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 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS 
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN THE 
 ISLAND OF MOCHLOS 
 
 BY 
 
 RICHARD B. SEAGER 
 
 BOSTON AND NEW YORK 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN SCHOOL 
 
 OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS 
 
 1912
 
 Copyright, 1912, bt 
 the trustees of the american school 
 
 OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS 
 ALL RIGHTS RESER\T:D 
 
 PRINTED AT THE BUMFORD PRESS 
 CONCORD N. H. 
 
 COLOR PLATES BT OATCHEL AND 
 MANNING PHILADELPHIA
 
 'H3 
 
 C^S' 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 This book is a report of the excavations at Mochlos, off the coast 
 of Crete, which I conducted in the spring and summer of 1908. The 
 expense of the work was borne jointly by friends of the Museum of 
 Fine Arts in Boston, by the American School of Classical Studies 
 at Athens, which obtained the concession from the Cretan authori- 
 ties, and by myself. The objects which I was allowed to take out 
 of Crete are in the Museum at Boston. The expense of this publica- 
 tion is borne by the School at Athens. A brief report on the work in 
 the town of Mochlos appeared in the American Journal of Archae- 
 ology, Vol. XIII, 1909, pp. 273-303. 
 
 I wish to give hearty thanks to the many friends who have helped 
 me in various ways. Among these I would mention especially the 
 two Cretan Ephors, Doctor Hatzidakis and Doctor Xanthoudides, 
 Mr. B. H. Hill, the Director of the School at Athens, Mr. Gar- 
 diner M. Lane, the President of the Trustees of the Museum, Sir 
 Arthur Evans, Miss Edith H. Hall, and the Committee on Publica- 
 tions of the School at Athens, Professor G. H. Chase, Professor J. R. 
 Wheeler, and Professor H. N. Fowler. Miss Hall has read the 
 manuscript and has offered many valuable suggestions. The mem- 
 bers of the Committee have read both manuscript and proof and 
 have aided me greatly by their advice and counsel. 
 
 Richard B. Seagek. 
 October 7, 1911. 
 
 796945
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction . 1 
 
 The Early Minoan Period 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 The Cemetery .... 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 The Northwest Group of Tombs . 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 The Main Slope .... 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 The Chamber Tombs . 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 Tomb I . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 Tomb II .... 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 Tomb III .... 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 TombV .... 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 Tomb IV .... 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 Tomb VI .... 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 The Smaller Tombs . 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 Tomb VII .... 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 Tombs VIII, IX, X 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 Tomb XI .... 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 Tomb XII .... 
 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 Tomb XIII .... 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 Tombs XIV, XV . 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 Tomb XVI .... 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 Tomb XVII 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 Tomb XVIII 
 
 
 
 
 69 
 
 Tomb XIX .... 
 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 Tomb XX .... 
 
 
 
 
 74 
 
 Tomb XXI .... 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 Tomb XXII 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 Tomb XXIII 
 
 
 
 
 79 
 
 Other Stone Vases from the Cemetery 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 Miscellaneous Clay Vases 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 Child Burials of the M. M. Ill and L. M 
 
 [. I Periods 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 A Late Minoan I Burial 
 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 The Pottery from the Cemetery 
 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 The E. M. I Period . 
 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 The E. M. II Period . 
 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 The E. M. Ill Period . 
 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 The M. M. I Period . 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 The Stone Vases .... 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 The Jewelry .... 
 
 
 
 
 104 
 
 Objects of Copper and Bronze 
 
 
 
 
 106 
 
 Seal Stones 
 
 
 
 
 108
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 In the history of archaeology no discoveries have raised greater 
 controversy or proved more fascinating to the general public than 
 those of Minoan Crete. When, years ago, Schliemann opened the 
 shaft graves at Mycenae many scholars refused to accept them as 
 belonging to a prehellenic civilization. They found it hard to 
 believe that behind the art of classic Greece lay centuries of civili- 
 zation and culture reaching back into the dim ages contemporary 
 with the earliest dynasties of Egypt. It was not easy to convince 
 the enthusiastic admirers of Hellenic civilization that the art of 
 Greece was no sudden and unaided flowering of a half barbarous and 
 obscure race, but that in reality it had felt the impulse and influence 
 of an art and civilization which existed centuries before. Yet we 
 now know that such was the case. The classic Greek was the 
 product of an ancient race mixed with the blood of wandering 
 tribes of barbarians who for a time had blotted out the results of 
 centuries of artistic development. Homer's stories of Achaean 
 splendor were no idle tales but had a foundation of solid fact. In 
 his day the old order was a thing of the past, but legends of 
 former magnificence were still handed down from father to son. 
 The various artistic masterpieces possessed by the Achaeans were 
 regarded as the work of the gods, far surpassing anything that 
 could be made by human hands in the days when the epos was 
 composed. There is little doubt that the Achaeans did possess 
 
 Note. The titles of books and periodicals to which reference is frequently made are abbrevi- 
 ated as follows: 
 
 A. J. A. — American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series, 1897- . 
 
 Anth. Publ. = Anthropological Publications, the Museum, University of Pennsylvania, 190&- . 
 
 B. S. A. = Annual of the British School at Athens, 1899- . 
 
 Dawn Med. Civ. = Dawn of the Mediterranean Civilization by Angelo Mosso, London, 
 1910. 
 
 'Ey. ' Al>X- — Etp-qn^pi^ ' A pxoiioXoj'txij , 1837- . 
 
 Goumia. = Goumia, Vasiliki and other Prehistoric Sites on the Isthmus of Hierapetra, Crete, 
 
 by Harriet Boyd Hawes, Philadelphia, 1908. 
 J. tf. S. = Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1880- . 
 A/on. Ant. = Monument! Antichi pubblicati per cura della Reale Accademia dei Lincei. 
 
 1889- . 
 Phylakopi. = Excavations at Phylakopi in Melos, published by the Society for the Promotion 
 
 of Hellenic Studies, London, 1904. 
 Trant. = Transactions, Department of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania, 1904- . 
 2 1
 
 2 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 such objects, but it is probable that they were really the spoil of 
 the many Minoan towns and palaces which had fallen at the 
 hands of the invaders. The Minoan civilization was finally 
 destroyed about 1200 b.c. by rude tribes who entered Greece 
 from the north and, sweeping down into the Peloponnesus, 
 spread themselves through the islands of the Aegean. A period 
 of great unrest seems to have existed in Crete for 200 to 250 
 years before the final extinction of the Minoan civilization, and 
 the first signs that the Minoan power was tottering to its fall were 
 apparent as early as the end of the Late Minoan II period. The 
 identity of the people who first weakened the foundations of this 
 long-established civilization is not clear. It is more than likely that 
 Homer's Achaeans were among those who plundered the rich towns 
 and palaces of Crete, but whether these Achaeans were a mainland 
 branch of the Minoan race or one of the invading tribes from the 
 north is still a much disputed point. Following closely on the heels 
 of the first invaders of the Minoan kingdom came other warlike tribes 
 among whom must be included the iron-using Dorians, and for some 
 two or three centuries the Aegean appears to have been the scene of 
 constant invasions and migrations, the battle ground of a series of 
 robber princes. During this period of chaotic darkness the old 
 civilization was swept away. Minoan Crete became a thing of 
 the past and the remnant of its many inhabitants led a hand-to- 
 mouth existence in mountain fastnesses well out of the reach of 
 roving bands of pirates. The splendor of Mycenae also vanished, 
 but traditions of former greatness still persisted wherever the 
 old stock survived the constant streams of barbarous conquerors. 
 When the influx of northmen stopped and the Aegean had ceased 
 to be the battle ground of nations, we find the new intruders settling 
 themseh'es side by side with the remnants of the ancient population 
 now scattered broadcast through the lands known to us as Hellenic. 
 Whenever a race of northern origin settled in the Mediterranean 
 it very soon lost many of its own characteristics through intermar- 
 riage with the previous owners of the soil, as was the case, for exam- 
 ple, with the Greek Ptolemies in Egypt many centuries later. It 
 may be that a similar fate overtook the northern invaders of the 
 Aegean. If we assume that such was the case it is easy to see how, 
 once the newcomers began to lose their own characteristics, the 
 inherent artistic spirit of the conquered Minoans revived in the 
 mixed race, driving it into that amazingly rapid development 
 which seemed so inexplicable before the spade lent its aid to the 
 historian. This renaissance may be said to have begun with the
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS S 
 
 composing of the Homeric poems and probably started in parts of 
 the Aegean where the ancient Minoan stock had been least affected 
 by the new influx of foreign blood. We know that one of the prin- 
 cipal migrations from Crete was towards the coast of Asia Minor,' 
 and it is perhaps more than a coincidence that one finds in Asia 
 Minor both the traditional birth-place of the Homeric legends and 
 the first impulses of artistic regeneration. 
 
 In Crete excavations have uncovered the remains of a mighty 
 civilization whose towns and palaces not only covered the entire 
 island but spread themselves far and wide through the Aegean, even 
 reaching to the western Mediterranean and the northern end of 
 the Adriatic. These discoveries in Crete were begun in 1900 by 
 the representatives of four nations, England, Italy, the United 
 States and France. For the first few years the excavators them- 
 selves were as much amazed as the rest of the world by the objects 
 revealed on the various sites. Huge palaces came to light at Knossos 
 and Phaistos, while in the eastern part of Crete several small but 
 prosperous towns were uncovered which showed that the artistic 
 standard set by the palace sites was maintained in the lesser settle- 
 ments. The first question which arose was what name should be 
 given to this civilization and to the race who produced it. Many 
 suggestions were made, but by tacit consent it was left for Dr. Arthur 
 J. Evans as the doyen of Cretan excavators to settle the question. 
 Dr. Evans was one of the first to realize the probable result of 
 excavations in Crete as, some years before, he had discovered that 
 a prehistoric system of writing had been in use among the early inhab- 
 itants of the island. After some consideration he decided that it 
 would be reasonable to choose for this civilization the name with 
 which Crete was most closely connected in early history and legend. 
 Regarding Minos as a royal title, rather than the name of an indi- 
 vidual, he suggested that this new civilization should be called 
 Minoan. It appeared quite possible that more than one ruler bore 
 the name of Minos and that the appellation was dynastic like that 
 of Ptolemy in later Egypt. Although this nomenclature met with 
 a good deal of opposition at the time it was proposed, it has been 
 accepted by the various Cretan excavators and will be adhered to 
 in the following account of the Early Minoan cemetery of Mochlos. 
 
 Dr. Evans on the cumulative evidence afforded by the various 
 Cretan sites has drawn up a chronological scheme of the different 
 periods represented in the development of the Minoan culture. 
 The entire space of time, about 1500 years, occupied by the Minoan 
 
 ■ Herodotus I, 173.
 
 4 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 civilization from its beginnings at the end of the neolithic period 
 to its extinction in the 13th century B.C. is divided into three main 
 divisions, the Early, the Middle and the Late Minoan. In the 
 long space of time covered by these three divisions, Minoan culture 
 passed through many distinct stages of development, so that, for 
 the sake of convenience, the three main periods have been further 
 subdivided each into three parts. Thus we have Early Minoan I, II, 
 III, Middle Minoan I, II, III, and Late Minoan I, II, III, which 
 are usually abbreviated as E. M. I, M. M. II, L. M. Ill, and so on. 
 Each of these subdivisions is marked by the introduction of a new 
 style of pottery or a distinct change in the style then in use. Luck- 
 ily all the minor Cretan sites followed the fashions of the capital 
 cities more or less closely. Therefore when we find a new style 
 of decoration introduced at Knossos we are sure to find that it 
 was adopted more or less simultaneously throughout the entire 
 island. 
 
 To base chronological sequences upon the evidence of painted 
 clay pots may at first sight seem an uncertain method, but in Crete 
 these same pots, from a chronological point of view, are the most 
 important of all finds and afford a sure method of dating the objects 
 found with them. Most of the vessels used in Minoan dwellings 
 were of clay and of these a great number are painted. 
 
 In the 1500 years covered by this culture, the Minoans changed 
 both the shape and the decorative designs of these clay pots very 
 frequently, and by careful observation of the stratification on many 
 Minoan sites, these changes can be placed in chronological sequence. 
 Necessarily, if a certain type of potsherd is always found to underlie 
 the sherds of another given type on several sites, the only conclusion 
 possible is that the type which lies the lower must be the earlier in 
 date. Evidence of this sort from one site only might be open to 
 doubt, since through the convulsions of nature and the hand of man 
 strata sometimes become very much confused. When, however, 
 this evidence is confirmed by any number of sites in different parts 
 of the country it must be accepted as conclusive. With a little 
 practice therefore the Cretan excavator is enabled to date a vase 
 with great accuracy either by its decoration or, if it is unpainted, 
 by its shape, although this last is a less certain test. As a rule, 
 the changes in the decoration of Minoan pottery are clearly marked, 
 and it is almost impossible for one who has handled some hundreds 
 of sherds to confuse, say, a Middle Minoan fragment with one of 
 Late Minoan date. No one site offers clear stratification for all 
 nine of the Minoan periods, but on some the Early Minoan level
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 5 
 
 is especially well defined and on others the Middle or Late Minoan, 
 so that by putting together the evidence of the various Cretan 
 excavations we get a sure basis for our conclusions. 
 
 When the assertion is made that it is possible to date Cretan 
 objects it must be understood that the dates are only relatively 
 correct and are attained by a round-about method of reasoning. 
 It happens that the Minoans in certain stages of their develop- 
 ment were in close communication with Egypt, and fortunately 
 one can fix the dates of the majority of the Egyptian dynasties 
 with a fair degree of certainty. 
 
 The earliest signs of possible Egyptian influence in Crete are dis- 
 played on certain ivory seals which occur in Early Minoan deposits. 
 These bear striking analogies to the "button" seals of the Vlth 
 Dynasty in Egypt, which dates roughly from 2540 to 2360 B.C. 
 according to Professor Eduard Meyer's system. This evidence is 
 so slight that it cannot be accepted as absolutely fixing the date of 
 the Early Minoan period although this date is the one which best 
 agrees with the data furnished by the Cretan excavations. As we 
 shall see in the following pages, the stone vases from Mochlos 
 furnish additional and more convincing proof that the E. M. 
 period is synchronous with the Vlth Dynasty. Better evidence 
 is forthcoming regarding the Middle Minoan period when Egypt 
 again furnishes material for more certain dating than in the 
 preceding case. In 1907 Professor Garstang discovered an undis- 
 turbed Xllth Dynasty burial at Abydos which contained a vase 
 of the so-called "Kamares" ware, a fabric peculiar to the M. 
 M. period. With this vase were found purely Egyptian objects 
 including steatite cylinders bearing the names of Sesostris (Senu- 
 sert) III and Amenemhat III.' Similar evidence had already 
 tended to show that the Xllth Dynasty was contemporary with 
 the M. M. II period and this discovery removed all further doubt. 
 The only question is the exact date of the Xllth Dynasty, over 
 which there is a good deal of disagreement among egyptologists. 
 At present the latest evidence points to a date about 2160 b.c. as 
 most probable. This date also agrees best with Minoan chronology. 
 
 An inscribed alabastron lid of King Khyan found at Knossos 
 would again connect Crete with Egypt during that confused period 
 which lay between the Xllth and the XVIIIth Dynasties. Unfor- 
 tunately we are unable to assign a date to this king who appears to 
 have been one of the Hyksos conquerors of Egypt. The alabastron 
 lid was found in a deposit which marked the dividing line between 
 
 > A. J. Evans, Ashmolcan Museum Report, 1907.
 
 6 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 the M. M. Ill and L. M. I periods at Knossos; to this Dr. Evans 
 would assign the date of about 1600 B.C.* 
 
 Again in the XMIIth Dynasty under Thothmes III we find 
 Crete figuring largely on Egyptian monuments, and the "Keftiu" 
 or Minoans appear in more than one wall painting, notably those 
 in the tombs of Rekhmara and Senmut at Thebes. We know from 
 various bits of evidence that' the XVIIIth Dynasty was contem- 
 porarj' with the L. M. II period in Crete, and as Egyptian chronol- 
 ogy is fairly certain for that dynasty, we get a date of 1450 B.C. for 
 this second part of the Late Minoan epoch. 
 
 Of still later date are the quantities of L. M. Ill pottery yielded 
 by the excavations at Tell-el-Amarna, the capital of the heretic 
 king, Aklienaten. We know that this sort of ware never appears at 
 Knossos until after the destruction of the second palace. If we 
 accept Professor Meyer's date of 1380 B.C. for the accession of Akhen- 
 aten we must place the overthrow of Knossian power at a slightly 
 earlier date, which would be according to Dr. Evans soon after 
 the middle of the fifteenth century B.C. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that without the assistance of Egypt it would 
 have been very difficult, if not impossible, to assign any dates to the 
 various phases of Minoan culture. Even now the dates of the 
 Early Minoan period are rather uncertain, and as regards the long 
 neolithic culture which preceded it we are as much at sea as ever. 
 
 The Early Minoan Period 
 
 When Dr. Evans' scheme of Minoan chronology was pub- 
 lished in 1904, our knowledge of the first of its three main divi- 
 sions, the Early Minoan, was still more or leSs vague. At Knossos 
 almost all traces of the E. M. I, II and III periods disappeared 
 when the summit of the hill was cut away at the beginning of the M. 
 M. epoch to form the level space necessary for the construction of the 
 first palace. The pottery which lay between the floor levels of this M. 
 M. I palace and the underlying neolithic deposit seemed to fall into 
 three main classes. Wherever stratification could be clearly observed 
 these three classes were found to succeed one another always in the 
 same order. It is true that these remains were of very fragmentary 
 character, but enough was found to enable the excavators to draw 
 up a rough table of the various styles of pottery and their rela- 
 tions to one another in point of age. 
 
 No well-defined floor levels of the Early Minoan period were 
 found at Knossos until 1906. In the meantime evidence had been 
 
 ' Scripta Minoa, Vol. I. pp. 30-31.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 7 
 
 accumulating in other parts of the island, and the Knossian floor 
 levels merely confirmed the evidence of Vasiliki and other East 
 Cretan sites without throwing any very new light upon this early 
 culture. It is to these East Cretan sites that one must turn for a 
 better knowledge of the Early Minoan epoch. Unlike the palaces 
 of Knossos and Phaistos, these small towns have yielded great 
 masses of Early Minoan objects, thus filling a wide gap in our 
 knowledge of the development of Minoan culture. 
 
 Of E. M. I pottery we still know very little. It seems to have 
 formed a connecting link between the late neolithic ware of Knossos 
 and the succeeding incised sub-neolithic and mottled vases of the 
 E. M. II period. No site in the neighborhood of the Isthmus of 
 Hierapetra had produced a well-defined E. M. I deposit until, in 
 1908, a certain quantity of this ware was found in the early cemetery 
 of Mochlos. The examples from this deposit show little skill on 
 the part of the E. M. I potters. They are inferior both to the pre- 
 ceding neolitliic vases and to the mottled ware of the succeeding 
 period, although in shape they show a close connection with both. 
 In these E. M. I sherds from Mochlos the dark clays of the neolithic 
 period predominate, but on no fragments do we find incised designs 
 nor do they possess the highly polished surface of the true neolithic 
 ware. Great numbers of clay spoons or ladles were found; also 
 many examples of the goblet type of cup (see Fig. 23, No. VI, 11) 
 which is characteristic of the E. M. I period at Knossos, but which 
 in Eastern Crete lives on through the E. M. II epoch. 
 
 A few fragments of jugs show that this shape must have made its 
 first appearance toward the close of the E. M. I period. In these 
 the handle has always been attached by forcing it through the wall 
 of the vase while the clay was still moist, a method noted at Phyla- 
 kopi' and at Palaikastro.' As a whole this E. M. I ware is charac- 
 terized by rough hand-made vases of grey, black, and red clay of 
 coarse, gritty quality. The vases often have round, or nearly round, 
 bottoms after the manner of gourds, from which they were doubtless 
 copied, and are usually furnished with ridge handles pierced for 
 suspension {i.e., solid ridges of clay set horizontally on the body of 
 the vase). At Mochlos only one painted sherd was found in the 
 deposit mentioned above, and, as it is of the geometrical E. M. II 
 style, it probably dates from the very end of the E. M. I period, or 
 else it may have worked its way down from an upper level. 
 
 E. M. I vases have been found on several other sites. The 
 curious deposit from Hagios Nikolaos near Palaikastro belongs 
 
 I Phylakopi. p. 94. • B. S. A.. Vol. X, p. 200.
 
 8 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 to this period,' as do certain vases from rock shelter burials at 
 Zakro,' Hagia Pliotia and Gournia.' In the Messara, examples 
 have occurred in the early domed tombs (tholoi) discovered by Dr. 
 Xanthoudides, and by the Italians at Phaistos and Hagia Triada, 
 though in no case in suflBcient quantity to furnish us with much 
 material upon which to work. 
 
 The first important discovery of E. M. II pottery was made in 
 1904 at Vasiliki,^ where a well preserved settlement of the E. M. II 
 and E. M. Ill periods came to light. The stratification was 
 clearly marked and showed that the E. M. II period passed 
 through two stages of development. The first was characterized 
 by sub-neolithic incised vases of fine grey clay and by a painted 
 ware bearing geometrical dark designs on a hand-polished buff 
 ground. This latter style, after suffering a complete eclipse in the 
 E. M. Ill period, was revived in the M. M. I epoch and so closely 
 copied that it is, at times, very hard to tell to which period vases of 
 this sort belong. The best means of classifying them is by their 
 shapes, which in the M. M. I examples had been considerably modi- 
 fied and no longer presented the extreme forms popular in E. M. II 
 wares. 
 
 Shortly after the beginning of the E. M. II period, a third style of 
 pottery made its appearance. This new ware was covered with a 
 hard paint of good quality which, owing to a curious method of 
 firing, has assumed a most brilliant mottled surface shading from 
 red and orange to black.' In shape these new vases were far in 
 advance of the vases of the two earlier fabrics with which they were 
 associated. This ware, made of fine-grained, buff clay, is chiefly 
 characterized by tall beaked jugs and bowls with long side spouts 
 which give the vessels an absurdly bird-like appearance. Although 
 no vases are properly wheel-made before the M. M. I period, certain 
 concentric striations noticeable on the insides of these mottled vessels 
 show that they were turned while still soft on some sort of primitive 
 appliance probably worked by hand. Though few in number at 
 the beginning of the E. M. II period, the mottled vases, shortly 
 after their first appearance, entirely superseded the incised and 
 dark-on-light geometric wares, and in the latter part of the period 
 we find them used to the entire exclusion of the two earlier 
 fabrics. 
 
 > B. S. A., Vol. IX, p. 339. • B. S. A., Vol. VII. p. 144. 
 
 « Goumia, p. 56, Figs. 37, 38. 
 
 « Trans., Vol. I, Part III. p. 207; Goumia, p. 49. Plates XII and B. 
 • Goumia, PI. B.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 9 
 
 At Knossos, as has been said, some floor levels found in 1908 
 contained undisturbed deposits of this period, but by far the best 
 examples come from a large house at Vasiliki. This house, which 
 dates from the latter part of the E. M. II period, contained only 
 vases of the mottled technique. Later it was found to overlie a 
 still earlier building which contained examples of all the three classes 
 which are assigned to the E. M. II period. In the Messara, at 
 Koumasa and Porti, Dr. Xanthoudides found vessels of similar 
 type. They were also found at Palaikastro.' The E. M. II vases 
 from these sites, although identical in shape with those from Vasiliki, 
 are usually of dull red clay and lack the brilliant mottled surface 
 of the vases found on the Isthmus of Hierapetra. It would thus 
 appear either that the potters of Vasiliki used a clay of better 
 quality, or that their methods of painting and firing differed from 
 those of their contemporaries in other parts of the island. 
 
 Just at the end of the E. M. II period a new ware made its appear- 
 ance. Though reproducing all the shapes of that period, it orig- 
 inated a new technique in which a geometrical design was applied 
 in yellowish white on a ground of dark glaze-paint. The old mottled 
 fabrics of the E. M. II period did not yield immediately to this new 
 style, which is known as E. M. III. At first the two wares existed 
 side by side, but gradually, as the new technique gained ground, 
 the mottled vases decreased in number and at length completely 
 disappeared. 
 
 That the E. M. Ill period was of long duration seems clear. 
 In its earlier stages we find the mottled and new light-on-dark geo- 
 metric wares existing side by side, with the same forms common 
 to both. As the mottled vases disappear, the extreme shapes of 
 the previous period undergo considerable modification; the necks 
 of the jugs grow shorter, the long side spouts shrink to half their 
 former size, and by the time polychromy makes its appearance 
 it is hard to determine from shape alone whether the vases should 
 be classed as belonging to the E. M. Ill or the M. M. I period. 
 Another reason for allowing a long duration to this period is the 
 enormous quantity of the light-on-dark geometric ware that is found 
 on early sites on and near the Isthmus of Hierapetra. The first 
 large deposit was found in 1904 at Gournia, where a great heap 
 of these sherds had been piled up just outside the town limits.* 
 This heap was composed of thousands of fragments of the light-on- 
 dark geometric ware and must represent accumulations of a long 
 term of years. 
 
 •B. S. A., Vol. X, p. 197, Fig. 1. • Gournia. p. 57; Tram.. Vol. I, Part III. p. 191.
 
 10 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 At Palaikastro E. M. Ill vases were found in 1903 stratified 
 above the E. M. II wares.' Gournia, where stratification could be 
 observed, furnished similar data. Thus the chronological sequence 
 of the mottled and the light-on-dark geometric styles was fixed 
 even without the evidence of Vasiliki, where the stratification 
 was best defined. There in 1906 a number of mottled sherds were 
 found lying at the bottom of a deep pit, probably an unfinished 
 well, the rest of which was filled with great masses of E. M. Ill vases.' 
 At Zakro and at Hagia Photia, E. M. Ill vases occurred in the rock 
 shelter burials already mentioned on p. 8. At Koumasa and Porti 
 in the Messara several large tholoi of the Early and Middle IVIinoan 
 periods have been cleared. These great burial chambers, which 
 evidently served as town charnel houses, confirmed the evidence 
 of Eastern Crete on all the main points. Certain minor differences 
 due to local varieties of form and decoration were observed; each 
 small settlement had its own methods of vase making and the clays 
 used differed widely in various parts of the island. 
 
 At Hagia Triada the Italian Expedition also cleared a similar 
 tholos of large size which yielded many small vases and objects 
 mixed with the remains of hundreds of bodies.' These tholoi of 
 the Messara, since they remained in use until some time in the M. M. 
 I period, do not furnish such good evidence for the classification of 
 objects as do well stratified town sites or even the small graves of 
 Eastern Crete, where a tomb and the objects it contains often 
 belong to one period, if not to a single interment. 
 
 Curiously enough no tholos of the Messara type has been found 
 in Eastern Crete, nor do the cist graves and chamber tombs of East- 
 ern Crete appear in the ^lessara. There is no reason to suppose 
 that this indicates any difference in race between the inhabitants of 
 the two parts of the island, as the objects associated with both 
 types of burial can belong only to one race and culture, so similar 
 are they in all their main aspects. The tholos never appears in 
 Eastern Crete until the L. M. Ill period and then must be regarded 
 as a type borrowed from the Greek mainland rather than the sur- 
 vival of the early tholoi of the Messara. 
 
 Although the Early ^L'noan deposits at Vasiliki, Gournia and 
 Palaikastro were remarkably rich in pottery, they gave but little 
 idea of this early culture as a whole. Here the gap was partially 
 filled by the Messara tholoi, which yielded examples of weapons, 
 stone vases and seals. The weapons were for the most part short 
 
 > B. S. A., Vol. XI, p. 271. Fig. 5. « Trans.. Vol. II, Part II, p. 118. 
 
 • Hon. Ant.. Vol. XIV, p. 678.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCELOS 11 
 
 triangular daggers, although at the beginning of the M. M. I period 
 a more slender form appeared. The seals were of ivory and pre- 
 sented many striking analogies with Egyptian seals of the early 
 dynasties, especially with those of the Vlth. Marble idols of the 
 Cycladic type proved that these burials were contemporary with 
 the discoveries at Syra, Amorgos and other islands of the Cjclades.' 
 
 At Vasiliki in 1906, in a rock-cut well, some fragments of thin bowls 
 of colored marbles and limestone were found with E. M. Ill objects.^ 
 In workmanship they were so far in advance of all that was known of 
 the E. M. period that it seemed hardly possible to accept them as 
 belonging to it. In reality they were the first examples of E. M. 
 stone cutting, such splendid specimens of which were to be discov- 
 ered two years later. In 1907 an early cemetery was found on the 
 island of Pseira; its graves contained numbers of vases of clay and 
 stone and showed that many shapes of the black steatite vases 
 common in the L. M. I period could be traced back to M. M. I orig- 
 inals and, in some cases, to even earlier types. The graves and 
 their contents indicated a people of poor condition possessing but 
 few objects of metal or of jewelry apart from stone beads. All this 
 fitted in with the data furnished by the primitive-looking pottery, 
 for the stone vases, with one or two exceptions, were of soft materials 
 and poor workmanship. On the other hand, the enormous number 
 of stone vases unearthed pointed to a period in which they were 
 highly prized and extensively manufactured. At Koumasa and 
 Porti many stone vases occurred, but like those of Pseira they were, 
 for the most part, of small size, poor workmanship and soft materials. 
 
 It was reserved for the cemetery of Mochlos to throw a new light 
 on the civilization of the Early Minoan periods. This cemetery of 
 twenty-three well preserved graves produced, in 1908, a great mass of 
 pottery, weapons, jewelry and stone vases, the workmanship of 
 which was extremely delicate and entirely unexpected. We can now 
 judge the E. M. II and E. M. Ill periods by the arts of stone cutting 
 and metal working, as well as bj'^ the ceramic art, which is less 
 advanced than the condition of the other two would lead one to 
 expect. These two periods must, therefore, be accepted as the age 
 of stone vases far excellence, just as the Middle Minoan period was 
 characterized by polychromy in the domain of painted pottery. In 
 view of these discoveries the word primitive, in its true sense, can 
 hardly be used to describe the E. M. II and E. M. Ill periods, although 
 it still applies to the E. M. I epoch. Between the end of the latter 
 and the beginning of the E. M. II age the advance in all branches of 
 
 •■£<p. 'Apx; 1898-99, Plates 10, 11. • Tram., Vol. II, Part II, p. 1<3.
 
 12 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 art except that of the potter must have been astonishingly rapid, and 
 this may indicate that Crete for the first time had been brought into 
 contact with the older civilization of Egypt, a possibility which will 
 be discussed later in connection with the stone vases and the origin 
 of Minoan stone cutting. 
 
 If the decorative instinct of the E. M. II and E. M. Ill artist 
 remained primitive, his knowledge of technique had attained a start- 
 ling state of perfection for so early a period. He was able to carve 
 vases out of hard materials with great accuracy, giving them a finish 
 as good as that produced by his successors of the great Minoan 
 periods. His ej'e for color was excellent, and the stones he used in 
 making both vases and jewelry show a high artistic sense. In metal 
 work he was more proficient than could have been expected. Deco- 
 rative designs, always geometric in character, were his weakest 
 point. It is for this reason that the designs on the painted pottery, 
 particularly those on E. M. II vases, led one to expect a far more 
 primitive culture than really prevailed. The art of soldering was 
 still unknown, although the welding of gold to gold was sometimes 
 practised, and the early ISIinoan goldsmith could produce gold chains 
 as fine as those of the late Greek period. Already a love of natural- 
 ism had begun to affect the artistic development of Minoan 
 civilization. Hairpins were made in the shape of daisies and 
 crocuses, although naturalistic designs were never used for 
 painted pottery before the M. M. I period. This need not cause 
 surprise, for in the development of all races the first artistic efforts 
 are devoted to objects of personal adornment rather than 
 to utilitarian purposes. The Minoan lady of all periods seems to 
 have devoted much attention to personal adornment and it was to 
 cater to her tastes that the earliest artistic efforts were directed. 
 
 The great importance of the Mochlos cemetery lies in the fact that 
 it shows the primitive Minoans under very different conditions from 
 those hitherto imagined. It will be seen that long before the 
 Middle Minoan palace walls were reared on the Kephala at Knossos, 
 the Minoans were a wealthy and prosperous people. Although we 
 have no absolute proof, it is probable that they had already entered 
 into communication with Egypt and had begun their career as a 
 great maritime power. Oddly enough this early period in Eastern 
 Crete was one of great prosperity, whereas in the succeeding M. M. 
 periods the eastern towns seemingly dropped back into insignificance. 
 At Knossos the reverse would appear to have been the case, but as 
 yet it is impossible to oflFer any explanation of this apparently
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCIILOS IS 
 
 uneven development in so small an island as Crete. It is probable 
 that one reason for the prosperity of Mochlos was its excellent 
 harbor. 
 
 The Cemetery 
 
 In 1908, while I was excavating a Minoan settlement on the 
 island of Mochlbs for the American School at Athens,' my attention 
 was attracted by the great number of potsherds which covered the 
 hillside just outside the western limit of the town. As the presence 
 of a huge, upright slab of stone suggested cist graves of the Cycladic 
 type, men were sent to cut some trenches on various parts of the slope. 
 For the first day or two no actual burials were discovered, but the 
 numbers of E. M. vases and fragmentary stone vessels lying scat- 
 tered about in the loose soil indicated graves which had been 
 destroyed by denudation. At last, close to the great slab mentioned 
 above, an undisturbed burial came to light, and for the next five 
 weeks the cemetery continued to yield a rich harvest of vases and 
 small objects. 
 
 The general position of the burial ground may be seen in Figure 
 1 (frontispiece). It is situated on the extreme left where a light 
 patch, indicating the earth overturned in clearing the various tombs, 
 may be observed. Owing to the steep declivity on which the tombs 
 were placed, many had been completely destroyed by the process 
 of denudation and their contents so scattered that it was necessary 
 to clear the entire hillside, the soil of which was found to be filled 
 with objects from tombs which had otherwise disappeared. 
 
 The cemetery falls naturally into two sections: the first is the 
 hillside just mentioned, covered with tombs of small size and various 
 types; the second consists of six large ossuaries or burial chambers. 
 These lay apart from the main slope farther to the northwest along 
 a narrow ledge of rock. Several types of tombs seem to have been 
 equally popular with the inhabitants of Mochlos and are briefly 
 described below in chronological order: 
 
 1. The first and most important were the ossuaries or chamber 
 tombs, which date without exception from the E. M. II and E. M. 
 Ill periods. These were of large size and were entered through 
 doorways closed by huge upright slabs of stone. 
 
 2. The tombs of the second type, which resemble the Cycladic 
 cist graves, had their walls formed of upright slabs of stone. Tombs 
 of this sort are always Early Minoan. In many cases they con- 
 
 iA.J. A., Vol. XIII, 1909. p. 873.
 
 U EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 tinued in use during the M. M. age, but they are never of M. M. 
 construction. 
 
 3. Associated with the cist graves was a third type of tomb which 
 was not only popular with the Early Minoans but was emploj'ed 
 throughout the Middle Minoan period. In this class the walls of 
 the tomb were built of small stones and were quite similar to those 
 found in house construction. In several cases an Early Minoan 
 tomb showed a combination of this type with the preceding one 
 and had walls partly formed of upright slabs and partly built of 
 small stones. 
 
 4. Fourthly, there were a few examples of burials in holes in the 
 rocks with no walls of any sort. These usually dated from the E. M. 
 period and contained but few objects and those of poor quality. 
 A small cave which was cleared yielded a great mass of bones and 
 two clay vessels of E. M. II date. 
 
 5. Lastly, in the M. M. Ill and L. M. I epochs, a new type of 
 burial made its appearance. In these periods the bodies were 
 placed in large terra-cotta jars or pithoi, several of which were found 
 standing upside-down in the surface soil over the earlier tombs. 
 
 No system of orientation was followed in building these tombs 
 and they lay in whichever direction best suited the slope of the 
 hill on which they were placed. 
 
 THE NORTHWEST GROUP OF TOMBS 
 
 Northwest of the cemetery a narrow ledge of rock extends along 
 the face of the cliff for about 100 yards. On one side a precipice 
 looms overhead and on the other there is a drop of perhaps 100 feet 
 to the sea below. On this ledge stand the three large tombs shown 
 in Figure 2. These burial chambers are built against the face of the 
 cliff, and two of them have doorways opening upon the narrow path 
 which follows the outer edge of the ledge overhanging the sea. 
 A little farther on this ledge expands, forming a roughly triangular 
 space enclosed on two sides by towering walls of rock, and on the 
 third there is a sheer drop of 100 feet to the sea. 
 
 On the northern side of this triangle lie three more large chambers 
 with their doorways opening to the south upon a roughly paved 
 court (see Fig. 16). The walls of this group still stand to a consid- 
 erable height. The tombs were entered by doorways with well- 
 built jambs, and in the central one of the three the door, a huge 
 upright slab of stone, was still in place. From evidence which will
 
 x;
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 15 
 
 be discussed later (p. 45) it seems probable that these chambers were 
 roofed with some light material. 
 
 These ossuaries, as they might be called, all dated from the Early 
 Minoan age, at the end of which they were abandoned. In the 
 M. M. Ill period they seem to have been partially cleared, for 
 many objects of this date were found lying in the surface soil 
 over the earlier burials. These later deposits rarely contained 
 painted pottery, or in fact anything of value, with the exception of 
 a couple of seal stones and some knife blades. A deposit of this 
 date in two of the large chamber tombs (Nos. II and IV) contained 
 inverted jars, one in one tomb and two in the other. They were 
 of typical M. M. Ill shape, without decoration, and contained 
 neither bones nor other objects. Another inverted jar of exactly 
 similar shape was found built into a low wall nearby. This con- 
 tained a deposit of curious ashy-grey earth which, by comparison 
 with similar deposits in burial jars found at Gournia, we now know 
 indicates human remains.' 
 
 THE MAIN SLOPE 
 
 On the main slope seventeen distinct tombs of small size were 
 opened. Originally there must have been quite double that number, 
 judging by the mass of pottery which covered the hillside. These 
 tombs are all rectangular, slightly longer than they are wide, with 
 their longer sides set parallel to the slope of the hill. Unlike the 
 large chamber tombs they seldom possess slab-filled doorways. 
 They often lack a wall to close the lower end which faces down the 
 hill, but this usually indicates either a late interment in an early 
 tomb or that the wall has been overthrown by the pressure of the 
 soil above. 
 
 As a rule the tombs measured about one metre by two metres 
 and, as very few of them exceed these dimensions by more than a 
 few centimetres, it is probable that all were intended to be about 
 the same size. Each tomb contained the bones of several bodies, 
 and it is certain that these bones belonged to secondary burials 
 rather than to original interments. In one case the remains of as 
 many as thirty skulls were counted, all lying in a heap at one end 
 of the tomb. In many of the tombs, as in the large ossuaries, the 
 bones lay together at one end, leaving the rest of the chamber free. 
 The small tombs were never roofed and even the cist graves never 
 
 'The finds at Gournia are to be published by Miss Hall in Anih. Pull.
 
 16 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 possessed the capping stones common to the corresponding Cycladic 
 type. 
 
 The burials on the main slope belonged for the most part to the 
 E. M. II and E. M. Ill periods. A few M. M. I interments were 
 found and five early graves had been partially cleared and used 
 again in the M. M. Ill period. In some cases the objects in a tomb 
 all belonged to one period, but more often it was clear that the 
 bones had been placed in the tomb at widely different dates, a cir- 
 cumstance which produced more or less confusion. Luckily, as has 
 been said, the largest and most important chamber tombs were aban- 
 doned in the E. M. Ill period. This fixes the date of the objects 
 found in them with a fair amount of certainty, as in only a few 
 cases were they disturbed in the succeeding periods. 
 
 No signs of cremation were found in any part of the cemetery. 
 The bones and teeth in no case showed marks of fire, although in 
 the tholos tombs of the Messara belonging to the same periods 
 Dr. Xanthoudides has found traces of the burning of the dead. 
 
 Some of the nine M. M. Ill and L. M. I burial jars which were 
 found intact contained the bones of infants and no other objects. 
 Others were quite empty, but it is probable that they too had 
 contained child burials of this sort. The bones which still remained 
 in some of these jars were of the most fragmentary nature and fell 
 to pieces as soon as they were touched. It is not surprising, there- 
 fore, that the unpainted jars in the upper strata of the chamber 
 tombs contained no bones, and there can be little doubt that they 
 were in reality burials of tliis description, the bones of which had 
 entirely disintegrated. On the main slope parts of six more such 
 burial jars, which had been carried from their original position by 
 denudation, came to light. These too are only large enough to 
 have contained the bodies of children, so that we must suppose 
 that the main part of the M. M. Ill and L. M. I cemetery lay else- 
 where. 
 
 The Mochlos tombs all contained a filling of sticky white clay 
 differing widely from the natural brown earth of the hillside. A 
 destroyed burial could always be recognized by this clay even when 
 the walls had vanished. At Mochlos this soil was certainly foreign 
 to the site as it was entirelj' different from the earth outside the 
 enclosing walls of each grave. The workmen maintained that it 
 was a species of clay found on the neighboring mainland which 
 they use today for the flat clay roofs of their houses. The cemetery 
 on the island of Pseira, no full description of which has yet been pub- 
 lished, lay on the slope of a hill composed of similar soil. This clay at
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 17 
 
 Mochlos has had a marvelously preservative effect on all stone vases 
 except those of black steatite, which were almost without exception 
 badly rotted. Clay vases were variously affected by it. In some cases 
 the surface had entirely disintegrated, probably owing to some error 
 in firing when the vases were made. The mottled, the red burnished 
 and the black bucchero wares were as a rule in very bad condition, 
 and the entire surface of the vases flaked off in large scales. Other 
 vases, especially those with polished buff slips, had survived in a 
 remarkably fresh state. This seems always to be the case in later 
 periods such as L. M. Ill, when vases with a polished buff slip are 
 quite undamaged by their long burial in this clay. The ware 
 that suflFered most at Mochlos was the light-on-dark geometric 
 style of the E. M. Ill period; in almost all cases the white paint 
 on these vases had quite disappeared. 
 
 Bronze, wherever it was sufficiently covered with soil to protect 
 it from the infiltration of the winter rains, was well preserved, 
 silver was badly corroded, but gold, naturally, remained unaffected 
 by the action of time. Ivory, though found in very small quantity, 
 was well preserved, although human bones were reduced to the 
 consistency of paper and only" one skull could be saved out of the 
 many fragments. 
 
 THE CHAMBER TOMBS 
 
 These large tombs, six in number, are the earliest as well as the 
 most important in the Mochlos cemetery. They lie, as has been 
 said, on the northwest face of the island along a narrow ledge above 
 which rise precipitous cliffs. Their isolation and the richness of 
 the objects which they contained lead to the supposition that they 
 were the burial places of the ruling or princely families of the E. M. 
 settlement at Mochlos. 
 
 Of these tombs, which are of E. M. II and III date, Nos. II and 
 VI contained the richest deposits; in Nos. I and V only a few 
 objects were found but these of good quality. The remaining two, 
 Nos. Ill and IV, were thoroughly plundered in the M. M. period. 
 
 The tombs Nos. I, II and III are shown in Figure 2. They lie 
 side by side along a narrow ledge of rock. Nos. I and III face 
 west and open upon the ledge, but No. II lies with its longer axis 
 running north and south and with its entrance at the south end. 
 Figure 3 is a sketch plan showing the general position of these 
 three tombs. The photograph shown in Figure 2 is taken from the 
 north side of Tomb III looking south. One of the two doorways 
 of No. Ill appears in the central foreground. No. I lies beyond.
 
 18 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 the south wall of No. Ill forming the north wall of No. I. Still 
 farther beyond lies Tomb II, marked by the huge upright slab which 
 forms its western wall. The tomb chamber occupies the space 
 between this slab and the cliflF. Along the west front of these tombs 
 runs the narrow path by which they were reached. The drop from 
 here to the sea was very abrupt; it appears, in the photograph, as 
 a gradual slope because of the earth and stones which were thrown 
 out in clearing the chambers. In the background across the very 
 narrow channel appears the mainland of Crete with the warehouses 
 of the modern port. 
 
 Tomb I 
 
 As may be seen in Figure 3, this tomb has a double doorway and 
 an interior partition wall dividing it into two narrow chambers. 
 Both doors were closed by large slabs, and the walls are faced in 
 the same fashion. The left-hand chamber measures 3 m. in depth 
 and 1.10 m. in width; the second chamber is 2 m. deep and 60 cm. 
 in width. The wall at the inner or east end stands 1.60 m. in height. 
 
 Nothing was found in the left-hand compartment. The other 
 was filled with the remains of many bodies. There were parts of at 
 least thirty skulls mixed with a confused mass of other bones. This 
 burial deposit was 1 m. deep, and above it was a filling of earth and 
 small stones 20 cm. in depth. In the earth of this artificial filling, 
 lying on the surface of the white clay which contained the early 
 interments, was found a chalcedony seal stone of M. M. Ill date 
 which is shown in Figure 6, No. I, *. In and above this filling were 
 fragments of M. M. Ill pottery, but no signs of a burial of that 
 period, nor was there any evidence that would point to an attempt 
 to plunder the early deposit. 
 
 The objects found in this tomb are as follows: 
 
 I. o (fig. 4). Dish or cover of black burnished ware (height 
 13.5 cm., diameter 17.8 cm.). This is an example of a class of vessels 
 which frequently occurred in the cemetery. It is very doubtful 
 whether they are really covers or merely the prototype of the Middle 
 Minoan "fruit stand" like that from Palaikastro.' Of the many 
 recovered, — often two or three from one grave, — none was ever 
 found with a vase to which it could possibly have belonged. Now, 
 since it is improbable that covers were placed in a burial de- 
 posit without their vases, another explanation is imperative. Among 
 the E. M. I vases in Figure 48, we find a very small dish (No. 34) 
 
 ■ B. S. A., Vol. IX, p. 308, Fig. 8.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 19 
 
 -1 
 
 X 
 
 Co 
 
 m 
 
 > 
 
 CD 
 
 tn 
 
 r 
 o 
 
 FlQUKE 3. CnAMDEB T0UB8 N08. I, II AND III. ScALE 1 : 100
 
 20 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 on a short foot, which certainly bears a striking resemblance, on a 
 small scale, to these larger burnished vessels. In the case of this 
 little dish there can be no question as to its use, since the clay 
 lump on the foot is clearly a handle by which to lift it as a dish. 
 Fragments of both the large vessels and these small dishes occurred 
 frequently in a deposit of E. M. I ware from the cemetery. The 
 little dishes were perhaps for votive use and may have served as 
 substitutes for the larger vessels like that in question from Tomb I. 
 Another vase similar to No. I, a, was found with it but so badly 
 rotted that it could not be preserved. 
 
 I. b (figs. 4, 13). Small jug of highly polished buff clay with 
 two diagonal bands of cross-hatched triangles on the shoulder (height 
 10.1 cm., diameter 8.5 cm.). 
 
 I. c (fig. 4). Bowl of black steatite (height 3 cm., diameter 6 
 cm.). This bowl was found near the surface of the burial deposit; 
 it may belong to the M. M. Ill period like the carneUan seal, Figure 
 6, No. I, s. 
 
 I. d (fig. 4) . Small jug of grey and white marble (height 3.5 
 cm., diameter 4.7 cm.). 
 
 I. e (fig. 4 AND PL. IV) . Unfinished bowl of grey and orange 
 breccia (height 6.4 cm., diameter 8.5 cm.). The unfinished state 
 of this bowl would tend to prove that these vases were made in 
 the town of Mochlos. Either this vase was not ready at the time 
 of the interment or else the flaw in the rim caused the maker to leave 
 it uncompleted. It shows th^t the vases were roughly chipped into 
 the required shape and then polished. In this example the rough 
 surface is still visible around the base. 
 
 I. / (fig. 4). Bowl of alabaster with a rim spout and three lip 
 handles (height 5.4 cm., diameter 13 cm.). This is a brilliantly 
 veined piece of stone like that used for the vases of Plate IV, No. 
 V, i, and Plate V, No. VI, 2. 
 
 I. g (fig. 4). Tiny bowl of translucent green steatite (height 1.5 
 cm., diameter 4 cm.). 
 
 I. h (fig. 4). Small jug of grey marble (height 3 cm., diameter 
 3.8 cm.). 
 
 I. i (figs. 4, 5) . Cover of green steatite with incised design and 
 handle in the form of a dog (diameter 11 cm.). This handle is the 
 earliest attempt at animal modeling found in the cemetery. The
 
 a
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 21 
 
 dog is interesting as it represents a canine type which still exists in 
 Crete today. In any Cretan village one can see dozens of crop- 
 eared dogs of the same peculiar long-legged and emaciated type 
 which served the Minoan artist as his model for this handle some 
 4000 years ago. The ground work of incisions, together with the 
 pierced suspension holes, shows the influence of the incised sub- 
 neolithic ware which was just dying out when this tomb was built. 
 No fragment of any vase to which this cover could have belonged 
 came to light. 
 
 FiGCBE 6. Stone Coveb frou Toub I. Scale 1 : 1 
 
 I. j (fig. 4 AND PL. I). Bowl of grey and white marble with 
 bridge spout and three horizontal handles (height 7.5 cm., diam- 
 eter 17.5 cm.). This bowl is one of the largest found at Mochlos 
 and is complete except for a small piece of the rim. 
 
 I. k (fig. 44). Short triangular dagger blade (length 9.2 cm.). 
 This dagger is probably copper.' 
 
 I. I (fig. 44). Small cutter with remains of ivory handle (length 
 3 cm.). These cutters, which are probably of copper, were often 
 
 ' If we accept Sig. Mosso's analyses of Early Minoan weapons, it would appear that they 
 arc of almost pure copper and that bronze, if known, was ran-ly used in the E. M. period 
 (Dawn Med. Civ., pp. 105-110). The Mochlos weapons and toilet articles have not been 
 analysed, but I imagine that if analyses are made, it will be found that no objects are of true 
 bronze before the M. M. I period. See p. 106, note I.
 
 88 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 found in the Mochlos cemetery and, as they are usually associated 
 with depilatory pincers, must have played some part in the intri- 
 cacies of the Minoan toilet (see p. 107). 
 
 I. m (figs. 6, 36). Large gold bead bearing a rosette pattern 
 (diameter 1.4 cm.). Like a similar bead from Tomb XIX it is 
 evidently copied from vertebral fish bones which were sometimes 
 used to form necklaces in the early periods.' 
 
 I. n (fig. 36). Silver cylinder seal, possibly of Babylonian origin 
 (length 1.5 cm., diameter of the opening 6 mm.). The design is too 
 worn to be recognizable (see p. 111). 
 
 I. (fig. 36). Electrum lentoid bead (diameter 1 cm.). 
 
 I. m 
 FiGtTRE 6. Scale 1 : 1 
 
 I. p (no ilx,ustration) . Fragment of gold leaf. 
 
 I. q (no ilXiUSTRation). Small crystal bead. 
 
 I. r (no illustration). Small amethyst bead. 
 
 I. s (figs. 6, 36). Lentoid seal of chalcedony engraved with 
 design of an octopus, two fish and a sea-urchin (diameter of field 
 2.3 cm.). 
 
 Tomb II 
 
 This tomb was the richest of the 23 opened in the cemetery. The 
 west wall was clear of soil before excavations began and the great 
 upright slab of which it is formed (shown in Fig. 2) was what first 
 called my attention to this spot as the possible site of the cemetery. 
 The north wall (see Fig. 3) abuts on Tomb I; the west consists of 
 the great slab; the south had been swept away; the remaining east 
 wall was merely a facing of slabs against the natural rock of the cliff 
 which overhangs the tomb. The door, if such existed, must have 
 
 > Dawn Med. Civ., pp. 205-208; Halbherr, Memorie del R. Irtiluto Lombardo, 1904, PI. 
 VI. Figs. 25, 26.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS «S 
 
 been at the south end, but since the wall at this point had been 
 completely destroyed in the process of denudation, its existence 
 cannot be proved. 
 
 The tomb measures 1.80 m. in width, the east wall facing the cliflf 
 is 5.60 m. long, whereas the west wall, the upright slab, measures 
 only 2.56 m. in length. Probably a second slab of similar size once 
 stood beside the existing one, which would make the tomb a rectan- 
 gle measuring 1.80 m. in width by 5.50 to 6 m. in length. 
 
 The floor is composed of natural rock which is stratified with a 
 decided downward slope to the south. At the upper or north end 
 this floor falls away, forming a roughly circular cavity 70 cm. deep 
 and 1.50 m. at its greatest diameter (see Fig. 3). This cavity seems 
 to have been partly natural, partly artificial, since there is an outcrop 
 of soft stone at this point. The depth from the bottom of this cavity 
 to the top of the north wall is 1.60 m. At the south end the rise of 
 the rock floor reduces this depth to only 1 m. 
 
 The surface earth had been disturbed in the M. M. Ill period, in 
 this as in most of the other tombs. The knife blade of Figure 45, 
 No. II, 52, was found almost on the surface. It is possible that it 
 may be of M. M. Ill date, but judging from its shape one would be 
 inclined to place it even later, perhaps in the L. M. I period. At the 
 south end of the tomb, also near the surface, was found the slender 
 knife blade of Figure 31, No. II, 51, which undoubtedly belongs to the 
 M. M. Ill era, as do a large unpainted bowl and jar which lay near 
 it. On the rock floor at this end of the tomb lay many bones but no 
 other objects; in fact the only other part of the tomb which yielded 
 remains was the cavity with the soil immediately above it. It may 
 be that the M. M. Ill intruders cleared out this part of the original 
 interment but, deceived by the slope of the rock floor to the north, 
 left the bulk of the contents in the deep north end untouched. At 
 any rate the soil for some 20 cm. above the top of the circular cav- 
 ity seemed not to have been disturbed and contained no M. M. I or 
 M. M. Ill objects. Two badly preserved vases of E. M. II mottled 
 ware were found at this level, together with the bowl of grey and 
 white stone shown in Figure 7, No. II, g. Close to these lay the small 
 clay jug of Figure 7, No. II, b, which was the only object in the whole 
 deposit that could be assigned with certainty to the E. M. Ill period. 
 It is a badly preserved example of the typical light-on-dark geometric 
 ware of this period. At a slightly lower depth lay the clay saucer 
 and jug of Figure 7, Nos. II, / and r. All the soil at this point was 
 filled with fragments of bones, and as the mouth of the cavity was 
 approached, stone vases and ornaments began to make their appear-
 
 84 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 ance in increasing quantities. The bulk of the deposit lay in the 
 l&st 25 cm. of soil at the bottom of the cavity, most of the gold 
 ornaments piled in a confused heap against its south side. All the 
 objects seemed to have been thrown in promiscuously and were mixed 
 with the fragmentary remains of many bodies. As no later objects 
 made their appearance in the entire deposit or in the soil immediately 
 above the cavity, we may consider the tomb as belonging exclusively 
 to the E. M. II and III periods. Had it not been for the one E. M. Ill 
 jug, the deposit might have been considered as of E. M. II date 
 only. As it is, the presence of this jug shows that this tomb was in 
 use not only at the end of the E. M. II but at the beginning of the 
 E. M. Ill period. This date is further confirmed by the ivory seals 
 and the short triangular daggers, which we know from other sites are 
 peculiar to the E. M. age. Though found in both E. M. II and 
 E. M. Ill graves, fine stone vases were more abundant and of 
 slightly larger size in the earlier of these two periods. The gold 
 work is identical, and we have only the marked change in the style 
 of decoration of painted pottery by which to differentiate the E. 
 M. II and E. M. Ill periods. Had this tomb stood alone as a 
 solitary example, unsupported by other evidence, one would have 
 been inclined to place the fine gold chains and the stone vases in a 
 much later period. Luckily the entire evidence of the cemetery 
 assigns these two classes of objects to the Early Minoan age, and 
 although one might doubt the evidence of a single tomb, the 
 corroborative proof of an entire cemetery can hardly be disputed. 
 The tomb contained 129 objects, of which 85 are gold ornaments, 
 15 stone vases, 9 objects of copper and bronze, 4 of lead, 3 of clay 
 and 13 miscellaneous objects of ivory, silver and stone. 
 The vases are as follows: 
 
 II. a (fig. 7 AND PL. II). Bowl of grey marble with a broad vein 
 of white alabaster. At first glance this bowl would appear to be 
 made of two separate pieces of stone fastened together, but in reality 
 it is merely a freak in veining of which the Minoan artist took 
 advantage. This shape seems to have been borrowed from the 
 black burnished E. M. I and II wares, its resemblance to which is 
 increased by the holes in the rim for tying on a cover (height 6 cm., 
 diameter 10.5 cm.). 
 
 II. b (fig. 7). Clay jug of the E. M. Ill period, showing traces of 
 white paint on a black ground (height 8.8 cm., diameter 7.6 cm.). 
 This jug has been mentioned on p. 23 in connection with the date 
 of the tomb.
 
 o 

 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS U 
 
 II. c (fig. 7). Small bowl of pink, white and grey breccia (height 
 2 cm., diameter 4.5 cm.). 
 
 II. d (fig. 7 AND PL. II). Small bowl of opaque green steatite of 
 very fine quality. Of the various stones employed in making 
 these Mochlos vases this species of steatite is capable of taking the 
 highest polish. It seems to have been a rare material, for only 
 seven examples of it occurred and these are all of small size (height 
 4.5 cm., diameter 6.4 cm.). 
 
 II. e (fig. 7 AND PL. II). Small vase and cover in the same 
 material as the preceding (height 7 cm.). This shape is certainly 
 new to Crete. It resembles the "Art Nouveau" vases of the 
 present day and has a decidedly modern look. 
 
 11./ (fig. 7). Cup of grey and white marble which recalls in 
 shape the clay cups of the M. M. I period (height 4.8 cm., diame- 
 ter 4 cm.). 
 
 II. g (fig. 7). Shallow bowl of the same material as No. 11,/ 
 (height 3.8 cm., diameter 11.9 cm.). This marble is of harder 
 quality than that usually employed for the Mochlos vases. 
 
 n. h (fig. 7 AND PL. II). Cup of translucent green steatite on a 
 foot (height 5.8 cm., diameter 3.2 cm.). This shape is derived from 
 the E. M. II "egg cups." ' The incised design recalls the sub-neo- 
 lithic ware of the same period. 
 
 II. i (fig. 7). Small spouted bowl of coarse white limestone with 
 three knob handles (height 3 cm., diameter 3.2 cm.). 
 
 II. j (fig. 7 AND PL. II). Vase of plain dark grey steatite, a stone 
 which rarely appears in the cemetery (height 7 cm., diameter 4.3 
 cm.). This vase shows analogies, in shape, with Egyptian vases. 
 
 II. k (fig. 7 AND PL. II). Little pot of translucent green steatite 
 (height 4 cm., diameter 2.5 cm.). 
 
 II. I (figs. 7, 13). Clay saucer of E. M. II dark-on-light geo- 
 metric ware (height 3.7 cm., diameter 14.8 cm.). 
 
 II. m (fig. 7 AND PL. II). Tiny bowl of clear yellow alabaster 
 with two lip handles (height 2 cm., diameter 3.5 cm.). This material 
 is rare. 
 
 II. n (fig. 7). Small bowl of translucent steatite (height 2.2 cm., 
 diameter 3.6 cm.). 
 
 • Goumia, PI. XII, No. 15.
 
 S6 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 n. (fig. 7 AND PL. II). Pot of alabaster of the same quality 
 as II, m (height 3.8 cm., diameter 4.7 cm.). 
 
 II. p (fig. 7). Small jug of translucent green steatite (height 3.5 
 cm., diameter 4 cm.). 
 
 II. q (fig. 7 AND PL. III). Grey and white marble bowl on foot 
 (height 7.3 cm., diameter 14.8 cm.). This shape can be closely 
 paralleled in the black burnished ware of the E. M. II period by 
 a bowl from Tomb XX (Fig. 32, No. XX, 1). Similar clay vessels 
 come from Syros.' 
 
 n. r (fig. 7). Clay jug of E. M. II ware. Bands of dark paint 
 around neck and base (height 7 cm., diameter 5.1 cm.). This jug 
 has been mentioned (p. 23) in connection with the date of the tomb. 
 
 The gold ornaments are as follows: 
 
 II. 1 (figs. 8, 9). Strip of gold worked with dotted design. Two 
 holes are pierced at either end (length 14.5 cm., width 2 cm.). 
 In the drawing of this piece in Figure 9 the line of the original 
 tracing can be distinguished ; in cutting it out from the large sheet 
 of gold the maker did not follow exactly the original model. 
 
 II. 1, a (no illustration). Similar strip of the same dimen- 
 sions. 
 
 II. 2 (fig. 8). Strip of thin gold with border of dots. There 
 are holes at either end like those in No. II, 1, and three groups of 
 two small holes along one edge (length 17.5 cm., width 1.4 cm.). 
 
 n. 3 (figs. 8, 9). Diadem of thin gold, much bent, with three 
 holes at either end for fastening around the head. Along one edge 
 there are three groups of three small holes. Similar groups of holes 
 occur in the edges of nearly all these fillets or diadems. They may 
 have been intended for fastening chains or pendants to the diadem 
 after the fashion of the Trojan jewelry, but in no case was anything 
 of the kind found. This diadem shows signs of hard usage and is 
 full of small pin holes, which would lead one to suppose that it 
 had been worn for some time before it was finally consigned to 
 the tomb (length 19.3 cm., width 3.3 cm.). 
 
 II. 4 (figs. 8, 9). Diadem of thin gold. The dotted design of 
 animals, apparently dogs, might well belong to the geometric art of 
 the Iron Age rather than to that of the early Bronze Age. There 
 are two holes at either end. Along the upper edge are five places at 
 
 ' £p. 'Apz; 1899. PI. 8. Nos. 6, 13.
 
 'l(;l UK S. >< M.I Ulcil T \.' :
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 27 
 
 regular intervals where the metal has been torn or broken away. It 
 is possible that like the other diadems this one had groups of holes 
 along the edge for pendants and that these had been wrenched oflf 
 before the diadem was consigned to the tomb (length 32.3 cm., 
 width 3 cm.). 
 
 II. 5 (figs. 8, 9). Diadem of heavy gold. The metal in this 
 example is much thicker than in the preceding and there seems no 
 doubt that it was actually worn in the lifetime of the owner. The 
 design of dotted lines is punched through from the back, as is the 
 case with most of these ornaments. It has been suggested that 
 these diadems were made solely for funerary purposes and were 
 used for bandaging the eyes of the dead; but this specimen shows 
 such distinct signs of wear that in this case it seems hardly possible. 
 At the left end are two groups of pin holes, showing that the metal 
 had been pierced again and again in order to fasten the diadem 
 more securely on the wearer's head. Along the upper edge are the 
 usual groups of small holes (length 29 cm., width 3.5 cm.). 
 
 II. 6 (fig. 8). Plain diadem of thin gold with three groups of 
 holes along the upper edge and many marks of pin holes (length 
 20.5 cm., width 2.8 cm.) 
 
 II. 7 (figs. 8, 9). Fragment of diadem in thin gold with a design 
 of dotted lozenges (length 16 cm., width about 2 cm.). These 
 diadems are very like one of silver found at Siphnos.' In the 
 Siphnos example we find the same dotted technique employed. The 
 geometrical designs of animals and conventional patterns so closely 
 resemble the designs on the Mochlos diadems that one must assign 
 them roughly to the same period. 
 
 II. 8 (figs. 8, 9). This is perhaps an ornament of a similar descrip- 
 tion, although both ends are missing. At the central point the width 
 of the gold band is reduced to the thickness of a wire, on either side 
 of which is an anchor in dotted lines. Two holes are pierced 
 through the metal close to the stem of each anchor (length 14.6 cm., 
 width 1 cm.). 
 
 II. 9 (figs. 8, 9). Thin bar of twisted gold pierced at either end 
 (length 18 cm.). 
 
 II. 10 (fig. 8). Strip of thin gold, possibly a small fillet, pattern 
 of dots. There are the usual holes at either end and a network of 
 
 I 'Ey. "Apx; 1899, PI. 10, No. 1.
 
 mm 
 
 .A 
 
 ^■ 
 
 ..-^
 
 t.>* 
 
 
 iiZU^ 
 
 I 
 
 o
 
 so EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 other holes where pins have been jabbed through the metal (length 
 27 cm., width 1 cm.)- 
 
 II. 11 (figs. 8, 9). Ornament of thin gold. Evidently part of 
 this ornament has been broken away. The restoration given in 
 Figure 8, where a stem has been added to the gold trefoil, is not 
 correct. Figure 9, No. 11, 11, a, shows a more probable restoration 
 in which a fourth leaf is supplied, the stem remaining as a sep- 
 arate object (diameter 4 cm.). 
 
 II. 12 (figs. 8, 9). Boss of gold with a dotted border (diameter 
 
 2 cm.). 
 
 II. 13, a, b (figs. 8, 9). Two hoops of gold. These hoops were 
 evidently the rims of some object, since they are turned in around 
 the edges as though to grip a core of some sort. It has been sug- 
 gested that they may be the rims of tiny porcelain vases which have 
 perished and that the gold bosses of Figure 9, No. II, 12, and Figure 
 
 10, No. II, 32, may have served as covers. Figure 9, No. II, 12, a, 
 shows the hoop and boss together in this form. Such porcelain 
 vases with gold rims have been found at Knossos.' (No. II, 13, a, 
 diameter 1.9 cm.; No. II, 13, b, diameter 2.5 cm.). 
 
 II. 14 (figs. 8, 9). Object of thin gold, probably an ornament 
 from a dagger sheath of cloth or leather. The design was beaten 
 out over a form bearing the required tooling instead of being worked 
 through from the back as was the case with the diadems (length 
 4.2 cm., width 1.8 cm.). 
 
 II. 15, a, b (figs. 8, 9). Two plain triangular gold ornaments 
 pierced at the narrow ends (length 5 cm., width at bottom 2.5 to 
 
 3 cm.). 
 
 II. 16, a-f (fig. 8). Six strips of thin gold intended for fastening 
 to garments. All six have dotted borders. Nos. a, 6, e and / are 
 not pierced at the end, which was folded over some object. In all 
 there are nine such strips. Two others are shown in Figures 10, 
 
 11, No. II, 31, a, b. In length these strips vary from 9 to 10 cm. 
 
 II. 17, o, b (fig. 8). Two plain strips similar to those described 
 above. They are both pierced at one end (length 7.5 cm.). 
 
 II. 18, a-i (fig. 8). All of these nine gold bands, with the excepn 
 tion of No. i, are pieces of armlets. Nos. a, b, c belong together 
 and formed an armlet like that from Tomb XVI shown in Figure 38, 
 
 > B. S. A., Vol. Mil, p. i5. Fig. 11.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 81 
 
 No. XVI, 13. It seems to have been cut up intentionally to form 
 a narrow armlet, composed of four pieces, one of which has disap- 
 peared. The rivet holes for fastening the pieces together can be seen 
 at the ends of each strip. No. d is a part of a similar armlet of 
 poorer workmanship. Nos. e and g belong together and were orig- 
 inally of the same length, but one end of g has been broken off. 
 Nos. / and h are likewise parts of one armlet and show much 
 coarser tooling than the others. These armlets are of fairly thick 
 gold and, like No. II, 14, were beaten out over a form. The fact 
 that the edges are always turned in may indicate that they were 
 only a facing to a core of perishable material around which the 
 edges were folded. The pieces vary in length from 7 to 10 cm., 
 and are 2 cm. in width. No. i is a narrow strip of gold with a 
 dotted border and two holes in one end (length 7 cm., width 1 cm.). 
 
 II. 19, a-h (figs. 10, 11). Eight leaf-shaped pendants of gold. 
 It is possible that these belonged to the diadems and were fastened 
 in the holes noticed in their upper edges. These pendants vary from 
 2 to 3 cm., in length. 
 
 II. 20, 21 (figs. 10, 11). A narrow armlet of thick gold bearing 
 a design of lozenges scratched on the surface of the metal. Like 
 the armlets of No. II, 18, this one is formed of two pieces which 
 were riveted together (length of each piece 10 cm., width 1 cm.). 
 
 II. 22 (fig. 10). Six gold beads. The two largest evidently had 
 a core of perishable material as the metal is too thin to have stood 
 alone. 
 
 II. 23, a, b, c (fig. 10). Gold leaves from sprays like No. II, 24. 
 In all twenty such leaves were found some with a dotted border and 
 some plain. 
 
 II. 24, a, b, c (figs. 10, 11). Sprays of gold leaves probably for 
 wearing in the hair; a should have a fourth leaf like those of 6 and c, 
 but unfortunately it has been broken off. The leaves vary from 4 
 to 5 cm. in length. 
 
 II. 25 (fig. 10). Disk of thin gold with dotted border, much 
 crushed. This may have been sewn on a garment as there are 
 some tiny holes around the edge (diameter 5 cm.). 
 
 II. 26, 27 (fig. 10). Two strips of plain gold pierced with holes at 
 either end (length 11 and 9 cm., width 1.4 cm. and 8 mm.).
 
 82 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 II. 28 (fig. 10). Minature copy of the large diadems with similar 
 holes along the upper edge and in the ends (length 7 cm., width 
 2.2 cm.). This was probably intended solely for burial purposes 
 and doubtless served as a cheap substitute for a real diadem. 
 
 II. 29, a, b (figs. 10, 11). Two pins representing a flower, proba- 
 bly a crocus (length 5 cm.). 
 
 II. 30 (figs. 10, 11). Exquisitely fine gold chain of double links 
 divided into two parts by a leaf-shaped piece of gold. It is attached 
 at the upper end to a hoop of twisted wire and the lower end 
 carries a bell-shaped pendant (length 11 cm.). 
 
 II. 31, a, b (figs. 10, 11). Two strips of gold with dotted border; 
 a is pierced at either end, b at one end only (length 9.5 cm., width 
 9 mm.). 
 
 II. 32 (fig. 10). Boss of gold like that shown in Figure 9, No. 11, 
 12, but badly crushed (diameter 2 cm.). 
 
 II. 33 (figs. 10, 11). Cross-shaped gold ornament made of two 
 pieces of metal. It has a dotted border and in the centre four rivet 
 holes for fastening the two pieces together (length of each strip 
 5.5 cm.). 
 
 II. 34 (fig. 10). Ornament of thin gold pierced with two holes at 
 the upper end. One arm had been broken away; the complete arm 
 is 6.1 cm. in length. 
 
 II. 35 (figs. 10, 11). Fine gold chain to which are attached seven 
 leaf-shaped pendants at irregular intervals (length 7.9 cm.). 
 
 II. 36 (figs. 10, 11). Coarser chain of single hnks with bell- 
 shaped pendant (length 7 cm.). These gold chains, Nos. 30, 35, 
 and 36, together with similar chains from Tombs IV, VI and XIX, 
 are the finest specimens of gold work from the cemetery. 
 
 II. 37 (fig. 10). Two small beads of bronze covered with gold 
 leaf (length 1 cm.). 
 
 In addition to the ornaments just described there were pieces of 
 many others, together with a number of scraps of gold foil. As has 
 been said (p. 15), these burials were evidently secondary, and in the 
 removal of the bones from the place of burial to their final resting 
 place in the ossuaries, many of the smaller objects doubtless disap- 
 peared. When the bones were placed in the ossuary, the ornaments, 
 vases and weapons were tossed carelessly into the chamber. Many
 
 l-'u.iui, 10. Sialic aiuil i I:'.)
 
 11.21 
 
 11.36 
 
 L II. 30 
 
 11.35 
 
 11.29.0 
 
 II. 19 
 Figure 11. Scale 6 : 7 
 
 11.42 
 
 II 31.6
 
 34 EXPLORATIOXS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 of the gold objects were crumpled up into little balls, and in one or 
 two cases the diadems were rolled or folded up in a sort of tight 
 packet. This alone is enough to indicate that the bodies were not 
 laid in their final resting place covered with their funeral trappings, 
 whatever may have been the case at the primary interment. When 
 one considers that the bones were moved from one place to another 
 probably some years after they were first interred, it is remarkable 
 that so many offerings still remain. 
 The remaining objects from the tomb are as follows : 
 
 II. 38 (no illustration). Hollow bone amulet of cylindrical 
 shape, pierced with two holes in the side, one near either end (length 
 3.2 cm., diameter 1.2 cm.). Similar amulets have been found at 
 Gournia,' at Hagia Triada and at Palaikastro. 
 
 II. 39, a-e (no illustration). Five strips of ivory inlay with 
 oblique grooving (length 2.5 cm., width 5 mm.). 
 
 n. 40, f-h (no illustration). Three similar strips of green 
 steatite of the same dimensions. These strips of ivory and steatite 
 must have been used as inlay of some sort, perhaps for a wooden 
 casket (for other such strips see Fig. 43, No. XIX, 15). 
 
 n. 41 (fig. 12). Large ivory seal with palmette design on one 
 end (length 3.3 cm., diameter of field 2.6 by 2 cm.). This seal 
 had been broken at an early period and was found riveted together 
 by a bronze peg, which would tend to show that such seals were 
 highly prized and not easily replaced. 
 
 II. 42 (fig. 11). Ivory signet seal with design of two cynoceph- 
 alus apes back to back (height 1.8 cm., diameter of field 1.2 cm.). 
 The design has an Egyptian look. A seal of the same type was 
 found on the town site of Mochlos in an E. M. Ill deposit.* 
 
 II. 43 (fig. 12). Dagger blade, probably of copper, with three 
 rivet holes (length 6.8 cm., width across point of attachment to 
 handle 2.8 cm.). 
 
 II. 44 (fig. 12) . Large dagger blade, probably copper (length 
 12.4 cm.). 
 
 II. 45 (fig. 12). Dagger blade, probably copper (length 10.4 cm.). 
 This dagger blade had five rivets and is curiously scalloped along 
 the point of attachment to the handle. 
 
 t Trans.. Vol. I, Part III, p. 182, Fig. 2. • A. J. A.. Vol. XIII, 1909, p. 280, Fig. 3.
 
 36 
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 II. 46 (fig. 12). Small votive double axe, probably copper (length 
 7.5 cm.). 
 
 II. 47, a, b, c, d (no illustration). Four objects of lead. Two 
 of these are double axes like No. II, 46, and bear some relation to 
 two buckle-shaped objects to which they correspond in size. Thus 
 the larger axe and the larger buckle are 6 cm. in length, while the 
 small axe and small buckle are only 4 cm. long. 
 
 FiGUBE 13. Scale 1 
 
 II. 48, a, b, c (no illustration). Parts of depilatory pincers. 
 Nos. b and c were evidently parts of one pair formerly set in a handle 
 of some perishable material. The blades are of bronze or copper 
 (length 7.7 cm.), a is half of a similar pair in silver (length 4 cm.). 
 For similar pincers see Figure 44, No. XIX, 25, a, b. 
 
 II. 49 (no illustration). Tiny knife blade, probably copper, 
 with five rivet holes for a handle (length 5.6 cm.). 
 
 II. 50 (no illustration). Small cutter, probablj' copper, with 
 remains of an ivory handle attached to the rivets (length 3.3 cm.). 
 This cutter is of the type of Figure 44, Nos. I, /, and XIX, 29.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS S7 
 
 II. 51 (figs. 31, 45). Long, slender, bronze knife blade with a 
 raised midrib and a design like a Maltese cross near the point of 
 attachment to hilt (length 20.5 cm.). This knife blade was found 
 at the disturbed south end of the tomb in the M. M. Ill level (see 
 p. 23). 
 
 II. 52 (fig. 45). Broad, heavy, bronze knife blade (length 20.3 
 cm.). This was found close to the surface of the soil and, from 
 its shape, would appear to belong to the L. M. I period. 
 
 II. 53 (fig. 13). Stone color table (length 21 cm., width 16 cm., 
 height 5.5 cm.). This was found in the soil just outside the south 
 end of the tomb. 
 
 Tomb III 
 
 Tomb III is a large rectangular enclosure built against the face of 
 the cliff on the north side of Tomb I (see Fig. 3). The outer or west 
 wall measures 6 m. in length; the width varies from 3 m. at the south 
 to 1.70 m. at the north end owing to the outward slope of the cliff 
 at the back. The size of the room, which shows no sign of a partition 
 wall, two entrances and the absence of bones make it possible that it 
 never was a tomb proper but merely a building connected with 
 funeral rites of some sort. Whatever objects may have been placed 
 there in Early Minoan times, it had been so thoroughly overhauled 
 in the M. M. I and III periods that little remained belonging to the 
 early deposit. The soil, owing to the slope of the ledge, was very 
 shallow, so that the contents of the chamber could be reached with- 
 out much labor, whereas in Tombs I and II the depth of earth suc- 
 cessfully deceived the robbers of later periods. 
 
 The natural rock of the floor slopes upward from south to north, 
 and in the deepest southeast corner were found a few bits of gold 
 foil and other objects which evidently belonged to either the E. M. II 
 or the E. M. Ill period. These are probably the remains of an E. M. 
 burial, as the metal work is of the same character as that found in 
 Tomb II, but, as has been said, the chamber was so disturbed in the 
 Middle Minoan period that little can be stated with certainty. In 
 the M. M. I tombs on the main slope very little gold was found, and 
 precious metal in the Mochlos tombs usually dates from the period 
 of greatest prosperity, which is undoubtedly the Early Minoan. 
 
 It is not easy to understand the presence of M. M. I and M. M. 
 Ill objects in and near these big chamber tombs, as they are seldom 
 associated with human remains. They might be taken as evidence
 
 S8 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 of a species of ancestor worship practised by the later inhabitants 
 of Mochlos at the graves of their forebears. If such were the case, 
 which is unlikely, the feeling of veneration did not prevent the 
 appropriation of any objects of value which were uncovered in 
 clearing the upper parts of these large burial chambers. It seems 
 clear that robbery was not the sole motive of the curious burrowing 
 operations carried on by the people of the M. M. I and M. M. Ill 
 periods in the surface soil of these tombs, because the bulk of the 
 rich interment was so often left untouched. Also, mere robbers 
 do not leave their own fine weapons, vases and seal stones 
 behind them on the scene of their operations. In the case of 
 Tomb VI, the upper part of the chamber contained M. M. Ill 
 objects together with the remains of many bodies (see p. 50). 
 It is true that these Middle Minoan deposits were all found 
 in the surface soil, and we know that even the bones of the 
 Early Minoan period, which were too deeply buried to suffer much 
 from the infiltration of water, had been reduced to powder. 
 Bones near the surface constantly soaked by the winter rains 
 would have sufifered even more, so that the fact that few human 
 remains were associated with these objects does not preclude the 
 possibility that we really have to do with Middle Minoan burials 
 from which nearly all human relics have disappeared. The confused 
 condition of these M. M. deposits might in some cases have 
 been due to later plunderers, in others merely to the action of 
 time and the movement of the surface soil which, on these steep 
 slopes in Crete, undergoes great changes during the heavy winter 
 rains. 
 
 The following objects found in this tomb were all of Middle 
 Minoan date with the exception of Nos. Ill, e, f, g and j. 
 
 III. a (fig. 46 AND PL. IX). Small bowl and cover of curious 
 grey breccia with spots or veins of pink stone edged with white 
 (height 3 cm., diameter 6.8 cm.). This stone recalls a curious 
 style of painted pottery which sometimes occurs in the M. M. I 
 period, on which an irregular dark design on a buff ground is edged 
 with a fine line of white paint. It may be that this style was 
 derived from breccia vases like No. Ill, a, since there is no doubt 
 that, in certain cases, Minoan vases were painted to imitate stone.' 
 
 m. b (fig. 46). Bowl of similar shape of grey and white marble 
 with breccia cover (height 3.5 cm., diameter 6.5 cm.). These bowls- 
 are of a type which seems never to occur before the M. M. I period 
 
 ' /. H. S.. Vol. XKVI. 1906. PI. VIII.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 and in every case where such bowls have been found at Mochlos the 
 objects associated with them belonged to the Middle or Late Minoan 
 periods. 
 
 III. c (no illustration). Large bowl of common black steatite 
 badly rotted (type of Fig. 18, No. IV, 1). This is a shape charac- 
 teristic of the M. M. period. 
 
 III. d (no illustration) . Straight-sided cup of the same material 
 as No. Ill, c (height 5 cm., diameter 5.8 cm.). This type is shown 
 in Figure 32, No. XX, 3. 
 
 III. e, f (fig. 36). Two gold sprays of two leaves each like those 
 from Tomb II (Fig. 10, No. II, 24). 
 
 III. g (fig. 36) . Object of gold like a drawing pin or thumb tack 
 (diameter 1.6 cm.). 
 
 III. h (fig. 36). Silver ring, badly corroded, with cross-shaped 
 design on the bezel (diameter of bezel 1 cm., diameter of hoop 
 
 1.4 cm.). This ring was 
 found near the surface and 
 cannot be dated. 
 
 III. i (figs. 14, 36). 
 Signet seal of chalcedony 
 of M. M. Ill date (height 
 
 1.5 cm., diameter of field 
 1.3 cm.). 
 
 III. j (fig. 36). Ring of 
 thin gold with horizontal 
 tooling (diameter 1.6 cm., width of band 7 mm.). This ring, to 
 judge by the thinness of the metal, must have served as a covering 
 to a core of perishable material over which the edges of the metal 
 were folded back. 
 
 III. k (no illustration). Six small beads of red carnelian. 
 
 III. I (no illustration). Large bronze ring badly corroded, 
 part of bezel broken away (diameter of hoop 1.8 cm.). 
 
 in. m (no illustration). Jug in coarse red clay, unpainted, 
 bearing a sign ^ incised on the shoulder (height 29.5 cm., 
 
 diameter 17.7 ^r > cm.). This vase is of M. M. I shape. 
 The sign is ^ ^^^ probably the owner's mark. A similar 
 sign occurs at ^ Phylakopi.' 
 
 in. < b 
 
 Figure 14. Scale I : I and 3 : 1 
 
 > Phylakopi, p. 179, B, No. 12.
 
 40 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 III. n (no illustration). Bridge-spouted bowl of 
 M. M. I polychrome ware, badly rotted, with narrow 
 horizontal bands of red and white paint between rows 
 of alternate red and white triangles, one side of each 
 
 of which has been extended into a sort of stem (height 8 cm., 
 
 diameter 9.3 cm.). 
 
 III. (fig. 45). Long, slender, bronze knife blade (length 
 22.5 cm.). This doubtless dates from the M. M. period, for it was 
 found lying close to the rock floor of the tomb with M. M. I 
 potsherds. It closely resembles Nos. XI, 22, and XIII, 7n, of 
 Figure 45, which appear to be of M. M. date (see p. 61). 
 
 About fifty yards farther along the ledge on which lie the three 
 tombs just described, the cliff juts inward, forming a roughly tri- 
 angular space. Against the northern cliff and facing southwest 
 towards Tombs I, II and III lie three more large chamber tombs 
 side by side as shown in Figure 15. These chambers faced a small 
 roughly paved court which, commencing a little to the north of 
 Tomb III, extended to the entrances of the second group. This 
 paved court evidently destroj'ed some earlier graves, inasmuch as 
 remains of gold ornaments and sherds of E. M. I ware were found 
 beneath the pavement. This court was still partially clear in the 
 M. M. I and III periods; a large jar of the latter period was found 
 standing close to the eastern boundary wall against the cliff, and 
 many sherds of both periods were scattered about in the soil at the 
 south end near Tomb III. 
 
 Tomb V lies on the very edge of the cliffs with a sheer drop of 100 
 feet to the sea below. Next to it stands No. IV with well-built door 
 jambs (Fig. 17). No. VI has no entrance upon the court, but was 
 reached through No. IV, a most curious arrangement which will be 
 discussed later. All three tombs are well shown in Figure 16, which 
 is taken looking north. No. V is seen on the extreme left. No. IV 
 in the centre, while No. VI lies behind the heavy wall on the right, 
 directly under the overhanging clifiF. These three tombs were 
 built in the E. M. II period over the still earlier deposit of E. M. I 
 pottery which is described in connection with the ware of that period 
 on p. 92. By the beginning of the M. M. Ill period they had 
 become partially, if not entirely, filled with earth. At that date 
 No. IV was almost entirely cleared. When excavated it contained a 
 number of objects belonging to the E. M. Ill and M. M. Ill periods. 
 The other two tombs, Nos. V and VI, seem to have remained intact,
 
 Figure 15. Plan of Chambeb Toubs IV, V and VI. Scale aboot 1 : 100
 
 4S EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 although the former did not yield any such mass of objects as were 
 found in No. VI. As Nos. IV and VI seem to belong together, it 
 is best to deal first with Tomb V. 
 
 Tomb V 
 
 This is a very narrow chamber 5 m. long by 1.40 m. in width. 
 The outer wall on the left lies on the very edge of the precipice (Fig. 
 16). The great door-slab, which had slipped from its original posi- 
 tion, was lying part way down the slope caught between two boul- 
 ders, so that the south end of the tomb was open. The rock floor 
 slopes sharply up from the entrance to the north end, where the 
 depth of soil was very slight. At the south or entrance end, where 
 the soil was deeper, the builders of this group of tombs had left a 
 large deposit of E. M. I pottery some 20 cm. thick underljang their 
 walls. The red soil of this deposit made it quite distinct from the 
 white clay filling of the tomb chamber so that no confusion was 
 possible between the two deposits. A great many baskets of sherds 
 were gathered together from this early layer, a full description of 
 which is given on page 92. 
 
 Tomb V showed no signs of ever having been disturbed in later 
 periods and, although it did not contain any great number of objects, 
 they were all of good quality. Judging from the pottery it would 
 appear that the first burial dated from the E. M. II, the latest from 
 the E. M. Ill period. No Middle Minoan objects occurred even in 
 the surface soil. 
 
 The bones, few of which were preserved, were found with the vases 
 scattered about the chamber floor instead of lying together in one 
 heap as was usually the case in the other tombs. One small stone 
 vase contained a long strip of gold foil crumpled up and crammed 
 into it with such force that it formed almost a solid mass at the bot- 
 tom. A number of gold scraps were lying about in the earth filling; 
 apparently in moving the bones from the temporary grave to the 
 ossuary, little care was taken to prevent the destruction of the 
 objects associated with the burials. This tomb, like Nos. IV and VI, 
 is built with walls partly formed of upright slabs and partly of hori- 
 zontally laid courses similar to the house walls of the period. The 
 objects from this tomb are as follows: 
 
 V. a (figs. 18, 19). Large jug of E. M. Ill ware. The white 
 design on a dark ground is one of the first examples of the 
 spiral, a design that does not usually appear until the L. M. I period 
 (height 19.5 cm., diameter 16 cm.).
 
 FlClKE 1(>. (UAMllKH ToMilS .\( fS. IV. V AND VI 
 
 I'll, I UK 11. ( liWlHIli I'ltMH \<i l\
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 43 
 
 V. b (fig. 18). Vase of brownish clay highly burnished (height 
 11.5 cm., diameter 10.2 cm.). The dotted pattern is evidently the 
 prototype of the painted design on the cup of Figure 19, No. IV, 2. 
 The vase itself is derived from a very primitive model and must 
 belong to the early part of the E. M. II period. 
 
 V. c (fig. 18). Small-spouted bowl of alabaster (height 2.2 cm., 
 diameter 4.8 cm.). 
 
 V, d (fig. 18). Small bowl of plain green steatite (height 1.3 cm., 
 diameter 4 cm.). 
 
 V. « (fig. 18). Small bowl of grey marble with a hook-shaped 
 handle (height 1.6 cm., diameter 5 cm.). 
 
 v./ (fig. 18). Little bowl of grey marble, two lip handles (height 
 1.5 cm., diameter 3.9 cm.). 
 
 V. g (fig. 18). Pot of mottled green steatite (height 4.5 cm., 
 diameter 3.4 cm.). 
 
 V. h (fig. 18). Small cup of translucent green steatite (height 
 2.5 cm., diameter 3.4 cm.), 
 
 V. i (fig. 18 AND PL. IV). Large side-spouted jug of alabaster. 
 The shape and irregularities in the workmanship point to an early 
 period. It is probably contemporary with the burnished vase No. 
 V, b. The cutting, which is very uneven (though this is hardly 
 noticeable in the illustration), would lead one to assign this vase to the 
 time when the art of stone carving was still in its infancy. The walls 
 of the jug are very thick and the inside is only partly hollowed out, 
 leaving a thick solid base. The handles, both chipped off, were 
 of the early suspension type. This alabaster, which rarely occurs 
 at Mochlos, has a peculiarly brilHant color and vivid veining 
 (height 9.8 cm., diameter 11.4 cm.). 
 
 V. j (no illustration). Stone color-table like that shown in 
 Figure 13, No. II, 53 (length 28 cm., height 5.3 cm., width 19.5 cm.). 
 
 V. k (fig. 41). Gold ornament consisting of a hollow cap of gold 
 with four pendant leaves. It may have formed the tip to a staff or 
 sceptre, as its shape precludes any idea that it could have been used 
 for personal adornment (diameter of gold cap 2 cm., length of each 
 leaf with stem about 5 cm.). 
 
 V. I (no illustration). Long strip of gold foil found crushed 
 inside the small stone pot of Figure 18, No. V, g (length 23.8 cm.).
 
 44 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 V. m (no illustration). Object of lead resembling a small 
 rodent's skull (length 4.5 cm.). 
 
 In addition to these objects many scraps and fragments of gold 
 foil were found but none of them entire. 
 
 Tomb IV 
 
 This tomb lies just at the right of No. V (Figs. 15, 16, 17), the 
 east wall of which forms the west wall of No. IV. The doorway, 
 which has well-built jambs of flat stones, was closed by a great up- 
 right slab which was still in its original position. WTien this was 
 removed two small chambers were discovered, lying one behind the 
 other, separated by a low partition wall. The first (Fig. 15, No. IV, 
 A) was 2.20 m. deep, the second, B, 1.85 m., which is also the width of 
 the tomb. In the right or east wall of the inner chamber B was a 
 doorway leading into No. VI. At some time, probably in the E. M. 
 Ill period, this doorway connecting No. IV with No. \1 was walled 
 up. This may have been done for various reasons. The chamber 
 may have become filled with bones or the family for which the tomb 
 was built may have died out. Whatever may have been the reason, 
 it is clear that No. VI ceased to be used as a place of burial by the end 
 of the E. M. II period, as it contained no objects of later date, 
 except near the surface. The relation of No. IV and No. VI (Fig. 
 15) is curious; it is possible that, in the original scheme. No. IV was 
 not intended as a tomb, but rather as a mortuary chapel through 
 which the important burial chamber of No. VI was reached. As 
 there is no means of entering No. VI except by passing through 
 No. IV, the latter can hardly have been intended for burial purposes 
 as long as No. VI was in use. Again, we know that No. \T is of very 
 early date belonging to the beginning of the E. M. II period before 
 the introduction of the mottled ware, whereas the only early burial 
 deposit on the floor of No. IV belonged to the E. M. Ill period. We 
 may, therefore, assume that No. IV was merely an outer chapel to 
 No. VI in the original E. M. II plan of this tomb group. Later, at 
 the end of this period or at the beginning of the E. M. Ill age, the 
 connecting doorway was walled up, and a small partition wall was 
 built across No. IV (well shown in Fig. 17), leaving a sort of ante- 
 chamber, A, next the entrance. At any rate. No. IV began to be used 
 as a tomb chamber in the E. M. Ill period, since a burial of this 
 date was found in the inner compartment B. 
 
 No objects of any sort were found on the floor of the outer cham- 
 ber A, but close against the partition wall in B lay the burial just
 
 f4 
 & 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 o
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 45 
 
 mentioned. The deposit consisted of a few stone vases, a clay cup, 
 and a large number of beads. The date is fixed by the clay cup 
 (Figs. 18 and 19, No. IV, 2), which is an excellent example of the 
 light-on-dark ware of the E. M. Ill period. These objects lay directly 
 against the inner face of the partition wall and probably represented 
 but a small portion of the original contents of the chamber, inas- 
 much as parts of other vases in alabaster and grey marble indicated 
 that several had been destroyed, probably in the M. M. Ill period. 
 It seems clear that the chamber must have been discovered by the 
 M. M. Ill inhabitants of Mochlos, who partially cleared it for their 
 own use. In the soil near the entrance and a metre above the floor 
 level several unpainted vases and two knife blades of this date were 
 found. This M. M. Ill deposit formed a thick stratum over almost 
 the entire tomb and as it approached the rear wall its depth increased 
 until the floor of the chamber was reached. At this point, close to 
 the rear wall of the tomb and only 10 cm. above the floor, stood two 
 large unpainted jars and a big bowl of black steatite of characteristic 
 M. M. Ill types. No bones were found with these objects and the 
 only thing of any artistic value was a small terra-cotta head (Fig. 21). 
 Without doubt when the M. M. intruders placed these vases so near 
 the level of the earlier burial, a part of its contents became exposed 
 to their eyes. The fragments of stone vases show that they were 
 thrown out as valueless, but precious metal must have been carefully 
 collected. The only reason that a few E. M. Ill objects escaped 
 was the fact that, along the inner face of the partition wall, the 
 spoilers did not clear away the earth to the rock floor, thus leav- 
 ing a portion of the original deposit undisturbed. Just outside the 
 entrance were many fragments and one broken vase of E. M. II 
 black burnished ware which are doubtless remnants of a deposit 
 placed in No. IV when it served as an antechamber to No. VI and 
 thrown out in the E. M. Ill period when No. IV was turned into a 
 burial chamber. 
 
 It is hard to decide whether these tombs were ever roofed over. 
 No signs of slabs or covering material of any sort were found inside 
 any one of the chambers. If Nos. IV and VI were always left open 
 to the sky, it is diflEicult to understand the complex arrangement of 
 doorways closed by great slabs. An outer mortuary chapel with no 
 roof, leading to an equally open inner tomb chamber, seems a rather 
 useless construction. The walls of No. IV and No. VI in places are 
 even now 2 to 2.50 m. in height, quite enough to have allowed plenty 
 of standing room inside if they once possessed roofs. No doubt the 
 walls were still higher originally, for it is quite clear that the upper
 
 46 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 parts of the walls of the south front have been carried away in the 
 process of denudation, and no doubt the north wall was also reduced 
 a course or two from the same cause. It is not likely that so many 
 gold ornaments and fine stone vases would have been left lying about 
 with the human remains in an open chamber. The tombs were 
 certainly not filled in after each burial, but the bones of different 
 members of the family were placed within as the deaths occurred, 
 probably with intervals of some years between successive interments. 
 Again, the objects show no signs of long exposure to the weather, 
 which they would do had the chambers remained open to the 
 sky. If after each burial a layer of earth had been thrown in, one 
 could understand the possibility of an open tomb. The evidence, 
 however, precludes this idea, inasmuch as the bones lay in more or 
 less solid masses with no layers of earth separating the various 
 interments. The fact that no trace of roofing material came to 
 light inside these chambers is no argument against the existence of 
 roofs, since in the M. M. Ill period such remains might have been 
 thrown out when the tombs were partially cleared. At the back 
 of No. IV, between the rear wall of the tomb and the cliff behind, 
 were the pieces of several stone vases which belonged to fragmen- 
 tary vessels found in the tomb itself. These fragments, usually 
 associated with M. M. Ill potsherds, were nevertheless of early manu- 
 facture and represented a part of the original tomb deposit which was 
 thrown out in the M. M. Ill period. With these fragments were 
 numerous pieces of white plaster, smooth on one side and showing 
 the impress of reeds on the other. These pieces of plaster may have 
 formed part of the roofing of these chamber tombs. The roofs must 
 have collapsed in the interval between the last E. M. Ill burials and 
 the beginning of the M. M. Ill epoch. If the tombs had still been 
 intact in the M. M. Ill period, it is doubtful if any of the original 
 contents would have escaped untouched, since the robbers would 
 have entered by the door and cleared the chambers of every object 
 of value. Luckily the fallen roofs and the earth washed down from 
 the slopes above had filled all the tombs with a deep layer of debris 
 which effectually concealed the greater part of their rich contents. 
 Without doubt the heavy wall of the south front was still clearly 
 visible in the M. M. Ill period, and this probably led to their being 
 once more brought into use. 
 
 Before turning to the objects discovered in this tomb, one more 
 fact must be discussed. Tomb IV as it existed in the E. M. Ill 
 period had the general arrangement supposed to be common to the 
 primitive house in the Aegean. It consists of a long narrow building
 
 IV. '2 
 
 V. a 
 
 FiiiiKK li). ScAi.K '2 : :! AM) 1 : i
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 47 
 
 with a doorway in the centre of one of the narrow ends, leading first 
 to an anteroom with an inner chamber behind. An argument has 
 been put forward, based on a curious circular building found by 
 Dr. Xanthoudides at Chamaizi, that the dwelling houses of the early 
 periods in Crete were derived from a circular model which was grad- 
 ually transformed into a rectangular one.^ This theory, however, 
 is unsupported by the evidence yielded by excavations at Vasiliki, 
 Pseira, Mochlos and elsewhere in Eastern Crete. At Vasiliki, where 
 we have the largest and best preserved E. M. II house yet known in 
 Crete, there was no trace of the circular form, and in the underlying 
 foundations, which belonged to houses of still earlier date, only rec- 
 tangular rooms were brought to light. Moreover, certain deeply 
 buried walls on the town site of Mochlos, dating from so remote an 
 era as the E. M. I period, belonged to rectangular rooms. To this 
 evidence is now added that of the Mochlos tombs. In all proba- 
 bility they give the type of dwelling common to the primitive inhab- 
 itants of Eastern Crete; the circular form of building at Chamaizi 
 must have been determined by the nature of its position on a hilltop, 
 where an elliptical house gave a greater floor space with less masonry 
 than would have been possible if a rectangular form had been 
 adopted.' 
 
 The objects from Tomb IV are as follows: 
 
 IV. 1 (fig. 18). Large bowl of black steatite (height 12.5 cm., 
 diameter 29 cm.). This bowl comes from the M. M. Ill deposit 
 and is of a shape which never appears before the M. M. I period. 
 
 rV. 2 (figs. 18, 19). Clay cup of E. M. Ill light-on-dark geomet- 
 ric ware. The design is very characteristic of the period (height 
 8.2 cm., diameter 10.9 cm.). From the evidence of vases found at 
 Pseira and on the Mochlos town site, the shape of this cup would 
 tend to place it toward the end of the E. M. Ill period, although 
 the design looks earlier. 
 
 IV. 3 (fig. 18). Small vase of translucent green steatite which, 
 in shape, recalls the clay "egg-cups" of the E. M. II mottled 
 ware (height 5 cm., diameter 3 cm.). 
 
 IV. 4 (fig. 18). Large shallow bowl of grey and white marble 
 (height 5.7 cm., diameter 21.7 cm.). A few pieces of this bowl 
 were found in the antechamber, but most of the fragments had 
 
 ' Noack, Ovalhaua und Palasl, pp. 51-70. 
 
 >The question of the primitive house in the Aegean has been most ably discussed by Dr. 
 Duncan Mackenzie {D. S. A., Vol. XIV, p. 343), who makes it clear that all evidence points, 
 at present, to a rectangular form for the houses of primitive Crete and the Aegean in general.
 
 48 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCIILOS 
 
 been thrown out with the soil when the tomb was partially cleared 
 in the M. M. Ill period and were found lying between its north 
 wall and the cliff behind. 
 
 IV. 5 (fig. 18). Small bowl of similar shape and material (height 
 4 cm., diameter 8.5 cm.). 
 
 IV. 6 (fig. 18 AND PL. VII). Bowl of mottled green steatite with 
 pierced suspension handles. This is the largest example of this 
 rare stone found at Mochlos (height 5.4 cm., diameter 8 cm.). 
 The walls of this vase are very thin and the whole vessel is beau- 
 tifully cut and polished. It is of an early shape derived from 
 E. M. II bowls of black burnished ware like that shown in Figure 
 50, No. 87. 
 
 IV. 7 (fig. 20). Chalcedony pigeon vertically pierced through 
 the body for use as a pendant (height 2 cm.). Two similar pigeons 
 were found in graves at Siphnos, one of which contained the silver dia- 
 dem mentioned in connection with Tomb II (see p. 27).' 
 
 IV. 8 (fig. 20). Small boss of gold, two holes on either side for 
 attachment (diameter 1.2 cm.). 
 
 rV. 9 (fig. 20). Rosette of shell, without doubt a pin head like 
 those of the gold pins from Tomb XIX in Figure 42, No. XIX, 11 
 (diameter 2.2 cm.). 
 
 IV. 10 (fig. 20). Top of the spiral core of a conch shell cut out 
 to form the bezel of a ring (diameter 1.4 cm.). Such shell objects 
 often occur in Minoan deposits and probably had some special 
 significance, perhaps as amulets. 
 
 IV. 11 (fig. 20). Necklace of gold, crystal and irregular stone 
 beads. The gold beads, five in number, are cylindrical and of 
 small size. The six rock crystal beads are exactly like some from 
 Tomb VI (Fig. 25, No. VI, 34), and may have been dropped in 
 No. IV at the time when the E. M. II interments were carried into 
 Tomb VI tlirough this chamber. The irregular beads of steatite 
 and breccia are quite unlike any others from the Mochlos cemetery 
 and certainly have a very early look. In the middle of the right 
 half of this necklace is a grooved bead of porcelain which is of much 
 later date, probably M. M. III. 
 
 IV. 12 (fig. 20). Shell matrix like No. IV, 10, but smaller (diam- 
 eter 1 cm.). 
 
 «'£»>. 'Ap/., 1899, PI. 10, No3. 27, 28; ibid., 1898, PI. 8, Nos. 16, 17, 23.
 
 • 
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 K A ^A 
 
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 Ell. 
 
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 Ur. II.. / 
 
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 1''k;1 lili '20. SCALK AIHIIT
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCIILOS 
 
 49 
 
 IV. 13 (fig. 20). Shell rosette similar to No. IV, 9 (diameter 
 2.5 cm.). 
 
 IV. 14 (fig. 20). Gold chain with leaf pendant (length 5 cm.). 
 This chain is like those from Tomb II (Fig. 10, Nos. II, 30, 35, 36). 
 
 IV. 15 (FIG. 20). 
 (diameter 2.2 cm.). 
 
 Round pebble pierced for use as a pendant 
 
 IV. 16 (figs. 20, 21). Small terra-cotta head which has been 
 mentioned as belonging to the M. M. Ill period. The workman- 
 ship is excellent and may well be compared to that of the Snake 
 Goddess and the Votary from Knossos,* with which it is roughly 
 contemporary. It would appear to be a male head were it not 
 covered with a white wash, traces of which still remain. The 
 
 IV. 16 
 Figure 21. Scale 1 : 1 
 
 Minoans are supposed always to have followed the Egyptian con- 
 vention of coloring men red and women white, in which case we 
 must consider this head as that of a woman. The hair, which 
 appears to be in thick locks on the top of the head, is gathered inside 
 a tight roll or turban similar to that worn by the Votary from the 
 Knossos shrine and by the men on the Hagia Triada vase.^ The 
 features are very clearly marked, the nose slightly aquiline (height 
 from break in neck to crown of head 4 cm.). The head was found 
 with the two following knife blades. 
 
 IV. 17 (fig. 45). Bronze knife blade. This shape closely resem- 
 bles that of certain short M. M. I knife blades (length 14.3 cm.). 
 
 IV. 18 (fig. 45). Curious bronze knife blade of almost oval shape 
 (length 15.5 cm.). This blade was found together with the preced- 
 
 ' B. S. A.. Vol. IX, p. 75, Fig. Sia&ib; iHd., p. 77, Fig. 56, o & 6. 
 • A/on. Ant.. Vol. XIII, Plates I, II and III.
 
 50 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 ing a metre above the floor of the antechamber. It shows no 
 trace of the early triangular shape which can still be observed 
 in the case of No. IV, 17, and without doubt belongs to the 
 M. M. Ill period. 
 
 IV. 19, 20 (no illustration). Two large unpainted jars of M. 
 M. Ill date (height 38.5 cm., diameter 30 cm.). 
 
 IV. 21 (no illustration). Large M. M. Ill clay bowl shaped 
 like a modern flower pot. It is unpainted (height 11 cm., diam- 
 eter 20 cm.). 
 
 Tomb VI 
 
 This tomb seems to have been the oldest in the cemetery of Moch- 
 los and also to have suflFered least at the hands of later intruders. 
 Although the upper part of the chamber contained some remains of 
 the M. M. Ill age, the people of that period never cut deep enough 
 to disturb the bulk of the original interments. In fact the fragments 
 of M. M. Ill pottery which lay deepest were still nearly 50 cm. above 
 the rock floor of the tomb. 
 
 The chamber measures 3.90 m. in length and 1.80 m. in width. 
 The depth from the top of the wall to the deepest part of the burial 
 deposit is 3.85 m. The only doorway, as has been said (p. 40), led 
 into Tomb IV (Fig. 15). 
 
 The objects were all found, mixed with a confused mass of bones, 
 lying on the uneven rock floor. At the north end, as in Tomb II, a 
 deep cavity was revealed, containing a quantity of beads, vases and 
 small objects of various sorts. The pottery on the floor of the tomb 
 and from the 50 cm. of soil immediately above it is all of E. M. II 
 date and belongs to the first part of that period, when the grey sub- 
 neolithic clays and the buff polished wares which preceded the 
 mottled fabrics were still in use. 
 
 The east wall, which was built against the cliff, had fallen for- 
 ward into the chamber at an early date, covering the burial deposit 
 with a thick layer of fallen stones. In the M. M. period this 
 fallen wall was partly rebuilt. In laying the new foundation the 
 builders did not go deep enough to find the top of the original wall 
 but placed the new one somewhat farther forward, thus making the 
 tomb chamber much narrower. It is certain that we owe the preser- 
 vation of the original tomb deposit to this fallen wall since it baflSed 
 the people of the M. M. period, who never attempted to carry 
 their curious burrowing operations through this layer of fallen 
 debris. This tomb is the only one of the six in which the M. M.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 51 
 
 level contained human remains in any marked quantity. All the 
 upper soil of the chamber was filled with the badly disintegrated 
 bones of many bodies, and it is evident that the people of the M. M. 
 period rebuilt the fallen east wall of the chamber with the express 
 purpose of using the enclosure as a place of burial. Oddly enough 
 no objects of any value came to light in this stratum. The question 
 of date was settled by a large number of potsherds of poor quality 
 belonging to the M. M. Ill and L. M. I periods. Unlike Tombs 
 I, II, III and IV, this tomb contained in the M. M. stratum only 
 one whole vase and no knife blades or seal stones, which would tend 
 to show that the remains were those of people of poor condition. 
 
 Luckily the early deposit is of a very different character, and its 
 richness is a strong indication that we have here the burial place of a 
 wealthy and powerful family, a fact that is borne out, as has been 
 said, by the architectural features of this tomb, which faced on a 
 paved court and was entered through a sort of mortuary chapel. 
 
 The vases from this tomb are twenty-two in number, six of which 
 are of clay, one of silver, one of porcelain, and the rest of stone. 
 
 VT. 1 (fig. 22 AND PL. V). Side-spouted jug of grey and white 
 marble, a shape characteristic of the E. M. II period (height 6 cm., 
 diameter 7.5 cm.). 
 
 VI. 2 (fig. 22 AND PL. V). Large alabaster jug. This is the finest 
 and largest piece of alabaster from the entire cemetery (height 12 
 cm., diameter 10.5 cm.). The coloring is very brilliant, shading 
 from orange to pink and white. The alabaster is quite unlike that 
 of Egypt and seems to be a local variety peculiar to Crete; nowhere 
 else have I seen a material of such marked veining and varied 
 coloring. 
 
 VI. 3 (fig. 22 AND PL. VT). Vessel of grey and white marble 
 resembling a modern sauce-boat (height 6 cm., length 18 cm.). 
 This shape is unusual; the only other example is represented by 
 pari of the side of a large specimen found in this same tomb. 
 Three boat-shaped clay dishes of the E. M. II and E. M. Ill periods 
 found at Vasiliki appear to be modifications of this type of vessel.' 
 A similar one also of clay was found at Syros,= and another very 
 early example is from Gournia.' 
 
 VI. 4 (fig. 22). Jug and cover of breccia, poorly worked (height 
 6 cm., diameter 6.5 cm.). 
 
 1 Traru., Vol. II, Part 2, p. 122, Fig. 5. • '£y. 'Ap/-, 1899. PI- 9, No. 8. 
 • Goumia, p. 66, Fig. 87, No. 1.
 
 £2 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 YL. 5 (fig. 22 AND PL. VI). Small bowl of grey and white marble 
 with four rim handles (height 1 cm., diameter 2.8 cm.). 
 
 VI. 6 (figs. 22, 23). Round-bodied cup of buff clay with a design 
 of festoons in dark paint around the rim (height 7.5 cm., diameter 
 10.8 cm.). This shape, which first appears in the early part of the 
 E. M. II period is one that lives on into the E. M. Ill period. 
 
 VI. 7 (fig. 22 AND PL. VI). Small bowl of grey and white marble 
 (height 1.7 cm., diameter 2.9 cm.). 
 
 VI. 8 (fig. 22). Small silver cup with rows of beading around the 
 lower half (height 3.2 cm., diameter 5.6 cm.). In shape this cup is 
 the metal prototype of the E. M. Ill cups from Vasiliki, Pseira and 
 other early sites near the Isthmus of Hierapetra.* 
 
 VI. 9 (fig. 22 AND PL. V). Little pot of opaque green steatite 
 (height 3.6 cm., diameter 4 cm.) 
 
 VI. 10 (fig. 22 AND PL. VI). Low bowl of green steatite (height 
 3.5 cm., diameter 10.5 cm.). 
 
 VI. 11 (figs. 22, 23). Goblet of very fine grey clay highly pol- 
 ished (height 14.8 cm., diameter 12.5 cm.). This grey clay is 
 peculiar to the first part of the E. M. II period. The shape is 
 derived from an E. M. I type and may go back still earlier; the spout 
 is a variant from the usual unspouted type. 
 
 VI. 12 (fig. 22 AND PL. VI). Small bowl in grey and white marble 
 with rim spout (height 1.3 cm., diameter 3.8 cm.). 
 
 VI. 13 (fig. 22 AND PL. V). Grey and white marble vase on foot 
 (height 5.3 cm., diameter 3 cm.). 
 
 VI. 14 (fig. 22 AND PL. VT). Jug and cover of grey and white 
 marble (height 4.5 cm., diameter 6.3 cm.). 
 
 VI. 15 (figs. 22, 23). Globular jug of polished buff clay (height 
 12.2 cm., diameter 11.1 cm.). This shape is probably derived from 
 gourds, which filled the place of clay vessels in the earliest periods. 
 Similar jugs have occurred in the Cyclades.' 
 
 VI. 16 (fig. 22 AND PL. VII). Bowl of grey and white marble 
 (height 4.5 cm., diameter 11 cm.). The veining of this material 
 varies greatly in the different examples (see Fig. 7, Nos. II, /, g.) 
 
 > Trant.. Vol. II, Part 2, p. 141, Fig. 4. •'£?•. 'Ap^., 1898, PI. 9, No. 26.
 
 D 
 O 
 
 Ed
 
 VI. 11 
 
 VI. 15 
 
 VI. 6 
 
 FiouBE 23. ScvLE 1 : 2
 
 54 
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 VI. 17 (fig. 22 AND PL. YLI). Bowl of grey and white marble 
 with rim spout and one small handle at right angle to it (height 7 
 cm., diameter 12 cm.). This b a shape which becomes very common 
 in the clay vases of the E. M. Ill period and rio doubt existed at a 
 very early date.' It must be noticed how carefully the stone cutter 
 chose a shape to suit the piece of stone with which he had to work, or 
 vice vers'a. This is especially marked in vases such as this one, also 
 in Nos. VI, 1, 2 and 3, in which the natural veining of the stone is 
 carefully employed in such a way as to accentuate the form of the 
 vase itself. In this vase. No. 17, the dark band around the rim is as 
 even as in a painted vessel. 
 
 VI. 18 (fig. 22). Jug of grey and white marble, with handle at 
 right angle to spout (height 6.4 cm., diameter 6 cm.). 
 
 VI. 19 (no illustration). Jug like No. 15 but badly rotted 
 (height 15.5 cm., diameter 13.2 cm.). 
 
 a VI. 26 b 
 
 FiouBE 24. Scale 1 : 1 
 
 VI. 20 (no illustRjvtion). Similar jug, not so round bodied, dark 
 paint on spout and handle (height 12.3 cm., diameter 9.4 cm.). 
 
 VI. 21 (fig. 49, No. 70). Small buff M. M. I jug found near sur- 
 face; dark design in vertical panels, much worn (height 7.8 cm., 
 diameter 6.6 cm.). 
 
 VI. 22 (no illustration). Porcelain bowl so badly rotted that 
 it was impossible to preserve it. 
 
 The small objects from this tomb are as follows: 
 VI. 23 (fig. 25). Tiny bronze lion (length 2.3 cm.). 
 
 VI. 24 (fig. 25). Pendant from gold chain like chain and pendant 
 from Tomb II, Figure 11, No. II, 36 (length 1.3 cm.), 
 
 VI. 25 a, b (fig. 25). Two tiny ball pendants of silver possibly 
 from earrings (length 1.3 cm.). 
 
 > Trans., Vol. II. Part 2, p. 123, Fig. 6.
 
 Kldl l(K -i,). SlALK AllllUT i : .1
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 55 
 
 VI. 26 (figs. 24, 25). Large ivory cylinder with complex designs 
 on either end. This seal is fully described on page 108 (length 1.8 
 cm., diameter of field 2.5 to 2.6 cm.). 
 
 VI. 27 (fig. 25). Short necklace of gold and rock crystal beads. 
 The three large gold beads in the centre of the string must have 
 possessed a core of perishable material as the metal is too thin to 
 have kept its shape without support. The tubular gold beads are 
 identical with those found in Tomb IV, Figure 20, No. IV, 11 
 (length 15 cm.). 
 
 VI. 28 (fig. 25). Animal mask of gold leaf, probably meant to 
 cover a lion's head of wood or porcelain (width 3 cm.). 
 
 VI. 29 (fig. 25). Small copper cutter with bit of ivory hilt still 
 adhering to the rivets (length 3.4 cm.). 
 
 VI. 30 a, b (fig. 25). Part of a curious ivory object which had 
 once been attached to some other substance by means of numerous 
 small rivets (width of a, 3 cm., length 3 cm.; width of b, 2.5 cm., 
 length 2.5 cm.). 
 
 VI. 31 a, b (fig. 25). Two very fine double-link gold chains with 
 leaf pendants (length of a, 11.5 cm.; length of b, 10.5 cm.). These 
 two chains are among the most delicate pieces of metal work 
 found at Mochlos. 
 
 VI. 32 (fig. 25). Triangular piece of thin gold foil (length 6 cm., 
 width 2 cm.). 
 
 VI. 33, 34 (fig. 25). Two long necklaces of rock crystal beads, 
 each with a large central pebble of the same material (No. 33, length 
 44 cm.; No. 34, length 50 cm.). 
 
 VI. 35 (fig. 25). Still longer necklace of very small beads of 
 stone, porcelain and shell (length 60 cm.). These beads bear a close 
 resemblance to the common porcelain beads of Egypt. The appear- 
 ance of porcelain both for beads and vases in this tomb is very 
 interesting as it shows that porcelain was already known to the 
 Minoans as early as the E. M. II period. 
 
 VI. 36 (no illustration). Large disk of thin gold with dotted 
 border, badly torn and crumpled (diameter about 15 cm.). This 
 disk was found between the M. M. Ill east wall of No. VI and the 
 cliff, together with the fragments of a couple of fine stone vases. It 
 would appear to have been thrown out with the soil when the upper 
 part of No. VI was cleared in the M. M. Ill period. If of late date,
 
 56 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 it might have served as a central boss on a shield, but so far there is 
 no evidence to show that shields were in use in these early periods. 
 From the style of the work and the border of dots it would seem to 
 belong, with the rest of the contents of Tomb VI, to the E. M. II 
 epoch. 
 
 This tomb, unlike the other large chamber tombs, contained no 
 weapons in either the E. M. II or M. M. Ill levels; the only remain- 
 ing objects were shapeless fragments or scraps of gold foil. 
 
 THE SMALLER TOMBS 
 
 These tombs, where they possess built walls, are always of about 
 the same size, viz. 1 m. wide by 2 m. long. Therefore I have given 
 no dimensions in describing them except in cases which are marked 
 exceptions to this rule. 
 
 Tomb VII 
 
 Among the large masses of fallen rock lying a little below and to the 
 south of Tomb II, a rock-shelter was discovered. A fissure running 
 between two large boulders had been walled in at the southern end, 
 and on clearing away the earth a few bones and the vases described 
 below were brought to light. There is little clue to the date of this 
 burial, but the presence of a bowl in black steatite probably indicates 
 the end of the E. M. Ill or the beginning of the M. M. I epoch, 
 inasmuch as black steatite for large vessels rarely occurs before 
 these periods. 
 
 VII. a (fig. 46). Cup and cover of white alabaster (height 7.2 cm., 
 diameter 9.5 cm.). Vases of this material were very rare; the other 
 two examples from Mochlos appear, from their shape, to be of 
 Cycladic origin (Fig. 47, No. 12, and PI. Ill, No. XXI, 10). This cup 
 and cover, as regards shape, might as well be Cretan as Cycladic. 
 
 VII. b (no illustration). Deep bowl of black steatite with solid 
 rim handles. The stone was badly rotted and the greater part 
 crumbled away as soon as it was uncovered (type of Fig. 18, No. 
 IV, 1). 
 
 VII. c (fig. 26). Bronze bowl with horizontal handle on rim 
 (height 8.8 cm., diameter 22 cm.). This bowl has a verj'^ early look, 
 although I know of no similar vessel from any other site. Such 
 metal vessels must have been rare in the E. M. Ill age, but the 
 alabaster cup which was found with it would lead one to assign it to
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 57 
 
 this rather than to the M. M. I period. It is probably safer to 
 regard this interment as belonging to the transitional stage between 
 the E. M. Ill and M. M. I periods. Unfortunately no pottery, the 
 only sure means of determining the date, was found in this grave. 
 
 VII. d (no illustration). Small amethyst bead. 
 
 Tomb VIII 
 
 This burial was placed in a natural hole in the rocks and, as it 
 contained a great many bones with only four vases, probably 
 belonged to people of poor condition. 
 
 VIII. a (fig. 46). Small bowl of green steatite with slender spout 
 and rim handle (height 2.3 cm., diameter 6.8 cm.). 
 
 Vni. b (fig. 50, No. 85). "Egg-cup" of black ware with slight 
 rim spout (height 9.4 cm., diameter 9.2 cm.). 
 
 VIII. c (no illustration). Similar "egg-cup" covered with black 
 paint, band of white around the rim. This is interesting as it shows 
 that the "egg-cup" of the E. M. II lived on into the E. M. Ill 
 period, to which this example belongs (height 8.2 cm., diameter 
 8.7 cm.). 
 
 VIII. d (no illustration). Side-spouted jug of coarse red clay, 
 unburnished, with two horizontal side handles and a small pinched 
 out handle opposite the spout (height 12 cm., diameter 15.3 cm.). 
 This jug originally stood on three small feet which have been broken 
 away. In type it resembles No. 67 of Figure 49. 
 
 VIII. e (no illustration). E. M. II side-spouted jug in coarse 
 browTi ware, type of Figure 48, No. 43 (height 14.9 cm., diameter 
 15.2 cm.). 
 
 Tomb IX 
 
 This is a slab-lined tomb which contained nothing but some M. M. 
 I and M, M. Ill potsherds. 
 
 Tomb X 
 
 This is another slab-lined tomb lying beside No. IX. It contained 
 the much corroded remains of two small bronze cups and four 
 seal stones which certainly date from the M. M. or even the 
 L. M. I period. Bronze vessels seem usually to indicate either one
 
 58 
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 or the other of these two periods, for they seldom appear before 
 the M. M. Ill age, although the bronze bowl from Tomb VII is an 
 exception to this rule. These specimens were so corroded that it 
 was impossible to ascertain even their dimensions. Both these 
 tombs appear to have been plundered in the M. M. period, inasmuch 
 as their type of construction is of much earlier date (E. M. II or III) 
 than any objects which they contained. 
 
 X. a (fig. 27). Three-sided seal of green steatite of M. M. I date 
 (length 1.2 cm.). 
 
 X. b (fig. 27). Signet seal of chalcedony representing a demon- 
 like creature (diameter of field 1 cm.). This seal is probably of 
 M. M. Ill date. 
 
 iS^i 
 
 Xa 
 
 X.b 
 
 Figure 27. Scale 1 : 1 and 3 : 1 
 
 X. c (no illustration). Lentoid seal of black steatite cut with 
 a design of conventional double axe (diameter of field 2 cm.). 
 
 X. d (no illustration). Lentoid seal of black steatite engraved 
 with design of two insects resembling dragon-flies (diameter of field 
 1.3 cm.). These two seals are probably of L. M. I date. 
 
 Tomb XI 
 
 This was the only M. M. I tomb which yielded objects of any 
 importance. It is an enclosure 2 m. square with low walls built of 
 small stones. Apparently there was no doorway, but at one point 
 the wall had given way owing to pressure from the soil above. 
 The most noticeable fact which differentiates this M. M. I tomb 
 from those of the E. M. II and E. M. Ill periods was the great 
 number of black steatite vases and the paucity of early vessels of 
 briUiantly colored stones. Again, the absence of gold ornaments
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 59 
 
 of any sort distinguishes these M. M. tombs from those of the E. M. 
 period, which almost always contained a certain amount of this 
 metal. In No. XI several earlier objects were found which seem 
 to belong to the E. M. II period. It seems clear, therefore, that 
 we have here an early tomb opened and used again in the M. M. I 
 period. Thus the few vases of marble and alabaster, together with 
 two clay vessels of the E. M. II period, would be referable to a 
 burial of that date, whereas the black steatite and polychrome vases 
 belong to the M. M. I interment. As these M. M. I objects lay 
 together along the east side of the tomb and those of the E. M. II 
 period in a heap in the northwest corner, it was not difficult to dis- 
 tinguish between the two interments. 
 
 The objects from this tomb are as follows (the first nine vases 
 belong to the E. M. burial): 
 
 XI. 1 (fig. 28). Small bowl of grey and white marble, with a 
 rim spout and three rim handles (height 2 cm., diameter 5 cm.). 
 
 XI. 2 (fig. 28). Small bowl of grey and white marble (height 3.5 
 cm., diameter 5 cm.). 
 
 XI. 3 (fig. 28). Small bowl of grey and white marble (height 
 1.5 cm., diameter 4 cm.). 
 
 XI. 4 (fig. 28). Small cup of translucent green steatite, straight 
 hook handle (height 1.5 cm., diameter 3 cm.). 
 
 XI. 5 (fig. 28). Stone color-table like those from Tombs II and 
 V (height 5 cm., length 31 cm., width 21 cm.). 
 
 XI. 6 (fig. 28). "Fruit-stand" or cover of dark brown ware like 
 those from Tomb I, No. I, a, and Tomb XVI, No. 10 (height 7. 8 cm., 
 diameter 17. 6 cm.). 
 
 XI. 7 (fig. 28). Small cup of translucent green steatite, straight 
 hook handle (height 1.3 cm., diameter 3 cm.). 
 
 XI. 8 (fig. 28). Small pot of green steatite (height 3.4 cm., diam- 
 eter 4 cm.). 
 
 XI. 9 (fig. 28). Small bowl of green steatite, four rim handles 
 (height 1.3 cm., diameter 2.3 cm.). 
 
 XI. 10 (fig. 28). Small bowl and cover of black steatite (height 
 2.8 cm., diameter 5.4 cm.). 
 
 XI. 11 (fig. 28). Mug of very fine, highly polished buff clay with 
 narrow bands of dark paint on neck and body (height 7.6 cm.,
 
 60 
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 diameter 10.7 cm.)- This is one of the best examples from the 
 cemetery of Mochlos of the M. M. I polished buff ware which bears 
 so close a resemblance to the earlier class of E. M. II vessels with 
 dark designs on a polished buff ground. It is of distinctly M. M. I 
 shape and cannot possibly be assigned to an earlier period. 
 
 XI. 12 (fig. 28). Small bowl of black steatite with oblique 
 grooving (height 4.2 cm., diameter 8 cm.). 
 
 XI. 13 (fig. 28 AND PL. VIII). Large M. M. I cup with a poly- 
 chrome triangular design on a black ground (height 7 cm., diameter 
 14.2 cm.). The prototype of this cup is to be found in E. M. Ill 
 
 FiocBE 29. Scale 1 : 2 
 
 cups where a similar design of barred triangles is of frequent occur- 
 rence.' 
 
 XI. 14 (figs. 28, 29). Bull of polished buff clay with a harness 
 in dark brown paint (height 13 cm., length 22 cm.). The harness 
 seems to have been composed of large circular bits of some material 
 joined together to form a sort of network over the whole body. 
 Similar bulls, dating from the L. M. I period, were found at Pseira 
 and were likewise covered with a somewhat similar harness.^ Crudely 
 made bulls of this type were found on early sites excavated by Dr. 
 Xanthoudides in the Messara. This bull has the usual hole in the 
 back of the neck and both the eyes and the nose are pierced. 
 
 I Goumia, PI. A, No. 4. • Arith. Publ., Vol. UI, No. 1, p. 23, Fig. 7 and PI. IX.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 61 
 
 XI. 15 (fig. 28). Bowl of black steatite (height 4.9 cm., diameter 
 10.5 cm.). 
 
 XI. 16 (fig. 28 AND PL. VIII). Vase on a slender foot, two hori- 
 zontal handles (height 10.8 cm., diameter 9.3 cm.). The poly- 
 chrome design is a complicated one. Under either handle is a wheel- 
 shaped ornament in red and white. The rest of the body is filled 
 by oblique panels containing alternate red and white scroll patterns. 
 This scroll design is often met with on the dark-on-light vases of 
 this period. The wheel-shaped ornament is also typical of the 
 Middle Minoan age. 
 
 XI. 17 (fig. 28). Bowl of black steatite (height 8 cm., diame- 
 ter 15 cm.). 
 
 XI. 18 (no illustration). M. M. I clay cup covered with black 
 paint, type of No. 55, Figure 49, badly rotted. 
 
 XI. 19, 20, 21 (no illustration). Three large bowls of black 
 steatite, type of Figure 18, No. IV, 1. These were all so badly 
 rotted that they crumbled away as soon as they were uncovered. 
 The presence of three such bowls in this M. M. I interment proves 
 how peculiar this shape is to the Middle Minoan period. It is 
 never met with in undisturbed E. M. deposits. 
 
 XI. 22 (fig. 45). Slender bronze dagger blade with slight midrib 
 (length 23.3 cm.). This type of blade is evidently characteristic of 
 the M. M. I period and is the connecting link between the short 
 triangular daggers of the Early Minoan age and the slender swords of 
 the Late Minoan period. 
 
 XI. 23 (no illustration). Badly rotted "egg-cup" of E. M. II 
 mottled ware. 
 
 Tomb XII 
 
 This tomb is the only one which contained objects of unquestion- 
 ably M. M. Ill date. It is of the cist grave type, with a doorway 
 closed by a thin upright stone slab. In point of construction the 
 tomb is certainly of early date and must have been built originally to 
 contain burials of the E. M. period, although no objects were found 
 which could be assigned to that epoch. In the tomb we find only 
 steatite used for stone vases, no gold ornaments, many por- 
 celain beads and a couple of bronze vessels, all features which are 
 in marked contrast to those observed in connection with burials 
 of the E. M. period.
 
 62 
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 XII. a (fig. 47 AND PL. IX). Hand lamp of dark grey steatite 
 (height 3 cm., diameter 6.5 cm.). This type was found at Pseira in L. 
 M. I houses.' Another lamp of this sort was found at Hagia Triada 
 in the Messara. 
 
 XII. b (no illustration). Black steatite cup (height 8.5 cm., 
 diameter 9 cm.). 
 
 XII. c (no illustration). Black steatite bowl so rotted that it 
 could not be preserved. 
 
 XII. d (no illustration). Green steatite whorl (diameter 2.5 
 cm.). 
 
 XII. e (fig. 26). Bronze bowl badly corroded (height 4 cm., 
 diameter 18.5 cm.). 
 
 Xll. h 
 
 XII. 
 FiGUBE SO. Scale 1 : I 
 
 XII. ; 
 
 XII. f (fig. 31). Bronze cup of the Vaphio type (height 6.5 cm., 
 diameter 11.5 cm.). This cup is a very good specimen of M. M. Ill 
 metal work. The design is one which occurs frequently in the dec- 
 orative art of both the M. M. Ill and L. M. I periods. 
 
 XII. g (no illustration). Bronze ring with engraved bezel, but 
 so badly corroded that the design is completely obliterated (diam- 
 eter of hoop 1.4 cm.). 
 
 XII. h (fig. 30). Two large porcelain beads (length 3.5 cm.). 
 
 XII. i (fig. 30). Three-sided seal of red carnelian with two 
 engraved faces (length 1.8 cm.). One face shows a bird with out- 
 spread wings. On another face are two curious objects, possibly 
 birds. The third side is not engraved. 
 
 XII. j (fig. 30.) Pendant of porcelain (length 2.7 cm.). 
 
 XII. k (no illustration). Small amygdaloid bronze bead. 
 
 > Anth. Publ., Vol. Ill, No. 1, p. 37, Fig. 18.
 
 o 
 
 < 
 o 
 
 CO
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 63 
 
 XII. I (no illustration). Several beads of brown clay like those 
 from Tomb XV, Figure 36, No. XV, i. 
 
 XII. m (fig. 31). Cup of buff clay covered with black glaze on 
 which was painted a design in wliite (height 10.1 cm., diameter 9 
 cm.). The paint is badly worn. As is often the case, the dark 
 body paint has almost entirely disappeared. Wherever the white 
 paint of the design has protected it this body color is preserved, 
 though the overlying white itself is worn away. Thus, though the 
 drawing shows the cup as it looks today, one must imagine the 
 body color as black with the meander pattern in white. The design 
 is unusual in Minoan art, but it is interesting as it shows that some- 
 thing like the meander of classic Greece was known and employed 
 centuries before by Minoan artists. It is an additional proof that 
 much which is admired in Greek art was derived from this earlier 
 culture of the Aegean. This cup both in form and design is one of 
 the most graceful and charming examples of the potter's art yielded 
 by the cemetery of Mochlos. 
 
 Tomb XIII 
 
 This IS a slab-lined tomb of the usual type. It appears to date 
 from the E. M. II period, but a part of the contents belongs to 
 a M. M. I interment. It contained no gold ornaments of any sort 
 and if any existed with the E. M. II burial, they were removed 
 when the grave was reopened in the E. M. Ill and M. M. I periods. 
 
 The objects are as follows: 
 
 XIII. a (fig. 32). Large E. M. II bowl of black burnished ware 
 with three solid ridge handles (height 12 cm., diameter 22.5 cm.). 
 This is one of the largest examples of its class from the cemetery 
 and shows its early date by the handles, which are of a type com- 
 mon to the neolithic and E. M. I periods. 
 
 XIII. b (fig. 32). Side-spouted jug of red burnished ware (height 
 6.7 cm., diameter 9.5 cm.). 
 
 XIII. c (fig. 32). Side-spouted jug of black burnished ware 
 (height 10.8 cm., diameter 13.7 cm.). This vase seems, on the evi- 
 dence of the clay, to belong to the E. M. II period, though the 
 shape is one which lasted through the E. M. Ill and into the 
 M. M. I age. 
 
 XIII. d (fig. 32). Small jug of grey marble (height 3.5 cm., 
 diameter 4.8 cm.).
 
 64 
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 XIII. e (fig. 32 AND PL. IV). Shallow cup of grey and white 
 marble (height 3 cm., diameter 8.5 cm.). This cup is an exquisite 
 piece of workmanship; the shape seems to have been selected to 
 show the beautiful veining of the marble to the best advantage. 
 
 XIII. / (fig. 32). Small bowl of green steatite (height 2.5 cm., 
 diameter 5.5 cm.). 
 
 The six preceding vases all belong to the E. M. II period. 
 
 XIII. g (figs. 32, 34). Vase representing a female figure holding 
 her breasts (height 19 cm.). This figure is of E. M. Ill date and 
 probably represents the same primitive nature goddess of whom so 
 
 XIII. h 
 
 Figure 33. Scale 1 : 2 
 
 many marble examples are found in the contemporary cist graves 
 of the Cyclades. The head of this figure is bound with a sort of 
 fillet, the ends of which are folded in as would have been the case 
 with a band of cloth. The little head of Figure 21 from Tomb IV, 
 though of later date, has the same turban-like head-dress. The 
 figure is covered with dark paint which bears a design in yellowish 
 white. The surface is in bad condition, but enough of the decora- 
 tion remains to place this vessel, bej^ond any possibility of doubt, 
 in the E. M. Ill period. 
 
 XIII. h (figs. 32, 33). Side-spouted jug of polished bufiF clay on 
 which are painted groups of obhquely curving lines in dark paint 
 (height 9.2 cm., diameter 11.5 cm.). This design is very typical of 
 the early part of the M. M. period and frequently occurred at 
 Vasiliki,* Pseira^ and Gournia.' 
 
 > Trans.. Vol. 11, Part 2, p. 128, Fig. 11. 
 » Goumia. Plate D, No. 1. 
 
 ^Anth. Publ.. Vol. Ill, No. I, p. 19.
 
 r \ 
 a 
 
 < 
 u 
 
 C/3 
 
 ■J
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 66 
 
 XIII. i (fig. 32). Clay cup covered with black body paint, a 
 broad band of white around the rim. This is a tj'pe which fre- 
 quently occurs in M. M. I deposits (height 7.3 cm., diameter 
 8.2 cm.). The white band has almost disappeared. 
 
 XIII. j (fig. 32). Side-spouted jug with two horizontal side 
 handles (height 6.2 cm., diameter 10 cm.). This jug is covered 
 with black paint bearing a geometrical design in white which has 
 almost disappeared. The type is one which may be regarded as 
 the M. M. I representative of the E. M. II and E. M. Ill side- 
 spouted jugs and bowls but is easily distinguished from its prede- 
 cessors by the angular outline of the body and the quality of the 
 black and white paint. The black paint is much more metallic in 
 the M. M. I period, and the white paint of a more chalky con- 
 sistency than in E. M. Ill specimens. 
 
 XIII. k (no illustration). Clay cup in bad condition (height 
 6.5 cm., diameter 11.2 cm.). This cup is of the same general type 
 and design as that shown in Figure 49, No. 57, except that it has a 
 strap handle. It is of E. M. Ill date. 
 
 XIII. / (no illustration). Two handled mug of coarse red ware 
 (height 7.7 cm., diameter 9.5 cm.). The body was once covered 
 with dark paint which bore a spiraliform design in white, but the 
 whole surface of the vessel is now in very bad condition. Like No. 
 XIII, k, this mug belongs to the E. M. Ill period. 
 
 XIII. m (fig. 45). Bronze knife blade (length 22 cm.). This 
 blade is very like that from Tomb XI, No. 22 (Fig. 45) and must 
 be of M. M. I date. 
 
 XIII. n (no illustration). Similar knife blade, broken (length 
 21 cm.). This knife blade has a pronounced midrib. 
 
 Tomb XIV 
 
 A small hole in the rocks filled with bones. It contained nothing 
 which gave any clue to its date. Only one object came to light. 
 
 XIV. a (fig. 36). Small silver ring with a plain bezel (diameter 
 of bezel 1 cm.). 
 
 Tomb XV 
 
 This built tomb, which lay against the face of a small cliff, con- 
 tained a mixed deposit. The best of the stone vases point to the 
 E. M. II or E. M. Ill period, whereas a silver signet shows that the
 
 66 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 tomb was used as late as the M. M. Ill age, but unfortunately no 
 pottery was found by which to date the objects, which are as follows : 
 
 XV. a (fig. 37). Small pot of grey and white marble with three 
 rim handles and a rim spout (height 4 cm., diameter 5.8 cm.). 
 
 XV. b (fig. 37). Another pot almost identical in size and shape 
 with the preceding (height 3.5 cm., diameter 4.9 cm.). 
 
 XV. c (fig. 37). Small pot of the same material, but without 
 the spout, which is replaced by a fourth rim handle (height 3.3 cm., 
 diameter 4.6 cm.). These three pots are of a grey marble much 
 darker in color than that which is usually found in these tombs. 
 
 XV. d (fig. 37). Little jug of a rose-colored stone which rarely 
 occurs at Mochlos (height 3.3 cm., diameter 3.5 cm.). 
 
 These four vases, Nos. XV, a, b, c and d, are probably of early 
 date, whereas the succeeding ones belong to the M. M. I or M. M. 
 Ill periods. 
 
 XV. e (fig. 37). Plain black steatite cup (height 4 cm., diame- 
 ter 8.3 cm.). 
 
 XV. / (fig. 37). Cup of the same size and material. These cups 
 are exactly similar to the unpainted clay votive cups of which such 
 masses are found in all L. M. I deposits. 
 
 XV. g (no illustration). Large bowl of coarse white limestone 
 of the type shown in Figure 18, No. IV, 1, from Tomb IV (height 
 
 II cm., diameter 27 cm.). 
 
 XV. h (figs. 35, 36). Silver signet seal (length 1.7 cm., diam- 
 eter of field 1.3 cm.). Strangely enough, although silver is as a 
 
 rule in bad preservation, this signet has 
 
 not suffered from corrosion. It is of a 
 
 >;— q. t^^^S) type common in the M. M. Ill period, 
 
 ^ ^iL XV. * ^i^^^ two examples of which have been described 
 
 under Tomb III, No. Ill, i (Fig. 14) and 
 
 Figure 35. Scale 1:1 „ l x^ xt -v l /-n- «w\ 
 
 Tomb X, No. X, b (Fig. 27). 
 
 XV. i (fig. 36). Necklace of brown clay beads (length 28 cm.). 
 Such beads were found in Tomb XII, which belonged to the M. M. 
 
 III period. They also turned up frequently in the L. M. I houses 
 at Mochlos. 
 
 Tomb XVI 
 
 This is a slab-lined tomb with a doorway at the south end. From 
 the fine character of the stone vases and from the pottery we must
 
 a 
 
 o
 
 o
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 67 
 
 assign this grave to the E. M. II period. The matter of date is 
 further fixed by the broad gold armlet (Fig. 38), which is the counter- 
 part of the fragmentary armlets from Tomb II. One vase is of 
 M. M. I date; the tomb, therefore, continued in use until that 
 period. The objects are as follows: 
 
 XVI. 1 (fig. 37 AND PL. I). Bowl of mottled grey and white 
 marble on a foot, with rim spout and three rim handles (height 9.5 
 cm., diameter 14.5 cm.). In shape this vase recalls E. M. II clay 
 vases, among which spouted bowls and jugs on a foot are of fre- 
 quent occurrence. 
 
 XVI. 2 (fig. 37). Small bowl of alabaster with four rim handles 
 (height 4 cm., diameter 6.5 cm.). 
 
 XVI. 3 (fig. 37). Small bowl of green steatite with four rim 
 handles (height 2.2 cm., diameter 4.3 cm.). 
 
 XVI. 4 (fig. 37). Small bowl of the same material with a rim 
 spout and three rim handles (height 2.3 cm., diameter 4.8 cm.). 
 
 XVI. 5 (fig. 37). Alabaster cup with hook handle (height 3.8 
 cm., diameter 6.1 cm.). This is a very fine piece of stone, beauti- 
 fully veined. 
 
 XVI. 6 (fig. 37). Cup and cover of the same type in breccia 
 (height 3.5 cm., diameter 6.6 cm.). 
 
 XVT. 7 (fig. 37). Low bowl of mottled grey and white marble 
 (height 4.2 cm., diameter 14.4 cm.). 
 
 XVI. 8 (fig. 37). Bridge-spouted jug of E. M. Ill ware (height 
 13.2 cm., diameter 15 cm.). 
 
 XVI. 9 (FIG. 37). Side-spouted jug of buff clay of M. M. I date 
 (height 7.5 cm., diameter 8.3 cm.). This jug bears the typical M. 
 M. I scroll pattern filling an oblique panel on the shoulder of the 
 vessel. The same scroll design occurs on the polychrome vase from 
 Tomb XI (PI. VIII, No. XI, 16). 
 
 XVI. 10 (fig. 37). "Fruit-stand" or cover of black burnished 
 E. M. II ware (height 8.5 cm., diameter 19.5 cm.). Other vessels 
 of this type occurred in Tomb I, No. I, a, Tomb XI, No. XI, 6, 
 and Tomb XIX, No. XIX, 1. 
 
 XVI. 11 (no illustration). Small cover of E. M. II polished 
 buff ware with bands of dark paint (diameter 9.5 cm.).
 
 68 
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCELOS 
 
 XVI. 12 (fig. 38). Seal of brown steatite engraved on either face 
 (diameter of field 1.3 cm.). This seal probably dates from the M. 
 M. I period. 
 
 XM. 13 (figs. 20, 38). Broad gold armlet (length 18 cm., width 
 4.4 cm.). This is the largest and heaviest gold object found in the 
 entire cemetery. In design it is identical with the three pieces from 
 Tomb II, Figure 8, No. II, 18, a, 6 and c. The edges are doubled 
 back as though to grip a core of some other material, which would 
 have been a necessity since the metal is hardly thick enough to have 
 been worn alone. As its length is not sufficient to encircle an arm, it 
 may be that the armlet was made of two strips, only one of which is 
 
 XVI. 12 
 
 XVI. 13 
 Figure 38. Scale 1 : 1 
 
 preserved. Otherwise it could never have been intended to encircle 
 the arm entirely, but could have been turned so that the gap would 
 be on the inside against the body. In case the core was of flexible 
 wood or leather stiffly tanned, the wearer could have forced it over 
 the muscles of the arm in such a way that it would remain fixed in 
 one position instead of slipping up and down. 
 
 Tomb XVII 
 
 This is a built tomb lying beside No. XV. There is nothing to 
 show the date of the interment except three small stone vases which,
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 69 
 
 from their quality, seem to belong to either the E. M. II or the E. M. 
 Ill period. 
 
 XVII. a (fig. 46). Cup of green steatite, hook handle (height 
 2.5 cm., diameter 5 cm.). 
 
 XVII. b (fig. 46), Little cup of similar shape of translucent green 
 steatite (height 1.2 cm., diameter 2.3 cm.). 
 
 XVII. c (fig. 46). Small bowl of green steatite, three rim 
 handles (height 1.5 cm., diameter 5.7 cm.). 
 
 Tomb XVIII 
 
 This tomb lay low down the slope near the edge of the cliffs and 
 possessed no walls of any sort, the bones and objects lying together 
 in a natural hole in the rock. On the evidence of the pottery it 
 would appear to be of E. M. II and E. M. Ill date, for it contained 
 several vases typical of both these periods. 
 
 XVIII. a (fig. 46). Cup of grey and white veined marble with 
 hook handle (height 5.7 cm., diameter 10 cm.). 
 
 XVIII. 6 (no illustration). Small clay dish covered with poor 
 black paint (height 4.5 cm., diameter 15 cm.). 
 
 XVIII. c (no illustration). Same of coarse red clay covered 
 inside with a thin wash of reddish paint (height 5 cm., diameter 
 13 cm.). 
 
 XVIII. d (no illustration). Straight-sided cup of buff clay 
 highly polished (height 6.4 cm., diameter 9.2 cm.). The shape is 
 similar to that shown in Figure 49, Nos. 56, 57. The marks of 
 paring on the sides and the band of dark paint around the rim show 
 that it must belong to the E. M. II period. 
 
 XVIII. e (no illustration). Hand-made cup of brown clay, 
 roughly pared into the required shape, type of No. 27 in Figure 48 
 (height 8. cm., diameter 7.5 cm.). 
 
 XVIII. / (no illustration). Spouted mug of coarse red ware 
 with handle, type of Figure 49, No. 49 (height 10 cm., diameter 
 12.3 cm.). 
 
 XVIII. g (no illustration). Side-spouted jug of red burnished 
 ware on tall foot; the surface is badly worn. Type of No. 65, Figure 
 49 (height 8.8 cm., diameter 7.4 cm.).
 
 70 
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 XVIII. h (no illustration). Side-spouted jug of E. M. Ill 
 ware with a much worn design of white chevrons on the shoulder, 
 type of No. 74, Figure 49 (height 14.5 cm., diameter 19.2 cm.). 
 
 X\lII.i(FiG. 39). 
 
 XVIII. .• 
 
 FiGCBE 39. Scale I : I 
 
 Part of a cylindrical seal of translucent green 
 steatite engraved on either end 
 (length2.6cm.). Unfortunately 
 this seal had been broken and 
 only this piece of it was found. 
 The design on one end, b, is 
 almost complete, but only a 
 small portion of the surface at 
 the other end is preserved. 
 
 Tomb XIX 
 
 This was the richest of the smaller tombs. The objects it con- 
 tained belong, with three possible exceptions, to the E. M. II period. 
 The construction was very poor, consisting of a retaining wall at 
 the lower or southern end, with two side walls running back to the 
 face of the cliff at the foot of which the tomb lies. The rock floor 
 was very uneven and the objects, together with human remains, 
 were found scattered about in every direction. The crevices of the 
 rock all contained bits of gold foil which had slipped down from the 
 burial deposit. At the upper end against the cliff the soil was only 10 
 cm. deep, and even here one of the gold hairpins was found almost 
 on the surface. Not a potsherd of later date than the E. M. Ill 
 period was found. This interment, therefore, helps to establish the 
 conclusions drawn from the large chamber tombs, where in each 
 case all the evidence pointed to the E. M. age as the period of fine 
 gold-work and good stone vases. In this tomb, one of those 
 which show no signs of M. M. interments, both these classes of objects 
 are remarkably good. The best reason for supposing that the tomb 
 may have continued in use during the E. M. Ill age is the presence 
 of a knife blade which looks a little later than the extremely short 
 daggers usually assigned to the E. M. II period. A small bowl of 
 black steatite, a material very rare at Mochlos before the E. M. Ill 
 period, also seems to point to burials of this date. The bronze arrow- 
 head. No. XIX, 34, belongs to an even later period but, in all proba- 
 bility, it had nothing to do with the original interments. The objects 
 from the tomb are as follows:
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 71 
 
 XIX. 1 (figs. 4, 40). Burnished cover or "fruit-stand" of oval 
 form (height about 13 cm., diameter 21 by 16.5 cm.). The oval 
 shape of this vessel is almost conclusive proof that these are not 
 meant for covers, inasmuch as E. M. II oval vessels must have 
 been very rare, no examples of them having yet been found in 
 deposits of that period. The clay is dark brown, highly burnished. 
 
 XIX. 2 (fig. 4 AND PL. IX). Slender vase of dark grey steatite 
 of fine quality on foot (height 9 cm., diameter 5 cm.). This vase, 
 one of the most graceful from the cemetery, is intensely modern in 
 both design and execution. It seems almost impossible that the 
 
 XIX. 1 
 FiouBE 40. Scale I : 2 
 
 people who were still making black burnished vessels like No. XIX, 
 1, the dark-on-light geometric ware of Figure 13, Nos. I, b, and II, I, 
 and the grotesque mottled fabrics were capable of producing vases 
 such as this one, which shows an artistic feeling far beyond that 
 seen in any other branch of their art. 
 
 XIX. 3 (fig. 4). Small bowl of common black steatite (height 
 3 cm., diameter 5 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 4 (fig. 4). Bowl of grey crystalline marble with two suspen- 
 sion holes on either side (height 5.8 cm., diameter 11.4 cm.).
 
 78 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 XIX. 5 (fig. 4). Finely worked bowl of grey and white marble 
 with four rim handles (height 4.2 cm., diameter 13.3 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 6 (fig. 4). Little vase on foot similar to No. XIX, 2, of 
 translucent green steatite (height 3.7 cm., diameter 3 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 7 (fig. 4). Little cup of yellow alabaster (height 3 cm., 
 diameter 4.5 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 8 (fig. 4). E. M. II side-spouted jug of plain red ware 
 (height 10.5 cm., diameter 7.7 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 9 (no illustration). Side-spouted jug of plain red ware 
 covered with a wash of the same color, type of No. XIII, b. Figure 
 32 (height 5.3 cm., diameter 7.3 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 10 (no illustration). Cover or "fruit-stand" like No. 
 XIX, 1, badly rotted. 
 
 XIX. 11, a, b, c, d (figs. 41, 42). Four 
 gold hairpins made to imitate daisies (length 
 4 to 8.5 cm.). These pins are made in two 
 parts, the pin with its flat head forming one 
 piece and the petals the other. 
 
 XIX. 12, a, b (fig. 41). Two large beads 
 of chalcedony (length 2.2 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 13, a, b (fig. 41). Two bands of gold 
 
 with geometrical dotted designs (length 14.3 
 
 cm., width 2 cm.). These bands are almost 
 
 identical with one from Tomb II, Figure 9, No. 
 
 II, 1. They are hardly long enough for diadems. 
 
 At the ends and along the upper edge they are 
 
 pierced with small holes intended either, as I have said (p. 26), for 
 
 attaching pendants or for admitting pins which fastened the bands 
 
 to the hair or dress. 
 
 XIX. 14 (fig. 41). A necklace composed of carnehan, steatite, 
 amethyst, shell and crystal beads of all shapes and sizes (length 
 30 cm.). The gold bead in the centre is very like one from Tomb I, 
 Figure 6, No. I, m. 
 
 XIX. 15 (fig. 43). Four strips of green steatite inlay like those 
 from Tomb II, No. 40 (length 2.5 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 16, a, b, c (fig. 43). Three gold stars evidently intended for 
 sewing to garments, inasmuch as each point is pierced with a small 
 hole (diameter 2.7 cm.).
 
 Figure -11. Scale about 3 : 7 
 
 Figure 43. Scale 1 : -i
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 73 
 
 XIX. 17, a, b (fig. 43). Pieces of armlets of very thin gold, badly 
 crushed (length 5 cm., width 2 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 18 (fig. 43). Lozenge-shaped fragment of gold foil with a 
 dotted border (length 2.7 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 19 (fig. 43). LfCaf-shaped pendant of gold (length 3.2 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 20 (fig. 43). Fine gold chain divided into two parts by a 
 leaf-shaped bit of gold. It has a ball pendant at the lower end 
 (length 7.3 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 21 (fig. 43). Long strip of gold foil pierced with holes at 
 the upper end (length 16 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 22 (fig. 43). Heavy gold chain of double hnks (length 7.5 
 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 23, a, b, c (fig. 43). Three broad leaves of gold, evidently 
 parts of a spray hke those from Tomb II, Figure 10, No. II, 24 
 (length of each leaf 2.5 cm., width 2 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 24 (no illustration). Long strip of gold foil like No. 
 XIX, 21, but without dotted border (length 24 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 25, a, b (fig. 44). Blades of a pair of depilatory pincers 
 which had been mounted in a handle of perishable material (length 
 6.5 cm.). These blades may be copper. 
 
 XIX. 26 (fig. 44). Small triangular dagger blade (length 6.5 cm.). 
 This is probably copper. 
 
 XIX. 27 (fig. 44). Large dagger blade of similar shape (length 
 10.5 cm.). This blade is probably of E. M. Ill date, for typical 
 E. M. II daggers are usually less tapering. It is probably of copper. 
 
 XIX. 28 (figs. 12, 44). Pair of depilatory pincers (length 8 cm.). 
 They are probably of copper. 
 
 XIX. 29 (fig. 44). Small cutter, possibly of copper (length 3.2 
 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 30 (fig. 44). Same, of large size (length 5.2 cm.). 
 
 XIX. 31 (fig. 44). Slender knife blade (length 5 cm.). This was 
 probably used for toilet purposes, as it is too small and delicate for 
 ordinary use. It is probably of copper. 
 
 XIX. 32 (fig. 44). Small cutter, probably of copper, type of 
 Nos. XIX, 29, 30 (length 4.4 cm.).
 
 74 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 XIX. 33 (fig. 44). Pair of depilatory pincers, probably of copper 
 (length 9 cm.). Pincers of this type were found in cist graves 
 at Amorgos.' 
 
 XIX. 34 (fig. 45). Small bronze arrowhead (length 5.2 cm.). 
 This is the only object that may be of later date than the other 
 things. An arrowhead would hardly be of this socketed type in 
 the E. M. II period when weapons were still very primitive in shape 
 and manufacture. A small object of this sort may have been dropped 
 at a later date, e.g., in the M. M. I period, and may gradually have 
 worked down until it reached the earlier burial deposit, especially 
 as the soil was never more than 40 cm. deep in any part of the tomb. 
 
 Tomb XX 
 
 This is another built tomb of the usual type, dating mainly from 
 the M. M. Ill epoch. The last burial certainly took place in that 
 period, although the only two clay vases found must be referred to 
 an earlier interment. Two of the stone vessels were of a type 
 seldom found before the beginning of the M. M. I age (Fig. 32, Nos. 
 XX, 2, 3). Again, black steatite vases occurred in this tomb, and 
 three spear heads which are of later date than the Early Minoan 
 period, when, so far as we know, spears were not yet in use. 
 
 This tomb seems to have cut into an earlier burial, Tomb XXI, 
 which lay next to it along the face of the adjacent cliff. This burial 
 was of E. M. II and E. M. Ill date and, among other gold 
 objects, contained a number of long tubular gold beads (Fig. 20, 
 No. XXI, 19). When No. XX was cleared, several beads of exactly 
 the same size and shape were found at the upper end of the M. M. Ill 
 tomb partly underlying the wall which cut into No. XXI. It seems 
 clear, therefore, that No. XX cut through the E. M. interment of 
 No. XXI, to which belonged the gold beads and two clay vases; these 
 are manifestly of earUer date than the rest of the contents of No. XX. 
 
 The objects are as follows: 
 
 XX. 1 (fig. 32) . Bowl of black burnished ware on a slender foot. 
 It has a rim spout and one horizontal handle (height 9.2 cm., diame- 
 ter 15.5 cm.). This vessel is certainly of E. M. II date, apparently 
 a modification of the goblet type.' A bowl of similar shape is figured 
 among objects from the Cycladic cist graves.' 
 
 ''E<p. 'Apx-, 1898, PI. 12, No. 4; ibid.. 1899. PI. 10, Nos. 40. 41. 42. 
 
 • A. J. A.. Vol. XUI. p. 279, Fig. 2, No. 1. '.Ey.. 'Apx-, 1899, p. 98. Fig. 27.
 
 Fiiiiiii: H. SiAi.i; 1 : i
 
 Figure 45. SrALE adout i:5
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 75 
 
 XX. 2 (fig. 32). Bowl of grey and white marble of M. M. I 
 type (height 5 cm., diameter 8.8 cm.). 
 
 XX. 3 (fig. 32). Large cup of black steatite (height 10.5 cm., 
 diameter 10.5 cm.). 
 
 XX. 4 (no illustration). Bowl of red stone, type of No. XX, 
 2, so badly rotted that it could not be preserved. 
 
 XX. 5 (no illustration). Bowl of green steatite (height 3 cm., 
 diameter 8 cm.). 
 
 XX. 6 (no illustration). Clay cup, type of that from Tomb IV. 
 No. IV, 2 (Fig. 19), painted with bands of white (height 7.1 cm., 
 diameter 10.8 cm.). 
 
 XX. 7 (fig. 36). Silver ear pick (length 5.7 cm.). 
 
 XX. 8 (fig. 36). String of beads of various sorts. There are 
 two large flat amethyst beads, a carved cylindrical bead of green 
 steatite, one fluted gold bead, two of carnelian and four of porce- 
 lain. These porcelain beads are of the grooved type which never 
 occurs in the earlier graves. 
 
 XX. 9 (fig. 45). Bronze knife blade (length 13 cm.). This has a 
 very late look and might well be classed as of M. M. Ill date. 
 
 XX. 10 (fig. 45). Bronze spear head (length 28 cm,). 
 
 XX. 11 (FIG. 45). Same (length 33.4 cm.). Bound with a metal 
 band where the haft entered the socket. 
 
 XX. 12 (fig. 45). Same (length 28 cm.). This was intended for 
 a wooden handle of greater thickness than the two preceding, as the 
 diameter of the socket hole is 2.7 cm., whereas in No. 10, it is only 
 1.8 cm., and in No. 11, 2.2 cm. Apparently spear heads were very 
 seldom, if ever, made before the M. M. Ill period. At any rate 
 I know of no earlier examples. 
 
 XX. 13 (no illustration). Knife blade like No. XX, 9 (length 
 10.5 cm.). 
 
 Tomb XXI 
 
 This is a slab-lined tomb and belongs, as do all the richest tombs, 
 to the Early Minoan period. As has been said, it was cut into by 
 No. XX in the M. M. period, but many objects lying in a nar- 
 row crevice against the overhanging cliff had escai>ed untouched.
 
 76 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 One wall, which surely belonged to the original tomb, is that on the 
 south, and this was broken by the doorway leading into the tomb 
 chamber. It is possible that the west wall of No. XX is the original 
 west wall of No. XXI, since it is formed of upright slabs and is 
 apparently' of early construction. It seems probable that in the M. 
 M. period the original chamber was cut in half by the wall of small 
 stones which forms the east wall of No. XX. If this was the case, 
 the original enclosure was a large one, about 2 m. square. 
 
 The pottery was of the E. M. II and E. M. Ill periods; no later 
 objects of any sort were found. The stone vases were of very fine 
 workmanship. The best objects lay in a crevice of the rock near the 
 back of the tomb; near the entrance three clay vases were found. 
 The bones of many bodies were discovered in the tomb chamber. It 
 would appear that the earliest remains were piled at the far end from 
 the doorway and, as more were added, the deposit gradually spread 
 toward the entrance, where bones were found mixed with vases of 
 the E. M. Ill period, to which one must assign the final abandon- 
 ment of the tomb. 
 
 The objects from the tomb are as follows: 
 
 XXI. 1 (fig. 46). Small spouted bowl of alabaster (height 4.5 cm., 
 diameter 6.8 cm.). 
 
 XXI. 2 (fig. 46). Vase of mottled green steatite (height 4.8 cm., 
 diameter 4.1 cm.). 
 
 XXI. 3 (fig. 46). Cup of grey and white veined marble with 
 hook handle. This is an exquisite piece of work; the walls are as 
 thin as those of a china tea-cup (height 4.3 cm., diameter 10.5 cm.). 
 
 XXI. 4 (fig. 46). Small cup and cover of alabaster. This is a 
 stone example of the common clay cup of the E. M. Ill period 
 (height 3.5 cm., diameter 4.7 cm.). 
 
 XXI. 5 (fig. 46). Clay vase of early shape bearing a geometrical 
 white design which would lead one to assign it to the E. M. Ill 
 period (height 13.9 cm., diameter 10.6 cm.). 
 
 XXI. 6 (fig. 46). Cover of breccia (height 3.5 cm., diameter 6 
 cm.). This kind of cover is derived from very early neolithic and 
 E. M. I clay typ>es. Similar examples were found in Cycladic cist 
 graves in Syros.' The vases from Hagios Nikolaos near Palaikas- 
 tro possess such clay covers.' 
 
 ' Tf . 'Apx; 1899, PL 8, Nos. 11, 11a. « B. S. A.. Vol. IX, p. 341, Figs. 1, 2.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 77 
 
 XXI. 7 (fig. 46 AND PL. VII). Grey marble cup on foot (height 
 5.7 cm., diameter 7.2 cm.). This is the famihar "egg cup" shape so 
 typical of E. M. II pottery.' 
 
 XXI. 8 (fig. 46). Sword pommel of alabaster (diameter 3.7 cm.). 
 This is the type of pommel found in L. M. II and L. M. Ill graves, 
 which shows that the same type existed unchanged through a long 
 space of time. 
 
 XXI. 9 (fig. 46). Cup of grey marble (height 4 cm., diameter 
 7.5 cm.). 
 
 XXI. 10 (fig. 46 AND PL. ni). White alabaster vase on foot, with 
 four knob handles on the shoulder (height 6.4 cm., diameter 8 cm.). 
 This vase is of a decidedly Cycladic type, both in shape and 
 material.'' The vases of Figure 46, No. VII, a, and Figure 47, No. 
 12, are in the same material. The latter also has a Cycladic look; it 
 is quite possible that these are really importations and not Cretan at 
 all. The workmanship is somewhat inferior to that of the other 
 vases, and the material would appear to be of foreign origin. 
 
 XXI. 11 (no illustration). Jug of buff polished clay with a 
 broad festoon of dark paint around the body. There is a clay rivet 
 on the neck (height 15 cm., diameter 14 cm.). The vase, which is 
 gourd shaped, has the neck slightly tipped back. 
 
 XXI. 12 (no illustration). Badly preserved jug of red pol- 
 ished ware (height about 15 cm., diameter 12.2 cm.). The neck 
 is lacking. 
 
 XXI. 13 (fig. 20). Six tiny leaf -shaped pendants in gold which 
 resemble those from Tomb II, Figure 10, No. II, 19 (length 1.5 to 
 2 cm.). 
 
 XXI. 14 (fig. 20) . Cross-shaped ornament of thin gold, evidently 
 intended to be pasted to some other object; there are no holes for 
 sewing (diameter 7 cm.). 
 
 XXI. 15 (fig. 20). Leaf of gold, evidently part of a spray like 
 those from Tomb II, Figure 10, No. II, 24 (length 4.5 cm.). 
 
 XXI. 16 (fig. 20). Leaf of gold like those belonging to the gold 
 ornament from Tomb V, Figure 41, No. V, k (length 4.5 cm.). 
 
 XXI. 17, a, b (fig. 20). Two hoops of thin gold wire (diameter 
 1.7 cm.). 
 
 I Goumia, PI. XII. No. 15. ''Ey. 'Apx-, 1898, PI. 10, Nos. 16, 17.
 
 78 EXPLORATIOSS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 XXI. 18 (fig. 20). Tiny human mask in gold foil, evidently the 
 covering of a core of perishable material (length 7 mm.). 
 
 XXI. 19 (fig. 20). Chain of tubular gold beads alternating with 
 small flat ones (length 60 cm.). This necklace comes partly from 
 this tomb and partly from the adjoining tomb No. XX. The long 
 beads are very like the common porcelain "mummy" beads of 
 Egypt. 
 
 XXI. 20 (fig. 44). Cutter, probably of copper (length 7.3 cm.). 
 This is the largest of its kind from the cemetery ; it was attached to 
 the handle by three instead of the usual two rivets. 
 
 XXI. 21 (fig. 44). Dagger blade, probably copper, of the short 
 E. M. II triangular type (length 8.3 cm.). 
 
 XXI. 22 (fig. 44). Dagger blade, probably copper, which shows 
 a slight advance over the preceding toward the more tapering shape 
 of the M. M. I knife blades (length 15.4 cm.). The pommel. No. 
 XXI, 8, may belong to this dagger blade, which is the only one of 
 large size found in the tomb. 
 
 In addition to these objects a great number of scraps and fragments 
 of gold foil were found, doubtless the remains of ornaments destroyed 
 in the disturbances caused by cutting away a part of the burial 
 deposit to make room for Tomb XX. 
 
 Tomb XXII 
 
 This is a very narrow grave or rather trench lying just outside the 
 west wall of No. XX. The grave had a very poor wall on the 
 western side, but there were no walls at either of the narrow north 
 and south ends. No pottery was found with this interment, but the 
 character of the gold work, which is very different from that found 
 in the other tombs, makes it fairly certain that the grave dates from 
 the L. M. I period. 
 
 XXII. a (fig. 41 AND PL. X). Short necklace of gold, crystal, 
 amethyst and carnelian beads. The beads numbered 1, 14 and 16 
 in Figure 41 give certain evidence as to the date of the necklace. 
 They must belong to the L. M. I period, if not to an even later 
 epoch, inasmuch as they are of a type common in L. M. II and L. 
 M. Ill graves on the Greek mainland. No. 12 is an electrum bead 
 and Nos. 5, 7, 9 and 1 1 are of chalcedony. The bull's head pendant
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 79 
 
 is of amethyst. Gold heads of the same sort often occur in the 
 jewelry of the Late Minoan periods; several such heads exquisitely 
 worked in gold were found at Hagia Triada.' 
 
 XXII. b (no illustration). Large bronze ring (diameter 1.5 
 cm.). The bezel is so badly corroded that the engraving cannot 
 be made out. 
 
 XXII. c (no illustration) . Large amygdaloid bead of bronze 
 (length 2 cm.). 
 
 XXII. d (no illustration). Plain gold ring bezel (diameter 1.7 
 cm.). 
 
 XXII. e (no illustration). Amygdaloid seal of green steatite 
 with design of crescents (length 2 cm.). 
 
 Tomb XXIII 
 
 This tomb appears to belong to the E. M. II and E. M. Ill periods. 
 It lay in a line with No. XIX, and all four of the tombs in this row, 
 backing against the cliff, would seem to have been built at the same 
 time, although two of them contained no objects of any sort. There 
 are no clay vases by which to date this grave, but a tall breccia vase 
 and some strips of gold foil are typical of the E. M. II period. The 
 tomb is long and narrow, with a doorway at the lower end (length 
 2.80 m., width 1 m.). The walls are built partly of small upright 
 slabs, partly of horizontal courses of small stones. It contained very 
 few objects of any sort and, as the tombs to the right and left of it were 
 quite empty, it seems probable that they had all been plundered. 
 
 XXIII. a (fig. 46 and pl. III). Tall breccia vase with spout, 
 two suspension handles, and one button handle. This is the largest 
 piece of breccia from the entire cemetery (height 16.7 cm., diameter 
 9 cm.). This material is usually confined to vases of very small size, 
 for it is often full of flaws and breaks easily. This shape recalls 
 certain forms of E. M. Ill clay vases and is evidently the proto- 
 type of the tall, slender M. M. Ill vases, some fine examples of 
 which were found at Knossos.' 
 
 XXIII. 6 (fig. 20). String of minute gold beads. It was neces- 
 sary to sift the earth from this tomb several times and even then a 
 certain number of these beads probably escaped unobserved as some 
 of them are no bigger than a pin head. 
 
 > Mon. AnI.. Vol. XIV, p. 731, Fig. 27. « B. S. A., Vol. VIII. p. 91. Fig. 51. Nos. 7, 10.
 
 80 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 XXIII. c (fig. 20). White limestone pendant in shape of a 
 pyxis (height 1 cm., diameter 1.5 cm.). 
 
 OTHER STONE VASES FROM THE CEMETERY 
 
 These vases were found scattered about on the main tomb slope 
 and apparently came from graves which had been completely 
 destroyed at an early period. Most of them belong to the class of 
 Early IVIinoan stone vases characterized by their hard materials and 
 fine workmanship, features which we have already noted in describ- 
 ing vases from undisturbed tombs of the E. M. period. The M (mis- 
 cellaneous) before the following catalogue numbers is introduced to 
 show that the vases so marked were not found in tombs but were 
 strewn about in the surface soil of the cemetery. 
 
 M. 1 (fig. 47). Small bowl of opaque green steatite (height 
 5 mm., diameter 3 cm.). 
 
 M. 2 (fig. 47). Small goblet of green steatite on a foot (height 
 4 cm., diameter 1.5 cm.). 
 
 M. 3 (fig. 47 AND PL. II) . Vase of grey and white marble (height 
 4 cm., diameter 2 cm.). This shape is typical of Vlth Dynasty 
 Egyptian stone vases. A similar vase was found at Porti in the 
 Messara by Dr. Xanthoudides in an E. M. deposit. 
 
 M. 4 (fig. 47). Small bowl of green steatite with hook handle 
 (height 1.7 cm., diameter 4.1 cm.). 
 
 M. 5 (fig. 47). Small idol of white marble (height 6 cm.). It 
 is very roughly made with no attempt at reproducing the features. 
 Similar idols were found in the tholos at Hagia Triada.' 
 
 M. 6 (fig. 47). Bowl of translucent green steatite with rim 
 spout and handle (height 2.5 cm., diameter 5 cm.). 
 
 M. 7 (fig. 47 AND PL. II). Small goblet of red and orange 
 limestone (height 5.5 cm., diameter 4 cm.). This is a very curious 
 material and at first glance appears to be made of two separate 
 pieces of stone fastened together, so marked is the difference in 
 coloring of the halves. 
 
 M. 8 (fig. 47). Small bowl of green steatite with two rim 
 handles (height 1.7 cm., diameter 4.6 cm.). 
 
 ^Mon. Anl., Vol. XXI, PI. XI. No. 27.

 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 81 
 
 M. 9 (fig. 47). Small bowl of green steatite with horizontal 
 rim handle (height 1 cm., diameter 2.2 cm.). 
 
 M. 10 (fig. 47). Small bowl of green steatite with a fluted 
 edge (height 1.6 cm., diameter 5.5 cm.). 
 
 M. 11 (fig. 47). Small alabaster cup on foot (height 2.7 cm., 
 diameter 4 cm.). 
 
 M. 12 (fig. 47 AND PL. IX). Small bowl of white alabaster 
 (height 2.2 cm., diameter 3.5 cm.). This has the same Cycladic 
 look noticed in the other two vases of this material from the 
 cemetery (Fig. 46, Nos. VII, a and XXI, 10). 
 
 M. 13 (fig. 47 AND PL. IX). Small bowl with flaring rim, of 
 richly veined alabaster (height 2.5 cm., diameter 5.8 cm.). 
 
 M. 14 (fig. 47). Little bowl of grey veined marble with two 
 rim handles (height 1.5 cm., diameter 4.3 cm.). 
 
 M. 15 (fig. 47 AND PL. IX). Bowl of pink and grey breccia 
 (height 3 cm., diameter 6.7 cm.). 
 
 M. 16 (fig. 47). Bowl of grey marble with rim spout and 
 handle (height 2 cm., diameter 3.9 cm.). 
 
 M. 17 (fig. 47). Bowl of rose-colored stone (height 1.7 cm., 
 diameter 5.2 cm.). Vases of this material were of very rare 
 occurrence; only one other was found in the cemetery (Fig. 37, No. 
 XV, d). 
 
 M. 18 (fig. 47). Round-bodied bowl and cover of breccia (height 
 4.3 cm., diameter 8.2 cm.). 
 
 M. 19 (fig. 47). Bowl of grey and white marble, with rim 
 spout and three rim handles (height 4 cm., diameter 8 cm.). 
 
 M. 20 (fig. 47). Alabaster cup with horizontal rim handle 
 (height 5 cm., diameter 8.5 cm.). 
 
 M. 21 (fig. 47). Pot and cover of grey marble (height 6.8 cm., 
 diameter 7 cm.). 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS CLAY VASES 
 
 These vases, like the stone vases of Figure 47, were found scattered 
 about in the soil of the cemetery. The first twenty-five, shown in 
 Figure 48, Nos. 22-46, all belong to the E. M. I and E. M. II 
 periods.
 
 82 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 M. 22. Side-spouted jug of dark burnished ware (height 11.3 
 cm., diameter 11 cm.). 
 
 M. 23. Same (height 10.5 cm., diameter 9.9 cm.). 
 
 M. 24. Straight-sided cup of dark burnished ware with hori- 
 zontal strap handle (height 8.7 cm., diameter 11.5 cm.). 
 
 M. 25. Cup of same material, with spout at right angle to handle 
 (height 7.3 cm., diameter 11.9 cm.). 
 
 M. 26. Same, smaller size (height 4.7 cm., diameter 9 cm.). 
 
 M. 27. Cup of dark burnished ware (height 7.8 cm., diameter 
 9 cm.). 
 
 M. 28. Bowl, same material, spout and three rim handles 
 (height 5.3 cm., diameter 8.7 cm.). This is the clay prototype 
 of the stone bowls like No. 19 of Figure 47. 
 
 M. 29. Ladle of red clay (length 20 cm., diameter of bowl 7.5 
 cm.). 
 
 M. 30. Same, with short handle (length 15 cm., diameter of bowl 
 7 cm.). 
 
 M. 31. Object of red clay resembling "horns of consecra- 
 tion" (length 19 cm., height 9 cm.). 
 
 M. 32. Vase of black ware (height 8 cm., diameter 10 cm.). 
 
 M. 33. Same, of smaller size (height 7.1 cm., diameter 7.1 cm.). 
 
 M. 34. Tiny dish or saucer of dark grey clay on a foot (height 
 4.5 cm., diameter 7.1 cm.). 
 
 M. 35. Ring of red clay (diameter 9.5 cm.). This may have 
 been used to support round-bottomed vases. 
 
 M. 36. Small cup of red clay (height 4 cm., diameter 6.2 cm.). 
 
 M. 37. Square lump of coarse brown clay, pierced with vertical 
 suspension holes at each corner (height 4.5 cm., diameter 8.5 cm.). 
 
 M. 38. Same, of larger size (height 4 cm., diameter 9 cm.). 
 
 M. 39. Cup of red clay with small knob-like handle (height 
 4.2 cm., diameter 5.6 cm.). 
 
 M. 40. Clay ring like M, 35 (height 5.8 cm., diameter 8.5 to 9.4 
 cm.).
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 83 
 
 M. 41. Ladle of red clay like M, 29 and M, 30 (length 14.7 cm.). 
 
 M. 42. Same (length 15.5 cm.). 
 
 M. 43. Side-spouted jug of brown clay (height 12 cm., diameter 
 15 cm.). 
 
 M. 44. Same, with short spout (height 15 cm., diameter 13.5 cm.). 
 Design in waves of dark paint with double rows of dots between 
 each pair of waves. 
 
 M. 45. Jug of red clay (height 15 cm., diameter 9.5 cm.). 
 
 M. 46. Side-spouted jug of black burnished ware (height 18.8 
 cm., diameter 19.5 cm.). 
 
 The twenty-nine vases in Figure 49 belong for the most part 
 to the E. M. Ill and the M. M. I periods. 
 
 M. 47. Small side-spouted jug of polished black ware of E. 
 M. II date (height 6.3 cm., diameter 6 cm.). 
 
 M. 48. Same (height 7 cm., diameter 8 cm.). 
 
 M. 49. Spouted bowl of E. M. Ill light-on-dark geometric 
 ware (height 7.2 cm., diameter 9.7 cm.). 
 
 M. 50. Cup of E. M. II red ware (height 5 cm., diameter 6 cm.). 
 
 M. 51. Jug of M. M. I light-on-dark ware (height 4.5 cm., 
 diameter 5.3 cm.). 
 
 M. 52. Same, of larger size (height 7 cm., diameter 5.8 cm.). 
 
 M. 53. M. M. I cup covered with dark paint (height 5.5 cm,, 
 diameter 6.8 cm.). 
 
 M. 54. E. M. Ill cup of red clay (height 6.1 cm., diameter 7 
 cm.). 
 
 M. 55. M. M. I cup covered with dark paint and with a broad 
 white band around the rim (height 6.2 cm., diameter 8.5 cm.). 
 
 M. 56. E. M. Ill cup with design of barred triangles in white 
 paint on the dark band around the rim (height 4.7 cm., diameter 
 10 cm.). 
 
 M. 57. Cupof same shape covered with dark paint. The design 
 of barred white triangles on the rim is common in the E. M. lU 
 period (height 7.5 cm., diameter 11.5 cm.).
 
 84 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 M. 58. E. M. Ill cup of the round-bodied tj'pe with design of 
 white bands and waves on a dark ground (height 5 cm., diameter 8 
 cm.). 
 
 M. 59. E. M. in cup with oblique latticed panels in white 
 paint on a dark ground (height 6.2 cm., diameter 7 cm.). 
 
 M. 60. E. M. Ill cup, type of No. M, 58. Bands and spiral 
 design in white on a dark ground (height 5.1 cm., diameter 7 
 cm.). 
 
 M. 61. E. M. Ill cup covered with dark paint with barred 
 triangles of white around the rim (height 6.6 cm., diameter 10.5 
 cm.). 
 
 M. 62. Same, of smaller size (height 6.2 cm., diameter 10 cm.). 
 
 M. 63. Same tyj)e (height 7.7 cm., diameter 11.1 cm.). 
 
 M. 64. E. M. Ill cup of red clay with faint trace of a white 
 design of groups of vertical lines from base to rim both inside and 
 out (height 7.3 cm., diameter 9.5 cm.). 
 
 M. 65. E. M. II side-spouted vase of red clay on a tall foot 
 (height 6.5 cm., diameter 4.5 cm.). 
 
 M. 66. M. M. I jug of polished buff clay (height 6.8 cm., 
 diameter 5.8 cm.). 
 
 M. 67. M. M. I side-spouted jug on three small feet. Polished 
 buff clay with an oblique panel of dark paint on the shoulder 
 (height 7 cm., diameter 6.5 cm.). 
 
 M. 68. M. M. I jug of polished buff clay (height 10 cm., diameter 
 8.2 cm.). 
 
 M. 69. Same type as No. M, 67 (height 8 cm., diameter 7.4 
 cm.). 
 
 M. 70. M. M. I jug of polished buff clay with vertical panel of 
 chevrons in dark paint (height 7.8 cm., diameter 6.8 cm.). This 
 jug was found near the surface in Tomb VI. 
 
 M. 71. Same type as Nos. M, 67 and M, 69. Pohshed buff 
 clay with faint traces of a dark design on the shoulder (height 7.6 
 cm., diameter 7 cm.). 
 
 M. 72. M. M. I side-spouted jug of red clay covered with a sort 
 of black varnish (height 13.8 cm., diameter 13.2 cm.).
 
 a
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 85 
 
 M. 73. M. M. I side-spouted jug covered vsdth dark paint, faint 
 traces of a white design in oblique panels on shoulder (height 7.2 
 cm., diameter 10.8 cm.). 
 
 M. 74. E. M. Ill side-spouted jug (height 14.2 cm., diameter 
 17.3 cm.). This is a very well preserved example of the E. M. Ill 
 light-on-dark geometric ware. 
 
 M. 75. M. M. I example of the same type of jug. The body 
 is covered with black paint much worn and has an oblique panel 
 of incised chevrons on the shoulder on both sides of the vessel (height 
 11.5 cm., diameter 17.5 cm.). The M. M. vases of this type differ 
 from their E. M. prototypes both as regards their spouts, which 
 are usually short, and as regards the quality of the black and white 
 paints, which are less durable in the later period. 
 
 The seventeen vases shown in Figure 50 are, for the most part, 
 of M. M. I date. 
 
 M. 76. E. M. II clay cup of coarse brown ware (height 4.8 
 cm., diameter 7.6 cm.). 
 
 M. 77. M. M. I saucer of red clay (height 2 cm., diameter 5.6 
 cm.). 
 
 M. 78. M. M. I cup of buff polished clay covered with spots of 
 dark paint (height 6.2 cm., diameter 7.5 cm.). 
 
 M. 79. Identical with No. 77 (height 2.4 cm., diameter 5.1 cm.). 
 
 M. 80 (fig. 50 AND PL. VIII). M. M. I jug covered with black 
 paint (height 12.2 cm., diameter 9.9 cm.). The jug has a band of 
 red around the neck and a design in white on the shoulder. The 
 white design recalls the double axe motive and is often found in 
 the dark-on-light E. M. II and M. M. I wares.' 
 
 M. 81. Similar to No. 79 (height 1.2 cm., diameter 5.2 cm.). 
 
 M. 82. M. M. I cup with white bands around the rim (height 
 5.1 cm., diameter 10.4 cm.). 
 
 M. 83. Like Nos. 77, 79 and 81 (height 1.7 cm., diameter 5.6 
 cm.). These four saucers, with 12 similar ones, were found together 
 in the earth near Tomb XVI. 
 
 M. 84. M. M. I cup of polished buff clay (height 7.6 cm., 
 diameter 11.6 cm.). The design of cross-hatched triangles in dark 
 paint is much worn. 
 
 ' B. S. A., Vol. IX, p. 95, Fig. 65. p.
 
 86 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 M. 85. E. M. II "egg-cup" in black ware, described under 
 Tomb VIII, No. b (height 9.4 cm., diameter 9.2 cm.). 
 
 M. 86. Clay cup of E. M. Ill date (height 6.6 cm., diameter 
 8 cm.). 
 
 M. 87. E. M. n bowl of dark burnished ware with ridge handles 
 (height 7.1 cm., diameter 14.6 cm.). 
 
 M. 88. Cup covered with dark paint and with a white design of 
 barred festoons around the rim (height 6.5 cm., diameter 10.6 cm.). 
 This shape is characteristic of the M. M. I period, although the 
 design bears a close resemblance to that found on E. M. Ill cups. 
 This specimen must belong to the period of transition between the 
 two periods. 
 
 M. 89. E. M. Ill cup of common type with much worn design 
 in white on a dark ground (height 5.1 cm., diameter 7.5 cm.). 
 
 M. 90. Side-spouted E. M. 11 jug of red ware, much worn 
 (height 12.8 cm., diameter 18.8 cm.). 
 
 M. 91. M. M. I bowl of polished buff clay (height 6.5 cm., 
 diameter 22 cm.). 
 
 M. 92. M. M. I side-spouted jug with a band of incisions across 
 the shoulder (height 10.9 cm., diameter 16.4 cm.). This jug, 
 like the cup No. M, 88, belongs to the transitional period between 
 the E. M. Ill and M. M. I epochs. 
 
 Besides these 71 clay vases there are 136 others from various parts 
 of the cemetery; nearly all of these were in very bad condition and 
 do not require a detailed description. Most of them lay near the 
 surface and had suffered severely from centuries of winter rains. 
 
 M. 93-97. Black burnished jugs, type of No. 46 (Fig. 48). 
 
 M. 98-103. Ladles, type of Nos. 29, 30, 41, 42 (Fig. 48). 
 
 M. 104-106. Black burnished "fruit stands," type of Figure 4, 
 No. I, a. 
 
 M. 107. Small side-spouted jug similar to No. 47 (Fig. 49). 
 
 M. 108-111. Black burnished E. M. II cups, type of No. 27 (Fig. 
 48). 
 
 M. 112. Square lump of clay pierced at the corners, type of 
 Nos, 37, 38 (Fig. 48).
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 87 
 
 M. 113-116. Little dishes on feet, type of No. 34 (Fig. 48). 
 
 M. 117, 118. Clay rings like No. 35 (Fig. 48). 
 
 M. 119-121. Round-bodied cups, types of Nos. 58-60 (Fig. 49). 
 
 M. 122-124. Small round-necked jugs, type of Nos. 51, 52 (Fig. 
 49). 
 
 M. 125, 126. Side-spouted jugs, type of No. 48 (Fig. 49). 
 
 M. 127, 128. Two cups of polished buff ware. 
 
 M. 129. Low open bowl, type of No. 91 (Fig. 50). 
 
 M. 130. Spouted jug, type of No. 49 (Fig. 49). 
 
 M. 131-142. Little saucers, type of No. 77 (Fig. 50). 
 
 M, 143. Side-spouted jug, type of No. 74 (Fig. 49). 
 
 M. 144-149. Small side-spouted jugs, type of No. 73 (Fig. 49). 
 
 M. 150, 151. Same, type of Nos. 67, 69, 71 (Fig. 49). 
 
 M. 152-157. Large side-spouted jugs, type of No. 43 (Fig. 48). 
 
 M. 158, 159. Similar to above, with mottled surfaces. 
 
 M. 160-165. Cups of coarse red ware. 
 
 M. 166-168. Side-spouted jugs, type of No. 22 (Fig. 48). 
 
 M. 169, 170. Jugs, type of No. 45 (Fig. 48). 
 
 M. 171-173. Saucers, type of Figure 13, No. II, /. 
 
 M. 174-177. Cups, type of No. 88 (Fig. 50). 
 
 M. 178, 179, Polychrome M. M. I mugs, type of No. 49 (Fig. 
 49). 
 
 M. 180-228. Clay vessels of various kinds, so badly rotted as to 
 be quite valueless. 
 
 CHILD BURIALS OF THE M. M. Ill AND L. M. I PERIODS 
 
 These curious burials were found scattered about on various parts 
 of the tomb slope. The bodies had been placed in inverted jars 
 with no protecting walls and at no great depth. Many of the jars 
 had been destroyed in the process of denudation which had played 
 such havoc with some of the built tombs. They were often found
 
 88 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 lying in the surface soil over undisturbed tombs of earlier date, so 
 that even at the time of interment it was evidently not considered 
 necessary to place these jars at any great depth. The few bones 
 that came to light were, in every case, those of very young children, 
 and indeed some of the jars were so small that it would have been 
 impossible for them to contain anything larger than a new born 
 infant. In no case were any objects found with the interments. 
 
 The bones were naturally very fragmentary. In one jar part 
 of the skull remained but crumbled to dust as soon as the jar was 
 removed exposing it to the air. In four of the jars only small frag- 
 ments of bone remained, and in five others all bones had disappeared. 
 
 Fortunately we can date these burials with perfect certainty, as 
 seven out of the fifteen jars found were painted in the unmistakable 
 L. M. I style. Of the remaining eight jars only one was painted, 
 but the shapes are all characteristic of the M. M. Ill period. Only 
 nine of the fifteen jars were found in situ. The remainder, much 
 broken, were scattered about the hillside in the surface soil and had 
 suffered badly from exposure. Four jars had their painted surfaces 
 fairly well preserved. The two best are shown in Plate XI and in 
 Figure 51. 
 
 Figure 51 is a very fine example of the M. M. Ill monochrone 
 light-on-dark style (height 48 cm., diameter 40 cm.). The design 
 is a favorite one in this and the succeeding period. The pairs of 
 incised double axes between the handles were picked out with a 
 border of white dots, which have almost entirely disappeared. The 
 chain motive around the neck is of very early origin and can be 
 traced back to the E. M. Ill period.' 
 
 Plate XI is a very fine jar of the L. M. I style and belongs to the 
 early part of that period. The ripple design which covers the base 
 seldom appears toward the end of the L. M. I age and is more char- 
 acteristic of the preceding M. M. Ill style. The profuse use of 
 white paint also tends to place this jar in the transitional stage which 
 divides the M. M. Ill and L. M. I periods. Unfortunately the paint 
 is badly worn, but enough remains to give one a vivid idea of the 
 splendid effect of this jar in its original state. The curious designs 
 in white on the broad black band around the middle are unique and 
 not easily described. A good deal of red paint is employed, espe- 
 cially in the band just below the handles, which shows that the tra- 
 dition of M. M. polychromy still exercised a strong influence on the 
 slowly developing L. M. I style. The shape is unusual in the L. M. 
 
 • Tratu.. Vol. I. Part III, PI. XXVII. Nos. 15, 16; PI. XXVUI, Nos. 19. 20. 83; PL 
 XXX, Nos. 4, 6. 14, 15; and PI. XXXIII. Nos. 5. 8.
 
 KlCIIKK 'il. M M. Ill Hi HI U, .iMi. SCM.F. 1 : .">
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 89 
 
 I period and seems to be a sort of compromise between the tall 
 slender M. M. Ill type and the round-bodied L. M. I jars (height 
 56 cm., diameter 39.5 cm.). 
 
 At Mochlos ■ and at Pseira ^ a class of rippled ware seems to have 
 appeared sometime in the M. M. Ill period and to have attained 
 great popularity. As the true L. M. I style begins to make itself 
 felt, this rippled ware partially, though not entirely, disappears 
 before the wave of naturalism which overwhelms the conventional 
 decorative designs of the M. M. period. In this jar one sees the three 
 styles — the polychrome, the ripple and the naturalistic — all used 
 together. 
 
 The two other painted jars which were fairly well preserved are 
 almost identical with that represented in A. J. A., Vol. XIII, p. 298, 
 Figure 19. This is the fully developed local L. M. I style, and jars 
 of this shape with similar designs were very common in these small 
 Minoan towns of Eastern Crete. In fact, five were found at Pseira' 
 in 1907 and two in the Mochlos houses in 1908. One or two examples 
 were found at Gournia in 1904.* 
 
 A LATE MINOAN I BURIAL 
 
 In the surface soil over Tomb IX the first strokes of the pick 
 uncovered the much rotted remains of a small bronze bowl which 
 proved to belong to an L. M. I burial. There was no sign of enclos- 
 ing walls nor, with the exception of a group of objects lying close 
 together near the surface, anything that indicated an interment. The 
 bones had entirely disappeared, and it is impossible to say whether 
 the burial was that of an adult or merely one of the child burials 
 which were found scattered about this slope over the earlier graves. 
 Doubtless a certain number of objects must have been swept away 
 by the action of the winter rains, and the few vases remaining had 
 suffered so badly that it was possible to preserve only one of them, 
 which is shown in Figure 26, A (height 3.6 cm., diameter 13.5 cm.). 
 These vases, three in number, were shallow bronze bowls of much the 
 same size, unengraved and of very thin metal. No pottery was found 
 and only two small objects came to light. These suffice, however, to 
 fix the date of the interment. One of them, the gold signet ring of 
 Figure 52, is the most valuable object yielded by the cemetery of 
 Mochlos. Although it is of small size, the preservation and workman- 
 ship are so admirable that this ring must rank with the best rings 
 
 I A. J. A.. Vol. XIII, p. «84 and PI. VIII. ■ Anth. Publ.. Vol. Ill, No. 1, p. 80. 
 
 •Anth. Publ., Vol. III. No. 1, p. 3S. Fig. 14. • Ooumia. PI. IX. No. tSa and PI. K.
 
 90 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 of the kind from Mycenae and other sites on the Greek mainland. 
 Few such rings have as yet come to light in Crete and these few are 
 in no way remarkable either for workmanship or good preservation.' 
 
 The importance of this signet lies in the curious scene engraved 
 on the bezel. Most of this class of rings bear cult scenes, and this 
 specimen is no exception to the rule, although it presents several 
 new and unusual features. The goddess, who so often figures on 
 the rings from the mainland, is shown in a new aspect, namely, as 
 arriving in her ceremonial barge at a rocky shore on which stands a 
 small building, evidently the usual pillar shrine. The barge has a 
 high curved stern carved to represent a dog's head, and the bow 
 resembles a fish's tail. The shape of the boat may refer to a tradi- 
 tion that the goddess first reached the Minoan land riding on the 
 back of a sea monster who had carried her across the sea to her new 
 home. At any rate there is good reason to suppose that we see here 
 the type of sacred barge supposed to be peculiar to the Cretan 
 Mother Goddess. That the figure in the boat is that of a woman is 
 probable, judging by her ample form.^ Her sacred tree, apparently 
 a fig as pointed out by Dr. Evans, grows out of a throne-like 
 structure which may represent the railed enclosure by which it 
 was always surrounded.' 
 
 The goddess, who is seated with her right hand resting on this 
 raihng, is waving her left towards the pillar shrine from which a 
 curious flaming symbol appears to be flying toward her.* 
 
 All three symbols in the field are entirely new to Minoan cult 
 scenes and difficult of interpretation. The flaming object bears a 
 
 > Since this was written, a fine ring of this sort has been found in one of the Royal Tombs 
 at Knossos. 
 
 ' Since I wrote the above, doubts have been cast on the sex of the figure in the boat. The 
 ring is of such small size and the carving so minute that the artist did not attempt to do more 
 than show that the figure was meant to be human. The question partly hangs on whether 
 the figure is clothed. It rarely, if ever, occurs that the Minoan goddess is shown in an abso- 
 lutely nude state, though she sometimes appears clad in nothing but a short flounced skirt. 
 Certainly on the Moehlos ring it is difficult to distinguish any signs of a garment unless it be 
 a belt around the waist, which is pinched in after the Minoan fashion. There seems to be a 
 faint attempt to indicate female breasts, but the question of sex must remain an open one for 
 the present. Personally I believe the figure to be that of a goddess. The Minoan male 
 deity seems to have occupied a very secondary position in the Minoan pantheon, and it is not 
 likely that here he should have been made not merely the principal but the only figure in a 
 scene of e^dently religious significance. The sacred tree which figures in the scene is always 
 an attribute of the female divinity and usually appears in all cult scenes where the goddess 
 plays a leading part. 
 
 » Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult, p. 4. 
 
 < Another point of discussion is what idea the artist wished to convey by the attitude of 
 the goddess's left arm and hand. To the Anglo-Saxon mind it at once conveys the idea of 
 beckoning, but as Prof. H. N. Fowler has pointed out to me, it is customary in Crete and 
 the southeast of Europe at the present time to beckon with the fingers pointing down. This I 
 believe was also the habit in classic Greece. Customs of this sort are less likely to be changed 
 than almost any others by the course of time, so it is quite possible that in Minoan times they 
 beckoned downwards, in which case the motions of the goddess are not very intelligible.
 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 a
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 91 
 
 strong resemblance to a figure 8 shield lying on its side. The small 
 object immediately above it might be almost anything. The third 
 and last symbol may be meant for a quadruple axe such as is shown 
 on the sarcophagus from Hagia Triada.' In the case of the symbol on 
 the Mochlos ring the vertical position of the object is quite unlike 
 the usual representation of the axe in Minoan cult scenes. 
 
 In other respects this ring follows the usual type of Late Minoan 
 rings of this sort and, from the small size of the hoop, was probably 
 used only as a signet. The hoop measures 1.2 cm. by 9 mm. and, if 
 worn at all, could only have belonged to a child. The field measures 
 1 by 2 cm. 
 
 This ring, like nearly all others of its class, is probably not of solid 
 gold but is merely a shell of that metal over a core of some other 
 material. These cores are usually of bronze, but in the case of this 
 ring the preservation is so excellent that there is no means, short of 
 cutting through the gold itself, of telling what may underlie the 
 covering. That the design is not cut in solid metal is clear, as there 
 are no sharp edges as would be the case if this technique had been 
 employed. This is one of the best means of detecting forgeries in 
 rings of this kind, as in the forgery the design is usually carved in 
 solid gold and shows sharp ragged edges when examined with a 
 glass. The usual method, which seems to have been the one 
 employed in making the ring, was to carve the design in the core 
 and then work the gold covering into the carving from the out- 
 side. 
 
 The remaining object from this burial is an 
 amygdaloid hematite seal, Figure 53. Dr. 
 Evans tells me that this is a type of gem 
 common in the L. M. II period and that it 
 probably represents a conventionalized lion 
 mask. The ring would naturally be placed 
 
 in this same period, but in these eastern towns L. M. I art was still 
 flourishing when Knossos was producing objects of the L. M. II stj'le. 
 The blow which fell shortly afterwards wiped the eastern towns out 
 of existence before they had adopted the styles characteristic of the 
 L. M. II period. At Mochlos no L. M. II settlement came to light, 
 although shortly before the town was destroyed L. M. II vases 
 began to be imported from ICnossos, the chief centre of artistic 
 development.^ 
 
 Therefore we must class the signet ring and the hematite seal 
 
 ' Paribeni, Hon. Ant.. Vol. XIX. 1908, pp. l-«6. ' A. J. A.. Vol. XIII, p. iS5.
 
 92 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 with the L. M. I objects from Mochlos, although they doubtless 
 date from the end of the period.' 
 
 The Pottery from the Cemetery 
 
 In all about 265 clay vases were found in the cemetery of Mochlos, 
 but of these nearly half were in a very bad state of preservation. 
 Most of them belong to the E. M. II and E. M. Ill periods. There 
 are a few M. M. I and M. M. Ill vases, whereas the L. M. I period 
 is represented solely by the big jars containing the child burials. 
 
 THE E. M. I period 
 
 A large deposit of this period was found underlying the big cham- 
 ber tomb No. V, but the vases were all so fragmentary that only the 
 smaller ones could be pieced together. The many baskets of pot- 
 sherds from this deposit contained parts of only one painted vase, 
 which belonged to the geometrical dark-on-light style of the first 
 part of the E. M. II period. The rest of the fragments were of red or 
 black clay, sometimes burnished, but more often not. The clay is 
 very coarse in quality and the vases badly made. The black ware is, 
 as a rule, of better workmanship than the red and was used chiefly 
 for goblets and round-bodied bowls with suspension handles. Most 
 of the unpolished vases had been pared into the required shape by 
 some dull instrument which, instead of cutting the clay cleanly, has 
 dragged it open, leaving holes and imperfections over the entire sur- 
 face of the vessel. All this ware was handmade and in the cruder 
 examples one can see finger marks where the potter had handled the 
 vessel while the clay was still moist. No incised ware was found in 
 this deposit, and although some of the burnished sherds might pass 
 for true neolithic ware both in shape and finish, it is clear that they 
 belong really to the period of transition which lay between the 
 incised neolithic ware and the geometrical painted pottery of the 
 E. M. II period. The presence of a very few fragments of beaked 
 jugs shows that this deposit, though containing many neolithic 
 types, immediately precedes the E. M. II age, when such jugs make 
 their first appearance. This deposit possesses a peculiar interest, 
 as it is the first of its kind found on or near the Isthmus of Hiera- 
 petra; it shows the close relationship of the E. M. II and the neolithic 
 
 ' Unfortunately this ring was stolen from the Candia Museum in 1910, and although the 
 Cretan government offered a liberal reward for its recovery, as yet nothing ha.s been heard 
 of it.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 93 
 
 periods, between which it acts as a connecting link, partaking of 
 the characteristics of both yet clearly belonging to neither. 
 
 The best preserved objects from this deposit are shown in Figure 
 48, Nos. 29-42. The shape which occurred most frequently was 
 that of a clay spoon or ladle like Nos. 29, 30, 41 and 42. This sort 
 of ladle is never met with in E. M. II deposits and must be either a 
 survival from the neolithic period or else a product peculiar to E. 
 M. I potters. These ladles are always of reddish clay, unburnished, 
 and are often covered with a sort of reddish wash. The horn-like 
 object No. 31 appears to be an early example of the "horns of 
 consecration" although one would hardly expect to find them ap- 
 pearing as a cult object in so early a period. In the illustration 
 (Fig. 48), they might also be taken for a boat, but the fact that the 
 outside surface is slightly crescent shaped and the back quite flat 
 makes this theory improbable. Three small votive double axes, one 
 of bronze (Fig. 12, No. II, 46) and two of lead, found in Tomb II, 
 in an unmistakable E. M. II deposit, would tend to prove that these 
 cult objects had their origin at a much earlier date than would have 
 been believed possible. 
 
 Nos. 32 and 33 (Fig. 48) belong to a type common in this E. M. I 
 ware and their use is not easy to determine. They are made with a 
 hollow stem of clay and a broad flaring rim. No. 32 contained a 
 bit of coarse linen and a tiny piece of bronze or copper, which 
 shows that metal was not unknown in this period. 
 
 No. 34 is another common shape which has been discussed in con- 
 nection with No. I, a, of Tomb I (Fig. 4). A number of coarse clay 
 cups, Nos. 36 and 39, were found, and these cups, together with the 
 curious vessels, Nos. 32, 33 and 34, would incline one to the belief 
 that this was a place of offering, as these vases could never have 
 served any practical household use. This would help to explain 
 the presence of so large a deposit of pottery on the very edge of the 
 cliffs in a place unsuitable for dwelling houses. We know, also, from 
 similar objects found among the Mochlos houses, that the people 
 of this period had their dwellings on the same site as that occupied 
 by the later town.' It is quite possible that in the E. M. I age 
 this slope was already in use as a burial place and that these vases 
 were the offerings to the dead. No grave of the period came to light, 
 but in the construction of the three large chamber tombs Nos. IV, 
 V and VI in the E. M. II period, the westernmost of which. No. V, 
 overlay this mass of sherds, the E. M. I graves as well as a great 
 part of the pottery deposit may have been swept away. 
 
 'A.J. A.. Vol. XIII, p. 279.
 
 94 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 Nos. 35 and 40 (Fig. 48) are clay rings of which many fragmentary 
 examples were found. They probably served to support round- 
 bottomed vases which, if we may judge by the scarcity of flat bases 
 among these sherds, must have been the usual type. 
 
 Nos. 37 and 38 are roughly rectangular lumps of clay pierced at 
 each corner with vertical holes for suspension. Similar objects 
 were found on the town site in E. M. I strata. Like the ladles and 
 the curious little vessels, Nos. 32-34, their use is difficult to imagine, 
 as, when suspended, they must have been at best clumsy affairs cap- 
 able of containing little or nothing. 
 
 The remaining shapes from this deposit are represented only by 
 fragments. There are the necks of three jugs like No. 45 (Fig. 48). 
 Many pieces of plates and saucers were found, also a number of 
 broken goblets of black burnished ware of the same general type as 
 No. VI, 11 (Fig. 23) from Tomb Yl and those from the town of 
 Mochlos ' and from Gournia.^ 
 
 A few parts of "fruit stands" (Fig. 37, No. XVI, 10) were found; 
 but the surface was never so highly burnished as in the specimens 
 from the E. M. II and III graves. Such vessels in fine grey clay 
 were found at Gournia in early deposits.' 
 
 A few handles and bits of necks appear to have belonged to vases 
 like those from Tomb V, Figure 18, No. V, b, and No. 87 of Figure 50. 
 
 No piece of mottled ware was found in the entire deposit and only 
 an occasional sherd of the highly polished buff ware of the E. M. II 
 period. 
 
 Certainly this E. M. I ware is very inferior to the best neolithic 
 ware of Knossos, which has never been found thus far in Eastern 
 Crete. The earliest strata on these small sites always belong to this 
 intermediate type and must date from the period of expansion when, 
 quitting the large neolithic centres in which they had established 
 themselves on first reaching Crete, the Minoans began to spread 
 over the island in search of new homes. This scattering of the 
 inhabitants may have been due to the overcrowding of such neolithic 
 centres as Knossos and Phaistos or simply to the desire to bring the 
 rest of the island under cultivation, but it is a noticeable fact that 
 all these small settlements sprang into being at about the same time, 
 that is to say, shortly before the end of the E. M. I period. Another 
 reason for the sudden populating of these hitherto uninhabited 
 areas may have been a migratory movement which brought into the 
 island a new influx of people of the same race as those so long estab- 
 
 > A. J. A.. Vol. XIII, p. 279, Fig. 2. No. 1. » Gournia, PI. XII, No. 12. 
 
 • Gournia, p. 56, Fig. 37, No. 8.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 95 
 
 lished at neolithic Knossos. The culture is evidently the same as 
 that of Knossos, but is not so highly developed as one would have 
 expected had the settlers of these eastern towns come directly from 
 Knossos itself. If, however, they were outsiders of the same race, 
 their culture, though the same in all main points, had evidently 
 remained in a more backward state than that of their Knossian 
 kinsmen. Once settled on Cretan soil this less-developed culture 
 soon made up for lost time and by the beginning of the E. M. II 
 period was on a par with that of the larger and older Minoan centres. 
 So far little or no excavating has been done in the interior of 
 Eastern Crete. Almost all the sites examined have been on the 
 coast line, and none show signs of having been occupied before the 
 beginning of the E. M. I age. It is possible that excavations may 
 reveal the presence of a neolithic population in Eastern Crete, living 
 at some distance from the sea for purposes of safety, for it is probable 
 that only with the growth of the Early Minoan power were the 
 inhabitants enabled to descend from the hills and establish settle- 
 ments on the coast. Near the Isthmus of Hierapetra there are, at 
 present, no evidences of neolithic sites; even Vasiliki, which lay 
 nearly three miles inland and was evidently a place of importance 
 in the Early Minoan period, shows no signs of having existed in 
 the neolithic age.' At Palaikastro there is some evidence of a neo- 
 lithic population living back from the coast, for in 1905 a neolithic 
 settlement was discovered at Magasd.^ This village lies on the high 
 limestone plateau which rises to the south of Palaikastro and forms 
 the central part of the extreme east of Crete. From all the district 
 about Magasd the excavators at Palaikastro obtained numbers of 
 stone axes. We know that stone axes were still used in the early 
 part of the copper age in various parts of Europe, but that they 
 rapidly disappeared once a knowledge of metal working was acquired. 
 A few stone axes from a site could not be taken as certain evidence 
 that the site dated from the neolithic period, but when such axes 
 are found in large numbers, all coming from one district, it is natural 
 to look for neolithic settlements in that neighborhood. The exca- 
 vation at Magasd yielded but few objects, all of undoubted neoli- 
 thic origin, and it is possible that further excavations would prove 
 that the central portion of Eastern Crete had an extensive neolithic 
 population contemporaneous with the flourishing neolithic centres 
 of Central Crete. 
 
 > Since the above was written, a few sherds of apparently neolithic manufacture were dis- 
 covered in 11)10 in the (iournia cemetery. The sherds are so fragmentary tliat their neolithic 
 origin cannot be held as proved. 
 
 • B. S. A.. Vol. XI, p. 2C0.
 
 96 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 THE E. M. II PERIOD 
 
 Numerous vases of the E. M. II period were found. They are 
 interesting inasmuch as most of them belong to the earlier part of 
 the E. M. II age, before the mottled ware attained its great popu- 
 larity. Many of the dark burnished vases show close aflBnities to 
 the ware of the preceding E. M. I period just described, although a 
 number of new shapes have come into use. The best vases are those 
 belonging to the early geometrical dark-on-light style, of which the 
 chamber tombs produced several very fine examples in a good state 
 of preservation. The saucer of Figures 7 and 13, No. II, I, is one 
 of the best of this class and, in quality of clay and paint, bears com- 
 parison with any of the later Minoan fabrics; its design is charac- 
 teristic of the geometrical dark-on-light style, examples of which 
 were found at Gournia and Vasiliki in 1905.' Latticed figures re- 
 sembling double axes are often found at Knossos on a closely corre- 
 sponding M. M. I ware, which evidently owes much to this E. M. II 
 technique. In these Knossian M. M. I examples the design takes 
 rather an extreme and elongated form and has been called by its 
 discoverers the " butterfly " pattern.' It had been thought heretofore 
 that the religious symbol of the double-axe did not occur before the 
 M. M. Ill age, but since such votive axes in bronze and lead were 
 found at Mochlos in an Early Minoan II tomb (p. 36), there seems 
 no reason to doubt that not only the M. M. I "butterfly" ornaments, 
 but also the designs on this saucer are meant to represent this sym- 
 bol. Festoons like those on the rim of the saucer are to be seen on 
 a cup from Tomb VI (Figs. 22, 23, No. VI, 6) and are common both 
 in E. M. Ill and M. M. I wares.' The jug of Figures 4 and 13, No. 
 I, b, bears a design of cross-hatched triangles frequently noted in 
 the ware of this period from Vasiliki. Vases of the geometrical E. M. 
 II style have also been found at Zakro,* Palaikastro,* Phaistos, 
 Hagia Triada,' Koumasa, Porti and other sites, of many of which 
 no complete account has yet been published. 
 
 Of the typical E. M. II mottled vases very few specimens were 
 found, and most of those, owing to the peculiar action of the soil, 
 had entirely lost their painted surfaces. It would seem that few of 
 them possessed the brilliant mottling of the Vasiliki vases. Plain 
 burnished red ware occurred more frequently. 
 
 1 Gournia, PI. XII, Nos. 20, a. 6, 25-33 and PI. A, No. 3. 
 
 • B. S. A.. Vol. IX, p. 95, Fig. 65, p. 
 
 • A. J. A., Vol. XIII, p. 292, Fig. 13, No. 2 of top row; Traru., Vol. II, Part 2, p. 126, 
 Fig. 9, a. 
 
 « B. S. A., Vol. VII, p. 144, Fig. 52. ' B. S. A., Vol. X. p. 196. 
 
 • Mon. Ant.. Vol. XXI, PI. IX, Figs. 21. 22.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 97 
 
 No. 44 (Fig. 48), belonging to this period, is a curious mixture 
 of the dark-on-hght, the mottled and the incised styles; the upright 
 triangles of dark paint present a mottled surface and are separated 
 from one another by double rows of dots incised in the clay of the 
 vase, a reminiscence of the preceding incised wares. 
 
 No. 24 (Fig. 48) is the prototype of the straight-sided E. M. Ill 
 and M. M. I cups. No. 27 is derived from the E. M. I cups, Nos. 
 36 and 39. No. 28 is also an early shape, more common in stone 
 than in clay. The goblet type (Figs. 22, 23, No. VI, 11) is of very 
 early origin and lasted from neolithic times into the E. M. II period. 
 This specimen is of fine grey clay similar to that used for the incised 
 sub-neolithic vases of the first part of E. M. II age. 
 
 THE E. M. Ill PERIOD 
 
 The pottery of the E. M. Ill period, though found in large quan- 
 tities, was for the most part in a bad state of preservation. Both 
 the white and the black paint had suffered from the action of the soil 
 and the examples, as a whole, are inferior to those found on the town 
 site. 
 
 The shapes and designs differ but little from those already known 
 from the excavations at Vasiliki, Gournia and Pseira. The examples 
 from the cemetery cover the entire period from its earliest stages 
 to the beginning of the M. M. I age. At the close of the E. M. Ill 
 period the vases so closely resemble those of the M. M. I epoch that 
 it is very difficult to say where one style ends and the other begins; 
 certain types seem characteristic of both periods. 
 
 No. XXI, 5 (Fig. 46), one of the earliest vases of this period, is 
 very primitive in shape and appearance. It closely resembles, in 
 form, some of the Trojan vases of the third city.^ The body paint 
 shows the mottled surface of the E. M. II style but without the usual 
 polishing. The white geometrical design places it early in the E. 
 M. Ill period. 
 
 No. XVI, 8 (Fig. 37) bears a white design very characteristic 
 of the E. M. Ill age. The shape is not of early origin and is never 
 found in E. M. II deposits. Among M. M. I vases it is very common 
 and on the whole must be regarded as a development of the side- 
 spouted E. M. II jugs, which last into the M. M. I period. 
 
 No. IV, 2 (Figs. 18, 19) is a shape unusual in E. M. Ill deposits 
 and is evidently the prototype of M. M. I cups of similar form. No. 
 
 • Ddrpfeld, Troja und Ilion, Vol. I, p. 263, Fig. 13«.
 
 98 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 V, b (Fig. 18) shows the early incised pattern of dots from which the 
 painted design on this cup is derived. 
 
 Of the cups of Figure 49, Nos. 56-63, the straight -sided ones are 
 derived from an E. M. II type (Fig. 48, No. 24), whereas the round- 
 bodied cups resemble those found in the E. M. I deposit (Fig. 48, 
 Nos. 36, 39), although this shape rarely appears in the intervening 
 E. M. II period. 
 
 THE M. M. I PERIOD 
 
 The M. M. I period was as poorly represented in the cemetery as 
 on other Minoan sites near the Isthmus of Hierapetra, where poly- 
 chrome ware was of very rare occurrence. With the beginning of 
 the M. M. I age it seems that we must turn from the settlements 
 in Eastern Crete to the great palace sites of Knossos and Phaistos 
 for our knowledge of the period. Although polychrome ware was 
 found at Mochlos in only a small quantity, and even then badly 
 preserved, there are a good many examples of the contemporary 
 geometrical dark-on-light M. M. I ware which closely resembles 
 the earlier style of the E. M. II period. In Figure 49, Nos. 
 66-71, six vases of this class are shown. They always possess the 
 same highly polished buff surface which characterizes the E. M. II 
 ware so that when there is no painted design the shape alone indi- 
 cates to which period they belong. The designs of the M. M. I 
 painted examples are more stereotyped and present less variety than 
 do those of the E. M. II vases. No specimens from Mochlos show 
 the latticed triangles and similar figures so common in the E. M. II 
 period. At Knossos such latticed figures survived in the " butterfly " 
 pattern already mentioned on p. 96. At Mochlos the designs are 
 usually sets of obliquely curving lines (Figs. 32 and 33, No. XIII, h), 
 scrolls (Fig. 37, No. XVI, 9), and waves of paint (Fig. 49, Nos. 67 
 and 69). The shapes of Nos. 67, 69 and 71 (Fig. 49) are degenerate 
 forms of the E. M. 11 side-spouted jugs. 
 
 In Figure 49, Nos. 51-53 and 55 are of M. M. I date; Nos. 51 
 and 52 are of a shape which occurred frequently in this cemetery, 
 but which is not common elsewhere. No. 55 is evidently derived 
 from an E. M. Ill tj-pe (Fig. 19, No. IV, 2). No. 84 (Fig. 50) is 
 a characteristic M. M. I shape which originated in the E. M. II 
 period 1 and after lasting through the E. M. HI epoch (Fig. 49, 
 Nos. 56, 57, 61, 62 and 63) emerged in this form. 
 
 No. 91 (Fig. 50) is the clay representative of the black steatite 
 bowls which first appear in the M. M. I period and are very 
 
 I Tratu.. Vol. I, Part III, PI. XXXTV, No. 8.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 99 
 
 common throughout the whole Middle Minoan age (Fig. 18, No. 
 IV, 1). 
 
 The two vases of Plate VIII, Nos. XI, 13, 16, are the best and 
 almost the only examples of polychrome ware from the cemetery. 
 The bull from this same tomb (Fig. 29, No. XI, 14), although a 
 poor and clumsy attempt at animal modeling, is interesting because 
 it proves that the custom of making such clay bulls arose at an early 
 date and was by no means confined to the L. M. period. 
 
 The Stone Vases 
 
 Of the many objects found in the Mochlos cemetery the 130 stone 
 vases are probably the most important as they are certainly the 
 most beautiful. The jewelry, though interesting, is, on the whole, 
 of crude workmanship, and the same must be said of the pottery. 
 The stone cutter, on the other hand, possessed a proficiency little 
 short of marvelous for so early a period. His eye for form was 
 excellent, and he was very clever in selecting materials in which the 
 natural veining of the stone helped to set ofif the shape of the vase 
 for which he intended it. At first glance one would suppose that 
 these vases were the work of a skilled lapidary, but on examination 
 it appears that they were not turned on a wheel but were rouglily 
 shaped into the required form and then ground down by hand.' 
 How such a task was accomplished is, in these days of machinery, 
 difficult to conceive, as each vase must represent weeks of patient 
 labor. To cut out the inside core a circular drill was used as in the 
 later periods. The central core which remained was then broken 
 off, in some cases so unevenly that a part of it still adheres to the 
 bottom of the vase. The same method was used in the L. M. I 
 period. Tools of many sorts have been found, but no drill of any 
 kind has yet come to light. This may mean that the drill consisted 
 of nothing more substantial than a hollow reed whirled in sand; 
 I believe that drills of this description were used in Egj'pt for 
 sunilar purposes. We have no knowledge of the other tools em- 
 ployed in the manufacture of these stone vases but, as I have said, 
 if we may judge by one or two partly finished examples, they were 
 roughly blocked into the required shape and then polished by hand, 
 in all probability with the stone polishers which turn up so fre- 
 quently on all these early sites. In vases of soft materials this was 
 
 ' M. Gilli^ron, who made the drawings of these vases, pointed out to me the impossibility 
 of their having been turned on a wheel, owing to the irregularities of shape which are especially 
 noticeable in the rims of the larger vessels. These irregularities could not possibly have 
 occurred in wheel-made vases.
 
 100 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 no very diflScult task, but many of these vases were of hard stones 
 which must have required an enormous amount of labor. The con- 
 tents of one or two of the large chamber tombs must represent 
 years of patient toil, and one is not surprised to find that, once 
 metal came into common use for vessels and utensils, the age of 
 fine stone vases came to an end. Rapid decadence in this branch 
 of Minoan art is noticeable at the beginning of the M. M. I period, 
 when the craftsmen turned to pottery and metal working, in which 
 they could attain highly satisfactory results with much less labor. 
 
 The materials used for these stone vases are probably native to 
 Crete with one or two possible exceptions. The three vases of white 
 alabaster (Fig. 46, No. VII, a; PI. Ill, No. XXI, 10, and PI. IX, 
 No. M, 12) have a decidedly Cycladic look and may be importations. 
 It is not possible to say whether all the other stones employed for 
 these vases are of local origin, but in travelling through the island 
 I have seen most of the varieties at one time or another. 
 
 A rough list of the various materials employed for these vases is 
 as follows : 
 
 Steatite 
 
 1. Translucent green, used only for very small vases (PI. II, Nos. 
 II, h, k). 
 
 2. Opaque green, with no veining (PI. VT, No. VI, 10). 
 
 3. Mottled green, capable of taking a beautiful polish, used only 
 for small vases (PI. II, Nos. II, d, e; PI. V, No. VI, 9; PI. VII, No. 
 IV, 6). 
 
 4. Plain black. This is a very common material in the M. M. 
 and L. M. periods (Fig. 18. No. IV, 1). 
 
 5. Speckled grey and black, of poor quality. This stone was 
 always in a bad state of preservation (Fig. 28, No. XI, 17). 
 
 6. Dark grey (PI. II, No. II, j; PI. IX, Nos. XIX, 2 and XII, a). 
 
 Breccia 
 
 7. Dark grey limestone thickly mottled with brown and white 
 (PI. Ill, No. XXIII, a). 
 
 8. Dark grey limestone with an occasional patch of rose colored 
 stone edged with white (PI. IX, No. Ill, a). 
 
 9. Same without the white edge (PI. IV, No. I, e). 
 
 10. Rose colored stone with patches of dark grey (PI, IX, No. 
 M, 15).
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 101 
 
 Marble 
 
 11. Grey and white in parallel veins (PI. I, No. I, j; PI. Ill, No. 
 II, q; PI. IV, No. XIII, e; PI. V, Nos. VI, 1, 13; PI. VI, Nos. VI, 
 3, 5, 7, 12, 14; PI. VII, No. VI, 17). 
 
 12. Grey with white mottling (PI. I, No. XVI, 1; PI. II, No. II, 
 a; PI. VII, No. XXI, 7). 
 
 13. White dolomitic marble with irregular grey veining (PI. II, 
 No. M, 3; PI. VII, No. VI, 16). 
 
 Alabaster 
 
 14. Brilliantly veined onyx marble shading from white to pink 
 and orange (PI. IV, No. V, i; PI. V, No. VI, 2; PI. IX, No. M, 13). 
 
 15. Clear yellow gypsum alabaster with white markings (PI. II, 
 Nos. II, m and o). 
 
 16. Plain white (PI. Ill, No. XXI, 10; PI. IX, No. M, 12). 
 
 Limestone 
 
 17. Red and yellow stone in broad veins (PI. II, No. M, 7). A 
 rare material, of which only one example was found. 
 
 18. Purple or reddish stone without any veining, the only example 
 of which was too rotted to be of any value. 
 
 19. Pink stone of which only two examples were found, both of 
 small size (Fig. 37, No. XV, d, and Fig. 47, No. M, 17). 
 
 20. Coarse white limestone (Fig. 7, No. II, i). 
 
 It is clear that the E. M. II age marked not only the first appear- 
 ance but also the acme of these stone vases. The two large E. M. 
 II tombs, Nos. II and VI, which were not used in the succeeding 
 periods, produced the largest and finest examples found in the entire 
 cemetery. In the E. M. Ill period the vases, though still good, are, 
 as a rule, of smaller size, and the softer black steatite begins to be 
 used to the exclusion of the harder materials. By the beginning 
 of the M. M. I period the day of the fine stone vases is over and the 
 use of black steatite is universal for stone vessels. The technique 
 becomes careless and the shapes are confined to a few ordinary types 
 such as "blossom" bowls, small cups, and shallow bowls, which 
 last on into the L. M. I epoch. It is possible that, at Mochlos, this 
 was due to a decline in the prosperity of the town, for we know the
 
 102 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 M. M. I period to have been a poor one, during which the settlement 
 was destroyed, not to revive again until the M. M. Ill era. At 
 Gournia, Pseira and Vasiliki, however, no fine stone vases were 
 found in M. M. I deposits, so that, on the whole, it seems plain that 
 this early outburst of prosperity on these small sites was followed by 
 a period of poverty and depression. It is hard to account for the 
 high standard reached by the E. M. II craftsmen of Mochlos. At 
 Pseira stone vases were found in great numbers in the early graves, 
 but few show any signs of the fine materials and workmanship which 
 characterize the vases from the Mochlos cemetery. It is true that, 
 at Vasiliki, in an E. M. II well, fragments of splendid stone vases 
 came to light, and also that, in one or two early graves found at 
 Gournia and on the Messara sites, stone vases of a good class were 
 found, though in a smaller quantity than at Mochlos.' Time and 
 the excavation of other cemeteries can alone settle the question as 
 to whether this profusion of remarkable stone vases was peculiar 
 to the single settlement of Mochlos or whether this technique spread 
 throughout the Early Minoan towns of Crete. On the whole I 
 believe that it will be found to have been common to all the settle- 
 ments of the Early Minoan period, varying according to the various 
 degrees of prosperity enjoyed by each. 
 
 The question how the Early Minoans obtained their extraordinary 
 knowledge of stone cutting must now be considered. Stone vases 
 or even fragments of stone vases have never been found thus far 
 in either neolithic or E. M. I deposits. Suddenly and without 
 any preliminary steps we find the Minoans of the E. M. II period 
 making delicate vases from hard materials. One would naturally 
 look to E. M. I deposits for initial attempts at stone cutting, fol- 
 lowed by a gradual improvement in technique until the perfection 
 shown by the Mochlos vases was attained. As these signs are not 
 forthcoming, another explanation must be sought. Several vases 
 bear slight resemblances to the early stone vessels of Egypt as regards 
 shape, but, on the other hand, many of them are absolutely un-Egyp- 
 tian in every respect. The question is, therefore, whether these 
 Egyptian analogies would warrant the assumption that in the E. M. 
 II period the Minoans first came in contact with the Egyptians and 
 from them borrowed the knowledge of the tools and methods neces- 
 sary to produce vases of this character. It must be remembered 
 that these coast settlements were plainly those of a maritime people. 
 Pseira, which was already occupied in the E. M. I period, is the best 
 
 ■ Gournia, p. 56, Fig. 40, Nos. 1, 2, 4, 6-11; Mon. Ant., Vol. XIV, 1905, pp. 700-702, Figs. 
 10-12.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 103 
 
 proof that this was the case, for who but a nation of seafarers would 
 think of setthng on an island three miles off shore, an island solely 
 of value for its little harbor? From Hierapetra it is but a short sail 
 across to the Egyptian coast and, when once Cape Sidero is rounded, 
 the journey from Mochlos to Egyptian ports is an easy matter in 
 suitable weather, and in summer storms are of rare occurrence. Even 
 if the Minoans never intentionally attempted the crossing, what is 
 more probable than that sometimes a boat, driven out of her course, 
 was literally blown over to the Egyptian coast by a sudden storm? 
 One such accident would open the eyes of the Minoan sailors to the 
 possibilities of trade, and that some sort of spasmodic communica- 
 tion had already been established in the E. M. II period is higlily 
 probable. That this communication, if it did exist, was carried on 
 by Minoan sailors rather than by Egyptians is certain, inasmuch 
 as the Egyptians were not a maritime people. At this earlj' 
 period, moreover, any idea of people from the Asiatic coast act- 
 ing as middlemen or traders between Crete and Egypt need 
 hardly be considered. It is doubtful if the Minoans of the Early 
 Minoan age knew as much of the coasts of Asia Minor and 
 Palestine as they did of Egypt. Wliatever may have been the 
 case later, there is certainly no evidence that at this early stage, 
 trade passed to and fro between Crete and Egypt by Cyprus and 
 the round-about land route. It is hardly likely that a preeminently 
 seafaring nation like the Minoans would, at any time, have allowed 
 foreigners to act as intermediaries in their commercial dealings with 
 other powers. Moreover, there is no other nation which is known 
 to have begun a seafaring career at so early a period. Let us suppose 
 that occasionally Minoan sailors returned from the Egyptian coast 
 with tales of the products that they had seen among that already 
 highly civilized nation. Naturally these Cretan adventurers would 
 have been struck by things which they had not seen at home, for 
 example, stone vases. Believing that these could be made as easily in 
 Crete as in Egypt, their first steps would have been to inquire how 
 the vases were made, to procure a few of the necessary tools and 
 perhaps some finished vases as models. With the natural aptitude 
 of the Minoan craftsman, the required technique was rapidly mas- 
 tered and the stone cutters of Crete were soon turning out vases 
 which, if not as accurately cut as their Egyptian models, were cer- 
 tainly far more beautiful in shape and coloring. At first it is prob- 
 able that the shapes of the Egyptian originals were accurately copied 
 by the Minoans, which might account for the analogies that can be 
 observed between the Cretan and the Egyptian vases. Later this
 
 104 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 limited number of types was increased by translating into stone many 
 of the shapes characteristic of E. M. pottery, some of which proved 
 to be exceedingly well adapted to the new technique. 
 
 The following vases have been pointed out to me as those which 
 show close analogies with Egyptian stone vases of the early 
 dynasties: 
 
 Plate II, No. M, 3. 
 
 Plate II, No. II, j. 
 
 Plate II, No. II, 0. 
 
 Plate III, No. XXIII, a. 
 
 Figure 18, No. V, g. 
 
 Plate VII, No. IV, 6. 
 
 The Jeweley 
 
 In all nearly 150 gold ornaments were found, not including the 
 various kinds of gold beads which form parts of several necklaces. 
 Of these necklaces there are 11, made up of beads of rock crystal, 
 gold, shell, carnelian, amethyst, steatite, breccia, clay and procelain. 
 
 Until the discovery of the Mochlos cemetery it was supposed that, 
 in the early Minoan periods, civilization in Crete was primitive, the 
 people poor, and knowledge of metals limited almost entirely to simple 
 tools and weapons of either copper or bronze. In view of the high 
 development shown by the stone vases of this settlement, the pro- 
 fusion of gold ornaments found in the Mochlos graves is not so sur- 
 prising, and if so small a settlement possessed precious metal in such 
 abundance, what must we imagine was the case in the capital cities? 
 Not only were these Early Minoans far removed from povertj' but, 
 so far as Eastern Crete was concerned, they were in a state of pros- 
 perity not to be equaled again until the L. M. I period. In the M. 
 M. I graves precious metal rarely occurs and, as we have seen was 
 the case with the fine stone vases, the end of the E. M. Ill age marks 
 a period of decline, which lasts until near the end of the M. M. Ill 
 epoch. 
 
 The gold work from the graves at Mochlos is, for the most part, of 
 the simplest character, such as one would expect at so early a period. 
 It is only in the gold chains that we see evidences of a delicacy of 
 workmanship which makes it difficult to believe that they are of the 
 same date as the rest of the objects. As a whole this gold work 
 presents close analogies to the jewelry of later date from Mycenae. 
 In the case of the Mochlos ornaments, allowances must be made for
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 105 
 
 the influence of so early a period on the decorative designs, which 
 are always geometrical in style. It is in the general character of the 
 objects themselves that we see the originals of the type of jewelry 
 in use many centuries later on the Greek mainland. The profusion 
 of thin strips and plates for fastening to the garments of the dead, 
 the diadems, necklaces, seals and weapons, all correspond to the con- 
 tents of the shaft graves of Mycenae. 
 
 If, as seems probable, the mainland Mycenaeans were of the same 
 stock as the Cretan Minoans, these analogies are only natural and 
 help to prove the long, unbroken continuity of the Minoan civiliza- 
 tion. If the people of Mycenae were not of the old stock, it seems 
 unlikely that they would have adopted so completely the burial 
 customs of a people whose power they were in the process of over- 
 throwing. On the other hand, if they were a mainland branch of 
 the same race that peopled Crete, who, through civil wars, had 
 snatched the sceptre of Minos and transferred the seat of power 
 from Knossos to Mycenae, they would naturally adhere in the main 
 to the customs of their Minoan forebears. In the period to which 
 the shaft graves belong, the Cretan supremacy was already a thing 
 of the past, but the influence of the invading northener was not 
 strong enough to have changed the habits and customs of centuries 
 of unbroken civilization in this last stronghold of Minoan power on 
 the mainland. Certainly in Crete no signs of an infusion of foreign 
 blood, peaceful or otherwise, can be observed from neolithic times 
 to the decay of the Minoan supremacy in the L. M. II period, to 
 which epoch belongs the bulk of the objects from the graves at 
 Mycenae. Even then the Cretan towns seem to have fallen at the 
 hands of members of the same race, and it is not until the end of the 
 L. M. Ill period that there are any clear signs of invaders of 
 foreign blood. 
 
 From the point of view of technique, the Mochlos gold work falls 
 into two classes. The first is repouss6 work, in which the pattern 
 is beaten out over a mould bearing the required designs. In the 
 second class the designs have been pricked through from the back 
 with a pointed tool, thus forming a raised pattern of small dots or 
 punctuations on the outer surface. The repouss6 work is, for the 
 most part, confined to armlets, where the gold forms merely a thin 
 covering for a core of some perishable material, such as wooden rings 
 or leather bands. The second technique is used for ornaments of 
 thicker gold, which were worn with no inner core to support them. 
 The diadems belong to this second class as do the strips for sewing 
 to garments. Most of this jewelry was worn in the lifetime of the
 
 106 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 deceased; the objects were not mere imitations made solely for burial 
 purposes, as was so often the case with the ornaments from the graves 
 at Mycenae. Although the diadems were doubtless made with the 
 idea of tying the two ends together at the back of the head, the owners 
 of Nos. II, 3, 5, 6 and 10 (Fig. 8) found that to make them more 
 secure it was necessary to fasten them by means of pins which were 
 jabbed through the thin gold. These pin holes are especially notice- 
 able in No. II, 5 (Fig. 9), one end of which is quite full of them. 
 
 The pins, Nos. II, 29, a, b (Fig. 10), are all made from one piece of 
 metal, — petals, stamens and stem. A narrow sheet of thin gold was 
 cut into the required shape, beginning with the stamens and ending 
 with the petals, to which a long strip of thin metal was left attached 
 to form the stem of the pin. This sheet was then rolled up with the 
 stamens inside and the flower was complete. 
 
 Large gold beads are usually of very thin metal and must for- 
 merly have covered a core of some perishable material (Fig. 25, 
 No. \T!, 27, the three centre beads). 
 
 As has been said, the only objects which show any signs of very 
 skilful workmanship are the gold chains (Fig. 11, Nos. II, 30, 35, 
 36; Fig. 25, Nos. VI, 31 a, b; Fig. 43, Nos. XIX, 20, 22). These 
 chains in point of delicacy bear comparison with those of the late 
 Greek period and prove that, when necessary, the Early IVIinoan 
 goldsmith could turn out work of real merit. Some of the beads 
 from the Mochlos graves present analogies to Egyptian examples 
 and are interesting in view of the theory of early communication 
 between Crete and Egypt which has already been discussed in con- 
 nection with the stone vases. The long gold necklace. No. XXI, 19 
 (Fig. 20), certainly recalls the common "mummy" beads of Egyp- 
 tian porcelain, and the same may be said of the necklace in Figure 25 
 (No. VI, 35). It has been pointed out to me that certain carnelian 
 beads in Figure 41 (No. XIX, 14) are Egyptian in style. As they are 
 clearly of local manufacture, they must not be regarded as Egyptian 
 importations but may show that certain types of beads became known 
 to the Minoans through trade with the people of the Nile valley. 
 
 Objects of Copper and Bronze 
 
 The Mochlos tombs produced about 20 knife blades, 3 spearheads, 
 a number of pairs of pincers and some small cutters, the use of which 
 is uncertain. The knife blades from the earliest tombs are all of 
 the short triangular type shown in Figure 44 (Nos. I, k, and XXI, 
 21, 22).' Ejiife blades of this sort were common on all the Messara 
 
 ' Mosso in his Dawn of the Mediterranean Civilization, pp. 105-1 10, stated that he believed 
 the Early Minoan period in Crete belonged to the Copper Age. His analyses of a number of
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 107 
 
 sites of the Early Minoan period; the first were found at Hagia 
 Triada.' In the M. M. I period the type is considerably longer and 
 has lost the triangular outline of the preceding period (Fig. 45, Nos. 
 XI, 22, XIII, m, and III, o). In the M. M. Ill age the shape is 
 much the same, but the midrib becomes more marked and there is 
 some attempt at decoration (Figs. 31 and 45, No. II, 51). In this 
 period a broad, heavy type of knife appears, which is also common 
 in L. M. I deposits (Fig. 45, Nos. II, 52, IV, 17 and XX, 9). 
 
 Most of the objects in Figure 12 came from undisturbed E. M. II 
 chamber tombs and therefore belong to that period. The two 
 large knife blades, Nos. II, 44 and 45, are very fine examples of their 
 kind. No. II, 45 is of unusual shape; the common type has a straight 
 or slightly concave edge at the point of attachment to the hilt instead 
 of this scalloped outline. There is no rule as to the number of rivet 
 holes; some blades have only two, others as many as five. Unlike 
 the rivets of the M. M. Ill and L. M. I blades, the rivets in these 
 E. M. examples are all of very small size. 
 
 The votive axe (Fig. 12, No. II, 46) was found at the bottom of 
 Tomb II in an undoubted E. M. II deposit, although it is difficult 
 to believe that it is really of so early a date. Hitherto no double axe 
 used either as a votive offering or as a religious symbol has occurred 
 before the M. M. Ill period, but, in view of two similar axes of lead 
 from the same tomb, the curious horn-like object (Fig. 48, No. 31), 
 and the M. M. I clay bull (Fig. 29), it would appear that the cult of 
 the double axe with its attributes was introduced into Crete in the 
 earliest times and followed the development of Minoan culture 
 through its various transitions. 
 
 Pincers like Figure 12, No. XIX, 28, and Figure 44, No. XIX, 
 25, a and b, were very common, and at least one pair was found in 
 many of the tombs. Most of these pincers consist of two separate 
 blades riveted to a handle of perishable material. 
 
 The small cutters (Fig. 44, Nos. XXI, 20, and XIX, 29, 30, 32) 
 were usually fastened by means of rivets to vertical liandles of wood 
 or bone.^ The cutters were even more numerous than the pincers. 
 
 Early Minoan weapons from various Cretan sites show that they contain almost no tin. It 
 looks very much as if his conclusions were correct, but more such analyses must be made 
 before a Cretan Copper .^ge can be definitely accepted. 
 
 > Mon. Ant., Vol. XXI, PI. X, Fig. ii. 
 
 • Mosso, Dawn Med. Civ., pp. 135, l.S(i, calls these objects votive axes, but this seems to 
 me more than doubtful. In several of the Mochlos cxiiniples the remains of the handle show 
 that it was straight and attached vertically to the blade. If, as Mosso thinks, theae objects 
 were axe heads, the handle must have formed a right angle with the blade. I have seen one 
 of these cutters from Octe, now in a private collection, which has the blade and handle all in 
 one piece of metal. In this example the handle forms a straight line with the length of the 
 blade and the whole bears no resemblance whatever to a votive axe.
 
 108 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 They vary greatly in size; one. No. XXI, 20 (Fig. 44), is nearly as 
 large as some of the knife blades. Similar cutters were found in the 
 Cycladic cist graves of Amorgos ' and at Gournia.' Knife blades of 
 M. M. I type similar to those shown in Figure 45, Nos. Ill, o, XI, 
 22, and XIII, m, were found at Amorgos ' and at Gournia.^ The 
 spearheads (Fig. 45, Nos. XX, 10, 11, 12) are probably of M. M. 
 Ill date, as no earlier examples are yet known. 
 
 Seal Stones 
 
 Although many seals were found on the tomb slope, they were, as 
 a rule, of poor quality and late date. Most of them were found 
 either with M. M. Ill or L. M. I burials or in the loose soil outside 
 the graves. A few can be assigned with some certainty to given 
 periods. 
 
 The earliest seals were, with two exceptions, of ivory and came, 
 like those of Hagia Triada,* from E. M. II chamber tombs. The 
 best is the one shown in Figure 24. It is a large cylinder of ivory 
 pierced vertically with four small holes and horizontally with three. 
 The design on one end, a, is well preserved and presents a laby- 
 rinthine pattern of peculiar appearance. The reverse, b, is badly 
 eaten away, but the conventionalized design of scrolls can still be 
 distinguished. 
 
 The next large ivory seal is that shown in Figure 12, No. II, 41. 
 It came from Tomb II, together with a great mass of gold orna- 
 ments. Tliis cylinder is pierced through the side and is engraved 
 on one end with a conventionalized lotus design of very Egyptian 
 character. 
 
 Figure 11, No. II, 42, is another ivory seal from the same deposit. 
 Its design, like the preceding one, shows marked Egyptian charac- 
 teristics. In shape this seal is the evident prototype of certain M. 
 M. Ill signet seals like that of Figure 14. The late Sig. Mosso sug- 
 gested that these ivories are not seals at all but pintaderas.^ Pinta- 
 deras, which are found in various parts of Europe, differ from seals 
 in that they were used to stamp designs in color on flat surfaces and 
 not to make impressions in relief in wax or clay. That these Early 
 Minoan ivory objects are pintaderas is far from proved. I know of 
 none which bears the slightest traces of coloring matter in the inter- 
 stices of the carving, but some such traces would surely remain if 
 the ivories had been stamped in colored pigments. Seals figure so 
 
 ' 'E<p. "Afiy-i 1S98, PI. 12, No. 7. « Gournia, PI. IV, Nos. 48-30. 
 
 • "E(f. ^Af)-}., 1898, PI. 12, Nos. 6, 8. • Gournia, PI. IV, Nos. 51-53. 
 
 1 Mon. Ant., Vol. XXI, PI. X, Figs. 25, 26. • Davm Med. Civ., p. 256.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 109 
 
 largely in lists of small objects from Minoan sites that the custom of 
 using them probably dated from very early times, whereas pintaderas, 
 if we except these possible early Minoan examples, are unknown in 
 the succeeding Minoan periods. Pintaderas were employed princi- 
 pally in stamping designs on the human body, a species of temporary 
 tatooing. From what we know of the Minoans as shown in the 
 frescoes from Minoan palaces, there is no evidence that this custom 
 of stamping the body with colored patterns existed in Crete, and 
 as Sig. Mosso himself admitted, the whole theory rests on very slight 
 evidence furnished by the Greek mainland and on the existence of 
 such a custom in various parts of Europe. 
 
 Two more early seals were found on the main slope. Figure 39 
 came from a mixed burial deposit of E. M. II and E. M. Ill date. 
 Like the ivory seals, it is pierced through the side and bears an en- 
 graved design on each end. Of one end a small fragment only is 
 preserved, showing a geometrical pattern of triangles. The other 
 end bears the design shown in Figure 39, b, representing a curious 
 seated figure, probably a female divinity if we may judge by the 
 ample form. Both hands are raised in the manner of the porcelain 
 votary from Knossos ' and the clay goddesses from Gournia ' and 
 Prinia. Behind the throne or chair is a curious object, perhaps a 
 sacred tree, and in front of the figure are traces of something else, 
 possibly a kneeling figure of which we see only the outstretched arms. 
 Behind the head a cross appears in the field, similar to one shown in 
 Figure 14, under the horn-like object. The only other seal of the 
 Early Minoan period came from near the large chamber tomb. No. 
 II, and was associated with E. M. I and E. M. II potsherds. It is 
 a cylinder of white limestone pierced in the usual manner through 
 the side (Fig. 54). One end is quite plain; the other bears the 
 cross and irregularly placed dots shown in the drawing. 
 
 The Early Minoan seals from other parts of Crete are all similar 
 both in materials and workmanship to those just described. A 
 
 great many have been found in 
 the Messara both by Dr. Xan- 
 thoudides and by the Italian 
 expedition; but Mochlos is the 
 first site in Eastern Crete on 
 which they have occurred. They 
 FioHRE 54. SCM.E 1 : 1 ^^^_ j^j. ^j^jg ^^^^^^^ important. 
 
 inasmuch as they help to prove the widespread uniformity of this 
 
 ' B. S. A.. Vol. IX, p. 77, Fig. 56, a. b. ' Gournia, PI. XI, No. I.
 
 110 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 
 
 early culture. Of M. M. I date there is only the three-sided seal 
 shown in Figure 27, No. X, a. 
 
 The M. M. Ill deposits in the upper part of two of the large cham- 
 ber tombs produced several interesting gems. The best is the 
 signet seal of chalcedony found in Tomb III (Fig. 14). This 
 shape, as I have said, is derived from certain ivory seals of E. M. II 
 date. In point of workmanship it surpasses any found in the ceme- 
 tery. The field is divided horizontally into three parts or panels. 
 The middle one bears an inscription of the pictographic class. The 
 border above and below this panel is filled by a design of spirals and 
 barred stopgaps which recall favorite designs on the painted pottery 
 and jewelry of the L. M. Ill period. ^ 
 
 Another gem of similar date is shown in Figure 6, No. I, s. This 
 is also of chalcedony; it bears a marine design of an octopus, 
 two fish and a sea-urchin. The fish and the sea-urchin occur on a 
 similar gem from Palaikastro. These gems are among the earliest 
 examples of the use of marine subjects for decorative purposes; such 
 designs occur frequently in L. M. I and L. M. II painted pottery. 
 
 Figure 27, No. X, b, is a signet of the same type as that of Figure 
 14. It is evident that here we have to do with a Minoan demon of 
 very lively character. Indeed, anything more rollicking than the 
 expression and attitude of this creature can hardly be imagined, and 
 on the whole it bears a close resemblance to a child's Jack-in-the-Box. 
 The head is surmounted by horn-like objects so that it might well 
 pass for a Minoan imp. 
 
 The silver signet of Figure 35 belongs to this M. M. Ill class of 
 seals and is chiefly remarkable for its fine state of preservation in a 
 cemetery where silver has suflfered so severely from the action of the 
 soil. 
 
 Figure 30, No. XII, i, is also of M. M. Ill date. It belongs to the 
 earher three-sided type; but in this case only two of its three faces 
 are engraved. The material is red carnelian, but the workmanship 
 is coarse in comparison with that of the seals just described. 
 
 Figure 38, No. X\l, 12, is probably of M. M. I date; but as this 
 tomb deposit contained objects of the E. M. 11 and III and M. 
 M. I periods, nothing can be said with certainty. 
 
 The remaining gems are all of poor workmanship and must belong 
 to the period of L. M. I child burials. They were found scattered 
 
 • I am indebted to Dr. Evans for an interpretation of the symbols which fill the panel. The 
 cross mider the homed objects marks the beginning of the sentence, which should be read from 
 left to right. The first symbol is the type of homed altar which so often figures in cult scenes. 
 This is followed by a full-rigged ship carrying one bank of oars. The third and last sign is 
 evjdenUy the "trowel," although part of it has been broken away.
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN MOCHLOS 111 
 
 about on various parts of the slope, which makes it probable that 
 they came from the broken jars of that date which have been already 
 mentioned. 
 
 The silver cylinder of Figure 36, No. I, n, is probably of Babylonian 
 origin. It was found in Tomb I, associated with E. M. II objects, 
 and must, therefore, belong to one of the burials of that period. The 
 metal is badly corroded and, although traces of engraving can be 
 made out, not enough remains to allow one to assign it to any fixed 
 period.' This cylinder is one of the few objects of possibly foreign 
 origin which occurred in the Mochlos cemetery. How it reached 
 Crete is not easy to say, but no doubt through the hands of native 
 traders. If we accept the theory that the Minoans of this period 
 had already established intercourse with Egypt, it is probable that 
 this cylinder arrived in Crete through Egyptian channels. It is 
 also possible that it came by way of Cyprus, though there is no evi- 
 dence of communication between the two islands at so early a date. 
 The presence of one such seal cannot be used to prove any direct 
 intercourse with Babylonia and the East. If such intercourse had 
 existed, Babylonian art must have exercised some influence on the 
 development of Early Minoan culture; as a matter of fact such 
 influence is notably absent, and all signs point not to the East but 
 rather to Egypt as the power with which the Minoans first came in 
 contact.^ 
 
 > I am told that the large opening is a good indication of its early date. 
 
 • It has been suggested to me that this cylinder may be of Cretan manufacture, although this 
 does not seem likely. Cylinder seals were made in Crete in the Middle Minoan age, but so 
 far as we know they did not appear as early as the E. M. II period, to which this example 
 apparently belongs. The faint traces of Ggures which can be seen on the cylinder look more 
 Asiatic than Minoan.
 
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 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES 
 
 AT ATHENS 
 
 EXPLORATIONS IN THE ISLAND OF MOCHLOS 
 By Richard B. Seager 
 
 1 1 1 pages, with 1 1 colored plates, 32 illustrations in half-tone, and 22 illustrations in zinc etching 
 
 This book is a report of the excavations at Mochlos, an island off 
 the coast of Crete, which were conducted by Mr. Seager in the spring 
 and summer of 1908, under a concession obtained by the American 
 School of Classical Studies at Athens. These explorations, which are 
 among the most important recently undertaken in Crete, brought to 
 light an extensive cemetery of the Early Minoan period, in which the 
 tombs, although they had been plundered and used again in later times, still 
 contained many of the objects that had been deposited with the original 
 interments. These relics of early Cretan culture proved a complete sur- 
 prise to students of the earliest civilization in Greek lands, for they 
 showed that the art of the Early Minoan period was by no means so 
 primitive as had previously been supposed. Especially in the making of 
 stone vases the artists of this time displayed a skill that was hardly sur- 
 passed at any later period. Many interesting examples of goldsmith's 
 work also were recovered, as well as pottery, seal stones, and weapons 
 and implements of copper and bronze.
 
 All the objects from the cemetery are fully described and illustrated 
 in Mr. Seager's report, which presents a more complete picture of the 
 civilization of Crete in the Early Minoan Age than has hitherto been 
 available. 
 
 It is expected that the book will be ready for delivery in January. 
 The price will be $5.00 to subscribers whose remittances are received on 
 or before February 15, 1912. After that the price will be fG.OO. Sub- 
 scriptions, accompanied by check, draft, or money order, should be sent 
 to Professor George H. Chase, 11 Kirkland Road, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 A sample page, a sample plate, and a blank order are enclosed. 
 
 George H. Chase 
 James R. Wheeler 
 Harold N. Fowler 
 
 Publication Committee.
 
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