA FAMILY, 
 
 Plants with milky, acrid juice, alternate, simple leaves, and 
 scattered, racemed or panicled flowers ; the calyx tube adherent 
 to the many-seeded ovary and pod; the corolla irregularly 
 5-lobed and mostly split down, as it were, 011 the upper side ; 
 the 5 stamens united into a tube commonly by their filaments 
 and always by their anthers ; style only one. 
 
 1. LOBELIA. (Named after the herbalist De V Obel or Lobel.) Tube 
 of the calyx and 2-celled pod short. Corolla split down on one side, 
 the 5 lobes more or less irregular or unequal. Two or all 5 anthers 
 bearded at top. (Lessons, Fig. 285.) 
 
 * Corolla normally deep red; stems tall and simple. 
 
 L. cardinalis, Linn. CARDINAL FLOWER. Leaves lance-oblong ; ra- 
 ceme erect, of large and showy flowers, which are very rarely rose-colored 
 or even white. @ 11 Cult. 
 
 * * Flowers blue or with some white in the throat. 
 - Stems very diffuse, almost trailing. 
 
 L. Ertnus, Linn. The common low and spreading little Lobelia of 
 conservatories and summer gardens, variable, grown under many names ; 
 flowers abundant, small, azure-blue, usually white in the throat ; upper 
 leaves narrow, toothed, the lowest spatulate. -Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 -- -i- Stems strict. 
 M- Flowers rather large (2' or more long} ; stems always leafy. 
 
 L. syphilitica, Linn. Slightly hairy, l-3 high, leafy, with ovate- 
 oblong irregularly toothed leaves, dense leafy raceme, hairy calyx, and 
 corolla (sometimes whitish) almost 1' long. Low grounds. TJ. 
 
 L. pub^rula, Michx. Minutely soft-downy, with blunter and finer- 
 toothed leaves, and rather 1-sided spike of smaller deeper-blue flowers. 
 N. J., S. and W. 11 
 
 ++ -w Flowers small ; stems bracteate or only sparingly leafy. 
 
 L. spicata, Lam. Smoothish, with long and wand-like stems l-3 
 high, lowest leaves obovate, upper ones narrow and small and close, 
 naked raceme of very small flowers. Common. (2) 11 
 
 L. Kalmii. Linn. Smooth, with branching stems 5'-12' high, obovate 
 root-leaves, few and lanceolate or linear stem-leaves, a loose raceme of 
 slender-pediceled, small, but handsome, bright-blue flowers, and obo- 
 vate pods. (2) 11 Wet banks N. 
 
 L. inflata. Linn. INDIAN TOBACCO. Somewhat hairy, 9'-18' high, 
 much branched, with ovate toothed leaves, and spike-like leafy racemes 
 of small flowers, the pale blue corolla only 2" long, and pod inflated. 
 Common in fields ; a noted quack medicine. 
 
 L. palud6sa. Nutt. Stem slender and scape-like, with one or two 
 bracts ; leaves fleshy and scattered at the base of the stem, narrow-spatu- 
 late, the margins glandular ; flowers azure or nearly white, the lower lip 
 bearded. In water, Del., S.
 
 
 CAMPANULA FAMILY. 261 
 
 LXTTT. CAMPANTTLACK41, CAMPANULA FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves,, and scattered 
 flowers, with regular 5-lobed (blue or white) corolla and 5 
 stamens borne on the summit of the calyx tube which is adhe- 
 rent to the 2-5-celled, many-seeded ovary and pod ; style 1 ; 
 stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary. Stamens separate 
 in all our plants of the order, which by this and by the regular 
 corolla (valvate in the bud) are distinguished from the 
 preceding. 
 
 1. SPECULAEIA. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Stigmas 3. Pod linear or narrow oblong, 
 
 opening by a lateral valve or short cleft into each cell. Otherwise as in the next. 
 
 2. CAMPANULA. Corolla bell-shaped, or of various shapes. Stigmas and cells of the 
 
 short pod 3-5, each cell of the latter opening by a lateral valve or short cleft. 
 
 1. SPECULARIA, VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS. (Old Latin name 
 of European species is Speculum Veneris.) 
 
 S. Speculum, DC. GARDEN V. Cult, from Eu. for ornament, is a low 
 herb, with oblong leaves, pretty blue flowers terminating the spreading 
 branches, and linear triangular pod. 
 
 S. perfoliata, DC. Weedy plant in sterile or sandy ground, with 
 simple stems 3'-20' high, furnished throughout with round-heart-shaped 
 clasping leaves, and small flowers in their axils, only the later ones ex- 
 panding a small blue corolla ; pod oblong. 
 
 2. CAMPANULA, BELLFLOWER or HAREBELL. (Diminutive 
 of Italian or late Latin name for bell.) Flowers summer. (Lessons, 
 Fig. 254.) 
 
 * Stigmas and cells of the pod 5 ; calyx with reftexed leafy appendages. 
 
 C. Medium, Linn. CANTERBURY BELLS. Erect, branching, hairy, with 
 coarse toothed leaves, and oblong bell-shaped flowers 2'-3' long, often 
 double. Cult. Eu, (I) (2) 
 
 * * Stigmas and cells 3. 
 H- Stem leaves all linear or lance-linear. 
 
 C. aparinoldes, Pursh. Delicate weak stems 8'-20' high, and rough 
 backward on the angles, bearing small lance-linear leaves and a few small 
 whitish flowers on diverging peduncles, the bell-shaped corolla 3"-4" 
 long. Grassy wet places. 2Z 
 
 C. rotundifdlia, Linn. COMMON HAREBELL. Tufted spreading slender 
 stems o'^12' high ; round or heart-shaped root leaves, dying early, but 
 narrow mostly linear stem leaves (the specific name therefore unfortu- 
 nate) ; flowers few, slender-peduncled, the blue bell-shaped corolla 6"-8" 
 long, handsome. Rocks N. 2Z 
 
 -*- -- Stem leaves lance-ovate or broader ; flowers normally blue. 
 w- Flowers paniculate or scattered, long-peduncled. 
 
 C. Carp&tica, Jacq. Smooth, tufted, 6'-10' high, with roundish or 
 ovate petioled small leaves, slender 1-flowered peduncles, and open bell- 
 shaped corolla about 1' long.
 
 262 HEATH FAMILY. 
 
 ** -M- Flowers spicate or racemose. 
 
 = Style strongly declined and upwardly curved ; corolla shallow. 
 C. Americana, Linn. Rich moist ground especially W. ; stem 3-6 
 high, thin, lance-avate, taper-pointed, serrate leaves, and long loose spike 
 of flowers, the almost wheel-shaped, light-blue corolla 1' broad, and long 
 curved style. (D @ 
 
 = = Style straight; corolla deep. 
 
 C. rapunculoldes, Linn. Spreading inveterately by the root, sparsely 
 hairy, the erect leafy stems l-2 high, with lowest leaves heart-shaped 
 and petioled, upper lance-ovate and sessile, nodding flowers in the axil 
 of bracts forming a leafy raceme, and tubular-bell-shaped corolla 1' long. 
 Cult, and escaped. Eu. 2 
 
 C. Trachelium, Linn. Roughish-hairy, 2-3 high, with more coarsely 
 toothed and broader leaves than the last, and rattier larger bell-shaped 
 corolla. Gardens. Eu. 2 
 
 C. persicifdlia, Linn. Smooth, with upright stems l-2i high, and 
 bearing small lance-linear leaves, root leaves broader, all beset with 
 minute, close teeth ; the flowers nearly sessile and erect, rather few in a 
 sort of raceme, the open bell-shaped corolla l'-2' long, sometimes double. 
 Cult. Eu, H 
 
 LXIV. ERICACEAE, HEATH FAMILY. 
 
 A very large family, of shrubs, herbs, or even small trees, 
 difficult to define as a whole ; the leaves are simple and mostly 
 alternate (sometimes reduced to white or colored scales) ; the 
 flowers almost all regular, and with as many or twice as many 
 stamens as there are petals or lobes of the corolla; their 
 anthers 2-celled, each cell more commonly opening by a pore 
 or hole at the end ; ovary mostly with as many cells as there 
 are lobes to the corolla ; style only one, and seeds small. The 
 HEATH and HEATHEB (the former cult, in some greenhouses 
 in several species, and the latter sparingly wild E.) belong to 
 this family, and are distinguished by small or needle-like ever- 
 green leaves, the corolla becoming dry and persisting, its lobes, 
 and those of the calyx, 4 ; stamens 8. 
 
 I. WHORTLEBEEEY SUBFAMILY, known by having 
 the tube of the calyx adherent to the ovary, on which the 
 monopetalous corolla and the stamens are therefore mounted. 
 All are shrubs, with scaly buds. Fruit a berry or berry-like. 
 
 1. GAYLUSSACIA. Stamens 10 ; anthers with the cells opening by a chink at the blunt 
 
 or tapering top. Ovary 10-celled with one ovule in each cell, forming a berry -like 
 fruit containing 10 apparent seeds, or properly little stones. Flowe.-s in lateral ra- 
 cemes ; branchlets and leaves beset with resinous or clammy dota. 
 
 2. VACCINIUM. Stamens 10 or 8 ; anthers tapering up into a tube with a hole at the 
 
 top. Ovary with several or many ovules in each cell, forming a pulpy many-seeded 
 (rarely rather few-seeded) berry.
 
 HEATH FAMILY. 263 
 
 8. CHIOGENES. Stamens 8 ; anthers with short cella minutely 2-pointed, and opening 
 by a large chink down to the middle. Ovary 4-oelled, in fruit a white many-seeded 
 berry. 
 
 II. HEATH SUBFAMILY PROPER ; shrubs or small trees 
 with calyx free from the ovary. 
 
 * Monopetalous (or in one of No. 12 with two of the petals nearly separate). 
 +- Fruit berry-like, containing 5-8 seeds or very small stones. 
 
 4. AECTOSTAPHYLOS. Corolla urn-shaped, 6-toothed, inclosing the 10 stamens; 
 
 their anthers opening at the top, and 2-awned on the back. Drupe 5-10-seeded. 
 Calyx dry underneath. Leaves alternate. 
 
 5. GAULTHERIA. Corolla oblong or shortHcylindrical, 5-toothed. Anthers 10, 4-awned 
 
 or 4-pointed at top, opening only there. Fruit a dry and many-seeded pod, but 
 inclosed in the calyx which becomes thick and fleshy, so that the fruit imitates a 
 berry, but has a dry pod inside. (Lessons, Figs. 866, 36T.) Leaves alternate, broad, 
 often spicy-aromatic, evergreen. 
 
 i- -i- Fruit dry, not berry-like ; calyx separate from the pod, 
 ++ Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed; anthers opening lengthwise, not appendagtd. 
 
 6. EPIG^EA. Sepals 5, thin and scale-like, ovate-lanceolate, style slender. Leaves ever. 
 
 green, reticulated, roundish. 
 
 H- ++ Corolla cylindrical, urn-shaped, ovate, or globular, very rarely bell-shaped, the 
 orifice b-toothed ; anthers opening wholly or mainly at the top. 
 
 7. ANDROMEDA. Calyx valvate in the early bud ; no brackets. Corolla various. Pod 
 
 globular or short-ovate, 5-valved, loculicidaL Shrubs. 
 
 8. OXYDEXDRUM. Calyx valvate in the bud ; no bractlets. Corolla ovate. Anthers 
 
 awnless. Pod conical or pyramidal, 5-valved, loculicidal. Tree. 
 
 9. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx of 5 almost separate sepals a little overlapping in the bud. 
 
 Corolla ovate-oblong or almost cylindrical. Anthers without tubular tips. Pod 
 flattish from above, 5-valved, loculicidal. Shrubs. 
 
 10. CASSANDRA. Calyx of 5 ovate and acute rigid sepals overlapping in the bud, and a 
 
 pair of similar bractlets at its base. Corolla almost cylindrical. Anthers with tubular 
 tips to the cells, and no awns on the back. Pod flattish from above, when ripe split- 
 ting into an outer layer of 5 valves and an inner cartilaginous one of 10 valves. 
 Shrub, with leaves rather scurfy. 
 
 H- -H- -H- Corolla (usually large) open bell-shaped, saucer-shaped, funnel-form, etc., 
 5-lobed or cleft ; anthers short, without awns or other appendages, opening only 
 by holes at the top ; filaments long and slender, as is also the style ; pod septi- 
 cidal; leaves entire. 
 
 -= No scaly buds; bracts green, firm and persistent. 
 
 11. KALMIA. Corolla broadly open, slightly 5-lobed, and with 10 pouches in which the 
 
 10 anthers are lodged until extricated by insects, when the bent elastic filaments fly 
 up and discharge the pollen. Pod globular. Leaves evergreen. Flowers in umbels 
 or corymb-like clusters. 
 
 = Flowers in umbel-like clusters, from large, scaly, terminal buds, their thin scale- 
 like bracts or bud scales falling as the blossoms are developed. Calyx often 
 minute or obsolete. 
 
 1?. RHODODENDRON. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, or various, in one species 
 strongly irregular, the upper part 3-lobed, the lower of 2 almost or quite separate 
 petals. Stamens 5-10, often curved to the lower side. Leaves evergreen, or 
 deciduous. Pod mostly oblong.
 
 264 HEATH FAMILY. 
 
 * Polypetalotis or nearly so; the (white) corolla of 5 equal petals, widely spreading, 
 oval or obovate; leaves evergreen ; flowers in a terminal umbel. 
 
 18. LEDUM. Stamens 5-10 ; anthers opening by holes at top. Pod 5-celled. Leaves 
 alternate, thinnish, rusty-woolly underneath. Flowers from scaly terminal buds, as 
 in Rhododendron. 
 
 14. LEIOPHYLLUM. Stamens 10 ; anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2-5-ceUed. Leaves 
 
 email, smooth both sides, glossy, mostly opposite. 
 
 IIL PYKOLA SUBFAMILY. Shrubs, or evergreen herbs, 
 with calyx free from the ovary, corolla of separate petals, 
 anthers turned outwards in the bud, soon inverted, when the 
 holes by which they open are at top (or at bottom in Clethra). 
 Seeds innumerable, with a loose cellular coat. 
 
 Shrubs ; leaves deciduous ; flowers in hoary racemes ; capsule 3-celled. 
 
 15. CLETHRA. Sepals and obovate-oblong petals 5. Stamens 10 ; anthers arrow-shaped 
 
 and reflexed in the bud, the hole at the top of each cell then at the bottom. Style 
 8-cleft at the apex. Pod inclosed in the calyx. Leaves alternate, serrate, feather- 
 veined, deciduous. 
 
 * Herbs, or very nearly so, low ; leaves evergreen ; capsule 4-5-celled. 
 
 16. CHIMAPHILA. Flowers several in a corymb or umbel, with orbicular, widely spread- 
 
 ing petals, 2-horned anthers on filaments enlarged and hairy in the middle. Very 
 short, top-shaped style covered by a broad, orbicular, stigma, and valves of pod 
 smooth on the edges. Stems leafy below ; leaves narrow, smooth, and glossy. 
 
 17. MONESES. Flower solitary, with orbicular widely spreading (sometimes only 4) 
 
 petals, conspicuously 2-horned anthers, large, 5-rayed stigma on a straight style, 
 and pod as in the last genus ; otherwise like Pyrola. 
 
 18. PYROLA. Flowers in a raceme on a scape which bears rounded leaves at base. 
 
 Petals roundish, more or less concave. Stamens 10, with awl-shaped filaments. 
 Style long. Valves of pod cobwebby on the edges. 
 
 IV. INDIAN PIPE SUBFAMILY. Herbs destitute of 
 green foliage, parasitic on roots of other plants ; flowers much 
 as in III. ; commonly represented by one genus. 
 
 19. MONOTROPA. Calyx of 2 or more deciduous bract-like scales. Corolla of 4 or 5 
 
 erect spatnlate or wedge-shaped petals, resembling the scales of the stem. Stamens 
 8 or 10 ; anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top ; style stout ; stigma 
 depressed. Pod 4-5-celled, seeds innumerable, minute, resembling fine sawdust. 
 
 1. GAYLUSSACIA, HUCKLEBERRY. (Named for the French 
 chemist, Gay-Lussac.*) Flowers white tinged with reddish, in late 
 spring ; the edihle fruit ripe late in summer, that of the last species 
 sometimes gathered from the market. HUCKLEBERRY is a name of 
 indefinite application. It is generally applied to the black-fruited 
 species of this genus and the next ; while BLUEBERRY is used for the 
 glaucous-blue species. 
 
 O. dum&sa, Torr. & Gray. DWARF H. Rather hairy or bristly, 
 with thickish, rather shining, oblong leaves, long racemes, leaf-like oval 
 bracts to the pedicels, bell-shaped corolla, and insipid black fruit. Sandy 
 soil near the coast.
 
 HEATH FAMILY. 265 
 
 G. fronddsa, Torr. & Gray. BLUE TANGLE or DANGLEBERRY. 
 
 Branches diverging, slender ; leaves pale, white beneath ; racemes and 
 pedicels slender ; corolla short ; sweet blue-black fruit with a bloom. N. 
 Eng., S. 
 
 G. resindsa, Torr. & Gray. COMMON or BLACK H. l-3 high, 
 clammy-resinous when young, with rigid branches, oval leaves, short one- 
 sided racemes in clusters, rather cylindrical corolla, and black fruit with- 
 out a bloom. Woods. 
 
 2. VACCINIUM, BLUEBERRY, CRANBERRY, &c. (Ancient Latin 
 name, of obscure meaning.) (Lessons, Fig. 274.) 
 
 * FARKLEBERRY and DEERBERRY ; erect shrubs with single axillary or 
 racemed flowers on slender pedicels, in early summer, open bell-shaped 
 corolla, 10 stamens, anthers with very slender tubes, and 2 awns on the 
 back, and insipid berries ripening late, each of their 5 cells divided in 2, 
 and maturing few seeds. 
 
 V. arb6reum, Marsh. FARKLEBERRY. Open woods from Va. and S. 
 HI. S.; 8-15 high, evergreen far S., with oval, glossy leaves, anthers 
 included in the 5-toothed, white corolla, and black inealy berries. 
 
 V. stamineum, Linn. DEERBERRY or SQUAW HUCKLEBERRY. 2-3 
 high, rather downy, with dull and pale ovate or oval leaves, anthers much 
 longer than the greenish or whitish 5-cleft corolla, and large greenish 
 berries. Me., W. and S. 
 
 * * EVERGREEN BLUEBERRIES of the South, in low pine barrens, pro- 
 
 cumbent or only l-2 high, with 5-toothed corolla and 10 stamens. 
 
 V. Myrsinltes, Lam. Stems 6'-25' high ; leaves lanceolate or lance- 
 obovate '-!' long and mostly pale beneath ; berries black or blue. 
 
 V. crassif61ium, Andr. Stems procumbent, slender ; thick and shin- 
 ing oval or oblong leaves $' or less in length, their margins revolute ; 
 globular-bell-shaped corolla"; berries black. 
 
 * * * BLUEBERRIES, beyond New England commonly called HUCKLE- 
 BERRIES, with leaves deciduous at least in the Northern States; flowers 
 in spring in chisters from scaly buds separate from and rather earlier 
 than the leaves ; corolla oblong or short cylindrical, 5-toothed, inclosing 
 the 10 anthers; berries ripe in summer, sweet,blue or black with a bloom, 
 each of the 5 many-seeded cells divided into two. 
 
 V. virgatum, Ait. Low, pubescent ; leaves ovate or cuneate-oblong, 
 acute and minutely serrulate ; flower clusters on naked branches ; corolla 
 rose-color; berry black. S. Car., S. 
 
 Var. tenellum. Gray. Low grounds from Va. S. ; small-leaved, with 
 smaller nearly white flowers in shorter clusters. 
 
 V. Fennsylvanicum, Lam. DWARF EARLY BLUEBERRY. Dry or 
 barely moist grounds N. ; 6'-lo' high, with green, angular branches, 
 mostly lance-oblong leaves, bristly-serrulate and smooth and shining both 
 sides, the sweet berries earliest to ripen. 
 
 V. Canad^nse, Kalm. Taller, l-2 high, the broader entire leaves 
 and branchlets downy. N. 
 
 V. vacfllans, Solander. Low PALE B. Dry woodlands, N., and S. 
 to N. C.; l-3 high, with yellowish branches, smooth and pale or glau- 
 cous leaves obovate or oval and entire, and berries ripening later than V. 
 Pennsylvanicum. Fruit much prized. 
 
 V. corymb6sum, Linn. COMMON SWAMP B. 3-10 high, with oval 
 or oblong leaves, either smooth or downy, pale or green, and sweetish 
 berries ripening in late summer ; in one downy-leaved variety, pure black 
 without a bloom. Swamps. Much gathered for market. Very variable.
 
 266 HEATH FAMILY. 
 
 * * * * CRANBERRY ; creeping or trailing, very slender, hardly woody 
 plants, with small evergreen leaves whitish beneath, single flowers in 
 summer, borne on slender erect pedicels, pale rose corolla, deeply parted 
 into 4 narrow reflexed divisions, 8 anthers with very long tubes, but no 
 awns on the back, and acid red berry ^-celled, ripe in autumn. (Lessons, 
 Fig. 274.) 
 
 V. Oxycdccus, Linn. SMALL C. Cold peat bogs N. and E. ; a 
 delicate little plant, flowering at the end of the stems, the ovate acute 
 leaves (only J' long) with strongly revolute margins ; berry only half as 
 large as in the next, often speckled with white, seldom gathered for market. 
 V. macrocdrpon, Ait. LARGE or AMERICAN C. Stems 1 to 3 
 long, growing on so that the flowers become lateral, oblong obtuse leaves 
 sometimes ' long, and with less revolute margins, and berries ' or more 
 long ; largely cultivated for the market. Bogs from N. C., N. (Lessons, 
 Fig. 371.) 
 
 3. CHIOGENES. (Greek-made name, alluding to the snow-white 
 berries.) 2Z 
 
 C. serpyllif6lia, Salisb. CREEPING SNOWBERRY. Peat bogs and mossy 
 woods N., and S. to N. C. in Mts. ; nearly herbaceous, slender, creeping 
 stems, very small, ovate, pointed evergreen leaves, their lower surface 
 and the branchlets beset with rusty bristles, minute axillary flowers in 
 late spring, and white berries ripe in summer ; these and the foliage have 
 the flavor of Wintergreen. 
 
 4. ARCTOSTAFHYLOS, BEARBERRY (the name in Greek). 2/ 
 
 A. Uva-TTrsi, Spreng. Trailing over rocks and bare hills N., forming 
 mats, with thick, smooth, and entire obovate and spatulate evergreen 
 leaves, and small scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in a short raceme, 
 in early spring, followed by the red austere berries. Leaves used in 
 medicine, astringent and somewhat mucilaginous. 
 
 5. GAULTHERIA, WINTERGREEN. (Named for Dr. Gaulthier 
 of Quebec.) (Lessons, Figs. 366, 367.) ^ 
 
 Q. procdmbens, Linn. CREEPING W., BOXBERRY, CHECKERBERRY, 
 etc. ; common in evergreen and low woods, spreading by long and slender 
 mostly subterranean runners, sending up stems 3'-5' high, bearing at 
 summit a few obovate or oval leaves and in summer one or two nodding 
 white flowers in the axils, the edible red "berries" lasting over winter; 
 these and the foliage familiar for their spicy flavor, yielding the oil of 
 wintergreen. 
 
 6. EPIG-2BA. (Greek: on the ground, from the growth.) ^ 
 
 E. r&pens, Linn. TRAILING ARBUTUS (pronounced Ar'butus), GROUND 
 LAUREL, or, in N. Eng., MAYFLOWER. Sandy or rocky woods, chiefly 
 E., under pines, etc. ; prostrate, with rusty-bristly shoots, somewhat 
 heart-shaped leaves, slender-petioled, and small clusters of rose-colored 
 or almost white spicy-fragrant flowers (which are dimorphous) in early 
 spring. 
 
 7. ANDROMEDA. (Mythological name.) Flowers white, rarely 
 tinged with rose, mostly in spring. 
 
 * Flowers in umbel-like clusters ; leaves evergreen; anthers 2-awned. 
 
 A. polif6lia, Linn. Cold wet bogs N. ; 6'-18' high, smooth and glau- 
 cous ; lanceolate entire revolute leaves white beneath : flowers in a simple 
 terminal umbel, the corolla almost globular.
 
 HEATH FAMILY. 267 
 
 A. nltida, Bartr. Low pine barrens, N. C., S.; 2-4 high, very smooth, 
 with 3-angled branchlets, ovate or oblong, and entire glossy leaves, abun- 
 dant honey-scented flowers in numerous axillary clusters, and ovate- 
 cylindrical corolla. 
 
 * * Flowers in naked one-sided racemes crowded at the ends of the 
 branches, formed in summer and opening early the next spring ; leaves 
 evergreen; anthers awned. 
 
 A. floribiinda, Pursh. 3-10 high, very leafy, the lance-oblong acute 
 leaves serrulate, with very fine bristly teeth, abundance of handsome 
 flowers, the ovate-urn-shaped corolla strongly 5-angled ; along the Alle- 
 ghanies S. , and planted. 
 
 * * * Flowers in umbel-like clusters on wood of the previous year, in late 
 spring or early summer; leaves mostly deciduous, but often thickish or 
 coriaceous ; pods b-angled by a prominent rib or ridge at the lines of 
 opening. 
 
 *- Flowers | or more long, nodding, smooth, clustered mostly on leafless 
 shoots: stamens 2-awned, or toothed. Smooth ornamental shrubs, 
 2-4 high. 
 
 A. speci6sa, Michx. Low barrens S., barely hardy N. in cultivation ; 
 with oval or oblong blunt and serrate leaves, often mealy-whitened ; 
 corolla open bell-shaped. 
 
 A. Mariana, Linn. STAGGBRBUSH (the foliage, said to poison lambs 
 and calves). Low grounds E. and S. ; with glossy oval or oblong entire 
 veiny leaves, and leaf-like lanceolate sepals, half the length of the almost 
 cylindrical corolla. 
 
 *- -i- Flowers very small, with globular and scurfy-pubescent corolla,' 
 stamens awnless. Busty pubescent or scurfy shrubs, 4-10 high. 
 
 A. fermglnea, Walt. Low sandy grounds S. C., S., with thick and 
 rigid mostly evergreen, rusty, obovate leaves, the margins revolute. 
 
 A. ligustrina, Muhl. Leaves thin and green, obovate-oblong ; panicled 
 clusters of small flowers. Can., S. 
 
 8. OXYDENDRUM, SOREEL TREE, SOURWOOD. (Both the 
 
 Greek-made and English names refer to the sour-tasted leaves. ) 
 
 O. arbdreum, DC. Rich woods, Penn. to Ind., and S. ; tree 15-40 
 high, smooth, with oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrulate leaves (resem- 
 bling those of the Peach), on slender petioles, and white flowers in long 
 one-sided racemes clustered in a loose panicle at the end of the branches 
 of the season, in early summer. 
 
 9. LEUCOTHOE. (Mythological name.) Flowers white, in naked 
 scaly-bracted racemes or spikes, which are formed in summer and 
 open the next year. 
 
 * Evergreens on moist banks of streams, with very smooth and glossy, 
 finely and sharply serrate leaves; the rather catkin-like dense racemes 
 sessile in their axils ; bractlets at the base of the short pedicels ; flowers 
 in spring, exhaling the scent of Chestnut blossoms. 
 
 L. Catesbsei, Gray. Abounds from Va. S., along and near the moun- 
 tains ; has long recurving branches, ovate-lanceolate and very taper- 
 pointed leaves on conspicuous petioles, and narrowish sepals. 
 
 L. axillaris, Don. Broader, less pointed leaves, on very short petioles, 
 and broad-ovate sepals. Low country S. ; flowers very early.
 
 268 HEATH FAMILY. 
 
 * # Deciduous-leaved, with one-sided looser racemes at the ends of the 
 branches ; flowering in late spring or summer after the membranaceous 
 leaves are developed; bractlets close to the calyx, acute. 
 
 L. racem6sa, Gray. Erect, 4-8 high, with oblong, acute, serrulate 
 leaves a little downy beneath, long and upright racemes, and 4-awned 
 anthers. Mass., S. 
 
 10. CASSANDRA, LEATHERLEAF. (A mythological name.) 
 
 C. calyculata, Don. Wet bogs N. and mostly E.; low, much-branched 
 shrub, with small and nearly evergreen dull oblong leaves sprinkled with 
 some fine scurf or scaly atoms, and small white flowers in the axils of the 
 upper leaves, forming one-sided leafy racemes, in early spring. Common. 
 
 11. KALMIA, AMERICAN or MOUNTAIN LAUREL. (Named for 
 Peter Kalm, pupil of Linnaeus, who traveled in this country before the 
 middle of the last century.) Ornamental shrubs, scarcely found W. 
 Flowers spring and early summer. 
 
 K. latifdlia, Linn. LARGE MOUNTAIN L. ; also CALICO BUSH, SPOOX- 
 WOOD, etc., in Middle States. Common N. in damp grounds and along 
 the mountains S. , where it forms very dense thickets, 4-10 or even 20 
 high, with mostly alternate lance-ovate leaves, bright green both sides ; 
 the large and showy clusters of rose-color or white or crimson-spotted 
 flowers terminal and clammy, in early summer. Planted. 
 
 K. aiigustifdlia, Linn. SHEEP L., LAMBKILL. 2-3 high, with narrow- 
 oblong, short-petioled leaves opposite or in threes and pale beneath, and 
 corymbs of smaller crimson-purple flowers lateral (in late spring), their 
 pedicels recurved hi fruit. N., S. to Ga. 
 
 K. glafcca, Ait. Cold bogs N. ; l-2 high, with 2-edged branches, 
 opposite, sessile, oblong or linear leaves white beneath and with revolute 
 margins, the corymbs of lilac-purple flowers terminal, in spring. 
 
 12. RHODODENDRON, ROSEBAY, AZALEA. (The name In 
 Greek means rose tree.) Very ornamental shrubs or small trees, the 
 fancy varieties much confused as to species. 
 
 * TRUE AZALEAS or FALSE HONEYSUCKLES, with deciduous leaves, slen- 
 der cylindrical tube to the corolla, the chiefly 5 stamens and the style 
 long and protruded ; hardy ornamental shrubs. 
 
 i- Flowers developed later than the leaves, in summer, very fragrant. 
 
 H. viscdsum, Torr. WHITE SWAMP HONEYSUCKLE. 4-10 high, 
 with bristly branchlets, oblong-obovate, mostly smooth leaves commonly 
 pale or whitish beneath, often glossy above, and white or rosy-tinged 
 very clammy flowers. Swamps E. and S. 
 
 t- t- Flowers developed with or rather before the thin and veiny mostly 
 , pubescent leaves, in late spring. 
 
 R. nudifldrum, Torr. PURPLE A. or PINKSTER FLOWER. Swamps and 
 woods, chiefly E. and S., also cult. ; 3-6 high, with oblong or obovate 
 leaves ; branchlets and narrow tube of the rose or pink-red corolla rather 
 glandular-pubescent, and calyx very small ; slightly fragrant. 
 
 R. calendulaceum, Torr. In and near the Alleghanies, especially S., 
 and cult. ; has yellow or flame-colored corolla and larger calyx lobes than 
 the preceding ; not fragrant. 
 
 R. flavum, Don. (AZ\LEA P6NTICA.) Planted from the Old World, a 
 native of the Caucasus ; has large (2' or more broad) golden or orange-
 
 HEATH FAMILY. 269 
 
 yellow flowers, terminating naked branches, the tube clammy-downy ; 
 leaves large and oblong-obovate. Less cult, in this country than the next. 
 R. Sinense, Sweet. GARDEN AZALEA. Bushy shrub, with clusters of 
 mostly shorter red or yellow flowers on leafy branches ; leaves smaller, 
 oval or elliptic. Two types are in cultivation. One, the GHENT AZALEA, 
 commonly called AZ\LEA SINENSIS by gardeners, has flowers with narrow 
 corolla tube which appear with the leaves. The other type, called 
 A. MOLLIS, has broader flowers which appear in advance of the leaves. 
 
 * * RHODORA. Leaves deciduous; corolla strongly irregular, the upper 
 pcrrt S-lobed, the lower of 2 nearly or quite separate pieces; 10 stamens 
 and the style protruded. 
 
 R. Rhoddra, Don. Cold wet grounds, from Penn. N. and E. ; low 
 shrub, with handsome rose-pink flowers in spring, somewhat earlier than 
 the pale, rather hairy leaves. 
 
 * * * CHINESE AZALEAS, with thickish almost or quite evergreen leaves, 
 rather leafy calyx, short-tubed corolla approaching to bell-shaped, and 
 often 10 stamens, the latter and the style scarcely or not at all exserted. 
 
 R. Indicum, Sweet (or AZALEA INDICA). Cult, from China and 
 Japan, etc.; is however the AZALEA of florists, flowering in late winter 
 and early spring in conservatories, with red, purple, pink, white, or varie- 
 gated showy flowers, green rather shining leaves, and shoots beset with 
 appressed awl- shaped rusty bristles. 
 
 * * * * RHODODENDRON PROPER. Leaves thick and usually persistent ; 
 stamens generally 10, which, like the style, are somewhat declined or 
 equally spreading, but rarely exserted. 
 
 H- Leaves thick and evergreen, smooth ; branches stiff and erect ; flowers 
 in early summer from very large terminal buds ; corolla broadly bell- 
 shaped. 
 
 R. maximum, Linn. GREAT R. or WILD LAUREL. Mountain sides, 
 abundant through the Alleghanies, and K, sparingly to Me. and Can. ; 
 6-20 high, with lance-oblong leaves (4'-10' long) narrowish below, 
 clammy pedicels, and pale rose or nearly white corolla (!' broad), greenish 
 in the throat, on the upper side more or less spotted with yellow or red- 
 dish ; flowers midsummer. 
 
 R. Catawbiense, Michx. High Alleghanies from Va. S., and planted ; 
 3-6 high, with oval or oblong leaves rounded at both ends and pale 
 beneath (3'-5' long), usually rusty pedicels, and large, light purple or lilac 
 corolla ; flowers early Summer. This, hybridized with other less hardy 
 species, especially with the next, and with the tender R. arbdreum, 
 Smith, of the Himalayas (cult, in conservatories), gives rise to most of 
 the various Rhododendrons of ornamental grounds. The forms partaking 
 most largely of Catawbiense characteristics are distinguished by broad and 
 flat, slightly obovate and broad-pointed, glossy leaves, and by mauve or 
 light blue-purple flowers. 
 
 R. Pdnticum, Linn. From Asia Minor, hardy when planted N. only 
 as a low shrub, has obovate-lanceolate leaves tapering to the base, and 
 a very open bell-shaped dark purple corolla, in late spring. Ponticum 
 varieties have narrow leaves with narrow points, with a tendency to 
 become revolute and less glossy than the Catawbiense type, and by less 
 pronounced lilac or mauve tints. 
 
 - *- Leaves evergreen, but thinnish ; branches slender and spreading or 
 drooping, roughish ; flowers in early summer. 
 
 R. punctatum. Andr. Along the mountains from N. C., S., and spar- 
 ingly planted ; 4-6 high, with oblong or lance-oblong leaves acute at
 
 270 HEATH FAMILY. 
 
 both ends, 2'-4' long, and sprinkled, like the branchlets and outside of 
 the rather small, short, funnel-shaped, rose-colored corolla, with rusty dots 
 or atoms. 
 
 13. LEDUM, LABRADOR TEA. (An old Greek name.) Flowers 
 early summer. 
 
 L. latifdlium. Ait. Low and damp or wet grounds from Penn. N. ; 
 2-5 high, with oblong leaves, usually 5 stamens, and oblong pods. 
 
 14. LEIOFHYLIiUM, SAND MYRTLE. (Name from the Greek, 
 meaning smooth leaf.) 
 
 L. buxif61ium, Ell. Evergreen shrub a few inches high, much 
 branched, with oval or oblong Myrtle-like leaves (from ' to nearly ' 
 ), and umbels of small white flowers in late spring. In sand, from 
 
 long), an 
 N. J., S. 
 
 15. CLETHRA, WHITE ALDER. (Old Greek name of alder, from 
 some resemblance in the foliage.) Flowers in summer. 
 
 C. alnif6lia, Linn. Low grounds ; 3-10 high with wedge- obovate, 
 sharply serrate, straight-veined leaves, and pretty, upright panicled 
 racemes of fragrant, small flowers. 
 
 16. CHIMAPHILA, PIPSISSEWA or PRINCE'S PINE. (Name 
 from Greek, means lover of winter, i.e. Wintergreen.) Plants of dry 
 or moist woods, branched at base, 3'-10' high, with fragrant, wax-like, 
 mostly flesh-colored flowers, in early summer. 2/ 
 
 C. umbellata, Nutt. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, not 
 spotted ; flowers 4-7, with violet-colored anthers. 
 
 C. maculata, Pursh. Lower, 3'-6' high, with ovate-lanceolate, remotely 
 toothed leaves, blotched with white, and 1-5 flowers. 
 
 17. MONESES. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA. (Name from the 
 Greek, refers to the solitary flower. ) Flowering in early summer. 2i 
 
 M. grandifldra, Salisb. Cold woods N. E. ; with roundish and serrate 
 veiny leaves about i' long, scape 2'-4' high, and rather large white or 
 rose-colored flower. 
 
 18. PYROLA, WINTERGREEN, SHIN LEAF. (Old name, diminu- 
 tive of Pyrus, the Pear tree, the application not obvious.) Flowers 
 mostly greenish-white, in summer. 2/ (Lessons, Fig. 307.) 
 
 # Flowers all turned to one side, rather spreading than nodding, the 
 petals conniving ; stamens and style straight ; stigma large and 5-rayed. 
 
 P. seciinda, Linn. Rich woods N. and E. ; slender, 3Mi' high, with 
 thin, ovate leaves and dense, spike-like raceme. 
 
 * * Flowers nodding, the petals partly expanding, the hanging style more 
 
 or less curved, tipped with a narrow stigma, and stamens ascending. 
 
 P. chlorantha, Swartz. Scape 5'-6' high, with a few greenish-white 
 flowers, thick but dull roundish leaves only 1' long, and anthers short- 
 horned. Open woods N. 
 
 P. elliptica. Nutt. SHIN LEAF. Taller ; leaves thinnish and dull, 
 upright, on rather long and margined petioles ; the greenish- white flowers 
 nearly as in the following. Md., N. and W.
 
 LEADWORT FAMILY. 271 
 
 P. rotundif&lia, Linn. Damp or sandy woods ; has thick and shining 
 round leaves on short petioles, many-flowered raceme, and blunt anthers ; 
 a variety in bogs has rose-purple flowers. Very variable in shape of leaves. 
 
 19. MONOTROPA, INDIAN PIPE. (Name from the Greek, refers 
 to the flower or summit of the stem turned over to one side or hanging ; 
 in fruit it straightens.) Flowers summer. Parasitic on the roots of trees. 
 
 M. unifldra, Linn. COMMON INDIAN PIPE or CORPSE PLANT. Rich 
 woods ; smooth, waxy -white all over (turning black in drying) , 3'-6' 
 high, with one rather large nodding flower of 5 petals and 10 stamens. 
 
 M. Hypdpitys, Linn. PINESAP or FALSE BEECH DROPS. In Oak 
 and Pine woods; rather downy, tawny or reddish, fragrant, 4'-12' high, 
 with several smallish flowers in a scaly raceme, having 4 petals and 8 
 stamens, or the uppermost 5 petals and 10 stamens. 
 
 LXV. DIAPENSIACKE, DIAPENSIA FAMILY. 
 
 Low and prostrate or tufted plants, herbaceous or soft-woody, 
 glabrous or nearly so; leaves small and simple, without sti- 
 pules ; flowers regular, all the parts in 5's, except the ovary, 
 which is 3-celled and with a single 3-lobed style ; stamens ad- 
 nate to the corolla and sometimes united together, and those 
 opposite the lobes of the corolla (if any) reduced to staminodia. 
 
 1. PYXIDANTHEKA. Staminodia absent. Flowers solitary and sessile on short, leafy 
 
 branchlets. Calyx conspicuously bracteate. 
 
 2. GALAX. Staminodia present. Flowers in a narrow spike on a slender, naked scape. 
 
 Calyx minutely 2-bracteolate. 
 
 1. FYXID ANTHER A. (Greek: small 6ox, anther.} 24 
 
 P. barbulata, Michx. PIXY, FLOWERING Moss. A handsome, trail- 
 ing little plant in the sandy pine barrens of N. J. and S., flowering in 
 early spring ; leaves small and linear-oblanceolate, sharp-pointed ; flowers 
 (appearing as if clustered, from the shortness of the branchlets) very 
 numerous, white or blush ; anther cells awn-pointed at the base, opening 
 by a transverse line. 
 
 2. GALAX. (Greek : milk, of no application.) 1L 
 
 G. aphylla, Linn. Leaves Pyrola-like, round-heart-shaped and cre- 
 nate, tufted from scaly creeping rootstocks ; scape l-2, bearing a wand- 
 like raceme or spike of small white flowers ; in open woods, Va., S. 
 
 LXVI. PLTJMBAGINACEJ1, LEADWORT FAMILY. 
 
 Known by the flowers with parts five throughout, viz. 5- 
 lobed plaited calyx, 5 stamens opposite as many petals or lobes 
 of the corolla and almost separate from them, 5 styles or 5 
 stigmas, and the free ovary 1-celled, containing a single ovule 
 hanging on a slender stalk which rises from its base ; the fruit 
 a small utricle.
 
 272 LEAD WORT FAMILY. 
 
 1. Low hardy herbs, with leaves all from the root, and flowers on scapes, having n 
 funnel-shaped scarious calyx, nearly or quite separate petals tapering at base, 
 and 5 almost or quite separate styles. 
 
 1. ABMERIA. Tufted plants with evergreen, very narrow and entire leaves, simple 
 
 scapes bearing a head of rose-colored flowers, and styles plumose-hairy towards the 
 base. 
 
 2. 8TATICE. Broadish-leaved herbs, with scapes branching into a panicle, bearing 3- 
 
 bracted flowers or clusters ; styles smooth. 
 
 2. Plants of warm regions, with branching, mostly woody stems, bearing alternate, 
 entire leaves, and bracted spikes of handsome flowers, having a tubular calyx 
 and corolla, and one style bearing 5 stigmas. 
 
 3. PLUMBAGO. Calyx 5-toothed at the apex, glandular along the 5 ribs or angles. 
 
 Corolla salver-form, with long tube. Stamens free from the corolla. 
 
 4. CERATOSTIGMA. Calyx strongly 5-toothed, 10-ribbed at the base, glandless. Stamens 
 
 adnate to the corolla tube at its middle. 
 
 1. ARMERIA, THRIFT. (Old name.) Flowers summer. 11 
 
 A. elongata, Hoffm. (or A. VULGARIS ; also called A. MAR^TIMA). 
 COMMON THRIFT. Wild on shores of Eu. and Arctic America, cult, in 
 gardens for edgings, etc., with short, spreading, grass-like leaves and scape 
 3'-6' high. 
 
 2. STATICE. (Ancient Greek : meaning astringent, the roots used as 
 such in popular medicine.) A few species of the Old World are cult, 
 in choice gardens, but not commonly. 11 
 
 S. Lim6nium, Linn. SEA LAVENDER or MARSH ROSEMARY. Along 
 the coast in salt marshes in several varieties, with oblong or spatulate 
 thick and pale leaves on slender petioles, scapes l-2 high, bearing 
 lavender-colored flowers all summer. 
 
 S. sinuata, Linn. Cult, from S. Eu.; leaves runcinate or sinuate-lobed 
 and hairy ; scape dichotomously branched, strongly winged, as are also 
 the peduncles of the clusters of handsome lilac flowers. 
 
 3. PLUMBAGO, LEADWORT (which the Latin name denotes.) 
 The following are cult, in conservatories, or turned out to flower all 
 summer. , pi owers ^i ue or vio i^ 
 
 P. Capensis, Thunb. Stems somewhat climbing, angled ; leaves oblong- 
 spatulate, entire; corolla large, pale or lead-blue, the tube li' long; calyx 
 tube glandular-hispid. S. Africa. 
 
 * * Flowers red. 
 
 P. cocclnea, DC. Herbaceous ; leaves large, oblong, the showy flowers 
 in terminal or axillary spikes. E. Indies. 
 
 * * * Flowers white. 
 
 P. Zeyldnica, Linn. Stem somewhat climbing, angled ; leaves ovate 
 or oblong; flowers in long spikes, the calyx tube glabrous or minutely 
 glandular. E. Indies. 
 
 4. CERATOSTIGMA. (Greek : horn, stigma.-) 11 
 
 C. plumbaginoldes, Bunge (or PLUMBAGO LARPENT^E). Stem slen- 
 der and zigzag, somewhat hairy and scaly ; leaves firm, obovate, finely 
 serrate ; flowers violet, in close terminal clusters. Houses and borders, 
 not yet common. China.
 
 PRIMROSE FAMILY. 273 
 
 LXVH PRIMULACE2E, PRIMKOSE FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs with regular perfect flowers, the stamens borne on 
 the corolla and as many as its divisions and opposite them, 
 one style and stigma, and many or sometimes few ovules on a 
 free central placenta of the one-celled ovary, in fruit a pod. 
 
 * Plant with hollow, inflated, leafy stems ; the leaves whorled or scattered, the lower 
 onet pinnately parted ; parts of the flower 5. 
 
 1. HOTTONIA. Calyx 6-parted. Corolla short salver-shaped, stamens included. Pod 
 
 opening by 5 clefts down the side, many-seeded. Flowers small, in whorls along the 
 upper part of the stem and branches. 
 
 * * Plant with leaves all from the root and simple ; the flowers on a scape. 
 - Fibrous-rooted or rhizomalous. 
 
 2. PRIMULA. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, often angled. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel- 
 
 shaped, with 5 spreading lobes ; the stamens included In its tube. Pod opening by 
 valves or teeth at the top. Flowers in an umbel, which is sessile in one species, but 
 usually raised on a scape. 
 
 8. DODECATHEON. Calyx 6-parted, reflexed. Corolla 5-parted; the divisions lanceo- 
 late, strongly reflexed. Stamens conniving in a long slender cone, the linear anthers 
 very much longer than the short partly monadelphous filaments. Pod splitting into 
 5 valves. Flowers in an umbel. 
 
 - -i- Plant with depressed or biscuit -shaped fleshy corn. 
 
 4. CYCLAMEN. Flower resembling that of Dodecatheon, but only one on a scape or 
 
 stalk. Anthers sessile, pointed. 
 
 * * Plant with leafy stems, the leaves simple and chiefly entire. 
 - Leaves in one whorl at the summit of the slender stem ; parts of the flower 7. 
 
 5. TEIENTALIS. Calyx and corolla wheel-shaped, of mostly 7 divisions united only at 
 
 base, those of the former linear-lanceolate, of the latter oblong, of both pointed. Fila- 
 ments united in a ring at base ; anthers oblong, curving when old. Flowers white. 
 +- +- Leaves generally in pairs or whorls along the stems ; parts of the flower mostly 5. 
 ++ Flowers yellow (or in 7 with purple dots). 
 
 6. STEIRONEMA. Calyx 5-parted. Staminodia 6, subulate, alternating with the fila- 
 
 ments, which are distinct or nearly so on a ring at the base of the corolla. Capsule 
 10-20-seeded. Leaves opposite, but often seeming to be whorled, not dotted. 
 
 7. LYSIMACHIA. Calyx 5-6-parted. Staminodia 0. Filaments usually united at the 
 
 base. Capsule few-several-seeded. Leaves opposite or whorled (or even imper- 
 fectly alternate), dotted. 
 
 H- -H- Corolla red, blue, or white. 
 
 8. ANAGALLIS. Corolla wheel-shaped, the 5 divisions broad. Filaments bearded. Pod 
 
 (a pyxis) open by a transverse division, the top falling off as a lid, many-seeded. 
 --- Leaves alternate along the branching stems ; base of calyx and ovary coherent. 
 
 9. 8AMOLUS. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with a little body like a sterile 
 
 filament in the clefts. Stamens included. Pod many-seeded, splitting into 5 valves. 
 Flowers small, white, in racemes. 
 
 1. HOTTONIA, WATER VIOLET or FEATHER-FOIL. (Named 
 for Prof. Hotton of Holland.) Flowers summer. 2/ 
 
 H. inflita, Ell. A singular plant in pools and ditches, Mass., S. ; 
 smooth, with stems and branches much inflated except at the joints, bear- 
 ing finely cut pectinate leaves ; flowers white. 
 GRAY'S F. p. & G. BOX. 18
 
 274 PRIMROSE FAMILY. 
 
 2. PRIMULA, PRIMROSE, COWSLIP, etc. (Name from primus, 
 spring, from the flowering time of true Primrose. ) 1J. Two small 
 species are scarce along our northern borders (see Manual) ; the fol- 
 lowing are the common ones cult, for ornament. 
 
 * Calyx large and loose, either much inflated or shallow-cup-shaped. 
 
 P. Sinensis, Sabine. CHINESE PRIMROSE. A downy plant, with often 
 proliferous umbels of large and showy flowers, purple, rose, or white, 
 sometimes double, in one variety cut-fringed ; tender house plant, with 
 inflated conical calyx, and round heart-shaped 7-9-lobed and variously 
 cut or even crisped leaves. 
 
 P. obcdnica, Hance. A pretty pot plant, with leaves all radical and 
 ovate-cordate (the sharp hairs irritating-poisonous to some people), 
 and slender scapes 6'-12' ; flowers blush-lilac or purple, often drooping, 
 the obconical petals deeply notched, the tube twice longer than the almost 
 saucer-shaped green and shallow calyx. China. 
 
 * * Calyx ordinary, neither truly inflated (but often loose) nor shallow- 
 spreading. 
 
 - Hardy, or nearly so, from Eu., with large tubular or oblong-bell- 
 shaped angled calyx about as long as the corolla tube, and wrin- 
 kled-veiny, oblong-cordate, or spatulate leaves tapering into short 
 wing-margined petioles ; flowers naturally yellow, in spring. 
 
 P. grand/flora, Lam. (or P. VULGA.RIS and P. ACADLIS). TRUE PRIM- 
 ROSE, has leaves somewhat hairy beneath, and the large flowers rising on 
 slender pedicels from their axils, the proper scapes not developed ; corolla 
 flat, sulphur-yellow. 
 
 P. officinalis, Jacq. (or P. VERIS). ENGLISH COWSLIP. Somewhat 
 pubescent with minute, pale down, scapes bearing the umbels above the 
 leaves, much smaller flowers of deeper color, and the limb of corolla 
 rather concave or cup-like, the throat commonly orange. The sorts of 
 POLYANTHUS are cultivated varieties, with flowers enlarged, of various 
 colors, or party-colored, often more or less double. 
 
 +- i- Hardy or half hardy, with small calyx shorter than the tube of the 
 corolla, and smaller leaves. 
 
 ** Leaves cordate-ovate, hairy. 
 
 P. cortusoJdes, Linn. Leaves soft, with doubly dentate margins ; 
 scapes tall (8'-16') and hairy, bearing an umbel of deep rose-colored 
 flowers on slender pedicels 1' or 2' long, the flowers Phlox-like, with 
 broadly obcordate petals. Russia to Japan. 
 
 ** " Leaves oblong or obovate, not hairy. 
 
 P. denticulate, Smith. Low, with a cluster of radical tongue-shaped or 
 spatulate denticulate or nearly entire leaves, and a capitate cluster of 
 small, bright lilac flowers, the narrow petals deeply notched. China and 
 India. 
 
 P. Auricula, Linn. AURICULA. Of S. Eu. ; low, with sessile leaves, 
 and scape bearing a few fragrant flowers, these pale yellow, with varie- 
 ties white, purple, or of various hues, sometimes full double, and smooth 
 and thick obovate leaves, mostly covered with some fine mealiness ; petals 
 broad, obcordate. Well-known garden plant, scarcely hardy N. 
 
 3. DODECATHEON. (Fanciful name, from Greek for twelve gods.) H 
 
 D. Meadia, Linn. SHOOTING STAR, AMERICAN COWSLIP. In rich 
 open woods from Penn., S., and especially W., and cult, for ornament;
 
 PRIMROSE FAMILY. 275 
 
 smooth, with a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves around the base of a 
 simple scape, 6'-2 high, which has an umbel of several or many hand- 
 some rose-purple or often white flowers nodding on the slender pedicels, 
 becoming erect in fruit ; flowers late spring. 
 
 4. CYCLAMEN. (Classical name for the wild plant of Eu. called 
 SOWBREAD.) Cult, in this country as house plants for winter flower- 
 ing. Flowers rose-colored, pink, or white, nodding on the apex of the 
 sfcalk, the reflexed lobes turned upwards. ^ 
 
 C. Europium, Linn. Conn l'-2' in diameter, sending up heart-shaped, 
 thick, sometimes angled leaves, often marked with white above and crim- 
 son-purple or violet beneath, on slender petioles, and fragrant flowers with 
 open throat and oval or oblong divisions, the flower stalks coiled up after 
 flowering so as to bring the pod to the ground to ripen. 
 
 C. latifdlium, Sibth. & Smith (or C. PERSICUM), is more tender and 
 not fragrant, with longer and lanceolate divisions and less open throat to 
 the corolla, the flower stalks not coiling after blossoming. 
 
 5. TRIENTALIS, CHICKWEED WINTERGREEN. (From Latin 
 for the third part of a foot, the usual height of the European 
 species.) 2Z 
 
 T. Americana, Pursh. AMERICAN C. or STAR FLOWER. In open low 
 woods, especially N. ; a pretty plant, the stem bearing a few scales below, 
 and at top a whorl of long, lanceolate leaves tapering to both ends ; also 
 2 or 3 slender-stalked delicate flowers with taper-pointed petals, in spring. 
 
 6. STEIRONEMA. (Greek : sterile thread, in reference to the stami- 
 nodia.) Leafy-stemmed, flowering in summer. 2/ 
 
 * Leaves broad, ovate, or lance-ovate. 
 
 S. ciliatum, Raf. Low thickets ; with erect stems 2-3 high, oppo- 
 site dotless leaves lance-ovate with rounded or heart-shaped ciliate base 
 and on fringed petioles, flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the 
 upper axils, light-yellow corolla not streaked or dotted, the lobes round- 
 ovate and wavy margined or denticulate, little longer than the sepals. 
 
 S. radicans, Gray, resembles the foregoing, but stems or branches 
 reclined and rooting, and leaves and flowers smaller by half. Va., S. W. 
 
 * * Leaves lanceolate or narrower. 
 
 3. lanceolatum, Gray. Commonest W. and S., has oblong or linear 
 leaves, mostly narrowed into short and margined petioles. 
 
 3. longifdlium, Gray. From W. N. Y., W. and S., has similar but 
 deeper yellow flowers, and sessile linear blunt stem leaves of thicker 
 texture. 
 
 7. LYSIMACHIA, LOOSESTRIFE (which the name means in 
 Greek). Flowers summer. 2Z Low grounds. 
 
 * Plant erect. 
 - Flowers in an ample terminal leafy panicle ; the corolla not dotted. 
 
 L. vulgar! Si Linn. A rather stout downy plant, 2-3 high, with 
 oblong or lance-ovate leaves, 3 or 4 in a whorl ; flowers in panicles, and 
 monadelphous filaments. European species in waste and cultivated 
 grounds.
 
 276 SAPODILLA FAMILY. 
 
 *- 1- Flowers in a terminal spike-like raceme; the corolla blackish- 
 streaked. 
 
 L. stricta, Ait. Common N. and S. in bogs ; smooth, very leafy, 
 branching, with mostly opposite lanceolate, sessile, dark-dotted leaves 
 tapering to each end ; flowers on slender pedicels in a terminal long 
 raceme leafy at base, unequal filaments monadelphous, and lance-oblong 
 corolla lobes. 
 
 - -i- -t- Flowers on slender peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves 
 the corolla dark-streaked. 
 
 L. quadrif6lia, Linn. Sandy moist ground ; rather hairy, with ovate- 
 lanceolate sessile leaves, 4 (or 3-6) in a whorl, and ovate-oblong corolla 
 lobes. 
 
 - -t- <- *- Flowers in axillary spike-like short clusters; the corolla 
 purplish-dotted. 
 
 L. thyrsifldra, Linn. Wet swamps, N. ; smooth, with simple stem, 
 leafless at base, above with lanceolate sessile leaves, in the axils of 1 or 
 2 of them a short^peduncled oblong spike or cluster of small flowers, 
 having slender filaments and lance-linear mostly separate petals, and as 
 many little teeth between them. 
 
 * * Plant trailing. 
 
 L. nummularia, Linn. MONEYWORT. Creeping in damp garden grounds, 
 or running wild sometimes ; smooth, with opposite small round leaves, 
 and solitary pretty yellow flowers in their axils on short peduncles. 
 (Lessons, Fig. 199.) 
 
 8. ANAGALLIS, PIMPERNEL. (Old Greek name, meaning delight- 
 ful.} Low herbs of the Old World, flowering all summer. 
 
 A. arv6nsis, Linn. COMMON P. or POOR MAN'S WEATHER GLASS. 
 The small (red, purple, or white) flowers said to close at the approach of 
 rain ; in gardens and running wild in sandy fields ; spreading on the 
 ground, with pale ovate leaves, shorter than the peduncles, and rounded 
 petals fringed with minute glandular teeth. 
 
 A. c^RtJLEA of the gardens is a tender, mostly larger form of the pre- 
 ceding, with larger blue flowers. 
 
 9. SAMOLUS, WATER PIMPERNEL, BROOKWEED. (Old name, 
 of unknown meaning.) Flowers late summer. 11 
 
 S. Valerdndi, Linn., var. Americanus, Gray. Along rills and wet 
 places ; spreading, 6'-10' high, with obovate leaves, and very small flowers 
 on slender pedicels, which bear a bractlet at the middle, but no bract at 
 
 LXVIII. SAPOTACE^l, SAPODILLA FAMILY. 
 
 Mainly tropical trees or shrubs, with hard wood. Simple 
 and entire alternate leaves, mostly with milky juice, small and 
 perfect regular flowers, anthers turned outwards, erect ovules, 
 and bony-coated seeds. Eepresented S. by a few species of 
 
 1. BUMELIA. (Ancient name of an Ash.) Flowers small, white, or 
 whitish, in clusters in the axils of the leaves ; calyx 5-parted ; corolla 
 6-cleft, and with a pair of internal appendages between the lobea, 5
 
 STORAX FAMILY. 277 
 
 good stamens before them, and as many petal-like sterile ones or scales 
 alternating; ovary 5-celled, hairy; style 1, pointed; fruit cherry -like, 
 containing a single, large, stony-coated seed ; small trees or shrubs, with 
 branches often spiny, and deciduous but thickish leaves, entire. Flow- 
 ers summer ; fruit purple or blackish. Natives of river banks, etc. 
 
 B. lycioldes, Pers. SOUTHERN BUCKTHORN. Smooth, with obovate- 
 oblong or lance-wedge-shaped leaves, 2'-4' long, and greenish flowers. 
 Va., S. and W. 
 
 B. tdnax, Willd. Still more southern, has smaller leaves brown-silky 
 underneath, and a shorter white corolla. 
 
 B. Ianugin6sa, Pers. Dry soil from S. Illinois, S. ; has leaves rusty- 
 hairy or woolly beneath, and white corolla. 
 
 LXIX. EBENACKE, EBONY FAMILY. 
 
 Trees, with hard wood, no milky juice, alternate entire 
 leaves, from- 2 to 4 times as many stamens as there are lobes 
 to the corolla, several-celled ovary, with a single ovule hang- 
 ing in each cell, and edible berry with large, hard-coated seeds. 
 
 1. DIOSPYROS, PERSIMMON, DATE PLUM. (Greek: Jove's 
 grain or fruit.} Flowers polygamous or dioecious, the fertile ones 
 single in axils of leaves, the sterile smaller and often clustered ; calyx 
 and corolla each 4-6-lobed ; stamens about 16 in the sterile, 8 imper- 
 fect ones in the fertile flowers, inserted on the tube of the corolla ; 
 anthers turned inwards ; fruit edible when very ripe, plum-like, globu- 
 lar, surrounded at base by the persistent thickish calyx. Flowers early 
 
 D. Virgintena, Linn. COMMON P. S. N. Eng. to 111. and S. ; tree 
 20-60 high, with very hard blackish wood ; nearly smooth, thickish, ovate 
 leaves ; very short peduncles ; 4-parted calyx ; pale-yellow, 4-cleft corolla ; 
 4 styles, 2-lobed at tip ; 8-celled ovary, and plum-like fruit, green and very 
 acerb, but yellow, sweet, and eatable after frost. 
 
 D. K&ki, Linn. f. KAKI, JAPANESE P. Tree reaching 40 in height, 
 upright at first, but becoming spreading and crooked with age ; leaves 
 large, ovate-elliptic and acuminate, shining ; flowers small, greenish- 
 yellow ; fruit mostly very large, variable in shape and color. The chief 
 tree fruit of Japan, and now planted in the S. States. 
 
 LXX. STYRACACKE, STORAX FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, perfect flowers 
 with 4-8 petals more or less united at the base, and bearing 
 twice as many or indefinitely numerous partly monadelphous 
 or polyadelphous stamens, only one style, and a 1-5-celled 1- 
 5-seeded fruit. Ovules as many as 2 in each cell. Calyx in 
 ours coherent more or less with the 2-4-celled ovary.
 
 278 STORAX FAMILY. 
 
 t. 8TTEAX. Flowers from the axils of the leaves, white, showy, on drooping peduncles. 
 Calyx scarcely 5-toothed, its base cohersnt merely with the base of the 3-celled many, 
 ovnled ovary. Corolla open bell-shaped, mostly 5-parted, rather downy outside. 
 Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, with flat filaments monadelphous 
 at base, and linear anthers. Fruit dry, 1-celled, with usually only one globular hard- 
 coated seed at its base. 
 
 2. HALESIA.. Flowers in fascicles on hanging pedicels from the axils of the deciduous 
 leaves of the preceding year, white, showy. Calyx 4-toothed, the tube wholly cohe- 
 rent with the 2-^-ceUed ovary. Petals 4, or united into a bell-shaped corolla. Sta- 
 mens &-16 ; filaments monadelphous at the base ; anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in 
 each cell. Fruit large and dry, 2-4-winged, within bony or woody, and 1-4-celled, a 
 single seed filling each slender cell. 
 
 8. SYMPLOCOS. Flowers yellow, in the axils of the thickish leaves, not drooping. 
 Calyx 5-cleft, coherent with the lower part of the 8-celled ovary. Petals 5, broad, 
 nearly separate. Stamens very many in 5 clusters, one attached to the base of each 
 petal ; filaments very slender ; anthers very shprt. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, small 
 and dry. 
 
 1. STYRAX, STORAX. (The ancient Greek name.) Leaves, etc., 
 with some scurf or starry down. Shrubs, in low pine woods or bar- 
 rens, from Va., S. ; flowers late spring. 
 
 * Leaves prominently scurfy or tomentose beneath. 
 
 3. grandif61ia, Ait. Leaves obovate (2'-6' long), white downy be- 
 neath ; flowers mostly numerous in racemes. 
 
 S. pulverul^nta, Michx. Leaves oval or obovate, less than 2' long, 
 their lower face scurfy-downy ; flowers fragrant, few together or single. 
 
 * * Leaves glabrous, or nearly so, beneath. 
 
 3. Americana, Lam. Leaves oblong, almost glabrous, acute at both 
 ends ; flowers 2-4 together or single. 
 
 S. Japdnica, Sieb. & Zucc. Handsome small tree from Japan, now 
 planted, with waxy white bell-like flowers in loose racemes 1-4-flowered, 
 on the ends of the branches ; leaves ovate to lance-ovate, very acute, at 
 maturity perfectly glabrous. 
 
 2. HALESIA. SNOWDROP or SILVER-BELL TREE. (Named 
 for Stephan Hales, early writer of essays in vegetable physiology.) 
 Handsome tall shrubs or small trees, flowering in spring just as the 
 leaves -appear. 
 
 H. tetraptera, Linn. FOUR-WINGED H. Along streams from Va. 
 and 111., S., planted for ornament and hardy N. ; tall, smoothish, with 
 oblong, finely serrate leaves ; 4-lobed corolla ; 12-16 strongly monadel- 
 phous stamens, and 4-winged fruit. 
 
 H. diptera, Linn. TWO-WINGED H. Low country, Ga., S. ; has 
 coarsely serrate more downy oval leaves ; 4 nearly distinct petals (!' 
 long) ; 8-12 nearly distinct stamens, and 2-winged fruit. 
 
 3. SYMPLOCOS. (Greek: growing together, the stamens united.) 
 
 3. tinctdria, L'Her. SWEET LEAF, HORSE SUGAR. Shrub or small 
 tree, in rich ground, Del., S., with coriaceous, oblong, nearly entire, 
 almost evergreen leaves, pale beneath, and small odorous flowers in 
 close sessile bracted clusters. Leaves sweet-tasted, greedily eaten by 
 cattle.
 
 OLIVE FAMILY. 279 
 
 LXXI. OLEACKffi. OLIVE FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, chiefly smooth, without milky juice, dis- 
 tinguished among monopetalous plants with free ovary by the 
 regular flowers having stamens almost always 2, and always 
 fewer than the 4 (sometimes 5 or more) divisions of the 
 corolla, the ovary 2-celled and (except in Jasminum and For- 
 sythia) with one pair of ovules in each cell; style, if any, 
 only one, rarely 2-cleft. A few are nearly or quite polypetal- 
 ous; others apetalous. Leaves opposite, simple, or pinnate. 
 
 * Calyx and corolla with 5-8 lobes ; a single erect ovule and seed in each cell. 
 
 1. JASMINUM. Corolla salver-shaped, the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens 2, In- 
 
 cluded in the tube. Ovary and the berry-like fruit 2-lobed, 2-seeded. 
 
 * Calyx and corolla with the parts in fours, or sometimes (in Fraxinns) one or both 
 wanting. Ovules hanging, usually a pair in each cell, many in No. 2. Leaves 
 opposite, except accidentally. 
 
 -i- Leaves simple (trifoliolate in one of No. 2) , flowers perfect and complete. 
 H- Ovules and seeds numerous, or several in each cell of the ovary and pod. 
 
 2. FORSYTHIA. Corolla golden yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, the lobes convolute in the 
 
 bad. The 2 stamens and style short. Pod ovate. Leaves deciduous. 
 
 H- -H- Ovules a pair in each cell, but the seeds of ten fewer. 
 = Fruit a dry pod. 
 
 8. SYRINGA. Corolla salver-form, the lobes valvate in the bud, the tube mostly much 
 longer than the 4-toothed calyx. Pod 4-seeded, flattened contrary to the narrow parti- 
 tion, 2-valved, the valves almost conduplicate. Seeds slightly wing-margined. Leaves 
 deciduous. _ ^ Fruitfleshyt berry . uke , 
 
 4. LIGUSTRUM. Corolla short funnel-form, with spreading ovate obtuse lobes, valvate 
 
 In the bud, white. Fruit a 1^-seeded black berry. Leaves firm and thickish, but 
 deciduous. 
 
 5. OLEA. Corolla white, short, bell-shaped, or deeply cleft into 4 spreading lobes, which 
 
 are valvate in the bud. Fruit a drupe, the hard stone often becoming 1-celled and 
 1-seeded. Leaves evergreen. 
 
 6. OSMANTHUS. Distinguished from Olea chiefly by the imbricated aestivation of the 
 
 corolla. Flowers small, in axillary fascicles or racemes. Stigma small. Leaves 
 mostly deciduous. 
 
 7. CHIOXANTHUS. Corolla white, 4-parted, or of 4 very long and narrow linear petals 
 
 slightly or scarcely united at their base ; to which the 2 (rarely 3 or even 4 in cultiva- 
 tion) very short stamens barely adhere. Fruit a fleshy and globular drupe, the stone 
 becoming 1-celled and commonly 1-seeded. Leaves deciduous. 
 
 + -t- Leaves pinnate ; flowers polygamous or dioecious, in most species apetalous, ap- 
 pearing in advance of the foliage. 
 
 8. FRAXIHTJS. Calyx small, sometimes obsolete or wholly wanting. Petals 4, 2, or 
 
 none. Anthers large. Fruit a simple samara or key (Lessons, Fig. 389), usually 
 becoming 1-celled and 1-seeded. Leaves deciduous.
 
 280 OLIVE FAMILY. 
 
 1. JASMINUM, JESSAMINE. (From the Arabic name.) Culti- 
 vated for ornament, from the Old World, all tender and house plants 
 except at the South. Flowers fragrant. 
 
 * Flowers yellow ; leaves commonly alternate and compound. 
 
 J. odoratissimum, Linn. COMMON SWEET YELLOW J., from Madeira ; 
 smooth, twining ; leaflets 3 or 5, ovate ; peduncles terminal, few- 
 flowered. 
 
 J. hum He, Linn, (or J. REVoLtrruM), from S. Asia; not twining, has 
 mostly 3-7 leaflets, and more numerous and fragrant flowers, !' wide. 
 
 * * Flowers yellow; leaves opposite, but usually falling before the flowers 
 appear. 
 
 J. nudifldrum, Lindl. Branches green and angled ; leaves small and 
 ternate, falling in autumn, after which the yellow scentless flowers 
 appear. China. 
 
 * * * Flowers white ; leaves opposite. 
 
 J. officinale, Linn. COMMON WHITE J. From the East ; has striate- 
 angled branches scarcely twining, about 7 oblong or lance-ovate leaflets, 
 a terminal cyme of very fragrant flowers, and calyx teeth slender. 
 
 J. grandiflbrum, Linn. From India ; has 7 or 9 oval leaflets, the upper- 
 most confluent, larger and fewer flowers than the foregoing, reddish 
 outside. 
 
 J. S6mbac, Sol. From tropical India; scarcely climbing, pubescent; 
 leaves simple, ovate, or heart-shaped ; flowers in small close clusters ; 
 calyx teeth about 8, slender, the rounded lobes of the corolla as many ; 
 flowers simple or double, very fragrant, especially at evening. 
 
 2. FORSYTHIA. (Named for W. A. Forsyth, an English botanist.) 
 Ornamental shrubs, from China and Japan, with flowers from separate 
 lateral buds, preceding the serrate leaves, in early spring. 
 
 F. viridissima, Lindl. A vigorous shrub, with strong and mostly erect 
 yellowish angled green branches, covered in early spring with abundant 
 showy yellow flowers ; calyx lobes half the length of the corolla tube ; 
 lobes of the corolla narrow-oblong and widely spreading ; style as long as 
 the tube of the corolla and twice as long as the stamens ; leaves all 
 simple, lance-oblong, deep green. 
 
 F. suspensa, Vahl. (F. FoRTtNi). Shrub with long and slender, weak, 
 nearly terete branches, some of them reclining ; flowers yellow, with 
 corolla lobes longer, wider, more obtuse, and more spreading than in 
 the preceding; style half shorter than the corolla tube and stamens; 
 leaves simple and trifoliolate, often on the same bush (if compound, 
 the lateral leaflets small), broadly ovate. Branches bearing corky dot- 
 like elevations. Often treated as a climber. Less common than the 
 other. 
 
 3. SYRINGA, LILAC. (From Greek word for tube, alluding either to 
 the tubular corolla or to the twigs, used for pipe-stems.) Familiar 
 ornamental tall shrubs, from the Old World, with scaly buds in the 
 axils of the leaves, but hardly ever a terminal one (so that there is only 
 a pair at the tip of a branch), entire leaves on slender petioles, and 
 crowded compound panicles or thyrsus of mostly fragrant flowers, hi 
 spring. The name Syringa is often applied to the Philadelphus (see 
 p. 168).
 
 OLIVE FAMILY. 281 
 
 * Tube of the corolla long and slender ; flowers normally purple, but 
 
 running into white varieties. 
 
 +- Leaves green on both sides. 
 *+ Base of leaves broad, cordate or deltoid. 
 
 S. vulgaris, Linn. COMMON L. Common bush, with ovate and more 
 or less heart-shaped leaves, and lobes of corolla moderately spreading and 
 concave or boat-shaped ; flowers lilac or pale- violet (and a white variety), 
 appearing after the leaves. Nurserymen offer many forms. E. Eu. 
 
 5. oblata, Lindl. Stout hardy shrub, with thick leaves, flowering a 
 week or more before the last ; leaves broadly cordate or deltoid, sharply 
 acuminate ; flower cluster short and broad, the flowers large and appear- 
 ing as the leaves unfold ; lobes of the corolla round and flat. China, but 
 unknown wild ; possibly an offshoot of the preceding. 
 
 *-* f* Base of the leaves narrower or tapering. 
 
 S. ChinSnsis, Willd. (S. ROTHOMAGENSIS). ROUEN L. Apparently a 
 hybrid between the first and the next; cult, in China, whence it may 
 have been derived ; leaves ovate, contracted at the base (or occasionally 
 rounded) ; lobes of the corolla obtuse and sometimes mucronate, spread- 
 ing, the margins inflexed ; lax clusters of reddish (or white) flowers very 
 large and numerous. A hardy and showy plant. 
 
 S. Persica, Linn. PERSIAN L. Slender and open in habit, with lance- 
 ovate leaves, and loose clusters of lilac-purple, or paler, or sometimes 
 white flowers, border of the corolla with ovate slightly spreading inflexed 
 lobes, the tube very slender ; pods linear. Later than the common Lilac. 
 W. Asia. ^_ ^ Leaves whitish beneath . 
 
 S. K/7/dscr, Vahl. Vigorous and hardy ; leaves broadly ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, contracted into a short and stout grooved petiole, with rough 
 margins and prominent veins, the underside (especially the veins) fur- 
 nished with scattering long hairs ; thyrse long and often interrupted ; 
 tube of the pale corolla 4 times the length of the calyx ; corolla lobes 
 erect or spreading, with inflexed margins. Blooms two weeks later than 
 the common Lilac, but less fragrant. N. China. 
 
 S. Josikcea, Jacq. JOSIKA L. Leaves mostly narrower than in the 
 last, and not villous below. Now commonly cult, for its vigorous growth, 
 handsome shining foliage, and late lilac flowers, but unknown wild (all 
 
 Slants in cultivation having sprung from a plant discovered in Hungary 
 y Baroness von Josika), and perhaps derived from the last. 
 
 * * Tube of the corolla very short; flowers white. 
 
 S. Amurensis, Rupr. (S. LIGUSTRINA and S. PEKINENSIS). Hardy 
 shrub, with leaves ovate or oblong, and either obtuse or acuminate, con- 
 tracted into a long grooved petiole, pale but smooth beneath ; thyrse 
 compact ; tube of the corolla included in the smooth calyx, the lobes 
 obtuse ; fragrant. Also a weeping variety. Mandshuria and Japan. 
 
 S. Japdnica, Maxim. Leaves broadly ovate and sharply acuminate, 
 dark green and glossy, leathery, rounded or slightly cuneate at the base, 
 villous beneath ; calyx slightly pubescent, including the tube of the 
 creamy-white corolla. Flowers very late. Japan. 
 
 4. LIGUSTRUM, PRIVET or PRIM. (Classical Latin name.) Shrubs 
 of Old World, planted for ornament, with short-petioled entire leaves 
 and panicles of small flowers, in early summer. 
 
 * Inflorescence spiciform on the ends of lateral branchlets ; calyx hairy. 
 L. Ibbta, Sieb. (L. AMURENSE). Japan and China. Flowers white, 
 
 slender, the tube three times as long as the calyx ; leaves elliptic or
 
 282 OLIVE FAMILY. 
 
 ovate-elliptic, the midrib below (like the branchlets and pedicels) hairy ; 
 fruit shining black. 
 
 * * Inflorescence thyrsoid or paniculate and mostly terminal; calyx 
 
 smooth, or nearly so. 
 
 L vu/gare, Linn. PRIVET, PRIM. Flowers white (fading reddish) in 
 an ordinary Lilac-like thyrse ; the corolla tube flaring and about twice 
 as long as the small calyx ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate ; fruit black. Much 
 used for low hedges and run wild E. Eu. 
 
 L. Japdnicum, Thunb. (L. CALIFORNICUM, L. ovALiF6nuM, and 
 CALIFORNIAN PRIVET). Strong hardy shrub from Japan and China; 
 cult, for its handsome long-persistent foliage and abundant white flow- 
 ers ; leaves oval ; flowers several to many on slender short branchlets of 
 an elongated panicle ; the corolla tube slender and 3 or 4 times as long 
 as the rather loose truncate calyx. 
 
 5. OLEA, OLIVE. (The classical Latin name.) Flowers small, and 
 in small panicles or corymbs, in spring. 
 
 0. Europcea, Linn. OLIVE of the Levant, planted far S. and on the 
 Pacific coast ; tree with lanceolate or lance-oblong pale entire leaves, 
 whitish-scurfy beneath, and oblong edible oily fruit. 
 
 6. OSMANTHUS. (Greek : perfume and flower.) 
 
 0. fragrans, Lour. Cult, in greenhouses from China, under the name 
 of OLEA FRA.GRANS ; shrub with very fragrant white flowers, and thickish 
 ovate or obovate veiny, often denticulate, smooth leaves. 
 
 O. Americinua, Benth. & Hook. DEVILWOOD. Wild along the 
 coast from N. Car., S. ; small tree, with lance-oblong and entire very 
 smooth green leaves (3'-6' long), and spherical dark-purple fruit. 
 
 7. CHIONANTHUS, FRINGE TREE. (Name of the Greek words 
 for snow and blossom, from the very light and loose panicles of droop- 
 ing snow-white flowers.) 
 
 C. Virglnica, Linn. River banks from Penn., S., and planted for 
 ornament ; shrub or low tree, with entire, oval, or obovate leaves (3'-5' 
 long), the lower surface often rather downy ; loose panicles of flowers in 
 late spring or early summer; petals 1' long, and fruit blue-purple with 
 a bloom. 
 
 8. FRAXINUS, ASH. (Classical Latin name.) Timber trees, with 
 light and tough wood, dark-colored buds, and small insignificant flow- 
 ers appearing in spring with or rather before the leaves of the season, 
 from separate buds in the axils of the leaves of the preceding year. 
 
 * Petals present ; flowers polygamous. 
 
 F. O'rnus, Linn. FLOWERING ASH of S. Eu., the tree which furnishes 
 manna, not hardy N., sometimes planted S. ; petals 4, either distinct or 
 slightly united, or sometimes only 2, narrow, greenish ; leaflets 5-9, 
 lanceolate or oblong, small. 
 
 * * Petals wanting ; flowers generally dioecious (or polygamous in the last). 
 
 t- Lateral leaflets stalked ; calyx evident. 
 
 *+ Fruit terete at the base, winged from the other end (Lessons, Fig. 389) ; 
 leaflets 7-9, or sometimes 5, either sparingly toothed or entire. 
 
 F. Americana, Linn. WHITE ASH. Large forest tree of low grounds, 
 furnishing valuable timber ; with ash-gray branches, smooth stalks, ovate
 
 DOGBANE FAMILY. 283 
 
 or lance-oblong pointed leaflets, either pale or downy beneath ; and rather 
 short fruit with a terete marginless body and a "lanceolate or wedge-linear 
 wing. 
 
 F. pubescens. Lam. RED ASH. Common E. and S. ; known by its 
 velvety-pubescent young shoots and leafstalks, and fruit with its flattish 
 2-edged seed-bearing body acute at the base, the edges gradually dilated 
 into the lance-linear or oblanceolate wing. 
 
 F. viridis, Michx. GREEN ASH. Glabrous throughout, with leaves 
 bright green on both sides ; fruit much as in the last ; a small tree, most 
 common W. and S. 
 
 ** *+ Fruit flat and winged all round ; leaflets mostly green both sides and 
 serrate. 
 
 F. quadrangulata, Michx. BLUE ASH. Large forest tree W., yield- 
 ing valuable wood ; with square branchlete, 5-9 ovate veiny leaflets on 
 short stalks, and narrowly oblong fruits. 
 
 F. platycarpa, Michx. CAROLINA WATER ASH. River swamps, Va., 
 S. ; small tree, with terete branchlets, 5-7 ovate or oblong short-stalked 
 leaflets acute at both ends, and broadly winged (sometimes 3-winged) 
 fruits, oblong with a tapering base. 
 
 -i- -i- Lateral leaflets sessile ; calyx absent ; fruit winged all round. 
 
 F. sambucifblia, Lam. BLACK ASH. Small tree in swamps N., S. 
 to Va. and Mo., with tough wood separable in layers, used for hoops and 
 coarse baskets ; the bruised leaves with the scent of Elder ; smooth ; 
 leaflets 7-11, sessile on the main stalk, oblong-lanceolate tapering to a 
 point ; calyx none, at least in the fertile flowers ; fruits linear-oblong. 
 
 F. excelsior, Linn. ENGLISH or EUROPEAN ASH. Hardy fine tree, 
 with bright green, lance-oblong, serrate leaflets ; fruit flat, linear-oblong. 
 The WEEPING ASH is a variety or sport of this. 
 
 LXXII. APOCYNACKE, DOGBANE FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous or woody plants, known mainly by the milky 
 acrid juice, opposite (sometimes whorled) simple and entire 
 leaves, without stipules, and regular monopetalous flowers 
 with 5's in the calyx, corolla, and stamens, the lobes of the 
 corolla convolute or twisted in the bud, the anthers conniving 
 around the stigma or often adhering somewhat to it, ordinary 
 pollen, filaments separate, the 2 free ovaries commonly sepa- 
 rate, but often the styles and always the stigmas, united into 
 one. The ovaries also are often united into one, the juice in 
 several (as of Periwinkle and Oleander) is not at all or slightly 
 milky, and one of our genera has alternate leaves. Some are 
 ornamental in cultivation ; many are acrid poisonous. There 
 is commonly a ring, membrane, or other appendage on the 
 style below the stigma, to which the anthers are apt to adhere. 
 
 Shrubs cult, for ornament, natives of warm climates ; leaves often whorled. 
 1. ALLAMANDA. Corolla large, yellow, with short tube abruptly expanded into cylindrical 
 bell-shaped or funnel-form, the 5 lobes broad and rounded. Stamens at the summit
 
 284 DOGBANE FAMILY. 
 
 of the proper tube or throat, alternate and conniving with as many 2-parted narrow 
 scales. Ovary one and 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae, becoming a prickly pod. 
 Style slender. Seeds naked. 
 
 2. NERIUM. Corolla salver-form or the long tube narrow funnel-form, the throat crowned 
 with 5 slender-toothed scales. Stamens on the middle of the tube ; anthers 2-tailed 
 at base and tapering at the apex into a long hairy, twisted, awn-like appendage. Style 
 1. Ovaries 2, forming pods. Seeds tufted. 
 
 * * Herbs or scarcely woody plants, not twiners ; bark usually abounding with tough 
 fibers ; ovaries 2, becoming many-seeded pods in fruit. 
 
 +- Leaves alternate, very numerous. 
 
 8, AMSONIA. Corolla salver-shaped or the slender tube somewhat funnel-form, bearded 
 inside, without appendages at the throat, the lobes long and linear. Stamens inserted 
 on and included in the tube ; anthers blunt at both ends. Style 1, slender. Pods 
 long (4 '-6 ) and slender. Seeds cylindrical, abrupt at both ends, with no tuft. Up- 
 right herbs, with terminal panided cymes of bluish flowers. 
 
 4. VTNCA. Corolla salver-shaped, or the tube funnel-form, the throat narrow and naked. 
 
 Stamens inserted on the upper part or middle of the tube ; filaments short. Style 1, 
 slender. Pods rather short. Seeds abrupt at each end, naked, rough. The hardy 
 species trail or creep. 
 
 5. APOCYNUM. Corolla bell-shaped, crowned with 5 triangular appendages in the throat. 
 
 Stamens attached to the very base of the corolla. Style none. A large ovate stigma 
 unites the tips of the 2 ovaries, which in fruit form long and slender pods. Seeds 
 with a long tuft of silky down at one end. Upright or ascending herbs, with small 
 pale or white flowers in terminal cymes or corymbs, and very tough fibrous bark. 
 
 * * * More or less woody-stemmed twiners, with opposite leaves. 
 
 6. MANDEVILLA. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, naked in the throat. Filaments 
 
 very short Style 1. Ovaries 2, becoming 2 long terete pods. Seeds with a downy 
 tuft. Flowers large and showy. 
 
 7. TBACHELOSPERMUM. Corolla funnel-form, nearly as in Mandevffla, but the flower 
 
 small, and filaments slender. 
 
 1. ALLAMANDA. (Named for Dr. F. Allemand, who discovered 
 the common species in Guiana.) Greenhouses, often half -climbing. 
 
 * Corolla tube contracted below into a long stem-like base. 
 
 A. cathartica, Linn. A showy shrub of the conservatory, with bright 
 green, oblong, thinnish and acute glabrous leaves on very short petioles 
 and in whorls of 4, and golden-yellow flowers 2.J'-3' long. Guiana. 
 
 A. ndbilis, Moore. Flowers very large (4'-5' across) and rich, clear 
 yellow, the limb circular in outline; leaves in 3's or 4's, large and 
 abruptly acuminate, on very short petioles, hairy on both sides or at 
 least on the midrib beneath. Brazil. 
 
 A. Hendersdni, Bull. Flowers large and pale yellow, with darker 
 veins; leaves large, elliptic-obovate, shining and glabrous, thick and 
 leathery, in 4's. Guiana. 
 
 A. Schdttii, Pohl. Flowers large and yellow, the throat striped 
 with dark brown ; leaves oblong and glabrous, in 4's. Tall, suited to 
 roofs. Brazil. 
 
 * * Corolla with a short club-shaped or bulb-like base. 
 
 A. neriifdfia, Hook. Erect, glabrous shnib, with oblong or elliptic 
 sharply acuminate, nearly sessile leaves, in 3's-5's ; flowers rather small, 
 funnel-bell-shaped, golden-yellow, and streaked with orange. S. Amer.
 
 DOGBANE FAMILY. 285 
 
 2. NEHIUM, OLEANDER. (The ancient Greek and Latin name.) 
 Leaves coriaceous, rigid, closely and transversely veiny. Flowers 
 showy, in terminal cymes, in summer, deep rose-color, or with white 
 varieties, either single or double. 
 
 M. Oleander, Linn. The OLEANDER of common house culture, from 
 the Levant ; leaves lanceolate ; appendage surmounting the anthers 
 scarcely protruding ; flowers large, scentless, with trifid or cuspidate 
 segments to the crown. 
 
 N. oddrum, Soland. SWEET 0. Less cult., from India, more tender ; 
 leaves linear-lanceolate ; appendage of the anthers protruding ; flowers 
 fragrant, with multifid crown segments. 
 
 3. AMSONIA. (Named for Mr. Charles Amson.) Low grounds 
 chiefly S.; very leafy, 2-3 high, smooth or somewhat hairy, with 
 rather small flowers, in late spring. 2Z 
 
 A. Tabernaemontana, Walt. Leaves varying from ovate or lance- 
 ovate to lanceolate, acute at each end, pale beneath. Ind. and HI., S. 
 
 A. angustif6lia, Michx. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, the mar- 
 gins and mostly the stems beset with some scattered bristles. N. C., S. 
 
 4. VINCA, PERIWINKLE. (Lathi name, of obscure meaning.) # 
 
 1. TRUE PERIWINKLES, cult, from Europe, hardy or nearly so, smooth, 
 trailing over the ground or creeping, only the short-flowering stems as- 
 cending, with blue (or by variation white) flowers solitary in the axils, 
 in spring or early summer. 
 
 V. minor, Linn. COMMON PERIWINKLE. In all country gardens, and 
 running wild in cemeteries and shady places ; spreading freely by the 
 creeping sterile stems, evergreen, with ovate or oblong-ovate shining 
 leaves, barely \\< long, and almost truncate wedge-shaped lobes to the 
 corolla; flowers "early spring. Many horticultural varieties, some with 
 variegated foliage. Sometimes, but erroneously, called MYRTLE. 
 
 V. major, Linn. Not quite hardy N., a variety with variegated leaves 
 much cultivated in greenhouses ; larger than the first species and leaves 
 cordate-ovate and (like the calyx) ciliate ; lobes of corolla obovate. 
 
 V. herbacea, Wald. & Kit. Less evergreen than the first ; stems reclin- 
 ing and rooting ; leaves lance-oblong, revolute ; lobes of the more purple- 
 blue corolla oblong-obovate ; flowers late spring. 
 
 2. Tropical erect, somewhat woody at base ; flowers produced all the 
 season. 
 
 V. rdsea. Linn. House and bedding plant from West Indies, and 
 also growing in S. Fla., where it is possibly native ; leaves oblong-petioled, 
 veiny ; showy corolla with slender tube and very narrow orifice, rose- 
 purple, or white, with or without a pink eye. 
 
 5. APOCYNTJM, DOGBANE (to which the name in Greek refers), 
 INDIAN HEMP, from the use made of the bark. Flowers summer. % 
 
 A. androseemif6lium, Linn. Along thickets, mostly N.; branches 
 forking and widely spreading ; leaves ovate, petioled ; corolla open, 
 bell-shaped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the ovate 
 calyx lobes. 
 
 A. cannabinum, Linn. COMMON INDIAN HEMP. Gravelly or wet 
 banks of streams ; branches more erect ; leaves oblong, lance-oblong, 
 ovate, or slightly heart-shaped; flowers more crowded and erect; lobes 
 of the corolla little spreading, the tube about the length of the lanceolate 
 calyx lobes. 
 
 / 
 *
 
 286 MILKWEED FAMILY. 
 
 6. MANDEVILLA. (H. J. Mandeville, British minister at Buenos 
 Ayres.) Plants from the warm parts of America, one not rare as a 
 conservatory climber. 
 
 M. suaveolens, Lindl. (EcnlxEs SUAVEOLENS.) CHILE JESSAMINE. 
 Slender, woody-stemmed, tall twiner, with thin, oblong or ovate heart- 
 shaped, pointed, opposite leaves, and slender peduncles bearing a few 
 racemed very fragrant flowers, the white corolla with ample 5-lobed 
 border, 2' broad. 
 
 7. TRACHELOSFERMUM. (Greek: neck, seed.} 1}. 
 
 T. diftdrme, Gray. Low grounds from Va. S. and W., is a barely 
 woody twiner, the flowering branches herbaceous and downy ; leaves 
 thin, oval-lanceolate, pointed, or sometimes linear, narrowed into a petiole ; 
 flowers ' long, in cymes, greenish-yellow, all summer. 
 
 7". (or RHYNCHOSPERMUM) jasminoldes, Lem. Handsome greenhouse 
 climber from China ; leaves thick, ovate, acute and entire and often revo- 
 lute; flowers white and very fragrant, in a straggling cyme or panicle. 
 
 LXXm. ASCLEPIADACKffi, MILKWEED FAMILY. 
 
 Plants with milky juice, leaves, pistils, fruits, and seeds 
 nearly as in the preceding family ; but the anthers more con- 
 nected with the stigma, their pollen collected into firm waxy 
 or granular masses (mostly 10), the short filaments (monadel- 
 phous except in the last genus) commonly bearing curious 
 appendages behind the anthers, forming what is called a crown, 
 and the corolla more commonly valvate in the bud. The flowers 
 are rather too difficult for the beginner readily to understand 
 throughout. For a particular study of them the Manual must 
 be used. 
 
 1. Erect herbs, with ordinary foliage, and deeply 5-parted calyx and corolla,. Flowers 
 in simple umbels. Fruit a pair of pods (foihcles) containing numerous flat 
 seeds furnished with a coma (Lessons, Fig. 417) or long tuft of soft down at one 
 end. 
 
 1. ASCLEPIA8. Corolla reflexed. Stamens with their short filaments monadelphous In 
 
 a ring or tube, bearing behind each anther a curious erect and hood-like or ear-like 
 appendage, with a horn projecting out of the inside of it ; the 5 broad anthers closely 
 surrounding and partly adhering to the very thick stigma, a membranous appendage 
 at their tip inflected over it Each of the 2 cells of the anther has a firm waxy pear- 
 shaped pollen mass in it ; and the two adjacent masses from two contiguous anthers 
 are suspended by a stalk from a dark gland ; these 5 glands, borne on the margin of 
 the flat top of the stigma, stick to the legs of insects, and are carried off, each gland 
 taking with it 2 pollen masses, the whole somewhat resembling a pair of saddle bags. 
 Leaves mostly opposite. 
 
 2. A8CLEPIODORA. Differs from Asclepias in having the lobes of the corolla ascending 
 
 or spreading, and the hoods without horns and widely spreading and somewhat in- 
 curved and slipper-shaped, the cavity divided at the apex by a crest-like partition. 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 8. ACKEATE8. Like Asclepias, but no horn or crest in the hoods or ear-like appendages, 
 and the flowers always greenish. Leaves generally alternate.
 
 MILKWEED FAMILY. 287 
 
 $ 2. Twining or half-scandent plants with ordinary foliage ; pod and seeds nearly as 
 
 in Asclepias. 
 
 Anthers with their hanging pollen masses nearly as Asclepias ; pods smooth and 
 even. 
 
 4. ENSLENIA. Calyx and corolla 5-parted, the divisions lance-ovate and nearly erect. 
 
 The 5 appendages of the filaments are in the form of membranaceous leaflets, each 
 bearing a pair of awns on their truncate tip. Herb. 
 
 5. VINCETOXICUM. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. A flat and fleshy 5-10-lobed disk 
 
 or crown in place of the hoods of Asclepias. Herbs. 
 
 6. CYNANCHUM. Differs from the above chiefly in having 5 scales or ligules in the 
 
 sinuses of the crown. 
 * * The 10 pollen masses horizontal, fixed in pairs to 5 glands of the stigma. 
 
 7. GONOLOBUS. Corolla wheel-shaped ; a fleshy and wavy-lobed ring or crown in Its 
 
 throat. 
 
 * * * The 10 short pollen masses fixed by their base in pairs to the 5 glands of the 
 stigma, and erect. Shrubby plants, of tropical regions. 
 
 8. HOTA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, thick and wax-like in appearance. Crown of 
 
 5 thick and depressed fleshy appendages radiating from the central column. 
 
 9. 8TEPHANOTIS. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube including the stamens, crown, etc., 
 
 In its somewhat swollen base, the 5 ovate lobes convolute in the bud. Crown of 5 
 thin erect appendages. Stigma conical. 
 
 * Anthers distinct, the 5 pollen masses each composed of 4 small granular masses 
 united, and applied directly to the glands of the stigma without any stalk. 
 Shrubby twiners. 
 
 10. PEEIPLOCA. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, the divisions hairy on the upper face; 
 
 alternate with them are the 5 small, thick scales, each bearing a bristle-shaped ap- 
 pendage. Filaments distinct, bearing anthers of more ordinary appearance than in 
 the rest of this family. Stigma hemispherical. Pods smooth. 
 
 3. Fleshy low plants, Cactus-like, with only small fleshy scales or teeth in place of 
 leaves, on the angles of the thickened stems or branches. 
 
 11. 8TAPELIA. Flowers large, lurid, solitary, lateral. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, 
 
 wheel-shaped ; within is a crown formed of two rings of short appendages or lobes. 
 Masses of waxy pollen 10, erect. 
 
 1. ASCLEPIAS, MILKWEED, SILKWEED. (The Greek name of 
 jEsculapias, father of medicine. ) Flowering in summer. 2Z 
 
 * flowers bright orange or red ; pods naked. 
 - Leaves irregularly alternate. 
 
 A. tuberdsa, Linn. BUTTERFLY WEED, PLEURISY ROOT. Dry hills ; 
 milky juice hardly any ; stems and mostly scattered linear or lance-oblong 
 leaves hairy ; flowers bright orange. 
 
 *- - Leaves opposite. 
 
 A. Curassavica, Linn. Wild far S., and sparingly cult, from S. Amer., 
 as a house and bedding plant ; nearly smooth ; leaves lanceolate ; umbels 
 long-peduncled ; corolla scarlet-red, the hoods orange. 
 
 A. paupe'rcula, Michx. Wet barrens from N. J., S. ; tall, smooth, 
 with long lance-linear leaves, one or more few-flowered umbels raised on 
 long peduncle, and red corolla with bright orange hoods. 
 
 A. rubra, Linn. Smooth, with lance-ovate, gradually taper-pointed 
 leaves, a few many-flowered umbels on a long naked peduncle, and 
 purple-red flowers. Low barrens from N. J., S.
 
 288 MILKWEED FAMILY. 
 
 * * Flowers pink or light rose-purple ; leaves all opposite ; pods naked. 
 A. incarnata, Linn. Wet grounds ; very leafy, branching stems, 
 lanceolate or lance-oblong acute leaves, often slightly heart-shaped at the 
 base ; smooth or smoothish, or in var. pulchra, pubescent and the leaves 
 very short-petioled. 
 
 * * * Flowers dull purplish, greenish, or white. 
 
 - Stems branching, almost woody at base; leaves all opposite; pods 
 naked. 
 
 A. per^nnis, Walt. Nearly smooth ; leaves lanceolate or lance-ovate, 
 slender-petioled ; flowers small, white; seeds mostly without a tuft. 
 S. Ind. and S. 
 
 t- -i- Stems simple ; leaves all opposite and closely sessile or clasping by a 
 heart-shaped base, the apex rounded or notched; plants smooth, pale or 
 glaucous ; pods naked. 
 
 A. obtusiffclia, Michx. 2-3 high, the rather remote, broadly oblong 
 leaves wavy ; umbel mostly solitary, long-peduncled ; flowers pretty 
 large, greenish-purplish. Sandy soils. 
 
 A. amplexicafclis, Michx. Dry barrens N. Car., S.; stems reclining, 
 l-2 high, very leafy ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped ; umbels several, short- 
 peduncled ; corolla ash-colored, the hoods white. 
 
 *- - H- Stems simple or nearly so, leafy to the top ; leaves all opposite, 
 ovate, oval, or oblong, pretty large, short-petf jled ; umbels lateral and 
 terminal ; flowers $' long or nearly so. 
 
 ++ Pods beset with soft prickle-shaped or warty projections. 
 
 A. Cornuti, Decaisne. COMMON MILKWEED of fields and low grounds 
 N. ; downy, or the large pale leaves soon smooth above ; flowers dull 
 greenish-purplish. 
 
 M- -M- Pods even, but usually minutely downy. 
 
 A. phytolaccoldes, Pursh. POKE MILKWEED. Moist grounds N. and 
 W., S. to Ga. ; smooth or smoothish, 3-5 high ; leaves large, pointed or 
 acute at both ends ; umbels loose, the long pedicels (l'-3') equaling the 
 peduncle ; corolla greenish, but the more conspicuous hoods white. 
 
 A. purpurascens, Linn. l-3 high , leaves downy beneath, smooth 
 above, the upper taper-pointed ; pedicels of the rather loose umbel shorter 
 than the peduncle ; corolla dark dull purple. Dry ground, N. Eng. W. 
 andS. 
 
 A. variegata, Linn. l-2 high, nearly smooth ; leaves oval or obo- 
 vate, slightly wavy ; peduncle and crowded pedicels short and downy ; 
 corolla white, the hoods purplish. Dry woods, N. Y., W. and S. 
 
 *---- Stems simple or rarely branched, slender; most of the leaves 
 in whorls; pods slender and naked; flowers small, white or whitish. 
 
 A. quadrifdlia, Linn. Stems l-2 high, nearly smooth, naked below, 
 bearing about the middle one or two whorls of 4 ovate or lance-ovate 
 taper-pointed petioled leaves, and beneath or above them usually a pair 
 of smaller ones ; pedicels slender ; corolla mostly tinged with pink, the 
 hoods white. Woods and lulls, N. Eng., W. and S. 
 
 A. verticillata, Linn. Dry ground ; l-2 high, smoothish ; stems 
 very leafy throughout ; leaves very narrow, linear or thread-shaped, in 
 whorls of 3-6 ; flowers greenish-white. 
 
 2. ASCLEPIODORA (Name made from Asclepias. ) # 
 
 A. viridis, Gray. Smoothish, 1 high ; leaves alternate, oblong or 
 lance-oblong ; flowers 1' broad, green, the hoods purplish, in loose ter-
 
 MILKWEED FAMILY. 29 
 
 minal and solitary or corymbed umbels ; pods thick, often with some soft 
 tubercle-like projections. Prairies, 111. to Tex. and S. C. 
 
 3. ACERATES, GREEN MILKWEED. (Name from the Greek, 
 means without a horn, i.e. none to the hood-like appendages, in which 
 it differs from Asclepias.) Flowers green or greenish, in summer. 2/ 
 A. viridifldra, Ell. Dry sandy or gravelly soil ; soft-downy or smooth- 
 
 ish, l-2 high ; leaves varying from oval to linear, mostly opposite ; 
 globular umbels nearly sessile ; flowers short-pediceled, nearly *-' long 
 when open ; hoods not elevated above the base of the corolla. 
 
 A. longifdlia, Ell. Low barrens Ohio, W. and S.; rather hairy or 
 roughish, l-3 high, with very numerous, mostly alternate, linear leaves ; 
 flowers smaller and on slender pedicels, the umbel peduncled ; hoods ele- 
 vated on a short ring of filaments above the tase of the corolla. 
 
 4. ENSLENIA. (Named for A. Enslen, an Austrian traveler.) 2Z 
 E. albida, Nutt. Climbing, 8-12 ; smooth, with opposite, heart-ovate, 
 
 long-petioled leaves, and small, whitish flowers, in raceme-like clusters on 
 axillary peduncles, all late summer. River banks, Penn. , S. and W. 
 
 5. VINCETOXICUM. (Latin : binding, poison.) 11 
 
 V. nig rum, Moench. A low-twining, smooth weed from Eu., escaping 
 from gardens E.; leaves ovate and lance-ovate; flowers small, brown- 
 purple, rather few in axillary umbels, in summer. 
 
 6. CYNANCHUM. (Greek, meaning dog poison.) 
 
 C. acuminatifolium, Hemsley (or VINCETOXICUM ACUMINATUM). MOS- 
 QUITO PLANT, so called, because small insects are stuck fast in the clefts 
 of the crown ; flowers white and pretty, in axillary clusters ; leaves 
 lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and acuminate ; 2-3 , with a twining 
 tendency. Japan. ^ 
 
 7. GONOLOBUS. (Greek: angled pod.) Ours are twining herbs, 
 along river banks, with opposite, heart-shaped, petioled leaves, and 
 corymbs or umbels of dark or dull -colored small flowers, on peduncles 
 between the petioles. The f ollowing are the commonest. 2/ 
 
 G. Isevis, Michx. Smooth or only sparingly hairy, the yellowish-green 
 flowers and the longitudinally ribbed pods smooth. Va., S. and W. 
 
 G. obliquua, R. Br. Hairy, somewhat clammy ; flowers minutely 
 downy outside, long and narrow in the bud, dull crimson-purple within, 
 the strap-shaped or lanceolate divisions ' long; pods ribless, warty. 
 Penn., S. and W. 
 
 G. hirstitus, Michx. Differs from the last in its short-ovate flower 
 buds, the oval or oblong divisions of corolla only about V long. Va., S. 
 and W. 
 
 8. HOYA, WAX PLANT. ( Thomas Hoy, an English gardener.) 2/ 
 H. carnosa, R. Br. Well-known house plant from India ; with rooting 
 
 stems, thick and fleshy oval leaves, umbels of numerous flesh-colored or 
 almost white flowers, the upper surface of corolla clothed with minute 
 papillae. 
 
 9. STEPHANOTIS. (Greek : crown and ear, referring to the appen- 
 dages of the stamens.) U. 
 
 S. floribunda, Brong. MADAGASCAR JASMINE. A fine hothouse twiner, 
 Tery smooth, with opposite, oval or oblong, thickish leaves, and lateral 
 GRAY'S r. F. & G. EOT. 19
 
 290 LOGANIA FAMILY. 
 
 umbels of very showy fragrant flowers, the pure white corolla 1^' in dia- 
 meter, the tube 1' long, and egg-shaped, naked fruit. Madagascar. 
 
 10. PERIPLOCA. (A Greek name, implying that the plant twines.) 2 
 
 P. Grceca, Linn. S. Eu., cult, as an ornamental twiner, hardy through 
 the Middle States ; smooth, with opposite ovate, mostly pointed leaves, 
 on short petioles, and lateral cymes of rather small flowers, the corolla 
 greenish-yellow, with the upper face of the oblong lobes brownish-purple ; 
 in summer. 
 
 11. STAPELIA. (Named for a Dutch naturalist, Dr. Van Stapel.) 
 Strange-looking, fleshy plants of the Cape of Good Hope, cult, in con- 
 servatories along with Cactuses. Many species are cult. ; one of the 
 commonest is 
 
 S. hirsuta, Linn. Stems or branches 6'-10' high, with concave sides, 
 pale and obscurely downy ; flower 3'-4' in diameter, dull purple and 
 yellowish, with darker transverse stripes, beset with purple, very long 
 hairs, and with denser hairiness towards the center, exhaling a most dis- 
 gusting odor, not unlike that of putrid meat. 
 
 LXXIV. LOGANIACEJ1, LOGANIA FAMILY. 
 
 Known among monopetalous plants by having opposite 
 leaves with stipules or a stipular line between their bases, 
 along with a free ovary; the 4-5-merous flower regular or 
 nearly so, the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and 
 alternate with them, and the ovary free from the calyx. Herbs, 
 shrubs, or trees, often united to Rubiacese. 
 
 * Woody twining climber, with evergreen leaves and showy flowers. 
 
 1. GEL8EMIUM. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open funnel form, the 5 lobes broad and Im- 
 
 bricated in the bud. Stamens 5 ; anthers sagittate. Style slender ; stigmas 2, each 
 2-parted, lobes linear ; ovary 2-celled. Pod oval, flattened contrary to the partition, 
 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds winged. 
 
 * * Herbs, not climbing. 
 
 2. SPIGELIA. Calyx 5-parteTl, the lobes narrow. Corolla tubular and somewhat funnel 
 
 form, the 5 lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 5 ; anthers linear. Style 1, slender, 
 hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, twin, 2-celled, few-seeded, when ripe 
 separating across near the base which is left behind, and splitting into 2 or 4 valves. 
 MITEEOLA, of the South, comprises two inconspicuous weeds, and 
 POLTPREMUM, also 8., is a common weedy plant ; both wholly insignificant, as well 
 in the herbage as in the minute white flowers. 
 
 1. QELSEMIUM, YELLOW JESSAMINE of the South, the name 
 an Italian one for Jessamine, but of a different order from true Jessa- 
 mine. 
 
 G. sempe'rvirens, Ait. Climbing on trees, bearing shining, lance- 
 ovate, small leaves (evergreen far S.), and a profusion of axillaiy clus- 
 ters of bright yellow, very fragrant, handsome flowers (!' or more long), 
 in early spring. Va., S.
 
 GENTIAN FAMILY. 291 
 
 2. SPIQELIA, PINKKOOT, WORM GKASS. (Named for Adrian 
 Spiegel, Latinized Spigelius.) Flowers summer. ^ 
 
 S. Marildndica, Linn. Rich woods, from N. J. f W. and S.; nearly 
 smooth, 6'-18' high ; leaves sessile, lance-ovate, acute ; flowers in simple 
 or forked spike-like clusters, terminating the stem or branches ; corolla 
 \\' long, slender, handsome, red outside, yellow within, the lobes lance- 
 olate. Root used as a vermifuge. 
 
 LXXV. GENTIANACRE, GENTIAN FAMILY. 
 
 Known generally from the other monopetalous plants with 
 free ovary by the 1-celled ovary and pod with 2 parietal pla- 
 centae covered with small seeds, along with regular flowers, 
 having stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate 
 with them, and the leaves opposite, simple, entire, and sessile, 
 without stipules. The exceptions are that in some cases the 
 ovules cover the whole inner face of the ovary, and in one 
 group the leaves are alternate and even compound. They are 
 nearly all very smooth and bitter-tonic plants, with colorless 
 juice, the calyx persistent. Ours herbs, none in common 
 cultivation. 
 
 Leaves opposite or whorled and entire, sessile. Corolla toith the lobes mostly con- 
 volute in the bud, sometimes also plaited in the sinuses. 
 -K Style slender, deciduous from the pod; anthers soon curving. 
 
 1. 8ABBATIA. Calyx 5-12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-12- 
 
 parted. Style 2-parted. Pod globular, many-seeded. Slender herbs. 
 - -H Stout style (if any) and stigmas persistent on the pod,- anthers remaining 
 
 straight. 
 H- Corolla lobes mostly bearing an appendage or a plait in the sinus. 
 
 2. FKASERA. Calyx and corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped ; divisions of the latter 
 
 with a glandular and fringed spot or pit on their middle. Pod oval, flattened, rather 
 few-seeded ; seeds large and flat, wing-margined. Large thick-rooted herbs, with 
 whorled leaves and panicled flowers. 
 
 8. GENTIANA. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, often with teeth or salient folds at 
 the sinuses, usual'y withering persistent. Style short or none ; stigmas 2, persistent. 
 Pod oblong, containing innumerable small seeds with loose cellular or winged coat. 
 Flowers solitary or clustered, mostly showy. 
 
 H- ++ No appendages. 
 
 4. BARTONIA. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft. Style none. Pod oblong, flat- 
 
 tish, the minute innumerable seeds covering its whole inner face. Flowers very 
 small. Leaves reduced to little awl-shaped scales. 
 
 5. OBOLARIA. Calyx of 2 leafy sepals. Corolla persistent after withering, 4-cleft, the 
 
 lobes imbricated in the bud. Style short and persistent, the stigma 2-lipped. Sta- 
 mens short, Inserted at the sinuses of the corolla. Low half-fleshy herbs with wedge- 
 obovate opposite small leaves. 
 
 Leaves alternate, long petioled. Corolla vrith the lobes valvate and the edges 
 turned inwards in the bud. Seeds many or few, with a hard or bony coat. 
 
 6. MENYANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla very short funnel form, 5-lobed, white- 
 
 bearded over the whole upper face. Style slender, persistent ; stigma 2-lobed. Pod
 
 292 GENTIAN FAMILY. 
 
 globular, with many smooth and shining seeds. Flowers racemed on a stout scape ; 
 one or more long petioles sheathing its base, and bearing 3 oval or oblong leaflets. 
 7. LIMNANTHEMUM. Calyx and corolla 5-parted ; the oval divisions of the latter with 
 a yellowish crest at their base, and in our species otherwise naked. Style short or 
 none. Pod several-seeded. Water-plants, bearing the flowers in an umbel on the 
 long slender petiole of the floating, round-heart-shaped leaves. 
 
 1. SABBATIA, AMERICAN CENTAURY. (L. Sabbati, an Italian 
 botanist.) Chiefly in sandy and low or wet grounds, along the coast 
 (with one or two exceptions); flowers white or pink, usually handsome, 
 hi summer. (g) 
 
 * Flowers white, b-parted, numerous in cymes or corymbs, seldom over 
 
 y broad. 
 
 S. paniculata, Pursh. Stem l-2 high, with 4 sharp wing-like 
 angles ; leaves linear or oblong, mostly 1-uerved ; lobes of the corolla 
 little longer than the narrow-linear calyx lobes. Va., S. 
 
 S. lanceolata. Torr. & Gray. Taller, larger-flowered, with lance- 
 ovate, 3-nerved leaves, or the upper ones lanceolate and distant, acute ; 
 lobes of corolla much exceeding the thread-shaped calyx lobes. N. J., S. 
 
 S. macrophylla, Hook. Glaucous, with terete stem, 2-3 high; 
 lance-ovate 3-6-nerved leaves thickish, and lobes of smaller corolla very 
 much exceeding the bristle-like calyx lobes. Ga., S. 
 
 * * Floioers rose-pink, rarely white, icith yellowish or greenish eye, 5- 
 parted, in panicled clusters, 1' or more broad. In rather dry ground, 
 much branched above, l-3 high. 
 
 3. brachiata, Ell. Stem slightly angled ; leaves linear or narrow- 
 oblong ; flowers few, only 1' broad. Ind., W. and S. 
 
 3. angularis, Pursh. Wing-like angles to the stem, cvate or heart- 
 shaped, 5-nerved leaves, and corolla 13' broad. Ontario, W. and S. 
 
 * * * Flowers rose-purple or white, 5-G-parted, 1' or less broad, scattered 
 singly on long peduncles ; stems slender, 5'-20' high, commonly forking, 
 scarcely angled. All grow in salt marshes or near the coast. 
 
 3. calycdsa, Pursh. Leaves oblong, pale, narrowed at base ; calyx 
 lobes lance-spatulate, longer than the mostly white corolla. Va., S. 
 
 S. stellaris, Pursh. Has lance-oblong leaves or the upper linear, and 
 linear calyx lobes shorter than the rose-purple yellowish eyed corolla. 
 Mass., S. 
 
 3. gracilis, Salisb. Very slender, with linear or almost thread-like 
 leaves, thread-shaped calyx lobes as long as corolla ; otherwise like pre- 
 ceding. Mass., S. 
 
 * * * * Flowers bright rose-color or with white varieties, 7-12-parted, 
 very handsome, li'-2' broad; stems simple or sparingly branched, 1- 
 2 high. 
 
 3. chloroldes, Pursh. Along sandy ponds, from Mass., S.; leaves 
 lanceolate ; peduncles 1-flowered, slender ; calyx lobes linear. 
 
 S. gentianoldes, Ell. Stem leaves linear ; flowers short-peduncled or 
 sessile, clustered. Wet barrens, Ga., S. 
 
 2. FRASERA, AMERICAN CALUMBA. (John Fraser, who col- 
 lected in this country a century ago.) 
 
 F. Carolin^nsis, Walt. Rich wooded ground X. Y. to Wis., and S. ; 
 root very large and deep, bitter (used in medicine as a substitute for
 
 GENTIAN FAMILY. 293 
 
 Calumba); stem 3-8 high ; leaves mostly in fonts, lance-oblong, or the 
 lowest spatulate ; corolla 1' wide, greenish-yellow or whitish, and dark- 
 dotted. @ 11 
 
 3. GENTIANA, GENTIAN. (Old name, from Gentius, king of 
 Illyria.) Chiefly in woods and damp ground; flowering chiefly in 
 autumn, a few in summer. 
 
 * Corolla without plaits at the sinuses ; anthers separate ; seeds wing- 
 
 less. 
 
 - Corolla lobes fringed or erase. 
 
 G. crinita, FroeL FRINGED GENTIAN. Leaves lanceolate or broader, 
 with rounded or heart-shaped base ; flowers solitary on long peduncles 
 terminating the stem or simple branches ; calyx with 4 unequal lobes ; 
 corolla sky-blue, showy, 2' long, funnel form, the 4 wedge-obovate lobes 
 with margins cut into a long and delicate fringe. N. Eng., W. and S. 
 
 G. serrata, Gunner. Has linear leaves and less fringe to the corolla, 
 often none at the top of the lobes. N. Y., W. 
 
 - 1- Corolla lobes entire. 
 
 G. quinquefldra, Lam. Branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or slightly 
 heart-shaped at base ; flowers panicled, hardly 1' long, the 5 lobes of the 
 pale blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed. Me., S. and W., in 
 
 several varieties. 
 
 * * Corolla naked, li'-2' long, with plaits at the sinuses, which project 
 more or less into teeth or thin intermediate lobes; pod stalked in the 
 corolla, y. 
 
 f- Stems l-2 high, bearing clustered or rarely solitary 2-bracted flowers 
 at the summit of the leafy stem, and often in the upper axils also. 
 
 " Corolla between bell-shaped and short funnel form or obconical, mostly 
 open, icith ovate lobes exceeding the usually toothed appendages of 
 the plaits. 
 
 = Leaves and calyx lobes ciliate or rough-margined. 
 
 G. Saponaria, Linn. SOAPWOKT G. Low woods, chiefly N. and 
 along the Alleghanies ; leaves lance-ovate, oblong, or obovate, narrowed 
 at base ; calyx lobes linear or spatulate ; corolla light blue or verging to 
 white, little open, its short and broad lobes longer than the conspicuous 
 2-cleft intermediate appendages ; anthers conniving or united ; seeds 
 narro wly-winged. 
 
 G. pu'be'rula, Michx. Dry barrens and prairies N. Y., W. and S.; low, 
 roughish, or minutely pubescent, with lance-oblong, ovate, or linear 
 rough-margined leaves only l'-2' long ; calyx lobes lanceolate ; corolla 
 bright blue, open, its spreading ovate lobes 2 or 3 times longer than the 
 cut-toothed intermediate appendages ; seeds not covering the walls of the 
 pod, as they do in the related species. 
 
 = = Leaves and calyx lobes smooth or very nearly so. 
 
 G. alba, Muhl. Leaves lance-ovate from a partly heart-shaped base, 
 tapering thence to a point ; calyx lobes ovate, short ; corolla yellowish- 
 white, with short and broad lobes ; anthers conniving ; seeds broadly 
 winged. Ontario, W. and S., flowering at midsummer. 
 
 G. linearis, FroeL Grows from Md., N., in several forms ; stem slen- 
 der and strict, l-2 ; leaves linear or narrow-lanceolate, somewhat nar- 
 rowed at the base ; calyx lobes linear or lanceolate ; flowers blue, narrow, 
 1-5 in a terminal cluster, the roundish lobes little longer than the acute 
 appendages ; seeds winged. Bracts sometimes finely scabrous.
 
 294 GENTIAN FAMILY. 
 
 G. ochroletica, Froel. Leaves obovate or spatulate-oblong, narrowed 
 at the base ; calyx lobes linear ; corolla greenish-white, with greener and 
 purplish stripes inside, somewhat bell-shaped ; anthers separate ; seeds 
 wingless. Penn., S. 
 
 +* ** Corolla more club-shaped and seldom open, truncate, icith no proper 
 lobes. 
 
 G. Andrews!!, Griseb. CLOSED G. Leaves lance-ovate or lance- 
 oblong, with a narrowed base ; calyx lobes ovate or oblong, short ; corolla 
 blue (rarely a white variety), its proper lobes if any shorter than the 
 broad and more conspicuous fringe-toothed and notched appendages, 
 which terminate the folds ; anthers connected ; seeds broadly winged. 
 N. Eng., N. and S. 
 
 +- - Stems low, bearing 1-3 slender-peduncled flowers; seeds wingless. 
 
 G. angustif&lia, Michx. Pine barrens from N. J., S. ; 6'-15' high, 
 with linear leaves, and open funnel-form azure-blue corolla 2' long, its 
 lobes ovate ; anthers separate. 
 
 4. BARTONIA. (Named for Prof. B. 8. Barton, of Philadelphia.) 
 Insignificant herbs, with awl-shaped scales for leaves, and a few 
 peduncled white flowers. (g) 
 
 B. ten&la, Muhl. 5'-10' high, with branches or peduncles 1-3-flow- 
 ered ; lobes of corolla oblong, acutish ; ovary 4-angled ; flowers summer. 
 N. Eng., W. and S. 
 
 B. v^rna, Muhl. Smaller, less branched, 1-few-flowered ; flowers 
 larger, in early spring ; lobes of corolla spatulate, obtuse ; ovary flat. 
 Va., S. 
 
 5. OBOLARIA. (Named for a Greek coin, in allusion to the thick 
 rounded leaves.) 2/ 
 
 O. Virglnica, Linn. Smooth and purplish, rather fleshy plant, 3'-8', 
 with a nearly or quite simple stem, and dull white or purplish flowers 
 either solitary or in clusters of 3. N. J., W. and S. 
 
 6. MENYANTHES, BUCK BEAN. (Greek: month and flower ; ap- 
 plication not obvious. The popular name from the leaves, somewhat 
 resembling those of the Horsebean. ) 
 
 M. trifoliata, Linn. Cold wet bogs N.; flowers late spring; corolla 
 white or tinged with pink, pretty ; scape hardly 1 high. # 
 
 7. LIMNANTHEMUM, FLOATING HEART. (Greek for swamp 
 and blossom.) Our species grow in water, and produce through the 
 summer the small white flowers, accompanied by spur-like, thick 
 bodies, probably of the nature of roots. 2Z 
 
 L. lacundsum, Griseb. Common E. and S.; leaves l'-2' long, on very 
 slender petioles, entire ; lobes of corolla broadly oval ; seeds smooth and 
 even. 
 
 L. trachyspe'nnum, Gray. In deeper water, from Md. S. ; leaves 
 rounder, 2'-6' broad, wavy-margined, roughish or dark-pitted beneath ; 
 petioles stouter ; seeds roughened.
 
 PHLOX FAMILY. 295 
 
 LXXVI. POLEMONIACE^E, POLEMONIUM or PHLOX 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Ours mostly herbs, with regular flowers, persistent 5-cleft 
 calyx, the 5 lobes of the monopetalous corolla convolute in 
 the bud, 3-lobed style, 3-celled ovary and pod ; the single, few, 
 or many seeds in each cell borne on the thick axis. Embryo 
 straight in the axis of albumen. Insipid and innocent plants, 
 the juice watery. Nearly all are K American plants, many 
 cult, for ornament. 
 
 Erect or diffuse herbs, not climbing, and with nothing resembling stipules. 
 +- Stamens unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla. 
 
 1. PHLOX. Calyx narrow, prismatic or plaited, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla salver- 
 
 shaped, with a long tube (Lessons, Fig. 255), in which the 5 short and unequally 
 inserted stamens are included. Ovary often with 2 ovules, but the short pod with 
 only one seed in each celL Leaves entire and mostly sessile, the lower all opposite, 
 upper often alternate. 
 
 H +- Stamens equally inserted in the corolla. 
 
 2. LO3SELIA. Corolla tubular or funnel form, more or less irregular from the limb being 
 
 unequally cleft. Filaments naked and declined. 
 
 8. GILIA. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla of various shapes. Stamens 
 equally inserted and projecting from the throat of the corolla, not declined, generally 
 naked. Ovules and seeds several in each cell. Leaves either entire, cut, or divided. 
 
 4. POLEMONIUM. Calyx bell-shaped. Corolla open-bell-shaped or short funnel form. 
 
 Stamens slender, like those of Gilia, but declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. 
 Leaves pinnate, alternate. 
 
 * Tall-climbing by compound tendrils on the pinnate leaves ; lowest leaflets close to 
 the stem, unlike the others, imitating stipules. 
 
 5. COBjEA. Calyx of 5 large leaf-like divisions, the margins of which, applied each to each, 
 
 appear like 5 winged angles. Corolla bell-shaped, with short and broad spreading 
 lobes. Stamens declined. A fleshy disk around the base of the ovary. Seeds 
 numerous In each cell of the pod, winged. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, leafy- 
 bracted near the base, naked above. Leaves alternate. 
 
 1. PHLOX. (Greek for flame, anciently applied to Lychnis, and trans- 
 ferred to these North American plants.) 
 
 * 2/ Wild in mostly dry or rocky ground, some common in gardens. 
 
 +- Stems erect; flowers in oblong or pyramidal panicle, with short pedun- 
 cles and pedicels ; lobes of corolla entire, pink-purple, and with white 
 varieties; leaves flat, not subulate (mostly rather broad) . Wild from 
 Penn., S. and W. ; flowers summer. 
 
 P. paniculata, Linn. Generally roughish or soft hairy, 2-4 high, 
 stout ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, and mostly with tapering base ; 
 panicle broad ; calyx teeth sharp-pointed. The commonest perennial 
 phlox of the gardens, cult, in many named varieties. Often known as 
 P. DECCSSATA. 
 
 P. maculata, Linn. Very smooth ; stem slender, l-2 high, purple- 
 spotted ; lower leaves narrower, and thickish, lanceolate, upper lance-ovate
 
 296 PHLOX FAMILY. 
 
 from a rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base ; panicle long and narrow, 
 leafy below; calyx teeth less pointed. Cult., and perhaps hybridized 
 with the preceding, but less frequent in gardens. 
 
 - *- Stems ascending or erect, but often with a prostrate base, l-3 high ; 
 whole plant smooth, not clammy or glandular; flowers corymbed; 
 lobes of corolla round and entire. 
 
 P. ovata, Linn, (or P. CAROLINA). Leaves varying from lanceolate 
 to ovate, or the upper heart-shaped ; flowers crowded, short-peduncled, 
 pink; calyx teeth acute. Perm, to Ala. 
 
 P. glaberrima, Linn. Slender ; leaves often linear-lanceolate, 3'-4' 
 long ; flowers fewer and loose, pink or whitish ; calyx teeth sharp- 
 pointed. Va., N. W. and S. 
 
 1- -- Flowering stems ascending, or in the first erect, low, terminated 
 by a loose corymb, which is clammy-pubescent more or less, as well as 
 the thinnish leaves ; flowers mostly pediceled ; calyx teeth very slender ; 
 flowers late spring. 
 
 P. pil6sa, Linn. Mostly hairy ; stems erect 1 or so high ; leaves 
 lanceolate or linear, and tapering to a point (l'-2i' long) ; flowers loose, 
 with spreading, awn-pointed calyx teeth ; lobes of pink, rose, or rarely 
 white corolla obovate and entire. N. J., W. and S. ; variable. 
 
 P. amoena, Sims. Pubescent, spreading from the base, 6'-l high ; 
 leaves lanceolate, or broadly oblong or ovate on sterile shoots, short ; 
 flowers in a crowded, leafy-bracted corymb, with straight, hardly awn- 
 pointed calyx teeth ; corolla purple, pink, or nearly white. Barrens, 
 Va. and Ky., S. 
 
 P. divaricata, Linn. Moist woods from N. Y., W. and S.; soft-pubes- 
 cent ; stems loosely spreading ; leaves ovate-oblong or broad-lanceolate 
 (l'-2' long) ; flowers loosely corymbed and peduncled ; corolla large, 
 pale lilac, bluish, or lead-colored, the lobes wedge-obovate or commonly 
 inversely heart-shaped and as long as the tube. Sometimes called WILD 
 SWEET WILLIAM. 
 
 P. reptans, Michx. Spreading by long runners, which bear round- 
 obovate, often smoothish leaves, those of the low flowering stems oblong 
 or ovate (about .]' long) ; flowers few but crowded; lobes of the deep 
 pink-purple corolla round-obovate, large (!' broad). Penn. and Ky., S. 
 
 t- t- )- -- Stems all diffuse and branching (but not creeping}, rising 
 3M>' ; flowers peduncled and scattered or in small loose clusters. 
 
 P. bffida, Beck. Minutely pubescent ; leaves l'-2' long and linear, 
 nearly glabrous ; corolla violet-purple, the lobes 2- or 3-cleft to or below 
 the middle, the divisions nearly linear and diverging. Prairies, 111., Mo. 
 Cult. 
 
 -- -i- -i- 1- Stems creeping and tufted, rising little above the ground, 
 almost woody, persistent, as are the rigid and crowded glandular-pubes- 
 cent leaves; flowers few in the depressed clusters, in early spring. 
 
 P. subulata, Linn. GROUND or Moss PINK. Wild on rocky hills 
 W. and S. of N. Eng., and common in gardens, forming broad mats ; 
 leaves awl-shaped or lanceolate, at most .V long; corolla pink-purple, 
 rose with a darker eye, or varying to white, the wedge-obovate lobes 
 generally notched at the end. /ariable. 
 
 * Cultivated for ornament from Texas; flowers all summer. 
 
 P. Drummdndii, Hook. From this come all the annual phloxes of the 
 gardens ; rather low, branching and spreading, somewhat clammy-pubes- 
 cent, with corymbs of purple, crimson, rose-colored, buff and white, 
 showy flowers. There are forms with fringed corollas.
 
 PHLOX FAMILY. 297 
 
 2. LCESELIA. (John Lcesel was author of a flora of Prussia.) If. 
 
 L cocdnea, Don. A Mexican shrub, cult, in greenhouses for its long- 
 funnel-form scarlet flowers, which are solitary and sessile, but nearly 
 spicate ; calyx lobes awl-pointed and many times shorter than the corolla ; 
 leaves oval or ovate, pale, rugose and hairy below, very sharply toothed, 
 short-stalked ; stems hairy. 
 
 3. GILIA. (Philip Gil, a Spanish botanist.) Species abound from 
 Texas and Kansas to California. Several are choice annuals of the 
 gardens ; flowers summer. 
 
 * Leaves either opposite or palmately divided to the base, or commonly 
 
 both. 
 
 G. liniflbra, Benth. (Erroneously called G. LiNiF6uA.) Diffuse and 
 spurrey-like, the divisions of the leaves nearly filiform ; flowers loosely 
 paniculate, on slender pedicels, white or tinted, -|' across, nearly rotate. 
 Cal. Cult, for borders. 
 
 G. androsacea, Steud. (or LEPTOSIPHON AXDROSACEUS). Low and 
 slender, with leaves palmately cleft into 5-7 narrow linear divisions, a 
 head-like cluster of flowers, with very long and slender but small salver- 
 shaped corolla, lilac or whitish with a dark eye. Cal. 
 
 * * Leaves (save occasionally the lowermost) alternate, mostly pinnately 
 
 cleft. 
 
 i- Flowers elongated, red. 
 
 G. coronopifdlia, Pers. (or IPOMOPSIS). STANDING CYPRESS, from 
 the foliage resembling that of Cypress Vine ; has erect, wand-like stem, 
 2-3 high, thickly clothed with alternate, crowded leaves, pinnately 
 divided into thread-like leaflets, and very long and narrow, strict, leafy 
 panicle of showy flowers ; the corolla tubular-f unnel-form, light scarlet 
 with whitish specks on the lobes inside, 1 ' long. Sandy soil, S. Car., S. 
 and W., and cult. (Lessons, Fig. 249.) 
 
 -t- t- Flowers short, blue, or blue and white. 
 
 G. achiltecefdlia, Benth. Pubescent, with flowers in a loose head ; 
 calyx woolly, the lobes with short recurved tips ; corolla violet-blue or 
 darker, with obovate or broadly oblong divisions. Cal. 
 
 G. capitata, Dougl. Glabrous or very nearly so (as also the calyx) ; 
 l-2 high, with alternate leaves twice pinnately divided into small, 
 linear, or thread-like leaflets or lobes, and numerous small blue flowers 
 crowded in heads at the end of naked branches ; the corolla narrow 
 funnel-form, with lanceolate lobes. Cal. and Ore. 
 
 G. tricolor, Benth. Stems branching, about 1 high ; scattered, alter- 
 nate leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected into short linear divisions ; 
 flowers panicled at the end of the branches ; corolla short funnel-form 
 with lilac-purple or whitish lobes, brown-purple throat, and yellow tube ; 
 leaves and calyx somewhat viscid-pubescent. Cal. Common in gardens. 
 
 4. POLEMONIUM, GREEK VALERIAN. (From the Greek word 
 for war, of no application.) Flowers early summer. Tj. 
 
 P. reptans. Linn. Woods of Middle States, also cult.; smooth, with 
 weak and spreading (but never creeping) stems 6'-10' long, 7-11 lance- 
 ovate or oblong leaflets, small corymbs of nodding light blue flowers, and 
 stamens and style not longer than the corolla. 
 
 P. caeruleum, Linn. JACOB'S LADDER. Cult, in gardens from Eu., 
 also rarely wild N. ; smooth or sometimes hairy ; with erect stem l-3
 
 298 WATERLEAF FAMILY. 
 
 high, 9-21 mostly lanceolate and crowded leaflets, clusters of bright blue 
 flowers collected in a long panicle, and stamens and style longer than the 
 lobes of the corolla, which is 1' broad. 
 
 5. COBJEJA. (Named for B. Cobo, a Spanish priest in Mexico, from 
 which country the common species was introduced into cultivation.) "21 
 
 C. scdndens, Cav. Smooth, tall-climbing by its much-branching ten- 
 drils ; leaflets ovate ; dull purple or greenish corolla 2' or more long, long 
 filaments coiling spirally when old ; flowers all summer ; usually cult, as 
 an annual. 
 
 LXXVII. HYDROPHYLLACRffi, WATEELEAF FAMILY. 
 
 Plants resembling the foregoing family, in the arrangement 
 of the flowers more commonly imitating the Borage Family ; 
 differing from both in the 1-celled ovary and pod with 2 parietal 
 placentae. In some, the placentae unite in the axis, making 
 a 2-celled ovary. Style 2-cleft or else 2 separate styles. 
 Ovules at least 2 to each placenta. Seeds with a small em- 
 bryo in hard albumen. Juice inert and watery. Leaves 
 mostly alternate, simple or compound. 
 
 * Style '2-cleft ; ovary and pod 1-celled, with two parietal placentae. 
 + Placentae fleshy and so broad that they line the ovary, and inclose the (mostly 4) 
 ovules and seeds ; corolla usually convolute in the bud. commonly with 5 or 10 
 folds, scales, or other appendages down the inside of the tube. 
 
 1. HYDEOPH YLLTTM. Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with small appendages at the sinuses, 
 
 not enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped. Style and mostly hairy filaments pro- 
 truded ; anthers linear. Pod small, globose, ripening 1-4 spherical seeds. Flowers 
 in crowded cymes or clusters. Leaves alternate, slender-petioled. 
 
 2. NEMOPHILA. Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed appendage in each sinus, somewhat 
 
 enlarging in fruit. Corolla open bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, 'onger than the stamens. 
 
 Flowers solitary and long-peduncled. Leaves mostly opposite, at least the lower 
 
 ones. 
 8. ELLISIA. Calyx 5-parted, with no appendages. Corolla cylindrical or bell-shaped, not 
 
 exceeding the calyx, the tube with 5 minute appendages witLin. Stamens included. 
 
 Lower leaves opposite. ( 
 
 +- +- Placenta narrow, adherent directly to the walls, or else boi ne on an incomplete 
 
 partition and projecting into the cell, where they sometimes meet ; lobes of the 
 
 corolla imbricated in the bud. 
 
 4. PHACELIA. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow ; no appendages at the sinuses. 
 
 Corolla open bell-shaped, approaching wheel-shaped, or in Whitlavia tubular-bell- 
 shaped or slightly contracted at the throat, and the 5 short and broad lobes abruptly 
 and widely spreading. Stamens and style often protruded. Pod 4-many-seeded. 
 Leaves alternate. Flowers in one-sided raceme-like clusters or spikes. 
 Styles 2 (rarely 3), separate quite to the base; ovary and pod 1-celled; seeds minute 
 and very numerous. 
 
 5. HTDEOLEA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open -bell-shaped or approaching wheel-shaped, 
 
 rather shorter than the stamens ; filaments enlarged at base. Capsule bursting irreg- 
 ularly, or 2-4-valved. Herbs, or somewhat shrubby, with entire leaves and often 
 spines in their axils. Flowers in loose axillary clusters.
 
 WATERLEAF FAMILY. 299 
 
 6. WIGANDIA. Calyx lobes 5 linear. Corolla open-bell-shaped, the stamens generally 
 exserted. Capsule 2-valved. Stout plants, with very large rounded leaves and sharp 
 or stinging bristles. 
 
 1. HYDROPHYLLUM. WATERLEAF is a translation of the name 
 from the Greek, the application obscure. Plants of rich woods, etc. 
 Flowers white or bluish-tinged, in early summer, often showy, but of 
 short duration. "%. 
 
 * Calyx with minute appendages if any; rootstocks creeping, scaly- 
 
 toothed. 
 
 H. macrophyllum, Nutt. From Ohio, W. and S.W.; rough-hairy, 
 with leaves pinnately divided into 9-13 cut-toothed divisions or leaflets ; 
 a globular cluster of flowers on a very long peduncle. 
 
 H. Virginicum, Linn. Smooth or smoothish, with 4-7 main divisions 
 to the pinnate leaves, the lowest pair 2-parted, and calyx lobes bristly- 
 ciliate. Kich woods, Canada S. 
 
 H. Canadense, Linn. Barely 1 high, nearly smooth, the roundish 
 leaves palmately 5-7-lobed and with heart-shaped base, or some minute 
 leaflets on the petioles, which are longer than the peduncles of the flower 
 cluster. N. Eng., W. and S. 
 
 * * Calyx with a conspicuous reflexed appendage in each sinus. 
 
 H. appendiculatum, Michx. Pubescent or hairy, with rounded pal- 
 mately 5-lobed leaves or some of them pinnately divided, rather loose 
 flower-clusters, and bristly-hairy calyx ; pedicels lengthening. Ontario, 
 W. and S. 
 
 2. NEMOFHILA. (Greek : lover of the grove.') Low spreading plants, 
 mostly cultivated for ornament ; flowers summer. 
 
 * Seeds 5 or more; leaves mainly opposite, and shorter than the pedun- 
 
 cles. 
 
 N. maculata, Benth. Prostrate, with leaves all opposite and mostly 
 sessile, the lower lyrate-pinnatifid, upper sparingly cut-toothed, and 
 white corolla with violet patch on each lobe. Cal. 
 
 N. insignia, Dougl. Slender, procumbent, with lobes of the pinnate 
 leaves cut-toothed, and pure blue corolla 1' broad. Cal. 
 
 N. Menziesii, Hook. & Am. (N. ATOMARIA). Procumbent ; leaves oppo- 
 site, pinnatifid ; corolla smaller, white sprinkled with chocolate-brown 
 spots. Cal. and Ore. 
 
 * * Seeds 4 or less ; upper leaves alternate. 
 
 N. pnacelioldes, Nutt. Wild from Ark. S., and sparingly cult.; with 
 ascending stems l-2 long, alternate leaves pinnately parted into 3-9 
 oblong entire divisions, and purplish-blue corolla !' broad. 
 
 N. micr6calyx, Fisch. & Mey. Roughish pubescent, the spreading 
 stems 2'-8' long ; leaves parted into 3-6 roundish or wedge-obovate cut- 
 lobed divisions ; peduncles shorter than the petioles and opposite them ; 
 corolla white, exceeding the calyx. Va., S. 
 
 3. ELLISIA. (John Ellis, an English naturalist, correspondent of 
 Linnaeus.) 
 
 E. NyctMea, Linn. A rough ish-hairy plant, 6' -12', wild from N. J., 
 to Minn., and S. ; leaves pinnately parted into 7-13 narrow divisions ; 
 peduncles solitary in the forks or opposite the leaves ; corolla whitish, 
 about the length of the lanceolate calyx lobes.
 
 300 If ATERLEAF FAMILY. 
 
 4. PHACELIA. (Greek: a cluster.) Several species cult, for orna- 
 ment. ; flowers spring or summer. 
 
 1. TRUE PHACELIA, with only 4 ovules and seeds, lobes of corolla entire. 
 
 P. congesta, Hook. Cult, from Texas ; rather pubescent, with leaves 
 pinnately divided 1 or cleft into few oblong or ovate cut-toothed leaflets or 
 lobes, and small blue flowers in 3 or 4 spikes at the summit of a slender 
 peduncle ; stamens slightly protruding. 
 
 P. tenacetifblia, Benth. California ; taller, bristly-hairy, with narrower 
 pinnatifid leaflets, larger flowers in longer dense spikes and long sta- 
 mens. 
 
 P. bipinnatifida, Michx. l-2 high, branched, glandular-hairy, with 
 leaves twice pinnately divided into ovate cut-lobed leaflets ; flowers slender- 
 pediceled in long loose racemes ; violet-blue corolla, A' or more broad. 
 Kich soil, Ohio and 111., S. @ 
 2. COSMANTHCS ; 4 ovules and seeds, and fringed lobes to corolla. 
 
 P. Ftirshii, Buckley. Shady soil from Penn., W. and S., and cult, 
 under the name of the next ; slender, 8'-12' high ; lobes of pinnatifid 
 leaves several, lance-oblong acute ; flowers of the raceme numerous, on 
 slender pedicels ; corolla light blue or whitish, ' broad ; filaments hairy. 
 
 P. fimbriata, Michx. The true plant grows only in the high Alle- 
 ghanies S., is smaller, with 3-7 rounded or oblong blunt divisions to the 
 leaves, few and smaller white flowers. 
 
 3. WHITLAVIA, with mostly numerous ovules ; the corolla not fringed, 
 the appendages reduced to 5 small scales. 
 
 P. Whitliivia, Gray (or WHITLAVIA GRANDIFL6RA) . Cult, for orna- 
 ment, from Cal.; resembles Phacelia viscida in growth and foliage, 
 but only slightly clammy, the roundish -ovate or slightly heart-shaped 
 leaves coarsely toothed, on longer petioles ; racemes loose ; corolla 1' or 
 more long, violet-blue (also a white variety); stamens and style very 
 slender and protruding. 
 
 4. CosMANTHolDES, with seeds or at least ovules 2-8 on each placenta ; 
 
 corolla lobes entire, the appendages wanting or obscure. 
 P. parvifl&ra, Pursh. Shaded banks from Penn. to N. Car. S. W.; 
 scarce, delicate little plant, 3'-6' high, with pinnately divided or cleft 
 leaves, a raceme of few flowers on slender pedicels, bluish corolla less 
 than y wide, and few seeds. @ 
 
 6. EtiTOCA, with ovules several or many, and appendages wanting or 
 represented by vertical plaits. 
 
 P. f/sc/Va, Torr. Cult, from California as EtiTOCA V^SCIDA ; clammy 
 all over, with dark glandular hairs, rather coarse ; leaves ovate, cut- 
 toothed, short-petioled ; racemes single, terminating the branches ; 
 corolla deep blue, 1' or less wide ; pod many-seeded. 
 
 P. Menziesii, Torr. Handsome plant from Cal., cult, as EtrrocA MEN- 
 ZIESII and E. MCLtiFLbRA ; 3'-12', much branched, roughish or hispid ; 
 leaves generally sessile, linear or lanceolate and entire, or some of them 
 cleft ; flowers violet or white, in loose panicles. 
 
 5. HYDROLEA. (Named from Greek word for water; the plants 
 aquatic or in wet places.) Flowers summer. 2/ 
 
 H. Caroliniana, Michx. N. Car., S. ; has hairy stems, lanceolate 
 acute leaves tapering to the base, and lanceolate sepals nearly as long as 
 the corolla. 
 
 H. afflnis, Gray. Smooth, with short-petioled lanceolate leaves, and 
 ovate sepals as long as the corolla. S. 111., S.
 
 BORAGE FAMILY. 301 
 
 6. WIGANDIA. (John Wigand, a bishop of Pomerania.) Rank 
 hispid greenhouse herbs, sometimes used in the open for tropical 
 effects. Trop. Amer. 
 
 VI. macrophylla, Schlecht. & Cham. Leaves ovate-cordate, hairy- 
 tomentose, rusty above, rather obtuse, toothed ; flowers lilac in a terminal 
 panicle with alternate branches ; capsule densely hairy-canescent. 10. 
 
 W. tirens, Choisy. Of looser habit, the leaves somewhat acute and 
 longer-petioled, white-tomentose beneath, the petioles shaded with red ; 
 flowers violet, in one-sided scirpoid spikes ; capsule hispid. 6. 
 
 LXXVm. BOKRAGINACE2E, BORAGE FAMILY. 
 
 Mostly rough, or rough-hairy plants, known from all related 
 monopetalous orders by having a deeply 4-lobed ovary, or 
 apparently 4 ovaries around the base of a common style, each 
 1-ovuled, ripening into akenes or nutlets, along with regular 
 flowers (Echium excepted), stamens as many as the lobes of 
 the corolla (5) and alternate with them, and alternate (mostly 
 entire) leaves. In the Heliotrope tribe, however, the ovary is 
 not lobed, but the fruit at maturity separates into 2 or 4 
 nutlets. Stigmas 1 or 2. Embryo filling the seed ; no albu- 
 men. Flowers disposed to be on one side of the stem or 
 branches, or of the branches of cymes, the raceme-like clusters 
 coiled at the end and straightening as the flowers expand. 
 Herbage not aromatic ; juice commonly bitterish, often some- 
 what mucilaginous. Boots of several are red and used for dye. 
 
 I. Ovary not divided, but tipped with the simple style, the 
 fruit when ripe separating into 2 or 4 closed pieces or nutlets. 
 
 1. HELIOTEOPIUM. Corolla short funnel-form or salver-shaped, the open throat (con- 
 
 stricted in one species) more or less plaited. Anthers nearly sessile, Included. Style 
 short ; stigma conical or capitate. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit splitting into 4 nutlets, 
 or into 2 two-celled nutlets. Flowers small, In one-sided single or cymose-clustered 
 spikes, mostly bractless. 
 
 II. Ovary deeply 4-parted, the style arising from the 
 center between them. Ours are all herbs. 
 
 * Corolla and stamens regular. 
 +- Nutlets variously spiny or armed when mature. 
 
 2. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla between short funnel-form and wheel-shaped, the tube 
 
 about the length of the rounded lobes ; throat closed by the blunt scales. Nutlets 
 bur-like, oblique on the expanded base of the style, to which they are fixed by their 
 apex, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. Coarse and strong- 
 scented plants, with racemed flowers, the lower sometimes bracted, otherwise 
 bractless. 
 
 8. ECHINOSPERMUM. Corolla with tube as short as the rounded lobes, the throat 
 closed with short rounded scales. Nutlets erect, fixed to the central column or base
 
 302 BORAGE FAMILY. 
 
 of the style, triangular, roughened, and bearing one or more marginal rows of barb- 
 tipped prickles, forming small burs. Coarse weeds, with leafy-bracted racemed 
 flowers. 
 
 + + Nutlets unarmed (sometimes slightly roughened). 
 
 ++ Corolla wheel-shaped, with no tube at all. 
 
 4. BORAGO. Flowers, as in the six following, perfectly regular. A blunt scale at the 
 
 base of each lobe of the 5-parted corolla, alternating with the conniving stamens. 
 
 Filaments very short, broad, and with a cartilaginous projection behind the linear 
 
 pointed anther. Nutlets erect 
 (8. MYOSOTIS, and 9. OMPHALODES, from the short tube to the corolla, may be sought 
 
 for here.) 
 
 -M- Corolla tubular, funnel-form, or talver-shaped, sometimes almost wheel-shaped. 
 Throat of corolla open, the folds or short scales, if any, not closing over the orifice. 
 
 I Fruit fleshy, smooth or wrinkled. 
 
 6. MERTEN8IA. Corolla tubular, trumpet-shaped, with the widely spreading border 
 scarcely at all lobed and its throat perfectly naked in the common species ; the slen- 
 der filaments protruding. Smooth plants, which is rare in this rder. 
 1 1 Fruit (or nutlets') hard, often stone-like. 
 
 6. ONOSMODIUM. Corolla tubular, with the 5 acute lobes erect or converging, the throat 
 
 perfectly naked, bearing the arrow-shaped or linear and mucronate anthers; fila- 
 ments hardly any. Style very slender and protruding. Nutlets stony, smooth, fixed 
 by their base. Very rough-bristly homely plants. 
 
 7. LITHOSPERMUM. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, with rounded lobes imbri- 
 
 cated in the bud, with or without evident short and broad scales or folds in the 
 throat. Anthers oblong, included ; filaments hardly any. Nutlets stony, smooth 
 or roughened, ovate, fixed by the base. Rough or hairy plants, mostly with red 
 roots. 
 
 8. MYOSOTIS. Corolla very short-salver-form, the tube only about the length of the 
 
 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx, the rounded lobes convolute in the bud, the throat with 
 6 small and blunt arching appendages. Anthers short, included. Nutlets smooth 
 and hard, fixed by their base. Low and small, mostly soft-hairy plants, the small 
 racemed flowers commonly bractless. 
 Throat with scales or appendages conspicuous, one before the bate of each lobe, 
 
 and closing or nearly closing the orifice. 
 I Corolla short-salver-shaped or nearly wheel shaped ; stamens included. 
 
 9. OMPHALODES. Corolla with tube shorter than the rounded lobes. Nutlets smooth, 
 
 depressed, and with a hollow basket-like top. Flowers loosely racemed ; no bracts. 
 Low, smooth or smoothish herbs. 
 
 1 1 Corolla tubular and more or less funnel-shaped. 
 
 10. 8YMPHYTUM. Corolla straight, tubular-funnel-form, with short spreading lobes 
 
 which are somewhat longer than the large awl-shaped scales and the linear or lance- 
 olate anthers. Style slender, commonly protruding. Nutlets erect, smooth, coria- 
 ceous, fixed by a hollowed base. Coarse herbs, branching and leafy, with thickened 
 or tuberous roots, the juice mucilaginous and bitterish, used in popular medicine. 
 Flowers nodding in raceme-like often forked clusters, either naked or leafy-bracted 
 
 * * Corolla or stamens (or both) irregular. 
 
 11. LYCOPSIS. Corolla with a curved tube, slightly oblique 5-lobed border, and bristly- 
 
 hairy scales in the throat. Stamens included in the tube. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, 
 erect, fixed by a hollowed base. Coarse, rough-bristly plants. 
 
 12. ECHIUM. Corolla irregular, two of the spreading lobes of the corolla shorter than the 
 
 others, funnel-form, naked in the throat. Stamens unequal, ascending, more or 
 less protruding ; filaments and style long and slender. Stigmas 2. Nutlets eract, 
 leathery, rough-wrinkled.
 
 BORAGE FAMILY. '60'6 
 
 1. HELIOTROPIUM, HELIOTROPE. (Greek: turning to the sun.) 
 
 * Fruit 4-lobed, and separating into 4 simple nutlets. 
 *- Spikes only in pairs, or the lateral ones solitary; flowers white. 
 
 H. Curassvicum, Linn. Sandy shores and banks from Va. and 
 HI., S.; very smooth and pale ; leaves oblong, spatulate, or lance-linear, 
 thickish, veinless. 
 
 H. Europium, Linn. Old gardens and waste places S., introduced 
 from Eu. ; hoary -downy, 6'-18' high ; leaves oval, long-petioled, veiny. 
 
 *- *- Spikes collected in terminal and several times forked cymes. "%. 
 
 H. Peruvianum, Linn. COMMON HELIOTROPE. Pubescent, with ovate- 
 oblong or lance-ovate, very veiny rugose leaves, and vanilla-scented, pale 
 blue-purple flowers; woody -stemmed or shrubby house and bedding 
 plants from Peru. 
 
 * * Fruit 2-lobed, separating into 2 carpels, each 2-celled. 
 
 H. Indicum, Linn. INDIAN HELIOTROPE. Hairy low plant, nat. from 
 India as a weed in waste ground S.; with ovate, heart-shaped leaves, and 
 solitary spikes of small purplish flowers, in summer ; a cavity before 
 each seed-bearing cell of the lobed fruit. 
 
 2. CYNOGLOSSTJM, HOUNDS'-TONGUE (which the name means 
 in Greek). Flowers summer. Nutlets form burs which adhere to ani- 
 mals and clothing. 
 
 C. officinale, Linn. COMMON H. Coarse weed from Eu., common in 
 pastures, yards, and roadsides ; leafy, soft-pubescent, with spatulate or 
 lance-oblong leaves, the upper ones closely sessile, crimson purple corolla, 
 and flat, somewhat margined nutlets. 
 
 C. Virglnicum, Linn. WILD COMFRET. Bristly -hairy, with simple 
 stem, leafless above and bearing a few corymbed naked racemes of blue 
 flowers, the stem leaves lance-oblong with heart-shaped clasping base, the 
 nutlets very convex. Can., S. ^ 
 
 3. ECHINOSPE'RMUM, STICK-SEED. (Greek : hedgehog and seed, 
 from the nutlets.) 
 
 . L&ppula, Lehm. Weed of waste grounds, especially N. ; roughish- 
 hairy, erect, l-2 high, with lanceolate leaves, small blue flowers, and 
 nutlets with rough-tubercled back and thickly -prickled margins ; flowers 
 all summer. Eu. (D 
 
 B. Virglnicum, Lehm. BEGGAR'S LICE. Thickets and open woods, 
 a common weed ; 2-4 high, with slender, widely spreading branches, 
 thin, oblong-ovate leaves tapering to both ends, forking and diverging 
 racemes of very small whitish or bluish flowers on pedicels reflexed in 
 fruit, and convex barbed-prickly small nutlets. @ 
 
 4. BORAGO, BORAGE. (Old name, supposed corruption of cor ago, 
 from imagined cordial properties.) 
 
 B. officinalis, Linn. COMMON B. Cult, from Eu., in old gardens for 
 ornament and as a bee plant ; spreading, branched, beset with sharp and 
 whitish spreading bristles ; leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate ; flowers 
 loosely racemed, handsome, blue or purplish, with dark anthers, in 
 summer.
 
 304 BORAGE FAMILY. 
 
 5. MEHTENSIA. (Pro/. F. C. Martens, of Germany.) % 
 
 * Throat of the corolla naked", and the limb entire. 
 
 M. Virginica, DC. SMOOTH LUNGWORT. Very smooth and pale, 
 leafy, l-2 high, with obovate, entire leaves, those of the root long- 
 petioled ; handsome flowers spreading or hanging on slender pedicels in 
 loose raceme-like clusters, the light blue or at first purple corolla 1' long ; 
 flowers spring. Alluvial soil, N. Y., W. and S. 
 
 * * Throat crested, and corolla limb b-lobed. 
 
 M. marftima, Don. SEA LUNGWORT. Spreading or decumbent, 
 glaucous, smooth ; leaves fleshy, ovate to spatulate, the upper surface 
 papillose ; corolla white, twice as long as the calyx. Seacoast, Cape 
 Cod, N. 
 
 6. ONOSMODIUM, FALSE GROMWELL. (Name means like 
 Onosma, a European genus of this family.) Wild plants of the 
 country, mostly in rich soil, in dry or alluvial ground ; flowers leafy- 
 bracted, greenish or yellowish-white, in summer. 2Z 
 
 O. Virginianum, DC. Clothed with harsh but appressed short 
 bristles, l-2 high, with oblong leaves, and lance-awl-shaped lobes of 
 narrow corolla sparingly bristly outside. N. Eng., W. and S. 
 
 O. Carolinianum, DC. Shaggy with rough and spreading bristles ; 
 stout, 3-4 high, with lance-ovate or oblong-acute leaves, and lobes of 
 rather broad corolla triangular and thickly hairy. N. Y., W. and S. 
 
 Var. mdlle, Gray. Hoary, with softer and whitish appressed hairs, 
 the oblong-ovate bluntish leaves strongly ribbed, and lobes of the trian- 
 gular-pointed lobes of the narrow corolla thickly hairy outside. 111., W. 
 
 7. LITHOSPERMUM, GROMWELL, PUCCOON. (Greek: stony 
 seed.) Flowers in late spring and summer, at length scattered or as 
 if spiked, leafy-bracted. 
 
 * Corolla white or yellowish only in the wholly naked throat, scarcely 
 longer than the calyx; nutlets rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and 
 dull. <) (2) 
 
 L. arvGnse, Linn. CORN GROMWELL. Weed from Eu., in waste dry 
 soil ; 6'-12' high, roughish-hoary, with lanceolate or linear leaves and 
 inconspicuous flowers. 
 
 * * Corolla dull whitish, rather short, with little downy scales or rather 
 folds in the throat; nutlets smooth or with a few pores, often ivory- 
 white. 11 
 
 L. officinale, Linn. COMMON G. Of Eu., a weed by roadsides N.; 
 l-2 high, branched above, with broadish-lanceolate, acute leaves, rough 
 above but soft-downy beneath, and corolla longer than calyx. 
 
 L. latifdlium, Michx. From W. N. Y., W. and S. ; larger and 
 rougher than the last, ovate and lance-ovate pointed leaves 2 '-4' long 
 and prominently ribbed, those from the root larger and roundish ; corolla 
 shorter than calyx. 
 
 * * Corolla bright orange-yellow, shoioy, longer than calyx, almost 
 salver-shaped, with little appendages in the throat evident; nutlets 
 smooth, usually ivory-white. 
 
 L. hlrtum, Lehm. HAIRY PUCCOON. Sterile ground, N. Y., S. and 
 W. ; l-2 high, roughish-bristly, with lanceolate or linear leaves, or 
 those next the flowers ovate-oblong and bristly-ciliate, the crowded
 
 BORAGE FAMILY. 305 
 
 flowers peduncled ; tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the breadth 
 of the border (!'-!') and woolly-bearded at base inside. 
 
 L. can<5scens, Lehiu. HOARY P. Softer-hairy and somewhat hoary, 
 6'-15' high, smaller-flowered than the preceding, and tube of corolla 
 smooth at base inside. Plains and wood borders, Can., S. 
 
 L. angustif6lium, Michx. Leaves linear ; tube of corolla 1' or more 
 long, many times longer than the eroded-toothed lobes. Sterile soil, 
 Mich., W. and S. 
 
 8. MYOSOTIS, FORGET-ME-NOT or SCORPION GRASS. (Greek: 
 mouse-ear, from the short soft leaves of some species.) Flowers spring 
 and summer. 
 
 * Calyx remaining open in fruit, its hairs straight and glandless. 
 
 HI. palustris, With. TRUE F. In gardens and some waste places ; 
 with loosely branched stems ascending from a creeping base, rough- 
 pubescent lance-oblong leaves, moderately 5-cleft calyx shorter than the 
 spreading pedicels, and the lobes shorter than the calyx tube ; corolla 
 light blue with a yellow eye. 2/ 
 
 M. laxa, Lehm. Flowers smaller and paler, on longer pedicels ; 
 pubescence appressed ; calyx lobes as long as the tube ; habit lax. 
 N. Y., E. 
 
 * * Calyx closing or erect in fruit, the hairs hooked or glandular. 
 
 M. arve'nsis, Hoffm. Hirsute, with lance-oblong, acutish leaves, 
 racemes naked at base and stalked, small blue corolla, pedicels spreading 
 in fruit and longer than the 5-cleft equal calyx, the lobes of which are 
 closed in fruit, and the tube beset with some hooked or glandular-tipped 
 hairs. Fields. 2/ 
 
 M. v(5rna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, erect (4'-10' high) , branched from 
 base, with oblong and blunt leaves, racemes leafy at base, very small 
 mostly white corolla, pedicels in fruit erect and appressed at base, but 
 abruptly bent outwards near the apex, and rather shorter than the une- 
 qual, very bristly calyx, some of its bristles hooked or glandular at their 
 tip. Dry grounds. 
 
 9. OMPHALODES. (Greek : referring to the navel-shaped depression 
 on the upper face of the nutlets.) Cult, from Eu. for ornament. 
 
 0. vGrna, Moench. BLUE or SPRING NAVELWORT. Spreading by leafy 
 runners; leaves ovate or somewhat heart-shaped, 2'-3' long, pointed, 
 green ; flowers azure-blue, in spring. 2Z 
 
 0. l/nifd/ia, Moench. WHITE N. Erect, 6'-12' high, loosely branched, 
 very pale or glaucous, with broadly lanceolate leaves sparingly ciliate, the 
 upper sessile, white or bluish flowers, and turgid nutlets toothed around 
 the margin of the cavity. 
 
 10. SYMPHYTUM, COMFREY. (Greek: grow together, alluding 
 probably to supposed healing properties.) Cult, from Old World. 2/ 
 
 S. officinale, Linn. COMMON C. Rather soft-hairy; the branches 
 winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong-lanceolate leaves ; corolla 
 yellowish-white. Cult, for forage and ornament ; naturalized sparingly 
 in moist grounds. Eu. 
 
 S. asperrimum, Sims. PRICKLY C. Stem and widely spreading 
 branches excessively rough with short and somewhat recurved little 
 prickles, not winged ; calyx lobes short ; corolla reddish purple in bud, 
 changing to blue. Cult, like the other. Caucasus. 
 GRAY'S F. F. & 9. HOT. 20
 
 306 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 
 
 11. LYCOPSIS, BUGLOSS. (Greek: wolf and /ace.) European 
 weed. (D 
 
 L. arifSnsis, Linn. FIELD or SMALL BUGLOSS. Very rough-bristly 
 weed, about 1 high, in sandy fields E. ; with lance-oblong leaves, and 
 small blue corolla little exceeding the calyx. 
 
 12. ECHIUM, VIPER'S BUGLOSS. (Greek word for viper.) 
 
 . vulgare, Linn. COMMON V. or BLUEWEED. Cult, from Eu., in old 
 gardens, and a weed in fields, E.; l-2 high, very rough-bristly, with 
 lanceolate sessile leaves, and showy flowers in racemed clusters, the 
 purple corolla changing to bright blue, in summer. 
 
 LXXIX. CONVOLVTTLACEJ!, CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 
 
 Twining, trailing, or rarely erect plants (ours herbs), com- 
 monly with some milky juice, alternate leaves, no stipules; 
 regular monopetalous flowers with 5 (rarely 4) imbricated 
 sepals, as many separate stamens, corolla convolute or twisted 
 in the bud, a 2-4-celled ovary (or 1-celled and ovaries several 
 or many in Nolana) and pod with only 1 or 2 ovules erect 
 from the base of each cell, becoming large seeds, containing 
 a curved or coiled conspicuous embryo in some mucilaginous 
 (or, when dry, harder) albumen. 
 
 I. CONVOLVULUS SUBFAMILY PROPER; with or- 
 dinary foliage, axillary peduncles bearing one or more usually 
 showy flowers, and embryo with broad leaf-like cotyledons 
 folded and crumpled in the seed. (Lessons, Fig. 40-43.) 
 Calyx of 5 separate sepals. 
 
 * Style single and entire ; stigmas 1-8. 
 
 1. IPOM(EA. Calyx naked, i.e. not inclosed by a pair of leafy bracts. Corolla nearly 
 
 salver-shaped or trumpet-shaped, with a long tube, the border not twisted in the bud. 
 Stamens and style included or protruded. Stigma capitate, 2-3-lobed. Pod 2-4- 
 celled ; cells 1-seeded. (Lessons, Figs. 250, 251.) 
 
 2. CONVOLVULUS. Calyx naked or surrounded and inclosed by a pair of large, leafy 
 
 heart-shaped bracts. Corolla open funnel-form or almost bell-shaped. Stamens in- 
 cluded. Stigmas 2, linear. Pod 2-celled ; cells 2-seeded. 
 
 8. NOLANA. Calyx 5-cleft, foliaceous. Corolla short and open funnel-form, plaited in the 
 bud. Stamens 5. Style 1 ; stigma capitate or club-shaped. Ovaries 3^0 collected 
 In a circle or heap around the base of the style, becoming 1-4-celled drupelets or nut- 
 lets, each cell 1-seeded. 
 
 * Style 1-cleft or 2 separate styles, rarely 3. Spreading or trailing, not twining. 
 
 4. BREWERIA. Like Convolvulus, but the styles 2 or sometimes 3, or in one species 
 
 2-cleft, and stigmas capitate. Peduncles 1-7-flowered. 
 6. EVOLVULUS. Corolla short and open funnel-form, or almost wheel-shaped. Styles 
 
 2, each 2-cleft ; the 4 stigmas obtuse. Pod 2-celled ; cells 2-seeded.
 
 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 307 
 
 II. DODDER SUBFAMILY; slender parasitic twiners, 
 without green herbage and with only some minute scales in 
 place of leaves; embryo slender and spirally coiled in the 
 seed, destitute of cotyledons. 
 
 6. CUSCUTA. Calyx 4-5-cleft, or of 5 separate sepals. Corolla short, 4-5-cleft. Stamens 
 with a scale-like mostly fringed appendage at their base. Styles 2 in our species. 
 Ovary 2-celled ; cells 2-ovuled. Pod commonly 4-seeded. 
 
 1. IFOMCEA, MORNING-GLORY, SWEET POTATO, etc. (Greek- 
 made name.) Many attractive cult, species. 
 
 # Stamens and style exserted; flowers bright red, opening by day, small 
 
 for the genus. 
 
 I. Qudmoc/it, Linn, (or QUAMOCLIT VULGA.RIS). CYPRESS VINE. Cult, 
 from Trop. Amer.; leaves pinnately parted into slender, almost thread- 
 shaped divisions ; peduncles 1-flowered ; border of the narrow corolla 
 5-lobed. (Lessons, Fig. 250.) 
 
 /. coccinea, Linn. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed ; sepals awn-pointed ; 
 peduncles several-flowered; border of (!' long) corolla merely 6-angled. 
 ' In gardens, and run wild S. Trop. Amer. (Lessons, Fig. 251.) 
 
 * * Stamens and style short-exserted ; flowers white, opening once only 
 
 and at night, very large and long-tubed. 
 
 I. B6na-N6x, Linn, (or CALONYCTION 8PECi6suM). MOONFLOWER. 
 Tall-twining, very smooth, but stems often beset with soft, almost prickly 
 projections ; leaves heart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or angled ; peduncles 
 long, 1-few-flowered ; corolla salver-form, with a slender tube 3'-4' long, 
 and the border still broader, white with greener folds, fragrant. Trop. 
 Amer. , and evidently native in S. Fla. Variable, and sold under several 
 names. 
 * * Stamens and style not exserted; colors various, and corolla mostly 
 
 campanulate. 
 
 t- Ovary and pod 3-celled (or abnormally 4-celled"), with 2 seeds in each 
 cell; stigma more or less 3-lobed; corolla funnel-form, opening in 
 early morning for a few hours ; stems twining freely, hairy, the hairs 
 more or less retrorse. MORNING-GLORIES. 
 
 /. purpOrea, Lam. COMMON MORNING-GLORY. Cult, from Trop. Arner. 
 and wild around dwellings; with heart-shaped, pointed, entire leaves, 
 3-4-flowered peduncles, and purple, sometimes variegated or nearly white 
 corolla, 2' long. (Lessons, Figs. 40-45, 90, 247, 283.) 
 
 /. hederacea, Jacq. (I. NfL.) Cult., or run wild S., native to Trop. 
 Amer.; with heart-shaped, 3-lobed leaves, 1-3-flowered peduncles, slen- 
 der-pointed sepals, and blue-purple or sometimes white corolla l'-2' 
 long. 
 
 I. LIMB\TA or I. ALBO-MARGINATA, of gardens, is a form of the pre- 
 ceding, with leaves little lobed, angled or entire, and larger corolla with 
 deep violet border, edged with white, 2J' broad. 
 
 - *- Ovary and pod generally 2-celled, the cells 2-seeded, or sometimes 
 each cell divided by a partition making 4 1-seeded cells ; stigma capi- 
 tate, or the lobes, if any, only 2. 
 
 *+ Stems creeping or prostrate on the ground, not twining. 
 
 I. Batdtas, Lam. SWEET POTATO. Stems long and smooth, producing 
 
 the large, fleshy, edible roots, for which the plant is cultivated ; leaves 
 
 variously heart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or triangular, sometimes cut- 
 
 lobed ; peduncles bearing 3 or 4 flowers ; corolla funnel-form, purple, !'
 
 308 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 
 
 long ; pod with 4 one-seeded cells. Origin unknown, but likely derived 
 from some Tropical American species. Flowers seldom appear. 2/ (Les- 
 sons, Fig. 86.) 
 
 *+ * Stems twining or with a distinct twining tendency. 
 
 = Corolla with a large spreading limb. 
 || Flower, or at least the greater part of it, white. 
 
 I. Iacun6sa, Linn. Low grounds, Penn. to HI. and S.; twining, nearly 
 smooth, with heart-shaped, nearly entire leaves, short 1-3-flowered 
 peduncles, small white (sometimes purple-bordered) 5-lobed corolla 
 about ' long and twice the length of the pointed ciliate sepals, and 
 slightly hairy pod. 
 
 I. sinuata, Ort. Stem (somewhat woody at the base) and petioles 
 hairy, but the leaves nearly or wholly glabrous and 7-parted, the divi- 
 sions lanceolate or narrower and sinuately cut ; calyx as long as the tube 
 of the white purple-eyed corolla. Ga., S. 11 
 
 I. pandurata, Meyer. WILD POTATO VINE or MAN-OF-THE-EARTH. 
 Sandy or gravelly soil, Can., S., often a bad weed; trailing or twining, 
 stout, smooth, with heart-shaped and sometimes fiddle-shaped or halberd- 
 3-lobed leaves, 1-5-flowered peduncles, small bracts, and open funnel- 
 form white corolla with deep purple eye, 2'-3' long ; root very large and 
 deep, weighing 10-20 Ibs. 11 
 
 || || Flower red, blue, or purple throughout (rarely white in the first). 
 o Leaves broad and cordate, either lobed or entire. 
 
 I. Jalapa, Pursh. Light soil, along the coast S. Car., S. ; creeping or 
 twining, with heart-shaped or triangular, sometimes lobed leaves, downy 
 beneath ; flowers downy ; corolla purplish-white with purple eye, 3'-4' 
 long, opening at night ; pod partly 4-celled, with silky seeds ; root ex- 
 tremely large and fleshy, often weighing 40-50 Ibs. 11 
 
 I. commutata, Roein. & Sch. Rather hairy, twining ; with thin, 
 heart-shaped, and sometimes angled or 3-5-lobed leaves, 4-angled 1-5- 
 flowered peduncles about the length of the slender petioles ; purple corolla 
 l'-2' long, and 4-5 times the length of the pointed ciliate sepals; pod 
 hairy. S. Car., S. (J) 
 
 /. Lean', Paxt. Cult, from S. Amer.; tender, slightly hairy, with heart- 
 shaped and generally 3-lobed leaves, many Morning-glory-like flowers 
 crowded on the summit of the peduncle, and deep violet-blue corolla 3' 
 long, and border 3' wide ; stigma capitate. 11 
 
 /. rdbro-casrdlea, Hook. Smooth, greenhouse generally evergreen 
 climber, with long-petioled, pale green, deeply cordate, acuminate leaves 
 and 3-4-flowered peduncles; flowers large and handsome, rich blue, with 
 a 5-angled limb ; stigma 2-lobed. Mex. 11 
 
 /. sefosa, Ker. Stems, petioles and ex-flowered peduncles strongly 
 setose or hispid ; leaves deeply cordate and round-ovate, with 3 large lobes 
 and round sinuses ; flowers of medium size, red or purple-red, the tube 
 cylindrical ; stigma capitate. Greenhouses ; from Brazil. 11 
 o o Leaves narrow and sagittate. 
 
 I. sagittata, Cav. Salt marshes, from N. Car. , S. ; smooth, with stems 
 twining 2-3 high, or trailing, narrow lanceolate or linear long-sagittate 
 leaves, 1-3-flowered club-shaped peduncles, and the bright purple funnel- 
 form corolla 2'-3' long. 11 
 
 = = Corolla with a swollen tube, but no spreading limb. 
 
 I. verslcolor, Meissn. (M*NA LOB\TA). House plant from Mexico, with 
 broad and cordate 3-lobed leaves, and scirpoid racemes of small flowers, 
 which are reddish at first, but aoon change to orange and yellow ; stigma 
 capitate.
 
 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 309 
 
 I 
 
 2. CONVOLVULUS, BINDWEED. (From Latin convolvo, roll 
 
 around or twine.) Flowers summer. 
 
 * Calyx inclosed in 2 large leafy bracts. 
 
 C. s&pium, Linn. HEDGE B. Wild in low grounds, also planted; 
 twining freely, sometimes also trailing, spreading by running rootstocks ; 
 smooth, also a downy variety ; leaves triangular and halberd-shaped or 
 arrow-shaped, with the lobes at base obliquely truncate and sometimes 
 toothed or sinuate ; peduncles 4-angled ; corolla white or light rose- 
 colored, 1 J'-2' long. Variable ; sometimes double-flowered hi gardens. ^ 
 
 C. spithamseus, Linn. Dry sterile ground ; downy, not twining, &- 
 12' high ; leaves oblong, some of them more or less auricled or heart- 
 shaped at the base ; corolla white, 2' long. ^ 
 
 * * Calyx naked. 
 
 C. arvensis, Linn. FIELD BINDWEED. Eu. ; a weed in waste places 
 E.; spreading and low-twining, smoothish ; leaves ovate-oblong and 
 arrow-shaped ; peduncles 1-flowered ; corolla white tinged reddish, less 
 than 1' long, "il 
 
 C. tricolor, Linn. (C. MINOR, of gardens.) Cult, from S. Eu.; hairy, 
 low, with ascending branching stems, lance-obovate or spatulate, almost 
 sessile leaves, 1-flowered peduncles, rather large and showy flowers open- 
 ing in sunshine, the corolla blue, with pale or white throat and yellow 
 tube. (I) 
 
 C. Mauritdnicus, Boiss. Cult, from N. Africa ; prostrate or twining, 
 used in hanging baskets ; plant soft white-hairy ; leaves ovate, short- 
 petioled, in 2 rows ; flowers blue, with a white throat, 1' across ; calyx 
 hairy. 2/ 
 
 3. NOLAN A. (Latin : nola, a little bell.) Cult, for ornament, from 
 coast of Peru and Chile ; the following procumbent and spreading, 
 rather fleshy -leaved, smooth, except some scattered hairs on the stalks, 
 the showy blue flowers solitary on axillary or lateral peduncles, open- 
 ing in sunshine, all summer. 
 
 N. afripHcifdlia, Don. Leaves obovate or broadly spatulate (resem- 
 bling those of Spinach, whence the specific name) ; sky-blue corolla 2' 
 wide with white and yellowish center ; ovaries numerous in a heap, each 
 1-celled and 1-seeded. () 
 
 N. prostrata, Linn. Less common ; has more petioled, rather narrower 
 leaves, smaller pale violet-blue flower striped with purple, and few ova- 
 ries, each of 2-4 cells. 
 
 4. BREWERIA. (Samuel Brewer, an English botanist.) Low, small- 
 flowered ; corolla more or less silky or hairy outside ; flowers summer ; 
 chiefly S. 2/ 
 
 B. humistrata, Gray. Dry pine barrens from Va., S.; sparsely hairy 
 or smoothish ; leaves varying from oblong, with heart-shaped base to 
 linear ; sepals smooth ; corolla white, almost 1' long ; filaments hairy ; 
 styles united at base. 
 
 B. aquatica. Gray. Finely soft-downy ; leaves varying as in the pre- 
 ceding ; sepals silky ; corolla pink or purple, \' long ; filaments smooth ; 
 styles nearly separate. N. Car., S. 
 
 B. Fickerfngii, Gray. Sandy barrens from N. J., S. and W., scarce ; 
 leaves nearly linear, narrow, tapering to a sessile base ; bracts leaf-like 
 and longer than the flowers ; sepals hairy ; corolla white, hardly ' long ; 
 styles united to above the middle, and with stamens also protruding.
 
 310 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 
 
 5. EVOLVTTLUS. (From Latin for unroll; that is, it does not twine.) 
 Low and diminutive small-flowered plants. Flowers summer. 2Z 
 
 E. argdnteus, Pursh. Tufted from a woody base, b'-T high, silky- 
 woolly all over ; broadly lanceolate leaves crowded, usually nearly sessile, 
 as are the flowers in their axils ; corolla purple, \' broad. Plains, 
 Dak., S. 
 
 E. serlceus, Swartz. Damp ground Fla., W.; slender-stemmed, silky 
 with fine appressed hairs, except the upper face of the scattered lance- 
 linear leaves ; corolla white or bluish, not ' broad. 
 
 6. CT7SCTTTA, DODDER. (Old name, of uncertain derivation.) 
 Plants resemble threads of yarn, yellowish or reddish, spreading over 
 herbs and low bushes, coiling around their branches, to which they 
 adhere, robbing them of their juices. Flowers small, mostly white, 
 clustered. 
 
 * Stigmas slender; pod opening by a transverse division all round near 
 the base, leaving the partition behind. Natives of Eu. ; flowers early 
 summer. 
 
 C. Epllinum, Weihe. FLAX DODDER. Growing on flax, which it 
 injures ; occasionally found in our flax fields ; flowers globular, in scat- 
 tered heads ; corolla 5-parted. 
 
 * * Stigmas capitate ; pods bursting irregularly if at all ; wild species of 
 the country, mostly in rich or low ground ; flowers summer and 
 autumn, (f) 
 
 i- Sepals united; ovary and pod depressed- globose. 
 
 *- Flowers sessile in compact mostly continuous clusters; corolla with a 
 short and wide tube, remaining at the base of the ripe pod ; styles usually 
 shorter than the ovary. 
 
 C. arv^nsis, Beyr. On low herbs, in fields and barrens from N. Y., S. 
 and W.; flowers earliest (June, July) and smallest; tube of corolla 
 shorter than its 5 lanceolate, pointed, spreading lobes, much longer than 
 the stamens. 
 
 C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. On low herbs, in wet soil, from Del., W. 
 and S. W. ; orange- colored ; open bell-shaped corolla with lobes about the 
 length of the mostly 4 acute lobes and the stamens ; pod large, depressed, 
 greenish-yellow. 
 
 *+ -M- Flowers panicled or in compound cymes, the withered corolla re- 
 maining on the top of the pod ; styles mostly longer than the ovary. 
 
 C. tenuifldra, Engelm. On shrubs and tall herbs, Pa., W. and S., in 
 swamps ; pale ; tube of the corolla twice the length of its ovate, acute, 
 spreading lobes, and of the ovate blunt calyx lobes. 
 
 *- *- Sepals united; ovary and pod pointed. 
 
 C. infl^xa, Engelm. On shrubs and tall herbs in prairies and barrens, 
 N. Eng., W. and S.; corolla fleshy, mostly 4-cleft, its tube no longer than 
 the ovate, acutish, crenulate, erect or inflexed lobes of the corolla and 
 the acute, keeled calyx lobes. 
 
 C. dec6ra, Engelm. Wet prairies 111., S. W. ; with larger flowers, the 
 corolla broadly bell-shaped, its 5 lobes lance-ovate, acute, and inflexed. 
 
 C. Grondvii, Willd. The commonest E. and W.; on coarse herbs and 
 low shrubs in wet places ; bell-shaped corolla with tube usually longer 
 than its 5 (rarely 4) ovate blunt spreading lobes ; its internal scales large 
 and copiously fringed.
 
 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 311 
 
 *- - *- Sepals 5 and distinct, subtended by 2 or more sepal-like bracts. 
 
 C. compdcta, Juss. On shrubs, Ont., S. and W.; bracts (3-6) and 
 sepals round and appressed ; tube of the corolla cylindrical. 
 
 C. glomerita, Choisy. On Golden Rods and other coarse Compositae, 
 from Ohio, W. and S.; the numerous oblong, scarious bracts closely im- 
 bricated with recurving tips ; sepals similar, shorter than the cylindra- 
 ceous tube of the corolla. 
 
 LXXX. SOLANACKffi, NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 
 
 Plants with rank-scented herbage (this and the fruit more 
 commonly narcotic-poisonous), colorless juice, alternate leaves 
 (but apt to be in pairs and unequal), regular flowers (on bract- 
 less pedicels) with the parts usually in fives (stamens 4 in 
 Brunfelsia, and 1 or more of them rudimentary in some other 
 genera), but the ovary mostly 2-celled, the many-seeded pla- 
 centae in the axis. The seeds have a slender, usually curved 
 embryo, in fleshy albumen. (Lessons, Figs. 50, 51.) The 
 order runs into Scrophulariaceee, which a few species approach 
 in a somewhat irregular corolla, but their stamens are as many 
 as the lobes (except Nos. 9 and 15-17) . Mostly herbs. 
 
 Fruit a fleshy (or in No. 5, dryish") berry. 
 
 +- Corolla wheel-shaped, lobed or parted into 5 or sometimes more divisions, plaited 
 and valvate or the margins turned inwards in the bud; the tube very short ; 
 anthers conniving around the style. 
 
 1. LTCOPERSICUM. Like Solanum, except that the anthers are united by a membrane 
 
 at their tips and the cells open lengthwise. Leaves pinnately compound. 
 
 2. SOLANUM. Stamens with anthers equaling or mostly longer than the very short fila- 
 
 ments, usually not united, the cells opening by a hole at the apex. (Lessons, Figs. 
 252, 253.) Leaves simple or pinnate. 
 
 3. CAPSICUM. Stamens with slender filaments much longer than the short and separate 
 
 commonly heart-shaped anthers, their cells opening lengthwise. Berry sometimes 
 dryish and inflated, then becoming 1-celled. 
 
 +- +- Corolla between wheel-shaped and funnel-form, plaited in the bud, the border very 
 moderately if at all lobed ; anthers separate, opening lengthicise ; calyx blad- 
 dery-inflated after flowering, inclosing the globular berry. 
 
 4. PHYSALIS. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla mostly somewhat 5-lobed. Stamens erect. Fruit 
 
 a juicy, often edible, 2-celled berry. 
 
 5. NICANDRA. Calyx 5-parted and angled, the divisions somewhat arrow-shaped. 
 
 Corolla with widely-spreading border almost entire. Fruit a dryish 3-5-celled berry. 
 
 *-*-+- Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, tubular, or salver- shaped ; anthers separate 
 opening lengthimse ; calyx not bladdery-inflated. 
 
 ++ Stamens normally 5 (exception sometimes in No. 8). 
 Calyx 5-parted to near the base, the lobes leafy. 
 
 6. ATROPA. Calyx with ovate divisions, in fruit enlarging and spreading under the glo- 
 
 bose purple berry. Corolla between bell-shaped and funnel-form, with 5 triangular- 
 ovate lobes. Stamens and style somewhat declined, slender.
 
 312 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 
 
 = = Calyx bell-shaped, cup-shaped, or short-tubular, in fruit persistent under or 
 
 partly covering the '2-celled berry ; shrubs, with entire feather-veined leaves. 
 1. OESTRUM. Corolla tubular funnel-form or club-shaped, the lobes folded or plaited 
 lengthwise In the bud. Stamens included. Stigma capitate. Ovary with few 
 ovules in each cell. Berry few-seeded. Flowers in clusters. 
 
 8. LYCIUM. Parts of the flower often in fours. Corolla funnel-form, bell-shaped or 
 
 tubular, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stigma capitate. Berry many-seeded, 
 red or reddish. Flowers solitary or umbeled, lateral. 
 ++ -H- Stamens 4, included in the narrow throat of the salver-shaped corolla. 
 
 9. BRUNFEL8IA. Shrubs, with glossy oblong leaves. Corolla with 5 rounded and 
 
 about equal lobes, two of them, however, a little more united. Anthers all alike. 
 * Fruit a dry dehiscent capsule. 
 +- Stamens normally 5, all perfect. 
 H- Calyx urn-shaped in fruit, inclosing the pod ; corolla considerably irregular. 
 
 10. HTOSCYAMUS. Calyx 5-lobed, the spreading border becoming reticulated, inclosing 
 
 the 2-celled pod, which opens by the top falling off as a lid. Corolla short funnel- 
 form, with the plaited border more or less oblique and unequal. Stamens declined. 
 M- -H- Calyx ^parted to near the base, the lobes foliaceous. 
 
 11. PETUNIA. Calyx with narrow somewhat spatulate lobes much longer than the tube. 
 
 Corolla funnel-form or somewhat salver-shaped, the 5-lobed border commonly a 
 little unequal. Stamens included in the tube, unequal. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved. 
 
 +++>++ Calyx tubular, prismatic, or bell-shaped, 
 
 = Covering the pod or nearly so ; corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form, the lobes 
 plaited in the bud; seeds minutt. 
 
 12. NIEREMBEEGIA. Corolla with very slender thread-like tube (J'-l* long), abruptly 
 
 expanded at the narrow throat Into a saucer-shaped or almost wheel-shaped 5-lobed 
 border. Stamens short, borne on the throat. Stigma kidney-shaped and somewhat 
 2-lipped. Flowers scattered. 
 
 18. NICOTIANA. Corolla with a regular 5-lobed border. Stamens inserted on its tube, 
 included; filaments straight. Stigma capitate. Pod 2-4-valved from the apex. 
 Flowers more or less racemed or panicled. 
 = Prismatic, falling away after flowering, leaving the 2-4-celled pod naked. 
 
 14. DATURA. Corolla funnel-form, strongly plaited in the bud, and with 5 or more pointed 
 
 teeth. (Lessons, Figs. 246, 282.) Filaments slender. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed or 
 2-lipped. Pod globular, in the common species prickly and 4-celled, but the 2 pla- 
 centae-bearing or false partitions often incomplete. Seeds large and flat, somewhat 
 kidney-shaped. Flowers terminal or in the forks, 
 i- +- Stamens 4 only, included within the narrow throat of the salver-shaped corolla. 
 
 15. BROWALLIA. Herbs, mostly a little pubescent and clammy. Corolla with some- 
 
 what unequally 5-lobed border, the lobes with a broad notch. Two of the anthers 
 shorter and only 1-celled. Leaves alternate and entire. 
 t- -i- -i- Anther-bearing stamens 4, and a sterile filament ; corolla with wide throat. 
 
 16. 8ALPIGLOSSIS. Herbs, with cut-toothed or pinnatifld alternate leaves. Corolla 
 
 funnel-form, with very open throat, a little oblique or irregular, the lobes all with 
 a deep notch at the end. Pod oblong. 
 ---- Stamens with 2 good anthers, the 2 or 3 others small and abortive. 
 
 17. SCHIZANTHUS. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow. Corolla imbricated and not 
 
 plaited in the bud ; the smaller tip 3-parted ; the larger 5-cleft, and the lobes again 
 2-cleft or deeply notched, the tube shorter than the divisions, which appear as if cut 
 up, the middle lobe of the smaller lip, towards which the stamens and style are in- 
 clined, more or less hooded or sac-like. Stigma minute. Leaves alternate, pinnate, 
 or [(innately cut.
 
 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 313 
 
 1. LYCOPBRSICUM, TOMATO, LOVE APPLE. (Greek: wolf 
 peach.} 
 
 L. escufentum, Mill. TOMATO. Cult, from trop. Amer.; includes mani- 
 fold varieties and forms ; hairy, rank-scented ; leaves interruptedly pin- 
 nate, larger leaflets cut or pinnatifid, ovate or ovate-oblong and pointed ; 
 flower clusters short and forked ; flowers yellowish, by cultivation having 
 their parts often increased in number, the esculent red or yellow berry 
 becoming several-celled. The little improved types, like the Cherry 
 Tomato (var. CERASIFORME) have 2-celled fruits, a weaker habit and 
 smaller leaves than the larger-fruited sorts. 
 
 L. pimpinellifblium, Dunal. CDRRANTT. Weaker and nearly smooth, 
 the leaflets small and thin and nearly or quite obtuse ; fruit the size of 
 large currants, in long 2-sided racemes. Sparingly cult., mostly as a 
 curiosity. Peru. () 
 
 2. SOL ANUM, NIGHTSHADE, etc. (Derivation uncertain.) Flowers 
 mostly in corymb- or raceme-like clusters, in summer. 
 
 * Plants not at all prickly ; anthers blunt. 
 -- Climbing or twining perennials. 
 
 S. Dulcamara, Linn. BITTERSWEET. Nat. from Eu., in moist cult, 
 and waste grounds ; smoothish, with tall stems woody at base and dis- 
 posed to climb, ovate and heart-shaped leaves, some of the upper ones 
 halberd-3-lobed, or with one or two pairs of smaller leaflets or lobes at 
 base ; corolla violet-purple with a pair of greenish spots on the base of 
 each lobe, and oval red berries. ^ (Lessons, Fig. 252.) 
 
 S. jasminoldes, Paxt. Woody-stemmed house plant from Brazil, tall- 
 climbing by its petioles, very smooth, with oblong ovate or slightly 
 heart-shaped, entire leaves, or some of them divided into 3 leaflets, and 
 clusters of white or bluish flowers. %. (Lessons, Fig. 172.) 
 
 *- - Erect shrubs, of house culture. 
 
 S. Pseddo-C6psicum, Linn. JERUSALEM CHERRY. Shrubby house 
 
 g'ant from Madeira, cult, for the ornamental bright red berries, resem- 
 ing cherries ; smooth, with lance-oblong entire leaves and small white 
 flowers in solitary peduncles or small lateral clusters. 
 
 S. Capsicastrum, Link. Fruit scarlet, the size of a filbert; flowers 
 white, in short racemes nearly opposite the leaves, the latter twin, one 
 much smaller than the other, entire or repand, oblong-lanceolate or lance- 
 obovate. There is a form with variegated leaves. Brazil. 
 
 - 4- - Erect herbs, annuals or cult, as annuals. 
 
 S. nigrum, Linn. BLACK or COMMON NIGHTSHADE. Low weed of 
 shady grounds ; much branched, nearly smooth, with ovate wavy-toothed 
 or sinuate leaves, very small white flowers, and globular black berries, 
 said to be poisonous. 
 
 S. tuberbsum, Linn. POTATO. Cult, from Chile for the esculent 
 tubers, and native as far N. as S. Col. ; leaves pinnate, of several ovate 
 leaflets and some minute ones intermixed ; flowers blue or white ; berries 
 round, green. 2Z (Lessons, Figs. 102, 253.) 
 
 S. muricatum, Ait. PEPINO, MELON SHRUB, etc. Branching and 
 bushy ; stems and oblong-lanceolate entire leaves lightly hairy ; flowers 
 sky-blue, in terminal fascicles ; fruit egg-shaped, 3'-4' long and pointed, 
 at maturity yellow overlaid with streaks of violet-purple, the flesh edible, 
 with the flavor of a muskmelon. Subshrub in trop. Amer., where it is 
 native, but treated as an herb in cultivation.
 
 314 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 
 
 * More or less prickly herbs, with acute elongated-lanceolate anthers. 
 *- Very prickly calyx inclosing the dry berry; anthers declined, unequal, 
 
 one of them much longer than the rest; leaves sinuately once to thrice 
 
 pinnatifid- 
 
 S. rostritum, Dunal. Wild on plains W. of Mississippi, and becom- 
 ing a weed in some gardens ; has yellow flowers, 1'-1J' in diameter. 
 
 +- t- Calyx mostly somewhat prickly but not inclosing the fruit; anthers 
 nearly equal. 
 
 3. Carolin^nse, Linn. HORSE NETTLE. Roughish-downy, 1 high, 
 with ovate-oblong, angled or sinuate-lobed leaves, yellowish prickles, and 
 pale blue or white flowers almost 1' wide. Weed in sandy soil, from 
 Conn., S. 11 
 
 S. aculeatissimum, Jacq. Weed introduced into waste places, N. Car., 
 S., l-2 high, bristly hairy, greener and more prickly than the foregoing, 
 with smaller white flowers. Tropics. 
 
 S. Melongena, Linn. EGGPLANT, AUBERGINE, GUINEA SQUASH. Cult, 
 for the large oblong or ovate violet-colored or white esculent fruit (2'-12' 
 long) ; leaves ovate, rather downy, obscurely sinuate ; corolla violet with 
 yellow eye. The common cult, form is var. ESCULENTUM. The Early 
 Dwarf Purple Egg Plant and its allies, distinguished by diffuse habit, 
 fewer prickles, small flowers, and early pear-shaped fruits, is var. DE- 
 PRESSUM. India. 
 
 S. integrifblium, Poir. (S. coccfNEUM of gardens). CHINESE SCARLET 
 EGGPLANT. Tall prickly herb, with sinuate-notched or -lobed leaves 
 bearing strong yellow spines on the midrib below; flowers small and 
 white, in clusters of 2-6, followed by red or yellow lobed or angled, in- 
 edible fruits, l'-2' across. Probably African. 
 
 3. CAPSICUM, CAYENNE or BED PEPPER. (Name obscure.) 
 Tropics. 
 
 C. dnnuum, Linn. COMMON C. or CHILE PEPPER. Cult, for the large 
 oblong or globular and often angled dry berry (red or green), which is 
 exceedingly pungent, and used as a condiment ; leaves ovate, entire ; 
 flowers white, with truncate calyx. Many diverse forms. (I) 
 
 4. PHYSALIS, GROUND CHERRY, HUSK or STRAWBERRY 
 TOMATO. (Greek : bladdery, from the inflated fruiting calyx.) 
 
 * 2Z Low stems (6'-20' high) from slender creeping rootstocks ; anthers 
 
 yellow; fruiting calyx loosely inflated, o-angled, much larger than the 
 
 edible berry. 
 
 P. Alkekengi, Linn. STRAWBERRY TOMATO. Cult, from S. Eu., and 
 running wild E. ; rather downy ; leaves triangular-ovate, pointed ; corolla 
 greenish- white, 5-lobed, not spotted ; large fruiting calyx ovate, turning 
 brilliant red ; berry red. 
 
 P. lanceolata. Michx. Pubescent, or somewhat hairy, but not clammy ; 
 leaves varying from ovate to lanceolate, entire or sparingly wavy-toothed ; 
 corolla yellowish with a darker throat and slightly 5-10-toothed border ; 
 fruiting calyx sunken at the base, hirsute ; berry red. Pa., W. and S. 
 
 P. visc6sa, Linn. , but not viscous ; white-pubescent ; stems ascend- 
 ing or spreading ; leaves ovate or oval, or sometimes obovate, undulate 
 or entire ; corolla greenish -yellow, with a darker eye ; calyx globose- 
 ovate in fruit ; berry yellow or orange. Near the coast, Va., S. 
 
 P. Virginiana, Mill. Widely spreading and viscid ; leaves ovate or 
 oblong, repand or obtusely toothed or rarely entire; corolla about 1' 
 broad, 5-10-toothed, sulphur- yellow with a brown eye ; fruiting calyx 
 strongly 5-angled ; berry yellow. Can., S.
 
 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 315 
 
 * * Stems l-3 high (or prostrate) from a small root; flowers 
 small, light greenish-yellow; anthers commonly tinged with blue or 
 violet. 
 
 P. pub^scens, Linn. COMMON HUSK or STRAWBERRY TOMATO, DWARF 
 CAPE GOOSEBERRY. Clammy-hairy or downy ; stems much spreading, 
 usually not rising over 1 ; leaves ovate or heart-shaped, angulate-toothed ; 
 corolla brown-spotted in the throat ; sharply 5-angled fruiting calyx loosely 
 inclosing the yellow or greenish, not glutinous, berry. Low ground, and 
 cult. 
 
 P. angulata, Linn. Nearly glabrous, not viscid ; leaves sharply cut- 
 toothed ; peduncles slender ; very small corolla not spotted ; fruiting calyx 
 10-angled, loose, at length filled by the greenish-yellow berry. Pa., W. 
 and S. 
 
 P. Philadelphica, Lam. Almost glabrous, erect ; leaves ovate or 
 oblong and oblique at base, slightly toothed or angled ; corolla dark 
 colored in the throat, over ^' wide; fruiting calyx globose, completely 
 filled by the large reddish or purple edible berry, and open at the mouth. 
 Pa., W. and S. 
 
 P. Peruviana, Linn. (P. EDULIS). CAPE GOOSEBERRY. Strong plant, 
 l-3, with thick, soft, cordate-ovate, irregularly toothed or notched 
 fuzzy leaves ; flower open bell-shaped, the limb widely spreading and 
 light yellow, the throat blotched and veined with purple spots ; anthers 
 purple ; fruiting calyx 10-angled, inflated, inclosing a yellow, not gluti- 
 nous berry. Peru. 
 
 5. NICANDRA, APPLE OF PEKU. (Named after the poet Nican- 
 der.) Only one species ; flowers summer. 
 
 ft. physaloldes, Gaertn. Tall smooth weed from Peru, sparingly wild 
 in moist waste grounds ; with ovate-angled or sinuate-toothed leaves, and 
 solitary peduncles, bearing a rather large, pale blue flower. 
 
 6. ATROPA, BELLADONNA. (Named after one of the Fates.) y. 
 
 A. Belladdnna, Linn. Sparingly cult, from Eu. ; low and spreading, 
 nearly smooth, with ovate, entire, pointed leaves, flowers single or in 
 pairs nodding on lateral peduncles, dull-purple corolla, and handsome 
 purple berry ; whole plant poisonous, used in medicine. 
 
 7. OESTRUM. (Greek; the derivation obscure.) Shrubs of warm 
 climates, chiefly American ; a few cult, in conservatories. 
 
 C. efegans, Schlecht. (HABROTHAMNUS ELEGANS). From Mexico ; has 
 the branches and lower face of the ovate-lanceolate or oblong pointed 
 leaves downy-pubescent, terminal corymbs, and rose-purple club-shaped 
 corollas less than 1' long. 
 
 C. nocturnum, Linn. Smooth ovate leaves, and axillary clusters of 
 yellowish green slender flowers, very sweet-scented at night. S. Amer. 
 
 C. Pfirqui, L'Her. Chile ; has lanceolate smooth leaves very acute at 
 both ends, and a terminal panicle of crowded spikes or racemes of tubular 
 funnel-form or partly club-shaped dull-yellow flowers, fragrant at night. 
 
 8. LYCIUM. (Named from the country of the original species, Lycia.~) 
 Trailing, climbing, or low spreading shrubs, usually spiny, with small 
 leaves often clustered on lateral spurs, and small flowers, in spring and 
 summer. 
 
 L. vulgare, Dunal. MATRIMONY VINE. From the Mediterranean region ; 
 planted, and sparingly running wild in some places ; slightly thorny, with
 
 316 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 
 
 very long and lithe recurved or almost climbing branches, oblong-spatu- 
 late leaves, slender stalked flowers clustered in the axils, and pale green- 
 ish-purple 5-cleft corolla about equaling the 5 stamens ; fruit obtuse, of 
 little beauty. 
 
 L. Chinense, Mill. CHINESE M. Less commonly cult, than the last, 
 but more desirable on account of the large (!' long) bright scarlet acute 
 fruit which ripens in August and hangs until early winter ; stems weak 
 and prostrate, 10 long, spiny ; leaves ovate and acute, more or less 
 cuneate at the base ; stamens longer than the bright purple corolla. 
 
 L. Carolini&num, Walt. Wild in salt marshes S. Car., S.; low, spiny, 
 with fleshy, thickened, almost club-shaped leaves, scattered small flowers, 
 and 4-cleft purple corolla shorter than the 4 stamens. 
 
 9. BRUNFELSIA. (Named for the old herbalist, Otto Brunfels.) 
 Conservatory shrubs, cult, under the name of FRANCfscEA, with showy 
 flowers. 
 
 B. latifdlia, Benth. Very smooth, with oval or oblong acute leaves, 
 and few fragrant flowers (lavender with a white eye, fading to white) at 
 the end of the branches, l\' across. Brazil. 
 
 B. grandifldra, D. Don. Peru ; leaves elliptic-oblong, acuminate ; 
 flowers 2' across, greenish. 
 
 10. HYOSCYAMUS, HENBANE. (Greek: hog and bean, i.e., 
 swine poison.) Flowers summer. (I) (g) 
 
 H. nlger, Linn. BLACK HENBANE. Of Eu., cult, in old gardens, and 
 a weed in waste places; clammy-downy, strong- seen ted, narcotic-poi- 
 sonous ; with clasping, sinuate-toothed leaves, sessile flowers in one-sided 
 leafy-bracted spikes, and dull yellowish corolla netted-veiny with purple. 
 
 11. PETUNIA. (Petun is an aboriginal name of Tobacco.} Cultivated 
 as garden annuals, from S. Amer. The common Petunias are mostly 
 hybrids of the two following species ; herbage clammy-pubescent ; 
 flowers large and showy, in summer. 
 
 P. nyctaginifldra, Juss. Corolla white, the long narrow tube 3 or 4 
 times the length of the calyx ; leaves oval-oblong and narrowed into a 
 distinct petiole ; plant stout and flowers strong-scented at evening. Still 
 occasionally seen in old gardens. 
 
 P. K/o/acea, Lindl. Stems weaker ; violet-purple or rose-red corolla, 
 the short, broader, and ventricose tube hardly twice the length of the 
 calyx ; leaves ovate or oval, sessile or very nearly so. Rarely, if ever, 
 seen in gardens in its pure form. 
 
 12. NIEREMBERGIA. (Named for,/. E. Nieremberg, a priest and 
 botanical collector in Buenos Ay res, whence the common species 
 comes.) JJ. 
 
 ft. grdcilis, Hook. Cult, for ornament, under many varieties ; low, 
 with slender bushy branches, small, linear or spatulate-linear leaves, and 
 scattered flowers produced all summer, white or veined or tinged with 
 purple. 
 
 13. NICOTIANA, TOBACCO. (Named for John Nicot, one of the 
 introducers of Tobacco into Europe.) Rank, acrid -narcotic, mostly 
 clammy- pubescent plants, chiefly of America ; leaves entire or merely 
 wavy-margined.
 
 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 317 
 
 * Corolla with a broad or inflated tube, mostly red or greenish. 
 
 N. Tabacum, Linn. COMMON T. The principal species cult, for the 
 foliage ; 4-6 high, with lance-ovate, decurrent leaves l-2 long, or the 
 upper lanceolate, panicled flowers, and rose-purple, funnel-form corolla 
 2' long, with somewhat inflated throat and short lobes. S. Amer. 
 
 N. rustica, Linn. A weed in some places, is a low, homely plant, with 
 ovate and petioled leaves 2'-5' long, and green funnel-form corolla (!' 
 long) contracted under the short round lobes. Nativity unknown. (D 
 
 N. tomentosa, Ruiz. & Pav. (N. coixissEA.) Very tall (6-10 high), 
 strong herb, often with very large, broad-lanceolate to ovate, entire 
 leaves (a yard long by two-thirds as wide), decurrent on the stem, and 
 short flowers with exserted stamens. Cult, for its tropical appearance. 
 S. Amer. ^ 
 
 * * Corolla white, with a very long and narrow, nearly cylindrical 
 
 tube. 
 -H- Corolla lobes acute. 
 
 N. long/flora, Cav. Slender, 2-3 high, cult, for its handsome white 
 flowers, which open toward evening ; corolla salver-shaped, the green 
 tube 4' and the lance-ovate acute lobes ' long ; leaves lanceolate, undu- 
 late. 
 
 N. alata, Link & Otto. (N. AFFhns of gardens). Strong plant 3-4, 
 clammy- pubescent ; leaves lance-obovate and entire, or the upper ones 
 lanceolate, the lower ones narrowed into a petiole-like base, which is 
 dilated where it joins the stem ; flowers very long (the slender tube 5'- 
 6 ), the limb deeply 6-cleft and unequal, opening at nightfall, and then 
 fragrant. Common in gardens. Brazil. 
 
 I- -*- Corolla lobes obtuse. 
 
 N. noctiflora, Hook. The handsome white flowers opening at evening 
 (as the name denotes), is similar to N. longiflora, but with ovate-lanceo- 
 late petioled leaves, tube of corolla only 2'-3' long, and its roundish lobes 
 notched at the end. (D 
 
 N. suaveolens, Lehm. Nearly or quite smooth and glabrous, l-3 ; 
 leaves lance-obovate and wavy, tapering below; flowers 3' long, the 
 rounded divisions of the corolla overlapping and the limb, therefore, 
 appearing as if nearly entire, sweet-scented. Australia. 
 
 14. DATURA, THORN APPLE, STRAMONIUM, etc. (Name 
 altered from the Arabic.) Rank-scented, mostly large-flowered, 
 narcotic-poisonous weeds, or some ornamental in cultivation. 
 
 * Flower and the usually prickly 4-valved pod erect, the latter resting on 
 a plate or saucer-shaped body which is the persistent base of the calyx, 
 the whole upper part of which falls off entire after flowering ; corolla 
 with a o-toothed border. 
 
 D. Strambnium, Linn. COMMON T. or JAMESTOWN WEED, JIMSON 
 WEED. Waste grounds ; smooth, with green stems and white flowers 
 (3' long) ; leaves ovate, angled, or sinuate-toothed. Probably Asian. 
 (Lessons, Fig. 246.) 
 
 D. T6tula, Linn. PETBPLE T. A weed very like the other, but rather 
 taller, with purple stem and pale violet-purple flowers. Trop. Amer. 
 
 * * Pod nodding on the short recurved peduncle, rather fleshy, bursting 
 irregularly, otherwise as in the foregoing section ; flowers large, showy. 
 Cult, from warm regions for ornament. 2Z 
 
 D. Mete/, Linn. Clammy-pubescent ; leaves ovate, entire, or obscurely 
 angled-toothed ; corolla white, the 10-toothed border 4' wide ; capsule 
 prickly. Trop. Amer.
 
 318 FIGWORT FAMILY. 
 
 D. meteMdes, DC. Cult, from Mexico (under the name of D. 
 WirtGHTii); like the other, but pale, almost smooth, the flower sweet- 
 scented, and the corolla with more expanded 5-toothed border, 5'-6' wide, 
 white or pale violet. Capsule spiny. 
 
 D. fastuosa, Linn. Downy; leaves ovate-acuminate, unequal at the 
 base, repand-toothed ; flowers erect, violet outside and white within, 
 somewhat oblique ; capsule rough. Showy, often double-flowered. 
 E. Indies. 
 
 * * * Flower and smooth 2-celled pod hanging, the former very large, 
 6'-10' long ; calyx splitting down lengthwise after flowering. Tropical 
 American tree-like shrubs, cult, in conservatories; flowers sometimes 
 double. 
 
 D. (or BRUGMANSIA) arbdrea, Linn. Has ovate or lance-oblong, entire 
 or angled pubescent leaves, long teeth to the corolla, and unconnected 
 anthers. 
 
 D. suaveolens, Humb. & Bonpl. Has mostly entire and smooth leaves, 
 short teeth to the corolla and the anthers sticking together. Mexico. 
 
 15. BROWALLIA. (Named for Dr. John Browall, of Sweden, first 
 a friend, later a bitter opponent of Linnaeus.) 
 
 B. demlssa, Linn, (named also B. EL ATA when the plant and the man 
 it was named for grew exalted). From S. Amer.; cult, in the gardens, 
 l-2 high, bushy-branched, with ovate leaves and handsome bright 
 violet-blue flowers (!' or less across, at length as it were racemed) pro- 
 duced all summer. 
 
 16. SALPIGLOSSIS. (Greek for trumpet-tongue, from the curved 
 apex of the style with dilated stigma likened to the end of a trumpet. ) 
 
 S. sinuata, Ruiz & Pav. Cult, from Chile as an ornamental annual or 
 biennial, under various names and varieties, according to the color of the 
 large flowers, dark-purple, or straw-colored and mostly striped ; flowers 
 all summer. In appearance resembles a Petunia. 
 
 17. SCHIZANTHUS. (Greek for cut flower, the corolla being as if 
 cut into slips.) Cult, for ornament, from Chile ; flowers summer. 
 
 S. pinnatus, Ruiz & Pav. Slender, l-2 high ; pubescent with fine 
 glandular hairs, with leaves once or twice pinnate or parted into narrow 
 divisions, and numerous handsome flowers, barely 1' in diameter. 
 
 LXXXI. SCROPHULARIACEJS, FIGWORT FAMILY. 
 
 Known on the whole by the 2-lipped or at least more or less 
 irregular monopetalous corolla (the lobes imbricated in the 
 bud), 2 or 4 didynamous stamens, single style, entire or 2- 
 lobed stigma, and 2-celled ovary and pod containing several 
 or many seeds on the placentae in the axis ; these with a small 
 embryo in copious albumen. But some are few-seeded, a few 
 have the corolla almost regular, and one or two have 5 sta- 
 mens, either complete or incomplete. A large family, chiefly 
 herbs, some shrubby, and one species is a small tree.
 
 FIGWORT FAMILY. 319 
 
 Tree, with large and opposite Catalpa-like leaves. 
 
 1. PAULOWNIA. Calyx very downy, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla decurved, with a cylindrical 
 
 or funnel-form tube, and an enlarged oblique border of 5 rounded lobes. Stamens 
 4, included. Pod turgid and top-shaped, tilled with very numerous winged seeds. 
 
 * * Herbs, or a few becoming law shrubs. 
 +- Anther-bearing stamens 5, and a wheel-shaped or barely concave corolla. 
 
 2. VEKBASCUM. Flowers in a long terminal raceme or spike. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 
 
 with 5 broad and rounded only slightly unequal divisions. All the filaments or 8 of 
 them woolly. Style expanding and flat at apex. Pod globular, many-seeded. Leaves 
 
 alternate. 
 
 Anther-bearing stamens only 2 or 4. 
 
 ++ Flower with corolla wheel shaped, or at least with wide spreading' border mostly 
 much longer than the short tube ; flowers single in the axils of the leaves or col- 
 lected in a raceme or spike. 
 S. CELSIA. Like Verbascum, but with only 4 stamens, those of 2 sorts. 
 
 4. ALOXSOA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla very unequal, turned upside down by the twist- 
 
 ing of the pedicel, so that the much larger lower lobe appears to be the upper and 
 the two short upper lobeslhe lower. Stamens 4. Pod many-seeded. Lower leaves 
 opposite or in threes. 
 
 5. VERONICA. Calyx 4-parted, rarely 8-5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, or sometimes 
 
 salver-shaped, with 4 or rarely 5 rounded lobes, one or two of them usually rather 
 smaller. Stamens 2, with long slender filaments. Pod flat or flattish, 2-many- 
 seeded. At least the lower leaves opposite or sometimes whorled. 
 
 H- -H- Flower with corolla salver-shaped, with almost regular 4-5-lobed border ; flowers 
 in a terminal spike. Here one species of No. 5 might be sought. 
 
 6. BUCHNEEA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla with a slender tube, and the border 
 
 cleft into 5 roundish divisions. Anthers 4 in 2 pairs, 1-celled. Style club-shaped 
 at the apex. Pod many-seeded. Leaves mainly opposite, roughish. 
 **+*++ Flower with corolla either obviously '2-lipped, or funnel-form, tubular or bell- 
 shaped. 
 
 Corolla ^-parted nearly to the base, the 2 Zips sac-shaped or the lower larger one 
 
 slipper-shaped ; stamens only 2 (or very rarely 3), and no rudiments of more. 
 
 7. CALCEOLARIA. Calyx 4-parted. The two sac-shaped or slipper-shaped divisions of 
 
 the corolla entire or nearly so. Pod many-seeded. Leaves chiefly opposite, and 
 flowers in cymes or clusters. 
 
 Corolla almost ^-parted, the middle lobe of the lower lip folded together to form 
 
 aflat pocket which incloses the 4 stamens and the style. 
 
 8. COLLINSIA. Calyx deeply 6-cleft. Corolla turned down, its short tube laterally 
 
 flattened, strongly bulging on the upper side ; upper lip 2-cleft and turned back ; the 
 lower one larger and 8-lobed, its middle and laterally flattened pocket-shaped lobe 
 covered above by the two lateral ones. A little rudiment of the fifth stamen present.^ 
 Pod globular, with few or several seeds. Flowers on pedicels single or mostly clus- 
 tered in the axils of the upper opposite (rarely whorled) leaves, which are gradually 
 reduced to bracts, forming an interrupted raceme. 
 
 _ _= = Corolla not -2-parted nor salver-shaped, but with a tube of some length in pro- 
 portion to the 2-lipped or more or less irregular (rarely nearly regular) 4-5- 
 lobed border. 
 
 I A spur or sac-like projection at the base on the lower side, and a projecting palate to 
 the lower lip, which commonly closes the throat or nearly so ; stamens 4, and no 
 obvious rudiment. 
 
 9. LINARIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, and with a spur at base. (Lessons, 
 
 Fig. 258.) Pod many-seeded, opening by a hole or chink which forms below the 
 summit of each cell.
 
 320 FIGWORT FAMILY. 
 
 10. ANTIRRHINUM. No spur, but a sac or gibbosity at the base of the personate corolla 
 
 (Lessons, Fig. 26T) ; otherwise like 9. 
 1 1 Neither spur nor sac at base of the corolla, nor a projecting palate in the throat, 
 
 nor with the upper lip laterally compressed or folded and narrow and arched. 
 o Stamens with anthers 4, and no rudiment of the fifth ; peduncles \-flowered. 
 x Plant climbing. 
 
 11. MAURANDIA, including LOPHOSPERMUM. Herbs with alternate or partly oppo- 
 
 site leaves, and solitary long-peduncled flowers in their axils, climbing by their coil- 
 ing leafstalks and flowerstalks. Calyx 5-parted, foliaceous. Corolla open-mouthed, 
 between bell-shaped and inflated-tubular, with 2 plaits or hairy lines running down 
 the tube within, the border obscurely 2-)ipped or oblique, but the 5 spreading round- 
 ish lobes 4 nearly similar, the upper ones outermost in the bud. Pod as in 10. 
 
 x x Plant not climbing (erect or trailing). 
 + Flowers (hanging) in a terminal showy raceme or spike. 
 
 12. DIGITALIS. Herbs with erect simple stem and alternate leaves. Calyx 5-parted, 
 
 foliaceous, the upper sepal smallest. Corolla declining, with a long more or less 
 inflated tube and a short scarcely spreading border, distinctly or indistinctly lobed, 
 the lower lobe or side longest, the lateral ones outermost in the bud. Pod 2-valved, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 + + Flowers axillary, and generally solitary. 
 
 - Upper lobes (or lips) of corolla covering the lower ones in the bud (txcept sometimes 
 
 in No. 13 and perhaps in No. 17.) 
 
 - Calyx prismatic. 
 
 13. MIMULUS. Leaves opposite, with single flowers in the axils of the upper ones. Calyx 
 
 with 5 projecting angles, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, 2-lipped, the 
 upper lip of 2 rounded and recurved lobes, the lower of 3 rounded spreading lobes. 
 Stamens included. Stigma of 2 flat lips. Pod 2-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 14. TORENIA. Trailing herbs, with opposite leaves. Calyx with sharp angles, 2-lipped 
 
 at summit, the lips 2-toothed and 3-toothed. Corolla short-funnel-shaped or tubular 
 with inflated throat, 4-lobed, the upper lobe (sometimes slightly notched) outermost 
 in the bud. Filaments arched and their anthers brought together in pairs under the 
 upper lobe, the longer pair almost equaling the upper lobe and bearing a short naked 
 branch or appendage at base ; the shorter pair simple and included. Stigma 2-lipped. 
 Pod many-seeded. _ _ ^^ ^ prismatic 
 
 16. CONOBEA. Low branching herbs with opposite leaves and small whitish flowers. 
 Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper Up of short corolla 8-lobed and the lower 3-parted. 
 Stigma 2-lobed. 
 
 16. HERPESTIS. Low rather succulent herbs with opposite leaves. Calyx 5-parted, but 
 
 the upper division broader. Upper lip of the short corolla entire or notched or 2- 
 cleft, the lower 8-lobed ; or rarely the limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Style dilated or 
 2-lobed at the top. 
 
 17. LIMOSELLA. Creeping fleshy plants, with clustered entire leaves. Calyx 5-toothed 
 
 and bell-shaped. Corolla short and small, open-bell-form, nearly regular and 5-cleft. 
 
 Style short and club-shaped. 
 
 Lower or lateral lobes of corolla covering the upper ones in the bud. 
 
 18. GERARDIA. Herbs with branching stems, opposite or some alternate leaves, and 
 
 above with single flowers in their axils or those of the bracts. Calyx 5-toothed or 
 5-cleft. Corolla inflated bell-shaped or tubular funnel-form, with an oblique or rather 
 unequal border, the 5 lobes somewhat equal, the lower and lateral ones outside in 
 the bud. Two pairs of stamens of quite unequal length. (Lessons, Fig. 263.) Pod 
 globular or ovate, pointed, 2-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 1. 8EYMERIA. Herbs, like 18 ; but corolla with a short and broad bell-shaped tube, not 
 longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal spreading lobes ; and the stamens 
 almost equal, their anthers blunt at base.
 
 FIGWORT FAMILY. 321 
 
 o o Stamens with good anthers only 2, a pair of sterile ones or abortive filaments gen- 
 erally present also ; flowers small ; calyx ^-parted ; corolla 2-lipped ; leaves 
 opposite, with single flowers in the axil of the upper ones ; peduncles simple and 
 bractless. 
 
 20. ILYSANTHES. Spreading little herbs. Upper lip of the short corolla erect and 2- 
 
 lobed ; the lower larger, spreading, 3-cleft. Upper pair of stamens with good anthers, 
 included in the tube of the corolla ; lower pair borne in the throat and protruded, 
 2-forked, without anthers. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod many-seeded. 
 
 21. GKATIOLA. Low herbs. Upper lip of the corolla either entire or 2-cleft ; lower 3- 
 
 cleft. Stamens included ; the upper pair with good anthers ; the lower pair short, 
 with rudiment of anthers or a mere naked filament, or none at all. Stigma 2-lipped. 
 Pod many-seeded. A pair of bracts at the base of the calyx. 
 
 ooo Stamens with anthers 4, the fifth stamen present as a barren filament or a scale; 
 calyx f>-parted or of 5 imbricated sepals ; stigma simple ; leaves chiefly oppo- 
 site ; flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, or when these are reduced to bracts 
 forming a terminal panicle or raceme ; peduncles few-flowered, or when one- 
 flowered bearing a pair ofbractlets,from the axils of which flowers may spring ; 
 pod many-seeded. 
 
 x Rudiment of the fifth stamen a little scale at the summit of the tube of the corolla. 
 
 22. 8CEOPHULAEIA. Homely and rank erect herbs. Corolla small, with a globular or 
 
 oval tube, and a short border composed of 4 short erect lobes and one (the lower) 
 spreading or reflexed. Fertile stamens short and included. 
 
 x x Rudiment an evident filament. 
 
 28. CHELONE. Low upright smooth herbs, with flowers sessile in spikes or clusters in 
 the axils of the upper leaves, and accompanied by closely imbricated concave round- 
 ish bracts and bractlets. Corolla short-tubular and inflated, concave underneath, 
 with the 2 broad lips only slightly open ; the upper arched, keeled in the middle, 
 notched at the apex ; the lower one woolly bearded in the throat and 3-lobed at the 
 end. Filaments and anthers woolly; sterile filament shorter than the others. Seeds 
 winged. 
 
 24. PENTSTEMON. Herbs (or a few shrubby at base), with mostly upright stems branch- 
 
 ing only from the base, and panicled or almost racemed flowers. Corolla tubular, 
 bell-shaped, funnel-form, etc., more or less 2-lipped, open-mouthed. Sterile fila- 
 ment conspicuous, usually about as long as the anther-bearing ones. (Lessons, Fig. 
 264.) Seeds wingless. 
 
 25. EUSSELLIA. Kather shrubby spreading plants, or with pendulous angular branches ; 
 
 the flowers loosely panicled or racemed. Corolla tubular with 5 short spreading 
 lobes, the 2 upper a little more united. Sterile filament small and inconspicuous 
 near the base of the corolla. Seeds wingless. 
 
 1 1 1 Neither spur nor sac at base of the corolla, the narrow laterally compressed or 
 infolded upper lip of which is helmet-shaped or arched, entire or minutely 
 notched, and inclosing the 4 stamens; no sterile filament. Often showy 
 but uncultivable plants. 
 
 o Cells of the anther unequal. 
 
 26. CASTILLEIA. Herbs with simple stems, alternate leaves, some of the upper, with 
 
 flowers chiefly sessile in their axils, colored like petals, and more gay than the 
 corollas. Calyx tubular, flattened laterally, 2-4-cleft. Corolla tubular, with a long 
 and narrow conduplicate erect upper lip, and a very short 3-lobed lower lip. Pod 
 many-seeded. 
 
 27. SCHWALBEA. Upright simple and leafy-stemmed herb, with a loose spike of rather 
 showy dull purplish or yellowish flowers and alternate sessile and entire leaves. Calyx 
 oblique and tubular, 10-12-ribbed and 5-toothed, the teeth unequal. Upper lip of 
 corolla oblong and entire. Pod many-seeded. 
 GHAT'S F. F. & G. HOT. 21
 
 322 FIGWORT FAMILY. 
 
 28. PEDICTTLARI8. Herbs with simple stems, chiefly pinnatifld leaves and spiked 
 
 flowers. Corolla tubular, with a strongly arched or flattened helmet-shaped upper 
 lip, and the lower erect at base, 2-crested above and 8-lobed. Seeds several in each 
 cell. 
 
 29. MELAMPTRUM. Low herbs with branching stems, opposite leaves, and flowers in 
 
 their axils, or the upper crowded in a bracted spike. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft, the 
 lobes taper-pointed. Corolla tubular, enlarging above, with the lower lip nearly 
 equaling the narrow upper one and its biconvex palate appressed to it, 3-lobed at the 
 summit. Cells of the anther minutely pointed at base. Pod oblique, with only 2 
 seeds in each cell. 
 
 1. FAULOWNTA. (Named for Anna Paulowna, a Russian Princess.) 
 
 P. imperialis^ Sieb. & Zucc. Cult, for ornament, from Japan and 
 China. Scarcely hardy far N. ; the heart-shaped very ample leaves 
 resembling those of Catalpa, but much more downy ; flowers in large 
 terminal panicles, in spring, the violet corolla l'-2' long. 
 
 2. VERBASCUM, MULLEIN. (Ancient Latin name.) Natives of 
 the Old World, here weeds. TJ. @ 
 
 V. Thapsus, Linn. COMMON M. Fields ; densely woolly, the tall 
 simple stem winged from the bases of the oblong leaves, bearing a long, 
 dense spike of yellow (rarely white) flowers. 
 
 V. Lychnltis, Linn. WHITE M. Waste places, rather scarce ; whitened 
 with thin, powdery wooUiness, the stem not winged, ovate leaves greenish 
 above, and spikes of yellow or rarely white flowers panicled. 
 
 V. Blattaria, Linn. MOTH M. Roadsides ; green and smoothish, 2-3 
 high, slender, with ovate toothed or sometimes cut leaves, and loose 
 raceme of yellow or white and purplish-tinged flowers. 
 
 3. CELSIA. (Named for O. Celsius, a Swedish Orientalist.) Flowers 
 summer. 
 
 C. Cretica, Linn, f . Cult, for ornament from the Mediterranean region ; 
 2-3 high, rather hairy, or the raceme clammy, with lower leaves pin- 
 natifid, upper toothed and clasping at base ; corolla orange-yellow with 
 some purple (l'-2' across) ; lower pair of filaments naked, the upper pair 
 short and woolly -bearded. @ 
 
 4. ALONSOA. (Named for Alonzo Zanoni, a Spanish botanist.) 
 Cult, as annuals, from S. Arner. ; flowers all summer. Commonest 
 one is 
 
 A. incisifd/ia, Ruiz & Pav. (also called A. URTic.EF6i.iA). Smoothish, 
 branching, l-2 high, with lance-ovate or oblong sharply cut-toothed 
 leaves, and orange-scarlet corolla less than 1' wide ; several varieties. 
 
 5. VERONICA, SPEEDWELL. (Name of doubtful derivation, per- 
 haps referring to St. Veronica.) Flowers summer. 
 
 Shrubby, tender, very leafy species from JVeir Zealand, with entire and 
 glossy smooth and nearly sessile evergreen leaves, all opposite, dense 
 many-flowered racemes from the axils, and acutish pods. 
 
 V. speciosa, R. Cunn. Smooth throughout, with obovate or oblong 
 blunt or retuse thick leaves, and very dense spike-like racemes of violet- 
 purple flowers. 
 
 V. salicifblia, Forst. Leaves lanceolate acute, and longer ; clammy- 
 pubescent racemes of blue flowers.
 
 FIGWORT FAMILY. 323 
 
 * * Herbs, growing wild, or those of the first subdivision (<-) cultivated 
 in gardens. 
 
 <- Spikes or dense spike-like racemes terminating the erect stem or branches 
 and often clustered. 1J. 
 
 V. spicata, Linn. Erect from a spreading base, l-2 high, with 
 opposite or whorled leaves which are narrow-oblong or oblanceolate and 
 serrate, petiolate ; flowers bright blue, the tube shorter than the calyx ; 
 stamens long-exserted. Eu. 
 
 V. paniculata, Linn. (V. AMETHYSTINA). Mostly taller ; leaves opposite 
 or in 3's, lanceolate and acute, crenate-serrate or jagged, narrow at base 
 and petiolate or sub-sessile ; flowers blue in long, loose spikes or racemes. 
 Eu. 
 
 V. long/folia, Linn. The form in cult, as var. SUBSESSILIS, from 
 Japan, has ovate leaves sessile or nearly so, which are sharply toothed 
 and broad at the base ; flowers very many in long, erect or spreading 
 spikes, clear blue. 
 
 V. Virglnica, Linn. CULVER'S ROOT. Wild in rich woods from Vt. , 
 W. and S. ; remarkable for the tube of the small whitish corolla longer 
 than the acutish lobes, and much longer than the calyx ; simple stems 
 2-6 high, bearing whorls of lanceolate or lance-ovate pointed finely 
 serrate leaves ; spikes dense and clustered. 
 
 <- -t- Racemes in the axils of the opposite leaves ; stems creeping or pro- 
 cumbent at base, but above ascending ; corolla, as in all the following, 
 strictly icheel-shaped. 2/ 
 
 WATER SPEEDWELLS or BROOKLIME, in water or wet ground, smooth 
 and with pale blue (sometimes darker striped) flowers on slender spread- 
 ing pedicels. 
 
 = Pod turgid. 
 
 V. Anagallis, Linn. In water N. ; leaves lance-ovate acute, sessile by 
 a heart-shaped base, 2'-3' long ; pod slightly notched, many-seeded. 
 
 V. Americana, Schw. In brooks and ditches ; leaves mostly petioled, 
 ovate or oblong, serrate ; flowers on more slender pedicels, and pod more 
 turgid than in the foregoing. 
 
 = = Pod strongly flattened. 
 
 V. scutellata, Linn. In bogs N. ; slender, with linear slightly toothed 
 sessile leaves, only 1 or 2 very slender zigzag racemes, few long-pediceled 
 pale flowers ; and pod deeply notched at both ends, broader than long, 
 few-seeded. 
 
 w - In dry ground, pubescent, with light blue flowers in spike-like 
 racemes. 
 
 V. officinalis. Linn. COMMON SPEEDWELL. Spreading or creeping, 
 low ; leaves wedge-oblong or obovate, serrate, short-petioled ; pedicels 
 shorter than calyx; pod wedge-obcordate, several- seeded. N. Eng., W. 
 andS. 
 
 i- H- -i- Saceme loose, terminating the leafy low stem or branches, or the 
 small flowers in the axils of the gradually decreasing leaves. 
 
 w- 2Z Flowers in a terminal raceme. 
 
 V. serpyllif61ia, Linn. Creeping or spreading on the ground ; with 
 simple flowering stems ascending 2'-4', smooth ; leaves roundish, small 
 almost entire ; corolla pale blue or whitish with darker stripes, longer than 
 the calyx. Fields and roadsides.
 
 324 FIGWORT FAMILY. 
 
 +* ++ (D Flowers axillary and mostly alternate along the stem. 
 
 V. peregrina, Linn. NECKWEED or PURSLANE S. Common weed in 
 damp waste or cult, ground ; smooth, erect, branching, with lower leaves 
 oval or oblong and toothed, the upper oblong-linear and entire, inconspic- 
 uous flowers almost sessile in their axils, whitish corolla shorter than the 
 calyx, and many-seeded pod slightly notched. 
 
 V. arvensis, Linn. CORN S. Introduced into waste and cult, grounds 
 E.; hairy, 3'-8' high, with lower leaves ovate and crenate, on petioles, the 
 upper sessile lanceolate and entire, blue flowers short-peduncled, and pod 
 obcordate. Eu. 
 
 6. BUCHNERA, BLUE HEARTS. (/. G. Buchner, an early German 
 botanist.) Flowers summer. 2Z 
 
 B. Americana, Linn. Rough-hairy, turning blackish in drying; with 
 slender stem l-2 high, veiny leaves coarsely few-toothed, the lowest 
 obovate, middle ones oblong, uppermost lance-linear ; flowers scattered in 
 the slender spike, and corolla deep purple. Sandy or gravelly plains, 
 from N. Y., W. and S. 
 
 7. CALCEOLARIA. (Latin calceolus, a shoe or slipper.) Tender 
 South American herbs or shrubs, with curious and handsome flowers, 
 cult, as house and bedding plants. The common cultivated species are 
 now much mixed. 
 
 C. integrifdlia, Murr. (also called C. Ruo6sA and C. SAi/viJEF6LiA) is the 
 commonest woody-stemmed species, with oblong leaves rugose in the 
 manner of garden Sage, and small yellow or orange flowers in crowded 
 clusters. 
 
 C. corymbbsa, Ruiz & Pav. Herbaceous, hairy or clammy-pubescent, 
 with ovate crenate-toothed leaves nearly all at the root, and loose corymbs 
 or cymes of yellow flowers, the purple-spotted mouth considerably open. 
 
 C. crenatifldra, Cav. Parent of many of the more showy herbaceous 
 garden forms, with more leafy stems and larger flowers, their orifice 
 rounder and smaller, the hanging lower lip or sac 1' or more long, more 
 obovate and flat, somewhat 3-lobed as it were towards the end, and vari- 
 ously spotted with purple, brown, or crimson. 
 
 C. scabioscefdlia, Sims. Delicate annual, with pinnately divided, 
 slightly hairy leaves, on petioles dilated and connate at base, and loose, 
 small, pale yellow flowers with globular lower lip about ' wide. 
 
 8. COLLINSIA. (Zaccheus Collins of Philadelphia.) Flowers hand- 
 some, mostly 2-colored. 
 
 * Pedicels longer than the calyx. 
 
 C. v<Jma, Nutt. Wild from W. N. Y., W. and cult.; slender, 6'-20 
 high, with ovate or lance-ovate and toothed leaves, the upper clasping 
 heart-shaped, and slender-peduncled flowers in early spring, lower lip 
 blue, upper white ; gibbous throat of corolla shorter than the limb ; pedi- 
 cels longer than the flowers. 
 
 C. grandifldra, Dougl. From Pacific coast ; saccate throat of corolla 
 as long as the upper lip, which is white or purple ; lower lip deep blue ; 
 pedicels about the length of the flower, the latter showy and f ' long. 
 
 * * Pedicels shorter than the calyx. 
 
 C. 6/co/or, Benth. California ; a handsome garden annual, is stout, 
 with crowded flowers as if whorled, pedicels shorter than calyx, lower 
 lip of corolla violet, the upper pale or white, or in one variety both white.
 
 FIGWOBT FAMILY. 325 
 
 9. LINARIA. TOADFLAX. (From Linum, Flax, from resemblance 
 in the leaves of the commoner species.) Flowers summer. 
 
 * Leaves narrow, sessile, and entire ; stems erect ; flowers racemed. 
 t- Flowers yellow. 
 
 L. vulgaris, Mill. COMMON T., BAMSTED, BUTTER AND EGGS. A showy 
 but troublesome European weed, of fields and roadsides, l-3 high, with 
 alternate crowded linear or lanceolate pale leaves, and a dense raceme of 
 flowers 1' long with paler tips. 2 (Lessons, Fig. 258.) 
 t- >- Flowers blue or violet. 
 
 L. Canadensis, Dumont. WILD T. Gravelly and sandy ground, with 
 scattered, linear leaves on the slender, flowering stems, or oblong and in 
 pairs or threes on prostrate shoots, and very small, blue flowers. (D (g) 
 
 L. triornithdphora, Willd. Cult, from Eu.; glaucous, 2-3 high, with 
 ovate-lanceolate leaves in whorls, and rather large, slender-peduncled, 
 long-spurred flowers, violet and purple-striped. ^ 
 * * Leaves broad, often lobed; stems and branches trailing ; flowers 
 
 very small, yellow and purple mixed, on long axillary pedicels ; natives 
 
 of Eu. 
 
 L. E/dtine, Mill. Nat. in gravelly or sandy soil ; hairy, with ovate and 
 halberd-shaped, short-petioled leaves, the lower ones opposite, (i) 
 
 L. Cymbalaria, Mill. KENILWORTH IVY. Cult, as a delicate little 
 trailing ornamental plant ; very smooth, pale, with rooting branches, and 
 thickish almost kidney-shaped 3-5-lobed leaves on long petioles. 2 
 
 10. ANTIRRHINUM, SNAPDRAGON. (Name Greek, compares the 
 flower with the snout or muzzle of an animal.) Flowers summer. 
 (Lessons, Fig. 257.) 
 
 1. TRUE SNAPDRAGON, with palate closing the mouth of the corolla, 
 
 and erect or ascending stems, not climbing. Nat. and cult, from Eu. 
 
 A. maj'us, Linn. LARGE S., of the gardens; with stems l-3 high, 
 oblong or lanceolate entire, smooth leaves, and glandular-downy raceme 
 of showy flowers, the crimson, purple, white, or variegated corolla over 
 1' long. !# 
 
 A. Ordntium, Linn. SMALL S. Weed in some old gardens and cult, 
 grounds ; low, slender, with linear leaves, and white or purplish axillary 
 flowers \' long. 
 2. MAURANDIA-LIKE S., with palate not so large, nor fully closing the 
 
 mouth, and stems climbing by the coiling of their slender petioles, and 
 
 sometimes of the peduncles also. 
 
 A. maurandioldes, Gray. Cult, from Texas and Mexico, generally as 
 MAURAXDIA ANTIRRHIXIFLORA ; smooth, with triangular-halberd-shaped 
 leaves, or some of them heart-shaped, and showy flowers in their axils, 
 the violet or purple corolla 1' or more long. 2Z 
 
 11. MAUR^NDIA. (Named for Prof. Maurandy.) Excluding the 
 last preceding species, which has the flower of Snapdragon, and includ- 
 ing LOPHOSPERMUM, which has wing-margined seeds. Mexican climbers, 
 with triangular and heart-shaped or halberd-shaped and obscurely 
 lobed leaves, tender, cult, for ornament ; flowers all summer. 
 
 * Corolla naked inside, rather obviously 2-lipped. 
 M. Barclaydna, Lindl. Stems and leaves smooth ; calyx glandular- 
 hairy, clammy, its divisions lance-linear; corolla purple, usually dark, 
 2' or more long.
 
 326 FIGWORT FAMILY. 
 
 M. semperfldrens, Ortega. Has lanceolate, smooth calyx divisions, and 
 smaller rose-purple or violet corolla. 
 
 * * Corolla very obscurely 2-lipped, and with 2 bearded lines. (LOPHO- 
 
 SPERMUM.) 
 
 M. erubGscens, Gray. Somewhat soft-pubescent, with irregularly 
 toothed leaves, rose-colored flowers 3' long, and ovate-oblong, rather 
 leaf -like sepals. 
 
 M. scdndens. Gray. Less common and not so showy, is less pubes- 
 cent, and has smaller, less-inflated, deeper purple corolla, and lance- 
 oblong sepals. 
 
 12. DIGITALIS, FOXGLOVE. (Latin name, from shape of the 
 corolla, likened to the finger of a glove, in the common species.) 
 
 D. purptirea, Linn. Corolla ranging from purple to white, and more or 
 less strongly spotted, 2' long, the lobes rather obscure ; leaves rugose, 
 somewhat downy. Strong plants 2-3, and declined flowers. Cult, from 
 Eu.; flowers summer. 2Z 
 
 13. MIMULUS, MONKEY FLOWER. (From Greek for an ape, or 
 buffoon, from the grinning corolla.) Flowers all summer. 
 
 * Wild in wet places, with erect (except in the third} square stem l-2 
 
 high, oblong or roundish feather-veined serrate leaves. 11 
 
 i- Flowers violet or purple. 
 
 M. rlngens, Linn. Leaves clasping ; peduncles longer than the 
 flower ; calyx teeth taper-pointed. Wet places, common. 
 
 M. alatus, Ait. Leaves tapering into a petiole ; peduncle shorter 
 than the calyx and short-toothed, and sharp wing-like angles to stem. 
 N. Eng. to HI., and S. 
 
 *- -t- Flowers yellow. 
 
 M. Jamdsii, Torr. & Gray. Diffuse, nearly or quite smooth, some- 
 what creeping plant, in springy places in Mich, and Minn., and S. W.; 
 stem leaves nearly sessile, and roundish or kidney-form. 
 
 * * Cult, for ornament, chiefly in conservatories, from W. N. Amer. 
 i- Plant not glutinous, smooth. 
 
 ft. luteus, Linn. Erect ; leaves ovate or cordate- clasping, several- 
 nerved ; flowers showy, yellow, often spotted with rose or brown ; of 
 many varieties, and common hi cultivation. 
 
 - +- Plant glutinous or clammy. 
 
 M. moschdtus, Dougl. MUSK PLANT. Weak and diffuse, rooting, 
 clammy-villous, smelling strongly of musk ; leaves ovate or oblong ; 
 flower small, pale yellow. H 
 
 M. card in alls, Dougl. Erect, clammy-pubescent ; leaves wedge-oblong, 
 partly clasping, several-nerved ; flowers large, brick-red. 2/ 
 
 M. glutindsus. Wendl. Shrubby conservatory plant from Cal., gluti- 
 nous-pubescent, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, and large yellow, orange, 
 or brick-red flower. 
 
 14. TORENIA. (Olef Toren, a Swedish botanist.) 
 
 * Calyx wing-angled. 
 
 T. As/dtica, Linn. Cult, from India ; a handsome hothouse plant, with 
 flowers in sub-umbellate clusters, and lance-ovate, serrate leaves, and
 
 FIGWORT FAMILY. 327 
 
 corolla over 1' long, pale violet or purple, with the tube and the end of 
 the 3 rounded lower lobes dark violet ; longer filaments toothed at the 
 base. 
 
 T. Fournieri, Linden. Flowers racemose or scattered, the tube pale 
 violet and yellow on the back, the upper lip lilac and slightly 2-lobed, the 
 lower lip bright violet and 3-lobed, the central lobe with a yellow blotch 
 at the base ; no tooth at base of the longer filaments ; leaves ovate-cor- 
 date and serrate. Cochinchina. 
 
 * * Calyx not wing-angled. 
 
 T. flava, Hamilt. (T. BAILLONI). Flowers axillary, in pairs; corolla 
 yellow with a purple eye. India. 
 
 15. CONOBEA. (Name obscure.) 
 
 C. multlfida, Benth. A diffusely spreading, minutely pubescent, low 
 herb, growing along shores Ohio, W.; leaves opposite, and pinnately 
 parted, the divisions linear-wedge-form ; corolla greenish-white, and 
 scarcely longer than the calyx. 
 
 16. HERFESTIS. (Greek : a creeping thing, alluding to the procum- 
 bent habit.) * ^ mower pi ain iy 2-lipped. 
 
 H. nigrescens, Benth. Very leafy, glabrous, erect or nearly so ; leaves 
 oblong or lance- wedge-form, serrate, the upper ones mostly shorter than 
 the pedicels ; corolla whitish or purplish. Wet places, Md., S. 
 
 H. rotundif61ia. Pursh. Creeping and nearly smooth ; leaves round- 
 obovate and partly clasping ; peduncles only 2 or 3 times the length of 
 the calyx ; corolla white or pale blue. Pond margins, 111. to Minn. , 
 andS. 
 
 H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Creeping at base, hairy ; leaves ovate and 
 clasping; peduncle 3 shorter than the calyx ; corolla blue. Pine barrens, 
 
 N " J "' S- * * Corolla almost regular. 
 
 H. Mounter a, HBK. Creeping and glabrous ; leaves wedge-obovate 
 or spatulate, sessile ; corolla pale plue. Md., S., near the ocean. 
 
 17. LIMOSELLA, MUD WORT. (Latin : mud and seat. ) (I) 
 
 L. aquatica, Linn., var. tenuifdlia, Hoffm. A creeping little plant, 
 with small white or purplish flowers on simple, naked peduncles ; leaves 
 thread-like or awl-form. Brackish places, N. J., N.; also far N. W. 
 
 18. GERARDIA. (The herbalist, John Gerarde.) Handsome, but 
 mostly uncultivable plants (often partially parasitic on roots of other 
 plants ; Lessons, Fig. 89) ; flowers late summer and autumn. The 
 following are the commonest wild species. 
 
 * Corolla yellow and with a long tube, the inside woolly, as are the 
 filaments and anthers ; the latter almost projecting, slender-pointed at 
 base ; calyx 5-cleft ; tall herbs, with leaves or some of them pinnatifid 
 or toothed. 2J. except the first. 
 
 -t- Hairy or pubescent. 
 ->-< Pubescence partly glandular and viscid. 
 
 G. pedicularia, Linn. Slightly pubescent ; 2-3 high, very leafy ; 
 leaves all pinnatifid and the lobes cut-toothed ; pedicels opposite, and 
 longer than the hairy serrate calyx lobes ; corolla over 1' long. N. Eng., 
 S. and W. @
 
 328 FIGWORT FAMILY. 
 
 Var. pectinata, Nutt. Sandy barrens, N. Car., S. ; more hairy than 
 the foregoing, with finer divided leaves, alternate pedicels shorter than 
 pinnatiiid calyx lobes ; corolla broader and !' long. 
 
 w *+ Pubescence not glandular. 
 
 G. grandif!6ra. Benth. Oak openings from Wis. and Minn., S.; stems 
 bushy-branched, 3-4 high, minutely downy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
 coarsely cuWoothed, the lower pinnatifid; pedicels shorter than the 
 barely toothed calyx lobes ; corolla 2' long. 
 
 G. flava, Linn. 3-4 high, minutely soft-downy ; upper leaves lance- 
 olate or oblong and entire, lower sinuate or pinnatifid ; pedicels very 
 short ; flowers in a leafy raceme ; stems nearly simple ; corolla !' long. 
 Open woods, N. Eng., W. and S. 
 
 -i- -i- Plant glabrous. 
 
 G. quercifdlia, Pursh. Rich woods, N. Eng., S. and W.; 3-6 high, 
 smooth and glaucous ; upper leaves often entire, lower once or twice pin- 
 natifid ; pedicels as long as calyx ; corolla 2' long. 
 
 G. laevigata, Raf. Barrens, from Penn., S. and W.; l-2 high, 
 smooth, not glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, entire ; corolla 1' long. 
 
 * * Corolla purple (or sometimes white*) naked within ; calyx deeply and 
 unequally 6-cleft; anthers pointless, those of the shorter pair much 
 smaller; leaves rather broad. 
 
 G. auriculata, Michx. Low grounds, from Penn. S. and W. ; rough- 
 hairy, with nearly simple stem, lanceolate or oblong leaves entire, or the 
 lower with a lobe on each side of the base ; flowers sessile in the upper 
 axils ; corolla 1' long. 
 
 * * * Corolla purple or rose-color, somewhat bell-shaped; calyx teeth 
 short ; anthers all alike, nearly pointless at base ; leaves narrow, linear 
 or thread-shaped, entire ; loosely branching. 
 
 i- Stems with prominent leaves. 
 ** 2/ Pedicels erect, as long as the floral leaves. 
 
 G. linifdlia, Nutt. Pine barrens, Del., S.; with erect branches, and 
 erect linear leaves about the length of the peduncles, truncate calyx, and 
 corolla 1' long. 
 
 *-. +* (D Pedicels little, if any, longer than the calyx. 
 
 G. purpiirea, Linn. Pedicels stout ; calyx conspicuously 5-lobed ; 
 leaves opposite and spreading ; rather broad linear corolla f '-!' long. 
 Low grounds near sea coast and Great Lakes. Variable. 
 
 G. marftima, Raf. Salt marshes N. and S. ; lower than the preceding, 
 and with fleshy blunt leaves ; calyx obtusely 5-toothed ; corolla 4 '-f ' long. 
 
 w- -M- *+ (D Pedicels equaling or exceeding the corolla. 
 
 G. tenuifdlia, Vahl. Pedicels opposite, equaling the linear spreading 
 leaves ; calyx-teeth broadly awl-shaped ; corolla 4'-i' long. Common. 
 
 G. filif6lia, Nutt. With alternate pedicels twice the length of the 
 rather fleshy, thread-shaped or slightly club-shaped fascicled leaves ; 
 corolla ' long. Barrens, Ga., S. 
 
 - - Stems with minute scales in place of leaves. 
 
 G. aphylla, Nutt. Pedicels short, alternate along one side of the 
 flowering branches, and minute scale-like or awl-shaped appressed leaves, 
 minute calyx teeth, and corolla J' long. Barrens, N. Car., S. (D
 
 FIG WORT FAMILY. 329 
 
 19. SEYMERIA. (Henry Seymer, an English naturalist.) Wild 
 plants S. and W., very like Gerardia ; flowers yellow, in summer and 
 autumn. 
 
 * Stems much branched; corolla glabrous within (except at base of 
 stamens'). (J) 
 
 S. pectinata, Pursh. About 1 high, branchy, clammy- pubescent ; 
 pinnatifid leaves with oblong-linear lobes ; corolla %' long. Dry soil, N. 
 Car., S. 
 
 S. tenuifdlia, Pursh. Low sandy grounds, N. Car., S.; 2-4 high, 
 with long, slender branches ; leaves pinnately divided into thread-shaped 
 divisions ; corolla hardly ' long. 
 
 * * Stems nearly simple ; corolla densely woolly within. 2/ 
 
 S. macrophylla, Nutt. MULLEIN FOXGLOVE. Shady river banks 
 Ohio, W.; 4 5 high, with large leaves, twice or thrice pinnately di- 
 vided or cut, the upper lanceolate and toothed ; corolla curved ; style 
 short. 
 
 20. ILYSANTHES, FALSE PIMPERNEL. (Greek: mire and 
 flower, alluding to the station. ) Flowers all summer. 
 
 I. riparia, Raf. Common in wet places ; a smooth diffuse little plant, 
 4'-8' high, with rounded or oblong leaves, and small purple or bluish 
 flowers, (i) 
 
 21. GRATIOLA, HEDGE HYSSOP. (Old name, from Latin gratia, 
 grace, alluding to supposed medicinal properties.) Kather insignificant 
 plants, in low or wet places ; flowering all summer. @ 11 
 
 * Stems generally diffusely branched, sometimes creeping at the base. 
 
 t- Sterile filaments minute or hardly any ; corolla whitish, with yellowish 
 tube. 
 
 G. Virginiana, Linn. Rather clammy, with lanceolate leaves and 
 slender peduncles. Common. 
 
 G. sphaerocarpa, Ell. Smooth and stouter, with lance-ovate leaves ; 
 peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx, and larger spherical pod. N. J. 
 to HI., and S. 
 
 H- *- Sterile filaments obvious, usually tipped with a little glandular head 
 in place of the anther ; leaves short. 
 
 G. viscdsa, Schw. Clammy, with lance-oblong toothed leaves, shorter 
 than the peduncles, and whitish flowers. Ky., S. 
 
 G. atirea, Muhl. Sandy wet soil, Vt. to Ohio and S. ; nearly smooth, 
 with rather narrow entire leaves as long as the peduncles, and golden 
 yellow flowers. # # ^^ mosfly s - mple and ^^ 
 
 G. pil6sa. Michx. Very different from any of the foregoing, having 
 rigid and erect stems, and ovate or oblong sessile leaves, both hairy, the 
 flowers sessile, the white corolla hardly longer than the calyx. Low 
 ground, N. J., S. 
 
 22. SCROPHULAHIA, FIGWORT. (Plants a supposed remedy for 
 scrofula.) Homely and insignificant plants. 
 
 S. nod6sa. Linn., var. Marilandica, Gray. Damp, shady ground ; 
 smooth, with 4-sided stem 3-4 high, ovate or oblong coarsely toothed 
 leaves, and small lurid flowers in loose cymes, all summer. 2/
 
 330 FIGWORT FAMILY. 
 
 23. CHELONE. TURTLEHEAD (to which the name, from the Greek, 
 refers), SNAKEHEAD, BALMONY. % 
 
 C. glabra. Linn. The common species, of wet places ; l-2 high, 
 strict, with lanceolate or lance -oblong, appressed-serrate leaves on very 
 short petioles, and white or rose-tinged corolla 1' or more long ; bracts 
 not ciliate. 
 
 C. obliqua, Linn. Looser, with spreading branches ; leaves broad- 
 lanceolate or oblong, deeply serrate ; bracts cttiolate ; corolla deep rose- 
 color. Va. to 111., and S. 
 
 24. PENTSTEMON. (Greek : meaning 5 stamens ; refers to the pres- 
 ence of the 5th stamen, which, however, has no anther.) Showy North 
 American and a few Mexican plants, chiefly .Western ; two or three are 
 wild E. ; several are in cultivation. Flowers late spring and summer. ^ 
 
 Plant more or less pubescent or viscid-glandular, at least above (rarely 
 glabrous in the last*) ; often glabrous below. 
 
 H- Corolla tohite, or only purplish-tinged. 
 
 P. laevigatus, Soland. Inflorescence pubescent, but plant (2-4) 
 glabrous below ; leaves nearly entire, ovate-lanceolate or somewhat 
 oblong, glossy, firm, the base clasping; corolla abruptly and broadly 
 inflated, the throat wide and open ; sterile filament with a thin beard 
 above. Rich soil, Penn., W. and S. 
 
 Var. Digitalis, Gray. Is generally taller (often 5) with a larger and 
 purer white corolla which is more abruptly inflated. Penn. , W. 
 
 - H- Corolla purple, blue or yellow (rarely whitish in the first*). 
 M- Flowers glabrous within. 
 
 P. Cobeea, Nutt. Plains from Kan., S.; l-2 high, stout, with 
 ovate often denticulate thick leaves, a slightly clammy, few-flowered 
 panicle or raceme, pale purplish or whitish corolla about 2' long and 
 abruptly much inflated above the narrow base, the border 2-lipped, but 
 the oblong lobes similar ; the sterile filament bearded. Cult. 
 
 -M- Flowers bearded toithin. 
 
 P. ocdfr/s, Dougl. Ore.; an early blue-flowered species, puberulent or 
 pubescent, with ovate or lance-ovate serrate leaves, and open panicle of 
 small flowers. 
 
 P. pube'scens, Soland. Somewhat clammy-pubescent, or smoothish 
 except the panicle, l-3 high, variable ; stem leaves lanceolate ; flowers 
 nodding, blush commonly tinged with some purplish or violet ; the 
 plainly 2-lipped corolla (!' long) with gradually enlarging tube concave 
 on the lower, convex on the upper side, a sort of palate almost closing the 
 mouth ; sterile filament yellow-bearded down one side. Dry soil. Com- 
 mon. (Lessons, Fig. 297.) 
 
 P. confertus, Dougl. Sometimes glabrous throughout; l-2, with 
 oblong or lance-oblong or even linear, 'nearly or quite entire leaves ; 
 inflorescence spike-like, interrupted and naked ; corolla small, cream- 
 color or sulphur-color, or in 
 
 Var. ccerdleo-purptireus, Gray, blue-purple and violet. Rocky Moun- 
 
 * * Plant smooth throughout, often glaucous. 
 +- Leaves sharply serrate. 
 
 P. campanuldtus, Willd. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, the base 
 clasping; flowers in a raceme-like, one-sided panicle; corolla ventricose 
 above, reddish-purple or rose-colored ; sterile filament bearded. Common 
 in gardens, and varies greatly in cultivation. Mexico.
 
 FIGWORT FAMILY. 881 
 
 *- *- Leaves entire or very nearly so. 
 ** Corolla strongly bilabiate. 
 
 P. barbatus, Nutt. Mexico (wild N. to Col.), long cult in the gar- 
 dens ; slender, wand-like stems, 3-4 high, lanceolate and entire, pale 
 leaves, long and loose raceme or panicle of drooping flowers, narrow 
 tubular scarlet corolla over 1' long, with erect upper lip concave and 
 slightly 2-lobed, the lower parted into 3 reflexed or spreading oblong 
 lobes, some beard in the throat, and sterile filament naked. 
 
 ++ ++ Corolla obscurely 2-lipped. 
 
 P. grandifl6niB, Nutt. Pale and glaucous, l-3 high, with thick 
 ovate leaves (l'-2' long), closely sessile and entire, the upper ones 
 rounded, short-pediceled flowers racemed, lilac-purple, oblong-bell- 
 shaped corolla l'-2' long, and almost equally 5-lobed, the sterile fila- 
 ment nearly smooth. Wis., W. and S. (Lessons, Fig. 264.) 
 
 P. glaber, Pursh. Plains from Dak., S. and W.; commonly pale or 
 glaucous, with ascending stems l-2 long; lanceolate or lance-ovate, 
 entire leaves, and a narrow panicle of very handsome flowers ; the tubular- 
 inflated corolla about 1J' long, bright purple-blue, with the spreading 
 lobes of the 2 short lips similar ; sterile filaments and also the anthers 
 slightly hairy or else naked. 
 
 P. Hartwegi, Benth. (P. GENTIANOIDES). Leaves lanceolate, entire, the 
 upper broader at the base and clasping ; peduncles elongated, 3-flowered ; 
 corolla 2' long, deep-red or red- purple, the border almost equally 5-cleft; 
 sterile filament naked. Mexico. Long cultivated. 
 
 25. RUSSELLIA. (Named f or Dr. Alexander Eussell of Scotland.) If. 
 
 R. Juncea, Zucc. A showy house and bedding plant; very smooth, 
 with leaves small lance-ovate or linear, or else reduced to little scales on 
 the copious, long, and rush-like, green, hanging branches and branchlets ; 
 corolla 1' long, narrow, bright carmine red. Mexico. 
 
 26. CASTILLEIA, PAINTED CUP. (Named for Castillejo, a Span- 
 ish botanist.) There are several showy species on the plains from 
 beyond the Mississippi to the Pacific. Flowers all late spring and 
 summer. Root-parasites. 
 
 C. coccfnea, Spreng. SCARLET P. Sandy low grounds ; pubescent, 
 simple-stemmed, l-2 high, with stem leaves cut-lobed, those next the 
 flowers 3-cleft, their dilated and cut-toothed lobes brilliant scarlet, while 
 the 2-cleft calyx is yellowish, and the narrow corolla pale yellow. @ 
 
 27. SCHWALBEA, CHAFF-SEED. (C. G. Schwalbe, a German 
 botanist.) 11 
 
 S. Americana, Linn. Minutely pubescent, upright, l-2, with sim- 
 ple leafy stems and a loose spike of rather showy purplish-yellow flowers ; 
 leaves alternate and sessile, 3-nerved and entire, ovate or oblong. Sandy 
 wet soil, near the coast, Mass. , S. 
 
 28. FEDICTJLARIS, LOUSEWORT (which the name denotes). ^ 
 
 P. Canade'nsis, Linn. COMMON P. or WOOD BETONY. Low, rather 
 hairy, with alternate leaves, the upper pinnatifid, lower pinnate ; a short 
 dense spike of greenish and purplish flowers ; oblique calyx without lobes, 
 but split down in front, and a dagger-shaped pod ; flowers spring. Dry 
 woods and banks.
 
 332 BROOM RAPE FAMILY. 
 
 P. lanceolate, Michx. Less common in swamps ; l-3 high, smooth- 
 ish, with lance- oblong leaves doubly cut-toothed, some of them opposite ; 
 a close spike of pale yellow flowers ; 2-lobed leafy-crested calyx, and 
 ovate pod ; flowers late summer. 
 
 29. MELAMFYRUM, COW WHEAT. (Greek: black grain, from 
 the color of the seeds.) (D 
 
 M. Americanum. Michx. Our only species, common in open wood- 
 lands ; 6'-12' high, with lanceolate leaves, the upper ones abrupt or trun- 
 cate at base and with a few bristle-tipped teeth, the scattered flowers 
 pale-yellowish or almost white, sometimes purplish-tinged, produced all 
 summer. 
 
 LXXXTT. OROBANCHACKffi, BBOOM EAPE FAMILY. 
 
 Low, root-parasitic perennials, destitute of green herbage, 
 and with yellowish or brownish scales in place of leaves, the 
 monopetalous corolla (withering and persistent) more or less 
 2-lipped or irregular, 4 didynamous stamens, and 1-celled 
 ovary and pod, with the 2 or 4 parietal placentse covered with 
 innumerable small seeds. Ours occur in woods, and are mostly 
 parasitic on the roots of trees. 
 
 * Flowers of two sorts scattered on slender branchet. 
 
 1. EPIPHEGTJS. Stems slender and bushy-branching, with small and scattered scales 
 
 and flowers scattered in loose spikes or racemes, with minute bracts. Upper flowers 
 conspicuous, but seldom ripening fruit, with tubular 4-toothed corolla, and long fila- 
 ments and style ; lower flowers small and short, seldom opening, but fertilized in 
 
 * Flowers all perfect and alike. 
 
 2. CONOPHOLIS. Stems thick, covered with firm overlapping scales, each of the upper 
 
 ones with a flower in its axil, forming a spike. Calyx 4r-5-toothed, and split down on 
 the lower side. Corolla short, strongly 2-lipped ; upper lip arched and notched ; 
 lower one spreading and 3-cleft. Stamens protruding. 
 
 3. APHTLLON. Stems are chiefly slender 1-flowered scapes from a scaly mostly subter- 
 
 rannean base. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla with a long curved tube, and a spreading 
 slightly 2-lipped or irregular 5-lobed border ; the lobes all nearly alike. Stamens 
 Included in the tube. 
 
 1. EFIPHEGI7S, BEECH DROPS, CANCER ROOT. (Greek: on 
 the Seech, the plant chiefly found parasitic on the roots of that tree.) 
 One species. 
 
 E. Virginiana, Bart. About 1 high, with purplish flowers ' or more 
 long, in late summer and autumn. Rather common in woods, but over- 
 looked because of the brown color of the plant. 
 
 2. CONOPHOLIS, SQUAWROOT, CANCER ROOT. (Greek for 
 cone scale, the plant having the aspect of a slender fir cone when old.) 
 
 C. Americana, Wallr. Not widely common, in oak woods, forming 
 clusters among fallen leaves, 3'-6' high, as thick as the thumb, yellowish; 
 flowers early summer.
 
 BLADDERWORT FAMILY. 333 
 
 3. AFHYI.IiON, NAKED BROOM RAPE or ONE-FLOWERED 
 CANCER ROOT. (Greek: without leaves.) Flowers spring and 
 early summer. 
 
 A. unifl6rum, Gray. Open woods or thickets ; slightly clammy- 
 pubescent, with 1-3 scapes (3'-5 ; high) from a subterranean scaly base, and 
 lance-awl-shaped calyx lobes half the length of the violet-purplish corolla. 
 
 A. fasciculatum, Gray. Occurs only from N. Mich., W. ; has scapes 
 from a scaly base rising out of the ground, and short triangular calyx 
 lobes. Parasitic on herbs, as Artemisia, etc. 
 
 LXXXIII. LENTIBULARIACE^E. BLADDERWORT 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Aquatic or marsh herbs, with the ovary and pod 1-celled and 
 containing a free central placenta, with irregular bilabiate 
 flowers (lower lip larger and 3-lobed), bearing a spur or sac 
 underneath, and 2 stamens with confidently 1-celled anthers. 
 Flowers on 1-few-flowered scapes. 
 
 1. UTEICTJLAEIA. Calyx parted into 2 nearly entire lips. Corolla deeply 2-Hpped, the 
 
 lower lip bearing above a prominent palate closing the throat, and below a large spur. 
 Anthers 2, converging in the throat of the corolla. Stigma 2-lipped. Leaves finely 
 cut, mostly into threads or fibers, many bearing little air bladders ; some are leafless. 
 
 2. PINGUICULA. Upper Up of calyx 3-cleft, lower 2-cleft. Lips of corolla distinctly 
 
 lobed, the hairy or spotted palate smaller, so that the throat is open ; otherwise as in 
 TTtricularia. Leaves all in a tuft at base of the 1-flowered scapes, broad and entire, 
 soft and tender. 
 
 1. UTRICULARIA, BLADDERWORT. ( Utriculus, a little bladder.) 
 Flowers all summer. The following are the commonest species. 
 
 * Plants floating by means of the hollow petioles of the upper whorled 
 
 leaves. 
 
 U. inflate, Walt. Swimming free, the petioles of the whorl of leaves 
 around the base of the 5-10-flowered scape inflated into oblong bladders, 
 besides little bladders on the thread-like divisions of the leaves ; corolla 
 yellow, large. Still water, Me. and S., near the coast. 
 
 * * Plants floating, the dissected leaves usually bearing little bladders on 
 
 their lobes. 
 
 - Flowers yellow. 
 ** Pedicels recurved in fruit. 
 
 U. vulgaris, Linn. Common in still or slow water ; the stems l-3 
 long and very bladder-bearing on the thread-like, many-parted, crowded 
 leaves ; flowers 5-10 in the raceme, large, with spur rather shorter than 
 lower lip ; the corolla closed. 
 
 U. minor, Linn. Leaves scattered; 2-4 times forked ; scapes lower 
 and weak, 2-8-flowered ; corolla gaping, the spur very short and blunt or 
 almost none. Shallow water, N. States. 
 
 w- t-f Pedicels erect in fruit. 
 
 U. gfbba, Linn. Small, with short branches bearing sparse thread- 
 like leaves and some bladders, 1-2-flowered scape only l'-3' high,
 
 334 GESNERIA FAMILY. 
 
 and with short slender branches at its base, and blunt conical spur shorter 
 than lower lip. Shallow water, Mass., W. and S. 
 
 U. bifl6ra, Lam. Stems 4'-6' long, bearing rootlet-like leaves and 
 many bladders, 1-3-flowered peduncles 2'-4' high, and awl-shaped spur 
 as long as lower lip. 111., W.; also near Cape Cod. 
 
 U. intermedia, Hayne. In shallow water, with stems 3'-6' long, bear- 
 ing rather rigid leaves with linear-awl-shaped divisions, and no bladders, 
 these being on separate leafless branches, the slender raceme few-flow- 
 ered ; spur nearly equaling the very broad lower lip. Pools, N. Eng., W. 
 
 *- - Flowers violet-purple. 
 
 U. purpurea, Walt. Flowers Z-4 on the peduncle, and a rather short 
 spur appressed to the 3-lobed lower lip of corolla. Me., W. and S. 
 
 * * * Simple and erect naked scape-like stem rooting in wet soil, with 
 minute and fugacious grass-like leaves seldom seen; commonly no blad- 
 ders ; flowers yellow. 
 
 U. subulata, Linn. Mass., S. in wet sand ; very slender, 3'-5' high, 
 with several very small slender-pediceled flowers. 
 
 U. corniita, Michx. 6'-15' high, bearing 2-4 large flowers crowded 
 together on short pedicels, or S. with 4-12 more scattered and smaller 
 flowers. Peat bogs and dryish lake borders throughout. 
 
 2. PINGUICULA, BUTTEEWORT. (Name from Latin: pinguis, 
 fat. Both names from the fatty or greasy-looking leaves, which in 
 ours are more or less clammy pubescent.) 
 
 * Corolla violet-purple, distinctly 2-lipped. 
 
 P. vulgaris, Linn. Scarce on wet rocks along our northern borders ; 
 scape 2' high ; upper lip of corolla short ; spur straightish and slender ; 
 flowers summer. 
 
 * * Corolla light violet (rarely white"), rather obscurely 2-lipped. 
 
 P. pumila, Michx. In moist sand from Car., S. and W., has rather 
 large flower on scape 2'-6' high, with blunt sac-like spur ; flowers spring. 
 
 P. elatior, Michx. Borders of ponds from N. Car., S., has scapes near 
 1 high, and large corolla (!' wide) with blunt spur; flowers summer. 
 
 * * * Corolla yellow, more bell-shaped, less distinctly 2-lipped, the 5 lobes 
 
 often cleft. 
 
 P. lutea, Walt. Wet pine barrens, N. Car., S. ; whole plant yellow- 
 ish, with nodding flower (!' or more wide) on scape 6'-12' high, in spring. 
 
 ixxxiv. GESNERACEJ:, GESKERIA FAMILY. 
 
 Tropical plants, with 2-lipped or somewhat irregular corol- 
 las, didynamous stamens, a 1-celled ovary with two parietal 
 many-seeded placentae, therefore botanically like the Broom 
 Rape Family ; but with green herbage, and not parasitic, and the 
 common cultivated species have the tube of the calyx coherent 
 at least with the base of the ovary. Many, and some very 
 showy, plants of this order are in choice conservatories ; the 
 commonest are the following.
 
 BIGNONIA FAMILY. 835 
 
 Sinnlngia (or Gi-oxfNiA) specibsa, Nicholson. The GLOXINIA of green- 
 houses ; an almost stemless herb from Brazil, with ovate and crenately 
 toothed leaves and 1-flowered scape-like peduncles ; the deflexed corolla 2' 
 long, ventricose, between bell-shaped and funnel-form, gibbous, with a 
 short and spreading somewhat unequal 5-lobed border, violet with a deeper- 
 colored throat, in one variety white. 2L 
 
 Ncegelia (or GESN^RA) zebrina, Regel. Stem tall, leafy ; leaves peti- 
 oled, cordate, velvety, purple-mottled ; a terminal raceme of showy 
 flowers nodding on erect pedicels ; corolla tubular-ventricose, with a 
 small 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped border, glandular, scarlet, with the 
 under side and inside yellow and dark-spotted. There are several other 
 species. # Brazil. 
 
 Achimenes longiflbra, DC. Stem leafy ; flowers in the axils of oblong 
 or ovate hairy leaves, which they exceed ; tube of the obliquely salver- 
 shaped corolla over an inch long, narrow, the very flat 5-lobed limb 2' or 
 more broad, violet-colored above, also a white variety. Propagates by 
 scaly bulblets from the root. 2/ Central America. 
 
 Streptocdrpus Hexii, Lindl. A stemless greenhouse plant from South 
 Africa, with ovate-oblong, crenate, and wrinkled, pubescent, prostrate 
 leaves, and blue flowers on a 2-bracted 1-2-flowered scape ; calyx 5- 
 parted ; corolla limb oblique and bilabiate, the upper lip 2-lobed and the 
 lower 3-lobed ; 2 perfect stamens ; ovary imperfectly 4-celled and 2-lobed. 
 
 S. pofydntha, Hook. Has many flowers, white with purplish streaks, 
 in a sort of loos panicle. Other species and hybrids are in cultivation. 
 
 LXXXV. BIGNONIACRfi, BIGNONIA FAMILY. 
 
 Woody plants, or a few herbs, with more or less bilabiate 
 flowers, diandrous or didynamous stamens (often with rudi- 
 ments of the wanting ones), 2-lipped stigma, free variously 
 1-4-celled ovary, and fruit, usually a pod, containing many 
 large, mostly flat and winged seeds filled with the large em- 
 bryo; no albumen. Almost all woody plants, with opposite 
 leaves, and 1-2-celled pods. (Lessons, Figs. 415, 416.) 
 
 * Climbers (except one Tecoma), with compound leaves and 4 fertile stamens in two 
 
 pairs. 
 - Barely woody or herbaceous; ovary and pod l-celled with 2 parietal placenta. 
 
 1. ECCEEMOCAEPUS. Calyx 5-cleft, short. Corolla tubular, with 5 short and round 
 
 recurred lobes. Pod short. Seeds winged all round. 
 
 +. +. Woody-stemmed ; ovary and pod 2-celled, but the placentce parietal ; valves of 
 pod falling away from the partition ; seeds with a broad thin wing. 
 
 2. BIGNONIA. Calyx nearly truncate. Corolla tubular bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Pod flattened 
 
 parallel with the valves and partition. Climbing by leaf-tendrils. 
 8. TECOMA. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, tubular, or bell-shaped, 5-lobed. 
 
 Pod flattish or flattened contrary to the partition, the edges of which separate from 
 
 the middle of the valves. Leaves in ours odd-pinnate. The hardy species climb by 
 
 rootlets. 
 
 * Trees, with simple leaves and 2 or rarely 4 fertile stamens. 
 4. CATALPA. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla inflated bell-shaped, the 5-lobed border 
 
 more or less 2-lipped and wavy. Pod very long and slender, hanging, the partition 
 
 contrary to the valves. Narrow wings of the seed lacerate-fringed. (For corolla and 
 
 stamens, see Lessons, Fig. 265.)
 
 336 BIGNONIA FAMILY. 
 
 1. ECCREMOCARFUS. (Name Greek, meaning hanging fruit.) 
 
 E. scaber, Ruiz & Pav. (or CALAMPELIS SCABER). From Chile, cult, in 
 gardens and conservatories ; tender, climbs by branched tendrils at the 
 end of the twice pinnate leaves ; leaflets roughish or smoothish, thin, 
 ovate or heart-shaped ; flowers in loose drooping racemes ; corolla inflated 
 club-shaped and gibbous, orange-red, about 1' long. 
 
 2. BIQNONIA. (Named for the French Abbe Bignon.) 
 
 B. capreolata, Linn. Climbing trees from Va. to S. 111., and S. ; 
 smooth, the leaves evergreen at the south, with a short petiole, and often 
 what seems like a pair of stipules in the axil, a single pair of lance-oblong 
 leaflets heart-shaped at base, and a branched tendril between them ; 
 flowers several in the axils, the corolla 2' long, orange-red outside, yellow 
 within, in spring. 
 
 B. venusta, Ker. A greenhouse species from Brazil, producing an 
 abundance of crimson-orange, funnel-form flowers, with a spreading 
 border and hairy inside ; leaves ternate (at least the lower ones), the leaf- 
 lets ovate-oblong and acuminate. 
 
 3. TECOMA, TRUMPET FLOWER. (Mexican name abridged.) 
 Formerly included under BIGNONIA, which name the species still bear 
 in cultivation. * Plant climbing. 
 
 +- Corolla tube long or prominent, the flower funnel-form or salver-form. 
 
 T. radicans, Juss. TRUMPET CREEPER or TRUMPET VINE. Wild from 
 Penn. and 111. S., and commonly planted; climbing freely by rootlets; 
 leaves of 5-11 ovate or lance-ovate, taper-pointed, and toothed leaflets ; 
 flowers corymbed ; orange-yellow and scarlet corolla funnel-shaped, large. 
 
 T. Capensis, Lindl. Has smaller and rounder leaflets, naked-peduncled 
 cluster of flowers, long-tubular and curving orange-colored corolla 2' long, 
 and stamens protruded ; conservatories. From Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 T. jasminoldes, A. Cunn. A fine greenhouse species, from Australia, 
 twining, very smooth, with lance-ovate, entire, bright green leaflets, and 
 white corolla, pink-purple in the throat. 
 
 - -i- Corolla bell-shaped, with the tube little longer than the calyx. 
 
 T. grand! flora, Delaun. Cult, from Japan and China, not quite hardy 
 N., climbing little, with narrow leaflets, and 5-cleft calyx nearly equal- 
 ing the tube of the corolla, which is bell-shaped, 3' long and broad, much 
 wider than in the foregoing. 
 
 * # Plant an erect shrub. 
 
 T. stdns, Juss. Native to Texas and W., but cult. S.; leaflets 5-11, 
 lanceolate, incisely serrate ; flowers yellow and with a wide-open tube, 
 racemose or paniculate. 
 
 4. CATALFA or INDIAN BEAN. (Aboriginal name ; the popular 
 name alludes to the shape of the pods.) 
 
 C. bignonioldes, Walt. (C. SYRiNG.EF6LiA). COMMON CATALPA. Tree 
 wild Ga., S., and widely planted, especially in Middle States and S. ; with 
 large, heart-shaped, pointed leaves, downy beneath, open panicles (in 
 summer) of white, much spotted flowers (H' long), with oblique limb 
 and lower lobe entire, and thin pods 1 long ; bark thin. 
 
 C. specidsa, Warder. Taller, more erect tree and hardier N., where it 
 is much planted ; corolla about 2' long and nearly white (inconspicuously 
 spotted), the lower lobe emarginate ; capsule thicker; bark thick and
 
 ACANTHUS FAMILY. 337 
 
 *ough ; blooms a week or more in advance of the other. S. Ind., S. This 
 and the above are sometimes called CIGAR TREE, from the alleged use of 
 the ripe pods as cigars. 
 
 C. Kcempferi, Sieb. & Zucc. Has smooth leaves, many of them 3-lobed 
 or angled, and flowers one half smaller; small tree with very slender 
 pods. Japan. 
 
 LXXXVI. PEDALIACEJS, SESAMTJM FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs, with simple leaves, opposite or some of the upper 
 ones alternate, and fruit 2-4-celled (but the stigma of only 
 2 lips or lobes), by intrusion of the placentae (truly 2-celled in 
 the ovary), and fruit containing flat but thick-coated wing- 
 less seeds. 
 
 1. 8E8AMUM. Calyx 6-parted, short. Corolla tubular bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the 2 lobes 
 
 of the upper lip shorter than the others. Stamens 4. Fruit an oblong obtusely 
 4-sided pod, 2-valved. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, almost sessile. 
 
 2. MARTYNIA. Calyx 5-toothed, often cleft down one side. Flowers large, in a terminal 
 
 corymb or raceme. 
 
 1. SESAMUM, SESAME. (The Greek name, from the Arabic.) 
 
 S. I'ndicum, Linn. From India and Egypt, somewhat cult, or running 
 wild in waste places far S.; rather pubescent, with oblong or lanceolate 
 leaves, the lower often 3-lobed or parted, pale rose or white corolla, 1' 
 long, and sweet oily seeds, used in the East for food, oil, etc. 
 
 2. MARTYNIA, UNICORN PLANT. (Prof. John Martyn, an 
 English botanist.) Clammy-pubescent and heavy -scented rank herbs, 
 with long-petioled, rounded and obliquely heart-shaped, wavy-mar- 
 gined leaves, and large flowers, in summer. 
 
 M. proboscfdea, Glox. COMMON U. Wild S. W., and cult, in gar- 
 dens for the curious fruits which are used for pickles ; coarse, with nearly 
 entire leaves, large corolla whitish with some purple and yellow spots, 
 and long-beaked fruit. 
 
 M. fragrans, Lindl. Cult, from Mexico, but wild in Texas ; less coarse 
 and clammy, with somewhat 3-lobed or sinuate- toothed leaves, and showy 
 violet-purple vanilla-scented flowers. 
 
 LXXXVH. ACANTHACKE, ACANTHUS FAMILY. 
 
 Plants with opposite simple leaves, 2-lipped or otherwise 
 irregular or even regular monopetalous corolla, 4 didynamous 
 or else only 2 stamens, inserted on the corolla tube, 2-cclled 
 ovary and pod, and few seeds, distinguished from the 
 related orders by the seeds without albumen and borne on 
 hook-like projections of the placentae or on a sort of cup. 
 Chiefly a tropical family ; many in choice conservatories, here 
 omitted. 
 
 GRAY'S F. F. & Q. EOT. 22
 
 338 ACANTHUS FAMILY. 
 
 Twining tropical herbs (or cult, as kerbs) , with nearly regular 5-lobed corolla, and 
 globular seeds supported by a cartilaginous ring or shallow cup. 
 
 1. THUNBERGIA. Flowers inclosed when in bud by a pair of large leaf-like bractlets 
 
 borne below the short cup-shaped calyx. Corolla with a mostly somewhat curved 
 tube and an abruptly wide-spreading border of 5 rounded equal lobes, convolute in 
 the bud. Stamens 4, included. Pod globular, tipped with a long and conspicuous 
 flattened beak, 2-t-seeded. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. 
 
 * Erect or spreading ; all the following are herbs, with flat seeds borne on hook-like 
 
 processes (retinacula) ; calyx -l-5-parted, mostly 2 -bracted. 
 
 +- Stamens 4. 
 
 2. ACANTHUS. Corolla of one 3-lobed Up, the upper lip wanting. Stamens with 1- 
 
 celled clliate anthers. Leaves pinnatifld. Flowers in a spike. 
 
 8. EUELLIA. Corolla funnel-form, with an almost equally 5-lobed spreading border, con- 
 volute in the bud. Stamens included ; cells of the anthers parallel. Pod narrow, 
 contracted into a stalk-like base, above S-12-seeded. 
 +- -t- Stamens 2. 
 
 4. DIANTHEBA. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip erect and notched ; the lower 3-lobed, 
 wrinkled or veiny towards the base, spreading. Cells of the anther one below the 
 other, mostly unequal. Pod flattened above, contracted into a stalk-like base, 4- 
 seeded above the middle. 
 
 8. DICLIPTERA. Corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip 8-lobed, the upper 2-cleft or entire ; but 
 the flower as it were reversed so that the 8-lobed lip seems to be the upper one. 
 Stamens protruded ; cells of the anther equal, but one placed below the other. Pod 
 2-4-seeded below the middle. 
 
 1. THUNBERGIA. (Named for the Swedish botanical traveler, 
 C. P. Thuriberg.} Showy flowers produced all summer. 
 
 T. alata, Bojer. So named from its winged petioles; from Africa; 
 the one commonly cultivated (as an annual) in many varieties as to size 
 and color of flower, buff, orange, white, etc., usually with blackish-purple 
 eye ; herbage soft-downy or hairy ; leaves between heart-shaped and 
 arrow-shaped. If. 
 
 T. fragrans, Roxb. Glabrous on mature parts ; leaves ovate, cordate 
 or hastate at the base, obscurely toothed, or notched towards the base ; 
 flowers fragrant and pure white, one or two in each axil. Greenhouses. 
 India. 2/ 
 
 2. ACANTHUS. (Old Greek and Latin name, from the word for 
 spine or prickle.} 2Z 
 
 A. m6llis, Linn. One of the classical species, from S. Eu., is occasion- 
 ally cult., not hardy N.; the broad, sinuately and deeply pinnatifid leaves 
 mostly from the root, hardly at all prickly ; flowers on a short scape, 
 dull-colored. 
 
 3. RUELLIA. (Named for the herbalist Euelle.) Ours are wild herbs, 
 chiefly southern, with purple or blue showy flowers, mostly in clusters, 
 produced all summer. 2/ 
 
 R. cilidsa, Pursh. Stems l-4 high ; clothed with soft white hairs, 
 the oval or oblong leaves nearly sessile, pale blue corolla (about 2' long) 
 with slender tube much longer than the inflated upper part and than the 
 bristle-shaped sepals. Dry soil, Mich, and Minn., S. 
 
 R. strfcpens, Linn. Richer soil, from Penn. W. and S.; smooth or 
 slightly downy, with obovate or oblong leaves (l'-4' long) narrowed into 
 a petiole, and purple-blue corolla (l'-2' long) with tube hardly longer 
 than the expanded portion or than the linear-lanceolate sepals.
 
 VERVAIN FAMILY. 339 
 
 4. DIANTHERA. (Greek for double anther, alluding to the two 
 separated cells on each filament.) Flowers all summer. 2/ 
 
 D. hiunilis, Engelm. & Gray. Muddy banks of streams S. Car., S. ; 
 4'-8' high, smooth, with lance-ovate, short-petioled leaves longer than 
 the 3-4-flowered peduncles in their axils, and small pale purple flowers. 
 
 D. Americana, Linn. Wet borders of streams ; 2 high, smooth, with 
 long linear-lanceolate leaves, and long peduncles (4'-6' long) bearing an 
 oblong spike of pale purple flowers. 
 
 5. DICLIPTERA. (Greek words for double, wing, from the 2-valved 
 pod.) 
 
 D. brachiata, Spreng. Low banks, N. Car., S. ; is nearly smooth, 
 with 6-angled stem bearing many branches, thin ovate-oblong pointed 
 leaves on slender petiole and interrupted spike-like clusters of small 
 purple flowers, each with a pair of conspicuous flat bracts. ^ 
 
 LXXXVIII. VERBENACKE, VERVAIN FAMILY. 
 
 Plants with opposite (or sometimes whorled) leaves, differ- 
 ing from the other orders with irregular monopetalous and 
 didynamous or tetrandrous flowers by the ovary not 4-lobed 
 and with a single ovule in each of its (1-4) cells, the fruit 
 either fleshy or when dry at length splitting into as many 
 1-celled indehiscent nutlets. Plants seldom aromatic. 
 
 * Ovary 1-celled and l-ovuled. 
 
 1. PHBYMA. Flowers In slender loose spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped, the upper lip 
 
 of 8 slender-pointed teeth, the lower short and 2-toothed. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped, 
 the upper lip notched, lower larger and 3-lobed. Stamens included. Ovary forming 
 a simple akene in the calyx. Herbs. 
 
 * * Ovary 2- or more-celled, with few to several ovules. 
 +- Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes, the, flowers expanding from below upwards. 
 
 2. LANTANA. Flowers in heads or short spikes. Calyx minute, obscurely 4-toothed. 
 
 Corolla with an unequal 4-cleft spreading border, the upper lobe sometimes notched. 
 Stamens included. Ovary 2-celled, becoming berry-like, and containing 2 little stones 
 or nutlets. Shrubs or herbs. 
 
 8. LIPPIA. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes. Calyx tubular, 2-5-toothed. Corolla 
 tubular, with 5-lobed 2-lipped border, the lower 3-lobed lip larger. Stamens included. 
 Ovary and dry fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. 
 
 4. VERBENA. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular or prismatic, 5-ribbed and 
 
 plaited. Corolla salver-form, the tube often curved, the border rather unequally 5- 
 cleft. Stamens included ; upper pair sometimes wanting the anthers. Ovary 4-celled, 
 at maturity splitting into 4 dry akenes or nutlets. Herbs. 
 
 i- -i- Flowers cymose, expanding from above (or center) downwards. 
 -H- Flowers nearly regular, in cymes from the axils of the simple leaves ; shrubs. 
 
 5. CALLICARPA. Calyx 4-5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, short, 4-5- 
 
 lobed. Stamens 4, protruded, nearly equal. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit berry-like, with 
 4 little stones. ^ flowers irregular. 
 
 6. VITEX. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular (tube short), with a spreading 2-lipped 
 
 border, the lower lip 3-parted and rather larger than the 2-lobed upper lip. Stamens 
 4, protruded, as is the style. Ovary 4-celled, becoming berry-like in the fruit, which
 
 340 VERVAIN FAMILY. 
 
 contains a single 4-celled stone. Flowers in cymes or clusters in ttie axils of the 
 compound digitate leaves, or of the upper leaves reduced to bracts ; shrubs or trees. 
 7. CLERODENDROX. Calyx bell-form or tubular. 5-toothed. Corolla tube slender and 
 cylindrical, straight or curved ; limb spreading or somewhat reflexed, 5 lobes unequal 
 in size or position. Stamens 4, and inserted on the throat of the corolla, long-exserted. 
 Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Style elongated and 2-lobed. Shrubs, 
 erect or climbing, the leaves entire or rarely dentate. 
 
 1. PHRYMA, LOPSEED. (Name of unknown meaning.) One 
 species. 
 
 P. Leptostachya, Linn. Copses, etc.; 2-3 nigh, with coarsely- 
 toothed, ovate, thin leaves, and branches terminated by the slender 
 spikes of very small purplish flowers, in summer, the pedicels re flexed in 
 fruit. "U 
 
 2. LANTANA. (Origin of name obscure.) Tropical or subtropical, 
 mostly shrubby plants, planted out in summer, when they flower freely 
 until frost comes ; stems often rough-prickly ; herbage and flowers 
 odorous, in some pleasant, others not so. The species are much mixed. 
 
 L. Camara, Linn. Flowers deep yellow, turning first to orange, then 
 to red ; plant scabrous or hirsute, usually prickly ; leaves ovate or ovate- 
 oblong; head flat^topped. Ga., S., and cult. 
 
 L. mfxta, Linn. Brazil ; has flowers opening white, soon changing to 
 yellow, orange, and finally to red. 
 
 L. ntvea, Vent. Brazil ; has the pleasant-scented flowers white and 
 unchanging ; or, in var. MUTABILIS, changing to bluish. 
 
 L. involucriita, Linn. West Indies ; has small obovate and prominently 
 veiny leaves, more or less downy beneath, and heads of lilac-purple 
 flowers, involucrate by the outer bracts. 
 
 L . Sellowiana, Link & Otto. Low and spreading, with wedge-oblong or 
 ovate, strongly veined leaves, long peduncles, and heads of reddish-purple 
 flowers lengthening somewhat with age. Southern Brazil. 
 
 3. LIPPIA. (Named for A. Lippi, an Italian botanist.) Flowers late 
 summer. 
 
 L. lanceolata, Michx. FOG FRUIT. A creeping weedy herb, along 
 river banks from Penn., S. and W., with wedge-spatulate or oblanceolate 
 le?,ves serrate above the middle, and slender peduncles from the axils 
 bearing a head of bluish small flowers. 
 
 L. citrioddra, HBK. (or ALOYSIA), the LEMON-SCENTED or SWEET 
 VERBENA of the gardens ; shrub from Chile, with whorls of linear-lance- 
 olate fragrant leaves, roughish with glandular dots, and small whitish and 
 bluish flowers in slender spikes. 
 
 4. VERBENA, VERVAIN. (Latin name of some sacred herbs.) 
 Flowers all summer. Genus of difficult analysis on account of numer- 
 ous hybrids, both wild and in cultivation. 
 
 * VERVAINS, native to the country, or growing as wild iceeds, mostly in 
 waste or cultivated ground; the flowers insignificant, in slender spikes, 
 no appendage at tip of the anthers. 
 
 - Stems erect or strict, mostly tall. 
 -< (D 11 Spikes filiform and loosely flowered, naked: 
 
 V. officinalis, Linn. EUROPEAN V. Nat. by roadsides. Steins l-3 
 high, branched ; leaves sessile, 3-cleft, and mostly pinnatifid into narrow
 
 VERVAIN FAMILY. 341 
 
 cut-toothed lobes ; small purplish flowers in very slender panicled 
 spikes. (D 
 
 V. urticeefdlia, Linn. WHITE V. Stem 4-6 high; leaves oval or 
 oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, petioled ; spikes of small white flowers 
 slender and loose. 2Z Throughout. 
 
 w ++ 1i Spikes thick, or at least densely flowered, with the fruits over- 
 lapping. 
 
 V. angustifdlia, Michx. Stems 6'-18' high ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, 
 sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ; spikes few, thickish, crowded with 
 purple flowers. Mass, to Minn., and S. 
 
 V. strfcta, Vent. Barrens, W. and S.; whitish-hairy, l-2 high; 
 leaves obovate or oblong, serrate, sessile ; spikes thick and dense ; 
 flowers blue, larger than in the others. 
 
 V. hastata, Linn. BLUE V. Stem 4-6 high ; leaves lance-oblong, 
 some of the larger with short side lobes at base, cut-serrate, petioled ; 
 spikes densely flowered, corymbed or panicled ; flowers blue. Common 
 along roadsides. ^ ^ Stgms spreading on the ground . 
 
 V. bractedsa, Michx. From Mich, and Minn., S. ; hairy ; leaves 
 wedge-shaped or lance-oblong, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ; 
 small purple flowers in solitary loose spikes, the lower ones leafy-bracted. 
 
 * * VERBENAS of the garden sort, with creeping or spreading stems, and 
 dense spikes of larger or showy flowers ; anthers of the longer stamens 
 with a gland-like tip. 11 
 
 t- Leaves generally sessile. 
 
 V. teucroldes, Gill. & Hook. Erect or spreading, with ovate oblong 
 and incised leaves, and a lengthened spike of white or pale rosy flowers, 
 sweet-scented, especially at nightfall. Brazil and S. 
 
 V. chamaedrifblia, Juss. The original SCARLET V., with oblong-lance- 
 olate, coarsely serrate leaves, nearly all sessile, and most intense red or 
 scarlet flowers, in a flat cluster. Brazil. 
 
 - - Leaves petiolate. 
 *+ Leaf-divisions or lobes wedge-form or broad. 
 
 V. Aublfctia, Linn. Wild from Ind., W. and S.; has cut-pinnatifid 
 leaves, and a long-peduncled spike of purple flowers, minutely bearded 
 in the throat. TLis and the several other species variously mixed, make 
 up the garden Verbenas. 
 
 V. phlogifldra, Cham. (V. TWEEDIANA). More upright; the leaves 
 decidedly petioled ; the flowers inclined to form an oblong spike, and 
 crimson, varying to rose, but not to scarlet. Brazil. 
 
 V. incha, Hook. Like V. phlogifl6ra, save in the pinnatifid-in- 
 cised leaves, the petioled ones with a heart-shaped base ; flowers in a 
 flat cluster, rose-color or purple. Brazil. 
 
 /. venbsa, Gill. & Hook. Stems simple and ascending ; leaves oblong 
 and sub-cuneate, more or less clasping, incised-serrate, wrinkled and 
 rough above, revolute ; flowers lilac, in terminal more or less peduncled 
 spikes. Brazil. ^ ^ Leaf-divisions linear. 
 
 V. erinoldes, Lam. (V. MULTfriDA). Dwarf and much creeping, rough- 
 hairy, with leaves pinnatifid into linear divisions, and originally with 
 violet-purple flowers ; and 
 
 V. tenera, Speng. (V. PCLCHELLA), with equally finely cut leaves, and 
 rather larger, originally rose-violet flowers, are part parents of the 
 smaller races. Both of Brazil.
 
 342 MINT FAMILY. 
 
 5. CALLICARFA. (From Greek for beautiful fruit.) Flowers early 
 summer. 
 
 C. Americana. Linn. FRENCH MULBERRY. Rich soil from Va. and 
 Mo., S.; shrub 3-8 high, with some scurfy down, especially on the 
 lower face of the ovate-oblong toothed leaves, and the clusters of bluish 
 flowers ; fruits violet-blue and showy. 
 
 6. VITEX, CHASTE TREE. (The ancient Latin name.) 
 
 V. Agnus-cdstus, Linn. CHASTE TREE. Of Mediterranean region ; has 
 5-7 lanceolate, entire leaflets, whitened underneath, and bluish flowers in 
 sessile clusters, forming an interrupted spike at the end of the branches ; 
 hardy only S. 
 
 7. CLERODENDRON (VOLKAMERIA) . (Greek: chance, tree.) 
 
 C. trichdtomum, Thunb. (C. SEROTINUM). Erect shrub of out-door 
 cultivation, with nearly opposite, ovate-acuminate, pubescent, long- 
 petioled leaves, and a terminal, spreading, compound cyme of white 
 flowers, with red loose calyx. Japan. 
 
 C. Thomsdnce, Balf. Greenhouse climber from tropical Africa, with 
 bright crimson, handsome corollas in pure white calices ; leaves ovate and 
 acuminate, smooth. 
 
 LXXXTX. LABIATE, MINT FAMILY. 
 
 Chiefly herbs, with aromatic herbage, square stems, opposite 
 simple leaves, more or less 2-lipped corolla (whence the name 
 of the order), either 4 didynamous or only 2 stamens inserted 
 on the corolla tube, 2-lobed stigma, and at once distinguished 
 from all the related families by the deeply 4-parted ovary (as 
 if 4 ovaries around the base of a common style), ripening into 
 as many seed-like nutlets (never prickly) or akenes, each con- 
 taining a single seed. Embryo usually filling the seed. As 
 in all these families containing bilabiate plants, there are 2 
 lobes belonging to the upper and 3 to the lower lip of the 
 corolla. Flowers from the axils of the leaves or bracts, usually 
 in cymose clusters, or running into terminal racemes or spikes. 
 The peculiar stamens of this family are shown in Lessons, 
 Figs. 300-305. 
 
 Stamens 4, parallel and ascending, and projecting from a notch on the upper side 
 of the corolla. Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely fixed by the inner side 
 near the base. 
 + Lobes of the corolla nearly equal and oblong, turned forward so that there seems to 
 
 be no upper Up, the filaments conspicuously projecting from the upper side. 
 I. TKICHOSTEMA. Calyx 5-cleft in 2 lips, oblique. Filaments very long and slender, 
 
 curved, coiled up in the bud. 
 
 8. TEUCRIUM. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with a deep cleft between the two upper 
 lobes. Cells of the anther confluent.
 
 MINT FAMILY. 343 
 
 - +- Lobes of the corolla equally spreading ; filaments slightly projecting (or included) 
 from the notch between the 2 upper lobes. 
 
 8. I8ANTHU8. Calyx bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed, enlarging after flowering. Corolla 
 
 only a little longer than the calyx, bell-shaped, with 5 equal spreading lobes. 
 * * Stamens 4, reclining on the lower lobe of the corolla, the outer or lower pair 
 longer ; anthers 1-celled. Corolla usually turned down or declining. Nutlets 
 smooth or smoothish, fixed by their base, as in all the following divisions. 
 
 +- Calyx deflexed in fruit, 5-toothed, the upper tooth or lobe much broadest and some- 
 times wing-margined, 
 
 4. OCIMUM. Corolla short, the upper lip as it were of 4 lobes, the lower of one entire flat 
 
 or flattish declined lobe scarcely longer than the upper. Filaments separate. 
 
 5. COLEUS. Corolla similar to the last, but the lower lobe longer and concave or boat- 
 
 shaped, inclosing the stamens and style ; filaments monadelphoua. 
 
 - + Calyx little or not at all deflexed, and nearly regular. 
 
 6. HTPTIS. Calyx with 5 less unequal or equal teeth. Corolla of 4 short similar upper 
 
 lobes, and a longer abruptly deflexed saccate lower one ; filaments separate. 
 
 7. LAVANDULA. Calyx 18-15-nerved, 5-toothed, the upper tooth mostly larger. Corolla 
 
 with tube longer than the calyx, regularly 2-lipped, i.e. upper lip 2-lobed, lower 
 8-lobed, the lobes all equally spreading. Stamens included, but declined towards 
 the lower lobe of the corolla. 
 
 * * Stamens 4 (and the lower or outer pair longest) or 2, straight and distant or 
 diverging ; anthers plainly 2-celled, not conniving in pairs. Lobes of the corolla 
 flat and spreading, or the upper erect but not arched. 
 
 +- Flowers in large, loose terminal racemes or panicles. 
 
 8. COLLINSONIA. Calyx ovate, enlarging and turned down after flowering, 2-lipped, 
 
 the upper lip flat and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated and irregular ; 
 the lower lobe or lip much the larger, pendent, cut-toothed or fringed, the 4 others 
 nearly equal and alike ; tube with a bearded ring inside at the bottom of the enlarged 
 throat ; stamens 2 with anthers, or rarely 4. Cells of the anther diverging. 
 
 9. PEBILLA. Calyx in flower 5-cleft, in fruit nodding and enlarging, becoming 2-lipped. 
 
 Corolla short and rather bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the lower lobe a little longer. Stamens 
 4, nearly equal. Style deeply 2-cleft. 
 
 +- -i- Flowers in clusters or whorls, or sometimes spicate. 
 
 H- Corolla short and rather bell-shaped, hardly if at all 2-lipped, the 4 or rarely 5 lobes 
 nearly equal and all spreading. 
 
 10. MENTHA. Calyx equally 5-toothed. Corolla with a 4-cleft border, the upper lobe a 
 
 little broader and sometimes notched at the end. Stamens 4, nearly equal, similar. 
 
 11. LYCOPU8. Calyx 4-5-toothed. Corolla with 4 about equal lobes. Stamens 2 ; the 
 
 upper pair, if any, without anthers. 
 
 M- -H- Corolla evidently 2-lipped, but all the lobes of nearly equal length, the upper lip 
 erect and mostly notched, the lower spreading and 3-cleft, the tube not bearded 
 within ; stamens with anthers only 2. 
 
 12. CUNILA. Calyx equally 5-toothed, striate, very hairy in the throat, one half shorter 
 
 than the corolla. Stamens 2, long and protruding ; no rudiments of the upper pair. 
 18. HEDEOMA. Calyx 2-lipped, gibbous on the lower side near the base, hairy in the 
 
 throat. Corolla short. Stamens 2, with anthers scarcely protruded, and 2 sterile 
 
 short filaments tipped with a little head in place of anther. 
 ** ++ -H- Corolla evidently 2-lipped. short, the upper lip erect or somewhat spreading 
 
 and nearly entire or notched, the lower spreading or 3-cleft; stamens with 
 
 anthers 4. = Calyx naked {n fhe throat 
 
 14. HYSSOPUS. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla with the middle 
 lob of the lower lip larger and 2-cleft. Stamens very long an4 protruding.
 
 344 . MINT FAMILY. 
 
 15. SATUREIA. Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. CoroTla with lower lip 
 
 of 3 nearly equal entire lobes. Stamens somewhat ascending. Leaves narrow. 
 
 16. PYCNANTHEMUM. Calyx oblong or short-tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5- 
 
 toothed or somewhat 2-lipped. Corolla with the lobes of the lower Up ovate and 
 entire. Flowers crowded in heads or close cymes. 
 
 = = Calyx hairy in the throat. 
 
 17. ORIGANUM. Calyx about 13-nerved. Lower lip of the corolla of 8 similar lobes. 
 
 Flowers crowded into spike-like clusters and furnished with imbricated, often colored 
 bracts. 
 
 18. THYMUS. Calyx ovate, 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper Up 3-toothed and spreading, 
 
 the lower cleft into 2 awl-shaped ciUate lobes. Corolla not strongly 2-lipped, the 
 upper Up resembUng the 3 lobes of the lower Up but notched at the apex. Stamens 
 mostly protruding. 
 
 * Stamens 4 (the lower or outer pair longer) , ascending or curved and with the 
 plainly '2-celled anthers approximate or conniving in pairs under the erect and 
 flatfish but not arched upper Up. Calyx more or less '2-lipped. 
 
 19. CALAMINTHA. Calyx not flattened. Corolla straight, with inflated throat, and 
 
 2-Upped border, the spreading lower Up 3-parted, its middle lobe entire or sUghtly 
 notched. 
 
 20. MELISSA. Calyx with 8-toothed upper Up flat. Corolla more or less curved and 
 
 ascending. Filaments arching and bringing the anthers together in pairs. Other- 
 wise as in 19. 
 
 ***** Stamens only 2, parallel and ascending under the erect or somewhat scythe- 
 shaped entire or barely notched upper Up of the corolla; anthers l-celled, either 
 strictly so or by confluence of the 2 cells end to end. 
 
 +- Calyx naked in the throat and 2-Upped. 
 
 21. SALVIA. Calyx with the upper Up 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla 
 
 deeply 2-lipped ; the lower Up spreading or hanging, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger 
 and sometimes notched at the end. Filament as it were compound, the proper fila- 
 ment short and bearing on its apex an elongated thread-like or linear body (the con- 
 nective, in fact) attached by its middle, one end of which ascending under the upper 
 Hp bears a linear l-celled anther, the other descending bears the other smaller and 
 imperfect cell, or a mere vestige of it, or is naked. Flowers usually large or showy. 
 
 22. ROSMARINUS. Calyx and corolla nearly as in Salvia, but the lateral lobes of the 
 
 lower lip of the corolla erect and somewhat contorted (as in some Salvias also). 
 
 Stamens resembUng those of Monarda and protruded, but with a short tooth on the 
 
 filament below the middle. Shrub. 
 28. BLEPHILIA. Calyx short-tubular, the upper Up with 8 awned, the lower with 2 
 
 nearly blunt teeth. Corolla with an expanded throat, bluish. Otherwise Uke 
 
 Monarda, but flowers smaller. 
 
 -t- 4- Calyx mostly hairy in the throat and nearly equally b-toothed. 
 24. MONARDA. Calyx tubular, elongated, many-nerved. Corolla deeply 2-Upped, narrow 
 
 In the throat, the oblong or linear Ups about equal in length, the lower 3-lobed at the 
 
 apex, its narrower middle lobe slightly notched. Stamens with long and simple 
 
 filament bearing directly on its apex a linear anther. Flowers rather large, numerous 
 
 in the whorled or terminal heads. 
 
 ** Stamens 4, diverging or ascending ; the upper or inner pair longer. 
 Upper lip of the corolla erect or a little arching, the lower spreading. 
 
 +- Stamens exserted. 
 26. LOPHANTHUS. Calyx rather unequally 5-toothed. Upper lip of corolla sUghtly 2- 
 
 lobed, the lower moderately spreading, its middle lobe somewhat crenate. Stamens 
 
 not parallel, the lower and shorter ones more or less ascending, the upper and longer 
 
 ones diverging and declining, so as to seem the lower. Tall erect herbs, with small 
 
 4*>wers clustered in panicled spikes.
 
 MINT FAMILY. 845 
 
 +- +- Stamens not exserted. 
 
 26. NEPETA. Calyx obliquely 5-toothed. Stamens parallel and ascending, and their 
 
 anthers approaching in pairs under the upper lip of the corolla, their cells diverging 
 from each other. Middle lobe of lower lip of corolla considerably largest. 
 
 27. CEDRONELLA. Flowers nearly like those of Nepeta; but the cells of the anthers 
 
 parallel. 
 
 (35. PHLOMIS, of the next section, might, from the stamens, be sought for here.) 
 ******* Stamens 4, the lower or outer pair longer, ascending and parallel, 
 their anthers in pairs mostly under the concave or arched upper lip of the 
 corolla. Plants not sweet-scented, some of them bitter-aromatic. 
 +- Corolla decidedly flipped ; calyx also 2-lipped, irregular, closed in fruit. 
 
 28. BRUNELLA. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, reticulated, flattened on the upper side ; the 
 
 upper lip broad, flat, 3-toothed ; the lower 2-cleft. Tube of the corolla dilated on the 
 lower side just below the rather narrowed throat ; upper lip arched and entire ; 
 lower.widely spreading, with lateral lobes oblong, the concave middle one rounded 
 and crenulate. Filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. 
 Flowers in a terminal close head or short spike. 
 
 29. 3CUTELLARIA. Calyx short, with the very short lips truncate and entire, and a 
 
 large hump on the upper side, the whole helmet-shaped ; the upper lip usually fall- 
 ing away when the fruit is ripe. Corolla with rather long ascending tube, the lateral 
 lobes of the lower lip small and somewhat connected with the arched upper Up, the 
 middle lobe larger and spreading, or the sides reflexed ; anthers of the lower stamens 
 1-celled. Bitterish herbs, not aromatic, with flowers single in the axil of each bract 
 or leaf. 
 
 +- -i- Corolla inflated funnel-form and rather slightly 2-lipped ; calyx thinnish, open 
 bell-shaped in fruit, the 5 teeth equal and pointless ; flowers simply spiked, only 
 one to each bract or floral leaf. 
 
 80. PHTSOSTEGIA. Upper lip of the corolla broad and a little arched, entire ; lower of 
 
 3 broad and somewhat spreading short lobes. Smooth and scentless herbs, with 
 thickish and sessile lanceolate or oblong leaves. 
 
 + +- +- Corolla decidedly 2-lipped ; calyx 5-toothed, regular, or sometimes obscurely 
 2-lipped, not closing in fruit ; the teeth commonly awl-shaped or triangular, 
 often rigid or spiny-tipped. 
 
 M- Stamens included in the tube of the corolla; calyx W-toothed. 
 
 81. MARRUBIUM. Teeth of the calyx awl-shaped or spiny-tipped, recurved after flower- 
 
 ing. Corolla small ; upper lip erect. Bitter-aromatic plants ; flowers in axillary 
 capitate whorls. 
 
 H- ++ Stamens raised out of the tube of the corolla ; calyx 5-toothed. 
 
 = Stamens not deflexed after flowering. 
 1 Anthers opening crossioise by 2 unequal valves, the smaller one ciliate. 
 
 82. GALEOPSIS. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, 5-nerved, with spiny-tipped teeth. Corolla 
 
 enlarged in the throat, the ovate and entire upper lip arched, the middle lobe of 
 spreading lower lip obcordate. Flowers in axillary whorl-like clusters. 
 
 1 I Anthers opening lengthwise in the ordinary way. 
 o Calyx membranaceous and greatly enlarged, and almost shield-like. 
 
 83. MOLUCCELLA. Calyx with the border reticulated, veiny, entire, except 5 mucronate 
 
 points. Corolla much shorter than the calyx ; the middle lobe of its lower lip obcor- 
 date. Nutlets 3-sided. 
 
 o o Calyx ordinary, with sharp or awl-like teeth. 
 x Upper lip of corolla erect. 
 
 84. BALLOTA. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, with an expanding 5-toothed border, the 
 
 tube 10-ribbed. Anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip. Nutlets round- 
 ish on top.
 
 346 MINT FAMILY. 
 
 x x Upper lip of corolla more or less arched, 
 
 85. PHLOMIS. Calyx tubular, with rigid narrow awl-shaped teeth from the notch of as 
 
 many very short and broad lobes. Corolla as in Stachys. Upper pair of stamens 
 (rather the longer) with an awl-shaped appendage at the base of the filaments. 
 
 86. LEONUKUS. Calyx top-shaped, the awl-shaped teeth when old spreading and spiny- 
 
 pointed. Corolla like Stachys, but middle lobe of lower Up obcordate. Stamens 
 parallel. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled. Stems erect. Flowers in close 
 whorls in the axils of cut-lobed leaves. 
 
 87. LAMIUM. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, with 5 awl-shaped spreading teeth. Corolla 
 
 much enlarged in the throat, the upper lip arching and with a narrow base, lateral 
 lobes of lower lip very short, the middle one rounded and spreading or turned down, 
 Its base much narrowed. (Lessons, Fig. 266.) Stamens ascending under the upper 
 lip. Nutlets truncate at the top. 
 
 = = Stamens deflexed or contorted after flowering. 
 
 88. 8TACHTS. Calyx mostly tubular bell-shaped, the teeth triangular or awl-shaped, 
 
 sometimes rigid or even pungent. Corolla not enlarged in the throat, the upper lip 
 entire or nearly so, the lower 8-lobed with the middle lobe nearly entire. Stamens 
 ascending under the upper lip, but the outer pair turned down after discharging 
 their pollen. Nutlets obtuse, but not truncate. Flowers crowded in whorls, most 
 of these commonly approximate in a terminal raceme or spike. 
 
 1. TRICHOSTEMA, BLUE CURLS. (Greek: hair-like stamens.) 
 Ours are branching, loosely -flowered, rather clammy, low herbs, with 
 entire leaves, and small flowers as it were panicled, blue, or changing 
 to purple, in summer and autumn. (T) 
 
 T. dichdtomum, Linn. COMMON B. or BASTARD PENNYROYAL. Sandy 
 fields, Mass., S.; 6'-12' high, with mostly lance-oblong, short-petioled leaves. 
 T. lineare, Nutt. Leaves linear or lance-linear, smoother. Conn., S. 
 
 2. TEUCRIUM, GERMANDER. (Named for Teucer, King of 
 Troy.) 2 
 
 T. Canadense, Linn. In low grounds ; l-3 high, downy, with ovate- 
 lanceolate serrate leaves, downy beneath, and pale purple or rarely white 
 flowers collected in a long spike, in late summer. 
 
 3. ISANTHT7S, FALSE PENNYROYAL. (Greek: equal flower, i.e. 
 parts of corolla regular.) 
 
 I. caeruleus, Michx. Common in sandy or sterile soil from Me., S. 
 and W. ; bushy-branched, clammy-pubescent, 6'-12' high, with oblong 
 3-nerved entire leaves, and scattered, small blue flowers on axillary 
 peduncles. 
 
 4. OCIMUM, SWEET BASIL. (Greek name, referring to the odor, 
 the herbage sweet-scented.) 
 
 0. Basllicum, Linn. SWEET BASIL. Low sweet herb, of kitchen gar- 
 dens, from Asia, with ovate, somewhat toothed leaves, ciliate petioles and 
 calyx, and bluish-white racemed flowers, in summer. 
 
 5. COLEUS. (Greek for sheath, alluding to the monadelphous sta- 
 mens.) Cult, for the handsome colored foliage, from Java. 
 
 C. Bldmei, Benth. Leaves either blotched with crimson or bronze-red, 
 or almost wholly colored, rhomb-ovate and acuminate-pointed and atenu- 
 ated into a petiole below, with deltoid and sharp teeth ; the inconspicuous 
 flowers blue or bluish and racemed.
 
 MINT FAMILY. 347 
 
 C. Verschaffeliii, Lem. Leaves ovate and scarcely narrowed below, 
 acute but not acuminate, the teeth large and rounded and obtuse. 
 
 6. HYPTIS. (Greek: reversed, from the lower lobe of the corolla.) 
 Flowers late summer. 
 
 H. radiata, Willd. Stems 2-4 high ; leaves lance-ovate, toothed ; 
 flowers white or purple-dotted, small, crowded in peduncled whitish-in- 
 volucrate heads. 2/ Low ground, N. Car., S. 
 
 7. LAVANDULA, LAVENDER. (Latin lavo, lave, for which Lav- 
 ender-water is used.) 
 
 L. vera, DC. Cult, from S. Eu. ; a low undershrub, barely hardy N., 
 hoary, with lance-linear leaves, and slender spikes of bluish small flowers 
 on long terminal peduncles, in summer. 
 
 8. COLLINSONIA, HORSE BALM. (Peter Collinson of London, 
 who corresponded with Bartram and Linnaeus.) Rather tall and large- 
 leaved, strong-scented plants ; flowers summer. 11 
 
 C. Canade'nsis, Linn. RICH WEED, STONE ROOT. Smooth, 2-3 
 high, with ovate serrate leaves 3'-6' long and on long petioles, and pale 
 yellow, lemon-scented flowers on slender pedicels in panicled racemes. 
 Rich woods, N. and S. 
 
 9. PERILLA. (Aboriginal name.) Native of China and Japan. 
 
 P. Nankinensis, Decne. (P. OCTMOIDES, var. CRISPA.) Balsamic- 
 scented, much-branched herb, cult, for its foliage, the ovate-petioled 
 leaves generally dark purple or violet-tinged beneath, bronze-purple 
 above, the margins wavy and deeply cut-toothed, the insignificant rose- 
 colored or whitish flowers in panicled spike-like racemes, in late summer. 
 
 10. MENTHA, MINT. (Ancient Greek and Latin name.) Mostly 
 spreading rapidly by running rootstocks ; leaves toothed ; the small 
 flowers purplish-bluish, or almost white, in summer. Beside the fol- 
 lowing, other introduced species are occasionally found. ^ 
 
 * Flowers in terminal spikes. 
 
 M. vi rid is, Linn. SPEARMINT. Green, nearly smooth, with oblong or 
 lance- ovate, wrinkled- veiny, sessile leaves, and spikes narrow, dense, and 
 leafless. Roadsides. Eu. 
 
 M. piperlta, Linn. PEPPERMINT. Purplish, smooth, with ovate acute 
 petioled leaves, and whorled clusters of flowers forming loose interrupted 
 spikes. Wet places, and cult, for the oil. Eu. (Lessons, Figs. 97, 98.) 
 
 * * Flowers in distinct axillary globular clusters. 
 
 M. Canadensis. Linn. WILD MINT. Pleasant-scented, hairy or a 
 smooth variety, with ovate or lance-oblong, acute or pointed leaves on 
 short petioles, and the whorls in the axils of some of the middle pairs. 
 Low grounds. 
 
 11. LYCOFUS, WATER HOREHOUND. (Greek: wolf s foot, of 
 no application.) Resembling the Wild Mint, but bitter, and not aro- 
 matic, often producing slender, sometimes tuber-bearing runners from 
 the base, smooth, the very small white flowers close-clustered in the 
 axils of the leaves, in summer. Wild in shady moist soil. 11
 
 348 MINT FAMILY. 
 
 * Leaves serrate only ; producing filiform runners from the base. 
 
 L. Virginicus, Linn. BUGLE WEED. Stem obtusely 4-angled, a foot 
 or two high ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire towards the base, 
 short-stalked and acute at both ends ; calyx-teeth 4, shorter than the 
 nutlets. Common. 
 
 L. rube'llus, Moench. Stem obtusely 4-angled ; leaves ovate or lance- 
 oblong, attenuate at both ends, sharply serrate in the middle ; calyx-teeth 
 5, sharp, longer than the nutlets. Penn., W. and S. 
 
 * * Leaves incised or pinnatifid ; not stoloniferous. 
 
 L. sinuatus, Ell. Stem (l-3) acutely 4-angled ; leaves oblong or 
 lanceolate and acuminate, some of the uppermost only sinuate. Common. 
 
 12. CUNILA, DITTANY. (An old Latin name of unknown meaning.) 
 C. Mariana, Linn. MARYLAND D. Dry hills through the Middle 
 
 States ; nearly smooth, 1 high, corymbosely much branched, with ovate 
 or heart-shaped almost sessile serrate leaves (!' long), and peduncled, 
 loose cymes of purplish flowers, in summer. ^ 
 
 13. HEDEOMA. (Formed from a Greek name of a sort of Mint ; 
 refers to the sweet scent.) Low and fragrant-scented, growing in dry 
 and open or sterile grounds, with small flowers in loose axillary clus- 
 ters, all summer. 
 
 H. pulegioldes, Pers. AMERICAN PENNYROYAL. The pungent aro- 
 matic scent and taste is like that of the English Pennyroyal or Mentha 
 Pulegium of En.; 5'-8' high, erect and branching, hairy, with oblong-ovate, 
 petioled leaves, few-flowered clusters, and bluish corolla scarcely exceed- 
 ing the calyx. 
 
 H. hispida, Pursh. On the plains from Minn, and Dak., S.; 2'-6' 
 high, hairy, with sessile, linear, entire, crowded leaves, and bristly-ciliate 
 calyx, with subulate teeth. () 
 
 14. HYSSOPTJS, HYSSOP. (The ancient Greek name of the plant, 
 from the Hebrew.) 2Z 
 
 H. officinalis, Linn. Cult, in gardens from the Old World, rarely run- 
 ning wild ; smooth, tufted, simple steins or branches, 2 high ; leaves 
 lance-linear and entire ; small clusters of blue flowers crowded in a ter- 
 minal spike, in summer. 
 
 15. SATUREIA, SAVORY. (The ancient Latin name.) Aromatic ; 
 flowers summer. 
 
 S. hortfnsis, Linn. SUMMER SAVORY. Low and homely sweet herb of 
 the gardens, sparingly run wild W., with oblong-linear leaves tapering at 
 base, and pale or purplish small flowers clustered in their axils, or run- 
 ning into panicled spikes at the end of the branches. Eu. @ 
 
 16. PYCNANTHEMUM, MOUNTAIN MINT or BASIL. (Greek: 
 dense flower clusters.) Several species, all aromatic- scented, l-3 
 high, in open, usually gravelly or sandy soil ; flowers with pale corolla 
 often purple-dotted, in late summer and autumn, i! The following 
 are most common. 
 
 Calyx not 2-lipped, the teeth all equal or nearly so. 
 
 t- Bracts and calyx teeth awn-tipped and rigid. 
 
 P. aristatum, Michx. Only from N. J., S., in pine barrens ; minutely 
 soft-pubescent ; leaves lance-oblong or broadly linear, rigid, almost entire ; 
 flowers in heads, with bracts and calyx teeth as long as the corolla.
 
 MINT FAMILY. 349 
 
 ->- *- Bracts and calyx teeth not owned. 
 
 P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Smoothish, not hoary, very leafy, bushy 
 branched ; leaves small and clustered, narrow-lanceolate or lance-linear, 
 rigid, sessile, obtuse at base ; flowers small, in numerous globular close 
 heads which are crowded in terminal corymbs. Calyx teeth and bracts 
 short, triangular; lips of the corolla very short. Mass., W. and S. 
 
 P. linif 6lium, Pursh. Like the last, less common N. ; smoother, with 
 lance-linear leaves, and narrower sharp-pointed bracts and calyx teeth. 
 
 P. milticum, Pers. Minutely soft-downy but hardly whitened, rather 
 low, bushy-branched ; leaves mostly lance-ovate and sessile, with rounded 
 or slightly heart-shaped base, minutely sharp-toothed, rather rigid ; 
 flowers in heads or dense clusters ; calyx teeth and inner bracts rather 
 blunt. Me., W. and S. 
 
 Var. pildsum, Gray. Downy, with rather long, soft hairs ; the broadish 
 lanceolate leaves acute at both ends and nearly entire ; whorled heads at 
 the end of the branches ; the calyx teeth and bracts ovate-lanceolate and 
 acute. Ohio, W. 
 
 * * Calyx 2-lipped (3 upper teeth united). 
 
 P. incanum, Michx. Leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, remotely 
 toothed, finely soft-downy above and white-hoary beneath, those next 
 the open flat cymes whitened both sides ; bracts and calyx teeth some- 
 what awn-pointed. N. Eng., W. and S. 
 
 17. ORIGANUM, MARJORAM. (Old Greek name, said to mean 
 delight of mountains.') Natives of the Old World; sweet herbs; 
 flowers summer. 11 
 
 0. ru/gare, Linn. WILD MARJORAM. Old gardens, and wild on some 
 roadsides ; l-2 high, with small ovate, nearly entire leaves, on short 
 petioles, and purplish flowers in corymbed purple-bracted clusters or 
 short spikes ; calyx equally 5-toothed. 
 
 0. Majorana, Linn. SWEET MARJORAM. Cult, in kitchen gardens as 
 an annual ; leaves small and finely soft^downy ; the bracts not colored ; 
 flowers whitish or purplish, with calyx hardly toothed but cleft nearly 
 down on the lower side. 
 
 18. THYMUS, THYME. (Ancient Greek and Latin name.) Low 
 or creeping, slightly woody-stemmed, sweet-aromatic plants of the 
 Old World ; flowers small, in summer. Leaves in the common species 
 entire, small, from ' to near \> long, ovate, obovate or oblong, with 
 tapering base. 11 
 
 T. Serpyllum, Linn. CREEPING THYME. Cult, as a sweet herb, rarely 
 a little spontaneous ; creeping, forming broad flat perennial turfs ; leaves 
 green (a variegated form used for edgings) ; whorls of purplish or flesh- 
 colored flowers crowded or somewhat spiked at the ends of the flowering 
 branches. 
 
 7*. vulgaris, Linn. COMMON THYME. Sometimes cult.; more upright 
 and bushy than the other, pale and rather hoary ; flowers in snorter 
 clusters. 
 
 19. CALAMINTHA, CALAMINT. (Greek for beautiful Mint.) 
 Flowers summer. 11 (Lessons, Fig. 301.) 
 
 * Flowers loose in the axils, or above running into racemes or panicles. 
 
 C. glab^lla, Benth. A delicate native but uncommon species, from 
 S. Ind., S.; smooth, with weak stems 5'-20' long, also with creeping run-
 
 350 MINT FAMILY. 
 
 ners, oblong or almost linear leaves, or ovate on the runners, the loose 
 purplish flowers about ' long. 
 
 C. Nepeta, Link. BASIL THYME. Nat. from Eu. from Md., W. and 
 S.; soft-downy, branching, l-2 high, with round-ovate crenate leaves, 
 small and loose purple flowers, and calyx hairy in the throat. 
 
 * * Flowers in terminal heads or head-like whorls, crowded with awl- 
 shaped bracts. 
 
 C. Clinopddium, Benth. BASIL. Waste grounds and along thickets ; 
 hairy, with rather simple stems l-2 long, ovate, and nearly entire 
 petioled leaves, and pale purple small corollas. 
 
 20. MELISSA, BALM, BEE BALM. (Old name from Greek for 
 bee.') Old World sweet herbs. Flowers summer. 11 
 
 U. officinal! s, Linn. COMMON B. Gardens, sparingly running wild ; 
 rather hairy, loosely-branched, lemon-scented, with ovate or scarcely 
 heart-shaped crenate-toothed leaves, and yellowish or soon white flowers 
 in small loose axillary clusters. 
 
 21. SAL VIA, SAGE. (Latin salvo, save, from its reputed healing 
 qualities.) (Lessons, Figs. 302, 303.) 
 
 * Blue-flowered species (corolla sometimes partly white). 11 
 t- Leaves halberd-shaped or triangular-ovate. 
 
 S. patens, Cav. Mexico ; 2-3 high, rather hairy, with crenate-serrate 
 pubescent leaves, the uppermost sessile ones sometimes oval, loose-pedi- 
 celed flowers, showy deep blue corolla over 2' long, the lips widely gaping. 
 Cult, in borders. 
 
 -i- -i- Leaves narrower, not halberd-like at base. 
 w Flowers in distinct whorls near the top of the stem. 
 
 B. lyr^ta, Linn. Sandy soil from N. J. to El. and S.; l-2 high, 
 rather hairy, with leaves mostly at the root, and obovate or lyre-shaped, 
 and a smaller pair on the stem; whorls of flowers forming an interrupted 
 raceme ; corolla hardly 1' long ; upper lip of calyx 3-toothed ; lower cell 
 of the anther present but deformed. 
 
 S. officinalis, Linn. COMMON SAGE. From S. Eu.; low but erect, 
 minutely hoary-pubescent, with oblong-lanceolate leaves finely reticu- 
 lated-rugose and the margins crenulate, spiked flower-whorls, and short 
 corolla. 
 
 ++ ++ Flowers in racemose or spiciform inflorescence, the whorls, if any, 
 small and loose. 
 
 = Corolla tube scarcely exserted beyond the calyx. Flowers small. 
 
 3. urticif6lia, Linn. Woodlands from Md., W. and S. ; l-2 high, 
 leafy, somewhat clammy-downy ; leaves rhombic-ovate ; racemes slender, 
 the blue and white corolla only i' long ; lower cell of the anther wanting. 
 
 = = Corolla tube conspicuously exserted. 
 
 8. azurea. Lam. Sandy soil S. Car., S. and W.; nearly smooth and 
 green, with rather simple stems, 2-4 high; leaves lance- linear, with 
 tapering base, obtuse, entire, or the lower serrate ; the showy azure-blue 
 flowers (less than 1' long) numerous in a spike-like raceme. 
 
 Var. grandifldra, Benth. (S. PfTCHERi). Kansas to Texas ; inflores- 
 cence denser ; minutely soft-downy ; occasionally cultivated.
 
 MINT FAMILY. 351 
 
 S. protest's, Linn. Radical leaves large and long-petioled, oblong or 
 oblong-ovate and crenate-toothed, the stem leaves few and oblong, and 
 shorter-stalked ; corolla an inch long, glabrous inside, the mouth gaping 
 and upper lip much arched, the calyx and mall bracts colored ; flowers 
 about 4 in a whorl in long spikes. Eu. Borders. Varieties with reddish 
 and white flowers. 
 
 S. farindcea, Benth. Texas ; leaves petioled, oblong-lanceolate, the 
 spikes, calyxes, etc., white-hoary, contrasting with the light blue corolla. 
 Sometimes cult. 
 
 # * Bed-flowered species, rarely running to white in garden forms. 
 - (D Flowers small, not showy (but the bracts are). 
 
 S. Scldrea, Linn. CLARY. Gray-hairy, 2 ; leaves oblong and obtuse, 
 petiolate, wavy ; flowers in a long interrupted spike of whorls, the corolla 
 tube not exceeding the calyx ; upper bracts broad and concave, red and 
 veiny, showy. S. Eu. Cult., the leaves used for seasoning. 
 
 -- 1 Flowers large and showy. 
 -M- Plant glabrous. 
 
 S. splendens, Sellow. Brazil ; stems branching ; leaves ovate, pointed, 
 the floral ones and calyx as well as the corolla (2' or more long and with 
 short lower lip) bright scarlet. Much cult. There is a white variety. 
 
 M- *+ Plant pubescent or hairy. 
 
 S. fulgens, Cav. CARDINAL or MEXICAN RED S. From Mexico ; tall, 
 pubescent, with crenate ovate or oval leaves heart-shaped at base and 
 somewhat rugose, green calyx, and long-tubed, downy, deep scarlet 
 corolla over 2' long, the style plumose. 
 
 S. coccinea, Linn. Somewhat downy or soft-hairy, with ovate and 
 heart-shaped, acute, crenate leaves, deciduous bracts, green or purplish 
 calyx, and smooth red corolla 1' long, with lower lip much longer than 
 the upper one. Var. pseudo-coccinea is taller, with bristly -hairy stems, 
 and petioles. S. Car., S. (Lessons, Fig. 303.) 
 
 * * * White-flowered species. 
 
 S. argSntea, Linn. Mediterranean region ; cult, for its silvery-white 
 foliage, hardy ; the very large round-ovate root-leaves clothed with long 
 white wool ; flowering stem and its sessile leaves, as well as calyx, etc., 
 clammy-hairy ; the white corolla with scythe-shaped upper lip 1' long and 
 a very short tube. 
 
 22. ROSMARINUS, ROSEMARY. (Latin: dew of the sea, referring 
 to the habitat.) "21 
 
 R. officinal is, Linn. Leaves evergreen, linear, entire, with revolute 
 margins, white-hoary beneath, the upper with pale blue flowers in their 
 axils. S. Eu. ; not hardy N. 
 
 23. BLEPHILIA. (Greek: eyelash, the bracts strongly ciliate, the 
 outer ones ovate.) Flowers summer. "21 
 
 B. ciliata, Raf. Leaves almost sessile, ovate or oblong, whitish-downy 
 beneath ; outer bracts large, acute ; corolla hairy. Dry soil, Mass, to 
 Minn., and S. 
 
 B. hirsuta, Raf. Hairy all over ; leaves lance-ovate, sometimes heart- 
 shaped at base, on distinct petioles ; bracts smaller and very slender- 
 pointed ; corolla smoothish, purple-spotted. Moister places, N. and S.
 
 352 MINT FAMILY. 
 
 24. MONARDA, HORSEMINT or BALM. (An early Spanish writer 
 on the medicinal plants of the New World, Nicolas Monardez.) 
 Flowers summer. (Lessons, Fig. 300.) 
 
 * Stamens and style protruding beyond the narrow acute upper lip of the 
 corolla; leaves oblong-ovate or lance-ovate, with roundish or slightly 
 heart-shaped base, veiny, pleasant-scented. 11 
 
 M. didynia, Linn. OSWEGO TEA, BEE BALM, FRAGRANT BALM. 
 Leaves petioled, the floral ones tinged with red ; calyx naked in the 
 throat ; corolla bright red, the large heads handsome. N. Eng., W. and 
 S. , and cult. 
 
 M. fistu!6sa, Linn. WILD BERGAMOT. Soft-downy or smoothish ; 
 leaves petioled, the floral ones often whitish ; calyx very hairy in the 
 throat ; corolla rose-color, purple, or white. Dry soil, Vt. , W. and S. 
 Variable. 
 
 M. Bradburiana, Beck. Differs from the preceding in the sessile 
 leaves soft-hairy beneath, calyx contracted above, and shorter corolla. 
 Ind., S. and W. 
 
 * * Stamens not longer than the purple-spotted notched upper lip of tht 
 
 short corolla, the tube of which is nearly inclosed in the calyx. 
 
 M. punctata, Linn. HORSEMINT. Sterile ground, from N. J. to 
 Minn., and S.; strong-scented and pungent, slightly hoary ; leaves lance- 
 olate, the floral ones and bracts tinged yellow and purple ; calyx teeth 
 short and awnless ; corolla yellowish. ^ 
 
 M.. citrioddra, Cerv. Calyx strongly bearded in the throat and with 
 awn-iike teeth, the floral leaves and bracts conspicuously awn -tipped. 
 Neb., S. and W. 
 
 25. LOFHANTHUS, GIANT HYSSOP. (Greek: crest and flower.) 
 Wild in rich soil, chiefly N. and W., with ovate and toothed leaves; 
 flowers summer. 1J. 
 
 * Leaves white beneath. 
 
 Ii. anisatus, Benth. Slender, with anise-scented leaves, glaucous whi*- 
 downy beneath, and calyx much shorter than the lavender- blue corolla. 
 Wis., W. andS. 
 
 * * Leaves not white beneath. 
 
 L. nepetoldes, Benth. Smooth, coarse, not sweet-scented ; stem 
 4-6 high and sharply 4-angled ; calyx teeth ovate, bluntish, almost 
 equaling the dull yellowish corolla. Vt., W. and S. 
 
 L. scrophularieefdlius, Benth. Resembles the preceding, but the 
 obtusely angled stem and sharper-toothed leaves rather pubescent, the 
 lanceolate acute calyx teeth shorter than the purplish corolla. 
 
 26. NEFETA, CATMINT. (Latin, from the Etrurian city Nepete.) 11 
 
 N. Cataria, Linn. CATNIP. Weed nat. from Eu., around dwellings 
 and gardens, with strong fragrance ; soft-downy ; leaves oblong, heart- 
 shaped, deeply crenate ; whitish flowers crowded in terminal clusters or 
 spikes, in late summer. 
 
 N. Glechbma, Benth. GROUND IVY, GILL. Weed nat. from Eu. in 
 waste or cult, shaded grounds ; creeping and spreading, with smoothish, 
 rounded, kidney-shaped, crenate leaves on slender petioles, and light blue 
 flowers in their axils, each pair of anther cells approaching and forming 
 a little cross ; flowers all spring and summer.
 
 MINT FAMILY. 353 
 
 27. CEDRONELLA. (From Cedrus, the cedar tree, referring to the 
 
 fragrance of one species.) Tj. 
 
 C. cordata, Benth. Shady grounds from W. Penn. S., but rare ; low, 
 hairy, with long leafy runners, heart-shaped leaves, and scattered flowers, 
 the purplish corolla 1^' long, its throat inflated. 
 
 C. cana, Hook. Mexico, and cult.; pale or ashy; leaves ovate-lanceo- 
 late, somewhat toothed ; corolla an inch or less long, pink, the flowers in 
 close clusters ; l-3. 
 
 28. BRTJNELLA, SELF-HEAL or HEALALL. (Latinized from the 
 old German name.) Flowers all summer. 2/ 
 
 B. vulgaris, Linn. Low, spreading, with ovate or oblong petioled 
 leaves, and 3 flowers under each of the broad and round purplish bracts 
 of the head ; corolla bluish-purple or rarely white. Woods and moist 
 grounds ; common in thin lawns. 
 
 29. SCUTELLARIA, SKULLCAP. (Latin scutella, a dish.) Flowers 
 in summer, in our species blue or violet, y. 
 
 * Flowers small in axillary or some terminal one-sided racemes. 
 
 S. laterifldra, Linn. MAD-DOG SKULLCAP from the shape of the 
 fruiting calyx ; smooth, branching, l-2 high, with lance-ovate or oblong 
 acute coarsely serrate leaves on slender petioles ; racemes rather leafy- 
 bracted ; flowers }' long. Shady wet places ; common. 
 
 * * Flowers large, in racemes or spikes terminating the stem and branches. 
 
 -t- Stem leaves all cordate ; lateral lobes of the corolla about equaling the 
 upper lip. 
 
 S. versicolor, Nutt. Stem stout, l-3 high, soft-pubescent, as are 
 the heart-shaped, very veiny and rugose, crenate and bluntish long-peti- 
 oled leaves ; spike-like racemes clammy-pubescent ; corolla almost 1' 
 long, the lower lip purple-spotted. Banks, Penn. to Minn., and S. 
 
 S. saxatilis, Riddell. Glabrous or only slightly hairy ; stem 6'-18', 
 weak, often producing runners ; leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, crenate. 
 Moist banks, Del., W. and S. 
 
 +- - Stem leaves not cordate (save occasionally the lowermost) ; lateral 
 lobes of corolla shorter than upper lip. 
 
 i-t- Green, nearly glabrous. 
 
 3. serrata, Andr. l-3, the raceme single and loosely flowered; 
 leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, tapering at both ends, serrate ; corolla 1' 
 long and narrow, its lips of equal length. Woods, Penn., W. and S. 
 
 *+ *-* Grayish, pubescent to tomentose. 
 
 S. cane'scens, Nutt. Ontario, S.; stems branching, 2-4 high ; leaves 
 petioled, ovate or lance-ovate, or some of them heart-shaped at base, the 
 lower surface, as also the racemes and flowers, whitish, with very fine soft 
 down, otherwise smoothish ; corolla 1' long. 
 
 S. pildsa, Michx. Pubescent with spreading hairs ; stem nearly 
 simple, l-3 high, bearing rather distant pairs of roundish or oblong- 
 ovate veiny leaves, the lower sometimes heart-shaped, upper on short- 
 margined petioles ; racemes short, the bracts spatulate ; corolla f ' long. 
 N. Y., W. and S.; variable. 
 
 S. integrifdlia, Linn. Minutely hoary, l-2 high ; leaves lance-oblong 
 or linear, obtuse, nearly entire, very short-petioled ; raceme short ; corolla 
 1' long, much enlarged upwards. Dry places, N. Eng., S. 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. BOT. 23
 
 354 MINT FAMILY. 
 
 * * * flowers short-peduncled in the axils of some of the sessile leaves. 
 
 S. nerv6sa, Pursh. Moist grounds from N. Y., S. and W.; smooth, 
 l-2 high, slender ; leaves roundish or ovate, sparingly toothed, 1' long, 
 those subtending the flowers ovate-lanceolate and entire, the nerve-like 
 main veins prominent beneath ; flowers \' long. 
 
 S. parvula, Michx. Low and spreading, 3'-6' high ; with round-ovate 
 or lance-ovate and slightly heart-shaped leaves ^' or more long, and 
 flowers y long. Sandy moist places, N. Eng., W. and S. 
 
 S. galericulata, Linn. Sinoothish ; the slender simple stems l-2 
 high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sometimes with a heart-shaped base, acute, 
 serrate ; flowers f ' long, with arched upper lip. Wet places, N. 
 
 30. FHYSOSTEGIA, FALSE DRAGON'S HEAD. (Name from 
 Greek words for inflated or bladdery covering.} Flowers all sum- 
 mer. ^ 
 
 P. Virginiana, Benth. Wet banks of streams, from Vt., W. and S., 
 in several varieties ; l-4 high ; leaves mostly serrate ; flowers either 
 crowded or rather distant in the spikes ; corolla pale rose-purple, 1' or 
 more long. Handsome. 
 
 31. MARRUBIUM, HOREHOUND. (Late Latin name, from Hebrew 
 word for bitter.} Flowers late summer. 2/ 
 
 M. vulgare, Linn. COMMON H. In gardens and waste places, from 
 Eu. ; branching, spreading, hoary-downy, with round-ovate crenate- 
 rugose leaves on petioles, and small white corolla. 
 
 32. GALEOFSIS, HEMP NETTLE. (Greek: like a weasel; the 
 likeness not obvious.) Flowers summer. 
 
 G. Tetrahit, Linn. Damp waste and cult, grounds, nat. from Eu. ; 
 a common weed, rather bristly -hairy, with stem swollen below each joint, 
 leaves ovate and coarsely serrate, and corolla purplish or variegated. 
 
 33. MOLTTCCELLA, MOLUCCA BALM, SHELL FLOWER. 
 
 (Name from Molucca Islands.) Flowers summer. () 
 
 M. Icevis, Linn. Erect, much branched, smooth, with roundish petioled 
 leaves, flowers sessile in their axils accompanied by spine-like bracts, the 
 remarkable large cup-shaped calyx oblique and 1' long, much exceeding 
 the inconspicuous corolla. Cult, from Asia. 
 
 34. BALLOTA, BLACK HOREHOUND. (Greek name, unexplained.) 
 
 B. n)gra, Linn. A green, erect, more or less hairy plant, naturalized 
 E. from Eu. ; leaves ovate and toothed ; flowers purplish, in dense whorls ; 
 calyx teeth longer than corolla tube. 2/ 
 
 35. PHLOMIS, JERUSALEM SAGE. (Old Greek name of some 
 woolly plant.) Flowers summer. 1J. 
 
 P. tuberdsa, Linn. Cult, in old gardens, sparingly run wild ; stems 
 3-6 high ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong and heart-shaped, crenate, 
 rugose, smoothish ; flowers in remote and dense whorls ; upper lip of the 
 purple corolla white-hairy inside. Eu.
 
 MINT FAMILY. 355 
 
 36. LEONTJRUS, MOTHERWORT. (Greek: lion's tail, but there 
 is no obvious resemblance.) Flowers late summer. 
 
 L. Cardlaca, Linn. COMMON M. Nat. from Eu., in cult, arid waste 
 grounds ; tall, with palmately cleft, long-petioled leaves, the lower 
 rounded, the upper wedge-shaped at base ; upper lip of pale purple corolla 
 bearded. ^ 
 
 There are two other introduced species, less common. 
 
 37. LAMIUM, DEAD NETTLE. (Greek: throat, alluding to the 
 grinning corolla.) Low spreading herbs from Old World, in waste 
 grounds ; flowers spring and summer. (Lessons, Fig. 256. ) 
 
 * Insignificant tveeds in waste or cultivated grounds, with few small and 
 
 purple or slender flowers in some of the axils. @ 
 
 L. amplexicdule, Linn. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed and 
 cut, the upper ones clasping ; corolla with a long tube, its upper lip 
 bearded, the lower one spotted. Frequent. 
 
 L. purpdreum, Linn. Leaves more heart-shaped, and less cut, all of 
 them petioled. Less common. 
 
 * * Flowers larger, 1' long, in several axillary whorls ; corolla ascending, 
 
 the lateral lobes bearing a slender awl-shaped appendage. 2Z 
 
 L. Album, Linn. Gardens and waste grounds ; hairy ; leaves all peti- 
 oled, ovate and heart-shaped, rugose-veiny ; flowers white. N. Eng. 
 
 L. maculatum, Linn. Cult, and sparingly escaped ; hairy or nearly 
 smooth ; leaves as in the other, but with a white spot or blotch on the 
 upper face ; flowers purple. 
 
 38. STACHYS, HEDGE NETTLE. (Greek: spike, from the inflo- 
 rescence.) Flowers in summer, in all ours 2 
 
 * None of the leaves truly cordate. 
 - Leaves linear-oblong or narrower. 
 
 S. hyssopif61ia, Michx. Wet sandy soil, Mass, to Mich., and S., not 
 common ; smooth, low (1 high) ; leaves almost entire, sessile ; calyx 
 teeth softer and less pointed than in the next. 
 
 - - Leaves oblong-ovate or broader. 
 
 3. palustris, Linn. Common in many varieties in wet grounds ; rough- 
 hairy ; leaves oblong or lance-ovate, sessile and crenate-serrate, and 
 somewhat obtuse, downy or hairy-pubescent ; calyx teeth sharp-pointed 
 or pungent, half the length of the corolla ; upper lip of the purplish 
 corolla pubescent, and the calyx hispid. 
 
 S. aspera, Alichx. Stem usually glabrous, but with stiff reflexed 
 bristles at the joints; leaves like the last (often nearly glabrous) but 
 petioled ; calyx commonly glabrous, as well as the corolla. Common in 
 wet grounds. 
 
 Var. glabra, Gray, is generally glabrous throughout, with long-peti- 
 oled leaves. Western N. Y., W. and S. 
 
 S. lanata, Jacq. Stems erect, tufted, which, like the Mullein-like 
 leaves, and dense interrupted spike, are wholly covered with thick and 
 silvery white wool ; corollas very short dull purple. Cult, from Old 
 
 or ' * * Many or all the leaves distinctly cordate. 
 
 S. coccfnea, Jacq. SCARLET S. Leaves ovate-oblong and heart-shaped, 
 pubescent ; flowers whorled with bright red corolla, its tube often 1' long - 
 l-2. Mexico and Texas. Cult.
 
 356 PLANTAIN FAMILY. 
 
 S. Siebdldi, Miq. (S. TtrsERfFERA and S. AFF!NIS of gardens). CHOROGI. 
 CROSNES. Low hairy plant (12'-18'), with rather thick, more or less 
 hairy, notched leaves on short strong petioles ; producing many white 
 and crisp, jointed tuhers 2'-3' long, under ground, and for which the 
 plant is cultivated. China. 
 
 S. Betdnica, Benth. (BET6NICA OFFICINALIS). BETONY, BISHOP' S-WORT. 
 A European plant occasionally seen in old gardens and once esteemed 
 for medicinal purposes ; 6'-2, with petiolate and oblong-cordate, obtuse, 
 crenate leaves, and red-purple hairy corolla f long; flowers in spicate 
 whorls. 
 
 XC. PLANTAGINACKffl, PLANTAIN FAMILY. 
 
 Consists almost entirely of the very familiar weedy genus 
 
 1. PLANTAOO, PLANTAIN, RIB GRASS. (The old Latin name.) 
 Flowers in a spike, on a naked scape, small and inconspicuous. Sepals 
 4 (or rarely 3 from 2 of them growing together) , imbricated, persistent. 
 Corolla short salver-form, thin and membranaceous, usually becoming 
 scarious and dry, or withering on the pod ; lobes 4. Stamens 4 (or rarely 
 2) borne on the tube of the corolla ; filaments usually lengthening sud- 
 denly at flowering time and hanging (as in Grasses), bearing the 2- 
 celled anthers. Style and long hairy stigma single and thread-like. 
 Ovary 2-celled or falsely 3-4-celled in P. decipiens. Pod 2-celled, a 
 pyxis, the top falling off as a lid, and the partition then falling out 
 along with the 1 or more seeds. Leaves parallel-ribbed, all from the 
 ground. The following are the common species ; flowers summer. 
 
 * Flowers all perfect, in each the style generally protruded a day or two 
 before the anthers open or are hung out ; lobes of corolla remaining wide 
 open ; stamens 4. 
 
 -- Flowers all alike, style protruded first. 
 
 ++ Corolla glabrous on the outside; leaves strongly ribbed and not 
 fleshy. 11 
 
 = Ribs of the leaves springing from the midrib. 
 
 P. cordclta, Lam. Leaves broad, cordate, or round-ovate, 3'-8' long, 
 long-stalked ; spike becoming loosely flowered. By streams, N. Y. , W. 
 
 " = = Sibs running to the contracted base of the leaves. 
 II Leaves ovate or oval in outline. 
 
 P. major. Linn. COMMON P. Smooth or sparsely hairy, with ovate 
 or oblong or slightly cordate leaves, which are sometimes toothed ; spike 
 dense and blunt at the tojp ; pod ovoid, dividing near the middle, 8-18- 
 seeded, the seeds angled and reticulated. Very common in dooryards 
 and waste places, the scapes rising from 6'-12'. 
 
 P. Rug&ii, Decne. Leaves thinner and paler ; spikes long and 
 attenuate ; pod cylindrical-oblong, dividing much below the middle, and 
 only 4-9-seeded; seeds not reticulated. Vt., W. and S. 
 
 || || Leaves long and narrow. 
 
 P. lanceotata, Linn. RIB GRASS, RIPPLE GRASS, or ENGLISH PLANTAIN. 
 Nat. from Eu. in fields, and a bad weed in poor lawns ; rather hairy, with
 
 PLANTAIN FAMILY. 357 
 
 lanceolate or lance-oblong 3-5-ribbed leaves, a grooved-angled scape, 
 thick and close spike, two of the sepals mostly united into one, and 2- 
 seeded pod. 
 
 -< +H- Corolla pubescent outside; leaves indistinctly ribbed and fleshy. 
 
 P. decfpiens, Barn. Leaves 5'-12' long, about equaling the slender 
 and rather loose spike. Generally (T), sometimes @, in salt marshes from 
 N. J., N. 
 
 P. maritima. Linn., occurring on the coast, from Mass., N., is Ij. and 
 has a denser spike. 
 
 t- *- Flowers of two sorts as respects lengths of filaments and anthers ; 
 some plants with cleistogamous flowers with stamens and style barely or 
 not at all protruded ; other and less fertile plants have long-exserted 
 stamens. 
 
 P. Patag6nica, Jacq. Leaves narrow-linear to oblanceolate, silky, 
 sparingly-toothed or entire, 1-3-nerved ; scape 3'-12' long, with a dense 
 cylindrical spike; seeds 2, oblong, oval or boat-shaped. Dry places, 
 mostly W., very variable. 
 
 * * Flowers nearly dioecious, the corolla in the most fertile plant closing 
 over the pod and forming a kind of beak, the anthers not protruding ; 
 in the sterile plant the corolla is spreading and the anthers exserted ; 
 stamens 4 or 2. 
 
 *- Stamens 4; leaves oblong or broader. 
 
 P. Virgfnica, Linn. In sandy grounds, S., N. Eng., S. and W. ; hairy 
 or hoary, 2 '-9' high ; leaves varying from oblong to obovate, nearly 
 sessile, 3-5-nerved, generally sparingly toothed ; spike rather dense ; seeds 
 mostly 2. ^ ^ Stamens 2 . i eaves u near or filiform. 
 
 P. pusflla, Nutt. Sandy soil, N. Y., S. and W. ; minutely pubescent, 
 the leaves entire and not fleshy ; spike slender ; pod short-ovoid and 4- 
 seeded, little exceeding the calyx and bract. 
 
 P. heterophylla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, sometimes toothed or 
 lobed below ; pod oblong-conical and 10-oo-seeded, about twice the length 
 of the calyx and bract. Low lands, Penn. , 8.
 
 358 FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. 
 
 HI. APETALOUS DIVISION. 
 
 Includes the families with flowers destitute of corolla, 
 or of both corolla and calyx. Various apetalous genera 
 and species are, however, distributed through the poly- 
 petalous and mouopetalous families, where they evidently 
 belong. These three divisions are entirely artificial. 
 
 XCI NYCTAGINACEJ!, FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. 
 
 Here represented by a few herbs with tubular or funnel- 
 form calyx colored like a corolla, and falling away from a per- 
 sistent lower portion which closes completely over the 1-celled 
 1-ovuled ovary and seed-like fruit, forming a hard and dry 
 covering which would be mistaken for a true pericarp. Sta- 
 mens 25, the long slender filaments hypogynous, but apt to 
 adhere somewhat to the sides of the calyx tube above. Embryo 
 coiled around some mealy albumen. (Lessons, Figs. 52-55.) 
 Ours are herbs, with opposite, simple, entire or wavy leaves, 
 and jointed stems, tumid at the joints. 
 
 * Involucral bracts wholly distinct. 
 
 1. ABEONIA. Flowers small, many in a peduncled umbel-like head surrounded by an 
 
 Involucre of about 5 bracts. Calyx salver-shaped, with a slender tube, and a corolla- 
 like 5-lobed border, which is plaited in the bud, the lobes generally notched at the end. 
 Stamens 5 and style included. 
 
 * * Involucral bracts united at the base. 
 
 2. OXTBAPHU8. Flowers small, a few together surrounded by a 5-lobed involucre, 
 
 which enlarges and becomes thin, membranaceous, reticulated, and wheel-shaped 
 after flowering. Calyx with a very short tube constricted above the ovary, expand- 
 ing into a bell-shaped 5-lobed corolla-like border, open only for a day. Stamens 
 (mostly 3) and slender style protruding. Fruit (persistent base of calyx) akene-like, 
 strongly ribbed. 
 
 8. MIRABILIS. Flower large, in the common species only a single one in the cup-shaped 
 5-cleft green involucre, which thus exactly imitates a calyx, as the tubular funnel- 
 shaped or almost salver-shaped delicate calyx does a corolla. 5 stamens, and especially 
 the style (tipped with a shield-shaped stigma) protruded. Fruit ovoid, smooth and 
 nearly even. 
 
 1. ABRONIA. (Greek: graceful.") Western North American herbs, 
 cultivated for ornament ; flowers all summer. 2i 
 
 Flowers rose-purple. 
 
 A. umbe/lata, Lam. Cal. ; prostrate slender stems, ovate-oblong slender 
 petioled leaves, and flowers open by day, the involucre of small bracts.
 
 KNOT WORT FAMILY. 359 
 
 * * Flowers white. 
 
 A. fragrans, Nutt. Steins ascending, branching ; leaves lance-ovate ; 
 flowers sweet-scented, opening at sunset; the involucre of conspicuous, 
 ovate, scarious and whitish bracts. W. Iowa, W. 
 
 * * * Flowers yellow. 
 
 A. ar en aria, Menzies. Leaves thick, ovate to reniform ; plant glandu- 
 lar. Cal. 
 
 2. OXYBAPHUS. (Greek, for a vinegar saucer, from the shape of 
 the involucre.) 2Z Flowers rose-purple, all summer. 
 
 * Plant glandular; leaves sessile or nearly so. 
 
 O. albidus, Sweet. S. Car., S. ; hairy or pubescent above ; leaves 
 acute at base, lanceolate or oblong ; fruit hairy ; stem 4-angled. 
 
 O. hirsutus, Sweet. Glandular-hirsute, especially at the joints and 
 inflorescence, l-3 ; leaves lanceolate or narrower, cuneate at the base ; 
 fruit with obtuse angles. Wis., S. W. 
 
 * * Plant not, or very little, glandular; leaves distinctly petioled or else 
 linear. 
 
 O. nyctagfneus, Sweet. Much branched, l-3, nearly smooth ; 
 leaves lanceolate to ovate ; inflorescence loose and but slightly pubescent ; 
 fruit acutish-angled. Minn, and Wis., S. ; also cult., and sometimes 
 escaped. 
 
 O. angustifdlius, Sweet. Tall, glabrous, or the peduncles and invo- 
 lucres hirsute ; leaves linear, thick and glaucous, 2'-6' long. Minn., S. 
 
 3. MIRABILIS, FOUR-O'CLOCK or MARVEL OF PERU. (Clu- 
 sius called it Admirabilis, which Linnaeus shortened.) Natives of 
 warm parts of America ; roots often very large and fleshy ; leaves more 
 or less heart-shaped, the lower petioled; flowers mostly clustered, 
 showy, opening towards sunset or in cloudy weather, produced all 
 summer. 2/ 
 
 M . Jalapa, Linn. COMMON F. Cult, for ornament in many varieties 
 of flowers (red, yellow, white, or variegated), its tube only 2' long, and 
 thickish ; stamens shorter than its spreading border ; whole plant nearly 
 smooth ; inodorous. 
 
 M . longiflbra, Linn. Less common in cult. ; tube of the sweet-scented 
 flower 6' long and clammy-hairy (as well as the upper leaves); stamens 
 shorter than its spreading white border. 
 
 XCH. ILLECEBRACE.E, KNOTWORT FAMILY. 
 
 Ours small and unimportant herbs, often united with the 
 Pink Family, having mostly opposite and entire, often linear 
 leaves, scarious stipules (0 in Scleranthus), calyx 4-5-toothed 
 or -parted and persistent, stamens borne on the calyx and as 
 many as its lobes (then opposite the lobes) or fewer, styles 2, 
 distinct or united, and utricle 1-seeded. Flowers small, whitish 
 or greenish ; plants tufted or diffuse ; staminodia sometimes 
 present.
 
 360 AMARANTH FAMILY. 
 
 * Styles united ; stamens borne on the base of the calyx. 
 
 1. ANYCHIA. Sepals awnless. Stamens 2-3, or only rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. 
 
 Utricle exceeding the calyx. 
 
 2. PAEONYCHIA. Sepals awned. Stamens 5. Staminodia sometimes present in the 
 
 form of minute teeth or bristle-like bodies. Utricle inclosed in the calyx. 
 
 * * Styles distinct; stamens on the throat of the calyx. 
 
 S. 8CLERANTHUS. Stamens 5-10. Utricle, inclosed in the indurated calyx cup. 
 
 1. ANYCHIA, FORKED CHICKWEED. (Name derived from the 
 same root as the next.) Diffuse, forking plants, in dry soil, (p 
 
 A. dichdtoma, Michx. Somewhat pubescent, 6'-10' high, with re- 
 peatedly forking short-jointed stems, minute, short-stalked, greenish 
 flowers in the forks, and narrow- lanceolate or oblanceolate leaves ; 
 flowers clustered and nearly sessile ; all summer. 
 
 A. capillacea. DC. Smooth, with longer joints and more slender and 
 erect ; leaves thinner and broader ; flowers stalked, in diffuse inflores- 
 cence. N. Eng., W. and S., with the last. 
 
 2. PARONYCHIA, WHITLOW-WORT. (Greek : a whitlow, and 
 a plant supposed to cure the disease.) Tufted, with minute flowers 
 and silvery dry stipules. 
 
 * Flowers axillary and solitary. 
 
 P. hemiarioldes, Nutt. Rough-pubescent; stems diffuse and pros- 
 trate ; leaves oval or oblong and mucronate ; sepals awl-like. Dry sand 
 ridges, N. Car., S. ^ Flomm t n clwttn. 71 
 
 P. argyrdcoma, Nutt. Minutely- pubescent ; forming broad, spread- 
 ing tufts on bare mountains of White Mts., and S., in the Alleghanies to 
 Ga. , and on the seacoast, Mass. , N. ; leaves linear ; flowers in dense clus- 
 ters and concealed by large silvery bracts ; calyx hairy, the sepals short- 
 awned ; staminodia minute teeth between the stamens. 
 
 P. dichdtoma. Nutt. On rocks, Md., S.; smooth and ascending', 
 leaves and bracts narrow-awl-shaped ; cymes open and forked ; sepals 
 short-pointed ; staminodia bristle-like. 
 
 3. SCLERANTHUS, KNAWEL. (Greek : hard flower, referring to 
 the indurated tube of the calyx.) 
 
 S. dnnuus, Linn. Nat. from Eu., in gravelly grounds, around gardens 
 and in lawns ; a very pale little herb, 3'-6' high, very much branched 
 and spreading, with short awl-shaped leaves, and greenish small flowers 
 clustered or sessile in the forks, in late summer and autumn. 
 
 XCm. AMARANTACE2E, AMARANTH FAMILY. 
 
 Weeds and some ornamental plants, chiefly herbs, essentially 
 like the next family, but the flowers provided with dry and 
 mostly scarious crowded persistent bracts, and the fruit some- 
 times several-seeded. The filaments are often united into a 
 tube or cup. The cultivated sorts are ornamental, like Im- 
 mortelles, on account of their colored dry bracts which do not 
 wither.
 
 AMARANTH FAMILY. 361 
 
 Leaves alternate, mostly long-petioled ; anthers -2-celled. 
 +- flowers perfect ; ovules and seeds numerous. 
 
 1. CELOSIA. Nearly as Amarantus, but the crowded spikes imbricated with shining 
 
 colored bracts. In cultivation the spikes are often changed into broad crests. 
 +- -H Flowers dioecious, moncecious, or polygamous ; ovule solitary. 
 
 2. AMARANTUS. Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3, equal 
 
 erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, sometimes 2 or 3. Stigmas 2 or 3. Ovule on a 
 stalk from the base of the ovary. Fruit an utricle, 2-3-pointed at apex, usually open- 
 ing all round transversely, the upper part falling off as a lid (Lessons, Fig. 387), dis- 
 charging the seed. Flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters. Bracts 3 at each 
 flower. 
 
 8. ACNIDA. Flowers dioecious, the pistillate ones without a calyx. Sterile flowers with 
 5 stamens and 5 sepals. Stigmas 2-5, often plumose. Bracts 1-^ 
 
 * * Leaves opposite ; anthers l-celled. 
 + Flowers capitate, the heads either axillary or terminal. 
 
 4. TELANTHEEA. Flowers perfect, in small dense heads (axillary in ours). Calyx 5- 
 
 parted, the divisions unequal. Anther-bearing stamens 5, alternating with 5 sterile 
 filaments of the same length and which are laciniate at the top, all united into a short 
 tube. Stigma capitate. 
 
 5. GOMPHRENA. Flowers perfect, chiefly in terminal round heads, crowded with the 
 
 firm colored bracts. Calyx 5-parted or of 5 sepals, the parts nearly equal. Stamens 
 5, monadelphous below, the filament tube elongated. Stigmas 2 or 8, subulate or 
 filiform. (Lessons, Fig. 299.) 
 
 + +- Flowers spicate or paniculate. 
 
 6. FR(ELICHIA. Flowers perfect, 3-bracted, in spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the 
 
 summit, inclosing the fruit. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 anthers and as 
 many sterile appendages. 
 
 7. IRESINE. Flowers generally dioecious ( or polygamous, 3-bracted, in panicles. Sepals 5. 
 
 Stamens generally 5, with the filaments united in a cup below. 
 
 1. CELOSIA, COCKSCOMB. (Greek: dried or burnt, alluding to 
 the scarious bracts.) Flowers summer. 
 
 C. cristata, Linn. COMMON C. Of the gardens, from the Tropics, in 
 various usually monstrous forms, the showy flower crests crimson-red, 
 sometimes rose-colored, yellow, or white. 
 
 2. AMARANTUS, AMARANTH. (From Greek for unfading.") 
 Coarse weeds of cult, and waste grounds, and one or two cultivated 
 for ornament. Flowers late summer. Bracts commonly awn- 
 pointed, (j) 
 
 * RED AMARANTHS, the flower clusters or the leaves tinged with red or 
 purple (except sometimes in the last). 
 
 - Spikes drooping. 
 
 A. caudatus, Linn. PRINCE'S FEATHER. Cult, from India; tall, 
 stout; leaves ovate, bright green; spikes red, naked, long and slender, 
 in a drooping panicle, the terminal one forming a very long tail. 
 
 - +- Spikes erect. 
 
 A. hypochondrlacus, Linn. Cult, from Trop. Amer.; stout; leaves 
 oblong, often reddish-tinged ; flower clusters deep crimson-purple, short 
 and thick, the upper making an interrupted blunt spike. 
 
 A. paniculatus, Linn. Coarse weed in gardens ; the oblong-ovate or 
 lance-oblong leaves often blotched or veined with purple ; flowers in
 
 362 AMARANTH FAMILY. 
 
 rather slender purplish-tinged spikes collected in a terminal panicle. 
 Trop. Amer. 
 
 A. Gangeticus, Linn. Cult, from E. Asia in many forms, usually under 
 the name A. MELANCHOLICCS or LOVE-LIES-BLEEDING, or in the form 
 (used for carpet bedding) with foliage marked with red, violet, or yellow, 
 as A. TRICOLOR. Often rather low, the stems and stalks red ; leaves 
 ovate and thin, petioled, dark purple or partly green ; or in a form grown 
 by the American Chinese as a pot herb, the herbage is entirely green. 
 Flowers mostly glomerate, on axillary and terminal branches. 
 
 * * GREEN AMARANTHS, with the inflorescence and leaves green or nearly so. 
 t- Plant not spiny. 
 w Tall and erect. 
 
 A. retroflxus, Linn. PIGWEED, BEETROOT. A weed everywhere in 
 cultivated lands, with a slender red root ; roughish or pubescent, the 
 leaves ovate or rhomb-ovate, with more or less undulate margins, long- 
 petioled, dull green, entire ; spikes thick and crowded into a stiff or 
 bunchy panicle ; sepals acute or obtuse. Trop. Amer. 
 
 A. chlordstachys, Willd., also a common weed, is smoother and deeper 
 green, and has slender or flexuose spikes which are more spreading ; sepals 
 generally sharper. Trop. Amer. 
 
 M. ++ Decumbent or low and diffuse. 
 
 A. albus. Linn. TCMBLEWEED. Pale green and smooth, the plant 
 low and diffusely branched, in autumn often forming a ball-like mass and 
 rolling before the wind ; leaves obovate and spatulate ; flowers all in 
 small clusters in their axils and covered by rigid sharp-pointed bracts ; 
 sepals 3 ; stamens 2 or 3. Common in waste grounds. 
 
 A. blitoldes, Watson. Wild W. of the Mississippi and becoming a 
 weed along roadsides and railroads E. ; prostrate or decumbent, often 
 reddish, forming a mat ; spikes narrow ; bracts short-acuminate ; seed 
 larger than in the last. 
 
 - -- Plant with a pair of spines in the axil of each leaf. 
 
 A. sp/ndsus, Linn. THORNY A. Waste ground, chiefly S. ; leaves 
 dull green, rhomb-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; flowers small, yellowish- 
 green, in round axillary clusters and in a long terminal spike. Trop. 
 Amer. 
 
 3. ACNIDA, WATER HEMP. (Greek for nettle.) Three or four 
 confused species in our territory. The commonest are 
 
 A. cannabina, Linn. Salt marshes along the coast ; a tall annual, 
 like an Amaranth ; bracts inconspicuous, and the fleshy indehiscent fruit 
 3-o-angled and crested ; leaves lanceolate or narrower, acuminate and 
 long-slalked ; fruit indehiscent. 
 
 A. tuberculata, Moq. In wet places, Mich., W. and S., not in salt 
 marshes ; generally tall and erect (low and decumbent forms) with lance- 
 olate, acute, or obtuse leaves, and regularly dehiscing fruit ; pistillate 
 flowers in dense clusters, in naked or leafy terminal spikes. (I) 
 
 4. TEL ANTHERA. (Greek : complete anthers, referring to the 10 
 bodies being equal.) 
 
 7". Bettzichiana, Regel. (ALTERNANTHERA PARONYCHIOIDES of gar- 
 deners). A familiar bedding and edging plant from S. Amer. ; compact, 
 only a few inches high, with narrow spatulate or oblanceolate leaves, 
 which are blotched with orange, red, or crimson, or shaded with dull 
 purple. (J)
 
 GOOSEFOOT FAMILYo 363 
 
 5. GOMPHRENA. (Ancient name of an Amaranth.) Flowers 
 summer. 
 
 G. globbsa, Linn. GLOBE AMARANTH or BACHELOR'S BUTTON. Cult. 
 
 from India, for the dry Clover-like heads, which are used as Immortelles ; 
 low, branching, pubescent, with oblong, nearly sessile leaves, and dense 
 round heads crimson, rose-color, or white. 
 
 6. FROELICHIA. (J. A. Frcelich, a German botanist of the last 
 century.) 
 
 F. Floridina, Moq. Stem l-3, leafless above; leaves lanceolate, 
 silky beneath ; flowers in spikelets, which are crowded into an inter- 
 rupted spike-like inflorescence ; calyx very woolly. Sandy dry places, 
 Minn., S. (|) 
 
 7. IRESINE. (Greek name of a wreath or staff entwined with fillets 
 of wool, referring to the habit of the calyx, in some species, of bearing 
 long wool.) (I) 
 
 /. Herbstii, Hook. (ACHYRANTHES VERSCHAFFELTII of gardens). Com- 
 mon plant in conservatories, and bedded out in summer like Coleus, of 
 many colors of leaves ; erect, l-2, with very roundish or kidney-shaped, 
 smooth, glossy-red stems ; leaves opposite, somewhat cordate, generally 
 notched at the top, long-petioled, the nearly opposite conspicuous veins 
 curving off from the midrib ; flowers white and small, in a loos? terminal 
 panicle. Brazil. 
 
 I. celosioldes, Linn. Erect and slender, 2-4, nearly glabrous ; 
 leaves ovate-lanceolate ; silver-white flowers in naked and slender pani- 
 cles. Dry banks, Ohio, W. 
 
 XCIV. CHENOPODIACKE, GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 
 
 Represented chiefly by homely herbs, with inconspicuous 
 greenish flowers with no dry bracts. The 1-celled ovary has 
 a single oyule and ripens into an akene or utricle, containing 
 a single seed, usually with embryo coiled more or less around 
 mealy albumen. Leaves chiefly alternate. Plants neither 
 attractive nor easy to students ; only the cultivated plants and 
 commonest weeds here given. Calyx sometimes fleshy. The 
 Madeira Vine (Boussingaultia baselloides, HBK.) belongs in 
 this family. 
 
 * Plant not fleshy nor jointed; leaves not spiny. 
 
 i- Leaves flat, with a distinct limb, generally broad. 
 
 ++ Flowers bractless. 
 
 1. CTCLOLOMA. Flowers very small, perfect or sometimes the stamens 0. Calyx 5-cleft, 
 
 the lobes strongly keeled and becoming winged and inclosing the depressed fruit. 
 Coarse herb with alternate and sinuate petioled leaves, and flowers sessile in an open 
 panicle. Styles 3. Stamens 5. 
 
 2. SPINACIA. Flowers dioecious, in axillary close clusters; the staminate ones racemed or 
 
 spiked, consisting of a 4-5-lobed calyx and as many stamens. Pistillate flowers with 
 a tubular calyx which is 2-3-toothed at the apex and 2-3-horaed on the sides, harden- 
 ing and inclosing the akene. Styles 4. Stamens 4r-5.
 
 864 QOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 
 
 3. CHENOPODIUM. Flowers perfect in small clusters collected In spiked or sometimes 
 
 open panicles. Calyx mostly 2-5-cleft, dry or succulent in fruit. Ovary and utricle 
 depressed. (Lessons, Fig. 386.) Styles 2, rarely 8. Stamens 1-5. 
 
 H- -H- Flowers with bracts (or, if imperfect, the staminate ones bractless). 
 
 4. BETA. Flowers perfect, clustered, with 3 bracts and a 5-cleft calyx becoming indurated 
 
 in fruit, inclosing the hard akene, the bases of the two coherent. Stamens 5. Style 
 short ; stigmas mostly 2. 
 
 5. ATEIPLEX. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the staminate like those of 3, except 
 
 that the pistil is abortive, the pistillate comprising a single naked pistil (sometimes 
 calyx-bearing in the garden Orach), inclosed in a pair of leafy mostly mealy bracts 
 which are enlarged in fruit and sometimes united. Stamens 3-5. 
 
 K -- Stem leaves linear-awl-shaped, with no distinct petiole. 
 
 6. COEISPERMUM. Flowers perfect, single, sessile in the axils of the upper leaves or 
 
 bracts. Calyx a single small sepal on the inner side of the flower. Styles 2. Stamens 
 1-2. 
 
 * * Plant more or less fleshy, often spinescent, growing on the seacoast or in saline 
 soils. 
 
 -t- Leaves apparent, alternate ; stem not jointed. 
 
 7. SILEDA. Flowers perfect, in the axils of leafy bracts, sessile. Calyx fleshy, 5-parted, 
 
 often crested but wingless, inclosing the utricle. Stigmas 2-3. Stamens 5. Leaves 
 soft. 
 
 8. SALSOLA. Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions inclosing the fruit and finally 
 
 becoming horizontally winged. Styles 2. Stamens generally 5. Leaves stiff and 
 at. 
 
 t- -i- Leaves reduced to opposite fleshy scales ; stem terete and jointed. 
 9. SALICORNIA. Flowers perfect, in 3's (the lateral sometimes sterile), immersed in 
 hollows of the upper joints and forming a narrow strict spike. Calyx small and some- 
 what inflated, becoming spongy and inclosing the flattened utricle. Styles 2. Sta- 
 mens 1-2. 
 
 1. CYCLOLOMA, WINGED PIGWEED. (Greek: circle, border, 
 from the encircling wing of the calyx.) <) 
 
 C. platyphyllum, Moq. A diffuse herb, 6'-20', webby-pubescent or 
 nearly glabrous, green or purplish, often becoming a tumble weed in the 
 fall. Sandy soils, Minn., S. 
 
 2. SPINACIA, SPINACH, SPINAGE. (Latin for spine or thorn, 
 from the horns or projections on the fruiting calyx of one variety.) 
 
 S. o/erdeea, Mill. COMMON SPINACH. Cult, from the Orient, as a pot 
 herb ; the soft fleshy leaves triangular or ovate and petioled. (T) @ 
 
 3. CHENOPODIUM, GOOSEFOOT (which the name denotes in Greek 
 in reference to the shape of the leaves of some species), PIGWEED. 
 Weeds ; flowers late summer and autumn. 
 
 * ELITE. Calyx fleshy in fruit, generally colored, the dense clusters of 
 flowers showy and berry-like. 
 
 C. capititum, Watson. STRAWBERRY ELITE, STRAWBERRY SPINACH. 
 Flower heads as the fruit matures becoming bright red and juicy, like 
 strawberries ; leaves triangular and halberd- shaped, wavy-toothed, smooth 
 and bright green. Dry banks, margins of woods, etc., N., sometimes in 
 gardens as a pot herb. (D
 
 GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 365 
 
 * * PIGWEEDS, etc. Plant mealy or glabrous, never hairy or aromatic. 
 
 -- Leaves narrow, entire or somewhat sinuate-dentate; pericarp easily 
 separating from the seed. 
 
 C. BosciAnum, Moq. From N. Y., W. and S. ; erect, 2, and slender, 
 nearly glabrous; leaves oblong or linear-lanceolate, narrowed into a 
 slender petiole ; flowers in small clusters or solitary. 
 
 -- -i- Leaves broader and (in ours) prominently sinuate or lobed; peri- 
 carp persistent. 
 
 -M- 11 Leaves triangular-hastate. 
 
 C. Bbnus-Henrlcus, Linn. GOOD- KING-HE NET. MERCURY (sometimes 
 degenerated into "MARKERY"). Cult, in some old gardens as a pot 
 herb, and sparingly escaped ; slightly mealy : calyx fully inclosing the 
 fruit, the seed vertical ; leaves triangular and partly halberd-shaped ; 
 flower clusters crowded in an interrupted terminal spike. Eu. 
 
 w *+ Leaves not hastate. 
 
 Plant erect, mostly tall. 
 
 || Foliage bright green, the leaves thin. 
 
 C. hybridum, Linn. MAPLE-LEAVED P. Waste grounds ; unpleas- 
 antly scented like Stramonium, bright green throughout; the widely 
 branching stem 2-4 high ; the thin large leaves triangular and heart- 
 shaped, sinuate and angled, the angles extended into a few taper-pointed 
 coarse teeth ; racemes in loose and leafless panicles ; calyx lobes keeled. 
 
 C. murale, L. Loosely branched, lower ; leaves rhomboid-ovate and 
 acute, coarsely and sharply unequally toothed ; spikes or racemes diverg- 
 ing ; calyx lobes scarcely keeled. N. Eng., W. and S. Eu. 
 
 II || Foliage more or less white-mealy, particularly beneath, the leaves 
 thickish. 
 
 C. urbicum, Linn. Only slightly mealy, erect-branched, l-3 ; leaves 
 triangular and acute, coarsely and sharply many-toothed; erect spikes 
 crowded in a long narrow panicle ; calyx lobes not keeled. Throughout. 
 Eu. 
 
 C. album, Linn. COMMON PIGWEED, LAMB'S-QUARTERS. One of the 
 commonest of weeds, in all cultivated grounds, and variable ; erect, 1- 
 10 ; leaves rhomb-ovate to lanceolate, at least the lower ones angular- 
 toothed ; spikes dense and panicled ; calyx lobes strongly keeled. Eu. 
 (Lessons, Fig. 386.) 
 
 = = Plant spreading, mostly prostrate on the ground. 
 
 C. glaOcum, Linn. A foot or less high, glaucous and mealy ; leaves 
 sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, obtuse ; flowers in axillary spiked clusters. 
 Frequent. Eu. 
 
 * * * AROMATIC GOOSEFOOTS. Minutely glandular or pubescent, aro- 
 matic-scented not mealy or scurfy ; the seed sometimes vertical. (I) () 
 
 C. Bbtrys, Linn. JERUSALEM OAK or FEATHER GERANIUJI. Gardens 
 and some roadsides ; low, spreading, almost clammy-pubescent, sweet- 
 scented ; leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, slender-petioled ; racemes loosely 
 corymbed. Eu. 
 
 C. ambrosioldes, Linn. MEXICAN TEA, WORMSEED. Waste grounds, 
 especially S.; rather stout, smoothish, strong-scented ; leaves oblong or 
 lanceolate, varying from entire to cut-pinnatifid, nearly sessile ; spikes 
 dense, leafy or leafless. This, especially the more cut-leaved and elon- 
 gated-spiked var. anthelminticum, Gray, is used as a vermifuge, and 
 yields the wormseed oil. Trop. Amer.
 
 366 GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 
 
 4. BETA, BEET. (Latin name.) One species in cultivation, viz. : 
 
 B. vulgaris, Linn. COMMON BEET. From S. Eu.; cult, in many varie- 
 ties, with ovate-oblong, smooth, often wavy-margined leaves, sometimes 
 purple-tinged ; flower clusters spiked ; root conical or spindle-shaped. 
 MANGEL-WUKZEL is a variety, the large root used for feeding cattle. 
 Swiss CHARD is a form with broad petioles, used as a pot herb. There 
 are also ornamental-leaved forms. @ 
 
 5. ATRIPLEX, ORACH. (Latin, from the Greek, not nourishing.') 
 
 * Upright or erect, green. 
 
 A. horfense, Linn. ORACH. Tall and strict (3-4) ; leaves cordate- 
 ovate and large, sinuate-notched, or those near the inflorescence becom- 
 ing lance-ovate and entire, all slender-petioled ; flowers in a large ter- 
 minal panicle, the heart-shaped fruiting bracts conspicuous and often 
 colored. Old World. Sometimes cult, as a substitute for Spinach. 
 
 A. patulum, Linn. Erect or sometimes prostrate, glabrous or slightly 
 scurfy ; leaves narrowly lanceolate-hastate, entire or somewhat sinuate- 
 dentate, petioled, the lower ones sometimes opposite, the uppermost 
 becoming linear ; bracts triangular-ovate or rhombic-hastate. Generally 
 distributed, and immensely variable in form of leaves. 
 
 * * Diffusely spreading, white-mealy. 
 
 A. arenarium, Nutt. Leaves oblong and narrowed at the base, nearly 
 sessile ; bracts broadly wedge-form and united, 2-5-toothed. Coast, 
 Mass., S. 
 
 6. CORISFERMUM, BUG-SEED (which the name means in Greek, 
 from the oval, flat fruit.) 
 
 C. hyssopifdlium, Linn. In sands along the Great Lakes and W.; 
 pale, diffusely branched, and sometimes becoming a tumble weed in fall, 
 glabrous, or hairy when young ; fruits wing-margined, in terminal inter- 
 rupted spikes. 
 
 7. SU.2EDA, SEA ELITE. (Arabic name.) Uninteresting saline 
 plants, often running into perplexing forms. 
 
 S. linearis, Moq. The only species in the East, is either erect or 
 prostrate, l-2, branched ; leaves 2' or less long, narrow at the base, not 
 spine-like ; bracts acuminate, on slender branchlets. Seacoast. 
 
 8. SALSOLA, SALTWORT. (Latin, salty.) 
 
 S. Kali, Linn. Diffusely branched, rough or nearly smooth ; leaves 
 short, stiff and prickly-pointed, 2-4 times longer than the bracts ; calyx 
 often reddish, forming a beak-like body over the fruit, the wings thick 
 and less prominent than the calyx lobes. Seashore, N. Eng., S. 
 
 Var. Tragus, Moq. RUSSIAN THISTLE, RUSSIAN CACTUS. More bushy 
 and rigid ; leaves of mature plant only a little longer than the leaf-like 
 bracts ; calyx membranaceous and generally bright rose color, the wings 
 much longer than the calyx lobes. Introd. into the Upper Miss, valley 
 and the plains (also in N.Y.) from N. Eu., and now a pernicious weed. 
 
 9. SALICORNIA, GLASSWORT, SAMPHIRE. (Latin: salt and 
 horn, from the habitat and the horn-like branches.) 
 
 S. mucronata, Bigel. Erect and stout, naked below, becoming red ; 
 spikes thick, the scales conspicuous and pointed. Seacoast, Va., N. (J)
 
 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 367 
 
 S. herbacea, Linn. Erect or spreading, green ; spikes elongated and 
 narrow, the scale obscure and very blunt. Salt places, along the coast 
 and inland. (D 
 
 S. ambfgua, Michx. Tufted, with long decumbent or ascending hard 
 stems, greenish or lead color ; spikes slender and short-jointed, the scales 
 short or acutish. Seacoast, Mass, to Tex. 2/ 
 
 XCV. PHYTOLACCACKE, POKEWEED FAMILY. 
 
 A small family of herbs or shrubs, with alternate and entire 
 thin leaves and perfect flowers, the latter with the characters 
 of the Goosefoot Family, except that the ovary is usually 
 several-celled, the carpels united in a ring and (in ours) form- 
 ing a berry. 
 
 1. EIVINA. Calyx 4-parted, colored like a corolla. Stamens 4-8. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 
 
 capitate, the style short. Herbs with a woody base and white or rose-colored flowers 
 In axillary and terminal racemes. 
 
 2. PHYTOLACCA. Calyx of 5 rounded, petal-like, white sepals. Stamens 5-80. Ovary of 
 
 several cells and lobes, bearing as many short styles, in fruit a depressed juicy berry, 
 containing a ring of vertical seeds. Bank herb, with terminal (becoming lateral) 
 racemes. 
 
 1. RIViNA. (A. Q. Rivinus, a German botanist, two hundred years 
 ago.) 11 
 
 R. hfcmilis, Linn. Very finely pubescent or glabrous, l-2 ; leaves 
 oblong- or lance-ovate, long-petioled and acuminate, alternate ; small 
 whitish flowers in short racemes, followed by small oblong red berries. 
 Cult, in greenhouses from Trop. Amer., for its ornamental fruit, and 
 native in S. Fla. 
 
 2. PHYTOLACCA, POKEWEED, SCORE. (Hybrid name, of Greek 
 and French, referring to the crimson or lake coloring of the berries.) 2/ 
 
 P. decandra, Linn. COMMON P. or SCOKE, GARGET, PIGEON BERRY. 
 Coarse smooth weed of low grounds, with large acrid-poisonous root, stout 
 stems 6-9 high, alternate ovate-oblong leaves on long petioles, and 
 racemes becoming lateral opposite a leaf, in summer, ripening the dark 
 crimson purple berries in autumn ; stamens, styles, and seeds 10. Young 
 shoots sometimes eaten as a pot herb. 
 
 XCVL POLYGONACRffi, BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 Known by the alternate entire leaves having stipules in the 
 form of scarious or membranous sheaths or ocreae (sometimes 
 obsolete) at the strongly marked usually tumid joints of the 
 stem. Flowers mostly perfect, on jointed pedicels, with green 
 or colored 3-6-parted usually persistent or withering calyx, 
 4-12 stamens, on its base, 2 or 3 stigmas, 1-celled ovary with 
 a single ovule rising from its base (Lessons, Figs. 342, 344), 
 forming an akene or nutlet which is 2-4-angled or winged.
 
 368 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 Embryo mostly on the outside of mealy albumen, the radicle 
 pointing to the apex of the fruit. Juice acid or acrid. 
 
 * Calyx of 6 sepals often of two sorts ; styles 3. 
 
 1. RHEUM. Sepals all similar, petal-like, withering-persistent underneath the 3-winged 
 
 fruit. Stigmas capitate or wedge-shaped. Stamens 9. 
 
 2. KUMEX. Sepals of 2 sorts ; the 3 outer ones herbaceous and at length spreading ; the 
 
 alternate inner 3 larger, somewhat colored, enlarging after flowering, becoming veiny 
 and dry, often bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back, and convergent over the 
 8-angled akene. Stigmas a hairy tuft. Stamens 6. 
 
 * * Calyx of5, rarely 4, more or less petal-like similar sepals, erect after flowering. 
 8. POLYGONUM. Flowers in racemes, spikes, or else in the axils of the leaves. Akene 
 either lenticular when there are 2 stigmas, or triangular when there are 3. Embryo 
 curved round one side of the albumen ; cotyledons narrow. Stamens 4-9. 
 
 4. FAGOPYRUM. Differs from one section of Polygonum mainly in having an embryo 
 
 in the center of the albumen, which is divided into 2 parts by the very broad leaf-like 
 cotyledons. The triangular akene longer than the calyx. Stamens 8. 
 
 5. POLYGONELLA. Flowers on solitary jointed pedicels (nodding in fruit) in slender 
 
 panicled racemes. Leaves jointed at the base. Embryo slender and nearly straight, 
 lying in one side of the albumen. Stamens 8. 
 
 1. RHEUM, RHUBARB. (Greek, from Bha, the old Greek name of 
 
 rhubarb.) Only the following species common ; others are sometimes 
 cult, for ornament. 
 
 R. Rhapdnticum, Linn, (i.e., Pontic Bha or Eheum). GARDEN R. or 
 PIE PLANT ; the large fleshy stalks of the ample rounded leaves, filled 
 with pleasantly acid juice, cooked in spring as a substitute for fruit; 
 flowers white, in late spring, in tall panicles. Old World. 
 
 2. RUMEX, DOCK, SORREL. (Old Latin name.) The three en- 
 larged sepals which cover the fruit are called valves. Flowers greenish, 
 in whorls on the branches, forming panicled racemes or interrupted 
 spikes. 
 
 1. DOCK. Herbage bitter ; flowers perfect or partly monoecious, in 
 
 summer. 
 
 * In marshes; stem erect, stout; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, flat, 
 not wavy ; valves entire or obscurely wavy-toothed in the first species. 1J. 
 
 t- Pedicels longer than the fruiting calyx. 
 
 R. Britdnmca. Linn. GREAT WATER DOCK. Common N. ; 5-6 
 high ; leaves often l-2 long, the margins obscurely erose-crenulate ; 
 flowers nodding on slender pedicels which are about twice the length of 
 the fruiting calyx ; the valves round-ovate or almost orbicular, very obtuse 
 and obscurely cordate, thin, finely reticulated, nearly ' wide, eack bear- 
 ing a grain. N. Eng. and N. J., W. 
 
 R. verticillatus, Linn. SWAMP D. Common N.; 3-5 high ; fruit- 
 bearing pedicels slender and club-shaped, abruptly reflexed, 3-4 times 
 longer than the calyx ; valves somewhat rhombic and with narrow blunt 
 apex, each bearing a very large grain ; leaves thickish, the lowest often 
 heart-shaped at base ; raceme long and nearly leafless, the whorls loose. 
 
 i- -*- Pedicels shorter than the fruiting calyx. 
 
 R. salicifdlius, Weinm. WHITE D. Salt marshes and lake borders ; 
 l-3 high ; leaves narrowly or linear-lanceolate ; pedicels much shorter
 
 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 369 
 
 than the fruiting calyx and in much crowded whorls, forming a spike ; 
 valves triangular and small, one or all with a very large grain ; root 
 white. N. Eng. to Great Lakes and W. 
 
 R. altfssimuB, Wood. PALE D. 2-6 high ; pedicels nodding, 
 shorter than the fruiting calyx, which has broadly ovate, loosely reti- 
 culated valves, one with a large gram, the others commonly naked ; root 
 yellow. Moist grounds, N. J., W. 
 
 * * Sandy seashore and river banks N. ; 5'-12' high, spreading. 
 
 H. maritimus, Linn. GOLDEN D. Minutely pubescent ; leaves lance- 
 linear, wavy-margined, the lower auricled or heart-shaped at base ; whorls 
 much crowded into leafy spikes ; valves rhombic-oblong with a tapering 
 point, turning orange-colored, a large grain on the back and 2 or 3 long 
 stout bristles on each margin. 
 
 * * Weeds nat. from Eu. in cult, or waste ground ; stem erect, 2-4 
 high ; lower leaves or some of them heart-shaped at base, all more or 
 less wavy ; root commonly yellow and spindle-shaped. ^ 
 
 *- Valves conspicuously toothed at base, one (chiefly} grain-bearing. 
 
 R. obtusifblius, Linn. BITTER D. Leaves little wavy, the upper lance- 
 oblong and acute, lower oblong-heart-shaped and obtuse ; whorls loose 
 and distant ; valves ovate, partly halberd-shaped, usually only one grain- 
 bearing. 
 
 -- - Valves entire or obscurely denticulate, one or more grain-bearing 
 (or sometimes all naked in the last}. 
 
 *+ Leaves with wavy or crisped margins. 
 
 R. crtspus, Linn. CURLED D. Leaves green, lanceolate, very wavy- 
 curled, the lower rather truncate than heartrshaped at base ; whorls 
 crowded in long racemes ; valves rounded, heart-shaped, nearly entire, 
 mostly grain-bearing. Hybridizes with R. obtusifolius. 
 
 ft. sangulneus, Linn. BLOODY-VEINED or RED D. Leaves red-veined, 
 less curled, lanceolate or oblong, often fiddle-shaped ; whorls distant, in 
 long slender and leafless spikes ; pedicels very short, jointed at the base ; 
 valves narrowly oblong and obtuse, one or more grain-bearing. 
 
 R. conglomerates, Murray. SMALLER GREEN D. Like the last, but 
 the panicle leafy, the leaves never fiddle-shaped, the pedicels jointed 
 below the middle, the valves acutish and all grain-bearing. Moist 
 
 *+ ++ Leaves not curly- nor wavy-margined. 
 
 R. Pati6ntia, Linn. PATIENCE D., HERB PATIENCE. Very tall and 
 strong species, cult, as a pot herb and sparingly escaped ; leaves large, 
 ovate-oblong or lanceolate and often broadest above the middle ; valves 
 very large and thin (3" or more broad), one bearing a small gram, or its 
 midrib thickened at the base. 
 
 2. SORRELS. Herbage acid; some leaves halberd-shaped, others with 
 entire narrowed base ; flowers diozcious, small, in a terminal naked 
 panicle; valves naked; flowers spring and summer. 1J. 
 
 R. Acetosella, Linn. COMMON or SHEEP SORREL. Low weed in all 
 sterile fields ; leaves lance-oblong or halberd-shaped, the lobes or auricles 
 narrow ; pedicels jointed with the flower ; ovate valves hardly enlarging 
 in fruit. Eu. 
 
 R. Acetdsa, Linn. Strong and tall (l-3) ; leaves auriculate at the 
 base, the radical ones broad and very obtuse and on long slender stalks, 
 the cauline long-oblong-lanceolate ; inner valves orbicular and enlarging 
 in fruit, the small outer ones reflexed. Cult, as a spring vegetable, and 
 sparingly escarped E. Eu. 
 
 GRAY'S F. F. & o. EOT. 24
 
 370 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 3. FOLYGONUM, KNOTWEED, JOINTWEED. (Greek: many- 
 jointed.) Chiefly weeds ; some with rather showy flowers ; the follow- 
 ing are the commonest ; flowers late summer and autumn. 
 
 1. Flowers along the stem, nearly sessile in the axils of the almost 
 sessile linear or oblong leaves, small, greenish-white ; sheaths scarious, 
 usually cleft or torn and fringed. 
 
 * Stems leafy throughout. 
 
 P. maritimum, Linn. Glaucous, prostrate, the stems stout and short- 
 jointed ; leaves oval to linear-oblong, thick, surpassing the nodes ; stipules 
 very prominent. Seacoast, Mass., S. ^ (D 
 
 P. aviculare, Linn. COMMON KNOTWEED or DOORWEED. Generally 
 prostrate or creeping, bluish-green, growing everywhere in hard soils 
 about yards, the stems and roots strong ; leaves small, oblong or lanceo- 
 late, acute or acutish ; sepals very small, green and pinkish. 
 
 P. er^ctum, Linn. Erect or ascending, loose in habit, l-2 ; leaves 
 oblong or oval and obtuse ; flowers larger than in the last, on more evi- 
 dent pedicels. Roadsides. 
 
 * * Stems with much reduced or bract-like leaves above. 
 
 P. ramosissimum, Michx. Nearly erect, much branched, and rigid 
 striate stems 2-4 high ; lanceolate or linear leaves tapering into a 
 petiole, and a glossy akeue ; sepals 6 and stamens 6 or 3, or else sepals 
 6 with 4 or 5 stamens. Mass., W. 
 
 P. tenue, Michx. Slender, upright, with thread-like branches, along 
 which the upper flowers form a loose leafy spike ; leaves narrow linear, 
 acute ; akene shining. Dry soil, N. Eng. , S. and W. 
 
 2. Flowers collected in terminal spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-purple 
 or flesh-color, or rarely white or greenish. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, chiefly petioled ; sheaths cylindrical ; 
 flowers several from each bract of the spike, 5-parted. 
 
 4- Sheaths and bracts not ciliate (except rarely in the flrst) nor fringed, 
 the sheaths without a border; sepals not punctate; style 2-cleft. 
 
 w (D Spikes narrow or loose ; leaves narrow. 
 
 P. Iapathif6lium, Linn. Tall, l-6 high ; leaves tapering from near 
 the base to a narrow point (4 '-12' long); glabrous, or the peduncles 
 rough with scattered sessile glands; spikes linear, nodding; flowers 
 flesh-color or pale rose ; the 6 stamens and 2 styles included ; akene flat, 
 with concave sides. Wet places, N. Eng., W. Very variable, one form 
 (var. incanum) with leaves hoary beneath. 
 
 P. Pennsylvdnicum, Linn. Stems l-3 high, the branches above 
 and peduncles bristly with stalked glands ; spikes oblong, short and blunt, 
 erect ; flowers rose-purple ; stamens 8, a little protruding ; style 2-cleft ; 
 akene with flat sides. Common in moist places. 
 
 *+ ++ 2/ Spikes usually heavy and dense ; leaves broad. 
 
 P. amphfbium. Linn. WATER P. Chiefly N.; in water, stems root- 
 ing below, often simple, bearing a single ovate or oblong dense spike or 
 head of pretty large and showy rose-red flowers ; leaves rather thick, 
 oblong, heart-oblong, lance-ovate or lanceolate, mostly long-petioled, 
 often floating ; stamens 5. 
 
 P. Muhlenbergii, Watson. Decumbent or nearly erect, rough with 
 short appressed or glandular hairs ; leaves thinnish, broad-lanceolate and 
 large, long-acuminate ; spike l'-3' long. Generally in muddy places, 
 N. Eng., W. and S.
 
 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 371 
 
 - - Sheaths with an abruptly spreading leafy border (which sometimes 
 
 falls off*), or else the sheaths and bracts bristly-ciliate. 
 
 *+ Style 2-cleft, and akene somewhat flattened ; sepals not punctate. 
 
 = y. Stem rooting at base, ascending. 
 
 P. Hartwrightii, Gray. Stem very leafy, the leaves narrow and 
 short-stalked ; stems rough-hairy, at least on the sheaths and bracts ; 
 sheaths generally with a conspicuous, leafy border ; flowers and fruit 
 like P. amphibium. Wet or muddy places, N. Eng., W. 
 = = (D Stems erect. 
 
 P. Careyi, Olney. Swamps from Penn. , N. and E. ; leaves narrowly 
 lanceolate, roughish, tapering both ways ; sheaths margined or ciliate ; 
 peduncles glandular, bristly ; stamens 5. 
 
 P. orientdle, Linn. PRINCE'S FEATHER. Gardens and cultivated grounds, 
 from India ; with large, ovate, pointed leaves, and 7 stamens ; very tall, 
 with ciliate or bordered sheaths, soft-hairy ; flowers in cylindrical nod- 
 ding spikes. 
 
 P. Persicaria, Linn. LADY'S THUMB. Nat. from Eu., near dwellings ; 
 about 1 high ; upper face of leaves with a dark blotch near the middle ; 
 sheaths somewhat bristly-ciliate ; spikes oblong, dense, erect, on naked 
 peduncles; flowers greenish-purple; stamens mostly 6; style 2-3-cleft ; 
 akene either flattish or triangular. 
 +* *-* Style generally 3-parted and the akene triangular ; sepals mostly 
 
 dotted. 
 = Herbage not acrid nor punctate with pellucid dots. 
 
 P. hydropiperoldes, Michx. Stems slender, rising out of shallow 
 water, l-3 high ; leaves narrowly lanceolate or lance-oblong ; sheaths 
 hairy and fringed with long bristles ; spikes erect, slender ; flowers 
 small, pale or white ; stamens 8 ; style 3-cleft ; akene sharply triangular. 
 Common. 11 
 
 = = Herbage (smooth*) pungently acrid ; leaves and pale sepals marked 
 with pellucid dots or glands, in which the acrid quality resides. 
 
 P. acre, HBK. WATER SMARTWEED. Stems rooting at the decum- 
 bent base, rising 2-4 high ; leaves lanceolate or linear, taper- pointed ; 
 spikes slender, erect ; flowers whitish or pale flesh-color ; stamens 8 ; 
 akene sharply triangular, shining. Common in wet places. 2/ 
 
 P. Hydrdpiper, Linn. COMMON S. or WATER PEPPER. Low or wet 
 grounds N. ; l-2 high; leaves oblong-lanceolate; spikes nodding, 
 mostly short ; flowers greenish-white ; stamens 6 ; akene either flat or 
 obtusely triangular. 
 
 * * Leaves ovate, short-petioled ; sheaths cylindrical, f ringed-hairy ; green- 
 ish flowers 1-3 from each bract of the long and slender spikes, unequally 
 ^-parted ; the 2 styles reflexed on the lenticular akene and hooked at the tip. 
 P. Virginianum, Linn. Nearly smooth, 2-4 high; leaves rough- 
 
 ciliate, 3'-6' long ; flower somewhat curved ; stamens 5. Frequent in 
 thickets. 2/ 
 
 * * * Leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped, petioled; sheaths half- 
 
 cylindrical. 
 
 4- TEAR THUMB. Stems with spreading branches, the angles and petioles 
 armed with sharp reflexed prickles, by which the plant is enabled almost 
 to climb ; flowers in peduncled heads or short racemes, white or flesh- 
 color. (I) 
 
 P. arifdlium. Linn. Low grounds ; leaves halberd-shaped, long-peti- 
 oled ; the peduncles glandular-bristly ; stamens 6 ; styles 2 ; akene len- 
 ticular.
 
 372 BIBTHWORT FAMILY. 
 
 P. aagittatum, Linn. Low grounds ; leaves arrow-shaped, short-peti- 
 oled ; the peduncles naked ; stamens mostly 8 ; styles 3 ; akene sharply 
 5-angled. 
 
 -i- -- BLACK BINDWEED. Stems twining, not prickly ; flowers whitish, in 
 loose, panicled racemes three outermost of the 5 divisions of the calyx 
 keeled or crested, at least in fruit ; stamens 8 ; styles 3 ; akenes trian- 
 gular. 
 
 P. Convdlvulus, Linn. BLACK BINDWEED. Low twining or spreading 
 weed from Eu., in cultivated fields, etc.; smoothish, with heart-shaped 
 and almost halberd-shaped leaves, and very small flowers. (D 
 
 P. cilin6de, Michx. Rocky shady places ; tall-twining, rather downy ; 
 a ring of reflexed bristles at the joints ; leaves angled-heart-shaped ; outer 
 sepals hardly keeled. 2/ 
 
 P. dumet6rum, Linn., var. scandens, Gray. CLIMBING FALSE BUCK- 
 WHEAT. Moist thickets ; tall-twining, 6-12, smooth ; joints naked ; 
 leaves heart-shaped or approaching halberd-shaped ; panicles leafy ; outer 
 sepals strongly keeled and in fruit irregularly winged. 2Z 
 
 4. FAGOPYRUM, BUCKWHEAT. (The botanical name, from the 
 Greek, and the popular name, from the German, both denote Beech- 
 wheat, the grain resembling a diminutive beech-nut.) Cult, from N. 
 Asia, for the flour of its grain ; flowers summer. (Lessons, Fig. 
 342, 344.) 
 
 F. esculentum, Moench. COMMON B. Nearly smooth ; leaves triangular- 
 heart-shaped, inclining to halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, on long 
 petioles ; sheaths half -cylindrical ; flowers white or nearly so, in corym- 
 bose panicles ; stamens 8, with as many honey-bearing glands interposed ; 
 styles 3 ; acutely triangular akene large. 
 
 F. Tatdricum, Gsertn. TARTAKY or INDIAN WHEAT. Cult, for flour ; like 
 the other, but flowers smaller and tinged with yellowish ; grain smaller, 
 with its less acute angles wavy, dull, and roughish. 
 
 5. FOLYGONELLA. (Diminutive of Polygonum.) 
 
 P. articulata, Meisn. A slender little plant, bushy-branching, 4'-12' 
 high ; leaves small and thread-like or at length none ; the sheaths trun- 
 cate, naked, rigid ; many-jointed raceme with a single flower under each 
 bract ; flowers rose-colored, nodding ; stamens 8 ; akene triangular. 
 Sandy dry soils, on the coast, Me., S., and along the Great Lakes. 
 
 XCVH. ARISTOLOCHIACKE, BIETHWORT FAMILY. 
 
 Known from all other apetalous orders by the numerous 
 ovules and seeds in a 6-celled ovary, to which the lower part 
 of the lurid calyx is adherent, the latter mostly 3-lobed, the 
 stamens generally 6 or 12, and more or less united with the 
 style. Anthers adnate and turned outwards. Calyx dull- 
 colored, valvate in the bud. Leaves petioled, usually heart- 
 shaped, not serrate. Flowers solitary, perfect, commonly 
 large and odd. Bitter, tonic or stimulant, sometimes aro- 
 matic plants.
 
 BIRTHWORT FAMILY. 373 
 
 I A8ARTTM. Low stemless herbs, with one or two leaves on long petioles, and a flower 
 at the end of a creeping aromatic rootsteck, the flowers therefore close to the ground. 
 Calyx regular, with 3 equal lobes. Stamens 12, distinct, borne on the apex of the 
 ovary or the base of the stout style, usually pointed beyond the anther. Seeds large, 
 thlckish, in a rather fleshy and irregularly bursting pod. 
 
 2. ARISTOLOCHIA. Leafy-stemmed herbs or woody twiners. Calyx tubular, variously 
 irregular, often curved. Filaments none ; anthers adherent directly and by their 
 whole inner face to the outside of the S-6-lobed stigma. Seeds very flat, in a dry 6- 
 valved pod. 
 
 1. ASARUM, ASARABACCA, WILD GINGER. (Ancient name, 
 of obscure derivation.) On hillsides in rich woods ; flowers spring. H 
 
 * Filaments slender, much longer than the short anthers ; style 1, thick, bear- 
 ing 6 thick stigmas; leaves a single pair with a peduncle between them. 
 
 A. Canadense, Linn. CANADA WILD GINGER, sometimes called SNAKE- 
 ROOT. Soft-pubescent ; leaves broadly heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, 
 not evergreen ; calyx bell-shaped, but cleft down to the adherent ovary, 
 brown-purple inside, the abruptly spreading lobes pointed. Rich woods, 
 commonest N. 
 
 * * Filaments short or almost none ; anthers oblong-linear ; styles 6, each 
 2-cleft, bearing the stigma below the cleft; leaves thick and evergreen, 
 smooth, often mottled, usually only one each year; rootstocks in a close 
 cluster. 
 
 A. Virglnicum, Linn. VIRGINIA W. Along the Alleghanies, Va., 
 S. ; leaves small, rounded, heart-shaped ; calyx tubular-bell-shaped with 
 a somewhat narrowed throat and broad short lobes, the base coherent 
 only with base of the ovary. 
 
 A. arif61ium, Michx. Va., S., has larger, somewhat halberd -shaped 
 leaves, and very short and blunt lobes to the calyx. 
 
 2. ARISTOLOCHIA, BIRTHWORT. (Ancient name, from medicinal 
 properties. ) Cells of the anthers in our species 4, in a horizontal row 
 under each of the 3 lobes of the stigma, i.e., two contiguous 2-celled 
 anthers in each set, or 6 in all. Flowers in and above the axils. Sev- 
 eral curious species in greenhouses. 
 
 * Flowers all next the root, curved like the letter S, contracted in the 
 
 middle and at the throat. 
 
 A. Serpentaria, Linn. VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT (used in medicine). 
 Rich woods, chiefly in Middle States and S. ; low, downy herb ; stems 
 clustered, about 1 high ; leaves ovate or oblong and heart-shaped, some- 
 times halberd-form, acute. H 
 
 * * Flowers from accessory axillary buds, strongly curved, contracted at 
 
 the mouth. 
 
 A. Slpbo, L'Her. PIPE VINE, DUTCHMAN'S PIPE (from the shape of 
 the curved calyx). Rich woods from Penn., along the mountains S., 
 and planted for arbors; very tall-climbing woody twiner, smooth, but the 
 rounded heart-shaped leaves often downy beneath, these becoming 8'-12' 
 broad; peduncles with a clasping bract, drooping; calyx !' long, in- 
 flated above the ovary, narrowing above, contracted at the throat, the 
 flat border brown-purple and obscurely 3-lobed ; flowers late spring. 
 
 A. tomentdsa, Sims. A more slender woody climber, with smaller, 
 rounder, and very veiny, downy leaves, and yellowish flower, with an 
 oblique, almost closed, brownish orifice, the borders reflexed ; flowers 
 late spring or summer. N. C., S. and W.
 
 374 PEPPER FAMILY. 
 
 XCVni. PIPERACKffi, PEPPEK FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs (or the cultivated species sometimes woody) with 
 alternate or opposite, entire leaves, and wholly naked generally 
 perfect flowers in spikes, the ovary single or 3-5 together, and 
 either separate or more or less united at the base, the ovules 
 few in Saururus or only 1 in some other genera. Mostly 
 tropical. 
 
 * Ovary c/3-4 carpels slightly united at the base. 
 
 1. SAURUKUS. Stamens 6-8, hypogynout, the long white filaments distinct. Stigmas 
 
 recurved. Leaves alternate. 
 
 * * Ovary simple, l-seeded. 
 
 2. PIPEE. Stamens 2-6, the anther cells generally distinct. Stigmas 8-5 (rarely 2). 
 
 Leaves alternate. 
 
 3. PEPEEOMIA. Stamens 2, the cells united in 1 2-valved cell. Stigma sessile. Leaves 
 
 alternate, opposite, or verticillate. 
 
 1. SAURURUS, LIZARD'S TAIL. (Greek: lizard-tail, from the 
 peduncled terminal spike.) y. 
 
 S. c^muus, Linn. Wet swamps and borders of brooks, Conn., W. 
 and S. ; stem jointed, 2 high, branching ; leaves heart-shaped, with con- 
 verging ribs, petioled ; flowers white and fragrant, crowded in a dense 
 but slender tail-like spike, with the end nodding. (Lessons, Fig. 234.) 
 
 2. PIPER, PEPPER. (Ancient name.) A large genus of tropical 
 plants, in greenhouses sometimes represented by 
 
 P. nlgrum, Linn. PEPPER PLANT. A trailing or climbing woody 
 plant, with broadly ovate and acuminate petioled leaves ; flowers in cat- 
 kins 3'-6' long, the fruit changing from green to red and black. E. Indies. 
 BLACK PEPPER is the product of this plant. WHITE PEPPER is the same 
 product with the external covering removed. CUBEBS are from P. Cu- 
 BEBA, of the E. Indies. 
 
 3. PEFEROMIA. (Name means Pepper-like.) Many tropical species, 
 of which several are in cultivation in greenhouses for their variously 
 marked leaves, which are usually thick or somewhat succulent. Fol- 
 lowing are the commonest, all from S. Amer. 
 
 * Leaves alternate. 
 
 P. Sandersii, C.DC. (P. VERSCHAFFELTII.) Leaves long-stalked, 
 orbicular or cordate-ovate, thick, bright green along the veins and white 
 between. 
 
 P. arifblia, Miq. Leaves long-stalked, round-ovate, cordate or retuse- 
 truncate at the base, thinnish, variegated with green and gray. 
 
 P. maculbsa. Dietr. Leaves broadly elliptic-ovate and very fleshy, 
 bright green, the petioles spotted with purple. 
 
 * * Leaves opposite. 
 
 P. marmorata, Hook. f. Leaves ovate and crowded, thick, with a rich 
 green mottled and variegated with white.
 
 LAUREL FAMILY. 375 
 
 XCIX. LAURACKE, LAUEEL FAMILY. 
 
 Spicy-aromatic trees or shrubs, the alternate simple leaves 
 (with entire margins but sometimes lobed) more or less marked 
 with minute pellucid dots ; the regular flowers with a calyx of 
 4 or 6 colored sepals imbricated in two ranks in the bud, and 
 free from the ovary; the latter is terminated by a simple 
 style and stigma, is 1-celled with a hanging ovule, and in fruit 
 becomes a berry or drupe. The stamens furnish a special 
 character, their anthers opening by uplifted valves. To this 
 family belong the classical Laurel or Bay, the Cinnamon, the 
 Camphor tree, etc. 
 
 * Flowers perfect, in axillary panicles. 
 
 1. PERSEA. Calyx 6-parted, persistent at the base of the berry. Stamens 12 with anthers, 
 
 the 8 outer of which are turned outwards, 6 others inward, the remainder being 3 
 glands or sterile filaments forming an innermost row. The two proper cells of the 
 anther, with a lower and an upper chamber, make 4 compartments, each opening by 
 a valve in the manner of a trap-door. 
 
 Flowers wholly or nearly dioecious, greenish-yellow ; leaves deciduous. 
 + Anthers 4-celled and Evolved. 
 
 2. SASSAFRAS. Flowers in an open corymbed and peduncled cluster, with spreading 6- 
 
 parted calyx ; sterile ones with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the filaments of the three inner 
 with a pair of yellow stalked glands on their base. Fertile flowers with 6 rudiments 
 of stamens and an ovoid ovary, becoming a drupe. 
 
 8. LITSEA. Flowers in small lateral clustered umbels, with 6-parted deciduous calyx ; 
 sterile ones with 9 similar stamens ; anthers turned inwards. Fertile flowers with 
 a globular ovary, surrounded by numerous rudiments of stamens, and becoming a 
 globular drupe or berry. 
 
 -i- -i- Anthers 1-celled and 2-valved. 
 
 4. LINDERA. Flowers in sessile lateral clusters, with a 6-parted honey-yellow calyx ; 
 sterile ones with 9 stamens ; the inner 3 filaments lobed and glandular at base. Fer- 
 tile flowers with a globular ovary, surrounded by numerous rudiments of stamens. 
 Berry red, oval ; the stalk not thickened. 
 
 1. PERSEA, RED BAY. (Ancient name of some Oriental tree.) 
 Leaves evergreen ; flowers greenish-white, in summer. The ALLIGATOR 
 PEAR or AVOCADO of the tropics is P. GRATfssiMA. 
 
 P. Carolin^nsis, Nees. CAROLINA RED BAY. Tree or large shrub, in 
 low grounds, from Del., S.; hoary when young, the oblong leaves soon 
 smooth above ; berries blue on a red stalk. 
 
 2. SASSAFRAS. (The popular name of this very well-known tree.) 
 
 S. ofticinale. Xees. SASSAFRAS. A fine tree, with mucilaginous yel- 
 lowish twigs and foliage, spicy bark, flowers appearing in spring with the 
 leaves ; these ovate and obovate, and some of them 3-cleft, smooth when 
 old ; fruit blue on a club-shaped, rather fleshy stalk. Sandy or sterile 
 land, Mass., W. and S. 
 
 3. LITSEA. (Chinese name.) 
 
 L. geniculata, Benth. & Hook. POND SPICE. Along poads in pine 
 barrens from Va., S.; large shrub, soon smooth, with forking and diver-
 
 376 MEZEEEUM FAMILY. 
 
 gent or zigzag branches, rather coriaceous oval or oblong leaves ('-!' 
 long) , appearing later than the flowers in spring these in little crowded 
 clusters of 2-4 from 2-4-leaved involucres ; fruit red, globular. 
 
 4. LINDERA. SPICEBUSH, WILD ALLSPICE, FEVERBUSH. 
 
 (John Linder, a Swedish botanist.) Shrubs ; flowers in spring, pre- 
 ceding the leaves. 
 
 L. Benz6in, Blume. COMMON S. or BENJAMIN BUSH. Damp rich 
 woods N. Eng., W. and S. ; 6-15 high, almost smooth ; leaves thin, 
 obovate-oblong, acute at base, 3'-5' long. 
 
 L. melissaef6lia, Blume. Wet grounds, N. Car., W. and S.; 2-3 
 high, silky-pubescent ; leaves oblong, obtuse or slightly heart-shaped at 
 base, l'-2' long; when old, smooth above. 
 
 C. THYMEUEACE.E, MEZEREUM FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs with acrid and very tough fibrous bark, entire leaves, 
 and perfect flowers with a simple corolla-like calyx, bearing 
 twice as many stamens as its lobes (usually 8), the anthers 
 of the ordinary sort; the free ovary 1-celled, with a single 
 hanging ovule, becoming a berry-like fruit. Flowers commonly 
 in umbel-like clusters. 
 
 1. DIRCA. Calyx tubular, without any spreading lobes, the wavy-truncate border some- 
 
 times obscurely indicating 4 teeth. The 8 stamens and the style long and slender, 
 .protruding. 
 
 2. DAPHNE. Calyx salver-shaped or somewhat funnel-shaped ; the 4 lobes spreading, 
 
 the 8 anthers nearly sessile on its tube, included. Style very short or none ; stigma 
 capitate. 
 
 1. DIRCA, LEATHERWOOD, MOOSEWOOD. (Name obscure.) 
 
 D. pahistris, Linn. Shrub 2-6 high, with tender white wood, but 
 very tough bark, used by the Indians for thongs (whence the popular 
 names), the numerous branches as if jointed ; leaves obovate or oval, 
 alternate, nearly smooth, deciduous ; flowers before the leaves in earliest 
 spring, honey-yellow, few in a cluster from a bud of 3 or 4 dark-hairy 
 scales forming an involucre ; berry reddish. Rich damp woods ; common 
 N. and S. 
 
 2. DAPHNE. (Mythological name, the nymph transformed by Apollo 
 into a Laurel.) The following are cult, for ornament. 
 
 * Leaves deciduous. 
 
 D. Mezereum, Linn. MEZEREUM. Hardy low shrub from Eu.; l-3 
 high, with purple-rose-colored (rarely white) flowers, in lateral clusters 
 on shoots of the preceding year, in early spring, before the lanceolate 
 very smooth green leaves ; berries red. 
 
 * * Leaves evergreen. 
 
 D. Cnebrum, Linn. Hardy under-shrub from Eu., spreading and 
 branching, *with crowded lance-oblong or oblanceolate leaves (less than 
 1' long), and a terminal cluster of handsome rose-pink flowers in spring.
 
 OLEASTER FAMILY. 377 
 
 D. oddra, Thunb. (D. JAPONICA and D. SINENSIS). SWEET DAPHNE. 
 Greenhouse shrub from China, with bright green, lance-oblong leaves, 
 and terminal clusters of white or pale pink sweet-scented flowers, in 
 winter. 
 
 CI. EL2EAGNACE.E, OLEASTER FAMILY. 
 
 Silvery-scurfy shrubs or small trees, often having dioecious 
 inconspicuous flowers, the calyx tube of the fertile ones itself 
 inclosing the ovary, becoming fleshy and ripening into a sort 
 of berry around the akene-like true fruit, the seed of which is 
 erect. Otherwise much like the preceding family. Leaves 
 entire. 
 
 1. EL^EAGNUS. Flowers perfect and axillary, with a 4-cleft calyx (the border deciduous). 
 
 Stamens 4, inserted on the throat. Style linear, the stigma on the side. Fruit drupe- 
 like, containing a long 8-grooved stone. Leaves alternate. 
 
 2. SHEPHERDIA. Flowers dioecious, the calyx 4-cleft and, in the pistillate flowers, in- 
 
 closing the ovary. Stamens 8, alternating with 8 projections on the disk. Style 
 slender. Fruit berry -like. Leaves opposite. 
 
 1. EL.53AGNT7S, OLEASTER. (Greek: sacred olive, first applied to 
 the Chaste tree.) Small trees or bushes, with light or white foliage. 
 
 * Pedicels much longer than the flowers or fruit (l'-3'). 
 
 E. Idngipes, Gray. GOUMI. (E. EDULIS of nurseries.) Diffuse tall 
 bush with oval thin leaves, green above and silvery-shining below, and 
 single axillary flowers followed by hanging, oblong, rusty-punctate drupes. 
 Japan. Cult, for the edible fruit. 
 
 * * Pedicels little, if at all, exceeding the flowers. 
 
 E. arg^ntea, Pursh. SILVER BERRY. Wild from Minn., W., and 
 sometimes cult.; 6-12 high, stoloniferous, the young branches bearing 
 rusty scales ; leaves elliptic or lanceolate and undulate, silvery-scurfy 
 and rusty ; flowers numerous and fragrant, followed by round-ovoid and 
 mealy edible fruit. 
 
 E. hortensis, Bieb. OLEASTER. Tall shrub or small tree, often spiny, 
 cult, from the Old World for the whiteness of its cottony shoots and 
 under surfaces of the narrow-lanceolate or lance-ovate, mostly obtuse 
 leaves ; flowers small and yellowish inside, but silvery without, fragrant, 
 followed by small red fruits. The RUSSIAN OLIVE, somewhat planted in 
 the West, is var. Songdrica, Bernh. 
 
 2. SHEPHERD I A. (John Shepherd was once curator of the Liver- 
 pool Botanic Garden.) 
 
 S. Canad^nsis, Nutt. A low shrub along our northern borders, with 
 oval leaves, soon green above, but silvery and with some rusty scurf 
 beneath, 4-parted flowers, and yellowish berries. 
 
 S. arg^ntea, Nutt. BUFFALO BERRY. Shrub through the plains and 
 mountains far W. and N. W., and planted for ornament and fruit, has 
 oblong leaves with narrowed base, silvery both sides, and edible acid red 
 berries.
 
 378 SANDALWOOD FAMILY. 
 
 CH. LORANTHACKE, MISTLETOE FAMILY. 
 
 Shrub-like small plants with hard greenish foliage, closely 
 allied to the next family and differing chiefly in the more 
 reduced flowers and the habit. Parasitic on the branches of 
 trees ; represented in this country chiefly by 
 
 Phorad^ndron flav^scens, Nutt. AMERICAN or FALSE MISTLETOE. 
 With obovate or oval, yellowish-green, thick, slightly petioled leaves, and 
 short, yellowish, jointed spikes in their axils, of dioecious greenish flowers, 
 the fertile ones ripening white berries. On deciduous trees, N. J., W. 
 andS. 
 
 CHI. SANTALACKE, SANDAL WOOD FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves and a 4-5-cleft 
 calyx valvate in the bud and its tube joined to the 1-celled 
 ovary, which contains 2-4 ovules hanging from the top of a 
 stalk-like central placenta, but the fruit always 1-seeded and 
 indehiscent. Style 1. Stamens as many as the lobes of the 
 calyx and opposite them. 
 
 1. COMANDRA. Flowers perfect, In umbel-form clusters. Calyx bell-shaped or urn- 
 
 shaped, provided with a 5-lobed disk above the ovary. Fruit drupe-like or nut-like, 
 bearing the persistent calyx lobes on its top. Low perennials, often parasitic on roots 
 of other plants. 
 
 2. PTRULAEIA. Flowers generally imperfect, in spikes or racemes. Calyx 4-5-cleft, 
 
 the divisions recurved, and, in the sterile flowers, with a hairy tuft at the base. Fer- 
 tile flowers with a pear-shaped ovary, which becomes a fleshy, drupe-like fruit. Shrubs 
 or trees. 
 
 1. COMANDRA, BASTAKD TOAD FLAX. (Greek: hair and sta- 
 mens.) 
 
 C. umbellata, Nutt. Dry ground, common N. ; parasitic on the roots 
 of shrubs and trees. Known by the 6 stamens with their anthers con- 
 nected with the face of the white calyx lobes, behind them by a tuft of 
 thread-like hairs (to which the name alludes). Stems 6'-10' high, with 
 many small, oblong, pale, alternate, and almost sessile entire leaves. Has 
 much the aspect of Hypericum. 
 
 C. livida, Rich. Grows on L. Superior, and has larger leaves, 3-5- 
 flowered axillary peduncles, short calyx tube with ovate lobes, short 
 style, and pulpy red berry. 
 
 2. FYRTTLARIA. (From Pyrus, from the shape of the fruit.) 
 
 P. pfcbera, Michx. OIL NUT, BUFFALO NUT. Shrub 3-12 high, 
 growing in rich woods in the mountains of Penii. and S. ; shoots minutely 
 downy when young, but becoming glabrous ; leaves obovate-oblong, 
 mostly acute, soft and very veiny and minutely punctate ; fruit an inch 
 long.
 
 SPURGE FAMILY. 379 
 
 CIV. EUPHORBIACE^l, SPUEGE FAMILY. 
 
 Plants with mostly milky acrid juice and monoecious or 
 dioecious flowers, of very various structure ; the ovary and 
 fruit commonly 3-celled and with single or at most a pair of 
 hanging ovules and seeds in each cell. A large family in warm 
 countries, always difficult for the beginner. The peculiar 
 characters of the flowers are more fully specified in the fol- 
 lowing synopsis. 
 
 * Ovules and seeds only one in each cell. 
 
 +- Flowers, both staminate and pistillate, really destitute both of calyx and corolla ; a 
 pistillate and numerous staminate ones surrounded by a cup-like involucre 
 which imitates a calyx, so that the whole may be taken for one perfect flower. 
 
 1. EUPHOKBIA. These plants may be known, mostly, by having the 3-lobed ovary 
 
 raised out of the cup, on a curved stalk, its 3 short styles each 2-cleft, making 6 
 stigmas. Fruit when ripe bursting into the 3 carpels, and each splitting into 2 valves, 
 discharging the seed. What seems to be a stamen with a jointed filament is really 
 a staminate flower, in the axil of a slender bract, consisting of a single stamen on a 
 pedicel, the joint being the junction. 
 
 +- +- flowers of both kinds provided with a distinct calyx. 
 
 ++ Stamens 5 or more. 
 = Flowers in cymose (2-3-forked") panicles ; stamens 10 or more. 
 
 2. JATEOPHA. Fertile flowers in the main forks of the panicle. Calyx colored like a 
 
 corolla, in the sterile flowers mostly salver-shaped and 5-lobed, enclosing 10-30 sta- 
 mens, somewhat monadelphous in two or more ranks ; in the fertile 5-parted. Styles 
 3, united below, once or twice forked at the apex. Pod 8-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves 
 alternate, long-petioled, with stipules. 
 
 = = Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. 
 I Leaves scarcely or not at all lobed, often entire. 
 
 o Ovary and fruit \-celled. 
 
 8. CKOTONOP8IS. Flowers monoecious, in very small terminal or lateral spikes or clus- 
 ters, the lower ones fertile. Sterile flowers with an equally 5-parted calyx, 5 spatu- 
 late petals, and 5 stamens opposite the petals. Fertile flowers with unequally 
 3-5-parted calyx, petals, but 5 petal-like scales opposite the divisions of the calyx. 
 
 o o Ovary 2-4 (commonly 3-) celled, or rarely \-celled in No. 6. 
 
 4. CROTON. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, generally in racemes or spikes. Sterile 
 
 flowers with a normally 5-parted calyx, as many petals or rudiments as there are calyx 
 lobes and alternating with lobes of the disk, the stamens 5 or more. Fertile flowers 
 with a 5-10-cleft or parted calyx, the petals or very small rudiments. 
 
 5. COBI^EUM. Flowers monoacious. Sterile flowers with a membranaceous 8-6-parted 
 
 calyx, the divisions imbricated and becoming reflexed, five short scale-like petals 
 alternating with as many glands, and many or numerous stamens. Fertile flowers 
 with a 5-cleft calyx but no petals, the ovary surrounded by 5 scales. 
 
 6. ACALYPHA. Flowers in small clusters disposed in spikes, staminate above, fertile at 
 
 base ; or sometimes the two sorts in separate spikes. Calyx of sterile flowers, 4- 
 parted, of fertile 3-5-parted. Stamens 8-16, short, monadelphous at base ; the 2 cells 
 of the anther long and hanging. Styles 3, cut-fringed on the upper face, red. Pod 
 of 3 (rarely 2 or 1) lobes or cells. Fertile flower clusters embraced by a leaf-like cut- 
 lobed bract. Leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules, serrate.
 
 380 SfURGE FAMILY. 
 
 1 1 Leaves prominently dlgitate-lobed. 
 
 1. RICINTTS. Flowers in large panicled clusters, the fertile above, the stamlnate below. 
 Calyx 5-parted. Stamens very many, in several bundles. Styles 8, united at base, 
 each 2-parted, red. Pod large, 3-lobed, with 3 large seeds. (Lessons, Fig. 419.) 
 Leaves alternate, with stipules. 
 
 ++ -H- Stamens 2 or 8. 
 
 8. TRAGIA. Flowers monoecious and apetalous, in racemes. Sterile flowers with 3-5- 
 
 cleft calyx. Fertile flowers with 8-8-parted persistent calyx. Calyx lobes valvate i 
 the bud. Plants pubescent or hairy. 
 
 9. 8TILLINGIA. Flowers in a terminal spike, naked and staminate above, a few fertile 
 
 flowers at base. Calyx 2-3-cleft. Stamens 2, rarely 3. Pod 3-lobed. Stigmas 3, 
 simple. Bracts with a fleshy gland on each side. Leaves alternate, stipulate. 
 Plants glabrous. 
 
 * Ovules and mostly seeds 2 in each cell of the ovary and S-horned pod. Juice not 
 
 milky in the following, which have moncecious flowers, mostly 4 sepals, 4 ex- 
 serted stamens in the sterile, and 3 awl-shaped spreading or recurved styles or 
 stigmas in the fertile, flowers. 
 
 10. BUXUS. Flowers in small sessile bracted clusters in the axils of the thick and ever- 
 
 green entire opposite leaves. Shrubs or trees. 
 
 11. PACHYSANDRA. Flowers in naked lateral spikes, staminate above, a few fertile 
 
 flowers at base. Filaments long, thickish and flat, white. Nearly herbaceous, low, 
 tufted ; leaves barely evergreen, alternate, coarsely few-toothed. 
 
 12. PHYLLANTHUS. Flowers axillary and monoecious. Calyx commonly 5-6-parted, 
 
 imbricated in the bud. Petals 0. Stamens generally 8. Ovules 2 in each cell. 
 Leaves alternate in 2 ranks. 
 
 1. EUPHORBIA, SPUKGE. (Said to be named for Euphorbus, phy- 
 sician to King Juba.) Flowers commonly in late summer. Only the 
 commonest species mentioned here. 
 
 * Shrubby species of the conservatory, winter-flowering, with red bracts 
 
 or leaves. 
 
 E. pulcherrima, Willd., or POINSETTIA, of Mexico ; unarmed stout shrub, 
 with ovate or oblong and angled or sinuately few-lobed leaves, rather 
 downy beneath, those next the flowers mostly entire (4'-5' long) and of 
 the brightest vermilion-red ; flowers in globular greenish involucres bear- 
 ing a great yellow gland at the top on one side. 
 
 E. splendens, Bojer. CROWN OF THORNS. Mauritius ; smooth with 
 thick and horridly prickly stems, oblong- spatulate, mucronate leaves, and 
 slender, clammy peduncles, bearing a cyme of several deep-red apparently 
 2-petalous flowers ; but the seeming petals are bracts around the cup-like 
 involucre of the real flowers. 
 
 E. fulgens, Karw. (E. JACQCINI^EFLORA). Mexico ; unarmed, smooth, 
 with slender recurved branches and broadly lanceolate leaves, few-flow- 
 ered ; peduncles shorter than the petioles ; what appears like a 5-cleft 
 corolla are the bright red lobes of the involucre. 
 
 * * Herbs natives of or naturalized in the country, the last and sometimes 
 
 a few of the others cult, in gardens; flowers late summer. 
 
 -t- Glands of the involucre with more or less conspicuous petal-like margins 
 or appendages, these usually white or rose-colored (obscure in the first). 
 
 M- Leaves all opposite, small and short-stalked, oblique at the base. 
 = Seeds not roughened ; leaves entire, and the entire plant glabrous. 
 
 E. polygonif61ia, Linn. A prostrate, spreading, reddish little plant 
 growing on the sands of the seacoast and along the Great Lakes ; leaves
 
 SPURGE FAMILY. 381 
 
 oblong-linear, obtuse and mucronate ; lobes of the involucre longer than 
 the minute and unappendaged glands. 
 
 = = Seeds minutely roughened or wrinkled; leaves serrulate, and the 
 plant often hairy. 
 
 E. glyptosp^rma, Engelm. Glabrous or rarely slightly puberulent, 
 erect or spreading ; leaves linear-oblong and mostly falcate, very unequal 
 at the base, serrulate near the obtuse apex ; stipules lanceolate and cut ; 
 seeds sharply 4-angled, marked with 5 or 6 sharp transverse wrinkles. 
 Ontario, W. 
 
 E. maculata, Linn. Prostrate ; leaves oblong-linear, very oblique at 
 base, serrulate above, blotched in the center ; pods sharp-angled, very 
 small, with 4 shallow grooves. Common along roads and in dry fields. 
 
 E. humistrata, Engelm. Procumbent, hairy, or puberulent ; leaves 
 elliptic or obovate, very oblique at the base, sparsely hairy underneath, 
 sometimes with a brown spot on the upper side ; involucre cleft on the 
 back, the truncate or crenate appendages red or white ; seeds ovate, 
 obtusely angled and minutely roughened. Rich places, Ind., W. 
 
 E. Pr^slii, Guss. Ascending 10'-20' high; leaves ovate-oblong or 
 linear-oblong, serrate, often with red spot or margins; appendages 
 entire ; pod blunt-angled ; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, wrinkled and 
 tubercled, blackish. Common. 
 
 ** Leaves opposite or whorled at the top of the stem, alternate or scat- 
 tered below, larger; plants strict. 
 
 E. marginata. Pursh. SNOW ON THE MOCNTAIN. Wild on the plains 
 W. of the Mississippi, and cult, for ornament ; leaves pale, ovate or oval, 
 sessile, the lower alternate, uppermost in threes or pairs and broadly 
 white-margined ; flower-cup with 5 white petal-like appendages behind 
 as many saucer-shaped glands. Stout, 2-3 high. 
 
 E. cprollata, Linn. Gravelly or sandy soil, from N. Y., S. and W.; 
 2-3 high ; leaves varying from ovate to linear, entire, the lower alter- 
 nate, upper whorled and opposite ; flower cups umbelled, long-stalked, 
 with 5 bright white conspicuous appendages, imitating a 5-cleft corolla. 2i 
 
 - *- Glands of the involucre destitute of petal-like appendages. 
 
 ** Involucres (or "./forcers") in terminal clusters, with few or solitary 
 glands ; all, or the uppermost, leaves opposite, variable ; stipules small 
 and glandular. 
 
 E. dentata, Michx. Rich soil from Penn. S. and W.; hairy, only the 
 lower leaves alternate, the upper opposite, varying from ovate to linear, 
 uppermost paler or whitish at base, and the few glands of the flower cup 
 short-stalked. 
 
 E. heterophylla. Linn. Glabrous ; leaves alternate, ovate and sinuate- 
 toothed, or fiddle-shaped, or some of them lanceolate or linear and 
 entire ; the upper with red base ; no petal-like appendages to the flower 
 cup and only 1 or 2 sessile glands. Minn., S. 
 
 * -M- Involucres in a terminal forked or umbel-like inflorescence, icith 4 or 
 5 entire or crescent-shaped glands; plants ascending or erect, generally 
 glabrous; stipules 0. 
 
 = Leaves of the commonly erect stem alternate or scattered ; those of the 
 umbel-like inflorescence whorled or opposite and of different shape, 
 usually roundish; glands of the flower cup mostly 4. Weeds or weed- 
 like. 
 
 B Glands of the flower cup or involucre transversely oval and obtuse. 
 
 . platyphylla, Linn. Xat. from Eu. N.; upper stem-leaves lance-oblong- 
 acute, minutely serrulate ; uppermost heart-shaped ; floral ones triangu-
 
 382 SPURGE FAMILY. 
 
 lar-ovate and heart-shaped ; umbel 5-rayed ; glands large and sessile ; 
 pod beset with depressed warts ; seed smooth. 
 
 E. obtusata, Pursh. Like the preceding, but taller, l-2 high ; stem 
 leaves oblong-spatulate and obtuse, the upper heart-shaped ; floral ones 
 dilated-ovate ; umbel once or twice 3-rayed, then 2-rayed ; glands of 
 flower cup short-stalked ; pods long-warty. Va., W. and S. 
 
 E. dictyosp^rma, Fisch. & Meyer. Resembles the preceding, but 
 slender ; leaves obtusely serrate ; glands small, almost sessile ; seeds 
 delicately reticulated. Md. to Minn., and S. 
 
 E. Helioscbpia, Linn. Weed from Eu., in waste places N.; with stouter 
 ascending stems 6'-12' high ; leaves all obovate and rounded or notched 
 at the end, the lower wedge-shaped, finely serrate ; umbel first with 5, 
 then 3, and at length with 2 rays ; glands orbicular and stalked ; pods 
 smooth and even ; seeds with honeycomb-like surface. 
 
 || || Glands of the flower cup with 2 long horns ; pod smooth ; seeds sculp- 
 tured or pitted and pale. @ 
 
 E. Peplus, Linn. Waste places from Eu.; stem erect ; leaves petioled, 
 entire, round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel first 3-rayed, 
 afterwards 2-forked ; pod 2-crested on each lobe. 
 
 E. commutata, Engelm. Wild from Minn, and Md., S. W., on shady 
 slopes ; stems with decumbent base ; leaves obovate, the upper sessile, 
 the rounded floral ones broader than long ; umbel 3-forked ; pod crest- 
 less ; flowers early summer. 
 
 II || || Glands crescent-shaped; pod granular; seeds smooth, dark-col- 
 ored. "U 
 
 E. Cyparlssias, Linn. CYPRESS SPURGE. Gardens from Eu. and run- 
 ning wild E. ; in dense clusters 6'-10' high, smooth ; stem and branches 
 crowded with small linear entire leaves, the floral ones small and rounded 
 heart-shaped ; umbel many-rayed. 
 
 = = Leaves all or chiefly opposite, entire, smooth, almost sessile; pod 
 smooth. 
 
 E. Ipecacuanhas, Linn. IPECAC SPURGE. Sandy soil from Conn. , S. 
 and W.; branching repeatedly from the long perpendicular root, widely 
 
 rading ; leaves barely 1' long, varying from obovate to linear ; pe- 
 cles solitary in the forks, slender ; flower-cup dull-purple, with 6 
 glands. 2/ 
 
 E. Ldthyris, Linn. CAPER SPURGE, MOLE PLANT. Cult, from Eu., in 
 country gardens ; glaucous ; stem erect, stout, 2-3 high ; leaves thick ; 
 those of the stem lance-linear, floral ones oblong-ovate and heart-shaped ; 
 umbel 4-rayed, then forking ; glands short-horned. (2) 
 
 2. JATROPHA. (Name not applicable.) Chiefly tropical plants ; one 
 is a weedy wild plant, viz. 
 
 J. stimul6sa, Michx. TREAD-SOFTLY or SPURGE NETTLE, names refer- 
 ring to its stinging bristly hairs, which are like those of Nettles ; dry 
 sandy soil, branching, 6'-12' high; leaves rounded heart-shaped, 3-6- 
 lobed or variously cleft or parted ; flowers slender, white ; stamens 10, 
 their filaments almost separate. Sandy soil, Va., S. 11 
 
 3. CROTONOPSIS. (Croton-like.) 
 
 C. linearis, Michx. A low, slender plant with alternate or opposite 
 linear or lanceolate leaves, green above and silvery-hoary and scurfy 
 beneath, as are the branches. Sandy soil, N. J., W. and S.
 
 SPURGE FAMILY. 383 
 
 4. CROTON. (Greek name of the Castor-oil plant.) 
 
 C. glandu!6sus, Linn. Rough-hairy and glandular, umbellately 
 branched ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong and obtusely toothed ; sterile 
 flowers with 4-parted calyx, 4 petals and 4 rays on the disk, and 8 sta- 
 mens ; fertile flowers clustered at the base of the sterile spike, with 5- 
 parted calyx, very minute rudiments of petals, and three 2-cleft styles ; 
 l-2. Va., W. and S. 
 
 C. capitatus, Michx. Densely soft-woolly and somewhat glandular, 
 l-2 ; leaves lance-oblong or long-oblong, rounded at the base, entire, 
 on long stalks ; sterile flowers with 5- parted calyx, 5 petals and 5 glands 
 alternating, and 10-14 stamens ; fertile flowers capitate at the base of the 
 short sterile spike, with 7-12-parted calyx, petals, and 3 styles twice or 
 thrice 2-parted. Barrens, N. J., S. and W. 
 
 C. monanth6gynus, Michx. Plant a foot or two high, rusty-glandu- 
 lar and whitish-stellate-pubescent ; leaves narrow-oblong to ovate-oblong, 
 entire ; sterile flowers few on the summits of short and erect peduncles, 
 with 3-5-parted calyx and as many petals and glands, and 3-8-stamens ; 
 fertile flowers solitary or few on short recurved peduncles, with 5-parted 
 calyx, petals, 5 glands, and 2 sessile, 2-parted stigmas. Barren lands, 
 Ind., S. and W. 
 
 5. CODL&3UM. (Name constructed from the Malayan name of one 
 species. ) Plants growing in the Oriental tropics and known in green- 
 houses as CROTONS. The cultivated forms are very numerous, being 
 distinguished by the handsome markings of the foliage. The common- 
 est species represented in these forms is C. variegatum, Blume (C. pfc- 
 TUM of horticultural literature). 
 
 6. ACALYPHA. (Ancient Greek name of Nettle.) Several species 
 are cult, in choice greenhouses for ornamental foliage. Flowering 
 through late summer and autumn. 
 
 A. Virginica, Linn. A common, coarse, low weed in fields, etc.; 
 smoothish or hairy, turning purplish, with leaves varying from ovate to 
 ovate-oblong, serrate ; fertile flowers in short clusters ; pod and seed 
 smoothish. There is a variety with linear leaves. (J) 
 
 A. Caroliniana, Ell. Has thin heart-shaped, closely serrate leaves, 
 mostly a long terminal fertile spike, pods beset with soft prickles, and 
 seeds rough-wrinkled. N. J., W. and S. 
 
 7. RICINUS, PALMA CHRISTI, CASTOR-OIL PLANT. (Latin 
 name of a bug, which the seed resembles.) 
 
 R. communis, Linn. A sort of tree, but cult, in temperate climates as 
 a stately annual, for its seeds, from which castor-oil is expressed, and in 
 ornamental grounds for its magnificent foliage ; the peltate and palmately 
 7-11-cleft leaves l-2 broad, or even more ; flowers late summer. There 
 is only one species, although some of the most distinct forms have been 
 given specific names. Probably African. 
 
 8. TRAGIA. (Named for Bock, an early herbalist, whose Latin name 
 \ws Tragus.) Ours 11 
 
 * Plant not truly twining ; leaves short-stalked. 
 
 T. inndcua, Walt. Erect and branched, soft-hairy and not stinging, 
 6'-12'; leaves obovate-oblong to narrow-linear, acute at the base; sta- 
 mens 2. Sandy soil, Va., S.
 
 384 NETTLE FAMILY. 
 
 T. nepetaef6lia, Cav. Erect or very slightly twining, bearing stinging 
 hairs ; leaves ovate- or triangular-lanceolate, cordate or truncate at the 
 base ; stamens 3-5. Va., S. 
 
 * * Plant twining ; leaves (except the uppermost) long-stalked. 
 
 T. macrocarpa, Willd. Leaves ovate and acuminate, deeply cordate, 
 serrate. Ky., S. 
 
 9. STILLINGIA. (Named for Dr. B. Stillingfleet.) Very smooth 
 plants, only S.; flowering all summer. 
 
 * Herb ; leaves serrulate. 
 
 S. sylvatica, Linn. QUEEN'S DELIGHT. Dry soil, Va., S. and W.; 
 l-3 high, clustered from a woody root ; leaves crowded, almost sessile, 
 varying from obovate to lance-linear, serrulate ; stamens 2. 
 
 * * Shrubby ; leaves entire. 
 
 S. ligustrlna, Michx. River swamps from N. Car., S.; 6-12high; 
 leaves lance-obovate or oblong ; spikes short ; stamens mostly 3. 
 
 S. sebifera, Michx. TALLOW TREE of China, planted S. Car. and S.; 
 tree 20-40 high ; leaves rhombic-ovate, long-petioled; stamens 2; seeds 
 white, yielding a useful vegetable tallow or wax. 
 
 10. BUXUS, BOX. (Ancient Latin, from the Greek name of the 
 Box Tree.) 
 
 B. sempervirens, Linn. TREE Box, and its more common var. NANA, 
 the DWARF Box, with much smaller leaves, from the Mediterranean, are 
 planted N., chiefly for borders, especially the Dwarf Box. 
 
 11. FACHYSANDRA. (Greek: thick stamens.) 11 
 
 P. prociimbens, Michx. Rocky woods, W. slope of the Alleghanies, 
 from Ky., S., and in some gardens ; developing its copious spikes from 
 the base of the short procumbent densely tufted stems, in early spring. 
 
 12. PHYTiLANTHUS. (Greek: leaf, blossom: the flowers in some 
 species being borne on dilated, leaf -like branches.) 
 
 P. Caroline'nsis, Walt. A low and slender plant, growing in gravelly 
 soils from Penn., S. and W. ; leaves short-stalked, obovate or oval ; flow- 
 ers generally 2 in each axil, 1 staminate, 1 fertile, both almost sessile. 
 
 CV. URTICACE.fi, NETTLE FAMILY. 
 
 This family, taken in the largest sense, includes very various 
 apetalous plants, with monoecious or dioecious flowers (except 
 in the Elm Subfamily), having a distinct calyx free from the 
 1-seeded (but sometimes 2-celled) fruit. Stamens as many as 
 the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer. 
 Inner bark generally tough. Leaves with stipules, which are 
 sometimes early deciduous. 
 
 1. ELM SUBFAMILY. Trees, the juice not milky. Leaves 
 alternate, 2-ranked, simple; stipules small and falling early.
 
 NETTLE FAMILY. 385 
 
 Flowers monoeciously polygamous, or perfect, with the fila- 
 ments not iuflexed in the bud, and 2 diverging styles or long 
 stigmas. Ovary 1-2-celled, with 1 or 2 hanging ovules, in 
 fruit always 1-celled and 1-seeded. 
 
 Fruit dry, winged or nut-like. Anthers turned outwards. 
 
 1. TILMUS. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-9-cleft. Stamens 4-9 ; filaments long and slender. 
 
 Ovary mostly 2-celled, becoming a 1-celled thin samara or key-fruit winged all round 
 (Lessons, Fig. 890). Flowers in clusters in axils of last year's leaves, in early spring, 
 before the leaves of the season, purplish or yellowish-green. Leaves straight- veined, 
 serrate. 
 
 2. PLANERA. Like Elm, but flowers more polygamous, appearing with the leaves in 
 
 small axillary clusters ; the lobes of the calyx and stamens only 4 or 5 ; the 1-celled 
 1-ovuled ovary forming a wingless nut-like fruit. 
 
 * * Fruit a berry -like globular small drupe. Anthers turned inward. 
 8. CELT1S. Calyx 5-6-parted, persistent. Stamens 5 or 6. Stigmas very long, tapering. 
 Ovary and drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Flowers greenish, in the axils of the leaves ; 
 the lower ones mostly staminate and clustered, the upper fertile and mostly solitary 
 on a slender peduncle. 
 
 II. HEMP SUBFAMILY. Eough herbs, with watery 
 juice and tough fibrous bark. Leaves mostly opposite and 
 palmately lobed or compound. Flowers dioecious, greenish ; 
 the sterile in axillary loose compound racemes or panicles, the 
 fertile in close clusters or catkins ; calyx of the former with 
 5 sepals, of the latter 1 scale-like sepal embracing the ovary 
 and akene. Stigmas or hairy styles 2, long. 
 
 4. CANNABIS. Erect herb. Stamens 5, drooping. Fertile flowers in irregular spiked 
 
 clusters. Leaves of 5-7 lanceolate irregularly toothed leaflets. 
 
 5. HUMULUS. Tall-twining. Stamens erect. Fertile flowers in solitary short catkins 
 
 or spikes, 2 flowers under each of the broad thin bracts which make the scales of the 
 strobile or hop fruit. 
 
 III. FIG SUBFAMILY. Woody plants, generally trees, 
 with milky or colored acrid or poisonous juice. Leaves alter- 
 nate. Flowers strictly monoecious or dioecious. Styles or 
 stigmas commonly 2. 
 
 * Flowers of both kinds mixed, lining the insideofa closed fleshy receptacle, or hollow 
 
 flower stalk, which ripens into what seems to be a sort of berry. 
 
 6. FICUS. Receptacle in which the flowers are concealed borne in the axil of the leaves. 
 
 Akene seed-like. Stipules large, successively enveloping the young leaves in the 
 bud, falling off as the leaves expand. (Lessons, Figs. 405, 406, 40T.) 
 
 * Flowers of the two kinds mostly separate; the fertile crowded in catkin-like spikes 
 
 or heads, which become fleshy in fruit; filaments inflexed in the bud, spreading 
 elastically when the calyx expands. 
 
 7. MACLURA. Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in racemes, and nearly like those of Mul- 
 
 berry; the fertile densely crowded in a large spherical head, its calyx of 4 unequal 
 sepals, in fruit inclosing the small akene ; the whole head ripening into a fleshy 
 yellow mass, resembling an orange with a roughish surface. 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. BOX. 26
 
 386 NETTLE FAMILY. 
 
 8. MORUS. Flowers usually monoecious, both sorts in catkin-like spikes. Calyx 4-parted. 
 
 Stamens 4. Fertile spike altogether becoming an oval or oblong multiple pulpy 
 fruit imitating a blackberry, but the pulp consists of the calyx, bracts, etc., of the 
 flowers, each inclosing a small akene. (Lessons, Figs. 408, 409, 410.) 
 
 9. BROUSSONETIA. Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in cylindrical catkins, and like those 
 
 of Mulberry ; the fertile in globular heads, mixed with little bristly scales, their calyx 
 urn-shaped and S-4-toothed, out of which the ripened ovary protrudes and forms a 
 club-shaped rather fleshy fruit. Style single. 
 
 IV. NETTLE SUBFAMILY, PROPER. Herbs, as to our 
 wild species, with bland watery juice and tough fibrous bark ; 
 many are armed with stinging hairs. Flowers monoecious or 
 dioecious, greenish. Filaments transversely wrinkled and in- 
 flexed in the bud, straightening elastically when the calyx 
 opens. Fruit an akene; style or stigma one and simple. 
 
 Plant bearing stinging bristles or hairs. 
 
 10. URTICA. Flowers in racemed, spiked, or head-like clusters ; the calyx in both sorts 
 
 of 4 separate sepals. Stamens 4. Stigma a sessile globular tuft. Akene flat, ovate, 
 straight and erect, inclosed between the larger pah- of sepals. Leaves opposite. 
 
 11. LAPORTEA. Flowers in loose open cymes, the upper chiefly fertile, and lower sterile ; 
 
 the latter with 5 sepals and stamens ; the former of 4 very unequal sepals, the two 
 outer or one of them minute. Stigma slender awl-shaped, hairy down one side, per- 
 sistent on the ovate flat very oblique and nearly naked akene, which is soon reflexed 
 on its wing-margined pedicel. Leaves large, alternate. 
 Plant not stinging. 
 
 12. BOSHMERIA. Flowers either dioecious or intermixed, clustered in spikes, not involu- 
 
 crate ; the sterile as in Urtica; the fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped calyx barely 
 toothed at the apex, inclosing the ovary and closely investing the oblong flat akene. 
 Style long and slender, the stigma on one side. Leaves opposite and serrate. 
 18. PARIETARIA. Flowers monoeciously polygamous, the different kinds intermixed in 
 Involncrate-bracted cymose axillary clusters. Sterile flowers like Boehmeria. Fertile 
 flowers with a tubular or bell-form 4-lobed and nerved calyx inclosing the akenes. 
 Style slender or none, the stigma tufted. Leaves alternate, entire. 
 
 1. ULMUS, ELM. (The classical Latin name.) Fine trees in deep, 
 mostly moist or alluvial soil. Flowers early spring ; fruit in early summer. 
 
 Leaves rough and harsh on the upper, soft and usually downy on the lower 
 surface ; seed in the middle of the orbicular or round-oval fruit, far aicay 
 from the shallow notch ; flower-clusters globular ; pedicels very short. 
 
 TJ. Mlva, Michx. SLIPPERY ELM. Rather small tree, with tough red- 
 dish wood, well-known very mucilaginous inner bark, and rusty-downy 
 buds ; leaves 4'-8' long, doubly serrate, very rough above ; these and the 
 flowers sweet-scented in drying ; calyx lobes and stamens 7-9 ; fruit much 
 less than 1' long, the seed-bearing center pubescent. N. Eng., W. and S. 
 
 U. montana, Wither. WYCH-ELM or SCOTCH ELM. Commonly planted, 
 from Eu. ; leaves smaller and less rough ; buds not downy ; calyx lobes 
 and stamens about 5 ; fruits 1' long, smooth. 
 
 * * Leaves smooth above, smaller ; notch at the summit of the fruit reach- 
 ing nearly to the seed-bearing cell; fruit only about ' long. 
 
 - Flowers in close clusters ; pedicels very short or hardly any ; stamens 
 4 or 5 ; fruit smooth, round-obovate. 
 
 U. campestr/s, Linn. ENGLISH ELM. Large tree from Eu., with rather 
 short horizontal or ascending branches ; leaves 2'-4' long, mostly or soon
 
 NETTLE FAMILY. 387 
 
 smooth. Immensely variable under cultivation, and known under many 
 names. The CORK ELM, U. suBER6sA, is a form of this species with 
 thick plates of cork on the branches. 
 
 t- -t- Flowers soon hanging on slender stalks, which are jointed above the 
 middle; fruit ovate or oval, with 2 sharp teeth at apex, the margin 
 downy-ciliate, at least when young. 
 
 U. Americana, Linn. AMERICAN or WHITE ELM. Well known large 
 tree, with long ascending branches gradually spreading, drooping slender 
 branchlets, which are smooth as well as the buds, not corky ; the abruptly 
 pointed leaves 2 '-4' long ; flowers in close clusters, with usually 7-9 calyx 
 lobes and stamens ; fruit smooth except the margins, its incurved points 
 closing the notch. The tree is very variable in habit of growth. Forms 
 of it are known as ROCK ELM and WATER ELM. (Lessons, Fig. 80.) 
 
 TJ. racem6sa, Thomas. CORKY WHITE ELM, ROCK ELM of some 
 eastern cuinmunities. Resembles the foregoing, but with downy-ciliate 
 bud scales ; branches becoming corky, young branchlets somewhat pubes- 
 cent, leaves with straighter veins, and flowers racemed. Vt., S. and W. 
 
 U. alata, Michx. WHAHOO or WINGED ELM. Va. to Mo. and S.; 
 small tree, with bud scales and branchlets nearly smooth, winged plates 
 of cork on the branches, and small thickish leaves (l'-2' long) almost 
 sessile. 
 
 2. FLANERA, PLANER TREE. (J. J. Planer, a German botanist.) 
 Flowers greenish, appearing with the leaves in early spring. 
 
 P. aquatica, Gmel. AMERICAN P. River swamps, from Ky., S. and 
 W.; small tree ; leaves ovate-oblong, smooth ; fruit stalked in the calyx, 
 beset with irregular warts or crests. 
 
 3. CELTIS, HACKBERRY or NETTLE TREE. (Ancient Greek 
 name for the Lotus berry.) Flowers spring; fruit ripe in autumn, 
 eatable. 
 
 C. occidentals, Linn. AMERICAN H. Small or middle-sized tree, of 
 rich low grounds ; with reticulated, ovate and taper-pointed, serrate or 
 entire leaves, oblique or partly heart-shaped at base, sweet thin-fleshed 
 fruit as large as a pea. Var. pumila, a straggling bush, chiefly S., only 
 4-10 high. 
 
 4. CANNABIS, HEMP. (The ancient Greek name.) Flowers all 
 summer. 
 
 C. sativa, Linn. COMMON HEMP. Tall coarse plant from the Old 
 World ; cult, for the fibers of its stem, and spontaneous in moist yards. 
 
 5. HUMULUS, HOP. (Name obscure.) Flowers summer, if 
 
 H. Lupulus, Linn. COMMON HOP. Wild in alluvial soil N. Eng., W., 
 and also cult, from Eu. for hops ; the aromatic bitterness resides in the 
 yellow resinous grains which appear on the fruiting calyx, akenes, etc.; 
 stems almost prickly downwards ; leaves heart-shaped and strongly 3-7- 
 lobed. 
 
 6. PICUS, FIG. (The Latin, altered from the Greek name of the 
 
 Fig-) 
 
 F. C&rica, Linn. COMMON FIG. Cult, from the Levant, as a house- 
 plant N.; leaves broad, 3-5-lobed, roughish above, rather downy beneath ; 
 figs single in the axils, pear-shaped, luscious. (Lessons, Figs. 405-407.)
 
 388 NETTLE FAMILY. 
 
 F. eldstica, Roxb. INDIA-RUBBER TREE of E. Indies (not that of S. 
 Amer.); tree cult, in conservatories for its beautiful leaves, 6'-10' long, 
 oval-oblong, entire, thick, smooth, bright green, glossy above. 
 
 F. pdrnifa, Linn. (F. REPENS and F. STIPULATA). China; a delicate 
 creeping species, fixing itself firmly by rootlets and covering walls in con- 
 servatories; leaves 1' or less long, oblong-ovate, with unequal partly 
 heart-shaped base. 
 
 7. MACLURA, OSAGE ORANGE. (Named for the late Mr. Maclure, 
 founder of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.) 
 
 M. aurantlaca, Nutt. COMMON O., or Bois D'ARC (Bow WOOD, the 
 tough yellow wood used for bows by the Indians). Low bushy tree from 
 Kan. and Mo., S.; multiplying rapidly by its running roots; planted for 
 hedges, especially W. ; armed with slender and very sharp spines ; leaves 
 lance-ovate, entire, very glossy ; flowers spring. 
 
 8. MORUS, MULBERRY. (Old Greek and Latin name.) Trees. 
 Leaves heart-shaped or ovate, mostly serrate, often palmately lobed ; 
 short catkin-like spikes axillary or lateral ; flowers spring ; fruit in 
 summer, eatable. (Lessons, Figs. 408-410.) 
 
 * Leaves bright and glabrous, and mostly glossy above. 
 
 M. dlba, Linn. WHITE MULBERRY. Leaves light green, rather small, 
 smooth or very nearly so above and often shining, the veins prominent 
 beneath and whitish, variously lobed or divided, the basal lobes unequal, 
 the teeth large and for the most part rounded or nearly obtuse, the 
 branches gray or grayish-yellow. Fruits small in the half wild form, 
 which is common along fences in the E. States, whitish or purple, but in 
 the cultivated varieties, as New American, an inch or two long and purple- 
 black. The commonest mulberry of the N. From China. The RUSSIAN 
 MULBERRY is a form of it (var. Tatfirica, London). 
 
 * * Leaves dull green, mostly more or less rough. 
 
 M. fat/folia, Poiret. (M. MULTICACLIS). MULTICAULIS MULBERRY. A 
 strong-growing small tree or giant shrub, with dull, roughish, and very 
 large long-pointed leaves, which are seldom or never prominently lobed, 
 and which are often convex above, bearing black sweet fruit. Original 
 of the Downing Mulberry, although the New American (M. alba) often 
 passes for that variety ; also used for stocks upon which to graft other 
 sorts. Not fully hardy in the Northern States. Once much recommended 
 here for the silkworm. China. 
 
 Iff. nlgra, Linn. BLACK MULBERRY. Leaves dark dull green, rather 
 large, tapering into a prominent point, commonly very rough above, 
 usually not lobed, the base equal or very nearly so upon both sides, the 
 teeth rather small and close, the branches brown ; fruit large and sweet, 
 black or very dark-colored. Native of Asia, probably of Persia and adjacent 
 regions. Cult, in the Old World for its fruit, but in America it is very little 
 grown. It is not hardy, except in protected places, in N. Eng. and N. Y. 
 
 M. rubra. Linn. RED MULBERRY. Leaves usually large, very various, 
 those on the young shoots deeply lobed, with very oblique and rounded 
 sinuses in the base of which there are no teeth, the upper surface rough 
 and the lower one soft or variously pubescent, the teeth medium or com- 
 paratively small and either rounded or bluntish. Generally distributed 
 from western N. Eng. to Neb., and southward to the Gulf, being much 
 more abundant and attaining a larger size in the south. The fruit is deep 
 red, or when fully ripe, almost black, variable in size, often very good, 
 nearly always having an agreeable slight acidity. Also cult, as Hicks, 
 Stubbs, etc.
 
 PLANE TREE FAMILY. 389 
 
 9. BROUSSONETIA, PAPER MULBERRY. (Named for P. N. V. 
 Broussonet, a French herbalist.) 
 
 B. papyrifera, Vent. Cult, as a shade tree from N. Y., S.; spreading 
 by suckers, with a very fibrous bark ; leaves rough above, downy beneath, 
 serrate, some of them ovate or slightly heart-shaped, others 3-cleft or 
 variously lobed ; flowering in spring. Japan and adjacent regions. 
 
 10. URTICA, NETTLE. (The classical Latin name.) Common in 
 waste grounds and near dwellings ; flowers summer. 
 
 * Flower clusters in branching panicled spikes ; often dioecious. 2/ 
 
 U. gracilis, Ait. Fence rows, etc., common ; 2-6 high, with ovate- 
 lanceolate, serrate leaves, long petioles, rather few stings, and slender 
 spikes. 
 
 U. diolca, Linn. A weed from Eu., full of stings, 2-3 high, with 
 heart-ovate more deeply serrate leaves, downy beneath and shorter petioles. 
 
 * * Flower clusters shorter than the petiole, mostly 2 in the same axil, 
 containing both sorts of flowers ; stings scattered. (D 
 
 U. tirens, Linn. Weed from Eu., not common ; 8'-12' high, with ovate 
 leaves deeply cut into long spreading teeth ; flower clusters small, loose ; 
 stings few. 
 
 U. chamaedryoldes, Pursh. Slender, with heart-ovate or lance-ovate 
 leaves moderately toothed, and dense flower clusters ; stings sparse. Ky., S. 
 
 11. LAPORTEA, WOOD NETTLE. (Named for M. Laporte. ) ^ 
 
 L. Canadensis, Gaud. Moist and rich woods ; 2-3 high ; ovate 
 leaves 4'-7' long and long-petioled, a single 2n3left stipule in the axil ; 
 flowers all summer. 
 
 12. BCEHMERIA, FAXSE NETTLE. (Named for Pro/. G. B. Boh- 
 
 mer of Germany.) 1J. 
 
 B. cylindrica, Willd. Moist shady grounds, l-3 high, smoothish ; 
 leaves mostly opposite, ovate or lance-ovate, 3-nerved, serrate, long-peti- 
 oled; flower- clusters crowded in long narrow interrupted spikes, in summer. 
 
 B. nivea, Gaud. RAMIE, or the GRASS-CLOTH PLANT of China ; 3-4 
 high, with ovate leaves white-downy beneath ; planted S. for its valuable 
 textile fibers. 
 
 13. PARIETARIA, PELLITORY. (Latin, from its habit of growing 
 
 on walls.) (> 
 
 P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Low, only sparingly branched, or simple, 
 minutely downy ; leaves thin and veiny, roughish with opaque dots, 
 oblong-lanceolate. Shady places, Mass., W. and S. 
 
 CVL PLATANACE2E, PLANE TKEE FAMILY. 
 
 This small order consists merely of the genus 
 
 1. PL AT ANUS, PLANE TREE. (The ancient name of the Oriental 
 species, from the Greek word for broad, alluding either to the leaves 
 or the wide-spreading branches.) Flowers monoecious, in separate 
 naked heads hanging on slender peduncles ; the sterile of many short 
 stamens with club-shaped little scales intermixed ; the fertile of club-
 
 390 WALNUT FAMILY. 
 
 shaped or inversely pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales and 
 tipped with a slender awl-shaped simple style, ripening into a sort of 
 akene with a tawny-hairy contracted base. No evident calyx. Leaves 
 alternate, palmately lobed or angled, the hollowed base of the petiole 
 covering and concealing the axillary bud (Lessons, Fig. 74) ; stipules 
 sheathing, like those of the Polygonum Family. Flowers spring. 
 
 P. occidentals, Linn. AMERICAN PLANE, SYCAMORE, or BUTTOXWOOD. 
 Well-known large tree by river banks, with white close bark separating 
 in thin brittle plates ; leaves truncate or heart-shaped at base, rather 
 scurfy-downy until old, the short lobes sharp-pointed, and fertile heads 
 solitary. 
 
 /*. or/entalis t Linn. ORIENTAL, PLANE, especially its var. ACERIF6LIA, 
 occasionally planted in this country, is very like ours, but is not so hardy, 
 has leaves more cut and sooner smooth, the heads larger. 
 
 CVIL JUGLAITDACKfi, WALNUT FAMILY. 
 
 Trees with alternate pinnate leaves, no stipules, and monoe- 
 cious flowers; the sterile ones in catkins with an irregular 
 calyx and several stamens ; the fertile single or 2 or more in 
 a cluster, with a 3-5-lobed calyx, the tube of which is adherent 
 to the ovary, sometimes bearing petals. Ovary incompletely 
 2-4-celled, but with only a single ovule, erect from its base, and 
 ripens into a large fruit, the bony inner part of which forms 
 the nut, the fleshy at length dry outer part the husk. Seed 
 4-lobed, filled with the fleshy and oily embryo, the large and 
 separated cotyledons deeply 2-lobed and crumpled or corru- 
 gated. 
 
 1. JUGLANS. Sterile flowers In solitary catkins from the wood of the preceding year, 
 
 each with 12-40 stamens on very short filaments. Fertile flowers on a terminal 
 peduncle, with a 4-toothed calyx, 4 little green petals and 2 club-shaped and fringed 
 conspicuous stigmas. Husk of the fruit drying up before splitting. Bark and shoots 
 resinous-aromatic and strong-scented. Buds several, one over the other, the upper- 
 most far above the axil (Lessons, Fig. 78). Pith in plates. Leaflets numerous. 
 
 2. CARYA. Sterile flowers in clustered lateral catkins, with 3-10 almost sessile anthers. 
 
 Fertile flowers 2-5 in a cluster on a terminal peduncle ; no petals ; stigmas 2 or 4, 
 large. Husk of the fruit splitting into 4 valves, and falling away from the smooth 
 nut. Valuable timber and nut trees, with very hard and tough wood, and scaly buds 
 single (Lessons, Fig. 73), from which are usually put forth both kinds of flowers, 
 the sterile below and the fertile above the leaves. 
 
 1. jtTGLANS, WALNUT. (Name from Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.) 
 Flowers spring ; fruit ripe in autumn. Seed sweet and edible. 
 
 Nut with rough and furrowed surface, from which the dried husk does 
 not fall away; seed very oily. 
 
 J. c infer ea, Linn. BUTTERNUT or WHITE W. Middle-sized tree with 
 smooth gray branches, growing from N. Eng. to Kan. and S.; stalks and 
 shoots clammy-downy ; leaflets downy, at least beneath , oblong-lanceo- 
 late, pointed, serrate ; fruit oblong ; nut with very rugged ridges.
 
 WALNUT FAMILY. 391 
 
 J. Sieboldiana, Maxim. JAPANESE W. Tree of medium to large size, 
 with pubescent shoots and leaves ; leaflets 11-17, large, elliptic-oblong 
 and acuminate, sessile, sometimes not strictly opposite, rather coarsely 
 serrate ; fruits in long clusters of 10-20, inversely top-shaped when the 
 husk is on, the shell thin and very little furrowed, the nude nut l'-2' 
 long. Japan. 
 
 J. nigra, Linn. BLACK W. Large tree, with dark rough branches ; 
 stalks and shoots not clammy, minutely downy; leaflets smoothish, 
 ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; fruit spherical (rarely ovoid and sometimes the 
 husk striped). Mass., S. and W. 
 
 * * Husk friable, separating when dry from the roundish and smoothish 
 
 thin-shelled nut. 
 
 J. regia, Linn. ENGLISH WALNUT, so called, but native of Asia ; leaf- 
 lets oval, entire, smoothish ; fruit ripens sparingly in Middle States. 
 
 2. CART A, HICKORY. (Greek name of the Walnut, applied to these 
 North American trees.) Flowers in rather late spring; nuts fall in 
 autumn. 
 
 * Sterile catkins in a sessile cluster; leaflets 13-15, short- stalked ; nut 
 
 edible. 
 
 C. olivaefdrmis, Nutt, PECAN. Along rivers, from Ind. and la., S.; 
 leaflets oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; nut cylindrical-oblong, olive- 
 shaped, the seed delicious. Now cult, in the S. 
 
 * * Sterile catkins 3 or more together on a common peduncle; leaflets 
 sessile or nearly so, of 5-9 or rarely 11-13 leaflets; nut globular or 
 short-oval. 
 
 -H- Nuts sweet-tasted and edible (the hickory-nuts of the market) ; the 
 husk splitting into 4 thick and hard valves; buds large, of about 10 
 scenes. 
 
 C. alba, Nutt. SHELLBARK or SHAGBARK H. Bark of old trunks 
 very shaggy, separating in rough wide strips ; inner bud scales becoming 
 very large and conspicuous on the young shoot; leaflets 5, the 3 upper 
 much larger and lance-obovate ; nut white, the meat high-flavored. N. 
 Eng., W. and S. 
 
 C. sulcata, Nutt. WESTERN or BIG SHELLBARK H., KINGNDT. Dif- 
 fers from the foregoing in lighter-colored heart wood, 7-9 leaflets more 
 downy beneath ; fruit with very thick husk 4-ribbed above the middle, 
 and larger yellowish or dull-white nut (sometimes 2' long) mostly with 
 a point at both ends. N. Y., S. W. 
 
 C. tomentdsa, Nutt. MOCKER NUT or WHITEHEART H. Bark rough, 
 but not splitting off in strips; shoots and lower surface of the leaves 
 woolly-downy when young; leaflets 7-9, lance-obovate, or the lower 
 lance-oblong ; fruit with very thick hard husk, and globular nut (not 
 flattish on the sides) brownish, very thick-shelled, hardly fit to eat. N. 
 Eng., W. and S., commonly on rich hillsides. 
 
 C. microcarpa, Nutt. Bark somewhat shaggy, but separating in nar- 
 row thin plates ; foliage glabrous ; fruit rather small and thin-husked, 
 edible, but not rich. N. Y. to Del. and 111. Foliage and fruit smaller 
 than C. alba. 
 
 *- *- Nuts bitter, in a rather thin and friable husk, which splits only at 
 the top, or tardily to near the base ; bark on the trunk close ; bud scales 
 falling early. 
 
 C. porcina, Nutt. BROWN or BROOM H., PIGNUT. Bark of trunk 
 rough and furrowed, but not separating in plates ; bud scales about 10,
 
 392 OAK FAMILY. 
 
 small ; shoots and leaves nearly smooth ; leaflets 5-7, obovate-lanceolate ; 
 fruit pear-shaped ; nut oblong or oval, hard-shelled, seed at first sweet, 
 then bitterish. Me., S. and W. 
 
 C. amara. Nutt. BITTER NUT. Moist or low grounds, N. Eng., W. 
 and S. ; bark of trunk smooth and very close ; yellowish bud scales about 
 6; shoots and leaves pubescent when young; leaflets 7-11, lanceolate or 
 lance-oblong ; fruit globular ; nut white, thin-shelled, and tender, also 
 globular ; seed at first sweet, then very bitter. 
 
 C. aquatica, Nutt. WATER H. River swamps, S. Car., S. Small 
 tree, with rough bark ; bud scales as in the last ; leaflets 9-13, lanceolate, 
 smooth ; nut thin-shelled, 4-angular, flattish; seed very bitter. 
 
 MYRICACEJJ, SWEET GALE FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs, with resinous-dotted often fragrant simple leaves, 
 and monoecious or dio3cious flowers solitary under a scale-like 
 bract, both kinds in short scaly catkins or heads, and destitute 
 of any proper calyx or involucre, the 1-seeded fruit a fleshy 
 little drupe or at length dry nut, commonly coated with wax. 
 
 1. MTEICA. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, the catkins from lateral scaly buds ; each 
 flower with a pair of bractlets ; the sterile of 2-8 stamens ; the fertile of an ovary bear- 
 Ing 2 slender stigmas and surrounded by a few little scales. 
 
 1. MYRICA, BAYBERRY, SWEET GALE. (Ancient name of some 
 aromatic shrub.) Flowers spring, with or earlier than the leaves. 
 
 * Leaves entire or simply serrate ; flowers mostly dioecious, the ovary with 
 
 2-4 scales at base and the nut globular. 
 
 M. Gale, Linn. SWEET GALE. Cold bogs N.; l-4 high, with pale 
 wedge-lanceolate leaves, serrate towards the apex ; little nuts crowded, 
 and as if winged by a pair of scales. 
 
 M. cerifera, Linn. BAYBERRY, WAX MYRTLE. Along the coast, 
 Canada S., and on Lake Erie ; shrub 2-8 high, with fragrant lance- 
 oblong or lanceolate mostly entire leaves, becoming glossy above, the 
 scattered bony nuts thickly incrusted with greenish or white wax, and 
 appearing like berries. 
 
 * * Leaves pinnatifid; flowers mostly monoecious, the ovary icith 8 long 
 
 linear scales at base, the nut ovoid-oblong. 
 
 M. asplenifdlia, Endl. SWEET FERK. In sterile soil, N. Eng. to 
 Minn. , and S. ; l-2 high, with linear-lanceolate downy leaves, pinnatifid , 
 into many short and rounded lobes, resembling a Fern, and sweet-aro- 
 matic. 
 
 CLX. CTTPULIFERJ!, OAK FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined 
 leaves, very deciduous stipules, and monoecious flowers ; the 
 sterile in slender catkins (except in the Beech); the fertile 
 solitary, clustered or spiked, and furnished with an involucre 
 which forms a cup or covering to the 1-celled 1-seeded nut, or in 
 the Birches and Alders with no involucre. Fruit a rounded,
 
 OAK FAMILY. 393 
 
 angled or winged nut, coming from an ovary with 2 or more 
 cells having 1 or 2 ovules hanging from the summit of each; 
 but all except one cell and one ovule are abortive. There is 
 a calyx adhering to the ovary, as is shown by the minute 
 teeth crowning its summit. Seed filled by the embryo, which 
 has thick and fleshy cotyledons. 
 
 * Sterile and fertile flowers in separate scaly catkins ; fertile flowers with no calyx or 
 
 involucre; fruit flat or winged, small; stigmas -2, thread-like. 
 
 1. BETULA. Sterile catkins long and hanging, with 3 flowers under each shield-shaped 
 scaly bract, each with a scale bearing 4 short stamens with 1-celled anthers. (Lessons, 
 Fig. 207.) Fertile catkins stout ; 2 or 8 flowers under each 3-lobed bract, each of a 
 naked ovary ripening into a rounded broadly winged scale-like little key -fruit, tipped 
 with the 2 stigmas. 
 
 8. ALNUS. Flowers much as in Betula, but usually a distinct 3-6-parted calyx ; anthers 
 2-celled ; oval fertile catkins composed of thick and at length woody persistent scales ; 
 and the little nutlets les.s winged or wingless. 
 
 * Sterile flowers in pendulous catkins, the fertile in a short cluster or head ; the 
 sterile consisting of a few short stamens partly adhering to the bract, and des- 
 titute of any proper calyx ; the anthers \-celled ; fertile flowers in pairs under 
 each bract of a head, spike, or short catkin, each with one or two bractlets, form- 
 ing afoliaceous or sac-like involucre to the nut. Sterile catkins rather dense. 
 
 8. CORYLUS. Scales of the sterile catkin consisting of a bract to the inside of which 2 
 bractlets and several stamens adhere. Fertile flowers in a little head, like a scaly 
 bud ; stigmas 2, long and red. Nut rather large, bony, wholly or partly inclosed in 
 a leaf-like or tubular and cut-lobed or toothed involucre. 
 
 4. OSTRYA. Scales of the sterile catkin simple. Fertile flowers in a sort of slender cat- 
 
 kin, its bracts deciduous, each flower an ovary tipped with 2 long slender stigmas 
 and inclosed in a tubular bractlet, which becomes a bladdery greenish-white oblong 
 bag, in the bottom of which is the little nut ; these together form a sort of hop-like 
 fruit. 
 
 5. CARPINTJ S. Sterile catkin as in Ostrya. Fertile flowers in a sort of slender loose cat- 
 
 kin ; each with a pair of separate 3-lobed bractlets, which become leaf-like, one each 
 side of the small nerved nut. 
 
 * * Sterile flowers in hanging catkins or a pendulous head, with a distinct 4-~-lobed 
 
 calyx and 3-20 slender stamens ; fertile flowers 1-4 in a cup or bur-like invo- 
 lucre. 
 
 -,- Sterile flowers clustered in slender catkins; their bracts inconspicuous or decid- 
 uous. 
 
 6. QUERCUS. Stamens 8-12. Fertile flower only one in the bud-like involucre, which 
 
 becomes a scaly cup. Stigma 3-lobed. Nut (acorn) terete, with a firm shell, from 
 which the thick cotyledons do not emerge in germination. (Lessons, Figs. 36, 37, 388.) 
 
 f. CASTANEA. Stamens 8-20. Fertile flowers few (commonly 3) in each involucre, one 
 or more ripening ; stigmas mostly 6 or 7, bristle-shaped. Nuts coriaceous, ovoid, 
 when more than one flattened on one or both sides, inclosed in the hard and thick 
 very prickly bur-like at length 4-valved involucre. Cotyledons somewhat folded 
 together and cohering, remaining underground in germination. 
 
 - -i- Sterile flowers in small heads on drooping peduncles. 
 
 8. FAGUS. Calyx of sterile flowers bell-shaped, 5-7-cleft. containing 8-16 long stamens. 
 Fertile flowers 2 together on the summit of a scaly-bracted peduncle ; the innermost 
 scales uniting form the 4-lobed involucre ; ovary 3-celled when young, crowned by 6 
 awl-shaped calyx teeth and a 3-cleft or 3 thread-like styles ; in fruit a pair of sharply 
 3-sided nuts in the 4-cleft soft-prickly rigid involucre. Cotyledons thick, somewhat 
 crumpled together, but rising and expanding in germination. (Lessons, Figs. 31-38.)
 
 394 OAK FAMILY. 
 
 1. BETULA, BIECH. (The ancient Latin name.) Trees with slender 
 spray (or a few low shrubs), more or less spicy-aromatic twigs, sessile 
 scaly buds, flowers in early spring along with the leaves ; the sterile 
 catkins golden yellow ; the fertile ones mostly terminating very short 
 2-leaved branches of the season. 
 
 * Trunk with brown or yellow-gray bark, the inner bark, twigs and thin 
 straight-veined leaves spicy -aromatic ; petioles short; thick fruiting 
 catkins with their thin scales rather persistent ; fruit with narrow wing. 
 
 B. 16nta, Linn. SWEET, BLACK, or CHERRY BIRCH. A rather large tree, 
 60-75, with fine-grained valuable wood, dark brown close bark on the 
 trunk (not peeling in thin layers) and bronze-reddish twigs, very aromatic ; 
 leaves oblong-ovate and somewhat heart-shaped, sharply doubly serrate all 
 round, soon glossy above and almost smooth ; fruiting catkins oblong- 
 cylindrical, the scales with divergent lobes. Rich woods, N. Eng., W. and S. 
 
 B. lutea, Michx. f. YELLOW or GRAY BIRCH. Less aromatic ; bark 
 of trunk yellowish-gray and somewhat silvery, separating in thin layers ; 
 leaves duller, more downy, and rarely at all heart-shaped ; fruiting cat- 
 kins short-oblong, with thinner and narrower barely spreading- lobed 
 scales. Same general range. 
 
 * Trunk with chalky-white bark peeling horizontally in thin sheets ; 
 leaves and narrow cylindrical smooth catkins slender-stalked; bracts 
 fatting with the broad-winged fruit. 
 
 B. dlba, Linn. EUROPEAN WHITE BIRCH, but much cultivated, partic- 
 ularly the weeping and cut-leaved forms ; tree 50-60, with open top, and 
 small (in the normal form) leaves which are triangular-ovate with a truncate 
 or rounded (or even somewhat cordate) base, and not strongly acuminate. 
 
 B. populif61ia. Ait. AMERICAN WHITE BIRCH, GRAY BIRCH. Small 
 slender tree, 15-30, with mostly larger dangling leaves than the last, 
 very lustrous above, strongly triangular-ovate or diamond-ovate, the base 
 slanting, and the apex very long-acuminate. Poor soils, N. Eng. to Del., 
 and L. Ontario. 
 
 B. papyrifera, Marsh. PAPER or CANOE BIRCH. Large tree, from upper 
 part of Penn. N., mostly far N. and N. W.; with ovate and even heart- 
 shaped leaves (dull and often pubescent beneath, and dark green above), 
 and more papery bark than in White Birch, separating in ample sheets. 
 
 * * * Trunk with greenish-brown bark, hardly peeling in layers, reddish 
 twigs little aromatic, and oblong downy short-stalked catkins ; wings of 
 fruit broad. 
 
 . B. nigra, Linn. RIVER or RED BIRCH. Middle-sized tree of low river 
 banks, commonest S. (but growing from Mass, to Minn, and S.); leaves 
 rhombic-ovate, whitish and mostly downy beneath. 
 
 * * * Shrubs with brown tight bark, small thickish crenate leaves, and 
 oblong or cylindrical glabrous mostly erect short-peduncled catkins. 
 B. pumila, Linn. Low or DWARF BIRCH. Erect or ascending, 2-8 ; 
 leaves obovate or orbicular, soft-downy beneath. Bogs, Conn., S. and W. 
 
 2. ALNUS, ALDER. (Ancient Latin name. ) Small trees or shrubs, 
 with narrow leaf-buds of very few scales and often stalked, and catkins 
 mostly clustered or racemed on leafless branchlets or peduncles. 
 
 Flowers with the leaves in spring, the sterile from catkins which were 
 naked over winter, while the fertile catkin was inclosed in a scaly bud. 
 A. viiidis, DC. GREEN or MOUNTAIN ALDER. On mountains and far 
 N.; 3-8 high ; leaves round-oval or ovate, glutinous ; fruit with a broad 
 thin wing.
 
 OAK FAMILY. 395 
 
 * * Flowers in earliest spring, much before the leaves, both sorts from 
 catkins which have remained naked over winter wing of fruit narrow 
 and thickish. 
 
 A. serrulata, Willd. SMOOTH A. Common especially S. (Mass, to 
 Minn., and S.); 6-12 high, with obovate smooth or smoothish leaves 
 green both sides and sharply serrate. 
 
 A. incana, Willd. SPECKLED or HOAKT A. Common N., along 
 streams ; 8-20 high ; with broadly oval or ovate leaves rounded at base, 
 serrate, and often coarsely toothed, whitened and commonly downy 
 beneath. 
 
 A. glutinbsa, Willd. Cult, from Eu., under several names, some forms 
 cut-leaved ; leaves round-obovate and scalloped, and finely sharp-toothed, 
 a tuft of down in the axils of the veins beneath, the young growth and 
 petioles glutinous. 
 
 3. CORYLUS, HAZELNUT, FILBERT. (Classical Latin name.) 
 Shrubs, with flowers in early spring preceding the rounded-heart-shaped, 
 doubly serrate, at first downy leaves. Edible nuts ripe in autumn. 
 
 C. Avellana, Linn. EUROPEAN H., FILBERT or COBNUT. Occasionally 
 planted ; 6-10 high, with bristly shoots, and smoothish deeply-cleft 
 involucre about the length of the (!' long) oval nut. 
 
 C. Americana, Walt. AMERICAN H. Thickets; 4-6 high, with 
 more downy shoots, leaves, and involucre, the latter open down to the 
 smaller globular nut in the form of a pair of broad cut-toothed leafy 
 bracts. N. Eng. to Dak., and S. 
 
 C. rostrata, Ait. BEAKED H. Thickets and banks, mostly N. ; 2-5 
 high, with more ovate and scarcely heart-shaped leaves, the densely bristly 
 involucre prolonged in a narrow curved tube much beyond the ovoid nut. 
 
 4. OSTRY A, HOP HORNBEAM. (Classical name.) Slender trees, with 
 very hard wood; flowers appearing with the Birch-like leaves, in spring. 
 O. Virginica, Willd. AMERICAN H., IRONWOOD or LEVERWOOD. Tree 
 
 20-50 high, with brownish rough bark, and oblong-ovate taper-pointed 
 sharply doubly-serrate leaves downy beneath, the sacs of the fruit bristly 
 at base. Wood white. Common. 
 
 5. CARPINUS, HORNBEAM. (Ancient Latin name.) Low trees or 
 tall shrubs, with furrowed trunks and very hard wood, the close gray 
 bark and small leaves resembling those of the Beech ; flowers with the 
 leaves, in spring. 
 
 C. Caroliniana, Walt. AMERICAN H., BLUE or WATER BEECH. Banks 
 of streams N. Eng. to Minn., and S.; 10-20 high; with ovate-oblong 
 pointed doubly serrate leaves, becoming smooth, and halberd-3-lobed 
 bracts of the involucre. 
 
 6. QUERCUS, OAK. (The classical Latin name.) Flowers in spring ; 
 acorns ripe in autumn. Natural hybrids occur. 
 
 1. ANNUAL-FRUITED OAKS, the acorns maturing the autumn of the first 
 year, therefore on the wood of the season, usually in the axil of the 
 leaves, out of which they are often raised on a peduncle ; kernel com- 
 monly sweet-tasted; no bristles on the lobes or teeth of the leaves. 
 
 * WHITE OAKS, icith lyrately or sinuately pinnatifid and deciduous leaves. 
 
 *- Leaves not glaucous or white beneath. 
 
 Q. Rbbur, Linn. EUROPEAN or ENGLISH OAK. Large, strong tree ; 
 leaves small, sinuate-lobed, but hardly pinnatifid ; acorn oblong, over 1'
 
 396 OAK FAMILY. 
 
 long, one or a few in a cluster, which is nearly sessile in the axils in var. 
 SE8SILIFL6RA, raised on a slender peduncle in var. PEDUNCULATA. Various 
 forms are cult, for ornament, especially yellow-leaved and cut-leaved 
 varieties. Eu. ^ ^ j^^^p^ or whitish beneath. 
 
 Q. dlba, Linn. WHITE OAK. Rich soil, Me. to Minn., and S.; large 
 tree with whitish bark ; leaves soon smooth, bright green above, whitish 
 beneath, with 3-9 oblong or linear obtuse and mostly entire oblique lobes ; 
 the shallow rough cup very much shorter than the ovoid-oblong (about 
 1' long) acorn; seed edible. 
 
 Q. stellata, Wang. POST, ROUGH, Box WHITE or IKON OAK. Small 
 tree in barren soil, commonest S., with very durable wood ; thickish leaves 
 grayish-downy beneath, pale and rough above, sinuately 5-7-lobed, the 
 lobes divergent and rounded, the upper pair larger and sometimes 1-3- 
 notched ; naked cup deep saucer-shaped, half or one third the length of 
 the small acorn. 
 
 Q. macrocarpa, Michx. BUR OAK, OVER-CUP or MOSSY-CUP OAK. 
 Middle-sized tree in fertile soil, commonest W., but occurs in N. Eng.; 
 with obovate or oblong lyrately pinnatifid leaves of various shape, pale 
 or downy beneath, smooth above ; cup deep, thick and woody, from 
 hardly 1' to 2' in diameter, covered with hard and thick pointed scales, 
 the upper ones tapering into bristly points, making a mossy-fringed 
 border ; acorn I'-IJ' long, half or wholly covered by the cup. 
 
 Q. lyrata, Walt. SOUTHERN OVER-CUP OAK. Large tree in river 
 swamps, from N. Car., S. and W.; leaves crowded at the end of the 
 branchlets, obovate-oblong, with 7-9 triangular and entire acute lobes, 
 glossy above, whitish-downy beneath ; cup sessile, globular, rough with 
 rugged scales, almost covering the globular nut. 
 
 * * CHESTNUT OAKS, with toothed or sinuate leaves, not lobed except 
 slightly in the first species, white or whitish-downy beneath ; cup hoary, 
 about half the length of the oblong-ovoid edible acorn. 
 
 >- Tall forest trees. 
 
 Q. bicolor, Willd. SWAMP WHITE OAK. Handsome tree, with leaves 
 intermediate between the White and the Chestnut Oaks, being more or 
 less obovate and sinuate- toothed, or some of them nearly pinnatifid, hoary 
 with soft down beneath, wedge-shaped at base, the main veins only 6-b 
 pairs and not prominent ; peduncle in fruit longer than the petiole ; cup 
 often mossy-fringed at the margin ; acorn hardly 1' long. Streams, 
 banks, and swamps, Me. to Minn., and S. 
 
 Q. Michaiixii, Nutt. BASKET or Cow OAK. Leaves oval or obovate, 
 acute, blunt or even cordate at the base, dentate, rigid, very tomentose 
 beneath ; fruit short-peduncled, the cup shallow and without fringe, but 
 covered with hard and stout acute scales ; acorns !' long. Large tree, 
 growing in swamps and along streams from Del. and S. Ind., S. 
 
 Q. Prlnus, Linn. CHESTNUT OAK. Large, rough-barked tree, on banks 
 and hillsides, from Mass, and N. Y., S.; leaves variable, thick, obovate, 
 oblong or even nearly lanceolate, base acute or obtuse, undulately crenate- 
 toothed, pale and minutely downy beneath ; fruiting peduncles shorter 
 than the leaf stalks ; cup thick, generally tuberculate ; acorn I'-IJ-' long. 
 
 Q. Muhlenb^rgii, Engelm. YELLOW OAK, CHESTNUT OAK. Leaves 
 much like those of the Chestnut, 5'-7' long, slender- stalked, oblong or 
 lanceolate, acute, obtuse at the base, nearly equally and rather sharply 
 toothed ; cup nearly sessile, shallow and thin, with small appressed scales ; 
 acorn small, J'-f long. Rich lands, Mass, to Minn., and S. 
 
 H- +- Bush, rarely tree-like at the West. 
 
 Q. prinoldes, Willd. DWARF CHESTNUT OAK, or CHINQUAPIN OAK. 
 Barren or sandy soil, ranging with the last ; shrub 2-4 high, with obo-
 
 OAK FAMILY. 397 
 
 vate or oblong-sinuate leaves narrowed at base ; and acorn and cup like 
 that of Q. Muhlenbergii, but very much smaller ; producing little abor- 
 tive acorns in the axils of some of the scales of the cup. 
 
 * * * LIVE OAK, with evergreen coriaceous leaves, not lobed. 
 
 Q. virens. Ait. LIVE OAK. Barrens or sands along the coast, from 
 Va., S. ; small or large tree, or a mere shrub, with very durable firm wood, 
 the branchlets and lower face of the small oblong entire (or rarely spiny- 
 toothed) leaves hoary ; conspicuous peduncle bearing 1-3 small fruits, 
 with top-shaped cup and oblong acorn. 
 
 2. BIENNIAL-FRUITED OAKS, the acorns not maturing until the autumn 
 of the second year, and therefore borne on old wood below the leaves of 
 the season, on short and thick peduncles or none; kernel always bitter; 
 tip or lobes of the leaves commonly bristle-pointed. 
 
 * BLACK and RED OAKS, with long-petioled and sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid 
 deciduous leaves. 
 
 -- Mature leaves smooth on both sides or nearly so, generally ovate, oblong, 
 or some of the larger obovate in outline, and varying from sinuately to 
 deeply pinnatifid, turning various shades of red or crimson in late 
 autumn ; wood coarse-grained. 
 
 ++ Leaves with wedge-shaped base and short petiole, rather thick and cori- 
 aceous. 
 
 Q. Catesbeei, Michx. TURKEY or BARRENS SCRUB OAK. Small tree 
 in pine barrens, N. Car., S. ; leaves deeply pinnatifid or 3-5-cleft, the 
 long and narrow or unequal lobes somewhat scythe-shaped and often 
 nearly entire ; cup very thick and of coarse scales, 1' or less broad, half 
 inclosing the ovoid nut. 
 
 *+ +H- Leaves mostly rounded or obtuse at the base, slender-petioled, thinner. 
 
 Q. rfobra, Linn. RED OAK. Common in rich and poor soil in N. 
 States; large open-topped tree, with dark gray smoothish bark, very 
 coarse reddish wood, and thinnish moderately pinnatifid leaves ; cup 
 saucer-shaped, sessile or on a short and abrupt narrow neck, of fine close 
 scales, very much shorter than the nearly oblong acorn, which is 1' or 
 less in length. 
 
 coccinea, Wang. SCARLET OAK. Dry or barely moist soil, Me. 
 i., and S.; large tree with gray bark, the interior reddish, rather 
 firm leaves more or less glossy above and deeply pinnatifid ; cup coarse- 
 scaly, top-shaped or hemispherical with a conical scaly base, covering 
 half or more of the roundish acorn (this $'-\' long). 
 
 Var. tLnctdria, Gray. QUERCITRON, YELLOW-BARKED, or BLACK OAK. 
 Bark of trunk darker-colored, thicker, rougher, internally orange (quer- 
 citron) , and much more valuable to the tanner and dyer ; cup less top- 
 shaped ; leaves less pinnatifid or some of them barely sinuate, thinner, 
 less glossy, and more like those of Q. rubra. Ranges with the species. 
 
 Q. palustris, I3u Roi. SWAMP SPANISH or PIN OAK. Low grounds, 
 Mass, to Minn., and S.; middle-sized tree, with less coarse wood, deeply 
 piunatifid smooth leaves with their divergent lobes separated by broad 
 and rounded sinuses ; cup flat-saucer-shaped, with a short scaly base or 
 stalk, of fine scales, very much shorter than the roundish acorn, which is 
 barely 4 ' in length. 
 
 t~ t- Leaves downy beneath even when mature; cup saucer-shaped with 
 top-shaped base. 
 
 Q. falcata, Michx. SPANISH OAK. Dry soil, Long Island to Mo., and 
 6.; large tree, with oblong leavee obtuse or rounded at base, 3-6-lobed 
 
 Q. coc 
 
 to Minn.,
 
 398 OAK FAMILY. 
 
 towards the top, grayish or yellowish-downy beneath, the lobes mostly 
 narrow and entire or sparingly toothed and somewhat curved ; acorn 
 globular, hardly ' long. 
 
 Q. ilicif61ia, Wang. BEAR or BLACK SCKUB OAK. Sterile hills and 
 barrens, mostly N. and W. ; shrub 3-8 high, straggling ; leaves obovate 
 with wedge-shaped base, above angularly 3-7-lobed, whitish-downy be- 
 neath ; acorn ovoid, barely ' long. 
 
 * * THICKISH-LEAVED OAKS, some of them almost or quite evergreen at 
 the South, coriaceous but deciduous N., entire, sparingly toothed, or 
 barely 3-lobed at the siimmit. 
 
 -- Leaves widening upwards, where they are sometimes moderately 3-5- 
 lobed acorns globular, ovoid, small. 
 
 Q. aquatica, Walt. WATER OAK. A small tree, with very smooth 
 and glossy, obovate-spatulate, oblanceolate, or wedge-oblong leaves, 
 long-tapering at base ; cup saucer-shaped. Wet ground, from Del., S. 
 
 Q. iiigra, Linn. BLACK-JACK or BARREN OAK. Barrens, from N. Y., 
 S. and W.; low tree (8-25 high), with wedge-shaped leaves widely 
 dilated and mostly 3-lobed at summit, but often rounded at the narrow 
 base, rusty-downy beneath, smooth and glossy above ; cup top-shaped, 
 coarse-scaly. 
 
 - -i- Leaves generally entire, not widened upwards; acorns spherical, 
 small. 
 
 Q. imbricaria, Michx. LAUREL or SHINGLE OAK. A middle-sized 
 tree, with laurel-like, lance-oblong leaves glossy above, more or less downy 
 beneath ; cup saucer-shaped or top-shaped. Rich soils, Penn., W. 
 andS. 
 
 Q. cindrea, Michx. UPLAND WILLOW OAK. Dry pine barrens, N. 
 Car., S. ; small tree or shrub ; resembles Live Oak, but more downy, nar- 
 rower-leaved, the cup shallow, and small acorn globular. 
 
 Q. Fhellos. Linn. WILLOW OAK. Sandy low woods from N. Y., S. 
 and W. ; a middle-sized tree, remarkable for its linear-lanceolate, smooth, 
 willow-like leaves narrowed at both ends. 
 
 7. CASTANEA, CHESTNUT. (Classical name, taken from that of 
 a town in Thessaly.) Flowers in summer, appearing later than the 
 elongated strongly straight-veined and merely serrate leaves. 
 
 C. saf)va, Mill. EUROPEAN CHESTNUT. Large tree, with oblong-lance- 
 olate leaves, which are abruptly pointed or not long-petioled, the teeth 
 rather small but ending in a prominent, generally somewhat incurved 
 spine ; when mature smooth and green both sides ; nuts large, 2 or 3 in 
 each involucre. Several varieties are cult, for the large nuts. 
 
 Var. Americana. Watson. AMERICAN C. Larger freer-growing tree, 
 with mostly larger and broader and thinner leaves, which are prominently 
 taper-pointed, the teeth large and crowned with longer and more spread- 
 ing spines ; nuts smaller but better. Also cult, in a few named varieties. 
 Rocky woods, Me. to Mich., and S. 
 
 C. Jap6nica, Blume. JAPANESE C. Small tree, with narrow (oblong- 
 lanceolate) small leaves which are truncate or cordate at the base, and 
 white-tomentose beneath, mostly long-pointed, the teeth small and sharply 
 awn-pointed. Somewhat planted for its very large nuts. 
 
 C. pfcmila, Mill. CHINQUAPIN. Sandy dry soil chiefly Penn., S. and 
 W. ; shrub or small tree, with lance-oblong leaves, whitish-downy beneath, 
 and very sweet nut, solitary in the involucre, and therefore terete.
 
 WILLOW FAMILY. 399 
 
 8. FAGUS, BEECH. (Classical Latin name, from the Greek, alluding 
 to the nuts being good to eat.) Flowers appearing with the (straight- 
 veined and serrate) leaves, in spring. 
 
 F. ferruglnea, Ait. AMERICAN BEECH. Forest tree, with fine-grained 
 wood, close and smooth light-gray bark, and light horizontal spray ; the 
 leaves oblong-ovate and taper-pointed, distinctly toothed, thin, their silky 
 hairs early deciduous, the very straight veins all ending in the salient 
 teeth ; common on rich lands. 
 
 F. sylv&tica, Linn. EUROPEAN BEECH. Occasionally planted ; is dis- 
 tinguished by broader and shorter, firmer, more hairy, and wavy-toothed 
 leaves, some of the main veins tending to the sinuses. COPPER BEECH is 
 a variety with crimson-purple foliage ; there are also weeping forms. 
 
 CX. SALICACKfi, WILLOW FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, soft light wood, alternate 
 undivided leaves, either persistent or deciduous stipules, and 
 dioecious flowers ; both kinds in catkins, one flower under each 
 bract or scale, the staminate of naked stamens only, the fertile 
 of a 1-celled ovary which becomes a 2-4-valved pod with 2-4 
 parietal or basal placentae, bearing numerous seeds furnished 
 with a tuft of long cottony down at one end. 
 
 1. SALIX. Scales of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of few or rarely many stamens, 
 
 accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers with a little gland at the base of 
 the ovary on the inner side ; stigmas 2, short, each sometimes 2-lobed. Catkins gen- 
 erally erect, appearing before, with or following the leaves. Shrubs or trees with 
 lithe branches, mostly 1-scaled buds and narrow leaves. 
 
 2. POPULUS. Scales of the catkins cut or cleft at the apex. Flowers on a cup-shaped 
 
 oblique disk. Stamens usually numerous. Stigmas long. Catkins drooping ; flowers 
 preceding the leaves, which are mostly broad. Buds scaly. 
 
 1. SALIX, WILLOW, OSIER. (The classical Latin name.) The 
 Willows, especially the numerous wild ones, are much too difficult for 
 the beginner to undertake. For their study the Manual must be used. 
 The following are the common ones planted from the Old World, with 
 some of the most tree-like wild ones. 
 
 * Flowers earlier than the leaves ; catkins sessile along the shoot of pre- 
 ceding year. 
 
 S. viminalis, Linn. BASKET W. or OSIER. Of Eu. ; twigs used for 
 basket work ; has lance-linear, entire, slender-pointed leaves 3'-6' long 
 and satiny-white underneath. Stamens 2, separate. Occasionally planted. 
 
 S. purptirea, Linn. Known by the reddish or olive-colored twigs, lateral 
 catkins before the oblanceolate, serrulate, and glaucous leaves and with 
 dark scales, red anthers, and sessile downy ovary. Stamens 2, but their 
 filaments and often the anthers also united into one. Established on low 
 grounds and banks in some places, and planted for basket and tying 
 material ; also ornamental forms, one of which is known as S. NAPO- 
 
 LE6NIS. EU. 
 
 S. Caprea, Linn. GOAT W. of Eu. In this country known chiefly in 
 its weeping form (the KILMARNOCK WILLOW) , and as a stock upon which
 
 400 WILLOW FAMILY. 
 
 many other ornamental willows are grafted. Moderate-sized tree, with 
 brown or reddish branches and thick oval or lance-oval wavy-margined 
 and irregularly toothed leaves, which are white-tomentose below and 
 short-stalked ; young growth pubescent. 
 
 * * Flowers slightly earlier than the leaves but rather late in spring, on 
 
 lateral catkins which have 4 or 5 leafy bracts at their base. 
 
 S. cordata, Muhl. A common wild species along streams, badly 
 named, as the leaves are seldom heart-shaped at base and generally 
 lanceolate, often tapering to both ends, sharply serrate, smooth, pale or 
 whitish beneath ; stipules on young shoots conspicuous, ovate or kidney- 
 shaped; ovary slender-stalked, tapering, smooth. Variable. 
 
 S. incana, Schrank. (S. ROSsiARiNirdLiA of horticulturists.) Leaves 
 long-linear, with somewhat revolute entire edges, white-cottony below, 
 nearly sessile, dull-green above; catkins small and slender; young 
 growth more or less cottony. Cult, for ornament, usually as a graft 
 upon some other species. 
 
 * * * Flowers in loose catkins terminating leafy lateral shoots of the 
 season, therefore later than the leaves, in late spring or early summer. 
 
 t- Leaves remotely denticulate; stamens 2 ; capsule glabrous or silky. 
 
 S. Iongif6lia, Muhl. LONG-LEAVED W. Banks N. ; shrub, with very- 
 long lance-linear, nearly sessile leaves, grayish-hairy when young ; catkins 
 with narrow yellowish scales ; the stalked ovary bearing large stigmas. 
 
 f- -- Leaves closely serrate with inflexed teeth ; copsule glabrous. 
 + Stamens generally 2 ; leaves lanceolate and long-acuminate. 
 
 S. frdgilis, Linn. CRACK W. Leaves green and glabrous, pale or 
 glaucous beneath, 3'-6' long ; stipules (if present) half-cordate ; capsule 
 long-conical, short-stalked. Tall tree, planted for shade and ornament. Eu. 
 
 S. 6lba, Linn. WHITE W. Leaves ashy-gray or silky-white on both 
 sides except when old, 2'-4' long ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous ; 
 capsule ovate-conical, nearly or quite sessile. Eu. Very variable and 
 much mixed with S. fragilis. Forms with yellow twigs (var. VITELLINA) 
 are cultivated. Var. ARGENTEA, with very silver-gray foliage, is the S. 
 REGALIS of horticulturists. 
 
 S. Babyldnica, Tourn. WEEPING W. Planted from the Orient; a 
 familiar tree, with very slender drooping branches, and linear-lanceolate 
 leaves white beneath ; in the monstrous variety called ANNULARIS, HOOP 
 W. , the leaves are curved into a ring. 
 
 *+ -w- Stamens 3 or more ; leaves often broader. 
 
 S. nigra. Marsh. BLACK' W. River banks; 15-50 ; bark rough; 
 narrow-lanceolate, taper-pointed leaves ; 3-6 stamens ; short-ovate pods. 
 
 S. pentdndra, Linn. (S. LAURir6LiA of horticulturists.) BAT W. Hand- 
 some tree, planted from Eu. for the very glossy, lanceolate, taper-pointed 
 leaves, of the same hue on both sides, the staminate catkins of golden- 
 yellow flowers also handsome ; stamens commonly 5 ; pods tapering. 
 
 8. lucida. Muhl. AMERICAN BAT W. Grows in wet ground N.; like 
 the last, but a shrub, with shorter catkins on a less leafy short branch. 
 
 2. FOPULUS, POPLAR, ASPEN. (Classical name.) Quick-grow- 
 ing, soft-wooded trees, mostly with glossy dangling leaves. 
 * BALSAM POPLARS, with more or less elongated resinous sticky buds. 
 -- Petioles terete or not prominently flattened. 
 
 P. balsamifera. Linn. BALSAM POPLAR, TACAMAHAC. A tall upright 
 tree, with a narrow straight top, growing in woods and along streams in
 
 WILLOW FAMILY. 401 
 
 the N. States, and also in N. Eu. and Asia ; leaves thick and firm, erect, 
 whitened beneath, ovate-lanceolate or oval, tapering towards the top and 
 sometimes at the base, finely and obtusely toothed ; young branches 
 nearly cylindrical. Also cult, in many forms, the marked types being : 
 var. viminalis, Loudon, of moderate stature, sharply angled twigs and 
 broad-lanceolate willow-like twigs ; and var. latifdlia, Loudon (P. NOLESTII 
 of nurserymen), with large ovate or cordate-ovate rather blunt leaves. 
 
 Var. candicans, Gray. BALM OF GILEAD. A strong-growing, spreading 
 tree, frequently planted, and esteemed for its vigor and hardjpess and the 
 resinous fragrance of its large buds in springtime. Leaves are broad, 
 heart-shaped, green above and veiny and rusty-white beneath, the leaf -stalk 
 usually hairy and somewhat flattened. L. Ontario, Mich., etc. Rare wild. 
 
 -t- -*- Petioles prominently flattened, so that the leaves dangle in the wind. 
 
 P. laurifdlia, Ledeb. (P. CERTINENSIS.) Large tree, planted from 
 Siberia ; leaves broad-ovate in outline, with a rounded or tapering base 
 and rather short point at the apex ; the margin rather closely toothed, 
 wavy ; leaf-stalk comparatively short, only moderately flattened, gland- 
 less at the top ; stipules present and conspicuous ; shoots slightly hairy. 
 
 P. monilifera, Ait. COTTONWOOD, CAROLINA POPLAR. Leaves trian- 
 gular-ovate in outline, with a straight or truncate base and a long point 
 at the apex ; margin coarsely scallop-toothed, plane ; leaf-stalk long, 
 much flattened beneath the blade of the leaf, and commonly bearing two 
 or three gland-like bodies at its top ; stipules absent or minute (falling 
 early); shoots glabrous. Large tree ; common. 
 
 P. nlgra, Linn. BLACK POPLAR, of Eu. A medium-sized tree, very 
 sparingly planted, with broadly triangular or diamond-ovate, small leaves, 
 which are not deeply toothed, and commonly hairy young shoots. It is 
 familiar in this country hi the 
 
 Var. ltdlica, Du Roi. (P. DILAT!TA, P. FASTIGIA.TA.) LOMBARDY POP- 
 LAR. A tree of very tall strict growth, glabrous young shoots, and more 
 tapering base to the leaves. Probably Asian. 
 
 * * WHITE POPLARS or ASPENS, with short, non-glutinous, often pubescent 
 buds. 
 
 H- Petioles terete. 
 
 P. heterophylla, Linn. DOWNY POPLAR. 40-80 high ; leaves round- 
 ovate or heart-shaped, with the sinus closed by the overlapping lobes, 
 obtuse, serrate with incurved teeth, 3'-5' long, white wool deciduous only 
 with age, leaving traces on the veins beneath and on the petioles ; fruit- 
 ing catkins smooth. Swamps, Conn, to 111., and S. 
 
 -- t- Petioles strongly flattened (except in some forms of the first). 
 ++ Leaves cottony, at least beneath, even when old. 
 
 P. 6lba, Linn. ABELE or WHITE P. Tree planted from Eu., with 
 spreading branches, roundish, slightly heart-shaped, wavy-toothed or 
 lobed leaves soon green above, very white-cottony beneath ; spreads in- 
 veterately by the root. Many varieties, of which the most marked is var. 
 BOLLE\NA, with deeply lobed white-bottomed leaves, and a fastigiate habit. 
 
 ++ ++ Leaves cottony when unfolding, but soon smooth and green on both 
 sides ; bark smooth and close, greenish-white. 
 
 P. tremuloldes, Michx. AMERICAN A. Small tree, common in woods 
 N. ; small roundish-heart-shaped leaves with small regular teeth ; scales 
 of catkins cut into 3 or 4 linear lobes, fringed with long hairs. 
 
 P. grandidentata, Michx. LARGER AM. A. Middle-sized tree, common 
 in woods ; larger roundish-ovate leaves with coarse irregular blunt teeth ; 
 scales unequally 5-6-cleft, slightly fringed. Weeping forms in cultivation. 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. EOT. 26
 
 402 FKOGBIT FAMILY. 
 
 SUBCLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONS (or ENDOGENS). 
 
 Distinguished by having the woody matter of the stem in 
 distinct bundles scattered without obvious order through- 
 out its whyle breadth, never so arranged as all to come in 
 a circle; when abundant enough to. form proper wood, as 
 in Palms and the like, this is hardest and the bundles most 
 crowded toward the circumference. Embryo with a sin- 
 gle cotyledon; the first leaves in germination alternate. 
 Leaves mostly, but not always, parallel-veined. Parts of 
 the flower almost always in threes, never in fives. See 
 Lessons, p. 138, and for style of vegetation, p. 26, Fig. 71. 
 
 The plants of this class may be arranged under three 
 generally well-marked divisions. 
 
 I. PETALOIDEOTJS DIVISION. 
 
 Flowers with a perianth (calyx and corolla) which is 
 usually (except in Rush-like plants) colored, not on a 
 spadix. 
 
 CXI. HYDROCHARIDACKE, FROGBIT FAMILY. 
 
 Water plants, with dioecious, monoecious, or polygamous 
 flowers on scape-like peduncles from a sort of spathe of one 
 or two leaves, or sessile, the perianth in the fertile flowers of 
 6 parts united below into a tube which is coherent with the 
 surface of a compound ovary ; stamens 3-12, sometimes mono- 
 delphous ; stigmas 3 or 6. Fruit ripening under water. 
 
 Growing under water, the fertile flowers only rising to the surface ; the sterile (not 
 often detected) breaking off their short stalks, and floating on the surf ace around 
 the pistillate flowers. 
 
 1. ELODEA. Stems leafy and branching. Fertile flowers rising from a tubular spathe; 
 
 the perianth prolonged into an exceedingly slender stalk-like tube, 6-lobed at top, 
 commonly bearing 3-9 apparently good stamens ; ovary 1-celled with a few ovules on 
 the walls ; style coherent with the tube of the perianth ; stigmas 3, notched. 
 
 2. VALLISNERIA. Stemless ; leaves all in tufts from creeping rootstocks. Fertile 
 
 flowers with a tubular spathe, raised to the surface of the water on an extremely long 
 and slender scape ; tube of the perianth not prolonged beyond the 1-celled ovary, with 
 8 obovate outer lobes (sepals) and 8 small inner linear ones (petals), and no stamens. 
 Ovules very numerous, lining the walls. Stigmas 3, sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit cylindrical, 
 berry-like.
 
 ORCHIS FAMILY. 403 
 
 Floating, spreading by proliferous shoots ; leaves long-petioled, rounded heart- 
 shaped. 
 
 8. LIMNOBIUM. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, from sessile or short-stalked leaf-like 
 spathes, the sterile spathe of one leaf surrounding 8 long-pediceled staminate flowers ; 
 the fertile 2-leaved, with one short-pediceled flower. Perianth of 3 outer oval lobes 
 (calyx) and 3 narrow inner ones (petals). A cluster of 6-12 unequal monadelphous 
 stamens in the sterile flower ; some awl-shaped rudiments of stamens and a 6-9-celled 
 ovary in the fertile flower ; stigmas 6-9, each 2-parted. Fruit berry-like, many 
 seeded. 
 
 1. ELODEA (or ANACHARIS), WATER WEED. (Greek: marshy.) 
 Flowers summer. 2Z 
 
 E. Canadensis. Michx. Slow streams and ponds ; a rather homely 
 weed, with long branching stems, beset with pairs or whorls of pellucid 
 and veinless, 1-nerved, minutely serrulate, sessile leaves ('-!' long), 
 varying from linear to ovate-oblong, the thread-like tube of the yellowish 
 perianth often several inches long. 
 
 2. VALLISNERIA, TAPE GRASS, EELGRASS of fresh water. 
 (Xamed for A. Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.) Flowers late 
 summer. If. 
 
 V. spiralis, Linn. In clear ponds and slow streams, with bright green 
 and grass-like linear leaves (l-2 long), delicately nerved and netted; 
 fertile scapes rising 2-4 long, according to the depth of the water, after- 
 wards coiling up spirally and 'drawing the fruit under water to ripen. 
 The leaves of this and the preceding are excellent to show cyclosis. 
 
 3. LIMITOBIUM, FROGBIT. (Greek: living in pools.) Flowers 
 whitish, the fertile ones larger, in summer. 2/ 
 
 L. Sp6ngia, Richard. Floating free on still water, N. J., W. and S. ; 
 rooting copiously ; leaves l'-2' long, purple beneath, tumid at base, with 
 spongy air cells. 
 
 CXH. ORCHIDACEJS, OECHIS FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs, with perfect flowers of peculiar structure, the perianth 
 adherent to the 1-celled ovary (which has numberless minute 
 ovules on 3 parietal placentae), its chiefly corolla-like 6 parts 
 irregular, 3 in an outer set answering to sepals, 3 within and 
 alternate with these answering to petals, one of these, generally 
 larger and always different from the others, called the labellum 
 or lip; the 1 or 2 stamens are gynandrous, being borne on or 
 connected with the style or stigma (Lessons, Fig. 284) ; the 
 pollen is mostly coherent in masses of peculiar appearance, 
 celled pollinia (Lessons, Figs. 320, 321, 322). All perennials, 
 and all depend more or less upon insects for fertilization. 
 Beginners will not very easily comprehend the remarkable 
 structure of most Orchideous flowers. There are numerous
 
 404 ORCHIS FAMILY. 
 
 species and hybrids in cultivation in choice greenhouses, but 
 only the commonest or most conspicuous wild species are 
 mentioned here. 
 
 * EPIPHYTE or A IB-PLANT ORCHIDS. Of these a great variety are cultivated in the 
 
 choicest conservatories. We have one genus in the most Southern States. 
 
 1. EPLDENDRUM. The 3 sepals and 2 petals nearly alike and widely spreading ; the odd 
 
 petal or lip larger and 3-lobed, its base united with the style, which bears a lid-like 
 anther, containing 4-stalked pollen masses, over the glutinous stigma. 
 
 * TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS, growing in the soil, in woods or low grounds, but sometimes 
 
 leafless and parasitic on roots. 
 
 +- Anther only one, but of 2 cells, which when separated (as in Orchis) must not be mis- 
 taken for two anthers ; pollen collected into one or more masses in each cell ; 
 stigma a glutinous surface. 
 
 ++Lip, or odd petal, sac-like and inflated. 
 
 2. CALYPSO. Sepals and petals nearly similar, lanceolate and pointed. Lip larger than 
 
 the other parts (j* long), Lady's Slipper-like and hairy inside. Pollen masses 2, 
 
 waxy, each 2-parted, sessile. Delicate little plant with a 1-flowered scape, and a 
 
 single radical leaf. 
 ++ ++ Lip neither saccate nor spurred (or spur adnate to the ovary); anther inverted 
 
 on the apex of the style, commonly attached by a sort of hinge ; pollen 2 or 4 
 
 separate soft masses, not attached to a stalk or gland. 
 = Flowers mostly small, dull-colored, in a spike or raceme on a brownish or yellowish 
 
 leafless scape ; pollen masses 4, globular, soft-waxy. 
 8. APLECTKTJM. Flowers as in the next, but no trace of a spur or sac, larger. Scape 
 
 rising from a large solid bulb or conn, which also produces, at a different season, a 
 
 broad and many-nerved green leaf. 
 
 4. COEALLOEHIZA. Flowers with sepals and petals nearly alike ; the lip broader, 2, 
 
 ridged on the fece below, from its base descending a short sac or obscure spur which 
 adheres to the upper part of the ovary. Scape with sheaths in place of leaves ; the 
 root or rootstock thickish, much branched and coral-like. 
 = = Flowers rather large ; pollen masses soft, of lightly-connected powdery grains. 
 
 5. ABETHUSA. Flower only one, on a naked scape ; the 3 sepals and 2 petals lanceolate 
 
 and nearly alike, all united at the base, ascending and arching over the top of the 
 long and somewhat wing-margined style, on the petal-like top of which rests the 
 helmet-shaped hinged anther, over a little shelf, the lower face of which is the stigma. 
 Lip broad, erect, with a recurving rounded apex and a bearded crest down the face. 
 Pollen masses 4, 2 hi each cell of the anther. 
 
 6. CALOPOGON. Flowers 2, 3, or several, in a raceme-like loose spike ; the lip turned 
 
 towards the axis, diverging widely from the slender (above wing-margined) style, 
 narrower at base, larger and rounded at the apex, strongly bearded along the face. 
 Sepals and the 2 petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, separate and spreading. Anther 
 lid-like; pollen masses 4. 
 
 1. POGONIA. Flowers one or few terminating a leaf-bearing stem ; the sepals and petals 
 separate; lip crested or 3-lobed. Style club-shaped, wingless; stigma lateral. 
 Anther lid-like, somewhat stalked ; pollen masses 2, only 1 in each cell. 
 H- ++ ++ Lip not spurred or saccate ; anthers borne on the back of the style, below its 
 tip, erect or inclined ; the ovate stigma on the front. Flowers in a spike, small, 
 white. 
 
 8. 8PIRANTHES. Flowers oblique on the ovary, all the parts of the perianth erect or 
 conniving, the lower part of the lip involute around the style and with a callosity on 
 each side of the base, its narrower tip somewhat recurved and crisped. Pollen masses 
 2 (one to each cell), each 2-parted into a thin plate (composed of grains lightly united 
 by delicate threads), their summits united to the back of a narrow boat-shaped sticky 
 gland set in the beaked tip over the stigma. Leaves not variegated.
 
 ORCHIS FAMILY. 405 
 
 9. QOODYERA. Flowers like Spiranthes, bat the lip more sac-shaped, closely sessile, 
 and destitute of the callous protuberances at base. Leaves variegated with white 
 veining. 
 
 ++ -H- ++ -H- Lip produced underneath into a free honey-bearing horn or spur ; pollen of 
 each cell all connected by elastic threads with a central axis or stalk ; the lower- 
 end of which is a sticky gland or disk, by adhesion to which the whole mass of 
 pollen is dragged from the opening anther and carried off by insects. 
 
 10. OKCHIS. The 3 sepals and 2 petals are conniving and arched on the upper side of the 
 
 flower; the lip turned downwards (i.e. as the flower stands on its twisted ovary). 
 Anther erect, its two cells parallel and contiguous ; the 2 glands side by side just 
 over the concave stigma, and inclosed in a sort of pouch or pocket opening at the 
 top. 
 
 11. HABENARIA. Flower generally as in Orchis, but the lateral sepals commonly spread- 
 
 ing ; the glands attached to the pollen masses naked and exposed. 
 
 t- +- Anthers 2 (Lessons, Fig. 284), borne one on each side of the style, and a trowel- 
 shaped body on the upper side answers to the third stamen, the one that alone is 
 present in other Orchids ; pollen powdery or pulpy ; stigma roughish, not 
 glutinous, 
 
 12. CYPRIPEDItJM. Sepals in appearance generally only 2, and petals 2, besides the lip 
 
 which is a large inflated sac, into the mouth of which the style, bearing the stamens 
 and terminated by the broad terminal stigma, is declined. Pollen sticky on the sur- 
 face, as if with a delicate coat of varnish, powdery or at length pulpy underneath. 
 
 1. EFIDENDRUM. (Name in Greek means upon a tree, i.e. an epi- 
 phyte.) 
 
 E. condpseum. Ait. S. Car., S. and W., on the boughs of Magnolia, 
 etc., clinging to the bark by its matted roots, its tuberous rootstocks 
 bearing thick and firm lanceolate leaves (l'-3' long), and scapes 2'-6' 
 long, with a raceme of small greenish and purplish flowers, in summer. 
 (Lessons, Fig. 88.) 
 
 2. CALYPSO. (The goddess Calypso.) 
 
 C. borealis, Salisb. Local plant, in mossy bogs and woods, Me. to 
 Minn.; conn solid ; flowers handsome, large and showy, purple, pink and 
 yellow, on a scape 3'-6' high ; leaf ovate and thin, petioled, with 3 ribs. 
 
 3. APLECTRUM, PUTTYROOT, ADAM-AND-EVE. (Name, Greek: 
 destitute of spur. ) 
 
 A. hyemale, Nutt. Woods, in rich mold, N. Eng. to Minn., and S. 
 in the mountains ; scape and dingy flowers in early summer ; the large 
 oval and plaited-nerved petioled leaf appears towards autumn and lasts 
 over winter ; solid bulbs one each year, connected by a slender stalk, 
 those of at least two years found together (whence one of the popular 
 names), 1' thick, filled with strong glutinous matter, which has been used 
 for cement, whence the other name. 
 
 4. CORALLORHIZA, COEAL ROOT (which the name means in 
 Greek). No green herbage ; plants probably parasitic on roots. 
 
 C. innata, R.Br. Low woods, N. Eng. to Minn., and S. in the moun- 
 tains ; 3'-6' high, yellowish, with 5-10 very small almost sessile flowers ; 
 lip 3-lobed or halberd-shaped at base ; flowers in spring. 
 
 C. odontorhlza, Nutt. Rich woods, Mass, to Mich., and S.; 6'-16' 
 high, thickened at base, brownish or purplish, with 6-20 pediceled flowers, 
 and lip not lobed but rather stalked at base, the spur obsolete.
 
 406 ORCHIS FAMILY. 
 
 C. multifl6ra, Nutt. In dry woods, N. Eng., W. and S.; 9'-20' high, 
 purplish, stout, with 10-30 short-pediceled flowers, lip deeply 3-lobed, and 
 adnate spur manifest. 
 
 5. ARETHUSA. (Arethusa, the nymph. ) Flowers late spring. 
 
 A. bulbdsa, Linn. A charming little plant, in wet bogs N.; consists 
 of a scape 6'-10' high rising from a solid bulb or corm, sheathed below 
 with one or two green bracts, and terminated with the bright rose-pink 
 flower l'-2' long. 
 
 6. CALOPOGON. (Greek: beautiful beard, referring to the lip.) 
 Flowers early summer. 
 
 C. pulch<mus, R.Br. Scape l-2 high, from a small solid bulb, 
 slender, bearing next the base a long linear or lanceolate many-nerved 
 grass-like leaf, and at the summit 2-6 beautiful pink-purple flowers (!' 
 broad), the lip as if hinged at its base, bearded with white, yellow, and 
 purple club-shaped hairs. Bogs, N. ; one of the common orchids. 
 
 7. POGONIA. (Greek: bearded, i.e. on the lip; this is hardly the 
 case in most of our species. ) We have several, but the only widely 
 common one is 
 
 P. ophioglossoldes, Nutt. Wet bogs, ranging with the Calopogon, 
 and in blossom at the same time ; stem 6'-9' high, from a root of thick 
 fibers, bearing an oval or lance-oblong, closely sessile leaf near the middle, 
 and a smaller one or bract near the terminal flower, with sometimes 
 a second flower in its axil ; flower 1' long, pale rose-color or whitish, 
 sweet-scented; sepals and petals nearly alike; lip erect, beard-crested 
 and fringed. 
 
 8. SFIRANTHES, LADIES' TRESSES. (Name Greek, denoting 
 that the flowers are spiral ; they often are apparently spirally twisted 
 in the spike.) Flowers white. The species are difficult ; the following 
 are the commonest. 
 
 * Flowers crowded in 3 ranks in a close spike ; wet banks or bogs. 
 
 3. Iatif6lia, Torr. Known by its oblong or lance-oblong leaves (l'-3' 
 long), all at the base of the scape, and narrow spike of small smooth 
 flowers, early in June. Moist places, Vt. to Minn, and Del. 
 
 S. Romanzoffiana, Cham. Cold bogs, N. Eng., W.; 5'-15' high, 
 with oblong-lanceolate or grassy-linear leaves, a dense spike of flowers 
 at midsummer, all 3 sepals and 2 petals conniving to form an upper lip. 
 
 S. c^rnua, Richard. 6'-20' high, with lance-linear leaves, cylindrical 
 often lengthened spike, and lower sepals not upturned but parallel with 
 the lower petal or lip ; flowers in autumn. Moist sandy places. Variable. 
 
 * * Flowers in one straight or often spirally twisted rank, in summer. 
 
 S. praecox, Watson. Wet grassy places from N. Eng., S.; stem l-2 
 high, towards its base and at the fleshy root bearing linear or lance-linear 
 leaves, which mostly last through the flowering season ; spike dense and 
 much twisted, rather downy. 
 
 S. gracilis, Bigelow. Hills and sandy plains ; scape slender, 8'-18' 
 high, bearing a slender spike ; leaves all from the tuberous root, short, 
 ovate or oblong, apt to wither away before the small flowers appear in 
 late summer.
 
 ORCHIS FAMILY. 407 
 
 9. GOODYERA, RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. (John Goodyear, 
 an English botanist.) Flowers small, in summer, greenish-white, spiked 
 on a scape ; the leaves all clustered at the root, ovate, small. 
 
 * Lip strongly saccate, with a short and spreading or recurved tip. 
 
 Or. r&pens, R.Br. Evergreen woods, N.; 3'-8' high, slender; flowers 
 in a loose one-sided spike, with ovate recurved tip. 
 
 G. pub^scens, R.Br. 6'-12' high ; larger, with leaves more beautifully 
 white-reticulated, and flowers not one-sided in the denser spike ; lip 
 globular, the tip very short. Rich woods. 
 
 * * Lip barely saccate and tapering. 
 
 G. Menzi&sii, Lindl. Woods from N. Eng., W.; 9'-12'high; leaves 
 less reticulated ; flowers loose in the spike, narrower and pointed in the 
 bud, the lip hardly sac-shaped at the base and tapering to a narrow apex. 
 
 10. ORCHIS. (The ancient Greek name.) We have only two true 
 
 Orchises, viz., 
 
 O. spectabilis, Linn. SHOWY ORCHIS. Plant with 2 oblong-obovate, 
 thick, glossy leaves (3'-5' long) from the fleshy-fibrous root, and a leafy- 
 bracted scape 4'-7' high, bearing in a loose spike a few pretty flowers, 
 pink-purple, the ovate lip white ; in late spring. Rich woods, N. Eng., 
 W. and S. 
 
 O. rotundif61ia, Pursh. Stem 5'-9' high, 1-leaved at the base and 
 naked above, the leaf orbicular to oblong, 3' or less long ; flowers rose- 
 purple except the lip, which is white and spotted with purple. Woods 
 and bogs, N. Eng., W. 
 
 11. HABENARIA, REIN ORCHIS. (Latin habena, a rein or thong, 
 from the shape of the lip of the corolla in some species.) Flowers in 
 a terminal spike, each in the axil of a bract, in late spring and summer. 
 In all but one species the ovary twists and the lip occupies the lower 
 or anterior side of the flower. (Lessons, Figs. 320-322.) The follow- 
 ing is an easy arrangement of the commonest species. 
 
 # Lip not fringed, often entire ; flowers never rose or purple. 
 
 - Stem leafy; leaves oblong or lanceolate ; flowers small; anther cells 
 nearly parallel. 
 
 w- Flowers yellow. 
 
 H. Integra, Spreng. Pine barrens from N. J., S.; resembles H. cris- 
 tata, having small, bright, orange-yellow flowers, but the lip is ovate and 
 entire or barely crenulate ; one or two lower leaves elongated and acute, 
 oblong-lanceolate, the others becoming bract-like ; spur awl-shaped, 
 descending. ^ ^ Fi owers white (greenish-white in the last). 
 
 H. nfvea, Spreng. Sandy bogs, Del., S.; l-2 high, all the upper 
 leaves bract-like ; flowers in a loose cylindrical spike, very small, dif- 
 ferent from all the rest in having the (white) ovary without a twist, and 
 the linear-oblong entire lip with its long thread-like spur therefore looking 
 inwards. 
 
 H. dilatata. Gray. Resembles the next, grows in same places, but is 
 commonly more slender and with linear leaves ; flowers white and nar- 
 row, open, the lanceolate lip having a rhombic-dilated base ; glands strap- 
 shaped, large, approximate. Bogs, N.
 
 408 ORCHIS FAMILY. 
 
 H. hyperbbrea, R.Br. Cold low woods and bogs, N.; 6 '-2 high, 
 very leafy ; leaves lanceolate ; spike dense, often long ; flowers greenish, 
 the lanceolate lip like the other petals, spreading, entire, about the length 
 of the incurved spur ; glands orbicular. 
 
 -i. .M. .M. Flowers green. 
 
 H. vir^scens, Spreng. Stem 10'-20' high, with a conspicuously 
 bracted at length, long and loose spike of small flowers ; the lip oblong, 
 almost truncate at the apex, its base with a tooth on each side and a 
 nasal protuberance on the face ; spur slender, club-shaped. Wet places, 
 N. Eng., W. and S. 
 
 H. bracteata, R.Br. Cold damp woods N. (S. in the mountains); 
 6'-12' high, with lower leaves obovate, upper reduced to bracts of the 
 short spike, which are much longer than the flowers ; lip truncate and 
 2-3-toothed at the tip, very much longer than the sac-shaped spur. 
 
 *- *- Stem a naked scape; the leaves only 2 at the ground; flowers pretty 
 large in a loose spike ; anther cells widely diverging at their tapering 
 or beak-like projecting base. 
 
 H. orbiculata, Torr. GREAT GREEN O. Rich, mostly evergreen 
 woods and hillsides N., and in the mountains S. ; a striking plant ; its 
 exactly orbicular leaves 4'-8' wide, bright green above and silvery be- 
 neath, lying flat on the ground ; scape l-2 high, bracted, bearing many 
 large greenish-white flowers in a loose raceme ; sepals roundish ; lip 
 narrowly spatulate-linear and drooping ; spur 1^' long, curved, gradually 
 thickened towards the blunt tip ; flowers July. 
 
 H. Hodkeri, Torr. Smaller in all parts ; flowers in June ; the orbicular 
 leaves only 3'-5' broad and flat on the ground ; scape naked, 6'-12' high, 
 bearing fewer yellowish-green flowers in a strict spike ; sepals lance- 
 ovate ; lip lanceolate and pointed, incurved, the other petals lance-awl- 
 shaped ; spur slender, acute, nearly 1' long. Swamps and damp woods, 
 N. A variety (var. oblongif6lia, Paine) has oblong leaves. 
 
 * * Lip and often the other petals cut-fringed or cleft, shorter than the 
 long curving spur ; cells of the anther more or less diverging and tapering 
 below, the sticky gland at their lower end strongly projecting forwards. 
 These are our handsomest wild Orchises; all grow in bogs or low 
 grounds; stems leafy, l-4 high. 
 
 t- Flowers bright orange-yellow, in late summer; glands orbicular, pro- 
 jecting on the beak-pointed bases of the very diverging anther cells; 
 ovary and pod long, tapering to the summit. 
 
 H. cristata, R.Br. Leaves narrow, and flowers small ; petals crenate, 
 and the ovate lip with a narrow lacerate fringe ; bracts nearly the length 
 of the crowded flowers ; incurved spur little longer than the lip. Bogs, 
 N. J., S. 
 
 H. ciliaria, R. Br. YELLOW FRINGED O. Taller ; 1 -2 high ; leaves 
 oblong or lanceolate ; spike short, of many crowded, very showy and 
 much larger flowers ; petals cut- fringed at apex, the oblong body of the 
 lip (about half the length of the spur) narrower than the copious long 
 and fine fringe ; bracts shorter than the ovaries. N. Eng., S. and W. 
 
 - t- Flowers bright white, in summer; the lip fringe-margined but not 
 cleft. 
 
 H. blepharigldttis, Torr. WHITE FRINGED O. Like the last, but 
 rather smaller, 1 high, the fringe of the lance-oblong lip hardly equal to 
 the width of its body. There is a form with less fringed lip. Peat 
 bogs, N.
 
 ORCHIS FAMILY. 409 
 
 (---- Flowers greenish or yellowish-white, in late summer ; glands oval 
 or lanceolate, almost facing each other ; spike long and loose. 
 
 H. leucophaea, Gray. N. Y., W. and S.; 2-4 high; leaves lance- 
 oblong; flowers rather large, the fan-shaped lip 3-parted, y long, and 
 many-cleft to the middle into a thread-like fringe. 
 
 H. Idcera, R.Br. RAGGED FRINGED O. Lower, l-2 high; leaves 
 lanceolate or oblong ; petals oblong-linear, entire ; divisions of the slen- 
 der-stalked 3-parted lip narrow and slenderly fringed. Bogs N., also S., 
 in high lands. 
 
 -- 1- H- 1- Floioers violet-purple, in summer ; the lip fan-shaped, 3-parted 
 nearly down to the stalk-like base, and the divisions more or less fringed. 
 
 H. psycddes, Gray. SMALLER PDRPLE FRINGED O. Frequent in 
 moist grassy places, especially N.; leaves oblong, above passing into 
 lance-linear bracts ; spike cylindrical, 4'-10' long, crowded with smaller 
 and fragrant flowers ; lateral petals wedge-obovate, almost entire ; lip 
 spreading, only ' wide, cut into denser fringe. 
 
 H. fimbriata, R.Br. LARGER PURPLE FRINGED O. Lower leaves 
 oval or oblong, upper few and small ; raceme-like spike oblong, with 
 rather few large flowers in early summer ; petals oblong, toothed down 
 the sides ; lip almost 1' wide, hanging, cut into a delicate fringe. Wet 
 meadows N., also S. to N. Car. 
 
 H. peramnoea, Gray. Meadows and banks, Penn., W. and S., along 
 and near the mountains ; flowers of size intermediate between the two 
 preceding, the broad wedge-shaped lobes of the lip moderately cut-toothed, 
 but not fringed. 
 
 12. CYPRIPEDIUM, LADY'S SLIPPER, MOCCASIN FLOWER. 
 (Greek name for Venus, joined to that for a slipper or buskin.) Among 
 the most ornamental and curious of our wild flowers, blooming in 
 spring and early summer. Rootstocks very short and knotty, produc- 
 ing long and coarse fibrous roots. Many tropical species and hybrids 
 are in cultivation. (Lessons, Fig. 284.) 
 
 * The three sepals separate ; stem leafy, one-flowered. 
 
 C. arietinum, R.Br. RAM'S-HEAD L. The smallest species, with 
 slender stem 6'-10' high, oblong-lanceolate leaves, and a dingy, purplish, 
 drooping flower, the sac conical and in some positions resembling a ram's 
 head, one sepal lance-ovate, the two others and the two petals linear. 
 Cold woods and swamps, Me. to Minn. 
 
 * Two of the sepals united by their edges into one under the sac or 
 slipper, but their very tips sometimes separate. 
 
 - Stem l-2 high, leafy to the l-3-ftowered summit ; leaves lance-oblong 
 or ovate, with many somewhat plaited nerves, more or less pubescent ,* 
 sac or slipper horizontal, much inflated, open by a rather large round 
 orifice. 
 
 ++ Sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals brownish, pointed, larger than 
 the sac. 
 
 C. c^ndidum, Muhl. SMALL. WHITE L. Small, barely 1 high, 
 slightly pubescent ; sac like that of the next, but white-purple inside ; 
 sepals ovate-lanceolate. Bogs (rare), N. Y., W. and S. 
 
 C. parvifldrum, Salisb. SMALLER YELLOW L. Like the next, and 
 in similar situations, but stems and leaves generally smaller, and flower 
 about half the size, somewhat fragrant, the sac broader than high, deep 
 yellow, and the lance-ovate sepals browner.
 
 410 BANANA FAMILY. 
 
 C. pub^scens, Willd. YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER. Sac light yellow, 
 higher than broad, convex above ; sepals long-lanceolate ; flowers early 
 summer, scentless ; woods and bogs N., and S. in the mountains. A 
 leafy plant, 2 high. 
 
 ++ - Sepals and petals broad or roundish and flat, white, not larger than 
 the sac. 
 
 C. spectdbile, Swartz. SHOWY L. In bogs and rich low woods N., 
 and along the mountains S.; downy, 2 or more high, with leaves 6'-8' 
 long, white flowers with the globular lip (!' long) painted with pink- 
 purple, in July. One of the handsomest and most interesting of all wild 
 flowers. 
 
 t- -i- Scape naked, bearing a small bract and one flower at summit. 
 
 C. acaiile, Ait. STEMLESS L. Moist or sandy ground N., mostly in 
 the shade of evergreens ; soape 8'-12' high ; sepals and petals greenish or 
 purplish, the latter linear, shorter than the rose-purple (often whitish) , 
 oblong-obovate, drooping sac, which is split down the front but nearly 
 closed ; flowers in spring. 
 
 CXm. SCITAMLNKE, BANANA FAMILY. 
 
 A group of tropical or subtropical perennial plants, with 
 leaves having distinct petiole and blade, the latter traversed 
 by nerves running from the midrib to the margin; flowers 
 irregular, with a perianth of at least two ranks of divisions, 
 below all combined into a tube which is adherent to the 3-celled 
 ovary; the stamens 1-6 and distinct. We have two wild 
 representatives on our southeastern borders ; the many culti- 
 vated ones are chiefly grown for their ornamental foliage, and 
 some of them are rarely seen in blossom. They are therefore 
 seldom available for botanical study. 
 
 I. GINGER SUBFAMILY. Seeds, rootstocks, or roots 
 hot-aromatic. Stamen 1, with a 2-celled anther, commonly 
 embracing the style, but not united with it ; staminodia some- 
 times present. GINGER is the dried rhizomes of ZINGIBER 
 OFFICINALE of the tropics. 
 
 1. HEDYCHITTM. Flowers with a slender tube bearing 6 divisions which may be likened 
 to those of an Orchideous flower, one (answering to the lip) much larger and broader 
 than the 5 others, and a very long, protruding, reddish filament terminated by a yellow 
 unappendaged anther sheathing the style up almost to the stigma. 
 
 II. ARROWROOT or INDIAN SHOT SUBFAMILY. 
 No hot-aromatic properties, the thick rootstocks, etc., com- 
 monly containing much starch, from which genuine arrowroot 
 is produced. Stamen 1, with a 1-celled anther. ARROWROOT 
 is the product of species of MARANTA.
 
 BANANA FAMILY. 411 
 
 * Capsule \-celledand I -seeded. 
 
 2. THALIA. Stemless herbs, with an elongated scape and radical long-stalked leaves. 
 
 Corolla tubular, the three exterior divisions similar and equal, the interior ones une- 
 qual (the anterior division broad and hooded, one elongated and clawed and one partly 
 adnate to the stamen and furnished with two bristles on one side). Stigma 2-lipped. 
 * * Ovary 3-celled (rarely 2-celled) , the cells \-ovuled. 
 
 3. CALATHEA. Strong-growing ornamental-leaved plants with flowers in imbricated 
 
 bracteate heads or cone-like spikes or rarely in somewhat lax spikes. Outer 3 seg- 
 ments of perianth lanceolate, the 3 inner ones irregular and obtus*. Corolla tube often 
 slender. Staminodia present and petal-like. 
 
 * * * Capsule %-celled, the cells several-** -seeded. 
 
 4. CANNA. Mostly tall plants with showy flowers in an erect spike or raceme terminating 
 
 the stem. Stamen a petal-like filament with the anther upon one side. 
 
 III. BANANA SUBFAMILY PBOPEB. Not aromatic or 
 pungent. Stamens 5 with 2-celled anthers, and an abortive 
 naked filament. 
 
 5. MUSA. Strong somewhat palm-like plants with flowers In long nodding bracteate 
 
 spikes or racemes. Calyx tubular and elongated, 8-5-toothed and inclosing the small 
 corolla. Fruit fleshy and indehiscent. 
 
 6. STEELITZIA. One cultivated species, with the scape bearing at apex an oblique or 
 
 horizontal and rigid conduplicate spathe, from which several large and strange-looking 
 blossoms appear in succession ; the 3 outer divisions of the perianth 3'-4' long, orange- 
 yellow, one of them conduplicate and taper-pointed, and somewhat like the two larger 
 of the bright blue inner set, or true petals, which are united and cover the stamens, 
 the other petal inconspicuous. 
 
 1. HEDYCHIUM, GARLAND FLOWER. (Greek, sweet and snow, 
 referring to the fragrant white flowers of H. coronarium.) In green- 
 houses. 
 
 H. Gardnerianum, Roscoe. Stems 3-5 high ; leaves broadly lanceo- 
 late or oblong, clasping, 2-ranked; flowers light yellow, fragrant, in a 
 large terminal spike. India. 
 
 H. coronarium, Kcern. Plant 2-5, with 2-ranked, oblong, sessile 
 leaves, and large, snow-white, sweet flowers, the lip nearly 2' wide. 
 Often grown in conservatories with aquatics. E. Indies. 
 
 2. THALIA. (J. Thalius, a German botanist, died in 1588.) 
 
 T. dealbata, Roscoe. Plant dusted over with a white powder ; heart- 
 ovate, long-petioled leaves all from the root ; reed-like scape (3-5 high) 
 branching above into panicled erect spikes of small, much-bracted, purple 
 flowers. Ponds and bogs, S. Car., S. and W. 
 
 3. CALATHEA. (Greek: a basket, alluding either to the basket- 
 shaped stigma or to the use of the leaves in basket-making in S. Amer.) 
 The plants are generally known as MARANTAS. Natives of trop. Amer. 
 Following are the commonest in greenhouses. 
 
 * Leaves marked only by transverse bars. 
 
 C. zebrlna, Lindl. The oblong leaves 2 or 3 feet long, purple beneath, 
 the upper surface satiny and with alternating stripes of deep and pale 
 green ; flowers dull purple, inconspicuous, in a bracted head or spike 
 near the ground on a short scape. The commonest species.
 
 412 BANANA FAMILY. 
 
 * * Leaves margined, or marked by bands running lengthwise the blade. 
 
 ->- Leaf margined with green, the face blotched. 
 
 C. Makoyana, E. Morr. (MARANTA OLIVARIS). Leaves small for the genus 
 (6'-8'long), oblong, mostly unequilateral ; central part of the leaf semi- 
 transparent and blotched with deep green between the veins, intermediate 
 portion blotched with dull yellow and white ; leaf stalks purplish. 
 
 -i- -i- Leaf more or less regularly banded lengthwise. 
 
 C. rosea-plctd, Regel. Leaves nearly orbicular, rich glossy green, 
 banded between the midrib and margin by a rose-colored zone ; midrib 
 rose-colored. 
 
 C. Vandenheckei, Regel. Leaves rich dark green above, with lighter 
 transverse shades, purplish beneath ; midrib broadly margined with sil- 
 very-white, and the face marked by two bands of the same color. 
 
 C. Warscewlczii, Koern. Leaves large (often 2 long), velvety-green, 
 with a feathery stripe of yellow-green running from base to apex upon 
 either side of the midrib. 
 
 4. CANNA, INDIAN SHOT. (Name obscure.) The 3 small green 
 leaves which remain on the capsule are the sepals. The showy parts 
 of the flower, inside the petals, are the petal-like staminodia, the upper 
 two or three of which are very prominent. Tropical (mostly American) 
 plants, now much used in lawn decorations. The cultivated forms, 
 which are much confused, are chiefly from the following : 
 
 * Corolla lobes and staminodia united into a short tube, the two or three 
 
 upper staminodia being developed. 
 
 i- Upper staminodia 3. 
 
 C. Indica, Linn. INDIAN SHOT. First species introduced ; stem slender, 
 glabrous and green, 3-5 high ; leaves oblong, acute, green, lower ones 
 a foot long ; flowers in a loose, simple raceme, with suborbicular green 
 bracts ; sepals green ; petals pale green, lanceolate, !' or less long ; 
 staminodia bright red, lip reddish-yellow, spotted with red. The Cannas 
 known as C. LIMB\TA or AtREo-viTT\TA (the upper staminodia red bor- 
 dered with yellow), and C. coccfNEA (with red-tinged sepals and petals, 
 and often bordered staminodia) are evidently forms of this species. 
 
 C. fati folia, Miller (C. GIGANTEA). Stem very stout, often 10 or more 
 high, pubescent ; leaves oblong and acute, green, the lower ones some- 
 times 3-4 long ; flowers in a lax racemed panicle, the lower bracts 
 brown and several inches long, but the uppermost oblong and green, and 
 becoming less than an inch in length ; sepals small, oblong, green ; petals 
 2' long, lanceolate, red-tinged ; staminodia oblanceolate, bright red, 
 large, the lip plain red and notched at the apex. 
 
 C. gladca, Linn. Stem 6-6, green and glaucous, as are the leaves ; 
 the latter oblong-lanceolate and very acute, the lower ones 1J long; 
 racemes lax, either simple or forked ; sepals lanceolate, small, green ; 
 petals 2' or less long, lanceolate, yellowish-green ; staminodia clear pale 
 yellow, 3' or less long, the lip linear and notched, pale yellow. C. ANN.EI 
 is an offshoot or hybrid of this, and was the parent of many of the olcier 
 tall Cannas. 
 
 +- <- Upper staminodia usually 2. 
 
 C. Ititea, Miller. (Comprising C. PALLIDA with the upper staminodia 
 pale yellow and red-spotted ; and C. AURANT!ACA with red-tinged petals, 
 upper staminodia and lip bright reddish-yellow, the lip spotted with red.) 
 Stems slender, green and glabrous, 3-4 high ; leaves green, oblong and
 
 BANANA FAMILY. 413 
 
 acute, 1 long ; raceme lax, simple or forked, the bracts small and obtuse, 
 green ; sepals very small (' long), oblong and greenish; petals lanceo- 
 late, about 1' long, pale green ; staminodia oblanceolate and pale yellow, 
 2' or less long, the lip linear, notched, pale yellow, not spotted. 
 
 C. Warscewiczii, Dietr. Stem glabrous, 3-4 high, light purple; 
 leaves purple-brown, oblong and acute, 1 or less long ; raceme simple 
 and rather dense, the bracts ovate, brown and very glaucous ; sepals 
 oblong-lanceolate, small, glaucous ; petals lanceolate, red-tinged and 
 glaucous, 2' long ; staminodia (sometimes 3) oblanceolate, 3' or less long, 
 sometimes obscurely notched, bright scarlet, the lip plain bright scarlet, 
 and distinctly notched. 
 
 C. speciosa, Roscoe. Stem 5-6 high, green and glabrous ; leaves green, 
 broad-oblong and acute, the lowermost often 2 long ; panicle deeply 
 forked ; sepals lanceolate and pale red ; petals 2' long, lanceolate, pale 
 red ; staminodia notched, bright red, 3' long, the lip also notched at the 
 apex, and bright reddish-yellow. Himalayas. 
 
 C. discolor, Lindl. Stem 5-10 high, glabrous and glaucous, purple; 
 leaves broad, oblong and acute, claret-brown, the lowermost sometimes 
 3 long ; panicle deeply forked, the bracts orbicular ; sepals small, lance- 
 olate and green ; petals lanceolate, pale green ; staminodia oblanceolate 
 and entire, bright red, 2 long ; lip lanceolate and notched, brick-red. 
 
 * * Corolla tube 2' or more long; upper staminodia 3, clawed; lip 
 
 orbicular. 
 
 C. flsiccida, Salisb. Wild in swamps, S. Car., S.; 2-4 high, with 
 ovate-lanceolate, pointed leaves, and yellow flowers 3'-4' long ; all the 
 inner divisions obovate and wavy, lax, the 3 corolla lobes reflexed. 
 
 * * * Corolla tube as long as the blades of the staminodia ; flowers large 
 
 and pendulous. 
 
 C. iridiflbra, Ruiz. & Pav. Stem 6-10 high, green ; leaves oblong, 
 slightly pubescent beneath, bright green; panicle composed of several 
 drooping racemes ; sepals 1'long, lanceolate, green ; corolla lobes lance- 
 olate, red-brown ; staminodia 3, somewhat longer than the corolla lobes, 
 bright red, the lip of the same color and notched. 
 
 C. EHEMANNI of gardens is a hybrid of this and probably C. Warsce- 
 wiczii. The modern race of dwarf and Crozy "flowering" Cannas is 
 mostly sprung from this garden form again crossed, the red-flowered ones 
 being mainly hybrids of C. Ehemanni and C. Warscewiczii, and the yel- 
 low-flowered ones largely of C. Ehemanni and C. glauca. 
 
 C. liliifldra, Warsc. Similar to C. iridiflora in habit, but the flowers 
 white and fragrant. Not yet common, but it will undoubtedly play an 
 important part in garden forms in the future. 
 
 5. MUSA, BANANA, PLANTAIN. (Antonius Musa, physician to 
 
 Augustus.) 
 
 M. Sapientum, Linn. BANANA. Cult, for foliage and for the well- 
 known fruit ; the enwrapping bases of the huge leaves forming a sort of 
 tree-like, succulent stem, 10-20 high ; the flower stalk rising through 
 the center, and developing a drooping spike, the flowers clustered in the 
 axil of its purplish bracts ; berry oblong, by long cultivation (from off- 
 shoots) seedless. (Lessons, Fig. 71.) 
 
 HI. Cavendishii, 'Lamb. A dwarf species, flowering at a few feet in 
 height, is more manageable in greenhouses ; leaves 2-3 long. China. 
 
 M. Ensete, Gmel. Now very popular amongst gardeners, much used 
 for planting out in summer ; leaves nearly erect, 10-16 long and 3-4 
 wide, bright green, with a stout crimson midrib ; stem 10-20 high and 
 becoming very thick. Abyssinia.
 
 414 BLOODWORT FAMILY. 
 
 6. STRELITZIA. (Charlotte of Meckleriburgh-Strelitz, wife of 
 George III.) 
 
 S. Reglnce, Ait. PARADISE or BIED'S TONGUE FLOWER. A large stem- 
 less conservatory plant, from the Cape of Good Hope, winter-flowering, 
 with 2-ranked root-leaves, their long rigid petioles bearing an ovate-oblong 
 thick blade. 
 
 CXTV. BROMELIACEJ1, PINEAPPLE FAMILY. 
 
 Tropical or subtropical plants (mostly herbs), the greater 
 part epiphytes, with dry or fleshy, mostly rigid, smooth or 
 scurfy leaves, often prickly edged, and perfect flowers with 6 
 stamens and 6-cleft perianth. Represented by several species 
 of Tillandsia in Florida, a small one further north, and several 
 species of various genera in choice conservatories. 
 
 Andnas satffj/s, Schult. (or ANANASSA SAT!VA) . PINEAPPLE. Cult, for 
 its " fruit," which is a fleshy cone-like spike, comprising the fleshy berries 
 and bracts ; flowers abortive. It is sometimes grown for foliage, especially 
 a striped-leaved variety. Trop. Amer. 
 
 Tillandsia usneoldes, Linn. LONG Moss or BLACK Moss. Hanging 
 from trees in the low country from the Dismal Swamp, S. ; gray-scurfy, 
 with thread-shaped, branching stems, linear-awl-shaped recurved leaves, 
 and small, sessile, green flowers ; the ovary free, forming a narrow, 3- 
 valved pod, filled with club-shaped hairy-stalked seeds ; flowers summer. 
 (Lessons, Fig. 88.) 
 
 CXV. HJEMODORACKE, BLOODWOKT FAMILY. 
 
 Fibrous-rooted, herbaceous plants, with perfect and regular 
 3-6-audrous flowers, which are scurfy or woolly outside ; peri- 
 anth tubular below and united with the 3-celled ovary, 6-lobed 
 above ; style 1, sometimes 3-parted ; capsule loculicidal, 3-oo- 
 seeded, crowned or inclosed by the persistent perianth ; leaves 
 usually equitant. 
 
 * Calyx tube adherent to the whole length of the ovary; style not parted. 
 
 1. LACHNANTHES. Flower woolly outside. Stamens 3, opposite the 3 inner divisions of 
 
 the perianth, the filaments exserted, and the anthers fixed by the middle. Leaves 
 equitant. 
 
 * Calyx tube joined only to the base of the ovary ; style at length ^-parted. 
 
 2. LOPHIOLA. Flower densely woolly outside. Stamens 6, included, inserted on the 
 
 base of the perianth, the anthers fixed by the base. Leaves equitant. 
 
 8. ALETRIS. Flower scurfy-roughened outside. Stamens 6, included, inserted on the 
 throat of the perianth. Leaves flat and spreading. 
 
 1. LACHNANTHES, REDROOT. (Greek ; woolly blossom.) % 
 
 L. tinctdria, Ell. Stem 2-3 high ; leaves sword-shaped, scattered 
 on the stem and clustered at its base ; flowers dingy yellow, in a terminal 
 dense compound cyme. Sandy swamps, Mass., S.
 
 IRIS FAMILY. 415 
 
 2. LOPHIOLA. (Greek : small crest, referring to a woolly tuft near 
 the base of the perianth lobes.) 2/ 
 
 L. aurea, Ker. Stem leafless and woolly above, creeping at the base, 
 2 high ; leaves linear and nearly smooth ; flowers dingy yellow inside, 
 hi a crowded cyme. Pine barrens, N. J., S. 
 
 3. ALETRIS, COLICROOT, STAR GRASS. (Name Greek, allud- 
 ing to the apparent mealiness of the flowers. ) Stemless, the flowers in 
 a wand-like raceme ; scape 2-3 high, arising from a cluster of lance- 
 olate leaves. 2/ 
 
 A. farin&sa, Linn. Flowers white, oblong-tubular, the perianth lobes 
 lance-oblong. Woods, Mass, to Minn., and S. 
 
 A. aurea, Walt. Flowers yellow and shorter, bell-shaped, the lobes 
 short-ovate. Barrens, N. J., S. 
 
 CXVL IRIDACEJ:, IRIS FAMILY. 
 
 Perennial herbs with bulbous, cormous (Lessons, Figs. 105, 
 106), or tuberous (sometimes fibrous) roots, distinguished by 
 the equitant (Lessons, Figs, 164, 165), erect, 2-ranked leaves, 
 and the 3 stamens with anthers facing outwards. Flowers per- 
 fect and showy, colored, mostly from a spathe of two or more 
 leaves or bracts ; the tube of the perianth coherent with the 
 3-celled ovary and often prolonged beyond it, its divisions 6 in 
 two sets (answering to sepals and petals), each convolute in 
 the bud. Style 1-, or rarely 3-cleft ; stigmas 3, opposite the 3 
 stamens and the outer divisions of the perianth. Fruit a 3- 
 celled and many-seeded pod. (Lessons, Figs. 395, 396.) 
 
 * Spathe generally 2- or more-flowered (I -flowered in some Irises), terminal or pedun- 
 culate ; flowers generally stalked in the spathe. 
 
 +- Perianth of 3 outer recurving, and 3 inner commonly smaller erect or incurving 
 divisions; stigmas, or more properly lobes of the style, petal-like. 
 
 1. IRIS. Flowers with tube either slightly or much prolonged beyond the ovary, in the 
 
 latter case coherent also with the style. Stamens under the overarching branches of 
 the style ; anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base. The real stigma is a shelf or 
 short lip on the lower face of the petal-like branch of the style, only its inner surface 
 stigmatic. Pod 3-6-angled. Roots rhizomatons or tuberous. 
 
 4- +- Perianth deeply cleft or parted into 6 widely spreading divisions ; stamens mona- 
 delphous to the top ; style long ; stigmas 8 or 6, thread-like ; flowers opening in 
 sunshine and but once for a few hours. 
 
 2. TIGRIDIA. From a conn with some hard brittle coating. Leaves lanceolate, large, 
 
 very much plaited. Three outer divisions of the perianth very large and with a con- 
 cave base; the other 8 very much smaller and fiddle-shaped. Stigmas 3, each 
 2-cleft. 
 
 8. SISTRINCHIUM. Root mostly fibrous. Leaves grass-like. Divisions of the wheel- 
 shaped flower all alike. Stigmas 3, simple.
 
 416 IRIS FAMILY. 
 
 -i- -i- -H Perianth parted almost to the base into 6 nearly equal widely spreading divis- 
 ions ; stamens separate or nearly so ; style 3-6-lobed. 
 
 4. NEMASTYLIS. Stem simple or sparingly branching above, from a conn. Divisions 
 
 of the flower obovate. Filaments awl-shaped, much shorter than the linear anthers. 
 Style short, ita 8 lobes parted each into two, bearing long and thread-like diverging 
 stigmas. Pod truncate. Seeds dry, angular. 
 
 5. BELAMCANDA. Foliage and aspect of an Iris with leafy branching stem, from a 
 
 rootstock. Divisions of the flower oblong with a narrow base. Filaments slender, 
 much longer than the anthers. Style long, club-shaped, its simple branches tipped 
 with a broad and blunt stigma. Pod pear-shaped ; the valves falling away expose 
 the center covered with black berry-like seeds. 
 * * Spathe l-flowered, the flowers sessile in the spathe (except No. 6.) 
 
 +- Perianth regular or very nearly so, the stamens equilateral. 
 
 H- Plant stemless, i.e., the leaves and flowers arising directly from the corm. (Lessons, 
 Figs. 105, 106.) 
 
 6. CROCUS. Ovary and pod seldom raised above ground ; perianth with a long and slen- 
 
 der tube ; its oval or roundish divisions alike, or the 8 inner rather smaller, concave, 
 fully spreading only in sunshine. Leaves with revolute margins. 
 
 -H- -M- Plants with prominent stems. 
 Three branches of the style not divided. 
 
 T. SCHIZO8TYLIS. Root a scarcely thickened rhizome. Flowers spicate-scattered on 
 the side of a simple peduncle, red and showy, the tube slender and somewhat enlarged 
 at the throat, the perianth lobes oblong or ovate and widely spreading. Branches of 
 the style long and subulate. Spathe greenish, lanceolate. 
 
 8. IXIA. Cormous plants, with showy flowers in simple or branched spikes. Perianth 
 
 tube long and slender, the limb ascending or salver-shaped. Branches of the style 
 linear, recurved. Spathe short and membranaceous. 
 
 - = Branches of the style 2-divided or -cleft. 
 
 9. FREESIA. Plants of small size, with coated conns and flowers erect in a secund lateral 
 
 short raceme ; perianth tube long and expanding upwards, generally curved, the 
 lobes half-spreading. Spathe as in Ixia. 
 
 i- -t- Perianth generally oblique, curved, or otherwise irregular ; stamens mostly uni- 
 lateral. 
 H- Flowers in short often secund racemes, or loose panicled spikes. Style branches not 
 
 divided. 
 -= Inflorescence dense, pilose. 
 
 10. BABIANA. Cormous plants, with flowers of striking colors and usually pilose leaves 
 
 and stem. Flowers in a simple short pilose spike-like cluster or raceme, the tube 
 generally short, erect, the lobes erect-spreading, and clawed or contracted at the 
 base. Small plants, with plaited leaves. 
 
 = Inflorescence mostly looser, essentially glabrous. 
 
 11. CROCOSMA. CormoQS, with a slender stem ending in a lax panicle. Perianth tube 
 
 slender, cylindrical and curved, not dilated at the throat, the lobes spreading in star- 
 like form. Stigmas dilated and denticulate. Leaves sheathing much of the base of 
 the stem. 
 
 18. TRITONTA. Cormous, mostly rather tall. Flowers showy, mostly in loose racemes, 
 these either solitary and terminal, or spiked. Perianth with a slender tube either 
 short or long, and which is not prominently dilated above, the lobes nearly equal or 
 oblique and concave or bell-form- spreading. Branches of the style slender, thick- 
 ened or dilated at the apex. Spathe short and membranaceous, often toothed. 
 
 18. 8PARAXIS. Connous, small, nearly simple plants, with few yellow scattered or loosely 
 spicate yellow flowers. Perianth tube short, dilated in the throat, the limb some- 
 what unequal, the lobes erect-spreading. Branches of the style slender. Spathe 
 broad and scarious, more or less striate, fimbriate at the apex.
 
 IRIS FAMILY. 417 
 
 **++ Flowers numerous in a stiff terminal generally \-sided spike. 
 14. GLADIOLUS. Cormous. Stem rather tall, leafy ; flowers irregular, the short-funnel- 
 shaped tube being somewhat curved, and the divisions more or less unequal, the 
 flower commonly oblique or as if somewhat 2-lipped. Perianth tubular at base, the 
 6 divisions all more or less spreading. Stamens separate. Style long. Stigmas 3, 
 more or less dilated. Stamens (inserted on the tube) and style ascending. Leaves 
 sword-shaped, strongly nerved. 
 
 1. IRIS, FLOWER-DE-LUCE, BLUE FLAG. (Greek, the rainbow.) 
 Many interesting and curious species cultivated in choice collections. 
 Flowers spring and early summer. (Lessons, Figs. 58, 69, 395, 396.) 
 
 1. IKIS proper, with creeping rootstocks or rarely the root fibrous. 
 (Native species of our region belong here. ) 
 
 * Tall, the several-flowered often branching stems l-3 high; tube of the 
 flower short ; flowers late spring and summer. 
 
 *- Outer divisions (or "falls") of the perianth beardless and crestless. 
 w- Flowers yellow. 
 
 I. Pseuddcorus, Linn. YELLOW IRIS. Wet marshes in Eu., with very 
 long linear leaves and bright flowers, is sparingly cultivated, and some- 
 times spontaneous. 
 
 M. *+ Flowers copper-colored or dull reddish-brown. 
 
 I. fiilva, Ker. (I. cfcpREA.) Flowers 2' long, the tube about the 
 length of the 6 -angled ovary, the divisions spreading ; ovary 6-angled 
 and not surpassing the tube of the perianth. Swamps, S. 111., S. 
 
 . ++ .w Flowers in shades of blue or purple (rarely white), sometimes 
 spotted and streaked. 
 
 = Leaves flat and broad, sword-shaped. 
 
 I. laevigata, Fisch. & Mey. (I. K^EMPFERI). JAPANESE IRIS. Tall spe- 
 cies (2-^3 high), with very large flowers, which are often or commonly 
 borne singly, and which, in some garden varieties, measure 8'-10' across, 
 and are broad and flat ; outer lobes of the perianth mostly purple with 
 a yellow blotch at the base and often streaked, very large and rounded ; 
 inner divisions commonly bright purple ; leaves thin and pale green j 
 stem glaucous. Cultivated (from Japan) in many forms and colors. 
 Rhizome short and stout. 
 
 I. tripetala, Walt. In pine barren swamps, N. Car., S.; with rather 
 short sword-shaped glaucous leaves, and few blue flowers (2'-3' long), 
 variegated with yellow and purple, the inner divisions very short and 
 wedge-shaped, the tube shorter than the 3-angled ovary. 
 
 I. versicolor, Linn. LARGER BLUE FLAG. Stout ; stem angled on 
 one side ; leaves sword-shaped, f ' wide ; flowers light blue, variegated 
 with some yellow, white, and purple, hardly 3' long, the inflated tube 
 shorter than the obtusely 3-angled ovary ; pod oblong, 3-angled, the seeds 
 more or less 2-rowed in each cell. Common in swamps. 
 
 I. Caroliniana, Watson. In N. Car.; like the last, but the leaves long 
 and lax, and greener, and the larger seeds in a single row in each cell. 
 
 = = Leaves linear, sometimes stiffish. 
 
 I. prismatica. Pursh. (I. ViRGfxiCA). SLENDER BLUE FLAG. Slender, 
 with very narrow leaves, and blue flowers with some white (barely 2' 
 long), on slender peduncles, with hardly any tube beyond the 3-angled 
 ovary. Me. to N. Car. 
 
 GRAl B *. c. a. u. BOT- 27
 
 418 IRIS FAMILY. 
 
 /. gramlnea, Linn. Root leaves 2-3 long, and often surpassing the 
 1-3-flowered stem ; flower purple-blue, with yellow in the throat, slightly 
 fragrant, with narrow divisions. Cult. S. Eu. 
 
 /. tuberdsa, Linn. SNAKE'S-HEAD IRIS. Leaves very long, often 
 twice or thrice longer than the 1-flowered stem (which is 12'-18' high) ; 
 inner perianth divisions erect and light colored, the outer drooping and 
 black-purple ; root short, almost bulb-like. S. Eu. 
 
 -- -i- Outer divisions of the perianth bearded or crested. 
 
 M- Flower mostly solitary and terminal, very large, streaked with brown- 
 black. 
 
 I. Susiana, Linn. A curious species from Persia, not quite hardy in the 
 N. States ; all divisions of the perianth large and limp, rounded, about 
 equal in size, marked with dark spots and lines on a lilac-white ground. 
 Stem 10'-18' high, at flowering time (early spring), exceeding the broad- 
 ish leaves. 
 
 H- -w Flowers generally few or several, of ordinary size. 
 
 = Body color of the flowers blue or violet. 
 
 I. hexagona, Walt. S. Car. and S., near the coast ; with simple stem, 
 narrowish long leaves, and deep blue variegated flowers, 4' long, the outer 
 divisions crested, the tube longer than the 6-angled ovary. 
 
 /. Germdnica, Linn. COMMON FLOWER-DE-LUCE of the gardens, with 
 very large, scentless flowers, the deep violet pendent outer divisions 3' 
 long, the obovate inner ones nearly as large, lighter and bluer. Eu. 
 
 /. sambOcina, Linn. ELDER-SCENTED F. Taller, 3 or 4 high, and 
 longer-leaved ; the flowers about half as 'large as in the preceding, the 
 outer divisions less reflexed, violet, but whitish and yellowish toward the 
 base, painted with deeper-colored lines or veins ; upper divisions pale 
 grayish- or brownish-blue ; spathe broadly scarious-margined. S. Eu. 
 
 /. squa/ens. Linn. Very like preceding, with longer dull violet outer 
 divisions to the flower whitish and striped at base, and purplish-buff- 
 colored inner divisions. Eu. and Asia. 
 
 = = Body color of the flowers white, mostly with markings of yellow. 
 
 I. variegata, Linn. Flowers small, with spatulate-obovate divisions 2' 
 long, white with pale yellow, the outer divisions veined with dark purple 
 and purplish-tinged in the middle. Eu. 
 
 /. Florentine, Linn. FLORENCE or SWEET F. Stems 2-3 high, with 
 broad leaves, and white faintly sweet-scented flowers, bluish- veined, the 
 obovate outer divisions 2.] '-3' long, with yellow beard. Its violet^scented 
 rootstock yields orris root. S. Eu. 
 
 * * Dwarf, with simple very short stems (or only leafy tufts}, l-3-flowered 
 in early spring, from creeping and branching slender (or thickened in 
 7. pumila} rootstocks, here and there tuberous-thickened; flowers violet- 
 blue, with a long slender tube. 
 
 *- Outer perianth lobes crestless. 
 
 I. v^rna, Linn. SLENDER DWARF IRIS. Wooded hillsides, from Penn. 
 and Ky., S.; with linear grassy leaves, tube of flower about the length of 
 its almost equal divisons, which are on slender orange-yellow claws, the 
 outer ones crestless. 
 
 H- -- Outer lobes crested. 
 
 I. cristata, Ait. Along the Alleghanies, and W., sometimes cult.; 
 with lanceolate leaves, or the upper ovate-lanceolate ; tube of flower (2' 
 long), much longer than the scarcely stalked divisions, the outer ones 
 crested ; pod sharply triangular.
 
 IRIS FAMILY. 419 
 
 /. pumila, Linn. DWARF GARDEN IRIS. Stem very short (4 '-6' high) ; 
 the violet and purple flower close to the ground, with slender tube and 
 obovate divisions hardly exceeding the short sword-shaped leaves. Eu. 
 
 2. XIPHION ; the roots bulbous, giving rise to a single stem. 
 * Leaves at flowering time only 2' or 3' long. 
 
 I. PSrsica, Linn. PERSIAN IRIS. A choice tender plant, dwarf, nearly 
 stemless, the flower on a long tube, earlier than the leaves, delicately fra- 
 grant, bluish, with a deep-purple spot at the tip of the outer divisions, 
 the inner divisions very small and spreading. 
 
 * * Leaves a foot or more long at flowering time. 
 H- Flower with a prominent tube (2'-3 ; long). 
 
 I. reticu/ata, Bieb. From Persia ; stem a foot or so high, the leaves 
 equaling the flowers and finally surpassing them ; flower one, rather large 
 with narrow divisions, violet-purple, the limb spotted with violet and 
 streaked with yellow ; flowers very early ; leaves generally 2 together. 
 
 i- H- Flower with scarcely any tube. 
 
 I. Xlphium, Linn. (I. VULGARIS of gardeners). SPANISH I. Leaves 4-6 
 on the stem, remaining green during winter ; the stem l-2 high and 
 sometimes 2-flowered ; flowers 3'-5' across, the outer divisions orbicular 
 and reflexed, the inner ones erect, all purple and veiny ; spathes 3'-4' 
 long, not inflated. Flowers coriander-scented. Spain. 
 
 /. xiphioldes, Ehrh. (I. ANGLICA.) S. Eu.; 3 or 4 leaves on the stem 
 and about 6 at its base, larger than in the last and not persisting during 
 winter ; plant l-2 high, 2-3-flowered ; flowers large, lilac-purple, more 
 or less marked with yellow and feathered with white on the face of the 
 round-oblong outer divisions ; tubers larger and rounder than in the last ; 
 spathe 3'-4' long, inflated. Flowers scentless, later than the last. 
 
 2. TIGRIDIA, TIGER FLOWER (as the name denotes). Flowers 
 summer. 
 
 T. Pavdnia, Ker. From Mexico, the principal species, with several 
 varieties, planted out for summer flowering, sends up a stem 2 high, 
 bearing in succession a few very large showy flowers 5' or 6' across, 
 purple or orange-red, the dark center gaudily spotted with crimson or 
 purple. T. CONCHIFL6RA of gardens is a form with bright yellow flowers. 
 T. GRANDIFL6RA is a form with very large, bright orange-red flowers. 
 
 3. SISYRINCHIUM, BLUE-EYED GRASS. (Greek: hog's snout, 
 the application not apparent.) Flowers all summer. 
 
 S. angustifdlium, Mill. Scape 4'-12' high, simple, with a solitary 
 terminal spathe, the outer bract more or less elongated ; flowers blue 
 (rarely white) changing to purple, the divisions notched or jagged and 
 bristle-pointed ; seeds large and globose, nearly smooth. Grassy plants, 
 growing in little clumps or tufts ; common. 
 
 S. anceps, Cav. Usually taller and branching, the spathes 2 or more ; 
 seeds small and ovate, deeply pitted. Common. 
 
 4. NEMASTYLIS. (Greek : thread-like style, applicable here to the 
 stigmas. ) Flowers spring and summer. 
 
 N. ccelestlna, Nutt. Pine barrens S. Car., S.; l-2 high, with hand- 
 some but fugacious bright blue flowers ; the leaves mainly from the small 
 bulb, linear and plaited.
 
 420 IRIS FAMILY. 
 
 5. BELAMCANDA (or PARDANTHUS), BLACKBERRY LILY 
 
 (East Indian name.) Flowers late summer. 
 
 B. Chinensis, Adans. China ; cult, in country gardens and escaping 
 into roadsides ; 3-4 high, more branching than an Iris ; the divisions 
 of the orange-colored flower (!' long) mottled above with crimson spots, 
 the fruit, when the valves fall and expose the berry-like seeds, imitating 
 a blackberry, whence the common name. 
 
 6. CROCUS. (Greek name of Saffron.) Cultivated from Eu. and W. 
 Asia. (Lessons, Figs. 105, 106.) 
 
 # Spring flowering. 
 +- Yellow-flowered. 
 
 C. Susianus, Ker. CLOTH OF GOLD CROCUS. Leaves 6-8 in a tuft, 
 reaching the flower, narrowly linear, the edges revolute and the center 
 with a white stripe ; perianth tube exserted, the segments 1 ' or less 
 long, bright orange-yellow and soon reflexed, the outer ones flushed or 
 brown-striped on the outside ; anthers orange, longer than the glabrous 
 filaments ; style branches exceeding the anthers. Crimea. 
 
 C. /nees/dcus, Ker. DCTCH C. Later flowered ; leaves 6-8 in a tuft, 
 surpassing the flower, narrowly linear, the edges reflexed, and a white 
 stripe ; perianth tube 2-3 times longer than the limb ; flower bright yellow, 
 the segments very obtuse, not striped (a striped variety) ; anthers pale 
 yellow and somewhat hastate at the base, somewhat longer than the 
 papillose filaments ; style branches not equaling the anthers. Greece to 
 Asia Minor. There is a form with cream-white flowers. 
 
 C. STELL\RIS, with fewer leaves in a tuft, little exserted perianth 
 tube, flowers bright orange and the outer segments striped and feathered 
 on the back, anthers pale yellow and longer than the glabrous filaments, 
 and style branches somewhat exceeding the anthers, is a supposed hybrid 
 of the above, known only in cultivation. 
 
 -i- +- Lilac- or ichite-flowered. 
 
 C. biflorus, Miller. SCOTCH C. Leaves 4-6 in a tuft, surpassing the 
 flowers, white-striped and very narrow ; tube exserted, the upper seg- 
 ments !' or less long, tinged with purple, the lower ones with 3 purple 
 stripes down the back ; throat slightly bearded, yellowish ; anthers 
 orange, longer than the papillose orange filaments ; style branches orange- 
 red. Sterile. Variable. 
 
 C. verslcolor, Ker. Leaves 4-5, like the last ; tube exserted ; upper 
 segments either pale or dark purple, the lower ones purple outside and 
 also purple-marked ; throat glabrous, whitish or yellow ; anthers yellow, 
 twice longer than the white filaments ; style branches yellow. S. Eu. 
 
 C. vernus, All. Leaves 2-4, equaling the flower, glaucous beneath ; 
 segments 1'-1J' long, lilac or white and often striped with purple ; throat 
 pubescent, not yellow ; anthers lemon-yellow, longer than the white fila- 
 ments ; style branches orange-yellow. Eu. The commonest species. 
 
 * * Autumn flowering. 
 
 C. satlvus, Linn. FALL CROCUS. With violet purple and fragrant 
 flowers, in autumn, is rarely seen here. Its long and narrow orange-red 
 stigmas are saffron. Asia Minor. 
 
 7. SCHIZOSTYLIS. (Greek: cut style, referring to the 3 long 
 branches.) 
 
 S. coccfnea, Backh. & Harv. CRIMSON FLAG, KAFFIR LILY. Not very 
 tender, with long and keeled linear leaver apd stems 3 hisrh, bearing a
 
 IRIS FAMILY. 421 
 
 spike of bright crimson-red flowers 2' across, the ovate acute lobes all 
 alike and widely spreading from a narrow tube ; the slender style deeply 
 cleft (whence the name) into 3 thread-like branches. S. Africa. 
 
 8. IXIA. (Greek for birdlime, referring to the clammy juice of some 
 species.) Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 * Perianth tube short and cylindrical. 
 
 I- Filaments distinct. 
 -M- Flowers icith a black-purple throat. 
 
 I. maculata, Linn. (I. CONICA.) Stem terete and slender, sometimes 
 branched, l-2 high ; flowers many in dense erect spikes ; perianth tube 
 twice longer than spathe, the bell-form limb yellow and an inch or less 
 long. 
 
 /. viridiflbra, Lam. Stem long and slender (lJ-3), simple; flowers 
 many in a long spike ; perianth tube little longer than the spathe, the 
 limb pale green. 
 
 /. hybrida, Ker. A foot high, slender, the raceme flexuose and many- 
 flowered ; flowers white, with a tinge of pink, small. 
 
 ++ -M- Flowers with no marking in the throat. 
 
 I. patens, Ait. Stem terete, 12'-20' high, often branched; flowers 
 many in rather dense spikes, the bell-form limb pale red ; perianth tube 
 little longer than the spathe ; radical or basal leaves usually 4. 
 
 /. specidsa, Andr. (I. CRATEROIDES.) Stem slender and terete, com- 
 monly simple, 6'-15' high ; flowers few in an erect spike, the tube little 
 longer than the spathe, and the limb dark crimson ; basal leaves 5 or 6. 
 
 +- - Filaments more or less united. 
 
 I. monadelpha, Delar. Stem 10'-20' high, slender, simple or branched ; 
 flowers few in a short spike, the tube often twice as long as the spathe, 
 the limb lilac, throat greenish or blue. There are varieties with purplish 
 flowers (var. puRpftREA), with yellow and black-blotched flowers (var. 
 f COLOR), etc. 
 
 * * Perianth tube dilated into funnel-shape at the top. 
 
 I. odorata, Ker. (I. ERECTA.) Stem slender and terete, branched; 
 flowers fragrant, in a short spike, yellow. 
 
 9. FREESIA. (Derivation unknown.) Popular plants for forcing, 
 from Cape ol Good Hope. 
 
 F. refrdcta, Klatt. Stems slender, often branched, 12'-20' high, the 
 flowers at its top in a slender secund, nearly horizontal raceme ; flowers 
 white marked by violet lines or yellowish, or pure white (var. ALBA), 2'- 
 3' long, very fragrant, gradually narrowed into a very slender tube, the 
 lobes spreading ; leaves flat. 
 
 F. Leichtlinii, Klatt, perhaps a form of the above, has pale yellow 
 flowers which are abruptly narrowed into a short tube, the lobes more 
 erect. 
 
 10. BABIANA. (Said to come from the Dutch word for baboon, 
 because the bulbs are eaten by that animal.) Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 * Perianth nearly rotate. 
 
 B. stricta, Ker. (B. FCRPUREA.) Stem 12'-20' high; basal leaves 
 ensiform and hairy, not reaching the spikes, the latter 1-3, moderately
 
 422 IRIS FAMILY. 
 
 dense and many -flowered ; perianth usually lilac-red, the tube as long as 
 the spathe, and the lobes oblong-lanceolate. There are many forms, as 
 var. RtjBRO-cyANEA, with lilac-red limb and bright red throat, and var. 
 suLPHtiREA, with flowers milk-white or sulphur-yellow. 
 * * Perianth distinctly ringent. 
 
 -i- Segments oblong. 
 
 B. plicata, Ker. (B. PUNCTATA, B. FRAGRANS.) Stem mostly shorter 
 than the hairy lanceolate leaves ; flowers in a simple or forked spike, 
 reddish or lilac, with the tube as long as the spathe. 
 
 B. disticha, Ker. Differs from the above chiefly in its longer perianth 
 tube, which is distinctly projected from the spathe. 
 
 H- -i- Segments oblong- or Ungulate-clawed. 
 
 B. rfngens, Ker. Stem 1-1 J high, pilose ; leaves linear and glabrous, 
 many, thick ; flowers 8-12 in a dense 1-sided spike, red with a greenish 
 tube, the latter rather longer than the spathe. 
 
 11. CROCOSMA. (Greek for saffron smell, alluding to the odor of 
 the dried flowers.) Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 C. atirea, Planch. The only species ; stem terete and branched, 2-4 
 high, with a few small leaves ; spikes lax and few-flowered, flexuose ; 
 flowers brownish-yellow, the tube an inch or less long. 
 
 12. TRITONIA. (Triton, a vane, alluding to the variable directions 
 of the anthers in different species.) Cape of Good Hope. In gardens, 
 more often known as MONTBRETIA. 
 
 * Perianth segments equal, oblong ; flowers small. 
 
 T. scillaris, Baker. (fxiA SCILLARIS.) Stem 1, slender, simple or 
 
 branched ; basal leaves 4-6, plane, linear ; spike 3'-4' long, lax and flexuose ; 
 
 flowers pink, the tube cylindrical and somewhat longer than the spathe. 
 
 * * Perianth segments more or less unequal, oblong or obovate. 
 
 - Flowers whitish or pale pink. 
 
 T. crfspa, Ker. (fxiA CRfspA, MONTBRETIA LACERATA.) Stem slender 
 and terete, simple or branched, 6'-12' high ; basal leaves 4-6, linear and 
 very crispy or ciirled ; spikes secund, 4-10-flowered ; perianth tube 2' or 
 less long, funnel- form at the top. 
 
 i- *- Flowers yellow, sometimes blotched. 
 
 M- Segments obovate, much imbricated. 
 
 T. crocata, Ker. Stem slender, 12'-18' high, simple, or branched 
 below ; basal leaves 4-6, linear and plane ; flowers 4-10 in lax secund 
 spikes ; flower bright brown-yellow, the tube rather longer than the 
 spathe. 
 
 7". deusta, Ker. , differs only in having a purple-black spot on the claws 
 of the 3 outer segments. 
 
 7". hyallna, Baker. Like T. crocata, except that the segments are nar- 
 rowed into a spatulate base or claw which has an inflexed hyaline margin. 
 M- +* Segments oblong, less imbricated. 
 
 T. Pdttsii, Benth. (MONTBRETIA P6TSH.) Stems 2-3 high and 
 branched ; basal leaves 4-6, linear and plane ; spikes lax, 6'-9' long ; 
 flower bright yellow, with a tinge of red, the segments about half or less 
 the length of the broad tube. 
 
 MONTBRETIA CROCOSM.FL6RA is a hybrid of the above and Crocosma 
 aurea.
 
 IBIS FAMILY. 423 
 
 13. SPAR AXIS. (Greek: to tear, referring to the torn spathes.) 
 Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 S. grand/flora, Ker. (S. FIMBRIATA, S. LACEHA, S. LILI\GO, S. ATRO- 
 puKPtREA, and others.) Stem terete and erect, 6'-2 high, simple or 
 branched, with a few linear or lanceolate leaves near the base ; flowers 
 yellow or purple (but variable in cultivation) , the segments 1' or more long. 
 
 S. tricolor, Ker. (S. vERsfcoLOR, S. LINEATA, and others.) Differs 
 from the last in always having a bright yellow throat and a dark blotch 
 at the base of each segment. 
 
 14. GLADIOLUS, CORN FLAG. (Name a diminutive of the Latin 
 word for sword, from the leaves.) A genus of about 130 species, many 
 of which are in cultivation. The commonest garden forms are hybrids, 
 derived from the following, in which the perianth tube is funnel-shaped, 
 and the segments are not distinctly narrowed into claws. 
 
 * Leaves subterete or linear. 
 
 G. tristis, Linn. Leaves 3, subterete, strongly 3-5-ribbed, a foot or 
 two long ; stem slender and terete, l-2 high ; flowers 3-4, yellowish- 
 white, in a loose secund spike, fragrant ; flower 2'-3' long, the tube curved 
 and longer than the oblong and acute falcate segments. Cape of Good 
 Hope. G. COXCOLOR is a form with paler flowers, noted as being one of 
 the parents of the garden race, G. CoLvfLLEi (see G. cardinalis). 
 
 G. cuspidatus, Jacq. Leaves 3-4, flat but linear ; stems l-2 high ; 
 flowers white or pale pink with a spade-shaped blotch in the center of the 
 3 outer segments, 4-8 in a very lax, nearly or quite equilateral spike ; 
 perianth tube 2'-3' long, slightly curved, the segments oblong-lanceolate 
 and wavy. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 * * Leaves distinctly ensiform. 
 - Flowers (at least the body-color') yellow. 
 
 G. purptireo-auratus, Hook. f. Leaves 3-4, rigid, the lowest about 1 
 long ; stem 2-4 high ; flowers 10-15 in a lax secund spike ; flower yel- 
 lowish, with a large red-brown blotch on the 2 inner segments of the 
 outer series, the tube curved and less than an inch long, the segments 
 obovate and spatulate or clawed. Cape of Good Hope. This, with the 
 hybrid G. Gandavensis, is a parent of the hybrid race known as G. LE- 
 MolNEi, which has bright yellow and red flowers with brown blotches on 
 the lower segments. 
 
 G. psittacinus, Hook. Leaves about 4, rigid, l-2 long ; stem 2-3 ; 
 flowers many in a lax secund spike ; flower with a yellow ground and 
 coarsely grained with red, the curved tube 2' or less long, the upper seg- 
 ments obovate and much hooded, the 3 lower reflexed and much smaller. 
 Cape of Good Hope. Parent, with G. cardinalis, of the hybrid class G. 
 GANDAVENSIS, to which belong most of the older bright-flowered and late 
 varieties. The upper segment, in these varieties, is usually horizontal 
 and strongly hooded. G. BRENCHLYENSIS, of like parentage, is still a 
 popular strain. 
 
 - *- Flowers normally white, at least in ground-color. 
 
 G. oppositiflbrus, Herb. Leaves 3-4, crowded, the lowest l-2 long ; 
 stem 2-3 high ; flowers often 30-40, in a dense 2-ranked spike ; flower 
 white, the tube slender and curved (l| f or less long), the segments oblong- 
 spatulate and subacute. Cape. Interesting as being a parent, with 
 G. cardinalis, of the hybrids known as G. RAM6scs (sometimes called 
 G. FLORIBVNDUS, but not to be confounded with the species of that name). 
 This hybrid race is little known in this country, as it does not flower 
 well unless the conns are planted in the fall. The plants are tall, with
 
 424 AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 
 
 large, open, bright red flowers marked with dark blotches at the base of 
 the 3 lower segments. 
 
 G. bldndus, Ait. Leaves about 4, crowded, broad ; stems l-2 high ; 
 flowers 4-8, in a lax spike ; flower white, tinged with red, with a curved 
 tube 1A' long, the upper segments oblong, and the lower ones oblong- 
 clawed with a reddish blotch. There are white, lilac and pink-flowered 
 varieties. G. PUDIBUNDUS and G. SPOFFORTHIA.NUS are hybrids of this 
 and G. cardinalis. 
 
 +--- Flowers normally in pronounced shades of red or purple. 
 *+ Lower segments with a median white line. 
 
 G. Byzantlnus, Miller. Leaves commonly 3, laxly ribbed, about 1 
 long; stem H-2 high; flowers many in a lax spike which is 6'-9' 
 long ; flower dark purple, the lower 3 segments with a claw as long as the 
 blade, the upper segment slightly imbricated when the flower is fully 
 open, the tube only slightly curved ; filaments shorter than the anthers. 
 Eastern Mediterranean region. The hardiest species. 
 
 G. commtinis, Linn. Leaves 3-4, laxly nerved, a foot or less long ; 
 stem 1 i-2 high ; spike lax, secund, 4-8-flowered ; flower bright purple, 
 smaller than the last, the tube curved, the segments an inch long and all 
 connivent when the blossom is open, the 3 lower with a long claw ; fila- 
 ments the length of the anthers, or longer. There are white forms. 
 S. Eu. Little planted now. 
 
 w -M- Lower segments white-blotched. 
 
 G. cardinalis, Curt. Leaves glaucous-green, not rigid ; stem 2-3 
 high ; spike 12-20-flowered, in a lax suberect spike ; flower bright scar- 
 let, the tube nearly straight and !' long, the upper segments oblong- 
 spatulate and the 3 lower shorter and narrower. Cape of Good Hope. 
 One parent (with G. tristis) of G. CoLvfLLEi, a race with bright scarlet 
 nearly erect flowers and oblong acute segments, the lower 3 having a long- 
 blotch of yellow at the base. A white-flowered form of this race is in 
 cultivation (known as the BRIDE). G. cardinalis is also one parent of 
 G. Gandavensis, G. ramosus, and G. pudibundus (see above). 
 
 G. Saundersii, Hook, f . Leaves 4-6, rigid and strongly ribbed ; stem 
 l--2 high; spike very lax and 6-8-flowered ; flower bright scarlet, with 
 a curved tube 1J' or less long, the 3 upper segments oblong-spatulate and 
 connivent, the 3 lower narrower and shorter, with a large white blotch 
 and scarlet spots. Cape of Good Hope. The G. NANCEI\NUS type is a 
 hybrid of this and G. Lemoinei (see G. purpureo-auratus). 
 
 CXVH. AMARYLLIDACK4J, AMAEYLLIS FAMILY. 
 
 Chiefly perennial and glabrous herbs, with leaves and scape 
 from a bulb, corm, etc., the leaves nerved from the base, and 
 rarely with any distinction of blade and petiole ; the perianth 
 regular or but moderately irregular and colored, its tube ad- 
 herent to the surface of the 3-celled ovary; and 6 stamens 
 with good anthers. Style single. Capsule several- oo-seeded. 
 Bulbs acrid, some of them poisonous. To this family belong 
 many of the choicer bulbs of house culture, only the com- 
 monest here noticed. Flowers often lily-like, but differing in 
 the inferior ovary.
 
 AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 426 
 
 Scape and linear hairy leaves from a little solid bulb or corm. 
 
 1. HTPOXIS. Perianth 6-parted nearly to the ovary, spreading, greenish outside, yellow 
 
 within, persistent and withering on the pod. 
 
 * * Scape and mostly smooth leaves from a coated bulb, the stem leafless or nearly so. 
 -K A cup-shaped, funnel-shaped, or saucer-shaped crown on the throat of the perianth. 
 
 2. NARCISSUS. Perianth with a more or less cylindrical tube, 6 equal widely spreading 
 
 divisions, and stamens of unequal length included in the cup or crown. Scape with 
 one or more flowers, from a scarious 1-leaved spathe. 
 
 -(- -K No true crown in the throat of the perianth, but sometimes represented by scales, 
 or the filaments united by a web-like or crown-like tissue. 
 
 ++ Anthers erect, not versatile; perianth tube ; filaments on the ovary at the base of 
 the 6-parted perianth. 
 
 8. GALANTHU8. Scape with usually a single small flower on a nodding pedicel. Peri- 
 anth of 6 oblong separate concave pieces ; the three inner shorter, less spreading, 
 and notched at the end. Anthers and style pointed. 
 
 4. LEUCOIUM. Scape bearing 1-7 flowers on nodding pedicels. Perianth of 6 nearly 
 
 separate oval divisions, all alike. Anthers blunt. Style thickish upwards. 
 
 ++ -M- Anthers fixed by the middle and versatile ; perianth tube often evident or long; 
 
 filaments borne on the perianth. 
 = Perianth tube 0, or exceedingly short. 
 
 5. SPREKELIA. Scape strong and tall, mostly 1-flowered, the bract one and spathe-like. 
 
 Flower very showy, with no tube, the upper segments ascending and the lower ones 
 concave. Scales between the filaments small. 
 
 6. NERINE. Scape strong, several- or many-flowered, the perianth tube nearly obsolete. 
 
 Flowers erect or slightly declined, the segments narrow and spreading or recurved. 
 Filaments thickened at the base with no scales between them, prominently pro- 
 truded. Leaves strap-shaped. 
 
 -= = Perianth tube evident, often long. 
 \ Scape 1-flowered. 
 
 7. ZEPHTRANTHES. Scape stout but low, the flower arising from a simple bract. 
 
 Perianth funnel-form, the tube mostly short ; segments all similar, spreading. Scales 
 amongst the filaments very small or 0. 
 
 1 1 Scape more than 1-flowered (except rarely in No. 8). 
 
 o Filaments distinct. 
 x Small scales between the filaments. 
 
 8. HIPPEASTRUM. Scape strong and hollow, often tall, the large flowers in an umbel 
 
 (rarely reduced to 1). Bracts 2, involucrate, distinct. Perianth tube long or short, 
 dilated in the throat and more or less declined, the lobes nearly equal and erect- 
 spreading. Scales often wanting on the lower segments. 
 
 x x No scales between the filaments. 
 
 9. CRINUM. Perianth with a long slender straight or curved tube and 6 mostly long and 
 
 narrow spreading or recurved divisions. Stamens long. Scape solid, bearing few 
 or many sessile or short -pediceled flowers, in an umbel. Bulb often columnar and 
 rising as if into a sort of stem. Leaves in several ranks. 
 
 10. AMARYLLIS. Perianth various ; the divisions oblong or lanceolate, and the tube 
 
 ribbed, short and declined. Flowers large and fragrant, umbellate and pediceled. 
 Scape solid. Leaves mostly 2-ranked. 
 
 11. VALLOTA. Flowers large and showy, short-pediceled and umbellate. Perianth widely 
 
 flaring above, the tube short and straight, the segments oblong-ovate and connected 
 at the base by a small callus. Involucral bracts 2 or 3. Style declined. Scape strong 
 and hollow.
 
 426 AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 
 
 o o Filaments united by a web-like or cup like tissue. 
 x Perianth tube much dilated at the throat. 
 
 12. PANCRATIUM. Perianth funnel-shaped, the tube generally long, the segments nar- 
 
 row and erect-spreading. Involucral bracts 2, thin. Cup uniting the filaments bear- 
 Ing teeth or lobes between. Ovules many in each cell. Flowers generally umbellate. 
 Leaves linear or strap-shaped. 
 
 x x Perianth tube cylindrical. 
 
 13. HYMENOCALLIS. Perianth tube long and slender, straight, the lobes narrow or 
 
 linear and recurved. Involncral bracts 2 or more, scarious. Cup not toothed. 
 Ovules 2 in each cell. Flowers white, fragrant, In an umbel-like cluster. Leaves 
 strap-shaped. 
 
 14. EUCHARIS. Perianth tube straight or curved, the segments broad and spreading. 
 
 Cup entire or toothed between the filaments. Bracts several or many, the 2 or 8 
 outer ones involucre-like. Ovules 2-<x> in each cell. Flowers white in umbels, 
 showy. Leaves broad, narrowed into distinct petioles. 
 
 * Stems leafy, or scape beset with bracts, from a tuberous rootstock or crown. 
 +- Perianth tube 0. 
 
 15. ALSTRCEMERIA. Stems slender and weak or disposed to climb, leafy to the top, the 
 
 thin lanceolate or linear leaves commonly twisting or turning over. Flowers in a 
 terminal umbel. Perianth 6-parted nearly or quite to the ovary, rather bell-shaped, 
 often irregular as if somewhat 2-llpped. Stamens more or less declined. Stylo 
 slender; stigma 3-cleft. 
 
 +- -K Perianth tube evident. 
 
 16. POLIANTHES. Stem erect and simple from a thick tuber, bearing long-linear chan- 
 
 neled leaves, and a spike of white flowers. Perianth with a cylindrical and somewhat 
 funnel-shaped slightly curved tube, and 6 about equal spreading lobes. Stamens 
 Included In the tube ; anthers erect. The summit of the ovary and pod free from 
 the calyx tube ; In this and other respects it approaches the Lily Family. 
 
 17. AGAVE. Leaves thick and fleshy with a hard rind and a commonly spiny margin, 
 
 tufted on the crown, which produces thick fibrous roots, and suckers and offsets ; 
 In flowering sends up a bracted scape, bearing a spike or panicle of yellowish flowers. 
 Perianth tubular-funnel-shaped, persistent, with 6 narrow almost equal divisions. 
 Stamens projecting ; anthers linear, versatile. Pod containing numerous flat seeds. 
 
 1. HYFOXIS, STAR GRASS. (Greek: sub-acid, once applied to 
 some other plant.) 
 
 H. erdcta, Linn. Common in grass ; with few-flowered scape 3'-8' 
 high, and leaves at length longer ; yellow star-like flower over ' broad. 
 
 2. NARCISSUS. (Greek name, that of the young man in mythology 
 who is said to have been changed into this flower.) Popular ornamental 
 bulbous plants, running into many varieties and much confused by 
 hybridization. Following are the chief horticultural types : 
 
 * Crown as long as the divisions of the perianth, or longer. DAFFODILS. 
 - Leaves flat, glaucous. 
 
 N. Pseudo-Narcissus, Linn. DAFFODIL, TRUMPET D. Scape 1-flowered, 
 short ; flower large, yellow, with a short and broad tube, and a large 
 bell-shaped cup, having a wavy-toothed or crisped margin ; double-flow- 
 ered forms are common. Eu. 
 
 -i- *- Leaves linear, subterete, green. 
 
 N. Bulbocddium, Linn. HOOP PETTICOAT D. Flowers bright yellow ; 
 tube and crown about equal in length, the crown expanded and very
 
 AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 427 
 
 indistinctly toothed ; segments of the perianth linear and ascending ; 
 stamens declined; scape 4'-8' high, 1-flowered, more or less surpassed 
 by the leaves. S. Eu. and N. Africa. 
 
 * * Crown half to three fourths as long as the perianth divisions. 
 i- Leaves flat, glaucous. 
 
 N. incompardbilis, Curt. Flowers yellow, solitary, 2'-2' broad, the 
 tube about 1' deep and cylindrical, the perianth divisions spreading, 
 oblong-lanceolate ; crown plicate and lobed, of a deeper shade than the 
 segments ; scape 1 high. Eu. 
 
 i- -i- Leaves linear and caniculate, green. 
 
 N. odbrus, Linn. Flowers yellow, 2-5 on a scape, only slightly fra- 
 grant ; tube J'-f ' long, open at the throat ; segments oblong-lanceolate 
 and acute ; crown plaited ; scape 1-1 high. Variable. Spain. 
 
 * * * Grown less than half the length of the divisions. 
 
 - Leaves flat, glaucescent. 
 
 M- Scape many-flowered. 
 
 N. Tazetta, Linn. (N. POLYANTHOS). POLYANTHUS N. Leaves glau- 
 cous ; flowers fragrant, numerous in an umbel, yellow or sometimes 
 white, with the crown golden or orange color. Bulb large (often 2 
 thick), the scape l-2 high. Runs into many forms. Eu. The CHINESE 
 SACRED LILY is var. OKIENTALIS, with a more spreading and crenulate 
 crown. 
 
 w ++ Scape 1-B-flowered. 
 
 N. bifldrus, Curt. PRIMROSE PEERLESS of the old gardeners ; flowers 
 white or pale straw-colored, 1-3 on the scape, the crown pure yellow. 
 Thought to be a hybrid between the last and the next. 
 
 N. poeticus, Linn. POET'S N. Scape 1-flowered ; crown of the snow- 
 white flower edged with pink, hardly at all projecting from the yellowish 
 throat ; in full double-flowered varieties the crown disappears. Common 
 in cult. S. Eu. 
 
 t- -t- Leaves linear and suoterete. 
 
 N. Jonqutlla, Linn. JONQUIL. Flowers 2 to 5, small; yellow, very 
 fragrant ; segments spreading horizontally, oblanceolate or obovate-cus- 
 pidate ; tube slender. There is a double form. S. Eu. 
 
 3. GALANTHUS, SNOWDROP. (Greek: milk and flower, probably 
 from the color.) Flowers earliest spring. 
 
 G. nivalis, Linn. Sends up in earliest spring a pair of linear pale 
 leaves and a scape 3'-6' high, bearing its delicate drooping white flower, 
 the inner divisions tipped with green ; a variety is full double. 
 
 G. Imperdtri, Bertol. Larger, with very narrow-based outer segments. 
 Italy. 
 
 4. LEUCOIUM, SNOWFLAKE. (Ancient Greek name, meaning 
 White Violet.) In gardens from Eu.; much like Snowdrops on a 
 larger scale, flowering later, the scape more leafy at base, and leaves 
 bright green. 
 
 L. vGrnum, Linn. Scape about 1 high, mostly 1-flowered in spring; 
 pod pear-shaped and 6-sided. 
 
 L. cesfivum, Linn. Scape 2 high, bearing 3-7 rather broader flowers 
 in late spring or early summer ; pod rounder.
 
 428 AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 
 
 5. SFREKELIA. (J. H. Sprekelsen, a German botanist of last cen- 
 tury, who wrote upon liliaceous plants.) 
 
 S. formoslssima, Herb. JACOBEAN or ST. JAMES'S LILY. Cult, from 
 Mexico ; scape 2 high, bearing a single large and declined deep crimson- 
 red flower, with hardly any tube, and 2-lipped, as it were, three divisions 
 recurved-spreading upwards, three turned downwards, these at base 
 involute around the lower part of the deflexed stamens and style. 
 
 6. NERINE. (Name of the water nymph.) Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 N. Sarniensis, Herb. GUERNSEY LILY. Scape 2-3 high, bearing an 
 umbel of wavy pale salmon-colored flowers, which have the segments 
 recurved ; leaves thick, appearing after the flowers. There are crimson- 
 flowered forms. 
 
 7. ZEPHYRANTHES. (Greek: wind flower, a fanciful name.) 
 Generally called AMARYLLIS in gardens. 
 
 Z. Ataniasco. Herb. ATAMASCO LILY. Penn., S. in low grounds ; 
 scape 6'-12' high, mostly shorter than the glossy leaves ; flower 2'-3' 
 long, single from a 2-cleft spathe, regular, funnel-form, white and pink- 
 ish ; stamens and style declined. 
 
 Z. cdndida, Herb. PERUVIAN SWAMP LILY. Flowers pure white, not 
 fragrant, rising just above the bright green fleshy leaves (scape 6'-12' 
 high); segments nearly equal, ovate and obtuse, an inch long. S. Amer. 
 
 Z. rdsecr, Lindl. FAIRY LILY. Flowers larger, rose-colored, regular 
 and erect ; segments rotate, sharp-pointed, green below the middle ; plant 
 tufted, the leaves striate. Cuba. 
 
 8. HIPPEASTRUM. (Greek : knight and star, from some fancied 
 resemblance in the flowers of H. equestre.) Often known in gardens 
 as AMARYLLIS. 
 
 H. vittatum, Herb. Peru ; double red feathery stripes on each of the 
 segments (which are erose and more or less recurved at the tip); tube 
 trumpet-like, about twice longer than the lobes, greenish. Very hand- 
 
 * * Flowers red or orange. 
 
 H. atilicum, Herb. LILY OF THE PALACE. Brazil ; flower very large 
 and handsome, the large segments crimson and striate, with a blotch of 
 red-purple and a green base ; leaves green and striate ; l-2 high ; tube 
 very short and open, the segments widely spreading. 
 
 H. equSstre, Herb. BARBADOS LILY. Mexico ; flowers medium large 
 and normally orange-red, but running into light red and striped sorts; 
 stamens strongly curved upwards at their ends ; tube slender and curved, 
 becoming dilated, mostly longer than the wavy-cuspidate segments. 
 
 H. -Reglnce, Herb. Mexico ; has 2-4 large, almost regular nodding 
 flowers, crimson-red, with hardly any tube, and the deflexed stamens 
 curved strongly upwards at the end. 
 
 H. JoHNs6Ni is a robust hybrid with dull red flowers, each segment 
 with a white stripe. Common. 
 
 9. CRINUM. (Greek name for a Lily.) Showy conservatory plants, 
 chiefly from tropical regions ; one wild S. 
 * Flowers red. 
 
 C. am&bile, Donn. The huge bulb rising into a column ; leaves becom- 
 ing several feet long and 3'-5' wide ; flowers numerous, 8'-10' long, crim- 
 son-purple outside, paler or white within. Sumatra.
 
 AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 429 
 
 * * Flowers white. 
 
 C. Asidticum, Linn. Tropical Asia ; slender perianth tube 3'-V long, 
 green tinged; flowers about 20 in an umbel, the linear segments 2'-3' 
 long. Bulb 4'-5' in diam., with a long neck, the peduncle sharp-edged, 
 2 high. 
 
 C. Americanum, Linn. River swamps Fla., W.; scape 1-2 D high, 
 from a globular bulb ; flower white, Q'-T long ; leaves concave and ob- 
 tuse, remotely denticulate. 
 
 10. AMARYLLIS. (Dedicated to the nymph of this name.) 
 
 A. Be/faddnna, Linn. BELLADONNA LILY. Cape of Good Hope ; has 
 elongated bulbs, channeled narrow leaves shorter than the solid scape, 
 and several almost regular large rose-red fragrant flowers, funnel-form 
 with very short tube, the stamens not much declined. 
 
 11. V ALLOT A. (Pierre Valot, an early French botanist.) 
 
 If. purptirea, Herb, (or AMARYLLIS SFECi6sA). Cape of Good Hope; 
 the scarlet-red flowers with short funnel-shaped tube, rather longer than 
 the broad-ovate and nearly equal spreading divisions. Popular green- 
 house plant, with scape 2-3 high, the leaves (equaling the scape) 
 lance-linear. 
 
 12. PANCRATIUM. (Greek: all potent, probably in reference to 
 some supposed medicinal qualities.) 
 
 P. marftimum. Linn. SEA DAFFODIL. Glaucous ; leaves linear, erect ; 
 scape barely flattish ; perianth 5' long, its green tube enlarging at summit 
 into the funnel-shaped 12-toothed cup, to the lower part of which the 
 spreading narrow-lanceolate divisions of the perianth are united. Salt 
 marshes, S. Car., S. (Eu.) 
 
 13. HYMENOCALLIS. (Beautiful membrane, Greek name referring 
 to the cup connecting the filaments. ) Several species wild, S. and W. 
 H. lacera, Salisb. (PANCRATIUM ROTATUM, or P. MEXICANUM). Leaves 
 
 linear strap-shaped, widely spreading, bright green, 2' or more wide ; 
 scape sharply 2-edged, 2-6-flowered ; slender tube of the perianth and its 
 linear widely spreading divisions each about 3' long, the latter wholly 
 free from the short and broadly open wavy-edged saucer-like cup ; bulb 
 bearing runners. Low banks and swamps, N. Car. , S. 
 
 H. occidentalis, Kunth. Leaves strap-shaped, glaucous, !' or less 
 broad ; scape 3-6-flowered, the bracts narrow and about 2' long ; tube 4' 
 or less long, the linear white segments nearly the same length ; crown 
 about 1' long, tubular below and broadly funnel-form above, the margin 
 either entire or toothed ; bulbs without runners. S. 111. , S. 
 
 14. EUCHARIS. (Greek: very graceful.) From S. Amer., in green- 
 houses. 
 
 . grandifldra, Planch. & Linden. (E. AMAZONICA). Scape 2-4 high, 
 bearing 3-6 white, drooping, large (4 '-5' wide) flowers in an umbel ; crown 
 green-tinged; leaves several, the petiole mostly rather larger than the 
 wide, strongly ribbed blade. 
 
 15. ALSTRCBMERIA. (Named by Linnaeus for his friend Baron 
 Alstroemer.) Several species of the conservatory, from W. S. Amer., 
 of mixed species. 
 
 A. Pelegrlna, Linn. LILY OF THE INCAS, from Peru. Flowers few or 
 solitary at the end of the branches, open, rose-colored or whitish, blotched
 
 430 YAM FAMILY. 
 
 with pink and spotted with purple, with some yellow on the inner 
 divisions. 
 
 A. pulchella, Linn. f. (A. PSITTAC!NA). Flowers umbelled, funnel-form 
 in shape, the spatulate divisions more erect and close, red, tipped with 
 green and brown-spotted. 
 
 A. versi color, Ruiz. & Pav. Flowers few, terminating the drooping or 
 spreading branches, yellow spotted with purple. 
 
 16. FOLIANTHES, TUBEROSE. (Name probably from Greek words 
 for white and flower; therefore not Polyanthes. The popular name 
 relates to the tuberous rootstock, therefore not Tube-rose, but Tuber-ose.) 
 
 P. tuberosa, Linn. The only species originally from Mexico ; the tall 
 stem with long several-ranked leaves at base, and shorter and sparser ones 
 towards the many-flowered spike (produced in autumn when planted 
 out) ; the blossoms very fragrant, white, or slightly tinged with rose, the 
 choicer sorts full-double. 
 
 17. AGAVE, AMERICAN ALOE. (Greek word for noble. ) Plants 
 flower only after some years, and die after maturing the fruit. 
 
 A. Virgfnica, Linn. Sterile soil from Md. to 111., and S.; has lance- 
 oblong denticulate and spiny -tipped leaves 6'-12' long, and scape bearing 
 a loose simple spike of small flowers, 3-6 high. 
 
 A. Americana, Linn. The COMMON CENTURY PLANT or AMERICAN ALOE. 
 With very thick spiny-toothed and spine-pointed leaves, 2-4 long, pale 
 green, or a variety yellowish-striped, the scape when developed from old 
 plants (said, erroneously, to flower only after 100 years in cool climates) 
 tree-like, bearing an ample panicle. Mexico. (Lessons, Fig. 169.) 
 
 CXVUL DIOSCOREACEJ!, YAM FAMILY. 
 
 Twining plants, from tubers or thick rootstocks or roots, 
 having ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves more or less 
 imitating those of Exogens, and small greenish or whitish 
 regular dioecious flowers, with the tube of the perianth in the 
 fertile ones adhering to the 3-celled ovary ; its 6 divisions 
 regular and parted to near the base or to the ovary. Styles 3, 
 distinct or nearly so. Ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell 
 
 1. DIOSCORilA. YAM. (Named for Dioscorides.') Flowers in axillary 
 panicles or racemes ; stamens 6 in the sterile ones, separate. Fertile 
 ones producing a 3-celled, 3-winged pod, when ripe splitting through 
 the wings. Flowers summer. Several species are cult, in the tropics. 1J. 
 
 D. vil!6sa, Linn. WILD YAM. Sends up from a knotty rootstock its 
 slender stems, bearing heart-shaped, pointed leaves, either alternate, 
 opposite, or some in fours, 9-11-ribbed, and with prominent cross- vein- 
 lets. In thickets, commoner S.; slightly downy, or usually almost 
 smooth, so that the specific name is not a good one. 
 
 D. divaricata, Blanco. (D. BATATAS) . CHINESE YAM, CINNAMON VINE. 
 Cult, from China and Japan (probably native to the Philippine Is.), for 
 ornament, or for its very deep and long farinaceous roots, a substitute 
 for potatoes ; leaves very smooth, heart-shaped, partly halberd-shaped, 
 and opposite, with little bulblets in the axils.
 
 LILY FAMILY. 431 
 
 D. bulblfera, Linn. AIR POTATO. Leaves alternate, cordate-ovate and 
 prominently cuspidate, glabrous, 9-nerved (the two lower ones upon 
 either side united at the base) , on stalks longer than the blade ; flowers 
 in lax and simple axillary drooping racemes. Somewhat cult, in Gulf 
 States for the large angular edible gray tubers (4'-6' long), in the axils 
 of the leaves. Tropical Asia. 
 
 CXIX. LILIACRffl, LILY FAMILY. 
 
 Large family, known as a whole by its regular symmetrical 
 flowers, with perianth of 6 (in one instance of 4 and another 
 of 8) parts, as many stamens with 2-celled anthers standing 
 in front of the divisions, and a free 3-celled (rarely 2-celled) 
 ovary. Perianth either partly or wholly colored, or greenish, 
 but not glumaceous. Fruit a few-many-seeded dry pod or 
 soft berry. Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium, etc. 
 Chiefly herbs, with entire leaves ; perennials. The chief genera 
 are here presented in an easy arrangement. 
 
 I. SMILAX SUBFAMILY. Chiefly woody-stemmed plants, 
 a few herbaceous, climbing or supported by a pair of tendrils 
 on the sides of the petiole, having 3-9-ribbed and netted-yeined 
 leaves and small dioecious flowers in axillary umbels ; stigmas 
 mostly 3, long and diverging, sessile ; fruit a berry ; the 
 anthers are only 1-celled, opening by one longitudinal slit 
 (the division of the cell, if any, corresponding with the slit). 
 
 1. SMILAX. Characters of the Subfamily. 
 
 II. ASPAEAGUS SUBFAMILY. With parallel-veined 
 mostly alternate leaves, branching or simple stems from a 
 rootstock (at least there is no bulb), a single style (if cleft or 
 lobed at all only at the summit), and fruit a few-several- 
 seeded berry. Pedicels very often with a joint in the middle 
 or under the flower. Flower almost always small, and white 
 or greenish, chiefly perfect. 
 
 * Plants with small scales in place of leaves, from the axils of which are produced 
 false leaves, i.e. bodies which by their position are seen to be of the nature of 
 branches, but which imitate and act as leaves. Perianth greenish or whitish, 
 6 parted, the stamens borne on its base. Berry ^-celled, the cells -2-seeded. 
 
 8. ASPAEAGUS. Flowers greenish-yellow, bell-shaped, scattered along the much divided 
 branches ; or, in one group, 2 or 8 In the axils, greenish-white ; the linear-oblong 
 divisions of the perianth recurved. The so-called leaves ranging from very narrow 
 to lance-ovate. Stems often twining.
 
 482 LILY FAMILY. 
 
 * * Herbs with ordinary broad leaves. 
 
 t- Perianth bell-shaped, 0/6 (4 in No. 7) separate and similar deciduous divisions; sta- 
 men* on the receptacle or nearly so. 
 ++ flowers erect, few or several in an umbel on a naked scape. 
 
 3. CLINTONIA. Base of the scape sheathed by the stalks of a few large oval or oblong 
 
 and ciliate root leaves. Filaments long and slender ; anthers linear or oblong. Style 
 long. Ovary 2-3-celled, becoming a blue berry. Rootstocks creeping, like those of 
 Lily of the Valley, which the leaves also resemble. 
 
 -H- Flowers single or few, hanging at the end of the leafy spreading branches, or sub- 
 axillary. 
 
 4. DISPOEUM. Flowers on slender simple stalks, yellowish. Divisions of the perianth 
 
 lanceolate or linear. Filaments much longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers. 
 Ovary with a pair of hanging ovules in each of the 8 cells, becoming an ovoid or 
 oblong and pointed red berry. Rootstock short, not creeping ; herbage downy. 
 
 5. STREPTOPU8. Flowers single or rarely in pairs along the leafy and forking stem, 
 
 just out of the axils of the ovate clasping leaves ; the slender peduncle usually bent 
 In the middle. Divisions of the perianth lanceolate, acute, the three inner ones 
 keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, on short and flattish filaments. Ovary 3-ceUed, 
 making a red many-seeded berry. 
 
 ++ -H- -M- Flowers in terminal racemes. 
 
 6. SMILACINA. Raceme or cluster of racemes terminating a leaf-bearing stem. Flowers 
 
 small, white. Perianth 6-parted. Filaments slender; anthers short. Ovary 8- 
 celled, making a berry. Rootstocks mostly creeping. 
 
 T. MAIANTHEMUM. Stem low, only 2-leaved. Flower 4-parted, with 4 stamens, 2- 
 celled ovary and 2-lobed stigma. 
 
 +- - Perianth of one piece, more or less deeply lobed, the stamens inserted on 
 
 the tube. 
 H- Segments 6 ; flowers on a conspicuous scape or a leafy stem. 
 
 8. CONVALLABIA. Flowers nodding in a one-sided raceme, on an angled scape whick 
 
 rises, with the (about) two oblong leaves, from a running rootstock. Perianth short 
 bell-shaped, with 6 recurving lobes. Stamens included. Style stout Ovary with 
 several ovules, becoming a few-seeded red berry. 
 
 9. POLYGONATUM. Flowers nodding in the axils of the leaves along a leafy and re- 
 
 curving simple stem, which rises from a long and thickened rootstock. Perianth 
 greenish, cylindrical, 6-lobed or 6-toothed, bearing the 6 included stamens at or 
 above the middle of the tube. Style slender. Ovary 8-celled with few ovules in 
 each cell, in fruit becoming a globular black or blue few-seeded berry. 
 ++ *+ Segments 8 ; flowers inconspicuous because borne close to the ground. 
 10. ASPIDISTRA. Remarkable because the lurid-purple flowers are borne at the surface 
 of the ground upon 1-flowered scapes. Stamens 8. Stigma broadly pellate, mush- 
 room-like. Leaves with a distinct petiole and ovate-lanceolate limb, all radical. 
 
 III. BELLWORT SUBFAMILY. With alternate and 
 broad not grass-like parallel-veined leaves ; stem from a root- 
 stock or from fibrous roots, branching and leafy; style one at 
 the base, but 3-cleft or 3-parted. Fruit a pod, few-seeded. 
 Anthers turned rather outwards than inwards. Perianth of 6 
 almost similar and wholly separate pieces, deciduous. Not 
 acrid nor poisonous. Plants intermediate between the preced- 
 ing group and the next two.
 
 LILT FAMILY. 433 
 
 11. UYTJLARIA. Stem terete. Flowers solitary, drooping, yellowish ; the perianth nar- 
 
 rowly boll-shaped and lily-like, the sepals spatuiate-lanceolate and acuminate, with 
 a honey-bearing groove or pit at the erect narrowed base. Stamens short, one at 
 the base of each division ; anthers linear, much longer than the filaments. Pod 
 truncate, 3-lobed, loculicidal from the top. Seeds thick and roundish. Leaves per 
 foliate. 
 
 12. OAKESIA. Stem angled. Flowers opposite the leaves (by the growth of the stem), 
 
 the segments not acuminate. Capsule thin, elliptical, acutish at each end, sharply 
 8-winged and tardily dehiscent. Leaves sessile. 
 
 IV. TRILLIUM SUBFAMILY. With netted-veined leaves 
 all in one or two whorls on an otherwise naked stem,, which 
 rises from a fleshy rootstock ; styles or sessile stigmas '3, sepa- 
 rate down to the ovary. Fruit a berry. 
 
 18. TRILLIUM. Perianth of 3 green persistent sepals, and 3 colored petals ; the latter at 
 length withering away after flowering, but not deciduous. Anthers linear, adnate, 
 on short filaments, looking inwards. Awl-shaped styles or stigmas persistent. 
 Ovary 3-6-angled. Berry purple or red, ovate, many-seeded. 
 
 14. MEDEOLA. Perianth of 6 oblong and distinct nearly similar pieces, recurved, decidu- 
 
 ous. Anthers oblong, shorter than the stender filaments. Stigmas or styles long 
 and diverging or recurved on the globular ovary, deciduous. Berry dark-purple, 
 few-seeded. 
 
 V. MELANTHIUM SUBFAMILY. With alternate and 
 parallel-veined leaves ; stem simple, at least up to the panicles ; 
 and flowers often polygamous, sometimes dioecious ; styles or 
 sessile stigmas 3, separate down to the ovary. Fruit a pod. 
 Anthers almost always turned outwards. Perianth withering 
 or persisting, not deciduous, the 6 parts generally alike. 
 Mostly acrid or poisonous plants, some used in medicine. 
 
 Perianth urith a long tube rising directly from a thin-coated solid bulb or corm ; 
 anthers -2-cetted. Stemless. 
 
 15. COLCHICUM. Perianth resembling that of a Crocus. Stamens borne on the throat 
 
 of the long-tubular perianth. Styles very long. 
 
 Perianth without an evident tube, of 6 distinct or almost separate divisions. 
 
 +- Anthers ^-celled, short ; flowers in a simple raceme or spike ; pod loculicidal. 
 
 ++ Leaves all at the base of the stem, the latter sometimes bracteate. 
 
 16. HELONIAS. Flowers perfect, in a short dense raceme, lilac-purple, turning green in 
 
 fruit ; the divisions spatulate-oblong, spreading. Filaments slender ; anthers blue. 
 Pod 3-lobed ; cells many -seeded. 
 
 17. TOFIELDA. Flowers perfect, in a close raceme or spike, mostly with a small 8-bracted 
 
 involucre beneath. Perianth white or greenish, the sepals concave, oblong or obo- 
 vate, 3-nerved. Styles awl-shaped. Capsule 3-angled, the cells many-seeded. 
 Tufted, from creeping rhizomes. 
 
 ~~ Stems veryleafy. 
 
 18. CHAM^ELIRIUM. Flowers dioecious or mostly so. Perianth of 6 small and narrow 
 
 white pieces. Pod ovoid-oblong, many-seeded. Spike or raceme slender. 
 iS. XEROPHYLLUM. Flowers perfect, in a compact raceme, white ; the divisions oval, 
 sessile, widely spreading, naked. Filaments awl-shaped. Pod globular 3-lobed, 
 with 2 wingless seeds in each cell. 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. BOX. 28
 
 434 LILY FAMILY. 
 
 +- -i- Anthers kidney-shaped or round heart-shaped, the two cells confluent into one, 
 shield-shape after opening ; styles awl-shaped ; pod S-horned, septicidal ; seeds 
 commonly flat or thin-margined. 
 
 H- Stem pubescent above, tall and leafy, from a rootstock ; leaves generally broader 
 than linear. 
 
 20. MELANTHIUM. Flowers polygamous, in racemes forming an open pyramidal panicle. 
 
 Perianth cream -colored, turning green or brownish with age, perfectly free from the 
 ovary, its heart-shaped or oblong and partly halberd -shaped widely spreading divis- 
 ions raised on a claw and marked with a pair of darker spots or glands. Filaments 
 short, adhering to the claws of the perianth, persistent. Seeds several in each cell, 
 broadly winged. Leaves lanceolate or linear, mostly grass-like. Stem roughish- 
 downy above, its base more or less bulbous. 
 
 21. VERATRUM. Flowers polygamous, in panicled racemes. Perianth greenish or 
 
 brownish, its obovate-oblong divisions narrowed at base, free from the ovary, not 
 spotted. Filaments short. Seeds rather numerous, wing-margined. Leaves broad, 
 many-nerved. Base of the leafy stem more or less bulb-like, producing many long 
 white roots. 
 
 H- ++ Stem glabrous and more slender, generally from a bulb ; leaves linear. 
 
 22. 8TENANTHIUM. Flowers polygamous, in panicled racemes on a leafy stem. Peri- 
 
 anth white, with spreading and not spotted lanceolate divisions tapering to a narrow 
 point from a broader base, which coheres with the base of the ovary. Stamens very 
 short. Seeds several, wingless. Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like. 
 
 23. ZYGADENUS. Flowers perfect or polygamous, in a terminal panicle. Perianth 
 
 greenish-white, its oblong or ovate widely spreading divisions spotted with a pair of 
 roundish glands or colored spots near the sessile or almost sessile base. Stamens 
 free from and about the length of the perianth. Leaves linear, grass-like ; stem and 
 whole plant smooth. 
 
 24. AMIANTHIUM. Flowers perfect, mostly in a simple raceme. Perianth white, the 
 
 oval or obovate spreading divisions without claws or spots. Filaments long and 
 Blender. Seeds wingless, 1-4 in each cell. Leaves chiefly from the bulbous base of 
 the scape-like stem, linear, keeled, grass-like. 
 
 VI. LILY SUBFAMILY PROPER (including Asphodel 
 Family). Distinguished by the single undivided style (or 
 rarely a sessile stigma), and fruit a loculicidal pod. Perianth 
 with all 6 parts generally corolla-like, and in all the following 
 nearly similar. Leaves parallel-veined or ribbed, sometimes 
 with netted veins also. Stem or scape mostly simple. 
 
 Bulbous plants (bulbs either tunicate or coated); stem always herbaceous ; radical 
 leaves not in large clumps. 
 
 - Stem leafy, especially above, the leaves often whorled or crowded; divisions of the 
 perianth with a honey-bearing furrow or spot at or near the base ; style long ; 
 stigmas or lobes 3 ; pod packed with 2 rotes of depressed and flat soft-coated 
 seeds in each cell. Flowers large, often several. 
 
 25. LILIUM. Flower bell-shaped or funnel-form with the separate or partly united divis- 
 
 ions spreading or recurved above ; the honey-bearing groove beginning at their base. 
 Anthers linear, at first erect, at length versatile. Pod oblong. Bulb mostly scaly. 
 (Lessons, Figs. 107-110.) 
 
 26. FRITILLARIA. Divisions of the bell-shaped flower distinct, not at all recurving ; the 
 
 honey-bearing spot above their base. Bulb coated or scaly. Flowers always nodding, 
 often spotted.
 
 LILY FAMILY. 435 
 
 +- -i- Stem 2-leaved or few-leaved at or toioards the base, naked above and ordinarily 
 1-flowered at summit ; the six pieces of the bell-shaped perianth separate ; sta- 
 mens on the receptacle or nearly so ; anthers erect ; seeds many, pale, 
 
 27. TULIPA. Stem 1-2-leaved above the ground, bearing an erect large flower. Divisions 
 
 of the perianth broad, not recurved nor spreading. Ovary and pod triangular, colum- 
 nar ; stigmas 3, sessile. Seeds nearly as in Lily. 
 
 28. CALOCHORTUS. Stem few-leaved, 1-few-flowered. Flowers large and handsome, of 
 
 various colors, erect or pendulous, the 3 outer divisions small greenish, and sepal- 
 like, but the 3 inner ones very broad and bearded on the inside and usually blotched 
 at the base, all widely spreading. Capsule oblong, 3-angled. 
 
 29. ERYTHRONIUM. Scape 2-leaved from the ground, bearing a nodding flower. Divis- 
 
 ions of the perianth lanceolate, recurved or spreading above. Ovary and pod obo- 
 vate ; seeds globular. Style long, more or less club-shaped. 
 
 - *- +- Scape naked, bearing 1 to several or many flowers ; seeds few, globular or 
 angled ; leaves linear or nearly so. 
 
 H- Flowers in umbels (or in Nos. 30 and 31 sometimes solitary or twin). 
 
 30. BRODI^EA. Perianth of various colors, funnel-form or companulate, the lobes erect 
 
 or somewhat spreading and equaling or exceeding the length of the tube. Stamens 
 6 or 3, with staminodia between, the filaments very short. Stigma 3-fld or 3-sulcate. 
 Leaves channeled or flat. 
 
 81. MILLA. Perianth white, greenish outside, salver-like, the 6 lobes rotate-spreading ; 
 tube long-campanulate. Stamens 6, inserted on the tube, exserted, the anthers long 
 and connivent about the style, but the filaments very short. Stigma 3-parted. Leaves 
 very narrow, glaucous, hollow. 
 
 32. ALLIUM. Flowers in a simple umbel, from a 1-2-leaved or scarious spathe, the lobes 
 
 colored ; cells of ovary 1-2-seeded, and pod lobed ; style persistent, slender ; stigma 
 entire. Plants onion-scented. 
 
 33. NOTHOSCORDUM. Differs from Allium In the greenish or yellowish-white flowers, 
 
 several-seeded cells, scarcely -lobed pod, and absence of onion odor. 
 
 *+ -H- Flowers in racemes or spikes (subcorymbose in 2fo. 84). 
 = Perianth parted almost or quite to the bate. 
 
 84. ORNITHOGALUM. Flowers bracted, white, wheel-shaped. Style 8-sided; stigma 
 
 3-angled. 
 
 85. SCILLA. Flowers mostly blue, the divisions 1-nerved. Filaments often broadened at 
 
 the base. Stigma capitate. 
 
 86. CAMASSIA. Flowers blue in ours, the divisions 8- or more-nerved. Filaments fill- 
 
 form. Stigma 8-fld. 
 
 -= = Perianth with a pronounced tube, the stamens upon the throat. 
 
 87. CHIONODOXA. Flowers small, mostly blue, stalked in a short raceme, the tube 
 
 shorter than the recurved-spreading acute segments. Filaments all broadly dilated. 
 Style short, the stigmas small or capitate. Cells 4-6-seeded. 
 
 88. MU8CARI. Flowers in a dense raceme; the globular or urn-shaped constricted- 
 
 mouthed perianth nearly 6-toothed. 
 
 89. HTACINTHUS. The short-funnel-shaped or bell-shaped perianth 6-cleft, throat open, 
 
 the lobes spreading. 
 
 * * Plants with tuberous rootstocks or fibrous-rooted crown ; stem always herbaceous ; 
 radical leaves often forming large clumps by the spread of the rootstock. 
 Scape (in ours) leafless. 
 
 +- Flowers in a 2-bracted umbel. 
 
 40. AGAPANTHUS. Perianth blue, tubular at base, with 6 widely spreading divisions 
 nearly regular. Pod triangular, many-seeded- Seeds flat, brownish, winged, above, 
 Leaves linear, flat,
 
 436 LILY FAMILY* 
 
 +- +- flowers paniculate on a somewhat branching scape. 
 
 41. HEMEROCALLIS. Perianth yellow, lasting but a day, funnel-form, with short narrow 
 
 tube closely investing the ovary ; the nearly similar divisions more or less spreading. 
 Pod thick, at first fleshy. Seeds few in each cell, roundish, with a hard and brittle 
 black coat. Leaves linear, grassy and soft, keeled. 
 
 42. PHOEMIUM. Perianth lurid or yellowish, with a short incurved tube, the 3 exterior 
 
 segments lanceolate and erect, the 8 interior slender and slightly spreading at the 
 tips. Stamens exserted. Ovules numerous in each cell. Capsule 3-angled. Rhi- 
 zome short, not fleshy. Leaves radical, long-linear-ensiform, stiff and evergreen, 
 strongly keeled. Panicle long, with short secund branches. 
 
 t- -n- Flowers in a dense spike. 
 
 48. KNIPHOFIA. Flowers very many, reflexed in a dense spike on a bracted scape. 
 Perianth tubular, regular, red or yellow, 6-toothed. Stamens and style straight, pro- 
 trading from the tubular perianth. Filaments of two lengths. Pod many-seeded. 
 Leaves narrow -linear, long and grassy, keeled, crowded at the root. 
 
 i- -t- +- +- Flowers in racemes, which are mostly simple. 
 ++ Leaves ovate or heart-shaped, netted-veined between the ribs, and on long petioles. 
 
 44. FUNKIA. Flowers in a raceme, blue or white. Perianth funnel-form, 6-cleft, the 
 lobes hardly spreading, somewhat irregular. Pod oblong, prismatic, many-seeded. 
 Seeds flat, black, with a soft and thin coat, winged at the apex. 
 
 ++ ++ Leaves narrow, mostly linear. 
 
 46. A8PHODELUS. Perianth segments distinct or Hearty so, white with a yellowish line 
 in the center. Stamens hypogynous, shorter than the segments, erect or slightly 
 declined, the filaments dilated at the base and covering the ovary. Ovules 2 in each 
 cell. Capsule obscurely 3-angled. Rhizome small, sometimes annual. Leaves linear, 
 strap-shaped or fistulose. 
 
 46. SCHO3NOLIRION. Perianth white or yellow, withering-persistent, the segments dis- 
 tinct and 3-5-nerved. Stamens hypogynous, shorter than the segments, the filaments 
 filiform. Ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule short and truncate, 3-angled. Rhizome 
 tuberous. Leaves long-linear. 
 
 4T. PARADISEA. Perianth funnel-form, the segments distinct and erect-spreading, nar- 
 row at the base, the upper portion oblong-spatulate and 8-nerved. Stamens hypo- 
 gynous and declined, scarcely shorter than the perianth, the filaments filiform. 
 Ovules many in each cell. Capsule ovoid and coriaceous. Rhizome very short. 
 
 * * * Stem a woody trunk, either short or tree-like, bearing a crown of sword shaped, 
 fleshy or thin leaves ; no bulb. 
 
 +- Leaves short, very thick and fleshy, 2-ranked, crowded on the very short stem, at the 
 base of the scape. 
 
 48. ALOE. Flowers racemed on a slender bracted scape. Perianth tube straight or slightly 
 
 curved, the segments elongated. Stamens hypogynous, equaling or exceeding the 
 perianth. Seeds many, 8-angled. 
 
 - f- Leaves long, often stiff and sharp-edged, mostly many -ranked, either clustered 
 near the ground or borne upon the short trunk. 
 
 49. TUOCA. Flowers in an ample terminal compound panicle, large, often polygamous, 
 
 white or whitish. Perianth of 6 separate oval or oblong acute divisions, not decid- 
 uous, the 8 inner broader, longer than the stamens. Stigmas 3, sessile. Pod oblong, 
 many-seeded ; the depressed seeds as in Lily. 
 
 60. CORDYLINE. Stem woody, often eventually rising several feet high. Leaves mostly 
 at the top of the stem, firm, mostly about lanceolate. Perianth cylindraceous or 
 narrowly bell-form, the tube short. Ovules many in each cell. Fruit fleshy, small 
 and nearly globular, mostly indehiscent. Flowers small in a large panicle.
 
 LILT FAMILY. 437 
 
 1. SMILAX, GREEN BRIER, CAT BRIER, or CHINA BRIER. 
 
 (Ancient Greek name.) In thickets and low grounds; flowers small, 
 greenish, in clusters on axillary peduncles, in summer, or several of 
 the Southern prickly ones in spring. 
 
 * Stems herbaceous, never prickly, smooth; leaves thin, mucronate- 
 tipped; ovules and seeds usually a pair in each cell ; berries blue-black, 
 icith a bloom; plant, or parts of it, sometimes pubescent. 
 
 S. herbacea, Linn. CARRION FLOWER (the scent of the blossoms jus- 
 tifies the name). Erect and recurving, often without tendrils, or low- 
 climbing, very variable in size, generally smooth ; leaves ovate-oblong or 
 roundish and mostly heart-shaped, 7-9-nerved ; peduncles sometimes 
 short, generally 3'-4' or even 6'-8' long, even much surpassing the leaves, 
 20-40-flowered. Moist places. Common. 
 
 S. tamnifdlia, Michx. Pine barrens, N. J., S.; differs in its heart- 
 shaped and some halberd-shaped only 5-nerved leaves ; peduncles rather 
 longer than the petioles, and berry fewer-seeded. 
 
 S. ecirrhata, Watson. Erect, 3 or less high, the upper petioles ten- 
 dril-bearing or commonly no tendrils, glabrous ; lower leaves bract-like, 
 the others thin and 5-7 -nerved, broadly ovate-elliptical to roundish, acute, 
 mostly cordate at the base, sometimes verticillate, sparsely pubescent 
 beneath ; umbels 10-20-flowered on peduncles about the length of the 
 petioles ; berry 3-seeded. Mich, to Minn, and Mo., and S. Car. 
 
 * * Stems woody, often prickly; ovules and seeds only one in each cell; 
 
 plant glabrous throughout (except the third). 
 
 ->- Leaves often glossy, b-Q-ribbed; stigmas and cells of ovary 3 (except in 
 S.pumila). 
 
 M- Berries red; peduncles rather short; leaves 5- ribbed ; prickles few. 
 
 S. lanceolata, Linn. Climbs high ; leaves evergreen, lance-ovate or 
 lanceolate, acute at both ends ; rootstock tuberous ; fruit ripening the 
 second year. Va. , S. and W. 
 
 S. Walter!, Pursh. Pine barrens, N. J., S.; 6 high ; leaves decid- 
 uous, ovate or lance-oval, roundish or slightly heart-shaped ; peduncles 
 flat ; rootstock creeping. 
 
 S. pumila, Walt. Rising only l-3 high, not prickly, soft-downy, 
 with ovate or oblong and heart-shaped, 6-ribbed, evergreen leaves, when 
 old smooth above ; peduncles twice as long as petioles, densely-flowered ; 
 berries ripening the second year. Dry soil, S. Car. to Fla. 
 
 w- " Berries black, often with a bloom ; leaves mostly roundish or some- 
 what heart-shaped at base; peduncles almost always flat. 
 
 = Peduncle not longer than the petiole. 
 
 3. rotundifdlia, Linn. COMMON GREEN BRIER. Common in thickets ; 
 yellowish-green, often high-climbing ; branchlets more or less square, 
 armed with scattered prickles ; leaves ovate or round-ovate, thickish, 
 green both sides, 2'-3' long ; peduncles few-flowered. 
 
 Var. quadraiigularis, Gray, more common W., has 4-angled branchlets. 
 
 = = Peduncle longer than the petiole, but not twice as long. 
 
 S. glafcca, Walt. Mostly S. of N. Y., but less prickly than the preced- 
 ing, the ovate leaves glaucous beneath, and seldom at all heart-shaped, 
 smooth-edged, and peduncles longer than petiole ; branches terete ; 
 branchlets obscurely 4-angled. 
 
 S. bona-n6x, Linn. Differs from preceding, in the leaves varying 
 from round- heart-shaped to fiddle-shaped and halberd-shaped, green both
 
 438 LILY FAMILY. 
 
 sides, pointed, and the edges often sparsely bristly ; branches and branch- 
 lets angled. S. Mass., S. and W. 
 
 = = = Peduncle 2-4 times as long as the petiole. 
 
 S. hlspida, Muhl. Rootstock long ; stem high-climbing, below beset 
 with long and dark, bristly prickles ; leaves ovate and heart-shaped, green 
 both sides, thin, 4'-5' long; flat peduncles l'-2' long ; flowers larger than 
 in the Common Green Brier. Conn, to Minn., and S. 
 
 S. Pseudo-China, Linn. CHINA BRIER. Rootstock tuberous ; prickles 
 none or rare ; leaves ovate and heart-shaped, green both sides, often con- 
 tracted in the middle, and rough-ciliate, 3'-5' long ; flat peduncles 2'-3' 
 long. N. J., W. and S. 
 
 *- -- Leaves evergreen; stigma, cell of the ovary, and seed only one. 
 
 3. Iaurif61ia, Linn. Very smooth, high-climbing stem, with some 
 prickles ; leaves thick, glossy, varying from ovate to lanceolate, 3-nerved ; 
 peduncles not exceeding the petiole and pedicels ; berries black. Pine 
 barrens, N. J. , S. 
 
 2. ASPARAGUS. (The ancient Greek name.) Flowers early summer. 
 
 A. officinalis, Linn. COMMON ASPARAGUS. Cult, from Eu., for its escu- 
 lent spring shoots, spontaneous about gardens and waste places ; tall, 
 bushy- branched, the leaves thread-shaped ; berries red. 
 
 A. plumbsus, Baker. A S. African plant, much grown by florists for 
 the delicate spray ; climbing (or dwarf in var. NANCS), the false leaves 
 y or less long in tufts, disposed in frond-like, slender branches ; flowers 
 small and white, stalked, on the tips of the branchlets. 
 
 A.medeololdes, Thunb. (or MTRSIPHYLLUM ASPARAGO!DES). " SMILAX " 
 of the florists ; a very smooth, delicate twiner, cult, in conservatories for 
 winter decoration; the bright green so-called leaves (see Lessons, Fig. 
 167) 1' or more long, glossy-green both sides, nerved, set edgewise on the 
 branch, but turning so as to present an upper and under face ; the small 
 flowers produced in winter, sweet-scented, with reddish anthers ; berries 
 greenish. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 3. CLINTONIA. (Named for DeWitt Clinton, once governor of New 
 York. ) Cold moist woods ; flowers early summer. 
 
 C. borealis, Raf. Only N. and along the mountains ; flowers 2-7, 
 greenish-yellow, over ' long ; berry rather many-seeded. 
 
 C. umbellata. Torr. Along the Alleghanies, N. Y., S.; flowers numer- 
 ous, i' long, white, speckled with green or purplish dots ; seeds only 2 in 
 each cell. 
 
 4. DISPORUM. (Greek: double-seeded, from the 2-o vuled cells.) 
 
 D. Ianugin6sum, Benth. & Hook. Rich woods, the whole length of 
 the Alleghany region to Canada ; branches widely spreading ; leaves 
 ovate-oblong, pointed, rounded, or slightly heart-shaped at the sessile base ; 
 flowers ' long, greenish ; style with 3 stigmas ; flowers late spring. 
 
 5. STREPTOFUS, TWISTED STALK (which the name denotes in 
 Greek). In cold or wet woods ; flowers in late spring and early sum- 
 mer ; small, barely ' long. 
 
 S. aniplexifdlius, DC. Stem stout, rough at base, 2-3 high ; leaves 
 strongly clasping, smooth, glaucous beneath ; flower whitish, on a long 
 stalk with abrupt bend above the middle ; anthers slender-pointed ; 
 stigma truncate. N. Eng. to Minn, and O., and S. in the mountains.
 
 LILY FAMILY. 439 
 
 S. rdseus, Michx. Stem l-2 high ; leaves green, finely ciliate, and 
 with the few branches beset with more short and fine bristly hairs ; flower 
 rose-purple, on a less bent stalk ; anthers 2-horned , stigma 3-cleft. Simi- 
 lar range. 
 
 6. SMILACINA, FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL. (Name a diminu- 
 tive of Smilax, which these plants do not resemble.) Woods or low 
 grounds ; white flowers late spring. 
 
 * Flowers in a terminal panicle ; stamens exserted. 
 
 S. racemdsa, Desf. FALSE SPIKENARD. 2 high, minutely downy, leafy 
 to the top ; the oblong or lance-oval leaves ciliate, pointed at each end ; 
 flowers small (sometimes pinkish), crowded in a compound raceme ; the 
 divisions of perianth narrow ; berries pale red and speckled. Canada, S. 
 
 * * Flowers in a simple small raceme ; stamens included. 
 
 S. stellata, Desf. Moist places, N.; l-2 high, smooth, or the 7-12 
 lance-oblong leaves minutely downy when young ; raceme several-flow- 
 ered ; berries blackish. 
 
 S. trif6lia, Desf. Cold bogs N.; 3'-6' high, smooth, with mostly 3 
 oblong leaves tapering to a sheathing base ; raceme loose, few-flowered ; 
 berries red. 
 
 7. MAIANTHEMUM. (Greek: mayflower.) 
 
 M. Canad^nse, Desf. In moist woods and on banks N.; 3'-6 ; high ; 
 stem bearing 2 (sometimes 3) heart-shaped leaves, and a short raceme of 
 small flowers ; berries red. Common. 
 
 8. CONVALLARIA, LILY OF THE VALLEY. (Name altered 
 from the Latin Lilium convallium, of which the English name is a 
 translation.) Flowers late spring. 
 
 C. majalis, Linn. The only true species, cult, everywhere, from Eu., 
 and wild on the higher Alleghanies ; its small, sweet-scented, white 
 flowers familiar. (Lessons, Fig. 113.) 
 
 9. POLYGONATUM, SOLOMON'S SEAL. (Greek: many-jointed.) 
 The English name is from the rootstocks, the impression of the seal 
 being the scar left by the death and separation of the stem of a former 
 year ; Lessons, Fig. 99.) Stem recurving or turned to one side. Flow- 
 ers late spring and early summer. 
 
 P. bifldrum, Ell. SMALLER S. Wooded banks ; l-3 high ; the 
 ovate-oblong or lance-oblong leaves nearly sessile and glaucous, or mi- 
 nutely whitish-downy beneath ; peduncles mostly 2-flowered ; filaments 
 roughened, borne above the middle of the tube. 
 
 P. gigant&um, Dietr. LARGER S. Alluvial grounds N. ; 3-8 high, 
 smooth ; leaves ovate, partly clasping ; peduncles 2-8-flowered ; filaments 
 smooth and naked, borne on the middle of the tube. 
 
 10. ASPIDISTRA. (Greek: a small round shield, alluding to the 
 shape of the flower.) 
 
 A. lUrida, Ker. China; a popular florist's plant, grown for the stiff, 
 evergreen, shining, striate-green (or white-striped), oblong-lanceolate, 
 sharp-pointed leaves, all of which are radical ; blade 12'-20' long, nar- 
 rowed into a channeled petiole a third its length.
 
 440 LILY FAMILY. 
 
 11. UVULARIA, BELLWOKT. (Name from the Latin uvula or 
 palate; from the hanging flowers.) Stems 6'-2 high, naked below, 
 leafy above ; flowers spring. All in rich woods. 
 
 TT. grandif!6ra, Smith. The common one from W. N. Eng., W. and 
 S.; with pale, greenish-yellow flower \\' long and smooth, or nearly so 
 inside ; stamens exceeding the styles ; plant not glaucous. 
 
 U. perfoliata, Linn. Smaller, with sharper tips to the anthers, and 
 parts of the barely yellowish perianth granular-roughened inside ; stamens 
 shorter than the styles ; plant glaucous throughout. N. Eng., W. and S. 
 (Lessons, Fig. 162.) 
 
 12. OAKESIA. (Named for William Oakes^ an early New England 
 botanist. ) 
 
 O. sessilif6lia, Watson. Common, especially N.; 6'-12' high, with 
 pale, lance-oblong, sessile or somewhat clasping leaves, which taper at 
 each end and are glaucous beneath, and whitish, cream-colored flower f ' 
 long ; pod stalked. 
 
 O. pub^rula, Watson. Slightly puberulent ; leaves oval and rounded 
 at base, shining, the edges slightly rough ; pod not stalked. Va., S. 
 
 13. TRILLIUM, THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE, WAKE-ROBIN, 
 BIRTHROOT. (Latin : triplum, triple, the parts throughout being in 
 threes.) Low stem from a short tuber-like rootstock (Lessons, Figs. 
 100, 226, 227), bearing a whorl of three green, conspicuously netted- 
 veined, ovate or rhomboidal leaves, and a terminal flower, in spring. 
 All grow in rich or moist woods, or the last in bogs. 
 
 * Flower sessile; petals and sepals narrow, the former spatulate, dull 
 purple. 
 
 T. sessile, Linn. From Penn. to Minn., and S.; leaves sessile, often 
 blotched, ovate, or rhomboidal ; petals sessile, rather erect, turning 
 greenish, long-persisting. 
 
 T. recurvatum, Beck. Differs in having the ovate or obovate leaves 
 narrowed at base into a petiole, sepals reflexed, and pointed petals with 
 a narrowed base. O., W. and N.W. 
 
 * Flower raised on a peduncle; petals withering away soon after flow- 
 ering. 
 
 -- Peduncle erect or inclined; leaves rhombic-ovate, sessile by a wedge- 
 shaped base, abruptly taper-pointed; petals flat. 
 
 T. er^ctum, Linn. PURPLE T. or BIRTHROOT. Not so large as the 
 next ; the petals (varying from dull dark purple to white or pink) ovate, 
 widely spreading, little longer than the sepals, I'-l^' long; stigmas stout 
 and spreading or recurved ; flowers ill-scented. N.'Eng., W. and S. 
 
 T. grandifldrum, Salisb. GREAT-FLOWERED WHITE T. Flowering 
 rather late ; handsome, the obovate petals 2'-2' long, much larger than 
 the sepals, gradually recurving from an erect base, pure white, in age 
 becoming rose-colored ; stigmas very slender and erect, or nearly so. 
 Common N. 
 
 t- *- Peduncle recurved from the first under the short-petioled or almost 
 sessile leaves, not longer than the ovary and recurved white petals. 
 
 T. c^muurn, Linn. NODDING T. Leaves rhombic-ovate ; petals oblong, 
 ovate, acute, 5'-$' long; styles separate. N. Eng., W. and S. 
 
 T. styl6sum, Nutt. Upper country N. Car. to Fla. ; leaves oblong, 
 tapering to both ends ; petals oblong, tinged with rose-color, much longer 
 and broader than the sepals ; styles united at base.
 
 LILY FAMILY. 441 
 
 -*-<- Peduncle nearly erect; leaves rounded at the base and short- 
 petioled. 
 
 T. nivale, Riddell. DWAHF WHITE T. From W. Pean., N. W.; very 
 early-flowering, 2 '-4' high ; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse ; petals oblong, 
 obtuse, pure white, 1' long; styles slender. 
 
 T. erythrocarpum, Michx. PAINTED T. Low woods or bogs N.; 
 leaves ovate, taper-pointed ; petals lance-ovate, pointed, wavy, white with 
 pink stripes at the base ; berry bright red. 
 
 14. MEDEOLA, INDIAN CUCUMBEK (from the taste of the tuber- 
 ous white and horizontal rootstock ; the Latin name from Medea, the 
 sorceress). Flowers early summer. 
 
 M. Virglnica, Linn. The only species ; simple stem, l c -3 high, cot- 
 tony when young, bearing near the middle a whorl of 5-9 obovate-lanceo- 
 late, thin and veiny, but also parallel-ribbed leaves, and another of 3 
 (rarely 4 or 5) much smaller ovate ones at the top, around an umbel of 
 a few small recurved-stalked flowers. N. Eng., W. and S. 
 
 15. COLCHICUM. (The country, Colchis, in Asia Minor.) Flowers 
 in autumn ; sends up the lanceolate root leaves the next spring. Spar- 
 ingly cult, from Eu. for ornament. 
 
 C. autumnale, Linn. COMMON C. Mostly with rose-purple or lilac 
 flowers ; leaves 6'-12' long, lanceolate. 
 
 C. variegatum, Linn. Has shorter and wavy leaves, and perianth 
 variegated with small purple squares, as if tessellated. 
 
 16. HELONIAS. (Probably from the Greek for swamp, in which the 
 species grows. ) Flowers spring. 
 
 H. bullata, Linn. Rare and local plant, from N. J. to E. Va., but 
 sometimes cult. ; very smooth, the tuberous rootstock producing a tuft of 
 oblong or lance-spatulate, evergreen leaves, from the center of which 
 rises in spring a leafless scape l-2 high, bearing the rather handsome 
 flowers. 
 
 17. TOPIELDIA, FALSE ASPHODEL. (Tofleld was a Yorkshire 
 botanist of last century.) 
 
 * Glabrous ; pedicels solitary or in pairs, in a raceme. 
 
 T. glabra, Nutt. Stem l-3 high, 2-3 leaved ; raceme 2'-8' long, the 
 pedicels sometimes in pairs ; flowers whitish, small. N. Car., S. 
 
 * * P^lbescent, at least above ; pedicels mostly in 3's. 
 
 T. glutindaa, Wffld. Stem 1 j or less high, that and the pedicels very 
 glutinous with dark glands ; leaves broad-linear but short ; perianth re- 
 maining soft in withering. Me. to Minn., and S. in the mountains, in 
 moist grounds. 
 
 T. pfrbens, Ait. Taller, roughened with minute glands ; leaves narrow 
 and longer ; perianth becoming rigid about the capsule. Pine barrens, 
 N. J. , S. 
 
 18. CHAM^ELIRIUM, DEVIL'S BIT. (Greek : Ground Lily, the 
 genus having been founded upon an undeveloped specimen.) Flowers 
 summer. 
 
 C. Carolinanum, Willd. BLAZING STAR. Low grounds, N. Eng., S. 
 and S. W. Rootstock short and abrupt, sending up a stem l-3 high,
 
 442 LILY FAMILY. 
 
 bearing flat, lanceolate leaves at base, some shorter ones up the stem, and 
 a wand-like spike or raceme of small bractless flowers, the sterile ones, 
 from the stamens, appearing yellow. 
 
 19. XEROPHYLLUM. (Greek : arid-leaved, the narrow leaves being 
 dry and rigid.) Flowers early summer. 
 
 X. setif6lium, Michx. Pine barrens, N. J., S. ; a striking plant, with 
 the aspect of an Asphodel ; simple, stout stem rising 2-4 high from a 
 thick or bulb-like base, densely beset at base with very long, needle- 
 shaped, rigid, recurving leaves, above with shorter ones, which at length 
 are reduced to bristle-like bracts ; the crowded, white flowers showy. 
 
 20. MELANTHIUM. (Greek: black flower, the perianth turning 
 darker, yet not black. ) Flowers summer. 
 
 * Sepals bearing a double gland on the claw. 
 
 M. Virgfnicum, Linn. BUNCH FLOWER. Moist grounds, N. Eng., 
 S. and W. ; 3-5 high ; lowest leaves sometimes 1' wide, the upper few 
 and small ; flowers rather large ; the sepals flat, ovate to oblong or 
 slightly hastate ; seed 10 in each cell. 
 
 M. Iatif61ium, Desr. Leaves twice broader, rather oblanceolate ; 
 sepals undulate ; the claw very narrow ; seeds 4-8 in each cell. Conn., S. 
 
 * * Sepals glandless, oblanceolate. 
 
 M. parvifldrum, Watson. Alleghaiiies, Va., S.; stem 2-5, naked 
 above ; leaves oval to oblanceolate ; seeds 4-6 in each cell ; flowers 
 greenish. 
 
 21. VERATRUM, FALSE HELLEBORE. (Old name, from Latin 
 vereater, truly black.) Mostly pubescent, stout herbs ; the roots yield 
 the acrid poisonous veratrin. Flowers summer. 
 
 V. vlride, Ait. AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE, or INDIAN POKE. 
 Low grounds, mostly N.; stout stem 2-4 high, thickly beset with the 
 broadly oval or ovate strongly plaited, sheath-clasping leaves ; panicle of 
 spike-like racemes pyramidal ; flowers yellowish-green, turning greener 
 with age. 
 
 22. STENANTHIUM. (Name Greek: narrow flower.) Flowers 
 summer. 
 
 3. anguatifdlium, Gray. Alleghanies, Va., S. ; 2-4 high, very 
 slender ; the leaves long and narrow ( ' or less broad) ; flowers white, 
 only \' long, in a prolonged terminal and many shorter lateral racemes, 
 making an ample, light panicle ; pod strongly reflexed, with spreading 
 beaks. 
 
 S. robiistum, Watson. Stem stout and leafy (3-5 high) ; the leaves 
 f ' or less broad ; panicle sometimes 2 long ; sepals white or green, '-' 
 long ; pod erect, with recurved beaks. Penn., S. 
 
 23. ZYGADENUS. (Name in Greek means yoked glands.) Flowers 
 summer. 
 
 Z. glab^rrimua, Michx. Pine barren bogs, Va., S. ; l-3 high, from 
 a running rootstock ; leaves rather rigid, keeled, nerved, taper-pointed ; 
 panicle many- flowered ; divisions of perianth J' long, a pair of round 
 spots above the narrowed base.
 
 LILY FAMILY. 443 
 
 Z. 41egans, Pursh. Bogs in the Northern States ; l-3 high, from a 
 bulb ; leaves flat, pale ; flowers rather few ; base of perianth coherent 
 witli that of the ovary, the divisions marked with an inversely heart- 
 shaped spot. 
 
 Z. angustif6liua, Watson. Pine barrens, N. Car., S. ; stem hardly 
 bulbous at base, 2' high ; leaves narrow, acute, pale ; seeds linear, not 
 fleshy ; perianth free from the ovary. 
 
 24. AMIANTHIUM, FLY POISON. (Name, from the Greek, al- 
 ludes to the flowers destitute of the spots or glands of Melanthium and 
 Zygadenus.) Flowers summer, turning greenish or purplish with age. 
 
 A. muscaetdxicum, Gray. BROAD-LEAVED F. Open woods from 
 N. J., S. ; with a rather large bulb at the base of the stem, bearing many 
 broadly linear ('-!' wide) blunt leaves; raceme dense; flowers rather 
 large ; seeds few, red, and fleshy. 
 
 25. LILIUM, LILY. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek.) 
 The following are the commonest types, wild and cultivated. (Les- 
 sons, Figs. 107, 108, 109, 110, 309.) 
 
 Perianth funnel-form, the segments oblanceolate ; leaves linear or lance- 
 olate, sessile, or nearly so ; flowers chiefly white in ours. 
 
 4- Leaves scattered. 
 
 L. longiflbrum, Thunb. LONG-FLOWERED WHITE L. Japan and China ; 
 l-3 high, with lanceolate leaves, and a single horizontal funnel-form 
 flower, 5' or 6' long, the narrow tubular portion longer than the rather 
 widely spreading portion ; leaves shining-green, 5-nerved, linear to lance- 
 olate. Var. ExfMiusi (L. HARRfsn of florists), EASTER LILY, is a rather 
 more showy form used for forcing. 
 
 L. Japdnicum, Thunb. (L. ODORUM). JAPAN WHITE L. Cult, from 
 Japan ; 2 high, with mostly only one flower, which is nodding and 
 larger than in the foregoing, below connivent into a narrower tube, and 
 above with the divisions more widely spreading ; leaves dark green, longer 
 and broader (often f ' wide) than the last. L. BROWNII is a taller form 
 with larger flowers, more leaves, the flowers often 3 or 4 together, and 
 purple on the outside. 
 
 L candidum, Linn. COMMON WHITE LILY. From S. Eu. to Persia ; 
 with lanceolate leaves, and few or many, small (2'-3' long), bell-shaped 
 flowers, smooth inside, sometimes double ; stem 2-3, with many spread- 
 ing, mostly linear leaves. Flowers sometimes colored outside. 
 
 *- *- Leaves more or less verticillate. 
 
 L. Washingtonianum, Kellogg. Stem 3-6 high, with many oblanceo- 
 late leaves ; flowers horizontal or nearly so, white but becoming purplish, 
 very fragrant, 2'-4' long, in racemes 1 long; segments not recurved. 
 Ore. and Cal. 
 
 * * Perianth open-funnel-shaped, nodding, the segments widest below the 
 middle and widely spreading ; leaves sessile or short-stalked ; flowers 
 speckled or spotted in ours. ^ 
 
 +-* Leaves sessile. ' 
 
 L. tigrlnum, Ker. TIGER BCLBLET-BEARING L. Stem 4-5 high, 
 cottony ; leaves lanceolate, scattered, with bulblets in the axils ; flowers 
 mostly nodding, panicled, numerous, very showy, orange-red, the divis- 
 ions about 4' long, black-spotted inside, the divisions without claws, 
 rolled back. China and Japan. (Lessons, Fig. 110.)
 
 444 LILY FAMILY. 
 
 *- - Leaves short-stalked. 
 
 L. specidsum, Thunb. Stem l-3 high ; leaves scattered, lance-ovate 
 or oblong, pointed, slightly petioled ; flowers few, odorous, the strongly 
 revolute divisions about 5' long, white or pale rose-color, with prominent 
 purple warty projections inside ; now of many varieties. Japan. 
 
 L. aurdtum, Lindl. GOLDEN-BANDED L. Japan; stem l-2 high] 
 leaves lanceolate, scattered ; flowers 1-3, barely nodding, sweet-scented, 
 very large, the ovate-lanceolate divisions 6' or more long, spreading almost 
 from the base and the tips revolute, white, with a light yellow band down 
 the middle of the upper face, which is spotted all over with prominent 
 purple spots and rough with bristly projections near the base ; one of the 
 most showy species, in many forms. 
 
 * * * Perianth open and erect, the segments falcate-expanded (rarely 
 
 somewhat revolute) ; flowers orange or scarlet. 
 
 +- Leaves mostly verticillate. 
 
 It. Fhiladelphicum, Linn. WILD ORANGE-RED LILT. Dry land, 
 N. Eng., W. and S.; l-2 high, with lanceolate or lance-linear leaves 
 nearly all in whorls of 5-8, and 1-3 open-bell-shaped, reddish-orange 
 flowers 2J'-3' long, spotted inside with dark purple, the divisions widely 
 separate and on slender claws. 
 
 +- -- Leaves few or scattered. 
 -M- Stem slender, terete, and glabrous. 
 
 L. Catesbaei, Walt. SOUTHERN RED L. l-2 high, with scattered, 
 linear-lanceolate leaves, a solitary and large, nearly scarlet flower ; the 
 oblong-lanceolate divisions wavy-margined, recurving above, 3'-4' long, 
 with very slender claws, crimson-spotted on a yellow ground within. Pine 
 barrens, N. Car. and Mo., S. 
 
 w -* Stem stouter, furrowed, mostly loosely cobwebby. 
 
 L. bulbiferum, Linn. BULBLET-BEARING L. Cult, in old gardens, from 
 Eu.; l-3 high, producing bulblets in the axils of the lanceolate irregu- 
 larly scattered leaves, and few reddish-orange flowers, the divisions 2'-2 $' 
 long, with some rough brownish projections inside at base, but hardly 
 spotted, without claws, conniving at the broad base, the upper part 
 spreading. 
 
 L. crdceum, Chaix. Stem 3-6, purple-spotted above, the 3-5-nerved 
 leaves linear and squarose ; flowers (in cult, forms) several in a deltoid- 
 umbellate raceme, the segments 2'-3' long, exterior ones oblong-lanceo- 
 late with a spatulate base, interior ones ovate-lanceolate with a distinctly 
 clawed base, all of a beautiful golden color and scarlet-tinted. Eu. Once 
 common in gardens. 
 
 L. elegans, Thunb. A Japanese Lily, now much cultivated under a 
 variety of forms and names ; stem often only 1 high, with broad (!' wide) 
 leaves 5-7-nerved, lanceolate ; flowers 1-4 and terminal, expanding to 5' 
 or 6' across, the oblong-spatulate, obtuse segments 3' 4' long, all (in the 
 type) pale scarlet, red, and not spotted. 
 
 * * * # Perianth very open or spreading, erect, with strongly reflexed seg- 
 
 ments ; flowers mostly in colors. 
 
 - Leaves verticillate. 
 M- Bulbs producing rhizomes. 
 
 L. Canad^nse, Linn. CANADA L. Rhizomes slender; stem 2-5 
 high, bearing few or several long-peduncled flowers ; leaves lanceolate, 
 all in remote whorls, their edges and nerves minutely rough ; divisions
 
 LILY FAMILY. 445 
 
 of the flower 2'-3' long, recurved-spreading abovo the middle ; capsule 
 top-shaped and obtuse ; moist meadows ; the commonest wild Lily N. 
 
 L. sup^rbum, Linn. AMERICAN TURK'S-CAP L. Stem 3'-7' high, 
 bearing few or many flowers in a pyramidal panicle ; leaves lanceolate, 
 smooth, lower ones whorled, scattered ; divisions of the flower strongly 
 rolled backwards, about 3' long. 
 
 Var. Carolinidnum, Chapm. In the low country S ; 2-3 high, with 
 broader leaves and only 1-3 flowers more variegated with yellow. 
 
 L. parc/allnum, Kellogg. Rhizomes thick' and branching; leaves flat 
 and smooth, narrowly lanceolate to linear, the middle ones in whorls of 
 9-15 ; flowers 3-6 in a corymb or lax umbel, bright orange-red and lighter 
 yellow in the center, 2'-3' long, the segments strongly revolute ; capsule 
 oblong and acutish. Central Cal., N. ; cult, in various forms. 
 
 M- -M- Bulbs not rhizomatous. 
 
 L Humbo/dtii, Roezl. & Leicht. Cal. ; a handsome species 4-5 high, 
 with red-spotted stems ; leaves in a few 10-15-leaved whorls, oblanceo- 
 late, undulate and somewhat scabrous ; flowers several or many in a deltoid 
 panicle, 3'-4' long, reddish-orange, the acute segments strongly revolute 
 and the outer ones narrowed abruptly into a short broad claw. 
 
 L. Mfirtagon, Linn. TURK'S-CAP or MARTAGON L. Eu.; 3-5 high, 
 with lance-oblong leaves in whorls, their edges rough, and a panicle of 
 rather small but showy, light violet-purple or flesh-color (rarely white) 
 flowers, dotted with small, brown- purple spots. 
 
 -- -i- Leaves few or scattered. 
 w- Lanceolate many-nerved leaves. 
 
 L monadelphum, M. Bieb. Variable species from the Caucasus and 
 Persia ; 3-5 high, stout ; leaves ciliate, ascending ; flowers bright pale 
 yellow, with light red at the base, 2'-4' long, 20-30 of them in a tall 
 pyramidal cluster. Grown also as L. COLCHICUM and L. SzovfrsiANUM. 
 
 M. +* Narrow-linear 1- or few-nerved leaves. 
 
 L. testaceum, Lindl. Unknown wild, and probably a hybrid of L. can- 
 didum and L. Chalcedonicum ; stem 4-6 high, furrowed, lightly brown- 
 puberulent; leaves many, ascending, obscurely 3-5-nerved, the margins 
 often whitish-puberulent ; flowers yellow tinged with dull red, 2 '-3' long, 
 3-10 of them in a thyrsoid raceme, the broad (f '-!') segments minutely 
 red-punctate near the base and strongly revolute. 
 
 L. Pompdnium, Linn. TURBAN L. Eu.; slender, with scattered and 
 crowded lance-linear or lance-awl-shaped leaves, and several small orange- 
 red or scarlet (rarely white) flowers, their lanceolate acute divisions some- 
 what bearded inside. This and the next small-flowered, and not common 
 in gardens. 
 
 L. Chalceddnicum, Linn. RED L. Stem thickly beset with scattered, 
 narrow, lance-linear, erect leaves, their margins rough-pubescent ; flowers 
 several, scarlet or vermilion, the narrow divisions bearded towards the 
 base within, not spotted. Southeastern Eu. 
 
 26. FRITILLARIA. (Latin : fritillus, a dice-box, from the shape of 
 the flower, which differs from a Lily in its more cup-shaped outline, the 
 divisions not spreading.) Flowers spring. 
 
 F. Meleagris, Linn. GUINEA-HEN FLOWER. Cult, from Eu. ; 1 high, 
 with linear alternate leaves, mostly solitary terminal flower purplish, 
 tessellated with blue and purple or whitish ; the honey-bearing spot 
 narrow. 
 
 F. imperialism Linn. CROWN-IMPERIAL. Cult, from Asia ; a stately 
 herb of early spring, 3-4 high, rather thickly beset along the middle
 
 446 LILY FAMILY. 
 
 with lanceolate or lance-obloug, bright green leaves, more or less in 
 whorls ; flowers several, hanging in a sort of umbel under the terminal 
 crown or tuft of leaves, large, orange-yellow, or sometimes almost crim- 
 son, a round pearly gland on the base of each division ; pod 6-angled. 
 
 27. TULIPA, TULIP. (Name from the Turkish word for turban, 
 which the flower sometimes resembles.) Flowers spring and early 
 summer ; much mixed in cultivation. Following are the chief types. 
 
 * Flower white, funnel-form or narrow- campanulate ; leaves linear; 
 
 bulb pilose. 
 
 T. Clusiana, Vent. LADY TULIP. Slender species, 12'-18' high, with 
 four or five long-linear and channeled leaves ; flower delicate white, red- 
 tinged on the outside, and a black-purple base, the narrow segments 
 bluntish ; filaments and anthers black. Mediterranean region. 
 
 * * Flower mostly in shades of red or yellow, bell-form; leaves broad; 
 
 bulb nearly or quite glabrous. 
 +- Perianth segments all acuminate. 
 
 T. suaveolens, Roth. Due VAN THOL T. An early-flowering Tulip of 
 dwarf habit, from the Caspian region ; perianth large, with the six oblong 
 segments all alike, fragrant, in shades of red and yellow ; peduncle 
 downy ; leaves few, very broad. 
 
 T. acuminata, Vahl. TURKISH T. Flower variable in color, mostly 
 red, 3'-4' long, the segments very long-acuminate-poiuted ; peduncle 
 glabrous ; leaves 3-6, broad. Native country unknown. 
 
 T. E'LEGANS is a garden form (probably hybrid of T. suaveolens and T. 
 Gesneriana, with a minutely downy peduncle, campanulate perianth 3'-4' 
 long, which is bright red with a yellow eye, the segments acute-pointed. 
 
 T. RETROFLEXA, an evident hybrid of T. acuminata and T. Gesneriana, 
 has bright yellow flowers, about 3' long, the oblong segments gradually 
 narrowed to a point ; stamens yellow. 
 
 - t- Perianth segments all very obtuse, with a small cusp in the center. 
 T. Gesneriana, Linn. COMMON T. Parent of most of the common late- 
 flowering sorts, from Asia Minor ; leaves 3-6 and broad ; peduncle gla- 
 brous ; flower large, very variable in color. T. FULGENS is a form with 
 bright red flowers with a yellow eye. The PARROT TULIPS, with long, 
 loose and fringed segments, are var. DRACONTIA. 
 
 28. CALOCHORTUS, MARIPOSA LILY. (Greek: beautiful grass.) 
 Californian plants of many species, some now becoming frequent in 
 cultivation. Glands at the base of the perianth. 
 
 * Inner perianth segments strongly arched and pitted, the glands with a 
 
 transverse scale or fringe. 
 
 C. 61 bus, Dougl. Stem l-3, branching, the nodding flowers white, 
 with a purplish base ; inner segments acute, 1' long, bearded and ciliate. 
 
 C. pulchellus, Dougl. Stem l-2 high, branching, the nodding flower 
 yellow or orange ; inner segments bearded and ciliate, deeply pitted. 
 
 * * Flowers open-campanulate {segments not arched}, the glands densely 
 
 hairy but without scales. 
 
 C. luteus, Dougl. Stem bulbiferous at the base, 1-6-flowered ; leaves 
 narrow ; outer segments narrow-lanceolate, yellow with a brown spot ; 
 inner segments yellow or orange, lined with brownish purple. Variable. 
 
 C. venustus, Benth. Differs in having white or pale lilac inner seg- 
 ments with a reddish spot at the top, a brownish yellQ.w4tord.ere4 
 and a brownish base.
 
 LILY FAMILY. 447 
 
 29. ERYTHRONIUM, DOGTOOTH VIOLET. (Name from the 
 Greek word for red.) Flowers spring. 
 
 E. Americanum. Ker. YELLOW D. or ADDER'S TONGUE. Moist or 
 low woods, very common E. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mottled and dotted 
 with dark -purplish and whitish ; flower light yellow. 
 
 E. &lbidum, Nutt. WHITE D. N. J., W.; leaves less or not at all 
 spotted ; flower bluish-white. 
 
 30. BRODL2EA. (J. J. Srodie, a botanist of Scotland.) Several spe- 
 cies upon the Pacific coast, several of them occasionally cultivated, but 
 only the following species, from S. Amer., is common in gardens. 
 
 B. uniflbra. (TRITELE!A, or MfLLA, CNIFL6RA). STAR FLOWER. 
 Scape 4'-14' high, 1-flowered (very rarely 2-flowered), with a sheathing 
 spathe below the flower, the latter pale violet or almost white with a 
 purple stripe in the center of each oblong blunt-pointed segment, !'-!$' 
 long ; leaves several, flat and grass-like, striate, glaucous, as long as the 
 scape. Often confounded with the next. 
 
 31. MtLLA. (J. Milla, a Spanish gardener.) 
 
 M. biflora, Cav. Scape smooth, 4'-12' high, bearing 1-6 nearly equal 
 pedicels 3'-6' long; perianth l'-2' long, snow-white inside but greenish 
 outside ; leaves nearly terete and rough. Mexico. 
 
 32. ALLIUM, ONION, LEEK, GARLIC, etc. (Ancient Latin name.} 
 Taste and odor alliaceous. 
 
 * Leaves broad and flat; flowers white, in summer. 
 
 A. tric6ccum, Ait. WILD LEEK. Rich woods N. ; bulbs clustered, 
 large, pointed, sending up in spring 2 or 3 large, lance-oblong, flat leaves, 
 and after they wither, in summer, a many-flowered umbel on a naked 
 scape. 
 
 A. Hlbly, Linn. GOLDEN GARLIC. Cult, for ornament in some gardens; 
 leaves broadly lanceolate ; scape 1 high ; flowers numerous, large, golden 
 ye ow. ^ ^ eaves n near ^ grass-like, or awl-like, not hollow. 
 - Umbel nodding. 
 
 A. c^muum, Roth. Banks, through the Alleghany region and N. W.; 
 scape angular, 1-2 C long, often nodding at the apex ; pedicels of the 
 loose, many-flowered umbel drooping ; flowers light rose-color ; leaves 
 linear, sharply keeled on the back, channeled. 
 
 t- +- Umbel erect. 
 
 A. mutdbile, Michx. Dry sandy soil N. Car., S.; scape 1 high, 
 terete, bearing an umbel of white flowers changing to rose-color ; leaves 
 narrow, concave ; bulb coated with a fibrous network. 
 
 A. sativum, Linn. GARDEN GARLIC. Bulbs clustered, pointed; leaves 
 lance-linear, keeled ; flowers few, purple, or bulblets in their place ; fila- 
 ments all broad and 3-cleft. Eu. 
 
 A. Pdrrum, Linn. GARDEN LEEK. Bulb elongated, single; leaves 
 broadly linear, keeled or folded ; flowers in a head, white, with some rose- 
 colored stripes ; 3 of the filaments 3-forked. Em. 
 
 * * * Leaves terete and hollow. 
 -t- Bulbs cespitose, crowning a rhizome ; the plant, therefore, tufted. 
 
 A. Schoen6prasum, Linn. CHIVES. Low, in mats ; leaves awl-shaped, 
 equaling the scape ; flowers purple-rose-color, its divisions lanceolate and
 
 448 LILY FAMILY. 
 
 pointed, long ; filaments simple. Cult, for flavoring, and also wild on our 
 northern borders. 
 
 *- -- Bulbs distinct, the plant not tufted. 
 
 A. vineale, Linn. FIELD or CROW GARLIC. A weed from Eu. in gar- 
 dens and waste low grounds ; slender scape sheathed to the middle by 
 the hollow thread-shaped leaves, which are grooved down the upper side ; 
 flowers greenish-rose-color ; often their place is occupied by bulblets. 
 
 A. Ascaldnicum, Linn. SHALLOT. Bulb with oblong offsets; leaves 
 awl-shaped ; flowers lilac-purple ; 3 of the filaments 3-forked. Old 
 World. 
 
 A. Cepa, Linn. ONION. Bulb depressed, large, sometimes making 
 offsets ; leaves much shorter than the hollow, inflated scape ; flowers 
 white, or bulblets in their place. Persia. 
 
 A. fistuldsum, Linn. WELSH ONION, CIBOULE. Differs from the last 
 in forming no distinct bulb, the numerous glaucous leaves somewhat 
 clustered. The leaves are used for soups and flavoring. Siberia. 
 
 33. NOTHOSCORDUM. (Greek: false garlic.) 
 
 N. stri^tum, Kunth. Low pine barrens and prairies, Va. to 111., and 
 S. ; scape and leaves 6'-12' high, the latter involute and striate on the 
 back ; flowers 3-10 in the umbel ; ovules and seeds several in each cell; 
 flowers nearly white, in spring. 
 
 34. OHNITHOQALUM, STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM. (Name in Greek 
 means bird's-milk, a current expression for some marvelous thing.) 
 Flowers early summer. 
 
 * Flowers nodding in a loose unilateral raceme. 
 
 0. ntitans, Linn. Scape 8'-16' high ; flowers 5 or 6, 1' long, on very 
 short pedicels, white with green on the under side. Cult., and sparingly 
 escaped E. S. Eu. 
 
 # * Flowers erect in racemes or corymbs. 
 
 0. umbelldtum, Linn. COMMON S. or TEN-O'CLOCK. From Eu. ; in old 
 gardens and escaped into some low meadows ; leaves long and grass-like ; 
 flowers bright white within, green outside, opening in the sun, on slender 
 stalks. 
 
 0. Ardbicum, Linn. Mediterranean region, now frequent in green- 
 houses ; scape stout, l-2, with a 6-12-flowered, rounded or deltoid 
 raceme ; leaves flat, 1' or less broad ; flowers large, white, with a black 
 center, odorous. 
 
 0. caudatum, Ait. SEA ONION. Scape terete and often 3' high, with 
 30-100 small, greenish- white flowers in a long raceme ; leaves few, fleshy, 
 flat, strap-shaped and long-pointed. Cape of Good Hope. Conservato- 
 ries and window gardens. 
 
 35. SCILIiA, SQUILL. (The ancient name.)' Several species are hi 
 cultivation ; the commonest is 
 
 S. 5/6/r/ca, Andr. Scapes several from each bulb, 3'-8' high, 2 to 3- 
 flowered in earliest spring ; leaves 2 to 4, narrow-strap-shaped and finely 
 striate ; flowers deep blue, f ' or less long, often slightly drooping, on 
 short stalks, the acute segments widely spreading. Russia and Siberia. 
 
 36. CAMASSIA, CAMASS. (From the Indian name.) 
 
 C. Frslseri, Torr. WILD HYACINTH, QUAMASH. Moist banks and 
 prairies from W. Penn., W. and S. W.; scape and linear-keeled leaves 1 
 high ; flowers pale blue, in a long loose raceme, in spring.
 
 LILY FAMILY. 449 
 
 37. CHIONODOXA. (Greek: gloi~y of the show, referring to the 
 early flowering.) 
 
 C. Luci/ice, Boiss. A pretty little bulbous plant from Asia Minor ; 
 scape 6' high, bearing a raceme of 3 to 6, and sometimes more, flowers 
 which are deep blue shading to white in the center (a variety is white- 
 flowered), the acute segments widely spreading or even recurved, and ex- 
 panding to nearly 1 ' across ; leaves narrow. 
 
 38. MUSCARI, GRAPE or GLOBE HYACINTH. (Name from the 
 musky scent of the flowers in one species. ) Flowers spring. 
 
 Nl. botryoldes, Mill. COMMON* GRAPE HYACINTH of country gardens, 
 escaping into lawns and fields ; a pretty little plant, sending up in early 
 spring its narrow linear leaves, and a scape (5'-7' high) bearing a dense 
 raceme of globular deep blue flowers which are barely ' long, resembling 
 minute grapes, scentless. Eu. 
 
 HI. moschatum, Willd. MUSK HYACINTH. Glaucous, with larger and 
 ovoid-oblong, livid, musky-scented flowers, and linear-lanceolate shorter 
 leaves. Asia Minor. 
 
 HI. comosum. Mill. Larger, 9' high, with violet-colored oblong flowers, 
 on longer pedicels in a loose raceme, the uppermost in a tuft and abor- 
 tive ; the monstrous variety most cultivated produces, later in the season, 
 from the tufted apex of the scape a large panicled mass of abortive, con- 
 torted, bright blue branchlets, of a striking and handsome appearance. 
 S. Eu. 
 
 39. HYACINTHUS, HYACINTH. (Mythological name.) The so- 
 called H. CANDICANS, of gardens, a plant 4-6 high and bearing 20 to 
 100 bell-shaped, creamy flowers, is GALT&NIA CANDICANS, Decne., of S. 
 Africa. 
 
 H. orientalis, Linn. COMMON H. Of the Levant, with its raceme of 
 blue flowers, is the parent of numberless cultivated varieties, of divers 
 colors, single, and double ; tube of the perianth more or less ventricose, 
 the segments oblong-spatulate. Flowers spring. 
 
 Var. d/bu/us. Baker, of S. France, is the parent of the ROMAN HYA- 
 CINTHS. It is slenderer, with more erect leaves, flowers small and white, 
 and the tube scarcely ventricose, bearing oblong segments. 
 
 40. AGAPANTHUS. (Of Greek words for amiable flower.) One 
 species. 
 
 A. umbellatus, L'Her. A handsome house plant, turned out blooms in 
 summer; leaves large, bright-green (a variegated variety), l-2 long; 
 scape li-2 high, bearing an umbel of pretty large blue flowers. There 
 are many garden forms, varying chiefly in color of flowers (some white) 
 and size of plant. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 41. HEMEROCALLIS. DAY LILY. (Name, in Greek, means beauty 
 of a day, the large flower ephemeral.) Cult, from the Old World, 
 especially in country gardens ; the first species escaped into roadsides ; 
 flowers summer. 
 
 H. fulva, Linn. COMMON DAY LILY. A familiar, rather coarse and 
 tall plant, with broadish linear leaves and tawny orange flower, the inner 
 divisions wavy and obtuse. 
 
 H. flava, Linn. YELLOW D. Less coarse, with narrower leaves and 
 clear light yellow, fragrant flowers, the inner divisions acute. Less com- 
 mon than the other, but handsomer. 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. EOT. 29
 
 450 LILY FAMILY. 
 
 42. PHORMIUM, NEW ZEALAND FLAX. (Greek : basket, from 
 the use made of the fiber.) 
 
 P. tenax, Linn. Nearly hardy N., but does not flower ; the very firm, 
 finely nerved, linear, evergreen leaves (a variegated variety) tufted on 
 matted rootstocks, strongly keeled, couduplicate below, nearly flat above, 
 yielding a very strong fiber for cordage. New Zealand. 
 
 43. KNIPHOFIA. (Johann H. Kniphof, a German physician of the 
 last century.) Flowers unpleasantly scented, showy, in autumn. 
 
 If. aloldes, Moench. (or TRIT6MA UVARIA). RED-HOT POKER PLANT, 
 or FLAME FLOWEK. Ornamental in autumn, the scape rising from the 
 thick clumps of long grassy leaves 3 or 4 high, the cylindrical spike or 
 raceme producing a long succession of flowers, which are at first erect 
 and coral-red ; soon they hang over and change to orange and at length 
 to greenish yellow. Roots half hardy N. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 44. FUNKIA. (Named for H. Funck, a German botanist.) Orna- 
 mental, hardy plants with large cordate-ovate ribbed leaves in clumps, 
 cult, from Japan and China ; flowers summer. 
 
 F. subcordata, Spreng. WHITE DAT LILT. The species with long, 
 white, and tubular-funnel-form flowers. 
 
 F. ovata, Spreng. BLUE D. (F. ccERtjLEA). With smaller, more nod- 
 ding, blue or violet flowers, abruptly expanded above the narrow tube. 
 
 45. ASPHODELUS, ASPHODEL. (Ancient name.) The A. Lti- 
 TEUS of gardens is ASFHODEL!NE LtiTEA, Reichb., from Eu., distin- 
 guished from the true asphodels chiefly by the leafy stem and yellow 
 flowers. The ones seen in gardens are : 
 
 A. fistuldsus, Linn. Leaves hollow, striate and awl-like ; stem 16'-20' 
 high. Eu. 
 A. 6/bus, Willd. Leaves linear and keeled ; peduncles clustered. Eu. 
 
 46. SCHCENOLIRION. (Greek: rush lily.) We have two species 
 in Georgia and Florida. 
 
 8. cr6ceum, Gray. Stem 1 high, very slender ; raceme l'-4' long, 
 simple ; bracts ovate and somewhat obtuse, purple ; flowers yellow tinged 
 with red, the segments narrow. 
 
 S. Ellidttii, Feay. Stouter, 2 high ; racemes mostly panicled, each 
 becoming 2'-4' long ; bracts ovate or acuminate ; flowers white, the seg- 
 ments oval and 5-nerved. 
 
 47. PARADISE A. (Paradise, of which this very ordinary plant is 
 supposed to be a fit inhabitant.) The genus ANTHERICUM (including 
 PHALANGIUM) differs from this in its rotate perianth, 4-8-ovuled cells, 
 often angular pod, and the anthers attached between their basal lobes 
 (in Paradisea, attached on the back). There are two or three species 
 sometimes found in gardens, chiefly the European A. LILI\GO, Linn., 
 with stem sparingly branched, large white flowers (!'-!' across) and 
 curved style ; and A. RAM6suM, Linn., with more branching stems, 
 smaller flowers and a straight style. 
 
 P. Lilidstrum, Bertol. ST. BRUNO'S LILT. Stems or scapes simple, 1- 
 2 high, bearing 10-20 white, bell-like, fragrant flowers, nearly or quite
 
 LILY FAMILY. 451 
 
 2' long ; segments with a greenish spot on the point ; leaves narrow and 
 flat, all radical. S. Eu.; the only species. 
 
 48. ALOE. (Name from the Arabic.) A large and difficult genus of 
 succulent mostly S. African plants. Probably the commonest is 
 
 A. variegata, Linn. Leaves ascending and lanceolate, 4'-6' long, con- 
 cave above and keeled below, denticulate, green spotted with gray and 
 margined with white ; flowers !' long, reddish, in a simple loose raceme 
 3'-4' long ; scape 1 or less high. 
 
 49. YUCCA, BEAR GRASS, SPANISH BAYONET. (American 
 aboriginal name.) Cult, for ornament, but only the nearly stemless 
 species is really hardy N. Flowers summer, large ; and whole plant of 
 striking appearance. The common ones, under various names and 
 varieties, mainly belong to the following: 
 
 * Trunk short, covered with leaves, rising only a foot or two above the 
 
 ground; flowering stalk scape-like; pod dry. 
 
 Y. filament6sa, Pursh. COMMON BEAR GRASS, or ADAM'S NEEDLE. 
 From Md. S. ; leaves lanceolate, l-2 long, spreading, moderately rigid, 
 tipped with a weak prickly point, the smooth edges bearing thread-like 
 filaments ; scape 3-6 high ; flowers white or pale cream-color, some- 
 times tinged purplish. 
 
 Y. angustifdlia, Pursh. Smaller, with erect and narrow linear leaves, 
 few threads on their white margins, and yellowish-white flowers. 
 S. Dak., S. 
 
 * * Trunk arborescent, 2-8 high in wild plants on the sands of the coast 
 S., or much higher in conservatories, naked below; no threads to the 
 leaves. 
 
 Y. gloribsa, Linn. Trunk low, generally simple ; leaves coriaceous, 
 smooth-edged, slender-spiny tipped, l-2 long, 1'-1J' wide ; flowers white, 
 or purplish-tinged outside, in a short-peduncled panicle. N. Car., S. 
 
 Y. aloif61ia, Linn. SPANISH BAYONET. Trunk 4-20 high, branch- 
 ing when old ; leaves very rigid, strongly spiny-tipped, with very rough- 
 serrulate, saw-like edges, 2 or more long, lJ'-2' wide ; the short panicle 
 nearly sessile. N. Car. S. 
 
 50. CORDYLINB. (Greek: club, referring to the shape of the roots 
 in some species.) Various species in choice conservatories, commonly 
 known as DRACAENAS, cultivated for the foliage, which is often hand- 
 somely colored. 
 
 C. indivlsa, Steud. Leaves 2-4 long, and only an inch or two broad, 
 long-tapering, curving, dark green. New Zealand. 
 
 C. austra/is, Hook, f . Hardier ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 long 
 and 2'-4' broad, prominently striate. New Zealand. 
 
 C. Bdnksii, Hook, f . Stem trunk-like and becoming several feet high ; 
 leaves long-lanceolate (4-6 long), finely striate, with several prominent 
 veins or ribs ; flowers white. New Zealand ; an excellent species, but not 
 yet very common. 
 
 C. terminalis, Kunth. The commonest one in cultivation, from tropical 
 Asia; leaves l-2 long, lanceolate and coriaceous, narrowed to both 
 ends, green, bronze or crimson, clustered near the ends of the branches 
 or the top of the trunk (the latter ordinarily 4 or less high) ; flowers 
 in branched panicles. Parent of most garden DRACAENAS. C. CANN-K- 
 FOLIA is a form of this.
 
 452 PICKEEEL WEED FAMILY. 
 
 CXX. PONTEDERIACRE, PICKEREL WEED FAMILY. 
 
 A few water plants, with perfect and more or less irregular 
 flowers from a spathe, the perianth with 6 petal-like divisions 
 and free from the 3-celled ovary ; stamens 3 or 6, unequal or 
 dissimilar, inserted in the throat of the perianth; style 1, the 
 stigma 3- or 6-lobed or toothed. 
 
 * Stamens 6 ; perianth funnel-form. 
 
 1. PONTEDERIA. Flowers in a terminal spike. Perianth of 6 divisions irregularly united 
 
 below in a tube, the 3 most united forming an upper lip of 8 lobes, the others more 
 spreading and with more or less separate or lightly cohering claws forming the lower 
 lip, open only for a day, rolling up from the apex downwards as it closes ; the 6-ribbed 
 base thickening, turning green, and inclosing the fruit. Stamens 6, the 8 lower in the 
 throat, with incurved filaments ; the 3 upper lower down and shorter, often imperfect. 
 Ovary 3-celled, 2 cells empty, one with a hanging ovule. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded 
 utricle. 
 
 2. EICHHORNIA. Differs in having the flowers spicate-racemose or paniculate, the 3 
 
 calls of the ovary all developing and each many-ovuled, the upper stamens Included 
 and the lower ones exserted. Plant (in ours) floating free. 
 
 * * Stamens 3 ; perianth salver-form. 
 
 3. HETERANTHEEA. Flowers 1-few from a spathe which bursts from the sheathing 
 
 side or base of a petiole. Perianth tube slender, the limb nearly equally parted and 
 ephemeral. Capsule 1-celled or incompletely 3-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 1. PONTEDERIA, PICKEREL WEED. (J. Pontedera, an early 
 Italian botanist.) 
 
 P. cordata, Linn. COMMON P. Everywhere in shallow water ; stem 
 l-2 high, naked below, above bearing a single, petioled, heart-shaped 
 and oblong or lance-arrow-shaped, obtuse leaf, and a spike of purplish- 
 blue, small flowers ; upper lobe with a conspicuous yellowish-green spot ; 
 flowers all summer. 2/ 
 
 2. EICHHORNIA. (J. A. F. Eichhorn, a German.) 
 
 . specidsa, Kunth. (E. CRASSIPES, PONTEDERIA AZ^REA). From S. 
 Amer., now frequent in greenhouses, and in lily ponds in summer ; leaf 
 
 blade nearly orbicular, shining green, the petiole terete and swollen mid- 
 way into a hollow bladder; flower large (!' long), violet, several in a 
 raceme ; roots feather-like and purplish, free in the water. 
 
 3. HETERANTHERA, MUD PLANTAIN. (Greek : unlike anthers.) 
 
 * Stamens unequal, the two posterior with ovate yellow anthers, the other 
 longer with an oblong or sagittate greenish anther. 
 
 H. renifdrmis, Ruiz. & Pav. In mud or shallow water, Conn., S. and 
 W.; with floating, round-kidney-shaped leaves on long petioles, and 3-5 
 ephemeral white flowers, their perianth with a slender tube, bearing 6 
 nearly equal divisions. 
 
 H. Iim6sa, Vahl. In mud, Va., S. and W.; distinguished by its oblong 
 or lance-oblong leaves, and solitary, larger, blue flower. 
 
 * * Stamens all alike, with sagittate anthers. 
 
 H. (or ScnbLLERA) graminea, Vahl. WATER STAR GRASS. A grass- 
 like weed growing under water in streams, from N, Eng., W. and S., with
 
 SPIDERWORT FAMILY. 453 
 
 branching stems beset with linear, pellucid, sessile leaves ; the flower with 
 a slender, pale yellow perianth, of 6 narrow, equal divisions raised to the 
 surface on a very slender tube. 
 
 CXXI. COMMELIffACKffi, SPIDERWORT FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs with mucilaginous juice, jointed and mostly branch- 
 ing leafy stems, and perfect sometimes irregular flowers, hav- 
 ing a perianth of usually 3 green and persistent sepals, and 3 
 ephemeral petals (these commonly melt into jelly the night 
 after expansion) ; 6 stamens, some of them often imperfect, 
 and a free 2-3-celled ovary ; style and stigma one. Pod 2-3- 
 celled, few-seeded. Leaves ovate to linear, flat, sheathing at 
 the base. Not aquatic, the greater part tropical. 
 
 Perfect stamens 3, the other 3 with sterile cross-shaped anthers. 
 \. COMMELINA. Flowers blue, irregular. Sepals unequal, 2 of them sometimes united 
 by their contiguous margins. Two of the petals rounded and on slender claws, the 
 odd one smaller or abortive. Filaments naked. Leaves abruptly contracted and 
 sheathing at base, the uppermost forming a spathe for the flowers. 
 
 * * Stamens all 6 perfect, or rarely 1 imperfect. 
 
 2. TEADESCANTIA. Flowers regular. Petals all alike and distinct, ovate, sessile. Sta- 
 mens with bearded filaments. Ovary 2-3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Erect herbs with 
 flowers in axillary and terminal umbellate clusters or heads (Lessons, Fig. 330). 
 
 8. ZEBRINA. Flowers irregular. Calyx tubular below, either equally 3-parted, or 2-parted 
 above and a broader lobe below. Corolla with a slender tube longer than the calyx, 
 the lobes ovate and spreading, subequal. Filaments nude or bearded. Ovary 3-celled, 
 each cell 1-2-ovuled. Trailing or scandent herbs, with flowers mostly in 2's. 
 
 1. COMMELINA, DAY FLOWER. (J. & G. Commelin, early Dutch 
 botanical authors. A third brother published nothing. In naming this 
 genus for them, Linnaeus is understood to have designated the two 
 former by the full-developed petals, the latter by the smaller or abortive 
 petal.) Ours are branching perennials, or continued by rooting from 
 the joints ; in alluvial or moist shady soil ; flowers all summer. 
 
 * Cells 1-seeded; seeds smooth. 
 
 C. erdcta, Linn. Stem slender and low ; leaves Ihuar ; cells all dehis- 
 cent. Penn., S. 
 
 C. Virglnica, Linn. S. N. Y. , S. and W. ; stems reclining and root- 
 ing at base ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower ; spathes scattered, 
 conduplicate, round-heart-shaped when laid open ; odd petal inconspicu- 
 ous ; dorsal cell indehiscent, scabrous. 
 
 * * Ventral cells usually 2-seeded (2-ovuled), and the dorsal one 1-seeded. 
 
 C. nudifldra, Linn. Slender and creeping, glabrous ; leaves small and 
 lanceolate ; margins of the cordate-ovate spathe not united ; seeds reticu- 
 lated. Del. to Ind., and S. 
 
 C. hirt^lla, Vahl. Stem erect (2-4) and stout ; leaves larger, lance- 
 olate, the sheaths brown-bearded ; margins of the spathe united ; seeds 
 smooth. Penn., W. and S.
 
 454 "WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. 
 
 2. TRADESCANTIA, SPIDERWORT. (Named for the gardener- 
 botanist Tradescant.) Leaves sheathed at the base. 2/ 
 
 * Umbels sessile at the end of the stem and branches between a pair of 
 
 leaves, or later also in the lower axils ; flowering in summer. 
 
 T. Virginica, Linn. W. N. Y., W. and S.; also in gardens; leaves 
 
 lance-linear, tapering regularly from the base to the point, ciliate ; umbels 
 
 terminal ; flowers blue, in garden varieties purple or white. There are 
 
 forms with broader leaves, lower stature, and pubescent stems and leaves. 
 
 * * Umbels one or two on a naked peduncle. 
 
 T. rdsea, Vent. Sandy woods, Md., S. and W.; slender, 6'-12' high, 
 smooth, with linear, grass-like leaves, and rose-colored flowers ' wide. 
 
 3. ZEBRINA. (Name refers to the stripes often present on the leaves.) 
 Z. pendula, Schnitzl. (TRADESCANTIA ZEBRINA and T. TRICOLOR). 
 
 WANDERING JEW. Common in greenhouses and window baskets ; 
 spreads by branching and rooting freely ; the lance-ovate or oblong 
 rather succulent leaves crimson beneath, and green or purplish above, 
 often variegated with two broad stripes of silvery white. Mexico. 2/ 
 
 CXXII. ALISMACRE, WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. 
 
 Marsh herbs, with flowers on scapes or scape-like stems, in 
 panicles, racemes, or spikes, with distinct calyx and corolla, 
 viz. 3 persistent green sepals and 3 conspicuous white petals, 
 and many distinct pistils which are 1-celled and mostly 1- 
 ovuled ; stamens 6 or more, on the receptacle. Flowers long- 
 stalked, loosely racemed or panicled, with dry lanceolate bracts 
 at the base. Fruit an akene in ours. Leaves sheathing, some- 
 times reduced to petioles. Juice sometimes milky. 
 
 1. ALISMA. Flowers perfect, loosely panicled. Petals involute in the bud. Stamens 6. 
 
 Ovaries many, in a ring, very flat-sided, becoming coriaceous flat akenes, 2-8-keeled 
 on the back. 
 
 2. ECHINODORU8. Flowers perfect, in proliferous umbels. Petals imbricated in the 
 
 bud. Stamens 9 or more. Ovaries heaped in a head, becoming wingless akenes. 
 8. SAGITTARIA. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious or polygamous, in successive 
 whorls, the sterile at the summit of the scape ; the lowest fertile. Stamens usually 
 numerous. Ovaries very many, heaped on the globular receptacle, in fruit becom- 
 ing flat and winged akenes. 
 
 1. ALISMA, WATER PLANTAIN. (The old Greek name, of un- 
 certain meaning. ) Flowers all late summer. 
 
 A. Plantago, Linn. Shallow water; leaves long-petioled, varying 
 from ovate or oblong-heart-shaped to lanceolate, 3-5-ribbed ; panicle l-2 
 long, of very many and loose, small, white flowers. Variable, y. 
 
 2. ECHINODORUS. (From Greek words for prickly flask, the head 
 of fruit being as it were prickly-pointed by the styles, but hardly so in 
 our species.) The following occur in muddy or wet places ; flowers sum- 
 mer ; the flowering shoots or scapes mostly proliferous and creeping. 
 E. pdrvulus, Engelm. A tiny plant, l'-3' high, with lanceolate or 
 
 spatulate leaves, few-flowered umbels, 9 stamens, and almost pointless 
 akenes. Mass., W. and S. ()
 
 WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. 455 
 
 E. rostratua, Engelm. Leaves broadly heart-shaped (l'-3' long, not 
 including the petiole), shorter than the erect scape, which bears a panicle 
 of proliferous umbels ; flower almost ' wide ; 12 stamens ; akenes beaked 
 with slender styles. HI., W. and S. 
 
 E. radlcans, Engelm. Leaves broadly heart-shaped and larger (3'-8' 
 wide) , which are very open or almost truncate at base ; the creeping 
 scapes or stems becoming l-4 long and bearing many whorls ; flowers 
 $'-4' broad ; akenes short-beaked. HI., W. and S. ^ ? 
 
 3. SAQITTARIA, ARROWHEAD. (From the Latin for arrow, 
 on account of the sagittate leaves which prevail in the genus.) In 
 shallow water ; flowers all summer. 2 
 
 * Filaments long and slender, i.e. as long as the linear-oblong anthers. 
 
 3. varidbilis, Engelm. The common species everywhere, exceedingly 
 variable; almost all the well- developed leaves arrow-shaped; filaments 
 nearly twice the length of the anthers, smooth ; sepals reflexed after 
 flowering ; akenes broadly obovate, with a long and curved beak ; calyx 
 remaining open. The lobes of the leaves are sometimes very narrow- 
 linear (var. grcicilis, Engelm), and sometimes the petioles, upper part 
 of the scape, the bracts, and sepals are pubescent (var. pubescena, 
 Engelm). Other well-marked forms occur. 
 
 S. Montevidensis, Cham. & Schlecht. From S. Ainer., now frequently 
 grown in aquaria ; distinguished from the above by a deep purple spot at 
 the base of the flower inside, thick pedicels of the pistillate flowers, and 
 sepals erect after flowering. 
 
 B. Iancif6lia, Linn. Common from Md. and Ky., S. ; with the stout 
 leaves l-3 and scapes 2-5 high, the coriaceous blade of the former 
 lance-oblong and always tapering into the thick petiole, the nerves nearly 
 all from the thick and prominent midrib. 
 
 3. calycina, Engelm. Along rivers, often much immersed ; many of 
 the leaves linear or with no blades ; the others mostly halberd-shaped ; 
 scapes weak, 3'-9' high ; pedicels with fruit recurved ; filaments roughish, 
 only as long as the anthers ; akenes obovate, tipped with short horizontal 
 style ; calyx appressed to head of fruit and partly covering it ; the fertile 
 flowers show 9-12 stamens, the sterile occasionally some rudiments of 
 pistils. Me., W. and S. 
 
 * * Filaments very short and broad. 
 
 S. heterophyila, Pursh. Scapes 3'-2 high, weak ; the fertile flowers 
 almost sessile, the sterile long-pediceled ; filaments glandular-pubescent ; 
 akenes narrow-obovate, with a long, erect beak ; leaves linear, lanceolate 
 or lance-oblong, arrow-shaped with narrow lobes or entire. N. Eng., 
 W. and S. 
 
 B. gramlnea, Michx. Common S. ; known from the foregoing by 
 the slender pedicels of both kinds of flowers ; small, almost beakless 
 akenes ; and leaves rarely arrow-shaped ; the phyllodia flat. N. Eng., 
 W. and S. 
 
 B. teres, Watson. N. Eng. to N. J., in shallow water ; scape 6'-20' 
 high; phyllodia terete, acutely attenuate upwards, very rarely with a 
 narrow blade ; pedicels all very slender and spreading, in 1-3 whorls ; 
 filaments 12, dilated and pubescent ; akene obovate, with an erect beak, 
 the margins crenate-crested. 
 
 B. natans, Michx., var. lorata, Chapm. Known by the small size 
 (l'-3' high), few flowers, usually only one of them fertile and recurved 
 in fruit ; stamens only about 7, with glabrous filaments ; akenes obovate, 
 with erect beak ; and leaves without a true blade. N. Y. , S. , near the 
 coast.
 
 456 BUSH FAMILY. 
 
 Four small families, mostly of rush-like plants, are some- 
 what related to the foregoing, but they are unattractive to the 
 beginner and are rather too recondite for description here. 
 For their study, the Manual should be consulted. These are 
 
 CXXm. XYRIDACRE, YELLOW-EYED GRASS F. 
 
 Small, rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves, like Bulrushes 
 in having flowers in a head or spike, one under each firm 
 glume-like bract, but with a regular perianth of 3 sepals and 
 3 colored (yellow) petals ; also a 1-celled many-seeded ovary 
 and pod with 3 parietal placentae, and a 3-cleft stigma. Over 
 a dozen species of XYKIS in our territory, mostly in boggy 
 places or pine barrens. 
 
 CXXIV. MAYACR2E, MAYACA FAMILY. 
 
 Moss-like aquatic plants, densely clothed with narrow-linear, 
 sessile, and pellucid leaves, and bearing axillary, naked, 1- 
 flowered peduncles, the perfect white flower 3-androus. One 
 species, MAYACA MICHAUXII, in shallow water, Va., S. 
 
 CXXV. ERIOCAULONACEE, PIPEWORT FAMILY. 
 
 Another small group of marsh or aquatic herbs, of rush-like 
 appearance, with a head of monoecious, white-bearded flowers, 
 in structure somewhat like the Yellow-eyed Grass, terminat- 
 ing a naked scape, at the base of which is a tuft of grassy awl- 
 shaped, linear, or lanceolate leaves of loose cellular texture, 
 not equitant, but the upper surface concave. A half dozen spe- 
 cies in the genera EBIOCAULON, P^EPALANTHUS, LACHNOCAULON. 
 
 CXXVI. JTTNCACKE, RUSH FAMILY. 
 
 Plants with the appearance and herbage of Sedges and 
 Grasses, yet with flowers of the structure of the Lily Family, 
 having a complete perianth of 6 parts, 3 outer and 3 inner, 
 but greenish and glume-like. Stamens 6 or 3, style 1 ; stigmas 3. 
 
 1. JTTNCUS. Ovary and pod 3-ceUed or almost 3-celled, many-seeded. Herbage smooth ; 
 
 stems often leafless, generally pithy. 
 
 2. LUZULA. Ovary and pod 1-celled, with 8 parietal placentae, and one seed to each. 
 
 Stems and leaves often soft-hairy. 
 
 The only conspicuous species is Jtmcus EFFUSUS, Linn., the COMMON 
 BULRUSH, in low grounds ; has soft and pliant stems in clumps, 2-4 
 high ; panicle of many greenish flowers ; 3 stamens ; and very blunt pod.
 
 ARUM FAMILY. 457 
 
 II. SPADICEOUS DIVISION. 
 
 Flowers either naked, i.e. destitute of calyx and corolla, 
 or these, if present, not brightly colored, collected in the 
 sort of spike called a spadix, which is embraced or sub- 
 tended by the kind of developing bract termed a spathe. 
 The most familiar examples of this division are offered by 
 the Arum Family. There are various exceptions to this 
 style of inflorescence, and the division, like all others, is 
 merely artificial, but it will serve to aid the beginner. 
 The first two families are too difficult for the beginner. 
 
 CXXVH. NAIADACKE, PONDWEED FAMILY. 
 
 Marsh or aquatic plants with stems mostly leafy and jointed, 
 the leaves stipulate or sheathing, the flowers (sometimes not 
 spathaceous) perfect or unisexual, with 4 or 6 distinct incon- 
 spicuous segments, or the perianth tubular, or even wanting. 
 Stamens 1-6. Ovaries 1-6, distinct or nearly so, 1-celled and 
 usually 1-ovuled, the fruit follicular or fleshy. Our genera are 
 TRIGLOCHIN, SCHEUCHZERIA, with bladeless leaves, allied to 
 the water Plantain Family, the former with naked, scape-like 
 stems ; and POTAMOGETON, the POND WEEDS, with many diffi- 
 cult species, RUPPIA and ZOSTERA, grass-like immersed plants 
 on the seacoast, ZANXICHELLIA, a similar plant in fresh water, 
 and NAIAS, slender and inconspicuous branchy plants, mostly 
 in fresh water. 
 
 CXXVm. LEMNACEfi, DUCKWEED FAMILY. 
 
 Minute, stemless plants reduced to a floating leaf-like body 
 three fourths inch or less long (in LEMNA) or even to minute, 
 green grains (in WOLFFIA). The least of flowering plants. 
 
 CXXIX. ARACILE, ARUM FAMILY. 
 
 Perennial herbs with pungent or acrid watery juice, leaves 
 often with veins reticulated so as to resemble those of Dicoty- 
 ledons, small perfect or imperfect flowers in a fleshy head or 
 spike called a spadix, usually furnished with the colored or 
 peculiar enveloping bract called a spathe. Floral envelopes
 
 458 ARUM FAMILY. 
 
 4-6, or 0. Fruit generally a berry. A large family in the 
 tropics, and comprising many plants of choice collections, cul- 
 tivated for the foliage, or for the showy, so-called "flowers," 
 which are really colored spathes. 
 
 Plants with expanded leaf blade (never linear), and with spreading nerves or veins. 
 
 +- Spadix surrounded by a conspicuous, generally colored, spathe. 
 
 H- Leaves (in ours) compound. 
 
 1. ARIS^EMA. Leaves only one or two, with stalks sheathing the simple stem, which 
 
 rises from a fleshy conn, and terminates in a long spadix bearing nude flowers only 
 at its hase, where it is enveloped by the convolute lower part of the greenish or pur- 
 plish spathe. Sterile flowers above the fertile, each of a few sessile anthers ; the 
 fertile each a 1-celled 5-6-ovuled ovary, in fruit becoming a scarlet berry ; commonly 
 dioecious, the stamens being abortive in one plant, the pistils abortive in the other. 
 H- ++ Leaves simple. 
 
 = Foliage of ordinary size, the leaves arrow-shaped or heart-shaped, or sometimes 
 
 nearly lanceolate. 
 I Spathe convolute (its margins overlapping below) about the spadix. 
 
 2. AEUM. Leaves hastate or sagittate, with the scape from a thick rhizome. Spathe 
 
 convolute below, large, the blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly dark-colored, 
 spotted or green. Spadix shorter than the spathe, sessile. Flowers without enve- 
 lopes, mono3cious, the staminate above. Ovary oblong and obtuse, 1-celled, 6-00 - 
 seeded. Berry obovoid, many-seeded. 
 
 8. PELTANDRA. Leaves arrow-shaped ; these and the scape from a tufted fibrous root. 
 Spathe convolute to the pointed apex, green, wavy-margined. Spadix long and 
 tapering, covered completely with nude flowers, i.e. above with naked shield-shaped 
 anthers each of 5 or 6 cells, opening by a hole at the top, below with 1-celled ovaries 
 bearing several erect ovules, in fruit a 1-3-seeded fleshy bag. Seeds obovate, sur- 
 rounded by a tenacious jelly. 
 
 4. RICHARDIA. Leaves arrow-shaped ; these and the long scape from a short tuberous 
 
 rootstock. Spathe broad, spreading above, convolute at base around the slender 
 cylindrical spadix, which is densely covered above with yellow anthers, below with 
 ovaries, each incompletely 3-celled, and containing several hanging ovules. Flowers 
 with no envelopes. 
 
 [ I Spalhe shell-form or hooded, inclosing the globular spadix, in ichich the flowers are 
 as it were nearly immersed. 
 
 5. SYMPLOCARPUS. Leaves ovate, very large and veiny, short-petioled, appearing 
 
 much later than the flowers from a fibrous-rooted conn or short rootstock. Spathe 
 ovate, incurved, thick, barely raised out of the ground. Each flower has 4 hooded 
 sepals, 4 stamens with 2-celled anthers turned outwards, and a 1-celled, 1-ovuled 
 ovary tipped with a short awl-shaped style ; the fruit is the enlarged spongy spadix 
 under the rough surface of which are imbedded large fleshy seeds. 
 
 1 1 1 Spathe open and spreading (not rolling around the spadix). 
 
 6. CALLA. Leaves heart-shaped, on long petioles ; these and the peduncles from a creep- 
 
 ing rootstock. Spathe open, the upper face bright white, spreading widely at the 
 base of the oblong spadix, which is wholly covered with the nude flowers ; the lower 
 ones perfect, having 6 stamens around a 1-celled ovary ; the upper often of stamens 
 only. Berries red, containing a few oblong seeds, surrounded with jelly. 
 
 7. ANTHURIUM. Leaves various. Plant sometimes with a distinct stem or trunk (even 
 
 climbing in some species). Flowers all perfect and fertile, and with a 4-parted 
 perianth, the spadix generally elongated and prominent. Spathe ovate to lanceolate, 
 widely spreading or reflexed, thickish and mostly of a waxy texture. Ovary 2-celled, 
 with 1-2 ovules in each cell, but usually only 1 seed in each fruit.
 
 ARUM FAMILY. 459 
 
 - = Foliage very large, often handsomely colored, the leaves usually peltate. 
 
 8. COLOCASIA. Leaves peltate, and with a notch at the base. Spathe convolute, yel- 
 
 lowish, much longer than the spadix, the limb spreading ; the latter covered with 
 ovaries at base, above with some abortive rudiments, still higher crowded with 
 numerous 6-8-celled sessile anthers, and the pointed summit naked. Ovary 1-celled, 
 with numerous ovules in 2 series. 
 
 9. CALADIUM. Leaves mostly peltate, notched at the base, rich green or party-colored. 
 
 Spathe convolute, constricted at the throat, white, the limb boat-shaped, longer than 
 the stipitate spadix ; the latter with staminate flowers above and ovaries below. 
 Ovary 2-3-celled, with many ovules in each. 
 
 +- -i- Spadix naked; i.e., the spathe incomplete and distant, appearing like a bract on 
 the scape. 
 
 10. OEONTIUM. Leaves oblong and veiny, unequilateral, blunt, abruptly narrowed into 
 
 a stout petiole. Flowers perfect, crowded on the narrow short spadix, with 4 or 6 
 sepals and as many stamens. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, becoming a green utricle. 
 Plants with leaves linear, flag-like, nerved ; spadix appearing lateral. 
 
 11. ACOEUS. Spadix cylindrical, naked, emerging from the side of a 2-edged simple scape 
 
 resembling the leaves, densely covered with perfect flowers. Sepals 6, concave. 
 Stamens 6, with linear filaments and kidney -shaped anthers. Ovary 2-3-celled, with 
 several hanging ovules In each cell, becoming dry in fruit, ripening only one or two 
 small seeds. 
 
 1. APIS JEM A, INDIAN TURNIP, etc. (Greek: blood arum, from 
 the spotted leaves of some species.) Veiny-leaved plants, their turnip- 
 shaped conn farinaceous, but imbued with an intensely pungent juice, 
 which is somewhat dissipated in drying. 2/ 
 
 A. triphyllum, Torr. COMMON INDIAN TURNIP. In rich woods ; leaves 
 mostly 2, each of 3 oblong, pointed leaflets; stalks and spathe either 
 green or variegated with whitish and dark purple stripes or spots, the 
 latter with broad or flat summit incurved over the top of the club-shaped 
 and blunt spadix. 
 
 A. Drac6ntium, Schott. DRAGON ARUM, DRAGON ROOT, or GREEN 
 DRAGON. Low grounds ; leaf mostly solitary, its petiole l-2 long, bear- 
 ing 7-11 pedate, lance-oblong, pointed leaflets ; the greenish spathe wholly 
 rolled into a tube with a short slender point, very much shorter than the 
 long and tapering tail-like spathe. 
 
 2. ARUM. (Ancient name.) The DRAGON PLANT of Eu., known as 
 A. DRACUNCULUS (but properly DRACUNCULUS VULGARIS, Schott.), 
 with pedate leaves and brown spathe, is sometimes cultivated. 
 
 A. palcestlnum, Boiss. (A. SANCTUM of plant merchants.) BLACK 
 CALLA. Spathe about 1 long, mossy-green or purplish outside, rich vel- 
 vety black inside and yellowish-white at the base of the tube, standing 
 above the leaves, the latter triangular-hastate. Syria, etc. 
 
 3. PELTANDRA, ARROW ARUM. (Greek words meaning shield- 
 shaped stamen, from the form of the anthers.) Flowers summer. 11 
 
 P. undulata. Raf. Root fibrous; scape about equaling the leaves, 
 1-1 high ; lobes of the leaves acutish, rather long ; spathe greenish, 
 wavy on the margin ; sterile (upper) portion of the spadix several times 
 longer than the pistillate portion. Ponds, N. Eng., W. and S. 
 
 P. alba. Raf. Root tuberous ; lobes of the leaves short and broad, 
 obtuse ; spathe shorter, white, not wavy ; sterile portion of the spadix 
 about the length of the pistillate portion. N. Car., S.
 
 460 ARTTM FAMILY. 
 
 4. RICHARDIA. (Named for the French botanist, L. C. Richard.') 
 The first species is referred by some recent writers to the genus ZAN- 
 
 TEDESCHIA. 2Z 
 
 R. Africana, Kunth. ETHIOPIAN or EGYPTIAN CALLA, CALLA LILT, 
 of common house culture, but a native of the Cape of Good Hope and not 
 a true Calla. A familiar plant, with glossy-green, broadly sagittate 
 leaves and large, pure white spathes. There are dwarf varieties. 
 
 R. 6lbo-maculdta, Hook. f. SPOTTED CALLA. Leaves long-hastate, 
 cuspidate at the end, with oblong, white blotches ; spathe smaller than in 
 the last, greenish- white. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 R. hastata, Hook. f. YELLOW CALLA. Leaves soft, hastate-ovate, cus- 
 pidate, not spotted ; spathe greenish-yellow, with a long- cuspidate limb. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 5. SYMPLOCARFUS, SKUNK CABBAGE. (Greek for fruit grown 
 together.) "21 
 
 3. fcetidus, Salisb. The only species, in swamps and wet woods, 
 mostly N. ; sending up, in earliest spring, its purple-tinged or striped 
 turtle-head-like spathe inclosing the head of flowers, and later the large 
 leaves, when full grown l-2 long, in a cabbage-like tuft ; the fruit 
 2' -3' in diameter, the hard bullet-like seeds almost \< wide, ripe in 
 autumn. 
 
 6. CALLA, WATER ARUM. (An ancient name.) Flowers early 
 summer. 2Z 
 
 C. palustris, Linn. Cold and wet bogs from Penn., N. ; a low and 
 small, rather handsome plant ; leaves 3'-4' long ; filaments slender ; 
 anthers 2-celled. 
 
 7. ANTHURIUM. (Greek : tail flower, referring to the projecting 
 spadix.) Many species are cultivated in choice collections, but the fol- 
 lowing are probably the commonest, the two first being grown for the 
 gaudy spathes and spadices, and the two last chiefly for the fine foliage. 
 
 * Leaves ovate-lanceolate or narrower. 
 
 A. Scherzerianum, Schott. Leaves evergreen, oblong-lanceolate, deep, 
 rich green, spreading or recurved, tapering at the base, l-2 long, the 
 blade not oblique ; scapes slender and surpassing the leaves, bright 
 red ; spathe ovate-oblong, somewhat cordate, brilliant red (like the 
 spadix), 3'-4' long. There are many forms in cultivation, including one 
 or two with white spathes. Guatemala. 
 
 A. Andrceanum, Linden. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, cordate at the base, 
 deep green, the blade oblique or hanging on the petiole ; scapes some- 
 what overtopping the leaves ; spathe broadly ovate and cordate, 6'-10' 
 long, wrinkled, orange-red ; the spadix yellowish. Colombia. 
 
 * * Leaves ovate or broader. 
 
 A. crystallinum, Linden & Andre. Leaves broadly ovate and deeply 
 cordate, acuminate, bright velvety green, and the principal veins mar- 
 gined with crystal-white (violet color when young), the blade hanging or 
 oblique on the petiole ; spathe linear-oblong, acuminate, green. Peru. 
 
 A. magnificum, Linden. Leaves large, broadly ovate, abruptly acumi- 
 nate ; the basal lobes large and rounded, the blade hanging ; spathe short- 
 oblong and recurved, both it and the spadix green. Colombia.
 
 CAT-TAIL FAMILY. 461 
 
 8. COL OC ASIA. (The ancient Greek name of the common spe- 
 cies.) 11 
 
 C. antiqubrum, Schott. One variety (var. escu/enta, Schott.) cult, in 
 the hot parts of the world for its farinaceous, thick rootstocks (which are 
 esculent when the acrid principle is driven off by heat, as also the leaves), 
 and in gardens for its magnificent foliage, the pale ovate-arrow-shaped 
 leaves being 2-3 long when well grown ; the stalk attached much below 
 the middle, the notch not deep. 
 
 9. CALADIUM. (Name obscure.) Well-known plants grown in 
 glass houses for their great leaves, which are now broken up into very 
 many styles of markings. The specific types are often unrecognizable 
 in the horticultural varieties, but most of them have come from the 
 two following Brazilian species. 
 
 C. bicolor, Vent. The chief species ; rhizome depressed-globose ; leaves 
 sagittate-ovate or ovate-triangular, the upper portion nearly ovate and 
 narrowly cuspidate at the apex ; the lobes oblong-ovate and obtuse and 
 more or less connate, the blade variously colored above and somewhat 
 glaucous below ; tube of spathe green outside, but whitish-green or violet 
 inside, the limb white and cuspidate and scarcely twice longer than the 
 tube ; pistillate portion of the spadix yellow or pale orange, the sterile 
 portion narrow and of about equal length. 
 
 C. picturatum, C. Koch. Rhizome spherical and tuberculous ; leaves 
 sagittate- lanceolate, the upper portion triangular to ovate-lanceolate, the 
 lobes lanceolate and somewhat acute and mostly not connate, the blade 
 variously colored above and pale beneath ; spathe tube green outside, 
 purplish- or yellowish-green inside, the limb cuspidate-apiculate and 
 shorter than the tube, white or yellowish ; sterile portion of spadix 
 shorter than pistillate portion. 
 
 10. ORONTIT7M, GOLDEN CLUB. (Name obscure.) 
 
 O. aqudticum, Linn. Leaves and scapes arising from a deep root- 
 stock ; scape l-2 high, mostly decumbent ; the spike or spadix 2'-3' 
 long and scarcely thicker than the scape. Ponds, Mass., S. ; the only 
 species. 
 
 11. ACORUS, SWEET FLAG or CALAMUS. (Ancient name, of 
 obscure origin.) 2/ 
 
 A. Calamus, Linn. COMMON SWEET FLAG. In wet grounds ; send- 
 ing up the 2-edged sword-shaped leaves, 2 or more high, from the hori- 
 zontal, pungent, aromatic rootstock ; flowers early summer. There is a 
 striped-leaved variety. 
 
 CXXX. TYPHACKfi, CAT-TAIL FAMILY. 
 
 Perennial marsh herbs, or some truly aquatic, with linear 
 and straight-nerved erect (unless floating) long sessile leaves, 
 sheathing at base, and monoecious flowers on a dry spadix, 
 destitute of calyx and corolla; the fruit dry and nut-like, 
 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded. 
 
 1. TYPHA. Flowers indefinite, in a dense cylindrical spike terminating the long and 
 simple reed-like stem ; the upper part of stamens only, mixed with long hairs ; the
 
 462 SCREW PINE FAMILY. 
 
 lower and thicker part of slender-stalked ovaries tapering into a style and below sur- 
 rounded by numerous club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. 
 2. SPAKGANIUM. Flowers collected In separate dense heads, scattered along the summit 
 of the leafy stem ; the upper ones of stamens only with some minute scales inter- 
 posed, the lower of pistils, each ovary wtth a few small scales at its base, the whole 
 ripening Into a spherical head of small nuts, which are wedge-shaped below and with 
 a pointed tip. 
 
 1. TYPHA, CAT-TAIL FLAG. (Greek, for fen, in which these 
 plants abound. ) Flowers early summer. 
 
 T. latifdlia, Linn. COMMON C. or REED-MACE. With flat leaves, these 
 and the stem 6-10 high ; pistillate flowers without bractlets ; no in- 
 terval between the sterile and fertile part of the spike. Common in 
 marshes. 
 
 T. angustifdlia, Linn. NARROW-LEAVED C. Less common, mostly 
 near the coast, smaller ; leaves narrower, more channeled toward the 
 base ; pistillate flowers with hair-like bractlets ; commonly a space be- 
 tween the sterile and the fertile part of the spike. 
 
 2. SPARGANIUM, BUR KEED. (Name from Greek for a fillet, 
 alluding to the ribbon-shaped leaves.) Flowers summer. 
 
 * Fruit sessile, broad and 'runcate, often 2-seeded. 
 
 S. eurycarpiim. Engelm. GREAT B. Border of ponds and streams 
 N. Eng. to Va., and W.; 3-5 high, with panicled-spiked heads, the 
 fertile when in fruit 1 i " thick, the nuts broad-tipped ; stigmas 2 ; leaves 
 '_J' wide, flat on upper side, keeled and concave-sided on the other. 
 
 * * Fruit slightly stipitate, narrower, always l-celled. 
 
 S. simplex. SMALLER B. In water ; erect, or sometimes floating ; l-2 
 high, mostly with a simple row of heads ; leaves narrower ; stigma simple, 
 linear, as long as the style ; nuts tapering to both ends and with a stalked 
 base. N. Eng. to N. J., and W. Very variable. 
 
 S. minimum, Fries. SMALLEST B. Mostly with leaves floating in 
 shallow water (6'-10' long) and flat ; heads few ; stigma simple, oval ; 
 nuts oval, short-pointed and short-stalked. N. Eng. to Penn., and W. 
 
 CXXXI. PANDANACE^l, SCREW PINE FAMILY. 
 
 Represented in greenhouses by PANDANUS UTILIS, Bory, the 
 striped-leaved P. VEITCHII, Hort, and some other species of 
 the same genus, known as SCREW PINES, all tropical. They 
 are palm-like bushes, ranging from 5-15 high as commonly 
 grown, with prickly-toothed ensiform stiff leaves crowded on 
 woody stems. They seldom blossom in conservatories. The 
 flowers are dioecious, the staminate ones in a mostly branched 
 spadix, the pistillates in a simple dense spadix. Spathes per- 
 sistent or deciduous, dry or colored. Perianth 0. Stamens 
 numerous. Ovary l-celled, or the ovaries united into a 2-oo - 
 celled compound one. Fruit berry-like or a woody drupe.
 
 PALM FAMILY. 463 
 
 CXXXH. PALMACE.fi, PALM FAMILY. 
 
 Tree-like or bushy, with thick woody trunk-like stem, grow- 
 ing from the terminal bud, and a spadix of small perfect or 
 imperfect flowers; sepals and petals each 3, distinct or con- 
 nate ; stamens usually 6, in 2 series, opposite the sepals and 
 petals ; staminodia sometimes present ; ovary free, 1-7-celled 
 (commonly 3-celled), sometimes lobed or divided into nearly 
 separate carpels ; fruit a berry, or a dry or more or less fleshy 
 drupe. There are three genera in our region (more in extreme 
 S. Florida). 
 
 * Style or stigma from the base of the ovary. 
 
 1. 8ABAL. Flowers perfect. Ovary 3-lobed, the style short, stigma truncate. Spadix 
 
 long-branching, glabrous, longer and shorter than the leaves. Either low or tall spe- 
 cies of fan-palms, without spines. 
 
 * Style or stigma from the top of the ovary. 
 
 2. EHAPIDOPHTLLUM. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, the segments imbricated In the 
 
 bud. Carpels free, the stigmas sessile and distinct. Spadix branching and densely 
 flowered, small, short-peduncled. Low palms, with fan-like, long-stalked leaves and 
 dry spiny sheaths. 
 
 3. SEREN^EA. Flowers perfect, the segments valvate. Carpels free at the base, the style 
 
 one, long and slender. Spadix long and branching, densely tomentose, much shorter 
 than the leaves. Stem creeping. Leaves fan-like. No spines. 
 
 1. SABAL, PALMETTO. (Name unexplained.) 
 
 S. Palmetto, Roem. & Schult. CABBAGE PALMETTO. Of the sandy 
 coast from N. Car., S., our only tree palm ; stem 20-40 high, erect and 
 simple, leafy at the summit, the petiole smooth ; leaves 5-8 long, cor- 
 date in outline, pinnatifid, and recurved at the summit, with thread-like 
 filaments in the sinuses ; drupe globose ; spadix spreading, mostly shorter 
 than the leaves. 
 
 S. Adans6nii, Guerns. DWARF PALMETTO. Leaves rising from a stem 
 underground, smooth-edged, and circular in outline, slightly pinnatifid, 
 glaucous, with a few filaments in the sinuses, the petiole smooth ; fruit 
 globose ; spadix erect and much longer than the leaves. Low districts, 
 N. Car., S. 
 
 2. RHAFIDOPHYLLUM. (Greek: Rhapis-leaved, from its resem- 
 blance to the genus Rhapis.) 
 
 R. (or CHAM^KOPS) Hystrix, Wendl. & Drude. BLUE PALMETTO. 
 S. Car., S.; stems erect or creeping, only 2-3 long ; leaves pale or glau- 
 cous, 3-4 high, circular in outline, with numerous 2-4-toothed divis- 
 ions, the petiole rough-edged ; spathes oblong and woolly ; drupe ovoid. 
 The only species. 
 
 3. SEREN-S3A. (Named for Sereno Watson, late curator of the Gray 
 Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass.) 
 
 S. serrulata, Hook. f. SAW PALMETTO. Trmik creeping on the 
 ground ; short petioles spiny-margined, whence the popular name ; leaves 
 circular, with 15-30 erect slightly cleft divisions and no thread-like fila-
 
 464 PALM FAMILY. 
 
 ments in the sinuses; drupe ovoid-oblong. Sandy soil, S. Car., S.; the 
 only species. 
 
 The COCOANUT (Cdcos NucfFERA) and the DATE PALM (PHOENIX UAC- 
 TYLfFERA) are cultivated in the extreme south, the former along the 
 coast of southeastern Florida. Many palms are grown in conservatories, 
 of which the following are some of the commonest : 
 
 * FAN PALMS ; i.e., those with leaves circular in general outline (but often 
 
 deeply cleft} and digitate-veined. 
 
 Livistbna Chinensis, R.Br. (LATANIA BORBONICA). S. China ; leaves 
 green, 4-6 across, on spiny petioles of about the same length, the blade 
 cut into many hanging segments which extend one fourth or one third its 
 depth. A common species with very wide-spreading growth. 
 
 Chamcerops htimilis, Linn. Mediterranean region ; dwarf species, with 
 leaves glaucous on both sides, the blades divided nearly to the base into 
 12-20 erect, nearly linear segments ; petioles twice longer than the leaves 
 (3-4), with stout spines on the edges. 
 
 Thrtnax radiata, Lodd. (T. ELEGANS). S. Amer.; leaves green, either 
 glabrous or puberulent beneath, l-2 long, the blade divided two thirds 
 its length into 40 or more very slender spreading or recurved divisions ; 
 petioles slender but stiff, longer than the leaves. Known for its graceful 
 habit and umbrella-like foliage. 
 
 Rhapis flabellifdrmis, Linn, f . China and Japan ; stems several and 
 slender, erect, with persistent leaf sheaths ; leaves rather small, the blade 
 5-11-parted into plaited truncate or erose ciliate-margined divisions, the 
 petiole much longer than the blade, and very obscurely denticulate. 
 
 * * FEATHER PALMS; i.e., the leaves long and pinnate or pinnately 
 
 parted. 
 
 Chrysalidoc&rpus (or ARECA) futescens, Wendl. Madagascar ; one of 
 the best of the feather-palms for general culture ; leaves very long (4- 
 10), erect-spreading and arching at the top, light green, the pinnae 70-100, 
 alternate, lanceolate and long-pointed ; petiole shallow-grooved on top, 
 especially in its lower half. 
 
 Howea (KENTIA) Belmoreana, Becc. E. Indies ; leaf blade much shorter 
 than in the last, the pinnse more nearly opposite and 20-50 in number ; 
 petiole flat on top. 
 
 Ptychosperma Cunninghdmii, Wendl. (SEAFORTHIA ELEGANS). Aus- 
 tralia ; trunk slender and shedding its sheaths, terete ; leaves 4-10 
 long, with many very slender pinnse which are unequally bifid at the apex, 
 dark green above and silvery beneath. 
 
 Hyophbrbe Verschaffelti, Wendl. Small or medium sized palm from 
 Madagascar, with nearly erect leaves, 4-6 long, and curving gracefully 
 at the end ; midrib white, unarmed ; pinnse narrow-lanceolate, 10-30 
 pairs, 2' or less wide ; stem triangular from the sheathing leaf bases. 
 
 Geonoma grdcilis, Wendl. Costa Rica ; a graceful, small species with 
 long-arching, pinnate leaves which are red when young, but becoming 
 dark green ; monoecious. 
 
 Chamceddrea elegans, Mart. Mexico ; dwarf species with unarmed 
 stem ; dioecious ; leaves 2-4 long, drooping ; pinnse 10' or less long and 
 1' broad, but tapering each way ; petioles slightly channeled. 
 
 Cdcos Weddelliana, Wendl. S. Amer. ; a very elegant, small palm, with 
 a slender, fibrous-netted trunk ; leaves 2-6 long, dark green above and 
 glaucous beneath, gracefully curved ; pinnse numerous and very narrow ; 
 petiole short. Popular, and stands rough usage. 
 
 Carybta sobo/ifera, Linn. A rather small palm of tropical Asia, dis- 
 tinguished by 2-pinnate leaves, the pinnulae fish-tail-shape ; petioles black- 
 scaly when young ; foliage bright green and graceful ; plant suckers from 
 the root. Useful species for decorative work.
 
 SEDGE FAMILY. 465 
 
 III. GLUMACEOUS DIVISION. 
 
 Flowers inclosed or subtended by glumes or husk-like 
 bracts ; no proper calyx or corolla, except sometimes mi- 
 nute bristles or scales which represent the perianth. Stems 
 of the straw-like sort, called culms. 
 
 CXXXIIL CYPERACKE, SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 Some rush-like, others grass-like plants, with flowers in 
 spikes or heads, one in the axil of each glume, the glume 
 being a scale-like or husk-like bract. No calyx nor corolla, 
 except some vestiges in the form of bristles or occasionally 
 scales, or a sac which imitates a perianth; the 1-celled 1- 
 ovuled ovary in fruit an akene. Divisions of the style 2 when 
 the akene is flattish or lenticular, or 3, when it is usually tri- 
 angular. Leaves, when present, very commonly 3-ranked, and 
 their sheath a closed tube ; the stem not hollow. A large 
 family, to be studied in the Manual, and too difficult for the 
 beginner. The most prominent genera are the following: 
 
 * Flowers commonly all perfect. 
 
 *- Spikelets usually many-flowered with only one or two of the lower 
 scales without flowers. 
 
 - Scales 2-ranked, the spikelet therefore flat. 
 = No bristles about the akene, and no beak at its top. 
 
 1. CYPERUS. Spikelets few-many-flowered, mostly flat and slender, 
 in simple or compound terminal umbels or heads. Culms mostly tri- 
 angular and simple, most of the leaves at the base. Many species in 
 low grounds ; three should be mentioned here : 
 
 C. rotiindus, Linn. NOT GRASS, Coco GRASS. A bad weed in sandy 
 lands from L. I.,S. ; early leaves grass-like and tufted, 3'-6' high, followed 
 later in the season by a single, leafless, triangular culm, 6'-20' high ; 
 umbel simple or slightly compound, about equaling its involucral leaves, 
 its rays few, and each one bearing 4-9 dark-chestnut, 12-40-flowered, 
 acute spikelets ; scales nerveless. The plant is introduced in the N. 
 It persists in the soil by means of little, nut-like tubers which are borne 
 from several inches to 4 away from the base of plant, on stolons. 
 
 C. escule'ntuB, Linn. CHUFA. Cultivated, especially at the S., for 
 its edible tubers, which are clustered about the base of the plant, and 
 also wild ; early leaves 15'-30' high, slightly rough, about as long as the 
 stem ; umbel 4-7-rayed, sometimes compound, much shorter than the 
 involucrai leaves ; spikelets numerous and light colored, 12-30-flowered, 
 the scales nerved. The cultivated form rarely flowers in the N. 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. BOX. 30
 
 466 SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 C. alternifblius, Linn. UMBRELLA PLANT. A greenhouse aquatic from 
 Madagascar ; culms in clumps, 2-6 tall, smooth and triangular, leafless 
 below, but bearing a leafy, many-rayed, great involucre at the top, from 
 the axils of which spring slender-peduncled small clusters of flowers. 
 
 C. Papyrus, Linn. (PAPYRUS ANTIQU&RUM). EGYPTIAN PAPER PLANT. 
 Sometimes grown in aquaria, not hardy N. ; sends up a jointless triangular 
 stem 4-10 high, which is terminated by a great involucre of very narrow 
 drooping or bending leaves. 
 
 = = Bristles about the akene, which is beaked on top. 
 
 2. DULICHIUM. Spikelets 6-10-flowered, sessile in 2 ranks on axil- 
 lary peduncles springing from the sheaths of the leaves. Perianth com- 
 posed of 6-9 barbed bristles. 
 
 One species, D. spathaceum, Pers., in bogs and on borders of ponds, 
 remarkable in the family for having terete and hollow culms, l-2 high. 
 
 -M. -w Scales not 2-ranked, the spikelet therefore terete. 
 = Bristles ; culm leafy. 
 
 3. FIMBRISTYLIS. Spikelets umbelled, the involucral leaves 2-3. 
 Small plants of either low or dry grounds, of about a half dozen species 
 in our territory. 
 
 = = Bristles generally present ; culm leafy or naked. 
 
 II Style somewhat thickened or bulbous at the base, and persistent upon the 
 top of the akene. 
 
 4. ELEOCHARIS. Spike one, and without involucre, terminating a 
 slender, simple, leafless culm. Many species (mostly small) in moist 
 grounds and borders of ponds. 
 
 || || Style not swollen at the base, deciduous. 
 
 5. SCIRPUS. Spikelets generally clustered in a compound umbel. 
 Bristles (sometimes 0) barbed. Mostly tall, rush-like, leafy, common 
 plants, but in some species the stems are slender and leafless, and the 
 spike is single and terminal, thus approaching Eleocharis, but the invo- 
 lucre is present in the form of a scale or small leaf. This genus now 
 includes ISOLEPIS, to which the slender species with a solitary terminal 
 spike, leafless and jointless culms, have been referred. 
 
 6. ERIOFHORUM. Like Scirpus, but the bristles not barbed and 
 often becoming silky and long exserted in fruit. A few plants in bogs, 
 mostly distinguished when mature by the white, or rusty, woolly heads. 
 
 t- -- Spikelets only l-2-flowered, and 2 or many of the lower scales flower- 
 less. 
 
 7. RHYNCHOSPORA. Spikelets flattish, clustered, or panicled, 
 often whitish or rusty in color. Bristles usually surrounding the 
 beaked or tubercle-topped akene. A score of critical species, mostly 
 small and slender plants, in bogs. 
 
 8. CLADITJM. Spikelets terete. Akene not tubercled, and no bris 
 ties. A single species, C. mariscoldes, Torr., l-2 high, in wet 
 places, with small, rusty cymes of capitate spikelets.
 
 GRASS FAMILY. 467 
 
 * * Flowers unisexual (plants monoecious or dioecious"). 
 
 9. SCLERIA. Monoecious. No bristles, and the bony or crustaceous 
 akene naked. About a score of small plants known as NUT RUSH. 
 
 10. CAREX. Monoecious or dioecious. Ordinarily no bristles, but the 
 lenticular or triangular akene inclosed in a sac or perigynium. A vast 
 genus, comprising over 200 species in our region, much too difficult for 
 the beginner. Common in all lo*w grounds and in open woods. 
 
 CXXXTV. GRAMINKE, GKASS FAMILY. 
 
 Grasses, known from other glumaceous plants by their 2- 
 ranked leaves having open sheaths, the jointed stems com- 
 monly, but not always hollow, and the glumes in pairs, viz. a 
 pair to each spikelet even when it consists of a single flower 
 (these called glumes proper), then a succeeding pair (flowering 
 glumes), rarely one of them wanting, these each inclosing a 
 thinner scale or palet. Flower, when perfect, as it more com- 
 monly is, consisting of 3 stamens (rarely 1, 2, or 6), and a 
 pistil, with 2 styles or a 2-cleft style, and 2 either hairy or 
 plumose-branched stigmas; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, becoming 
 a caryopsis (the thin pericarp adnate to the seed and seeming 
 to be an integral part of it) ; the floury part is the albumen of 
 the seed, outside of which lies the embryo (Lessons, Figs. 
 66-70). 
 
 The real structure and arrangement of the flowers and spike- 
 lets of Grasses are too difficult and recondite for a beginner. 
 For their study the Manual must be used ; in which the gen- 
 era both of this and the Sedge Family are illustrated by plates. 
 Here is offered merely a short way of reaching the names of 
 the commonest or most conspicuous species. 
 
 I. CEREAL GRAINS, cultivated for the seed-like fruits. (II., p. 468; III., 
 p. 469 ; IV., p. 470 ; V., p. 471 ; VI., p. 473 ; VII. , p. 475). 
 
 * Stems hollow, or soon becoming so, making straw when cut. 
 - Spikelets in panicles, often crowded, but not so as to form a spike. 
 
 Oryza saflva, Linn. RICE. Cult. S., from Asia, in low grounds ; 2-4 
 high, with upper surface of the lance-linear leaves rough ; flowers one and 
 perfect in each spikelet, with or without rudiments of others ; branches of 
 the panicle erect ; outer glumes minute, the inner coriaceous, very much 
 flattened laterally, so as to be strongly boat-shaped or conduplicate, clos- 
 ing over the grain and falling with it, the outer one commonly bearing an 
 awn ; stamens 6.
 
 468 GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 Kvena saflva, Linn. COMMON OAT. From Old World ; soft and smooth, 
 with a loose panicle of large, drooping spikelets, the palets investing the 
 grain ; one flower with a long, twisted awn on the back, the other awn- 
 less ; flowers 2 or 3 in the spikelet, perfect, or the uppermost rudimen- 
 
 A. ndda, Linn. NAKED OAT. Rarely cult., from Old World; has nar- 
 rower, roughish leaves, 3 or 4 flowers in the spikelet, and grain loose in 
 the palets. 
 
 - +- Spikelets in strict spikes, or in such a dense panicle as to appear to 
 be spicate. 
 
 M- Glumes 2 to each spikelet. 
 
 Trlticum sativum, Lam. WHEAT. Spike dense, somewhat 4-sided; 
 the spikelets crowded, 4-5-flowered, turgid; glumes ventricose, blunt; 
 palet either awned or awnless ; grain free. Unknown wild. 
 
 Secale ceredle, Linn. RYE. Tall ; spike as in wheat ; spikelets with 
 only 2 perfect flowers ; glumes a little distant, bristly towards the base ; 
 lower palet ventricose, long awned; grain brown. Probably from W. 
 Asia. 
 
 H- -w Glumes 6 at each joint, in front of the 3 spikelets, forming an involucre. 
 
 Hdrdeum satlvum, Jessen. COMMON BARLEY. From the Old World ; 
 spike dense, the 3 spikelets at each joint of the rhachis all with a fertile 
 flower, its lower palet long-awned. Originally from W. Asia. 
 
 H. distichon, Linn. TWO-ROWED BARLEY. From Tartary ; evidently 
 a cultivated state of the above ; only one spikelet at each joint of the 
 rhachis with a fertile flower, the two lateral spikelets being reduced to 
 sterile rudiments ; the flowers therefore two-rowed in the spike. 
 
 H. hex&stichon, Linn. SIX-ROWED BARLEY. Another form of H. 
 sativum, with roundish spikes, its joints very short and the flowers diver- 
 gently 6-rowed. Not common. 
 
 * * Stems pithy and thick, not becoming hollow. 
 
 Z&a Mays, Linn. MAIZE, INDIAN CORN. Stem terminated by the clus- 
 tered, slender spikes of staminate flowers (the tassel) in 2-flowered spike- 
 lets ; the pistillate flowers in a dense and many-rowed spike borne on a 
 short axillary branch (the ear), two flowers within each pair of glumes, 
 but the lower one neutral, the upper pistillate, with an extremely long 
 style, the silk. Very many forms. Cent, and S. Amer. (Lessons, 
 Figs. 66-70.) 
 
 II. CANES AND SORGHUMS, with pithy, solid stems. Cultivated for sugar 
 or broom-making (occasionally for fodder). Spikelets clustered or 
 scattered in an ample panicle, each with one perfect and one neutral or 
 staminate flower. 
 
 Sdrghum vulgare, Pers. (ANDROPOGON SORGHUM of some writers). IN- 
 DIAN, PEARL or BLACK MILLET. From Africa or India ; a tall, maize- 
 like plant without silky down in the spikelets ; glumes coriaceous, russet- 
 color. Var. CERNUUM, GUINEA CORN, has densely contracted panicle, 
 and is cult, for the grain. Var. DURRA, DOURA, or KA.FFIR CORN, has 
 densely contracted panicles. Var. SACCHAR\TUM, COMMON SORGHUM, 
 CHINESE SUGAR CANE, IMPHEE, &c., cult, for the syrup of the stem and 
 for fodder ; and BROOM CORN, with open, long-rayed panicles, for the 
 well-known corn brooms, (p 
 
 S&ccharum officinarum, Linn. SUGAR CANE. Cult, far S. ; rarely left 
 to flower, propagated by cuttings of the stem ; stem 8-20 high, l'-2' 
 thick ; long, white, silky down with the flowers. 2/
 
 GRASS FAMILY. 469 
 
 III. MEADOW AND FODDER GRASSES. Species of widely differing char- 
 acteristics in the different parts of the country. Oat Grass (see V.) is 
 sometimes grown in meadows, and Gama Grass (see VII.) is used for 
 
 * Flowers in loose panicles. 
 - Spreading inveterately by creeping rootstocks. 
 
 S6rghum Halapense, Linn. (ANDROPOGON ARUNDINACEUS). JOHNSON 
 GRASS. GUINEA GRASS (erroneously). A coarse grass, 4-7 high, much 
 prized for hay in the S. ; leaves long, loose, and flat, with a prominent, 
 white, raised midrib ; panicle long and very open ; the spikelets reddish 
 and each bearing one or two awns. Old WorkL By some thought to be 
 the parent of the Sorghums. U. 
 
 +- t- Not spreading widely by rootstocks. 
 *+ Flower 1 in each spikelet and perfect, but sometimes rudiments of others. 
 
 Agrdstis 6lba, Linn. FIORIN or WHITE BENT GRASS. Stems with pro- 
 cumbent or creeping base ; ligule long, acute, and conspicuous ; panicle 
 contracting after flowering, with roughish branches, greenish or slightly 
 purplish ; a valuable meadow grass. 2/ 
 
 Var. vulgaris, Thurb. REDTOP. Rather low (1-2J) and delicate 
 grass of meadows and pastures, with oblong spreading panicle of small 
 purple or purplish spikelets ; ligule short and truncate. If. 
 
 Calamagrdstis Canade'nsis, Beauv. BLUE JOINT GRASS. In all bogs 
 N. , and in reclaimed low meadows, much liked by cattle ; 3-6 high ; 
 resembles an Agrostis, but taller, and with a tuft of downy long hairs 
 around the flower almost its length, the flowering glume with a delicate 
 awn low down on its back and scarcely stouter than the surrounding 
 down. 2/ 
 
 Panicum mi/idceum, Linn, TRUE MILLET. Spikelets all pedicellate in 
 an umbel-form panicle, each with 3 empty glumes and 1 flower; tall 
 grass (3-4) with loose, soft leaves and drooping panicle. Probably E. 
 Indian. (I) 
 
 ++ +* Flowers several in each spikelet, most or all of them perfect. 
 
 = Panicle contracted in 1-sided clusters ; glumes compressed on the sides 
 and carinate. 
 
 D&ctylis glomerata, Linn. ORCHARD GRASS. Nat. from Eu. in mead- 
 ows and yards ; a tall and coarse, but valuable grass for hay, etc. , flour- 
 ishes in shady places, 3 high ; with broadly linear, rather rough, pale, 
 and keeled leaves, and a dense panicle of one-sided clusters, on which the 
 spikelets are much crowded, each 3-4-flowered, the glumes tapering into 
 a short awn, rough-ciliate on the keel ; flowers early summer. ^ 
 
 = = Panicle symmetrical, diffuse ; glumes compressed and carinate and 
 pubescent or cobwebby at the base in the Poas, but simply convex and 
 glabrous in Festuca. 
 
 P6a ser6tina, Ehrh. FOWL MEADOW GRASS, FALSE REDTOP. An 
 important native grass in wet meadows N.; flowers in late summer in 
 a loose panicle, the 2-4-flowered spikelets green with dull purple ; flower- 
 ing glume very obscurely nerved. 2Z 
 
 P. trivialis, Linn. ROUGHISH MEADOW GRASS. An introduced meadow 
 and pasture grass, N. ; flowering before midsummer, with open panicle of 
 green spikelets, these mostly 3-flowered, the flowering glume prominently 
 5-nerved ; sheaths and leaves roughish ; ligule oblong, acute. A white- 
 striped variety, is cult, for ornament, y. 
 
 P. pratensis, Linn. JUNE GRASS, KENTUCKY BLUE GRASS. Dry 
 meadows and pastures, spreading by running rootstocks, and with a
 
 470 GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 panicle often purplish and more crowded than in the foregoing ; flowering 
 in earliest summer, the sheath smooth, and ligule short and blunt ; flow- 
 ering glume hairy along the margins and the 5 nerves. Makes the ear- 
 liest hay. Very variable. 11 
 
 Festtica efatior, Linn. TALI, MEADOW FESCUE. A rather rigid grass of 
 meadows and pastures, nat. from Eu.; l-4 high, with green flat leaves, 
 a narrow panicle with short branches appressed before and after flower- 
 ing, 5-10-flowered green spikelets, the flowering glume blunt, or acute, 
 or rarely with a short awn. H 
 
 * * Flowers in densely contracted panicles and therefore seeming to be 
 spicate. 
 
 - Awn borne low down on the back of one or two palets. 
 
 Anthox&nthum odoratum, Linn. SWEET-SCENTED VERNAL GRASS. Nat. 
 from Eu. ; low, slender, soft and smooth ; the pale brown or greenish 
 spikelets crowded hi an evident, spikelike panicle ; each composed of a 
 pair of thin, very unequal glumes, above and within these a pair of obcor- 
 date or 2-lobed, hairy, empty, flowering glumes, one with a bent awn 
 from near its base, the other with a shorter awn higher up ; above and 
 within these a pair of very small, smooth and roundish palets, of parch- 
 ment-like texture, inclosing 2 stamens and the 2-styled pistil, finally 
 investing the gram. 11 
 
 Alopecurus pratensis, Linn. MEADOW FOXTAIL. Introduced from Eu., 
 abundantly into meadows E.; flowering in spring; stem about 2 high, 
 bearing few pale soft leaves, terminated by a cylindrical soft and dense 
 spike, or what seems to be so, for the spikelets are really borne on short 
 side branches, not on the main axis ; these spikelets very flat, contrary 
 to the glumes, which are conduplicate, united by their edges towards the 
 base, keeled, fringed-ciliate on the keel ; these inclose a single condupli- 
 cate flowering glume (the upper one wholly wanting), which bears a long 
 awn from below the middle of the back, and surrounds 3 stamens and 
 the pistil. H 
 
 - -i- Awn, if any, from the apex of the glumes or palets. 
 
 Phleum pratense, Linn. TIMOTHY, CAT-TAIL GRASS, HERD'S GRASS. 
 introduced from Eu.; a coarse but most valuable meadow grass, 2-4 
 high, with green roughish head, 3'-8' long ; spikelets densely crowded in 
 a long, perfectly cylindrical, apparent spike, each spikelet strictly 1-flow- 
 ered; glumes 2, keeled and nearly conduplicate, awn-pointed, much 
 larger and of firmer texture than the thin and truncate awnless flowering 
 glumes. 11 
 
 Setdria It&lica, Kunth. HUNGARIAN GRASS, BENGAL GRASS. Cult, for 
 fodder, 3-6 high, with rather large leaves, a compound or interrupted 
 so-called spike, which is evidently a contracted panicle, sometimes 6'-9' 
 long, and nodding when ripe ; bristles short and few in a cluster ; spike- 
 lets each with a single perfect flower, and by the side of it one or two thin 
 palets of a sterile usually neutral flower. Often cult, as MILLET. 
 
 IV. LAWN AND PASTURE GRASSES. The best and the commonest lawn 
 grass North and East is June Grass or Kentucky Slue Grass, already 
 described, and it is the commonest basis of old pastures. Eedtop is 
 also common in lawns and pastures, but it is generally run out after a 
 time by June Grass. Sweet Vernal and Orchard Grass are often found 
 in lawns. Other common lawn and pasture Grasses are the following : 
 
 * Flowers in open panicles. 
 
 Agr6stis canina, Linn. BROWN BENT, RHODE ISLAND BENT. A 
 very dwarf fine grass, making a dense close sod upon poor soils ; culms 
 8'-2 high ; root leaves involute-bristle-form, but those of the culm flat ;
 
 GRASS FAMILY. 471 
 
 panicle loose, brownish, rarely pale ; glumes very acute, the flowering 
 one awned on the back at or below the middle. 2Z 
 
 Festfcca ovina. Linn. SHEEP'S FESCUE. Fine-leaved grass, J-2 high, 
 tufted, with slender or involute pale leaves, 3-8-flowered spikelets in a 
 short 1-sided panicle, open in flowering, contracted afterwards, the flower- 
 ing glume rolled up, almost awl-shaped and tipped with a sharp point or 
 bristle- like awn. 2/ 
 
 * * Flowers in slender spikes, which are either solitary (in the first) or 
 
 digitate. 
 
 Lblium per^nne, Linn. DARNEL, RYE GRASS, RAY GRASS. Intro- 
 duced from Eu.; a good pasturage grass, l-2 high, with loose spike 
 5'-6' long, of 12 or more about 7-flowered spikelets placed edgewise, so 
 that one row of flowers is next the glume, the other next the zigzag 
 rhachis ; glume only one to the solitary spikelet, which stands edgewise ; 
 flowering glume short-awned or awnless. TJ. 
 
 Cynodon Ddctylon, Pers. BERMUDA or SCUTCH GRASS. An introduced 
 weed chiefly S. , where it is useful in sandy soil, where a better grass is 
 not to be had ; creeping extensively, the rigid creeping stems with short 
 flattish leaves, and sending up flowering shoots a few inches high, bear- 
 ing 3-5 slender spikes; flower only one to each spikelet, and a mere rudi- 
 ment beyond it, awnless. 11 
 
 * * * Plant dioecious or monoecious ; the staminate spikelets 2-3-flowered 
 and sessile in 2 rows in 2-4 short, l-sided, pedunculate spikes ; fertile 
 spikelets 1-flowered, in a pair of l-sided, capitate clusters, sessile in the 
 sheaths of the upper leaves. 
 
 Buchloe dactyloldes, Engelm. BUFFALO GRASS. Low and tufted, 
 less than 4'-8' high ; sterile spikes less than ' long ; male plant taller 
 than the female. Plains W. of the Miss., where it is a leading pasture grass. 
 
 V. WEEDY AND INTRODUCED GRASSES, mostly in cultivated lands or 
 about waste places, not cultivated. 
 
 * Flowers in an open panicle. 
 i- Spikelets large, drooping when mature. 
 
 Br6mu8. BROME GRASS. Spikelets large, at length drooping in an 
 open panicle ; containing 5-10 or more flowers, the flowering glume with 
 a short bristle point or an awn from the blunt, rounded tip or notch, 
 the palet soon adhering to the grain. Coarse grasses ; 2 or 3 wild 
 species are common, and the following are weeds of cultivation, from Eu. 
 The first three have flowers imbricated over each other, the spikelets 
 therefore rather dense. The last three have loose spikelets, the flowers 
 soon separating from one another. 
 
 B. secd/inus, Linn. COMMON CHESS, CHEAT. Well known in wheat- 
 fields, and once thought to be a degenerated form of wheat ; nearly smooth ; 
 panicle open and spreading, even in fruit ; spikelets turgid ; flowers laid 
 broadly over each other in the two ranks ; flowering glume convex on the 
 back, concave within, awnless or short-awned. (55) 
 
 B. racemdsus, Linn. UPRIGHT CHESS. Like the other, but with nar- 
 rower erect panicle contracted in fruit, flowering glume slender-awned, 
 and sheaths sometimes hairy. (2) 
 
 B. mdllis, Linn. SOFT CHESS. Like the preceding, but soft-downy, 
 with denser conical-ovate spikelets, and the long-awned glume acute. 
 
 
 
 B. dsper, Linn. Culm slender and panicle small ; spikelets loosely 
 5-9-flowered ; the flowers oblong or lanceolate ; glume linear-lanceolate, 
 scarcely keeled, and hairy near the margins, rather longer than the awn ; 
 sheaths and lower leaves downy or hairy. %.
 
 472 GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 B. stSrilis, Linn. Leaves rather downy, but the culm glabrous ; pani- 
 cle open ; the spikelets on long, nearly straight, and simple peduncles ; 
 the slender, awl-like flowers 5-9, and 7-nerved, and roughish ; the awn 1' 
 long. Not yet common. (J) (g) 
 
 B. tectdrum, Linn. More common than the last ; panicle lax and some- 
 what 1 -sided ; the spikelets pubescent and more numerous, on very slen- 
 der, curving pedicels ; leaves short. @ 
 
 t- -- Spikelets of ordinary or small size, spreading or erect. 
 = Flowers not awned. 
 
 F6a. MEADOW GRASS. Several common species ; known by the open 
 panicle of .S-lO-flowered spikelets ; the glumes and flowering glumes blunt 
 (no awn nor pointed tip), the latter laterally compressed and boat-shaped, 
 with scarious or white, meinbranaceous edges, and usually some delicate, 
 cobwebby hairs towards the base. The commonest is JUNE GRASS, already 
 mentioned, which is sometimes a weed. The only other weedy ones are : 
 
 P. annua. Linn. Low SPEAR GRASS. Very low, weedy grass in cult, 
 ground, waste places, paths, etc. Flowers in spring or again in sum- 
 mer. Eu. 
 
 P. compressa, Linn. WIRE GRASS, ENGLISH BLUE GRASS. In cul- 
 tivated soil, often a very bad intruder ; pale, with low, very flat stems, 
 rising obliquely from a creeping base ; panicle small. Eu. 11 
 
 Panicum capillare, Linn. TUMBLE GRASS, OLD WITCH GRASS. A 
 diffuse plant, common in cornfields and other cultivated grounds, and 
 rolling before the wind in the fall ; sheaths, and usually the leaves, hairy ; 
 panicle very compound, with long, capillary divisions; spikelet with 1 
 perfect flower, the lower glume half the length of the upper empty one. (D 
 
 = = Flowers with a bent or twisted awn. 
 II One flower perfect, and one staminate only. 
 
 Arrenatherum avenaceum, Beauv. OAT GRASS, GRASS OF THE ANDES. 
 Rather coarse but soft grass, introduced from Eu. into meadows and 
 fields ; thin and very unequal glumes, including a staminate flower, the 
 lower glume of which bears a long, bent awn below its middle ; above this 
 a perfect flower with its glume bristle-pointed from near the tip, and above 
 that a rudiment of a third flower. Sometimes grown as a meadow grass, 
 S. and W. 11 
 
 Hdlcus lanatus, Linn. VELVET GRASS, MEADOW SOFT GRASS. Intro- 
 duced from Eu. into meadows and yards, not very common, l-2 high, 
 well distinguished by its paleness and velvety softness, being soft downy 
 all over ; panicle crowded ; the flowers only 2 in the spikelet, small, rather 
 distant, the lower one perfect and awnless, the upper staminate and with 
 a curved or hooked awn below the tip. 11 
 
 II || Flowers several (about 7) in the spikelet. 
 
 Danth6nia spicata, Beauv. POVERTY GRASS. A thin, wild grass, 
 l-2 high, growing in sterile soils ; spikelets few and whitish, subspi- 
 cate ; flowering glume loosely hairy, with stout and pointless teeth, be- 
 tween which arises a conspicuous awn ; tufted, with very narrow leaves. 11 
 
 * * Flowers in spikes or dense spike-like panicles. (For Bermuda Grass, 
 see IV.) 
 
 - Spikelets strictly spiked, all on one side of a flattened, jointless rhachis, 
 much crowded; the 2-5 spikes digitate, i.e. all on the apex of the flower- 
 ing stem. Finger Grass might be sought here ; see Pauicum, next payt 
 
 Eluslne Indica, Gaertn. CRAB GRASS, YARD GRASS, DOG'S-TAIL GRASS, 
 or WIRE GRASS. Introduced only in yards or lawns N., more abundant S., 
 where it is valuable for cattle ; low, spreading pale ; flowers 3-5 or more
 
 GRASS FAMILY. 473 
 
 in each splkelet, the uppermost generally imperfect ; seed loose, propor- 
 tionally large, rough-wrinkled ; glumes and palets pointless. 
 
 E. &gyptiaca, Pers. EGYPTIAN GRASS. Yards and fields, chiefly a 
 weed, S. ; creeping over the ground, low ; spikes dense and thickish ; 
 glumes flattened laterally and keeled, one of them awn-pointed, the 
 lower one awned. Both from the Old World. 
 
 Agropyrum repens, Beauv. COUCH, QDACK, QUITCH, or QUICK GRASS. 
 Spreads amazingly by its vigorous, long, running rootstocks, is a pest 
 in cultivated fields, and is too coarse and hard for a meadow grass ; 
 2-3 high ; many forms, introduced from Eu. ; spikelets 4-8-flowered ; 
 flowering glume either pointless or shorl^awned ; glumes a pair to the sin- 
 gle spikelet, right and left at each joint of the rhachis. ^ 
 
 4- H- Spikelets in a contracted panicle or seeming spike, or if spiked some- 
 what on one side of the rhachis / each with a single, perfect flower, its 
 palets of coriaceous or cartilaginous texture ; by the side of it are either 
 one or two thin glumes of a sterile, usually neutral flower. 
 
 +< One or many slender bristles at the base of each spikelet. 
 
 Setdria glatica, Beauv. FOXTAIL, PIGEON GRASS. In stubble and cul- 
 tivated grounds, low ; spike tawny yellow, dense ; long bristles 6-11 in a 
 cluster, rough upwards ; perfect flower wrinkled crosswise. Eu. 
 
 5. viridis, Beauv. GREEN FOXTAIL, BOTTLE GRASS. Has less dense and 
 greener spike, fewer bristles, rough upwards, and perfect flower striate 
 lengthwise. Eu. Common. (I) Thought by some to be the parent of 
 Hungarian Grass (see III.). 
 
 S. verticillata, Beauv. Spike cylindrical and pale green, with appar- 
 ently whorled spikelets or clusters ; bristles single or in pairs and rough 
 downwards. Eu. Not common. 
 
 w- -w- No bristles at the base of the spikelets. 
 
 P&nicum sanguindle, Linn. FINGER GRASS or CRAB GRASS. Chiefly a 
 weed in cult, fields and about yards in late summer and autumn, but use- 
 ful in thin grounds S. for hay ; herbage reddish ; spikes 4-15, slender, 
 digitate, nearly 1-sided ; spikelets seemingly 1-flowered, the upper empty 
 glume half the length of the flower, the lower one small ; Eu. (f) 
 
 P. glabrum, Gaudin. More prostrate and lower ; spikes 2-6, widely 
 spreading ; upper empty glume equaling the flower, but the lower one 
 almost wanting. Waste lands, commonest S. Eu. 
 
 P. Crus-g6lli, Linn. COCK'SFOOT, BARNYARD GRASS. Common, weedy 
 grass of barnyards and low, rich grounds ; coarse, with rather broad leaves, 
 and numerous, seeming spikes along the naked summit of the flowering 
 stems, often forming a sort of panicle ; spikelets with one fertile and one 
 sterile flower, the glume of the latter bearing a rough awn. Eu. 
 
 Phdlar/s Canariensis, Linn. CANARY GRASS. Cult, from Eu. for 
 canary seed, and running wild in some waste places ; l-2 high, with 
 the panicle contracted into a sort of oblong spike ; the glumes with wing- 
 like keels ; and a little scale or rudimentary, sterile flower at the base. 
 ^_ .|_ ^_ Spikelets 15, inclosed in a globular and spiny bur or involucre. 
 
 C^nchrus tribuloldes, Linn. BUR GRASS, HEDGEHOG GRASS. A low, 
 spreading grass along the seashore and Great Lakes, and in sandy places ; 
 spike composed of 8-20 spherical, prickly heads or burs which detach 
 easily and adhere to clothing. (J) 
 
 VI. ORNAMENTAL GRASSES, regularly cultivated in gardens. 
 * Annual (or biennial) grasses grown for use in dried' flower bouquets, or 
 one cult, for curiosity. (Feather Grass, in * * * may be sought here.) 
 *- Spikelets compact and mostly large, oblong or ovate-shaped, hanging. 
 Srdmus unioMdes, HBK. (CERATOCHLOA PENDULA). Rather stout
 
 474 GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 and broad-leaved, with drooping, large, 6-10-flowered spikelets much flat- 
 tened laterally, so that the lower glumes are almost conduplicate and 
 keeled on the back ; awns very short. If. Trop. Amer. and W. United 
 States ; has been recommended for fodder S. 
 
 B. brizcef6rmis, Fisch. & Mey. Elegant grass, in clumps ; 2 high, with 
 many large, drooping, oblong-ovate, silvery -yellow, 12-30-flowered spike- 
 lets ; awns ; lower sheaths and often the short leaves hairy. Caucasus. 
 
 Brlza mdxima, Linn. LARGE QUAKING GRASS or RATTLESNAKE GRASS. 
 A low grass, with the hanging, ovate-heart-shaped, 12-20-flowered spike- 
 lets somewhat like those of Bromus, but pointless, very tumid, purplish, 
 becoming dry and papery, rattling in the wind, whence the common 
 name ; awns 0. Eu. 
 
 B. minor, Linn. (B. GRACILIS). LITTLE QUAKING GRASS. Smaller, 
 with triangular-ovate spikelets, which are about 7-flowered ; glumes 
 longer than the flowers. Very delicate and pretty. Eu. and Asia. 
 
 -- t- Spikelets large, but loose, oat-like. 
 
 Avena stSrilis, Linn. ANIMATED OAT. Sometimes grown for the curi- 
 ous movements of the ripe florets due to the hygroscopic action of the 
 profuse covering of hairs ; panicle very large ; the spikelets about twice 
 the size of those of the Common Oat. Eu. 
 
 -i- -- - Singular grass, with imperfect flowers ; the perfect one (with 1 or 
 2 sterile ones) borne inside a seed-like, pearly, flask-shaped pouch formed 
 by the sheath of a leaf; sterile inflorescence projecting from the flask. 
 
 Colx Ldcryma-Jbbi, Linn. JOB'S TEARS, TEAR GRASS. Plant 2^ 
 high, grown for the ornamental clusters of so-called "seeds" (these 
 sometimes used for rosaries), which are as large as a cherry stone, shining 
 and whitish. India and China. 
 
 * * Diffuse, half-creeping perennial grass with small simple panicles, 
 grown in conservatories. 
 
 Oplismenus Burmdnni, Pal. (PANICUM VARIEG\TUM of florists). Slender 
 and spreading plants grown in pots, hanging baskets and under benches, 
 known by its spreading, narrow-lanceolate, long-pointed leaves (2'-4' 
 long), which are more or less perfectly 2-ranked and in the common form 
 neatly striped with white and pink after the manner of the Wandering 
 Jew. Recalls depauperate forms of Barnyard Grass. Tropical Asia. 
 
 * * * Tall perennial grasses, grown for lawn decoration. 
 *- Panicle very silky-hairy, the hairs on the rhachis or in the flower. 
 
 Miscdnthus Sinensis, Anders. (EUL\LIA JAPONICA and varieties). 
 ZEBRA GRASS. A stately grass from Japan, the forms with leaves striped 
 or banded (EUL\LIA ZEBRINA, etc., of nurserymen) with yellow, now the 
 most common ; 4-9 high, with long slender leaves, and a rather small 
 erect panicle late in the season ; spikelets 1-flowered, stamens 3, flower- 
 ing glumes more or less bifid, and awned between the teeth. 
 
 Gyn&rium argenteum, Nees. PAMPAS GRASS. Tall, reed-like grass, 
 from S. Amer., with a large tuft of rigid linear and tapering recurved- 
 spreading leaves, several feet in length ; the flowering stem 6 to 12 feet 
 high and overtopping the leaves in autumn, bearing an ample silvery- silky 
 panicle ; spikelets loosely 2-ao -flowered. 
 
 Eridnthus Ravennce, Beauv. PLUME GRASS. Stems 5-10 high, bear- 
 ing plume-like, violet or brownish, silky panicles l-2 long ; leaves for 
 the most part in a clump at the base of the stems ; spikelets awned, with 
 one perfect flower ; rhachis of the branches of the panicle jointed. S. Eu. 
 
 Arundo Ddnax, Linn. 8-20 high, grown for its stately habit (and the 
 striped leaves of one variety) ; leaves comparatively short, broad and flat,
 
 GRASS FAMILY. 475 
 
 alternate and sheathing on the Maize-like stem ; spikelets 3-4-flowered, 
 all perfect ; glume bifid ; axes of the spikelets naked, but the flowers 
 furnished with long hairs. S. Eu. Seldom flowers in N. States. 
 
 -*- -i- Long plumose awns from the empty glumes ; spikelets \-flowered. 
 
 Stlpa pennata, Linn. FEATHER GRASS. Plant 2-3 high, bearing long, 
 slender, often drooping, feather-like panicles ; awns twisted, 8-10 times 
 longer than the glumes. Eu. Sometimes used for bouquets. 
 
 <- -t- <- Spikes not silky-hairy nor plumose. 
 
 Phalaris arundinacea. Linn. REED CANARY GRASS (the striped 
 variety is the familiar RIBBON GRASS of country gardens). Bogs and low 
 grounds ; 2-4 high, with flat leaves nearly ' wide, flowering in early 
 summer, in a pretty, dense, contracted panicle, but open when the blos- 
 soms expand ; the ovate outer whitish glumes longer and much thinner 
 than the blunt coriaceous flowering glumes ; a hairy rudiment or append- 
 age at the base of each of the latter. 
 
 VII. WILD GRASSES, which are distinguished for tall reed-like growth. 
 * Stems pithy, not hollow. 
 
 Tripsacum dactyloldes, Linn. GAMA GRASS, SESAME GRASS. Moist 
 soil. Conn., S.; nutritious, but coarse ; leaves almost as large as those of 
 Indian corn ; spike (the upper part staminate, the lower pistillate) nar- 
 row, composed of a row of joints which break apart at maturity ; the fer- 
 tile cylindrical, the externally cartilaginous spikelets immersed hi the 
 rhachis, the sterile part thinner and flat. Sometimes used for fodder S. 
 
 * * Stems hollow at maturity. 
 H- Flowers monoecious, staminate and pistillate separate in the panicle. 
 
 Zizania aquatica. Linn. INDIAN RICE or WATER OATS. In water, 
 commonest N. W. ; with leaves almost as long as those of Indian Corn, the 
 upper part of the ample panicle bearing pistillate flowers on erect, club- 
 shaped pedicels, the lower bearing staminate flowers on spreading 
 branches ; each flower or spikelet with only one pair of glumeSj the outer 
 one long-awned ; grain slender, ' long, used for food by N. W. Indians. 
 
 i- - Flower one and perfect in each spikelet, but sometimes with rudi- 
 ments of others. 
 
 Amm6phila arundinacea, Host. SEA-SAND REED. Beaches, Me., S., 
 and on the Great Lakes, where it serves a useful purpose in binding the 
 sand by its rootstocks ; has the panicle contracted into a long spike-like 
 inflorescence ; leaves long and strong ; spikelets pale, rather rigid, the hairs 
 at the base of the flowers, two thirds shorter than they. 11 
 
 Phalaris arundinacea, Linn. The wild form may be sought here (see 
 VI.). 
 
 H- 4- i- Flowers several in each spikelet, all or nearly all perfect. 
 
 Phragmltes communis, Trin. COMMON REED. Noble grass, in 
 marshes; 5-12 high, with leaves l'-2' wide, the stems dying down to 
 the base ; panicle in late summer or autumn, loose ; spikelets 3-7 -flow- 
 ered, beset with white, silky, long hairs. H 
 
 Arundinaria macrosperma. Michx. LARGE CANE. Forming the 
 cane brakes, Ky., S.; with woody stems 10-20 high and leaves l'-2' 
 wide, branching the second year, at length flowering from the branches, 
 in February or March ; the panicle of a few small racemes of large many- 
 flowered naked spikelets, the flowering glume usually downy. %. 
 
 Var. suffrutic6sa, Munro. SMALLER REED, SWITCH CANE. Only 
 4-10 high, and more branching ; leaves narrower. Md., W. and S.
 
 476 PINE FAMILY. 
 
 CLASS II. GYMNOSPERMS. 
 
 Plants with no closed ovary, style, or stigma, but ovules 
 and seeds naked on a scale or some other sort of trans- 
 formed leaf, or in Yew at the end of a scaly-bracted stalk ; 
 the mouth of the ovule receiving the pollen directly. 
 Leaves not netted-veined. Cotyledons often more than 2. 
 (Lessons, Figs. 56, 57, 337-339, 411-413.) 
 
 CXXXV. CONIFEILffi, PINE FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with wood of homogeneous fiber (no ducts), 
 resinous juice, commonly needle-shaped or awl-shaped leaves 
 (mostly evergreen), and monoecious or sometimes dioecious 
 flowers destitute of both calyx and corolla, and in catkins, or 
 the like. 
 
 Aside from the species here described, there are the follow- 
 ing, amongst others, in cultivation: ARAUCARIAS, particularly 
 A. IMBRICATA, Pav., the MONKEY PUZZLE, from Peru, with 
 ovate-lanceolate, pointed, stiff, keeled leaves, grown under glass, 
 and in the open S. ; SCIADOPITYS VERTICILLATA, Sieb. & Zucc., 
 PARASOL TREE, from Japan, grown out of doors, with long, 
 linear, verticillate leaves; CEPHALOTAXUS DRUPACEA, Sieb. & 
 Zucc. (known also as C. FORTUXI), a straggling shrub planted 
 from Japan in the middle and southern states with dioecious, 
 flat, linear, 2-rowed leaves, and a drupe-like fruit the size of a 
 small plum which ripens the second year. 
 
 I. PINE SUBFAMILY, PROPER. These are true Coniferce, 
 or cone-bearing trees, the fertile flowers being in a scaly catkin 
 which becomes a strobile or scaly cone. The scales are each 
 in the axil of a bract (which is sometimes evident and pro- 
 jecting, but often concealed in the full-grown cone) , and I ear 
 a pair of ovules adhering to their inner face next the base, the 
 orifice downwards, and the 2-winged seeds peel off the scale 
 as the latter expands at maturity. They all have scaly buds. 
 Leaves scattered or fascicled.
 
 PINE FAMILY. 477 
 
 Cones maturing the second year, and the scales becoming thick and corky. 
 
 1. PINUS. Leaves persistent, long and needle-shaped, 2, 3, or 5 in a cluster from the axil 
 
 of dry bud scales, developed after the scaly shoot of the season lengthens. Sterile 
 catkins clustered at the base of the shoot of the season ; each stamen answers to 
 a flower, reduced to a 2-celled anther, with hardly any filament. Cone woody, mostly 
 large, maturing in the autumn of the second year. Cotyledons of the embryo 
 several. (See Lessons, Figs. 56, 5T, 184, 185, 411-418.) 
 * Cones maturing the first year (except in ffo. 6), the scales remaining thin. 
 
 +- Leaves persistent ; i.e., evergreen. 
 H- With cones pendulous or reflexed, their scales persistent. 
 
 2. PICEA. Cones terminal. Sterile flowers mostly axillary (sometimes terminal), on 
 
 branchlets of the preceding year. Leaves needle-shaped and 4-angled, sessile, scat- 
 tered or spirally disposed. 
 
 8. TSUGA. Cones on the ends of last year's branchlets. Sterile flowers in a sub-globose 
 cluster springing from the axils of last year's leaves. Leaves short, flat and whitened 
 beneath, short-petioled, 2-ranked. 
 
 4. PSEUDOTSUGA. Cones large, the bracts more or less exserted and spreading or 
 
 reflexed, causing the cones to appear fringed. Leaves flat, short-petioled, 2-ranked. 
 M- -H- With cones erect, the scales at length deciduous. 
 
 5. ABIES. Cones on the upper side of spreading branches, the bracts mostly exserted. 
 
 Sterile flowers from the axils of last year's leaves. Leaves flat, whitened, and with 
 the midrib prominent beneath, sessile, scattered, but appearing 2-ranked on hori- 
 zontal branches. 
 
 6. CEDRUS. Leaves as in Larix, but rigid and persistent. Cones globular, large, of very 
 
 broad thin scales. +. +. Lea ves deciduous. 
 
 7. LAEIX. Leaves all felling in autumn, soft, short-needle-shaped, in spring, developed 
 
 very many in a dense cluster from axillary buds of the previous summer, those on 
 shoots of the season similar but scattered. Cones as in Abies, the scales persistent. 
 (Lessons, Figs. 184, 887.) 
 
 II. CYPRESS SUBFAMILY. These have both kinds of 
 flowers in short, often globular, catkins of few scales ; the fer- 
 tile making a globular or ovate, small cone, which is often 
 fleshy when young, sometimes imitating a berry. The branches 
 appear and the shoots grow on without the intervention of 
 any scaly buds. Leaves often opposite or whorled, sometimes 
 scale-like and adnate to the branch. 
 
 Scales of the globular cone with a pointed bract behind each wedge-shaped scale, partly 
 cohering with its back. 
 
 8. CETPTOMEBIA. Cone terminating a leafy branch, the recurved tip of the bract and 
 
 awl-shaped lobes of the top of the scales projecting. 
 
 * Scales of the fruit simple, no bract behind them. 
 
 +- Fruit a sort of cone, dry and hard when mature ; flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious. 
 H- Leaves deciduous, thin and delicate, flat. 
 
 9. TAXODITJM. Two kinds of flowers on the same branches ; the sterile catkin spike- 
 
 panicled, of few stamens ; the fertile in small clusters. Cone globular, firmly closed 
 tin mature, of several very thick-topped and angular shield-shaped scales, a pair of 
 erect 3-angled seeds on their stalk. 
 
 H-** Leaves evergreen, linear and awl-shaped, alternate, free, destitute of glands. 
 10. SEQUOIA. Catkins globular, the scales of the fertile ones bearing several ovule*. 
 Cone woody ; the shield-shaped scales closed without overlapping, and bearing 8-6 
 flat wing-margined seeds hanging from the upper par'', of their stalk-like b*se.
 
 478 PINE FAMILY. 
 
 ++++++ Leaves evergreen, opposite, awl-shaped and scale- shaped (the former on the 
 more vigorous lengthening shoots, the latter closely imbricated and decussate 
 on the succeeding branchlets), commonly with a resinous gland on the back. 
 Seeds and ovules erect ; cotyledons only 2 or 3. 
 
 11. CUPEESSUS. Cones spherical ; the shield-shaped scales closing by their well-fitted 
 
 margins, not overlapping, separating at maturity, each scale bearing many ovules 
 and narrowly-winged seeds, its broad summit with a central boss or short point. 
 
 12. CHAM^ECYPAEIS. Cone globose, terminal, firmly closed, but opening at maturity, 
 
 the scales peltate. Sterile flowers composed of shield-shaped, scale-like filaments 
 bearing 2-4 anther cells. Leaves small and scale-like, appressed or spreading. Seeds 
 2-3 below each scale, in which it differs chiefly from Cupressus. 
 
 13. THUJA. Cones oblong or globular, the scales not shield-shaped, but concave and fixed 
 
 by their base, overlapping in pairs, pointed if at all from or near their summit, 
 spreading open at maturity, each bearing a single pair of ovules and winged seeds. 
 (Lessons, Figs. 338, 389.) 
 
 +- +- Fruit berry-like ; flowers commonly dioecious. 
 
 14. JUNIPEKUS. Catkins very small, lateral ; the fertile catkin of 3-6 fleshy' scales grow- 
 
 ing together, and ripening into a sort of globular berry, containing 1-3 bony seeds. 
 Leaves evergreen, opposite or whorled. 
 
 III. YEW SUBFAMILY. Distinguished by having the 
 fertile catkin, if it may be so called, reduced to a single, ter- 
 minal flower, consisting of an ovule only, surrounded by some 
 bracts or a fleshy disk, ripening into a nut-like or drupe-like 
 seed ; cotyledons only 2. There is nothing answering to the 
 scales of a pine cone. Leaf buds scaly as in the true Pine 
 Family. Flowers mostly dioecious, axillary. 
 
 15. TAXUS. Leaves linear, appearing more or less 2-ranked, green both sides. Both kinds 
 
 of catkins, if such they may be called, are small axillary buds imbricated with per- 
 sistent scales, bearing at the apex, one a few naked stamens each with 3-8 anther 
 cells under a somewhat shield-shaped apex, the other an ovate ovule. This in fruit 
 becomes a nut-like blackish seed, resting in the bottom of a berry-like red cup. 
 
 16. TOEREYA. Leaves, catkins, etc., nearly as in Taxus. Stamens more scale-shaped 
 
 at top, each bearing 4 hanging anther cells. Xaked seed resembling a thin-fleshed 
 drupe or when dry a nut, with no cup around it, as large as a nutmeg, which it 
 resembles also in the brain -like interior structure. 
 
 17. GINKGO. Leaves wedge-shaped and fan-shaped, deeply 2-cleft and the lobes wavy- 
 
 toothed and somewhat cleft at the broad truncate end, traversed with straight simple 
 or forking nerves or veins, like a Fern. Flowers not often seen. Sterile catkins 
 slender and loose. Seed drupe-like, and with a fleshy short cup around its base. 
 
 18. PODOCAEPUS. The fleshy seed raised on a sort of stalk. Leaves sometimes much 
 
 unlike those of other Coniferous trees, being large, linear, lanceolate, or even ovate, 
 and veinless, except the midrib. 
 
 1. PINUS, PINE. (The classical Latin name.) Flowers in late 
 spring. 
 
 * WHITE PINES, with soft leaves 5 in the cluster, their sheath and the 
 scale underneath early deciduous; cones long, cylindrical, terminal, 
 hanging, falling after shedding the seeds, their scales hardly if at all 
 thickened at the end, pointless ; seed thin-shelled and winged. 
 P. Str6bua, Linn. WHITE PINE. Tall tree mostly in poor soil, 
 
 Perm., N., and along the mountains to Ga. ; with soft, white wood invalu-
 
 PINE FAMILY. 479 
 
 able for lumber, smooth, greenish bark on young trunks and branches ; 
 pale or glaucous, slender leaves 3'-4' long ; and narrow cones 5'-6' long. 
 
 P. exce/sa, Wall. BHOTAN or HIMALAYAN WHITE P. Ornamental tree 
 barely hardy far N. ; with the drooping and glaucous-green, slender leaves 
 and the cones nearly twice the length of those of White Pine ; cone 6'-10' 
 long, with large, wedge-like, loosely imbricated scales. 
 
 * * NUT PINES, with leaves, etc., as in the preceding section, but short, 
 thick cones of fewer and thick, pointless scales, and large, hard-shelled, 
 edible seeds destitute of a wing. 
 
 P. Cembra, Linn. CEMBRA or Swiss STONE P. of the higher Alps ; 
 small, slow-growing, very hardy, ornamental tree, with green, 4-sided 
 leaves 3'-4' long and much crowded on the erect branches ; cones round- 
 oval, erect, 2' long ; the round seeds as large as peas. 
 
 # * * PITCH PINES and their relatives, with leaves only 2 or 3 in the 
 cluster, scaly-sheathed at the base ; wood resinous. 
 
 i- Leaves 3 in the cluster. All natives, but the last Californian. 
 ++ Cones terminal ; leaves long and slender. 
 
 P. paliistris, Mill. LONG-LEAVED or SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE. Lofty, 
 striking tree of pine barrens from S. Va., S. ; with leaves 10'-15' long, 
 very resinous wood, and cones 6'-10' long ; the scales tipped with a re- 
 flexed, short spine. 
 
 *+ -w- Cones lateral and persistent on the branch long after shedding the 
 seed; the scales thickened at the end, often tipped with a cusp or spine ; 
 leaves rigid. 
 
 P. Taeda. Linn. LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD P. Small tree, in light 
 soil, from Del., S., with less resinous wood than the last ; dark-green 
 leaves 6'-10' long ; and solitary cones 3'-5' long ; the scales tipped with 
 a short, straight, or incurved spine. 
 
 P. rigida. Mill. NORTHERN PITCH P. Sandy or thin, rocky soil, 
 abounding along the coast N. and in the upper country S.; a stout tree, 
 with dark-green leaves 3'-5' long from short sheaths ; clustered, ovate- 
 conical cones 2'-3' long ; the scales tipped with a recurved spine or prickle. 
 (Lessons, Figs. 411-413.) 
 
 P. serdtina, Michx. POND P. Small tree in wet ground from N. Car., 
 S.; with valueless wood ; leaves 4'-8' long, and mostly opposite, round- 
 ovate cones 2'-3' long, their scales tipped with a very small and weak 
 prickle. 
 
 P. ponderdsa, Dougl. Planted from Cal., where it is a characteristic 
 tree, with heavy wood, deep-green leaves 6'-ll' long, and clustered cones 
 about 3' long, reflexed on a short stalk. 
 
 - -i- Leaves only 2 in the sheath (Lessons, Fig. 185), or a few of them 
 sometimes in threes, mostly differ. 
 
 ** Scales of the cone tipped with a distinct beak or prickle, often recurved. 
 
 P. sylvestris, Linn. SCOTCH PINE (wrongly called also Scotch Fir). 
 The common Pine of N. Eu.; middle-sized tree, known by the bluish- 
 white hue of its flat leaves (2 '-4' long), reddish bark on the trunk, and 
 narrow, tapering cones ; the scales with tubercle-like tips. Common in 
 cultivation. 
 
 P. montana, Du Roi. The dwarf MCGHO PINE, or P. MUGHO of nurs- 
 eries, is a native of S. Eu.; usually a spreading shrub or bushy tree, 
 2-10 high, with stiff leaves 2'-3' long, and smallish, tapering cones with 
 slight points to the scales.
 
 480 PINE FAMILY. 
 
 P. piingens, Michx. f. TABLE MOUNTAIN or PRICKLY PINE. Along 
 the Alleghanies from Penn. to S. Car. ; middle-sized tree, with dark 
 bluish-green leaves only about 2' long ; but the heavy and clustered, ovate 
 cones fully 3' long, the scales being armed with a very strong, somewhat 
 hooked spine. 
 
 P. fnops. Ait. JERSEY SCRUB P. Low, straggling tree of barrens 
 and sterile hills, from Long Island, S. and W., with drooping branchlets ; 
 leaves l'-3' long ; solitary ovate-oblong cones 2' long, reflexed on a short 
 stalk; the scales tipped with an awl-shaped prickle. 
 
 P. mltis. Michx. YELLOW PINE, SHORT-LEAVED YELLOW PINE. A 
 middle-sized tree in sandy or dry soil, with firm, fine-grained wood, slen- 
 der leaves (not rarely in threes) 3'-5' long ; and mostly solitary, ovate, 
 or oblong-conical cones barely 2' long ; the scales tipped with a minute, 
 weak prickle. Staten Island, W. and S. 
 
 w- -w. Scales of the cone not beaked, but often wrinkled or uneven. 
 
 P. Austriaca, Hoss. AUSTRIAN P. A probable variety of P. LARfcio, 
 or CORSICAN P. of S. Eu. ; a fast-growing, massive tree, with very rough 
 branches ; dark-green, slender, but rigid leaves, 4M5' long ; and conical 
 cones 2'-3' long. Commonly planted. 
 
 P. Massoniana, Lamb. China, now frequently cultivated, particularly 
 the form with party-colored white and green leaves, which are 5'-7' 
 long and slender ; cones very small, solitary, or 2-3-verticillate. 
 
 P. Banksiana. Lamb. GRAY or NORTHERN SCRUB P. JACK P. Along 
 our northern frontiers and extending N. , on rocky banks ; straggling 
 shrub or tree, 5-20 high, with oblique or contorted leaves 1' long ; 
 curved cones barely 2' long persisting on the branches several years ; 
 blunt scales. 
 
 P. resin6sa. Ait. RED PINE, NORWAY PINE. The Latin name not 
 a good one, as the tree is not especially resinous ; dry woods N. from N. 
 Eng. to Minn. ; 50-80 high, with reddish and smoothish bark, compact 
 wood, dark-green leaves 5'-6' long and not rigid ; and ovate-conical, 
 smooth cones about 2' long, at the apex of the branch and falling after 
 shedding the seed, their scales slightly thickened at the end and without 
 any prickly point. Much used for lumber in Mich, and W. 
 
 2. PICEA, SPRUCE. (Latin name.) 
 
 * Foliage distinctly glaucous, so that the tree has a whitish or bluish cast. 
 
 (Leaves glaucous both above and below.} 
 
 P. pungens, Engelm. COLORADO BLUE SPRUCE. Of conical, slow 
 growth, with spreading, horizontal branches ; branchlets smooth and 
 shining ; leaves 1' or less long, very sharp -pointed, stiff, in the best 
 forms densely glaucous-blue (varies into almost green forms) ; cones 
 solitary or clustered, cylindrical, 2J'-5' long. Rocky Mountains. 
 
 P. alba. Link. WHITE SPRUCE. Along our northern borders and N. ; 
 when planted a very handsome tree, with pale, glaucous leaves ; cylindri- 
 cal, nodding cones about 2' long, falling the first winter; the thinner 
 scales with a firm, even edge. 
 
 * * Foliage green or nearly so (leaves glaucous, if at all, only on the 
 
 under side). 
 
 i- Cones 4' or less long. 
 
 P. nlgra. Link. BLACK or DOUBLE SPRUCE. Cold woods and swamps 
 N. and along the mountains S. ; middle-sized tree, with leaves (seldom 
 over i' long) dark-green (a glaucous- whitish variety E.); its ovate cones 
 recurving on short branches, !'-!' long, persistent for several years ; thin, 
 rigid scales with thin, often eroded edge.
 
 PINE FAMILY. 481 
 
 P. Alcockiana, Carr. Leaves rigid and more or less curved, distinctly 
 4-sided, but flattened, sharp-pointed, slightly glaucous on the two under 
 sides; cones oblong and tapering at both ends, 2'-3' long; the scales 
 brown, shining, and striate, and minutely toothed. A tree of close, 
 graceful habit, planted from Japan. Confounded- with P. Ajanensis, 
 Fischer, also of Japan and Northeast Asia, which differs in having flat 
 leaves which are glaucous-blue beneath, the scales of the cones less 
 rounded and more deeply toothed, and the branches more rigid. 
 
 P. poDta, Carr. Tree of conical growth and projecting branchlets, 
 these latter very rigid and cream-yellow ; leaves on all sides of the 
 branches short, erect, and rigid, slightly falcate, very sharp-pointed, 4- 
 sided, with the faces slightly hollowed ; cones ellipsoidal, 3'-4' long ; the 
 coriaceous scales light-brown and minutely notched. Japan. 
 
 P. oriental/s, Carr. Handsome tree with very slender branches and 
 retaining its lower branches next the ground ; leaves close-set upon all 
 sides of the branchlets and deep, glossy green, stiff, not sharp ; cones 
 somewhat cylindrical, 2 -3' long, pointed at the top. Caucasus. Not 
 fully hardy in Northern States. 
 
 <- -i- Cones 5 -7' long. 
 
 P. exctilsa, Link. NORWAY SPKDCE. The most common and most 
 vigorous species, planted from Eu. ; fine, large tree, with stout branches, 
 deep-green leaves larger than in the next, the mature hanging cones light 
 colored and very conspicuous. Runs into numerous horticultural varie- 
 ties, some of the dwarf ones growing only 3-6 high. 
 
 3. TSUGA, HEMLOCK SPRUCE. (Japanese name.) 
 
 T. Canadensis, Carr. HEMLOCK. Common forest tree on hills and 
 in swamps N., and planted for ornament ; large tree, with coarse wood, 
 light and spreading spray, broadish- linear and blunt leaves only ' long, 
 green above and whitish beneath, and oval cones only i' or f long, their 
 bracts very short and hidden. There are several cultivated varieties. 
 
 4. FSEUDOTSUGA, DOUGLAS SPRUCE. (False Tsuga.) 
 
 P. Dougldsii, Carr. One of the tall trees from Rocky Mountains and 
 W. to the Pacific, planted in two or three forms; slender leaves 1' or 
 more long, light green, indistinctly 2-ranked; cones 2'-3' long, loose, 
 with pointed and toothed bracts projecting beyond the scales. 
 
 5. ABIES, FIR. (Classical Latin name. The names ABIES and 
 PICEA, for Fir and Spruce, are just oppositely used by different authors. 
 Linnaeus employed the former for Spruce, the latter for Fir, and so do 
 some late writers. The ancients used the names just the other way, 
 and the later botanists mostly follow them.) Flowers late spring. 
 
 * BALSAM FIRS, native trees; bark yielding Canada balsam from 
 blisters, etc. 
 
 A. balsimea, Miller. COMMON B. Small tree of cold or wet grounds 
 N.; handsome when young, but soon becoming ragged, with poor wood, 
 narrow linear leaves if' or less than 1' long and much crowded, cylin- 
 drical violet-colored cones 2 '-4' long and 1' thick, their bracts with only 
 the abrupt slender point projecting. 
 
 A. Fraseri, Lindl. PHASER'S or SOUTHERN B. Along the higher Alle- 
 ghanies, N. Car., S. ; small tree, like the preceding; but the small cones 
 (only l'-2' long) oblong-ovate, with the short-pointed upper part of the 
 bracts conspicuously projecting and reflexed. 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. HOT. 31
 
 482 PINE FAMILY. 
 
 * * SILVER FIRS, very choice ornamental exotic trees. 
 i- Leaves blunt. 
 
 A. pectinata, DC. EUROPEAN SILVER FIR. Large tree having slender 
 horizontal branches with narrow leaves (greener above than in Balsam F. , 
 nearly as white beneath, and 1J' long) forming a flat spray ; cones 6'-8' 
 long, cylindrical, with slender projecting points to the bracts. 
 
 A. Nordmanniana, Spach. Caucasus ; with thicker-set and broader, 
 more glossy leaves than the foregoing, linear, curved, 1' long, deep green 
 above and whitened beneath ; cones large and ovate (5'-6' long) ; branches 
 rigid and horizontal, very leafy. 
 
 A. Sibirica, Ledeb. (A. PfcHTA). SIBERIAN SILVER F. With thicker- 
 set leaves than those of European Silver Fir, dark-green above and less 
 white beneath ; cones only 3' long, their short bracts concealed under the 
 scales. 
 
 i- - Leaves acute or pointed, especially on main shoots, rigid, widely and 
 about equally spreading on both sides. 
 
 A. Cephaldnica, Link. CEPHALONIAN SILVER FIR. Remarkable for its 
 very stiff, almost prickly-pointed, squarrose, close-set leaves, dark-green 
 above, white beneath ; cones 5'-6' long, like those of A. pectinata. 
 Greece, etc. 
 
 A. P/nsapo, Boiss. SPANISH SILVER FIR. Resembles the last, but not 
 so hardy, with leaves less pointed, and the bracts of the cones concealed ; 
 cones cylindrical, 4'-5' long. Spain. 
 
 6. CEDRUS, CEDAR, i.e. of Lebanon. (Ancient Greek name.) Wood 
 reddish, fragrant. Cult, for ornament, but precarious in this climate. 
 
 C. Libani, Barrel. CEDAR OF LEBANON. With dark foliage and stiff 
 horizontal branches, the terminal shoot erect ; cones 3'-4' long, peduncled, 
 oblong-oval, maturing the second (or third ?) year ; not hardy. 
 
 C. Deodara, Loud. DEODAR C. Of Himalayas ; with lighter drooping 
 spray on young trees, and larger whitish leaves. Somewhat planted S. ; 
 now considered to be only a form of the first. 
 
 7. LARIX, LARCH. (The ancient name.) Trees planted for orna- 
 ment and valuable for timber ; branches slender, the young ones pendu- 
 lous ; flowers in earliest spring, much before the leaves appear ; catkins 
 from lateral spurs or broad buds ; the sterile globular, yellow ; the 
 fertile oval, crimson-red, being the color of the bracts. The commonest 
 ones described here. Others are in cultivation. 
 
 L Europcea, DC. EUROPEAN LARCH. A fine fast-growing tree, with 
 leaves about 1' long, and cones 1' long, of numerous scales. There is a 
 weeping form. 
 
 L. Americana, Michx. AMERICAN LARCH, TAMARACK or HACKMA- 
 TACK. Swamps N. ; slender tree with shorter and paler leaves, and small 
 cones of few scales, only i' or jj' long. 
 
 8. CRYPTOMERIA. (From the Greek, means concealed parts or 
 joints.} Evergreen tree from Japan. 
 
 C. Japdnica, D.Don. Often in conservatories and in the open from 
 Long Island (sparingly), S. ; leaves crowded, awl-shaped, many-ranked, 
 edgewise and decurrent on the stem.
 
 PINE FAMILY. 483 
 
 9. TAXODIUM, BALD CYPRESS. (Greek: Tew-like; the resem- 
 blance is only in the shape of the leaves. ) Flowers before the leaves, 
 in earliest spring. 
 
 T. distichum, Richard. AMERICAN B. or SOUTHERN CYPRESS. Large 
 tree in swamps, from Del., S., and planted even N.; branchlets slender, 
 many of them falling in autumn like leafstalks ; leaves light green, ' 
 long, narrow-linear, 2-ranked, on some flower-bearing shoots awl-shaped 
 and imbricated ; cones 1' or less thick. 
 
 10. SEQUOIA, REDWOOD. (Named for the Cherokee half-breed 
 Indian See-qua-yah, who invented an alphabet for his nation.) Very 
 celebrated, gigantic, Californian trees, with fibrous bark, not unlike 
 that of Taxodium, and soft, fissile, dull red wood. Neither species is 
 hardy in New England, or safe in the Middle States ; but the second 
 is disposed to stand. 
 
 S. semp6rvirens, Endl. COMMON REDWOOD of the coast ranges of Cal.; 
 with flat and linear acute leaves 2-ranked on the branches, but small awl- 
 shaped and scattered ones on the erect or leading shoots, and small globu- 
 lar cones (barely 1' long). 
 
 S. gigantda, Torr. GIANT REDWOOD (in Eng. called WELLiNGTbNiA) 
 of the Sierra Nevada ; with all the leaves awl-shaped and distributed 
 round the branch ; cones ovoid, l|'-2' long. 
 
 11. CUPRBSSUS, CYPRESS. Classical name of the Oriental Cypress, 
 namely, 
 
 C. sempervirens, Linn. Planted only far S.; stiff narrow tree, with 
 slender erect branches, dark foliage, and cone 1' in diameter, each scale 
 many-seeded. 
 
 12. CHAMJECYPARIS, FALSE CYPRESS. (Greek: ground cypress.) 
 
 * WHITE CEDAR, with rather stiff branches and closely oppressed leaves. 
 C. sphraerofdea, Spach. COMMON WHITE CEDAR. Tree of low grounds, 
 
 from Me., S., with white valuable wood, slender spray, and pale, glaucous- 
 green, triangular-awl-shaped leaves much finer than in Arbor Vitse ; cones 
 hardly i' wide, with few seeds to each scale, and these almost wingless. 
 * * CYPRESSES of cultivation, ours with drooping spray. 
 
 C. Lawsoniana, Parl. A most graceful species, with thickly set and 
 plume-like, flat, pendulous spray of bluish-green hue, and cones scarcely 
 above %' in thickness, their scales bearing 2-4 ovules and ripening 2 or 3 
 seeds; male catkins red. N. Cal., where it reaches 100 in height. 
 Many varieties are in cultivation. Half hardy N. 
 
 C. Nutkaensis, Spach. (THUYOPSIS BORE\LIS). NOOTKA SOUND CY- 
 PRESS. Like the last, but more robust in habit, its foliage pale-green, 
 and its male catkins sulphur-yellow. Hardier, and cult, in several forms. 
 Ore., N. 
 
 * * * RETINOSPORAS of cultivation, with more erect branchlets and some- 
 
 times slightly spreading leaves. Japan. 
 
 C. pisifera, Sieb. & Zucc. Pyramidal tree, or generally a bush as 
 seen in cultivation, with feathery spray, slender branchlets, and dis- 
 tinctly 4-rowed, scale-like, somewhat distant, sharp leaves, which are 
 brownish -green above, bearing 2 glaucous lines beneath ; cones the size 
 of small peas, with 8-12 scales which are irregularly crenulate on the 
 margin. The forms in cultivation, as RETINOSPORA PLUM68A, R. ERI- 
 CO!DES, R. SQUARR69A and R. FiLfFERA, are considered to be forms of 
 this species.
 
 484 PINE FAMILY. 
 
 C. obti)sa, Sieb. & Zucc. Distinguished from the above by its obtusish 
 and closely appressed leaves, larger cones (' in diam.) which have 8 
 (rarely 9 or 10) cones with entire-margined scales, which, however, are 
 furnished with a tubercle-like tip in the center. RETINOSPORA TETRA- 
 &6NA, R. FILICOIDES, and R. LYCOPODIOIDES belong here. 
 
 13. THUJA, ARBOR VIT^E. (Ancient name of some resin-bearing 
 evergreen. ) The varieties planted in collections are very numerous ; 
 the following are the principal natural types, by some taken for genera. 
 (Lessons, Fig. 166.) 
 
 T. occidentals, Linn. AMERICAN ARBOR VIT^E, or WHITE CEDAR 
 
 (incorrectly) of the N. and of lumbermen. Common tree N., in swamps 
 and cool, moist woods, much planted, especially for hedges and screens ; 
 leaves mostly of the scale-shaped sort, blunt, and adnate ; cones oblong, 
 rather soft, the oblong scales pointless, and bearing 2 thin-winged seeds. 
 Many nursery varieties, some of which, especially var. ERICOIDES or 
 HEATH-LIKE A., have the loose, awl-shaped sort of leaves. SIBERIAN 
 ARBOR VIT.E is a form of it. 
 
 7". orientalis, Linn. (Bi6TA ORIENTALIS). CHINESE A. Not hardy far 
 N. ; small tree, with even the scale-shaped leaves acute ; cone larger, 
 with thicker scales tipped with a recurving, horn-like apex or appendage, 
 each 2-seeded, and the seeds hard-shelled and wingless. Numerous forms 
 are cultivated. 
 
 7". dolabrata, Linn. (THUYOPSIS DOLABRATA). Japan. Remarkable for 
 its very flat spray, broad and very blunt, large leaves (sometimes \' long) 
 green above and white beneath ; the cone with thick and rounded scales, 
 each with 5 wing- margined seeds. 
 
 14. JUNIPERUS, JUNIPER. (Classical Latin name.) Flowers late 
 spring. 
 
 * Leaves like those of Cypress and Arbor Vitce (both scale-like and awl- 
 
 shaped, small, the former sort minute and very adnate) . 
 
 3. Virginiana, Linn. RED CEDAR, SAVIN. A familiar shrub and 
 small or large tree, with most durable and valuable, reddish, odorous 
 wood ; the small fruit dark with a white bloom, erect on the short sup- 
 porting branchlet. 
 
 J. Sabina, Linn., var. prociimbens, Pursh. Rocky banks, trailing 
 over the ground along our northern borders, with the scale- shaped leaves 
 less acute, and the fruit nodding on the short, peduncle-like, recurved 
 branchlet. 
 
 J. Chinensis, Linn. Low or medium-sized, dioecious tree of upright 
 habit ; male plant with numerous branches, the upper ones ascending or 
 erect, the leaves generally in 3's, stiff and spreading, green or glau- 
 cous ; female plant with longer and more distant branches, the leaves 
 shorter and more appressed and in pairs; berries dull- violet, small. 
 China to Nepaul. 
 
 * * Leaves all of one sort, in whorls of 3, jointed with the stem, linear 
 with an awl-shaped, prickly point ; the midrib prominent, also the rib- 
 like margins. 
 
 J. comnrunis. Linn. COMMON JUNIPER. Erect or spreading shrub, 
 with very sharp-pointed leaves, green below and white on the upper face ; 
 berries large and smooth. The wild, low, much spreading variety is com- 
 mon N. in sterile or rocky ground. Var. HIBERNICA, a very erect, tree- 
 like shrub, forming a narrow column, is most planted for ornament- 
 From Eu. Many cult, forms.
 
 GYCAB FAMILY. 485 
 
 15. TAXUS, YEW. (Classical name, from the Greek for a bow : the 
 tough wood was chosen for bows.) Flowers early spring. 
 
 7". baccata. Linn. EUROPEAN YEW. Low tree, with thick, upright 
 trunk, spreading, short branches, and pointed, dark-green leaves about 1' 
 long ; when planted in this country forms only a shrub. Var. FABTIGIATA, 
 IRISH YEW. A singular form, making a narrow column, the branches 
 appressed ; the leaves shorter, broader, and scarcely in two ranks. 
 
 T. tardha, Laws. (T. ADPRESSA). Low tree or shrub, with no dis- 
 tinct leader, and therefore making a flat top ; leaves short, ovate-oblong, 
 and very dark-green, 2-rowed ; berries pale-pink. Said to have come from 
 Japan, but probably only a form of T. baccata. 
 
 T. cusp/data, Sieb. & Zucc. Small tree or hardy bush, with the habit of 
 T. baccata, but looser ; leaves broader and abruptly pointed, leathery in 
 texture and lighter-colored, 2-ranked on the branchlets, but scattered on 
 the older growth. Japan. 
 
 T. Canad^nsis, Willd. AMERICAN Y., GROUND HEMLOCK. A strag- 
 gling bush on shady banks and hills, N. J., to Minn, and N. ; widely spread- 
 ing on the ground ; leaves green and linear, short ; berries light-red. 
 
 16. TORREYA. (Dr. John Torrey, a distinguished American botan- 
 ist.) Flowers in spring. 
 
 T. taxif6lia, Arn. Woods in Fla. ; a handsome tree, but with the 
 wood and foliage ill-scented ; leaves like those of Yew, but longer and 
 tapering to a sharp point ; hardy as a shrub as far north as N. Y. 
 
 17. GINKGO, GINKGO TREE. (Japanese name.) 
 
 G. 6//o6a, Linn. (SALISBURIA ADiANTirdLiA). MAIDENHAIR TREE. 
 A most singular tree, planted from China and Japan, hardy N. ; branches 
 spreading ; the fan-shaped, maidenhair-like, alternate leaves with their 
 slender stalks 3' or 4' long ; fruit a drupe an inch or more long, with a 
 stone like that of the plum, the meat edible. Dioecious or monoecious. 
 
 18. PODOCARPUS. (Greek: stalked fruit.) 
 
 P. Chinensis, Wall. A very erect shrub, like the Irish Yew not fully 
 hardy N. ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 2'-3' long ; fruit ovoid. China. 
 
 P. Nagela, R. Br. Handsome, erect tree with slender and sometimes 
 pendulous branches ; leaves broadly ovate, attenuated at the point and 
 slightly glaucous ; fruit globose, dark-purple. Japan, 
 
 CXXXVI. CYCADACKE, CYCAD FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with palm-like trunks which increase by a 
 terminal bud ; the leaves pinnate and coiled in the bud, like 
 ferns. Flowers dioecious, the fertile consisting of 2 ovules 
 under scales, and arranged in cones or on the margins of con- 
 tracted leaves. Only two species need be mentioned here : 
 
 Cycas revoltita, Thunb. (Lessons, Fig. 47.) Japan; a palm-like, low 
 tree of conservatories, wrongly called SAGO PALM ; leaves 2-6 long, 
 curving outwards, the pinnae stiff, dark-green ; stem commonly simple. 
 
 Zamia integrif6lia, Willd. COONTIE of S. Fla., whose root-like trunk, 
 which does not rise above ground, furnishes a kind of flour called FLORIDA 
 ARROW ROOT ; leaves petioled and spreading, with numerous lanceolate 
 or linear-lanceolate pinnae.
 
 SERIES II. 
 
 FLOWERLESS OR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS. 1 
 
 Those which fructify without true flowers ; that is, with- 
 out stamens and pistils, and produce spores (simple cells) 
 in place of seeds. 
 
 CLASS III. ACROGENS. 
 
 The highest class of Flowerless Plants, those with a 
 distinct axis, or stem, growing from the apex, containing 
 woody matter and ducts, and bearing leaves, or something 
 answering to leaves. 
 
 CXXXVH. EftUISETACRfi, HORSETAIL FAMILY. 
 
 Perennial plants, rising from creeping rootstocks ; the stems 
 mostly hollow, furrowed, many-jointed, with mere scales at 
 the joints united into a sheath in place of leaves; either 
 simple or with branches in whorls about the joints ; fructifica- 
 tion in terminal cone-like spikes, composed of 5-angled, short- 
 stalked, and shield-shaped scales, each bearing on the under 
 surface about 6 one-celled spore cases. Contains but one 
 genus, EQUISETUM, the HORSETAILS or SCOURING RUSHES, 
 in low places. For the species the student should consult the 
 Manual. (Lessons, Figs. 493-498.) 
 
 CXXXVIH. FHICES, FERN FAMILY. 
 
 Plants with creeping or ascending rootstocks, or even erect 
 trunks, bearing distinct leaves (fronds) on stalks (or stipes) 
 which are rolled up (circinate) in the bud, and bear commonly 
 
 1 The account of the Flowerless Plants In the original edition was prepared by Professor 
 D. C. Eaton of Tale College.
 
 FEKN FAMILY. 487 
 
 on the under surface or on the edges the simple fructification, 
 consisting of 1-celled spore cases (technically called sporangia) 
 variously grouped in dots, lines, or masses (called sort or fruit 
 dots) and containing but one kind of minute, 1-celled, powdery, 
 numerous spores, which are discharged when the sporangia 
 finally split open. A large family, most abundant in warm 
 and moist regions. 
 
 [ The divisions of a pinnatiftd frond are properly called segments ; of 
 a pinnate frond, pinnce ; of a 2-3-4-pinnate frond, pinnules or ultimate 
 segments. The stalk of the frond is a stipe ; its continuation through the 
 frond, the rhachis ; its branches, partial or secondary rhachises. A rha- 
 chis bordered by the leafy portion becomes a midrib, tohich may be primary, 
 secondary, etc.~] 
 
 I. POL YPODIUM SUBFAMILY. Characterized by stalked 
 spore cases, having a vertical, incomplete, many-jointed, elastic 
 ring, which straightens at maturity, breaking open the spore 
 case transversely, and so discharging the spores. Spore cases 
 rarely if ever on very narrow thread-like branches ; the fruit 
 dots often covered by a scale-like involucre (the indusium). 
 
 1. No definite fruit dots, but the spore cases in large patches on the under surface of 
 the fertile frond, or entirely covering the under surface ; no indusium. 
 
 1. ACEOSTICHUM CHRYSODIUM. Fronds simple or pin nately branched, with retic- 
 
 ulated veins ; spore cases covering the whole under surface of the frond or of its 
 upper divisions. 
 
 2. PLATTOERIUM. Fronds irregularly forking ; veins reticulated ; spore cases in large 
 
 patches on special portions of the under -surface. 
 
 2. Spore cases on the back of the frond, sometimes near the margin, in dots or lines 
 (sort} placed on the veins or at the ends of the veins, but without indusium of 
 any kind. 
 
 3. POLTPODITJM. Fronds simple or pinnate, rarely twice pinnate ; veins free or retic- 
 
 ulated ; fruit dots round or roundish, at the ends of the veins, or at the point where 
 several veins meet (anastomose). Stalk articulated to the rootstock, and leaving a 
 distinct scar when decayed away. 
 (15. PHEGOPTERIS may be sought here.) 
 
 4. GYMNOGRAMME CEROPTERIS. Fronds compound, more or less covered beneath 
 
 with white or yellow waxy powder ; fruit dots in long often forking lines on the 
 veins. 
 
 5. NOTHOL.3ENA. Fronds once or twice pinnate, woolly, scaly or powdery beneath ; 
 
 fruit dots at the ends of the veins, forming a line next the margin of the divisions. 
 3. Spore cases on the back along the margin of the frond, provided with an involucre 
 formed of its reflexed and more or less altered margin. 
 
 6. ADIANTUM. Fruit dots at the ends of the veins, borne on the inner side of a reflexed 
 
 portion of the margin. Stalk dark and polished, sometimes chaffy -bristly. Pinnules 
 always separate, distinctly stalked or almost sessile, but never decurrent on the 
 ' rhachis. 
 
 7. PTERIS. Spore cases on a transverse, vein-like receptacle within the margin, which 
 
 connects the ends of the veins, and is covered by the reflexed thin margin. Stalk 
 light-colored (except in Doryopteris). Pinnules or ultimate segments adnate to 
 the rhachis, often decurrent.
 
 488 FERN FAMILY. 
 
 8. PELIuEA. Spore cases in short lines on the upper part of the veins, confluent in a 
 
 sub-marginal band of fructification, white within, more or less covered by the re- 
 flexed and commonly thin margin. Stalk dark and polished, sometimes chaffy. 
 Pinnules mostly distinct, sessile or nearly so. 
 
 9. CHEILANTHE9. Fruit dots minute and at the ends of the veins, distinct or nearly 
 
 contiguous, and covered by an indusium formed of the reflexed margin of the pinnule 
 or of its lobes. Fronds mostly hairy or chafly, low, 2-3-pinnate, the sterile and 
 fertile ones nearly alike. 
 
 4. Fruit dots oblong or linear, on transverse reticulating veinlets, in rows near the 
 midrib and parallel to it; indusium of the same shape as the fruit dot, opening 
 toward the midrib and attached by the outer edge to the fruitful cross-veinlet. 
 
 10. WOODWARDIA. Fruit dots straight, oblong-linear, in chain-like rows, partly sunken 
 
 in shallow cavities of the under surface of the frond. Rather large, native. Veins retic- 
 ulated, often very much so. 
 
 11. BLECHNUM. Fruit dots linear and nearly or wholly continuous, parallel with the 
 
 midrib and close to it. Indusium thin and membranaceous, distinct from the edge 
 of the frond. Veins forked, usually free. Fronds pinnate (in ours). 
 5. fruit dots oblong or linear, on one or both sides of oblique veinlets, with involu- 
 cres of like shape attached by one edge to the veinlet and free along the other. 
 
 12. ASPLENITJM. Fruit dots single and placed on the upper side of the veinlets, rarely 
 
 double and set back to back on both sides of the same veinlet. Veins mostly free. 
 
 13. SCOLOPENDBITJM. Fruit dots linear, elongated, double and placed face to face along 
 
 contiguous veinlets ; each pair thus seeming to be a single one with an indusium 
 opening along the middle. Frond simple, ribbon-shaped or tongue-shaped, with free 
 forking veins. 
 
 14. CAMPTOSORUS. Fruit dots various, mostly short ; those near the midrib double, as 
 
 in the last ; the outer ones angled, curved or straight, simple as in Asplenium. Frond 
 simple, tapering to a long and narrow usually rooting point. Veins reticulated. 
 6. Fruit dots on the back of the veins, rarely at the ends, round or roundish, covered 
 at least when young by a special indusium of the same general shape (except in 
 No. 15). Sterile and fertile fronds alike or nearly so. 
 
 15. PHEGOPTERIS. Agrees with Polypodium in most respects ; but has the fruit dots 
 
 smaller, and commonly on the free veins, not at their ends, and the stalk is not artic- 
 ulated to the rootstock. Indusium 0. Fronds thin, ternate or bipinnate. 
 
 16. ASPIDIUM. Indusium flat, round or kidney-shaped, fixed at or near the center, open- 
 
 ing all round the edge. Mostly rather large Ferns, from once to thrice pinnate. 
 Veins free in the native species. 
 
 17. CYSTOPTERIS. Indusium convex, fixed by the base partly under the fruit dot, at 
 
 length reflexed. Small Ferns, with delicate twice or thrice pinnate frond. Veins 
 free. 
 
 18. NEPHROLEPIS. Fruit dots circular, borne on the tip of the upper branch of a vein, 
 
 and usually close to the margin of the frond. Indusium roundish or kidney-shaped. 
 Forms pinnate, with the pinnae articulated at the base, white-dotted above, the veins 
 all free. 
 
 7. Involucres star-shaped, with broad and ragged or else capillary and jointed rays, 
 placed on the veins under the round fruit dots, sometimes at first enveloping the 
 spore cases. 
 
 19. WOODSIA. Small Ferns, often growing in dense tufts ; fronds once or twice pinnate ; 
 
 veins forked, free. 
 
 8. Sterile fronds broad and leafy; fertile ones with contracted and rolled up 
 pod-like or berry-like divisions; indusium very obscure, irregularly semicir- 
 cular, placed at the base of a short receptacle to which the spore cases are 
 attached. 
 
 20. ONOCLEA. Fronds scattered on a long creeping rootstock or growing in a crown ; 
 
 sterile ones either with reticulated or free veins ; fertile ones pinnate or twice pin- 
 nate, the divisions contracted, rolled up and berry -like.
 
 FERN FAMILY. 489 
 
 9. Fruit dots separate or laterally confluent at or near the margin of the frond, borne 
 on the ends of the veins, or on the ends of very short side-veinlets ; the indusium 
 attached at the base or base and sides, and opening toward the margin of the 
 fruitful portion of the frond. 
 
 21. DAVALLIA. Indusium of a single piece, flattish or often convex and shaped like half 
 
 a goblet cut lengthwise. Exotic Ferns, mostly decompound. 
 
 22. DICK8ONIA. Indusium united by its sides with a little lobe or tooth of the frond, 
 
 forming a minute 2-lipped cup, at first nearly or quite closed, opening as the spore 
 cases ripen. Large Ferns, native or exotic, some of the latter arborescent. 
 
 II. CYATHEA or TREEFERN SUBFAMILY. With 
 
 erect and tree-like stems, often many feet high. Fruit dots 
 round, not marginal, naked, or with an involucre placed be- 
 neath the stalked spore cases, which are seated on a globose 
 or elevated receptacle, have a somewhat oblique complete ring, 
 and burst open transversely. (Lessons, Fig. 500.) 
 
 23. CYATHEA. Fruit dots on a vein or in the forking of a vein, at first inclosed in a 
 
 globose involucre, which opens at the top, and remains cup-shaped with an entire or 
 broken edge. 
 
 24. ALSOPHILA. Fruit dots as in the last, but entirely naked, or with a rudimentary 
 
 indusium consisting of a minute scale beneath the spore cases ; veins free. 
 
 III. HYMENOPHYLLUM or FILMY FERN SUB- 
 FAMILY. These have very delicate and translucent fronds, 
 the short-pediceled spore cases growing on a short or long 
 threadlike receptacle, included in a goblet-shaped or 2-lipped 
 involucre, and furnished with a complete transverse or slightly 
 oblique ring. 
 
 25. TRICHOMANES. Fruit dots marginal, at the end of a vein, which extends through 
 
 the funnel-form or goblet-shaped involucre, as a thread-like receptacle bearing the 
 spore cases ; involucres sunken more or less in the frond, and of the same pellucid 
 texture. 
 
 IV. SCHIZ^EA SUBFAMILY. Mostly small Ferns, or 
 else with climbing fronds. Spore cases ovate, sessile, having 
 a complete transverse, articulated ring or cap at the apex, and 
 opening by a longitudinal slit. 
 
 # Ferns with elegant climbing fronds, rising from slender creeping rootstocks ; spore 
 
 cases fixed by their side. 
 
 26. LYGODIUM. Pinnae or frondlets in pairs. Spore cases covered by imbricating scale- 
 
 like indusia in a double row on narrow lobes of the frond. 
 
 * * Not climbing ; rootstock short ; fronds clustered ; spore cases fixed by their base; 
 
 no indusium. 
 
 27. ANEIMIA. Spore cases on the narrow panicled branches of the lowest pair of pinna- 
 
 of the 1-3 pinnate frond, or on separate fronds. 
 
 28. SCHIZ-iEA. Spore cases in a double row on the narrow divisions of a pinnate or rarely 
 
 pedate special appendage to the simple and linear, or fan-shaped, and sometimes 
 many-forked frond.
 
 490 FERN FAMILY. 
 
 V. OSMUNDA or FLOWERING FERN SUBFAMILY. 
 Rather large Ferns ; the spore cases covered with reticulated 
 ridges, opening longitudinally into two valves, and with no 
 ring, or a mere vestige of a transverse ring at the back. 
 
 29. OSMUNDA. Rootstock very thick, creeping, the growing end producing a crown of 
 tall showy fronds. Fertile fronds or parts of fronds contracted, pinnately compound, 
 the narrow often thread-like divisions densely covered with nearly sessile spore 
 cases. 
 
 1. ACROSTICHUM CHRYS6DIUM. (Greek : a row at the top, the 
 application not evident.) All tropical. 
 
 A. aureum, Linn. A large evergreen Fern, along the coast of S. Fla.; 
 the fronds simply pinnate, coriaceous, 2-6 long; pinnae 4M>' long, 
 l'-2' wide, elliptical or oblong-linear. 
 
 2. PLATYCERIT7M, STAG-HORN FERN. (Name from the Greek, 
 meaning broad horns.) Natives of Africa, Australia, etc.; cult, in 
 conservatories. 
 
 P. alcicdrne, Gaud. Sterile fronds sessile, rather thin, flat and rounded, 
 overlapping each other ; fertile ones erect, 1 high, whitish and minutely 
 downy beneath, 2-3 times forked, with divisions about 1' wide, the top- 
 most ones fruitful. 
 
 3. POLYFODIUM, POLYPODY. (Greek : many-footed, referring to 
 the branching rootstock.) An immense genus, found in all parts of the 
 world. 
 
 1. POLTPODIUM proper. Veins free; the following native. 
 
 P. vulg&re, Linn. COMMON POLYPODY. Rocky places N.; small, 
 simply pinnatifid, evergreen, smooth both sides, 4'-10' high, l'-3' wide, 
 the numerous divisions oblong-linear; fruit dots rather large. (Lessons, 
 Fig. 499.) 
 
 P. incanum, Swartz. Shady places, Va., to 111., and S., often on trees ; 
 much like the last, but much smaller, and beneath grayish and scurfy, 
 with peltate scales ; fruit dots rather small. 
 
 2. PHLEBODIUM. Veins reticulated, with free veinlets included in the 
 larger meshes. Fruit dots in 1-3 rows between the midrib and margin, 
 commonly placed each one on the converging ends of a pair of veinlets. 
 
 P. aureum. Linn. A large showy Fern of Fla., and cult, from West 
 Indies ; fronds on a stout stalk, broadly ovate in outline, smooth, pale- 
 green above, glaucous beneath, pinnately parted into 5-9 or more oblong- 
 linear or lanceolate spreading divisions. 
 
 4. GYMNOGRAMME CER6PTERIS. (Greek : a naked line, from 
 the elongated fruit dots.) The following cult, species have free veins, 
 and the under surface of the fronds covered with a yellow or whitish 
 waxy powder. 
 
 * Fronds small and distinctly triangular or ^-angular. 
 
 G. triangularis, Kaulf . CALIFORNIAN GOLD FERN. Frond 4'-6' long, 
 on slender and polished stalks, broadly 3- or rather 5-angled in outline, 
 twice pinnate below, pinnate above ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, deeply 
 pinnatifid into obtuse lobes. Smooth and green above, beneath of a rich
 
 FERN FAMILY. 491 
 
 golden-yellow, sometimes paler ; the fertile fronds at length nearly cov- 
 ered with brownish lines of spore cases. Cal. to Ariz. 
 
 * # Fronds obscurely triangular- oblong or narrower. 
 -t- Twice or less pinnate. 
 
 G. su/phtirea, Desv. West Indies ; fronds narrowly lanceolate in out- 
 line, 1-1 high, 2'-3' wide, pinnate ; pinnae ovate or ovate-oblong, lower 
 ones gradually smaller and very remote, pinnatifid into ovate, obtuse 
 toothed or ragged lobes, the lower surface covered with sulphur-yellow 
 powder. 
 
 G. calomelanos, Kaulf. Trop. Amer., the commonest Gold and Silver 
 Ferns of the conservatories, and variable ; much like the last, but broader 
 and larger, the lower pinnae largest, and lobes mostly acute. The powder 
 white, or in var. CHRYSOPHYLLA golden-yellow. 
 
 G. tartarea, Desv. (G. DEALB\TA). Trop. Amer.; fronds dull green 
 above but snowy-white-powdered below, oblong-triangular, l-2 long 
 and half as broad, the dark-chestnut-brown stipes 6'-12' long, the spear- 
 lanceolate pinnae largest at the base of the frond and divided into oblong, 
 bluntish, nearly or quite entire segments. There are forms with yellow 
 
 - t- Fronds more than twice pinnate. 
 
 G. schizophylla, Moore. Fronds from a central crown, slightly powdered 
 below, about 2 long and 6' broad, on slender reddish stipes, the pinnules 
 divided into "ery small ultimate segments. Delicate and graceful, often 
 producing young plants from the fronds. Jamaica. 
 
 5. NOTHOL.3ENA (spelled also NOTHOCHL&NA). (Greek, signifying 
 spurious covering, the woolly pubescence of some species concealing 
 the marginal fruit dots.) The following species are small, 4'-8' high, 
 ovate in outline, mostly tripinnate ; their ultimate divisions roundish, 
 ovate or oblong, distinct, stalked, and covered beneath with a waxy 
 powder ; stalk and branches dark brown and polished. 
 
 N. flavens, Moore (N. CHRYSOPHYLLA of gardens). Central Amer. ; 
 powder bright yellow ; fruit dots extending from the edge almost to the 
 midrib, so that it might equally well be considered a Gymnogramme. 
 
 N. nivea, Desv. Very like the first, but the powder snowy-white, 
 and the fruit dots closer to the margin ; pinnules long-stalked, the seg- 
 ments roundish, the terminal ones largest and either entire or 3-lobed. 
 Central Amer., to N. Mexico, etc. 
 
 N. dealbata, Kunze. Differs from the last (of which it is probably 
 only a variety) in its smaller segments, which are more numerous and 
 longer than broad, the terminal ones rarely lobed. Kan. and Mo., S. W. 
 
 6. ADIANTUM, MAIDENHAIR. (Greek, meaning unwetted, the 
 rain drops not adhering to the fronds.) A large genus, most abundant 
 in warm climates. 
 
 * Frond two-forked, with elongated simply pinnate divisions springing 
 from the upper side of the two recurved branches ; midrib of the pinnules 
 none; veins forked from the base. 
 
 A. pedatum. Linn. MAIDENHAIR. In shady woods ; whole plant 
 smooth, l-2 high ; principal divisions 4'-10' long, I'-l J' wide ; pinnules 
 very numerous, oblong, broadest at the base, obtuse, lobed from the upper 
 edge ; fruit dots at the top of the lobes ; involucres transversely oblong 
 or linear.
 
 492 FERN FAMILY. 
 
 * * Frond 2-4 times pinnate, ovate-lanceolate or triangular in general 
 
 outline. 
 
 A. Capfllus-V^neris, Linn. VENUS'S HAIR, so named from the shining 
 capillary branches of the rhachis ; native Va. and Ky., S., often in conser- 
 vatories N.; twice pinnate or thrice pinnate at the base, the long upper 
 part simply pinnate ; pinnules about ' broad, on very slender stalks, 
 sharply wedge-shaped at the base, rounded at the top, or rhomboidal, 
 commonly deeply lobed from the upper margin ; fruit dots one to each 
 lobe ; involucres kidney-shaped or transversely oblong. Plant 6'-12' high, 
 often pendent from damp shaded rocks in the mouths of wells, etc., in S. 
 of Eu. 
 
 A. cuneatum, Langsd. & Fisch. S. Amer.; fronds broadly triangular in 
 outline, 3-4 times pinnate ; pinnules small and very numerous, wedge- 
 shaped at the base, the upper edge deeply lobed ; fruit dots in deep sinuses 
 of the upper margin. A. GRAcfLLiMUM, the commonest Maidenhair of 
 the florists, with decompound and very delicate fronds, as a garden form 
 of this species. 
 
 A. te"nerum, Swartz. Fla. and S., and cult. ; fronds deltoid, 3-4-pin- 
 nate, l-3 long and the stipes 1 high, the pinnules cuneate and rounded 
 or angled on the upper edge, sometimes deeply lobed, articulated to their 
 petioles. Original of the remarkable A. FARLEYENSE of horticulturists 
 (from Farley Hill, Barbadoes), which has very large fronds (2-3 long) 
 and very large drooping, fringed pinnules. 
 
 7. PTERIS, BRAKE. (The ancient Greek name for Ferns, meaning 
 a wing, from the feather-like fronds.) A large and widely distributed 
 
 * Frond simply pinnate ; pinnce undivided. 
 
 P. longifdlia, Linn. Cult, from warm regions, native in S. Fla.; 
 oblong-lanceolate in outline ; pinnae numerous, linear and tapering from 
 a truncate or cordate base, the upper and lower ones gradually smaller. 
 
 * * Frond pinnate, and with the lower pairs of pinnce forked or again 
 
 pinnate, the divisions and upper pinnae elongated, simple. 
 
 P. Cretica, Linn. Cult, from warm climates, native in Fla.; l-2 
 high ; pinnae 1-4 pairs, the upper ones slightly decurrent, lower ones cleft 
 almost to the base into 2-3 long, linear-lanceolate, acuminate divisions ; 
 sterile ones and tips of the narrower fertile ones finely and sharply ser- 
 rate. Var. ALBO-LINEA.TA has a whitish stripe in the middle of each 
 division. 
 
 P. serrulata, Linn. f. Cult, from China, but native in Ga. and Ala.; 
 l-li high ; pinnae 3-8 pairs, all but the lowest decurrent and forming a 
 wing 3" wide on the main rhachis ; lower pairs pinnately or pedately cut 
 into several narrow linear-acuminate divisions ; upper ones simple, sterile 
 ones spinulose-serrulate. 
 
 * * * Fronds pinnate, and the numerous, primary divisions pinnately cut 
 into many lobes (except sometimes the uppermost), the lowest ones 
 mostly with 1-3 elongated, similarly-lobed branches on the lower side. 
 
 P. quadriaurlta, Retz. Cult, from the tropics ; fronds l-3 long, 6'-12' 
 wide, broadly ovate in outline ; lobes of primary divisions linear-oblong, 
 J'-l ; long, 3" wide, very numerous and often crowded, mostly rather 
 obtuse. Var. ARGYREA has a band of white along the middle of the pri- 
 mary divisions ; to this is added a tinge of red in var. TRfcoLOR. 
 
 P. trSmula, R.Br. Australia and New Zealand ; fronds 2-4 long and 
 mostly broad, the tip with a few, close, undivided pinnae or lobes which 
 are decurrent at the base, some of the upper pinnae simply pinnate, but
 
 FERN FAMILY. 493 
 
 the lower ones very compound and often 1 long ; fruit dots very numer- 
 ous, often covering nearly the whole segment. 
 
 * * * * Fronds broadly triangular, twice or thrice pinnate throughout; 
 lowest primary divisions long-stalked. 
 
 P. aquilina, Linn. COMMON BRAKE. Plentiful everywhere, l-5 
 high, harsh to the touch ; the lowest, primary divisions standing obliquely 
 forward ; secondary divisions pinnatifid with many oblong or linear, some- 
 times hastate lobes, which in a fruiting frond are bordered everywhere 
 with brown spore cases ; variable. 
 
 8. PELLJEA, CLIFF BRAKE. (Greek: dusky, descriptive of the 
 stalk.) Mostly small Ferns. 
 
 P. atropurpfcrea, Link. Wild, on shaded limestone ; fronds tufted, 
 6'-12' long, 2'-4' wide, with polished and sparingly downy stalks, 2-pin- 
 nate, simply pinnate toward the top ; pinnules distinct, oblong, or linear- 
 oblong, rarely halberd-shaped, obtuse, or slightly mucronate ; involucre 
 rather broad, and at length hidden by the spore cases. 
 
 P. gracilis, Hook. Fronds 3'-6' high, of very delicate texture, the 
 pinnae few, the lower ones being once or twice pinnately-parted ; pinnae 
 of the fertile frond oblong or linear-oblong and entire, or nearly so ; 
 those of the sterile frond ovate or obovate and crenate or incised. Lime- 
 stone rocks, Mass., W. and N. 
 
 P. ternifofia, Fee. Fronds 6'-12' long, lance-linear, the opposite pinnae 
 of 6-12 pairs, each one cleft nearly to the base into 3 linear, rigid 
 segments with inrolled edges. Trop. Amer. 
 
 9. CHEILANTHES, LIP FERN. (Greek: lip flower, from the form 
 of the indusium. ) A few species are cultivated, not mentioned here. 
 
 * Fronds smooth. 
 
 C. Alabame'nsis, Kunze. Fronds 2'-8' long, ovate-lanceolate and 2- 
 pinnate ; the pinnae numerous and oblong-lanceolate, with triangular- 
 oblong pinnules. Mountains, Va. and Ky. , S. 
 
 * * Fronds hairy. 
 
 C. vestlta, Swartz. Fronds 6'-15' high, lanceolate, oblong, rusty-hairy, 
 2-pinnate ; the pinnae rather distant and triangular-ovate ; pinnules oblong 
 and crowded and somewhat incised with reflexed lobes. Rocks, N. Y. 
 City, S. and W. ^ ^ # Fronds woo n y or tomentose. 
 
 C. toment6sa, Link. Fronds 12'-20' high, lance-oblong, densely 
 whitish-tomentose, 3-pinnate ; primary and secondary pinnae oblong or 
 ovate-oblong ; pinnules distinct, the margin continuously reflexed. Moun- 
 tains, Va. and Ky., S. 
 
 C. lanugindsa, Nutt. Fronds 3'-6' high, on dark, shining stipes, 
 ovate-lanceolate, whitish-woolly, 2- or 3-pinnate ; pinnae ovate, the lowest 
 distinct and the upper contiguous ; pinnules crenate-pinnatifid ; the mar- 
 gin almost continuously reflexed. Tufted ; cliffs, Minn., S. and W. 
 
 10. WOODWARDIA, CHAIN FERN. (Thomas J. Woodward, an 
 English botanist of the last century.) 
 
 W. Virglnica, Smith. Tall, growing in swamps, Me., S. and W. ; 
 sterile and fertile fronds alike, ovate in outline, pinnate, with lanceolate, 
 deeply pinnatifid pinnae ; lobes oblong, obtuse ; veins reticulated, form- 
 ing a single row of meshes along the midribs of pinnae and of lobes, the 
 outer veinlets free ; fruit dots oblong, close to the midribs.
 
 494 FERN FAMILY. 
 
 W. angustifdlia, Smith. Fronds 6'-12' long, 4'-6' broad, pinnatifid 
 almost to the winged rhachis into 17-27 lobes, which are broadly lanceo- 
 late with copiously reticulated veins in the sterile frond, but are nar- 
 rowly linear in the fertile, with a single row of narrow meshes next 
 the midrib ; fruit dots linear, sausage-shaped, one in each mesh. N. Eng., 
 S., near the coast ; also on L. Mich., Ark., etc. 
 
 11. BLECHNTTM. (Old Greek name.) 
 
 B. Brasiliense, Desv. Trunk 2-3 high, from the top of which arise 
 many long, oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid fronds, curving outwards 2-3 ; 
 segments very numerous and leathery. Brazil and Peru. 
 
 B. occidentals, Linn. Fronds arising from the surface of the ground, 
 9'-18' long, and half as broad, pinnate ; the pinnae 6-12 opposite pairs of 
 leathery texture and oblong and entire, with an auricled or heart-shaped 
 base. W. Indies. 
 
 12. ASPLENIUM, SPLEENWORT. (Greek: refers to supposed 
 action on the spleen.) A very large genus, the size of the species 
 ranging from quite small up to very large and even tree-like. 
 
 1. Fronds undivided, large and showy ; cult, from East Indies, etc. 
 
 A. Nidus, Linn. BIRD'S-NEST FERN. Fronds numerous, broadly lance- 
 olate, 2-4 long, 4'-8' wide, entire, short-stalked, arranged in a crown 
 around the central upright rootstock ; fruit dots very narrow, elongated, 
 crowded, running from the stout midrib obliquely half way to the margin. 
 
 2. Fronds small, pinnatifid below, tapering into a long, entire point ; 
 native. 
 
 A. pinnatifidum, Nutt. Very rare, near Philadelphia, and sparingly 
 W. and S., especially along the Alleghanies ; fronds 3'-6' long, "-!$' 
 wide at the base ; lobes roundish-ovate, mostly obtuse ; fruit dots small, 
 irregular. 3 Fronds simply pinnate. 
 
 * Small ferns, 4'-15' high. 
 
 A. Trichdmanes, Linn. Common, forming dense tufts in crevices of 
 shady rocks ; fronds linear, 4'-8' long, with black and shining stalk and 
 rhachis, and many roundish or oblong, slightly crenated or entire pinnae, 
 about \' long and about half as broad ; fruit dots few to each pinna. 
 
 A. ebeneum, Ait. Frequent in rocky woods ; fronds linear-lanceolate, 
 narrower at the base, 8'-15' long, l'-2' wide ; stalk dark and polished ; 
 pinnae many, linear-oblong, often slightly curved, finely serrate, auricled 
 on one or both sides at the base ; fruit dots numerous. 
 
 A. flabellifdlium, Cav. Cult, from Australia; lax, the rhachis often 
 prolonged and rooting at the very end ; fronds linear ; pinnae sharply 
 wedged-shaped at the base, the broad and rounded end crenated ; fruit 
 dots irregularly radiating from the base of the pinnee. 
 
 * * Large ferns, l-3 high. 
 
 A. angustif6lium, Michx. Rich woods, N., and S. mainly along the 
 mountains ; fronds thin, long-lanceolate ; pinnae many, 3'-4' long, linear- 
 lanceolate from a truncate or rounded base, acuminate, nearly entire ; 
 those of the fertile frond narrower; fruit dots slightly curved, very 
 numerous. 4 Fronds more than once pi nnate . 
 
 * Fruit dots more than one in each smallest division of the frond. 
 
 A. Rfcta-muraria, Linn. WALL RUE. On exposed cliffs of limestone, 
 from Vt., W. and S. ; fronds small, l'-4' long, ovate, twice or thrice pin-
 
 FERN FAMILY. 495 
 
 nate, the few divisions rather thickish, wedge-shaped or rhomboid, toothed 
 at the top ; fruit dots few, becoming confluent. 
 
 A. furcdtum, Thunb. Cult, from Trop. Amer., S. Africa, etc. ; fronds 
 8'-15' long, 3'-6' wide, on a somewhat hairy stalk, ovate-lanceolate, pin- 
 nate with lance-oblong, acuminate pinnae, which are again pinnately cut 
 nearly or quite to the midrib ; divisions oblique, wedged-shaped, narrow, 
 serrate, rather coriaceous, deeply marked by the forking veins ; fruit dots 
 elongated, radiating from the base of the division. 
 
 A. thelypteroldes, Michx. In rich, rocky woods, not rare ; fronds 
 l-3 high, thin in texture, broadly lanceolate, pinnate ; pinnae 3'-6' 
 lo'ng, lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid into close-set, oblong, and obtuse, mi- 
 nutely toothed lobes ; fruit dots 6-12 to each lobe, some of them com- 
 monly double. 
 
 A. Fllix-fcemina, Bernh. LADY FERN. Common in moist woods ; 
 fronds large (2-3 high, 4'-8' broad), growing like the last in a crown, 
 2-3-pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, with a narrow border to the secondary 
 rhachis ; pinnules oblong and sharply serrate, or in larger plants lanceo- 
 late and pinnatifid with incised lobes ; fruit dots short, variously curved, 
 at length confluent. 
 
 * * Smallest divisions of the frond narrow, entire, containing but a single 
 
 veinlet and but one fruit dot. 
 
 A. Belangeri, Kunze. Cult, from Malacca and Java; fronds 1-1 
 high, 2'-3' wide, coriaceous, pale green, as is the stoutish stalk ; pinnae 
 oblong, truncate at the base, with a rounded apex, pinnatifid to the 
 winged midrib into numerous narrowly oblong and obtuse lobes, the 
 upper basal ones of each pinna 2-3-cleft, the rest entire and bearing on 
 the side farthest from the main rhachis a solitary elongated fruit dot. 
 
 A. bulbiferum, Forst. Cult, from New Zealand, etc. ; fronds herba- 
 ceous, ample, broadly lanceolate, ! 9 -3 long, 6'-12' wide, 2-3-pinnate, 
 often producing leafy bulbs on the upper surface ; pinnae triangular- 
 lanceolate, with a broadly winged midrib ; pinnules lanceolate, deeply 
 toothed or cut into oblong-linear lobes ; fruit dots extending from the 
 middle of the lobes downward almost to the midrib of the pinnules. 
 
 13. SCOLOPENDRIUM. (Name from the Greek word for a centipede, 
 suggested by the many oblique lines of fruit each side of the midrib.) 
 S. vulgElre, Smith. HART'S-TONGCE. Rare, among shaded rocks in 
 
 Central New York, in Canada West and in Tenn. ; fronds 6'-18' long, 
 l'-2' wide, oblong-lanceolate from a heart-shaped base, herbaceous, the 
 margin entire or wavy. Cultivated forms from England are crisped, 
 crested, many-forked, etc. 
 
 14. CAMPTOSORUS, WALKING LEAF. (Greek : meaning a bent 
 fruit dot.) 
 
 C. rhizophyllus, Link. Damp, mossy rocks, N., and S. mainly along 
 the mountains ; frond evergreen, 4'-12' long, tapering from a heart- 
 shaped or auricled base 6"-12" wide to a long, narrow point, which often 
 roots at the end, and there gives rise to a new plant, ready to take 
 another step in advance. (Lessons, Fig. 501.) 
 
 15. PHEGOFTERIS, BEECH FEKN (which the name means in 
 Greek, the original species often found among beeches). Chiefly tropi- 
 cal, but the following are all wild species, in rocky or shady woods. 
 
 * Fronds twice pinnatifid ; the sessile pinnae mostly forming an irregular 
 
 and many-angled wing along the rhachis. 
 
 P. polypodioldes, F6e. Common N. ; fronds 4'-9' long, longer than 
 broad, triangular-ovate, slightly hairy beneath; pinnae lanceolate, the
 
 496 FERN FAMILY. 
 
 lower pair turned obliquely forwards ; secondary divisions crowded, ob- 
 long, obtuse, entire ; fruit dots all near the margin. 
 
 P. hexagondptera, F6e. Common N. and S. ; larger than the last, 
 which it much resembles, but the frond is broader than long ; lowest 
 pinnae much the largest and with elongated and pinnatifid divisions ; fruit 
 dots not exclusively near the margin. 
 
 * * Fronds with three primary divisions, which are stalked ; rhachis wing- 
 
 less. 
 
 P. Dry6pteris, F6e. Common N. ; fronds broadly triangular, 4'-6' 
 wide, smooth ; the three primary divisions triangular, once or twice pin- 
 nate with oblong, obtuse, entire, or toothed lobes ; fruit dots near the 
 margin. 
 
 16. ASPIDIUM, SHIELD FERN. (Greek for a little shield, refer- 
 ring to the indusium.) A very large genus, inhabiting all parts of the 
 world. (Lessons, Figs. 502-504.) 
 
 1. NEPHRbDiuM or DRYOPTEBIS. Indusium round-kidney-shaped or 
 nearly circular, with a narrow cleft from the lower side almost to the 
 center. 
 
 * fronds thin, decaying in early autumn (or tender hot house plants) , 
 pinnate; pinnae simply pinnatifid, with mostly entire, obtuse lobes; in- 
 dusium small. 
 
 - Hootstock creeping, slender, nearly naked, and bearing scattered fronds ; 
 veins free, simple, or once forked; common in bogs and low grounds. 
 
 A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Fronds lanceolate, 10'-18' long, on slender 
 stalks, nearly smooth ; pinnae lanceolate, 2'-4' long, about ' wide, 
 spreading or turned down, the lowest pair scarcely shorter; divisions ob- 
 long, fruiting ones seeming acute from the revolute margins ; veins mostly 
 forked ; fruit dots confluent when ripe ; indusium smooth ; N. and S. 
 
 A. Noveboracense, Swartz. Much like the last, but hairy beneath 
 along the rhachis and veins ; fronds tapering both ways from the middle ; 
 lower pinnae gradually smaller and distant ; lobes flat, the basal ones 
 often larger and incised ; veins rarely forked ; fruit dots distinct ; indu- 
 sium slightly glandular. N. Car., N. and W. ; common N. 
 
 i--t- Rootstock oblique or erect, stouter, bearing the fronds in a crown; 
 veins simple, free, or the lower ones of contiguous lobes united; indu- 
 sium hairy. 
 
 A. patens, Swartz. Low, shady grounds, Fla. and W. ; fronds l-2 
 high, sparsely pubescent, ovate-oblong ; pinnae 3'-6' long, y wide, numer- 
 ous, lanceolate from a broad base, lowest pairs a little smaller ; divisions 
 oblong, slightly falcate, obtuse, or acutish ; veins entirely free ; indusium 
 slightly hairy. 
 
 * # Fronds smooth, from once to thrice pinnate, growing in a crown from 
 a stout and chaffy rootstock, and often remaining green through the 
 winter; veins 2-4-forked or branching. Wild species of the country. 
 
 *- Fronds imperfectly evergreen, once-pinnate with deeply pinnatifid 
 pinnae, or nearly twice pinnate ; fruit dots not close to the margin ; in- 
 dusium rather large, flat, smooth, persistent. 
 
 A. Goldianum, Hook. Rich, moist woods, Conn., to Ky., and N. ; 
 fronds broadly ovate, 2-4 high, 9'-12' wide ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, 
 broadest about the middle, parted to the midrib ; divisions very numer- 
 ous, nearly 1' long, somewhat scythe-shaped, rather acute, serrate with 
 incurved teeth ; fruit dots very near the midvein.
 
 FERN FAMILY. 497 
 
 A. cristatum, Swartz. Wet places in woods, frequent; fronds nar- 
 rowly oblong, l-2 high, 3'-5' wide, rather rigid, erect ; pinnae triangular- 
 ovate, broadest at base, pinnatifid almost to the midrib, divisions not 
 many, oblong, obtuse, finely serrate, the largest ones sometimes toothed 
 or pinnatifid-lobed ; fruit dots half way between midvein and margin. 
 
 Var. Clintoiiianum, Eaton. In swampy woods, N., is very much 
 larger every way, with fruit dots nearer the midvein, and is often mis- 
 taken for A. Goldianum. 
 
 A. Floridanum, Eaton. Wet woods, Fla. ; lower pinnae triangular- 
 lanceolate and sterile, but the upper ones fertile, narrower, and longer, 
 with very short, obtuse, rather distant divisions, which are decurrent on 
 the winged, secondary rhachis. 
 
 <- -i- Fronds imperfectly evergreen, twice or thrice pinnate ; the divisions 
 cut-toothed or incised; fruit dots not near the margin; indusium rather 
 small, withering away. 
 
 A. spinuldsum, Swartz. Shady woods, very common N. ; fronds thin, 
 oblong-ovate ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones broader and some- 
 what triangular; pinnules very numerous, oblong-ovate, pinnately in- 
 cised ; the oblong lobes with spinulose teeth toward the ends ; indusium 
 smooth or minutely glandular at the margin. Has several forms. 
 
 Var. dilatatum, Hook. In mountainous places and cool woods, N. 
 Eng. to Minn., and N., is larger, broader in outline and oftenest 3-pin- 
 nate ; pinnules lance-oblong, the lowest greatly elongated ; indusium 
 smooth and naked. 
 
 A. Bodttii, Tuckm. Swampy woods N. ; 2-3 high, of narrow out- 
 line, barely twice pinnate, with oblong-ovate toothed pinnules, or the lower 
 ones pinnatifid ; indusium minutely glandular ; sterile fronds smaller and 
 simpler than the fertile ones. 
 
 - -i- H- Fronds fully evergreen, thickish, about twice-pinnate; fruit dots 
 near the margin ; indusium thickish, convex, persistent. 
 
 A. marginale, Swartz. Rocky woods, common N. ; fronds l-2 long, 
 ovate-oblong, bluish-green, the stalk very chaffy ; pinnae lanceolate, 3'-5' 
 long ; pinnules oblong, often curved, entire, or obtusely toothed, attached 
 by a broad base to the narrowly winged, secondary rhachis ; fruit dots 
 close to the margin, rather large. 
 
 2. POLYSTICHUM. Indusium orbicular, peltate, attached by the center to 
 a short stalk ; veins forking, free. 
 
 A. acrosticholdes, Swartz. CHRISTMAS FERN. Fronds l-2 high, 
 growing in crowns, with chaffy rootstocks and stalks, evergreen, shining, 
 lanceolate, simply pinnate ; pinnse numerous, oblong- lanceolate from an 
 unequal half-halberd-shaped base, serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, 
 rarely incised, upper ones of the fertile frond smaller and bearing copious, 
 soon confluent fruit dots. Common in woods ; often used in Christmas 
 decorations. 
 
 3. CYRTOMIUM. Indusium as in POLYSTICHUM. Fronds once pinnate ; 
 veins pinnate from the midrib, pinnately branching; the veinlets reticu- 
 lated and forming arched meshes with 1-3 free included veinlets rising 
 from the base of the arch. 
 
 A. falcatum, Swartz. Cult, from Japan, China, etc., and very variable ; 
 fronds l-2 high, 5'-9' broad ; base of stalk chaffy with large scales ; 
 pinnae thick and shining, end one large and rhomboid or halberd-shaped ; 
 side ones few or many, oblong- ovate, long-pointed, nearly entire, lower 
 side of base rounded, upper side angled or slightly auricled ; fruit dots in 
 many rows on all or nearly all the pinnae. 
 GRAY'S F. F. & G. HOT. 32
 
 498 FERN FAMILY. 
 
 17. CYSTOPTERIS. (Greek for bladder fern, alluding to the thin, 
 sometimes inflated indusium.) Species few, mostly northern. 
 
 C. frdgilia, Bernh. Shaded or moist, rocky places, common N. ; fronds 
 very delicate, 4'-8' long, with slender stalks, oblong-ovate, twice-pinnate ; 
 pinnae with a narrowly margined rhachis ; pinnules oblong or ovate, 
 toothed or incised, very variable ; indusium pointed at the upper end. 
 
 C. bulbifera, Bernh. Wet places, oftenest in ravines, from N. Car., 
 N. ; fronds l-3 high, 3'-5' wide at the base, narrowed above and much 
 elongated, twice pinnate, bearing scattered bulblets beneath ; pinnules 
 oblong, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium roundish, truncate on 
 the upper side. 
 
 18. NEPHROLEPIS. (Greek: kidney, scale, referring to the shape 
 of the indushun. ) 
 
 N. exaltata. Schott. Fla. and the tropics, and one of the commonest 
 ferns of conservatories ; fronds l-6 long and very narrow ; the pinnae 
 crowded, lanceolate, entire or slightly crenulate, the upper side auricled 
 at the base ; indusium kidney-shaped. 
 
 N. davallioldes, Kunze. Popular conservatory fern from E. Indies, 
 with a stoloniferous base ; and pinnate fronds 2-4 long and 1 broad, 
 on rather short, strong stipes ; pinnae 4'-6' long and '-!' broad, lanceo- 
 late, the lower ones opposite and sterile and serrate, the upper ones fer- 
 tile and longer and narrower, more deeply toothed. A common form is 
 var. FURCANS, in which the ends of the upper pinnse, and often of the 
 frond itself, are deeply 2-co -forked. 
 
 19. WOODSIA. (For Joseph Woods, an English botanist.) Several 
 species occur in our limits, the following being the commonest. 
 
 W. obtfcsa, Torr. Rocky places, from Car., N. ; fronds 6'-18' high, 
 slightly glandular, broadly lanceolate, pinnate, with ovate or oblong, deeply 
 pinnatifid or again pinnate divisions ; lobes oblong, obtuse ; indusium at 
 first closed, opening into a few ragged lobes. 
 
 W. Ilve'nsis, R.Br. Exposed rocks, common N., and along the Alle- 
 ghanies ; forms large tufts ; fronds 4'-8' high, rusty chaffy beneath, 
 oblong-lanceolate, pinnate ; divisions ovate, obtusely lobed ; indusium 
 obscure, consisting of a few jointed hairs. 
 
 20. ONOCLEA (including STRUTHIOPTERIS) , SENSITIVE FERN. 
 (Name, from the Greek, meaning a closed vessel, referring to the berry- 
 like fructification.) 
 
 O. sensibilis. Linn. BRAKE. Common in wet places, and often a 
 weed in hilly pastures ; sterile fronds of all sizes up to 2 high, broadly 
 triangular-ovate, the rhachis winged ; pinnse not many, lanceolate, entire, 
 or obtusely lobed less than half way to the midrib, veins everywhere re- 
 ticulated ; fertile fronds with few, closely appressed pinnse. 
 
 O. Struthi6pteris, Hoffm. OSTRICH FERN. Alluvial grounds, N. ; 
 sterile fronds tall, 2-5 high, lanceolate, narrowed at the base into a 
 short, angular stalk, pinnate ; pinnse very many, narrowly lanceolate* 
 pinnatifid more than half way to the midrib ; lobes numerous, oblong ; 
 fertile fronds very much shorter, blackish, standing erect after the others 
 have withered. 
 
 21. DAVALLIA. (Named for M. Davall, a Swiss botanist.) Many 
 tropical or sub-tropical species, many cult, in conservatories. 
 
 D. Canariensis, Smith. HARE'S-FOOT FERN. Canary Islands, etc. ; 
 rootstock creeping above ground, covered with brownish scales, and
 
 FERN FAMILY. 499 
 
 looking not unlike an animal's paw ; fronds few, smooth, broadly tri- 
 angular, S'-lSyong and about as wide, 3-4-pinnate ; pinnules cut into a 
 few narrow lobes ; these are directed upwards, bearing at or just below 
 the end a single fruit dot ; indusium whitish, deeply half-cup-shaped. 
 
 D. tenuifdlia, Swartz. India and China ; rootstock creeping, crisp with 
 short, chaffy hairs ; fronds smooth, l-2 high, broadly lanceolate, 3-4- 
 pinnate ; smallest divisions narrowly wedge-shaped, bearing at the trun- 
 cated ends one or two fruit dots; indusium brownish, mostly broader 
 than deep. 
 
 22. DICKSONIA. (For James Dickson, an English botanist.) The 
 species all but one tropical or in the southern hemisphere. Many of 
 them tree-like. 
 
 D. pilosiriscula, Willd. Moist shady places, from N. Car., N.; root- 
 stock creeping, slender ; fronds scattered, thin, minutely glandular, pleas- 
 antly odorous, lanceolate, long-pointed, 2-3 high, mostly bipinnate ; 
 pinnules pinnatifid ; the divisions toothed, each bearing a minute fruit 
 dot at the upper margin ; indusium globular. 
 
 D. antdrctica, Labill. Tree fern from New Zealand, a great ornament in 
 large conservatories ; trunk l-2 thick, sometimes many feet high, bear- 
 ing in a crown at the top many fronds, 6-9 long, 2-4 broad, coria- 
 ceous, twice pinnate ; pinnules oblong, acute, pinnatifid ; the oblong-ovate 
 divisions bearing 1-4 rather large fruit dots ; indusium prominent, plainly 
 two-valved. 
 
 23. CYATHEA. (Name from the Greek word for a small cup, refer- 
 ring to the involucre.) Tree ferns from tropical countries. 
 
 C. dealbata, Swartz. New Zealand, and the commonest one in cultiva- 
 tion ; trunk becoming 10-15 high ; fronds from the elevated crown, 
 5-7long, glaucous-green above and whitish beneath, 2- or 3-pinnate, 
 ovate-lanceolate or tapering from the base ; ultimate segments sickle- 
 shaped and conspicuously toothed. 
 
 24. ALSOPHILA. (Greek words meaning grove-loving, the species 
 growing in tropical forests.) 
 
 A. pruinata, Kaulf. S. Amer.; trunk low; rootstock short, clothed 
 with bright brown wool; fronds smooth, green above, pale and glaucous, 
 often almost white beneath, bipinnate ; pinnules deeply toothed ; fruit 
 dots solitary at the base of each tooth ; spore cases mixed with woolly 
 hairs. 
 
 A. australis, Brown. The commonest species, from Tasmania and 
 Australia; trunk becoming 8-15 high, bearing a flat and spreading 
 crown of many 2-3-pinnate fronds 8-20 long and with stipes l-2 long, 
 light green above and bluish below ; pinnae l-2 long and 6'-12' broad ; 
 ultimate segments oblong-acute and somewhat falcate, serrate ; rhachis 
 rough and chaffy ; entire foliage thick and leathery. 
 
 25. TRICHOMANES. (An ancient Greek name of some Fern, refer- 
 ring to the hair-like stalks. ) A large genus ; most of the species 
 tropical. 
 
 T. radlcans. Swartz. On dripping rocks, Ky., and S., rare; fronds 
 pellucid, 4'-8' high, the stalk and rhachis narrowly winged, lanceolate, 
 pinnate, with 1-2-pinnatifid ovate pinnae ; involucres on short lobes, funnel- 
 shaped, with long-exserted receptacles. A broader and more compound 
 form is grown in Wardian cases.
 
 500 FERN FAMILY. 
 
 26. LYGODIUM, CLIMBING FERN. (Name from a Greek word, 
 meaning flexible, alluding to the twining and climbing fronds.) Not 
 many species ; several species are cult, in choice collections. 
 
 L. palmatum, Swartz. HARTFORD FERN. Low shady woods, local or 
 rare ; smooth, slender, and delicate, 2-4 high, entangled among herbs ; 
 pinnae roundish, 12"-18" wide, deeply heart-shaped at the base, palmately 
 5-7-lobed, upper ones decompound and fertile. 
 
 L. Jap6nicum, Swartz. Conservatory plant from Japan ; climbing 10- 
 12 high, smooth; pinnae ovate, 5'-9' long, bipinnate, divisions ovate- 
 lanceolate, often halberd-shaped ; divisions of the upper pinnae bordered 
 with narrow fertile lobes. 
 
 27. ANEIMIA. (Greek, meaning -without covering, alluding to the 
 naked spore cases ; by others said to mean bloodless.) Mainly tropi- 
 cal. 
 
 A. Phyllitidis, Swartz. Cult, from S. Amer.; 12'-18' high ; has the two 
 lower pinnae long-stalked, narrowly elongated, 3-4-pinnate, fertile ; middle 
 portion of the frond sterile, simply pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, finely ser- 
 rate ; veins reticulated. 
 
 A. adiantoldes, Swartz. S. Fla., and cult.; with lower pinnae as in the 
 last ; middle portion sterile, 2-3-pinnate ; pinnse long-pointed ; divisions 
 obovate-wedge-shaped, entire or toothed at the end, with free veins fork- 
 ing from the base. 
 
 28. SCHIZJEA. (Name from the Greek verb which means to split, 
 referring to the many -forked fronds of certain tropical species.) 
 
 S. pusflla, Pursh. Wet sand, in pine woods of N. J. (also Nova Scotia 
 and Newfoundland); sterile fronds very slender, flattened, simple and 
 linear, curled up ; fertile ones similar, but straight, 2'-3' high, bearing at 
 the top the fertile portion, 2"-3" long, composed of about 6 pairs of 
 minute pinnae. (Lessons, Figs. 505-607.) 
 
 29. OSMTJNDA, FLOWERING FERN. (Osmundr, Saxon name 
 of Thor, the Celtic divinity.) Species very few, fruiting in spring or 
 early summer. 
 
 * Fertile pinnae at the top of the frond, like a panicle. 
 
 O. regalis. Linn. ROYAL FERN. Common in swamps and wet woods, 
 fruiting later than the others ; fronds truly bipinnate ; pinnules oval or 
 oblong, serrulate, obtuse, sometimes a little heart-shaped at base, or slightly 
 auricled on one side ; spore cases light brown. 
 
 * * Fertile pinnae in the middle or near the base of the leafy frond. 
 
 O. Claytoniana, Linn. Wet places, common ; sterile fronds much 
 like those of the next, but more obtuse at the top ; fertile ones with 2-4 
 pairs of contracted and fertile blackish pinnae just below the middle, 
 but otherwise like the sterile. 
 
 * * * Fertile pinnce on distinct not leafy fronds. 
 
 O. cinnamdmea, Linn. CINNAMON >FERX. Swamps, common ; sterile 
 fronds 2-5 high, broadly lanceolate, pinnate with many lanceolate, 
 deeply pinnatifid pinnae ; fertile ones much shorter, at first woolly, soon 
 withering ; fructification bright cinnamon color.
 
 ADDER'S TONGUE FERN FAMILY. 501 
 
 CXXXTX. OPHIOGLOSSACRffi, ADDER'S TONGUE FERN 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Mostly rather small ferns, with sessile, globular, coriaceous, 
 opaque, and smooth spore cases in spikes or panicles, opening 
 transversely into 2 valves, and wholly destitute of a ring. 
 Fronds not rolled up in the bud, as they are in the true Ferns, 
 rising from a very short rootstock or corm, with fleshy roots. 
 Plants often somewhat fleshy. (Lessons, Fig. 508.) 
 
 1. BOTETCHIUM. Spore cases In pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Sterile part 
 
 of the frond compound ; veins free. 
 
 2. OPHIOGLOS8UM. Spore cases cohering in a simple spike. Sterile part of frond simple 
 
 in our species ; the veins reticulated. 
 
 1. BOTRYCHIUM, MOONWORT. (From Greek, for a bunch of 
 grapes, from the appearance of the fructification.) Species few, none 
 cultivated. Several inconspicuous ones occur on our northern borders. 
 
 B. ternatum, Swartz. Shaded grassy pastures and hillsides ; plant 
 fleshy, 3'-10' high ; common stalk with two branches, a long-stalked, 
 fertile one with twice or thrice pinnate fructification facing a triangular 
 ternately compound sterile portion on a longer or shorter stalk ; has 
 several forms, of which the following are mostly well marked. Var. 
 lunarioldes has roundish, kidney-shaped, sterile divisions ; in var. obli- 
 quum they are lanceolate from an oblique base ; and in var. dissectum, 
 pinnatifid into narrowly toothed and ragged lobes. 
 
 B. Virginicum, Swartz. In rich woods ; plant herbaceous, not fleshy, 
 6'-18' high ; sterile portion sessile on the common stalk, thin, broadly 
 triangular, ternate ; the parts twice or thrice pinnate ; divisions thin, 
 oblong-lanceolate, incised or toothed ; fertile portion long-stalked, twice 
 or thrice pinnate. 
 
 2. OPHIOGLOSSUM, ADDER'S TONGUE. (Greek equivalent of 
 
 the common name.) 
 
 O. vulgEltum, Linn. "Wet meadows or hillside pastures, rare ; 3'-10' 
 high ; sterile portion somewhat fleshy, ovate or elliptical, entire, l'-2' 
 long, sessile near the middle of the stalk which supports the short two- 
 sided spike. (Lessons, Fig. 508.) 
 
 CXL. LYCOPODIACRffi, CLUB MOSS FAMILY. 
 
 Flowerless plants, often moss-like or fern-like, with leafy, 
 often elongated and branching stems, the spores contained in 
 rather large solitary 1-3-celled spore cases borne in the axils 
 of the simple mostly awl-shaped leaves (fruiting leaves often 
 reduced to scales forming a sort of spike). (Lessons, Figs. 
 511, 512.) Mostly evergreen plants, growing on land; stems 
 more or less elongated and branching ; the leaves awl-shaped,
 
 502 ADDER'S TONGUE FERN FAMILY. 
 
 in 4 or more rows, less than 1' long, the 2-valved kidney-shaped 
 spore cases all of one kind, containing only minute numberless 
 spores. 
 
 1. LYCOPODIUM, CLUB MOSS. (Name from the Greek, meaning 
 wolfs-foot, possibly from the short hairy branches of L. clavatum.) 
 
 1. Fructification not in a distinct spike. Leaves all alike, dark green, 
 rigid, in about 8 rows. 
 
 L. lucfdulum, Michx. Stems 4'-8' long, tufted, ascending, forking ; 
 leaves spreading or reflexed, sharp-pointed, irregularly serrulate, dark 
 green and shining. Cold woods N. 
 
 2. Fructification spiked at the top of an erect branch ; fertile leaves and 
 those of the creeping stems nearly alike, soft, narrowly linear, many- 
 rowed. 
 
 L. inundatum, Linn. Dwarf, the sterile stems creeping and forking, 
 the fertile solitary and l'-4' high, with a short, thick spike ; leaves lance- 
 olate or awl-like and acute, mostly entire, soft. Bogs N. ; uncommon. 
 
 L. alopecuroldes, Linn. Pine barren swamps, N. J., and S.; scarcely 
 evergreen ; stem and sparingly forked sterile branches creeping, fertile 
 ones 6'-18' high, all rather stout and thickly clothed with spreading, soft, 
 linear-awl-shaped, bristly-ciliate leaves, those of the spike with long 
 slender tips. 
 
 3. Fructification spiked; the fruiting leaves yellowish, scale-like, shorter 
 and broader than those of the sterile branches. 
 
 * Spike sessile at the top of an ordinary branch. 
 
 L. anndtinum. Linn. Cold woods N.; stem creeping, l-4 long; 
 branches 4'-9' high, nearly erect, once or twice forked ; leaves about 
 5-rowed, spreading or reflexed, rigid, lanceolate, acute, nearly entire ; 
 those of the solitary spikes ovate, with spreading points and ragged scari- 
 ous margins. 
 
 L. obscilruin, Linn. GROUND PINE. Moist woods, common N. ; root- 
 stock creeping underground, nearly leafless ; stems looking much like a 
 miniature hemlock, 9'-12' high ; the many spreading branches with shin- 
 ing, lanceolate, entire leaves in about 6 rows ; leaves of the lower and 
 often of the upper row smaller than the rest ; spikes single, or 4-10 on a 
 plant ; scales ovate pointed, margin slightly scarious, nearly entire. 
 * * Spikes raised above the ordinary branches on a slender stalk which 
 
 has only a few inconspicuous leaves. 
 *- Stems creeping, very short ; spikes always single. 
 
 L. Carolinianum, Linn. Wet pine barrens, N. J., S.; scarcely ever- 
 green ; stem and prostrate branches rooting underneath ; leaves soft, 
 lanceolate, entire, spreading horizontally, with an upper appressed row ; 
 spikes slender on stalks 4'-6' high ; allied in habit to L. alopecuroides. 
 H- - Stems extensively creeping ; spikes often in pairs or fours. 
 
 L. clavatum, Linn. CLUB Moss. Common N. in dry woods ; run- 
 ning stem long and leafy ; branches mostly erect, cordlike, irregularly 
 pinnate ; branchlets 4-10, thickly covered with linear-awl-shaped, entire, 
 commonly bristle-tipped leaves ; spikes mostly in pairs. Much used for 
 Christmas decorations. 
 
 L. complanatum, Linn. Dry sandy woods, commonest among ever- 
 greens ; running stems with scattered, awl-shaped, very small leaves ; 
 branches erect, several times branched ; the parts repeatedly forked into 
 many horizontally spreading flattened branchlets.
 
 SELAGINELLA FAMILY. 508 
 
 CXLI. SEIAGINELLACKfi, SELAGINELLA FAMILY. 
 
 Low, moss-like, often creeping plants, with scale-like leaves 
 (mostly 4-rowed, the alternate rows often of smaller leaves), 
 differing from the last family chiefly in having 1-celled spore 
 cases which contain two kinds of spores (the nature of which 
 need not be explained here). (Lessons, Figs. 513-515.) One 
 genus: 
 1. SELAGINELLA. (Name a diminutive of Selago, a species of 
 
 Lycopodium.) Species over 200, the greater part tropical. 
 1. Native species. 
 
 8. rup^stris, Spring. Exposed rocks; a common moss-like little 
 evergreen; stems and densely tufted branches l'-2' high; leaves awl- 
 shaped, marked with a narrow furrow on the back, and tipped with a 
 minute bristly point ; spikes four-cornered. 
 
 S. dpus, Spring. Damp places in meadows; common, especially S.; 
 very delicate ; stems 2'-4' high, sparingly branched ; leaves 4-rowed, those 
 of the side rows spreading horizontally, scarcely 1" long, ovate with the 
 upper side larger, minutely serrulate ; intermediate ones half as large, 
 erect, very acute ; spikes 2"-6" long. Often cult, as S. densa. 
 2. Cultivated, mostly tropical species, seen in conservatories; much 
 
 branched; leaves of the branches four-rowed, two side rows of spreading 
 
 leaves set apparently edgewise, and two upper rows of smaller oppressed 
 
 leaves. Spike four-cornered, at the ends of the branchlets. 
 
 * Stems trailing, sending out rootlets nearly up to the end. 
 
 S. Kraussiana, A.Br. (LrcopbDiuM DEKTICUL\TUM of the florists.) The 
 commonest conservatory species, used for edgings, etc. ; stems very long, 
 articulated beneath each branch ; branches distant, bearing a few short 
 forked branchlets, which are 2' ; -3" broad, their leaves closely placed in 
 each row ; leaves bright green, the larger ones oblong-ovate, acute, rounded 
 on the upper side, nearly straight on the lower, minutely denticulate ; 
 smaller ones with longer often reflexed points. 
 
 * * Stems ascending, only the lower part bearing long rootlets. 
 
 S. Martens! i, Spring. (LvcopbDiuM STOLON!FERUM of florists). Stems 
 6'-10' long, much branched from the base; branches bipinnate, with 
 copious branchlets 2"-3" or even 4" wide ; larger leaves crowded, 
 obliquely ovate, the upper side broadest, obtuse, entire ; smaller ones 
 ovate, with a slender often recurved point. 
 
 * * * Stems erect, or nearly so, rooting only at the very base. 
 
 S. erypthropus, Spring. Stalk 2'-6' high, bright red, having a few closely 
 appressed red leaves, and bearing at the top a broad frond-like stem pin- 
 nately or pedately divided into a few 2-3 times pinnate branches, with 
 very numerous extremely crowded branchlets 1"-H" wide ; leaves closely 
 imbricated, obliquely ovate-oblong, curved upward^ rather obtuse, ciliate ; 
 smaller ones ovate, with long straight points. 
 
 * * * * Stems in a dense, nest-like tuft, not rooting ; branches often curl- 
 ing up when dry. 
 
 S. lepidophylla, Spring. BIRD'S-NEST Moss, RESURRECTION PLANT. It 
 is a nest-like ball when dry, but when moist it unfolds and displays the 
 densely 2-3-pinnate, elegant, fern-like branches radiating from a coiled- 
 up central stem ; the leaves white- margined, closely imbricated, round- 
 ovate, obtuse. Texas, W. and S.
 
 INDEX.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Abele 
 Abies 
 
 401 
 
 481 
 
 Allspice 
 Allspice, wild 
 
 163 
 876 
 
 Anychla 
 Apetalous Division 
 
 860 
 858 
 
 Abronia 
 
 :;.->> 
 
 Almond 
 
 144 
 
 Aphyllon 
 
 883 
 
 Abutilon 
 
 *S 
 
 Almond, flowering 
 
 143 
 
 Apios 
 
 186 
 
 Acacia 
 
 140 
 
 Alnus 
 
 394 
 
 Apium 
 
 203 
 
 Acacia, false 
 
 I*) 
 
 Aloe 
 
 451 
 
 Aplectrum 
 
 405 
 
 Acacia, rose 
 
 180 
 
 Aloe, American 
 
 430 
 
 Apocynaceae 
 
 283 
 
 Acalypha 
 
 ::s; 
 
 Alonsoa 
 
 822 
 
 Apocynum 
 
 285 
 
 Acanthacese 
 
 881 
 
 Alopecurus 
 
 470 
 
 Apple 
 
 161 
 
 Acanthus 
 
 888 
 
 Aloysia 
 
 840 
 
 Apple of Peru 
 
 815 
 
 Acanthus Family 
 Acer 
 
 891 
 
 110 
 
 Alsophila 
 Alstroemeria 
 
 499 
 429 
 
 Apricot 
 Aquilegta 
 
 144 
 42 
 
 A cerates 
 
 j-i) 
 
 Alternanthera 
 
 862 
 
 Arabia 
 
 61 
 
 Achillea 
 
 iOO 
 
 Altha>a 
 
 86,89 
 
 Aracaceae 
 
 457 
 
 Achimenes 
 
 880 
 
 Alum Root 
 
 167 
 
 Arachis 
 
 183 
 
 Achy ran thes 
 
 868 
 
 Alyssum 
 
 62 
 
 Aralla 
 
 204 
 
 Acnida 
 
 8(V2 
 
 Amarantaceae 
 
 860 
 
 Araliaceaa 
 
 204 
 
 Aconite 
 
 48 
 
 Amaranth 
 
 861 
 
 Araucaria 
 
 476 
 
 Aconitum 
 
 43 
 
 Amaranth Family 
 
 860 
 
 Arbor Vitae 
 
 484 
 
 Acorus 
 
 .fill 
 
 Amarantus 
 
 861 
 
 Arbutus 
 
 266 
 
 Acrogens 
 Acrostichum 
 
 4sti 
 400 
 
 Amaryllidaceae 
 Amaryllis 
 
 424 
 429, 428 
 
 Arctium 
 Arctostaphylos 
 
 255 
 266 
 
 Actaea 
 
 44 
 
 Amaryllis Family 
 
 424 
 
 Areca 
 
 464 
 
 Actinidla 
 
 84 
 
 Amberboa 
 
 256 
 
 Arenaria 
 
 77 
 
 Actinomeris 
 
 247 
 
 Ambrosia 
 
 243 
 
 Arethusa 
 
 406 
 
 Adam-and-Eve 171, 
 
 in', 
 
 Amelanchier 
 
 161 
 
 Argemone 
 
 55 
 
 Adam's Needle 
 
 451 
 
 American Aloe 
 
 430 
 
 Arisaema 
 
 459 
 
 Adder's Tongue 
 Adder's Tongue Fern 
 
 447 
 
 :,i 1 1 
 
 American Centaury 
 American Columba 
 
 292 
 292 
 
 Aristolochia 
 Aristolochiaceae 
 
 873 
 872 
 
 Adder' s-Tongue Fern Fam- 
 ily 501 
 
 American Cowslip 
 Amianthium 
 
 274 
 443 
 
 Armeria 
 Arnica 
 
 272 
 252 
 
 Adiantum 
 
 401 
 
 Ammannia 
 
 178 
 
 Arrenatherum 
 
 472 
 
 Adlumia 
 
 57 
 
 Ammobium 
 
 242 
 
 Arrow Arum 
 
 459 
 
 Adonis 
 
 3^ 
 
 Ammophila 
 
 475 
 
 Arrowhead 
 
 455 
 
 Adoxa 
 
 '21 10 
 
 Amorpha 
 
 127 
 
 Arrowroot 
 
 410, 485 
 
 ^Egle 
 
 101 
 
 Ampelopsis 
 
 108 
 
 Arrow wood 
 
 209 
 
 ^Eschynomene 
 
 184 
 
 Amphicarpaea 
 
 136 
 
 Artemisia 
 
 252 
 
 ^Esculus 
 
 110 
 
 Amsonia 
 
 285 
 
 Artichoke 
 
 247,255 
 
 ^Ethiopian Lily 
 
 4i;o 
 
 Anacardiaceae 
 
 112 
 
 Arum 
 
 459 
 
 Agapanthus 
 
 440 
 
 Anacharis 
 
 403 
 
 Arum Family 
 
 457 
 
 Agave 
 
 480 
 
 AnagaUls 
 
 276 
 
 Arundinaria 
 
 475 
 
 Ageratum 
 
 -'-'B 
 
 Ananas 
 
 414 
 
 Arundo 
 
 474 
 
 Agrimonia 
 
 156 
 
 Ananassa 
 
 414 
 
 Asarabacca 
 
 873 
 
 Agrimony 
 
 156 
 
 Anaphalis 
 
 242 
 
 Asarum 
 
 873 
 
 AjjTopvrum 
 Agrostis 469, 
 
 478 
 
 47ii 
 
 Andromeda 
 
 Ancimia 
 
 266 
 500 
 
 Asclepiadaceae 
 Asclepias 
 
 287 
 286 
 
 Ailanthus 
 
 101 
 
 Anemone 
 
 86 
 
 Asclepiodora 
 
 288 
 
 Air Potato 
 
 431 
 
 Anemonella 
 
 87 
 
 Ascyrum 
 
 81 
 
 Akebia 
 
 40 
 
 Angelica 
 
 203 
 
 Ash 
 
 282 
 
 Albizzia 
 Alchemilla 
 
 140 
 
 15(1 
 
 Angelica Tree 
 Angiosperms 
 
 204 
 83 
 
 Ash-leaved Maple 
 Asimina 
 
 112 
 
 48 
 
 Alder 
 
 394 
 
 Animated Oat 
 
 474 
 
 Asparagus 
 
 438 
 
 Alder, black 
 
 10-2 
 
 Anise, Star 
 
 47 
 
 Aspen 
 
 400 
 
 Aletris 
 
 415 
 
 Anonacese 
 
 48 
 
 Asphodel 
 
 450 
 
 Alfalfa 
 
 12(1 
 
 Antennaria 
 
 241 
 
 Asphodel, false 
 
 44] 
 
 Alisma 
 
 454 
 
 Anthemis 
 
 250 
 
 Asphodeline 
 
 45C 
 
 Alismaceae 
 
 454 
 
 Anthericum 
 
 450 
 
 Asphodelus 
 
 45(, 
 
 Allamanda 
 
 '2-4 
 
 Anthoxanthum 
 
 470 
 
 Aspidistra 
 
 48f 
 
 Alligator Pear 
 
 376 
 
 Anthurium 
 
 460 
 
 Aspidium 
 
 493 
 
 Allium 
 
 447 
 
 Antirrhinum 
 
 825 
 
 Asplenium 
 
 494 
 
 607
 
 508 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Aster 
 
 236 
 
 Berchemia 
 
 105 
 
 Bow Wood 
 
 888 
 
 Astilbe 
 
 166 
 
 Bergamot 
 
 352 
 
 Box 
 
 384 
 
 Astragalus 
 
 129 
 
 Bermuda Grass 
 
 471 
 
 Boxberry 
 
 266 
 
 Atainasco Lily 
 
 428 
 
 Beta 
 
 366 
 
 Box Elder 
 
 112 
 
 Atriplex 
 
 866 
 
 Betonica 
 
 856 
 
 Brake 
 
 492, 498 
 
 Atropa 
 
 815 
 
 Betony 
 
 856 
 
 Bramble 
 
 153 
 
 Aubergine 
 
 314 
 
 Betula 
 
 894 
 
 Brasenia 
 
 52 
 
 Aubrietia 
 
 63 
 
 Bidens 
 
 249 
 
 Brassica 
 
 65 
 
 Aucuba 
 
 207 
 
 Bignonia 
 
 836 
 
 Breweria 
 
 309 
 
 Auricula 
 
 274 
 
 Bignoniaceee 
 
 835 
 
 Briza 
 
 474 
 
 Avena 
 
 468,474 
 
 Bignonia Family 
 
 385 
 
 Broccoli 
 
 65 
 
 Avens 
 
 150 
 
 Bilsted 
 
 174 
 
 Brodiaea 
 
 447 
 
 Avocado 
 
 875 
 
 Bindweed 
 
 809, 372 
 
 Brome Grass 
 
 471, 473 
 
 Azalea 
 
 268 
 
 Biota 
 
 484 
 
 Bromeliacese 
 
 414 
 
 
 
 Birch 
 
 394 
 
 Bromus 
 
 471, 474 
 
 Bablana 
 
 421 
 
 Bird's-nest Fern 
 
 494 
 
 Brookweed 
 
 276 
 
 Baby's Breath 
 
 75 
 
 Bird's-nest Moss 
 
 503 
 
 Broom 
 
 124 
 
 Baccharis 
 
 241 
 
 Bird's Tongue Flow 
 
 er 414 
 
 Broom Corn 
 
 468 
 
 Bachelor's Button 
 
 115, 256, 
 
 Birthroot 
 
 440 
 
 Broom Rape Family 
 
 832 
 
 368 
 
 
 Birthwort 
 
 373 
 
 Broussonetia 
 
 889 
 
 Bald Cypress 
 Balloon Vine 
 
 488 
 109 
 
 Birthwbrt Family 
 Bishop's Cap 
 
 872 
 166 
 
 Browallia 
 Brown Bent 
 
 818 
 
 470 
 
 Ballot* 
 
 854 
 
 Bishop's-wort 
 
 356 
 
 Brugmansia 
 
 818 
 
 Balm 
 
 350, 852 
 
 Bitter Cress 
 
 61 
 
 Brunella 
 
 353 
 
 BalmofGilead 
 
 401 
 
 Bitter Nut 
 
 392 
 
 Brunfelsia 
 
 816 
 
 Balmony 
 
 880 
 
 Bittersweet 
 
 103, 318 
 
 Brussels Sprouts 
 
 65 
 
 Balsam 
 Balsam Apple 
 
 98 
 193 
 
 Bitterweed 
 Black Alder 
 
 244 
 102 
 
 Bryophyllum 
 Buchloe 
 
 172 
 471 
 
 Balsam Fir 
 
 481 
 
 Black Bean 
 
 185 
 
 Bnchners 
 
 824 
 
 Banana 
 
 418 
 
 Blackberry 
 
 154 
 
 Buck Bean 
 
 294 
 
 Banana Family 
 Baneberry 
 
 410 
 44 
 
 Blackberry Lily 
 Black Horehound 
 
 420 
 854 
 
 Buckeye 
 Buckthorn 
 
 110 
 105 
 
 Baptisia 
 
 122 
 
 Black Moss 
 
 414 
 
 Buckthorn Family 
 
 104 
 
 Barbadoes Fence 
 
 139 
 
 Black Pea 
 
 185 
 
 Buckthorn, southern 
 
 277 
 
 Barbadoes Lily 
 
 428 
 
 Black Snakeroot 
 
 44,202 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 372 
 
 Barbarea 
 Barberry 
 
 64 
 49 
 
 Bladder Campion 
 Bladder Ketmte 
 
 76 
 90 
 
 Buckwheat Family 
 Buda 
 
 367 
 79 
 
 Barberry Family 
 
 49 
 
 Bladder Nut 
 
 112 
 
 Buffalo Berry 
 
 877 
 
 Barley 
 
 468 
 
 Bladder Senna 
 
 180 
 
 Buffalo Grass 
 
 471 
 
 Barnyard Grass 
 
 473 
 
 Bladderwort 
 
 833 
 
 Buffalo Nut 
 
 878 
 
 Barren Strawberry 
 
 150 
 
 Bladderwort Family 
 
 883 
 
 Bugbane 
 
 44 
 
 Barrenwort 
 
 50 
 
 Blazing Star 
 
 231,441 
 
 Bugbane, false 
 
 88 
 
 Bartonia 
 
 188,294 
 
 Blechnum 
 
 494 
 
 Bugle Weed 
 
 848 
 
 Basil 846 
 
 ,848,850 
 
 Bleeding Heart 
 
 57 
 
 Bugloss 
 
 306 
 
 Basil Thyme 
 
 850 
 
 Blephilia 
 
 851 
 
 Bug Seed 
 
 366 
 
 Basswood 
 
 91 
 
 Bloodroot 
 
 55 
 
 Bumelia 
 
 276 
 
 Bastard Toad Flax 
 Bayberry 
 
 828 
 892 
 
 Bloodwort Family 
 Blue Beech 
 
 414 
 395 
 
 Bunchberry 
 Bunch Flower 
 
 206 
 442 
 
 Bean 
 Bean Tree 
 
 134 
 125 
 
 Blueberry 
 Bluebottle 
 
 265,264 
 256 
 
 Burdock 
 Bur Grass 
 
 255 
 478 
 
 Bearberry 
 
 266 
 
 Blue Cohosh 
 
 51 
 
 Bur Marigold 
 
 249 
 
 Bear Grass 
 
 451 
 
 Blue Curls 
 
 346 
 
 Burnet 
 
 156 
 
 Beaver Poison 
 
 203 
 
 Bluets 
 
 215 
 
 Burning Bush 
 
 104 
 
 Bedstraw 
 
 217 
 
 Blue-eyed Grass 
 
 419 
 
 Bur Reed 
 
 462 
 
 Bee Balm 
 
 850, 352 
 
 Blue Flag 
 
 417 
 
 Bush Clover 
 
 181 
 
 Beech 
 Beech Drops 
 
 399 
 
 Blue Grass 
 Blue Hearts 
 
 469, 472 
 
 Bush Honeysuckle 
 Butter and Eggs 
 
 213 
 325 
 
 Beech Drops, false 
 
 271 
 
 Blue Joint Grass 
 
 469 
 
 Buttercup 
 
 88 
 
 Beech Fern 
 
 495 
 
 Blumenbachia 
 
 188 
 
 Butterfly Pea 
 
 185 
 
 Beefsteak Geranium 
 Beet 
 
 166, 193 
 866 
 
 Blue Tangle 
 Blueweed 
 
 265 
 806 
 
 Butterfly Weed 
 Butternut 
 
 287 
 390 
 
 Bee Tree 
 
 91 
 
 Bocconia 
 
 55 
 
 Butterweed 
 
 240,258 
 
 Beetroot 
 
 862 
 
 Bffihmeria 
 
 889 
 
 Butterwort 
 
 334 
 
 Beggar's Lice 
 
 803 
 
 Bois d'Arc 
 
 888 
 
 Buttonbush 
 
 217 
 
 Beggar's Ticks 
 
 
 Boltonia 
 
 235 
 
 Button Snakeroot 
 
 202, 231 
 
 Begoniacese 
 
 193 
 
 Boneset 
 
 230 
 
 Buttonweed 
 
 216 
 
 Begonia Family 
 
 193 
 
 Borage 
 
 BM 
 
 Buttonwood 
 
 890 
 
 Belamcanda 
 
 420 
 
 Borage Family 
 
 801 
 
 Buxus 
 
 884 
 
 Belladonna 
 
 815 
 
 Borago 
 
 803 
 
 
 
 Belladonna Lily 
 
 429 
 
 Borraginacese 
 
 801 
 
 Cabbage 
 
 65,66 
 
 Bellflower 
 
 261 
 
 Boston Ivy 
 
 108 
 
 Cabomba 
 
 52 
 
 Bellis 
 
 235 
 
 Botrychium 
 
 601 
 
 Cacalia 
 
 254 
 
 Bellwort 
 
 440 
 
 Bottle Brush 
 
 175 
 
 Cactaceae 
 
 195 
 
 Bengal Grass 
 
 470 
 
 Bottle Grass 
 
 478 
 
 Cactus Family 
 
 195 
 
 Benjamin Bush 
 
 876 
 
 Bouncing Bet 
 
 75 
 
 Osalpinia 
 
 189 
 
 Bent Grass 
 
 469, 470 
 
 Boussingaultia 
 
 863 
 
 Caiophora 
 
 188 
 
 Berberidacea 
 
 49 
 
 Bouvardia 
 
 216 
 
 Cakile 
 
 67 
 
 Berberis 
 
 49 
 
 Bowman's Root 
 
 150 
 
 Calabash 
 
 191
 
 INDEX. 
 
 509 
 
 Caladium 
 
 461 
 
 Cassia 
 
 188 
 
 China Tree 
 
 101 
 
 Calamagrostis 
 
 469 
 
 Castanea 
 
 398 
 
 Chinese Cabbage 
 
 66 
 
 Calamint 
 
 349 
 
 Castilleia 
 
 331 
 
 Chinese Sumach 
 
 101 
 
 Calamintha 
 
 349 
 
 Castoroil Plant 
 
 383 
 
 Chinese Yam 
 
 430 
 
 Calampelis 
 Calamus 
 
 336 
 461 
 
 Catalpa 
 Cat Brier 
 
 336 
 
 487 
 
 Chinquapin 
 Chinquapin, water 
 
 898 
 52 
 
 Calandrinia 
 
 80 
 
 Catchfly 
 
 76 
 
 Chiogenes 
 
 266 
 
 Calathea 
 
 411 
 
 Catgut 
 
 128 
 
 Chionanthus 
 
 282 
 
 Calceolaria 
 
 324 
 
 Catmint 
 
 352 
 
 Chionodoxa 
 
 449 
 
 Calendula 
 
 254 
 
 Catnip 
 
 352 
 
 Chives 
 
 447 
 
 Calico Bush 
 
 
 Cat-tail Family 
 
 461 
 
 Chocolate Tree 
 
 90 
 
 Californian Poppy 
 Calla 
 
 55 
 459,460 
 
 Cat-tail Flag 
 Cat-tail Grass 
 
 462 
 470 
 
 Chokeberry 
 Choke Cherry 
 
 162 
 147 
 
 Callicarpa 
 
 342 
 
 Cauliflower 
 
 65 
 
 Chondrilla 
 
 259 
 
 Calliopsis 
 
 247 
 
 Caulophyllum 
 
 51 
 
 Chorizema 
 
 122 
 
 Callirrhoe 
 Callistemon 
 
 87 
 175 
 
 Cayenne Pepper 
 Ceanothus 
 
 814 
 
 106 
 
 Chorogi 
 Christmas Fern 
 
 356 
 497 
 
 Callistephus 
 
 236 
 
 Cedar 
 
 482,484 
 
 Chrysalidocarpus 
 
 464 
 
 Calochortus 
 
 446 
 
 Cedronella 
 
 353 
 
 Chrysanthemum 
 
 251 
 
 Calonyctiou 
 Calopogon 
 
 307 
 406 
 
 Cedrus 
 Celandine 
 
 482 
 56 
 
 Chrysodium 
 Chrysopsis 
 
 490 
 
 Caltha 
 
 41 
 
 Celandine Poppy 
 
 56 
 
 Chufa 
 
 465 
 
 Caltrops 
 
 187 
 
 Celastracese 
 
 103 
 
 Ciboule 
 
 448 
 
 Calumba 
 
 292 
 
 Celastrus 
 
 108 
 
 Cicer 
 
 188 
 
 Calycanthus 
 
 163 
 
 Celeriac 
 
 203 
 
 Cichorium 
 
 257 
 
 Calycanthaceee 
 Calycocarpum 
 
 163 
 
 48 
 
 Celery 
 Celosia 
 
 203 
 861 
 
 Cichory 
 Cicuta 
 
 257 
 203 
 
 Calypso 
 
 405 
 
 Celsia 
 
 322 
 
 Cimicifuga 
 
 44 
 
 Camass 
 
 448 
 
 Celtis 
 
 387 
 
 Cinchona 
 
 214 
 
 Camassia 
 
 448 
 
 Cenchrus 
 
 473 
 
 Cineraria 
 
 253 
 
 Camelina 
 
 63 
 
 Centaurea 
 
 256 
 
 Cinnamon Fern 
 
 500 
 
 Camellia 
 
 84 
 
 Centaury 
 
 292 
 
 Cinnamon Vine 
 
 430 
 
 Camellia Family 
 
 84 
 
 Centrosema 
 
 135 
 
 Cinquefoil 
 
 151 
 
 Campanula 
 
 261 
 
 Century Plant 
 
 430 
 
 Circsea 
 
 187 
 
 Campanulacese 
 Campanula Family 
 
 261 
 261 
 
 Cephalanthus 
 Cephalotaxus 
 
 217 
 476 
 
 Cissus 
 Cistacese 
 
 107 
 69 
 
 Campion 
 
 76 
 
 Cerastium 
 
 78 
 
 Citron 
 
 100, 192 
 
 Camptosorus 
 
 495 
 
 Ceratochloa 
 
 478 
 
 Citrullus 
 
 192 
 
 Canada Thistle 
 
 255 
 
 Ceratopteris 
 
 487 
 
 Citrus 
 
 100, 101 
 
 Canary Grass 
 
 473 
 
 Ceratostigma 
 
 272 
 
 Cladium 
 
 466 
 
 Cancer Root 
 
 332 333 
 
 Cercidiphyllum 
 
 47 
 
 Cladrastis 
 
 123 
 
 Candytuft 
 
 67 
 
 Cercis 
 
 138 
 
 Clarkia 
 
 183 
 
 Cane Brake 
 
 475 
 
 Cereals 
 
 467 
 
 Clary 
 
 351 
 
 Canna 
 
 412 
 
 Cereus 
 
 196 
 
 Claytonia 
 
 80 
 
 Cannabis 
 
 387 
 
 Cestrum 
 
 815 
 
 Cleavers 
 
 217 
 
 Cantaloupe 
 
 192 
 
 Chaff Seed 
 
 331 
 
 Clematis 
 
 35 
 
 Canterbury Bells 
 
 261 
 
 Chain Fern 
 
 493 
 
 Cleome 
 
 68 
 
 Cape Gooseberry 
 Cape Jessamine 
 
 315 
 
 216 
 
 Chamaecyparis 
 Chameedorea 
 
 483 
 464 
 
 Clerodendron 
 Clethra 
 
 342 
 
 274 
 
 Caper Family 
 
 68 
 
 Chamselirium 
 
 441 
 
 Cliff Brake 
 
 493 
 
 Capers 
 
 68 
 
 Chamaerops 
 
 463,464 
 
 Climbing Fern 
 
 500 
 
 Caper Spurge 
 Capparidacese 
 Capparis 
 
 68 
 68 
 
 Chamomile 
 Charlock 
 Chaste Tree 
 
 250 
 66,67 
 342 
 
 Climbing Fumitory 
 Climbing Hempweed 
 Clintonia 
 
 57 
 229 
 438 
 
 Caprifoliace* 
 
 208 
 
 Cheat 
 
 471 
 
 Clitoria 
 
 185 
 
 Capsella 
 
 66 
 
 Checkerberry 
 
 266 
 
 Clivers 
 
 217 
 
 Capsicum 
 
 314 
 
 Cheeses 
 
 86 
 
 Clotbur 
 
 244 
 
 Caragana 
 
 180 
 
 Cheilanthes 
 
 498 
 
 Clove Pink 
 
 74 
 
 Caraway 
 Cardamine 
 
 208 
 61 
 
 Cheiranthus 
 Chelidonium 
 
 64 
 56 
 
 Clover 
 Clover, Japan 
 
 126 
 
 ISl 
 
 Cardinal Flower 
 
 260 
 
 Chelone 
 
 330 
 
 Clover, prairie 
 
 127 
 
 Cardiospennum 
 Cardoon 
 
 109 
 255 
 
 ChenopodiacesB 
 Cnenopodium 
 
 363 
 364 
 
 Club Moss 
 Club Moss Family 
 
 502 
 501 
 
 Carex 
 
 467 
 
 Cherry 
 
 146 
 
 Cnicus 
 
 255 
 
 Carica 
 
 189 
 
 Chess 
 
 471 
 
 Cobsea 
 
 298 
 
 Carnation 
 
 74 
 
 Chestnut 
 
 398 
 
 Cobnut 
 
 395 
 
 Carolina Allspice 
 
 163 
 
 Chick-pea 
 
 188 
 
 Cocculus 
 
 48 
 
 Carpinus 
 
 395 
 
 Chickweed 
 
 78 
 
 Cockle 
 
 75 
 
 Carrion Flower 
 
 437 
 
 Chickweed, forked 
 
 360 
 
 Cocklebur 
 
 244 
 
 Carrot 
 
 202 
 
 Chickweed Winterg 
 
 reen 275 
 
 Cockscomb 
 
 361 
 
 Carthamus 
 
 256 
 
 Chicory 
 
 257 
 
 Cock'sfoot Grass 
 
 478 
 
 Carum 
 
 203 
 
 Chile Jessamine 
 
 286 
 
 Cocoanut 
 
 464 
 
 Carya 
 
 391 
 
 Chile Pepper 
 
 814 
 
 Coco Grass 
 
 465 
 
 Caryophyllacese 
 
 78 
 
 Chimaphik 
 
 270 
 
 Cocos 
 
 464 
 
 Caryota 
 
 464 
 
 Chimonanthus 
 
 168 
 
 Codiaeum 
 
 383 
 
 Cashew Family 
 
 112 
 
 China Aster 
 
 286 
 
 Coffea 
 
 214 
 
 Cassandra 
 
 268 
 
 China Bean 
 
 135 
 
 Coffee 
 
 214 
 
 CassW* 
 
 102 
 
 China Brier 
 
 437 
 
 Coffee Pea 
 
 188
 
 510 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Coffee Tree 
 
 189 
 
 Cress, bitter 
 
 61 
 
 Davallla 
 
 498 
 
 Cohosh, blue 
 
 51 
 
 Cress, mouse-ear 
 
 65 
 
 Day Flower 
 
 458 
 
 Coix 
 Colchicum 
 
 474 
 
 441 
 
 Cress, rock 
 Cress, water 
 
 61 
 63 
 
 Day Lily 
 Dead Nettle 
 
 449,450 
 '855 
 
 Coleus 
 
 846 
 
 Cress, winter 
 
 64 
 
 Decodon 
 
 178 
 
 Colicroot 
 
 415 
 
 Crimson Flag 
 
 420 
 
 Decumaria 
 
 168 
 
 Collinsia 
 
 824 
 
 Crinkle Root 
 
 60 
 
 Deerberry 
 
 265 
 
 Collinsonia 
 
 847 
 
 Crinum 
 
 428 
 
 Deergrass 
 
 176 
 
 Colocasia 
 
 461 
 
 Crocosma 
 
 422 
 
 Delphinium 
 
 42 
 
 Coltsfoot 
 
 252 
 
 Crocus 
 
 420 
 
 Dentaria 
 
 60 
 
 Columbine 
 
 42 
 
 Crosnes 
 
 856 
 
 Desmanthus 
 
 189 
 
 Colutea 
 
 180 
 
 Crotalaria 
 
 124 
 
 Desmodium 
 
 182, 131 
 
 Comandra 
 
 878 
 
 Croton 
 
 888 
 
 Deutzia 
 
 167 
 
 Comfrey 
 
 305 
 
 Crotonopsis 
 
 382 
 
 Devil's Bit 
 
 441 
 
 Commelina 
 
 453 
 
 Crowfoot 
 
 88 
 
 Deviiwood 
 
 282 
 
 Commelinaceae 
 Compass Plant 
 
 453 
 242 
 
 Crowfoot Family 
 Crown-beard 
 
 84 
 247 
 
 Dewberry 
 Dianthera 
 
 155 
 339 
 
 Composite 
 
 220 
 
 Crown Imperial 
 
 445 
 
 Diauthus 
 
 74 
 
 Composite Family 
 Cone-flower 
 
 220 
 244, 245 
 
 Crown of Thorns 
 Cruciferae 
 
 380 
 
 58 
 
 Diapensiaceae 
 Diapensia Family 
 
 271 
 271 
 
 Conifer 
 
 476 
 
 Cryptogamous Planis 
 
 486 
 
 Dicentra 
 
 57 
 
 Conium 
 
 202 
 
 Cryptomeria 
 
 482 
 
 Dicksonia 
 
 499 
 
 Conobea 
 
 827 
 
 Cubebs 
 
 874 
 
 Dicliptera 
 
 889 
 
 Conopholis 
 
 832 
 
 Cuckoo Flower 
 
 61 
 
 Diclytra 
 
 67 
 
 Convallaria 
 
 439 
 
 Cucumber 
 
 192 
 
 Dicotyledons 
 
 83 
 
 Convolvulaceae 
 
 306 
 
 Cucumber Root 
 
 441 
 
 Dictainnus 
 
 99 
 
 Convolvulus 
 
 309 
 
 Cucumber Tree 
 
 46 
 
 Dielytra 
 
 67 
 
 Convolvulus Family 
 
 806 
 
 Cucumis 
 
 192 
 
 Diervilla 
 
 218 
 
 Coontie 
 
 485 
 
 Cucurbita 
 
 191 
 
 Digitalis 
 
 826 
 
 Coptis 
 
 41 
 
 Cucurbitaceae 
 
 190 
 
 Diodia 
 
 216 
 
 Coral Berry 
 
 211 
 
 Cudweed 
 
 241 
 
 Dionaaa 
 
 178 
 
 Corallorhiza 
 
 405 
 
 Culver's Root 
 
 
 Dioscorea 
 
 480 
 
 Coral Root 
 
 405 
 
 Cunila 
 
 848 
 
 Dioscoreacese 
 
 480 
 
 Corchorus 
 
 91, 150 
 
 Cuphea 
 
 179 
 
 Diospyros 
 
 277 
 
 Cordyline 
 
 451 
 
 Cup Plant 
 
 240 
 
 Dipsaceae 
 
 219 
 
 Coreopsis 
 
 247 
 
 Cupressus 
 
 488 
 
 Dipsacus 
 
 219 
 
 Coriander 
 
 202 
 
 Cupseed 
 
 48 
 
 Dirca 
 
 876 
 
 Coriandrum 
 
 202 
 
 Cupuliferse 
 
 892 
 
 Dishcloth Gourd 
 
 192 
 
 Corispermum 
 Cork Tree 
 
 366 
 100 
 
 Currant 
 Cuscuta 
 
 169 
 310 
 
 Disporum 
 Ditch Stonecrop 
 
 488 
 171 
 
 Corn 
 
 468 
 
 Cushaw 
 
 191 
 
 Dittany 
 
 343 
 
 Corn Cockle 
 
 75 
 
 Custard Apple Family 
 
 48 
 
 Dock 
 
 
 Cornel 
 
 206 
 
 Cyathea 
 
 499 
 
 Dockmackie 
 
 210 
 
 Cornelian Cherry 
 
 206 
 
 Cycadaceae 
 
 485 
 
 Dodder 
 
 810 
 
 Corn Flag 
 
 423 
 
 Cycad Family 
 
 485 
 
 Dodocatheon 
 
 274 
 
 Cornflower 
 
 256 
 
 Cycas 
 
 485 
 
 Dogbane 
 
 288,285 
 
 Corn Poppy 
 Corn Salad 
 
 56 
 
 218 
 
 Cyclamen 
 Cycloloina 
 
 275 
 864 
 
 Dog's-tail Grass 
 Dogtooth Violet 
 
 472 
 447 
 
 Cornus 
 
 206 
 
 Cynanchum 
 
 289 
 
 Dogwood 
 
 206 
 
 Coronilla 
 
 184 
 
 Cynara 
 
 255 
 
 Dolichos 
 
 185 
 
 Corpse Plant 
 Corydalis 
 Corylus 
 
 271 
 68 
 895 
 
 Cynodon 
 Cynoglossnm 
 Cyperacese 
 
 471 
 303 
 465 
 
 Doorweed 
 Douglas Spruce 
 Draba 
 
 870 
 481 
 62 
 
 Cosmanthoides 
 
 300 
 
 Cyperus 
 
 465 
 
 Dracaena 
 
 461 
 
 Cosmanthus 
 
 800 
 
 Cypress 
 
 483 
 
 Dracunculus 
 
 459 
 
 Cosmos 
 Costmary 
 Cotoneaster 
 Cotton 
 Cotton Rose 
 
 249 
 251 
 160 
 90 
 241 
 
 Cypress Vine 
 Cypripedium 
 Cyrtomium 
 Cystopteris 
 Cytisus 
 
 807 
 409 
 497 
 498 
 124 
 
 Dragon Arum 
 Dragon Plant 
 Dragon Root 
 Dragon's Head 
 Dropwort 
 
 459 
 459 
 459 
 854 
 149 
 
 Cotyledon 
 
 172 
 
 
 
 Droseraceae 
 
 178 
 
 Couch Grass 
 
 478 
 
 Dactylls 
 
 469 
 
 Dryopteris 
 
 496 
 
 Cowbane 
 
 208 
 
 Daffodil 
 
 426 
 
 Duckweed Family 
 
 457 
 
 Cow Herb 
 
 75 
 
 Daffodil, sea 
 
 429 
 
 Dudaim 
 
 192 
 
 Cow Parsnip 
 
 204 
 
 Dahlia 
 
 247 
 
 Dulichium 
 
 466 
 
 Cow Pea 
 
 185 
 
 Dahoon 
 
 102 
 
 Dusty Miller 
 
 76 
 
 Cowslip 
 
 41, 274 
 
 Daisy 
 
 235 
 
 Dutchman's Breecb 
 
 es 57 
 
 Cow wheat 
 
 882 
 
 Daisy, oxeye 
 
 251 
 
 Dutchman's Pipe 
 
 878 
 
 Crab Apple 
 
 161 
 
 Dalibarda 
 
 158 
 
 Dwarf Dandelion 
 
 256 
 
 Crab Grass 
 
 472, 478 
 
 Dandelion 
 
 258 
 
 Dyer's Weed 
 
 69 
 
 Cranberry 
 
 266 
 
 Dangleberry 
 
 265 
 
 Dyer's Woad 
 
 67 
 
 Cranberry Tree 
 
 210 
 
 Danthonia 
 
 472 
 
 Dysodia 
 
 260 
 
 Cranesbill 
 
 94 
 
 Daphne 
 
 876 
 
 
 
 Crassula 
 
 172 
 
 Darnel 
 
 471 
 
 Ebenaceae 
 
 277 
 
 Crassulaceae 
 
 170 
 
 Date Palin 
 
 464 
 
 Ebony Family 
 
 277 
 
 Cratsegus 
 Creeping Snowberry 
 
 159 
 266 
 
 Date Plum 
 Datura 
 
 277 
 817 
 
 Eccremocarpus 
 Echeveria 
 
 836 
 172 
 
 Cress 
 
 66 
 
 Daucus 
 
 202 
 
 Echinacea 
 
 244
 
 INDEX. 
 
 511 
 
 Echinocactus 197 
 Echinocystis 198 
 
 False Dragon's Head 354 
 False Flax 68 
 
 Fraxinus 282 
 Freesia 421 
 
 Echinodorus 454 
 
 False Hellebore 442 
 
 French Mulberry 842 
 
 Echinospermum 803 
 Echites 286 
 
 False Indigo 122, 127 
 False Loosestrife 182 
 
 Fringe Tree 282 
 Fritillaria 445 
 
 Echium 306 
 
 False Mallow 88 
 
 Frffilichia 868 
 
 Eelgrass 408 
 
 False Mermaid 95 
 
 Frogbit 403 
 
 Eggplant 314 
 Eglantine 159 
 
 False Miterwort 166 
 False Nettle 889 
 
 Frogbit Family 402 
 Frog Fruit ' 840 
 
 Egyptian Bean 135 
 
 False Pimpernel 329 
 
 Frostweed 70 
 
 Egyptian Grass 473 
 
 False Saffron 256 
 
 Fuchsia 186 
 
 Egyptian Lotus 53 
 Eichhornia 452 
 
 False Spikenard 489 
 False Solomon's Seal 489 
 
 Fumaria 
 Fumariaceae 57 
 
 Elaeagnaceae 377 
 
 Farfugium 253 
 
 Fumitory 58 
 
 Elaeagnus 877 
 
 Farkleberry 265 
 
 Fumitory, climbing 57 
 
 Elder 211 
 
 Feather-foil 278 
 
 Fumitory Family 57 
 
 Elecampane 242 
 
 Feather Geranium 365 
 
 Funkia 450 
 
 Eleocharis 466 
 
 Feather Grass 475 
 
 Furze 124 
 
 Elephant's Ear 193 
 
 Fedia 218 
 
 
 Eleusine 472 
 
 Fennel 203 
 
 Gaillardia 249 
 
 Ellisia 299 
 
 Fennel Flower 41 
 
 Galactia 186 
 
 Elm 886 
 
 Fern Family 486 
 
 Galanthus 427 
 
 Elodea 403 
 
 Fescue Grass 470, 471 
 
 Galax 271 
 
 Elodes 83 
 
 Festuca 470, 471 
 
 Galeopsis 354 
 
 Emilia 254 
 
 Fetid Marigold 250 
 
 Galium 217 
 
 Enchanter's Nightshade 187 
 
 Feverbush 876 
 
 Gall of the Earth 258 
 
 Endive 257 
 
 Feverfew 251 
 
 Gama Grass 475 
 
 Endogens 402 
 
 Fever Tree 216 
 
 Gardenia 216 
 
 English Walnut 891 
 Enslenia 289 
 
 Feverwort 211 
 Ficoldese 199 
 
 Garget 867 
 Garland Flower 411 
 
 Epidendrum 405 
 
 Ficus 887 
 
 Garlic 447 
 
 Epigaea 266 
 
 Fig 887 
 
 Gas Plant 99 
 
 Epilobium 181 
 
 Fig Marigold 199 
 
 Gaultheria 266 
 
 Epimedium 50 
 Epiphegus 882 
 EpiphvUum 198 
 
 Fig Marigold Family 199 
 Figwort 329 
 Figwort Family 818 
 
 Gaura 187 
 Gaylussacia 264 
 Geans 146 
 
 Equisetaceae 486 
 
 Fllago 241 
 
 Gelsemium 290 
 
 Equisetum 486 
 
 Filbert 895 
 
 Genista 124 
 
 Erechtites 254 
 
 Filices 486 
 
 Gentian 293 
 
 Erianthus 474 
 
 Fimbristylls 466 
 
 Gentiana 293 
 
 Ericaceae 262 
 
 Finger Grass 478 
 
 Gentianaceae 291 
 
 Erigenia 202 
 
 Fiorin Grass 469 
 
 Gentian Family 291 
 
 Erigeron 240 
 
 Fir 481 
 
 Geonoma 464 
 
 Eriocaulon 456 
 
 Fire Pink 76 
 
 Georgia Bark 216 
 
 Eriocaulonaceae 456 
 
 Fireweed 181, 254 
 
 Gcraniaceae 93 
 
 Eriophorum 466 
 Erodium 94 
 
 Five-finger 151 
 Flame Flower 450 
 
 Geranium 94, 96 
 Geranium FamOy 93 
 
 Eryngium 202 
 
 Flax 92 
 
 Gerardia 827 
 
 Eryngo 202 
 Erysimum 64 
 
 Flax, false 63 
 Flax Family 92 
 
 Germander 846 
 Gesnera 885 
 
 Erythrina 183 
 
 Fleabane 240 
 
 Gesneraceae 834 
 
 Ervthronium 447 
 Eschscholtzia 55 
 
 Floating Heart 294 
 Floerkia 95 
 
 Gesneria Family 884 
 Geum 150 
 
 Eucharidium 183 
 
 Flower-de-Luce 417 
 
 Gherkin 192 
 
 Eucharis 429 
 
 Flowering Fern 500 
 
 Giant Hyssop 852 
 
 Eucnide 188 
 
 Flowering Moss 271 
 
 Gilia ' 297 
 
 Eugenia 175 
 
 Flowering Plants 
 
 GUI 852 
 
 Eulalia 474 
 Euonymus 
 
 Flowering Wintergreen 114 
 Flowerless Plants 486 
 
 Gillenia 150 
 GUlyflower 61 
 
 Eupatorium 
 
 Flower-of-an-hour 90 
 
 Ginger 410 
 
 Euphorbia 880 
 Euphorbiaceae 879 
 
 Fly Poison 448 
 Fodder Grasses 469 
 
 Ginger, wUd 873 
 Ginseng 205 
 
 Eutoca 800 
 
 Fffiniculnm 203 
 
 Ginseng Family 204 
 
 Evening Primrose 
 
 Forget-me-not 805 
 
 Ginkgo 485 
 
 Evening Primrose Family 179 
 
 Forked Chickweed 860 
 
 Glade Mallow 87 
 
 Everlasting 241, 242, 254 
 
 Forsythia 280 
 
 Gladiolus 423 
 
 Evolvulus 810 
 
 Fothergilla 174 
 
 Glasswort 366 
 
 Exochorda 150 
 
 Four-o'Clock 859 
 
 Glaucium 56 
 
 Exogens 88 
 
 Four-o'Clock Family 858 
 Fowl Meadow Grass 469 
 
 Gleditschia 189 
 Globe Amaranth 863 
 
 Fagopyrum 872 
 
 Foxglove 326 
 
 Globeflower 41 
 
 Fagus 399 
 
 Foxtail Grass 470, 473 
 
 Globe Hvacinth 449 
 
 Fairy Lily 428 
 Fall'Dandeiion 257 
 
 Fragaria 152 
 Fragrant Balm 352 
 
 Gloxinia" 335 
 Glumaceous Division 465 
 
 False Acacia 130 
 
 Franciscea 316 
 
 Glycine 183 
 
 False Asphodel 441 
 
 Franklinia 85 
 
 Gnaphalium 241 
 
 False Bugbane 88 
 
 Frasera 292 
 
 Goat's Beard 149, 257 
 
 False Dandelion 258 
 
 Fraxinella 99 
 
 Goat's Rue 128
 
 512 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Godetia 
 
 186 
 
 Harbinger of Spring 
 
 202 
 
 Horehound, black 
 
 864 
 
 Golden Aster 
 
 282 
 
 Hardback 
 
 14S 
 
 Hornbeam 
 
 895 
 
 Golden Chain 
 
 125 
 
 Harebell 
 
 261 
 
 Horn Poppy 
 
 56 
 
 Golden Club 
 
 461 
 
 Hare's-foot Fern 
 
 49s. 
 
 Horse Balm 
 
 847 
 
 Golden Feather 
 
 251 
 
 Hartford Fern 
 
 600 
 
 Horse-chestnut 
 
 110 
 
 Golden Ragwort 
 Golden-rod 
 
 253 
 282 
 
 Hart's-tongue Fern 
 Haw 
 
 L60 
 
 Horse Gentian 
 Horsemint 
 
 211 
 852 
 
 Golden Seal 
 
 45 
 
 Haw, Black 
 
 808 
 
 Horse Nettle 
 
 814 
 
 Gold Fern 
 
 491 
 
 Hawkbit 
 
 
 Horseradish 
 
 63 
 
 Gold Thread 
 
 41 
 
 Hawkweed 
 
 
 Horse Sugar 
 
 278 
 
 Gombo 
 
 90 
 
 Hawthorn 
 
 
 Horsetail Family 
 
 486 
 
 Gomphrena 
 
 363 
 
 Hazelnut 
 
 :;',<.") 
 
 Horseweed 
 
 240 
 
 Gonolobus 
 
 
 Healall 
 
 ;;;,;; 
 
 Hoteia 
 
 166 
 
 Goober 
 
 133 
 
 Heart's-ease 71 
 
 .72 
 
 Hottonia 
 
 273 
 
 Good-King-Henry 
 Goodyera 
 
 865 
 407 
 
 Heartseed 
 Heath 
 
 109 
 
 Hounds'-tongue 
 Houseleek 
 
 803 
 171 
 
 Gooseberry 
 
 169 
 
 Heather 
 
 262 
 
 Houstonia 
 
 215 
 
 Gooseberry Gourd 
 
 192 
 
 Heath Family 
 
 9tV 
 
 Howea 
 
 464 
 
 Goosefoot 
 
 364 
 
 Hedeoma 
 
 34s 
 
 Hoya 
 
 289 
 
 Goosefoot Family 
 
 363 
 
 Hedera 
 
 205 
 
 Huckleberry 
 
 264 
 
 Goose Grass 
 
 217 
 
 Hedgehog Grass 
 
 473 
 
 Hudsonia 
 
 70 
 
 Gordonia 
 Gorse 
 
 85 
 124 
 
 Hedge Hyssop 
 Hedge Mustard 
 
 "(IS 
 
 Humulus 
 Hungarian Grass 
 
 887 
 470 
 
 Gossypium 
 
 90 
 
 Hedge Nettle 
 
 :;,V) 
 
 Husk Tomato 
 
 814 
 
 Gouml 
 
 877 
 
 Hedychium 
 
 411 
 
 Hyacinth 
 
 449 
 
 Gourd 
 
 191 
 
 Helenium 
 
 249 
 
 Hyacinthus 
 
 449 
 
 Gourd /Family 
 
 190 
 
 Helianthemum 
 
 70 
 
 Hyacinth, wild 
 
 448 
 
 Gramineae 
 
 467 
 
 Helianthus 
 
 2 15 
 
 Hydrangea 
 
 167 
 
 Granadilla 
 
 189 
 
 Helichrysum 
 
 ^40 
 
 Hydrastis 
 
 45 
 
 Grape 
 
 106 
 
 Heliopsis 
 
 2 14 
 
 Hydrocharidaceae 
 
 402 
 
 Grape Fruit 
 
 101 
 
 Heliotrope 
 
 iiii;-! 
 
 Hydrolea 
 
 800 
 
 Grape Hyacinth 
 Grass Family 
 Grass of Parnassus 
 
 449 
 467 
 166 
 
 Heliotropium 
 Helipterum 
 Hellebore 
 
 8113 
 242 
 41 
 
 Hydrophyllaceae. 
 Hydrophyllum 
 Hymenocallis 
 
 299 
 429 
 
 Grass of the Andes 
 
 472 
 
 Hellebore, false 
 
 442 
 
 Hyophorbe 
 
 464 
 
 Gratiola 
 
 329 
 
 Hellebore, whit* 
 
 442 
 
 Hyoscyamus 
 
 816 
 
 Greek Valerian 
 Green Brier 
 
 8P7 
 437 
 
 Helleborus 
 Helonias 
 
 41 
 
 441 
 
 Hypericaceae 
 Hvpericum 
 
 81 
 82 
 
 Green Dragon 
 
 459 
 
 Hemerocallis 
 
 44'J 
 
 Hypoxis 
 
 426 
 
 Green Milkweed 
 
 289 
 
 Hemlock Spruce 
 
 4S1 
 
 Hyptis 
 
 347 
 
 Green Violet 
 
 78 
 
 Hemp 
 
 387 
 
 Hyssop 
 
 848 
 
 Green weed 
 
 124 
 
 Hemp Nettle 
 
 354 
 
 Hyssopus 
 
 848 
 
 Grenadine 
 
 74 
 
 Hempweed 
 
 229 
 
 
 
 Grindelia 
 
 232 
 
 Hen-and-chickens 
 
 171 
 
 Iberis 
 
 67 
 
 Griottes 
 
 146 
 
 Henbane 
 
 
 Ice Plant 
 
 199 
 
 Gromwell 
 
 304 
 
 Hepatica 
 
 '37 
 
 Ilex 
 
 102 
 
 Gromwell, false 
 
 804 
 
 Heracleum 
 
 204 
 
 Ilicineae 
 
 102 
 
 Ground Cherry 
 
 814 
 
 Herba Iinpia 
 
 241 
 
 IllecebracefB 
 
 359 
 
 Ground Hemlock 
 
 485 
 
 Herb Patience 
 
 369 
 
 Illicium 
 
 47 
 
 Ground Ivy 
 
 852 
 
 Herb Robert 
 
 94 
 
 Ilysanthes 
 
 829 
 
 Ground Laurel 
 
 266 
 
 Hercules' Club 
 
 204 
 
 Immortelle 24 
 
 2, 254 
 
 Groundnut 
 
 186, 205 
 
 Herd's Grass 
 
 470 
 
 Impatiens 
 
 98 
 
 Ground Pine 
 
 502 
 
 Herpestis 
 
 327 
 
 Imphee 
 
 468 
 
 Ground Pink 
 
 296 
 
 Hesperis 
 
 M 
 
 Indian Bean 
 
 336 
 
 Ground Plum 
 
 129 
 
 Heteranthera 
 
 452 
 
 Indian Cherry 
 
 105 
 
 Groundsel 
 
 253 
 
 Heuchera 
 
 167 
 
 Indian Chickweed 
 
 199 
 
 Guava 
 
 175 
 
 Hibiscus 
 
 88 
 
 Indian Corn 
 
 468 
 
 Guernsey Lily 
 Guignes 
 
 428 
 146 
 
 Hickory 
 Hieracium 
 
 891 
 257 
 
 Indian Cress 
 Indian Cucumber Boot 
 
 97 
 
 441 
 
 Guinea Corn 
 
 468, 469 
 
 High Bush Cranberry 
 
 210 
 
 Indian Currant 
 
 211 
 
 Guinea Hen Flower 
 
 445 
 
 Hippeastrum 
 
 428 
 
 Indian Fig 
 
 198 
 
 Guinea Squash 
 Gymnocladus 
 
 314 
 189 
 
 Hoary Pea 
 Hobblebush 
 
 12s 
 
 210 
 
 Indian Hemp 
 Indian Mallow 
 
 285 
 88 
 
 Gymnogramme 
 
 490 
 
 Hog Peanut 
 
 IMtl 
 
 Indian Physic 
 
 150 
 
 Gymnosperms 
 Gynandropsis 
 
 476 
 
 Hogweed 
 Holcus 
 
 244 
 472 
 
 Indian Pipe 
 Indian Plantain 
 
 271 
 254 
 
 Gynerium 
 
 474 
 
 Holly 
 
 102 
 
 Indian Poke 
 
 442 
 
 Gypsophila 
 
 75 
 
 Holly Family 
 
 102 
 
 Indian Rice 
 
 475 
 
 
 
 Hollyhock 
 
 86 
 
 Indian Shot 
 
 412 
 
 Habenaria 
 
 407 
 
 Honesty 
 
 6(1 
 
 Indian Tobacco 
 
 260 
 
 Habrothamnus 
 
 
 Honey Locust 
 
 
 Indian Turnip 
 
 459 
 
 Hackberry 
 
 887 
 
 Honeysuckle 42, 211 
 
 26s 
 
 Indian Wheat 
 
 872 
 
 Hackmatack 
 
 
 Honeysuckle Family 
 
 21 is 
 
 India-rubber Tree 
 
 888 
 
 Haemodoraceae 
 
 414 
 
 Hop 
 
 3s7 
 
 Indigo 
 
 129 
 
 Halesia 
 
 278 
 
 Hop Hornbeam 
 
 895 
 
 Indigo, false 12 
 
 i. 127 
 
 Halorageae 
 
 176 
 
 Hop Tree 
 
 1011 
 
 Indigofera 
 
 129 
 
 Hamamelideae 
 
 174 
 
 Hordeum 
 
 46S 
 
 Indigo, wild 
 
 123 
 
 Hamamelis 
 
 1T4 
 
 Horehound 
 
 354 
 
 Ink Berry 
 
 108
 
 INDEX. 
 
 513 
 
 Introduced Grasses 
 
 471 
 
 Labiate 
 
 342 
 
 Limnanthemum 
 
 294 
 
 Inula 
 
 242 
 
 Labrador Tea 
 
 270 
 
 Limnanthes 
 
 94 
 
 Ipecac, American 
 
 150 
 
 Laburnum 
 
 125 
 
 lamnobium 
 
 403 
 
 Ipomoea 
 
 307 
 
 Lachnanthes 
 
 414 
 
 Limosella 
 
 827 
 
 Ipomopsis 
 
 297 
 
 Lachnocaulon 
 
 450 
 
 Linaceae 
 
 92 
 
 Iresine 
 
 363 
 
 Lactuca 
 
 259 
 
 Linaria 
 
 825 
 
 Iridaceae 
 
 415 
 
 Ladies' Eardrops 
 
 Is6 
 
 Linden 
 
 91 
 
 Iris 
 
 417 
 
 Ladies' Smock 
 
 61 
 
 Linden Family 
 
 91 
 
 Iris Family 
 
 415 
 
 Ladies' Tresses 
 
 400 
 
 Lindera 
 
 876 
 
 Ironweed 
 
 229 
 
 Lady Fern 
 
 495 
 
 Linnaea 
 
 211 
 
 Ironwood 
 
 895 
 
 Lady's Slipper 
 
 
 Linum 
 
 92 
 
 Isanthus 
 
 846 
 
 Lady's Thumb 
 
 371 
 
 Lion's Foot 
 
 258 
 
 Isatis 
 
 67 
 
 Lagenaria 
 
 191 
 
 Lip Fern 
 
 493 
 
 Isolepis 
 
 466 
 
 Lake Cress 
 
 63 
 
 Lippia 
 
 840 
 
 Isopyrum 
 
 40 
 
 Lambkill 
 
 988 
 
 Liquidambar 
 
 174 
 
 Italian May 
 
 149 
 
 Lamb's Lettuce 
 
 918 
 
 Liriodendron 
 
 46 
 
 Itea 7 
 
 16s 
 
 Lamb's-quarters 
 
 MB 
 
 Lithospermum 
 
 804 
 
 Iva 
 
 243 
 
 Lamium 
 
 355 
 
 Litsea 
 
 875 
 
 Ivy 10 
 
 3,205 
 
 Lampsana 
 
 250 
 
 Live-forever 
 
 171 
 
 Ivy, poison 
 
 113 
 
 Lantana 
 
 
 Live Oak 
 
 897 
 
 l3a' P 
 
 421 
 
 Laportea 
 
 888 
 
 Liverleaf 
 
 3T 
 
 
 
 Lappa 
 
 956 
 
 Livistona 
 
 464 
 
 Jacobean Lily 
 Jamestown Weed 
 
 428 
 817 
 
 Larix 
 
 4-2 
 4--J 
 
 Lizard's TaU 
 Loasa 
 
 874 
 
 188 
 
 Japan Allspice 
 
 163 
 
 Larkspur 
 
 42 
 
 Loasaceae 
 
 187 
 
 Japan Clover 
 Japanese Rose 
 Jasmin um 
 
 131 
 150 
 
 280 
 
 Latania 
 Lathyrus 
 Lauracese 
 
 464 
 1M 
 
 375 
 
 Loasa Family 
 Lobelia 
 Lobeliaceae 
 
 187 
 260 
 260 
 
 Jatropha 
 
 
 Laurel 46, 147, 
 
 
 Lobelia Family 
 
 260 
 
 Jeffersonia 
 Jerusalem Artichoke 
 
 51 
 247 
 
 Laurel Family 
 Laurestinus 
 
 375 
 209 
 
 Loblolly Bay 
 Loco Weed 
 
 85 
 129 
 
 Jerusalem Cherry 
 
 313 
 
 Lavandula 
 
 347 
 
 Locust 
 
 180 
 
 Jerusalem Oak 
 
 365 
 
 Lavender 251, 
 
 347 
 
 Locust, honey 
 
 139 
 
 Jerusalem Sage 
 
 854 
 
 Lawn Grasses 
 
 470 
 
 Lceselia 
 
 297 
 
 Jessamine 
 
 280 
 
 Lead Plant 
 
 127 
 
 Loganiaceaa 
 
 290 
 
 Jewelweed 
 Jimson Weed 
 
 98 
 817 
 
 Leadwort 
 Leadwort Family 
 
 272 
 271 
 
 Logania Family 
 Lolium 
 
 290 
 471 
 
 Job's Tears 
 Joe-Pye Weed 
 
 474 
 
 230 
 
 Leafcup 
 Leather Flower 
 
 242 
 35 
 
 Lombardy Poplar 
 Long Moss 
 
 401 
 414 
 
 Johnson Grass 
 
 469 
 
 Leatherleaf 
 
 988 
 
 Lonicera 
 
 211 
 
 Jointweed 
 
 870 
 
 Leatherwood 
 
 87''. 
 
 Loosestrife 
 
 178, 275 
 
 Jonquil 
 
 427 
 
 Leavenworthia 
 
 Co 
 
 Loosestrife Family 
 
 177 
 
 Judas Tree 
 
 188 
 
 Lechea 
 
 70 
 
 Lopezia 
 
 185 
 
 Juglandaceae 
 
 390 
 
 Ledum 
 
 270 
 
 Lophanthus 
 
 852 
 
 Juglans 
 
 390 
 
 Leek 
 
 447 
 
 Lophiola 
 
 415 
 
 Juncaceae 
 
 456 
 
 Leguminosae 
 
 100 
 
 Lopseed 
 
 840 
 
 Juncus 
 
 456 
 
 Leiophyllum 
 
 27o 
 
 Loquat 
 
 160 
 
 Juneberry 
 
 161 
 
 Lemna 
 
 457 
 
 Loranthaceae 
 
 878 
 
 June Grass 
 
 469 
 
 Lemnaceae 
 
 457 
 
 Lotus 
 
 62,53 
 
 Juniper 
 
 484 
 
 Lemon 
 
 lOo 
 
 Lousewort 
 
 331 
 
 Juniperus 
 
 484 
 
 Lens 
 
 13- 
 
 Lovage 
 
 203 
 
 Jussiaea 
 
 182 
 
 Lentibulariacese 
 
 3:-;:-; 
 
 Love Apple 
 
 813 
 
 
 
 Lentil 
 
 13- 
 
 Love-in-a-Mist 
 
 41 
 
 Kaffir Corn 
 
 468 
 
 Leontodon 
 
 257 
 
 Love-lies-bleeding 
 
 862 
 
 Kaffir Lily 
 
 420 
 
 Leonurus 
 
 355 
 
 Lucerne 
 
 126 
 
 Kaki 
 
 277 
 
 Lepachys 
 
 245 
 
 Lndwigia 
 
 182 
 
 Kale 
 
 65 
 
 Lepidium 
 
 60 
 
 Luffa 
 
 192 
 
 Kalmia 
 
 268 
 
 Leptosiphon 
 
 297 
 
 Lunaria 
 
 60 
 
 Kenilworth Ivy 
 Kennedya 
 
 825 
 186 
 
 Lespedeza 
 Lesquerella 
 
 131 
 
 Lungwort 
 Lupine 
 
 804 
 125 
 
 Kentia " 
 
 464 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 2. 59 
 
 Lupinus 
 
 125 
 
 Kentucky Blue Grass 
 Kentucky Coffee Tree 
 
 469 
 189 
 
 Leucanthemum 
 Leucoium 
 
 251 
 427 
 
 Lychnis 
 Lycium 
 
 75 
 815 
 
 Kerria 
 
 150 
 
 Leucothoe 
 
 2(17 
 
 Lycopersicum 
 
 813 
 
 Ketmia 
 
 90 
 
 Leverwood 
 
 895 
 
 Lycopodiaceae 
 
 501 
 
 Kidney Bean 
 
 134 
 
 Levisticum 
 
 908 
 
 Lycopodium 
 
 502 
 
 Kingnut 
 
 891 
 
 Liatris 
 
 231 
 
 Lycopsis 
 
 306 
 
 Kinnikinic 
 Knapweed 
 
 206 
 256 
 
 Ligustrum 
 Lilac 
 
 2sl 
 
 Lycopus 
 Lygodinm 
 
 847 
 500 
 
 Knawel 
 
 360 
 
 Liliaceae 
 
 431 
 
 Lysimachia 
 
 ,275 
 
 Kniphofla 
 
 450 
 
 Lilium 
 
 443 
 
 Lythraceae 
 
 177 
 
 Knotweed 
 
 870 
 
 Lily 
 
 443 
 
 Lythrum 
 
 178 
 
 Knotwort Family 
 Koelreuteria 
 
 859 
 109 
 
 Lily Family 
 Lily of the Incas 
 
 431 
 429 
 
 Maclura 
 
 888 
 
 Kohl-rabi 
 
 65 
 
 Lily of the Palace 
 
 42s 
 
 Madagascar Jasmin 
 
 5 289 
 
 Kosteletzkya 
 
 89 
 
 Lily of the Valley 
 
 488 
 
 Madder Family 
 
 214 
 
 Krigia 
 
 256 
 
 Lima Bean 
 
 134 
 
 Mad-dog Skullcap 
 
 353 
 
 Kuhnia 
 
 231 
 
 Lime 
 
 100 
 
 Madeira Vine 
 
 868 
 
 GKAY'S F. F. & G. HOT. 33
 
 514 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Magnolia 46 
 
 Mercury 365 
 
 Musk Mallow 87 
 
 Magnoliaceae 45 
 
 Mertensia 304 
 
 Muskmelon 192 
 
 Magnolia Family 45 
 Mahaleb 147 
 
 Mesembryanthemum 199 
 Mexican Tea 865 
 
 Musk Plant 826 
 Musquash Root 203 
 
 Mahernia 90 
 
 Mezereum 876 
 
 Mustard 65 
 
 Mahonia 60 
 Mahon Stock 64 
 
 Mezereum Family 876 
 Mignonette 68 
 
 Mustard Family 58 
 Myosotis 305 
 
 Maianthemum 489 
 Maidenhair 491 
 
 Mignonette Family 68 
 Mikania 229 
 
 Myosurus 88 
 Myriea 392 
 
 Maidenhair Tree 485 
 
 Milfoil 250 
 
 Myricaceae 892 
 
 Maize 468 
 
 Milk Pea 186 
 
 Myrobalan 145 
 
 Malcolmia 64 
 
 Milk Vetch 129 
 
 Myrsiphyllum 438 
 
 Mallow 86 
 
 Milkweed 287 
 
 Myrtace 175 
 
 Mallow Family 85 
 Malope 86 
 
 Milkweed Family 286 
 Milkwort 114 
 
 Myrtle Family 175 
 Myrtus 175, 285 
 
 Malva 86 
 
 Milla 447 
 
 
 MalvacefB 85 
 
 Millet 469, 470 
 
 Nabalus 253 
 
 Malvastrum 88 
 Mamillaria 197 
 
 Millet, black or pearl 468 
 Mimosa 189 
 
 Nsegelia 335 
 Naiadacese 457 
 
 Mandarin 100 
 
 Mimnlus 326 
 
 Naias 457 
 
 Mandevllla 286 
 
 Mina 30S 
 
 Naked Broom Rape 883 
 
 Mandrake 51 
 
 Mint 847 
 
 Nandina 50 
 
 Mangel-wurzel 866 
 Man-of-the-earth 808 
 
 Mint Family 842 
 Mint Geranium 251 
 
 Napaea 87 
 Narcissus 426 
 
 Maple 110 
 
 Mirabilis 859 
 
 Nasturtium 63, 97 
 
 Maranta 410, 411 
 
 Miscanthus 474 
 
 Navelwort 305 
 
 Mare's-tail 240 
 
 Mistletoe 878 
 
 Neckweed 824 
 
 Marguerite 251 
 Marigold 250 
 Marigold, pot 254 
 Mariposa Lily 446 
 
 Mistletoe Family 878 
 Mitchella 216 
 Mitella 166 
 Miterwort 166 
 
 Nectarine 144 
 Negundo 112 
 Nelumbium 52 
 Nelumbo 62 
 
 Marjoram 849 
 
 Moccasin Flower 409 
 
 Nemastylis 419 
 
 Markery 865 
 
 Mockernut 891 
 
 Nemopanthes 103 
 
 Mairubium 854 
 
 Mock Orange 168 
 
 Nemophila 299 
 
 Marsh Cress 68 
 
 Modiola 89 
 
 Nepeta 852 
 
 Marsh Elder 248 
 
 Mole Plant 882 
 
 Nephrodium 496 
 
 Marsh Mallow 86 
 
 Mollugo 199 
 
 Nephrolepsis 498 
 
 Marsh Marigold 41 
 
 Molucca Balm 854 
 
 Nerine 428 
 
 Marsh Rosemary 272 
 Marsh St. JohnVwort 88 
 
 Moluccella 854 
 Monarda 852 
 
 Nerium 285 
 Nettle 889 
 
 Martynia 887 
 
 Moneses 270 
 
 Nettle Family 884 
 
 Marvel of Peru 859 
 
 Moneywort 276 
 
 Nettle Tree 887 
 
 Matrimony Vine 815 
 
 Monkey Flower 826 
 
 New Jersey Tea 106 
 
 Matthiola 61 
 
 Monkey Puzzle 476 
 
 New Zealand Flax 450 
 
 Maurandia 825 
 
 Monkshood 48 
 
 New Zealand Spinach 199 
 
 Mayaca 456 
 Mayaca Family 456 
 Mayaceae 456 
 May Apple 61 
 
 Monocotyledons 402 
 Monopetalous Division 208 
 Monotropa 271 
 Montbretia 422 
 
 Nicandra 815 
 Nicotiana 816 
 Nierembergia 816 
 Nigella 41 
 
 Mayflower 266 
 Mayweed 250 
 
 Moonflower 807 
 Moon seed 48 
 
 Night-blooming Cereus 196 
 Nightshade 318 
 
 Meadow Beauty 176 
 Meadow Foxtail 470 
 
 Moonseed Family 48 
 Moonwort 501 
 
 Nightshade Family 811 
 Nightshade, three-leaved 440 
 
 Meadow Grasses 469 
 
 Moosewood 111, 876 
 
 Nine-bark 150 
 
 Meadow Rue 88 
 Meadow Soft Grass 472 
 
 Morning-Glory 807 
 Morus 888 
 
 Nipplewort 256 
 Nolana 809 
 
 Meadowsweet 147 
 
 Moss Pink 296 
 
 Nonesuch 126 
 
 Medeola 441 
 
 Motherwort 855 
 
 Nothochlaena 491 
 
 Medicago 126 
 
 Mountain Ash 162 
 
 Notholsena 491 
 
 Medick 126 
 Melampyrum 882 
 Melanthium 442 
 
 Mountain Cherry 145 
 Mountain Holly 108 
 Mountain Laurel 268 
 
 Nothoscordum 448 
 Nuphar 53 
 Nut Grass 465 
 
 Melastomaceae 176 
 Melastoma Family 176 
 
 Mountain Mint 848 
 Mourning Bride 219 
 
 Nyctaginaceae 858 
 Nymphtea 52 
 
 Melia 101 
 
 Mouse-ear Cress 65 
 
 Nymphaeaceae 51 
 
 Meliaceae 101, 
 
 Mouse-ear Chickweed 78 
 
 Nyssa 207 
 
 Melia Family 101 
 
 Mousetail 88 
 
 
 Melilot 125 
 
 Mud Plantain 452 
 
 Oak 395 
 
 Melilotus 125 
 
 Mudwort 827 
 
 Oakesia 440 
 
 Melissa 850 
 
 Mugwort 252 
 
 Oak Family 392 
 
 Melon 192 
 
 Mulberry 168, 888 
 
 Oat 468, 474 
 
 Melon Shrub 818 
 
 Mulberry, French 842 
 
 Oat Grass 472 
 
 Melothria 192 
 
 Mulberry, paper 889 
 
 Obolaria 294 
 
 Menispennaceae 48 
 
 Mullein 822 
 
 Ocimum 846 
 
 Menispermum 48 
 Mentha 847 
 
 Mullein Foxglove 829 
 Mullein Pink 76 
 
 (Enothera 188 
 Opeechee Lime 207 
 
 Mentzelia 188 
 
 Muscari 449 
 
 Oil Nut 378 
 
 Menyanth 294 
 
 Musk Hyacinth 449 
 
 Okra 90
 
 INDEX. 
 
 515 
 
 Oldenlandia 215 
 
 Paradise Flower 414 
 
 Phoradendron 378 
 
 Old-Man-and-Woman 171 
 
 Parasol Tree 476 
 
 Phormium 450 
 
 Old Man Cactus 197 
 
 Pardanthus 420 
 
 Photinia 160 
 
 Old Witch Grass 472 
 
 Parietaria 389 
 
 Phragmites 475 
 
 Olea 282 
 
 Paris Daisy 251 
 
 Phryma 840 
 
 Oleaceae 278 
 
 Parnassia 166 
 
 Phyilanthus 884 
 
 Oleander 285 
 
 Paronychia 860 
 
 Phyllocactus 198 
 
 Oleaster 877 
 Oleaster Family 377 
 Olive 282 
 
 Parsley 203 
 Parsley Family 200 
 Parsley Piert 156 
 
 Phylotaccaccae 867 
 Physalis 814 
 Physocarpus 150 
 
 Olive Family 279 
 Olive, Russian 377 
 
 Parsnip 204 
 Parthenium 243 
 
 Physostegia 854 
 Phytolacca 867 
 
 Omphalodes 
 
 Partridge Berry 216 
 
 Picea 480 
 
 Onagraceae 179 
 
 Partridge Pea 138 
 
 Pickerel Weed 452 
 
 Onion 448 
 Onobrychis 129 
 
 Pasque Flower 36 
 Passiflora 189 
 
 Pickerel Weed Family 452 
 Picotee 74 
 
 Onoclea 498 
 
 Passifloraceae 189 
 
 Pie Plant 868 
 
 Onosmodium 304 
 
 Passion Flower 189 
 
 Pigeon Berry 867 
 
 Oonshiu 100 
 Ophioglossaceaa 501 
 
 Passion Flower Family 189 
 Pastinaca 204 
 
 Pigeon Grass 473 
 Pignut 391 
 
 Ophioglossum 501 
 Opium 56 
 
 Pasture Grasses 470 
 Paulownia 322 
 
 Pigweed 862, 364 
 Pimpernel 276 
 
 Oplismenns 474 
 Opopanax 140 
 
 Pea 136 
 Peacn 144 
 
 Pimpernel, false 829 
 Pinckneya 216 
 
 Opuntia 198 
 
 Peanut 138 
 
 Pinguicula 334 
 
 Orach 866 
 
 Pear 161 
 
 Pine 478 
 
 Orange 100 
 
 Pearl Bush 150 
 
 Pineapple 414 
 
 Orchard Grass 469 
 Orchidaceae 403 
 
 Pearlwort 79 
 Pea Tree 180 
 
 Pineapple Family 414 
 Pine family 476 
 
 Orchis 407 
 
 Pecan 891 
 
 Pinesap 271 
 
 Orchis Family 403 
 
 Pedaliaceae 837 
 
 Piney 44 
 
 Origanum 849 
 
 Pedicularis 831 
 
 Pink 74 
 
 Ornamental Grasses 473 
 
 Peen-to 144 
 
 Pink Family 78 
 
 Ornithogolum 448 
 
 Pelargonium 96 
 
 Pinkroot 291 
 
 Orobanchacese 
 
 Peltea 493 
 
 Pinkster Flower 268 
 
 Orontium 461 
 
 Pellitory 889 
 
 Pinus 478 
 
 Orpine 171 
 
 Peltandra 459 
 
 Pinweed 70 
 
 Orpine Family 170 
 
 Pennyroyal 848 
 
 Piper 874 
 
 Oryza 467 
 
 Pennyroyal, bastard 846 
 
 Piperaceae 874 
 
 Osage Orange 888 
 Oster 206, 399 
 
 Pennyroyal, false 846 
 Penthorum 171 
 
 Pipewort Famfly 456 
 Pipsissewa 270 
 
 Osmanthus 282 
 
 Pentstemon 830 
 
 Piqueria 229 
 
 Osmorrhiza 202 
 
 Peony 44 
 
 Pisum 136 
 
 Osmunda 500 
 
 Peperomia 874 
 
 Pitcher Plants 58 
 
 Ostrich Fern 498 
 
 Pepino 813 
 
 Pitchforks 249 
 
 Ostrya 395 
 Oswego Tea 352 
 Othonna 254 
 Othonnopsis 254 
 Oxalis 95 
 
 Pepper, black, and white 374 
 Pepper Family 874 
 Peppergrass 66 
 Pepperidge 207 
 Peppermint 847 
 
 Pittosporacese 69 
 Pittospornm 69 
 Pittosporum Family 69 
 Pixy 271 
 Planera 887 
 
 Oxeye 244 
 
 Pepper, red 814 
 
 Planer Tree 887 
 
 Oxeve Daisy 251 
 
 Pepper Root 60 
 
 Plane Tree 389 
 
 Oxybaphus 
 
 Perilla 847 
 
 Plane Tree Family 389 
 
 Oxydendrum 267 
 
 Periploca 290 
 
 Plantaginaceae 856 
 
 Oyster Plant 257 
 
 Periwinkle 285 
 
 Plantago 856 
 
 
 Persea 375 
 
 Plantain 856, 413 
 
 Pachysandra 884 
 
 Persian Insect Powder 251 
 
 Plantain Family 856 
 
 Pseonia 44 
 
 Persimmon 277 
 
 Platanaceae ' 389 
 
 Pasplanthns 456 
 
 Peruvian Bark 214 
 
 Platanus 889 
 
 Painted Cup 831 
 Palmace 463 
 
 Peruvian Swamp Lfly 428 
 Petaloideous Division 402 
 
 Platycerium 490 
 Pleurisy Root 287 
 
 Palma Christi 883 
 
 Petalostemon 127 
 
 Pluchea 241 
 
 Palmetto 463 
 
 Pe-Tsai 66 
 
 Plumbaginacese 271 
 
 Palm Family 463 
 
 Petunia 816 
 
 Plumbago 272 
 
 Pampas Grass 474 
 
 Phacelia 300 
 
 Plume Grass 474 
 
 Pancratium 429 
 
 Phaenogamons Plants 33 
 
 Plum 143 
 
 Pandanaceae 462 
 
 Phalangium 450 
 
 Plum, Japan 145, 160 
 
 Pandanus 462 
 
 Phalaris 473, 475 
 
 Poa 469, 472 
 
 Panicum 469, 472, 473, 474 
 
 Phaseolus 184 
 
 Podocarpus 485 
 
 Pansy 72 
 
 Phegopteris 495 
 
 Podophyllum 61 
 
 Papaver 56 
 
 Phellofk-ndron 100 
 
 Pogonia 406 
 
 Papaveraceae 54 
 
 Philadelphus 168 
 
 Poinsettia 880 
 
 Papaw 48, 189 
 
 Phlebodium 490 
 
 Poison Elder 113 
 
 Paper Mulberry 389 
 
 Phleum 470 
 
 Poison Hemlock 202 
 
 Paper Reed 466 
 
 Phlomis 854 
 
 Poison Ivy 113 
 
 Pappoose Root 51 
 
 Phlox 295 
 
 Poison Oak 113 
 
 Papvrus 466 
 
 Phlox Family 295 
 
 Poker Plant 450 
 
 Paradisea 450 
 
 Phoenix i64 
 
 Pokeweed 867
 
 516 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pokeweed Family 
 
 367 
 
 Pyrola 
 
 270 
 
 Rock Cress 
 
 61 
 
 Polanisia 
 
 68 
 
 Pyrrhopappus 
 
 258 
 
 Bocket 
 
 64 
 
 Polemooiaceae 
 
 295 
 
 Pyrularia 
 
 378 
 
 Eocket, sea 
 
 67 
 
 Polemonium 
 
 297 
 
 Pyrus 
 
 161 
 
 Bocket, yellow 
 
 64 
 
 Polemonium FamUy 
 Polianthes 
 
 295 
 430 
 
 Pyxidanthera 
 
 271 
 
 Bockrose 
 Eockrose Family 
 
 70 
 69 
 
 Polyanthus 
 
 427 
 
 Quack Grass 
 
 473 
 
 Eocky Mt. Bee Plant 
 
 68 
 
 Polygala 
 
 114 
 
 Quaking Grass 
 
 474 
 
 Roman Wormwood 
 
 244 
 
 Polygalaceae 
 
 114 
 
 Quamash 
 
 448 
 
 Eomneya 
 
 56 
 
 Polygala FamUy 
 
 114 
 
 Quamoclit 
 
 307 
 
 Eosa 
 
 156 
 
 Polygonaceae 
 Polygonatum 
 
 867 
 439 
 
 Quassia Family 
 Queen of the Prairie 
 
 101 
 149 
 
 Rosace 
 Bose 
 
 141 
 
 156 
 
 Polygonella 
 
 872 
 
 Queen's Delight 
 
 384 
 
 Bose Acacia 
 
 130 
 
 Polygonum 
 Polymnia 
 
 870 
 242 
 
 Quercus 
 Quick Grass 
 
 395 
 473 
 
 Eose Apple 
 Bosebay 
 
 175 
 
 Polypodium 
 Polystichum 
 
 490 
 490 
 497 
 
 Quince 
 Quitch Grass 
 
 162 
 473 
 
 Bose FamUy 
 Eose Mallow 
 Eosemary 
 
 141 
 89 
 851 
 
 Pomegranate 
 
 178 
 
 Radish 
 
 67 
 
 Eose of China 
 
 
 Pomelo 
 Pomme Blanche 
 
 101 
 
 128 
 
 Ragged Lady 
 Ragged Robin 
 
 41 
 76 
 
 Bosin Plant 
 Bosinweed 
 
 242 
 242 
 
 Pond LUy 
 
 52 
 
 Rag Gourd 
 
 192 
 
 Eosmarinus 
 
 351 
 
 Pondweed FamUy 
 
 457 
 
 Baiweed 
 
 243 
 
 Botala 
 
 178 
 
 Pontederia 
 
 452 
 
 Ragwort 
 
 253 
 
 Bowan 
 
 162 
 
 Pontederiaceae 
 
 452 
 
 Ramsted 
 
 825 
 
 Eoval Fern 
 
 500 
 
 Poor Man'sWeather C 
 
 Hass276 
 
 Ranunculaceae 
 
 84 
 
 Rubber Tree 
 
 388 
 
 Poplar 
 
 46,400 
 
 Ranunculus 
 
 88 
 
 Rubiaceae 
 
 214 
 
 Poppy 
 
 56 
 
 Eape 
 
 65 
 
 Rubus 
 
 153 
 
 Poppy, Californian 
 
 55 
 
 Eaphanus 
 
 67 
 
 Rudbeckia 
 
 245 
 
 Poppy, celandine 
 
 56 
 
 Baspberry 
 
 153 
 
 Rue 
 
 99 
 
 Poppy, corn 
 
 56 
 
 Battlebox 
 
 124 
 
 Rue Anemone 
 
 87 
 
 Poppy FamUy 
 Poppy, horn 
 
 54 
 56 
 
 Eattlesnake Grass 
 Battlesnake Plantain 
 
 474 
 
 407 
 
 Rue FamUy 
 Ruellia ' 
 
 98 
 838 
 
 Poppy, prickly 
 Populus 
 Portulaca 
 
 55 
 400 
 80 
 
 Eattlesnake Boot 
 Eattlesnake Weed 
 Bay Grass 
 
 258 
 257 
 471 
 
 Rumex 
 Ruppia 
 Rush FamUy 
 
 868 
 457 
 456 
 
 Portulacaceae 
 
 79 
 
 Bed Bay 
 
 875 
 
 Russellia 
 
 331 
 
 Potamogeton 
 
 457 
 
 Eedbud 
 
 138 
 
 Russian Cactus 
 
 366 
 
 Potato 
 
 818 
 
 Bed Cedar 
 
 484 
 
 Russian Olive 
 
 377 
 
 Potato, air 
 
 481 
 
 Bed-hot Poker Plant 
 
 450 
 
 Bussian Thistle k 
 
 866 
 
 PotentUla 
 
 151 
 
 Bed Pepper 
 
 814 
 
 Euta * 
 
 99 
 
 Poterium 
 
 156 
 
 Eedroot 
 
 106, 414 
 
 Euta-baga 
 
 65 
 
 Pot Marigold 
 
 254 
 
 Bed top 
 
 469 
 
 Butaceae 
 
 98 
 
 Poverty Grass 
 
 472 
 
 Eedwood 
 
 483 
 
 Bye 
 
 468 
 
 Prairie'Clover 
 Prairie Dock 
 
 127 
 243 
 
 Eeed Canary Grass 
 Eeed Mace 
 
 475 
 462 
 
 Eye Grass 
 
 471 
 
 Prenanthes 
 
 258 
 
 Bein Orchis 
 
 407 
 
 Sabal 
 
 463 
 
 Prickly Ash 
 Prickly Comfrey 
 
 99 
 805 
 
 Beinwardtia 
 Eeseda 
 
 92 
 
 68 
 
 Sabbatia 
 Sacred Bean 
 
 292 
 52 
 
 Prickly Pear 
 
 198 
 
 Eesedaceae 
 
 68 
 
 Safflower 
 
 256 
 
 
 55 
 101 
 
 Eesurrection Plant 
 Retinospora 
 
 503 
 483 
 
 Saffron 
 Saffron, false 
 
 420 
 256 
 
 Prim 
 
 281 
 
 Ehamnaceae 
 
 104 
 
 Sage 
 
 850 
 
 Primrose 
 
 274 
 
 Ehamnus 
 
 105 
 
 Sagereda 
 
 105 
 
 Primrose Family 
 Primrose Peerless 
 
 273 
 427 
 
 Bhapidophyllum 
 Bhapis 
 
 463 
 464 
 
 Sagina 
 Sagittaria 
 
 79 
 455 
 
 Primula 
 
 274 
 
 Eheum 
 
 868 
 
 Sago Palm 
 
 485 
 
 Primulaceaa 
 
 278 
 
 Ehexia 
 
 176 
 
 Sainfoin 
 
 129 
 
 Prince's Feather 
 
 361, 371 
 
 Bhode Island Bent 
 
 470 
 
 Salicaceae 
 
 399 
 
 Prince's Pine 
 
 270 
 
 Rhododendron 
 
 268 
 
 Salicornia 
 
 866 
 
 Privet 
 Prunus 
 
 281 
 143 
 
 Bhodotypos 
 Ehubarb 
 
 150 
 868 
 
 Salisburia 
 Salsify 
 
 485 
 257 
 
 Pseudotsuga 
 
 481 
 
 Ehus 
 
 112 
 
 Salix 
 
 899 
 
 Psidium 
 
 175 
 
 Bhynchosia 
 
 184 
 
 Salpiglossls 
 
 818 
 
 Psoralea 
 
 128 
 
 Rhynchospermum 
 
 286 
 
 Salsola 
 
 866 
 
 Ptelea 
 
 100 
 
 Bhvnchospora 
 
 466 
 
 Saltwort 
 
 866 
 
 Pteris 
 
 492 
 
 Eibbon Grass 
 
 475 
 
 Sal via 
 
 850 
 
 Ptychosperma 
 
 464 
 
 Eibes 
 
 169 
 
 Sambucus 
 
 211 
 
 Puccoon 
 
 304 
 
 Bib Grass 
 
 856 
 
 Samolus 
 
 276 
 
 Puccoon, yellow 
 
 45 
 
 Eice 
 
 467 
 
 Samphire 
 
 366 
 
 Pulse FamUy 
 
 116 
 
 Eichardia 
 
 460 
 
 Sandalwood FamUy 
 
 378 
 
 Pumpkin 
 
 191 
 
 Rich Weed 
 
 847 
 
 Sand Myrtle 
 
 270 
 
 Punica 
 
 178 
 
 Ricinus 
 
 883 
 
 Sand Spurrey 
 
 79 
 
 Purslane 
 Purslane FamUy 
 
 80 
 79 
 
 Ripple Grass 
 Rivina 
 
 356 
 367 
 
 Sandwort 
 Sanjruinaria 
 
 77 
 55 
 
 Puttyroot 
 
 405 
 
 Robinia 
 
 130 
 
 Saniruisorba 
 
 156 
 
 Pycnanthemum 
 
 848 
 
 Robin's Plantain 
 
 240 
 
 Sanicle 
 
 202 
 
 Pyrethrum 
 
 251 
 
 Bocbea 
 
 172 
 
 Sanicula 
 
 202
 
 US T DEX. 
 
 517 
 
 Santalaceae 
 
 378 
 
 Sericocarpus 286 
 
 Sparaxis 423 
 
 Sapindaceae 
 
 108 
 
 Service Berry 161 
 
 Sparganinm 462 
 
 Sapodilla Family 
 Saponaria 
 
 276 
 
 74 
 
 Sesame 887 
 Sesame Grass 475 
 
 Spatter-dock 53 
 Spear Grass 472 
 
 Sapotaceae 
 
 276 
 
 Sesamum 837 
 
 Spearmint 847 
 
 Sarracenia 
 Sarraceniac88 
 
 53 
 53 
 
 Sesamuin Family 337 
 Sesbania 129 
 
 Spearwort 89 
 Specularia 261 
 
 Sarsaparilla 
 
 204,205 
 
 Sesuvium 199 
 
 Speedwell 822 
 
 Sassafras 
 
 875 
 
 Setaria 470, 473 
 
 Spergula 79 
 
 Satin Flower 
 
 60 
 
 Seymeria 829 
 
 Spergularia 79 
 
 Satureia 
 
 848 
 
 Shad Bush 161 
 
 Spermacoce 216 
 
 Saururua 
 
 874 
 
 Shaddock 101 
 
 Spicebush 876 
 
 Savin 
 
 484 
 
 Shallot 448 
 
 Spiderwort 454 
 
 Savory 
 Saw Palmetto 
 Saxifraga 
 Saxifragaceae 
 
 348 
 463 
 165 
 164 
 
 Sheepberry 209 
 Shell Flower 854 
 Shepherdia 877 
 Shepherd's Purs 66 
 
 Spiderwort Family 453 
 Spigelia 291 
 Spikenard 204 
 Spikenard, false 439 
 
 Saxifrage 
 
 165 
 
 Shield Fern 496 
 
 Spinach, spinage 864 
 
 Saxifrage Family 
 Scabiosa 
 
 164 
 219 
 
 Shin Leaf 270 
 Shooting Star 274 
 
 Spinacia 864 
 Spindle Tree 104 
 
 Scabious 
 
 219 
 
 Shrub Yellowroot 45 
 
 Spiraea 147 
 
 Scarlet Runner 
 
 135 
 
 Sicyos 198 
 
 Spiranthes 406 
 
 Scheuchzeria 
 
 457 
 
 Sida 88 
 
 Spleenwort 494 
 
 Schizaea 
 
 600 
 
 Sidesaddle Flower ~1 
 
 Spoonwood 268 
 
 Schizandra 
 
 47 
 
 Sieva Bean 184 
 
 Sprekelia 428 
 
 Schizanthus 
 
 818 
 
 Silene 76 
 
 Spring Beauty 80 
 
 Schizostylis 
 Schoenolirion 
 
 420 
 450 
 
 Silk Flower 140 
 Silk Tree 140 
 
 Bpruee 480 
 Spurge 880 
 
 Schollera 
 
 452 
 
 Silkweed 287 
 
 Spurge Family 879 
 
 Schrankia 
 Schwalbea 
 
 139 
 831 
 
 Silphium 242 
 Silver-bell Tree 278 
 
 Spurge Nettle 882 
 Spurrey 79 
 
 Sciadopitys 
 
 476 
 
 Silver Berry 877 
 
 Squash 191 
 
 Scilla 
 
 448 
 
 Silverweed 52 
 
 Squawberry 216 
 
 Scirpus 
 Scitamineae 
 
 466 
 410 
 
 Simarubacese 101 
 Sinningia 885 
 
 Squaw Huckleberry 265 
 Squawroot 832 
 
 Scleranthus 
 
 860 
 
 Sisymbrium 65 
 
 Squawweed 253 
 
 Scleria 
 
 467 
 
 Sisyrinchium 419 
 
 Squill ' 448 
 
 Sclerolepis 
 
 229 
 
 Slum 203 
 
 Squirrel Corn 67 
 
 Scoke 
 
 867 
 
 Skimmia 100 
 
 Stachys 855 
 
 Scolopendrium 
 Scorpion Grass 
 
 495 
 805 
 
 Skullcap 853 
 Skunk Cabbage 460 
 
 Staff Tree 103 
 Staff Tree Family 103 
 
 Scotch Broom 
 
 124 
 
 Smartweed 871 
 
 Stag-horn Fern 490 
 
 Scouring Rush 
 
 486 
 
 Smilacina 439 
 
 St. Andrew's Cross 81 
 
 Screw Pine 
 
 462 
 
 Smilax 487, 438 
 
 Stapelia 290 
 
 Screw Pine Family 
 Scrophularia 
 
 462 
 329 
 
 Smoke Tree 113 
 Snakehead 830 
 
 Staphylea 112 
 Star Anise 47 
 
 Scrophulariaceae 
 
 818 
 
 Snakeroot 114, 202, 873 
 
 Star Cucumber 193 
 
 Scuppernong 
 
 107 
 
 Snakeroot, black 44 
 
 Star Flower 275, 447 
 
 Scurw Grass 
 
 64 
 
 Snakeroot, button 231 
 
 Star Grass 415, 426 
 
 Scutch Grass 
 
 471 
 
 Snakeroot, white 230 
 
 Star-of-Bethlehem 448 
 
 Scutellaria 
 Sea Blite 
 
 853 
 366 
 
 Snapdragon 825 
 Sneezeweed 249 
 
 Starry Campion 76 
 Star Tkiatle 256 
 
 Sea Daffodil 
 
 429 
 
 Sneezewort 250 
 
 Starwort 78, 236 
 
 Seaforthia 
 
 464 
 
 Snowball 210 
 
 Statice 272 
 
 Sea Lavender 
 
 272 
 
 Snowberry 211 
 
 St. Bruno's Lily 450 
 
 Sea Onion 
 
 448 
 
 Snowdrop 278, 427 
 
 Steeple Bush 148 
 
 Sea Purslane 
 
 199 
 
 Snowflake 427 
 
 Steironema 275 
 
 Sea Rocket 
 
 67 
 
 Snow on the Mountain 881 
 
 Stellaria 78 
 
 Sea Sand Reed 
 
 475 
 
 Soapberry Family 108 
 
 Stenanthinm 442 
 
 Secale 
 
 468 
 
 Soapwort 74 
 
 Stephanotis 289 
 
 Sedge Family 
 Sedum 
 
 465 
 
 in 
 
 Soia 183 
 Solanaceae 811 
 
 Sterculiaceae 90 
 Sterculia Family 90 
 
 Seedbox 
 
 182 
 
 Solanum 813 
 
 Stevia 229 
 
 Selaginella 
 
 603 
 
 Solea 73 
 
 Stick-seed 303 
 
 Selaeinellacese 
 
 503 
 
 Solidago 232 
 
 StiUingia 884 
 
 Selaginella Family 
 
 603 
 
 Solomon's Seal 439 
 
 Stipa 475 
 
 Self-heal 
 
 853 
 
 Sonchua 259 
 
 Stitchwort 78 
 
 Sempervivum 
 Senebiera 
 
 171 
 67 
 
 Sophora 124 
 Sorghum 468, 469 
 
 St. James's Lily 428 
 St. John's-wort 82 
 
 Seneca Snakeroot 
 Senecio 
 
 114 
 
 253 
 
 Sorrel 868, 369 
 Sorrel Tree 267 
 
 St. John's-wort Family 81 
 Stock 61, 64 
 
 Senna 
 
 138 
 
 Sour Gum Tree 
 
 Stonecrop 171 
 
 Sensitive Brier 
 
 139 
 
 Sourwood 267 
 
 Stone Root 847 
 
 Sensitive Fern 
 
 498 
 
 Southernwood 252 
 
 Storax 277 
 
 Sensitive Joint Vet 
 
 :h 134 
 
 Sow Thistle 259 
 
 Storksbffl 94 
 
 Sensitive Plant 
 
 138, 139 
 
 Soy Bean 183 
 
 St. Peter's-wort 81 
 
 Sequoia 
 Serenaea 
 
 483 
 463 
 
 Spadiceous Division 457 
 Spanish Bayonet 451 
 
 St. Peter's Wreath 149 
 Stramonium 817
 
 518 
 
 INDEX- 
 
 Strawberry 
 Strawberry Elite 
 Strawberry Geranium 
 
 152 
 864 
 166 
 
 Tea 
 Tea Family 
 Tear Grass 
 
 84 
 84 
 474 
 
 Trumpet Flower 
 Trumpet Vine 
 Tsuga 
 
 836 
 836 
 481 
 
 Strawberry Spinach 
 Strawberry Tomato 
 Strawberry Tre 
 
 364 
 314 
 104 
 
 Teasel 
 Teasel Famfly 
 Tecoma 
 
 219 
 219 
 836 
 
 Tuberose 
 Tulip 
 Tulipa 
 
 430 
 446 
 446 
 
 Strelitzia 
 
 414 
 
 Telanthera 
 
 862 
 
 Tulip Tree 
 
 46 
 
 Streptocarpus 
 Streptopus 
 
 835 
 
 438 
 
 Telegraph Plant 
 Ten-o'Clock 
 
 183 
 
 448 
 
 Tumble Grass 
 Tumbleweed 
 
 472 
 
 362 
 
 Strophostyles 
 
 135 
 
 Tephrosia 
 
 128 
 
 Tupelo 
 
 207 
 
 Struthiopteris 
 Stuartia 
 
 498 
 
 84 
 
 Ternstroemiaceae 
 Tetragonia 
 
 84 
 199 
 
 Turnip 
 Turtlehead 
 
 66 
 880 
 
 Stylophorum 
 Stylosanthes 
 
 56 
 131 
 
 Teucrium 
 Thalia 
 
 846 
 411 
 
 Tussilago 
 Twin Flower 
 
 252 
 211 
 
 Styracaceae 
 
 277 
 
 Thalictrum 
 
 
 Twinleaf 
 
 51 
 
 Styrax 
 
 278 
 
 Thelypodium 
 
 64 
 
 Twisted Stalk 
 
 488 
 
 Suasda 
 
 866 
 
 Theobroma 
 
 90 
 
 Typha 
 
 462 
 
 Succory 
 
 257 
 
 Thermopsis 
 
 123 
 
 Typhaceae 
 
 461 
 
 Sugar Cane 
 
 468 
 
 Thistle 
 
 255 
 
 
 
 Sumach 
 
 112 
 
 Thorn Apple 
 
 817 
 
 Ulex 
 
 124 
 
 Summer Savory 
 Sundew 
 
 848 
 173 
 
 Thoroughwort 230 
 Three-leaved Nightshade 440 
 
 Ulmus 
 Umbellifene 
 
 886 
 200 
 
 Sundew Family 
 
 173 
 
 Thrift 
 
 272 
 
 Umbrella Plant 
 
 466 
 
 Snndrop 
 
 185 
 
 Thrinax 
 
 464 
 
 Umbrella Tree 
 
 47 
 
 Sunflower 
 
 245 
 
 Thuja 
 
 484 
 
 Unicorn Plant 
 
 887 
 
 Supple-jack 
 Swedish Turnip 
 
 105 
 65 
 
 Thunbergia 
 Thuyopsis 
 
 488,484 
 
 Urtica 
 Urticaceae 
 
 889 
 884 
 
 Sweet Alyssum 
 
 62 
 
 Thyme 
 
 349 
 
 Utricularia 
 
 888 
 
 Sweet Basil 
 
 846 
 
 Thvmelaeaceae 
 
 876 
 
 Uvularia 
 
 440 
 
 Sweet Bay 
 
 46 
 
 Thymus 
 
 849 
 
 
 
 Sweetbrier 
 
 157 
 
 Tiarella 
 
 166 
 
 Vacciuium 
 
 265 
 
 Sweet Cicely 
 
 202 
 
 Tickseed 
 
 247 
 
 Valerian 
 
 218 
 
 Sweet Clover 
 
 125 
 
 Tick Trefoil 
 
 182 
 
 Valeriana 
 
 218 
 
 Sweet Fern 
 
 892 
 
 Tiger Flower 
 
 419 
 
 Valerianaceae 
 
 218 
 
 Sweet Flag 
 Sweet Gale 
 
 461 
 892 
 
 SET 
 
 419 
 91 
 
 Valerianella 
 Valerian Family 
 
 218 
 21S 
 
 Sweet Gale Family 
 
 892 
 
 Tiliaceae 
 
 91 
 
 Vallisneria 
 
 403 
 
 Sweet Gum 
 
 174 
 
 Tillandsia 
 
 414 
 
 Vallota 
 
 429 
 
 Sweet Leaf 
 
 278 
 
 Timothy 
 
 470 
 
 Vegetable Orange 
 
 19-2 
 
 Sweet Marjoram 
 Sweet Pea 
 
 849 
 186 
 
 Tissa 
 Toadflax 
 
 79 
 825 
 
 Vegetable Sponge 
 Velvet Grass 
 
 192 
 472 
 
 Sweet Potato 
 
 807 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 816, 817 
 
 Velvetleaf 
 
 88 
 
 Sweet-scented Shrub 
 
 163 
 
 Tofleldia 
 
 441 
 
 Venetian Sumach 
 
 118 
 
 Sweet-scented Ver 
 
 nal 
 
 Tomato 
 
 818 
 
 Venus' s Flytrap 
 
 173 
 
 Grass 
 
 470 
 
 Toothache Tree 
 
 99 
 
 Venus' s Hair 
 
 492 
 
 Sweet Sultan 
 
 256 
 
 Toothwort 
 
 60 
 
 Venus's Looking-glass 
 
 261 
 
 Sweet William 
 
 74,296 
 
 Torenia 
 
 826 
 
 Veratrum 
 
 442 
 
 Swine Cress ' 
 
 67 
 
 Torreya 
 
 485 
 
 Verbascum 
 
 822 
 
 Swiss Chard 
 
 866 
 
 Touch-me-not 
 
 98 
 
 Verbena 
 
 840 
 
 Switch Cane 
 
 475 
 
 Tower Mustard 
 
 
 Yerbenacese 
 
 839 
 
 Sycamore 
 Sycamore Maple 
 
 890 
 111 
 
 Trachelospermnm 
 Tradescantia 
 
 286 
 454 
 
 Verbesina 
 Vernal Grass 
 
 247 
 
 470 
 
 Symphoricarpus 
 
 211 
 
 Tragia 
 
 888 
 
 Vernonia 
 
 229 
 
 Symphytum 
 Symplocarpus 
 
 805 
 460 
 
 Trailing Arbutus 
 
 257 
 
 266 
 
 Veronica 
 Vervain 
 
 822 
 840 
 
 Symplocos 
 
 278 
 
 Trapa 
 
 187 
 
 Vervain Family 
 
 839 
 
 Syringa 
 
 168,280 
 
 Trautvetteria 
 
 88 
 
 Vetch 
 
 187 
 
 
 
 Treacle Mustard 
 
 65 
 
 Vetchling 
 
 186 
 
 Tacamahac 
 
 400 
 
 Tread-softly 
 
 882 
 
 Viburnum 
 
 209 
 
 Tacsonia 
 
 189 
 
 Tree Ferns 
 
 489 
 
 Vicia 
 
 187 
 
 Tagetes 
 Talinum 
 
 250 
 80 
 
 Tree of Heaven 
 Trefoil 
 
 101 
 126 
 
 Vigna 
 Vinca 
 
 185 
 
 285 
 
 Tallow Tree 
 
 884 
 
 Trichomanes 
 
 499 
 
 Vincetoxicum 
 
 289 
 
 Tamarack 
 
 482 
 
 Trichostema 
 
 846 
 
 Vine Family 
 
 106 
 
 Tamariscineae 
 
 81 
 
 Trientalis 
 
 275 
 
 Vine Peach 
 
 192 
 
 Tamarisk 
 
 81 
 
 Trifolium 
 
 126 
 
 Viola 
 
 71 
 
 Tamarisk Family 
 Tamarix 
 
 81 
 81 
 
 Triglochin 
 TriJisia 
 
 457 
 281 
 
 Violacess 
 Violet Family 
 
 71 
 71 
 
 Tanacetum 
 
 252 
 
 Trillium 
 
 440 
 
 Violets 
 
 71 
 
 Tangerine 
 
 100 
 
 Triostenm 
 
 211 
 
 Viper's Bugloss 
 
 306 
 
 Tansy 
 Tansy Mustard 
 Tape Grass 
 Taraxacum 
 
 252 
 65 
 403 
 258 
 
 Tripsacum 
 Triteleia 
 Triticum 
 Tritoma 
 
 475 
 447 
 
 468 
 460 
 
 Virgilia 
 Virginia Creeper 
 Virginia Stock 
 Virgin's Bower 
 
 124 
 
 108 
 64 
 35 
 
 Tare 
 
 137 
 
 Tritonia 
 
 422 
 
 Vitace 
 
 106 
 
 Tassel Flower 
 
 254 
 
 Trollius 
 
 41 
 
 Vitex 
 
 342 
 
 Taxodinm 
 
 483 
 
 Tropaeolum 
 
 97 
 
 Vitis 
 
 106 
 
 Taxua 
 
 485 
 
 Trumpet Creeper 
 
 886 
 
 Volkameria 
 
 342
 
 INDEX. 
 
 519 
 
 Wake Robin 
 Waldsteinla 
 
 440 
 150 
 
 White Hellebore 
 White Lettuce 
 
 442 
 
 268 
 
 Worm Gmss 
 Worm seed 
 
 11 
 
 Walking Leaf 
 
 495 
 
 White Snakeroot 
 
 280 
 
 Wormseed Mustard 
 
 65 
 
 Wallflower 
 
 64 
 
 White Thorn 
 
 159 
 
 Wormwood 
 
 25" 
 
 Wallflower, Western 
 Wall Pepper 
 
 64 
 172 
 
 Whiteweed 
 Whitewood 
 
 251 
 46 
 
 Wych Elm 
 
 3S6 
 
 Wall Rue 
 
 494 
 
 Whitlavia 
 
 800 
 
 Xanthium 
 
 244 
 
 Walnut 
 
 890 
 
 Whitlow Grass 
 
 62 
 
 Xanthoceras 
 
 109 
 
 Walnut Family 
 
 390 
 
 Whitlow-wort 
 
 860 
 
 Xanthorrhiza 
 
 45 
 
 Wandering Jew 
 Wart Cress 
 
 454 
 67 
 
 Wigandia 
 Wild Allspice 
 
 801 
 876 
 
 Xanthoxylum 
 Xeranthemum 
 
 99 
 254 
 
 Water Arum 
 Water Beech 
 
 460 
 395 
 
 Wild Balsam Apple 
 Wild Comfrey 
 
 193 
 803 
 
 Xerophyllom 
 Xiphion 
 
 44-J 
 419 
 
 Water Caltrops 
 
 187 
 
 Wild Cucumber 
 
 193 
 
 Xyridace 
 
 456 
 
 Water Chestnut 
 
 187 
 
 Wild Ginger 
 
 873 
 
 Xyris 
 
 456 
 
 Water Chinquapin 
 
 52 
 
 Wild Grasses 
 
 475 
 
 
 
 Watercress 
 
 63 
 
 Wild Hyacinth 
 
 448 
 
 Tarn 
 
 430 
 
 Water Hemlock 
 
 263 
 
 Wild Indigo 
 
 128 
 
 YamFamfly 
 
 480 
 
 Water Hemp 
 
 
 Wild Lime 
 
 207 
 
 Yard Grass 
 
 472 
 
 Water Horehound 
 
 847 
 
 Wild Olive 
 
 207 
 
 Yarrow 
 
 250 
 
 Waterleaf 
 
 299 
 
 Wild Potato Vine 
 
 808 
 
 Yaupon 
 
 102 
 
 Waterleaf Family 
 
 298 
 
 Willow 
 
 899 
 
 Yellow-eyed Grass Fam- 
 
 
 Water Lily 
 Water Lily Family 
 
 52 
 51 
 
 Willow Family 
 Willow Herb 
 
 899 
 181 
 
 ily 
 Yellow Jessamine 
 
 456 
 
 290 
 
 Watermelon 
 
 192 
 
 Windflower 
 
 86 
 
 Yellow Pond Lily 
 
 53 
 
 Water Milfoil Family 
 
 175 
 
 Wineberry 
 
 154 
 
 Yellow Puccoon 
 
 45 
 
 Water Oats 
 
 475 
 
 Winged Pigweed 
 
 364 
 
 Yellow Rocket 
 
 64 
 
 Water Parsnip 
 Water Pepper 
 
 208 
 871 
 
 Winterberry 
 Winter Cress 
 
 102 
 64 
 
 Yellowroot 
 Yellowwood 
 
 45 
 123 
 
 Water Plantain 
 
 454 
 
 Wintergreen 
 
 266, 270 
 
 Yew 
 
 485 
 
 Water Plantain Family 
 
 454 
 
 Wire Grass 
 
 472 
 
 Yucca 
 
 451 
 
 Water Shield 
 
 52 
 
 Wistaria 
 
 180 
 
 Yulan 
 
 47 
 
 Water Violet 
 
 273 
 
 Witch-hazel 
 
 174 
 
 
 
 Waterweed 
 
 403 
 
 Witch-hazel Family 
 
 174 
 
 Zamia 
 
 485 
 
 Wax Myrtle 
 
 392 
 
 Withe-rod 
 
 209 
 
 Zannichellia 
 
 457 
 
 Wax Plant 
 
 289 
 
 Woad 
 
 67 
 
 Zauschneria 
 
 161 
 
 Waxwork 
 
 108 
 
 Woad-waxen 
 
 124 
 
 Zea 
 
 4<;- 
 
 Wayfaring Tree 
 
 209 
 
 Wolfberry 
 
 211 
 
 Zebra Grass 
 
 474 
 
 Weedy Grasses 
 
 471 
 
 Wolffia 
 
 457 
 
 Zebrina 
 
 454 
 
 Weigela 
 
 218 
 
 Wolfsbane 
 
 43 
 
 Zephyranthea 
 
 42- 
 
 Wellington^ 
 
 483 
 
 Wood Betony 
 
 881 
 
 Zingiber 
 
 410 
 
 Whahoo 
 
 887 
 
 Woodbine 
 
 108, 211 
 
 Zinnia 
 
 244 
 
 Wheat 
 
 468 
 
 Wood Nettle 
 
 
 Zizania 
 
 475 
 
 Whin 
 
 124 
 
 Woodsia 
 
 498 
 
 Zostera 
 
 457 
 
 White Alder 
 
 270 
 
 Wood Sorrel 
 
 95 
 
 Zygadenoa 
 
 442 
 
 White Cedar 
 
 483 
 
 Woodwardia 
 
 498 
 

 
 The Botanist's Microscope 
 
 Designed to be used with 
 the Botanical Text- 
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 the American Book 
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