CHAMBERS'S ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDITED By JAMES DONALD, F.R.G.S., &c. EriTOR OF Chambers's ' readings in English literature ' etc W. & R. CHAMBERS LONDON AND EDINBURGH. 1872 Edinburgh : rrintcd bj W. and IC Chambers. PREFACE. ^v] j^ I aI This Work will, it is believed, supply the want, so long felt, of a Dictionary based on the etymological relations of words, and exhibiting the results of the latest philological research, at a price quite within the reach of every School. The Dictionary contains the Etymology, Pronunciation, and Meanings of Words. The Vocabulary contains every English word, with the exception of obsolete and very rare words, and technical terms not found in general literature. It includes, however, all the obsolete words that occur in the Bible. Great attention has been paid to the insertion of words in Natural History, Botany, Geology, Physics, Physiology, and other sciences, which of late have become more commonly the subject of study in schools. Numerous Phrases have also been introduced. Each uncompounded verb has its participles placed after it, and its past tense when different from the past participle, and exceptional plurals and adverbial forms are given. The Arrangement of the words is etymological, while the alphabetical order is strictly preserved by means of references. Words derived from the same root, but with different affixes, are grouped together, the first word of each group being printed with a capital initial, and the derivatives under it with a small letter, while the groups themselves are separated from each other by a space. The Pronunciation is exhibited in the simplest manner possible. The correct sound of every word is given by being written anew phonetically, thus obviating the use of a confusing array of marks. The syllabication and accentuation have also been carefully attended to, and different pronunciations given in cases where authorities are divided. The Meanings are based on the root-ideas of the words, a plan not only logically correct, but calculated to give increased vividness to the conception. The primary meaning is given first (in italics), and the secondary meanings in the order of their logical connection with the primary one, different classes of meanings being separated by colons. The greatest care has been taken to express the meanings in the simplest language, a feature in respect to which this Dictionary will bear favourable comparison with any similar work. Special attention has been paid to the definitions of the scientific and Technical terms, which will be found fully abreast of the present state of science, while they are expressed in the simplest language. m « trx VI PREFACE. The Etymological part of the work has been prepared with the'^eatest care, and will be found to embody the very latest researches into this most interesting subject. The derivation of every word (so far as ha* been discovered) is given, each word being traced back, step by step, to its ultimate source, and the meaning of each foreign word distinctly told. In doubtful cases the more probable etymologies have been inserted. Contrary to the usual practice, the etymology has been enclosed in brackets at the end of each word, as allowing the speedier discovery of the meanings, and being in many respects a preferable arrangement to that usually followed. In this department full advantage has been taken of the labours of Bopp, Pott, Grimm, Curtius, Diez, Donaldson, Max MuUer, Latham, Gamett, Trench, Wedgwood, and others, who have investigated the Etymology of our language, a study which of late years has made such marked advances. The Editor begs specially to express his obligations to Mr Wedgwood's valuable Dictionary of English Etymology, lately com- pleted — a work which no student of Etymology should be without A copious list of Prefixes and Affixes, with their signification, derivation, and affinities, as far as ascertained, has been appended to the work. It is confidently hoped that this Dictionary will be found not only eminently suitable for general educational and practical purposes, but also peculiarly adapted for assisting in the higher philological study of the English language in advanced classes. The Editor has much satisfaction in expressing his obligations to Henry Weir, Esq., M. A., Caius College, Cambridge, Classical Master in the Edinburgh Academy, for his assistance in the etymological portion of the work ; and to William Jolly, Esq., Head English Master, George Watson's Hospital, Edinburgh, for his co-operatiou in the revision of the whole work, and for many valuable suggestions. J. D. August 1867. NOTE TO THE PRESENT EDITION. The numerous reprints of this work that have been called for have been taken advantage of for the correction of such inaccuracies in the text as have been pointed out. In this edition t/ie obsolete and rare words in The Apocrypha, The Book of Common Prayer, and The Scotch Metrical Version of the Psalms have been inserted, and a Glossary of the obsolete and rare words and meanings in Milton's Poetical Works, and other additions, have been given at the end EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT. The Arrangement of the Words.— Every word is given in its alphabetical place, printed in Clarendon, and there its meanings, &c. will generally be found. In certain cases, however, the word is referred to another, under which it is explained in its relation to words derived from the same root Participles are always placed after their verbs, and adverbs, generally after their adjectives. When a word stands "after finother, with no meaning given, its meanings can be at once formed from those of the latter, by adding the signification of the affix : thus the meanings of darkness are obtained by prefixing the meaning of ness, state of being, to those of dark. The Pronunciation. — Tlie Pronunciation is given immediately after each word, by the word being spelled anew. In this new spelling, every consonant used has its ordinary unvarying sound, none being employed having niore than one sound. The same sounds are always represented by the same letters, no matter how varied their actual spelling in the language. No consonant used has any mark attached to it, with the one exception of th, which is printed in common letters when sounded as in thick, but in italics when sounded as in //zen. Unmarked vowels have always their short sounds, as in lad, led, lid, lot, but, book. The marked vowels are shewn in the following line, which is printed at the bottom of each page — fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moDn. Where more than one pronunciation of a word is given, that which is placed first is the more accepted. The Spelling. — When more than one form of a word is given, that which is placed first is the more usual spelling. The Meanings. — The primary meaning of every word is given first, in italics. The word literally (lit. ) before a meaning, signifies that that is the meaning according to the letter, though it is not now, and may never have been, in use in the language ; the word originally (orig.), that the meaning following once existed, though now obsolete. The other meanings are arranged in the order of their connection with the root idea, those nearer the literal meaning being placed first ; and they are classified in gioups, separated by colons. In B., before a meaning, signifies that it is used in the Bible in that special sense, though it does not imply that the other meanings of the word may not also be used there. Vlil EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT. The Etymology. — The Etymology of each word is given after the meanings, witliin brackets. Where further information regarding a word is given elsewhere, it is so indicated by a reference. When no etymology follows a word, this implies that its derivation is given above, under the chief word of which it is a derivative. Where the etymology of a word is doubtfid, different opinions are given ; and where unknown, a query [?] is affixed. Under each word, the prefixes with their meanings are always stated, but not the affixes, although the force of the latter is always given under the literal meaning. A full list of Prefixes and Affixes, with their significations and roots, will be found in the Appendix. *^* The student is recommended at once to master the following list of abbreviations occurring in tlie work, which will be found to suggest their own meaning. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. ace according. accus accusative. adj adjective. adv adverb. agri agriculture. anat anatomy. arch. architecture. astr astronomy. B Bible. book-k book-keeping. hot botany. chem chemistry. comp comparative. conj. conjunction. conn connected. contr contraction. corr corruption. crystal crystallography. dim diminutive, esp especially. ctym. etymology. fetn feminine. /ig figuratively. fort fortification. freq frequentative. gen genitive, geol geology. Ar Arabic. A.S Anglo-Saxon. Bav Bavarian. Bohem Bohemian. Bret Breton. D Dutch. Dan Danish. E English, Finn Finnish. Flem Flemish- Fr French. Fris Frisian. Gael Gaelic. C-€r German. geom geometry. gram grammar. gun gunnery. her heraldry. hort horticulture, inf. infinitive. int interjection. inten intensive. jew jewellery. lit literally. ma^ masculine. math mathematics. mech mechanics. vied medicine. inin mineralogy. mus music. myth my thologj'. n noun. nat. hist natural history. naut nautical. neg negative. obs obsolete. orig originally. opt optics. p participle. pa.p past participle. pass passive. Goth Gothic. Gr Greek. Heb Hebrew. Hind Hindustani. Hun Hungarian. Ice Icelandic. Ir Irish. It Italian. L Latin. Lang Languedoc. Lapp Lapland. Neap Neapolitan. Norm Norman. Norw Norwegian. pa. t past tense. paint painting. per/. perfect. perh perhaps. pers person. phil philosophy, pi plural. poet poetical. Pr. Bk Book of Common Prayer. pr.p present participle. prep preposition. pres present. print printing. priv privative, prob probably. pron pronoun. prov provincial. rhet rhetoric. sig signifying, sing singular. superl superlative. terin termination. theol theology. v.i verb intransitive v.t verb transitive. zool zoology. ■ Pcrs Persian. Port Portugues'i. Prov Proven9al. Russ Russian. Sans Sanscrit. Scot Scottish. Slav Slavonic, Sp Spanish. Sw Swedish, Teut Teutonic, Turk Turkish. W Welsh. Wal Walachian. Wall Walloon, CHAMBERS'S ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. abhorring &., the indefinite article, is a contraction of An, u.sed before words beginning with the sound of a consonant. Aback, a-bak', adv., on the back; backwards: by surprise. [A.S. on-bcec, on or at the back.] Abacus, ab'a-kus, n. a counting-frame or table; in arch., the uppermost division of a column. [L.; Gr. abax, abakos, a board or table for reckoning on.] Abaft, a-baft', adv. ox prep., oii the aft or hind part of a ship; behind. [A.S. on, and bcsftan {be- ceftan), after, behind.] See Aft. Abandon, a-ban'dun, v.t. orig. to place at the absolute com7na7id of a person, hence — to re- nounce all claim to the thing so placed ; to give up ; to forsake -.—pr.p. aban'doning ; pa.p. aban'- doned ('dund). [Fr. aba7ido7iner — old Fr. baiidon, command — Teut. ban, proclamation. See Ban.] abandoned, a-ban'dund, adj.,givc7i tip : very wicked. abandonment, a-ban'dun-ment, «., act of aba7ido7i- ing : state of being given up. Abase, a-bas', v.t., to brhig low; to cast down : — pr.p. abas'ing ; pa.p. abased'. [Fr. abaisscr, to bring low, from bas, low.] See Base. abasement, a-bas'ment, «., actofbri7tgi7iglow: state of being brought low. Abash, a-bash', v.t., to co7iftise with shame : — pr.p. abash'ing ; pa.p. abashed'. [old Fr. esbnhir, esbahissa7it, to set agape, to confound — baer, to gape, from ba, the most natural sound on open- ing the lips.] Abate, a- bat', v.t., to beat do'W7i ; to lessen. — v.t. to grow less -.—pr.p. abating ; pa.p. abat'ed. [Fr. abattre, to beat Aovin—battre, to beat.] See Beat. abatement, a-bat'ment, n., the act of abaii7tg: the sum or quantity abated. abattoir, a-ba-twar', 7i. a slaughter-house. [Fr. — abattre, to beat or knock down.] Abba, ab'a, 7i. in the Chaldee and Syriac lan- guages, a father ; figuratively, a superior. abbot, ab'ut, «., the father or head of an abbey. — feTn. abb'ess. [L. abbas, abbatis — Abba.] abbacy, ab'a-si, n., the office, rights, and privileges of a7i abbot. abbess, ab'es, n., the fe77iale srtperz'or of a nunneTy. abbey, ab'e, n. a monastery presided over by an abbot : the church attached to it :— //. abb'eys. Abbreviate, ab-bre'vi-at, v.t. to make brief or short -.^pr.p. abbre'viating ; pa.p. abbre'viated. [L. abbrevio, -at7i77i — ab, inten., brevis, short.] abbreviation, ala-bre-vi-a'shun, 71., a shorte7ti7ig ; a part of a word put for the whole. abbreviator, ab-bre'vi-a-tor, 71., 07ie who abbreviates . Abdicate, ab'di-kat, v.t. or i. lit. to proclai77i one's self removed froi7i a thing ; to give up ; to aban- don :—pr.p. ab'dicating ; pa.p. ab'dicated. [L. ab, from, dico, dicatns, to proclaim.] abdication, ab-di-ka'shun, 7i.,actofabdicati7tg: the renunciation of an office or of supreme power. Abdomen, ab-do'men, «. lower part of the belly. [L.] abdominal, ab-dom'in-al, abdominous, ab-dom'in-us, adj., pe7-tai7ii7ig to the abdo/>te7i. Abduce, ab-dus', v.t., to drazu azuay from :— pr.p. abduc'ing ; pa.p. abduccd'. [L. ab, from, duco, ductus, to draw.] abduction, ab-duk'shun, «., act of ca7^yi7ig away, especially, of a person by fraud or force. Abed, a-bed', adv., i7i bed. [A.S. 07i-bed.'\ Aberrant, ab-er'rant, adj., wa7ideri7ig fro}7i. [L. abe7-ra7is, -a7itis — ab, from, c7-ro, to wander.] aberration, ab-er-ra'shun, «., a iva7ideri7ig. Abet, a-bet', v.t., to set 07i; to incite by encourage- ment, or aid (used chiefly in a bad sense) -.—pr.p. abett'ing ; pa.p. abett'ed. [old Fr. abetter, from bet 1 the cry used in setting dogs on their prey.] abettor, a-bett or, 71., 07ie who abets. Abeyance, a-ba'ans, 71. lit. expectation ; a state of suspension, [old Fr. abayer, to listen with the mouth open — baer, to gape. See Abash.] Abhor, ab-hor', v. t. lit. to have the hair sta7td on e7id with terror ; to shrink_/r^;« with horror; to hate extremely ; to loathe -.—pr.p. abhorr'ing ; pa.p. abhorred'. [L. ab, from, Jiorreo, to stand on end.] abhorrence, ab-hor'rens, 7i. extreme hatred. abhorrent, ab-hor'rent, adj., abhorri7ig ; hating; contrary. — adzi. abhor'rently. abhorring, ab-hor'ring, «. object of abhorrence. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon : /Aen. Abide Abstain Abide, a-bld', v.i., to hide or wait for ; to endure. — v.i. to dwell or stay \^pr.p. abTd'ing ; pa.p. and pa.t. abode'. [A.S. bidan, to wait ; old E. able, from old Fr. haer, to gape.] See Abash. abiding, a-bTd'ing, adj. fixed. — n. continuance. abode, a-bod', «. a dwelling-place ; stay. Ability. See under Able. Abject, abjekt, adj., cast away ; mean ; worthless. — adv. ab'jectly. [L. abjectits — abjicio, -jectuni, to cast away — nh, s.\\o.Y,jacio, to throw.] abjection, ab-jok'shun, abjectnoss, ab'jekt-nes, «., a mean or lo7u state ; baseness. abjects, ab'jekts, «.//., in B., persons of the lowest condition. Abjure, ab-joor', v.t,, to swear away frovt ; to re- nounce on oath or solemnly :^r./. abjuring; P>a./>. abjured'. [L. ab, from, juro, to swear.] abjuration, ab-joDr-a'shun, 7i. solemn renunciation. Ablative, ab'la-tiv, adj., that takes away. — n. the name of the 6th case of a Latin noun. [L. abla- tivns — ab, irom,/ero, latits, to take away.] Ablaze, a-blaz', adv., in a blaze; on fire. Able, a'bl, adj., /irti/zw^ strength or power ; skilful. — adv. a'bly. [L. habilis — Jiabeo, to have.] ability, a-bil'i-ti, «. power ; skill.—//, abil'ities, the powers of the mind. Ablution, ab-lu'shun, «., act of washing; the liquid used. [L. ab, from, luo, lutwn, to wash.] Ably, a'bli, adv., in an able viatmer. See Able. Abnegate, ab'ne-gat, v.t., to de?iy: — j>r.j>. ab'negut- ing ; fa.p. ab'negfited. [L. abnego, -negatus — ab, from, ?iego=- nec-aio, not to say ay or yes to.] abnegation, ab-ne-gashun, n., denial; renunciation. Abnormal, ab-nor'mal, adj., away frovi -nde ; irre- gular. [L. ab, away from, norma, a rule.] Aboard, a-bord', adv. or frcp., oji board; in a ship; in; with. \h..^. on-bord.\ See Board. Abode. See under Abide. Abolish, a-bol'ish, v.t. lit. to stop a thingy^-^/w^riJOT- i7i.g; to put an end to; to annul : — pr.p. abolish- ing; pa.p. abol'ished. [Fr. abolir ; L. aboleo, abolituvi — ab, from, olo, oleo, olesco, to grow.] abolition, ab-o-Hsh'un, n., t/te act of abolishing: the state of being abolished. abolitionist, ab-o-lish'un-ist, «., one wJw seelcs to abolish anything, especially .slavery. Abominate, a-bom'in-at, v.t. lit. to Xmto. from as ojnijtons ; to abhor ; to detest extremely '.—pr.p. abom'infiting ; pa.p. abom'inated. [L. abominor, abominatus — ab, from, ov:cn,07ninis, a portent.] abomination, a-bom-in-a'shun, n. extreme hatred : anything abominable. abominable, a-boin'i-na-bl, adj. hateful, detestable. — adv. abom'inably. — «. abom'inableness. Aborigines, ab-o-rij'in-ez, n.pl. the original inhabit- ants of a country [L. ; — ab, from, origo, orig- iiiis, origin — orior, to rise.] aboriginal, ab-0-rij'in-al, adj. first, primitive. Abortion, a-bor'shun, «., an untimely birth; any- thing that does not reach maturity. [L. abortic, from aborior — ab, from, 07-ior, ortns, to rise.] abortive, .a-bor'tiv, adj., born untimely; unsuc- cessful. — adv. abor'tively. — ;/. abor'tiveness. Abound, a-bound', v.i. to flow over as wave after wave/, to be, or to possess in great plenty: — /r./. abound'ing ; pa.p. abound'ed. [L. abundo — ab, from, inula, a wave.] abundance, a-bund'ans, «., state of abounding -^ ample sufficiency; great pirnty. ! abundant, a-bund'ant, adj. plentiful ; ample ; copi- ous. — adv. abundantly. About, a-bout'j/r-i'/. round on the outsx^^ ; around ; near to : concerning : engaged m.—adv. nearly; here and there ; circuitously. [A.S. abutan — on, be, by, 7tta7i, outward.] Above, a-buv', prep., on tJu up side ; higher than ; more than. — adv. overhead ; in a higher position. [A.S. abufan—on, be, by, ufati, high, upwards.] Abrade, a-brad', v.t., to -rub or wear off:— pr.p. abrad'ing ; pa.p. abrad'ed. [L. ab, from, off, rado, rasus, to scratch or rub.] abrasion, a-bra'zhun, «., tJie act of rubbing off . Abreast, a-brest', adv. with the breasts in a line; side by side. [A.S. « for on, and breost.\ Abridge, a-brij', v.t. to make brief ox short:— /r./. abridg'ing ; /«./. abridged'. [Fr. abreger; Prov. abbrenjar — L. abbrevio, -are. See Abbreviate.] abridgment, a-brij'ment, n. contraction ; summary. Abroad, a-brawd, adv. with a broad space between : out of doors ; in another country. [A. S. on, brad.'i Abrogate, ab'ro-gfit, v.t. orig. to ash permission from the people to do away with a law ; to repeal ; to annul :—pr.p. ab'rOgating ; pa.p. ab'rogated. [L. ab, from, rogo, 7-ogatus, to ask.] abrogation, ab-ro-ga'shun, «., tJie act of repealing. Abrupt, ab-rupt', adj., broke7i off; craggj^; sudden; unexpected.— rtrt'r'. abruptly. — ;/. abrupt'ness. [L. abncptus — ab, from, ru77ipo, to break.] Abscess, ab'ses, «., t/ie goi7ig away or gathering of matter into some part of the body. [L. abscessus — abs, away, cedo, cessu77i, to go.] Abscind, ab-sind', v.t., to C7d off:— pr.p. abscind- ing ; pa.p. abscind'ed. [L. ab, off, sci7uio, to cut.] Abscond, ab-skond', v.i. lit. to hide fro77i view; to withdraw one's self :—pr.p. abscond'ing ; pa.p. abscond'ed. [L. abs, from, co7ido, to hide.] Absent, ab'sent, adj., bei7ig away f 7-0771.; not pre- sent ; inattentive. [L. abs, away from, e7is, entis, being, from S7i7n, to be.] absent, ab-sent', v. t. to withdraw one's self; to keep away: — pr.p. absent'ing; pa.p. absent'ed. absence, ab'sens, «., the state of being absent ; want ; inattention, absentee, ab-sen-te', n., 07ie who ahse7its hi7nsc:j''; a landowner who lives and spends his money ■ .. of his country. — 71. absenteeism, ab-sen-te'izm. Absolve, ab-zolv', v.t., to loose or set frce/?w«; to pardon; to acquit:—/?-./, absoh^'ing ; /«./. :•:- ' solved'. [L. ab, from, solvo, sol7ti7it7i, to lo<"-c. | absolute, ab'so-lut, adj. free; complete; unlimit,..] certain.— rt^z/. ab'solutely. — «. ab'soluteness. absolution, ab-so-lu'shun, «. release from pu:i!;'i- ment ; acquittal; remission of sins, •absolutism, ab'so-lut-izm, «., ilie state or principl . cf absolute g07'e*-7t77te7it. absolutory, ab-sol'u-tor-i, absolvatory, ab-zol\''a-tor-i, adj., that absolves. Absorb, ab-sorb', v. t. , to suck i7tfro77i ; to swallow up; to engage whdlly -.—pr.p. absorb'ing; pa.p. absorbed'. [L. ab, from, so7-beo, to suck in.] absorbable, ab-sorb'a-bl, adj., tliat i7iay be abso7\'c.i. — ;/. absorbabil'ity. absorbent, ab-sorb'ent, adj., i/7tbibi7ig; swallo\\i: \ — ;/. that which ab.sorbs. absorption, ab-sorp'shun, w., tJie act of absorb in j^ : entire oceupation of mind, absorptive, ab-sorp'tiv, adj., havi7tg power to absorb. Abstain, ab-stan', v.i., to Jicld or refrain yV^;;; .' — fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //«en. abstinence pr.p. abstain'ing ; ^a.p. abstained', [L. ah- stifieo — abs, from, teneo, to hold.] abstinence, abs'ti-nens, n. , a refraining from, espe- cially from some indulgence, as food, drink, &c. abstinent, abs'ti-nent, adj., abstaining from ; tem- perate. — adv. abs'tinently. Abstemious, abs-te'mi-us, adj. lit. abstaining from i7itoxicati7ig liqicors ; temperate; sparing in food, drink, or enjoyments. — adv. abste'miously. — n. abstemiousness. [L. abstemiiis — abs, from, tejnctinn, a strong drink : or from teneo, to hold.] Abstinence. See under Abstain. Abstract, abs-trakt', v.t., to draw away from; to separate ; to make a summary : — pr.j>. abstract'- ing; j>a.p. abstract'ed. [L. abs, away from, iraJio, tracttis, to draw.] abstract, abs'trakt, 7t. a summary ; an abridgment. abstract, abs'trakt, adj. separate ; distinct from any- thing else : difficult : designating an attribute or quaHty of an object or event. — adv. abs'tractly. — n. abs'tractness. abstracted, abs-trakt'ed, adj., abstract; absent in mind. — adv. abstract'edly. — n. abstract'edness. abstraction, abs-trak'shun, n., act of abstracting ; state of iDcing abstracted ; absence of mind :_ the operation of the mind by which certain qualities or attributes of an object are considered apart from the rest. • Abstruse, abs-troos', adj., tJin est from ; hidden; difficult to be understood. — adv. abstruse'ly. — n. abstruse'ness. [L. abstriiszis — abs, from, trudo, to thrust.] Absurd, ab-surd', adj. obviously unreasonable or false, as a re^ly from one deaf. — adv. absurd'ly. [L. abs7ird-iis — ab, from, S7trd7is, deaf.] absurdity, ab-surd'i-ti, absurdness, ab-surd'nes, ii., the quality ofbci7ig absiij-d: anything absurd. Abundance, Abundant. See under Abound. Abuse, a-buz', v.t. to takey^^wz the proper rise of, to pervert ; to impose upon ; to revile ; to violate : — j>r.p. abus'ing ; j>a.f. abused'. [L. ab, from, 7ctor, us7is, to use.] abuse, a-biis', n., ill use; misapplication: reproach. abusive, a-bus'iv, adj., co7itai7ii7ig or practising ahjise. — adv. abus'ively. — n. abus'iveness. Abut, a-but', v.i. to be at the b7it or e7id: — j>r.p. abutt'ing ; j>a.p. abutt'ed. [Fr. abotitir, from bout, the end or extremity of anything.] See But. abutment, a-but'ment, «., that wliich borders -upon ; in arch., the solid support of a bridge or arch at the two ends or sides. Abyss, a-bis', n. a botto7nless gulf; anything im- measurable. [Gr. a, without, byssos, bottom.] Acacia, a-ka'shi-a, n. a genus of thor7iy leguminous plants with pinnate leaves, found everywhere except in Europe ; several species produce gum. [L. ; Gr.akakia — ake, a point, from root ac, sharp.] Academy, a-kad'em-i, n. orig. the school of Plato ; a higher school ; a society for the promotion of science or art. [Gr. Akadc77iia, the name of the garden near Athens where Plato taught.] academic, ak-a-dem'ik, academical, ak-a-dem'ik-al, adj., of an acadei7ty. — adv. academ'ically. academic, ak-a-dem'ik, n. a Platonic philosopher ; a student in a college or university, \_acade77ty. academician, ak-ad-e-mish'yan, n., a I7ie77iber of a7i. Acanthaceous, ak-an-tha'she-us, adj. armed with prickles, as certain plants. [Gr. akantha, a prickle — ake, a point.] See Acacia. acanthus, a-kan'thus, «. bear's breech or brank Accommodate ursine, a prickly plant ; in arcJt., an ornament resembling its leaves used in the capitals of the Connthian and Composite orders. [Gr. akanthos.'l , ak-sed', v.i., to co77ie to; to agree to :•— pr.p. acced'ing; pa.p. acced'ed. [L. accedo, accessns, to go near to — ad, to, cedo, to go.] access, ak-ses', or ak'ses, «., a coming to ; approach : (obs.) same as accession. accessary, ak'ses-sar-i, same as accessory. accessible, ak-ses'i-bl, adj., that uiay be approached. — adv. access'ibly. — w. accessibil'ity. accession, ak-sesh'un, 7i., a co77ii7ig to; increase. accessory, ak'ses-sor-i, adj. additional ; contribut- ing to ; aiding. — 7i. anything additional : one who aids or gives countenance to a crime. — adj. accesso'rial, relati7ig to a7i accessory . Accelerate, ak-sel'er-at, v.t. to add to the celerity of; to make szvift; to hasten :^;5r./. accel- erating; pa.p. accel'erated. [L, accelero, ac- celerat7is — ad, to, celero, to hasten — celer, swift.] acceleration, ak-sel-er-a'shun, «., a hastenittg. accelerative, ak-sel'er-a-tiv, adj., that haste7ts. Accent, ak'sent, ji. modulation of the voice : stress on a sjdlableor word: a mark used to direct this stress : in poetry, language, words, or expressions in general. [L. acce/itus — ad, and cantics, a singing to or with, from cano, to sing.] accent, ak-sent', v.t., to cxp7'ess or note the accent Z —pr.p. accenting ; pa.p. accent'ed. accentual, ak-sent'u-al, adj., relati7tg to accent. accentua,te, ak-sent'ii-at, v.t., to mark or pro- nounce with acce7it. — «. accentua'tion. Accept, ak-sept', v.t., to take to one's self; to receive : to agree to : to promise to pay : in ^., to receive with favour :—pr.p. accept'ing ; pa.p. accept'ed. [L. accipio, accept7t77i — ad, to, capio, to take.]— «. accept er, accept'or, one who accepts. acceptable, ak-sept'a-bl, adj., to be accepted; pleasing ; agreeable. — adv. accept'ably. acceptableness, ak-sept'a-bl-nes, acceptability, ak- sept-a-bil'i-ti, 71., qicality of bei7ig acceptable. acceptance, ak-sept'ans, 71., afavo7irable recepiioft: an agreeing to terms : an accepted bill or note. acceptation, ak-sep-ta'shun, «., a ki7id reception. the usual meaning of a word. Access and its derivatives. See under Accede. Accident, ak'si-dent, 71. that which falls to or hap- pens ; an unforeseen or unexpected event ; chance ; an unessential quality or property. [L. accidens, -e7itis, falling to — accido — ad, to, cado, to fall.] accidental, ak-si-dent'al, adj., happc7ti7ighY ch2Lr\c& or unexpectedly ; not essential. — 7i. anything not essential. — adv. accident'ally. accidence, ak'si-dens, 71. the part oigra77t. containing the accide7its or changes which words undergo. Acclaim, ak-klam'. Acclamation, ak-kla-ma'shun, n. a shout of applause uttered by a multitude. [L. accla7natio — ad, to, clai7io, cla77iatiis, to shout.] Acclimate, ak-klT'mat, Acclimatise, ak-kll'ma-tTz,_7'.^. to inure to a foreign climate: — pr.p. acclT'mating, accll'matlsing ; pa.p. accli'mated, accll'matlsed. [L. ad, to, and Climate.] acclimatisation, ak-klT-ma-ti-za'shun, acclimature, ak-klT'ma-tur, n., the act of acclijnatising: the state of being acclimatised. Acclivity, ak-kliv'i-ti, «., a rist7tg as a hill; steep- ness reckoned upwards. [L. acclivitas — ad, to, clivtis, a rising-ground.] See declivity. Accommodate, ak-kom'mo-dat, v.t. lit. to fit to an- other tt'zV/t just measure; to adapt, or make suit- fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; jf/zen. accommodating able ; to supply : — pr.p. accom'mOdating ; fia.i>. accom'modated. [L. accotmnodo, accojmnodatus — ad, to, con, with, modus, measure.] See Mode. accommodating, ak-kom'mo-dat-ing, adj. adapting one's self to ; obliging. accommodation, ak-kom-mO-da'shun, n. fitness; ad- justment ; convenience. Accompany, ak-kum'pa-ni, v.t. to keep company with ; to attend. — v.i. to be an associate with ; in vrusic, to perform the accompaniment -.^pr.p. accom'panying ; pa.f>. accom'panied. [Fr. ac- coinpagnc7-.\ See company. accompaniment, ak-kum'pa-ni-ment, «., that which accompanies ; an addition by way of ornament ; in in7^ic,th.e instruments which accompany the voice. Accomplice, ak-kom'plis, «. lit. one joi>ied with an- other ; an associate in crime. [L. ad, to, coinplex, -ids, joined — con, together, plico, to fold.] Accomplish, ak-kom'plish, v.i., to fnlfd : to com- plete ; to obtain ; to adorn : — pr.p. accom'plish- ing; pa. p. accom'plished. [Fr. accotnpiir ; L. co77iplerc, to fill up — con, together, //^£i, to fill.] accomplishable, -abl, adj. that may be executed. accomplished, ak-kom'plisht, adj., complete in ac- quirements ; elegant. accomplishment, ak-kom'plish-ment, n., completion: acquirement : ornament ; elegance of manners. Accord, ak-kord', v.t., to make cordial or agree- able ; to grant. — v.i. to agree ; to be suitable : — pr.p. accord'ing ; pa.p. accord'ed. [Fr. ; L. ad, to, cor, cordis, the heart.] accord, ak-kord', n., agreement ; harmony. accordance, ak-kord'ans, n., agreej)ient ; conformity. accordant, ak-kordant, adj., agreeable; corre- sponding. — adzi. accordantly. accordingly, ak-kord'ing-li, adv., agreeably. accordion, ak-kor'di-on, «. a small musical instru- ment with keys and a bellows. Accost, ak-kost', v.t. lit. to go up to the side of; to speak first to ; to address : — pr.p. accost'ing ;/«./. accost'cd. [Fr. accoster; L. ad, to, costa, a side.] Accouchement, ak-koosh'mong, 71. delivery in child- hed. [Fr. — ad, to, coitche, a bed.] accoucheur, ak-koo-sher', «. a man who assists women in childbirth.-^;;;, accoucheuse, ak- koo-shez'. [Fr.] Account, ak-kount', v.t., to coiint, compitte, or reckon ; to judge, value. — v.i. to give an account ; to give a reason -.—pr.p. accounting ; pa.p. accounted. [Fr. compter; L. compiito, to reckon.] See Compute. ■account, ak-kount', ;/., a co7itttittg; statement ; value ; sake. accountable, ak-kount'a-bl, adj., liable to accoimt ; responsible. — adv. account'ably. accountableness, ak-kount'a-bl-nes, accountability, ak-kouiit-a-biri-ti, 71., liability to give accoii/it. accountant, ak-kount'ant, «., one who keeps or is skilled in accounts. — 71. account'antship. Accoutre, ak-koo'ter, v.t., to dress; to furnish with dress or equipments, especially those of a soldier: — ■/;'./. accou'tring ; pa.p. accou'tred. [Fr. ac- coutrer ; old Fr. accoustrer — coitstre = L. cnstos, a keeper (of sacred vestments), or from Norm. coste, a coat.] accoutrememts, ak-koo'ter-mcnts, 7i.pl., d7-ess; mili- tarj' equipments. Accredit, ak-kred'it, v.t., to gi^je credit, authority, or honour to : to procure credit or honour for : — pr./>. accred'iting ; /«./. accred'ited. [Fr. accre- diter — L. ad, to, credo, C7-cditHs, to give trust.] Acliromatic Accretion, ak-kre'shun, 71., a growi7ig to; increase. [L. accretio — ad, to, cresco, cret7is, to grow.] accretive, ak-kre'tiv, adj., increasi7ig by growth. Accrue, ak-kroo', v.i., to grozv to; to arise from; to come to : — pr.p. accru'ing ; pa.p. accrued'. [Fr. accroitre, accrjt — L. ad, to, cresco, to grow.] Accumbent, ak-kum'bent, adj., lyi/tgdown or reclin- ing on a couch, as the ancients at their meals. [L. acc7i77ibe7is, -e7itis — accn77ibo, to lie down — ad, to, ciibo, orig. c7c7nbo, to lie.] — ;/. accum'bency. Accumulate, ak-ku'mu-lat, v.t., to heap or pile 7ip ; to amass. — v.i. to increase greatly : — pr.p. ac- cu'mulating ; /«./. accu'mulated. [L. acc7H7ijilo, to add to a heap — ad, to, C7i77iid7is, a heap.] accumulation, ak-ku-mu-la'shun, «., a heapi7ig ttp; a heap, mass, or pile. accumulative, ak-ku'mu-la-tiv, adj., that accu77t7i- lates. — adv. accu'mulatively. Accurate, ak'ku-rat, adj. done with care; without defect or error. — adv. ac'curately. [L. acc7i7-at7is ■ — ad, to, C7tra, care.] accurateness, aklcu-rfa-nes, accuracy, akTcu-ra-si, «. correctness ; e.vactness. Accursed, ak-kurs'ed, adj. subjected to a cji7-se ; doomed: extremely wicked. [A.S.a,and«oLso7toits serpent. [A.S. eettor, poison, an adder ; or jia;ddrc, an adder.] Addict, ad-dikt', z/.A orig. to give assent to ; to give one's self up to (generally in a bad sense) :—f>r.p. addict'ing ; f>a.p. addict ed. [L. addico—ad, to, dico, dictiMu, to declare.] — n. addict'edness. Addle, ad'dl, Addled, ad'dld, adj., diseased; putrid : barren, empty. [A.S. adl.] Address, ad-dres', v.t., to direct to ; to prepare one's self for; to speak or write to; to court :—/r./. address'ing; j>a.p. addressed'.— «._ application : speech : manners : dexterity : direction of a letter. — //. address'es, courtship. [Fr. adresser — L. ad, to, and dirigo, directus, to direct.] See Dress. Adduce, ad-dus', v.t., to bring forivard: to cite or quote -.—pr.p. adduc'ing ; pa.p. adduced'. [L. ad- ditco, to load or bring to — ad, to, diico, to lead.] adducible, ad-dus'i-bi, adj., that may be adduced. Adept, ad'ept, n. one who is apt or has attained proficiency. [L. adipiscor, adeptiis, to attain.] Adequate, ad'5-kwat, adj., eqiialto; proportionate ; sufficient. — adv. ad'equately. [L. adcsqiiatus — ada>qtio, to make equal to — ad, to, ceqtnis, equal.] adequacy, ad'e-kwa-si, «., state of being cuieqiiate. Adhere, ad-her', v.i., to stick to; to remain fixed or attached : — pr.p. adher'ing ; pa.p. adhered'. [L. adiicereo — ad, to, hcereo, hcesiivi, to stick.] adherence, ad-her'ens, «., state of ad/ierifig ; steady attachment. adherent, ad-her'ent, adj., sticking to; united with. — w. one who adheres ; a follower ; a partisan, adhesion, ad-he'zhun, «., a sticking to; adherence. adhesive, ad-he'siv, adj., sticky ; tenacious. — adv. adhe'sively.— «. adhesiveness. Adieu, a-du', adv. (I commend you) to God; fare- well. — n. a farewell. [Fr. ^i Dien, to God.] Adipose, ad'i-pos, adj., fatty. [low L. adiposjcs — adeps, fat.] Adit, ad'it,;^., (2 ^(?/«^^(7;an opening orpassage, esp. into a mine. [L. aditja — ad, to, eo, itttin, to go.] Adjacent, ad-ja'sent, adj., lying near to; con- tiguous. — adv. adja'cently. [L. adjacetis, -eutis — adjaceo, to lie ncvct—ad, to, jacco, to lie.] adjacency, ad-ja'sen-si, «., the state of lying close to. Adject, ad-jekt', v.t., to cast, add, or put to: — fr.p. adject'ing; /«./. adject'ed. [L. adjicio, adjcctntn — ad, to,jacio, to cast.] adjective, ad'jek-tiv, «. in gram., a word put to a noun to qualify it. — adv. ad'jectively. Adjoin, ad-jom', v.t., tojoiji to. — v.i. to lie next to. [L. ad, X.o,jn7igo,junct:is, to join.] adjunct, adjunkt, adj., joined or added to. — ;/. tlie thing joined or added. — adv. adjunct'ly. adjunctive, ad-junk'tiv, adj. ,joining. — n. that which is joined.— a^i'c^. adjunct'ively. Adjourn, ad-jurn', v.t. to put off to another day ; to postpone : — pr.p. adjourn'ing ; pa.p. adjourned'. [Fr. ajonrner, {\oxn jour, a day.] See Journal adjournment, ad-jurn'ment, «., the act of adjourn- ing; the interval it causes. Adjudge, ad-judj', v.t., to judge or doom to; to decide; to sentence. [L. ad, to, and Judge.] adjudicate, ad-joo'di-kat, v.t., to try judicially ; to adjudge '.—pr.p. adju'dicating ; pa.i>. adju'di- catcd. [L. ad, to, judico. -atiim, to judge.] adjudication, ad-joo-di-ka'shun, n., the act of ad- judging or passing sentence : the judgment or decision of a court. Adjunct. See under Adjoin. Adjure, ad-joor', x'.t. to charge cr. oath or solemnly : — '/''•/• adjuring ; pa.p. adjured'. [L. ad, to, j^tro, jiiratuni, to swear.] adjuration, ad-jo3r-a'shun, «., tJie act of adjuring; the charge or oath used. Adjust, ad-just', v.t. to make just ; to settle '.^pr.p. adjust'ing; pa.p. adjust'ed. — adj. adjust'able. [L. ad, to, Justus, just.] See Just. adjustment, ad-just ment, «., iJie act of adjusting ; arrangement ; settlement. Adjutant, ad'j(3o-tant, n. a military officer who assists the major ; a large species of crane in India. fL. adjutafis, -antis, assisting, from adJ7ito "=■ adjuvo — ad, to, juvo, to help.] adjutancy, ad joo-tan-si, ii., t/ie ojficeofan adjutant. adjutor, ad-joo'tor, «., a Jwlper. Admeasurement, ad-mezh'ur-ment, «., tJie act of measuring according to rule ; dimensions ; ad- justment of proportions. [L. ad, to, and measure- ment. ] Administer, ad-min'is-ter, v.t., to minister to; to serve; to supply; to conduct: — pr.p. admin'ister- ing ; pa.p. admin'istered. [L. ad, to, ministro, ministratum, to serve.] See Minister. administration, ad-min-is-tra'shun, «., act of admin- istering: the power or party that administers. administrative, ad-min'is-tra-tiv, adj., tliat adviin^ isters. administrator, ad-min-is-tra'tor, n. he who manages the affairs of one dying without making a will. —fern, administra'trix. — 71. admiuistra'torship. Admirable. See under Admire. Admiral, ad'mi-ral, «., tJie cojiimajider oi ^ ?i^^t. [Fr. amiral, from Ar. a77iir, a lord, a chief.] admiralty, ad'mi-ral-ti, n. a board of commissioners for the administration of naval affairs. Admire, ad-mlr', v.t. lit. to iuo7ider at; to regard with esteem or affection -.—pr.p. adniTr'ing ; pa.p. admired'. [L. ad, at, viiror, -atus, to wonder.] admirable, ad'mi-ra-bl, adj., worthy 0/ being ad- mi7-cd. — adv. ad'mirably. — «. ad'mirableness. admiration, ad-mi-ra'shun, n., the act of admiring ; in B., wonder (simply). admirer, ad-mlrer, n., o7ie ivJio admires; a lover. admiringly, ad-mTr'ing-li, adv., with adiiiiraticn. Admissible, Admission. See under Admit. Admit, ad-mit', v.t., to allo^u to or concede ; to let in :—pr.p. admilt'ing ; pa.p. admitt'ed. [L. ad, to, mitto, >/iissu77i, to allow to go.] admissible, ad-mis'i-bl, admittable, ad-mit'a-bl, adj., that 77iay be admitted. — ;/. admissibil'ity. admission, ad-mish'un, admittance, ad-mit'ans, n., act of adi/iitting: leave to enter; a concession in argument. Admixture, ad-miks'tur, «., a liii.ving; what is mixed. [L. ad, to, and mixture.] Admonish, ad-mon'ish, v.t. to bring to iniiul : to warn ; to reprove mildly '.—pr.p. admon'ishing ; pa.p. admon'ished. [L. ad, to, 7no7ieo, to remind — 7)ie7is, the mind, from root ma7i, to think.] admonition, ad-mo-nish'un, «. kind reproof; coun scl ; advice. admonitive, ad-mon'i-tiv, admonitory, ad-mon'i-tor-i, adj., C07:tai7iing ad)/i07iitio7i. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^rx. Adnascent Adnascent, Sidi--nzs'&'nUadj., growing- to or u^on. [L. aduascens, -entis — ad, to, iiascor, to grow.] Ado, a-doo', it. a to do', bustle; trouble. [A.S. a, don, to do.] Adolescent, ad-o-les'ent, adj., growing to manhood. [L. adolcscens, -entis — ad, to, do, olesco, to grow.] adolescence, ad-o-les'ens, n. the period of youth. Adopt, a-dopt', v.t., to choose; to take as one's own what is another's, as a child, &c. :—pr.p. adopt'- ing ; pa.p. adopt'ed. [L. ad, to, opto, to choose.] adoption, a-dop'shun, n., tJie act of adopting: the state of being adopted. adoptive, a-dop'tiv, adj., that adopts or is adopted. Adore, a-dor', v.t., to speak to, pray to, worship, or reverence as divine ; to love intensely :—pr.p. ador'ing ; pa.p. adored'. [L. ad, to, oro, oratiis, to use the mouth, to pray — os, oris, the mouth.] adorer, a-dor'er, n., one that adores; a lover. adorable, a-dor'a-bl, adj., worthy of being adored. — adv. ador'ably. — n. ador'ableness. adoration, ad-o-ra'shun, n., the act of adoring; divine worship ; homage. adoringly, a-dor'ing-li, adv., with adoration. Adorn, a-dorn', v.t., to oriiaiitent, deck, or dress : — pr.p. adorn'ing ; pa.p. adorned'. [L. ad, to, or7to, to deck.] adorning, a-dorn'ing, adornment, a-dorn'ment, n., ornament; decoration. Adrift, a-drift', adj. or adv., driven; floating at random. [A.S. adrifan, to drive.] Adroit, a-droit', adj. going direct at the mark ; dexterous ; skilful. — adv. adroit'ly. [Fr. from a, L. ad, to, droit, L. directtts, straight. See Direct.] adroitness, a-droit'nes, n. dexterity ; skill ; readiness. Adulation, ad-u-la'shun, n., fawning; excessive flattery. [L. adidatio, from adtilor, adulatzis, to fawn upon as a dog.] adulatory, ad'u-la-tor-i, adj. flattering excessively. Adtilt, a-dult', adj., grown tip ; mature. — ;z. a person grown up. [L. adtdtjis — adolcsco, to grow up.] Adulterate, a-dult'er-at, v.t., to change to afiother but worse state ; to corrupt or debase -.—pr.p. adult'erating ; pa.p. adult'erated. [L. adidtero.l adulteration, a-dul-ter-a'shun, n., the act of adult- erating; the state of being adulterated. adultery, a-dult'er-i, n. violation of the marriage- bed. [L. adidterium — adzdter, an adulterer.] adulterer, a-dult'er-er, «. a man guilty of adultery. ■—fein. adult'eress. adulterine, a-dult'er-in, adj., restdting from adidt- ery ; spurious. — 71. the offspring of adultery. adulterous, a-dult'er-us, adj. guilty of adultery. Adumbrant, ad-umT^rant, ad j ., shadowing out. [L. adumbrans, -antis — admnbro, to bring a shadow upon a thing — ad, to, innbra, a shadow.] adumbrate, ad-um'brat, v.t., to shadozv out faintly: — pr.p. adum'brating ; pa.p. adum'brated. adumbration, ad-um-bra'shun, n., act of shadozving forth : a faint sketch or resemblance. Advance, ad- vans', v.t. to put to the van or for- ward; to increase ; to offer ; to pay before\\?i.x\d,. — v.i. to come or go forward ; to rise in rank or price :—pr.p. advanc'ing ; pa.p. advanced'. [Fr. avancer, from avant, before, forward — L. ab, from, ante, before.] See Van. advance, ad-vans', n.,agoingforzvard; an improve- ment ; payment beforehand ; rise in price. advancement, ad-vans'ment, n., act of advanciiig ; promotion ; improvement. Advantage, ad-vant'aj, n., a state of advance; Advowson superiority ; benefit. [Fr. avantage, from avant, before.] See Advance. jeous, ad-van-ta'jus, adj., of advantage; use- ful. — adv. advanta'geously. — yt. advanta'geousness. Advent, ad' vent, «., a coining to; the coming of Christ ; the four weeks before Christmas. [L. adventiis, from ad, to, venio, to come.] adventual, ad-vent'u-al, adj., relating to Advent. adventitious, ad-ven-tish'us, adj. happening ; acci- dental ; casual. — adv. adventi'tiously. Adventure, ad-vent'ur, v. t. to try what is to come ; to risk : — pr.p. advent'uring ; pa.p. advent'ured. — v.i. to dare, to venture. [Fr. aventure — old Fr. advenir, to happen ; L. ad, to, venio, to come.] adventure, n. a chance ; risk ; an enterprise, adventurer, ad-vent'ur-er, n., one who risks; one who seeks adventures, adventurous, ad- vent'ur-us, «^'.bold; daring: danger- ous. — adv. advent'urously. — n. advent'tirousness. Adverb, ad'verb, n. a word used to qualify a verb, adjective, or other adverb. [L. ad, to, verbuin, a word, a verb.] adverbial, ad-verb'i-al, adj., pertaining to an ad- verb. — adv. adverb'ially. Adverse, ad'vers, adj., turned agaijist ; opposed to ; conflicting; unfortunate. — adv. ad'versely. [L. adverstcs, from adverto — ad, to, verto, to turn.] adversary, ad'ver-sar-i, n., one wJio is adverse; an opponent ; an enemy. [L. adversaritis.'l adversative, ad-vers'a-tiv, adj. denoting opposition, contrariety, or variety. ^ adverseness, ad-vers'nes, «., state of being adverse. adversity, ad-vers'it-i, n. affliction ; misfortune. Advert, ad-vert', v.i., to turn or attend to; to re- gard or observe :—pr.p. advert'ing ; pa.p. ad- vert'ed. [L. adverto — ad, to, verto, to turn.] advertent, ad-vert'ent, adj., attentive; heedful. — adiK advert'eatly. advertence, ad-vert'ens, advertency, ad-vert'en-si, n., atteiition to; regard; heedfulness. Advertise, ad-ver-tiz', v.t., to tzii'n attention to; to inform ; to give public notice oi:—pr.p. advertls'- ing ; pa.p. advertised'. [L. ad, to, verto, to turn.] advertisement, ad-veritiz-ment, n. a public notice in a newspaper or periodical, advertiser, ad-ver-tlz'er n., one that advertises. advertising, ad-ver-tlz'ing, adj., containing or furnishing advertisements. Advise, ad-vTz', v. t. to tell one's views to ; to inform ; to counsel :—pr.p. advis'ing ; pa.p, advised'. — Advise thyself, in B. = consider. [Fr. aviser, old Fr. adviser ; L. ad, to, viso, to view — video, visum, to see.] advice, ad-vis', n. opinion ; counsel ; intelligence, advisable, ad-vTz'a-bl, adj. proper to be done. — adv. advis'ably. — n. advis'ablenass. [advis'edly. advised, ad-vizd', adj. prudent ; cautious. — adv. advisedness, ad-vlz'ed-nes, n. deliberate considera- '' tion ; prudent procedure, adviser, ad-vlz'er, n., one who gives advice. Advocate, ad'vo-kat, «. one called on to aid in a suit ; one who pleads the cause of another. — 11. ad'vocateship. [L. advocatus — ad, to, voco, vocatian, to call.] advocate, ad'vo-kat, v.t. to plead for; to defend, or vindicate : — pr.p. ad'vocating ; pa.p. ad'vocated. advocacy, ad'vo-ka-si, n. a pleading for ; defence. Advowson, ad-voVzun, n. the right of calliitg or presenting to a vacant benefice, [old Fr. advoeson, from L. advocatio.l See Advocate. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; miite ; moon ; th&a.. Adze after Adze, adz, «. a cooper's axe. [A. S. adesa.] XAile, e'dll, same as edile, under Edify. Aerate, a'er-at, v. t. to put air into ; to combine with carbonic acid :—pr.p. a'erating ; pa.p. a er- iited. [L. aer, air.] See Air. aeration, a-er-a'shun, ii. the act or operation of combining with carbonic acid. aerial, a-e'ri-al, adj., belo}igi7ig to the air: con- sisting of air : high ; lofty. [L. acriics, from aer.\ aeriform, a'er-i-form, adj. having the form or nature ol air. [L. aer, and/ort/ia, form.] aerify, aer-i-fl, v.t., to /ill with air:—pr.p. a'erify- m^; pa.p. a'erified. [L. rti?r, and_/rt<:/^, tomake.] aerolite, a'er-o-llt, «., a stojie falling from the air; a meteoric stone. [Gr. aer, air, and litltos, a stone.] aerology, a-er-ol'o-ji, ii., a description of the air ; the science that treats of the air. — adj. aerolog'- ical. [Gr. aer, and logos, a description.] aerometer, a-er-om'et-cr, «. an instrument for measuring air. [Gr. aer, and7netron,a. measure.] aeronaut, a'er-o-naut, n. one who sails in the air, as in a balloon. — adj. aeronaut'ic. [Gr. aer, and fiautes, a sailor.] [sailittg in tJie air. aeronautics, a-er-o-naut'iks, n., tJie scietice or art of aerostatic, a-er-o-stat'ik, adj., S7tspending in air; pertaining to aerial sailing. [Gr. aer, and staios, placed, from histemi, to cause to stand.] aerostatics, a-er-o-stat'iks, aerostation, a-er-o-stil'- shun, «., the science of raisifig, suspending, and guiding machines in the air; aerial navigation. aery, a form of airy. Aerie. See Eyry. .^Esthetics, es-thet'iks, n. the science which treats of the beautiful in perception; the science of taste. [Gr. aisthetikos, perce-ptive—aisthano- viai, to perceive by the senses.] sesthetic, es-thet'ik, aesthetical, es-thet'ik-al, adj., pertaining to (esthetics. — adr-. sesthet'ically. Afar, a-far', adv., at 3. far distance, [a, and Far.] Affable, affa-bl, adj., able to be spoken to; of easy manners.— rt. affect'ingly. affection, af-fek'shun, n., the state of being w^W or ill affected towards any one ; kindness ; love. affectioned, af-fck'shund, adj. disposed. affectionate, af-fck'shun-at, adj., fid I of affection; loving. — adv. affectionately. — n. affec'tionateness. Afaance,af-f T'ans,«.,/rt///i^ pledged to; marriage-con- tract ; trust. — v.t. to pledge faith ; to betroth :— pr.p. affT'ancing ; pa.p. affi'anced. [YY.ffa7icer, to betroth ; Norm, affiaunce — L. ad, fides, faith.] Afadavit, af-fi-da'vit, n. a declaration on oath, [law L. affidavit, he made oath— rtrt', to,ffdo, to trust.] Affiliate, af-fil'i-at, v.t. to receive into a family as a son, or into a society as a member ; in la7u, to assign an illegitimate child to its father :—pr.p. affinating;/rt./. affil'iated. [L.rt., before, aforehand, a-fur'hand, adv., beforeluittd. aforetime, a-for' tlm, adv., infor7/tcr or old ti7/tes, Ail^id. See under Affray. Afresh, a-fresh', adv. anew, again. \a, and Fresh.] African, af'ri-kan, adj., belojiging to Af7-ica. Aft, aft. adj. or adv., b(hi7id; astern. [A.S. aft.\ after, after, adj.,p7'ep., or adv., 7/iore aft, further behind in place or later in time ; in search of; in imitation of: in B., according to; afterwards. [the comparative of Aft ; A.S. !g {resh air. airy, ar'i, adj., of air : open to the air : light; gay. — adv. air'ily, in an airy manner. — «. air'iness. air-gun, ar'-gim, «., a gnn which propels bullets by means of condensed air. air-jacket, ar'-jak-et, «., a jacket which, being in- flated with air, will sustain a person in water. air-pump, aZ-pump, n., a pump for removing tJieair from a vessel. air-shaft, ar'-shaft, 11., a passage for airmio amine. air-tight, ar'-tlt, adj. , not admitting air. air-vessel, ar'-ves-sel, n. in plants, a minute spiral ttibe co7itaining air; in insects, a tube conveying air through the body for respiration. Aisle, Tl, «., tJie wing or side of a church ; a passage in a church. [Fr. aisle, aile, L. ala, a wing.] Ajar, a-jar', adv., on tJie cJiar or XMro.; partly open. [A.S. a, cerran, to turn.] Akimbo, a-kim'bo, adv., crooked : with hand on hip and elbow bent outward. [It. sgJiembo, Celt. cam, crooked.] Akin, a-kin', adj., of kin; related by blood ; closely resembling. [A.S. a, cyn, race.] See Kin. Alabaster, al'a-bas-ter, n. a variety of extremely soft marble, generally white. [Gr. alabastos, said to be from Alabastmin in Egypt.] Alack, a-lak', i)it. an e.\clainatioa of sorrow, [per- haps a corruption of Alas.] Alacrity, a-lak'ri-ti, «., liveliness ; cheerful readi- ness. [L. alacritas — alacer, alacris, lively.] Alamode, a-la-mOd', adzi., according to t/te mode or fashion. [Fr. d la }node.'\ Alarm, a-larm', «. lit. to arms; a cry or notice of danger; suddensurpri.se with fear: a mechani- cal contrivance to arouse from sleep. — v.t. to call to arms ; to give notice ^i danger ; to excite fear in: — pr.p. alarm'ing ; pa.p. alarmed'. [Fr. alarme^=al or ad, armes. It. all' arme, to arms !J alarmist, a-larm'ist, ;/., one wlio excites alarm, or is continually prophesying danger. Alas, a-las', i7it. an exclamation of sorrow. [Fr. he Lis — L. lassus, wearied.] alibi Alb, alb, n. a vestment of white linen reaching to the feet, worn by priests. [L. albics, white.] Albatross, al'ba-tros, n. a genus of large web-footed sea-birds, brown on the back and white on the belly, found in the southern seas. [Fr. albatros, Sp. alcatraz, prob. from the Arabic] Albeit, awl-be'it, adv., be it all; although. Album, al'bum, n. among the Romans, a white tablet; a book for the insertion of autographs, portraits, extracts, &c. [L. albus, white.] Albumen, al-bu'men, «., t/ie white of eggs; a like substance found in animals and vegetables. [L., — albus, white.] albuminous, al-bu'min-us, adj., of or like albutnen. Alburnum, al-burn'um, n. in trees, the ivhite and soft parts of wood between the inner bark and the heart-wood. [L., — albus, white.] I Alcliemy, alki-mi, n. a pretended science, aiming ; at transmuting all metals into gold. [It. al- chimia; Ar. al-kimia, the black or Egyptian ' art, from Kejnia, black, the native name of Egypt — chem. Ham, black ; or from Gr. chymos, juice — c/ieo, to pour.] See Chemistry. alchemic, al-kem'ik, alchemical, ai-kem'ik-al, adj., relating to alc/iejny. — adv. alchem'ically. alchemist, al'kem-ist, 71., 07ie who practises alc^ieTTty, Alcohol, alTcG-hol,;:. pure spirit. [Ar. alkohl, the pow- der of antimony, used to blacken the ej'elashes.] alcoholic, al-ko-hol'ik, adj., of or like alcoliol. alcoholise, al'ko-hol-Tz, v.t., to conve7-t i7ito alcohol. Alcoran, Alkoran, the Koran. See Koran. Aleove, al'kov, or al-kov', 71., a cove or recess in a chamber ; any recess ; an arbour. [Sp. alcoba, a place in a room railed off to hold a bed of state ; Ar. al gobbah, a vault or arch.] Alder, awl'der, 71. lit. the water-tree ; a tree usu- ally growing in moist land. [A.S. a.lr; L. ahitis; Sw. al, water.] Alderman, awl'der-man, «. lit an elder man ; the magistrate of a town next in rank below the mayor. [A.S. ealdor-7na7t — eald, old.] Ale, al, 71. a strong dri/ik made from malt by fer- mentation, differing from beer in having a smaller proportion of hops. [A.S. eale ; Ice. d'l; Gael. ol, to drink.] A-lee, a-le', adv. , on the fe-side. See Leo. Alembic, al-em'bik, «. a cup or vessel formerly used by chemists for distilling. [Ar. al, the, a7ibiq, from Gr. at/ibiks. a cup.] Alert, a-lert'. adj. lit. on a height; on the watch ; brisk ; active. [Fr. alerte ; It. alVerta, on a height — erto, erect, steep ; L. crigo, to erect] alertness, a-lert'nes, «., state of bei/ig aUrt. Alexandrine, al-egz-an'drin, «. a rhyming verse of twelve Iambic syllables, so called from its use in an old French poem on Alcxa7ider the Great, or from the name of one of its authors being A Ifxander. Algebra, al'je-bra, «. the science of quantity in general ; lyiiversal arithmetic ; calculation by symbols. [Sp. ; Fr. algi-bre; said to be fromAr. al-gabr, the putting together of broken things.] algebraic, al-je-bra'ik, algebraical, al-je-bra'ik-al. adj., pcrtaini7tg to algebra. algebraist, al-je-bra'ist, «., o>te versed in algebra. Algum, al gum, «. a form of Almug. Alias, a'li-as, adv., at anotJier tiine ; othenvise. [L. from alius, other; Gr. alios.] alibi, al'i-bi, or al'i-bl, «., i7i ajiother place; the plea of a person, who, when charged with a fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; ihtn. Alien crime, alleges that he was in another fiace when it was committed. [L. alius, other, ibi, there.] Alien, al'yen, adj., belonging to another; foreign; estranged from; adverse to. — n. one belonging to another country ; one not entitled to citizen- ship. [L. alientis, from alius, other.] alienable, al'yen-a-bl, adj., that may be aliejtated. alienate, al'yen-at, v.t. to give away a right or pro- perty to ajiother ; to withdraw the affections ; to misapply: — -/r./. al'ienating; /«./. al'ienated. alienation, al-yen-a'shun, n., act of alienati^ig : state of being alienated : a transfer of property ; a change of affection. [L. alienatio.^ Alight, a-lTt', v.i., to light on a thing; to get down from ; to fall on -.^pr.p. alight'ing \pa.p. alight'ed. [A.S. alihtan.l See Light. Alike, a-llk', adj., like; having likeness to. — adv. in the same manner, form, or degree. [A.S.^^-/zV.] Aliment, al'i-ment, n., nourisJiinent ; food. [L. aliinenttan — alo, to nourish.] [food. alimental, al-i-ment'al, adj., ^lotirishing ; supplying alimentary, al-i-ment'ar-i, adj., pertaining to ali- ment or food ; nourishing. alimony, al'i-mun-i, «. the allowance to a wife when legally separated from her husband. Aliquot, al'i-kwot, adj. an aliquot part of a number is one which will measure it exactly without re- mainder, thus 3 is an aliquot part of 12. [L. alins, another, quot, how many.] "ffiSve, a-llV, adj. , live ; having life ; lively ; active. \_K.^. ge-lifian.'\ See Live. Alkali, alTca-li, or -iT, n. the salt of the plant kali; a class of salts soluble in water, which have the power of neutralising acids. — pi. Alkalies, alTca- liz. [Ar. al-kali.} alkalify, al-kal'i-fl, or alTca-li-fT, v.t., to convert into an alkali. — v.i. to become an alkali : — pr.p. alkal'ifying ; pa.p. alkal'Lfied. [Alkali, and L. fa^io, to make.] \of an alkali. alkaline, al'ka-lTn, or -lin, adj. having the properties alkaloid, al'ka-loid, n. a class of substances of vege- table origin resejnblijtg an alkali or possessing in a slight degree the properties of an alkali. [Alkali, and Gr. eidos, a form or resemblance.] Alkoran. See Koran. All, awl, adj., the whole; eveiy one of; every part of. — adv. wholly; completely; entirely. — n. the whole ; every one. [A.S. eal.l All-fools' -day, awl-foolz'-da, n. the first of April, so called from an ancient custom, supposed to be of Hindu origin, of practising sportive deceptions on as many persons as possible during the day. AU-HaUow awl-hal'lo, AIl-HaUows, awl-hal'loz, n. the day of the Holy Ones; All-Saints' -Day (Novem- ber first), a feast dedicated to all the saints. — All-Hal'low-mass, All-Hallo w-tide, n., the time near All-Saints'-Day. [See HaUow, Mass, Tide.] All-Saints' -Day, awl-sants'-da, 7i. the first of Novem- ber, held as a feast in honour of all the saints. All-Souls' -Day, awl-solz'-da, 71. a feast held by the Church of Rome on the second of November, to pray for the sotds of all the faithful dead. all to, awl too, adv. in B., entirely, altogether. Allay, al-la', v.t., to lay down; to quiet ; to alleviate : ^pr.p. alla/ing; pa.p. allayed'. [A.S. a-lecgan, to lay down : or L. ad, to, levis, light.] See Lay. Allege, al-lej', v.t. lit. to send one 7uith a charge: to bring forward, as an argument or excuse : to de- clare -.—pr.p. alleg'ing ; pa.p alleged'. [L. allego — ad, to, and lego, legatum, to send.] allowable allegation, al-le-gashun, n. an assertion. Allegiance, al-le'ji-ans, n. the duty of a subject to his liege, the government. [See Liege.] Allegory, al'le-gor-i, n., a description of one thing under the image of another. [Gr. allegoria — all-egoreo, to speak so as to imply something other than what is said — alios, other, and agorend, to speak.] allegoric, al-le-gor'ik, aUegorical, al-le-gor'ik-al, adj., in the form of an allegory. — adv. allegor'ically. allegorise, al'le-go-riz, v.t., to ticrn into allegory, — v.i. to use allegory: — pr.p. al'legorTsing ; pa.p. al'legorlsed. — «. al'legorist, one who uses allegory. Allegro, al-le'gro, n. or adv. in iiuisic, a word denot- ing a ijr/j/^ movement. [It.; \u. alacer,\)xv^i\ Alleluiah, Allelujah, al-le-loo'ya, 71., praise to J ah or Jehovah ; a song of praise. [Heb.] Alleviate, al-le'vi-at, v.t., to 7itake light ; to lessen: — pr.p. alle'viating ; pa.p. alle'viated. [low L. allevio, alleviattcm, to lighten — levis, light.] _ alleviation, al-le-vi-ashun, «., tlie act of alleviat- i7ig; that which alleviates. Alley, al'le, «. a place along which one may ^i?; a walk in a garden ; a passage narrower than a street. [Fr. allee, a passage — alter, to go.] Alliance, Allies. See under Ally. Alligation, al-li-ga'shun, «., act ofbifiding together; in a7-ith. a rule for finding the price or value of compounds consisting of ingredients of different values. [L. alligatio — ad, to, ligo, to bind.] Alligator, al'li-ga-tor, 71. lit. tJie lizard; the Amer- ican crocodile. [Sp. el-lagarto, L. lacerta, a lizard.] See Lizard. Alliteration, al-lit-er-a'shun, 71. the repetition of the same letter at the beginning of two_ or more words close to each other, as in ' «pt alliteration's rtrtful «id.' — adj. allit'erative, pertaining to alliter- ation. [L. ad, and litc7-a, a letter.] Allocate, al'lo-kat, v.t., to place to; to set apart ; to give to each his share -.—pr-p. al'locatlng ; pa.p. al'located. [L. ad, to, loco, locatn77Z, to place— locus, a place.]— «. aUoca'tion, the act of allo- cati7ig; an allotment. Allocution, al-lo-ku'shun, n., a speaking to; an address by the Pope. [L. allocutio — ad, to, loqicor, lociitus, to speak.] Allodium, al-lo'di-um, 71. an estate held in absolute possession without a feudal superior, [low L. — All, and old Ger. od, property ; Ice. udal.'\ allodial, al-lo'di-al, adj. not held of a superior. Allopathy, al-lop'a-thi, 71. a mode of curing diseases by producing a condition of the system opposite to that essential to the disease. [Gr. alios, another, and pathos, disease. ] allopathic, al-lo-path'ik, adj., pe7-tai7ii7ig to allo- pathy. — 71. allopathist, al-lop'a-thist, one who practises medicine in accordance with allopathy. Allot, al-lot', v.t. to give a lot toi^pr.p. allott'ing; pa.p. allott'ed. [L. ad, to, and Lot.] allotment, al-lot'ment, n., the act of allotti7ig ; that which is allotted. AUow, al-low', V. t., to place to ; to grant ; to permit : —pr.p. allow'ing ; pa.p. allowed'. [Fr. alloner, to grant; L. allocare—ad, loca7-e, to place to. Allow is also used by old \vrlters and in B., in the sense of approve, in which case the root is L. laudo, to praise.] allowable, al-low'a-bl, adj., thai 7>zay be allowed. — 71. allow'ableness. — adv. allow'ably. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thzn. allowance Alum allowance, al-lov/ans, n., that which is allovjed. Alloy, al-loy', v.t. to mix one metal with another for coinage according to law ; to reduce the purity of a metal by mixing with it one less valuable : — /r./. alloy'ing; /«./. alloyed'. [Fr. a. la loi, according to law ; L. lex, law.] alloy, al-lo/, «. a baser metal mixed with a finer ; any metallic compound, except that of mercur>', with another metal ; fig., anything that debases. Allude, al-lud', v.i. to hint at (play/idly) ; to refer to indirectly :—/r./. allud'ing ; /a./, allud'ed. [L. alludo — ad, and Indo, lusuvt, to play upon.] allusion, al-lu'zhun, n. hint ; indirect reference. — adj. allusive, al-lu'siv, hinting at. — adv. allu'sively. Allure, al-lur', v.t. to tempt by a lnre_ or bait :— pr.p. and adj. allur'ing ; pa.p. allured'. — adv. allur'ingly. [L. ad, and Lure.] allurement, al-lur'ment. 71., that which allures. Allusion. See under Allude. Alluvium, al-lu'vi-um, 11. matter washed doiun by rivers upon lower lands. [L. alluviiun — alliio = ad, luo, to wash down upon.] [ited by water. alluvial, al-lu'vi-al, adj., washed down and depos- Ally, al-ll', v.t., to bind together by kindred, friend- ship, or treaty : — pr.p. allj^ing ; pa.p. allied'. [Fr. allier ; L. alligo — ad, and ligo, to bind to.] ally, al-lT', n., one that is allied :^pl. allies', princes or states that have entered into a league. alliance, al-ll'ans, «. union by marriage or treaty. Almanac, awl'ma-nak, or al'ma-nak, n. a yearly calendar or register of the days, weeks, and jnonths of the year, &c. [Ar. al, and inanah, to count ; or Gr. menaios, what concerns the months — ine7ie, the moon.] Almighty, awl-mlt'i, adj. possessing all viight or power. — «. God. [All, and mighty.] almightiness, awl-mlt'i-nes, n. boundless power. Almond, a'mund, n. the fruit of the amygdalus conivmnis or almond-tree. [Sp. almcndra ; Fr. * antattde : L. avtygdahan ; Gr. ajnygdale.^ almonds, ii'mundz, n.pl. the tonsils or glands of the throat, so called from their resemblance to the fruit of the abno9id-tree. Almoner, Almonry. See under Alms. Almost, awl'most, adv., mostly all; nearly. [All, and most.] Alms, iiniz, n.pl. orig. coinpassionateness ; relief given to the poor. [A.S. ahnes, celmesse; old Fr. aie}nos?ie ; Gr. cleeinosyne — eleos, compassion.] almoner, al'mun-er, «. a distributer of alms, almonry, al'mun-ri, n. the place where alms are distributed. alms-house, jimz'-hous, n. a house in which poor persons are lodged and supported. Almug, al'mug, n. a tree or wood in the B., the nature of which is uncertain. Aloe, al'o, v. a genus of plants with juicy leaves from which the gum called aloes is extracted, found chiefly in the south of Africa. [Gr. aloe.^ Aloft, a-loft', adv., on Ifl/t ; in tJie lift or air ; on high.— art^'. (obs.) exalted. [A.S. a, lyft, the air.] Alone, a-lon', adj., all one, one being all : single ; without company. — adv. singly ; by one's self. Along, a-long', adv., toward or through the Icngtlt pf; lengthwise; throughout; forward.— /rf/. by the side of; near to. [A.S. and-lang—and, toward, lang, length. [with superl. term.] alongst, a-longst' (obs.), prep., along, [from Along, Aloof, a-loof, adv., all off {\ ova; at a distance; out of danger, [ace. to Wedgwood, on loop or l2(ff, to the windward of a person — from Luff.] Aloud, a-loud', adv., on loud; loudlj'. [See Loud.] Alp, alp, «., a high mountain :^pl. Alps, alps, spe- cially applied to the mountain-system of Switzer- land. [Gael, alp, a mountain.] alpine, al'pin, or al'pin, adj., pertaining to the A Ips, or to any lofty mountains. Alpaca, al-pak'a, ?i. the Peruvian sheep, remarkable for the length, lustre, and fineness of its wool ; cloth made of its wool, [the Peruvian nam.e.] Alpha, al'fa, n. thcjirst letter in the Greek alphabet : the begiiming. [Gr. ; Heb. aleph, the name of the first letter, which in its origin was the outline of an ox's head.] alphabet, al'fa-bet, «. the letters of a language. [Gr. alpha, beta, the first and second Greek letters. alphabetic, al-fa-bet'ik, alphabetical, al-fa-bct'ik-al, adj. relating to or in the order of a7i alphabet. — adv. alphabet'icaJly. Alpine. See under Alp. Already, awl-red'i, adv., all ready ; now or before the time expected. [See All, and Ready.] Also, awl'so, adv., all so ; in like manner. Alt, alt, Alto, al'to, adj., high. — n. in vnisic, the part higher than the tenor but lower than the treble. [It. ; L. alius, high.] Altar, awl'tar, n. a high place on which sacrifices were anciently offered ; in Christian churches, the communion-table. [L. altJis, high.] — n. al'tar-piece, a paintitig placed over an altar. Alter, aw'l'ter, v.t. to make ^'^^rwise ; to change. — v.i. to become different; to vary:— /r./. al'- tering ; /rt:./. al'tered. [L. alter, other, another.] alterable, awl'ter-a-bl, adj., that may be altord. alteration, awl-ter-a'shun, n., act of altering; change. alterative, awl'ter-at-iv, adj., fiaving power to chatige. — n. a medicine which produces a change for the better. Altercate, al'ter-kat, vd., to say anotJier ox differ- ent thing ; to contend in words ; to wrangle : — pr.p. al'tercating ; pa.p. al'tercated. [L. alteixor, to have a debate with any on^— alter, other.] altercation, al-ter-ka'shun, n. contention ; debate. Alternate, al-tern'at, adj., one after the other; by turns. — adz'. altem'ately. [L. altcrtiatus — alterno, to do any thing by turns — alter, other.] alternate, al'tern-at, or al-tern'at, v.t. to cause to follow by turns. — z'd. to act or happen by turns ; — pr.p. al'temating ; pa.p. al'ternfited. alternation, al-ter-na'shun, «., act of alternating; interchange. alternative, al-tcm'a-tiv, n. that which may be chosen or rejected.— W;'. offering a choice of two things. — adv. altem'atively. Although, ^kwX-tho', conj., all thojtgh ; allowing all that ; notwithstanding ; however. Altitude, al'ti-tud, «., height; elevation. [L. alti- tudo—altus, high.] Alto. See Alt. Altogether, awl-too-gez'/ier, adv., all-gatJured ; completely ; without exception. [A.S. eal- geador.] See Gather. Alto-rilievo, al'to-re-le'vo, «., high relief ; in sculp., figures so much projected as to be relieved ox iijted from the surface of the block from which they are cut. [It. alto, high, tiliez'o, relief; L. altus, high, and relcvo, leva, to lift up.] Alum, al'um, n. a mineral salt. [L. alunicn.l fate, far; me, her; mlue ; mote; mute; moon; tli^Xi, alumina aluraina, al-u'min-a, alumine, arii-min, n. one of the earths ; the characteristic ingredient of clay. aluminous, al-u'min-us, adj., containitig- alum or alumina. aluminum, al-Q'min-um, aluminium, al-u-min i-um, n. the metallic base of alumina. Alumnus, a-lum'nus, ii., one that is notirished : one educated at a college is called an «/?re/>.,i?i the middle; among. [A.S. a, middan, the middle.] Amiss, a-mis', adj., in error; wrong. — adv. in a faulty manner. [A.S. a, missian, to miss, to err.] Amity. See under Amicable. Ammonia, am-mO'ni-a, n. volatile alkali, the pun- gent principle of smelling salts, originally obtained near the temple oi }wp\\.cr Ammo7t. in Libya. — adjs. ammo'niac, ammoni'acal. Ammonite, am'mon-Tt, n. an extinct genus of mol- lusks, so called because they resembled the horns on the statue of Jupiter Ammoti worshipped imder the form of a ram. Ammunition, am-mu-nish'un, n. anything used for munition or defence ; military stores in general, especially powder, ball, bombs, &c. [L. ad, for, and vnmitio, defence — munio, to defend.] Amnesty, am'nes-ti, n., a not re7>iembering; a general pardon of political offenders. [Gr. a, not, mnaomai, to think on, remember.] Among, a-mung'. Amongst, a-mungst', prep., mingled or mixed nvith ; amidst; of the number. [A.S. on-geniang — mcengan, to mingle, mi.x.] Amorous, am'or-us, adj., full of love : inclined to love. — adv. am'orously. — n. am'orousness. [L. amor, love — attio, to love.] amour, a-moor', n. a loz:agra7>is. Analogy, a-nal'o-ji, 7i.,proportio7i ; an agreement or correspondence in certain respects between things otherwise different; likeness. [Gr. analogia — a/ia, up to, logos, proportion or relation.] analogical, a.r\-a.-\oy\\i-vi.\, adj.,haz'i7ig, or according to, analogy. — adz'. analog'ically. analogise, a-nal'o-jTz, v.t. to explain by analogy: — pr.p. anal'ogising ; pa.p. analogised. analogism, a-nal'o-jizm, «. a reasoning up from cause to eft'ect. analogist, a-nal'o-jist, ti., one 7vho adheres to analogy. analogous, a-nal'o-gus, adj., having a7ialogy ; similar. — ndv. anal'ogously. analogue, an'a-log, «. a word or thing, hearing analogy to, or like another. Analyse, an'a-lTz, v.t., to loosen; to resolve or sepa- rate a whole into its component parts -.—pr.p. f;ite, far ; me, her ; mine ; m5te ; mute ; moon ; Men. analysis I an'alysing ; fa.f. an'alysed. — adj. analys'able. I [Gr. ana, again, lysis — lyo, to loosen.] 1 analysis, a-nal'i-sis, n. a resolving or separating a thing into its elements or component parts ; an examination of the separate parts of a whole. analyst, an'a-list, «., one who afialyses. analytic, an-a-lit'ik, analytical, an-a-lit'ik-al, adj., pertaini7ig to analysis. — adv. analytically. analytics, an-a-lit'iks, n.sittg., scie7ice of analysis. Anapest, an'a-pest, «. a dactyl striick back or re- versed ; a metrical foot of three syllables, the last of which is accented. — adj. anapestic. [Gr. anapaisios — ana, back, /«/t;, to strike.] Anarchy, an'ar-ki, «., the ivant o/ goverfimenf in a state. — adjs. anar'chic.anar' chical. \Ox .a^iarchia — a, an, without, arche, government.] anarchist, an'ar-kist, n., one who protnotes anarchy. Anathema, an-ath'e-ma, «. orig. an offering set or hung iip in a temple, devoted to the gods ; an ecclesiastical curse. [Gr. ana, up, tithe jni, to set.] anathematise, an-ath'e-ma-tiz, v.t. to pronounce ac- cursed -.—pr.p. anath'ematlsing ; pa.p. anath'e- matlsed. Anatomy, a-nat'o-mi, 7t., a cutting away front; art of dissection ; science of the structure of tlie body learned by dissection. [Gr. ana, away from, teiitno, to cut.] anatomical,an-a-tom'ik-al,«^'.,r^/«//«^^£7rt«a2'c;;y. anatomise, a-nat'o-mTz, v.t., to cut tip; to dissect an animal '.—pr.p. anat'oitiTsing ; P>a.p. anat omTsed. anatomist, an-at'o-mist, n. , one skilled in anato7fty. Ancestor, an'ses-tor, 71. one who has go7te or lived before us ; a forefather ; one from whom a person has descended.—^;;?, an'cestress. [L. antecessor — a7ite, before, cedo, ccssiis, to go.] ancestral, an-ses'tral, adj., relati7ig to a7tcestors. ancestry, an'ses-tri, «. descent ; lineage. Anchor, ang'kor, 71. lit. titat which has a7i angle; a hea^'y iron instnmient to hold a ship afloat; fig., what gives safety or security. [L. ajicora ; Gr. a7igkura — a7tgkos, a bend — root a7tg or rt«/^,bent. ] anchor, ang'kor, v.t., to fix by the help of an a7ichor.—v.i. to cast anchor ; to stop, fix, or rest on : — pr.p, an'choring ; pa. p. an'chored. anchorage. -ang'kor-aj, 7i.,gro7i7idfor a7ichoring 2« : duty paid for liberty to anchor. Anchoret, angTco-ret, Anchorite, ang'ko-rlt, n. one who has g07ie back or retired from the world. [Gr. a7iachdretes — a7ia, back, choreo, to go.] Anchovy, an-cho'vi, 71. a small fish of the herring kind used as a sauce. [Port, and Sp. a7ichova, Ger. a7ischove, said to be of Iberian origin, and meaning lit. a dried fish, from Biscayan a7ichu- va, dry.] Ancient, an'shent, adj. that has been before; old.— 7j..pl. an'cients, those who lived in remote times : in B., elders. — adv. an'ciently. — «. an'cientness. [Fr. a7icie7i; It. anzia7io — a7izi, L. a7tte, before.] Ancillary, an'sil-ar-i, adj.,pertai7ti7tgtoa77iaid-ser- vant; subservient. [L. a7icilla, a maid-servant.] And, and, co7ij. signifies addition, and is used to connect words and sentences. [A.S.] Andante, an-dan'te, adj., goi7ig ^■A'iAy; moderately slow ; expressive. [It. — a7ida7-e, to go.] Andiron, and'T-um, «., the iro7i which supports fuel or in which a spit turns. [A.S. bra7id-isc7t, brand-iron: low L. ande7ia, a7tderia: A.S. we7iden, to turn, and Iron : or E. E7ui-iro7i.'\ Anecdote, an'ek-dut, «. something 7iot published; an incident of private life ; a short story. [Gr. a)i, not, ekdotos, published — ek, out, dido7ni, to give.] animate anecdotal, an'ek-dot-al, anecdotical, an-ek-dot'i-kal, adj., i/i tJiefor77i of a7t a7iecdote. Anemone, a-nem'o-ne, 71. the w/«^-flower. [Gr. from a7ie7nos, wind.] Aneroid, an'e-roid, adj. applied to a barometer in which the pressure of the air is measured with^ 02tt the use oi liquid. [Gr. a, without, 7ieros, wet.] Aneurism, an'ii-rizm, «. a tumour produced by the wide7U7tg up or dilation of an artery. [Gr. a7ieuris>na — a7%a, up, eurys, wide.] Anew, a-nu', adv., in a 7iew time or way ; again. Angel, an'jel, 71. lit. a 7nesse7tger ; a divine messen- ger; a spirit: an old Eng. coin = ids., bearing the figure of an angel. [L. a7igelus ; Gr. a/ig- gelos — a7ig-gello, to tell or deliver a message.] — adjs. angel'ic, angel'ical. — adv. angelically. Anger, ang'ger, 7i. lit. pressure; orig. trouble, oppression : a passion excited by injur>\ — v.t. to make angry, or painful : — pr.p. angering ; pa. p. an'gered. [A.S. a7ige, trouble ; Ger. e7ig, com- pressed ; L. a7igo, to press tightly ; Gr. a7igcl0, to compress — root a7ih, to press together.] angry, ang^gri, adj., excited with a7iger; inflamed. — adv. an'grily. Angle, ang'gl, 7t., a bend; a comer ; the point where two lines meet : in geo77t. , the inclination of two straight lines which meet together, but are not in the same straight line. [Fr. ; L. ang7ilus; Gr. a7tgkylos — angkos, a bend — root a7ig, bent.] angular, ang'gu-lar, adj.,havi7tg an a7igle. — adv. an'gnlarly. — 71. angularity. Angle, ang'gl, 71. lit. a hook ; a fishing-rod with its line and hook. — v.i. to fish with an angle. — v.t. to entice i—pr.p. an'gling ; pa.p. an'gled. — n. an'gler. [A.S. angel, allied to Gr. a7igkos, a bend.] angling, ang'gling, 71. the art or practice of fishing with a rod and line. Anglic, ang'glik, Anglican, ang'glik-an, adj.,E7tglish. [A.S. A7zgles, E7igles, the English.] See English, anglicise, ang'gli-sTz, v.t. to make E7iglish :—pr.p. anglicising ; pa.p. ang'liclsed. anglicism, ang'gli-sizm, «. an E7tglish idiom or peculiarity of language. Anglo-Sason, ang'glo-saks'un, adj., E7iglish Saxon. Angry. See under Anger. Anguish, ang'gwish, «. narrowness {roviv pressure ; a strait ; excessive pain of body or mind. [Fr. a7igoisse ; It. a7igoscia ; L. a7igustia, a strait — a7igo, to press tightly.] See Anger. Angular, Angularity. See under Angle. Anile, an'Tl, adj., relating to ati old woinaTi; aged; imlaecile. — w. anility. [L. a7ms, an old woman.] Animadvert, an-i»'mad-vert', v.i., to t7ir7i the ini7id to or agai7ist ; to criticise or censure -.—pr.p. animadverting ; pa.p. animadvert'ed. [L. a7ii- 7nu-s, the mind, ad, to, ve7-to, versu77t,_ to turn.] animadversion, an-i-mad-ver'shun, n. criticism ; cen- sure ; reproof. Animal, an'i-mal, n. a being with life ; an organised body having life, sensation, and voluntary motion. — adj. an'imal. [L. — a^iima, air, life ; Gr. a7ie77ios, wind— a5, ae77ti. Sans. a7i, to breathe, to blow.] animaUsm, an'i-mal-izm, 7t., the state of mere a7ii7nal existettce. animalcule, an-i-mal'kul, «., a little animal; an animal that cannot be seen by the naked eye.— //. animalcules or animal'cula. [L. a7ii77ialct(lu77t, dim. oi a7iiinal.]—adj. animal'cular. animate, anl-mat, v.t. lit. to fill with breath; to fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; ^/^en. animate give life to ; to enliven or encourage :^pr.p. anlmitin^ ; pa p. an'imatcd. f L. animo, ■atum.\ MUflUt«, an'i-mat, a^//'., poitesting animal life. ftalauited, an'i-mlt-cd, a^'., Ii7jely, full of spirit. Milin»tloa, an-i-ma'shun, «,, ///i"; spirit ; \\'j;,c)\it. •aimoaitjr, an-i-mos'i-ti, «. lit. /ulnea of spirit ; violent hiatred. [L. animotitas — anima.\ anlmns, an'i-mus, «., mind; intention; prejudice I against. [L.J j AalM; anls, «. an aromatic plant, the seeds of which are used in making cordials. [Gr. aniian.] i Aakcr, angTcer, «. a liquid measure, differing in different countries from 8 to lo gallons. [D.J j Aakte, ang'Wl, m. the joint between the foot and i thie leg, forming an an^le. fA.S. ancle; (jr. angkylos — angkot, a bend — root ang, bent. J I anUtt, ang^.lct, «., a little ankU ; an ortlament I for the ankle. | Anajtla, an'al/, «,//. a narration of events recorded under the >'<'ar* in which they happened. [L. annate* —annuj, a year.) t, an'al-ist, «., a writer of annalt. an-nel', i/./. to temper gla.ss or metils by heat ; — Pr p. annealing ; pa. p. annealed'. — n. an- Bcal'la^. fA.S. ana-lan, to set on fire — al, fire ; -ICC. to W»;dgwo''j'l, Vr. neller, nieler^ to enamel, from ft. niello, [ow L. nigellutn, a kind of black enamel on gold or silver — L. niger, black. J Ajmcz, an-neks', v.t., to tie to the end of; to add .at the end -.—pr p. annex'ing ; pa p. annexed'. [L. annecto, annexiu -nd, to, fiecto, to tic. J aanezAtlom, an-neks-i'ihun, «., ac/ of annexing: ^\ii\i\'iu to ; union. Annihilate, an-nl'hil-5t, v./. to reduce //? nothing; to dr:?itroy •• ■ • '■ '■ ' - of ;—/>'./. anni'hilating ; pa p. :ii\t nnnihilo, annihilatus — ad, to, >/// ■.\ aonlhilAttion, n, «., act of destroying: iiate of U;ing reduced to nothing. AonlTtrury, an-ni-vtrs'ar-i, anc«, an-nounV, r/./., to tftnke knoiim to; to publish ; to \iri)t:\Min .—pr p. announc^ing; pn.p. aiinoiincrd'. [Fr. annoncer; L. annnntio—ad, to, nuntio, to tell. I \nouncitig. >im«wiTic»ia»nt, an-nouns'ment, «,, ////r «<:/ of a>p- aaaajurtAt.*, an-nun'' i .'r, 7' / , /-; announce: —^pr. p. anrMin']..finK ; /- ' ' :f':d. annur./.lAtlryn, III ri an announcing. — Annu/M-Utlon day iry of the angel's triliifati<,fi Ki, the V ir,Mi, .".I.ry, the 2^,th March. Annoy, an no/, ta/. lit. to lie hatf/ul ti>,r,r to hurt ; to trouble ; to vex .—pr.p. atmo/ing ; pa. p. an- tviyed'. fit. nnnoinre ; Vr. ennttyrr; L. /«, in, odium, haired : or fr. nuire~-l,. nor ere, lohurt.j UUMjraac*, an-no/an-i, m., //oth- ing. — n. a medicine that allays pain. [Gr. a, an, without, odyne, pain. J Anoint, a-noint', v.t. to smear with ointment or o\\ ; to pour oil on ; to consecrate with oil -.—pr.p. anoint'ing; pa.p. anoint'cd. [Fr. oindre ; L. iu- ungo, in-unctus — in, ungo, to smear. J Anointed (the/, a-noint'cd, n. the Messiah. Anomaly, a-nom'a-li, «., un-evenness ; irregularity; deviation from rule. [Gr. a, an, not, hamalos, even.) [from rule. anomalotu, a-nom'a-Ius, adj., irregular, deviating Anon, anon', adv., in one (instant) ; immediately; soon after. [A.S. on, in, an, one. J Anonymou, a-non'i-mus, ndj.,vjithnut a name. — adv. aaon'ymoiuly. [Gr. a, an, wiOiout, onoma, a name. J Another, an-u/A'ir, adj., one otlter ; not the same; one more. [A.S. an, one, and Other. J Ajuurint, an's*r-In, or -in, adj., relating to t/te goose or gofj^ tribe. [L. anser, a goose ; Sans, hamsa.] Answer, an's^ir, v.t., to speak in return; to reply to : to satisfy or solve : to suit. — v.i. to reply : to succeed : to be accountable for : to correspond : in li., to say, to observe :^Pr.p. an'swering ; pa.p. an'swered. — n. a reply; a solution. [A.S. and, in return, sivarian, to speak. J answerable, an'ser-a-bl, adj., able to be answered: accountable : suitable.— aitictis, antiguHS — ante, before.] Antichrist, an'ti-krlst, «. ihc gxca.t opposer of Christ and Christianity. [Gr. anti, against, Chriflt.] — adj. antichristian, an-ti-krist'yan. Anticipate, an-tis'i-pat, v.t.,to take or act before the time ; to pre-occupy, foretaste, or foresee '.—pr.p. antic'ipating; /rt./. antic'ipated. \V.. antic ipo— ante, before, capio, to take.]— rt^//'. antic'ipatory. anticipation, an-tis-i-pa'shun, n., the act of antici- pating: foretaste; previous notion. Anti-climax, an-ti-kli'maks, «., the opposite of climax; a sentence in which the ideas become less important at the close. [Gr. a7iti, against, and Climax.] Anticlinal, an-ti-klT'nal, adj., ificlining \x\ opposite directions. [Gr. anti, against, Idino, to bend.] Antidote, an'ti-dot, n. that which is given against, or as a remedy or preventive. [Gr. anttdotos — anti, against, didomi, to give.] — adjs. an'tldotal, antido'tical. Ant.,, ny, an'ti-mun-i, it. a brittle, white-coloured Anxious metal much used in the arts and in medicine.— adj. antimo'nial. [usually given, Gr. anti, against, Fr. inoine, a monk, as if monk's-bane, but prob. corrupted from the Arabic] Antlnomian, an-ti-no'mi-an, «. one against the law; one who denies the continued obligation of the moral law. [Gr. anti, against, noinos, law.] — adj. antino'mian. — ;;. antino'mianlsm. Antipathy, an-tip'a-thi, «., a feeling against; dis- like ; opposition. [Gr. anti, against, pathos, feeling.] — adjs. antipathet'ic, antlpathet'ical Antiphon, an'ti-fon, Antiphony, an-tif'o-ni, «., alter- nate chanting or singing. [Gr. a^iti, in return, VLnd phone, voice.] See Anthem. antlphonal, an-tif'o-nal, adj., pertaining to anti- phony. — n. a book of aiitiphons or anthems. Antiphraaia, an-tif'ra-sis, n. the use of words in a sense opposite to their proper meanitig. [Gr. anti, opposite to, phrasis, speech.]— rt^'. anti- phras ticaL —adv. antlphras'tically. Antipodes, an-tip'o-dez, n.pl. those living on the other side of the globe, and whosey^^^ are thus opposite to ours, — adj. antip'odal [Gr. anti, ojjpositc to, pous, podos, a foot.] Antique, an-tek', adj., that has been before; old; ancient. — «. anything very old ; the relics of an- cient times. [Fr. ; L. antiqnus — ante, before.] antiquary, aii'ti-kwa-ri, antiquarian, an-ti-kwa'ri-an, n. one who studies or collects ancient things.— adj. antiqua'rian. — n. antiqua'rianlBm. antiqiiate, an'ti-kwat, v.t., to make antique, old, or obsolete ; to jjut out of use :-~pr.p. an'tiquating ; pa. p. an'tiquated. [L. antiquo — antiquus, old.] antiquated, an'ti-kwat-cd, adj., grown old; out of use.— «. an'tiquatednesB. antiquity, an-tik'wi-ti, «., ancient times: great age: a relic of the past. Antifcians, an-tish'yans, Antiscil, an-tish'i-T, n.pl. people who live on different sides of the equator, and whose shadozvs at noon fall in opposite direc- tions. [L. ; Gr. anti, opposite, skia, a shadow.] Antiseptic, an-ti-sep'tik, adj., counteracting putre- faction. [Gr. anti, against, septos, from sepo, to make putrid.] Antistrophe, an-tis'tro-fi, «., a turning again; the stanza of a song exactly answering the previous strophe. See Strophe.— «(//'. antistroph'ic. [Gr. anti — strophe, a turning, slrephO, to turn.] Antithesis, an-tith'e-sis, n. :—pl. Antith'eses, -scz, a placing against; contrast of thoughts or words : opposition. [Gr. — anti,ai;d\ni^t,tithcmi, to place.] antithetic, an-ti-thet'ik, antithetical, an-ti-thet'ik-al, adj. contrasting ; opposed. — adv. antithet'ically. Antitype, an'ti-tlp, n. that which corresponds to the type; that of which ihe type is the pattern or prefiguration. [Gr. anti, corresponding to, typos, a type.] — adj. antityp'icaL — adv. antityp'ically. Antler, ant'ler, n. the branch of a stag's horn. — adj. ant'lered, having antlers. [Fr. andouiller — old Fr. antoilier; perhaps from L. ante, before.] Antoeci. Sec Antecians. Anns, a'nus, «. lower orifice of the bowels. [L.] Anvil, an'vil, n. an iron block on which smiths hammer their work into shape. [A.S. anflt, on flit — onfillan, to fall upon.] Anxious, angk'shus, adj. suffering mental pressure ; greatly troubled. — n. an'xiousness. — adv. an'xl- ously. |L. anxius — ango, to press tightly.] See Anger, Anguish. fate, filr; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; thaxi. anxiety anxiety, ane-zT'e-ti, «., state of being anxious; trouble ofmind from doubt or uncertainty. [L. afixietas.'\ Any, en'ni, adj., one indefinitely ; every ; whoever ; whatever. — ai/z/j.an'ything, in 5., at all. — anywise, in any way. See Wise, 71. [A.S. eenig — (en, one.] Aorist, a'o-rist, «. the name of certain tenses in the Greek verb which express indefinite time. [Gr. aoristos, indefinite — a, without, horos, limit.] Aorta, a-or'ta, n. the great artery that rises up from the left ventricle of the heart. — adjs. aor'tal, aor'tic. [Gr. aorte — aeiro, to raise up.] Apace, a-pas', adv., at a great pace ; swiftly. Apart, a-piirt', adj., parted from ; separately ; aside. [Fr. aparti — \.. pars, partis, a part.] apartment, a-part'ment, n. a room apart; a room. Apathy, ap'a-thi, «., tvant of feeling ; indifference. — aiij. apathet'ic. [Gr. a, \i^Xitoi, pathos, ieeXm%.\ Ape, ap, n. a tailless monkey ; a silly imitator. — v.t. to imitate, as an ape ; to mimic : — pr.p. ap'ing ; pa.p. aped'. [A.S. apa.l — apish, ap'ish, adj. like an ape. — adv. ap'ishly. — n. ap'ishness. Aperient, a-pe'ri-ent, aperitive, a-per'i-tiv, adj., opening; gently purgative. — n. a mild purgative. [L. aperiens, -entis — aperio, apertiis, to open.] aperttire, ap'er-tur, «. an opening ; a hole. Apex, a'peks, 11., the summit or point. ^;*/. apexes, a'peks-ez, apices, ap'i-sez. [L.] Aphseresis, a-fe're-sis, ;;. the taking of a letter or syllable fro7n the beginning of a word. [Gr. ap9, from, Jiaireo, to take.] Aphelion, a-feli-on, n. the point of a planet's orbit furthest awayfro7it tJie sun. [Gr. apo, from, helios, the sun.] Aphorism, afor-izm, n. that which hounds or de- fines; a definition ; a short pithy sentence. [Gr. aphorismos — apo, and hores, a bound.] aphoristic,af-or-is'tik,aphoristical,af-or-is'tik-al,ig to appeals. appellation, ap-pel-a'shun, «., a naine. appellative, ap-pel'a-tiv, «., a )ut7ne common to all of the same V.ix\d.— adj. common to many; general.— rtij'z'. appeU'atively. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. Appear Appear, ap-per', v.i., to come forth to so as to be seen ; to be or to become visible or present ; to seem •.—J>r.J>. appear'ing ; pa.p. appeared'. [L. appareo — ad, to, pareo,pariiu7>i, to come forth.] appearance, ap-per'ans, n., the act of appearing : the thing seen ; presence ; show, apparent, ap-pa'rent, adj., appearing ; that may- be seen; visible; evident. — adv. appa'rently. — n. appa'rentness. [L. apparetis — ad, a.nd pareo.] apparition, ap-pa-rish'un, n., an appearance ; any- thing visible ; a ghost ; spectre. apparitor, ap-par'it-or, n., one who appears or at- tends ; a messenger in an ecclesiastical court ; a beadle in a university. Appease, ap-pez', v.t. to bring to peace; to quiet : — pr.p. appeas'ing ; /i^./. appeased'. [Fr. appaiser — ad, to, paix, L. pax, peace.] — adj. appeas'able. Appellant, Appellation. See under Appeal, Append, ap-pend', v. t., to Jiang onz thing to another ; to add :—pr.p. append'ing ; pa.p. append'ed. [L. ad, to, pendo, to hang.] [subordinate. appendage, ap-pend'aj, «., sotnethtng added, as appendix, ap-pend'iks, tt., something added.— pi. append'ixes, 'iks-ez, append'ices, 'is-ez. Appertain, ap-per-tan', v.i., to pertain or heloftg to : — pr.p. appertain'ing ; pa.p. appertained'. M^ ad, to, perti7ieo, to belong— /i?r, and teneo, to Hold.] appiulienance, ap-pur'ten-ans, 7i., that which apper- tains or belongs to. [Fr. appartenance.'\ appurtenant, ap-pur'ten-ant, adj., belonging to. Appetence, ap'pe-tens, appetency, ap'pe-ten-si, n., a seeking after; sensual desire. [L. appetentia — ad, to, peto, to seek.] appetise, ap'pe-tlz, v.t.,tocreate an appetite ;tovfh.et the appetite -.—pr.p. ap'petlsing ;/«./. ap'petlsed. appetite, ap'pe-tit, 71. natural desire ; hunger. Applaud, ap-plawd', v. t. to praise by clapping the hands ; to laud ; to praise loudly :—pr.p. ap- plaud'ing ; pa.p. applaud'ed. [L. applaudo—ad, to, platido, plans7!s, to clap.] applause, ap-plawz', 7t. , praise QX'presstAby clappi7tg the hands ; approbation. applausive, ap-plawz'iv, adj., containing applause. Apple, ap'pl, 71. the fruit of the apple-tree; the pupil of the eye. [A.S. a;pl.'\ Apply, ap-pli', v.t., to fold 7ipo7t; to lay: to em- ploy ; to devote : to fix the mind on. — v.i. to suit : to solicit ; to make request : — pr.p. apply'ing ; fa.p. applied', [old Fr. applier; L. applico— ad, to, plico, plicat7i7n, to fold.] appliable, ap-pll'a-bl, adj. , that 77tay be applied. appliance, ap-pll'ans, 71., act of apply i7ig : the thing applied. appUcable, ap'pli-ka-bl, adj., that 7nay be applied; suitable. — adv. ap'plicably. — ;^. applicability, applicant, ap'pli-kant, 7t., 07 te who applies. application, ap-pli-ka'shun, «., t/ie act ofapplyi7ig: the thing applied : close study or attention. Appoint, ap-point', v.t. to bring to apoi7it; to fix; to settle : to equip, [old Fr. appoi7iter — L. ad, to, p7i7ict2e77i, apoint.] appointment, ap-point'ment, «., act of appoi7iti7ig: settlement ; situation : decree ; order : — in //. equipments. Apportion, ap-por'shun, v.t., to portio7i 07ct to; to divide and distribute in just shares. [L. ad, to, and Portion.] — 71. appor'tionment. Apposite, appo-zit, adj., put to; adapted or appli- cable to ; suitable. [L. — ad, to, po7io, posit7is, to place.] — adv. ap'positely. — «. ap'positeness. Appurtenance apposition, ap-po-zish'un, n., tJie act of adding to ',' the state of being placed together or against ; in gra77i., the placing together of tv/o nouns, one of which explains the other. Appraise, ap-praz', v.t. to set a price on, to value — with a view to sale : — p>r.p. apprais'ing ; pa.p. appraised'. [Fr. apprecier — L. ad, to, pretium, ■ price.] — 71. appraise'ment. appraiser, ap-praz'er, 7t., 07ie zuho appraises. Appreciate, ap-pre'shi-at, v.t. to set a price 071, to value, to estimate justly — used figuratively : — pr.p. appre'ciating ; pa.p. appre'ciated. — 71. apprecia'tion. [Fr. apprecier — L. ad, to, pre- tiian, price.] See Appraise. appreciable, ap-pre'shi-a-bl, adj., that i/iay be appreciated. — adv. appre'ciably. Apprehend, ap-pre-hend', v.t. lit. to lay hold of (with the ha7id)— so in B. ; to seize ; to catch the meaning of; to understand : to fear: — pr.p. ap- prehend'ing ;pa.p. apprehend'ed. [L. apprehe7ido — ad, to, prehe7uio, prehe7i.sus, to lay hold of] See Hand. \_apprche71ded. apprehensible, ap-pre-hen'si-bl, adj., that may be apprehension, ap-pre-hea'shun, 7t.,nctofapp}-ehetid- iiig; seizure : conception : fear. apprehensive, ap-pre-hen'siv, adj. fearful ; suspici- ous. — adv. apprehensively.— ;i. apprehen'siveness. Apprentice, ap-pren'tis, 71. lit. a lear/ter ; one bound to another, to learn a trade or art. — v.t. to bind as an apprentice '.—pr.p. appren'ticing ; pa.p. appren'ticed. — «. appren'ticeship. [Fr. apprenti, a learner — apprend7'e, to learn; L. app7-elie7ido 'Y See Apprehend. Apprise, ap-prlz'_, v.i. to cause to app7'ehe7id ; to instruct ; to inform : — p7'.p. apprls'ing ; pa.p. apprised'. [Fr. appris — app7-e7idre, to learn, to instruct; 'L,. appr-ehe7ido.\ See Apprehend. Approach, ap-proch', v.t. to draw 7iear to; to re- semble.— z/./. to draw near: — pr.p. approach'- ing ; pa.p. approached'. — 71. a drawing near to ; access ; a path or avenue. — adj. approach' able. [Fr. approcJier ; Prov. appropjar; low L. ap- propiare—\,. ad, to, prope, near.] Approbation. See under Approve. Appropriate, ap-pro'pri-at, v.t. to take to 07te's se7j as 07ie's ow/i prope7-ty ; to set apart for a pur- pose '.—pr.p. appro'priating ; pa.p. appro'priated. — adj. peculiar ; suitable. — adv. appropriately. [Fr. approprier — L. ad, to, p7-oprins, one's own.] appropriateness, ap-pro'pri-at-nes, Ji., snitable7iess. appropriation, ap-pro-pri-a'shun, «., act of appropri- ati7ig: application to a particular purpose. Approve, ap-proov', v.t. lit. to put to the proof , to p7-ove — so in B.; to pronounce good; to com- mend ; to be pleased with -.^r.p. approv'ing ; pa.p. approved'. — adv. approv'ingly.— «^'. ap- prov'able. [Fr. approuver ; L. approbd^ad, to, prolo, to prove — probits, good.] approval, ap-proov'al, approbation, ap-pro-ba'shun, 71., act of app7-oviiig; commendation; sanction. approven, ap-prov'n, o\i.pa.p. of Approve. Approximate, ap-prok'si-mat, adj., i7t p7-oximity to ; nearest or next to. — v.t. to bring near to. — v.i. to come near to ; to approach -.—pr.p. approx'imating ; pa.p. approx'imated . — adv. approx'imately. [L. ad, to, proxi77ms, nearest, WGxt— prope, near.] approximation, ap-prok-si-ma'shun, «., a drawing 7icar to ; an approach. Appurtenance, Appurtenant. See imder Appertain. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moun ; ///en. Apricot Apricot, a'pri-kot, n. lit. the early ripe', a wall- I'niit of the plum kind, [formerly spelled apri- cock — Fr. abricot; L. {ffiahan) frcecox, early ripe (apple)— /rrt prac- tises arboricidture. Arbour, ar'bur, «. orig. a place for the cultivation of Jierbs ; an enclosed seat in a garden covered with branches of trees, plants, Sac; a. bower. [old"E. Jierbere.'\ Arc, ark, n., an arch ; a segment or part of a circle. [L. arcus, a bow.] arcade, iir-kiid', n. a walk or street aixiied over. [Fr. — L. arcics.^ Arcadian, ar-ka'di-an, adj. relating to Aixadia, a district in Greece ; pastoral ; rural. Arcana, Arcanum. See under Ark. Arch, arch, n. , an arc ; a part of a circle or curve ; a concave or structure of stone or brick, supported by its own curve. — v.t. to cover with an arch : — /;-./. arching ; pa. p. arched'. [L. arcus, a bow.] Arch, arch, adj. cunning, as a 7-ogue; sly ; waggish ; mirthful; shrewd. [A.S. arg, earg, bad, idle; Ger. arg, bad, crafty ; Gr. argos, idle, slow.] — adv. arch'ly. — n. arch'ness. Arch, arch (iirk, before a vowel\ adj., chief; prin- cipal, (used mostly as a prefix.) [Gr. arclios, chief— arche, beginning, rule. I Archaeology, ar-ke-ol'o-ji, «., a discou7-se on a?!cicni thi7igs ; the science of antiquities. [Gr. archaics, ancient — arc/ie, beginning, l^gos, discourse.] — adj. archaeological. — adv. archaeolog'icaliy. archaeologist, ar-ke-ol'o-jist, «., a student of archae- ology. Archaic, ar-ka'ik, adj., ancic/it ; obsolete. [Gr. archaikos — arche, beginning. ] archaism, ar'ka-izm, «., a7i uncie7tt or obsolete W07-d or phrase. Archangel, iirk-an'jel. «., a chief angel ; an angel of the highest order.— rt^^'. archangel'ic. [Arch, cliief, and Angel.] Archbishop, arch-bish'op, ;/., a chief bisJicp ; the bishop of a province as well as of his own diocese. [Arch, chief, and Bishop.]— «. archbiBh'opric, i'le jurisdictio7i, place, or province ofa7i archbishop. — ;/. archiepiscopacy, ark-i-e-pis'ko-pa-si, ;/., the state, dignity, and office of an arcld)islwp. — adj. archiepis'copal, of a7i ai-c/iiishop. I Archdeacon, iirch-de'kn, 7i.,achiefdeacp7i : ."n ecclc- fate, fiir ; mc, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //;en. Archduke siastic next in rank below a bishop. [Arch, chief, and Deacon.] — n. archdea'conry, the ojjlcc, jurisdiction, or residence of a7t archdcaco7i.—7i. archdea'conship, iJie office of an archdeacon. — adj. archidiaconal, 'Ix-Vi-iiX-^Sx^on-TA, of an arck- dcajcott. Archduke, iirch-duk', ;/., a chief duke ; a prince of Austria. -^'w. archduch'ess. [Arch, cliief, and Duke.] — adj. archdu'cal. — >!S. archduchy, arch- duke'dom, ihe territory of an arcJidjike or arch- duchess. Archer, iirch'er,«. one who shoots arrows from an arch or bow. — foil, arch'eress. [Fr. ; L. arcus, a bow.] archery, iirch'er-i, n., the art ox practice ofaftarchcr. Archetype, ar'ke-tlp, n., the original type; the ori- ginal model from which a thing is made. — adj. archetyp'al. [Gr. arche, original, typos, a type.] Archidiaconal. See Archdeacon. Archiepiscopacy, Archiepiscopal. See Archbishop. Archipelago, ar-ki-pel'a-go, n., the chief sea of the Greeks, or the yKgeaii Sea ; a sea abounding in small islands. [Gr. archos, chief, or a corruption oi Aigaios, j^gean, :xx\^ pelagos, sea.] Architect, ar'ki-tekt, «., ihe chief biiilder; one who designs buildings and superintends their erection ; a maker. [Gr. archos, chief, tekion, a builder.] architecture, iir'ki-tek-tur, n., tlie art or science of buildiiig: frame ; structure : workmanship. — adj. architectural. » Architrave, ilr'ki-trav, n., the chief beam ; in arch., the part of an entablature which rests immediately on the column. [Gr. archos, chief. It. trave, L. trabs, a beam.] Archives, ilr'klvz, 7i.pl. the place in which the re- cords of a iiiagistrate" s court were or are kept ; public records. [Fr. ; Gr. arcJieioii — arche, rule.] Arctic, iirk'tik, adj. relating to the constellation, the Great Bear, or to thenortli. [Gr. a7-ktos, a bear.] Ardent, ar'dent, adj., biir7ii7ig ; fiery; passionate. — adv. ar'dently. [L. arde7zs — ardeo, to burn.] ardency, ar'dcn-si, ardour, ar'dor, 7t. warmth of pas- sion or feeling ; eagerness. Arduous, iir'du-us, adj. lit. liigh; difficult to accom- plish; laborious. — adv. arduously. — 71. ar'duous- ness. [L. a7'd7tus, steep.] Are, iir, the plural of the present indicative of the verb to be. [Dan. cr.\ Area, a're-a, «. orig. a place where corn was dried; any plain surface or enclosed space ; the sunken space around the basement of a building ; tlie superficial contents of any figure. [L. prob. from areo, to be dry.] Arefaction, ar-e-fak'slum, «., the act of dryi7ig: state of growing dry. [L. aivfacio, to make dry — areo, to be <\xY,facio,factui7i, to make.] Arena, a-re'na, «. lit. sa7id; an open space strewed with sand for combatants; any place of public contest. [L. arena, sand — areo, to be dry.] arenaceous, ar-e-na'she-us, adj., sandy. Areopagus, ar-e-op'a-gus, 71., Mars' hill, on which the sujireme court of ancient Athens was hekl ; llic court itself. [Gr. Ares, Maxs, pages, a hill.] areopagite, ar-e-op'a-jTt, «., a ■>nei7iber of the Areop- agus. Argent, ar'jent, Argentine, ar'jent-in, or -m,adj. like silver. [L. ai'ge/itiii/t, silver— Gr. argos, briglit.J Argillaceous, iir-jil-la'shus, adj., clayey. [L. ar- gilla, wiiite clay, Gr. argillos — argos, white.] Argonaut, iir'go-nawt, n., 07ie of those who sailed in the ship Argo in search of the golden fleece. [Gr. Argo, and 7iatites, a sailor.] argosy, ar'go-si, «. a merchant vessel richly laden. Argue, iir'gu, v.t. lit. to make'c/tfrtr; to prove or per- suade by reasoning ; to discuss. — v.i, to offer rea- sons ; to dispute : — pr.p. ar'guing ; pa. p. ar'giied. [L. argiio, prob. from Gr. argos, clear.] argument, iir^gu-ment, n. a reason offered as proof; a_ series of reasons: a discussion : subject of a discourse. [L. argn77ie7it7iin — argiio, to prove.] argumentation, ar-gu-ment-a'shun, «. the process or act of reasoning. argumentative, iir-gu-ment'a-tiv, adj., C07tsisti7ig of or addicted to a7gn/ne7i.t. — adv. argument'atively. — w. argument'ativeness. Argus, iir'gus, «. a fabulous being said to have had a hii7id7'ed eyes; any very watchful person. [Gr. — a7gos, bright.] Arian, _a'ri-an, adj. pertaining to Ariies of Alex- andria (4th century), who denied the divinity of Ghrist. — «. one of the sect of Arius; a Unitarian. Arianism, a'ri-an-ism, 7t. the doctrines of the Arians ; Unitarianism. Arid, ar'id, adj., diy ; parched. [L. aridns, dry — a7'eo, to be dry.] aridity, ar-id'i-ti, aridness, ar'id-nes, «., d>y7iess. Aries, ii'ri-ez, n., the Rai7t, the first of the twelve signs of the zodiac. [L.] Aright, a-rlt', adv., i/i a right ^^y; rightly. [A.S. a, in, riht, right.] Arise, a-rlz', v.i., to 7-iseitp; to come into view ; to proceed from -.—pr.p. arls'ing ;/«./. aris'en ; /«. ^. arose'. [A.S. arisaii.] See Kise. Aristarchy, ar'is-trir-ki, «., gover7iment by the best men ; a body of good men in power. [Gr. aristos, best, a7xhe, government.] Aristocracy, ar-is-tok'ra-si, n., govern7ne7it by the best-bor7i, the nobles ; the nobility or chiei persbns of a state. [Gr. aristos, best, k7-atos, strength, government.] aristocrat, ar'is-to-krat, or ar-is'to-krat, «., 07ie who belongs to or favours a7i aristocracy. aristocratic, ar-is-to-kral'ik, aristocratical, ar-is-to- krat'ik-al, adj., belo7igi7ig to t/ie aristocracy. — adz>. aristocratically. Aristotelian, ar-is-to-te'li-an, adj., relating to Aris- totle, a Greek philosopher, or to his philosophy. Arithmetic, a-rith'me-tik, 71. the art of 7nanberi7tg ; the science of numbers. [Gr. arith77ios, number.] arithmetical, ar-ith-met'i-kal, adj., of ox by arith- metic. — adv. arithmet'ically. arithmetician, ar-ith-mc-tish'an, 11., 07ie skilled 171 aritlunetic. Ark, iirk, «., a chest or box; a large floating vessel. [A.S. arc or earc ; L. a7xa, a chest.] arcanum, iir-ka'num, «. something e>tclosed a.?, in an a7-k ; a secret; generally used in the//, arca'na, secrets, mysteries. [L. area.] Arm, iirm, n., lit. a joi7tt ; the limb extending from the shoulder to the hand: anything projecting from a main body, as an inlet of the sea : fig., power. [A.S.«rw, ear77i ; \^.a7-i7iiis, theshoulder joint ; Gr. hari7ios, a joint — aro, to join to.] — n. arm'ful.— rti//'. arm'less. armlet, arm'lct, «. lit. a little arm; a bracelet. armpit, iirm'pit, 71. the ///or hollow under the «rw. Arms, iirmz, 71.pl. weapons of offence or defence: war: armorial ensigns. [L. ari7!a ; Gael, ^rw, a weapon — prob. derived from the htunan ari7i.\ arm, arm, v.t., toftrtiish or equip ivith ari7is: to fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. annada artistic provide against. — v.i. to take arms '.—pr.p. arm'- \T\%\ J>a.p. armed'. fL. armo, to arm.] armada, ar-ma'da, n. a fleet oi amied ships. [Sp. ; It. armata; L. artna.\ armadillo, ar-ma-dil'O, «. a small quadruped of S. America amied with a bony shell. [Sp. — L. eirnta.'\ armament, a/ma-ment, «. forces ^r;;?^^ or equipped for war ; the guns, S;c. with which a ship is armed. [L. armanienta — arma.'\ armistice, ar'mis-tis, n. a short stoppage oi arms or hostilities by mutual agreement. [Fr. armistice — L. arma, and sisto, to stop.] aimour, arm'or, n. defensive arms or dress. armorial, ar-mu'ri-al, (uij., belojiging to armour ox to the arms of a family. armourer, armorer, arm'or-er, n., a maker of ox one who has the charge oi armo7ir. armoury, armory, arm'or-i, «. the place in which arins are made or kept. army, a/mi, «. a large body of men armed for war: a vast number. [Fr. armee; It. armata; L. arma.] Armenian, ar-mc'ni-an, adj. belonging to Armenia. Arminian, ar-min'yan, adj. belonging to Arminiits, a Dutch divine, who denied the doctrine of pre- destination, and advocated the doctrines of free- will and universal redemption. — «. one who holds the doctrines of Arminius. Arminianism, ilr-min'j'an-izm, n. the doctrines of the Arminians. Armoric, iir-mor'ik, adj. belonging to Brittany in the N.W. of France, formerly called Ar>norica. [Celt, ar, on, near, vior, the sea.] Aroma, a-ro'ma, «., sweet smell; the odorous prin- ciple in plants. [Gr.] aromatic, ar-O-mat'ik, adj'., sweet scented; spicy. — «. a fragrant plant or drug; a perfume. aromatise, a-ro'ma-tTz, v.t., to reiider arovtatic ; to perfume -.—pr.p. aro'matTsing ; pa.p. aro'matlsed. Arose, a-roz', did arise — past tense of Arise. Around, a-round', /re/., round; on all sides of. — adv. on every side ; in a circle. \a, on, and Round.] Arouse, a-rouz'. Same as Rouse. Arquebuse, Arquebuss, cir'kwi-bus, sometimes Har'- quebus, «. lit. a hooked gun : an old-fashioned hand-gun. [Fr. ; It. archibuso ; old Yx.harqiie- buse ; Dutch, haeck-busse; Ger. hake7tbucJisc — haeck, a hook, b^iss or biichse, a firearm.] Arrack, ar'ak, n. in eastern countries the name of any ardent spirit, especially that distilled from the cocoa-nut, palms, or rice. [Hind.] Arraign, ar-ran', v.t. to call one to account, or to give reasons for his conduct ; to set a prisoner at the bar ; to accuse '.—pr.p. arraign'ing ; pa.p. arraigned', [old Fr. arraigner, arraisonner — low L. arrationare — ad, to, 7'ationes, account, reasons.]—;/, arraign'ment. Arrange, ar-ranj', v.t., to range or set in a rank or row ; to put in proper order ; to prepare : — ^.p. arr'ing'ing ; pa.p. arranged'. [Fr. arranger, — ad, ranger — rang, a rank or row.] arrangement, ar-ranj'mcnt, «., act o_f arrangifig : settlement ; classification. Arrant, ar'rant, adj'., very bad; notorious. [A.S. and Ger. arg, bad.] See Arch, cunning. Arras, ar'ras, n. tapestry. \Arras, in the north of France, where it was first manufactured.] Array, ar-ra', v.t., to get ready; to put in order; to arrange ; to dress ; to adorn :^r.p. array'ing ; pa.p. an-ayed'. — ii. order ; dress; show. [It. arre- dare; old Fr. arroyer, arreer, to set in order.] Arrear, ar-rcr', «., /« the rear; that which is at the back or behind ; that which remains unpaid after it is due — (used mostly in pi.) [Fr. arriere, be- hind — L. ad, to, retro, back, behind.] Arrest, ar-rest', v.t. to bring to rest or to a stand- still; to stop ; to seize :^pr.p. arrest'ing; pa.p. arrest'ed. — n. stoppage ; hinderance ; seizure by warrant. [Fr. arreteriox arrester; It. arrestare — L. ad, to, res to, to Stand still.] See Rest. Arrive, ar-rlv', v.i. to come to the bank or shore ; to reach -.-—pr.p. arriving ; pa.p. arrived'. [Fr. arriver, to arrive; It. arrivare ; low L. adri- pare — L. ad, to, ripa, a bank.] arrival, ar-riv'al, n., the act of arriving at or coming to a place : persons or things that arrive. Arrogate, ar'ro-gat, v.t. to lay claim to as one's own ; to claim proudly or unduly ; to assume : — pr.p. ar'rogating ; pa.p. ar'rogated. [L. arrogo — ad, to, rogo, rogattis, to ask, to claim.] arrogant, ar'ro-gant, adj., claimiftg too mnch ; as- suming; overbearing; proud. — adv. ar'rogantly. — n. ar'rogance — in B., ar'rogancy. arrogation, ar-rO-ga'shun, «., act of arrogating ; undue assumption. Arrow, a/ro, n. a straight, pointed weapon, made to be shot from a bow. [A.S. arewe.^ arrowy, ar'ro-i, adj., of ox like arrows. Arrowroot, ar'ro-root, n. a starch obtained from the roots of certain plants growing chiefly in W. Indies, and used as food for invalids and children. [ara, the Indian name of the plant.] Arsenal, ar'se-nal, n. a public magazine or manu- factory of naval and military stores. [Fr. and Sp. ; It. arsenale, arzana, a dockyard ; Ar. ddr fanah, house of industry'.] Arsenic, ar'sen-ik, «. a strong mineral poison ; a soft, brittle, gray-coloured metal. [Gr. arseni- koii — arsen, masculine, strong.] arsenical, ar-sen'i-kal, adj.,of ox containing arsenic. Arson, ar'son, n. the crime of burning houses, &c. [old Fr. arson — L. ardeo, arsuvt, to bum.] Art, art, 2d pers. sing, of the present tense of the verb to be. [A.S. eart.'[ Art, art, «. lit. skill injoi>ti)ig or working; practi- cal skill guided by rules : the rules and method of doing a thing well : a profession or trade ; skill ; contrivance ; cunning. [L. ars, artis — prob. from ar, the root of Gr. aro, to fit.] artful, iirt'fool, adj., full of art ; performed with art ; artificial : skilful : cunning; deceitful. — adv. art 'fully. — n. art'fulness. artifice, art'i-fis, n. a contrivance made \\'ith art or skill : a trick. [L. ars, artis, i\.r\dfacio, to make.] artificer, ar-tif'is-er, «., o>ie who makes by art ; a contriver ; a workman. artificial, art-i-fish'yal, adj., made by art ; not nat- ural ; cultivated ; feigned. — adv. artific'ially. artillery, ar-til'er-i, )i. offensive weapons of war 7nade by art, chiefly cannon, mortars, S:c. with their appendages : the men who manage them : gunnery. [Fr, attillerie — old Fr. artiller, to m.ake by art, to make weapons — L. ars, artis, art.] artisan, art'i-zan, n. , one skilled in any art or trade ; a workman. [Fr. artisan, from L. ars.] artist, art'istj «., one skilled iii an art, especially in one of the fine arts, as painting, sculpture, or architecture. [Fr. artiste, from L. ars.] artistic, ar-tist'ik, artistical, ar-tist'ik-al, adj. fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; Men. artless belonging to an artist; according to art. — adv. artist'ically. axtlees, art'les, adj., witJioitt art; without fraud; simple ; sincere. — adv. artlessly. — n. art'lessness. Artery, ar'tcr-i, n. lit. the air keeper (it being for- merly believed that the arteries contained air) ; a tube which conveys the blood from the heart to all parts of the body. [Gr. arteria — aer, air, tered, to keep.] arterial, ar-te'ri-al, adj. of or in the arteries. arterialise, iir-te'ri-al-Iz, v.t., to make arterial; to communicate the qualities of arterial blood. Artesian, iir-te'zi-an, adj. applied to wells made by boring into the earth until water is found. \_Artois, in the north of France, where these ■vYclls are said to have been first made.] Artichoke, ar'ti-chok, 7i. an esculent plant resem- bling a thistle, but with large scaly heads, like the cone of the pine. [Fr. ariichaut — Ar. ardi- schatcki, the earth-thom : or a corruption of It. carciofo, Sp. alcachofa—hx. al-charschufa.l Article, ar'ti-kl, n., a small joint, or part ; a parti- cular substance ; a single clause, term, or item ; in gratn., a part of speech, a?i or a, and the. [L. articulus — artus, a joint — Gr. aro, to fit.] article, ar'ti-kl, v.t. to draw up or bind by articles. — v.i. to stipulate : — pa. p. and adj. ar^ticled. articular, ar-tiku-lar, adj., belonging to the joints. articulate, ar-tik'u-lat, adj., joitited ; distinct ; clear. — [adv. artic'ulately.) — v.t., to joint; to form into distinct sounds, syllables, or words ; to speak. — v.i. to speak distinctly :—^r./. artic'u- lating ; pa. p. artic'ulated. [L. articJtlo, articii- latus, to utter distinctly, from articnhis.'] articulation, ar-tik-u-la'shun, «., a joining, as of the bones : distinct utterance : a consonant. Artifice, Artificer, Artificial. See under Art. Artillery. See under Art. Artisan, Artist, Artless, &c. See under Art. As, az, adv., all-so, also; like; similarly; in re- spect of; for e.xample ; while. — C07ij. in the same or like manner ; that, (also used as a rel. pron.) [A.S. eall-szva, old E. als, also ; Ger. als, as.] Ajafoetida, as-a-fet'id-a, n. a medicinal gum, made from the juice of an East Indian plant, and •which has an offensive s?nell. [Per. assa, and \,. fatidtis , having a bad smell.] Asbestos, as-bes'tos, Asbestus, as-bes'tus, «., i7tde- structible by fire ; an incombustible fibrous mineral. [Gr. a, without, sbestos, extinguished — sbennumi, to quench, to destroy.] asbestine, as-bcs'tin, adj. of or like asbestos; incom- bustible. Ascend, as-send', v.t., to climb. — v.i. to rise ; to go from a lower to a higher degree ; to go backward in the order of time -.—pr.p. ascend'ing ; pa.p. ascend'ed. [L. ascendo, from ad, to, scando, to climb ; Sans, skand, to leap upwards.] a-scendant, as-send'ant, adj. superior ; above the horizon. — n. superiority ; an ancestor. £iscendency, as-scnd'en-si, n. influence ; power. ascension, as-sen'shun, n., act of ascending ; a. rising or going up. — Ascen'sion-day, the festival held on Holy-Thursday (ten days before Whitsunday) to commemorate Christ's ascension to heaven. ascent, as-sent', «., act of ascending : a height. Ascertain, as-scr-tfin', v.t., to make certain; to de- termine ; to obtain certain knowledge of: — pr.p. ascertain'ing -.pa.p. ascertained'. [L. ad, to, Fr. certain, L. cerius, certain.] — adj. ascertain'able. Aspea Ascetic, as-set'ik, n. one who exercises undue rigour and self-denial in religious matters ; a hermit. — adj. excessively rigid in religious exercises ; recluse. [Gr. asketes, one that uses exercises — asked, to exercise.] — n. asceticism ('i-sizm). Ascii, a'shi-I, Ascians, ash'yanz, «. people ■without shadow, as those in the torrid zone, who, at certain seasons of the year, have no shadow at noon, from the sun being right over their heads. [Gr. askios — a, without, skia, a shadow.] Ascititious, as-si-tish'us, adj., added or asstmied; additional ; supplemental, [low L. ascititiiis, from ascisco, ascitus, to take to or assume.] Ascribe, as-krib', v.t. lit. to add to a "writing; to write to the account of; to attribute, impute, or assign to :~pr.p. ascrlb'ing ; pa.p. ascribed'. [L. ad, to, scribo, to write.] ascribable, as-krib'a-bl, adj., that vtay be ascribed. ascription, as-krip'shun, «., act of ascribijig. Ash, ash, n. a large hardy tree, valuable for its tim- ber. [A. S. aesc] — adjs. ash, ash'en, of or like ash. Ashamed, a-shamd', adj. afiected by shame. [A.S. gescamian, ascatnian.] See Shame. Ashes, ash'ez, «. the dust or remains of anything burned ; the remains of the human body when burned ; hence, a dead body. [A.S. asca.] ashy, ash'i, adj., like ashes ; ash-coloured ; pale. A«h-Wednesday, ash-wenz'da, «. the first day of Lent, so called from the Roman Catholic custom of strewing ashes on the head on that day as a sign of penitence. Ashlar, Ashler, ash'ler, w. lit. stones laid in ro7t's ; hewn_ or squared stone used in building, as dis- tinguished from unhewn or rough as it comes from the quarry. [prob. Celt, clack, a stone, shreathal, laid in rows — sreah, a row.] Ashore, a-shor', adv., on shore; to the shore; on land ; stranded. Ash-Wednesday, Ashy. See under Ashes. Asiatic, a-shi-at'ik, adj. belonging to Asia. Aside, a-sTd', adz>., on or to one side ; out of the right way ; in private. Asinine. See under Ass. Ask, ask, v.t., to seek an answer; to request; t9 inquire; to beg; to question.— z/.z. to request or petition ; to make inquiry : — pr.p. ask'ing ; pa.p. asked (askt). [A.S. acsian, ascian, to seek.] Askance, a-skans', Aikant, a-skant', adv., sideways; awry; obliquely. \\X.. schiancio, ^-^ry, scancio, slanting.] Askew, a-sku', adv., to a side; awry; obliquely; askant. [Gr. skaios, oblique, on the left hand ; L. sccsvus : Ger. schief; Dan. skiev ; Dutch, schuins ; allied to Askance, Squint. ] Aslant, a-slant', adj. or adv., o)i. the slant; on one side ; obliquely. Asleep, a-slcp', adj. or adv., on or to sleep ; sleep- ing ; dead. Aslope, a-slop', adj. or adv., on the slope; with a slope or inclination. Asp, asp. Aspic, as'pik, n. a small but exceedingly venomous serpent. [L. and Gr. aspis, a serpent.] Asparagus, as-par'a-gus, n. a garden vegetable, the shoots of which arc eaten when boiled. [L. as- paragus ; Gr. asparagos.'i Aspect, as'pekt, n. that which is looked at ; view; appearance ; countenance ; position. [L. aspec- tiis^aspicio — ad, at, specio, to look.] Aspen, as'pen, «. the trembling poplar, so called fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; miite ; moon ; Men. Asperity from the tremulousness of its leaves. [A.S. cps/.] — adj. aspen. Asperity, as-per'i-ti, u., rouglmcss ; unevenness ; harshness. [L. asperitas — asper, rough.] Asperse, as-pers', v.t., to spread or scatter over or 071 ; to cast calumny or slander upon : — pr.p. aspers'ing ; pa.p. aspersed'. [L. aspergo, aspersiis — ad, to, spargo, to scatter.] aspersion, as-per'shun, n. , act of aspersing ; calumny. Asphalt, as-falt', Asphaltum, as-falt'um, «. a hard, bituminous substance, anciently used as a cement, and now for paving, &c. [Gr. asphaltos, an Eastern \vQX'\.'\—adj. asphalt'ic. Asphodel, as'fO-del, «. (corrupted into daffodil^, a name for the day-lily and other plants of the lily order. [Gr. aspliodelos.~\ Asphyxia, as-fiks'i-a, asphyxy, as-fiks'i, n. lit. with- 021 1 pidse ; suspended animation, especially that from suffocation. [Gr. a, without, and sphyxis, the pulse — sphyzo, to throb.] Aspire, as-pTr', v.i., to breathe or pant after; to desire eagerly; to aim at something elevated : — pr.p. asplr'ing ; pa.p. aspired'. [L. aspiro—ad, to, spiro, to breathe.] — adj. aspir'ing. — adv. aapir'ingly. aspirant, as-pTr'ant, «. , one ivJio aspires ; a candidate. aspirate, as'pi-rat, ZJ.t. to pronounce with a full ireat/iing, as the letter A, in ho7cse :—pr.p. aspi- rating ; pa.p. as'pirated. — adj. pronounced with a full breath. — ;/. a mark of aspiration (' ). aspiration, as-pi-ra'shun, n. eager pursuit or desire after : pronunciation of a letter with a full breath. Asquint, a-skwint', adv., with a squint; towards the corner of the eye ; obliquely. [A.S. a, on, and Squint.] See Askew. Ass, as, n. a well-known animal of the horse family ; lig., a dull, stupid fellow. \_K.'S>.assa; L. asinus; Gr. onos; Heb. athon.] asinine, as'i-nln, adj. of or like an ass. Assafoetida. See Asafoetida. Assail, as-sfd', 7Kt. to make a sally orassaidt upon ; to leap or spring upon ; to attack : — pr.p. assail'- ing ; pa.p. assailed'. [Fr. assailir ; L. assilio — ad, to, salio, to leap.] assailable, as-sal'a-bl, adj., that maybe assailed. assailant, as-sal'ant, n., o?te who assails. assault, as-sawlt', «., a leaping iipon\v\\.h.\io\cnce. ; a sudden attack ; a storming. — v.t. to make an assault upon ; to assail : — pr.p. assault'ing ; pa.p. assault'ed. [Fr. assaut — L. assilio, asstdtiun.] ABsassin, as-sas'sin, «. one who kills or attempts to kill by surprise orsecretly. [Fr. iromAr. hashish in, followers of an eastern robber-chief who fortified themselves for their adventures by an intoxicat- ing drink [hashish) made from hemp.] assassinate, as-as'sin-at, v.t. to murder by surprise or secret assault :—pr.p. assas'sinating ; pa.p. assas'sinatcd. assassination, as-sas-sin-a'shun, «. secret murder. Assault. Sec under Assail. Assay, as-sil', v.t., to examine or w^/fvi accurately ; to determine the amount of a metal in an ore or alloy. — v.i. to attempt ; to essay :— pr.p. assay'- ing; pa.p. assayed'. [Fr. cssayer; It. assag- giare, to try ; L. exagimn, a balance, a standard 'weight — exigo, to e.xamine, to weigh— t'.r, out, ago, to put in motion.] See Essay, Examine. assay, as-sa', n., exaininatio)i, trial, or proof; at- tempt : tlie determination of the quantity of Assimilate metal in an ore or alloy, especially of the quan- tity of gold or silver in coin. [Fr. essai.\ assayer, as-sa'er, n., one who assays metals. Assemble, as-sem'bl, v.t. to bring or call to the sa)ne place, or together; to collect. — v.i. to meet together: — pr.p. assem'bling ; pa.p. assem'bled. [Fr. assembler ; L. ad, to, simiil, together, at the same time; Gr. homos, A.S. sa>n, same; Sans, sam, together.] assemblage, as-sem'blaj, n. a collection of indivi- duals or things. assembly, as-scm'bli, n. a collection of individuals in the same place for amusement, or for the consideration of religious or political matters, &c. Assent, as-sent', v.i., to think with; to consent ; to agree to :—pr.p. assent'ing ; pa.p. assent'ed. — n. act of agreeing to or admitting. — adv. assent'ingly. [L. assentior — ad, with, sentio, to think.] Assert, as-sert', v.t. lit. to join or k7nt to; to declare positively or strongly ; to maintain :—pr.p. as- sert'ing ; pa.p. assert'ed. [L. assero, assertiim, to lay hold of, declare — ad, to, i-^-r^?, tojoin, knit.j assertion, as-ser'shun, «., act of asserting ; positive or strong declaration ; athrmation. Assess, as-ses', v.t., to set ; to fix the amount of a tax ; to tax ■.—p7:p. assess'ing ; pa.p. assessed'. [Fr. asseoir ; L. assideo, assesswn, to sit by; in low L. to set, fix a ta.x — ad, to, sedeo, to sit.] — adj. assess'able. assessment, as-ses'ment, it ., act of assessing : a valu- ation for the purpose of ta.xation ; a tax. assessor, as-ses'or, «., 07ie who assesses ; a legal adviser who sits beside a judge to assist him. — adj. assesso'rial. Assets, as' sets, 7i. goods or estate e7io7tgh to pay all the debts of a deceased person ; the property of a deceased or insolvent person. [old E. asseth; Fr. asscz; L. ad, to, satis, enough.] Asseverate, as-sev'er-at, v.t. to declare seriously or solemnly -.^pr.p. asseverating ; pa.p. assev'er- ated. [L. assevc7-o, asscveratns — ad, to, severus, serious.]— «. assevera'tion. Assiduous, as-sid'u-us, adj., sitti7!g close at ; con- stant or unwearied in application ; dili.gent ; per- severing. — adz'. assiduously. [L. assidntts — ad, to, at, sedco, to sit.] assiduousness, as-sid'u-us-nes, assiduity, as-si-du'i-ti. It., qttality of being assiduous ; constant applica- tion or diligence. Assign, as-sTn', v.t., to sig7t or mark out to one ; to allot ; to appoint ; to allege ; to transfer : — pr.p. assign'ing ; pa.p. assigned'. — ;/. one to whom any property or right is made over. — adj. assign'- able. [Fr. assigner; L. assig7to, to mark out — ad, to, sig7i7i/7i, a mark or sign.] assignation, as-sig-na'shun, «., act ofassig/iing: an appointment to meet, used chieflj' of love-appoint- iiicnts : the making over of anything to another. assignee, as-sln-e', «., one to wlioiti any right or property is assig7icd. assigner, as-sTn'er, «., otte who assigns. assignment, as-sTn'ment, «., act of assig7ti7ig : any- thing assigned : the writing by which anything is transferred : appointment. Assimilate, as-sim'i-lat, v.t. to make sii/iilar or like to ; to convert into a like substance, as food into our bodies. — v.i, to grow similar ; to be converted into a like substance :—pr.p. assimilating ; pa.p. assim'ilatcd. [L. assitttttlo, assi77t7tlattii7tg to or affected by astlu/ia. Astonied, as-ton'id,/«./.ofold E. rt;ji'£';/j', astonished. Astonish, as-ton'ish, v t., to st7e7i with any sudden noise, as thimder; to confound with sudden fear or wonder :—/r./. aston'ishing ; pa.p. aston'- ished. [old Fr. esto7uier — L. atto7io, to thunder at — ad, at, tono, to thunder; old E. asto7ty ; A.S, st7i7iia7i, to stun.]— 7^. aston'ishment. astonishing, as-ton'ish-ing, adj. very wonderful ; amazing. — adv. astonishingly. astound, as-tound', v.t., to sttni or asto7iish: — pr.p. astound'ing; /«./. astound'ed. {_K.'$,. astu7idia7i.'\ Astragal, as'tra-gal, 11. in arch., a small semicircular moulding or bead encircling a column or in other situations. [Gr. astragalos, one of the vertebra; of the neck.] Astral, as'tral, adj. belonging to the sta>-s ; starry. [L. astriini, Gr. aster, a star.] Astray, a-stra', adv., 071. the stray; out of the right way or proper place, la, on, and Stray.] Astriction, as-trik'shun, 7t., a bi7idi7ig or contrdiCtion. [L. astrictio — ad, to, stri7igo, strictzis, to bind.] Astride, a-strld', adv., 07i the stride ; with the legs open, or across. [_a, on, and Stride.] Astringe, as-trinj', v.t., to bind together; to con- tract -.—pr.p. astring'ing ; pa.p. astringed'. [L. astri7igo — ad, to, stringo, to bind.] astringency, as-trinj'en-si, 71. power of contracting ; state of being astringent. astringent, as-trinj'ent, adj., hi7tdi7tg; contracting; strengthening. — 71. a medicine that binds. — adv. astring'ently. Astrology, as-trol'o-ji, 7t. lit. the knoTvIedge of the stars ; the pretended science of foretelling events by the stars. [Gr. ast7-07i, a star, logos, know- ledge.] — adj. astrolog'ical. — adzi. astrolog'ically. astrologer, as-trol'o-jer, 71., a prof essor of astrology . Astronomy, as-tron'o-mi, 71. the lazus or science of the stars or heavenly bodies. [Gr. astro7i, a star, 7107710S, a law.] — adjs. astronom'ic, astronom'ical. — adv. astronom'ically. astronomer, as-tron'o-mer, 7i., 07ie versed (71 astro- 7lOJ7iy. Astro-theology, as'tro-the-ol'o-ji, ;/., itatural the- ology or proof of a God founded on the observa- tion of the heavenly bodies. [Gr. astron, a star, and Theology.] Astute, as-tut', adj. , crafty ; cunning ; sagacious ; shrewd. [L. ast7itus — astns, craft, said to be from Gr. astn, a city, astute thus meaning, having the shrewdness of one city-bred.l — adv. astute'ly. — 71. astute'ness. Asunder, a-sun'der, adv., simdered from ; apart; into parts ; separately. [A. S. as7i7tdra7i — stnider, separate.] Asylum, a-si'lum, 71. a place where one is safefro77i seizti7-e ; a refuge ; an institution for the care or relief of the unfortunate. [L. ; Gr. asylo7i — a, without, sylc, right of seizure.] Asymptote, a'sim-tot, 71. a line which though con- tinually approaching some curve, never meets it. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thzxv. At [Gr. a, not, syn, with, together, ptotos, apt to ia.\\~pij>td, to fall.] — adj. asymptot'ical. At, at, prep, denoting presence, nearness, or direc- tion towards. [A.S. at ; L. ad ; Sans, ad/ii, upon.] Ate, et — did eat — past tense of Eat. Athanasian, ath-an-u'zhi-an, adj. o( Aihatiasiiis or his creed. Atheism, fi'the-izm, «. the state of being luUJioJit God ; disbelief in the existence of God. [Gr. a, without, theos, God.] atheist, a'the-ist, «., one who disbelieves in the existence of God. atheistic, a-the-ist'ik, atheistical, a-the-ist'ik-al, adj'., pertaining io atheism; disbelieving. Athenaeum, Atheneum, ath-e-ne'um, «. a temple of Atliena or Minerva at Athens in which scholars and poets read their works ; a public institution for lectures, reading, &;c. [Gr. athenaion, from Ai/iena, or Athene, the goddess Minerva.] Athenian, a-the'ni-an, adj., pertaining to Atiiens. Athirst, a-therst', adj., in thirst ; thirsty. Athlete, ath'let, «., a contetider for victory in feats of strength ; one vigorous in body or mind. [Gr. athletes, from athlos, a contest.] athletic, ath-let'ik, adj., pertaining to or like rtw athlete: strong; vigorous. — w.//. athletics, 'iks, athletic exercises. Athwart, a-thwawrt', prep., on tJu thwart; across. — adv. crossly ; perjjle.xingly. Atlas, at'las, «. a collection of maps. [Gr. Atlas (the bearer), a god who bore the world on his shoulders, and whose figure used to be given on the title-page of atlases — prob. from a (euphonic), and tlao, to bear.] Atlantean, at-lan-te'an, adj., pertaining to or \c- sembling ^z'/rtj; gigantic. Atlantes, at-lan'tez, n.pl. in arch., figures of men used instead of columns or pilasters. Atlantic, at-lan'tik, adj. pertaining to Atlas, or to the Atlantic Ocean. — n. the ocean between Europe, Africa, and America, [from Mount .(4 //aj in the north-west of Africa.] Atmosphere, at'mos-fer, «., air-sphere; the air that surrounds the earth; fig., any surrounding influence. [Gr. atnios, air, sphaira, a sphere.] atmospheric, at-mos-fer'ik, atmospherical, at-mos- fer'ik-al, adj., (?/or depending on the atmospliere. Atom, at'oin, n. a particle of matter so small that it cannot be ciit or divided; anything very small. [Gr. atonios — a, not, temno, to cut.] — adj., atomic, a-tom'ik, atomical, a-tom'ik-al. atomism, at'om-izm, «. the doctrine that atotns arranged themselves into the universe. atomist, at'om-ist, «., one who believes in atotnisin. Atone, a-ton', v.i. to be or cause to be at one; to expiate or reconcile :—pr.p. aton'ing ; pa.p. atuncd'. [usually given from at, and one.] atonement, a-ton'ment, «. reconciliation ; expiation. Atrocious, a-tru'shi-us, adj. extremely C7iiel or wicked ; heinous ; enormous ; horrible. [L. atrox, ati-ocis, cruel.] — adv. atro'ciously. — ns. atro'ciousness, atroc'ity. Atrophy, al'ru-fi, n., want of nourishment ; a wast- ing away without manifest cause. [Gr. a, with- out, and troplie, nourishment — trcpho, to nourish.] Attach, at-tach', v. t. , to tack or stick to'xw^ friendly manner ; to gain over ; to seize : — pr.p. attach - ing \pa p. attached'. [Fr. attacher; It. attacare; E. tack, prob. from L. tango, tago, to touch.] attic attachable, at-tach'a-bl, adj., tJiat vtay he attached. attache, at-ta-sha', «., one attached Vo the suite of an ambassador. [Fr.] attachment, at-tach 'ment, «., state of being at- tached: the thing attached: that which binds one thing to another : adherence ; fidelity ; affection. Attack, at-tak', v. t. , to tack to ox fasten on in an unfriendly manner ; to fall upon violently ; to assail '.—pr.p. attack'ing ; pa.p. attacked .— «. attack'. [Fr. attaquer; It. attacare.] See Attach. Attain, at-tan', v.t., to touch against; to reach or gain by effort ; to obtain ; to accomplish. — v.i. to come to or reach :^pr.p. attain'ing ; pa.p. attained'. [Fr. atteindre; L. attingo, to touch against, to reach — ad, to, tango, to touch.] attainable, at-tan'a-bl, adj., tJuit jnay he attained. — n. attain'ableness. attainment, at-tan'mcnt, n., act of attaining: the thing attained; acquisition. Attaint, at-tant', v.t. orig. to attain to, overtake, accuse, convict; to disgrace ; to deprive of rights from being convicted of treason :—pr.p. attaint'- ing ; pa.p. attaint'ed. [See Attain.] attainder, at-tan'dcr, «., a7i attainting ; the loss of civil rights through conviction for high treason. attainture, at-tant'ur, «. a staining or rendering infamous ; a reproach. Attar of Koses. See Otto. Attemper, at-tem'per, v.t., to temper; to mix in due proportion ; to modifj-- or moderate : — pr.p. attem'pering ; pa.p. attem'pered. [L. attempera — ad, and tempera, to divide properly.] Attempt, at-temt', v.t., to try or endeavour ; to make an effort upon :— /r./. attempt'ing ; pa.p. attempt'ed. — n. a trial, endeavour, or effort. [Fr. atteftter—l-,. attenio — ad, to, and tempto, iento, to try — tendo, to stretch.] Attend, at-tend', v.t. lit. to stretch or tend to; to wait on or accompany ; to be present at, — v.i. to 3-ield attention (to) : — pr.p. attend'ing ; pa.p. attend'ed. [L. atteftdo — ad, to, tendo, to stretch.] attendance, at-tend'ans, «., act of attenditig: pres- ence ; the persons attending : in B., attention. attendant, at-tend'ant, adj. giving attendance ; ac- companying. — «.one who attends or accompanies; a servant ; that which accompanies or follows. attent, at-tent', adj. in B., attentive. attention, at-ten'shun, n., act of attending : appli- cation ; heed ; care ; civility. attentive, at-tent'iv, adj. full of attention ; mind- ful. — adv. attentively. — n. attent 'iveness. Attenuate, at-ten'u-at, v.t., to make thiti or lean : — pr.p. atten'uating ; pa.p. atten'uated. [L, attenno — ad, to, temtis, thin, lean.] attenuate, at-tcn'u-ilt, adj., attenuated. attenuation, at-tcn-u-a'shun, n., act of attetiuating ; thinness or leanness. attenuant, at-tcnu-ant, adj., making thin. — «. a medicine that attenuates. Attest, at-test', r/./., to testify or bear witness to; to certify; to affirm; to call to witness :—/r./. attest'ing; pa.p. attest'ed. [L. attestor — ad, to, testis, a witness.] — n. attest'er. attestation, at-test-a'shun, «., act of attesting: testi- mony or witness. Attic, at'tik, adj. pertaining to Attica or to Athens ; cliaste; classical. [L. Atticus; Gr. A ttikos.] Atticism, at'ti-sizm, «., a?i Attic idiom; a chaste or elegant e.vpression. attic, attik, «., in (t;v/t., alow storyrising above the fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; then. Attire cornice that terminates the main elevation of a building : a sky-lighted room in the roof of a house. [L. Atticus; Gr. Atiikos.'] Attire, at-tlr', v.t., to draio on; to dress, array, or adorn ; to prepare -.—pr.p. attir'ing ; pa.p. attired'. — 71. dress ; ornamental dress : in B., a woman's head-dress. [It. tirare, to draw; old Fr. attirer — totir, a turn.] Attitude, at'ti-tud, «., aptitude of position ; the pos- ture adapted to some purpose ; posture ; gesture. [It. attittidine ; Fr. attitude — low L. aptitudo — aptus, fit.] — adj. attitud'inal. attitudinise, at-ti-tud'in-Tz, v.i. to assume affected attitudes:— pr. p. attitud'inlsing; /«./. attitud- inised. Attorney, at-tur'ni, n. one who acts m the tjini or Stead of another ; one who prepares or manages the affairs of another, especially in matters of law; one authorised to practise in a court of law; a lawyer.— //. attor'neys. \\o\v 1^. attorna- tus — ad, to, torno, to turn.] — n. attor'neyship. Attorney-general, at-tur'ni-gener-al, n. in England, the head law-officer of the crown. Attract, at-trakt', v.t., to draw to or cause to ap- proach ; to allure ; to entice :^r.p. attract'ing ; pa.p. attracted. [L. attmho, attractics — ad, to, traho, to draw.] attractable, at-trakt'a-bl, adj., that 7nay he at- tracted. — 11. attractabil'ity. attraction, at-trak'shun, n., act of attracting : the force which draws or tends to draw bodies or their particles to each other; that which attracts. attractive, at-trakt'iv, adj., having the power q^f attracting; alluring. — advs. attractively, at- tract'ingly. — ;/. attractiveness. Attribute, at-trib'ut, v. t. , to give or ascribe to ; to impute -.—pr.p. attrib'utiug ; pa.p. attrib'uted. [L. attribuo — ad, to, trihto, tribidus, to give.] attribute, at'tri-but, n., that which is attributed: that which is inherent in : that which can be predicated of anything ; a quality or property. attributable, at-trib'u-ta-bl, adj., that may be at- tribtited. attribution, at-tri-bu'shun, ii., act o/attribttting ov what is attributed. attributive, at-trib'u-tiv, adj., that attributes. — 7t. the thing attributed. Attrition, at-tri'shun, n. the rubbing of one thing against another ; a wearing by friction. [L. attritio, from ad, to, tero, tritus, to rub.] Attune, at-tun', v.t., to tune; to make one sound accord with another. [L. ad, to, and Tune.] Auburn, aw'burn, adj. orig. whitish; reddish brown, [low L. albu7-7ius — albus, white.] Auction, awk'shun, 7t. a public sale in which each bidder increases the price offered by the preced- ing, the article put up being sold to the highest bidder. [L. aiictio — augeo, to increase.] auctioneer, awk-shun-er', n. one licensed to sell by auction. Audacious, aw-da'shi-vis, adj., daring; bold ; con- fident ; impudent. — adv. auda'ciously.— wj. auda'- ciousness, audacity, aw-das'i-ti. [Fr. atidacieux, L. audax — audeo, to dare.] Audible, awd'i-bl, adj., able to be heard. [L. att- dibilis — audio, to hear, conn, with Gr. ozis, aus, the ear.] — adv. aud'ibly.— ;^. aud'ibleness. audience, aVdi-ens, n., the act of hearing : an as- sembly of hearers: admittance : in B., hearing. audit, aw'dit, n. the settling of accounts by refer- ence to vouchers or witnesses. — v.t. to settle ac- Aurora Borealis counts by audit -.—pr.p. auditing ; pa.p. aud'ited- [L. atidit, he hears.] auditor, a\v'dit-or, n., a hearer: one who audits accounts. — n. au'ditorship. auditory, aw'dit-or-i, adj., having the power of hearing : pertaining to the sense of hearing. — n. an audience : the place where lectures, &c. are heard. Auger, aw'ger, n., a centre-hit; a tool used for boring holes by turning a centre which is steadied against the stomach. [A.S. nauegar, 7iafegar — nafu, a nave or centre, gar, a piercer.] Aught, awt, n., a whit; ought ; anything ; a part. [A.S. aht, awiht — a, and wiht, a wight, a thing. Augment, awg-ment', v.t., to iiicrease ; to make larger. — v.i. to grow larger: — pr.p. augment'- ing ; pa.p. augment'ed. [L. aug7ne7tto — atigeo, to increase ; Gr. auxo, to wax, to grow.] augment, awg'ment, n., i7icrease : a prefi.x to a word, augmentable, awg-ment'a-bl, adj., able to be 171- creased. augmentation, awg-ment-a'shun, n., actofaugjne7it- i7ig: addition, augmentative, awg-ment'a-tiv, adj., that atcgjneitts. Augur, aw'gur, 71. among the Romans one who foretold events by observing the cries of birds, &c. ; a diviner ; a soothsayer. — v.t. to foretell from signs. — v.i. to guess or conjecture -.—pr.p. au'guring ; pa.p. au'gured. [L. — avis, a bird, 2mA gar, xh^xootoi garrio, to cry.'\—7t. au'gurship. augury, aw'gur-i, ;/., tJie art or practice of augjcr- i/ig; an omen. — adj. augural, aw'gu-ral. August, aw-gust', adj. worthy of awe or honour; majestic. — adv. august'ly. — 71. august'ness. [L. augzistus — augeo, to increase, to magnify or honour the gods : also given from atigur, thus meaning, consecrated by augury.] August, aw'gust, 71. the eighth month of the year, so named in honour of the Roman Emperor Octavlus Augusttts. Augustan, aw-gust'an, adj.,pertainingioAug7istus, or the time in which he lived : classic ; refined. Aulic, aw'lik, adj. relating to a royal court. [L. a7ila, a royal court — Gr. aide, a court.] Aunt, ant, 71. lit. a father's sister; a father's or a mother's sister. [Fr. ta7tte; old Yr.ante; L. a7nita.'\ Aurated, aw'rat-ed, adj.,golde7i. [L. aur7t77t, gold.] aurelia, aw-re'li-a, «. , the gold-coloured chrysalis of an Insect. aureola, aw-re'o-la, 71. a circle oi gold-coloured r3.ys with which painters surround the head of Christ and the saints, popularly called a glory, auric, aw'rik, adj. pertaining to gold. auriferous, aw-rif'er-us, adj. containing or prodti- cing gold. [L. ateruin, gold, fero, to produce.] Auricle, aw'rl-kl, «., a little ear; the outer ear. — pi. auricles, two ear-like cavities of the heart. [L. anric7{la, dim. oiatiris, the ear.] auricula, aw-rik'u-la, 7i. the flower bear's-^«r, a species of primrose, auricular, aw-rik'u-lar, adj. pertaining to the ear : secret.— adv. auric'ularly. auriculate, aw-riku-lat, adj., if^r-shaped. auriform, aw'ri-form, adj., ^■rtr-shaped. [L. auris, the ei,r.fori7ia, shape.] aurist, aVrist, «. a surgeon skilled in the diseases of the ear. Aurora, aw-ro'ra, 7t., the 7nor7iing; in poetry, the goddess of morning. [L.— Gr. aurios, the mor- row ; Sans, usasa — root 7ish, to burn.] Aurora Borealis, aw-ro'ra bo-re-a'lis, n., tJie7iortJieni fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //ien. 37 Auscultation aurora or light ; a meteor seen in northern latitudes. [L. borealis, northern — boreas, the north wind.] — Aurora Australis, aws-tralis, «. a meteor in the S. hemisphere. [See Austral.] Auscultation, aws-kul-tu'shun, ii. Ht. a listcnins; to; the using of tlie ear to discover diseases of the lungs, &:c. by applying the car to a tube in contact with the chest. [L. nuscultatio—aiis- cnlto, to hsten, conn, with auris, the ear.] Auspice, aw'spis, n. an omen drawn from obserrniig birds; augury; generally used in //. auspices, aw'spis-ez, protection ; patronage. [L. atcspex, aiispicis — avis,_ a bird, specio, to observe.] auspicious, aw-spish'us, adj., having- good auspices or omens of success ; favourable ; fortunate. — adv. auspi'ciously. — «. auspi'ciousness. Austere, aw-ster', adj. lit. making the tongue dry and roHgJi ; harsh ; severe ; stem. — adv. au- sterely. [L. aicsterus—Gr. aicsteros — and, to dry.] austereness, aw-ster'nes, austerity, aw-ster'i-ti, «., quality o/ being ajistere ; severity of manners or life ; sternness ; harsh discipline. Austral, aws'tral, adj., sont/iem. [L. ajistralis— mister, the south.] Australasian, aws-tral-a'shi-an, adj., pertaining to Australasia, or the countries that lie to the south of Asia. [Australia. Australian, aws-trali-an, adj., of ox pertaining to Austrian, aws'tri-an, adj., of or pertaining to A ustria. Authentic, aw-then'tik, adj. lit. having authority as if from tJie author's own hand ; original ; genuine ; true. — adv. authen'tically. [Gr. azitJien- tikos, from authentes, one who does anything with his own hand — aulas, self, entea, weapons.] authenticate, aw-then'ti-kat,z'.i?., to viake authentic ; to prove genuine \—pr.p. aulhen'ticating ; pa. p. authenticated. [ticating. authentication, aw-then-ti-ka'shun, «., actofautJten- authenticity, aw-then-tis'i-ti, n., quality of beifig attthcntic ; genuineness. Author, aw'thor, n., 07ie who produces, or brings into being ; the beginner ; the writer of a book. — fent. au'thoress. [Fr. auteiir; L. auctor — augeo, aucius, to produce.] — n. au'thorship. authority, aw-thor^i-ti, n. source; legal power or right ; weight of testimony ; permission. — •//. author'ities, precedents ; opinions or sayings which carry weight ; persons in power. authoritative, aw-thor'i-ta-tiv, adj., having autJior- ity. — adv. author'itatively. authorise, aw'thor-Tz, v.t., to give authority to ; to establish by authority -.—pr.p. authorls'ing ;/«./. authorised'.— «. authorisa'tion. Autobiography, aw-to-bi-og'ra-fi, «., tlie biography or life of a person ivritten by himself. [Gr. autos, one's self, bios, life, grapJio, to write.] — adjs. autobiographic, autobiographical. autobiographer, aw-tO-bi-og'ra-fer, 71., one tv/w -writes his iKL'n life. Autocracy, aw-tok'ra-si, «., self-derived or inde- pendent /t;tcn ; an engagement or business which calls for one's time and attention. [L. avocatio, from avoco — ab, from, voco, to call.] Avoid, a-void', v.t. lit. to make void or empty; to trj- to escape from; to shun. — in B., v.i. to escape -.^pr.p. avoid'ing ; pa.p. avoid'ed. [See Void.] avoidable, a-void'a-bl, adj., that may be avoided. avoidance, a-void'ans, «., the act of avoidiiig. Avoirdupois, av-er-du-poiz', adj. or n., having weight; a weight, of which the lb. equals i6 oz. [Fr. avoir dti poiiis, to have (of the) weight; L. habeo, to have, j>o>idics, weight. ] Avouch, a-vouch', v.t. orig. to call -upon a feudal lord to defend his tenant's right — hence the admission or avowal by the tenant of a feudal superior ; to avow ; to declare, own, or confess : — P^'P- avouch'ing ; pa. p. avouched'. [Fr. avoiier — L. advocare — ad, to, voco, to call.] Avow, a-vow', %i.t. to declare openly; to own or confess ■.—pr.p. avow'ing ; pa. p. avowed'.- — adv. avow'edly. [See Avouch.] avowable, a-vow'a-bl, adj., that may be avowed. avowal, a-vou''al, ii. a positive declaration ; a frank confession. Await, a-wilt', v.t., to wait or \o^ for; to be in store for ; to attend : —pr.p. await'ing ; pa. p. await'ed. — n. (in B.') an ambush. \_a, and Wait.] Awake, a-wak', v.t., to wake or ro7tse from sleep or inaction. — v.i. to cease sleeping; to bestir: — pr.p. awak'ing ; pa. t. awoke' or awaked' ; pa.p. awaked'. [See Wake.] awake, a-wak', adj. not asleep ; vigilant. awaken, a-wak'n, v.t., to awake:— pr.p. awak'en- ing ; pa.p. awak'ened. Award, a-wawrd', v. t. orig. to look at — then, to pro- nounce judgment upon ; to adjudge. — v.i. to determine : — pr.p. award'ing ; pa.p. award'ed. — n. judgment; final decision. [Pr. eswardcr ; It. gicardare ; Fr. regarder, to look.] Aware, a-war', adj. lit. on guard or zvard ; wary; informed of. [A.S. warian, to be on guard — war, caution.] See Warn, Wary. Away, a-wa, adzK, out of the way ; absent. — int. begone ! [A.S. aweg — a, and wceg, way.] away with, v. t. (obs. ) to put up with or endure. Awe, aw, n. reverential fear; dread. — v.t. to strike with or influence by fear -.—pr.p. aw'ing ; pa.p. awed'. [A.S. ege, fear; Gr. age, wonder.] awful, aw fool, adj.,fiill of awe. — adv. awfully.— n. aw'fulness. Awkward, awk'ward, adj. lit. towards the left; perverted : indirect ; unskilful, [old E. awk, wrong, left, A.S. ward, direction.] — adv. awk'- wardly. — 71. awkwardness. Awl, awl, n. a pointed instrument for boring small holes in leather. [A.S. cel.^ Awn, awn, n., a scale or hjisk ; beard of corn or grass. [Ice. ogn, Dan. aone, Gr. achne, chaff.] Bacchanalia Awning, awn'ing, n. a covering to sJielter from the sun's rays, [low Dutch, havemmg, from Jiaven, a shelter or place of shelter.] Awoke, a-wok', did awake— past tense of Awake. Awork, a-wurk', adv. (obs.), at work, working. Awry, a-rl', adj., writhed; twisted ; crooked; un- even. [A.S. writha?i, to writhe or twist.] Axe, aks, n. an instrument for hewing or chopping. [A.S. aex ; L. ascia ; Gr. axine.'] Axiom, aks'yum, n. that which is takoi for granted as the basis of demonstration ; a self-evident truth. [Gr. axionia, from axioo, to think or deem worth, to take for granted.] — adjs. axio- mat'ic, axiomat'ical. — adv. axiomat'ically. Axis, aks'is, «., tJie axle or line, real or imaginary', on which a body revolves. [L. axis ; Gr. axon; A.S. ax ; Sans. ac/isa.']—adj. ax'ial. axle, aks'l, axle-tree, aks'1-tre, n. the pin or rod in the nave of a wheel on which the wheel turns. [A.S. cBx, eax, and Tree.] See Axis. Ay, Aye, T, adv., yea; yes; indeed. [A.S. gea, gcsc, Ger.ja, yes.] Aye, a, rtflfz/. always ; ever; forever. [A.S. d7'a, a, Ger. je, ever ; L. aevnm, an age ; Gr. aiei, always, aioji, an age.] Azimuth, az'i-muth, n. the arc of the horizon be- tween the meridian of a place and a vertical circle passing through any relestial body. [Ar. al samt, the direction.] Azote, a-zot', n. nitrogen, which is destrjictive to animal life. [Gr. a, not, zotikos, maintaining \iie—zad, to live.] — adj. azot'ic. Azure, a'zhur, adj. of a faint bhie ; sky-coloured. — 71. a delicate blue colour ; the sky. [Fr. az7cr, blue; It. azznro; L. {lapis, the stone) laztdi, sapphire ; Pers. lazier.] azured, a'zhurd, adj. of an azure colour. Baa, ba, n., the cry of a sheep. — v.i. to cry or bleat as a sheep. Babble, bab'bl, v.i. to speak like a baby ; to talk childishly; to tell secrets. — v.t. to prate ; to utter : —pr.p. bab'bling : /«./. bab'bled. [¥r. babiller ; Dutch, babeleti; Gr. babazo, from ba, ba, repre- senting the first attempts of a child to speak.J babble, bab'bl, babblement, bab'bl-ment, babbling, bab'bling, n. idle senseless talk. babbler, bab'bler, «., one who babbles. Babe, bab, Baby, ba'bi, n. an infant ; a child. \_Ba, ba. See Babble.] babyhood, babi-hood, «., the state of being a baby. bab3dsh, ba'bi-ish, adj., like a baby ; childish. Babel, ba'bel, n., confisioii; disorder. [Heb. Babel, where the language of man was confounded.] Baboon, ba-boon', n. a species of large monkeys having a short tail, a long face, dog-like tusks, and large lips. [Fr. babojiin — babincs, the lips of a beast ; probably from ba, the sound made by the collision of the lips.J Baby. See Babe. Bacchanal, bak'ka-nal. Bacchanalian, bak-ka-na'li-an, n. a worshipper of Bacchus; one who indulges in drunken revels.— rt<^'. relating to drunken revels. [L. Bacchus, Gr. Bacchos, the god of wine.] Bacchanalia, bak-ka-na'li-a. Bacchanals, bak'ka-nalz, n.pl. orig. feasts in honour oi Bacchus ; drunken revels. fate, fiir; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moca; ika-a.. Bachelor Bachelor, bach'el-or, n., a young titan; an un- married man ; a person who has taken the first or lowest degree at a university. [Fr. baclie- lier, a young man, prob. from W. bachgen, a boy — bach, little.] — n. bach'elorship. Back, bak, «. the hinder part of the body in man, and the upper part in beasts ; the hinder part. — adv. to the place from which a thing or person came ; to a former state, or time ; behind ; again. [A.S. baec; Sw. bak; Dan. bag.^ back, bak, v.t. to get on the back of; to stand at the back of; to help ; to put backwards. — v.i. to move or go back -.-—pr.p. back'ing ; Pa. p. backed', backbite, bak'bit, v.t., to bite at the back of; to speak evil of any one behind his back '.—pr.p. back'blting.— «j. back'biter, back'biting. backslide, bak-slld', v.i., to slide back; to fall away in morals or religion. — adj. or «. backslid'ing. backslider, bak-slld'er, «., one luho backslides ; an apostate. backward, bak' ward, backwards, bak' ward z, adv., towards tlu back or the past ; with the back in advance, backward, bak' ward, adj., keeping back; behind : late ; unwilling ; slow; stupid. — adv. back'wardly. — u. backwardness. Backgammon, bak-gam'un, «.,« tray-game ; a game played with a box and dice, on a board or table. [Dan. bakke, a tray, gammen, a game.] Bacon, ba'kn, n. swine's flesh salted or pickled, and dried, [old Fr. ; old Dutch, baecke, a pig.] Bad, bad, adj. ill, or evil ; not good ; wicked ; hurt- ful : — coDtp. worse ; superl. worst. — adv. bad'ly. — «. bad'ness. [Pcrs. biid, bad:'\ Bade, bad— did bid— past tense of Bid. Badge, baj, n. lit. a patch; a mark or sign by which one is known or distinguished. [Ger. batz, a coarse patch; E. botch, patch: perhaps con- nected with A.S. beag, a crown, a garland.] Badger, baj'er, n. lit. the corn-dealer ; a burrowing animal, about the size of a fox, eagerly hunted and baited by dogs, [bladger, bladier, corrup- tion of low L. bladarins, a corn-dealer, the animal having been popularly supposed to store up corn for the winter.] badger, baj'er, v.t. to pursue with eagerness, as the badger is hunted ; to pester or worry. Badinage, bad'in-azh, «., light or play/id talk; banter. [Fr. — .bata7i,\.o bait,from rootofBlte.J bait, bat, v.t. to provoke an animal by inciting dogs to bite it ; to attack ; to harass. [Ice. beita.'i Baize, baz, m. a coarse woollen cloth. [?] Bake, bak, v.t. to dry, harden, or cook by the heat of the sun or of fire ; to prepare food in an oven : —pr.p. bak'ing ; pa.p. baked', or bak'en. [A.S. bacan, Ger. backen, to bake ; Ger. bahen, Ice. baka, to heat.] bakehouse, bak'hous, bakery, bak'er-i, n. a place used for baking in. baker, bak'er, n.,one ivJio bakes bread. Sec. baking, bak'ing, n. the quantity baked. Balance, bal'ans, n. an instrument for weighmg, formed of tzvo dishes or scales hanging from a beam supported in the middle ; equality of weight, power, or influence ; the sum due on an account. [Fr. balance; L. bilanx, having two scales— i^/i-, double, lanx, laftcis, a dish or scale.] balance, bal'ans, v.t. to weigh in a balance; to make equal ; to regulate or adjust; to settle an account. — v.i. to have equal weight or power, S:c. ; to hesitate or fluctuate :—pr.p. bal'ancing ; pa.p. bal'anced. Balcony, bal'ko-ni, n. a platform or gallery outside the window of a house. [It. balcone ; Fr. balcon ; A.S. balca, a beam, a balcony: or from low L. barbica/ia — Pers. biila khana, an upperchamber.] Bald, bawld, adj., bare, naked; without hair on the head ; without the natural covering ; unadorned ; inelegant. — adv. bald'ly. — «. bald'- ness. [Finn, pnljas, naked, bare ; Dan. baeldet, unfledged ; Celt, ball, a white mark.] Balderdash, bawl'der-dash, «. anything jumbled to- gether without judgment; idle senseless talk. [Welsh, baldorddi, to babble, talk idly; Gael. ballardaich, a shouting.] Baldrick, bawld'rik, «. a warrior's belt : a girdle, [old E. baudrick, a sword-belt ; Fr. baudrier; old Fr. baudrS; old Ger. balderich—bald, bold.] Bale, bal, ;/., a ball, bundle or package of goods. —v.t. to make up in a bale :— /r. A bal'ine; pa.i>. baled'. [See Ball.] ^^ ^ Bale, brd, v.t. to throw water out (as from a boat) with zi pail or bo7vl :— pr.p. bal'ing ; pa.p. baled'. [Fr. bailie; Dan. balle ; Gael, ballan, a pail.) Baleful, bal'fool, adj., full of bale ; full of mischief, niiserj', or sorrow ; destructive. — adv. bale'fully. [obs. E. bale, A.S. bealo. Ice. bol, woe, evil.] Balk, bawk, «. lit. a ridge of land left unploughed 30 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //^en. BaU between furrows ; anything passed over or un- accomplished ; a disappointment. — v.t., to pass over; to disappoint; to frustrate:—/?-./, balk'- ing ; /«./. balked'. [A.S. balca, "Vf. bale — bal, prominence.] Jail, bawl, n. any rouitd body ; a globe ; a bullet. [Fr. balle; It. balla ; low Ger. bal; L,. ^ila.] )alloon, bal-loon', n. orig. a large ball, a foot- ball; a spherical hollow body; a large bag filled with gas or heated air to make it ascend. [Fr. ballon, a foot-ball— /;«//^, a ball.] aallot, bal'ot, n., a little ball, or ticket used in voting ; act of secret voting by putting a ball or ticket in a ballot-bo.x. — v.i. to vote by ballot:— pr.p. ball'oting ; /«./. ball'oted. [Fr. ballotte.'] Ball, bawl, 71. an entertainment of da^icuig. [Fr. bal; It. ballo — low L. ballare, to dance — Gr. ballo, to toss.] ballad, ballad, n. orig. a song sung in dancing ; a short narrative poem ; a popular song. [It. ballata, from ballare.'] ballet, bal'la, 71., a little ball; a theatrical scene acted in dancing ; a kind of dramatic poem. [Fr. ballet; It. ballata— ballare. '\ Ballast, bal'last, «. a load of heavy matter put in the bottom of a ship to keep it steady, when it has no cargo ; that which is used to make any- thing steady.— z/./. to load with ballast; to make or keep steady \—j>r.p. ballasting ; pa.p. bal'lastcd. [A.S. bat, a boat, klcest, last, a load : or Dutch, ballast, from last, and Celt, bal, beat, Sans, babika, sand : ace. to Wedgwood, from Dan. bag-lest, back-load.] Balloon, Ballot. See under BaU. Balm, bam, n. a contr. of balsam (which see) ; an aromatic plant ; anything that heals or soothes pain. [Fr. baiiine; L. balsamian; Gr. balsamon.] balmy, bam'i, adj., having the qualities of babn; fragrant ; soothing. balsam, bawl'sam, n. a shrub ; an aromatic sub- stance flowing from certain trees ; a soothing ointment ; anything that soothes pain. balsamic, bal-sam'ik, adj., of ox like balsam ; balmy. Baluster, bal'us-ter, n. a small column used as a support to the rail of a staircase, &c. [Fr. bal- iistrc ; L. balaustium ; Gr. balanstion, the flower of the pomegranate, from the similarity of form.] — adj. balustered. [by a rail. balustrade, bal'us-trad, n. a row of balusters joined Bamboo, bam-boo', n. an Indian plant of the reed kind, vvith hollow jointed stems and a hard woody texture. [Malay, bainbu.] Ban, ban, 11., a proclaviatio7i ; interdiction; curse. [See Abandon.] bandit, ban'dit, n. one banished or put under the ba7t of the law ; an outlaw ; a robber.—//. ban'dits or bandit'ti. [It. bandito—\o^ L. ba7i- 7iire, ba7idire, to proclaim — Ban.] banns, bans, banz, 71.pl., procla77iatiott of intended marriage. Banana, ba-na'na, n. a tropical species of plantain- tree remarkable for its nutritious fruit. [ ? ] Band, band, w. that which binds together; a tie, cord, or chain. [A.S. bnnda — binda7i, to bind.] band, band, «. a number of persons boit7id together for a purpose ; a company. — in B., a body of sol- diers. — v.t. to bind together. — v.i. to associate: — Z^./. band'ing ; pa.p. band'ed. [also given from low L. bajidiwi, a banner.] bandage, band'aj, 71. a strip of cloth used to bi7id Banter up a wound or fracture.— z/.jf. to bind with a bandage :—/r./. band'aging; pa.p. band'aged. bandbox, band'boks, 71. a slight paper box forhold- ing ba7ids, caps, bonnets, &c. Bandit. See under Ban. Bandy, ban'di, 71. a club be7it at the end for strik- ing a ball ; a game at ball with such a club.— v.t. to beat to and fro as with a bandy ; to retort in language like playing at bandy.— z/.z. to con- tend, as at bandy -.^pr.p. ban'dying ; pa.p. bandied. [Fr. bafider, to bend.] bandy-legged, ban'di-legd, adj. having bc7tt or crooked legs. Bane, ban, «., destnictio7t ; death ; mischief; poison. [A.S. ba7ia; Ice. ba7ta, to slay.] baneful, ban'fool, adj., full of bane ; poisonous; destructive. — adv. bane'fully. Bang, bang, «., a heavy blow. — v.t. to beat ; to strike violently -.—pr-p. bang'ing ; pa.p. banged', [an imitation of the sound of a blow — Sw. bang; Goth. ba7tja; Sw. and Ice. banka, to strike.] Banian, a form of Banyan. Banish, ban'ish, v.t. to put under a ba7i; to con- demn to leave the country' ; to drive away : — pr.p. banishing ; pa.p. banished. [Fr. batinir— low L. ba7mire, to proclaim.] See Ban. banishment, banlsh-ment, 71., the act of batiishing i the state of being banished. Banister, banls-tcr, 71. corrupted from Baluster. Bank, bangk, «., a 7!iound or ridge of earth; the ground rising from a river, lake, Sec. ; a shoal. — V. t. to raise a bank :—pr.p. bank'ing ; pa.p, banked'. [A.S. bce7i.c; Ger. batik; Ice. bakki, a bank, the back of a knife — prob. from Back.] Bank, bangk, «., a bench or seat; a place where money is deposited.— z/. if. to put money in a bank : — pr.p. banking ; pa.p. banked'. [Fr.. ba7ic; It. ba7tco, a bench on which the Venctiaii money-changers displayed their money, a count- ing-house ; A.S. bcenc, a bench.] banker, bangk'er, «., one who keeps a ba/ik. banking, bangk'ing, adj. , pertai7ii7ig to a ba7ik. — «.. the business of a banker. bankrupt, bangk'rupt, 71. lit. one whose be7ich or business is broke7i up ; one who becomes unable to pay just debts. — adj. unable to pay just debts. [Bank, and L. ruptus, broken.] bankruptcy, bangk'rupt-si, «., state ofbei/ig, or act of becoming batikt'tipt. Banner, ban'ner, 71. a 7nark or sign for troops to rally round ; a square flag ; mihtary standard ; a flag or ensign. [Fr. ba7i7iiere — prob. from Goth. bandvo, a sign made by be7idi7ig the head or hand : or from It. batida, a strip of cloth.] banneret, ban'ner-et, 71., a little ba7iner; a higher class of knight inferior to a baron. Banns. See under Ban. Banquet, bang^wet, 71. lit. a little be7ich or table ; a feast ; a grand entertainment ; anything de- lightful. — v.t. to give a feast to. — v.i. to fare sumptuously : m. B., to drink -.—pr.p. ban'quet- ing; pa.p. ban'queted. [Fr. — It. ba7ichetto, dim. of ba7ico, a bench or table.] Bans. See under Ban. Bantam, ban'tam, 71, a very small variety of the common fowl, originally brought from the East Indies, and supposed to derive its name from Ba7Lta77t in Java. — adj. of the Bantam breed. Banter, ban'ter, v.t. to play upon good-humouredly in words; to rally; to joke or jest z.t:—pr.p. fate, fiir; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; thzn. Bantling ban'tering ; pa.p. ban'tered.— «. jesting ; raillery, [perhaps from Fr. baditier, to joke with.] Santling, bant'ling, n. a child in swaddling-clothes, so called from the bands in which it is wrapped. Banyan, ban'yan, «. the Indian fig-tree : its branches send down shoots, which form stems, and spread themselves over a large area. [perh. from Sans, piniya, sacred, the tree being so held.] Caobab, ba'o-bab, «. an African tree, the largest known ; called also Monkey-bread Tree from the name of its fruit. [Ethiopia.] Baptise, bap-tiz', z'.t.,-todip in zvaier; to administer baptism ; to christen -.—pr.p. baptls'ing .pa.p. bap- tised'. [Gr. baptizo — bapto, to dip in water.] baptism, bap'tizm, n. immersion in or sprinkling with water as a religious ceremony. — adj. bap- tismal, baptist, bap'tist, n., one who baptises; one who approves only of adult baptism by immersion, baptistery, bap'tis-ter-i, «. a place for baptising. Bar, bar, n. lit. a branch; a rod of any solid sub- stance ; a hinderance or obstruction ; a bolt ; a gate ; an enclosed place in a tavern or in a court of law; any tribunal; a division in music. [Fr. barre ; It. barra, a bar; Celt, ba?-, the top, a branch.] bar, biir, v.t. to fasten or secure as with a bar or bars ; to hinder or exclude :—pr.p. barr'ing ; pa.p. barred'. Iiarrel, bar'el, n. a round wooden cask made of bars or staves ; anything long and hollow. — -v.t. to put into a barrel : — pr.p. barrelling ; pa.p. bar'relled. [Fr. baril; It. barile.'\ barricade, bar-ri-kad', «. a bar or obstruction ; a for- tification made in haste to keep off an attack. — ■v.t. to stop up; to obstruct; to iorixiy.^pr.p. barricad'ing ; /rt./. barricaded. [Fr.] barrier, bar'ri-er, «., a bar; a defence against at- tack ; a limit ; a boundary. [Fr. barriered barrister, ba/ris-ter, 71. a counsellor at law who pleads at the bar of an English law-court. Barb, biirb «., a beard, or that which grows like, or in the place of it ; the beard-like jag on the head of an arrow, fish-hook, &c. — v.t. to arm with barbs :—pr.p. barb'ing ; pa.p. barbed'. [Fr. barbe — L. barba, a beard.] barbel, biirb'el, n. a fresh- water fish, so called from having four barbs on its mouth. barber, barb'er, «. one who shaves beards, or dresses hair. Barb, biirb, «. a. Barbary horse. [Fr. barbe; old Fr. barbare — Barbary in N. Africa.] Barbacan, bar'ba-kan, barbican, ba/bi-kan, 11. a watch-tower ; outer work or defence of a castle ; a defence before a gnte or bridge, [low L. barbacatia, prob. from Pers. bala khaneh, upper chamber.] See Balcony. Barbarian, bar-bfi'ri-an, adj. (applied by the Greeks to those speaking a language not intelligible to them) ; foreign ; without refinement ; relat- ing to savages ; rude; uncivilised. — n. one who is barbarian. [L. barbarjis ; Gr. barbaros — bar, bar, an imitation of unintelligible sounds.] barbaric, bar-bar'ik, adj. foreign ; uncivilised, barbarise, biir'bar-Tz, v.t. to make barbarous: — pr.p. bar'barTsing ; pa.p. bar'barlsed. barbarism, bar'bar-izm, n. ravage life ; rudeness of manners ; cruelty ; an incorrect or vulgar form of speech, barbarity, bar-bar'i-ti, «. savageness ; cruelty, barbarous, bat^bar-us, adj. in a state of barbarism ; barony- rude ; ancultivated ; savage ; brutal. — adv. bar'- baroxisly. — «. bar'barousness. Barberry, bar'ber-ri, «. a thorny shrub bearing red berries, common in hedges. [Sp. and low L. bcrbcris, Ar. barbaris.] Barbican. See Barbacan. Bard, bard, n. a poet and singer of the ancient Celts ; a poet. [Ir. and Gael. ; W. bardd.] bardic, bard'ik, adj., relating to bards or poetry. Bare, bar, adj., open ; exposed; naked ; unadorned ; poor; mere or by itself — z'.t. to lay open; to make naked :—pr.p. baring ; pa.p. bared'. — adv. barely. — n. bareness. [A.S. beer — berian, to bare or make naked ; Ger. baar, bar; Ice. ber.^ I barefaced, bai^fast, adj. with the face uncovered ; [ shameless. — adv. bare'facedly. — «. bare'facedness. j Bare, bar — bore ; did bear — past tense of Bear. I Bargain, bar'gin, n. a. trajffickiftg ; a contract or I agreement ; the thing bought or sold ; a profit- able transaction. — v.i. to make a contract or agreement : — pr.p. bar'gaining ; pa.p. bar'gained. [Fr. barg!tig7ier, to haggle ; prob. from low L. barcaniare — barca, a trading boat.] Barge. See under Bark. Barilla, ba-ril'la, n. the alkaline ash of several marine plants growing chiefly on the eastern shores of Spain, used for making soap, glass, S:c. [Sp. barrilla.l Bark, bark, n. the outer rittd or covering of a tree. — v.t. to peel or strip off bark :^pr.p. bark'ing ; pa.p. barked'. [Dan. and Sw. bark; Ice. borkr; A.S. beorgati, to cover.] Bark, bark, «. the noise made by a dog, wolf, &c. — v.i. to cry like a dog; to clamour :—/r./. bark'ing ; pa.p. barked'. [A.S. beorcati, from an imitation of the sound.] Bark, Barqne, biirk, n., a ba^-ge ; a ship of small size ; technically, a three-masted vessel with no square sails on her mizzen-mast. [Fr. barque; old Fr. barge ; Ger. and Dan. barke; Sp., It., low L. barca ; Ice. barkr.] barge, barj, n., a bay-k ; a boat used in the unload- ing of large vessels ; a pleasure or state boat. Barley, bar'li, «., b^-ead-plant ; a grain used for food, but chiefly for making malt. [A.S. bere; W. barllys — bara, bread, llys, a plant.] Barm, barm, n. yeast ; the scum that rises upon malt liquors when fermenting. — adj. bann'y. [A.S. beorm — beoran, beran, to bear.] Bam, barn, «., a. place /or barley; a building in which grain, hay, &c., are stored. [A.S. berern^ contracted berfi — bere, barley, ern, a place.] Barnacle, bar'na-kl, ?i. a shell-fish with a ca/-shapeds shell, which adheres to the bottoms and sides of*' ships. [Fr. barnache; Gael, bairneach; Maiu, barnagh, a limpet — bayrti, a cap.] Barometer, ba-rom'et-er, w., a iveight-measurer ; an instrument by which the weight of the atmos- phere is measured and changes of weather indi- cated. — adj. baromet'ric. — adv. barometrically. [Gr. baros, weight, ntetron, a measure.] Baron, bar'on, n. lit. a man ; title of rank next above a baronet and below a viscount ; the lowest rank in the House of Peers ; a title of certain judges: in cook,, a double sirloin •.—/cm. bar'oness. — adj. baro'nial. [Fr. ; A.S. baron, bcorn, -juer, old Fr. ber, L. vir, a man.] baronage, bar'on-aj, «. the whole body of barons, barony, bar'o-ni, n. the territory of a baron. fate, far; me, her; mine ; mote; mute; moon; ///en. baronet baronet, bar'pn-et, «., a lesser ba^'on ; a title of honour next to that of a baron ; the lowest here- ditary- title in England. — baronetage, bar'on-et-aj, ii. the whole body of baronets. baronetcy, bar'on-et-si, «. the rank of a baronet. Barouche, ba-roosh', n. orig. a tzvo-ivJieeled car- riage; a double-seated four-wheeled carriage, with a falling top. [It. barrocio — L. birotus, two-wheeled — bis, twice, rota, a wheel.] Barque. See Bark. Barrack, bar'ak, n. lit. a hut made of branches ; a building in which soldiers are lodged. [Gael. barracJiad — barrack, branches.] BarreL See under Bar. Barren, bar'ren, adj. unbearing ; unfruitful ; dull. — n. bar'renness. [old Fr. brehaigne, baraig)ie.\ Barricade, Barrier, Barrister. See under Bar. Barrow, bar'ro, n. a small hand or wheel-carriage, used x.obearor convey a load. [A.S. bercwc— berati, to bear.] Barrow, ba/ro, «. a mound raised over graves to protect them. [A.S. bcorJi — beorgan, to protect.] Barter, bar'ter, v.t. to give one thing in exchange for another.— z/.z. to traffic by exchanging: — pr.p. bar'tering ; pa.p. bar'tered. — 7t. traffic by exchange of commodities, [old Fr. bareter.^ Baryta, ba-rl'ta, Barytes, ba-rl'tez, n. the heaviest of the earths. — adf. bar3?t'ic. [Gr. barys, heavj\] Baiytone, bar'i-ton, n., a deep tone; a male voice, the compass of which lies between the bass and tenor. [Gr. barys, heavy, deep, to7ios, tone.] Basalt, ba-sawlt', n. a hard, dark-coloured rock, of igneous origin. — adj. basalt'ic. [L. basaltes (an African word), a marble found in Ethiopia.] Base, bas, ii. lit. a stepping; that on which one steps, or on which a thing rests ; foot ; bottom ; foundation ; support ; the chief ingredient. — v.t. to found or place on a base -.^pr.p. bas'ing ; pa. p. based'. [L. and Gr. basis — baino, to step.] baseless, bas'les, adj., without a base or foundation. basement, bas'ment, fi. the ground-floor of a building. basis, bas'is, «. same as Base. — pi. bases, bas'cz. Ease, bas, adj., low in place, value, estimation, or principle ; mean ; vile ; worthless : in New Test., humble, lowly. — adv. base'ly. — «. base'ness. [Fr. bas ; It. basso ; low L. bassus — Gr. basis.] See Base above. bass, bas, «. the lo7uesf part in music. bassoon, bas-soon', 7i. a musical wind-instrument of a bass or very low note. bass-relief, bas-re-lef, bas-relief, ba-, n., low relief; in scidpture, figures which do not stand far out from the ground on which they are formed. [It. basso, rilievoi] See relief. Bashaw, ba-shaw', n. a Turkish title of honour given to viceroys and other distinguished men ; a proud tyrannical person. See Pacha. Bashful, bash'fool, adj., easily confused; modest; shy; wanting confidence.— adv. bash'fully.— «. bash'fulness. [from root of Abash.] Basilica, ba-zil'i-ka, n. orig. a hall in which the king administered the laws ; among the Romans, also a market-place, many of which were after- wards converted into Christian churches ; a large church. [Gr. bas Hike — basileics, a king.] Basilisk, baz'il-isk, «. lit. the king of serpents; a fabulous serpent having a crest on its head I'ike a crown ; in modern zoology, a genus of crested lizards. [Gr. basiliskos, dim. oibasileus, a king.] batli Basin, ba'sn, n. a wide, open vessel or dish ; any hollow place ; a dock ; the area drained by a river. \Yr. bassiti; It.bacino; 'D\iich., back.] Basis. See Base. Bask, bask, v.i. to lie in the warmth or sunshine. — v.t. to warm by exposure to heat:— /r./. bask'ing ; pa.p. basked', [from the root of Bake.] Basket, bas'ket, ;/. a vessel made of tzvigs, rtishts or other flexible materials interwoven. [\V. basgt'd — basg, netting.] Bass, in music. See Base. Bass, bas, n. a mat made of bast (which see). Bassoon, Bass-relief. See under Base. Bast, bast, ;/. the inner bark of the lime-tree; mat- ting made of it. [Dan., Sw., Ger., A.S. bcest.] Bastard, bas'tard, «. a child born of parents not married. — «^'. not genuine ; false. \G2ie\.. baos, lust.] bastardise, bas'tard-Iz, v.t. to prove to be a bastard : —pr.p. bas'tardTsing ; pa.p. bas'tardised. bastardy, bas'tard-i, n. state of being a bastard. Baste, bast, v.t., to ptit together the pieces of a garment by preparatory stitching ; to sew slightly: — pr.p. bast'ing ; pa.p. bast'ed. [It. and Sp. basta, a long stitch ; Sp. bas tear, Fr. bastir, batir, to baste, to put together, to build.] Baste, bast, v.t. to beat with a baton or stick; to baste meat, orig. to rub the meat while roasting with a stick covered with fat ; now, to drop fat or butter over the meat : — pr.p. bast'ing ; pa.p. bast'ed. [Ice. beysta, Dan. boste, Sw. bdsta, to beat — prob. in imitation of the sound.] baton, bat'on, batoon, bat-toon', n. a staff or truncheon ; a marshal's staff. [Fr. baton, baston, from root of Baste, to beat.] bastinade, bas-ti-nad', bastinado, bas-ti-na'do, v.t. to beat with a baton or stick on the soles of the k^f.—pr.p. bastinad'ing ; /cz._^. bastinad'ed.— «. a bastinade', bastina'do, or bastinad'ing. [Sp. bas- tonada, Fr. bastonttade — baston, bdto7t.] batten, bat'n, 7i., apiece of wood or board from 2 to 7 inches wide, and from \ to li thick. — v.t. to fasten or form with battens : — pr.p. batt'ening ; pa.p. batt'ened. [Fr. bato7i.\ Bastion, bast'yun, 71. a mass of earth or masonry, set 7ip at the angles of a fortification for pur- poses of defence. [Fr. and Sp. from Fr. bastir, bdtir, to set up, to build.] Bat, bat, 71 a heavy stick used for beating or striking ; a flat club for striking the ball in cricket. — v.i. to play with a bat : — pr.p. batt'ing ; pa.p. batt'ed. [A.S. and Gael, bat, the root of Beat, an imitation of the sound of a blow.] batlet, bat'let, 71., a S7nall bat or square piece of wood with a handle for beating linen. Bat, bat, «. an animal having a body like a mouse, but with wings attached to its fore-feet, [old E. and Scot, bak, backe ; Sw. backa.] Batch, bach, «. the quantity of bread baked, or of anything made, at one time, [from Bake.] Bate, bat, v.t. same as Abate. Bath, bath, 7i. the largest Jewish liquid measure — about 8 gallons. [Heb., meaning 'measured.'] Bathe, ba//z, v.t. orig. to wash in war7n or hot water ; to wash or moisten with any liquid. — v.i. to be or lie in water : — pr.p. bath'ing; pa.p. bathed'. — ;^. a bathe. [A.^. bathia7t; Ice. bada; Ger. badeji — bdhen, to warm.] bath, bath, 71. a place to bathe in ; a bathing ; a fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. 31 Bathos vessel for bathing in.—//, baths, h:d/i7.. [A.S. laeth; Ice., Sw., Dutch, and Ger. bad.^ Bathos, ba'thos, n. a si7iking in poetry ; a ludicrous descent from the elevated to the mean in writing or speech. [Gr. bathos, depth — bathys, deep. J Batlet. See under Bat. Baton, Batoon. See under Baste. Batrachian, ba-tra'ki-an, adj. pertaininj^ to animals c/thefros; tribe, [from Gr. batrachoi, a frog.] Battalion. See Battle. Batten, bat'n, v.i. lit. to get letter; to thrive ; to become fat. — v.t. to make fat '.-^pr.p. batt'en- ing ; pa.p. batt'ened. [D. bat, root of Better.] Batten, bat'n, n. a board. See under Baste. Batter, bat'ter, v.t. to beat dcnvn; to beat with successive blows ; to wear with beating or hy use ; to attack with artillery -.^pr.p. bat'tering ; fa.p. bat'tered. [It. battere ; Fr. battre ; L. battuere, from root bat, a blow.] See Bat. batter, bat'ter, n. ingredients beaten together with j some liquid into a paste. battering-ram, bat'ter-ing-ram, n. an ancient engine for battering down walls, consisting of a large beam with a head of iron like that of a ra»/, suspended in a frame. i battery, bat'ter-i, «. act of battering ; a number of cannon with their appurtenances ; the place on which cannon are mounted ; the men and horses attending the guns ; an instrument used in elec- tric and galvanic experiments; inlaw — an as- sault by beating or wounding. Battle, bat'l, «, a fight ; a hostile encounter ; a contest. — v.t. to fight against; to struggle: — pr.p. and n. batt'ling ; pa.p. battled. [Fr. hataille, from battre, to beat.] See Batter. battalion, bat-tal'yun, ?i. orig. a body of men ar- raj-ed for battle ; a body of foot-soldiers of from 500 to 1000 men. [Fr. bataillon.] Battledore, Battledoor, bat'1-dor, n. a bat used to strike a ball or shuttle-cock. [Sp. batador, a washing beetle, from Bat.] Battlement, bat'l-ment, n. a parapet with embrasures on the top of a building, orig. used only on forti- fications. [It. battagiiere—hattaglia, a battle: or Fr. bastille, batille, built as a fortress.] Battne, bat'toD, n. a beating itp of game. [Fr. — battre, to beat.] Bawble, Bauble, baw'bl, «., a baby's play-thing; a trifling piece of finery ; a gewgaw or trifle. [Fr. babeole, a trifle, from root of Babe.] Bawd, bawd, n. a procurer or procuress of women for lewd purposes. — v.i. to procure or provide women for lewd purposes, [old Fr. baTtde, bold, wanton ; W. bazv, filth.] bawdy, bawd'i, adj., JiltJiy ; obscene; unchaste. — n. bawd'iness. Bawl, bawl, v.i., to bellcnu ; to shout or cry out loudly : — pr.p. and n. bawl'ing ; pa.p. bawled'. — 71. bawl'er. [A.S. bellan, to roar ; Ice. baula, to bellow, from baw, imitative of a shout.] Bay, ba, adj. reddish-brown inclining to chestnut. [Fr. bai; L. badius; Gr. ba'is.\ bayard, ba'ard, n. a bay horse. Bay, ba, n. the laurel-tree, so called from its bearing bays or berries. [Fr. bale — L. bticca, a berrj'.] Bay, ba, «., a bending of the shore ; an arm of the sea. [Fr. bale ; Dutch, baai, bugt — Ger. bicgcn, to bend; A.S. bige — bigan, to bend: also given from Fr. bayer, to gape, to open the mouth.] beam I bay-window, ba-win'do, «., a «/zVi<^zt/ projecting sc I as to form a bay or space within. Bay, ba, v.i., to bark, as a dog at his game.— - I v.t. to bark at -.—pr.p. and n. ba/ing ; pa.p. bayed'. [old Fr. abbaycr ; It. baiare : from the sound.] Bay, ba, n. act of watching or keeping in check, as in — to keep at bay. [Fr. bayer, old Fr. bacr, to gape, to watch.] See Abash. Bayonet, ba'on-et, n. a short dagger fixed on the end of a musket. — v.t. to stab with a bayonet : — pr.p. bay'oneting ; pa.p. ba/oneted. [Fr. baion- nette, from Bayonne, where first made or used.] Bazaar, Bazar, ba-zar', n. an eastern market-place or exchange ; a large hall or suite of rooms for the sale of goods. [Pers. a market.] Bdellium, del'i-um, «. in B., a precious stone, nature unknown. [Heb. bedolach.] Be, be, v.i., to live; to exist; to have a certain state or quality : in ^., are : — pr.i. am ; pa.t. was (woz) : — pr.p. bc'ing; pa.p. been (bin). [A.S. beon; Gael, beo, living: Gr. bios, lik, phtto, L. fui,Jio, to be : Sans. bh7i to be.] being, be'ing, n. existence, state, or condition; any- thing or person existing. Beach, bcch, n. the shore of the sea or of a lake ; the strand, [perhaps connected with Ice. bakki, a bank.] See Bank. beached, becht, adj. exposed to the waves ; stranded. beachy, bech'i, adj., having a beach. Beacon, bcTcn, n. lit. a beckoning ; a fire on an eminence used as a sign of danger ; a light to direct seamen ; anything that warns of danger. — v.t. to act as a beacon ; to light up :—pr.p. bea'- coning; pa.p. bea'coned. [A.S. beacen, a sign, a nod — beacnian, to beckon.] Bead, bed, n. lit. something bid or prayed ; a little ball pierced for stringing, used by R. Catholics to help the memory in counting lYi^prayej-s recited ; any small ball; around moulding. [A.S. bead, gebed, a prayer — biddan, to bid, to pray.] See Bid. beadroll, bed'rol, n. among R. Catholics, a roll or list of the dead to he prayed for. beadsman, bedz'man, n. , a man ivtio prays for others. —fern, btads'woman. Beadl«, be'dl, «. a messenger or crier of a court, or one who bids or cites persons to appear and answer ; a petty officer of a church, college, parish, &c. [A.S. bydel — bidan, to bid : or from bidan, to wait, beadle thus meaning, a waiter, an attendant.]— «. bea'dleship. Beagle, be'gl, w. a small hound chiefly used in hunting hares. [Celt, beag, bac, little : or a corruption oi beadle, from the idea of tracking.] Beak, bek, w. anything ending in a peak, pike, or point; the bill of a bird. [Fr. bee; GaeL beic; A.S. piic, from root pik, a point.] beaked, bekt, adj., having a beak; ending in a point. Beaker, bck'er, n. a drinking-bowl or cup. [Ger. beclier; It. bicchiere ; low L. bicarium; Scot. bicker: perhaps connected with Beak from the shape of its mouth.] Beam, bem, n. lit. the stock of a tree; a large and straight piece of timber, forming one of the main supports of a building, ship, loom, 6cc. ; the part of a balance from which the scales hang ; the pole of a carriage. [A.S. beam, a tree, a stock of a tree; Ger. baum; Dutch, boom.] beam, bem, «., any thing straight like the stock oj a tree ; a collection of rays of light emitted from fate, fiir ; me, her ; mine ; mOtc ; mute ; moon ; /Aen. beamless a luminous body. — v.i. to send out light ; to shine :^^r./. beam'ing ; /a./, beamed'. [A.S. heai7t, a tree, a ray of light, beamian, to shine.] beamless, bera'les, adj., iviihotd beams. beamy, bem'i, adj. massy like a beam; emitting beams ; shining. boom, boom, n. a beam ; a pole by which a sail is stretched ; a chain or bar laid across a harbour. Bean, ben, n. the name of several kinds of pulse and their seeds. [A.S. bean; '^.ffaen; Ger. boJuie ; 'L.faba.'] Bear, bar, v.t., to carry or support; to endure ; to suffer. — v.i. to suffer ; to be patient ; to lean against or press : — pr.p. bear'ing ; pa. t. bore ; pa.p. borne. [A.S. beran; Goth, bairafi ; L. fero; Gr. pherd ; Sans, bhri.'] bear, bar, v.t. to bring forth young. — v.i. to be fruitful '.—pr.p. bear'ing ; pa.p. born (bawrn). bearable, bar'a-bl, adj., that can be bonie. — adv. bear'ably. bearer, bar'er, n. a person or thing thai hears. bearing, bar'ing, «. carriage or behaviour; situation of one object with regard to another. Bear, bar, n. a genus of rough wild quadrupeds, with long shaggy hair and hooked claws ; fig. any brutal or ill-behaved person ; in astron., the name of two constellations in the north, the Great and Little Bear. [A.S. hera; Ger. bar; "L./era, a wild beast.] bearish, biir'ish, adj'. having the qualities of a bear. Beard, herd, n. the hair that grows on the chin and adjacent parts ; prickles on the ears of corn ; the barb of an arrow ; the gills of oysters, &c. — v.t. to take by the beard ; to oppose to the face : — pr.p. beard'ing; pa.p. beard'ed. [A.S. ; W. barf; Ger. bart ; L. barba : perhaps from root of Ice. bard, a lip.] [barbed. bearded, berd'ed, adj., having a heard; prickly; beardless, berd'les, adj., without a beard; young. Beast, best, u. lit. a creattire with being or life ; an irrational animal ; a four-footed animal ; a brutal man : m B., used for any living creature except man. [L. bestia; Dutch, beest ; Gael, biast, prob. from beo, hving.] — adj. beast'like. beastly, best^i, adj., like a beast in actions or beha- viour; brutal; filthy; obscene. — n. beast'liness. bestial, best'yal, adj., pertaiiiing to or having the qualities of a beast ; brutish ; vile ; sensual. [L. hestialis.] — adv. best'ially. — n. bestial'ity. bestialise, best'yal-Iz, v.t., to make like a beast. Beat, bet, v.t., to strike with repeated blows ; to break or bruise ; to tread ; to overcome. — v.i. to give strokes at intervals ; to throb ; to be in agitation ; to dash as a flood or storm : — pr.p. and w. beat'ing; pa.t. beat; pa.p. beat, beat'en. [A.S. heatan, from root bat, imitative of the sound of a sharp blow.] See Bat, Batter, Battle, &c. beat, bet, n. a stroke ; a stroke recurring at intervals or its sound, as of the pulse, or a watch ; a round or course frequently trodden or resorted to. beater, bet'er, n., ofie that beats or strikes. Beatify, be-at'i-fT, v.t., to make blessed or happy ; to bless with happiness in heaven -.—pr.p. beat'i- iyvng; pa.p. beat'ified. [L. beaitts, blessed — beo, beatian, to bless, axiAfacio, to make.] beatific, be-at-if'ik, beatifical, be-at-ifik-al, adj. having power to beatify. — adv. beatif'ically. beatification, be-at-i-fi-ka'shun, n. a declaration by the Pope that a person is blessed in heaven. beatitude, be-at'i-tud, n., blessedness; heavenly happiness, or happiness of the highest kind ; in Bedew //. the virtues pronounced blessed by Christ in i\Iatt. v. [L. beatitjido, from heatns.^ Beau, bo, n. a fine, gay man, fond of dress ; a lover. —pi. beaux, hoz.—/em. beUe (bel). [Fr. heart, bel — L. belhis, fine, gay — a contraction of benubts, from benus, botitts, good.] beau-ideal, bo-i-de'al, n., ideal excellence, or an imaginary standard of perfection, beau-monde, bo-mongd', 7t. the gay or fashionable world. [Fr. bcaii, and vionde, world.] beauty, bu'ti, «. a pleasing assemblage of qualities in a person or object ; a particular grace or excellence ; a beautiful person. [Fr. heazite, from beari.'\ beauteous, bu'te-us, adj.,/ull o/ beauty ; fair; hand- some. — adv. beau'teously. — fi. beau'teousness. beautiful, bu'ti-fool, adj. beauteous. — adv. beau'ti- fuUy. beautify, bu'ti-fi, v.t., to make heanti/ul; to grace; to adorn. — v.i. to become beautiful :—pr.p. beau'tifj'ing ; pa.p. beau'tified. [beauty, and L. facio, to make.] Beaver, be'ver, 7t. an amphibious animal valuable for its fur ; the fur of the beaver. [A.S. befor, beofer; Ger. hiber; Dan. baever; "L. fiber.'] Beaver, be'ver, n. that part of a helmet which covers the face and is movable up and down, so as to allow the wearer to drink. [It. bevere ; old Fr. bevere — L. bibere, to drink.] Be-, prefLxed to words has usually an intensive signification, but often conveys no additional meaning, thus Bedeck has the same meaning as peck._ For words beginning with Be, not found in this dictionary, see the original word, thus for Bedeck, see Deck. Becalm, be-kam', v.t. to make calm, still, or quiet : —pr.p. becalm'ing ; /«./. becalmed'. iK.'&.be, and Calm.] Became, be-kam' — did become — pa.t. of Become. Because, be-cawz', conj. , by cause or for the cause or reason that; for. [A.S. be, by, and Cause.] Beck, bek, «. a sigft with thefifiger or head ; a nod. [A.S. beacen; beacfiiati, to beckon; Sw. peka, D.an. pege, to point with the finger.] beckon, bek'n, v. i. to beck or signal with the head or hand. — v. t. to nod or signal to : — pr.p. beck'on- ing ; pa.p. beck'oned. Become, be-kum', v.i., to come to; to come to be ; to enter into a state or condition. — v.t. to suit or befit ; to add grace to -.^r.p. becom'ing ; pa.t. became'; pa.p. become'. [A.S. becumafi — be, and cumaft, to come.] See Come, becoming, be-kum'ing, adj. suitable to ; proper : graceful. — adv. becom'ingly. Bed, bed, n. a couch or place to sleep on ; a place in which anything rests ; a layer or stratum. [A.S. bed; Ice. bedr ; Ger. hett.] bed, bed, v.t., to place in bed; to sow or plant ; to lay in layers :—/r./. bedd'ing ; pa.p. bedd'ed. bedding, bed'ing, «. a bed and its furniture ; the materials of a bed. bedridden, bed'rid-dn, adj. confined to bed by age or infirmitJ^ [A.S. bed-rida, one who rides or is borne on his bed — bed, and ridan, to ride.] bedstead, bed'sted, n. the frame of a bed. Bedevil, be-deVl, v.t. to throw into disorder and confusion as if by the devil -.—pa.p. and adj. bedev'illed. [A.S. prefix be, and Devil.] Bedew, be-du', v.t. to moisten gently, as with dew: —pr.p. bedew'ing ; pa.p. bedewed'. \be, and Dew.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^v.. Bedight Bedlght, be-dit', adj., set i?i order; adorned. [A.S. prefix be, and dihtan, to set in order.] Bedizen, be-dlz'n, v.t. to dress ; to dress gaudily. [?] Bedlam, bed'lam, «. an asylum for lunatics ; a mad- house ; a place of uproar. — adj. belonging to or fit for a mad-house. [Corrupted from Bethlefi^vt, the name of a monastery in London afteiAvards converted into a hospital for lunatics.] bedlamite, bcd'lam-lt, n. a madman. Bedouin, Beduin, bed'oo-in, ii. the name applied to those Arabs who live in tents and lead an un- settled hfe. [Ar. ledazvi, dwellers in the desert.] Bee, be, n. an insect that makes honey and wax. [A.S. beo; Ger. bioie ; L. a/is.] Beech, bech, «. a common forest tree with smooth, silverj'-looking bark, which produces nuts, formerly eate?i by man, now only by pigs. [A.S. bece, boc ; Ger. biiclie ; 1^. fagus; Gr. pliZ'gos — pJuigo, to eat.] beecben, bech'en, adj. belonging to or made of beech. Beef, bef, n. orig. an ox, bull, or cozu ; the flesh of an ox, bull, or cow. — adj. consisting of beef. [Fr. baeitf; L. bos, bovis ; Gr. bous, an imitation of the bellowing of the ox.] beeves, bevz, n.pl. cattle, oxen. Beef-eater, bef'et-er, n. lit. one who attends at the buffet or sideboard ; now jocularly applied to the veomen of the sovereign's guard, [a corruption of Fr. biffetier— buffet.] Been, \i\-n, past participle of Be. Beer, ber, n. lit. a drink ; a. liquor made by fermen- tation from malted barley and hops. [A.S. beor; Fr. biere ; Ger. bier: prob. connected with L. bibcre, Gr. pid, Sans, pa, pi, to drink.] Beet, bet, «. a vegetable with a carrot-like root eaten as food, from which sugar is extracted ; also used as a salad. [Dutch, biet; Ger. beete ; Fr. bette ; L. beta.] Beetle, be'tl, n. lit. the biter; an insect with hard cases for its wings. [A.S. bitcl — bitaii, to bite.] Beetle, be'tl, n. a hea\'y wooden mallet used to beat ■with. [A.S. bitl—beatan, to beat — bat.] beetle-headed, be'tl -hed-ed, adj., having a head like a beetle; dull ; stupid. beetle, be'tl, v.i. to jut out or hang over like the head of a beetle or mallet :—pr.p. bee'tling. beetle-browed, bc'tl-browd, adj., having beetling ox prominent brows. Beeves. See Beef. Befall, bc-fawl', I'.t. to_/iz// or happen to. — t/.f.to hap- pen or come to pass '.^pr.p. befall'ing ; pa.p. bc- fall'en ; Pa.t. befell'. [A.S. be-feallan.] See FalL Before, be-for', prep, in x!nQ.fore part, or in front of; in presence or in sight of; in preference to ; superior to ; previous to. — adv. in front ; earlier in time : hitherto. [A.S. be-jbf-an.] See Fore, beforehand, be-fGr^hand, adv. previously ; in anti- cipation ; by way of preparation. Befiriend, be-frend', 7'.t. to act as 2i friend to; to favour : — pr.p. bcfriend'ing ; pa.p. befriend'ed. [A.S. prefix be, and Friend!] Beg, beg, v.t. orig. to carry a bag in which to put >-ictuals or money received on asking ; to ask earnestly ; to supplicate, to beseech ; to take for granted. — v.i. to practise begging; to live by asking alms -.—pr.p. and «. begg'ing ; pa.p. begged'. [See Bag.] r, beg'ar, «. one who begs; one who lives by BelaboiiT begging.— v.t. to reduce to beggary : to e.xhaust : —pr.p. beggaring ; pa.p. begg'ared. beggarly, beg'ar-li, adj., like a beggar; poor; mean ; contemptible. — adv. beggarly. — n. begg'- arliness. [poverty, beggary, beg'ar-i, «., state of a beggar; extreme Began, be-gan' — did begin— /rtjz? tense of Begin. Beget, be-get', v.t., to get or cause to be got or pro- duced ; to produce ; to generate '.^r.p. beget'- ting ; pa.t. begot' or begat' ; pa.p. begot' or be- gott'en. [A.S. be-getan.] See Get. begetter, be-get'er, «., one luho begets; a father. Begin, be-gin', v.i. to be or come into being; to take rise ; to enter on something new ; to commence. — v.t. to enter upon; to commence :—/r./. be- ginn'ing ; pa.t. began'; pa.p. begun'. [A.S. beginnan, from root gi7i, to beget, as in Gr. ginoDiai, to come into being, L. gigno, to beget.] beginner, be-gin er, «. , one tuho begins. beginning, be-gin'ing, 71. the first cause, act, or state ; origin or commencement; rudiments. Begone, be-gon', int. or imp., be gone; go av.ay ; de- part. \be, imp. of to be, and gotie, pa.p. of to go.] Begot, Begotten. See Beget. Begnile, be-gTl', v. t. to impose on by guile or craft ; to deceive ; to amuse :—pr.p. beguil'ing ;/«./. be- guiled'. — adv. beguil'ingly. [A.S. be, and Guile.] beguiler, be-gll'er, n., Iw who or that which, beguiles. Begun, hc-gwa! , past participle of Begin. Behalf, be-haf, «. beJioof; advantage ; favour ; cause; sake; part. [X.?,. behefe.] See Behoove. Behave, be-hav', v.t. orig. to have; to bear or carr>-; to conduct. — v.i. to conduct one's self; to act :—^pr.p. behav'ing ; pa.p. behaved'. [A.S. be-hal'ban — Jiabban, to have ; Ger. gehaben.] behaviour, be-hav'j'ur, n. manner of behaving ; conduct ; manners ; demeanour. Behead, be-hed', v.t.. to cut off the head:— pr.p. bchead'ing ; pa.p. behead'ed. [A.S. be, and Head.] Beheld, be-held' — pa.t. xmApa.p. of Behold. Behemoth, be'he-moth, w. an animal described in the book of Job,prob.thehippopotamus.[Heb., beasts.] Behest, be-hest', «. lit. something fiamed to be done; command: charge; will. [A.S. behas, vow, from be, and lues, command — hatan, Goth. haitan, to call, to name.] Behind, be-hTnd', prip. at the hinder part, tail, or back of ; in the rear of ; coming after ; inferior to. — adv. on the back part ; in the rear ; remain- ing; past. [A.S.behi/tdan; Get. hinten; Finn. hanta. the tail.) behindhand, be-hlnd'hand, adj. or adv. being behind, backward, or in arrears. Behold, be-hold', v.t. orig. to hold; to look upon; to contemplate. — v.i. to look ; to fix the atten tion on :^Pr.p. behold'ing ; pa. t. and pa.p. bclield'. — int. or i)3ip. see ! lo ! observe ! [A.S. bchcaldan — healdan, to hold.] beholden, be-hold'n, pa.p. or adj., held or bound ; indebted ; obliged, beholder, be-hold'er, «., one beJwlding; a looker on. Behoove, Behove, be-hOov', v.t. to he fit, right, or 7icccssary for. [A.S. behoffafi, to befit, to stand in need of : connected with E. /mve, Ger. Jiaben, L. hahco, to have, Jiabilis, fit, suitable.] behoof, bc-houf ', n. necessity ; advantage ; benefit. Being. See under Be. Belabour, be-la'bur, v.t. to ply vigorously; to beat soundly ; to thump. [A.S. be, and Labour.] 36 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mute ; mute ; moon ; th<. Belay Belay, be-la', v.t. orig. to lie in wait for, to lay on or cover ; to block up ; to fasten a cable by laying it round the bits -.—pr.p. belay'ing ; pa.p. be- layed'. [A.S. he, and lay ; Dutch, beleggen, Ger. Iwlagern, to lay around, beset.] beleaguer, be-le'ger, v.t., to belay ; to lay siege to : — J'^-J'- belea'guering ; pa.p. belea'guered. Belch, belsh, v.t. or v.i. to eject wind from the stomach ; to throw out violently : — pr.p. and ;/. belch'ing ; pa.p. belched'. — Jt. the act of belching. [A.S. bcalcan, an imitation of the sound.] Beldam, bel'dam, ii. orig.yii/r^rt?^^; an old woman ; a hag. [Fr. belle, fair, dame, a woman.] Beleaguer. See Belay. Belfry, bel'fri, n. orig. a ivatck-tower, a tower for defence; the part of a steeple or tower in which bells are hung. [Fr. befFroi; old Fr. berfroi ; low Ger. bervrit, a tower for defence ; old Ger. frid, a tower, and berga7i, to protect.] Belie, be-lT', -j. t. to give the lie to ; to speak falsely of; to calumniate ; to counterfeit: — pr.p. bely'- ing ; pa.p. belied'. [A.S. be, and Lie.] Believe, be-lev', v.t. lit. to give leave to ; to give approval or assent to ; to credit ; to trust in. — v.i. to be firmly persuaded of anything; to exercise faith ; to think or suppose -.—pr.p. be- liev'ing ;/«./. believed'. — adv. believ'ingly. [A.S. gelyfa7i, to believe, lyfan, to give leave.] belief, be-lef, n. persuasion of the truth ; assent or consent ; credit; object or articles of belief; faith ; religion. believable, be-lev'a-bl, adj., that may be believed. believer, be-lev'er, n., one who believes; a professor of Christianity. Bell, bel, n. a hollow vessel of metal which sends out a ringing sound when struck ; anything bell- shaped. [A.S. bellan, to resound, from the sound.] Belladonna, bel-la-don'na, 7i. the plant Deadly Night- shade, the juice of which is used by ladies as a cosmetic. [It. bella-donna, fair lady.] Belle, bel, n. a fine or handsome woman ; a beauty. [Fr.] See Beau. Belles-lettres, bel-let'tr, 7t., pi., fine leami7ig; the department of literature which embraces poetry and rhetoric. [Fr. belle, fine, lettres, learning — lettre, L. litera, a. letter.] Belligerent, bel-lij'er-ent, adj., carryijig 07t war. — 71. a nation engaged in war. [L. belligero, to carry on war — belluitt, war, gero, to carry.] Bellow, bel'lo, v.L, to low; to make a loud noise ; to resound ; to roar : — pr.p. bel'lowing ; pa.p. bel'lowed. — «. a roaring, [from root of Bell.] Bellows, bel'luz, 71., si7ig. and //. that which is blown out ; an instrument to blow with. [A.S. bylig — bcelg, Gael, balg, L..follis, a bag.] See Bag. EeUy, bel'li, «., a7iy thing that bnlges out; the part of the body between the breast and thighs. — v.t. to swell out ; to fill. — v.i. to swell : — pr.p. bell'y- ing ; pa.p. bell'ied. [See Bellows, Bag.] Belong, be-long', v.i. Ya. to reach to; to be one's property ; to pertain or relate to '.—pr.p. belong'- ing ; pa.p. belonged'. [Dutch, bela/igen, la7igen.'\ Beloved, be-luvd', adj., much loved ; very dear, ibe, intensive, and loved.'] See Love. Below, be-lo', adv. in a /(7w^r place. — prep, beneath in place or rank ; not worthy of. \_be, and Low.] Belt, belt, «., a girdle or hand. — v.t. to surround with a belt ; to encircle : — pr.p. belt'ing ; pa.p. belt'ed. [A.S. belt; Ice. belli; L. balteus, a girdle.] Deque atli Bemoan, be-mon', v.t., to moan at; to lament; to express sorrow for -.—pr.p. bemoan'ing ; pa.p. be- moaned'. \bc, intensive, and Moan.] Bench, bensh, 71. a long seat or form ; a judge's seat ; the body or assembly cf judges. — v.t. to place on or furnish with benches : — pr.p. bench'- ing ;/«./. benched'. [A.S. ^««3et, be-sct', v.t., to set about; to surround; to blockade; to waylay; to perplex. [A.S. be, settati, to .set.] besetting, be-set'ing, adj. confirmed ; habitual. Beside, hc-s1i.',prep.,by the side of; near; over and above ; out of. [be, and Side.] [addition to. beside, be-sTd', besides, be-sTdz', adv. moreover ; in Besiege, be-sej', v.t. to lay siege to; to throng round; to press upon: — pr.p. besieg'ing; _/>a./. besieged', [be, and Siege.] besieger, be-sej 'er, «. one employed in a siege. Besom, be'zum, n. an implement for sweeping, made of twigs tied together. [A.S. besem, besm — besnias, twigs.] Besot, be-sot', v.t. to m.'sik.Q. sottish, stupid, dull, or senseless :^pr.p. besott'ing ; pa.p. besott'cd. — adv. besott'edly. [be, and Sot.] Besought, be-sawt'— /rt. /. z.x\d pa.p. of Beseech. Bespeak, be-spek', v.t., to speak for, or engarce beforehand ; to betoken. [A.S. be, and Speak.] Best. See under Better. Bestead, be-sted', adj. situated. [A.S. be, and Stead.] Bestial, &c. See under Beast. Bestow, be-sto', v.t., to stow, place, or put by; to give or confer; to apply:— /r./. bestow^ing; pa.p. bestowed'. [A.S. be, and stow, a place.] bestowal, be-sto'al, n., act ofbcstozving. bestower, be-sto'er, n., one who bestows. Bestraddle, be-strad'dl, v.t.^ to bestride. [A.S. be, and Straddle.] Bestride, be-strld', v.t., to stride over; to sit or stand across :—/r./. bestrld'ing; /a./, bestrid', bestrode'; pa.p. bestrid', bestrid'den. [A.S. be, and Stride. [l>e, and Stud.] Sestud, be-stud', v.t. to adorn with studs. [A.S. Bet, bet, «., a pledge ; a wager; that which is pledged or staked.— z/.^. to lay or stake a bet or wager:— /r./. bett'ing; pa.p. bctt'ed. [A.S. bad, a pledge ; Ger. wette ; Scot, wad; L. vas, vadis, surety.] — bett'er, bett'or, w., 07te who beis. Betake, be-tak', v.t., to take to : to apply or have recourse to; to resort :—/r./. betuk'ing ; pa.t. betook' ; pa.p. betaken. fA.S. be, and Take.] Bewilder Bethink, be-thingk', v.t., to thi7ik on or call to mind ; to recollect ; to reflect. — v.i. to consider : ^pr.p. bcthink'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. bethought (be-thawt'). [A.S. be, and Think.] Betide, be-tTd', v.t., to happen to; to befall. — vd. to come to pass or happen : — pr.p. betld'ing ; pa.t. betid', betld'ed ; pa.p. betid'. [A.S. be, tidan, to happen.] See Tide. Eetime, be-tim'. Betimes, be-tTmz', adv., by the time; in good time ; seasonably. [A.S. be. Time] Betokeif, be-tO'kn, v.t., to shew by a token or sign ; to foreshew ; to signify -.—pr.p. beto'kening ; pa.p. betO'kened. [A.S. be, and Token.] Betook, be-took', past tense of Betake. Betray, be-tra', v.t., to deliver up or disclose traitorously, or in breach of trust ; to entrap : —pr.p. betraying ; pa.p. betrayed', [be, and Fr. trahir. It. tradire, L. trade re, to deliver up.] betrayal, be-tra'al, «., act of betraying. betrayer, be-tra'er, n. , one wJw betrays ; a traitor. Betroth, be-troth', v.t. to pledge the troth or truth to ; to contract or promise in order to marriage ; to affiance : — pr.p. betroth'ing; pa.p. betrothed'. [A.S. be, and Troth.] betrothal, be-troth'al, betrothmont, be-troth'ment, n. act of betrothing. Better, bet'ter, adj. (comp. of good), having good qualities in a greater degree than another ; pre- ferable ; improved. — adv. (comp. of well), in a higher degree, or more excellent manner ; more ; rather. — v.t. to make better; to improve ; to benefit; to repair :—/n/. bett'ering; pa.p. bett'ered. [A.S. bet, betera, better, betrian, to make better; Dutch, bat, better.] best, best, adj. (superl. of good], good in the highest sense ; first ; highest ; most excellent. — n. one's utmost endeavour. — adv. (superl. ot well), in the highest degree ; in the best manner. [A.S. betst, betcst, from root of Better.] Between, be-twen'. Betwixt, be-twikst', prep, in the middle of twain or tzvo ; in the middle or inter- mediate space ; from one to another ; common to two ; noting difference of one from the other. [A.S. betweonan, betwy7ian; betweox, betwuxt — be, and twcgen, twa, two, twain.] Bevel, bev'l, «., a slajit or inclination of a surface, greater than a right angle ; an instrument open- ing like a pair of compasses, for measuring angles. — adj. having the form of a bevel ; slant ; oblique. — v.t. to form with a bevel or slant. — v.i. to slant or incline off: — pr.p. and adj. bev'elling ; pa.p. bev'elled. [Fr. bcveau, buveau; Ger. bi'igel, from buge7i, to bow, to bend.] Beverage, beVer-aj, «., d7-ink; any agreeable liquor for drinking. [Fr. beverage; It. beveraggio — bevere — L. bibere, to drink.] See Beer. Bevy, bev'l, «. a flock or brood of birds, especially of quails ; an assembly (especially of' females). [Fr. bevt'e; It. beva.] Bewail, be-wal', v.i. to utter the «/az7 of distress ; to express grief — v.t. to lament: — pr.p. and n. bewail'ing; pa.p. bewailed'. [A.S. ^r.p. and adj. bewitch'ing ; pa. p. be- witched'. — adv. bewitch'lngly. {be, and Witch.] bewitchery, be-wich'er-i, bewitchment, be-wich'ment, n. power of bewitching ; fascination. Bewray, be-ra', v.t. lit. to acctise ; to point out; to . betray -.—pr-p. bewray'ing ; pa. p. bewrayed'. fA.S. be, and wregan, to accuse.] Bey, Beg, ba, 7i. a Turkish governor of a town or province. p7urk. beg, pronounced bd-.l Beyond, be-yond', prep, on t\yQ yonder or further side of; farther onward than; out of reach; remote from ; before ; above. — adv. at a dis- tance ; yonder. {A.S. be-geond.] Bezel, bez^, 7t. the part of a ring in which the stone is set. [Sp. bisel; Fr. biseau, sloping edge, oblique surface.] BiangTilar, bl-ang'gu-lar, Biangnlate, bl-ang'gu-lat, adj., having two angles. [L. bi, bis, twice, and angular.] Bias, bfas, «., orig. a weight on one side of a bowl, making it slope, or turn to one side ; a slant or leaning to one side ; a leaning of the mind ; inclination ; anything that turns or inclines a man. — v.t. to cause to turn to one side ; to prepossess or prejudice :^pr.p. bi'assing, bl'as- ing ; pa.p. bl'assed, bl'ased. [Fr. biais ; It. bieco, oblique, awry : prob. from bifax, having two faces — bis, twice, J'acies, the face.] Bib, bib, n. a small piece of cloth put under the chin of an infant, to prevent it drivelling over its clothes. [Sp. baba, Fr. bave, spittle — baver, to slaver or dnvel : also given from L. bibo, to drink, because the bib drinks in the liquid flowing from the mouth.] Bibber, bib'ber, «., a drinker. [L. bibere, to drink.] bibulous, bib'u-lus, adj., drinkiyig or sucking in; spongy. [L. bibulics, from bibere.'] Bible, bl'bl, n., the book ; the volume that contains the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. [Gr. biblion, biblos, a book — byblos, the inner bark of the papyrus, of which paper was made.] biblical, bib'li-kal, adj. of or relating to the Bible. —adv. bib'UcaUy. Bibliography, bib-li-og'ra-fi, «. the description, knowledge, or history of books. [Gr. biblion, cOid. grap/td, to describe.] — adj. bibliograph'ical. bibliographer, bib-li-og'ra-fer, n. one skilled in bib- liography. bibliolatry, bib-li-ol'a-tri, n., hook-worship. [Gr. biblion, and latreia,_ service.] bibliology, bib-li-ol'o-ji, n., a treatise on hooks; biblical literature or theology. [Gr. biblion, and logos, a treatise.]— W;'. bibliolog'ical. bibliomania, bib-li-o-ma'ni-a, n., book-jnadness-; the rage for possessing rare and curious books. [Gr. biblion, and fnania, madness.] bibliomaniac, bib-li-o-mani-ak, n. one affected by bibliomania. bibliopole, bib'li-o-pii, blbliopolist, bib-li-op'ol-ist, ?i., a bookseller. [Gr. biblion, cuid poled, to sell.] Bibulous. See under Bibber. Bice, Bise, bis, n., a pale blue or green paint. . [old E. asure-bice, Fr. bes-azur, an inferior blue.] Bicipital, bl-sip'i-tal, Bicipltous, bl-sip'i-tus, adj. having two heads or origins. [L. bis, twice, and capict, the head.] Bicker, bik'er, v.i. orig. to skirtnish; to contend in petty altercation ; to quiver :—pr.p. and n. bick'ering ; /«./. bick'ered. [Scot, bicker : -piob. from root of Pick.] Bid, bid, v.t., to ask for or pray. [A.S. hiddan, Goth, bidjan—A.S. bidan, Goth, beidan, to look for.] Bid, bid, v.t., to offer; to propose ; to proclaim; to invite ; to command :—pr.p. bid'ding ; pa.t. bid or bade (bad) ; pa.p. bid or bid'den. [A.S. beodan, Goth, bjudan, jGer. bieten, to offer.] bid, bid, n. an offer. bidder, bid'der, n., one who bids or offers. bidding, bid'ding, 7t. offer ; invitation ; command. Bide, bid, v.t. or /. same as Abide. Bidental, bl-dent'al, adj. having two teeth. [L. hi, bis, twice, and detis, dentis, a tooth.] Biennial, bl-en'yal, adj. lasting trvo years; hap- pening once :n two years. — adv. bienn'ially. [L. biennis, from bi, bis, twice, and atmus, a year.] Bier, ber, «. a carriage or frame of wood for bear- ing the dead to the grave. [Fr. bar, ox biere ; A.S. beer: prob. from the root of Bear.] Blestings, best'ings, n. the first milk given by a cow after calving. [A.S bysting, byst, beost.'] Bifurcate, bl-furTcat, Bifurcated, bl-fur'kat-ed, adj., i7vo-/orked ; having two prongs or branches. [L. bi/urcus, from bi, bis, tvriCQ,j7irca, a fork.] bifurcation, bl-fur-ka'shun, n., a forking or division into two branches. Big, big, adj., szvelled out or bulky; large or great ; pregnant ; great in air, mien, or spirit. — • miv. big'ly. — «. big'ness. [Dan. bug, belly, bulge ; W. bog. Ice. bolga, a swelling.] See BUge, Bulge. Bigamy, big'a-mi, n., a dotiile-tnarriage ; the crime of having two wives or husbands at a time. [L. bi, or bis, twice, and Gr. gamos, marriage.] blgajnlst, big'a-mist, «. one who has committed bigamy. Biggin, big'gin, 7t. a child's cap ; a can or small wooden vessel. [Fr. begidn, from the cap worn by the Beguines, a religious society of women.] Bight, bit, n. a befid of the shore, or small bay ; the bend or coil of a rope. [Dutch, bogt. Ice. hugt — buga, A.S. bugan, Ger. biegen, to bend.] Bigot, big'ot, n. one obstinately and blindly devoted to a particular creed or party, [variously de- rived from Beguift, a member of a Flemish reli- gious order; Visigoth, a western Goth ; and Sp. bigote, a moustache.] bigoted, big'ot-ed, adj. having the qualities of a bigot. — adv. big'otedly. bigotry, big'ot-ri, «. blind zeal. Bijou, be-zhoo', «. a trinket ; a jewel ; a little box. — //. Bijoux, be-zhoo'. [Fr.] bijoutry, bijouterie, be-zhoot'ri, «. jewellery. Bilateral, bl-lat'er-al, adj., having two sides. [L. bi, bis, twice, and lattis, lateris, a side.] Bilberry, bil'ber-ri, ;/. a shrub and its berries, which ziXQ dark blt(e ; whortleberry. [Scot, blaeberry; Dan. blaa, A.S. bleo, blue, and Berry.] Bilboes, bil'boz, 7i.pl. on board ship, long bars of iron with shackles attached, to confine prisoners or offenders, [because made at Bilboa in Spain : or from Dutch, boeye, a shackle ; old Fr. btde, fetters ; L. boja, a halter.] Bile, bll, 71. a thick, yellow, bitter liquid, separated from the blood in the liver ; gall ; tig. ill-humour. [L. bills; allied iofel,fellis, the gall-bladder.] biliary, bil'yar-i, adj. belonging to or conveying bile. bilious, bil'yus, a^ij. pertaining to or affected by bile. fate, fiir ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^u.. Bilge Bilge, bilj, «. the hulging part of a cask ; the breadth of a ship's bottom. — v.i. to suffer frac- ture in the bilge or bottom ; to spring a leak : — pa. p. and adj. bilged', [same as Bulge.] Bill, bil, n. a hatchet with a hooked point; an axe. [Ger. beil, A.S. bil, W. bivycll, an axe.] Bill, bil, n. the beak of a bird ; anything like a bird's beak. — v.i. to join bills as doves ; to caress fondly : — pr.p. bill'ing ; pa. p. billed'. [A.S. bile, prob. connected with the preceding.] Bill, bil, 71. lit. a sealed paper; an account of money ; a written declaration ; a draft of a pro- posed law ; a printed advertisement, [low L. bulla, a seal.] See Bull. tillet, bil'let, ?/., a little bill; a small paper in Avriting ; a note ; a ticket assigning quarters to soldiers. — v.t. to quarter as soldiers. — v.i. to be quartered :—pr.p. bil'leting; pa. p. bil'leted. billet-doux, bil-le-doo', «., a sweet 7wte; a love- letter. [Fr. billet, a letter, doux, sweet.] Billet, bil'let, n. a small log of wood used as fuel. [Fr. billot, prob. from Bole, the trunk of a tree.] Billiards, bil'yardz, n. a game played with a cue or mace and three balls on a table having pockets at the sides and corners. [Fr. billard — bille, a ball.] Billion, bil'yun, n. a million of millions (1,000,000, 000,000). [L. bis, twice, and million.] Billow, bills, «. a great wave of the sea swelled by a storm. — v.i. to roll in large waves -.—pr.p. bil- lowing ; /«:./. billowed. [Sw. bolja, Dan. bolgc, a wave ; A.S. and old Ger. belgan, to swell, to rage.] See Big, Bilge, Bulge. billowy, bil'lo-i, adj. swelling into billows. BlmanouB, bl-ma'nus, adj., having tivo hands. [L. bis, twice, 7na7ms, a hand.] Blmensal, bT-men'sal, adj. occurring once in two 77tonths. [L. bis, twice, 7nensis, a month.] Bin, bin, «. lit. a heap; a chest or other place for storing corn, wine, &c. [A.S. bi7i, a manger; Sw. binge, Scot. bi7ig, a heap.] Binary, bl'nar-i, adj. composed of two ; twofold. [L. biiii, two for each — bis, twice.] binate, bl'nat, adj. growing in pairs ; double. Bind, bind, v.t. lit. to make a bimch of a thing ; to tie or fasten together with a baftd ; to sew a border on ; to oblige ; to make hard.— z'.z. to con- tract ; to be obligatory :—/r./. blnd'ing ; /«./. and/rt./. bound. [A.S. and Goth. bi7ida7t, con- nected with Bunch, Bundle, and Bend.] binding, bind'ing, adj. restraining ; obligatory. — «. anything that binds ; the covering of a book. binder, blnd'er, «., o>ie 7vho bi)ids,cs,^.hooks,s\\c:ivcs. bindweed, blnd'wed, n. the convolvulus, a genus of plants so called from their bendi7tg or twining. Binnacle, bin'a-kl, «. the wooden bo.x in which, on ship-board, the compass is kept, [formerly bit- tacle — Fr. habitacle, a dwelling-place.] Binocular, bT-nok'u-lar, adj., having two eyes; suit- able for two eyes. [L. bini, two, ocultts, an eye.] Binomial, bl-no'mi-al, adj. and «. in Algebra, a quantity consisting of two ter/ns or parts. [L. bis, twice, noincn, a name, a term.] Biography, bT-og'ra-fi, w. a written account or his- tory of rt life ; the art of \\Titing such accounts. — adj. biographical — adv. biograph'lcally. [Gr. bios, life, grapho, to write.] biographer, bl-og'ra-fer, «. one who WTitesbiography. Biology, bl-ol'o-ji, n. , a discourse ott life; the science of life. [Gr. bics, life, logos, a discourse.] Bite Biparoua, bip'ar-us, adj., bri7tgi7tg forth two at a birth. [L. bis, twice, pario, to bring forth.] Bipartite, bip'ar-tlt, or bl-par'tlt, adj., divided into two like parts. [L. bis, twice, and partitus — partio, to divide.] Biped, bl'ped, «. an animal with tivo feci. — adj. bipedal, bip'e-dal, or bl-pe'dal. [L. bipes, two- footed — bis, twice, pes, pedis, the foot.] BIpennate, bl-pen'nat, Blpennated, bT-pen'nat-ed, adj., havifig two wings. [L. bis, penna, a wing.] Blquadrate, bl-kwod'rat, w. ^ci;vi3LrAiX.\ tzvicc squared or raised to t\\e fourth power. — adj. biquadrat'lc. [L. bis, twice, quadratics, squared.] Birch, berch, w. a hardy and beautiful forest-tree abounding in the north of Europe and Asia with white, smooth bark ; a rod of birch. [A.S. birce, Sw. bjork. Sans, bhurja.^ birch, berch, birchen, berch'en, adj. made of birch. Bird, herd, «. one of a brood; a general name for feathered animals. — v.i. to catch birds. [A.S. brid, the young of any bird or animal, a brood ; Ger. bT^d, a brood.] See Breed, Brood. birdlime, berdllm, ti. a sticky substance used to catch birds. bird's-eye, berdz'T, adj. seen from above as if by the eye of a flying bird. — «. a kind of tobacco. Birth, berth, 71. the act of bearing or bringing forth, or of being bom ; the offspring bom ; dignity of family; origin. [A.S. beorth,a. birth— beran, to bear or bring forth.] See Bear. birthright, berth'rlt, m. the 7-ight or privilege to whieh one is entitled by birth. Biscuit, bis'kit, w. lit. bread twice cooked or baked (so prepared by the Roman soldiers) ; hard dry bread in cakes ; a kind of unglazed earthen- ware. [Fr. ; — L. bis, twice, Fr. cjdt, baked ; L. coquo, coctus, to cook or bake.] Bisect, bl-sekt', v.t. to citt into two equal parts : — pr.p. bisecting ; pa. p. bisect'ed. [L. bis, twice, seco, sect us, to cut.] bisection, bl-sek'shun, «. division into two equal parts. Bishop, bish'op, n. lit. a7t o~'erseer; one of the higher clergy who has charge of a diocese. [A.S. bisceop : L. episcopus; Gr. episkopos — epi, upon, skoped, to view, to inspect.] bishopric, bish'op-rik, «. the office and jurisdiction of a bishop; a diocese. [Bishop, and A.S. r-ic, dominion.] Bismuth, biz'muth, «. a brittle metal of a reddish- white colour, used in the arts and in medicine. [Ger. wiss7n7ith — weiss, white, 7nuth, liveliness.] Bison, bl'son, «. a wild animal like the bull, but dis- tinguished by its size, the hump on its shoulders, and the depth and shagginess of its hair. [Gr. biso/i, said to be from Bistonia, in Thrace.] Bissextile, bis-sex'til, «. lit. twice sixth ; leap-year. [L. bis, twice, sextus, sixth, so called because in every fourth or leap year the sixth day before the calends of March, or the 24th February, was reckoned twice.] Bistre, bis'ter, «. a broken colour made from the soot of wood. [Fr. — bis, brown.] Blsulcotis, bl-sulkus, adj., twofurrc^ved; cloven- footed. [L. bis, twice, sulcus, a furrow.] Bite, bit, v.t. to tear, or seize with the teeth ; to sting or pain ; to wound by reproach : — pr.p. biting ; pa.t. bit; pa.p. bit or hitt'&n.— adv. bifingly (bit'-). [A.S. bitan; Goth, beitan; Ice. bita.\ 40 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mSte ; mute ; moon ; then. bite bite, bit, n. a grasp by the teeth ; something bitten off; a mouthful. — «. biter, bit'er. bit, bit, «., a bite; a small piece; the smallest degree : t/uii which bites ; a small tool for boring ; the part of the bridle which the horse bites or holds in his mouth. — v.t. to put the bit in the mouth -.—pr.p. bitt'ing ; pa.p. bitted. Bitch, bich, n. the female of the dog, wolf, and fox. [A.S. bicce; Ice. bikkia.] Bitter, bit'ter, adj. , biting to the taste ; sharp ; painful. — adj. bit'terish, somewhat bitter. — adv. bit'terly. [A.S. biter— bitan, to bite.] bitterness, bit'ter-nes, n. quality of being bitter; hatred : sorrow. bitters, bit'terz, ji.pl. a liquor prepared from bitter herbs or roots, and used as a stomachic. Bittern, bit'tern, ii. a bird of the heron family, said to have received its name from the resemblance of its voice to the loivi^ig of a bidl. [old E, bittoiir, Fr. bjeior, low L. botaunts — bo, imitative of the sound, taurjcs, a bull, a bittern.] Bitumen, bi-tu'men, 7i. a name applied to various inflammable mineral substances, as naphtha, j petroleum, asphaltum. — adj. bitu'minous. [L.] 1 bituminate, bi-tu min-iit, bitumenise, bi-tu'min-Iz, v. t. ' to mi.x with, or make into, bitumen : — pr.p. bitu'- minating, bitu'menlsing ; pa.p. bitu'minated, bi- tu'minlsed. Bivalve, bi'valv, ii. an animal having a shell in tivo valves or parts like the oyster ; a seed-vessel of like kind. — adj. bivalv'tilar. [L. bis, twice, valva, a valve.] — adj., having two valves. Bivouac, biv'wak, n. the lying out all night of an army in the open air on guard. — v.i. to pass the night 07t gitard in the open air : — pr.p. biv'- ouacking ; pa.p. bivouacked. [Fr. — Ger. bei- wacJten, to watch beside.] Bizarre, bi-zar', adj. odd ; fantastical ; extravagant. [Fr. — L. bis, twice, varins, different.] Blab, blab, v.i., to babble; to talk much; to tell tales. — v.t. to tell what ought to be kept secret : — P^-P- blab'bing ; pa.p. blabbed'. [Dan. blab- bre, old E. blabber, from the sound.] Black, blak, adj. orig. bleak, pale ; of the darkest colour ; without colour ; clouded ; dismal ; hor- rible. [A.S. blcEC.'\ — adj. black'ish, somewhat black. — adv. blackly. — «. black'ness. black, blak, «. the darkest of colours or the absence of colour ; a negro. black, blak, blacken, blak'n, v.i. to inake black. — v.i. to grow black : — pr.p. black'ing, black'ening ; pa.p. blacked', black'ened. blackamoor, blak'a-moor, n., a black Moor; a negro. black-ball, blak'bawl, v.t. to reject in voting by put- ting a black ball into the ballot-box '.—pr.p. black'balling ; pa.p. black'balled. black-berry, blak'ber-ri, n. the fruit of the bramble. black-bird, blak'berd, n. a species of thrush of a black colour. black-cock, blakTiok, n. a black species of grouse. blackfriar, blak'frl-ar, 7i. a friar of the Dominican order, so called from his black garments. blackguard, blag'giird, 9i. orig. applied to the lowest menials about a court, who attended to the pots, coals, &c. ; a low, vile fellow. — adj. low ; scur- rilous. — v.t. to revile.— 7/. black'guardism. blacking, blak'Ing, ti. a substance used for blacking leather, &c. black-lead.blak'lcd, n. a mineral of a black colourused in making pencils, and for blacking grates, S:c. Blast black-letter, blak'let-ter, n. the old English oi modern Gothic letter (23Iacft=-IettCf. ) black-mail, blak'mal, n. money formerly paid to rob- bers for protection. Black-rod, blak'rod, n. the usher of the order of the Garter and of Parliament, so called from the black rod which he carries, blacksmith, blak'smith, n. a smith who works in iron, as opposed to one who works in titz. blackthorn, blak'thom, n. a species oi dark-coloured thorn ; the sloe. Bladder, blad'er, «. that which is blozvn out; a thin bag distended with liquid or air ; the recep- tacle for the urine; a blister. [A.S. bladdre ; Ice. bladra, a bubble ; Ger. blasen, to blow.] bladdered, blad'erd, bladdery, blad'er-i, adj., swelled like a bladder. Blade, blad, n. anything thin and flat ; a leaf of grass ; the sharp part of a sword, &c. ; the broad bone of the shoulder ; the flat part of an oar. — v.t. to provide with a blade :^;^r./. blad'ing ; pa.p. blad'ed. [A.S. bleed. Ice. blad, Ger. blatt, conn, with Gr. phyllon, \.. folium, a leaf.] Blain, blan, ii. a boil or blister. [A.S. blcEgett.'\ Blame, bliim, v.t. to speak so as to hurt or da7nage one ; _ to find fault with ; to censure :—pr.p. blam'ing ; pa.p. blamed'. — «. imputation of a fault ; fault ; crime ; censure. [Fr. blasmer; Gr. blaspJiemed—blapto, to hurt, phcmi, to speak.] blamable, blam'a-bl, adj., deserving of blatne ; faulty.— «i poetry, not having rhyme. — adv. blank'ly. — «. blank'ness. — «. a white paper, or paper -without writing ; a ticket having no mark, and therefore valueless; an empty space. [Fr. bla7ic ; Sw., Dan., and Ger. bla7ik — bli7ikcn, to shine.] blanch, blansh, v.t. to take the colour out of and 77iake bla7ik or white. — v.i., to grow white: — pr.p. blanch'ing; pa.p. and adj. blanched'- [Fr. blanchir^bla7ic, white.] blanket, blangk'et, ;/. a white woollen cloth, gene- rally used as a covering for beds ; a covering for horses, &c. — v.t. to cover with or toss in a blanket -.^pr.p. blanketing ; pa.p. blank'eted. blanketing, blangk'et-ing, 7i. a tossing in a blanket ; stuff for making blankets. Blaspheme, blas-fem', v.t., to speak i}7zpiously of God. — v.i. to utter blasphemy; to curse or swear:— /r./. blasphcm'ing; pa.p. blasphemed'. [Gt. blasphe7/ie5.] See Blame, blasphemer, blas-fem'er, «., 07te who blasphe77iex: in Prayer-Book, a railler, a false accuser. blasphemous, blas'fe-mus, adj. containing blas- phemy ; impious. — adv. blas'phemously. blasphemy, blas'fe-mi, 7i. profane speaking ; con- tempt or indignity offered to God. Blast, blast, «., abloT.ving or gust ofwi7td; a forcible stream of air ; sound of a wind instrument ; an explosion of gunpowder; any pernicious influence. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. Blaze bloodstone — V. i. to strike %vith some pernicious influence ; to affect with sudden violence or calamity; to blight or destroy ; to split by gunpowder : — /r./. and «. blast'ing ; /a./, blast'ed. [A.S. bletst, from blasaji, Ger. blaseti, to blow.] Blaze, blaz, «., a flavte; stream of light and heat from a burning body; a white mark on the face of an animal or on a tree.— z^.z. to flame or emit a bright and expanded light ; to be con- spicuous. — v.t. to publish widely; to set a white mark on a tree :^pr.p. or adj. blaz'ing ; pa.p. blazed'. [A.S. blcese, blysa, a torch, from blcEsan, to blow.] blazon, bla'zn, v.t. to blaze abroad; to publish widely ; to describe in proper heraldic terms the figures, &c., on armorial ensigns; to display; to embellish :— /r./. and n. blaz'oning ; pa.p. blaz'oned. — 7i. the act or art of heraldry ; publi- cation ; pompous display. [Fr. blaso7mer.'\ blazoner, blfi'zn-er, «., one who blazons ; a herald. blazonry, bla'zn-ri, «., art of blazotiirig. Bleach, blech, v.t. to make pale or white. — v.i. to grow white:— /r./. bleach'ing; pa.p. and adj. bleached'. \_h..^.blcecan — ^/i?^, pale.] See Black. bleacher, blech'er, «., one wlio bleacJies, or that which bleaches. bleachery, blech'er-i, n. a place for bleaching. bleaching, blech'ing, n. the process of whitening or decolorisbg cloth. Bleak, blek, adj. , pale or livid; open or unsheltered ; cold or cheerless.- rti/e'. bleak'ly.— «. bleakness. [A.S. blac, blaec, pale.] See Black. bleak, blek, n. a small white river-fish. Blear, bier, adj. (as in Blear-eyed, ble/id), sore or inflamed as if from long weeping, [low Dutch, blarren, to cry or weep.] Bleat, blet, v.i., to cry as a sheep. — n. the cry of a sheep '.—pr.p. and n. bleat'iiig ; pa.p. bleat^ed. [A.S. blcEtan, formed from the sound.] Bleed, bled, v.i. to lose blood; to die by slaughter ; to issue forth or drop as blood. — v.t. to draw blood -.—pr.p., adj., and «. bleed'ing ; /a./, bled. [A.S. bledan.] See Blood. Blemish, blem'ish, ?i. lit. a blue or livid spot ; a mark of deformity; taint. — v.t. to mark with a blemish ; to tarnish ; to defame :—py-p. blem'ish- ing; pa.p. blem'ished. [Fr. bleine, pale — Ice. bldini, blue colour — bid, blue.] Blend, blend, v.t., to mingle togetJier; to confound. — v.i. to be mixed -.—pr.p. and n. blend'ing ; pa.p. blended. [A.S. blendan; Ice. bla7ida.'\ Bless, bles, v.t. lit. to consecrate ; to make joyous, happy or prosperous ; to wish happiness to ; to invoke a blessing on ; to praise or glorify : — _;>r./. blessing ; /a./, blessed' or blest. [A.S.blet- sian, to consecrate — blotan, to kill for sacrifice.] blessed, bles'ed , adj. happy ; prosperous ; happy in heaven ; holy. — adv. bless'edly. blessedness, bles'ed-nes, n. state of being blessed ; holiness ; happiness. blesslng.bles'ing, n. a wish or prayer for happiness or success ; any means or cause of happiness. blest, h\cs\., past participle of Bless. Blew, bl5(5 — did blow — past tense of Blow. Blight, blTt, n., that which bleaches or renders /tzZ?; that which nips, blasts, or withers up ; mildew. — v.t. to afl'ect with blight ; to blast ; to frustrate : ^pr.p. or adj. bllght'ing ; pa.p. or adj. bjTght'ed. [A.S. blcecan, to bleach— /'A^r, pale, livid.] Blind, blTnd, adj. wanting sight ; dark ; obscure ; without judgment; ignorant; inconsiderate. — v.t. to make blind; to darken; to obscure; to deceive : — pr.p. or adj. blind' ing; pa.p. or adj. bllnd'ed. — w. something to obscure the light, or mislead the eye or understanding ; a screen or shade. [A.S. from the root of Blink.] blindfold, bllnd'fuld, adj. having something yjj/^^-tf over the eyes so as to bli7td them ; thoughtless ; reckless. — v.t. to cover the eyes; to mislead or deceive -.—pr.p. blind' folding ; pa.p. bllnd'folded. Blink, blingk, z'.i., to gla7tce, twi7ikle, or wink ; to see obscurely or with the eyes half closed.— z/.;". to shut out of sight ; to avoid or evade '—pr.p. and adj. blink'ing ; /a./, blinked'. — n. a glimpse, glance, or wink. [A.S. blican, to glitter; Ger. blickc7i, to shine, blinke7t, to twinkle.] blinkard, blingk'ard, n., 07ie ivJio bli7iks or has bad eyes. Bliss, blis, n. the highest happiness. [A.S. bias — blitJtsia7i, blissian, to rejoice — blitJie, joyful.] blissful, blis'fool, adj., full of bliss. — adv. bliss'fully. — 71. bliss'fulnesa. Blister, blis'ter, «. a thin bzd)ble or bladder on the skin containing watery matter ; that which raises blisters. — v.i. to rise in blisters. — v.t. to raise blisters :^pr.p. blis'tering ; pa.p. blis'tered. [A.S. blaesa7t, to blow : hence Bladder, Blast, Bluster.] blistery, blis'ter-i, adj., fidl of blisters. Blithe, hXith, adj.,joyoiis; merrj'; gay; sprightly. — adv. blithe'ly. — «. blithe'nesa. [A. S. blitlw, j oy- ful] See Bliss. blithesome, bllM'sum, adj. blithe. — adv. blithe'- Bomely. — «. blithe'someness. Bloat, blot, v.t. lit. to szvell by soaking in water; to pjiff out; to diy by smoke (applied to fish). — v.i. to swell or dilate :—/r./. bloat'Ing ; /a./, bloated.— w. bloat'edness. [Sw. biota, to soak, to steep — blod, soft.] bloater, blot'er, n. a dried herring. Block, blok, «., a7i uTtsJiaped viass of wood, stone, &c. ; the wood on which criminals are beheaded ; a pulley, or its framework ; a piece of wood on which something is formed; a row of houses; an obstruction; a blockhead. — v.t. to enclose or shut up; to obstruct; to shape. [Fr. bloc; old Ger. bloch; Gael, bloc, round.] blockade, blok-ad', «., tlw blocking up of a place by surrounding it with troops or ships. — z'.t. to block up by troops or ships :—pr.p. blockad'ing ; pa.p. blockild'ed. blockhead, blok'hed, «. one \\\i)x a Iiead like a block; a stupid fellow. block-house, blok'-hous, «. a /w;«^ or fort constructed chiefly of titnber. block-tin, blok'-tin, «. pure tin as cast in blocks. Blonde, blond, «. a person oi fair complexion with light hair and blue eyes. — Blo^d-lace, «. lace made of silk, so called from its colour. [Fr.] Blood, blud, 71. the glozvi7ig red fluid in the veins and arteries of men and animals ; kindred ; descent ; temperament; bloodshed or murder; the juice ol anything. — v.t. to stain with blood. [A.S. blod; Dutch, blocd; Ger. blitt, from bliihe7i, to glow.] blood-hound, blud'-hound, 71. a hound or dog having an acute sense of smell, emploj-ed to track a •nwoided animal, and sometimes in the pursuit of criminals. bloodshed, blud'shed, n., tJie sJuddi7tg of blood; slaughter; murder, bloodstone, blud'ston, n. heliotrope, a sto7ie of a green colour with red spots like hldod. fate, fiir ; me, her ; ; ; miSte ; mute ; moon ; Men. bloody bloody, blud'i, adj. stained mth blood ; cruel ; mur- derous. — adv. blood'ily. — n. blood'iness. Bloom, bloSm, v.i. lit. to shine, to exkihit bright colours; to blow or put forth blossoms or flowers ; to be in a state of youth : — pr.^. and adj. bloom'ing ; pa. p. bloomed'. — ti. a blossom ; the opening of flowers; the prime of life; the flush on the cheek. [Dutch, bloejn, Ger. bluine, a flower — Ger. bliiJien, to shine, to blossom.] blossom, blos'som, 7i. , a blowing or bloom ; the cor- olla or flower of a plant. — v.i. to put forth flowers ; to flourish or prosper -.—pr-p. blos'som- ing ; pa.p. blos'somed. [A. S. blosm, from root of Bloom.] Blot, blot, Ji. a spot or stain ; an obliteration ; a blemish. — v.t. to spot or stain ; to disgrace ; to ob- literate ; to destroy : — pr.p. blot'ting ; pa.p. blot'- ted. [imitative of thesoundof adrop falling on the ground. Finn.//rt:^//;prov. Da.n. blat ; Da.n.plet. ] blotch, bloch, n. a spot or blot on the skin ; a pus- tule. [A.S. blaco, blcect]ie, from Blot.] Blouse, blouz, n. a loose outer garment. [Fr.] Blow, bio, n., a stroke; a. knock ; a sudden misfor- tune or bereavement. [Goth, hliggwan, old Ger. blin7van, to strike : or Dutch, blaeuivett, to ^r'ik.&—blaeriw , blue, livid, the colour of the mark produced by a blow.] Blow, bio, v.i., to shine, to shew bright colours; to come into or put forth flowers ; to bloom or blossom: — pr.p. blow'ing ; pa.p. blown. [A.S. blowia?i, Ger. blfihen.'] See Bloom, blossom. Blow, bio, v.i., to breathe ; to produce a draught of air ; to breathe hard or quickly. — v. t. to throw air upon ; to drive by wind ; to produce sound from wind-instruments :—/r./. blow'ing; pa.t. blew (bloo) ; pa.p. blown. [A.S. blawan; Ger. blaheti, blasen; lu. Jlo,Jlare.} blow-pipe, blo'pTp, 7i. an instrument for blo\v'ing air against the flame of a lamp or candle. Blubber, blub'ber, it. a btibble ; the fat of whales and other large sea-animals, [an imitation of the noise made by a mi.xture of air and water shaken together.] blubber, blub'ber, v.i. to weep noisily or to dis- figure the face with weeping -.—pr.p. blublDering ; pa.p. blub'bered. Bludgeon, blud jun, 7i. a short stick having one end heavier than the other, used to strike with. [Goth. bliggva7t, to strike.] Blue, bloo, n. the colour of the sky when unclouded ; one of the seven primary colours.— «^'. of the colour blue. — n. blue'ness. [A.S. bleo; old Ger. blM), blatu; Fr. bleu.l bluish, bloo'ish, adj. slightly blue. — 7i. blu'ishness. bluebell, bloo'bel, «. a plant that bears blue bell- sliaped flowers. blue-bottle, bloo'bot-1, n. a plant with blue bottle- sluiped flowers that grows among com ; a large blue fly. blufr-stocking, bloo'stok-ing, n. a literary lady ; orig. applied in Dr Johnson's time, to meetings held by ladies for conversation with literary men, one of whom always wore blue stockings. Bluff, bluf, adj'. big ; surly ; blustering. — n. bluff- ness. [Dutch, blaf, prob. imitative of a phivip, sudden sound — hence meaning abrupt. '\ bluff, bluf, 71. a high steep bank projecting into the sea or into a river. — adj. stieep Hke a bluff. bluffy, bluf'i, adj. having bluffs. Blunder, blun'der, v.t. to mi.x up together or con- Bob fuse.— t/.z. to make a gross mistake :—/r./. blun'dering; pa.p. blun'dered. [perhaps con- nected with Blend— A.S. bletidan, to mix.] Blunderbuss, blun'der-bus, «. a short hand-gun with a wide bore, [acorr. of'Dutch.donderbus, Ger. do7i- 7ierbiicJise — do?iner, thunder, bus, biicltse, a gun.] Blunt, blunt, adj. dull on the edge or point ; Jig. rough, outspoken, dull. — v.t. to dull the edge or point ; to make dull ; to weaken :—pr.p. blunt'- ing ; pa.p. blunted. — adv. blunt'ly. — 71. blunt'- ness. [Ger. //«w/, awkward, coarse.] Blur, blur, 71. a blot, stain, spot.— ■y.^. to blot, stain, obscure, blemish:— /r./. blurr'ing;/^./. blurred', [prob. from root of Bladder.] Blurt, blurt, v.t. to utter suddenly or unadvisedly: —pr.p. blurt'ing ; /«./. blurt'ed. [Scot, blutter.] Blush, blush, «., tJie colour of flowers in blosso7n ; a red glow on the face caused by shame, modesty, Sec. ; any reddish colour ; sudden appearance. — v.i. to glow with the colour oi blow7i flowers ; to grow XQd-.—pr.p. blush'ing; pa.p. blushed'. — adv. hlvLsh'mgly. [A.?,, ablisian ; Dutch, bloscn, to blush — bio, a blush, from root of Bloom, Blow.] Bluster, blus'ter, v.i. to make a noise like a bla^t of wind ; to roar, bully, or swagger :—pr p. blus'tering ; pa.p. blus'tered. — «., a blast or roaring as of the wind ; bullying or boasting language, [an augmentative of Blast.] Bo, bo, int. a word used to frighten children. Boa, bo'a, «. a genus of serpents which includes the largest species of serpent, called .ffi3« (:(7?M-i;r/c!'cir: a long serpent-like piece of fur worn round the neck by ladies. [L. contr. of bova, from bos, bovis, an ox — perhaps from their size.] Boar, bur, n. the male of swine. [A.S. bar.l Board, bord, 71. a broad and thin strip of timber ; a table to put food on ; food ; persons seated around a table ; a council; the deck of a ship. — v.t. to cover with boards ; to supply with food ; to enter a ship; to attack. — v.i. to receive food or take meals :^r./. board'ing; pa.p. board'ed. [A.S. bord, a board — b?'ad, broad.] boarder, bord'er, fz. one who receives board; one who boards a ship. boarding, bord'ing, «. act of covering w^th boards ; the covering itself; food ; act of boarding a ship. Boast, host, v.i. lit. to blow, to swell tlie cJieeks; to puff one's self up ; to talk vaingloriously ; to brag -.—pr.p. boast'ing ; pa.p. boast^ed. — «. an expression of pride or anger ; a brag; the cause of boasting, [old E. and low Ger. bost; Ger. bause7i, pa2isten ; Ger. briiste7i, to brag.] boaster, bost'er, «. one who is in the habit of boasting. boastful, bost'fool, adj. given to boasting. — adv. boast'fully. — «. boast'fulness. boastingly, bost'ing-li, adv. in a boastful manner. Boat, bot, n. a small open vessel moved by oars ; a small ship. — v.i. to go in a boat. — v.t. to carry by boat '.-—pr.p. boat'ing ; pa.p. boat'ed. [A.S. bdt;_ Dutch, boot; W. bad; Gael, bata.'i boating, bot'ing, «. the art or practice of sailing in boats; yachting. Boatswain, bot'swan, (colloquially) bo'sn, 71. a boat- serva7tt; a petty officer on board ship who looks after the boats, sails, rigging, &c., and calls the seamen to duty. [A.S. bdtswa7i — bat, a boat, swart, a swain, a servant.] Bob, bob, v.i. to move quickly up and down or backwards and forwards, to dangle ; to fish fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //^en. Bobbin bookless ■with a bob. — v.i. to move in a short jerking manner ; to beat ; to cheat ; to mock -.—pr.p. boBb'ing ; pa. p. bobbed'. — >i. a short jerking motion; a slight blow; any thing that moves •with a bob or swing. [Gael, babas^, babati, a tassel ; Ice. bobbi, a knot, cockle-shell.] Bobbin, bob'in, n. a small piece of wood on which thread is wound ; round tape. [Fr. bobinc, from Gael, babaji, a tassel : also given from L. bom- btis, a humming, from its sound.] Bode, bod, v.t. X.o porteftd or prophesy good or evil. — v.i. to be an omen, of good or evil ; to fore- shew : — pr.p. bod'ing ; pa.p. bod'ed. — n. an omen or portent. [A.S. bodian, to tell — bod,gcbod, a command : allied to Bid.] Bodice, bod'is, n. a woman's stays, formerly called bodies because they were made to fit close to the body. [See Body.] Eodkln, bodTiin, n. orig. a small dagger; an instru- ment for piercing holes or for dressing the hair ; a large, blunt needle, [from root of Butt, to push, and dim. kin.'\ Body, bod'i, n. the trunk or frame of an animal, tree, &c., as distinguished from the limbs ; the whole frame of a man or lower animal ; sub- stance ; a person ; a mass ; a number of persons or things. — v.t. to give form to; to embody: —pr.p. bod'ying; pa.p. bod'ied. [A.S. bodig, Gael, bodhag, from root bot, a lump.] body-politic, bod'i-pol'i-tik, «. the collective body of a people in its political capacity. bodiless, bod'i-les,^^//'. having no body; incorporeal. bodily, bod'i-li, adj. relating to the body. — adv. all in a body ; completely ; all at once. Bog, bog, n. soft g-roiDid ; a marsh, morass, or quagmire. — adj. bog'gy. [Ir. bogach, a bog; Gael, bog, soft, moist.] Bogle, bo'gl, «., a bugbear; a spectre. [Scot, bogle, *a ghost ; Gael, blog, b^Mgwl ; E. bug, bugbear.'] boggle, bog'l, v.i. to stop or hesitate as if frightened at a bogle or strange appearance :^pr.p. bogg'- ling ; pa.p. bogg'led. Boil, boil, v.i. to bubble up from the action of heat; to be hot; to be agitated. — v.t. to heat to a boiling state ; to dress or cook in any boiling liquid -.—pr.p. boil'ing ; pa.p. boiled'. [Fr. bouil- lir — L. hullo, to bubble; Ice. bidla: from the noise made by boiling water.] boiler, boil'er, n., one -jjJio boils; that in which any- thing is boiled. Boil, boil, n. an inflamed swelling or tiimour on the flesh having a buhble-Yike shape. [A.S. bil, by I; Ger. beule ; Ice. bnla.] See Bubble. Boisterous, bois'ter-us, adj., ivild; noisy ; turbulent ; stormy. — adv. bois'terously. — «. bois'terousness. [Dan. bister; Du. byster; W. b-.iyst, wild.] Bold, bold, adj'. having or requiring courage or daring ; executed with spirit ; impudent ; stand- ing out to view ; steep or abnipt. — adv. bold'ly. — n. bold'ness. [A.S., old Gcr., and Dan. bald; Fr. baud; Goth, baltlia; Ice. balldr.] Bole, bOl, n., the round stein or body of a tree. [Dutch, bol, swelling : from root bol, round.] boll, bol, «. the round licads or seed-vessels of fla.x, poppy, &c. ; a pod or capsule. [Dutch, bol, bolle, ahead; A.S. bolla, a bowl: from root of Bole.] boiled, buld,/«./. (of obs. boll], sivollen; podded. Bolster, bul'ster, n. a long round pillow or cushion ; a pad. — v.t. to support with a bolster ; to hold yy^-.^pr.p. bol'stering; pa.p. bol'stered. [A.S. : old Ger. bolstar : Dutch, biilt, a hump.] Bolt, bolt, ;/. lit. a knob; orig. a knob-headed ^rtovt for a cross-bow ; a bar or pin used to fasten a door, &c. — v.t. to fasten with a bolt ; to utter or throw precipitately ; to swallow hastily. — v.i. to dart forth -.—pr.p. bolt'ing ; pa.p. bolted. [A.S. and Dan. bolt, Ger. bolgen; from the root of Bole.] Bomb, bum, «. lit. a loud bootning or humming sound ; a large hollow ball or shell of iron, filled with gunpowder, to be thrown from a mortar, so as to explode when it falls. [Fr. bombe, from L. bombus, Gr. bovibos, an imitation of the sound.] bombard, bum-bard', v.t. to attack with boinbs :— pr.p. bombard'ing : pa.p. bombard'ed. — n. bom- bard'ment. — n. bombardier, bum-bar-der', one who throws bombs ; an artillery-man. Bombasin, Bombazine, bum-ba-zen', «. a twilled fabric of silk and worsted. [Fr. ; L. bovibycina, silk garments; Gr. boinbyx, the silk-worm.] Bombast, bum'bast, «. orig. cotton or any soft ma- terial used to swell or stuff" garments ; inflated language, [low L. bombax, cotton ; Gr. bombyx. ] bombastic, bum-bast'ik, adj. having the quaHties of bombast; high-sounding; inflated. Bond, bond, n. anything that binds; a band. — pi. chains; captivity. — adj., bound; in slavery. [A..S. bond — binda7i, to bind.] Sec Band, Bind. bonded, bond'ed, adj. lying under bond to pay duty. bondage, bond'aj, «. state of being bound; captivity ; slavery. bondman, bond'man, «. a man slave.— :/^';«. bond- maid, bond'woman. bondsman, bondz'man, n. one who \s7i7iderabond : a surety. Bone, bon, n. the hard substance forming the skele- ton of an animal ; a piece of bone. — v.t. to take out bones from the llcsh : — pr.p. bon'ing ; pa.p. boned'. [A.S. ba7i; Ger. bei>i, Goth, bain, bone, leg ; W. bon, a stem.] bony, bon'i, adj. full of, or consisting of bones. Bonfire, bon'fir, n. orig. a beacon-fire ; a large fire made in the open air on occasion of public joy. [Dan. baun, a beacon — W. ban, lofty, and fire.] Bonnet, bon'net, «., a Iicad-dress; a covering for the head worn by females ; a Scotch cap. [Fr. ; Gael, bonaid — beanu, the top, eide, dress.] Bonny, bon'ni, adj., beautiful; handsome; gay. — adz'. bon'nily. [Fr. bon, bonne — L. bomts, good.] Bonus, bo'nus, n. lit. a good ; a premium beyond the usual interest for a loan; an e.\tra dividend to shareholders. [L. bonus, good.] Bony. See under Bone. Booby, boo'bl, n. lit. a baby ; a silly or stupid fel- low ; a \yater-bird, allied to the pelican, remark- able for its apparent stupidity, [from the root of Babe ; Ger. bube, a boy.] Book, book, n. a collection of paper leaves bound together, either printed, ^vritten on. or blank; a literary composition ; a division of a volume or subject. — v.t. to write or register in a book: — pr.p. book'ing; pa.p. booked'. [A.S. boc, the beech, a book, because the Teutonic race wrote on beechen boards.] bookish, book'ish, adj. fond of books ; given to reading. — adz>. book'ishly. — «. book'ishness. book-keeping, book'kep-ing, n. the art of keeping accounts In a regular and systematic manner. bookless, book'les, adj. without books : unlearned. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th&n. bookworm Boudoir bookworm, book'wurm, n. a worm or mite that eats holes in books; one closely attached to books. Boom, a beam. See under Beam. Boom, boom, v.i. to sound like a bomb, the firing of a cannon, the roar of the sea, a drum, the bittern, &c. ; to rush with violence, as a ship under sail '.—pr.p. boom'ing ; pa. p. boomed'. [A.S. byvie, a trumpet; Du. boininoi, to drum, boDtme, a drum, from the root of Bomb.] Boomerang, boom'e-rang, ii. a hard-wood missile used by the natives of Australia, shaped like the segment of a circle, and so made that when thrown to a distance it returns towards the thrower. Boon, boon, ii. orig. a prayer ; answer to a prayer or petition ; a gift or favour. [A. S. ^^«,a prayer ; Dan. bon.'\ See Bid. Boon, boon, adj. , good, kind, liberal : gay ; merry ; cheerful. [Fr. bon — L. bo7ius, good.] Boor, boor, it. lit. a tiller of the grotmd ; a countryman ; any coarse or awkward person. [Dutch, bocr, Ger. baiier — A.S. bttan, Dutch, bourven, Ger. bajieit, to till.] boorish, boor'ish, adj., like a boor; rustic; rude; illiterate.— rt^/z/. boorishly. — 7i. boor'ishness. Boot, boot, 71. orig. a hollow skin for holding liquids; a covering for theifoot and leg generally made of leather ; an old instrument of torture for the legs ; a box or receptacle in a coach :— in //. a servant at an inn who cleans the boots, &c. — v.t. to put on boots -.—pr.p. boot'ing ; pa.p. boot'ed. [Fr. , It. botte, Sp. bota, a wine-skin.] See Bottle, Butt. Boot, boot, v.t. Xo profit or advantage. — n. advan- tage ; profit. [A.S. bot, compensation, amends — betan, to amend — bet, better.] bootless, boot'les, adj. without boot or profit ; use- less. — adv. boot'lessly. — n. boot'lessness. Booth, hooth, 71. lit. a hut or temporary erection formed of slight materials. [Gael, both, botkag.'] Booty, boot'i, «. lit. spoil to be shared or divided; spoil taken in war or by force; plunder. [Fr. biitiii; Ger. beute; Sw. byte — byta, to divide.] Bo-peep, bo-pep', «. a play among children, in which one peeps from behind and cries bo. Borax, bo'raks, 7i. a shini7ig mineral salt used for soldering, and also in medicine. [Fr. ; Sp. bor- rax ; It. borrace ; Ar. bilrag, from bat-aga, to shine.] — adj. boracic, bo-ras'ik, relating to or con- taining bora.x. Border, bor'der, «. the edge or 7na7gi/i of anything. — v.i. to approach near to; to touch or be ad- jacent to. — "i.t. to make, or adorn with, a border : — P'^-P- bor'dering ; pa.p. bor'dered. [Fr. bord, bordure; Ice. and A.S. bord, the edge.] borderer, bor'der-er, 7i. one who dwells on the border of a country. Bore, bor, v.t. to bite or pierce with an instrument ; to make a hole in ; to weary by ceaseless repeti- tion. — v.i. to penetrate by boring : — pr.p. bor'ing ; pa.p. bored'. — 7i. a hole made by boring; the dimensions of the cavity of a gun ; one that wearies. [A. S. borian, to bore, from bor, a borer ; Ger. bohren: allied to \..foro, Gr. peiro.} borer, bor'er, «. the person or thing that bores. Bore, bor — did h&zr— past te7ise of Bear. Bore, bor, 7t. lit. a rushifig roar; the sudden rise of the tide in a river or estuary, which is accom- panied with a loud noise. [Sw. Goth, bor, the wind ; Scot, birr, a loud whirring sound.] Boreas, bo're-as, ii., the 7t07-th 'wi7td. [L. and Gr.] boreal, bo're-al, adj. pertaining to the north or north wind. [L. borealis.l Bom, bawrn, pa.p. of Bear, to bring forth. Borne, born, pa.p. of Bear, to carry. Borough, bur'ro, n. lit. a place of protectio7t; a corporate town ; a town that sends representa- tives to parliament. [A.S. burg, burli, a city — A.S. beorga7i, Ger. bergen, to protect.] Borrow, bor'ro, v.t. lit. to obtain a loan of money on security ; to take from another on loan or credit : — pr.p. bor'rowing.; pa.p. bor'rowed. [A.S. borgia7i — bo7g, borh, a security: akin to Borough, from the notion of security.] borrower, bor'ro-er, «., one who borrows. Boscage, bos'kaj, «., wood; thicket; thick foliage. [Fr. boscage, bocage ; It. bosco ; Ger. busch; E. bush; perhaps connected with Ger. bauefi, to build, from the use of trees in building.] bosky, bos'ki, adj., woody ; bushy; shady. Bosom, boo'zum, 7i. the breast of a human being or the part of the dress which covers it ; fig. the seat of the passions and operations of the mind ; the heart ; any receptacle or enclosure ; the in- terior. — 7,'.^. to put in the bosom ; to conceal. — adj. intimate; confidential. [A.S. bosin ;G&r. buse^i.] Boss, bos, 71. a szvelling or protJibera7ice ; a raised ornament ; a stud or knob. [Fr. basse ; It. bozza. —Ger. butz, butzefi, any blunt point or lump.] bossed, host, adj. ornamented with bosses ; studded. bossy, bos'si, adj. having bosses. Botany, bot'a-ni, 7i. orig. pla7its for fodder: the science that treats of plants. [Gr. botane, herb, plant — bosko, to feed.] botanic, bo-tan'ik, botanical, bo-tan'ik-al, adj. , per- taini)ig to botany.— adv. botan'ically. botanist, bot'an-ist, 71. one skilled in botany. botanise, bot'an-Tz, v.i. to seek for and collect plants for the purposes of botany -.—pr.p. and n. bot'anTsing ; pa.p. bot'anlsed. Botch, boch, 71. a szvelling on the skin; a clumsy patch ; ill-finished work. — v.t. to patch or mend clumsily :^r.p. botch'ing ; pa.p. botched', [from root of Boss.] botcher, boch'er, 7i., otie who botches. botchy, boch'i, adj., fdl of botches. Both, both, adj. and pron., tJie two ; the one and the other. [A.S. biiiu, batwa, Ger. beide, Goth. ba,bajoths: 1.,. a7>ibo,Gr. arnpho : Sans. 7ib>ia.\ Bother, \>oth'kr, v.t. to perplex or tease :—pr.p. both'ering; pa.p. both'ered. [a corr. of Pother.] Bottle, bot'l, 71. a hollow vessel for holding liquids ; the contents of such a vessel. — t'.z'. to put into bottles :—/r./. bottling; pa.p. bott'led. [Fr. boziteille, dim. oibotte.^ See Boot, Butt. Bottle, bot'l, 71. a bimdle of hay. [Fr. botal, dim. of botte, a bundle, from root of Boss.] Bottom, bot'tum, «., the lowest part of anythiitg; that on which anything rests or is founded ; a valley ; a ship. — v.t. to furnish with or to reach a bottom. — v.i. to rest upon the bottom '.—pr.p. bot'toming ; pa.p. bot'tomed. [A.S. botm; Ger. bodett; Dan. bic7id: connected with 1^. ftmdus, Gr. buthosi] bottomless, bot'tum-les, adj., 7iavi7ig7io botto7n. bottomry, bot'tum-ri, 71. the act of borrowing money on a ship or bottom. Boudoir, boo'dwar, 11. a small room where one may retire to be alone ; a lady's private room. [Fr. bonder, to pout, to be sulky.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^n. 45 Bough Bongh, bow, n. a branch of a tree which bazus or i^ends outward from the trunk. [A.S. bog^, boh — bugatt, to bow or bend.] Bought, hdiwt—pa.t. and /a./, of Buy. Boulder, same as bowlder. Bounce, bouns, v.i., to strike so as to caiise a sudden noise; to jump or spring suddenly; to boast or bully -.^pr.p. bounc'ing ; pa.p. bounced'. — n. a heavy sudden blow ; a leap or spring ; a boast ; a lie. [D. bonzcn, to strike — bo7is, a blow.] bouncer, bouns'er, n. one who bounces ; something big ; a bully ; a liar. Bound, bound— /a. ^. and/^./. of Bind. Bound, bound, adj., prepared for; ready to go to. [Ice. biiinn, pa.p. oibua, to prepare.] Bound, bound, v.i. to spring or leap : — pr.p. bound'- ing ; pa.p. bound'ed. — n. a spring or leap. [Fr. bondir, to spring, in old Fr. to sound, to hum — L, bovibitare, to hum.] Bound, bound, n. a limit. — v.t. to set boimds to ; to limit, restrain, or surround -.^pr.p. bound'ing ; pa.p. bound'ed. [Fr. borate; old Fr. bone ; low L. bodina : prob. of Celtic origin.] boundary, bound'a-ri, «. a visible bound or limit ; border ; termination. boundless, bound'les, adj., hnving no boutid or limit ; vast. — w. bound'lessness. Eounden, bound'en, a^j., binding; required; obliga- tory. [from Bind.] Bounty, boun'ti, n. orig. goodness ; liberality in be- stowing gifts ; the gift bestowed ; a sum of money offered as an inducement to enter the army, &c. [Fr. bonti ; L. bonitas — bonus, good.] bounteous, boun'te-us, or bount'yus, bountiful, boun'- ti-fool, adj. liberal in giving ; willing to bestow. — advs. boun'teously, boun'tifully. — ns. boun'teoua- ness, boun'tifulness. Bouquet, boo-ka' or boo'ka, «. a bunch of flowers ; a nosegay. [Fr. — bosquet, a little wood — It. bosco, a wood.] See Boscage. Bourgeon, bur'jun, v.i., to put forth sprouts or buds ; to grow : — pr.p. bour'geoning ; pa.p. bour'geoned. [Fr. bourgeon, a bud-shoot.] Bourn, Bourne, bom or boom, «. a bound or bound- ary ; a limit. [Yr. bome.'\ See Bound. Bourn, Bourne, bom or boom, n. a stream or rivulet. [Scot, bum, a brook ; Gael, bum, fresh water : Ger. brunnett, Goth, brunna, a spring.] Bout, bout, 71. lit. a bend; a turn coming round at certain intervals; atrial; an attempt. [A.S. bugan, to bow or bend.] Bovine, bo'vTn, adj. pertaining to cattle. [L. bos, bovis, Gr. bous, an ox or cow.] Bow, bow, v.t. to bend or incline towards ; to sub- due. — v.i. to bend the body in saluting a person ; to yield : — pr.p. bow'ing ; pa.p. bowed'. — «., a bending of the body in saluting a person ; the curving forepart of a ship. [A.S. bugan, to bend.] bower, bow'er, n. an anchor carried at the bow or forepart of a ship. bowline, bolin, n. lit. the line of the bow or bend; a small rope to keep a sail close to the wind. \l>ow, and line. 'I bowsprit, bs'sprit, n. a boom or spar projecting from the bo^M of a ship, {bow, and sprit.] bow, bo, n. a bent piece of wood used to shoot arrows ; anything of a curved shape as the rain- bow ; the instmment by which the strings of a j violin are sounded. — «. bow'man, an archer. i Brag Bowels, bo^v'elz, n.pl. the interior parts of the body ; the entrails ; fg. the heart, pity, tender- ness. [Fr. boyau; old Fr. boel ; low L. bottelli, the bowels — L. bote Hits, a sausage.] Bower, bow'er, n. orig. a chamber; a shady enclo- S7ire or recess in a garden. [A.S. bur, a cham- ber ; W. IrMr, an enclosure.] bowery, bow'er-i, adj. containing bowers ; shady. Bowie-knife, bo'i-nlf, «. a dagger-knife worn in the southern states of America, so named from its inventor Colonel Bowie. Bowl, bol, n. a round drinking-cup ; the round, hollow part of anything ; a wooden ball for roll- ing along the ground. — v.i. to play at bowls ; to roll along like a bowl. — v.t. to roll as a bowl : — pr.p. bowl'ing ; pa.p. bowled'. [Fr. boule, L. bulla, A.S. bolla, Dan. bolle, any round body.] bowler, bOl'er, n. one who plaj's at bowls. bowlder, bol'der, «. a large stone rounded by the action of water ; in gcol. a mass of rock trans- ported by natural agencies from its native bed. Bowline, Bowsprit. See under Bow. Bow-window, same as bay-window. Box, boks, «. a tree remarkable for the hardness and smoothness of its wood ; a case made of box or other wood ; the contents of a box ; a seat in a theatre ; the driver's seat on a carriage. — v.t. to put into or furnish with boxes :—/r./. box'ing; pa.p. boxed'. [A.S. box; L. buxtts; Gr. pyxos, the Xxqq, pyxis, a box.] Box, boks, n. a sou7iditig blow on the head with the hand. — v.t. and v.i. to strike with the hand ; to fight with the fists : — pr.p. box'ing ; pa.p. boxed'. — n. box'er. [Dan. bask, a sounding blow : Gr. pyx, with clenched fist ; L. pugnus, the fist.] Boy, boy, n. a male child; a lad. [Ger. bube; Swiss, bub, hie; Y,. pupiis.'\ boyhood, boyhood, n. state of being a boy. boyish, boyish, adj. belonging to or like a boy ; trifling. — adv. bo/ishly. — «. bo/ishness. Brace, bras, «. anything that draws togctJier and holds tightly ; a bandage ; a pair or couple ; a mark in printing connecting two or more words or lines ( ]• ) . — in pi. straps that hold up the trousers ; ropes for turning the yards of a ship. — v.t. to tighten, make firm, strengthen :^pr.p. brac'ing ; pa.p. braced'. [Fr. bras, a brace, the arm, power ; Gael, brae, W. braich, L. brachium, Gr. brachidn, the arm, as the type of strength.] bracing, bras'ing, adj. giving strength or tone. bracelet, braslet, «. a piece of defensive armour for the arTn ; an ornament for the wrist. [Fr., dim. of old Fr. bracJul, armour for the arm.] bracket, brak'et, «. a contrivance for Jwlding things togetJier; a support for something fastened to a wall. — i7i pi. in printing, the marks [ ] used to enclose one or more words. — v.t. to put within brackets ; to place on brackets \—pr.p. brack' et- ing ; pa.p. brack'eted. Brach, brak, brach, n.,a dog for trucking game; a bitch hound. [Fr. braque, Ital. bracco, a set- ting dog, braccare, to track — Ger. brack, a dog.] Brackish, brak'ish, adj. lit. spoiled; applied to water mi.ved with salt. — n. brack'lshness. [Ger. and Dutch, brack, zvrack, refuse, spoiled.] Bract, brakt, n. an irregularly developed leaf. [L. bractea, a thin plate of metal, gold-leaf] bracteal, brak'te-al, adj. having bracts. Brag, brag, v.i. orig. to crack, to 77take a noise; to boast or bluster -.—pr.p. bragg'ing ; pa.p. 46 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. braggadocio bragged'. — n. a boast or boasting; the thing boasted of; a game at cards. [Dan. brag. Ice. braka, crack, crash.] braggadocio, brag-ga-do'shi-o, n. a braggart or boaster ; empty boasting, [from Braggadochio, a boastful character in Spenser's Faery Queen.] braggart, brag^gart, adj. boastful. — n. a boaster. Brahmin, bra'min, n. a person of the highest caste among the Hindus. [Sans. Brahman — BraJuna, the creator, the first deity of the Hindu trinity.] Braid, brad, v.t., to lueaz'e or entwine :—pr.p . braid'- ing ; pa.p. braided.— w. a string, cord, or other texture made by weaving. [A.S. bredan, breg- dan, Ice. bregda, Dan. bragde, to weave.] Brain, bran, n. the mass of nervous matter con- tained in the skull ; the seat of sensation and intellect; the intellect. — v.t. to dash out the brains of :^;V./. brain'ing ;/«./. brained'. [A.S. braegen, Dutch, breyne.\ — adj. brainless, silly. Brake, brak, Brakest, brak'est — broke, brokest — old pa.t. of Break. Brake, brak, «. a fern ; a place overgrown with ferns or briars ; a thicket, [low Ger. brake, brushwood; W. brwg, brake; Gael, fraoc, heath.] braky, brak'i, adj., full of brakes ; rough ; thorny. Brake, brak, n. an instrument to break flax or hemp ; a carriage for breaking in horses ; a bit for horses ; an instrument for checking the motion of a wheel, [from root of Break.] Bramble, bramlDl, n. a prickly plant bearing black- berries. [A.S. bretnel, Dutch, braeme, Ger. brain.l Bran, bran, n. the refuse of grain ; the inner husks of com sifted from the flour. [Fr. bran, bran, excrement ; Celt, bran, bran, chaff.] branny, bran'i, adj. consisting of bran ; having the appearance of bran. Branch, bransh, n. a shoot or ar>n-like limb of a tree ; any offshoot or sub-di\-ision. — v-t. to di\'ide into branches. — v.i. to spread out as a branch : — P^-P- branch'ing ;pa.p. branched'. [Fr. branc/ie, Gael, brae, W. braick, an arm.] See Brace. branchless, branshles, adj. without branches. branchlet, branshlet, «., a little branch; a twig. branchy, bransh'i, adj. full of branches. Brand, brand, n. a piece of wood burning or partly burtit ; a sword which when waved glitters as if \t flamed; a mark burfied into any- thing -^vith a hot iron ; a mark of infamy. — v. t. to burn or mark with a hot iron; to fix a mark of infamy upon-: — -^r./.brand'ing ;pa.p. brand'ed. [A.S. — byma7i, Ger. brennen, to burn.] brandish, brand'ish, v.t. to shake or wave as a brand or weapon '.—pr.p. brandishing ; pa.p. brand'ished. — «. a shaking or wa\-ing. [Fr. brandir. It. brandire, from Brand, a sword.] brandy, bran'di, n. lit. burned wine; spirits dis- tilled from wine. [oldE. brandwine, Ger. bra?tnt- tuein — brennen, to bum, to distil, wei7t, w-ine.] Brass, bras, n. lit. a metal of the colour oi glowing coal; an alloy of copper and zinc ; fig. impu- dence. [A.S. braes; Ice. bras, solder, from its use in brazing ; Sp. brasa, Fr. braise, glowing coal, fi-om the coals over which the soldering is done.] brassy, bras'i, adj. of or like brass ; impudent. braze, braz, v.t. to cover or solder with brass: — pr.p. and n. bmz'ing ; pa.p. brazed'. brazen, brasen, braz'n, adj., of or belonging to brass; impudent. brazier, brasier, bra'zher, n. one who works in brass : a pan for holding burning coals. breakwater Brat, brat, n. lit. a rag; a contemptuous name foj a child. [A.S. bratt,\I., Gael, brat, a rag; prov. E. brat, a child's pinafore.] Brave, brav, cuij. orig. fine, handsotne, gaily dressed; gallant; noble; courageous. — v.t. to meet boldly ; to defy :—pr.p. brav'ing ; pa.p. braved'. — n. a brave man. — adv. bravely. [Fr. brave ; It. and Sp. bravo; Scot, braw; Gael. breagh; Ger. brav, beautiful.] bravery, brav'er-i,7j. orig.fi)tery : coiu-age ; heroism. bravado, bra-va'do, n. a display of bravery ; a boastful threat. [Sp. bravada — bravo.'\ bravo, bravo, n. lit. a brave ; a daring villain ; a bandit ; a hired assassin. [It. and Sp.] bravo, bra'vo, int., beautiful ! excellent ! wfe][ don^ \ Brawl, brawl, n. a confused noise ; a noisy quarrel. — v.i., to ynake a loud noise ; to quarrel noisily : —pr.p. brawl'ing ; pa.p. brawled', [old E. braul, brail; Dan. bralle, to talk much and high : prob. from the sound.] — «. brawler, brawl'er. Brawn, bra\vTi, n. orig. a boar or its flesh ; the pickled flesh of the boar or of swine ; the fleshv, muscular part of the body ; muscular strength, [transposition of A.S. bdren, pi. of bar, a boar: It. bra?w, old Fr. braion, a lump of flesh.] brawny, bra%vn'i, adj. fleshy ; muscular ; strong. Bray, bra, v.t., to break or pound :—pr.p. bray'ing; pa.p. brayed', [from root of Break.] brayer, bra'er, «. an instrument to grind or spread ink in printing. Bray, bra, n., the cry of tJie ass : any harsh grating sound.— v.i. to make a loud harsh sound, as an ass -.—pr-p. and n. bray'ing ; pa.p. brayed'. [Fr. braire ; Gr. bracho, to crash, roar; Ice. brak, crash, noise : prob. from the sound.] brayer, bra'er, n. one who brays hke an ass. Braze, Brazen, Brazier. See under Brass. Breach. See imder Break. Bread, bred, n. food made of flour or meal baked ; fig. food; livehhood. [A.S. bread, breod, from breotan, breodan, to break : or breowan, to brew : or from Bray, to pound.] bread-fruit-tree, bred'froot-tre, n, a tree found chiefly in the South Sea Islands, producing a large round fruit, which, when roasted, forms a good substitute for bread. Breadth. See under Broad. Break, brak, v.t. to part by force; to burst, rend, or shatter ; to cmsh ; to tame ; to violate ; to separate ; to make bankrupt. — v.i. to part or separate ; to burst forth ; to fall out ; to become bankrapt :—p>r.p. break'ing ; pad. broke ; pa.p. brok'en. — n. state of being broken ; an opening ; a pause or interruption; failure. [A.S. brecan ; Goth, brikan, brak ; Ger. brechen : conn, with L. frango,frago, Gr. rheg-numi : frosi the sound.] breach, brech, n. a break or opening ; a breaking of law, &c. ; a quarrel: in B., a creek. — v.t. to make an opening -.—pr.p. breach'ing ; pa.p. breached'. breakage, brak'aj, n. a breaking; allowance for things broken. breaker, brak'er, n. , one that breaks or is broken ; a wave broken on rocks. breakfast, brek'fast, n., a break or breaking of a fast; the first meal of the day. — v.i. to take breakfast. — v.t. to furnish with breakfast: — pr.p. break'fasting ; pa.p. break'fasted. breakwater, brak'waw-ter, «. a wall at the entrance of a harbour to break the force of the water. faie, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moSn ; //^en. 47 Breast Breast, brest, «. the part of the body between the neck and the belly ; fig. conscience, disposition, affections. — v.t. to bear the breast against; to oppose : — pr.p. breast'ing ; pa.p. breasted. [A.S. breost ; Goth, brusts ; Dutch, borst.] breastplate, brest'pliit, n., plate or armour for the breast. breastwork, brest' w-urk, w. a defensive work breast- high, of earth or other material. Breath, breth, n. lit. steavi, vapour; the air drawn in and then expelled from the lungs ; a single breathing, or the time it occupies ; fig. life ; a pause ; an instant ; a gentle breeze. [A.S. brceth; Ger. brodem, steam, breath.] breathless, breth'les, adj., ivithout or out of breath; dead ; breath-suspending. — «. breath'lessness. breathe, brcM, v.i. to draw in and e.\pel breath or air from the lungs ; to take breath ; fig. to live ; to rest. — v.t. to draw in and e.vpel from the lungs as air ; to infuse by breathing ; to give out by breathing ; to give vent to ; to utter softly or in private :—/?-./. breath'ing ; /«./. breathed'. — n. and adj. breath'ing. Bred, bred, /«. A and/rf./. of Breed. Breech, brcch, n. the lower part of the body behind ; the hinder part of anything, especially of a .gim. -v.t. to put into breeches ; to furnish with a breech : — pr.p. breech'ing ; pa. p. breeched', [perhaps from root of Break — the part where the body divides into two legs.] breeches, brich'ez, n.pl. a garment worn by men over the lower part of the body ; trousers. [A.S. broc, pi. brtzc; old Fr. brag^tes ; L. braccce.'\ Breed, bred, z\t. lit. to nourish, or keep "warm; to bring forth or generate ; to hatch ; to train or bring up; to cause or occasion. — z'.i. to bear and nourish young ; to be generated or grow ; to have birth :^pr.p. and adj. breed'in::; ; pa.t. zx\Apa.p. bred. — «. that which is bred; offspring ; kind or race ; a brood or the number produced at a birth. [A.S. bredan, braedaii: connected with W. b-rwd, warm.] breeder, brcd'er, n. one that breeds, or brings up. breeding, bred'ing, n. act of producing ; nurture ; education or training ; manners. Breeze, brez, n. lit. a cool -wind; a gentle gale ; a wind. [Fr.Z-r/j^, a cool wind ; It. (5rt?3crt, chillness.] breezy, brez'i, adj. fanned with or subject to breezes. Brethren, plural of Brother. Breve, brev, 7i. a brief or short note; formerly, the longest note in music, [loll- W^- breve — L. brevis, short. In old church music there were but two notes, the long and the breve or short. Afterwards, the long was disused, and the breve became the longest note. It is now little used, the setnibrez-e being the longest note.] brevet, breVei, «. a short document or warrant ; a commission entitling an officer to take rank above that for which he receives pay. [Fr. — L. brevis.^ — n. brev'etcy. breviary, bre'vi-ar-i, w. an abridgment or epitome; the book containing the daily service of the R. Catholic Church. [Fr. breviaife—h. brevis.] brevier, bre-ver', «. a small type originally used in printing breviaries. brevity, brev'it-i, «., sJiortness; conciseness. [L. brev it as — b rev is. ] Brew, br5(5, z>.t., to boil and viix ; to prepare malt so as to make ale, beer, &c. ; to contrive or plot. — v.i. to perform the operation of brewing; to be in a state of preparation : — pr.p. and n. brigand breVing ; /(I./, brewed'. [A.S. breovan ; Ger. braiien; allied to 'L./erz'ere, to boil.] brewer, broo'er, «. one who brews. brewery, broo'er-i, «. a place for brewing. Bribe, brlb, n. lit. a piece of bread; sometliing given to influence unduly the judgment, or cor- rupt the conduct. — v.t. to influence by a bribe : — pr.p. brib'ing ; pa.p. bribed'. [Fr. bribe, a lump of bread ; W. briwo, to break, bj-iw, a fragment.] briber, brlb'er, n. one who bribes. bribery, brib'er-i, «. act of giving or taking bribes. Brick, brik, n. lit. a piece broken off; an oblong or square piece of burned clay ; a loaf shaped like a brick. — v.t. to lay or pave with bricks :—pr.p. brick'ing ; pa.p. bricked'. [A.S. brice ; Fr. brique ; Fr. briser, Gael, bris, to break; con- nected with Break.] brickbat, brik'bat, «. a piece of brick. brick-kiln, brik'-kil, «. a kiln in which bricks are burned. [bricks. bricklayer, brikla-er, «. one who lays or builds with Bride, brld, «. lit. Ofie ozimed or purchased ; a woman about to be married, or newly married. [A.S. bryd. Ice. bruda, Ger. braid, a bride; old Ger. brftt, one betrothed ; W. priod, one married — priodi, to m&rry^priazvd, owned.] bridal, brid'al, «. lit. a bride's ale; a marriage feast ; a wedding. — adj. belonging to a bride, or a wedding. [A.S. bryd-eal.\ bride-cake, brTd'-kak, n. the bride's cake, or cake distributed at a wedding. bridegroom, brid'groom, n. the bride^s man ; a man about to be or newly married. [A..S. bryd- g7ona, from ginna, a man.] — ns. bride'-maid or bride's'-maid, bride'-man or bride's'-man, attendants at a wedding. Bridewell, brld'wel, «. a house of correction, [from a palace near St Bride's Well in London, after- wards used as a house of correction.] Bridge, brij, 7i. a structure for carrying a road across a river, &c. ; anything like a bridge. — v.t. to build a bridge over :—pr.p. bridg'ing ; pa.p. bridged'. [A.S. bricg, Ice. bryggja, Ger. briicke.] Bridle, brT'dl, n. lit. the bit strings ; the instrument with which a horse is governed. — v.t. to put on, or manage with a bridle ; to check or restrain. — 7'.i. to hold up the head ; to shew spirit : — Pr.p. bri'dling ; pa!p. brl'dled. [A.S. bridel ; old Ger. brittil; Ice. bit ill: prob. from bit, the part in the mouth of the horse.] Brief, bref, adj., short ; concise. — adv. briefly. — «. briefness. [Fr. bref, L. brevis, short.] brief, bref, n. a slwrt account of a clients case, as instructions to a counsel ; a writ : an order authorising a collection of money to be made in churches. briefless, brefles, adj. without a brief. Brier, bri'er, «. a.prickly shrub ; the sweet-brier and the wild-brier, species of the rose, [old E. brere, A.S. brcrr, Ir. briar, thorn.] briery, bri'er-i, adj. , full of briers ; prickly. Brig, brig, w. a vessel with two masts, square rigged, [shortened from brigantine.] Brigade, bri-gad', n., a troop of fghting -men; a division of troops under a general officer.— v.t. to form into brigades :—/r./. brigad'ing ; pa.p. brigad'ed. [Fr. brigade, Sp. brigada. It. brigaia — low L. briga, strife.] [brigade. brigadier, brig-a-der', n. the officer commanding a brigand, brig'and, n., a light armed soldier; a 48 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; //.:en. brigandage robber or freebooter. [Fr., low L. brigaiis — briga, strife : or W. brigaiit — brig, hill, top.] brigandage, brig'and-aj, «. freebooting ; plunder. brigandine, brig'and-In, n. a coat of mail worn by brigands. lirigantliie, brig'an-tln, n. orig. a small light vessel used by brigands or pirates ; a small brig. Bright, brlt, adj. burning ; full of light ; shining ; clear ; illustrious ; clever. — adv. bright'ly. — ?i. bright'ness. [A.S. beorJit, briht ; Goth. bairJits, clear ; Gr.pJilego, 'L./lagro, Sans, bhrag, to burn.] brighten, brlt'n, v.t., to 7)iake bright or brighter; to cheer or gladden ; to make witty or acute. — v.i. to grow bright or brighter; to clear up : — pr.p. bright'ening ; pa. p. bright'ened. Brill, bril, 71. a fish of the turbot genus. [ ?] Brilliant, bril'yant, adj., shinifig like a beryl or pearl : sparkling ; glittering ; splendid. — n. a diamond so cut as to render it more glittering. — adv. brill'iantly. — n. brill'iancy. [Fr. briller, to shine : prob. from L. beryllus, a beryl.] Brim, brim, n. the ri^n or upper edge of any- thing ; margin or brink of a river or lake ; the top. — v.t. to fill to the brim. — v.i. to be full to the brim : — pr.p. brimm'ing ; pa. p. brimmed'. [A.S. brymme; Ger., Dan. brri^ne ; Ice. brim.\ brimful, brim'fool, adj., /nil to the brim. •brimmer, brim'er, «. a vessel or bowl brimful. Brimstone, brim'ston, n., buriiing stone; sulphur, [old E. bry>isto}ie — A.S. bryne, a burning — byr- 7Lan, to bum, and stone.'\ Brinded, brind'ed. Brindled, brin'dld, adj., lit. bra?ided ; msixV^^ with spots or streaks. [A.S. brand — by man, to burn.] Brine, brln, «. the sea ; salt-water. [A.S. bryne.'\ briny, brin'i, adj. pertaining to brine or the sea ; salt. Bring, bring, v.t. to fetch from; to carry to; to conduct or lead ; to draw or induce : — pr.p. bring^- ing; pa.t. and pa.p. brought (brawtj. [A.S. bringan, to bring or carry.] Brink, bringk, «. the edge or border of a steep place, or of a river, [from root of Break : or from Celt. breagJie, Scot, brae, a steep.] Brisk, brisk, adj. full of life and spirit ; active ; quick ; effervescing as liquors. — adv. brisk'ly. — «. brifik'ness. [other forms are Fresh, Frisk. Fr. brusque — Celt, briosg, brisc—brys, haste.] Brisket, brisk'et, n. the breast of an animal ; the part of the breast next to the ribs. [W. brysced ; Fr. brichet, brecheti\ Bristle, bris'l, n. short, stiff hair, as of swine. — v.t. to cause to rise in bristles.— z/.z. to stand erect as bristles : — pr.p. brist'ling ; pa.p. brist'led. [A.S. bristl, byrst, Dutch, borstel, Scot, birse.] bristly, bris'li, adv. set with bristles ; rough. — n. brist'liness. Britannic, bri-tan'ik, a^'.belonging to Great Britain; British. [L. Britannictts — Britannia, Britain, perhaps from Celt, brith, brit, painted, the Britons being in the habit of painting their bodies blue : or Phoenician, barat-anac, land of tin.] British, brit'ish, adj. pertaining to Great Britain or its people. — n. Brit'on, a native of Britain. Brittle, brit'l, adj., apt to break; easily broken. — 71. britt'leness. [A.S. brytan, breotan. Ice. briota, to break.] Broach, broch, v.t. to pierce a cask for the purpose of drawing off the liquor ; to begin upon or open up a business: — -/r./. broach'ing ;/«./. broached'. Broom [Fr, brocJier; W. procio, to tlirust or stab ; Gael. brog, to goad.] See Brooch. Broad, brawd, adj., extended in breadth, or from side to side ; wide ; indelicate. — adv. broad'ly. — n. broadness. [A.S. brad; Goth, braids.] breadth, bredth, «. extent from side to side ; width. broaden, brawd'n, v.t., to make broad or broader. — v.i. to grow broad or extend in breadth: — pr.p. broad'ening ; pa.p. broad'ened. broadside, brawd'sid, «. the side of a ship; the discharge of all the guns on one side of a ship at once ; a sheet of paper printed on one side. Brocade, brO-kad', 7i. a silk fabric on which figures of any kind are wrought so as to produce a pat- tern ; silk stuff with a raised pattern. [It. broc- cato, Fr. brocart, from It. broccare, Fr. brocJier, to prick, to emboss : prob. from Celt, brog, an awl.] See Broach. [brocade. brocaded, bro-kad'ed, adj. worked like, or wearing Broccoli, brok'o-li, «. lit. sproicts ; a kind of cabbage resembling cauliflower. [It. broccolo, a sprout.] Brochure, bro-shoor', «., a S7iiall book stitched : a pamphlet. \^x.brochcr,to stitch — broche.s. needle.] Brogue, brog, «. a stout coarse shoe ; a coarse dia- lect or manner of pronunciation. [Ir. and Gael. brog, shoe, hoof] Broider, Broidery. See Embroider, Embroidery. Broidered, broid'erd, in i Timothy ii. 9, a misprint for broided = braided. Broil, broil, «. a noisy quarrel ; a confused dis- turbance. [It. broglio; Fr. brotiiller, to jumble.] Broil, broil, v.t. to dress or cook by exposure over coals or the fire. — v.i. to be greatly heated : — pr.p. broil'ing ; pa.p. broiled'. [Fr. briiler, brusler, brasiller — braise, burning coals.] Broke, brok— did break— /«. t. and oXdpa.p. of Break. Broker, brOk'er, «. one who transacts business for another, [old E. brocour ; A.S. bnican, Ger. brancJien, to use.] brokerage, brok'er-aj, «. the business of a broker; the commission charged by a broker. Bronchial, brongTci-al, adj. relating to the bronchice or ramifications of the wind-pipe in the lungs. [Gr. bro7ichos, the wind-pipe.] bronchitis, brong-ki'tis, 71. inflammation of the bronchias or of the bronchial membrane. Bronze, bronz, «. an alloy of copper and tin, of a brozu/t or bur7ied colour ; anything cast in bronze ; the colour of bronze. — v.t. to give the appearance of bronze to ; to harden :^pr.p. bronz'ing ; pa.p. bronzed'. [Fr. ; It. bronzo — bro7ize, giowmg coals: conn, with briaio, brown, and root bre7i, to burn.] Brooch, broch, 71. an ornamental pi7i for fastening a shawl, plaid, or other article of dress. [Fr. broche, an iron pin — Celt, broc, a point.] Brood, brood, v.i. to sit upon or cover in order to breed or hatch ; to cover as with wings ; to think on with long anxiety. — v.t. to mature or cherish with care -.—pr.p. broud'ing ; pa.p. brood'ed. [A.S. brod, a brood, from root of Breed.] brood, brood, 71. something bred; the number hatched at once ; offspring. Brook, brook, «. lit. water breaking through the earth; a small natural stream of water. [A.S. broc — brecaft, to break forth.] brooklet, brook'let, «., a little brook. Brook, brook, v.t., to bear or endure :- pr.p. brook: - ing \pa.p. brooked'. {h..'i).bruca7i, to use, tobear.] Broom, broom, 71. a wild evergreen shrub with leaf- fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thevi. Broth Buddliisin less pointed twigs ; a besom made of its twigs. fA.S. and Dutch, bront ; Sw. broitt, bramble; Gqv. p/rionen, broom — pfriem, an awl.] Broth, broth, n. liquor in which flesh is breived or boiled. [A.S. brod — breodan, to brew : It. brodo; Fr. brouet; Gael, brot — bruick, to boil.] Brothel, broth'el, n. orig. abordel ox little cottage; a house for prostitution. [Fr. bordcl — bordc, a hut, from the boards of which it was made.] Erother,bru///'er,«. a male of the same breedor brood; a son of the same parents ; any one closely united with another ; a fellow-creature. — •//. brothers (bru/Zt'erz) or brethren (bre^A'ren). [A.S. brdd/ior, Ger. bruder, W. bra7vd; Gael, brathair ; 'Fr./rere; 'L. /rater; Sans. bhratri.'\ brother-in-law, bru//i'er-in-law, n. the brother of a husband or wife ; also a sister's husband. brotherhood, bruZ'//er-hood, n. the state of being a brother ; an association ; a class of individuals of the same trade, &c. brotherlike, bru///er-lTk, brotherly, bru//{'er-li, adj., like a brother ; kind; affectionate. Bronght, brawt, /a.z?. and/«./. of Bring. Brow, brow, «. the ridge over the eyes ; the fore- head ; the edge of a hill. [A.S. bmiv ; Dutch, bratiwe ; Ice. bra ; W. bryn, a hill : or con- nected with Gr. ophrys, \,.frotis, the forehead.] browbeat, browTsct, v.t. to bear down with stern bro-M, looks, or harsh speech ; to bully -.—pr.p. brow'beating ; pa. p. brow'beaten. Brown, brown, adj. of a burtied colour ; of a dark or dusky colour inclining to red or yellow. — n. a dark reddish colour. — v.t. to make brown or give a brown colour to : — pr.p. brown'ing ; pa. p. browned'. [A.S. (5«2;«, Ger. braun — A.S. byrtian, Ger. brenrien, to burn.] brownish, brown'ish, adj. somewhat brown. brown-study, brown'stud-i, n. dull or gloomy reverie ; absent-mindedness. Browse, browz, v. t. and v. i. to feed on the sprouts of plants '.—pr.p. brows'ing ; pa.p. browsed'. — «., spro7its, or tender branches of plants, [old Fr. broHser, Fr. brojtter — brout, a sprout.] Bruin, broo'in, n. the brown animal ; a bear. [Dutch, bruin, Ger. braun, bro\vn.] Bruise, bro5z, v.t., to break or crush ; to reduce to small fragments : — pr.p. bruis'ing ; pa.p. bruised'. — n. a wound made by a heavy blow. [A.S. brysan, Fr. briser, Celt, bris, to break.] bruiser, broDz'er, «., one that bruises ; a boxer. Bruit, broOt, «., something noised abroad ; a rumour or report. — z/.^. to noise abroad; to rumour: — pr.p. bruit'ing ; pa.p. bruited. [Fr. bruit — Fr., It. bruire, low L. bnigire, Gr. briicho, to roar: probably imitative like L. rugio, to roar.] Brumal, broO'mal, adj., relating to winter; the season of the year when the days are shortest. [L. bruvia, for brevima, the shortest day in winter — brez'is, short.] Brunette, broC-nct', n. a woman with a bro7vn or dark complexion. [Fr., dim. from brun, brown.] Brunt, bnmt, n. the heat or violence of an onset or contention ; the force of a blow ; shock. [A.S. bront, boiling — byman, to burn.] Brush, brush, n. an instrument usually made of bristles, twigs, or feathers, and used for remov- ing dust, &c. ; brushwood ; a skirmish or encoun- ter ; the bushy tail of a fox. — v.t. to remove dust, Sic, from anything by sweeping. — z'.i. to move over lightly -.^pr.p. brush'ing ; pa.p. brushed'. [Fr. brosse. It. brusca, a brush ; Ger. hurst e, brush, borste, old Ger. brusta, bristle.] brushwood, brush'wood, n. rough brushlike bushes ; a thicket. Brusque, Brusk, broosk, adj. blunt, abrupt, rude. [Fr. brusque, It. brusco, rude.] See Brisk. Brute, broot, adj., dull ; stupid ; belonging to the lower animals ; rude ; savage. — n. one of the lower animals; an unfeeling, unreasonable man. [Fr. brut, L. brutus, dull, irrational.] brutal, broot'al, adj., like a brute; unfeeling; in- human. — adv. brutally. — n. brutal'ity. brutalise, broot'al-Tz, v.t., to make like a brute. — v.i. to become like a brute : — pr.p. brut'alTsing ; pa.p. brut'alTsed. brutish, brOot'ish, adj., brutal: in B., unwise. Bubble, bub'l, n. a bladder of water blown out with air ; anything empty ; a cheating scheme. — v.i. to rise in bubbles '.—pr.p. bubb'ling ; pa.p. bubbled. [It. bubbola ; L. bidla : Dutch, bobbel: from the sound made by boiling water.] Buccaneer, Bucanler, buk-a-ncr', n. a pirate. [Fr. boucaner, to smoke meat — Carib, bouca?t, a grid- iron. The French settlers in the W. Indies cooked their meat on a boucan, after the manner of the natives, and were hence called bo7icaniers. ] Buck, buk, «. lit. the btitting animal ; the m.ale of the deer, goat, sheep, hare, and rabbit. [A.S. buc, bucca; W. bwch; Gael, boc, a knock.] Buck, buk, v.t. to soak or steep in lye, a process in bleaching :—/r./. and n. buck'ing -.pa.p. bucked'. — «. lye in which clothes are bleached. [Ger. beudien, biichen; Dan. byge ; Gael, bog, to steep : also given from Ger. biic/ie, the beecli, because lye was made of the ashes of the beech.] buckthorn, buk'thom, n. a shrub bearing a purg- ing berrj', used in dyeing. Bucket, buk'et, n. a sviall trough or tub ; a vessel for holding water, S:c. [Fr. baqjiet, dim. from bac, a trough ; Dan. bak ; Scot, backet.l Buckle, buk'l, n. an instrument (orig. of a puffed out appearance like a cheek) for fastening dress, &c. ; a curl ; hair in a crisped or curly state. — v.t. to fasten with a buckle ; to prepare for action. — v.i. to bend ; to engage with zeal -.^pr.p. buck'- ling ; pa.p. buck'led. [Fr. boTicle ; low L. buc- cula, dim. oi bucca, a cheek.] buckler, buk'ler, n. a shield with a buckle or cen- tral boss. [Fr. bouclier — low L. bucc7da.'\ Buckram, buk'ram, «. coarse linen cloth stiffened with glue, and originally having open holes or interstices. — adj. made of buckram; stiff; pre- cise. [It. bucheratiie — buca, a hole.] Buckwheat, buk'whet, w. lit. beech wheat; a kind of grain having three-cornered seeds like beech- nuts. [Scot, buck, beech, and wJieat; Ger. buch-wcitzen—biiche, the beech.] Bucolic, bu-kol'ik, adj. pertaining to the tending oi cattle ; pastoral. — «. a pastoral poem. {SS.bucoli- ats; Gr. boukolikos — boukolos, a herdsman — bous, an ox, and koleo, L. colo, to tend.] Bud, bud, n. the germ or first shoot of a tree or plant. — v.i. to put forth buds ; to begin to grow. — v.t. to graft by inserting the bud of a plant under the bark of another :—pr.p. budd ing ; pa.p. budded. [Ger. butze ; Dutch, bot.\ Buddhism, bood'izm, «. the religion of the greater part of Central and Eastern Asia, so called from a title of its founder, ' the Buddha,' ' the wise.' [Sans, budh, to know.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; m05n ; Men. Buddliist Buddhist, bood'ist, «. a votary of Buddhism. Budge, buj, v.i., to move off or stir; to wag :— /n/. budg'ing; /«./. budged'. [Fr. bonger; Prov. bojar, bolegar; It. bnlicare, to boil, to bubble.] Budget, buj'et, n. a bag; a sack with its contents ; a store or stock ; a statement of the finances of the British nation made by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. [Fr. boitgette, dim. of old Fr. boge, a sack; It. bolgia; L. bulga, a leathern bag — Celt, bolg, a round body. See Bulge.] Buff, an abbreviation of Buffalo. Buffalo, buf'fa-lo, ii. a species of wild ox. [It. and Sp. bufalo; Fr. buffi e ; L. bjtbahis ; Or. boiiba- los; probably named from its cry.] buff, buf, n. leather made from the skin of the b7cf- falo, &.C. ■ the colour of buff; a light yellow. Buffet, buffet, «. a buff or dull heavy blow ; a box, slap, or blow. — v.t. to strike with a buff or dull heavy sound ; to box, slap, or blow ; to contend against -.—pr.p. buffeting ; pa.p. buffeted, [old Fr. biffet — biiffe, a blow ; Ger. puff, from buff, form.ed from the sound of a blow.] buffer, buffer, «. a soft cushion to deaden the buff or concussion, as in railway carriages. Buffet, buffet, n. lit. the tap of a tavern ; a kind of cupboard. [Fr. buffet; hcffeter, to broach, tap; buffer, to puff, from the sound of taking out a cork, and letting in a puff of air.] Buffoon, buffoon', «. lit. one who amuses hy puff- ing out his cheeks and making grimaces ; one whose profession is to amuse others, by broad jests, ludicrous postures, &c. ; a clown. [Fr. bouffon; It. buffare, to puff, storm, jest.] buffoonery, buf-foon'er-i, n. the practices of a buf- foon ; ludicrous or vulgar jesting. Bug, bug, n. lit. aji object of terror; applied to several species of insects, especially to one that infests houses, beds, &c. [W. bivg, a hobgoblin,] bugbear, bug'bar, n., an object of terror, as a bear; a scarecrow or hobgoblin. Bugle, bu'gl. Bugle-horn, bu'gl-hom, n. lit. a buffle or buffalo, 3i musical wind-instrument originally made from bitffalo-horn ; a long shining bead of black glass, [old Fr. bugle, bujjle, the buffalo; L. hiculiz, a heifer; Fr. bugler, beugler, to bellow: prob. formed from the cry of the buffalo.] Build, bild, v.i. to raise a dwelling-place or house ; to exercise the art or trade of building ; to rest or depend on. — v.t. to raise or erect, as a house ; to create or form ; to confirm or establish : — pr.p. build'ing ;/«./. built, or build'ed. — n. make ; figure, [old E. bylle; A.S. by Ulan; Ger. bauen.\ builder, bild'er, «., o)ie who builds, or whose business is to build. building, bild'ing, «. anything built ; a house ; the art of raising houses, (S:c. Bulb, bulb, «., a ball-like body ; an onion-like root. [L. bulbus; Gr. bolbos ; Ger. bnllc, bulbe.] bulb, bulb, v.i. to form bulbs: — pr.p. bulb'ing ; Pa.p. bulbed'. — adjs. bulbed', bulb'ous, like a bulb, or having bulbs. Bulge, bulj, 71. lit. a s^velling; the bilge or widest part of a cask. — v.i. to sivell out : — pr.p. and adj. bulg'ing ; pa.p. bulged', [old E. bouge, a cask ; A.S. baelg, bylig — belgan, to swell ; old Sw. bulgja; W. bivlg, a round body.] bulk, bulk, n. a btilge ; the entire mass or quantity; size ; the greater part, [a form of Bulge.] bulky, bulk'i, adj., having- bulk; of great size ; large. — n. bulk'iness. Bundle Bull, bool, n. the bellower : the male of the os kind; a sign of the zodiac, [low Ger. bolle, bulle ; Gzr.bellen, A.S. bellan, btdgia^t, to bellow ; L. bos ; Gr. bous: from its roar.] buU-dog, bool'dog, n. a species of dog of great courage, formerly used for baiting bulls. bull-finch, bool'finch, n. a species oi finch, with a thick neck like a biill. bullock, bool'ok, «. lit. a. yotmg bull ; an ox or cas- trated bull. [A.S. bulhica, a calf, a young bull.] Bull, bool, n. orig. a bubble, seal, or stamp ; an edict of the Pope, which has his seal affixed ; a contradictory story, or blunder. [Fr. bulle; It. bolla; low L. hdla, a seal, from L. h^lla, a bubble, anything rounded by art.] bulletin, bool'le-tin, n. lit. a little bull; an official report of public news, having the seal or stamp of authority. [Fr. ; It. bulletino, dim. of bulla.] buUet, bool'let, n. a little bowl or ball; a ball of metal to load muskets, &c. with. [Fr. boulet, dim. oi bottle, a ball — L. bulla.] bullion, bool'yun, n. orig. the office where the preci- ous metals were made into sta7nped money ; gold and silver regarded simply by weight as merchan- dise. [Fr. billon, low L. bullio, a mass of gold or silver — L. bulla.] Bully, bool'i, «. a blustering, noisy, overbearing fellow. — v.i. to bluster. — v.t. to threaten in a noisy way :—pr.p. bull'ying ; pa.p. buU'ied. [Dutch, bjtlderen, Sw. btiller, noise, clamour.] Bulrush, bool'rush, «., a large, strong rush, which grows in wet land or water, {bull, in the sense of large, and rush.] Bulwark, bool'wark, n. a work or defence originally made of the boles or trunks of trees ; a bastion or rampart ; any means of defence or security. [Ger. bollwerk, Fr. bojdevard, from root of Bole, trunk of a tree, and werk, work.] Bumbaillff, bum'bal-if, «. an under-bailifF. [prob. a corruption of boiaid-bailiff.] Bumble-bee, bum'bl-be, «. a large kind of bee that makes a bu7n7iti7ig or h7i7n7>ti7ig sound; the humble-bee. [Dutch, bom7nele, ho7n7nele — bont- nien, to drum ; L. bot7tbio, to buzz, hum.] Bumboat, bum'bot, «. a clu7nsy boat used for con- veying provisions, &c., for sale to vessels in port or off shore. [bu77i, the buttocks, and Boat.] Bump, bump, v.t., to strike so as to give a dull sou7id; to strike against. — zi.i. to make a loud, heavy, or hollow noise : — pr.p. bump'ing; pa.p. bumped'. — w. a dull, heavy, blow; a thump; a lump caused by a blow ; a swelling ; the noise of the bittern, [low Dutch, bu77ise7i ; 'Vf.pwmpio, to thump : from the sound of a blow.] bumper, bump'er, n. a glass with liquor swelling above the brim ; a crowded house. bumpkin, bumpTcin, «. one who does things in a thu77iping, abrupt, awkward manner ; a clown. Bun, Bunn, bun, «. lit. a btnnp or lu77tp ; a small cake, or sweet bread. [Fr. bigne, a bump, beignet, a small cake ; Gael. bo7tnach; Scot, ba/mock.] bunion, bun'yun, «. a lu7np on the great toe. Bunch, bunsh, «. a lji77ip or htmip ; a heap ; a number of things collected together. — v.i. to swell out or grow into a bunch. — v.t. to form into bunches, [old Sw. and Dan. bttnke. Ice. bu7iki, a heap — bjoign, to swell out.] bunchy, bunsh'i, adj. growing in or full of bunches. Bundle, bun'dl, «. something botaid 7ep : a number of things loosely bound together ; a roll. — v.t. to fate, far ; me, her ; mme ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men, Bung tie or put into a bundle :—pr.p. bun'dling: ; pa.fi. bun'dled. [A.S. bytidel — from the root of Bind.] Bung, bung, «. the stopper of the hole in a barrel ; a large cork. — v.t. to stop up with a bung; to stop up : — pr.p. bung'ing ; pa. p. bunged', [old Ger. bunge, a drum : from the hollow sound made by driving in a bung.] Bungle, bung'gl, n. anything clumsily done ; a botch or blunder. — v.t. to perform in a clumsy way; to make a mess of; to botch. — v.i. to act in a clumsy or awkward manner :— /r./. and adj. bung'ling; pa. p. bung'led. [Ice. dongun, rude art : from old Sw. banga, bunga, to strike.] bungler, bung'gler, n. one ivho bungles l a bad workman ; a clumsy awkward person. Bunion. See under Bun. Bunt, bunt, n. the bulging or s^uelling oitt part of a sail : t!ie middle part or belly of a sail. [Sw. bu7it, Ger. bund, Dan. bitndt, a bundle.] Bunting, bunt'ing, Buntine, bunt'in, «. a \\\\w parti- coloured woollen cloth of which ships' flags are made. [Ger. bunt, Dan. bont, parti-coloured.] Bunting, bunt'ing, «. a genus of birds allied to finches and sparrows, remarkable for a knob in the roof of the mouth. [Sw. bimt, a knob : or Ger. butit, parti-coloured, from their having many small black spots.] Buoy, bwoi, n. a floating cask or light piece of wood, fastened by a rope or chai}i to indicate shoals, anchoring places, or the position of a ship's anchor. — v.t. to fix buoys or marks ; to keep afloat, bear up, or sustain. — v.i. to float -.—pr.p. buoy'ing ; pa. p. buoyed'. [D. boey, boei, buoy, fetter ; old Fr. buie ; low L. boja, a chain.] buoyant, bwoi'ant, adj. floating like a buoy; light; elastic ; cheerful. — n. buoy'ancy. Bur, bur, n. the prickly seed-case or head of certain plants, which sticks to clothes like ajlock o/ivool. [Fr. bourre, flocks of wool ; It. borra, any kind of stuffing : low L. burra, a flock of wool.] burdock, bur'dok, n. a dock with a prickly head. burr, bur, «. a huskiness in sounding the letter r, as if ajlock of zvool \iqxq in the throat. — v.i. to speak with a burr. Burbot, bur'bot, n. a fish like an eel, named from its beards. [Fr. barbate — L. barba, a beard.] Burden, bur'dn. Burthen, burV/m, «. what is borne; load : weight ; cargo ; what is difficult to bear ; anything oppressive. — v.t. to load ; to oppress; to encumber : — pr.p. bur'dening ; pa.p. bur'- dened. [A.S. byrthen, byrdcn — beran, to bear.] burdensome, bur'dn-sum, adj. troublesome to be borne ; heavy ; oppressive. Bureau, bu-rO', or bu'ro, n. a writing-table or chest of drawers, orig. covered with dark cloth ; a room ■where such a table is used ; a place for the trans- action of public business. — pi. Bureaux, bu-ro', Bureaus, bu-ru/. [Fr. — old Fr. biire, dark brown, a coarse woollen cloth ; L. burrus, dark-red.] bureaucracy, bu-rO'kra-si, n. a government admin- istered by bureaus or departments, each under the control of a chief. Burgh, bu/ro, or burg, same as Borough. burgage, burg'aj, n. a system oi X.cn\\rQ\nboro7t^hs, cities, and towns, by which the citizens hold their lands or tenements. burgess, bur'jes, burgher, burg'er, n. an inhabitant of a borough ; a citizen or freeman ; a M.P. for a borough ; a magistrate of certain towns. burgomaster, bur'go-mas-ter, n. a burgh, master; Bush in Holland, Germany, &c., the chief magistrate of a borough or city. burglar, burg'lar, «. lit. a burg-robber ; one who 7-obs or breaks into a house. [A.S. burg, and old Fr. laire, L. latro, a robber.] burglary, burg'lar-i, «., act of a burglar; breaking into a house by night to rob. — adj. burglarious. Burgundy, bur'gun-di, «. a French wine, so called from Burgundy in France, where it is made. BuriaL See under Bury. Burlesque, bur-lesk', «. lit. 3. jesting, or ridiculing ; a ludicrous representation. — adj., jesting; '^ocu- lar ; comical ; having the qualities of a burlesque. —v.t. to make 2. jest of; to ridicule; to turn into burlesque : — pr.p. burlesque'ing ; pa.p. bur- lesqued'. [Fr. ; It. burlescc ; low L. burles- chus, s.T()rical — burlare, to jest, from a dim. of L. burra, a flock of wool, a trifle.] Burly, bur'li, adj., boor-like; bulky; boisterous. — n. bur'liness. [old E. boorely.\ See Boor. Bum, burn, v.t. to consume, or injure by fire. — v.i. to be on fire ; to feel e.xcess "f heat .—pr.p. burn'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. burned' or bumt. — «. a wound, hurt, or mark caused by fire. [A.S. byr7ian, Ger. brennen, to burn] burner, bum'er, n. one who burfis ; the part of a lamp or gas-pipe from which the flame arises. Burnish, bum'ish, v.t. lit. to make brozun ; to polish ; to make bright by nibbing. — v.i. to become bright : — pr.p. burn'ishing ; pa.p. burn'ished. — «. polish ; lustre. [Fr. brunir. It. brimire, to make brown, from root of Brown.] burnisher, hurn'ish-er, n., one that burnishes ; a tool employed in burnishing. Bumt-offering, burnt'-of-er-ing, «. something offered and burned on an altar. Burr. See Bur. Burrow, bur'ro, n. a hole in the ground dug by cer- tain animals yJj^ sJielter and defence. — z'.i. to make holes under ground as rabbits ; to dwell in a concealed place : — pr.p. bur'rowing ; pa.p. burrowed. [A.S. beorg, beorh, a hill or place of safety — beorgan, to protect or shelter.] Bursar, burs'ar, n. one who keeps tlie purse ; a trea- surer ; in Scotland, a student maintained at a university by funds derived from endowments. [Fr. boursier; L. bursarijis — bursa, a purse.] bursary, burs'a-ri, n. in Scotland, the allowance paid to a bursar. Burst, burst, v.t., to break into pieces; to break open suddenly. — v.i. to fly open or break in pieces ; to break out or away -.-pr.p. burst'ing ; f>a.t. and/rt./. burst. — n. a sudden outbreak; a breaking up or out. [A.S. berstan, byrUan, Ger. bersten, Sw. brista, to break.] Burthen. See Burden. Bury, bcr'ri, v.t., to hide in the ground ; to place a dead body in the grave ; to hide or blot out of remembrance :^pr.p. burying ; pa.p. bur'ied. [.\. S. birgan, to bury; Ger. bergen, to hide.] burial, ber'i-al, n. the act of placing a dead body in the grave. Bush, boosh, «., a thicket; a shrub thick with branches ; a branch ; anything of tuft-like shape. [old E. busk, Ger. busch. It. bosco, low L. boscu.^;.] bushy, boosh'i, adj. full of branches ; thick and spreading. — «. bush'iness. Bush, boosh, the metal box or liningof any cylinder in which an axle works. [Dutch, busse, Ger. j biichse, a box.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mSDn ; Men. bushel bnshel, boosh'el, «. lit. a little box; a dry measure for measuring grain, &c., containing 8 gallons. Basiness. See under Bnsy. Busk, busk, v.i. to prepare ; to dress :—pr.p. busk'- ing; pa.p. busked'. [Ice. bua, to prepare.] Busk, busk, n. orig. a bzist or body garment ; the piece of bone, wood, or steel in the front of a woman's stays. [See Bust.] Buskin, busk'in, n. a kind of half-boot worn by actors in tragedy, and made in ancient times with high heels, [old Fr. brosseqriin — low L. byrsa, leather.] Bust, bust, n. the human body from the head to the waist ; a piece of sculpture representing the upper part of the body. [Fr. buste—G^r. brust, breast.] Bustard, bust'ard, «. lit. the slmu bird; a genus of large, heavy birds of the ostrich family, and of which the Great Bustard is the largest of Euro- pean land birds. [Sp. abtttarda, avtitarda; L. avis tarda, slow bird, from its slowness of flight.] Bustle, bus'l, v.i. lit. to busy one's self; to stir quickly ; to be active in one's motions : — pr.p. bus'tling -jpa.p. bus'tled. — n. hurry ; stir ; tumult, [old E. buskle, prob. from A.S. bysi^, busy, bysgian, to busy.] Busy, biz'i, adj. lit. engaged in the execution of orders; fully employed; active, diligent ; active in what does not concern one, meddling. — v.t. to make busy; to occupy: — pr.p. busying (biz'- i-ing) ; pa.p. busied (biz'id). — adv. bu8ily(biz'i-li). [A.S. bysig: perhaps conn, with Bid, to order.] business, biz'nes, w.lit. state o{ hcmg busy ; employ- ment; engagement; trade; profession; one's concerns or affairs ; a matter or affair. busy-body, biz'i-bod-i, n. one busy about others' affairs ; a meddling person. But, but, prep, or cojij. lit. be 074t ; without ; ex- cept ; besides; only; yet; still. [A.S. butati, without — be, and utan, out, without.] But, but, n. the end. See Butt. Butcher, booch'er, «. lit. a slajighterer of hicks; one whose business is to slaughter animals for food ; fig. one who delights in deeds of blood. — v.t. to slaughter animals for market; to put to a bloody death or kill cruelly -.^r.p. butch'ering ; pa.p. butch'ered. [Fr. boucher — bouc, the male of the goat, &c., males being more usually killed for food: some say from bouche, the mouth.] butchery, booch'er-i, «. great slaughter ; carnage ; a slaughter-house ; a meat-market. Butler, but'ler, n. lit. the bottle-bearer, or one who has charge of the wine bottles; a servant who has charge of the liquors, plate, &c. — «. but'ler- ship. [Fr. bouteillier — bouteille, a bottle : also given from buttery (which see).] Butt, but, v.t. to strike with the head as goats, &c. : —pr.p. butt'ing; pa.p. butt'ed. [Fr. banter, to push ; It. bott, a blow ; W. pwtiaw, to butt.] butt, but, n. lit. the striking end of a thing; the thick end ; a mark to be shot at ; one who is made the object of ridicule. [Fr. bzit, a mark.] butt-end, but'-end, n. the striking or heavy e7id; the stump. Butt, but, n. a large barrel or cask; a wine-butt = 126 gallons ; a beer and sherry butt = 108 gal- lons. [It. and Fr. botte, Sp. beta, a \vine-skin, a v/ooden cask.] buttery, but'ter-i, n. a store-room in a house chiefly for drinkables kept in britts or other receptacles. cabinet-maker Butter, but'ter, n. an oily substance made from cream by churning.— z/.i". to spread over with butter:— /r./. but'tering ; pa.p. but'tered.— «.//. buftery. {K.?,. bitter ; Ger. butter; L. butyrum; Gr. boutyron — bous, o.x, tyros, cheese.] buttercup, but'ter-kup, «. the popular name of a common flower of a c/^^-shape, a species of crow- foot, the colour of which is like that of hitter. butterfly, but'ter-flT, n. the name of an extensive group of beautiful winged insects, so called from the butter colour of one of the species. Buttock, but'uk, w. the rump or protuberant part of the body behind, [from butt, the end.] Button, but'n, «., a knob of metal, bone, S:c. used to fasten the dress by means of a button-hole ; the knob at the end of a foil. — v.t. to fasten by means of buttons :^;>n/>. butt'oning ; pa.p. butt'- oned. [Fr. boicton, from bouter, to push : Gael. putan, a button—//^/, to push ; W. bot%viii, a button.] Buttress, but'tres, n. that which ahits from and thus protects ; a projection from a wall, tower, &c. to prevent them falling outward ; a support. — V. t. to prop or support -.—pr.p. but'tressing ; pa.p. but'tressed. [See Abut.] Buxom, buks'um, adj. orig. easily bo7uedio one's will, yielding, obedient; gay ; lively ; vigorous. [A.S. bocsum — beogan, btiga^i, to bow, yield, a.r\Asoine.] Buy, bl, v.t. to purchase for money ; to procure for a price ; to bribe : — pr.p. buy'ing ; pa. t. andpa.p. bought (bawt'). [A.S. bycgan, Goth. bugja7t.\ buyer, bl'er, «., one who buys; a purchaser. Buzz, buz, v.i. to make a humming noise like bees — v.t. to spread by whispering reports : — pr.p. buzz'- ing; pa.p. buzzed', [from the sound.] Buzzard, buz'zard, n. a bird of prey of the falcon family. [Fr. busard, L. buteo.] By, h\, prep., at the side of; near to ; through, denot- ing the agent, cause, means, &c. : in B., against, respecting. — adv. , beside; near ; passing ; in pres- ence of; away. [A.S. bi, big, Ger. bei. Sans. abhi.\ by and by, adv. soon ; presently. by-law, bl'-law, n. , a law aside ; a private or sub- sidiary law ; the law of a city, town, or private corporation, [some say from Dan. by, a town.] by-name, bl'-nam, n. a nickname. by-word, bi'-wurd, n. a common saying ; a proverb. c Cab, kab, n. abbreviated from Cabriolet, which see . Cab, kab, n. lit. Iwllo^v; a Hebrew dry measure = nearly 3 pints. [Heb. kab—kabab, to hollow.] Cabala, kab'a-la, «. a secret science of the Jewish Rabbis for the interpretation of the hidden sense of Scripture. [Heb. kibbel, to hide.] cabal, ka-bal', 71. a small party united for some secret design; the plot itself.— z/.?. to form a party for a secret purpose ; to plot -.—pr.p. cabal'- ling ; pa.p. caballed'. [Fr. cabale.'] Cabbage, kab'aj, 71. a vegetable, the useful part of which is its head. [Fr. cabocJie, It. capuccio ; L. caput, the head.] Cabin, kab'in, «., a hut, or cottage ; a small room, especially in a ship. — v.t. to shut up in a cabin. [Fr. cabane; W. cab, caba7i, a rude little hut.] cabinet, kab'in-et, «., a little cabin; a small room or closet ; a case of drawers for articles of value : a private room for consultation — hence The Cabinet, the ministers who govern a nation. cabinet-maker, kab'in-et-mak'er, «., a maker of cabi7tets and other fine furniture. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mCte ; moon ; ihtn.. Cable Cable, kfilil, «. a rope or chain which ties or Jiolds anything, especially a ship to her anchor. [Fr. ; It. cappio ; L. capuluvt, a halter — capio, to hold.] Caboose, ka-boos', «., a little cabin; the kitchen or cooking-stove of a ship. [Ger. kabuse, a hut — prob. from root of Cabin.] Cabriolet, kab-ri-0-la', n. a covered carriage with two or four wheels drawn by one horse, and which has a capering motion like a goat. [Fr. — L. capra, a goat.] Cachinnatlon, kak-in-na'shun, ft. , loud laitghtcr. [L. cachinno, to laugh loudly — from the sound.] Cackle, kak'l, n. the sound made by a hen or goose. — v.i. to make such a sound -.^pr.p. cack'ling : pa. p. cackled'. [D. kaeckclen—irom the sound.] Cacophony, ka-kofo-ni, «. a bad, disagreeable sound; discord of sounds. [Gr. kakos, bad, phone, sound.] — adj. cacoph'onoas. Cadaverous, ka-dav'er-us, adj. looking like a dead body ; sickly-looking. [L. cadaver, a dead body —cado, to fall dead.] Caddy, kad'di, n. a small bo.x for holding tea. [Chinese, catty, the weight of the small packets in which tea is made up.] Cade, kad, «. a barrel or cask. [L. cadjcs, a cask.] Cadence, ka'dens, n. lit. a. /ailing ; the/all of the voice at the end of a sentence ; tone, sound, modulation. [Fr. — L. cado, to fall.] Cadet, ka-det', n. lit. a little captain ; the younger or youngest son ; in the army, one who serves as a private in order to become an officer ; a student in a military school. — n. cadet'ship. [Fr. cadet, formerly capdet — low L. capitettuin, a little captain.] See Captain. Caducous, ka-du'kus, adj., falling early, as leaves or flowers. [L. caducus — cado, to fall.] Caesura, Cesura, se-zu'ra, «. a syllable cut off at the end of a word after the completion of a foot ; a pause in a verse. [L. — caedo, ca£siim, to cut off.] — adj. caesu'raL Cage, kaj, n. lit. a hollow place; a place of con- finement ; a bo.x made of wire and wood for holding birds or small animals. [Fr.; It. gabbia ; L. cavea, a hollow place.] cajole, ka-jol', v.t. orig. to allure into a cage like a bird ; to coax ; to cheat by flattery -.^prTp. cajol'- ing ; pa. p. cajoled'. — tis. cajoler, ka-jol'er, ca- jolery, ka-jol'er-i. [Fr. cajoler — old Fr. gaole — cavcola, dim. of L. cavea.] Cairn, kurn, «., a heap o/ stones. [Celt, cam.] Caitiff, ka'tif, n. orig. a captive; a mean despicable fellow. — adj. mean, base. [It. cattivo; L. caj^ tivus — capio, to take.] Cajole. See under Cage. Cake, kak, «. a piece of dough that is baked or cooked; a small loaf of fine bread; any flattened mass baked hard. — v.t. to form into a cake or hard mass. — v.i. to become baked or hardened : —pr.p. caking ; pa. p. caked'. [Sw. kaka ; Ger. kitchen — kochen, L. coqiu>, to cook.] Calabash, kal'a-bash, n. a vessel made of a dried gourd-?\\c\\ ; the gourd. [Sp. calabaza, the gourd.] Calamity, kal-am'i-ti, w. lit. a storm that injures the rci'ds or stalks of corti ; a great misfortune ; aflliction. [Fr. calamity; L. calamitas— cala- mus, Gr. kalamos, a reed : or = cadamitas — cado, to fall.] — aiij. calamitous. calamus, kal'a-mus, n. an I ndian sweet-scented grass. Calash, ka-lash', n. a light \o\v-'.v/u-cled carri.ige CaU with a folding top; a hood worn by ladies to protect their bonnets. [TT.calcche; It. calesso; Slav, kulo, pi. kolesd, Russ. koleso, wheel.] Calcareous, Calcine. See imder Calx. Calculate, kal'ku-lat, v.t. lit. to county by the help of small stones; to reckon; to adjust. — v.i. to make a calculation ; to estimate i—pr.p. cal'cu- lating ; pa.p. cal'culated. — adj. cal culable. [L. calculo — calculus, dim. oicalx, a little stone.] calculation, kal-ku-la'shun, «., tlie art or process of calculating; estimate. c&\cMldkt\ve,'ka.\'V\i-\\xt-'w, adj. relating to calculation. calculator, kal'ku-lat-or, «., one ivlio calculates. calculus, kal'ku-lus, «. one of the higher branches of mathematics.^;^/, calculi, karku-lT. Caldron, kawl'dron, n. a large kettle for boiling or Jieating liquids. [L. caldatium — calidus, hot — caleo, to grow hot.] Caledonian, kal-C-do'ni-an, adj. pertaining to Cale- donia or Scotland. Calends, kal'endz, n. among the Romans, the first day of each month on which the holidays were called. [L. calendae — calo, Gr. kaled, to call.] calendar, kal'en-dar, n. a register of the months; an almanac ; a list of criminal causes for trial. [L. calendaris, relating to the calends — calendae.] Calender, kal'en-der, n. (a corruption of Cylinder) a press consisting of two rollers for smoothing and dressing cloth. — v.t. to dress in a calender : — pr.p. calendering ; pa.p. cal'endered. [Gr. kylindros — kylindd, to roll.] Calf, kiif, n. the young of the cow and of some other animals; a stupid, cowardly person; the thick fleshy part of the leg behind.—//, calves. [A.S. ccalf; G&T.kalb; Goth, kalbo; Gael, c^ //a.] calve, kav, v.i. to bring forth a caM'.—pr.p. calv'- ing ; pa.p. calved'. Caliber, kal'i-ber, n. the size of the bore of a gun ; diameter. [Fr. calibre, the bore of a gun ; It. calibro; old Fr. qualibre — L. quct libr&, of what weight, hence applied to the diameter of the bullet, which determined the diameter of the gun : or from Ar. kalib, a model.] calibre, kal'i-ber, «., compass of mind ; kind, calipers, kal'i-perz, callper-compasses, kal'i-per- kum'-pas-sez, w., compasses with bent legs for measuring the diameter of bodies. Calico, kal'i-kC, «. cotton-cloth first brought from Calicut in the E. Indies. Calif, Caliph, kalif, ork.al'if, n. the name assumed by the successors of IMahomet. [Turk, klialif; Ar. khalaf to succeed.] callfate, caliphate, kal'if-iit, n. the office, rank, or government of a caliph. Callgraphy, CaUigraphy, ka-lig'ra-fi, «., beautiful h:ind-ivriting. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, graphe, exiting — grapJw, to write.] Calipers, See under Caliber. Calisthenics, Callisthenics, kal-is-thea'iks, n. exercises for the purpose of promoting ^r^z^if/w/w^i-f as well as strength of body. — adj. calisthen'ic. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, stJutws, strengtli.j Callx. See Calyx. Calk, kawk, v.t. to stuff [tis'ii pressed mith the foot) oakum into the seams of a ship to make it \%-ater- tight ; to roughen a horse's shoes to keep it from slipping :—/r./. calk'ing ; /r.p. can'celling; /^./. can'celled. — «. the act of can- cellhtg; the part of a work suppressed or altered. [Fr. canceller; L. cancello, from cancelli, dim. o^ cancer, a lattice.] cancellated, kan'scl-lat-ed, mlj. crossed by bars or lines, chancel, chan'sel, «. the part of a church where the altar is placed, formerly enclosed with lattices, but now with rails, [old Fr. — L. cancelli, lattices.] chancellor, chan'sel-lor, «. the president of a court of chancery or other court. — «. chan'cellorshlp. [Fr. chancelier — L. cancelli, the cross-bars that surrounded the judgment-seat.] Chancery, chan'ser-i, «. the highest court of justice ne.xt to the parliament, presided over by the Lord High Cha?icellor. [Fr. chancellerie.'\ Cancer, kan'ser, n. a crab ; a sign of the zodiac ; an eating, spreading tumour or canker, supposed to resemble a crab. [A.S. cancer, cancre ; L. cancer ; Gr. karkinos ; Sans, karkata, a crab.] cancerate, kan'ser-at, v.i. to grow into a cancer or tumour:— /r./. can'cerating ; pa.p. can'cerfited. canceratlon, kan-ser-a'shun, n. a growing into a cancer or tumour, cancerous, kan'ser-us, a^j. of or like a cancer, cancriform, kangTcri-form, adj., crab-like; can- cerous. canker, kangT^er, n. a cancer; small sores in the mouth ; a disease in trees, or in horses' feet ; anything that corrupts or consumes. — v.t. to eat into, corrupt, or destroy ; to infect or pollute. — v.i. to grow corrupt; to decay:—//-./, cank'er- ing ; pa.p. cankered, [same as L. cancer, orig. pronounced canker.] cankerous, kang^er-us, adj. corroding like a canker. canker-worm, kang'ker-wurm, n. a worm that cankers or cats into plants. Candelabrum. See under Candle. Candid, kan'did, adj. lit. ivhite, shining; fair; sincere ; free from prejudice ; frank. — adv. can'- didly. — n. can'dldness. [Fr. candide ; L. candidiis — candeo, to shine.] candour, kan'dur, n. lit. a dazzling whiteness; freedom from prejudice or disguise ; sincerity ; openness. [L. candor, from candeo.] candidate, kan'di-diit, «. lit. one clotli^d in white ; one who offers himself or is proposed for any office or honour, so called because, at Rome, the applicant used to wear a white dress. — n. can'didateship. [L. candidattis, ixom. candidics .] Candle, kan'dl, n. lit. something shining ; wax, tal- low, or other like substance surrounding a wick ; a light. [A.S. candel; Fr. chandelle; L. candcla, from candeo, to shine.] candlestick, kan'dl-stik, «. an instrument for hold- ing a candle, orig. a stick or piece of wood. Candlemas, kan'dl-mas, n. lit. the candle feast ; a festival of the R. Catholic Church in honour of the purification of the Virgin Mary, on the 2d of Feby., and so called from the number of candles used. [Candle, and Mass.) candelabrum, kan-dc-l;Vhrum, «. lit. a candle- bearer; a branched and ornamented candle- stick. — pi. candelabra. [L. ; from candela.] chandelier, shan-de-lcr', n. lit. a candlestick; a canopy frame with branches for holding lights. [Fr. ; It. candelliere — L. candela.] chandler, chand'ler, n. orig. a candle maker and dealer; a dealer generally. [Fr. chandelier.] chandlery, chand'ler-i, n. goods sold by a chandler. cannel-coal, kan'nel-kul, candle-coal, kan'dl-kol, «. a very hard, black kind of coal that bums with a bright flame ; so called because used by the j)Oor for candles. Candour. See under Candid. Candy, kan'di, n. crystallised si/gar; anything pre- served in sugar. — v.t. to preserve or dress with sugar; to congeal or crystallise as sugar. — v.i. to become congealed as sugar : — pr.p. can'dying ; pa.p. can'died. [Fr. candir, It. candire ; from Ar. and Pers. gand, sugar.] Cane, kfin, n. lit. a reed, as the bamboo, &c. ; a walking-stick. — v.t. to beat with a cane -.—pr.p. can'ing ; pa.p. caned'. [L. ca?i7ia, Gr. kanna.] cany, kan'i, adj'. full of or made of canes, canister, kan'is-ter, n. lit. a cane or wicker-basket ; a box or case, usually of tin. [Fr. canistre, L. canistrutn, Gr. kanistron — kan7ia.] Canine, ka-nm', adj. like or pertaining to the dog. [Fr. canin, L. caninns, from canis, a dog.] Canker, &c. See under Cancer. Cannel-coaL See under Candle. Cannibal, kan'ni-bal, n. one who eats human flesh. — adj. relating to cannibalism, [a corr. of Cari- bales (English, Caribbees), the native name of the \y. India islanders, who ate human flesh : prob. changed into a word e.vpressive of their character, from L. canis, a dog.] cannibalism, kan'ni-bal-ism, n. the practice of eating human flesh. Cannon, kan'un, n. lit. a large cane, reed, or pipe ; a metal cylinder for throwing balls, &c., by the force of gunpowder ; a great gun. [Fr. canon; It. canuone ; from L. canna, a reed.] See Cane, cannonade, kan-un-ad', n. an attack with cannon. — z'.t. to attack or batter with cannon '.—pr.p, caimonfid'ing ; pa.p. cannonad'ed. cannonier, cannoneer, kan-un-er', n. one who man- ages cannon. Cannot, kan'not, v.i. to be unable. [Can, and Not.] Canoe, ka-noo', n. a boat made of the hollowed tnmk of a tree, or of bark or skins. [Fr. canot, Sp. canoa — canaoa, a Carib word.] Canon, kan'un, w. lit. a 7neas7tring-cane ; a law or rule, esp. in ecclesiastical matters ; the genuine books of Scripture, called the sacred canon ; a dignitary of the Church of England ; a list of saints canonised : a large kind of type. [A.S., Fr., L. canon ; Gr. kanon — kanna, a reed.] canonic, ka-non'ik, canonical, ka-non'ik-al, adj. according to or included in tlie canon; regular ; ecclesiastical. — adv. canon'ically. [L. canoniciis, low L. canonicalis.] canonicals, ka-non'ik-alz, 7t. the offici.al dress of the clergj', regulated by the canons of the church, canonicity, kan-un-is'i-ti, «. the state of belonging to the canon or genuine books of the Scripture, canonist, kan'un-ist, n. one versed in the canon law. — adj. can'onistic. canonise, k.an'un-Tz, v.t. to enrol in the canon or list of saints: — pr.p. can'onlsing; pa.p. can'on- Ised. — n. canonisa'tion. canonry, kan'un-ri, «. the benefice of a canon. Canopy, kan'o-pi, «. lit. a couch with mosquito curtains; a covering over a couch, bed, &c., or fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moDn ; ih&iu Canorous overhead. — v. t. to cover with a canopy : — pr.p. can'opying ; pa.p. can'opied. [old E. catiapie, Fr. canape, old Fr. conope,_ L. conopeiim, Gr. konopeioH — konops, a mosquito.] Canorous, ka-no'rus, adj., musical; melodious. [L. canorns, from catwr, melody — cafio, I sing.] Cant, kant, v.i. lit. to sing or ivhine ; to talk in an affectedly solemn or hypocritical way :—pr.p. cant'ing ■,pa.p. cant'ed. — n.2.s{7!g-so}tgor wkuie; a hypocritical style of speech ; the language peculiar to a sect. [L. canto — cano, to sing.] canticle, kan'ti-kl, «. lit. a little song; a song : — in //. the Song of Solomon. [L. canticuhttn, dim. q{ ca7iticum, from canto.] canto, kan'to, n. lit. a song; division of a song or poem ; the treble or leading melody. Cant, kant, «. lit. an edge or comer; an inclination from the level; a toss or jerk; — v.t. to turn on the edge or corner; to tilt or incline ; to toss or thrust suddenly :—/n/. cant'ing; /a./, cant'ed. [old Fr. cant. It. canto, L. canthus, an edge ; Gr. karithos, corner of the eye ; W. ca7it, a border.] canton, kan'tun, «. lit. a corner or partition ; a small division of territory ; also, its inhabitants ; a division of a shield or painting. — v.t. to divide into cantons ; to allot quarters to troops -.—pr.p. can'toning ; pa.p. can'toned. [Fr. canton, It. cantone — canto, a corner.] cantonal, kan'tun-al, adj. pertaining to or divided into cantons. — u. canton'ment, the quarters of troops in a town. Canteen, kan-ten', n. a tin vessel used by soldiers for holding liquors ; a barrack-tavern. [Fr. catititie; It. cantina, a bottle case, a cellar, from caftovettina, dim. oi canova, a cellar.] Canter, kan'ter, «. an easy gallop. — v.i. to move at an easy gallop. — v.t. to make to canter -.—pr-p. can'tering ; pa.p. can'tered. [orig. Canterbury- gallop, from the easy pace at which the pilgrims rode to the shrine at Canterbury.] Cantharides, kan-thar'i-dez, n.pl, lit. beetles; Spanish flies, used for blistering. [L. cantharis, * cantharides, Gr. kantharis.] Canticle, Canto. See under Cant, to sing. Canvas, kan'vas, ft., Itempen cloth ; a coarse cloth made of hemp, used for sails, tents, &c., and for painting on; the sails of a ship. [Fr. canez'as. It. canavaccio, L. cannabis, Gr. kafinabis, hemp.] canvass, kan'vas, v.t. lit. to sift through canvas; to examine ; to discuss ; to solicit votes. — v.i. to seek or go about to solicit :^pr.p. can'vassing ; pa.p. can'vassed. — n. close examination; a seek- ing or solicitation. — «. can'vasser. Canzonet, kan-zo-net', «. a little or short song. [It. canzonetta, dim. of canzone, a song; from L. canto — cano, to sing.] Caoutchouc, koo'chook, n. the highly elastic juice or gum of a plant which grows in S. America and Asia ; India rubber. [S. American.] Cap, kap, n. a covering for the head ; a cover ; the top. — c^.i". toput on a. cap; to cover the end or top: —pr.p. capping; pa.p. capped'. [A.S. cceppe ; Fr. cape ; Ger. kappe ; Gr. skepo, to cover.] cape, kap, 71. a covcrifig for the shoulders attached to a coat or cloak ; a cloak. caparison, ka-par'i-sun, n. the covering of a horse ; a rich cloth laid over a war-horse. — v.t. to cover with a cloth, as a horse ; to dress very richly :— pr.p. capar'isoning ; pa.p. capar'isoned. [Fr. capara^on; Sp. caparazon, augmentative of capa, a cape, cover.] captain Capable, kap'a-bl, adj., able to seize or compre- hend; having abiUty, power, or skill to do ; qualified for. [Fr.— L. capio, to take or seize.} — n. capabil'ity. capacious, ka-pa'shi-us, adj., holding; including much ; roomy ; wide ; extensive. [L. capa^, capacis — capio, to take.]— o^z/. capa'ciously. — 7t. capa'ciousness. capacitate, ka-pas'i-tfit, v.t., to make capable; to qualify •.—-pr.p. capac'itating ; pa.p. capac'itated. capacity, ka-pas'i-ti, «. power of holding or grasp- ing a thing ; power of mind ; room ; character ; occupation. Caparison, Cape, of a coat. See under Cap. Cape, kap, n. a. head or point of land running into the sea; a head-\2iViA. [Fr. cap; It. capo; L. caput, the head.] Caper, ka'per, «. the flower-bud of the caper-bush, used for pickling. [Fr. capre ; L. and Gr. cap- paris; Ar. al-kabar ; Sans, caphari, ginger.] Caper, ka'per, v.i. to leap or skip like a goat ; tfl dance in a frolicsome manner '.—pr.p. and adj. ca'pering ; pa.p. ca'pered. — n. a leap ; a spring. [Fr. cabrer, to prance ; L. caper, a goat.] capriole, kap'ri-ol, «., a caper; a leap without advancing. [Fr. cabriole; old Fr. capriole — L. caper, capra, a goat.] Capillary, kap'il-la-ri, or ka-pilla-ri, adj. as fine or minute as a hair; having a very small bore, as a tube. — n. a tube with a bore as fine as a hair: — in//, the minute vessels that unite the veins and arteries in animals. [L. capillaris — capill-us, hair, akin to caput, the head.] Capital, kap'it-al, adj. relating to the head; head; chief; principal ; important. — adv. cap'itally. [L. capitalis — caput, the head.] capital, kap'it-al, «. the head or top part of a column or pillar; the chief or most important thing ; the chief city of a country ; a large letter ; the money for carrying on any business. capitalise, kap'it-al-Tz, v.t., to convert i/tto capital ormoney : — pr.p. cap'itallsing ;/«./. cap'italTsed. capitalist, kap'it-al-ist, «., one who has capital or money. chapiter, chap'i-ter, «. the head or capital of a column. [Fr. chapitel — low L. capitelbon, dim. of L. caput.] capitation, kap-it-a'shun, n. a numbering of every head or individual ; a tax on every head. [L. capita tio — caput, the head.] Capitol, kap'it-ol, «. the temple of Jupiter at Rome built on the top of a hill ; in the U.S. the house where Congress meets. [L. Capitoliu77i — caput.] chapter, chap'ter, «. a head or division of a book ; a corporation of clergymen belonging to a cathe- dral or collegiate church ; an organised branch of some society or fraternity. [Fr. chapitre — L. capituluni, dim. of cap7it.] capitular, ka-pit'u-lar, capitulary, ka-pit'u-lar-i, «. a head or chapter ; a statute passed in a chapter or ecclesiastical court ; a member of a chapter.— adj. relating to a chapter in a cathedral ; belong- ing to a chapter. — adv. caplt'ularly. capitulate, ka-pit'u-liit, v.i. to agree to certain Jieads or conditions; to surrender on treaty. — v.t. to yield or give up on conditions '.—pr.p. capit'ulat- ing ; pa.p. capit'ulated. — «. capitula'tion. captain, kap'tan, or kap'tin, n. a head or chief ,_ officer ; the commander of a troop of horse, a company of infantry, or a ship. [Fr. capitai7te ; It. capita7io — L. caput, the head.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; ihQ,n. captaincy captaincy, kap' tan-si, or kap'tin-si, n. the rank or commission of a captain. Capon, ki'pn, n. a young cock citt or castrated. I.A.S. ca/>nn; Fr. chapon; L. capo; Gr. kapdn — koptd, to cut : Ger. kapphahn — happen, to cut.] Caprice, ka-pres', «. a sudden start of the mind like the start of a goat ; a change of humour or opinion without reason ; a freak. [Fr. caprice ; It. capriccio: perhaps from capra, a goat.] capricious, ka-prish'us, adj. full oi caprice ; change- able. — adv. capriciously. — n. capri'clousness. Capricorn, kap'ri-kom, «. one of the 'signs of the zodiac, like a horned goat. [L. capricormis — caper, a goat, cor?iu, a horn.] Capriole. See under Caper. Capsize, kap-sTz', 7>.t. to upset: — j>r.p. capsTz/ing ; J>a.p. capsized', [perh. from cap, top, head (L. caput), and Seize, because it is properly to move a hogshead or other vessel forward by turning it alternately on the heads.] Capstan, kap'stan, «. lit. the standing goat; an upright machine turned by spokes so as to wind upon it a cable which draws something, gener- ally the anchor, on board ship. [Fr. cabestan; Sp. cabresta?ite — cabra, L. capra, a goat, and stans, standing, the name of the goat being applied to battering-rawj, machines for casting stones, raising weights, SlC] Capsule, kap'sul, «., a Utile case; the seed-vessel of a plant ; a small dish. [L. caps^da, dim. of capsa, a case.] capsular, kap'sul-ar, capsulary, kap'sul-ar-i, adj. hollow like a capsule ; pertaining to a capsule. Captain. See under Capital. Caption, kap'shun, n. the act of taking; an arrest [L. captio — capio, to take.] captious, kap'shus, adj. ready to catch at faults or take offence ; critical ; peevish. — oiiv. cap'tlously. —n. cap'tlousness. [L. captios7ts— captio.] captive, kap'tiv, n. one taken; a prisoner of war ; one kept in bondage. — adj., taken, or kept prisoner in war ; charmed or subdued by any thing, —n. captiv'ity. [ 'L.captivus — capio, captiis. ] captivate, kap'ti-vat, v.t. lit. to take or 7nake cap- tive, so in B.; to charm; to engage the affec- tions -.—pr.p. cap'tivating ; pa.p. cap'tivated. [L. captivo, captivattis — captivus.] captivating, kap'ti-vat-ing, adj. having power to engage the affections. [prize. captor, kap'tor, n. one who takes a prisoner or a capture, kap'tur, n. the act of taking ; the thing taken; an arrest.— z/.^ to take as a prize; to take by force :—pr.p. cap'turing ; pa.p. cap'- tured. [Ft. capture; L.captura— capio, captus.] Capuchin, kap-u-shen', «. a hooded-cXoo.'k. for females ; a hooded-(n3.r ; a hooded-p'igeon. l[Fr. capucin — capuce, a capouch or hood.] Car (old form Carr), kar, n. a small vehicle moved on wheels. [Fr. cliar : old Fr. car, ciiar ; L. carrus; Celt, car: conn, with Ger. karre.'i career, ka-rer', «. lit. a car-road; a race; speed ; course ; course of action. — -'./. to move or run rapidly:— /r./. career'ing; pa.p. careered'. [Fr. carriere, old Fr. cliarriere — char.] carpenter, kar'pen-tcr, n. lit. a maker of cars, or carriages ; a worker in timber as used in build- ing houses, ships, &c. [Fr. cimrpcntier, old Fr. carpentier, L. carpentarius — carpentum, a car, from root of Car.] — «. carpentry, kar'pen-tri, the trade or work of a carpenter. Card carry, ka/ri, v.t. to convey on a car; to bear; to lead or transport ; to effect ; to behave or de- mean. — v.t. to convey or propel as a gun :—pr.p. cnr'ryxng; pa.p. car^ried. {¥r. charrier — char.] carriage, ka/rij, «., act, or cost of carrying; a vehicle for carrying ; behaviour ; in B., baggage. cargo, kar'go, «. what a ship carries; its load. [Sp., Fr. charger, to load— trZ/an] cart, kiirt, «. a car or carriage; a carriage with two wheels for conveying heavy loads. — v.t. to convey in a cart :— /r./. cart'ing; pa.p. cart'ed. [Fr. charret : Celt, cart — c&r.] cartage, kart'aj, n. the act or cost of carting. carter, kart'er, «. one who drives a cart. chariot, char'i-ot, «. orig. a war-car; a four-wheeled pleasure or state carriage. [Fr. — char.\ charioteer, char-i-ot-er', n. one who drives a chariot. Carabine, kar'a-bln, Carbine, ka/bln, n. a short light musket. [Fr. carabi?ie — carabin, old Fr. calahrin, a carbineer — calabre, a machine for casting stones, the name being transferred to the musket after the invention of gunpowder.] carabineer, kar-a-bin-er', carbineer, kar-bin-er', n. a soldier armed with a carbine. Caracole, kar'a-kol, n. a ttirning about ; the half- i7crn which a horseman makes ; a winding stair. — v.i. to turn half round, as cavalry in wheeling : — /r. /. car'acoling ; /a./, car'acoled. [Fr. car- acole; Sp. caracol, the spiral-shell of a snail; A.S. cerran, to turn ; Gael, car, carach, winding.] Carat, kar'at, n. lit. a seed or bean ; a weight of 4 grains ; i-24th part of pure gold. [Fr. ; Ar. prat; Gr. keration, a seed or bean used as a weight.] Caravan, kar'a-van, n. a company of traders; a company of travellers associated together for se- curity in crossing the deserts in the East ; a large close carriage. [Fr. caravane; Pers. kdnuan.] caravansary, kar-a-van'sa-ri, caravansera, kar-a- van'se-ra, «. lit. carava?i-inn ; a kind of unfur- nished inn where caravans stop. [Pers. kdrzvdn- sar&i — kdrvjdn, caravan, sardi, inn.] Carbine, Carbineer. See Carabine. Carbon, kar'bon, n. lit. coal; pure charcoal, [Fr. charl'on — L. carlo, coal.] carbonaceous, k:ir-bon-a'she-us, carbonic, kar-bon'ik, adj. pertaining to or composed oi carbon. carboniferous, kiir-bon-ifer-us, adj., producing car- i'on or coal. [L. carbo, and/ero, to produce.] carbonise, kar'bon-Tz, v.t. to make into carbon: — pr.p. carTjonTsing ; pa.p. car'bonlsed. carbuncle, kar'bung-kl, n. lit. a small live coal ; a fierj' red precious stone ; an inflamed ulcer. [L. carbunculus, dim. oi carbo.] carbuncled, kaj^bung-kld, adj. set with the stone carbuncle ; spotted. carbuncular, kar-bungTcu-Iar, adj. belonging to or resembling a carbuncle ; red ; inflamed. Carcanet, karTca-net, n. a 7-ing : a collar of jewels. [¥r. carcan; low L. carca/ium; L. ci7-ci?nts ; Gr. kirkinos — kirkos, a circle.] Carcass, Carcase, karTcas, «. the case or body of an animal; a dead body; the framework of any- thing ; a kind of bomb-shell. [Fr. carcasse — L. caro, flesh, capsa, a case, chest.] Card, kard, n. a piece oi paper; a piece of paste- board marked with figures for playing a game, or with a person's address upon it ; a note. [Fr. carte; L. charta, Gr. chartis, paper.] Card, kiird, n. an instrument for combing wool or flax. — v.t. to comb wool. Sec.:— pr.p. card'ing ; 53 fate, far ; mc, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. Cardiac pa.p. carded. [Fr. carde; It. cardo — 1>. cardims, a thistle.] Cardiac, kar'di-ak, Cardiacal, kar-dl'ak-al, adj., be- lofigiiig to t/ie heart; cordial; reviving. [L. cardiacus; Gr. kardiakos — kardia, the heart.] Cardinal, kar'din-al, adj. denoting that on which a thing hinges or depends ; principal. — «, a dignitary in the R. C. Church next to the pope ; a short cloak. _[L. cardinalis — cardo, a hinge.] cardinalate, kar'din-al-at, cardinalsliip, ka/din-al- ship, 71. the office, rank, or dignity of a cardinal. Care, kar, 7i., anxiety, Jieedfulness ; charge, over- sight ; the object of anxiety. — v.i. to be anxious ; to be inclined ; to have regard -.—pr-p. carding ; pa.p. cared'. [A.S. cear, Goth, kara, Celt, car, care : allied to L. carji^, dear.] careful, kar'fool, adj., full of care; heedful; in />'., anxious : in Dan. iii. i6, at a loss, puzzled. — adv. care'fully. — 7i. care'fulness. careless, kiVles, adj., without care; heedless; un- concerned. — adv. care'lessly. — n. care'lessness. Careen, ka-ren', v.t. to lay a ship on her side to r^- Y)'X\x\i&x bottom ZlwA keel. — v.i. to incline to one side as a ship in sailing :—pr.p. careen'ing ;/«./. careened'. [Fr. carener — carefie ; It. carcfia — L. carina, the bottom of a ship, the keel.] careenage, ka-ren'aj, n. a place where ships are careened ; the cost of careening. Career. See under Car. Caress, ka-res', v.t. to treat \v\'Cn.affectio7i ; to fondle ; to embrace : — pr.p. caress'ing ; pa.p. caressed'- — 11. any act or expression of affection. [Fr. caresser; It. carezza, an endearment — L. cams, dear.] Caret, ka'ret, n. lit. there is 'wa7iting; a mark, a, used in writing when a word is left out. [L. careo, to be wanting.] Cargo. See under Car. Caricature, kar-i-ka-tur', «. a representation of any- thing so overdrawn or overloaded as to be ridi- culous, while keeping the likeness. — v.t. to turn into ridicule by overdoing a likeness -.—pr-p. cari- catur'ing; pa.p. caricatured'. [It. caricattira — caricare, to load, from root of Car.] caricaturist, kar-i-ka-tur'ist, «. , o/ie who caricatures. Caries, ka'ri-ez, «., rotten7iess of a bone. [L.] carious, ka'ri-us, adj. affected with caries. Carmelite, kar'mel-Tt, n. a monk of the order of Mou7it Carinel, tn Syria, in the 12th century ; a kind of pear. Carmine, kiirmTn, n. a criinso7i colour made from the cochi7ieal i7isect ; a bright red dye or colour. See Crimson and Vermilion. [Fr. and Sp. cari7ii7i ; It. car77ii7iio ; Ar. keri7tez, the cochineal insect; Sans. kri77tis ; L. verj/iis.'] Carnage, ka/naj, n.,Jlesh of dead animals; slaugh- ter. [Fr. car7tage, from L. caro, carnis, flesh.] carnal, kar'nal, adj., Jleshly ; pertaining to Jlesh; sensual ; unspiritual. — adv. car'nally. camalist, kar'nal-istj «. a sensualist ; a worldling. carnality, kar-nal'i-ti, 71., state of bei7ig carnal. carnation, kar-nii'shun, 71. lit. fleshi7tess ; flesh- colour ; a flesh-coloured flower. [L. car7mtio.] camelian, kar-ne'li-an, «. a red or Jlesh-coloured precious stone, [low L. car7ieolus — caro.'\ cameous, kar'ne-us, adj., fleshy ; of or like flesh. carnival, kiir'ni-val, 71. lit. solace of the flesh ; a feast observed by Roman Catholics just before the fast of Lent. [It. carytavale — low L. carne- Ieva7ne7i, solace of the flesh — caro, car7iis, flesh, and levaineti, solace — levare, to lighten.] Cartoon carnivorous, kar-niv'o-rus, adj., flesh-eating. [L. caro, car/iis, flesh, voro, to eat.] Carol, kar'ol, «. lit. a choral da7ice : a song accom- panying a dance ; a song of joy or praise. — v.i. to sing a carol ; to sing or warble.— z/./. to praise or celebrate in song -.—pr.p. car'olling ; pa.p. car'olled. [old Fr. ca7vle : It. carola, dim. of L. cJiorus, a choral dance.] Carotid, ka-rot'id, adj. relating to the two great arteries of the neck. [Gr. karo tides — karos, sleep, deep sleep being caused by compression of them.] Carouse, kar-ouz', n. a dri7iki7ig-bout ; a noisy revel. — v.i. to hold a drinking-bout ; to drink freely and noisily -.—pr.p. carous'ing ; pa.p. caroused'. [Ger. krause, Dutch, kT^yse, kroes, E. cr7ise, a drinking- vessel.] carousal, kar-ouz'al, «. a carouse ; a feast. Carp, karp, v.i. lit. to pick or snatch at; to catch at small faults or errors : — pr.p. carp'ing ; pa.p. carped'. — adv. carp'ingly. [L. carpo, to pick.] carper, karp'er, w. one who carps or cavils. Carp, karp, 71. a voracious fresh-water fish. [Fr. carpe ; It. carpio7ie ; Ger. karpfe7i.\ Carpenter, Carpentry. See under Car. Carpet, kar'pet, n. the woven or felted covering, commonly of wool, of floors, stairs, &c. — v.t. to cover with a carpet: — pr.p. and «. car'peting; j'a.p. car'peted. [Fr. carpette ; low L. carpeta, woollen cloth, from carpere, to pluck wool.] Carr, Carriage, &c. See under Car. Carrion, kar'ri-un, n. the dead and putrid body or flesh of any animal. — adj. relating to, or feeding on, putrid flesh. [Fr. carogne; It. carog7ta : low L. caro7iia — L. caro, car7iis, flesh.] Carronade, kar-un-ad', «. a short cannon of large bore, first made at Carro7i in Scotland. Carrot, kar'ut, «. an eatable root of a reddish or yellowish colour. [Fr. carotte ; It, L. caroia.] carroty, kar'ut-!, adj., carrot-colourQd. Carry, Cart, &c. See under Car. Carte, kiirt, «. lit. a. paper ; a card; a bill of fare. [Fr. — L. charta, Gr. chartes, paper.] See Card. carte-blanche (-blansh), «. a white or blank card, with a signature at the foot, which may be filled up at the pleasure of the receiver ; unconditional terms. [Fr. carte, and bla7icJie, white.] carte-de-vlsite, -viz-it', «. lit. a visiti7ig-card ; a photographic portrait pasted on a small card. cartel, kar'tel, 71. lit. a little card; a paper of agreement for exchange of prisoners. [Fr. cartel; low L. cartella, L. char^ula, dim. oi charta.'] cartoon, kar-toon', 71., cardboard; a preparatory drawing on strong paper, to be transferred to frescoes, tapestry, &c. [Fr. carton; It. cartone — carta, from L. charta.] cartouche, kar-toosh', 71., a S77iall bit of paper; orig. a cartridge; a case for holding cartridges. [Fr. ; It. cartoccio — L. charta.] cartridge, kar'trij, n. a paper case containing the charge for a gun. [corruption of cartouche.] cartulary, kiir'tu-lar-i, «. a register-book of a mon- astery, &c. ; one who kept the records. [Fr, ca7-tulaire ; low L. carttdariu7n — charta.] Cartesian, kar-te'zhi-an, adj. relating to the French philosopher Des Cartes, or his philosophy. Cartilage, kar'ti-laj, «. a tough, elastic substance, softer than bone ; gristle. [Fr. ; L. cartilago.] cartilaginous, kar-ti-laj'in-us, adj. pertaining to or consisting of cartilage ; gristly. Cartoon, Cartouche, Cartridge, Cartulary. See Carte. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; m5on ; th^sx. 59 Carve Carve, karv, 7'./., to engrave ; to ait into forms, devices, &c. ; to make or shape by cutting ; to cut up into slices or pieces ; to apportion or dis- tribute. — v.i. to exercise the trade of a sculptor ; to cut up meat : — pr.p. carving ; pa. p. carved'. [A. S. ceor/an, to cut, to hew ; Dutch, kerz'cn ; Ger. kerbeti, to notch.] See Grave. carver, karv'er, «. one who carves ; a sculptor. Caryates, kar-i-at'cz. Caryatides, kar-i-at'i-dez, n.pl. in arch, figures of women used instead of columns for supporters. [L. ; Gr. Karyatides, the women of Caryce, a town in Arcadia.] Cascade, kas'kad, «. a water;^/^//. [Fr. cascade; It. cascata, from cascare, L. cado, castis, to fall.] Case, kas, «., tkai luhich receives, encloses, or contains ; a covering, bo.v, or sheath ; the outer part of a building. [Fr. caisse — old Fr. casse, It. cassa, L. capsa, from capio, to receive.] case, kas, v.t. to put in a case or box: — pr.p. cas'ing ; pa.. p. cased'. casement, kas'ment, or kaz'ment, n. the case or frame of a window ; a window that opens on hinges ; a hollow moulding. cash, kash, «. orig. a case or cJiesi for money ; coin or money ; ready money. — v.i. to turn into or exchange for money ; to pay money for : — pr.p. cash'ing ; pa.p. cashed'. cashier, kash-er', n. a crtj/t-keeper ; one who has charge of the receiving and paying of money. Case, kas, w. that which /alls or happens ; event ; particular state or condition ; subject of question or inquiry ; statement of facts ; in grain, lit. a falling down, the inflection of nouns, &c. [Fr. cas, It. caso, L. castts, from cado, to fall.] casual, kazh'u-al, adj., falling out ; accidental ; unforeseen ; occasional. [L. casualis — casus.'\ casualty, kazh'u-al-ti, «., tluit ivhichf alls out ; an accident ; a misfortune. [cases of conscience. casuist, kazh'u-ist, w. one who studies and resolves casuistic, kazh-u-ist'ik, casuistical, kazh-u-ist'ik-al, adj. relating to cases of conscience. casxxistry, kazh'u-ist-ri, n. the science or doctrine of cases of conscience. Casemate, kas'mat, n. lit. a killi?tg-house ; a bomb- proof chamber or battery in which cannon may be placed to be fired through embrasures. [Sp. casa-mata — casa, a house, and inatar, to slay.] Casement. See under Case. Cash, Cashier. See under Case. Cashier, kash-er', v.t. lit. to make an office void or empty; to dismiss from service :—/r./. cashier'- m^; pa.p. cashiered'. [Fr. casscr, It. cassare — L. cassus, void, empty.] Cashmere, kash'mer, 71. a rich kind of shawl, first made at Cashmere, in India. Casino, ka-se'no, n. lit. a small hojise ; a saloon for dancing. [It. ; from L. casa, a. cottage.] Cask, kask, «. a hollow round case or vessel for holding liquor, made of staves bound with hoops. [Fr. casque, Sp. casco, skull, helmet, cask: con- nected with Case.] casket, kask'et, «., a little cask or case ; a small case for holding jewels, &c. [a helmet. casque, cask, kask, «. a case or cover for the head ; Cassia, kash'ya, «. a species of laurel-tree whose bark is stripped off on account of its aromatic qualities; wild cinnamon ; the scnna-trcc. [Fr. casse. It. cassia, L. cassia, casia, Gr. kasia ; from Ar. gathaa, to peel off.] Cassimere, kas-i-mer' (also spelled Kerseymere^ n. a Cataclysm twilled cloth of the finest wools. [Fr. casimir. It. casimiro; orig. the same as Cashmere.] Cassock, kxs'ok, «. a coz'eringior the body ; a vest- ment woni by clergymen under the gown or surplice. [Fr. casaque ; It. casacca ; from L. caja, a cottage, that which covers.] Cassowary, kas'O-war-i, «. an ostrlch-Iike bird, found in the E. Indies. [Hind, kassuzuaris.l Cast, kast, v.t., to throw or flittg ; to thrust or drive ; to throw down, out, or off; to throw together or reckon ; to mould or shape. — v.i. to receive fonn or shape ; to turn in the mind ; to warp -.^pr.p. cast'ing -.pa.t. a.ndpa.p. cast. — n. act of casting ; a throw ; the thing thrown ; the distance thrown ; amotion, turn, or squint, as of the eye; a chance ;a mould ; the form received from a mould ; manner. [Dan. kaste ; Sw. and Ice. kasta, to throw.] cast about, v.i. in B., to turn, to go round. castaway, kast'a-wii, «., one cast away, an outcast. caster, kast'er, «., one wJio casts; a small wheel on the legs of furniture. — in//, small cruets. casting, kast'ing, n. act of casting or moulding ; that which is cast ; a mould. Caste, kast, n. lit. a breed or race; one of the classes into which society in India is divided ; a tribe or class of society. [Port, casta, breed, race, the name given to the classes in India by the Portuguese in the 15th century.] Castellated. See under Castle. Castigate, kas'ti-gat, iKt. lit. to make pure ; to chas- tise ; to correct; to punish with stripes: — pr.p. cas'tigating ; pa. p. cas'tigated. [L. castigo, cas- tigatus, from castus, pure.] castigation, kas-ti-ga'shun, «. act of castigating ; chastisement ; punishment castigator, kas'ti-gat-or, «. one who castigates. Castle, kas'l, «. 2l fortified house ox fortress ; the residence of a prince or nobleman. [A.S. cast ell. It. castello, L. castellum, dim. of castrunt, a fortified place : connected with casa, a hut.] castellated, kas'tel-lat-ed, adj. having turrets and battlements, like a castle. [L. castellatus.] Castor, kas'tor, «. the beaver ; a strong smelling substance taken from the body of the beaver; [L., Gr. kas tor : conn, with Sans, kasturi, musk.] Castor-oil, kas'tor-oil, «. a medicinal oil obtained from a tropical plant, [corr. of L. castus, the plant being orig. called Agnus castus, chaste lamb.] Castrate, kas'trat, v.t. to cut or deprive of the power of generation ; to take from or render imperfect : — pr.p. cas'trating ; pa. p. cas'lrated. [L. castrare, to deprive of generative power ; connected with ccpdo, to cut.] — n. castra'tion. Casual, &c.. Casuist, &c. See under Case. Cat, kat, n. a common domestic animal. [A.S. catt ; Ger. katzey, Fr. chat; Gael, cat: prob. imitative of the sound of its spitting.] catcal, catcall, kat'kawl, 71. a squeaking instrument used in theatres to condemn plays. catkin, kat'kin, «. a loose cluster of flowers resem- bling a cat's tail growing on certain trees, as hazels, willows, &;c. _ [lashes. cat-o'-nlne-tails, kat'-o-nTn'-talz, «. a whip with nine cat's-paw, kats'-paw, «. the dupe or tool of another ; a light breeze, [from the fable of the monkey who used the paws of the cat to draw the roast- ing chestnuts out of the fire.] Cataclysm, kat'a-klizm, «. a flood of water ; a deluge. [Gr. kataklystnos — kata, downward, klyzein, to wash over.] fiite, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moCn ; ih&VL. Catacomb Catacomb, kat'a-kom, n. a hollow or cave imder- grouftd used as a burial-place. [Fr. catacombe, low L. catacimtba — Gr. kata, downward, and ky77ibe, a hollow, or from tyuibos, a tomb.] Catalepsy, kat'a-lep-si, n. a disease which takes hold of and suspends motion and sensation. — adj. catalep'tic. [Gr. katalepsis, a seizing — kata, down, lafnbaiw, lepso7iiai, to seize.] Catalogue, kat'a-log, n. lit. a list put dow7t; a list of names, books, &c. — v.t. to put in a catalogue : — pr.p. cataloguing ; pa. p. cat'alogued. [Gr. kata, down, logos, a counting.] Catamaran, kat-a-ma-ran', «. a raft of three float- mg trees, used by the natives of India and Brazil. [Cingalese, catha-maran, floating trees.] Catapult, kat'a-pult, «. anciently a machine for throwing stones, arrows, &c. ; an instrument used by boys for throwing small stones. [L. catapulta; Gr. katapeltes—kata, down, pallo, to throw.] Cataract, kat'a-rakt, «., a r2ishingdow)i as of water ; a waterfall ; a disease of the eye which comes on as if a veil fell before the eyes. [Gr. kata, down, arasso, to dash, to rush.] Catarrh, ka-tar', «., a _^owing do7tm or disch.a.rge of fluid from a mucous membrane, especially of the nose, caused by cold in the head ; the cold itself — adj. catarrh' al. [L. catarrhus, Gr. katarrhous — kata, down, rheo, to flow.] Catastrophe, ka-tas'tro-fe, «., a7t overtur7ii)ig ; a final event ; an unfortunate conclusion ; a cala- mity. [Gr. — kata, down, strephd, to turn.] Catch, kach, v.t., to take hold of; to seize after pursuit ; to trap or insnare ; to take a disease by infection. — v.i. to lay hold ; to be contagious : — pr.p. catch'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. caught (kawt). — n. seizure ; anything that seizes or holds ; that which is caught : a sudden advantage taken : a song the parts of which are caught 7ip by differ- ent voices. [old Fr. cacher. It. cacciare, L. captiare for captare, inten. oi capere, to take.] catchpenny, kach'pen-ni, 7i. any worthless thing, esp. a publication, intended merely to gain money. catch-word, kach'-wurd, n, among actors, the last word of the preceding speaker : the first word of a page given at the bottom of the preceding page. Catchup, kach'up, Catsup, kat'sup, Ketchup, kech'up, 11. a liquor extracted from mushrooms, &c. used as a sauce, [prob. of E. Indian origin.] Catechetic, Catechetical. See under Catechise. Catechise, kat'e-klz, v.t. lit. to soiaid a thi7ig i/ito one's ears; to impress upon one by word of mouth ; to instruct by question and answer ; to question ; to examine : — pr.p. cat'echTsing ; pa.p. cat'echlsed. [Gr. katechizo, katecheo — kata, down, echeo, to sound.] — «. cat'echiser. catechism, kat'e-kizm, ii. a book containing a sum- mary of principles in the form of questions and answers. [Gr. katechis7iios, instruction.] catechist, kat'e-kist, 7t., 07ie ivho catechises. catechistic, kat-e-kist'ik, catechist'ical, 'ik-al, adj., pertai7ii7ig to a catechist or to a catechism. catechumen, kat-e-ku'men, «. one who is being taught the catechis77t of the first rudiments of Christianity. [Gr. katechoi(7tie7ios.'\ catechetic, kat-e-ket'ik, catechetical, 'i-kal, adj., re- lati7tg to a catechis77i. — adzi. catechet'ically. Category, kat'e-gor-i, 7i., ivhat may be affi.7-77ied of a class ; a class or order. [Gr. kategoria — kata down, agoreito, to proclaim, declare.] categorical, kat-e-gor'ik-al, adj., relati7ig to a cate- causality gory; positive ; absolute ; not admitting of e.K- ception. — adzi. categorically. Cater, ka'ter, v.i., to buy ; to provide food, enter- tainment, &c. -.-—pr.p. ca'tering ; pa.p. ca'tered. [old Fr. acater. It. accattare, low L. accaptare, to buy— L. ad, to, captare, intensive of capere, to take.] — 71. ca'terer. Caterpillar, kat'er-pil-lar, «. a grub that lives upon the leaves of plants, [old E. cate, food, or Fr. chato7i, a catkin, from its likeness to it, and old E. piller, a robber, from its peeling the trees.] Catgut, kat'gut, «. string for violins and other musi- cal instruments made from the gut of animals, especially the sheep, [perhaps from goat-gut.'\ Cathartic, ka-thar'tik, Cathartical, ka-thar'tik-al, adj. having the power of clea7isi7ig the stomach and bowels ; purgative. [Gr. kathartikos, fit for cleansing, from katharos, clean.] cathartic, ka-thar'tik, «. a purgative medicine. Cathedral, ka-the'dral, «. lit. a seat : the principal church of a diocese in which is the seat, or throne of a bishop. — adj. belonging to a cathedral. [L. cathedra, Gr. kathedra, a seat.] Catholic, kath'ol-ik, adj., ^uiiversal; embracing the whole body of Christians ; liberal : relating to the R. Catholics. — n. an adherent of the R. Catho- lic Church. [Gr. katholikos, universal — kata, throughout, holos, the whole.] Catholicism, ka-thol'i-sizm, catholicity, kath-ol-is'i-ti, 71., wiiversality ; liberality or breadth of view: the tenets of the R. Catholic church. Catoptric, kat-op'trik, adj. relating to catoptrics, or vision by reflection. [Gr. katoptrikos — katoptro7i, a mirror — kata, down, opso7iiai, fut. of horao, to see.] catoptrics, kat-op'triks, n.siTtg. the part of optics which treats of reflected light. Catkin, Catspaw. See under Cat. Cattle, kat'l, 7i.pl. orig. capital, or the c/^/^part of one's property ; goods ; beasts of pasture, especially oxen, bulls, and cows, sometimes also horses, sheep. Sic. — Black cattle, bulls, oxen, and cows. — Small cattle, sheep and goats, [old Fr. catel, cheptal, low L. captale, goods, cattle — L. capitalis, chief — caput, the head, because in early times beasts formed the chief part of property.] chattel, chat'l, «. orig. cattle ; any kind of property which is not freehold. Caudal, kaw'dal, adj. pertaining to the fail; having a tail or something like one. [L. cajuia, a tail.] Caudle, kaw'dl, n. a war/7i drink given to the sick, [old Fr. chaudel, Fr. chaiid, L. calidus, hot.] Caught, kawt, /rt.z*. and/^./. of Catch. Caul, kawl, w. a net or covering for the head ; the membrane covering the head of some infants at their birth, [prob. a form of Cowl.] Cauldron. See Caldron. Cauliflower, kaw'li-flow-er,«. lit. Xh.^ cabbage-flower ; a variety of cabbage, the eatable part of which is the flower. [L. caulis, A.S. cawl, W. cawl, cabbage, and Flower.] See Cole. Cause, kawz, «. that by or through which anything is done ; a reason ; inducement ; an object sought ; a legal action. — v.t. to produce ; to make to exist ; to bring about :—pr.p. caus'ing ; pa.p. caused'. [Fr. ca7tse ; L. caicsa.] causal, kawz'al, adj. relating to a cmise or causes. causality, kawz-al'i-ti, «. the working of a cause; the supposed faculty of tracing effects to their causes. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. causation cementation caiuation, kawz-a'shun, n., tJie act of caiising ', the act or working of a cause in producing an effect, causative, kaw/a-tiv, adj. expressing a cmtse ; causing. — adv. caus'atively. causeless, kawz'les, adj., having^ no cause or occa- .sion. — adv. cause'lesaly. — «. cause'lessness. Causeway, kavvz'wa, Causey, kawz'e, «. a pathway raised and/rtzWor shodv/'vth stone. [Fr. chaiis- ser; It. calzare; L. calceo, calceata, to shoe — calx, the heel : or Fr. diaussde ; L. calceata — calx, chalk, because strengthened with mortar.] CauBtlc, kaws'tik, adj., burning; wasting away; severe, cutting. — n. a substance that buriis or wastes away the flesh. [Fr. caustique ; L. caus- ticics ; Gr. kaustikos — kaid, kauso, to bum.] causticity, kaws-tis'i-ti, n. quahty of being caustic. cauterise, kaw'ter-iz, v.t. to burn with a caustic or a hot iron : — pr.p- cau'terTsing ; pa.p. cau'terlsed. [Fr. cauteriser; L. cauterio ; Gr. kautcriazo — kauter, a hot iron — kaio.'\ cauterisation, kaw-ter-Tz-a'shun, cauterism, ka%v'ter- izm, cautery, kaw'ter-i, n. a burning with caustics or a hot iron. Caution, kaw'shun, «., carefulness ; heedfulness ; prudence; security; warning. — v.t. to warn to take care :—pr.p. cau'tioning ; pa.p. cau'tioned. [Fr. ; L. cautio — caveo, to take care.] cautionary, kaVshun-ar-i, adj. containing caution ; given as a pledge, cautious, kaw^shus, adj. possessing or using cau- tion ; careful ; watchful ; prudent. — adv. cau'ti- ously. — 71. cau'tlousneas. Cavalcade, kaVal-kad, n. a train of persons on Jiorse- back. [It. cavallo, Sp. caballo, L. caballus, Gr. kaballl-s, a horse.] cavalier, kav-a-ler', n. a. Jwrseman ; a knight ; a partisan of Charles I. — adj. like a cavalier; gay, warlike, haughty. \Y'[.'\~~adv. cavalier'ly. cavalry, kav'al-ri, «., /w?rjif-soldiers. [Fr. cavalerie.] Cave, kav, «. a hollow place in the earth ; a den. [Fr. ; It. cava; L. cavus, hollow.] cavern, kaVern, n. a deep liollow place in the earth. [L. caverna — cavus.] cavernous, kav'er-nus, adj., hollow; full of caverns, cavity, kav'i-ti, n., a fwllo^v place ; hoUowness ; an opening. [L. cavitas — cavus.] Caveat, ka've-at, «. lit. let care be taken ; a notice or warning ; a notice to stop proceedings in a court. [L. — caveo, to take care.] Oavem. See under Cave. Caviare, Caviar, kav-i-ar', n. an article of food made from the salted roes of the sturgeon, &c. [Fr. caviar ; It. caviale; Sp. cabiar ; Turk, kaviar.] Cavil, kav'il, v.i. to make empty, trifling objec- tions ; to use false arguments : — pr.p. cav'illing ; pa.p. cav'illed. — n. a frivolous objection, [old Fr. caviller; L. Crtt/rV/^r, to practise jesting — cavilla, jests — cavus, hollow, empty.] — )i. cav'iller. Cavity. See under Cave. Caw, kaw, v.i. to cry as a crow '.—pr.p. caw'ing ; pa.p. cawed'. — «. the cry of a crow. — n. caw'ing. [from the sound.] Cease, ses, v.i., to give over; to stop ; to be at an end. — v.t. to put an end x.o:—-pr.p. ceas'ing; pa.p. ceased'. [Fr. cesser; L. cesso, to give over — cedo, to yield, give up. ] ceaseless, s^'s.'Xc?,, adj., wit/wut ceasing ; incessant.— adv. cease'lessly. cessation, ses-a'shun, n. a ceasing or stopping ; a rest ; a pause. Cedar, se'dar, «. a large evergreen tree remarkable for the durability and fragrance of its wood.— adj. made of cedar. [L. cedrus ; Gr. kedros.] Cede, sed, v.t. lit. to go azvayfrovt ; to yield or give up to another. — v.i. to give way : — pr.p. ced'ing ; pa.p. ced'ed. [L. cedo, cession, to go away from.] cession, sesh'un, n. a yielding up. Ceil, sel, z'.t. to overlay the inner roof of a room : — pr.p. ceil'ing ; pa.p. ceiled'. [See ceiling.] ceiling, sel'ing, n. formerly j^^/, a covering of boards; the coat of plaster that seals up the rafters of a room, [old E. and old Fr. seel, to seal.] Celandine, sel'an-dTn, «., s^'allow-wort, a genus of plants of the poppy family, said to be so named because formerly supposed to flower when the swallows appeared, and to perish when they de- parted. [Gr. c/ielidonion — chelidon, a swallow.] Celebrate, sel'e-brat, z'. t. , to 7nake famous ; to araise : to distinguish by solemn ceremonies '.—pr.p. cel'c- brating;/iz./. cel'ebrated. [L. celebro, -atum — celeber, famous] celebration, sel-e-bra'shun, n., act of celebrating. celebrity, se-leb'ri-ti, «. the condition of being cele- brated; fame. [L. celebritas — celeber.] Celerity, se-ler'i-tl, n. the swiftness with which a thing is driz'en; rapidity of motion. [L. celeritas — celer, swift — cello, Gr. kelld, to drive, urge on. ] Celery, sel'er-i, n. a kitchen vegetable with crisped leaves like parsley. [Fr. celeri; Ger. selleri ; Gr. sellnon, parsley.] Celestial, se-lest'yal, adj., heavenly; dwelling in heaven'; in the visible heavens. — n. an inhabit- ant of heaven. — adv. celest'ially. [L. caclestis — ca:lum, heaven — Gr. koilos, E. hollo^u.] Celiac, seHi-ak, adj. belonging to the lower belly. [L. coeliacus ; Gr. koiliakos — koilia, the belly — koilos, hollow.] Celibacy, se-lib'a-si, or sel'i-bas-i, n. a single life ; an unmarried state. [L. ccelcbs, single.] celibate, sel'i-bat, adj., pertaining to a single life. — 71. one unmarried : the state of being unmarried. [L. ccelibatjis, single life — ccelebs.] Cell, sel, 71. any small hvllozu place ; a small close room ; a cave. [L. cella, connected with Gr. koilos, E. Iwllow.] cellar, sel'lar, n. a cell under ground where stores are kept. [L. cellariu7n — cella.] cellarage, sel'lar-aj, n. space for cellars; cellars; charge for storing in cellars. cellular, selu-lar, adj., C07isisting of ot containing cells, [from L. ccllula, a little cell.] Celt, selt, n. one of the Celts, a branch of the Ar^'an family of nations, who migrated from Central Asia, and at one time were spread over Europe ; a cutting instrument of stone or metal found in ancient barrows. [h.Celtae ; Gr. Kel- toi or Keltai, in later times Galatai, L. Galli, said to be from Gael, ceiltach, an inhabitant of the forest : or = Welsh, meaning foreigners.] Celtic, sel'tik, adj. pertaining to the Celts. Cement, se-ment', «. literally, pieces or chips of marble from which mortar was made; mortar; anything that makes two bodies stick together ; a bond of union. [L. ca-7nenta, chips of stone, contracted from ca'di77tenta — cerdo, to cut off.] cement, se-ment', v.t. to unite with centcnt ; to join firmly. — v.i. to unite or become solid : — p'>'-p- ce- ment'ing;/rt./. cement'ed. cementation, sem-en-ta'shun, «., the act of cement- iitg; the process by which iron is turned into 62 fate, fiir; nie, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; then. Cemetery steel, glass into porcelain, &c. — done by sur- rounding them with a ce7}ient or powder and exposing them to heat. Cemetery, sem'e-ter-i, n. lit. a sleeping-chamher ; a burv'ing-ground. [L. cmmeierhmi ; Gr. koime- terion — koimao, to lull to sleep.] Cenobite, sen'6-blt, or se'no-bTt, n. one of a religious order living in a convent or a C07iimunity, in opposition to a hermit; a monk. [Fr. cefiobite ; L. ccenobita; Gr. koi>ios, common, and bioie, life — biod, to live.] — adj's. cenobit'ic, cenobit'ical. Cenotaph, seno-taf, n. lit. an evipty iovib; a monu- ment to one who is buried elsewhere. [Fr. ce7io- tapJie; L. cenotaphiu7)i ; Gr. kenotapJiion — keiios, emptj', and taphos, a tomb.] Censer, sens'er, n. a pan in which htcense is burned. [Fr. erxensoir; L. incensorium. See Incense.] Censor, sensor, n. a Roman officer who kept ac- count of the property of the citizens, imposed taxes, &c. ; one who examines manuscripts be- fore they are sent to press ; one who censtires or blames. [L. — censeo, to count.] — n. cen'sorshlp. censorial, sen-so'ri-al, adj. belonging to a censor, or to the correction of public morals. census, sen'sus, n. an official e7mmeration of the inhabitants of a country. censure, sen'shur, «. orig. a reckoning or jtcdg7ne?it ; an unfavourable judgment ; blame ; reproof — z'.t. to blame; to condemn as wrong: — pr.p. cen'suring; pa.p. cen'sured. [L. ce7isura, an opinion, a severe judgment — ce7isor.'\ censurable, sen'shur-a-bl, a^J. deserving of ce7is7/re ; blamable. — «. cen'eurableness. — adv. cen'surably. censorious, sen-so'ri-us, adj. given to ce7is7(re ; ex- pressing censure. — adv. censo'riously. — «. censo'- riousness. Cent, sent, n., a htindred; an American coin = the luaidredth part of a dollar. [Fr. ; L. ce7itji77i, a hundred.] — Per cent., by the hu7idred. centage, sent'aj, «. rate by tJie h70idred. centenary, sen'ten-a-ri, n. a hu7idred; a ce7it7iry or hu7idred years. [L. ce7itetiari7is — ce7itta/i.'\ — 71. centena'rlan, one a h7i7tdred years old. centennial, sen-ten'ni-al, adj. happening once in a himd red years, [low L. ce7iie7i7iis — ce7it7i77i, and a7i7i7is, a year.] centesimal, sen-tes'i-mal, adj., Jnitidredth. — «^z/.cen- tes'imally. [L. ce7itesi77i7cs — centian.'] centigrade, sen'ti-grad, adj. having a h7md7-ed degrees; divided into a hundred degrees. [L. ce7it7i77t, and grad7is, a step, a degree.] centiped, sen'ti-ped, centipede, sen'ti-ped, n. an insect with a hundred, or a great xnasiy feet. [L. ce7itu77t, Z.V1A pes, pedis, a foot.] centuple, sen'tu-pl, adj., h7indredfold. [L. ce7i- t7iplex — ce7it7t77t, and plico, to fold.] centurion, sen-tu'ri-on, «. among the Romans, the commander of a hundred men. [L. cent7irio.\ century, sen'tu-ri, «., a htaidred; a hundred years. [L. centuT^a — ce7it7i77t.\ Centaur, sen'tawr, n. lit. a h7ill-killer or moiaited herds77ia7t ; a fabulous monster, half-man half- horse. [L. ce7tta7tn(s ; Gr. kentauros — ke7iteo, to stab, and ta7iros, a bull.] Centre, Center, sen'ter, «. lit. a sharp point; the middle point of anything; the middle. — v.t. to place on, or collect to a centre. — v.i. to be placed in the middle : — pr.p. cen'tring, cen'tering ; pa.p. cen'tred, cen'tered. ['L.centru77z; Gr. hentro7i, a sharp point — keiiteo, to prick.] Cess-pool central, sen'tral, centric, sen'trik, centrical, sen'trik- al, adjs., relati7ig to, placed in, or containing tli^ •centre. — advs. cen'trally, cen'trically. centralise, sen'tral-Tz, v.t. to draw to a ce7itre : — pr.p. cen'trallsing ; pa.p. cen'trallsed. — w. centralisa'- tion. centrifugal, sen-trif'ii-gal, adj. tending to flee from the ce7itre. [L. ce7itru77i, and Jugio, to flee from.] centripetal, sen-trlp'et-al, adj.,seehi7ig,oTtendlngto- ward the ce7itre. [L. cent7^i77t, and peto, to seek.] Cephalic, se-fal'ik, adj. belonging to the head. [Gr. kephalikos — kephale, the head.] Ceramic, se-ram'ik, adj., pertai7iing to pottery. [Gr. kera77iikos — keraTnos, potter's earth.] Cere, ser, v.t. to cover with -wax :— pr.p, cer'ing; pa.p. cered'. [L. cera; Gr. keros, bees-wa.x.] — ns. oere'cloth, cere'ment, a cloth dipped in melted wax in which to wrap a dead body. ceraceous, se-ra'shus, adj., of ox like wax. Cereal, se're-al, adj. lit. belongi7ig to Ceres, the god- dess of corn ; relating to corn or edible grain. [L. cerealis — Ceres. 1 — cereals, se're-alz, 7i.pl. the grains used as food, such as wheat, barley, &c. Cerebrum, ser'e-brum, «. the front and larger part of the brain. [L. cerebr7i77i, the brain.] cerebral, ser'e-bral, adj., pertai7ii7igto thecerebT^im. cerebellum, ser-e-bel'um, n., tJie little brain; the hinder and lower part of the brain. [L., dim. oi cerebr 71777. '\ Ceremony, ser'e-mo-ni, 71., care for what is sacred; a sacred rite ; the outward form, religious or otherwise :^;5/. in Pr.Bk. , statutes. {'L.ccsri77i07tia^ perhaps from c7a.p. changed'. — ;/. alteration or variation of any kind ; a shift ; variety ; small coin. [Fr. changer; It. ca7igiare, ca77ibia7-e — L. ca/nbire, to barter, prob. a nasalised form of the root of Cheap.] changeable, chanj'a-bl, adj. subject or prone to change ; fickle ; inconstant. — adv. change'ably. — 71. change'ableness. ' changeful, chanj'fool, adj., /ull 0/ change ; c\\xag&- able. — adz'. change'fuUy. — «. change'fulness. changeless, chanj'lcs, adj., without change; constant. changeling, chanj ling, «. a child taken or left in pl.icc of another ; one apt to change. Channel. See under CanaL Chant, chant, 7'./". to sing; to celebrate in song ; to recite in a singing manner -.—pr.p. chant'ing ; 64 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mo5n ; Men. chanter p.t.p. chant'ed. — n. a songl melody; a kind of 'acred rriusic, in which prose is sung. [ Fr. chanter, It ■:avtare — L. caiiio — cano, to sing.] ::.rii-er, chanter, n., one wJio chaftts; a chief : ..!!:fer ; the tenor or treble pipe of a bagpipe. ^inticleer, chant'i-kler, n. lit. tJie dear singer or rower; acock, [chant, a.nd clear.] -.atry, chant'ri, n. an endowed chapel, in which ■l^as5e^ are chanted for the souls of the donors or others, [old Fr. chanterie — chapiter.] "■•acs, k:.Vos, «. lit. a wide gap ; a confused, shape- ie.'?s mass ; disorder ; the state of matter before it was reduced to order by the Creator. [L. and Gr. chuos — Gr. chaino, chad, to gape, to yawn.] V iotie, ka-ot'ik, adj., like chaos; confused or dis- c)rde»-''d. ' 'V.ap, clap or chop, v.t., to cut ; to cleave, split, or crack— z/.z'. to crack or open in slits :—/r./. chapf ing ; _^(Z./. chapped', chapt. [Dutch, /('«/- />«•«, Dan. kappe, Sw. kappa, to cut.] See Chip. chap, chap, chop, chop, n. a cleft, gap, crack, or chink ; the jaw. — ■//. the mouth. Chapel, chap'cl, n. lit. the covering or canopy over the altar; the recess containing the altar ;_ a place of worship ; a dissenters' place of worship. [Fr. chape lie, old Fr. capele, low L. capella, a hood — capa, a cloak.] chapelry, chap'el-ri, n. the jurisdiction of a chapel. chaplain, chap'Ian, or lin, «. one who performs service in a chapel; a clergyman attached to a ship of war, a regiment, a public institution, or family. — ns. chaplaincy, chap'lalnahip. [Fr. chape- laiji — low L. capellanus — capella.] Chaperon, shap'e-ron, «. a hood or cap of knight- hood ; one who attends a lady in public places as a protector. — v.t. to attend a lady to public places -.—pr.p. chap'eroning ; pa.p. chap'eroned. [Fr. — chape, a cope — root of Cap.] Chapiter. See under Capital. Chaplain, Chaplaincy. See under ChapeL Chaplet, chap'let, «. a garland or wreath for the head ; a rosary. [Fr. chape let, dim. of old Fr. chapel, garland — capa, a cape.] Chapman. See under Cheap. Chapt, chapt, pa.p. of Chap. Chapter. See under Capital. Char, char, n. lit. a turn of work; work done by the day ; a job. — v.i. to work by the day. [A.S. cerre, a turn, space of time — cerran, to turn.] char-woman, char-woom'an, n., a wovian who chars or does odd work by the day. Char, char, w. a red-hellied fish of the salmon kind, found in mountain lakes and rivers. [Ir. and Gael, cear, red, blood-coloured.] Char, char, v.t. to roast or burn until reduced to carbon or coal : — pr.p. charr'ing ; pa.p. charred'. [Fr. charbon, coal, carbon ; L. carbo, coal.] charcoal, charlcol, n., coal made by charring or burning wood under turf. Character, kar'ak-ter, n. lit. a mark engraved; a. letter, sign, or figure ; the peculiar qualities of a person or thing ; a description of the qualities of a person or thing ; a person with his peculiar qualities. [Fr. caractere ; L. character ; Gr. charakter, from charasso, to cut, engrave.] characterise, kar'ak-ter-Tz, v.t. to give a character to ; to describe by peculiar qualities ; to distin- guish or designate : — pr.p. characterls'ing ; pa.p. characterised'. [Gr. charakterizo.] charter characteristic, kar-ak-ter-is'tik, characteristical, kar- ak-ter-is'tik-al, adj. marking or constituting the character.— n. that which marks or constitutes the character. [Gr. charakteristikos.^—adv. characteris'tically. -^ Charade, sha-rad', or -rad', n. a species of riddle, the subject of which is a word proposed for solution from an enigmatical description of its several syllables and of the whole, [perh. from Neap. charada, chatter : or Norm, charer, to converse.] Charcoal. See under Char. Charge, chiirj, v.t. lit. to place in a car; to lay on or load ; to impose : to fall upon or attack : to put to the account of; to impute to: to command; to exhort. — v.i. to make an onset i^pr.p. charg'- ing ; pa.p. charged'. — n. that which is laid on ; cost or price ; the load of powder, &c. for a gun : attack or onset: care, custody; the object of care : command ; exhortation ; accusation. [Fr. charger; It. carricare, to load — L. carrus, a wagon.] See Car, Cargo. chargeable, charj'a-bl, adj. subject or liable to be cluzrged; imputable; blamable: in B., burden- some. — n. charge'ableness. — adv. charge'ably. charger, charj'er, n. a dish capable of holding a heav>- charge or quantity; a horse used in charging, a war-horse. Charily, Chariness. See under Chary. Chariot. See under Car. Charity, cha/i-ti, n. lit. dearttess ; in New Test, universal love ; the disposition to think favourably of others, and do them good ; almsgiving ; liber- ality ; candour. [Fr. charite ; It. carita ; L. caritas, from cams, dear.] charitable, char'i-tabl, adj., full of charity; of or relating to charity ; liberal to the poor. — adv. char'itably. — 71. char'itableness. Charlatan, shar^la-tan, n. lit. a chatterer or bab- bler; a mere talking pretender; a quack. [Fr. and Sp. ; It. ciarlatore — ciarlare, to chatter.] charlatanry, shar'la-tan-ri, w.the profession of ac/irtr- latan; undue or empty pretension ; deception. Charlock, char'lok, «. a plant of the mustard family, with yellow flowers, that grows as a weed in cornfields. [A.S. cerlice, prob. from Qi3.^.garg, pungent, as in gar-lie, and lick, lock, a plant.] Charm, charm, «. lit. a so?ig, an e^ichantmeni ; a spell ; something possessing, or thought to pos- sess, hidden power or influence ; that which can please irresistibly. — v.t. to influence by a charm ; to subdue by secret influence ; to enchant ; to delight ; to allure -.—pr.p. and adj. charm'ing ; pa.p. charmed'. — adv. charm'ingly. [Fr. charme ; It. cartne, carnio ; from L. carmen, a song.] charmer, charm'er, «., one who enchatits ox delights. Chamel, char'nel, adj. containingy?^j/i or carcasses. [Fr. chamel — L. carnalis — caro, carnis, flesh.] chamel-houfie, char'nel-hous, 71. lit. sl carcass house ; a place near a grave-yard, where the bones of the dead thrown up by the grave-diggers are de- posited. Chart, chart, n. lit. 3. paper or card ; a map of a part of the sea, with its coasts, shoals, &;c. for the use of sailors. [L. charta.] See Card. charter, chiirt'er, 71. a formal written paper; con- ferring or confirming titles, rights, or privileges ; a patent ; grant ; immunity. — v.t. to establish by charter ; to let or hire, as a ship, on contract : —pr.p. chart'ering; pa.p. chart'ered. [Fr. chartre — L. chartariuin, archives — charta.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; ///en. 6S charter-party charter-party, chiirt'er-par-ti, n. a mutual charter or contract for the hire of a vessel. [Fr. duirtrc- J'lirtie, lit. a divided charter, as the practice was to divide it in two and give a half to each person.] chartism, chart'izm, 7i. the principles of a party who sprung up in Gt. Britain in iSsS.and who advocated the people's charter — viz. universal suffrage, &c. chartist, chart'ist, «. one who supports chartism. Cha3r^,chr\.T'\,adj. , careful : sparing ; cautious. — adv. charily. — n. char'inesa. [A.S. cearig — cear, care.] Chase, chas, v.t. lit. to catch or take: to pursue ; to hunt ; to drive away :~/>r./>. chfis'ing ; />a.p. chased'.— «. pursuit ; a liunting ; that whicli is hunted ; ground abounding in game. [Fr. cJiasser; It. cacciare — L. capto — capio, to take.] Chaee, chas, v.t., to incase; to emboss. [See En- chase.] — «., a case or frame for holding types; a groove. [Fr. c/irtJjr, a shrine, a setting; \x..cassa; from L. capsa, a chest.] See Case, chaser, chas'cr, «., one iv)w chases ; an enchascr. Chasm, kazm, n., ayauming or gaping hollow ; a gap or opening : a void space. [Gr. chasma, from chaino, to gape : connected with Chaos.] Chaste, chast, adj., cleafi, pure; modest, refined; virtuous. [Fr. chaste; L. castus.'\ — adv. chaste'ly. chasteness, chast'nes, chastity, chas'ti-ti, «., /?<^Vj/ of body, conduct, or language. chasten, chfis'n, v.t., to make ptire; to free from faults by punishing ; hence, to punish ; to correct : —pr.p. chas'tening ; pa.p. chas'tened. [Fr. chaticr, old Fr. chastier—L. casiigare—castus.'] chastise, chas-tT/, v.t. to inflict punishment upon for tlie purpose of correction ; to reduce to order or to obedience \—pr.p. chastls'ing ; pa.p. chas- tised'. — n. chastisement, chas'tiz-ment. Chasuble, chaz'u-bl, n. the uppermost garment worn by a R. C. priest at mass, and which orig. covered him from head to foot, like a little house. [Fr. ; low L. casubula, L. casnla, dim. oicasa, a cottage.] Chat, chat, v.i. to talk and make a noise as birds do ; to talk idly :—prp. chatt'ing ; pa.p. chatt'cd. — 71. famili.ar, idle talk, [from the sound.] chatter, chat'ter, v.i., to chat; to sound as the teeth when one shivers ; to talk idly or rapidly :—pr.p. chat'tering ; pa.p. chat'tered. chatty, chat'ti, adj., given to cJuit; talkative. Ciateau, sh.a-to', n., a castle; a country scat. [Fr. — old Fr. chatcl, castel; L. castellum, dim. of castnim, a fort.] Chattel. See under Cattle. Cheap,chep, adj. oxxg.good cheap Sh'^'C\% being a^c^^rf bargain :\o\w\n\)X\CG.; of small value. [A.S.<:r(7/,a sale, a bargain ; A.S. ceapan. Ice. kaupa, to buy ; E. cfwp; Scot. C07ip.\ — o^'r/. cheaply. — «.cheap'nes3. cheapen, chep'n, v.t., to make cheap ; to beat down in price :—pr.p. cheap'ening ; />a.p. cheap'encd. chapman, chap'man, n. one who buys or sells ; a dealer. [A.S. ceap-man.] Cheat,chct,t/.;'.to deceive and dcfr.aud:—/r./.cheat' \ng;pa.p. cheat'cd. — n. a fraud : one whoclicats. [a corn of Escheat, from the frauds practised by die officers who looked after the king's escheats.] Check, chck, v.t. to bring to a stand as in chess when the king is attacked ; to restrain or hinder ; to rebuke -.—pr.p. check'ing ; pa.p. checked'. — n. a term in chess when one party obliges the other cither to move or guard his king; any- thing that checks ; a sudden stop : in .5., a rebuke. [Fr. ichec, a repulse, check, ichccs, chess-men ; It. scacco; Ger. schach; Pers. shah, king.]— f./. to compare with a counterpart or authority in Chert order to ascertain correctness. — n. a mark put against items in a list ; a token ; an order for money (also written cheque) ; any countcr-regi.s- ter used as security ; a checkered cloth, [from the practice of the Court of Exchequer, where accounts were settled by means of counters on a checkered cloth.] checker, chequer, chek'er, v.t. to form into little squares like a chess-board or c/iecker, by lines or stripes of different colours ; to variegate or di- versify :—pr.p. check'ering ; pa.p. check'ered. — n. a chess-board. [Fr. ichiquier, old Fr. esche^ quier, a chess-board — ecJiec.\ checkers, chek'erz, n.pl. a game played by two per- sons on a checkered board, also called draughts. checkmate, chek'mat, n. lit. tJie king is conquered ox dead; in chess, a check given to the adver- sary's king when in a position in which it can neither be protected nor moved out of check, so that the game is finished ; fig., a complete check ; defeat ; overthrow. — v.t. in chess, to make a movement which ends the game ; fig., to defeat. [Fr. echec et mat; Ger. schact-7natt — Pers. shuJi \ mat, the king is dead — Ar. fndta, he is dead.] g chess, ches, «. a game played by two persons on a S board like that used in checkers, [from Check.] I Cheek, chek, n. the side of the face covering the jaw; the side of the face below the eye. [A.S. ceaca, the cheek, jaw.] Cheer, cher, n. that which makes tJie countenance glad ; joy ; a shout ; kind treatment ; entertain- ment ; fare. — v.t. to make the countenance glad ; to comfort ; to encourage ; to applaud : — pr.p. and adj. cheering ; pa.p. cheered', [old Fr. chicre, the countenance ; It. cera ; low L. cara ; Gr. kara, kare, the head, face.] ■ cheerful, cher'fool, adj. ,full of cheer or good spirits ; joyful; lively. — adv. cheer'fully. — n. cheerTulness. cheerless, chcrles, adj., ivithout cJuer or comfort; gloomy. — n. cheer'lessness. cheery, che/i, adj., cheerful; promoting cheerful- ness. — adv. cheer'ily. — n. cheer'iness. cherish, cher'ish, v.t., to cheer; to protect and treat with affection :—pr.p. cher'ishing ; pa.p. cher'- ished. [Fr. cherir, cherissant.'\ Cheese, chez, «., the curd of milk pressed into a hard mass. [A.S. cese, cyse, curdled milk ; Ger. ki'r'se ; L. case7/s.] cheesy, chez'i, adj. having the nature of cJuese. Chemlc, Chemical, Chemist. See under Chemiatry. Chemise, she-mez', n. a lady's shift. [Fr. chemise ; L. camisia, a night-gown ; Gael, caimis, a shirt.] chemisette, shem'c-zet, «. an under-garment worn by ladies over the chemise. [Fr., dim. oi c/wtnise.] Chemistry, kem'is-tri, formerly Chymlstry, «. the * science that treats of the nature and properties of bodies. [Fr. chimie ; Sp. quimia ; It. chimica : from the ancient Alchemy, which see.] chemist, kem'ist, n. one skilled in cJutnistry. chemlc, kem'ik, chemical, kcm'i-kal, adj., belonging to chemistry.— adv. chem'icaUy. Cheque, Chequer. See Check, Checker. Cherish. Sec under Cheer. Cherry, chor'ri, v. a small bright red stone-fruit; the tree that bears xt.—adj. Hke a cherry in colour; ruddy. [Fr. cerise; L. cerasics; Gr kerasos, from Cerasus, on the Black Sea, whencts it was imported into Italy.] Chert, chert, n. a kind of q7iartz or flint ; horn- ** stone. [Ger. quarz.'\ 66 fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; rtiute; moon; thtn.. clierty cherty, chert'i, adj., like of containing chert. Cherub, cher'ub, 7t. a celestial spirit ; a beautiful child.—//, clier'ubs, cherubim, cher'ubiins. [Heb. kerub.'\ _ clierubic, che-roo'bik, cherubical, che-roo'bi-kal, adj. pertaining to cherubs ; angelic. Chess. See under Check. Chest, chest, n. , a box ; a large strong box ; the part of the body between the neck and the ab- domen. [A.S. cyst, cist, cest ; Scot, kist ; Ger. kiste; L. cist a; Gr. /ciste.] Chestnut, Chesnut, ches'nut, n. a nut or fruit en- closed in a prickly case ; the tree that bears it. [old E. chesten-7iitt — chesten ; old Fr. chasta.igne ; L. castanea; Gr. kastanon, from Castana, in Pon- tus, whence the tree was introduced into Europe.] aieval-de-frise, shc-val'de-frez, n. lit. a Friesla?id horse ; a piece of timber armed with spikes, used to defend a passage, or to stop cavalry.—//. choTftUX-de-frise, she-vo'de-frez. [Fr. cheval, horse, de, of, Frise, Friesland.] Cheraller, shev-a.-ler', «., a cavalier or Jwrseman ; a knight ; a gallant man. [Fr. — cJieval, L. cab- allus, Gr. kaballcs, a horse.] chivalry, shiv'al-ri, n. orig. cavalry, horses and chariots : the usages and qualifications of cheva- liers or knights ; the system of knighthood ; heroic adventures. [Fr. chevalerie.'] ehlvalrlc, shiv'al-rik, chivalrous, shiVal-rus, a^lj'., pertainittg to chivalry ; bold ; gallant. — adv. chiy^Irously. Chew, cho(5, v.t., to cut and bruise with the teeth: — -pr.p. cheVing; pa. p. chewed'. [A.S. ceowan; Ger. kauen: perhaps connected with Jaw.] Chlaro-oicuro, ki-a'ro-os-koo'ro. See Clare-obscure. Chicane, shi-kan', v.i. to quarrel about trifles; to make trifling objectio7ts : — prp. chican'ing ; /«./. chicaned'. — «. also chica'nery, trifling objections ; shifts and tricks to deceive. [Fr. chicaner, to wrangle ; Sp. chico, small ; It cica, a trifle ; L. ciccus, the core of a pomegranate, a trifle.] Chlccory. See Chicory. Chick, chik, Chicken, chik'en, n. the young of fowls, especially of the hen ; a child. [A.S. cicen; Dutch, kieken: from the sound made by a chicken.] chicken-hearted, chik'en-hart'ed, adj. as timid as a chicken; fearful. chicken-pox, chik'en-poks, n. a mild skin-disease, generally attacking children only. chickling, chik'ling, «., a little chicken. chick-weed, chik'wed, n. a low creeping weed that birds are fond of. Chicory, Chlccory, chik'o-ri, «., succory, a carrot- Hke plant, the root of which when ground is used to adulterate coffee. [Fr. chicorSe, L. cichorium.} Chide, chid, v.i., to scold; to quarrel. — v.t. to scold, rebuke, reprove by words : — pr.p. chld'ing ; pa.t. chid, (obs.) chode ; pa.p. chid, chid'den. [A.S. cidaii, chidan, to scold, to chide.] Chief, chef, adj., head; principal, highest, first. — n. a Iiead or principal person ; a leader ; the prin- cipal part or top of anything. [Fr. chefl; It. capo ; L. caput; Gr. kephale; Sans. kapala.'\ chiefly, chef 'li, adv. in the first place ; principallj' ; for the most part. chieftain, chef 'tan, or 'tin, n., the head of a clan ; a leader or commander, [from Chief, like captain, which see.] — ns. chieftaincy, chieftainship. Chiffonier, shif-on-er', n. lit a place for rags; an ornamental cupboard. [Fr. — chiflvn, a rag.] Cliine Chilblain. See under Chill. Child, child, n. {pi. Chil'dren), what is hroughi forth, or begotten; a son or daughter ; an infant or very young person ; one intimately related to one older ; a disciple :^;5/. ofifspring ; descendants ; inhabitants. [A.S. cild, from cemiati, to bring forth, from root gan, gin, to beget. See Begin.] childbed, chTld'bed, «. the state of a woman brought to bed with child. childhood, chlldTiood, n., state of being a child. [A.S. cildhad, from cild, and had, state.] childish, child'ish, adj., of or like a child; silly ; trifling. — adv. child'ishly. — ;;. child'islmesa. childless, chTld'Ies, cuij., witJwut cJiildre7i. childlike, chTld'lIk, adj., like a child; becoming a child ; meek ; docile ; innocent. Childermas-day, chil'der-mas-da, n. an anniversary of the Church of England, called also Innocents' Day, held Dec. 2Sth, to commemorate the slaying of the children by Herod, {child, mass, and day. J Chiliad, kil'i-ad, n. the number looo ; looo of any thing. [Gr. chilias, chiliados — chilioi, looo.] Chill, chil, n., coldness; a cold that causes shiver- ing ; anything that damps or disheartens. — adj. shivering with cold ; slightly cold ; distant ; for- mal ; dull. — v.t. to make chill or cold ; to blast with cold ; to discourage :—pr.p. chill'ing ; pa.p. chilled'. — «. chill'nesa. [A. S. cyle, coldness, celan, to chill.] See Cold, Cool. chiUy, chill'i, adj. somewhat chi^. — n. chill'iness. chilblain, chil'blan, «., a blaift or sore on hands or feet caused by a chill or cold, [chill, and blain.'] Chime, chim, n. the harmonious sound of bells or other musical instruments ; agreement of sound or of relation : — -//. a set of bells. — v.i. to sound in harmony ; to jingle ; to accord or agree. — v.t. to strike, or cause to sound in harmony -.—pr.p. chim'ing ; pa.p. chimed', [old E. chi/nbe, Dan. kiinen; Sw. kitnma, low L. cantpana, a bell.] Chimera, ki-me'ra, n. a fabulous, fire-spouting monster, with a lion's head, a serpent's tail, and a goat's body; any idle or wild fancy. [L. chi- tncera ; Gr. chimaira, a she-goat.] chimerical, ki-mer'i-kal, adj. of the nature of a chimera ; wild ; fanciful. — adv. chimer'ically. Chimney, chim'ni, n. lit. ?>. fireplace; a passage or funnel for the escape of smoke, or heated air. [Fr. cJteminie; It. cam?nino ; L. camimis; Gr. kaminos, a furnace, prob. from kaio, to burn.] chimney-piece, chim'ni-pes, n., a //^c^ or shelf over- the chi7?tncy or fireplace, chimney-shaft, chim'ni-shaft, n. the sJiaft or stalk of a chifjiney which rises above the building. Chimpanzee, chim-pan'ze, 7i. a species of monkey found in Africa, which approaches most nearly to man, and is three or four feet in heiglu. [supposed to be a native name of the animal.] Chin, chin, «. the jutting part of the face, below the mouth; the lower jaw. [A.S. cin7i, ci7t7ie; Ice., Ger. ki^m; W. ge7i; L. ge^ia, the cheek; Gr. ge/nis : Sans. ha7UiJ\ China, chl'na, «. a fine kind of earthenware, origin- ally made in China ; porcelain. Chinese, chT-nez', adj. of or belonging to China. Chincough, chin'kof, n. a disease attended with viole7itfitsofcoughi7tg; hooping-cough. [Dutch, ' ki7icke7i, to wheeze, kinck-hoest, Scot, kink-host, chincough ; Goth, kinken, to breathe with diffi- culty, formed from the sound.] Chine, chin, fi. the spi7ie or backbone, from its fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; ^/;en. 67 Cliink Chose tJiom-like form ; a piece of the backbone of a beast and adjoining parts for cooking. [Fr. echine; It. schiefia; old Ger. skifui, a pin, thorn ; connected with L. spina, a thorn, the spine.] Chink, chingk, «. a rent, crack, or cleft ; a narrow opening.— I'. z". to split or crack. [A.S. cine, a chink, a cleft, cinan, to split, cinean, to gape.] Chink, chingk, «. the clink or sound of money or any small piece of metal when struck on something hard. — v.t. to cause to sound, as coin, when struck together or on something hard. — v.t. to give a sharp sound, as coin -.—fr.p. chink'ing ; pa. p. chinked', [from the sound.] Chintz, chints, «. cotton cloth, printed in five or six different colours. [Hind, chhint, spotted cotton cloth ; Pers. chinz, spotted ; Ger. zits.'\ Chip, chip, v.t. to chop or cut into small pieces ; to diminish by cutting away a little at a time.— -■./. to break off in small pieces : — pr.p. chipp'ing ; pa.p. chipped'. — «. a small piece of wood or other substance chopped off. [Dutch, kippen, to pare ; old Ger. kippe, a chopping-knife.] See Chop. Chirography, kT-rog'ra-fi, «. lit. /ia7id-U'riting ; the art of writing or penmanship. [Gr. cheir, the hand, g;raphe, writing.] — adj. chirograph'ic. chlrographer, kl-rog'ra-fer, chirographist, kl-rog'ra- fist, «. one who professes the art of writing. Chirology, kT-rol'o-gi, n. the art oi discoursing with tlie luxtids or by signs as the deaf and dumb do. [Gr. cfieir, the hand, logos, a discourse.] chlrologist, kT-roro-glst, «. one who converses by signs with the hands. Chiropodist, kT-rop'o-dist, «. a hand and foot doctor ; one who removes corns, bunions, warts, &c. [Gr. cfuir, the hand, and poiis, podos, the foot.] Chirurgeon, kl-nir'jun, n. one who cures diseases by operatiofis luith the hand; now Surgeon. [Fr. chirurgicn ; L. chinirgiis ; Gr. cheirozirgos — cheir, the hand, ergon, a work.] — n. chimr'gery, now snrgery. — adj. chirur'gical, now snrgicaL Chirp, cherp, n. the sharp, shrill sound of certain birds and insects. — v.i. to make a short, sharp noise, such as certain birds make :—pr.p. chirp'- ing ; pa.p. chirped', [from the sound.] Chisel, chiz'el, 7i. lit. a cutter; a tool to cut or hollow out, wood, stone, 8cc. — v.t. to cut, carve, &c. with a chisel -.—pr.p. chiselling ; pa.p. chis'- elled. [old Fr. cisel; low L. ciselltcs—L. sicili- cula, dim. of sec u la, a sickle, from seco, to cut.] Chit, chit, «. lit. a shoot or sprout ; a baby ; a lively or pert young child.— r-.?. to sprout or germinate. [A.S. cith, a young tender shoot.] Chivalry, &c. See under Chevalier. Chlorine, klO'rTn, «. a pale-green gas, with a dis- agreeable, suffocating odour. [Fr. chlorine ; low L. chlorina, from Gr. chloros, pale-green.] chloric, klG'rik, adj., of or from chlorine. chloride, klo'rid, n. a compound of chlorine with some other substance, as potash, soda, &c. chlorite, klo'rTt, «. a soft mineral of a greenish colour, with a soapy feeling when handled. chloroform, klG'ro-form, tt. orig. a compound of chlorine and fomtic acid, a colourless volatile liquid, distilled from rectified spirit, water, and chloride oflime, much used to induce insensibility during the performance of any surgical opera- tion. [Gr. chloros, and /orntic acid, so called because orig. made from ants, "L. formica, an ant.] Chocolate, chok'o-lat, n. a beverage made by mi.xing the cocoa-nut, roasted and ground, with hot •water; a paste or preparation made from the cocoa-nut. [Fr. chocolat ; Sp. dwcolate ; from Mexican cJwcolatl — choco, cocoa, latl, water.] Choice. See under Choose. Choir. See under Chorus. Choke, chok, vd., to throttle ; to suffocate ; to stop or obstruct. — v.i. to be choked or suffocated ; to be obstructed : — pr.p. chok'ing ; pa.p. choked'. [A.S. aceocjan, from ceoca, a cheek; Ice. kok, quok, the throat ; Scot, cliouks, the jaws.] chuckle, chuk'l, z>.i. to laugh in the throat or in- wardly in triumph :—;^r./. chuck'ling; i>a.p. chuck'led. Choler, kol'er, n. lit. tJie bile ; anger or irascibilitj', once supposed to arise from excess of bile, [old Fr. cJwlere ; L., Gr. cliolera — Gr. cJwle, bile.] choleric, kol'er-ik, adj. full of cJwler or anger ; angry ; petulant. cholera, kol'er-a, n. a. disease characterised by bilioiis vomiting and purging. [Gr. cholera — chole, bile : or cfwlera, a gutter or water-spout.] choleraic, kol-er-a'ik, adj., of t/ie nature ofclwlera. Choose, chooz, v.t. lit. to prove or try ; to pick out what is proved or approved ; to take one thing in preference to another; to select. — z'.i. to have the power of choice ; to will or determine : — pr.p. choos'ing;/rt.AchOse ;/a./.ch5s'en. [Fr. c/ioisir; A. S. ceosan ; Dutch, kiesen ; Goth, kiusan, prob. from kausjan, to prove, tr3^] choice, chois, «. act or power of choosing; the thing chosen ; preference ; the preferable or best part. — adj. worthy of being chosen ; select, [old E. and old Fr. chois, Fr. choix.] Chop, chop, v.t. lit. to give a sudden bloT.v ; to cut with a sudden blow ; to cut into small pieces. — v.i. to shift suddenly as the wind : — pr.p. chopp'- ing ; pa.p. chopped'. [Ger. happen ; low L. cop- pare ; Gr. koptd, from a root kop, to strike.] chop, chop, 71., apiece chopped off , especially of meat. chopper, chop'er, «. one who or that which chops. Chop, chop, v.t., to exchange or barter; to put one thing in place of another : — pr.p. chopp'ing ; pa.p. chopped'. [A.S. ceapian; Ger. kaufe7i; Goth. kaupo7i; Scot, coup, to buy or sell.] Chop, chop, 71., the chap or jaw, generally used in //. [See Chap.] chop-fallen, chop'-fawln, adj. lit. ha\-ing the cJwp or lower ]3l.v/ falle7i down ; cast-down ; dejected. Choral, Sec. See under Chorua. Chord, kord, «. lit. an intestine or gut ; a string of gut ; the string of a musical instrument ; a com- bination of tones in harmony ; in geo>nctry, a straight line joining the extremities of an arc. [Fr. corde ; L. cfiorda; Gr. clwrde, an intestine.] Chorister. See under Chorus. Chorus, ko'rus, «. orig. a dance in a ring or round da7ice, then, a dance accompanied with singing ; a band of singers and dancers ; a company of singers ; that which is sung by a chorus ; a musi- cal piece in two or more parts. [L. cJwrus ; Gr. cho7-os, originally perhaps meaning a circle.] choir, kwTr, n. a chcrvts or band of singers, especi- ally those belonging to a church ; the part of a church appropriated to the singers ; the part of a cathedral separated from the nave by a rail or screen. [Fr. chccur. It. coro, from L. clwrus.'\ choral, kO'ral, adj. belonging to a chorus or cfwir, chorister, kor'ist-er, n. a member of a choir. Chose, c\i^z, pa.t. and ohs. pa.p. of Choose. 68 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. chosen thosen, cho/n — past participle of Choose. Chough, chuf, n. a kind of jackdaw which frequents rocky places and the sea-coast. [A.S. a'l?; Fr. cJioucas : from the cry of the bird.] Chrism, krizm, n. lit. that which is S7neared on ; ointment ; consecrated or holy oil ; imction. [Gr. chris7}za, from chrio, c/iriso, to anoint.] ehrismal, kriz'mal, adj., pertaining to chrism. Christ, krTst, n. lit. the anoiiited ; the Messiah. [A.S. crist; L. Christus ; Gr. Chris tos — chrio, chriso, to anoint.] christen, kris'n, v.t. to baptise in the name oi Christ; to give a name to : — pr.p. and n. chris'tening ; pa. p. chris'tened. [A..S. crist)uan.'\ Christendom, kris'n-dum, «. that part of the world under Christian rule; the whole body of Chris- tians. [A.S. Cristendom — cristen, a Christian, doin, rule, sway.] Christian, krist'yan, n. a follower of Christ ; one born of Christian parents.— «^'. relating to Christ or his religion. [A.S. cristene ; old Fr. chris- tien; L. Christianas ; Gr. Christianas.] — adjs. Christ'ianlike, Christ'ianly. Christianise, krist'yan-Tz, v.t., to viaJce Christian ; to convert to Christianity -.^pr.p. Chris'tianlsing ; pa./>. Chris'tianTsed. Christianity, kris-ti-an'i-ti, 7t. the religion of Christ. Christmas, kris'mas, )t. an annual festival, orig. a mass, in memory of the birth of Christ, held on the 25th of December. [Christ, and Mass.] Christmas-box, kris'mas-boks, n. lit. a <5,>.r containing Cliristmas presents ; a Christmas gift. Christology, kris-tol'o-ji, n., a discourse on Christ. [Gr. Christos, and logos, a discourse.] Chromatic, kro-mat'ik, adj. relating to colours; coloured ; in iimsic, proceeding by semitones. [L. chroniaticiis ; Gr. chroinatikos — chroJua, colour — chronmani, to stain.] — n.sing. Chro- matics, the science of colours. Chrome, krOm, Chromium, kro'mi-um, n. a metal re- markable for the colo7crs of its compounds. [Gr. chro!na.]~adj. chrom'ic. Chronic, kron'ik. Chronical, kron'ik-al, adj., relating to time; lasting a long time; periodical. [L. ch^vnicus ; Gr. chroiiikos — chronos, time.] chronicle, kron'i-kl, n. a register of events in the order of time; a history. — v.t. to record in history r^ — py-p. chron'icling;/«.^. chron'icled. — n. chronicler, a historian. chronology, kro-nol'o-ji, n. lit. a discotirse on titne; the science of computing the dates of past events. [Gr. chronologia — chronos, time, logos, a dis- course.] — adjs. chronologic, chronological. — adv. chronologically. — }is. chronol'oger, chronol'ogist. chronometer, kro-nom'e-ter, n. an instrument for Pleasuring titnc ; a watch. [Gr. chronos, 7netron, a measure.] — adjs. chronomet'ric, chronomet'rical. Chrysalis, kris'a-lis, «. the form, oh^n gold-coloured, assumed by some insects before they become winged. — pi. chrysalides (i-dez). [L. chtysallis ; Gr. chrysallis—chrysos, gold.] — adj. chrys'alid. chrysolite, kris'o-lTt, n., the gold stone ; a mineral of a yellowish colour. [Gr. chrysos, lithos, a stone.] chrysoprase, kris'o-praz, chrysoprasus, kris-op'ra-sus, «. a variety of chalcedony: in .5., a yellowish-green stone, nature unknown. [Gr. chrysos, andprasojt, a leek.] Chub, chub, «. a small river-fish with a large head. [A. S. copp, Ger. kopf, the head ; L. capito, a fish with a large head — caput, the head.] Cigar chubby, chub'i, adj., ch7ib-like ; short and thick; plump. — ti. chub'biness. Chuck, chuk, 71. the call of a hen ; a word of endear- ment ; a slight blow.— z/.i". to call as a hen; to strike gently. — v.i. to call as a hen -.—pr.p. chucking; pa.p. chucked', [from the sound.] chuckle, chuk'l, v.t. to call, as a hen does her chick- ens ; to caress -.—pr.p. chuckling ■,pa.p. chuckled. Chuckle, to laugh in the throat. [See Choke.] Chum, chum, 71., a giiest; a chamber-fellow. [A.S. cu7ita, a guest — cu7/ia7i, to come : or a contr. of Fr. ca7narade, a comrade, one occupying the same cha7nber, L. ca7/tcra, with another.] Church, church, «. lit. the Lord's house ; a house set apart for the worship of God ; the whole body cf Christians ; the clergy ; any body of Christians. — v.t. to perform with any one the giving of thanks /« church :—pr.p. churching ; pa.p. churched'. [A.S. circe ; Ger. kirche ; Scot, kirk; Gr. kyriake—Kyrios, the Lord.] [of England. churchman, church man, n. a member of the Church churchwarden, church-wawr'den, «. \\V. a gnardia7t cf the chjcrch ; an officer who represents the inter- ests of a parish or church. [Church, and warden.] churchyard, church'yard, 7i., the yard round t/ie church, where the dead are buried. Churl, churl, 71., a cou7itry77!a7i; hence, an ill-bred, surly fellow. [A.S. ceorl, a countryman; Ice. karl, a man ; Ger. kerl; Scot, carl, carle.] churlish, churl'ish, adj., like a churl; rude ; surly; ill-bred. — adv. churlishly. — «. churlishness. Chum, churn, v.t., to tur/i or shake violently, as cream when making h\.\\.\.er -.^pr.p. churning: pa.p. churned'. — ;/. a vessel in which cream is churned. [A.S. cir7i, cerene—cer/ian, to churn — cyrra7i,cerran, to turn; Ice. kirna; Scot. ,^/r;;.J Chuse, chooz, v.t. a form of Choose. Chyle, kil, 7t. lit. juice, liqtdd : a white fluid drawn from the food while in the intestines. [Gr. chyles — ched, to be liquid.] — adjs. chyla'ceous, chyl'ous. chylifactive, kil-i-fak'tiv, adj. having the power to 7nake chyle. [L. chylus, andplicio, to make.] — 71. chylifac'tion, or chylifica'tion. Chyme, kim, «. lit. a liquid; the pulp to which the food is reduced in the stomach. [L. chymjis, Gr. chy7nos — cJieo, to be liquid.] — adj. chym'ous. chymLfication, klm-i-h-ka'shun, n. the act of being for77ied into chyme. [L. ckymus,/acio, to make.] Chymist, Chymistry, now Chemist, Chemistry. Cibarious, si-ba'ri-us, adj. relating iofood; that can be eaten. [L. cibarius — cibus, food.] Cicatrice, sik'a-tris [Fr.], Cicatrix, si-ka'triks [L.], 71. the scar over a wound after it is healed. cicatrise, sik'a-trTz, v.t. to help the formation of a skin or cicatrix on a wound or ulcer by medi- cines. — v.i. to \i&TA:^pr.p. cic'atrlsing ; pa.p. cic'atrlsed. [Fr. cicaty^ser.] Cicerone, sis-e-ron'e, 7t. one who points out local curiosities and talks like ati orator about them ; a guide. [It. — L. Cicero, the Roman orator.] Ciceronian,sis-e-ro'ni-an,«^'.relatingtoorlikeC/c^^i(7. Cider, sl'der, 7t. lit. i^itoxicating drink; a drink made from apple-juice. [Fr. cidre ; L. sicera ; Gr. sikera, strong drink — Heb. shakar, to be into.xicated.] — 71. ci'derkin, an inferior cider. Ciel, sel, v.t. in B., to panel or wainscot :—/r./. ciellng ; pa.p. cieled'. [from root of ceiling.] — 71. ciellng, wainscoting. Cigar, si-gar', 7t. a small roll of tobacco for smoking, [Sp. cigarro, a kind of tobacco in Cuba.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; i'/zen. 69 Cilia Cilia, sil'yii, n.pl. lit. eyelasJies; hair-like append- ages on the edge of a vegetable body, or on an animal organ or animalcule. [L. cili»7n, pi. cilia, eyelids, eyelashes ; Gr. kyla.\—adjs. cil'iary, cil'i- ated, having cilia. Cimbric, sim'brik, adj. relating to the Ci?nhri, a tribe originally from the north of Germany. Ciraeter, sim'e-ter, Scimitar, sim'i-tar, n. a cur^'ed sword used in the East. [Fr. cimetcrre; Sp. cimitarra; It. scimitarra ; from Basque, ci7nc- tarru, or Pers. sJuimsJur, or sh^msJur.l Cimmeriwi, sim-me'ri-an, adj. relating to the Citn- rurii, a tribe fabled to have lived in perpetual darkness; extremely dark. Cinchona, sin-ko'na, n. the bark of a tree that grows in Peru, a valuable medicine for ague, [so called from the Countess del Cinckon who was cured by it and introduced it into Spain.] CTnctare, singk'tur, «., a girdle or belt; something worn round the body; a moulding round a column. [L. cinctura — cingo, cinctus, to gird, surround.] — adj. cinc'tured, having a cincture. Cinder, sin'der, n. the refuse of burned coals ; any- thing charred by fire. [Fr. cendre; It. cetiere ; L. ciJiis, cirieris, ashes; conn, with Gr. konis, dust.] clndery, sin'der-i, adj., like or composed of cinders. cinerary, sin'er-ar-i, adj., j>ertaini?tg to ashes. ciceration, sin-er-a'shun, cinefaction, sin-e-fak'shun, ;.-. the act of reducing to a cinder or to ashes. [L. cinis, andjacio, to make.] Cingalese, Singhalese, sing'ga-lez, ?i./l. the natives of Ceylon. — adj. belonging to Ceylon. Cliinabar, sin'a-bar, n. lit. dragon' s blood ; native red sulphuret of mercury, called vermilion when used as a pigment. [L. cinnabar is, Gr. kinnalari, drag- on's blood, a dye from the gum of the tree so called.] Cinnamon, sin'na-mon, n. the spicy bark of a laurel in Ceylon. {L. cinnamomurn ; Heh. kinnamon.] Cinque, singk, ft. the numheryive. [Fr.] cinque-foil, singk'-foil, n. thajive-bladed c\o\CT. [Fr. cinque, TKwdfeidlle , 'L./olium,Gr./>hyllon, a leaf — j>Jded,phlud, to bloom; Sa.ns.j>hjil, to spread out.] Cipher, sT'fer, n. in arith. the character 0, the use of which is to fill an empty place ; any of the nine figures ; anything of little value ; an interweaving of the initials of a name ; a secret kind of writing. — I'.i. to work at arithmetic. — v.t. to write in secret characters :—/r./. cl'phering ; pa.p. ciphered. [It. ci/ra; Fr. chiffre ; Ar. fv/r, empty.] Circassian.ser-kash'yan, adj. belonging to Circassia, a country on the north of Mount Caucasus. Circean, ser-se'an, adj. relating to the fabled Circe, who was supposed to have great knowledge of magic and poisonous herbs; magical; poisonous. Circle, scrk'l, ?i. a plane figure bounded by a line everj' point of which is equally distant from a point in the middle called the centre ; the line which bounds the figure ; a ring ; a series ending where it began ; a company surrounding the principal person. — v.t. to move round; to en- compass. — v.i. to move in a circle :—/r./. circ'- ling •,pa.p. circled. [A.S. circol. It. circolo, from L. circiclus, dim. ol circus, Gr. kirkos, a circle.] circlet, serk'let, «., a little circle. circular, serlcu-lar, adj., like a circle; round ; end- ing in itself; addressed to a circle of persons. — ?i. an address to a circle of persons. — adv. cii/- cularly. — «. clrcular'ity. circulate, serlcu-lat, v.t. to make to go round as in a circle; to spread. — z'.i. to move round ; to be Circumstance spread about \—pr.p. cir'culating ; pa.p. cir'cu- lated. [L. circulo, circulatuj.'\ circulation, ser-ku-la'shun, n. the act of moving in a circle, or of going and returning ; the money in use at any time in a country, circulator, scfKu-la-tor, «., one who circulates. — adj. circulatory, circular; circulating, circuit, scr'kit, «. the act of moving round; that M'hich encircles ; a round made in the exercise of a calling. [Fr. ; L. circuitus — circueo, to go round — circum, round, eo, itum, to go.] circuitous, ser-ku'it-us, adj., goi?!g i/i a circuit; round about. — adv. circu'itouily. Circumambient, ser-kum-am'bi-ent, adj., going 7-ound about; surrounding. [L. circum, about, ambio, to go round — ainbi, Gr. a^nphi, aroimd, and eo, to go.] Circumambulate, s6r-kum-am'bu-Iat, v.i., to walk rou7id about :—pr.p. circumambulating ; pa.p. circumam'bulated. [L. circum, about, andndo, ambulatus, to walk.] — n. circumambnla'tion. Circumcise, serTcum-sTz, v.t. lit. to cut around; to cut off the foreskin according to the Jewish law: ^pr.p. circumcising ; pa.p. circumcised. [L, circumcido, circu7ncisus — tirc2i77i, around, caedo, to cut.] [cising. circumcision, ser-kum-sizh'un, «. the act of circum- Circumference, ser-kum'fer-ens, «. the line that is carried rouTui about or bounds anj' figure ; the boundary-line of any round body. — adj. circum- ferential. [L. circu77i, ahout, jero, to carrj-.] Circumflex, ser'kum-fleks, «. lit. a bendifig round; an accent (a) denoting a risiftg a7id jailing of the voice on a vowel or syllable. [L. circu7n, around, jlecto, jlexus, to bend.] circumflect, se/kum-flekt, v.t. to give effect to or mark with a circumjlex :—pr.p. circumflect'ing ; pa.p. circumflect'ed. Circumfluent, ser-kum'floo-cnt, adj.,flowi7ig round about. [L. circu77i, round a.hQut, Jlue7ts,jlue7itij, Howlng—jluo, to flow.] Circumfuse, ser-kum-fuz', v.t., to pour aroufid : — pr.p. circumfus'ing ; pa.p. circumfused' f L. cir- cu7n, zxonnd, yu/idoi/usus, to pour,] — «. circum- fu'sion. Circumjacent, ser-kum-ja'sent, adj., lying round : bordering on every side. [L. circu7n, round, jacens, \ymz—jaceo, to lie.] Circumlocution, ser-kum-lo-ku'shun, «., a speakitig rowid about ; a manner or form of expression in which more words are used than are necessarj'. —adj. circumloc'ntory. [L. circu7n, around, loquor, loaitus, to speak.] Circumnavigate, ser-kum-nav'i-gat, v.i., to navigate or sail round. [L. circum, round, and Navi- gate.] — n. circumnaviga'tion. [sails rou7id, circumnavigator, ser-kum-nav'i-gat-or, «., one w/uj Circumscribe, ser'kum-skrib, v.t. lit. to ivT^ts around ; to draw a line round ; to enclose within certain limits '.—pr.p. circumscribing ; pa.p. cir*- cuiiiscrlbed. [L. ci7C](//i, around, scribo, to ■write.] [the line that limits, circumscription, ser-kum-skrip'shun, «. limitation; Circumspect, serTcum-spekt, adj., looki/ig rou7id on all sides watchfully ; cautious ; prudent, — adv. circumspectly. — 7t. circumspectness. [L. circum, around, specio, spcctuin, to look.] circumspection, ser-kum-spck'shun, 7i.,circu77ispect' 71CSS ; watclifulness ; caution. Circumstance, ser1a.p. cit'ed. [L. cito, to call, intensive of cIl'o, cio, to make to go.] citation, sl-ta'shun, «. an official sum?nons to ap- pear, or the paper by which such call is made ; the act of quoting; the passage or name quoted. athem, sith'ern. Cittern, sit'ern, n. a musical in- strument like the guitar. [A.S. cytere, L. cith- ara, Gr. kithara. See Guitar.] Citizen. See under City. Citron, sit'run, «. the fruit of the citron-tree, re- sembling a lemon. [L. citrtis, prob. a corruption of Gr. kedros, the cedar.] City, sit'i, 71. orig. a state, or town together with the territory surrounding and belonging to it ; in Eng. law, a town that has been, or is the seat of a bishop ; a large town. [Fr. cite, a city — L. civitas, the state — civis, a citizen.] citadel, sit'a-del, 7t. lit. a little city ; a fortress in or near a city. [It. cittadella, dim. oi citta, a city.] citizen, sit'i-zen, 7i. an inhabitant of a city; a trader or townsman ; a freeman. [old E. citezai7ie, cyteseyne.'\ — 7i. cit'izenship, the rights of a citizen. civic, siv'ik, adj. , pertainijig to a city or a citizen, [L. civicus — civis. '\ Clandestine civil, siv'il, adj., pertaiiiitig to a city or to the community and internal government : having the refinement of city-bred people ; polite : intestine, not foreign : commercial, not military : lay, not ecclesiastical.— rta^j;. civ'iUy. [L. civilis— civis.] civilian, si-vil'yan, 71. a professor or student of Civil Law ; one engaged in civil as distinguished from military and other pursuits. civilise, siyil-Iz, v.t., to tnahe civil; to reclaim from barbarisni ; to instruct in arts and refinements : — pr.p. civ'illsing ; pa.p. civ'ilTsed. civilisation, siv-il-i-za'shun, «. the act of civilising, or the state of being civilised. civility, si-vil'i-ti, «. good-breeding ; politeness. Gives, sTvz, n. a plant of the leek and onion genus growing in tufts. [Fr. cive, L. ccepa, an onion.] Civet, siv'et, n. a perfume obtained from the civet or civet-cat, a small carnivorous animal of N. Africa. [Fr. aivette; It. zibetto; Pers. zabad.\ Clack, klak, v.i., to make a sudde7i sharp 7ioise as by striking -.—pr.p. clack'ing ; pa.p. clacked'.— n. a sharp sudden sound frequently rcpcated- [trom the sound.] Clad, ]dad, past participle of Clothe. Claim, klam, v.t., to call out for or proclaim ; to demand as a right :—pr.p. claim'ing ; pa.p. claimed'.— «. a demand for something supposed due ; a title ; the thing claimed. [L. clamo, to call out, for cabno, from calo, Gr. kaleo, to call.] claimable, klam'a-bl, adj. that may be claimed. claimant, klam'ant, «. one who makes a clai77i. clamant, klam'ant, adj., calling aloud or ^■3,rvin'~X\y. clamour, klam'or, «., a calli7ig out ; a Icuad con- tinuous outcry ; uproar. — v.i. to cry aloud in de- mand ; to make a loud continuous outcry •.—pr.p. clamouring; pa.p. clam'oured. [L. cla77ior.] clamorous, klam'or-us, adj. noisy, boisterous. — adv. clam'orously. — «. clam'orousness. Clairvoyance, klar-voi'ans, n., clear-sightedness :X}ni pretended power of seeing things not present to the senses. [Fr. — clair, L. clarus, clear, and Fr. voir, L. video, to see.] clairvoyant, klar-voi'ant, adj. relating to clairvoy- ance. — «. one who professes clairvoyance. Clam, klam, v.t. to clog with sticky matter -.—pr.p. clamm'ing ; pa.p. clammed'. [A.S. clcE7nian: connected with Clamber, Clamp, Climb.] clammy, klam'mi, adj. sticky ; moist and adhesive. — 71. clam'miness. Clamber, klam'ber, vd., to cli7nh with difficulty, grasping with the hands and feet \—pr.p. clam- bering ; pa.p. clam'bered. [Ger. klam7nern — kle7n7nen, to squeeze or hold tightly.] Clamp, klamp, 71. lit. something that fastens or binds ; a piece of timber, iron, &c. used to fasten things together or to strengthen any framework. — v.t. to bind with clamps. [A.S. cla7n, a baud- age ; Dutch, kla77tp — kla7)ipe7i, to fasten.] Clan, klan, w. a tribe or collection of families sub- ject to a single chieftain, bearing the same sur- name, and supposed to have a common ancestor; a clique, sect, or body of persons. [Gael, clann, Ir. clan7i or cla7id, offspring, tribe.] clannish, klan'ish, adj. closely united like the mem- bers of a c/^;/. — adv. clann'ishly. — «. clann'ishness. clanship, klan' ship, «. union ; association of fami- lies under a chieftain. clansman, klanz'man, 71. a member of a clan. Clandestine, klan-des'tin, adj., co7icealcd or hidden ; private ; unlawful ; sly. — adv. clandes'tinely. [L. cla7idestinns—clai)z, secretly — celo, to conceal.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th&n. Clang Clang, klang-, v.t. to strike together with a rin^ng' metallic sotoid. — v.i. to produce a sharp, shrill sound: — />r.p. clang'ing ; pa. p. clanged'. — «. a sharp, ringing sound, like that made by metallic substances struck together. [L. clatigo ; Gr. klazo, klang-kso, to make a sharp piercing sound ; Ger. klang: formed from the sound.] clangour, klang'gur, «., a clang; a sharp, shrill, harsh .sound. W^. clangor.\ clank, klangk, n. the light, sharp clavg or sound, made by the striking of metallic bodies, as chains. — n.t. or i. to make or cause a clank : — pr.p. clank'ing ; pa. p. clanked'. Clannish, &c. See under Clan. Clap, klap, n. the noise made by the sudden strik- ing together of two things, as the hands; a sud- den act or motion; a burst of sound. — v.t. to strike together so as to make a noise ; to thrust or drive together suddenly ; to applaud with the hands.— z'./. to strike the hands together; to strike together with noise :—pr.p. clapp'ing ; pa.p. clapped'. [A.S. clappatt; Dutch and Ger. klappen : formed from the sound.] clapper, klap'per, «., one who claps; that which claps, as the tongue of a bell, flap-trap, klap'-trap, n. orig. a trap, or contrivance for clapping in theatres ; a trick to gain applause. Clare-obBcure, klar'ob-skur, Cliiaro-oscuro, ki-a'ro- os-koo'ro, «., clear-obscure ; light and shade in painting. [Fr. clair, L. clams, clear, and Fr. obscur, L. obscurits, obscure ; It. chiaro, clear, osciiro, obscure.] claret, klar'et, «. orig. applied to wines of a light or clear red colour, but now used in England for the dark-red wines of Bordeaux. [Fr. clairct — clair, L. clanis, clear.] clarify, klar^i-fi, v.t., to v:ake clear. — v.i. to become clear : — pr.p. clar'lf^'ing ; pa.p. clar'ified. [L. clarus, clear, ?LXiA.facio, to make.] clarification, klar-i-fi-ka'shun, «. the act of cZ?«rz'«jr- clarifler, klar'i-fl-er, n. that which clarifies or purifies, clarion, klar'i-on, n. a kind of trumpet whose note is clear s.nA shrill. [Fr. clairon — clair, clear.] clarionet, klar'i-on-et, clarinet, klar'i-net, ii. lit. a small clarion; a wind instrument of music, sounded by means of a reed fixed to the mouth- piece. [Fr. clarinctte, dim. oi clairon.'\ Clash, klash, «. a loud noise, such as is caused by the striking together of weapons ; opposition ; contradiction. — v.i. to dash noisily together; to meet in opposition ; to act in a contrary direc- tion. — v.t. to strike noisily against :—/?-./. and n. clash'ing; pa.p. clashed'. [Ger. klatsch ; Dutch, kletse ; Gr. klazo : formed from the sound. ] Clasp, klasp, n. the thing which claps together or en- circles, and closes with a snap ; a hook for fasten- ing; an embrace. — v.t. to fasten with a clasp ; to enclose and hold in the hand, or arms ; to em- brace ; to twine round : — pr.p. clasp'ing ; Pa.p. clasped', [old Eng. elapse — Clap.] clasper, klasp'cr, n., that which clasps ; the tendril of a plant, clasp-knife, klasp'-nTf, n. a knife, the blade of which is clasped by, or folds into, the handle. Class, klas, v. lit. the people called or assembled together ; a rank or order of persons or things ; a number of students pursuing the same studies ; a scientific division or arrangement. — v.t. to form into a class or classes ; to arrange methodically : —pr.p. class'ing ; pa.p. classed'. [ Fr. classe, Clear L. classis, Gr. klesis, kalesis, a calling together, from kaleo, to call.] classic, klas'ik, classical, klas'ik-al, adj. lit. relating or belonging to tlie class ; of the highest class or rank, especially in literature ; originally and chiefly u.sed of the best Greek and Roman writers; chaste; refined. — classics, n.pl. Greek, Roman, and modem writers of the first rank, or their works. — adv. class 'icaUy. claasicality, klas-ik-al'i-ti, classicalnesa, klas'ik-al- nes, n. the quality of being classical. classify, klas'i-f I, v.t., to make or form into classes; to arrange : — pr.p. class'ifying ; pa.p. class'ified. [L. classis, a.r\d/acio, to make.] classification, klas-i-fi-ka'shun, «. act of forming into classes. Clatter, klat'er, ft. a repeated coni'used rattling 7ioise ; a repetition of abrupt, sharp sounds. — v.i. to make rattling sounds ; to rattle with the tongue ; to talk fast and idly. — v.t. to strike so as to produce a rattling -.—pr.p. clatt'ering ; pa.p. clatt'ered. [A.S. clatrung, cleadur, anything that makes a clattering : formed from the sound.] Clause, klawz, n. lit. that which is enclosed; a sen- tence or part of a sentence ; an article or part of a contract, will, &c. [Yr.clatae ; from L. clauses — claudo, to shut, enclose.] Claustral. See under Cloister. Clave, klilv— did cleave— /^wi" tense of Cleave. Clavicle, klav'i-kl, n. lit. a Utile key ; the collar- bone, so called from its resemblance to a Roman key. [L. clavictda, dim. ol clavis, a key.] clavicular, kla-vik'u-lar, adj. pertaining to the clavicle. Claw, klaw, «. something cleft or split ; the hooked nail of a beast or bird ; the whole foot of an ani- mal with hooked nails ; anything like a claw. — v.t. to scratch or tear as with the claws or nails ; to tickle :—/r./. claw'ing; pa.p. clawed'. [A.S. clawu; Ger. klatie — klieben, to cleave or split.] Olay, kla, n. that which sticks or adJieres; a soft, tenacious, ductile earth, used to make bricks ; earth in general. — v.t. to cover, or purify with clay, as sugar : — pr.p. clay'ing ; pa.p. clayed'". [A.S. clceg — clifian, to stick ; Dan. kleeg; Dutch, klai; W. clai; connected with Clag, Clog, L. gelu, frost, gluten, Gr. glia, and Glue.] clayey, kla'i, adj. consisting of or like clay. daymore, kla'mor, n. lit. the big s^vord ; a large sword formerly used by the Scottish Highland- ers. [Gael, claidheanih-mcr, from Gael, and Ir. claidheamh, sword, and vior, great : connected with L. gladius, a sword.] Clean, klen, adj. lit. polished, shifting; free from stain or whatever defiles ; wholesome ; guiltless ; clever; neat. — adv. quite; entirely; cleverly. — v.t. to make clean, or free from dirt: — pr.p. clean'ing ; /rz./. cleaned'. — ft. clean'nesa. [A.S. cly cleav- ing or splitting ; a crack, fissure, or chink. cliff, klif, n. a cleft or cloven rock ; a high steep rock ; the steep side of a mountain. cloven, kloVn, pa.p. of Cleave, to divide, or adj. divided ; parted. Clef, kief, n. lit. a key; a character in music which determines the key or position on the scale of the notes that follow it. [Fr., from L. clavis, Gr. kleis, a key.] Cleft. See under Cleave. Clematis, klem'a-tis, n. a creeping plant luith long tendrils, called also virgin! s bower and travel- ler's joy. Wovf'L.-.Gr.kleniatis — klema,2i\.v/\g.'\ Clement, klem'ent, adj. mild ; gentle ; kind ; merci- ful. — adv. clem'ently. [L. cle/nefis.] clemency, klem'en-si, n. the quality of being clem- ent; mildness; readiness to forgive. Clench, klensh, same as Clinch. Clergy, kler'ji, n. the body of men chosen or set apart as ministers of religion in the Christian Church. [Fr. clerge; low L. clericia; from L. clericus, Gr. klcrikos, from L. clerus, Gr. klcros, lit. a lot, then the clergy : from the choice of Matthias by lot to the apostleship, or because the Lord was the lot or inheritance of the Levltes.] clerg3mian, klerji-man, «. one of the clergy, a man regularly ordained to preach the gospel, and administer its ordinances. cleric, kler'ik, clerical, kler'Ik-al, adj. belonging to the clergy ; pertaining to a clerk or writer. clerk, klark, n. orlg. a dergyvtan or priest; a scholar ; one who reads the responses in the English Church service ; a writer, or accountant in an office. [A.S. derc, a priest.] — n. clerk'ship. Clever, klev'er, adj., skilfid; dexterous; of intel- lectual ability ; ingenious ; skilfully done. — adv. clev'erly.— «. clev'emess. [old E. deliver, active : or A.S. gleaivfp'hth, of a wise mind, sagacious, from glcaw, skilful, wise ; Scot, gleg.'] Clew, kloo, n. a hall of thread or the thread in it ; a thread which affords a guide through a laby- rinth ; any piece of information which enables one to solve a mystery or form a conclusion ; the corner of a sail. — v.t. to truss or tie up sails to Clip the yards '.^r.p. cieVIng ; pa.p. clewed'. [A.S. deoui ; W. dob, a lump; L. glomus, a ball of thread, akin to globus, a sphere, from root of Cleave, to adhere. See Club, Globe.] Click, klik, n. a short, sharp clack or sound ; any- thing that makes such a sound, as a small piece of iron falling into a notched wheel. — v.i. to make a light, sharp sound i—pr.p. cllck'ing ; pa.p. clicked', [imitative of the sound.] Client, klfent, «. orlg. o?te who hears and obeys a superior, hence, a dependent ; one who employs a lawyer. — n. cli'entship. [L. cliens, for chiens, one who hears, from clueo, to hear.] Cliff, Clift. See under Cleave. Climacter, kll-mak'ter. Climacteric, kll-mak'ter-ik, or klim-ak-ter'Ik, n. lit. tlie 7-ou)ui of a ladder; a critical period in human life, in which some great bodily change Is supposed to take place. — adj. climac'teric. [Gr. klimakter — /^/«««jr, a ladder. ] Climate, kll'mat, 71. the supposed slope of the earth from the equator towards the poles ; a region on zone of the earth ; the condition of a country or place with regard to temperature, moisture, &c. [L. dima, dimatis ; Gr. klima, klimatos, sIo^q — klino, to make to bend or slope.] climatic, kll-mat'Ik, climatical, kll-mat'ik-al, adj. relating to, or limited by a climate. clime, klTm, n., a climate ; a country, region, tract. climatise, kll'ma-tlz, v.t. or v.i. See Acclimatise. climatology, kll-ma-tol'o-ji, «., tJie sciejice of cli- viates, or an Investigation of the causes on which the climate of a place depends. [Gr. klima, and logos, discourse.] Climax, kll'maks, n. a rising like the steps of a ladder or stair; in Rhetoric, the arranging of the particulars of a portion of discourse so as to rise in strength to the last. [Gr. klimax, a ladder or staircase— from klifto, to slope.] Climb, klTm, v. i. or v. i. to ascend or mount up by clutching with the hands and feet ; to ascend with difficulty -.—pr.p. clTmb'Ing ; pa.p. climbed'. [A.S. cliniban, Ger. klimtneti, to climb; con- nected with Clamber, which see.] Clime. See under Climate. Clinch, kllnsh, v.t., to fasten or rivet a nail by bending the point when driven through any- thing ; to grasp tightly ; to settle or confirm :— pr.p. cllnch'Ing ; pa.p. clinched'. [Fr. dendie, a door-latch; Ger. klifike, the riveted part of a bolt ; Dutch and Ger. klinken, to rivet a bolt.} clincher, klin'sher, ?i. one that dinclies ; a decisive argument. Cling, kllng, v.i., to adhere or stick close by wind- ing round ; to adhere in interest or affection :— pr.p. cHng'Ing ;/«./. and /«./. clung^. [A.S. chfigan, to adhere.] Clinic, klln'ik. Clinical, klln'ik-al, adj., pertaining to abed; confined to bed. — n. Clin'ic, one confined to bed by sickness. [Gr. klinikos — kline, a bed, from klino, to bend, recline.] Clink, kllngk, n. a ringing sound made by the strlkmg together of sounding bodies. — v.t. to cause to make a ringing sound. — v.i. to ring or imgle:— pr.p. clink'Ing ; /«./. clinked'. [Ger. klingen, to sound, to chink ; allied to Clang.] clinker, kllnk'er, n. the cinder or slag formed in furnaces ; brick burned so hard that, when struck. It makes a sharp and ringing sound. Clip, klip, v.t. orlg. to onbrace ; to cut by making the blades of shears meet; to cut off:— pr.p. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mute ; mute ; moon ; t/ien. clip clipp'ing; pa.p. clipped'. [A.S. dyppan, to em- brace ; Dutch, klippen. Ice. klippa, to cut.] clip, klip, ». anything that clips or holds ; the act oi clipping; the thing clipped o^, as the wool tliat has been shorn off sheep, clipper, klip'er, «., 0)ie that clips; a sharp-built, fast-sailing vessel. dipping, klip'ing, n. the act of clipping ; the thing dipt off. Clique, klek, n. a group of persons in union for a purpose ; a party or faction ; a gang :— used gene- rally in a bad sense. [Fr., perhaps from root of click, and so = a noisy conclave : or old Ger. gelijk, Ger. gleic, like, equal, and so = a com- pany of equals.] Cloak, Cloke, klok, n. a loose outer garment; a covering ; that which conceals ; a disguise, pre- te.ict. — v.t, to clothe with a cloak ; to cover ; to conceal -.—pr.p. cloak'ing ; pa.p. cloaked', [old Fr. cloche; low L. cloca, a garment worn by horsemen.] Clock, klok, n. lit. that which clicks: a machine for measuring time, and which marks the time by the position of its 'hands' upon the dial-plate, or by the striking of a hammer on a bell, [a variation of Clack, Click. K.?>. clucge.^ clock-work, klok'-wurk, n. the works or machinery of a clock; machinery like that of a clock. Clod, klod, n. a thick round mass or lump, that cleaves or sticks together, especially of earth or turf; the ground; a stupid fellow. — v.i. to collect into a thick mass :—pr.p. clodd'ing ; pa.p. clodd'ed. [A.S. chtd; Dutch, klot ; Ger. kloss ; from root of Cleave, to adhere.] clod-hopper, klod'-hop-er, 7i. a country-man ; a peasant ; a dolt, {clod, and hopper.'\ alodpate, klod'pat, clodpoU, klod'pOl, «. one with a head like a clod, a stupid fellow. iclod, and Pate,poll.'\ clot, klot, n. a mass of soft or fluid matter concreted, as blood. — v.i. to form into clots; to coagulate : — pr.p. clott'ing ; pa.p. clotted, [a form of Clod.] Clog, klog, v.i., to stick together in a mass; to unite and adhere. — v.t. to accumulate in a mass and cause a stoppage ; to obstruct ; to encumber : — pr.p. clogg'ing; pa.p. clogged'.— «. anything that hinders motion ; an obstruction ; a hea\'y •wooden shoe. [Scot, clag, to cover with mud, to obstruct ; Dan. klaeg, sticky ; Ice. kleggi, a. mass : from root of Cleave, to adhere.] Ooiater, klois'ter, n. a place enclosed or shut in; a covered arcade forming part of a monastic or collegiate establishment ; a place of seclusion from the world for religious duties. — v.t. to con- fine in a cloister, monastery, or nunnerj'; to confine within walls -.—pr.p. clois'tering ; pa.p. clois'tcred. [Fr. cloltre, old Fr. cloistre; A.S. clauster; It. claustrv ; L. claustrum — claitdo, clausum, to close, to shut.] cloiateral, klois'ter-al, cloistral, klois'tral, old form clauatral, klaus'tral, adj. pertaining to or confined to a cloister; secluded. cloiatered, klois'terd, adj. dwelling in cloisters; soUtary ; retired from the world. Cloke. See Cloak. Clomb, klom, o\d past tense of Climb. Close, klijs, adj., shut itp; with no opening; con- fined, unvcntilated ; narrow ; near, in time or place ; compact ; crowded ; hidden ; reserved. — adv. in a close manner ; nearly ; densely. — ft. an enclosed place ; a small enclosed field ; a narrow Clownish passage oflTa street. — adv. closely. — «. close'ness. [Fr. clos, shut— pa.p. of clore, Prov. claure, L» ciandere, clausus, to shut.] close, klOz, v.t. to make close; to draw together and unite ; to finish. — v.i. to grow together ; to come to an end '.—pr.p. clOs'ing ; pa.p. closed'. — n. the manner or time of closing ; a pause or stop ; the end ; a grapple in wrestling, closet, kloz'et, «., a little close or enclosed place ; a small private room ; a recess off a room. — v.t. to shut up in, or take into a closet ; to conceal : — pr.p. clos'eting ; pa.p. clos'eted. [Fr. closet, dim. oi clos.'\ closure, kloz'ur, n. the act of closing ; that which closes. Clot. See under Clod. Cloth, kloth, //. Cloths, n. , a covering or garment ; woven material from which garments or cover- ings are made; the clerical profession, from their wearing black cloth. [A.S. clath, cloth, claihtj, clothes, garments ; Ger. kleid, Ice. klcedi, a gar- ment ; conn, with L. claudo, to shut. See Close.] clothes, kloMz (colloq. kloz), n.pl. garments ot articles of dress. clothe, klO^/i, v.t. to cover with clothes; to proride with clothes ; fig. to invest, as with a garment : — P^-P- clOth'ing ; pa.p. clothed' or clad. clothier, klO/'//i-er, «, one who makes or sell* cloths or clothes. clothing, kloM'ing, «., clothes; garments. Cloud, . kloud, «. vapours drawn into _ clods or masses; a mass of waterj' vapour floating in the air ; fig. a great volume of dust or smoke ; a moU titude of people. — v.t. to overspread with clouds ; to darken ; to stain with dark spots or strcaki. — v.i. to become clouded or darkened: — pr.p. cloud'ing ; pa.p. cloud'ed. [from the root of Clod.] cloudy, kloud'i, adj. darkened with, or consisting of clouds; obscure; gloomy; stained with dark spots. — adv. cloud'ily. — 71. cloudiness. cloudless, kloud'les, adj. unclouded, iu any sensc.^ adv. cloud'lessly. cloudlet, kloud'let, w., a little cloiui. Clough, kluf, n. a cleft in a rock, or the side of a hilL [A. S. clough, from clu/an, cleo/an, to cleave, split ; Scot. cleugh.\ See Cleave. Clout, klout, n. a patch ; a small piece of cloth ; a piece of cloth sewed on clumsily ; a rag. — v.t., t» mend with a patch; to sew a piece of cloth over a rent ; to mend clumsily -.—^pr.p. clout'ing ; pa.p. clout'ed. [A.S. clut, a little cloth, a patch ; W. chut, a patch, clytiaji, to patch.] Clove, Cloven. Sec Cleave, to split. Clove, klov, n. lit. a ?iail; a pungent, aromatic spice, the une.\-pandcd flower-bud (so called from its resemblance to a fiait:. of the clove-tree, si native of the Moluccas. [Sp. clavo; Fr. clou; from L. claz'us, a nail.] clove-pink, kloV-pingk, n. the ciove-giWyRowcT or carnation //«/i', which has an odour like that of cloves. Clover, klov'er, «., cloven grass; a species of tro- foil grass, or grass in which the leaf appears to be cleft in three, [A.S. clcefer, from cleofan, to cleave.] Clown, klown, «., a ploughman; a rustic or courv- trj'-fellow ; one with the rough manners of a countrj'-man ; a fool or bufi"oon. [L. colonus, a cultivator of the soil, from colo, to cultivate.] clownish, klown'ish, adj. of or hke a cIowit ; coarse fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^n. Cloy and awkward ; rustic. — adv. clown'ishly. — n. down'iahneaa. Goy, kloi, v.t. to clog or choke up ; to fill to loath- ing ; to glut or satiate : — pr.p. cloy'ing ; ;pa.p. cloyed', [from root of Clog.] cloyless, kloi'les, adj. that cannot cloy or satiate. Club, klub, n. \it. a ckaving togetlier ; an association of persons for the promotion of a common object, as literature, politics, pleasure, &c. each person dividing the expense. — v.i. to joiti together for some common end ; to share in a common expense. — v.t. to unite for a common end; to raise by proportional assessment : — pr.p. clubb'ing ; pa.p. clubbed', [from root of Cleave, to adhere.] cdub, klub, 71. a heavy tapering stick, knobby or massy at one end, used to strike with ; a cudgel ; one of the four suits of cards, having on it the figure of a club, or rather clover-leaf. [Ger. kolbe ; Sw. klubba ; W. dob, a boss, knob : from root of Cleave, to adhere.] club-foot, klub'-foot, «. a short, deformedytf'^/, like a chtb. — adj. club'-footed. ciub-moss, Idub'-mos, «. a vioss with scaly leaves and stems like a club. Chick, kluk «. the call of a hen to her chickens. — v.i. to make the sound of a hen when calling on her chickens. — v.t. to call, as a hen does her chick- ens :—/n/. cluck'ing ; pa.p. clucked'. [A.S. cloccafi, Scot, clock: from the sound.] C1ti6. See Clew. Camnp, klump, n. a li(7np ; a thick, short, shapeless piece of anything ; a cluster of trees or shrubs. [Ger., Dan., Sw. klump; Ice. khanbr, a lump; old Ger. klmipfen, to press together : alUed to Club, Lump.] ciamBy, klum'zi, adj., like a clump; shapeless ; ill- made ; awkward ; ungainly. — adv. clum'slly. — n. clum'slnsBB. [from Clxunp, prov. E. chonps, a stupid fellow.] Clung, klung — did cling— /«./. and/.-z./. of Cling. Cluster, klus'ter, n. lit. ^gluing or sticking together; a number of things of the same kind growing or joined together ; a bunch ; a mass. — v.i. to grow or gather into clusters. — v.t. to collect into clus- ters: — p^.p. or adj. clus'tering; pa.p. clus'tered. [A.S. cluster; Ice. klistr, glue ; Dutch, klos, klisse, a ball, from klissen, to stick together.] dutch, kluch, v.t. to seize or grasp; to close tightly, or clinch •.—pr.p. clutch'ing ; pa.p. clutched'. — n. a grasp or grip; seizure.—//, clutch'es, the hands or paws ; cruelty ; rapacity, [old E. clouch, claw, grasp ; akin to Ger. kluppe, pinch, grasp ; Scot. cleik.'\ ClTitter, klut'er, n. a clatter or confusion. — v.t. to crowd together in confusion ; to fill with things in confusion.— z/.z. to clatter, [a form of Clatter.] Clyster, klis'ter, n. a liquid injected into the intes- tines to wash thefn out. [Gr. — klyzo, to wash out. ] Ceach, kCch, «._ lit. a coiich; a large, close, four- wheeled carriage. — v.t. to carry in a coach: — pr.p. coach'ing ; pa.p. coached'. [Fr. coche— coucher, to lie ; It. cocchio ; from L. colloco, to lay one's self, to lie. See Concli.] Coadjutor, ko-ad-joo'tor, n. a. Jellow-helper or as- sistant ; an associate. -^/^;«. coadju'trix. — 71. coad- ju'torship. [L. co, with, adjutor, a helper — ad, to, jtivo, to help.] Coagulate, ko-ag'u-lat, v.t. lit. to drive together; to make to curdle or congeal. — v.i. to curdle or con- geal -.—pr.p. coag'ulating ; pa.p. coag'ulated. [L. cobweb coagulo — CO, together, ago, to drive.] — «. coagu- lation. coagulable, ko-ag'u-la-bl, adj. capable of being cong- ulatcd. coagulant, ko-ag'u-lant, «. a substance which causes coagulatio7t, as rennet. coagulum, ko-ag'u-lum, w. that which coagulates or is coagulated. [L.] Coal, kol, n. a substance that kindles or burns ; wood charred ; a solid, black, combustible sub- stance used for fuel, dug out of the earth. — v.t. to bum to coal. — v.i. to take in coal '.—pr.p. coal'ing ; pa.p. coaled'. [A.S. col, coll; Ice. kol; Ger. kohle; connected with Sw. kylla, to kindle, and L. caleo, to be hot.] coaly, kol'i, adj. of or Hke coal. collier, kol'yer, 7t. one who works in a Cf a /-mine; a ship that carries coal. colliery, kol'yer-i, 71. a coal-min^ ; the coal-trade. Coalegce, k5-al-es', v.t. to grow together; to unite into one body or mass; to associate : — pr.p. cOales'cing ; pa.p. coalesced'. [L. coalesce — co, together, and alesco, to grow up, from alo, to nourish.] coalescence, k3-al-es'ens, «. act oi coalescing; union. coalescent, ko-al-es'ent, adj., growi7tg togetlier ; uniting. coalition, k3-a-lish'un, «. act of coalescing, or unit- ing into one body; a union or combination of persons, states, &c. into one ; alliance, [low L. coalitio, from L. coalesco.l coalitionist, ko-a-lish'im-ist, 71. one of a coalition. Coarse, kors, adj. lit. course ; what is met with in common coiu-se ; .'rough ; rude ; uncivil ; gross. — adv. coarse'ly. — 7t. coarse'ness. [orig. written Course, which see.] Coast, kOst, 71. lit. Tib, side; side or border of land next the sea; the sea-shore; limit or border of a country. — v.i. to sail along or near a coast. — v.t. to sail by or near to -.—pr.p. and adj. coast'- ing ; pa.p. coast'ed. [Ger. kiiste ; Fr. cote for coste ; L. costa, a rib, side.] coaster, kost'er, w. the person or thing that coasts ; x vessel that sails along the coast, coastwise, kost'wis, adv., coastways ; along the coast, {coast, and wise.] Coat, kot, n. an outside body coveri?tg; the hair or wool of a beast ; vesture or habit ; any covering ; a membrane or layer; the ground on which ensigns armorial are portrayed, usually called a coat of arms. — v. t. to cover with a coat or layer -.—pr.p. coal'ing ; pa.p. coat'ed. [Fr. cotte ; low L. cottus, cotta, a tunic; prov. E. cot, a matted fleece ; Ger. kotze, a. matted covering, overcoat : or E. cote, cot, a hut, covering.] coatee, kot-e', n., a little coat; a coat with short flaps. coating, kot'ing, 7t. a covering ; cloth for coats. Coax, koks, v.t. lit. to make a cokes or simpleton of; to appease or persuade by fondling, flattery, &c. : — pr.p. coax'ing ; pa.p. coaxed'. — adv. coax'ingly. [old E. cokes, a simpleton ; perhaps akin to Fr. cocasse, ridiculous ; W. coeg, empty, foolish.] Cob, kob, 71,, the top or head; a knob ; a ball or pellet; a head of maize; a thick strong pony. [W. cob, A.S. cop, copp, Ger. kopf, the top, head : perhaps akin to L. caput, Gr. kep/tale, Sans. kapala, the head.] cobweb, kob'web, 7i. the spider's web, or net; any snare or device intended to entrap. [Flem. kop, a spider; A.S. atter-coppa, a spider, \\t. poiso7>- fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; ^/;en. cockloft Coerce lag, so called from the likeness of its body to a little bag supposed to contain poison.^ cockloft, kok'loft, «., tJie top loft; the room in a lioiise next the roof, \cock = cob or cop, the top, and lo/t.\ Cobalt, ko'balt, n. a brittle, reddish-gray metal, usually found combined with arsenic and other minerals. [Ger. kcbalt, from kobold, a devil ; low L. gobelinrts, Gr. kobalos, a goblin ; so called by the German miners, because its presence indi- cated the absence of more valuable metals.] Cobble, kob'l, v.t. to joi7i ox Jit to; to botch; to patch up or mend coarsely, as shoes :—/r./. cobb'ling; pa. p. cobb'led. [old Fr. cobler, to join togetlier ; Dan. kobley, to cobble ; Ger. koppeln, to tie together; from L. copulo, to join.] cobbler, kob'ler, «. one who cobbles or mends shoes. Coble, kob^, n. lit. a /lollozv trjotk of a tree ; a small fishing-boat. [A.S. ciiople ; Ger. kiibcl, bucket; W. keubal, a hollow trunk, a boat.] Cobweb. See under Cob. Cocagne, kok-an', «. the land of cookery or good living ; an imaginary country of luxury and de- light ; the land of Cockneys — London. [Fr. cocagfie, It. cucagna — cucca, sweetmeats, from L. coquo, to cook.] Cockney, kok'ne, «. lit. one brought up in Cocagne, an imaginary land of plenty — hence, ^ patnpered individual ; an effeminate, ignorant citizen ; ap- plied contemptuously to a native of the city of London. — ■//. Cock'neys. [ace. to Wedgwood from Fr. coqiicliner, to dandle, to pamper.] cockneydom, kok'ne-dum, n. the region or home of Cockneys. [of a Cockney. cockneyism, kok'ne-izm, n. the dialect or manners Cocciferoufl, kok-sif'er-us, adj., berry-bearing. [L. coccics, Gr. kokkos, a berry, ^iXiAfero, to bear.] Cochineal, koch'i-nel, «. a scarlet dye-stuff consist- ing of the dried bodies of certain insects gathered from the Cactus plant in Mexico, the W. Indies, &c. [Sp. cochinilla, dim. of L. coccinKS, Gr. kokkos, a berry, as the cochineal was formerly supposed to be the berry or seed of the plant.] Cocbleary, kok'le-ar-i, Cochleate, kokle-at, Cochle- ated, kok'le-at-ed, adj., t^vistedWliQ a.snail-s/u'il ; spiral. [L. cochlea, snail-shell, screw; Gr. kochlos, a shell-fish with a spiral shell.] Cock, kok, 71. the male of birds, particularly of the domestic fowl ; a weathercock ; a strutting chief or leader ; whatever is set up on an eminence ; a tap for liquor ; a pile of hay ; part of the lock of a gun. — v.t. to set erect or upright; to set up, as the hat ; to set or draw back, as the cock of a gun. — v.i. to strut; to hold up the head \—pr.p. cock'ing ; pa.p. or adj. cocked'. [A.S. coc, cocc ; Fr. coq : formed from his cry.] cockade, kok-ad', n. a knot of ribbons or something similar worn in the hat, named from its likeness to the comb of a cock. [Fr. cocarde — coq.'\ cockatrice, kok'a-trTs, n. a lizard ox serpent imagined to be produced from a cocks egg hatched by a serpent. [Fr. cocatrix ; A.S. cocc, and atcr, at tor, a snake.] cockpit, kok'pit, «. a pit or enclosed space where ^^xne-cocks fought ; a room in a ship-of-war for the wounded during an action. cockscomb, koksTcGm, «. the comb or crest on a cock's head ; the name of three plants. coxcomb, koks'kom, «., cock's comb ; a strip of red cloth notched like a cock's comb which profes- sional fools used to wear ; a fool ; a fop. . Cockatoo, kok-a-too', n. a kind of parrot with a crest. [Malay, kakatiia, formed from its cry.] Cock-boat,kok'-bot,«. a small boat. [W. cwch, a boat.] cockswain, kok'swan (colloq. kok'snl, «. the swain or officer who has charge of a boat and its crew. [cock, a boat, and swain.] Cockchafer, kok'chaf-er, «. a corr. of clock-chafer; the May-bug, an insect of a pitchy-black colour, most destructive to vegetation. [Scot, clock, beetle, and Chafer.] cockroach, kok'roch, n. the common black beetle. Cocker, kok'er, v.t. (obs.) to patnper, to indulge. [Fr. coqueliner, Dutch, kokelen.] Cockle, kok'l, ti. a troublesome weed among com, with a purple flower. [A.S. coccel ; Gael, cogal.} Cockle, kok'l, «. a shell, or shell-fish; a shell-fish, having two wrinkled shells, of a heart-shape. — zi.i. or /. to contract into wrinkles ; to shrink. [Fr. coquillc ; Gr. kongchylion, kotigchi, a cockle.] Cockloft. See under Cob, the top. Cockney. See under Cocagne. Cockroach. Sec under Cockchafer. Cockswain. See under Cockboat. Cocoa, koTco, n. a palm-tree growing in tropical countries, and producing the cocoa-nut. [Port. and Sp. coco, a bugbear : applied to the nut from the three marks at the end of it which form a grotesque face.] cocoa-nut, or coco-nut, koTco-nut, «. the well-known fruit of the cocoa-palm, containing a white kernel, within which is a pleasant fluid called the milk. Cocoa, koTco, n. a beverage made from the ground seeds or beans of the cacao or chocolate tree, [a corr. oi cacao.] Cocoon, ko-koon', «. the egg-shaped shell or cover- ing which the larv'je of silk-worms and some other insects spin. [Fr. cocon — L. concha, a shell.] cocoonery, ko-koon'er-i, n. a place for keeping silk-worms when feeding and spinning cocoons. Coctlon, kok'shun, n. the act of boiling. [L. coctio — coquo, to boil, to cook.] ; Cod, kod. Cod-fish, kod'-fish, n. a species of fish much used as food, found in the northern seas, [low L. gad us ; Gr. gados. ] codling, kod'ling, «. a young cod-fish. Cod, kod, n. a husk, shell, ox pod, containing seeds. [A.S. codd, a small bag; Ice. koddi, a cushion ; W. cwd, a bag or shell ; Scot, cod, a pillow.] Coddle, kod'l, v.t., to keep ivarm; to pamper; to fondle ; to parboil ■.-—pr.p. codd'ling ; pa.p. codd'led. [prob. from Caudle.] codling, kod'ling, codlin, kod'lin, n. a hard kind of apple for boiling. Code, kod, n. orig. the trnni of a tree, and later, wooden tablets bound together, covered with wa.x and used for writing on ; a collection or digest of laws. [Fr. code, L. codex or caudex, the trunk of a tree, a tablet.] codicil, kod'i-sil, «. a short writing or note added as a supplement to a will. — adj. codicillary. [L. codicillics, dim. oi codex.] codify, kod'i-fr, v.t., to put into thij'orm of a code: —pr.p. cod'ifying ; pa.p. cod'ified. — n. codiflca'- tion. [L. codex, a code, awA facio, to make.] Coefficient, ko-ef-fish'ent, adj., ejfcient in company with something else.— «. that which acts together with another thing. — n. coeffi'clency. — adv. coelfi'- ciently. [L. co, together, and efficient.] Coerce, ko-ers', v.t., to enclose ivholly, to keep fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; thexi. coercible zvltkin limits ; to restrain by force ; to compel : — -/r./. coerc'ing ; />a.p. coerced'. [L. coerceo — CO, together, arceo, to shut in.] coercible, ko-ers'i-bl, adj. that may be restrained or compelled. — adv. coerc'ibly. coercion, ko-er'shun, «. the act or process of coer- cing ; restraint. coercive, ko-ers'iv, adj. having power to coerce ; compelling. — adv. coerc'ively. Coeval, ko-e'val, adj., of the same age. — n. one of the same age. [L. co, together, and cevum, age, Gr. aidn.'\ Coffee, kof 'f e, n. a drink made from the seeds of the coffee-tree, a native of Abyssinia and Arabia, but now cultivated in many tropical countries. [Fr. cafe—hx. qahwah, a drink prepared from berries, pronounced by the Turks kahve.'\ Coffer, kof'fer, n. lit. a hoHow case; a chest for holding money or treasure. [Fr. coffre, a chest. It. cofano, L. cophimis, Gr. kophiiws, a basket : connected with Cave.] coffer-dam, kof 'fer-dam, n. a water-tight barrier or box of timber, placed in the bed of a river, &c., for the purpose of excluding the water during the progress of some work, [coffer, and dam.] cofBn, kof'fin, «. the coffer or chest in which a dead body is enclosed. — v.t. to place within a coffin : — pr.p. coffining ; pa. p. coffined. Cog, kog, n. a catch or tooth on a wheel. — v.t. to fix teeth in the rim of a wheel : — pr.p. cogg'ing ; pa.p. cogged'. [Sw. kngge, a cog, It. cocca, a notch.] Cogent, ko'jent, adj., driving or pressing on the mind ; powerful ; convincing. — adv. co'gently. [L. cogo — CO, together, and ago, to drive.] cogency, ko'jen-si. «. power of^ convincing. Cogitate, koj'i-tat, v.i., to agitate or t7(rn a thing over in one's mind ; to meditate ; to ponder : — pr.p. cog'itating ; pa.p. cog'itated. [L. cogito, to think deeply — co, together, and agito, to put a thing in motion.] cogitation, koj-i-ta'shun, n. deep thought ; medi- tation. cogitative, koj'i-ta-tiv, adj. having the power of cogitating or thinking ; given to cogitating. Cognac, Cogniac, kOn'yak, «. the best kind of French brandy, so called because much of it is made at the town of Cognac. Cognate, kog'nat, adj., born of the same family ; related to ; of the same kind. [L. cognatus — co, together, and nascor, gnascor, nattts, gnatus, to be born.] Cognition, kog-nish'un, it. certain kiwwledge. [L. cognosco, cognit7nn — co, intensive, and nosco, gnosco, to know.] cognisable, cognizable, kog'niz-abl, or kon', adj., that may be ktioztni or understood ; that may be judici- ally investigated, [old Fr. cog?ioisable.] cognisance, cognizance, kog'ni-zans, or kon', 7i., know- ledge or notice, judicial or private ; observation ; jurisdiction ; that by which one is known, a badge, [old Fr. — L. cogtiosco.] cognisant, cognizant, kog'ni-zant, or kon', adj., having cognisance or knowledge of. Cognomen, kog-nu'men, ;/. a nvLUiQ joined to another name; a surname. [L. — co, together, jiojneti, gnomen, a name — nosco, gnosco, to know.] Cohabit, ko-hab'it, v.i., to divell together; to dwell together as husband and wife :— /r./. cOhab'it- ing ; pa.p. cohab'ited. — n. cohabita'tion. [L. cohabiio — co, together, and Jiabito, to dwell] Coleoptera Cohere, ko-her', v.i., to stick together; to remain in contact ; to follow in regular natural order. [L. cohcereo — co, together, and hce7-eo, to stick.] coherence, ko-her'ens, coherency, ko-her'en-si, «., a stickifig together; a cleaving together of two bodies by means of attraction ; a consistent con- nection between several parts. coherent, ko-her'ent, adj., sticking together ; con- nected ; consistent.— rti^z/. coher'ently. cohesion, ko-he'zhun, n. the act oisticki7ig together; a form of attraction by which particles of bodies of the same nature cohere ; logical connection. cohesive, ko-he'siv, adj. having the power of cohering; tending to unite into a mass. — adv. cohe'sively. — «. cohe'siveness. Cohort, ku'hort, 71. among the Romans, a body of soldiers about 600 in number, forming about a tenth part of a legion ; any band of armed men. [L. cohors, an enclosed place, a multitude en- closed, a company of soldiers.] See Court. Coif, koif, 71. a cap or covering for the head. [Fr. coiffe ; It. cuff a ; Ar. knfiyah, a head-kerchief.] coiffure, koif Ore, 71. a head-dress. [Fr.] Coil, koil, v.t., to gather together, or wind in rings as a rope, a serpent :^r.p. coil'ing ; pa.p. coiled'. — ;/. one of the rings into which a rope is gathered, [old Fr. coillir, Fr. ciieillir — L. col- ligere — col, together, legere, to gather.] Coin, koin, 71. orig. the wedge by means of which coins were stamped ; a die for stamping money ; a piece of metal, legally stamped and current as money. — v.t. to convert a piece of metal into money ; to form, as a medal, by stamping ; to make, invent, fabricate '.—pr.p. coin'ing ; pa.p. coined'. [Fr. coi7i, coin, also the die to stamp money ; L. cimeus, a wedge. ] coinage, koin'aj, 71. the act or art of coi7ii7ig; the pieces of metal coined ; invention, fabrication. Coincide, ko-in-sTd', v.i., to fall i7i with, or agree, in opinion ; to correspond ; to be identical : — pr.p. cOincTd'ing ; pa.p. coincTd'ed. [Fr. coi7tcider, L. CO, together, incidere — i7i, in, cado, to fall.] coincidence, ko-in'si-dens, coincidency, ko-in'si-den- si, 71. act or condition o( coi7iciding ; the occur- rence of an event at the same time as another event. — adj. coin'cident. — adv. coin'cidently. Coit. See Quoit. Coke, kok, «. lit. cooked or caked coal ; coal charred and deprived of its volatile matters, for use in fur- naces, [from the root of Cake, Cook.] Colander, kul'an-der, CxUlender, kul'en-der, «. a strainer; a vessel having small holes in the bottom. [L. cola7is, colatitis, pr.p. oi colare, to strain, from colian, a strainer.] Cold, kold, adj., cooled, chilled; without heat; shivering ; without passion or zeal ; spiritless ; unfriendly ; indifferent ; reserved. — 71. absence of heat ; the feeling or sensation caused by the absence of heat ; a disease caused by cold ; catarrh; shivering; chiilness. — adv. cold'ly. — 71. cold'ness. [A. S. ceald, coled, pa.p. of colian, to cool, to be cold ; Scot, cajild, Ger. halt ; L. gelidus — gelu, frost. See Cool.] coldish, kold'ish, culj., so7newhat cold ; cool. Cole, kol, 71. lit. a stalk or ste7n; a general name for all sorts of cabbage. [A.S. cawel, cazvl; L. colis, ca?dis, a stalk or stem, especially of cab- bage ; Gr. kaiclos; Scot, kail.] colewort, kol'wurt, 71. a species of cole or cabbage. [A.S. cawl-wyrt — wyrt, a plant.] Coleoptera, kol-e-op'ter-a, 71.pl., sheath-wittgs ; an fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; th^xx. 77 coleopterous order of insects having two pairs of wings, the outer pair being hard or homy, serving as winq- cases for the true wings, as the beetle. [Gr. koleos, a sheath, ^x\A fterofi, \)\. ptera, a wing.] coleopterous, kol-e-op ter-us, adj., sheatk-wittgcd. Colic. See under Colon. Coliaemn. See under ColossTis. Collaborator, kol-labu-ra-tor, «. i\ fellinv-lahourcr ; an associate or assistant in labour, particularly literary or scientific. [Fr. collaboniteur, from L. col, with, and laborv, lahoratus, to labour.] Collapse, kol-laps', n. a falling togetJur or in ; a falling away ; a sudden and extreme depression of the bodily energies. — v.i. to fall together or inwards ; to close or shrink ; to waste away : — pr.p. collaps'ing ; pa.p. collapsed'. [L. collaps^is — col, together, and labor, lapsus, to slide or fall.] Collar, kol'ar, n. something worn round the neck; the part of a garment at the neck ; a ring ; a band. — v.i. to .seize by the collar; to put on a collar: — pr.p. coU'aring; pa.p. coU'ared. [Sp. collar; It. c oil are : from L. collum, the neck.] collar-bone, kol'lar-bon, n. a bone of the neck shaped like an S, between the breast-bone and. the shoulder-blade, also called the clavicle. collet, kol'let, n. the collar of a ring or the part which contains the stone. [Fr. — L. collum.] Collate, kol-lat', v. t. lit. to bring or lay together for comparison ; to examine and compare, as books, &c. ; to place in or confer a benetice ; to place in order, as the sheets of a book for binding. — v.i. to place in a benefice :—pr.p. coUat'ing ; pa.p. collat'ed. [L. collatus, pa.p. of confero — C07t, together, TixA/ero, to bring.] collation, kol-la'shun, «., act of collating; a bringing together, for examination and comparison ; pre- sentation to a benefice ; a repast between meals. collator, kol-Ll'tor, «., one ivho collates ox compares ; one who bestows or presents. Collateral, kol-lat'er-al, adj., side by side; running parallel or together ; not direct ; descended from the same ancestor, but not directly, as the child- ren of brothers.— «. a collateral relation.— «^'en. colonisation establish a colony in; to form into a colony: — pr.p. col'onTsing ; pa.p. col'onTsed. colonisation, kol-o-ni-za'shun, «. act or practice of colonising i state of being colonised. colonist, kol'o-nist, n. an inhabitant of a colony. CJoIophon, kol'o-fon, n. the inscription at the end of a book containing a name or date, &c. [L. colo- pho7i; Gr. kolophon, the top, the finish.] Colophony, ko-lof'o-ni, n. the dark-coloured resin obtained from the distillation of oil of turpentine. [Gr. kolopJwnia, from ColopJion, a city of Asia Minor, whence it ^v•as first brought.] Colorific. See under Colour. Colossus, ko-los'sus, ii. a gigantic statue, particu- larly that of Apollo which stood at the entrance of the harbour of Rhodes. [L. ; Gr. kolossos.^ colossal, ku-los'sal, adj., like a colossus : gigantic. ODlossemn, kol-os-se'um, coliseum, kol-i-se'um, 71. a gigantic building ; esp. Vespasian's amphitheatre at Rome, which was the largest in the world. [L.] Colour, kul'ur, n. a property of light which causes bodies to have different appearances to the eye ; the hue or appearance which bodies present to the eye ; appearance of blood in the face ; tint ; paint ; superficial or external cover or appearance ; false show ; kind.—//, a flag, ensign, or stand- ard; paints. — v.t. to put colour on ; to stain ; to paint ; to set in a fair light ; to exaggerate. — v.i. to shew colour ; to blush :—pr.p. col'ouring ; pa.p. or adj. col'oured. [L. color.] eolourable, kul'ur-a-bl, adj. having a fair appear- ance ; designed to conceal. — adv. col'ourably. eolourtng, kul'ur-ing, «. any substance used to give colour; manner of appljang colours; specious appearance. ODlourlst, kulur-ist, «., one wJw colours or paints ; one who excels in colouring. [parent. colourless, kul'ur-les, adj., %vithout colour; trans- ooloriflc, kul-ur-ifik, adj., giving, containing, or pro- ducing colours. [L. color, z.nd/acio, to make.] Colporteur, kol'port-ar, Colporter, kol'port-er, n. lit. one who carries on his neck; a pedlar, particu- larly one who travels for the sale of tracts and rehgious books. [Fr. colporteur, from col — L. col- lutn, the neck, 3x\d porter — L. portare, to carry.] oolportage, kol'port-aj, n. the distribution of books, &c., by colporteurs. Colt, kolt, n. lit. a young anitnal; a young horse ; a foolish young fellow : in ^., a young camel, or ass. [A.S. colt; Sw. kult, a young boar, a stout boy.] coltish, kolt'ish, adj., like a colt; frisky; wanton. Colter, Coulter, kol'ter, n. the cutter or splitter; the fore-iron of a plough, that cuts through the ground. [A.S. culter; Fr. coutre; L. culler; Sans, krit, to cut : W. cylltawr — civl, the cutter.] Columbary, kol'um-ba-ri, n. a pigeon-hoi/se, or doz'e- cot. [L. cohanlariufn — columba, a dove.] oolumWne, kol'um-bln, adj., of ox like a dove; dove- coloured. — n. a genus of plants ; a kind of violet or dove-colour ; the heroine in a pantomime, Columbian, ko-lum'bi-an, adj. pertaining to Col- ■umhia, a name of America. [Columbia, America, from Cobmibus, its discoverer.] Column, kol'um, n. lit. that which is high ; a long, round body, used to support or adorn a building ; any upright body or mass like a cohmin; a body of troops drawn up in deep files ; a perpendicular row of iines in a book. [L. columen, colu7nna, akin to cel-si^s, high, collis, a hill, and Gr. kolo7ie, a hill ; W. colo/, stem, colof/t, colunm.] comic columnar, ko-lum'nar, adj. formed i/i cohimiist. having the form of a column. colonnade, kol-o-nad', 71., a range of colu77t7ts placed at regular intervals. [Fr.— L. colwnna.] Colure, ko-lur', n. in astron. one of two great circles supposed to intersect each other at right angles in the poles of the equator, so called because a part is always beneath the horizon. [Gr. kol- ouros, dock-tailed — kolos, docked, oura, tail.] Coma, ko'ma, n., deep sleep from which it is difficult to Idc roused. [Gr. — koi77iad, to hush to sleep.] comatose, ko'ma-tos, or kom'-, comatous, ko'ma-tus, adj., affected with co77ia; in a state of stupor from drowsiness ; drowsy. Comb, kom, n. a toothed instrument for separating and cleaning hair, wool, flax, &c. ; the crest of a cock; the top or crest of a wave. — v.t. to separate, arrange, or clean by means of a comb : — /r./. comb'ing ; /«./. combed'. [A.S. camb. Ice. kanibr.l comber, kom'er, n., one who cot7zbs wool, S:c. Comb, Combe, kom, 71. a hollow among hills ; a narrow valley ; the Jiollow cell or assemblage of cells in which bees store their honey. [W. cwjn, a hollow.] Combat, komT^at, or kum'bat, vd. to heat, contend, or struggle with. — v.t. to beat against; to act in opposition to ; to contest :^pr.p. com'bating ; pa.p. com'bated. — 71. a struggle to conquer; a battle or fight. [Fr. covibattre, to fight — com, with, and battre, to beat.] See Beat. combatant, kom'bat-ant, adj. disposed or inclined to combat. — «. one who fights or combats. — adj. com'batable. combative, komlDat-iv, adj. inclined to quarrel or fight. — 71. com'bativeness. Combine, kom-bln', v.t., to joi7t two together; to agree; to unite Intimately. — v.i. to come into close union ; in chem. to unite and form a new compound : — pr.p. combTn'ing ; pa.p. combined'. [L. combittare, to join — cofn, together, and bi7ii, two and two.] combination, kom-bi-na'shun, n., tJie act ofcombitV' i7ig; union ; a number of persons united for a purpose ; an association. Combustible, kom-bust'i-bl, adj. that may take fire andbtirn; liable to take fire and bum. — n. any- thing that will take fire and bum. [L. combnro, combtistus, to consume — coth, intensive, and bu7-o, uro, to bum — Gr. pur, fire.] combustibleness, kom-bust'i-bl-nes, combustibility,, kom-bust-i-bil'i-ti, n. capability of being burned. combustion, kom-bust'yun, «., abur7ting; the action of fire on combustible substances. Come, kum, v.i. to move toward this place ; to draw near ; to arrive at a certain state or condition ; to " yield to applied pressure or labour ; to become ; to issue ; to happen : — pr.p. com'ing ; pa.t. came ; pa.p. come. [A. S. caiman, Ger. komme7i, to come.] comely, kumli, adj., becoming; convenient ; pleas- ing ; handsome. — adv. in a comely manner. — «. come'liness. Comedy, kom'e-di, 7t. a dramatic piece, of a light, humorous description, orig. of a lyrical charac- ter, [L. comaedia, Gr. kd77tddia, a ludicrous or mirthful spectacle — either from kd7nos, a revel, or korne, a village, and aeido, to sing.] comedian, ko-me'di-an, 7t. one who acts or vmtes cotnedies ; 2si ci.z'ior. comic, kom'ik, comical, kom'ik-al, adj. relating to C077iedy ; raising mirth ; droll. — adv. com'icaily. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; ;f/jen. 79 Comet Comet, koin'et, n. lit. a star with flowing hair ; a member of the solar system, with a very eccen- tric orbit and a nucleus surrounded by a co>na or hairy-like appearance, and a luminous tail. [Gr. ko7nt'ti's, long-haired — kotne, hair.] cometary, kom'e-tar-i, adj. relating to a comet. Comfit, Comfiture. See under Confect. Comfort, kum'furt, v.t., to strengthen; to relieve from pain or distress; to cheer; to console: — />r.p. com'forting; /rt./.com'forted. — w.com'forter. [Fr. cotiforter — L. con, andybrtis, strong.] «omfort, kum'furt, «., j/ri?«^/'/;; relief; encourage- ment; ease; quiet enjoyment; freedom from annoyance ; whatever gives ease, enjoyment, &c. comfortable, kum'fur-ta-bl, adj. imparting or enjoy- ing cotnfort. — adv. com'fortably. comfortless, kum'furt-les, adj., luithotit coin/ort. Comic, Comical See under Comedy. Comity, kom'i-ti, n., corirteousness ; civility. [L. cot/lit as, -at is — coviis, courteous, akin to Sans. ka)n, to love.] tJomma, kom'ma, n. lit. a part cut off; in punctua- tion, the point (,) which marks the smallest division of a sentence. [L. comma, Gr. komma, a section of a sentence, from kopio, to cut off.] Command, kom-mand', v.t. lit. to put into one's hand; to give one a charge over; to order; to summon ; to lead ; to e.xcrcise supreme authority over ; to have within sight, influence, or control. — v.i. to have chief authority over ; to govern :— fr.p. command'ing ; pa. p. command'ed. — n. an order ; authority ; message ; the ability to over- look or influence ; the thing commanded. [Fr. commander — L. covi, and inando, to commit to — man7ts, the hand, and do, to give.] commandant, kom-man-dant', n. an officer who has the command of a place or of a body of troops. commander, kom-mand'er, «., one who commands ; an officer in the navy next in rank under a cap- tain. — «. command'ership. commanding, kom-mand'ing, adj. fitted to impress or control. — adz>. command'ingly. commandment, kom-mand'ment, «., a comjnatid ; a precept ; one of the ten moral laws. Commeasurable, kom-mezh'ur-a-bl, adj. same as Commensurable. Commemorate, kom-mem'o-rat, v.t., to keep in the memory or 7nind; to call to remembrance by a solemn act or obsers'ation :—pr.p. comniem'Orat- ing; pa.p. commem'oratcd.— «. commemora'tion. [L. comvtemoratiis, pa.p. of coDuncmorarr, to remember — com, intensive, and 7nemor, mindful.] commemorative, kom-mem'o-ra-tiv, adj. tending or sersing to co>nme>norate. Commence, kom-mens', v.i., to hegin ; to originate ; to take rise. — v.t. to begin ; to originate ; to enter upon :—Pr.p. commenc'ing ; pa.p. commenced'. [Fr. commcncer, It. cominciare, L. com, and initinre, to begin — in, into, and eo, to go.] commencement, kom-mens'ment, n. the beginning ; the thing begun. Commend, kom-mend', v.t., to cotninand or put into tlu hands of; to give into the charge of ; to recom- mend as worthy ; to praise : — pr.p. commend'ing ; pa.p. commend'ed. [from root of Command.] commendable, kom-mend'a-bl, adj. worthy of l)eing connncndrd or praised. — adz/, commend'ably.^;^. commendableness. commendation, kom-men-da'shun, n., theactofcom- 7nendi?ig; praise; declaration of esteem. commendatory, kom-mcnd'a-to-ri, adj. ,co/n}ne>idi>tg; commissariat containing praise or commendation; presenting to favourable notice or reception. Commensurable, kom-men'su-ra-bl, adj., having a co7n7non 7neastire, applied to numbers capable of being measured or divided by the same number without a remainder, as 8 and 24 by 4. [L. C07n, with, and 7ne>is7cra, a measure — fnetior, 7n6'7/s?/s, to measure.] — ad?', commen'surably. — 71s. commensurabil'ity, commen'surabieness. commensurate, kom-men'su-rat, adj., of tiie same 7itcasurc with ; equal in measure or extent ; in proportion vi\x!t\.^adv. commen'aurately. — ns. commen'surateness, commensura'tion. Comment, kom'ment, «. a note conveying an illus- tration or e.\-planation ; a remark, observation, criticism. — v.i. (or kom-ment') to make critical or explanatory notes. — 71s. com'mentator, com'mentor. [L. C077t7ncnttc7n, a thought, reflection — co77t- ini7iiscor, C077i7ne7ittis, to reflect upon — C07n, and inefis, the mind.] commentary, kom'ment-a-ri, «., a C07ni7ie7it, or a book or body of comments. Commerce, kom'mers, «. interchange of i7ierchand- ise on a large scale betzvee>i nations or individuals ; extended trade or traffic ; intercourse ; fellow- ship. [Fr. C077i7nerce, L. C077i)nerciu7n — C07n, with, and 77terx, 77iercis, goods, merchandise.] commercial, kom-mer'shal, adj., pcrtainifig to C07n- 7ne7-ce ; mercantile. — adv. commer'cially. Commination, kom-mi-na'shun, ;;., a threat; a divine threat of punishment ; a recital of God's threatenings made on Ash-Wednesday in the English Church. [L. C07n7ni>iatio — com, inten- sive, and 7/iinor, to threaten.] comminatory, kom-min'a-tor-i, adj., threate7ting or denouncing punishment. Commingle, kom-ming'gl, v.t., to i7tingle or mix with '.^pr.p. comming'ling ; pa.p. comming'led. [L. co7n, together, and Mingle.] Comminute, kom'min-ut, v.t. to reduce to mitntte particles or to powder : — pr.p. com'minuting ; pa.p. com'minuted. — «. comminu'tion. [L. co77i' jninno, -nt2im, to break into pieces — C07n, and ininno, from 77iinus, less.] Commiserate, kom-miz'er-at, v.t., to feel for tJu 7niseries of a?iother : to pity : — pr.p. commis'erat- ing ; pa.p. commis'erated. [L. co77i, with, and iniseror, to deplore, from 7/tiscr, wretched.] commiseration, kom-miz-cr-a'shun, «. concern for tlie sufferings of others ; pity. Commiasary, S:c., Commission, &c See under. Commit, kom-mit', v.t. lit. to se/id one with some- thing ; to ijjtrust ; to consign ; to do ; to endanger ; to pledge :~pr.p. committ'ing;/titto, to send.] commitment, kom-mit'ment, 7i.,actofco7n7nitti7tg; an order for sending to prison ; imprisonment. committal, kom-mit'tal, «. commitment ; a pledge, actual or implied. committee, kom-mit'te, «. one or more persons to whom any matter or business is co77t7nitted. commissary, kom'is-sar-i, «. one to whom any charge is committed ; an officer who has the charge of furnishing provisions, &c. to an army. [Fr. C07n- 77,-issaire, from L. C077t)7iitto, C077i77iissiis,'\ — «. com'missaryship. commissarial, kom-mis-sa'ri-al, adj. pertaining to a coiinnissajy. commissariat, kom-mis-sa'ri-at, n. the office and duties of a co7n>nissa?y in the army; the body of officers in the commissary's department. 80 late, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. commission ssion, kom-mish'un, «., act of comtmiiing; that which is committed ; a writing conferring certain powers ; authority ; charge or fee to an agent, &;c. for transacting business ; one or more persons appointed to perform certain duties.— v.t. to give a commission to ; to appoint : — ■//"./. commis'sioning ; /«./. commis'sioned. commissioner, kom-mish'un-er, n. one who holds a connnission to perform some business. Oommix, kom-miks', v.t., to iniJC together. — zi.i. to mix -.—pr-p. commix'ing ; pa.p. commixed'. [L. com, together, and Mix.] commixture, kom-miks'tur, n., act of mixing together; the state of being mixed; the mass formed by mixing. Commode, kom-mod', 7i. lit. a cojwenience ; a small sideboard ; a head-dress formerly worn by ladies. [Fr. ; L. coDmiodHS, having full measure, con- venient, from com, with, and jnodus, a measure.] commodious, kom-mo'di-us, adj. lit. having a full jneas7ire ; complete ; adapted to its use or pur- pose ; useful ; suitable ; comfortable. — adv. com- mo'diously. — ;/. commo'diousness. [L. co)ni>iodus.'\ commodity, kom-mod'it-i, n., a fitting mcas2i7'e ; a convenience, or that which affords it ; an article of traffic. [L. commoditas, from coifunodtcs.l Commodore, kom'o-dor, «., tJie co7nmander of a squadron or detachment of ships ; the leading ship of a fleet of merchantmen. [It. C07na7ida- iore ; Sp. comendador ; low L. covimendo, from L. com, intensive, and mando, to command.] Common, kom'un, adj. lit. serving togetJier; belong- ing equally to more than one ; public ; general ; usual ; frequent ; easy to be had ; of little value ; vulgar. — 71. a tract of open land, used i7i C077i7ii07i by the inhabitants of a town, parish, &c. [L. co77tmj(7iis — co7n, together, and 77uc7iis, serving ; prob. connected with 77ui7nis, a. duty.] — adv. comm'only. — «. comm'onness. commonage, kom'un-aj, «. right of pasturing on a co77i7no>i ; the right of using anything i7i C077i77i07i. commonalty, kom'un-al-ti, 7i. the body of co77t77i07i people below the rank of nobility. commoner, kom'un-er, 7i. one of the com77i07i people ; a member of the House of Commons. commonplace, kom'un-plas, 7i., a C077mio7t topic or subject ; a memorandum ; a note. — adj. common ; hackneyed. — ti. comm'onplace-book, a note or memorandum book. [coi>t7no7i, ^rvA place, a trans. of L. loc7is, a place, a topic of discourse.] commons, kom'unz, 7i.pl., the co7n7non people ', their representatives — i.e., the lower House of Parlia- ment or House of Commons ; common land ; food at a common table. commonweal, kom'un-wel, commonwealth, kom'un- welth, 71. lit. the co77i7non or public 7f^//-being or good ; the government in a free state ; the public or whole body of the people ; a form of govern- ment in which the power is lodged with the people. [See Weal and Wealth.] Commotion, kom-mO'shun, 7i., a violcTit -771011071 or 7novifig; excited or tumultuous action, physical or mental ; agitation ; tumult. [L. coi7i77totio — C07JI, intensive, and 7noveo, 7notus, to move.] Commime, kom-mun', v.i. to make sentiments co7tt- 711071- to two ; to converse or talk together ; to have intercourse : — pr.p. commun'ing ; pa.p. communed'. [Fr. coni7>m7iier; L. co)/i7/nmico, from co7)r>/!iifHS.'\ See Common. communicate, kom-mun'i-kat, z/. t. , to 77take co77Z77io?i ; to impart ; to reveal ; to participate ; to bestow. company — v.i. to have something in common with another ; to have the means of passing from one to another ; to have intercourse ; to impart or share ; to par- take of The Communion -.—pr.p. commun'icat- ing •,pa.p. commun'icated. [L. co7ii7/iu7iico, cotn- 7)iu7iicat7is, from cc77t7nn7iis.\ communicable, kom-mua'i-ka-bl, adj., that may h^: C07n77in7iicated. — adv. commun'icably. communicant, kom-mun'i-kant, «., o7ie who co77i77iu- 7iicatcs : one who partakes of The Communion. communication, kom-mun-i-ka'shun, «., act of 00777- 77nniicati7ig ; that which is communicated ; inter- course ; correspondence. communicative, kom-mun'i-ka-tiv, adj., inclined to C077i77nmicate or give information ; unreserved. — ;/. commun'icativeness. [knowledge. communicatory, kom-mun'i-ka-tor-i, adj. imparting communion, kom-mun'yun, 71., act of com77i7i7ii7ig ; mutual intercourse ; fellowship ; common posses- sion ; interchange of transactions ; union in reli- gious service ; the body of people who so unite. —The Communion— the celebration of the Lord's Supper. [L. co7!i7incnio, from C077i7n7{7iis.'\ communism, kom'u-nizm, 71., C077mi7i.7iity of pro- perty, or the having property in common. communist, kom'u-nist, 71. one who holds the prin- ciples of C07777Jl7C7lis777. community, kom-mun'i-ti, 71. , C077i77i07i possession or enjoyment; people having common rights, &.C.; the public or people in general. Commute, kom-mut', v.t., to cha7ige tvith or ex- change; to exchange a punishment for one less severe. — v.i. to stand in place or compensate :— pr.p. commut'ing ; pa.p. commut'ed. [L. C077i- 77i7do, from C07n, with, and 7)77do, to change.] commutable, kom-mut'a-bl, adj., that 77iay be C077i- 7)i7ited or exchanged. — ;/. commutabil'ity. commutation, kom-mu-ta'shun, 71., the act of C077i- I7i7di77g; change or exchange of one thing for another ; the change of a penalty or rate from a greater to a less. commutative, kom-mut'a-tiv, adj., relating to ex- cha7ige : interchangeable. — adv. commut'atively. Compact, kom-pakt', adj., fasteiied or packed to- gether; closely and firmly united ; firm ; close ; brief. — v.t., to faste7i or fix together; to press closely together ; to consolidate -.—pr.p. com- pact'ing ; pa.p. and adj. compact'ed. — advs. compact'ly, compact'edly. — 71. compact'edness. [L. C07>tpact7is, pa.p. of co777pingo — co77i, together, and pango, to fasten, fix : akin to Sans, pac, to bind, E. pack.-] compactness, kom-pakt'nes, 11., state of bei7ig co77i- pact; closeness. Compact, kom'pakt, «., a 7nut7tal bargain or agree- Jtie7it; a league, treaty, or union. [L. co7npac- t7i77t — compaciscor, fromc^;;z, with, 2.ndi paciscor, to make a bargain :. akin to Sans, pac, to bind.] Companion, kom-pan'yun, 71. lit. one who feeds or eats bread with another ; one who keeps com- pany or frequently associates with another; an associate or partner. [Fr. co7i7pag7ion, Sp. co77i- pa7to ; from low L. C07npa7uzi77i, a mess — L. €0777, with, and^a«/j, bread.] — 71. compan'ionship. companionable, kom-pan'yun-a-bl, adj., Jit to be a co7i7pa77ion; agreeable. — adv. compan'ionably. companionless, kom-pan'yun-les, adj., without a C0JI7pa7li077. company, kum'pa-ni, «. lit. a 7iwi7her of co7npa7i- io7is; any assembly of persons; a number of persons associated together for trade, &c.; a society; a subdivision of a regiment; the crew of fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute; moon; th^n. 81 Compare a ship ; state of being a companion ; fellowship ; society.— i/.z. to associate with. [Fr. compag)tie.'\ Compare, kom-par', v.t. lit. to set togetJier, to fair or match ; to set things together, to ascertain how far they agree or disagree ; to liken or represent as similar ; ing^ravt., to inflect an adjective. — v.z. to be like or equal ; to hold comparison -.^pr.p. comparting; /«./. compared'. — «. compjuison. [L. coiiparo, to match, from covi, together, and paro, to put.] comparable, kom'par-a-bl, adj., tJuxt may be com- pared; worthy of comparison; being of equal regard. — adv. comparably. comparative, kom-par'a-tiv, adj. estimated by com- pariiig with something else; not positive or absolute ; m grant., expressing more. — adv. com- pa/atively. comparison, kom-par'i-sun, n.,the act of cofnparing- ; comparative estimate ; a simile, or figure by which two things are compared ; in gram., the inflection of an adjective. Compartment, kom-part'ment, «. a separate pari or division of any enclosed space; a subdivision of a carriage, [low L. coffipartimefitmn—L. covipartior, to divide with — com, with, and/^r- tior, to divide— /arj, a part.] Compass, kum'pas, «. lit. a passing round, so that the starting point and the ending point come togetJier; a circuit; space; limit; range; an instrument consisting of a magnetised needle, used to steer ships by, &:c. — pi. com'passes, an instrument consisting of two movable legs, for describing circles, &c. [Fr. covipas; low L. coni- pass^is — L. com, together, ViX\ilpassus, a step.] compass, kum'pas, v.t., to pass or go round; to sur- round or enclose ; to besiege ; to bring about or obtain ; to contrive or plot '.—pr.p. com'passing ; pa.p. com'passed. Compassion, kom-pash'un, «. lit. a sitffering zvitJi another ; sympathy ; fellow-feeling ; pity. [Fr. — L. cowpassio — cotn, %vith, and patior, passus, to suffer.] compassionate, kom-pash'un-at, adj., disposed to compassion; sympathising; inclined to pity or to have mercy upon. — v.t. to have compassion for ; to have pity or mercy upon '.—pr.p. compas'- sionating ; pa.p. compas'sionated. — adv. compas'- sionately. — n. compas'sionateness. Compatible, kom-pat'i-bl, adj., thai can bear with; that suits or agrees with ; suitable. — adv. com- pat'ibly. [Fr.— L. C07n, with, patior, to bear.] compatibility, kom-pat-i-bil'i-ti, «., the being com- patible ; suitability; consistency. Compatriot, kom-pa'tri-ot, adj., of the same father- land or country. — «. one of the same country, and having like interests and feelings. [L. com, with, and Patriot.] Compeer, kom-pcr', «., one who is equal to anotJur; a companion ; an associate. [L. cotnpar — com, with, and Peer, irom p>ar, equal] Compel, kom-pcl', z'.i., to drive or urge on for- cibly; to oblige :^/>r./. compeU'ing; pa.p. com- pelled'. — adj. compell'able. [L. com, intensive, and pcllo, pulsiim, to drive.] compulsion, kom-pul'shun, n., the act of compelling ; force ; necessity ; violence. compulsive, kom-pul'siv, compulsory, kom-pul'sor-i, adj., having poit'cr to compel; forcing. — advs. compul'sively, compul'sorily. Compendium, kom-pcn'di-um, n. lit. a weighing together or storing — hence, a saving ; a shorten- complement ing ; an abridgment. [L. coin, together, and root oi pendo, to weigh.] compendious, kom-pen'di-us, adj. short ; comprehen- sive. — adv. compen'diously. Compensate, kom-pen'sSt, or kom'pen-sat, v.t. lit. to give weight for weight ; to give equal value for : to reward suitably for sen-ice rendered '.—pr-p. compen'sating ; pa.p. compen'sated. [L. codi, intensive, s.r)Apenso, to weigh.] compensation, kom-pen-sa'shun, n., act of cojnpcfi- sating; reward for service ; remuneration. compensatory, kom-pen'sa-tor-i, adj., serving for compensation; making amends. Compete, kom-pet', z>.i., to seek or strive after tJie satne thing as another; to contend for a prize : — pr.p. competing; pa.p. compet'ed. [L. competo — com, together, ?ir\d peto, to seek.] competition, kom-pe-tish'un, n., the act of compel' ing; common strife for the same object. competitive, kom-pet'i-tiv, adj. pertaining to or producing competition. competitor, kom-pet'i-tor, n., one who competes; a rival or opponent. Competent, kom'pe-tent, adj., suitable; sufficient; fit ; belonging. [L. covipeto, to strive after to- gether, to agree — co7n, with, and peto, to seek.] — adv. competently. competence, kom'pi3-tens, n. fitness ; sufficienci' ; legal power or capacity. Compile, kom-pTl', v.t. lit. to scrape together m order to carry off; to form a body of selections from the works of one or more authors ; to rearrange statements of fact, opinion, &c. ; to compose : — pr.p. compTl'ing ; pa.p. compiled'. — «. compiler. [L. compilo — com, together, zndpilo, to plunder.] compilation, kom-pi-la'shun, «., the act of compiling, or the thing compiled ; a literary work consist- ing of parts selected from various authors. Complacent, kom-pla'sent, adj., pleasing; pleased; gratified ; civil. — adv. compla'cently. [L. com- placens — com, intensive, ^ivAplaceo, to please.] complacence, com-pla'sens, complacency, com-pli- sen-si, n. pleasure ; satisfaction ; civility. complaisant, kom'pla-zant, or -zant', adj. same as Complacent. [Fr. — complaire, L. complaceo.] complaisance, kom'pla-zans, or -zans', «. same as complacence. [Fr.] Complain, kom-plan', v.i. orig. to heat the head • r breast as a sign of grief ; to express grief, pain, censure ; to murmur or express a sense of injury ; to accuse :^;ir./.complain'rng ;/a./.complained'. [Fr. complai>idre, low L. cotnplangere — covt, in- tensive, andplango, Gr. plesso, to strike.] complainant, kom-plan'ant, «., one wJio comj^lains ; in lazv, one who urges a suit. complaint, kom-plant', n., a complaining ; an ex- pression of grief; a representation of pains or injuries ; a finding fault ; the thing complained of. Complaisance, Complaisant. See under Complacent. Complement. Sec under Complete. Complete, kom-plet', v.t., to fill up, finish, or perfect ; to accomplish :—pr.p. complet'ing ; pa.p. com- jilct'cd. [L. coynpleo, completum, to fill up — coin, intensive, and //«•ida7w, to hold, comprise; A.S. he7itaii, to seize.] See Hand. comprehensible, kom-pre-hen'si-bl, adj., that may be comprehejided ; capable of being understood. — adv. comprehen'sibly. — 71s. comprehenaibil'ity, com- prehen'sibleness. comprehension, kom-pre-hen'shun, 71., the act or quality of comprehe7idi7ig; power of the mind to understand; an epitome. comprehensive, kom-pre-hen'siv, adj., havi7tg tJie qicality or power of co7nprehejiding ranch. ; exten- sive ; full. — adv. comprehen'sively. — 71. compre- hen'siveness. Compress, kom-pres', v.i., to press together ; to force into a narrower space ; to condense : — pr.p. coni- press'ing ; pa.p. compressed'. [L. comp7'iino, C077ipress7ts—C07n, together, a.r\di pre7no, to press.] compress, kom'pres, «. a bolster made of folds of soft linen, used in surgery', and so contrived as, by the aid of a bandage, to make tXxiQ p}-essu7-e on any part. compressible, kom-pres'i-bl, adj., that viay be coi7i- presscd. — 71. compressibil'ity. compression, kom-presh'un, «., act of co7)tpressing ; state of being compressed. compressive, kom-pres'iv, adj., able to co7npress. Comprise, kom-prTz', v.t., toco77iprehe7id; to contain : — P'>'-P- comprTs'ing ; pa.p. comprised'. [Fr. C0771- pris, pa.p. of compre7idre — L. C077tprehe7idere.'\ See Comprehend. comprisal, kom-prlz'al, it., the act of comprisiiig. Compromise, kom'pro-mlz, it. a settlement of differ- ences hy 7niit7'-P- concem'ing; pa.p. concerned'. — «. that which concerns or belongs to one ; interest ; regard ; an.xiety ; a business or those connected with it. [L. co7icer7io, from co7t, together, and cer7w, to sift, to see.] concerned, kon-semd', adj. having connection with ; interested ; anxious. — ^t'.;concem'edly. — n. con- cem'edness. concerning, kon-sem'ing, prep, regarding ; pertain- ing to. [/r./. of Concern.] Concert, kon-sert', v.t. lit. to strive or vie with others for some purpose ; to frame by mutual consultation; to arrange, adjust: — pr.p. con- cert'ing; pa.p. concerted. [Fr. co7icerter — C07i, together, certare, to contend, vie with.] concert, kon'sert, 7i. union or agreement in any plan or undertaking ; harmony ; musical har- mony; a musical entertainment. [Fr.] concertina, kon-ser-te'na, «. a musical instrument, on the principle of the accordion. concerto, kon-ser'to, 7i. a piece of music for a concert. [It.] Concession, S:c. See under Concede. Conch, kongk, «. a marine shell. [L. co7icJia, Gr. ko7tgcJie, Sans. ca7ikha, a shell.] conchiferous, kong-kif'er-us, adj., having a bivalve shell. [L. C07ic/ui, and fero, to bear.] conchoidal, kong-koid'al, adj. having elevations or depressions like the valve of a bivalve s/icll. [Gr. kongche, and eidos, form.] conchology, kong-kol'o-ji, «. lit. a discourse on shells; the science of shells. [Gr. kongche, and logos, a discourse.] conchologist, kong-kol'o-jist, «. one versed in C07t- cJwlogy. Conciliate, kon-sil'i-at, v.i. lit. to call or bri7tg to- gether; to unite in thought or feeling ; to make friendly ; to gain, win, or reconcile : — pr.p. con- cirifiting ; pa.p. concil'iated. [L. concilia, co7t- ciliatns — co7i, together, calo, to call.] conciliation, kon-sil-i-a'shun, «., act of C07iciliaiing. conciliator, kon-sil'i-a-tor, «., 07ie who co7iciliates ; a peacemaker. conciliatory, kon-sil'i-a-tor-i, adj., ie7iding to C07l- ciliate; winning; pacific. Concise, kon-sTs', adj. lit. cut i7iio pieces ; cut down : brief; saying much in few words. — adv. concise'ly. — 7t. concise'nesa. [L. co7icido, concisics, frora con, sig. completeness, and caedo, to cut.] concision, kon-sizh'un, n., a C!ttti7ig dow7i or o_ff; a division ; a faction. Conclave, kon'klav, «. lit. a room kept locked 7ip with a key; the room in which cardinals 84 fate, fiir ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; raoun ; //iea. Conclude meet to elect a pope ; the body of cardinals ; a private apartment ; any close assembly. [L. conclave, from con, together, and clavis, a key.] CJonclade, kon-klood', v.t. lit. to shut togetJier or 7ip ; to close ; to end ; to decide ; to infer or collect by reasoning. — v.z. to end ; to infer ; to form a final judgment -.—pr.p. conclud'ing ; pa.p. con- clud'ed. [L. conchtdo, cojiclusus — con, together, and claudo, to shut.] conclusion, kon-kloo'zhun, n., act of co7iclndi7ig; the end, close, or last part ; inference or conse- quence ; judgment ; event. [L. concliisio.'\ conclusive, kon-kloos'iv, adj., that concludes; final ; convincing ; consequential. — adv. conclusively. — n. conclus'iveness. Concoct, kon-kokt', v.t. lit. to cook or boil together; to digest ; to prepare or mature : — pr.p. concoct'- ing ;/«./. concoct'ed. [L. concoquo, concoctiis — con, together, and coquo, to cook, to boil.] concoction, kon-kok'shun, n., act of coficocting ; digestion ; ripening ; preparation. Concomitant, kon-kom'i-tant, adj., accompanying or goifig along with ; conjoined with ; attendant. — n. he or that which accompanies. — adv. con- com'itantly. [L. con, with, and comitans, pr.p. of comitor, to accompany — comes, a companion. ] concomitance, kon-kom'i-tans, concomitancy, kon- kom'i-tan-si, n., state of being concomitatit, or in connection with another thing. Concord, kong'kord or kon', n. state of being of the sa7ne heart or mind; oneness of feelings, opinions, &c. ; peace; union; harmony. [Fr. coneorde ; L. Concordia — concors, of the same heart, from con, sig. connection, and cor, cordis, the heart.] concordant, kon-kord'ant, adj., luivitig concord; harmonious ; united. — adv. concord'antly. [L. cojicordans, pr.p. oi co7icordo — co7icors.'\ concordance, kon-kord'ans, 7i., state or quality of beirig co7icorda7it; agreement; an index or dic- tionary of the leading words or passages of the Bible, or of any author, [low L. co7icorda7itia.'\ concordat, kon-kord'at, 71. an agreement or com- pact, especially between a temporal sovereign and the pope. [L. he agrees, 3d pers. sing, of co7icordo. ] Concourse. See under Concur. Concrescence. See under Concrete. Concrete, konTcret, aulj. lit. gro-M7i together; formed into one mass ; congealed ; the opposite of abstract, and denoting a particular thing. — 71. a mass formed by parts growing together ; a com- pound ; a mixture of lime, sand, pebbles, &c. — adv. concrete'ly. — 7t. concrete'ness. [L. co7Krctus — co7i, together, cresco, cretu7ii, to grow.] concrete, kon-kret, v.i., to g7-ow togctlier ; to unite into a solid mass ; to congeal. — v.t. to form into a mass -.—pr-p. concret'ing ; pa.p. concret'ed. concretion, kon-kre'shun, 71., act of co7tcreti7ig ; a mass concreted ; a lump. concretive, kon-kret'iv, adj., causi7ig or having power to C07icrete. concrescence, kon-kres'ens, «., a growi7ig togetJier ; increase by the union of separate particles. Concubine, kong'ku-bin, ;;:. lit. 07ie lyi7ig with another ; a woman who cohabits or lives with a man without being married. [L. C07tcubi7ia — C071, together, and c7ibo, to lie down.] concubinage, kon-ku'bin-ilj, 71. state of living together as man and wife without being married. concubinal, kon-ku'bin-al, adj. pertaining to Concu- binage. conditional Concupiscence, kon-ku'pls-ens, «., a longi7tg for; excessive or irregular desire for unlawful pleasure ; lust.— rt^'. concu^piscent. [L. concupisce7ttia— co7tcupisco — C071, intensive, cupio, to desire.] Concur, kon-kur', v.i., to ru?t together; to meet or unite in one point ; to act togetlier ; to agree or combine ; to assent to : — pr.p. concurr'ing ; pa.p. concurred'. [L. co7icurro, from C07i, together, and ctirro, cursu77i, to run.] concurrence, kon-kur'ens, 7i., act or state of co7icurr- ing; union; agreement; joint action ; assent. concxirrent, kon-kur'ent, adj., co7icttrring ; coming, acting, or existing together ; united ; accompany- ing. — adv. concurr'ently. concourse, kongTcors, 71. an assembly of persons run7iing or ckawn together. Concussion, kon-kush'un, 71. lit. a sJiaking violently ; act of shaking or state of being shaken ; a violent shock caused by the sudden contact of two bodies. [L. ccniczissio— conditio — co7i, intensive, and quatio, to shake.] [quality ofsltaking. concussive, kon-kus'iv, adj. , Jmving the po^ver or Condemn, kon-dem', v.t., to da7n7i or pronounce wrong or guilty ; to censure or blame ; to sen- tence to punishment ; to pronounce unfit for use; to reject :^^r./. condemn'ing ; /«./. con- demned'. [L. C07ide77t7io, from con, intensive, and da77i7io, to damn. See Damn.] condemnable, kon-dem'na-bl, adj., that 77iay be con- de77i7ied; blamable. condemnation, kon-dem-na'shun, «., act of co7i- de77i7U7ig; state or cause of being condemned ; blame ; punishment. condemnatory, kon-dem'na-tor-i, adj., C07itai7ii7ig or implying C07ide77i7mti07i. Condense, kon-dens', v.t., to 7nake very dense or thick ; to compress, or reduce by pressure into smaller compass. — v.i. to grow dense :—/^-./. condens'ing; pa.p. condensed'. [L. co7idenso — C071, intensive, de7iso, to make dense.] See Dense. condensable, kon-dens'a-bl, adj., capable of bei7tg C07ide7ised. [state of being condensed. condensation, kon-den-sa'shun, 71. , act ofco7idc7isi7ig; condensative, kon-dens'a-tiv, adj., liavi/tg power or tendency to condense. Condescend, kon-de-send', v.i., to descend or let one's self down ; to descend willingly from a superior position ; to yield or submit; to deign : —pr.p. condescend'ing ; pa.p. condescended. [L. C071, intensive, and desce7ido, to descend.] condescending, kon-de-send'ing, adj. yielding to inferiors ; courteous ; obliging. condescension, kon-de-sen'shun, «., act of C07ide- sce7idi7tg ; kindness to inferiors ; courtesy. Condign, kon-dln', adj. lit. wJiolly deser-oing ; well merited. — adv. condign'ly. — 71. condign'ness. [L. co7idig7tus — C071, wholly, dig7ius, worthy.] Condiment, kon'di-ment, «. that which is put along with something else to preserve or pickle it ; seasoning ; sauce. [L. C07idi7ne7itum — co7idio, to preserve, to pickle.] Condition, kon-dish'un, 71. state in which things are put togetJier, or exist ; a particular manner of being ; quality ; rank ; temper ; a term of a contract ; proposal ; arrangement. — v.i. to make terms. — v.t. to agree upon : — pr.p. condi'tioning; pa.p. condi'tioned. [L. co7iditio — co7i, together, and do, datu77t, to put.] conditional, kon-dish'un-al, a.p. condoned'. [L. con, dono, to give. See Donation.] condonation, kon-don-a'shun, ii.,forgiveness, csp. of a violation of the marriage-vow. [L. condonatio.'] Condor, kon'dor, 7i. the largest llj'ingbird, a species of vulture found among the Andes of S. Ame- rica. [Sp. condor, from Peruvian, cunt2ir.1 Conduce, kon-dus', v.i. (lit. and orig. v.t., to con- duct or lead), to lead or tend to some end ; to contribute •.—■/>r.p. conduc'ing ; pa.p. conduced'. [L. co)t, together, and ditco, ductus, to lead.] conducible, kon-dus'i-bl, conducive, kon-dus'iv, adj., leadL>ig or tending ; having power to promote. — advs. 'conduc'ibly, conduc'ively. — 7is. conduc'ible- ness, conduc'iveness. conduct, kon-dukt', v.t., to lead or guide ; to direct ; to manage ; to behave ; in electricity, to carry or transmit : — pr.p. conducting ; pa. p. conduct'ed. conduct, kon'dukt, n., act or method oj" leading or managing ; guidance ; management ; behaviour, condnctible, kon-dukt'i-bl, adj., capable of being conducted or transmitted. — «. conductibil'ity. conduction, kon-duk'shun, w., act or property 0/ conducting or transmitting; transmission by a conductor, as heat. conductive, kon-dukt'iv, adj., having the gtcality or power oj" conducting or transmitting. conductor, kon-dukt'or, 11. the person or thing that condiicts ; a leader ; a commander ; a manager; that which has the property of transmitting elec- tricity, heat, SLC—fefn. conductress, conduit, kon'dit, or kun', «., that which conducts ; a channel or pipe to lead or convey water, &.c. [Fr. conduit, old Fr. conduict, Sp. conducto.'\ Cone, kOn, 71. lit. that which co7>ies to a point or tapers; a solid pointed figure with a circular base, as a sugar-loaf; fruit shaped like a cone, as that of the pine, fir, &c. [Fr. cone; L. co?nis; Gr. konos — Sans, ^o, to bring to a point.] conic, kon'ik, conical, kon'ik-al, adj. having the form of or pertaining to a cone. — a. con'fldently. confidence, kon'fi-dens, «. firm trust or belief; self- reliance ; firmness ; boldness. confidential, kon-fi-den'shal, adj., z« confidence ; admitted to confidence ; private. — adv. confiden'- tiaUy. Configuration, kon-fig-u-ra'shun, «. e.xtemal ^^/r<.' or sliape ; relative position or aspect, as of planets. [L. co7!figuratio — C07t, together, and figure, to form. See Figure.] Confine, kon'fin, «., that which has the same ettd with another ; border, boundary, or limit. [L. confi7iium, from con, with, and fi7iio, to end — finis, the end.] confine, kon- fin', v.t. to put within confines or fate, far; me, her; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; thevi. confinable limits ; to bound ; to shut up ; to fasten \—^r.p. confln'ing ; pa.p. confined'. confinable, kon-fln'a-bl, adj., that may he coifined. confinement, kon-fln'ment, n. act of C07ifitiing, or state of being confined ; restraint ; seclusion. Confirm, kon-ferm', v.t., to make fir 771 or viore fir7n ; to strengthen ; to fix or estabUsh ; to as- sure ; to admit to full communion in the Epis- copal Church •.—j>r.p. confirm'ing ;_ pa.p. con- firmed'. [L. co7i/irmo — co7i, intensive, and root of Firm.] confirmable, kon-ferm'a-bl, adj., capable of beifig co7tfrmed. confirmation, kon-fer-ma'shun, n., act of C07ifir77ti7ig; that which confirms; convincing proof ; the rite by which persons are admitted to full commu- nion in the Episcopal Church. confirmative, kon-ferm'a-tiv, adj. having the power of C07tfirmi7tg ; tending to confirm. confirmatory, con-ferm'a-tor-i, adj. serving to con- fi7-m; giving additional strength to. Confiscate, kon-fis'kat, or kon', v.t. lit. to lay up in a basket, to transfer to the public treasiiry ; to adjudge to be forfeited to the state -.—pr.p. con- fis'cating ; pa. p. confis'cated. [L. co7tfsco — co7i, arid f sens, a basket, the pubhc treasurj'.] confiscate, kon-fis'kat, or kon'fis-kat, adj. forfeited to the public treasury. confiscable, kon-fislca-bl, adj. liable to be confis- cated. confiscation, kon-fis-ka'shun, n., act of confi'^cating. confiscator, kon'fis-ka-tor, n., o?ie who confiscates. confiscatory, kon-fis'ka-tor-i, adj. consigning to con- fiscation. Conflagration, kon-fla-gra'shun, n. , a great burning or fire. [L. confiagratio — con, intensive, and fiagro, to bum.] See Flagrant. Conflict, kon-flikt', v.i. lit. to dash together; to be in opposition ; to fight ; to contest : — pr.p. con- flict'ing ; pa.p. conflict'ed. [L. co7tfiigo, co7ifiic- tus, from con, together, z.xiAfiigo, to dash.] confidct, kon'flikt, ??., a dashing together; violent collision ; a fight ; a struggle or contest ; agony. Confluent, kon'floo-ent, adj., flowing together; uniting. [L. confiuens, pr.p. of coftfiuo, con- Jtuxus, from con, together, and _/?«!?, to flow.] confluence, kon'floo-ens, «., a fiowing together ; the place of meeting, as of rivers ; a crowding to or in a place ; a concourse. conflux, kon'fluks, n., a confiuence or flowing to- gether. Conform, kon-form', v.t. to make like or of the same form with ; to adapt. — v.i, to be of the same form, or like ; to comply with ; to obey : — pr.p. con- form'ing ; pa.p. conformed'. [L. conformo — co7i, with, zx\dfor7no— forma, form.] conformable, kon-form'a-bl, adj. corresponding in foTVft ; agreeable ; suitable ; compliant. — adv. conform'ably. conformation, kon-for-ma'shun, n., act of confor!7t- i7tg; the manner in which a body is formed ; relative form ; structure. conformer, kon-form'er, conformist, kon-form'ist, n., oie who conforyns, especially with the worship of the Established Church. conformity, kon-form'i-ti, 7t. st.ate of being co7i- formed ; likeness ; compliance with ; consistency. Confound, kon-found', v.t., to pour together; to mingle so as to make the parts indistinguish- able ; to throw into disorder ; to confuse ; to per- plex ; to astonish ; to destroy : — pr.p. confound'- conglobulate ing ; pa.p. confound'ed. [L. co7ifimdo, cojtfusus — coft, together, ^wdfimdo, to pour.] confuse, kon-fu/, v.t., to po7ir ot mix together so that things cannot be distinguished ; to throw into disorder ; to perplex : — pr.p. confus'ing ; pa.p. confused'. confusedly, kon-fuz'ed-li, adv. in a confused manner. confusion, kon-fu'zhun, w., state of bei7ig coyifused ; disorder ; shame ; overthrow ; ruin. Confraternity, kon-fra-ter'ni-ti, «. same as frater- nity. [L. C071, intensive, and fraternity.] Confront, kon-frunt', v.t. to stand ^^«^ to fro7it ; to face ; to stand in presence of; to oppose ; to compare :—pr.p. confront'ing ; pa.p. confronted. [Fr. co7tfro7iter, low L. co7?fro7itare, from L. C071, together, andy"ra«J, the front.] See Front. Confuse, Confusion. See under Confound. Confute, kon-fut', v.t. lit. to cool by pouri7ig water 071 ; to prove to he futile or false ; to repress; to disprove : — pr.p. confut'ing ; pa.p. confut'ed. [L. co7futo — C071, intensive, andy>^z'/j, a water- vessel, ixom.fu7ido, to pour.] See Futile. confutable, kon-fut'a-bl, adj., that 7nay be C07tfuted. confutation, kon-fu-ta'shun, ;/., act of C07ifuti7ig. Conge, kon'je, 7t. lit. a comi7ig a7id going ; leave of absence ; farewell ; parting ceremony. — v. i. to take leave ; to bow or courtesy. [Fr. ; Prov. co77ijat, from L. co7n77ieo, to come and go — com, intensive, and i7ieo, to go.] Congeal, kon-jel', v.t., to cause to freeze entirely', to change from fluid to solid by cold ; to fix, as by cold. — v.i. to pass from fluid to solid as by cold : — pr.p. congealing ; pa.p. congealed'. [L. co7igelo, from con, and gebi, frost.] congealable, kon-jel'a-bl, adj. capable of being co7i- gcaled. congealment, kon-jel'ment, congelation, kon-jel-a'- shun, 71. act or process of co7igeali7ig ; state of being congealed ; the mass congealed. Congener, kon'je-ner, or kon-je'ner, 71. a person or thing of the sa7ne ge7tus, origin, or nature. [L. — con, with, 2LVi.d ge7tus, generis, Gv.ge7ws, kind.] Congenial, kon-je'ni-al, adj. of the sa7ne ge7iius, spirit, or tastes ; of the same nature or feeling ; kindred ; suitable. — 7i. congenial'ity. — adv. con- ge'nially. [L. co7i, with, ge7iialis, genial.] See GeniaL Congenital, kon-jen'i-tal, adj., begotte7i together; of the same birth ; cognate. [L. C07tge7iitus, from con, together, gigno, ge7iitiis, to beget.] Conger, kong'ger, 71. a sea-eel, of from 5 to 10 feet in length. [L.; Gx. g07igg7vs.'\ Congeries, kon-je'ri-ez, 7t. what is brought together ; a collection of particles or small bodies in one mass. [L. — C07i, together, ge7-o, gestus, to bring.] congestion, kon-jest'yun, 7t., a bri7iging together or collecting ; an accumulation of blood in any part of the body ; fullness. [L. congestio.'\ congestive, kon-jest'iv, aJj. indicating or tending to co7igestion. Conglobate, kon-glob'at, adj. formed together into a globe or ball. — v.t. to form into a globe or ball :—pr.p. conglob'ating ; pa.p. conglob'ated. [L. C071, together, and globo, globatzis — globzis, a ball, globe.] See Globe. conglobation, kon-glo-ba'shun, 71., act ^forming Into a globe or ball ; a round body. conglobtilate, kon-glob'u-lat, v.i. to gather into a globjile or small globe. [L. C07i, and globulus, dim. oi globus.^ fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th&n. Conglomerate Conglomerate, kon-glom'er-at, adj. gathered into a globe or ball; composed of glands, united into one. — v.t. to gather into a ball -.—pr.p. conglorn'- erating ; pa. p. conglom'erated. — «. a rock com- posed of pebbles cemented together. [L. con- glonicratus, pa. p. of cotglomero — con, together, and glomus, gloineris, =■ globus, a ball.] conglomeration, kon-glom-er-a'shun, «., act o/ con- glomerating; state of being conglomerated. Conglutinate, kon-gloo'ti-nat, v.t., to glue together ; to heal by uniting. — v.t. to unite or grow to- gether -.—pr.p. conglu'tinating ; pa.p. conglu'- tinated. [L. congLutitio, conglutinatus — con, together, and gluten, glue.] See Glue. conglutinant, kon-gloo'ti-nant, adj., serving to glue or unite ; healing. conglutination, kon-gloD-tl-na'shun, «., act ofco7i- glHiinati?ig; a joining by means of some sticky substance ; healing. conglutinative, kon-gloo'ti-na-tiv, adj. ,liaving power to conglutinate. Congratulate, kon-grat'u-lat, v.t., to wish joy to warmly on any fortunate event : — pr.p. con- grat'ulating ; pa.p. congrat'ulated. [L. congra- tulor, congratulatjcs — con, intensive, and gra- tjdor — gratus, pleasing.] congratulation, kon-grat-u-la'shun, n., act of con- gratulating; expression of sympathy or joy on account of good-fortune. congratulatory, kon-grat'u-la-tor-i, adj., expressing cojtgra tu la tioti. Congregate, kong'gre-gat, v.t., to gather together, as ajlock; to as.semble. — v.i. to flock together : — pr.p. congregating ; pa.p. con'gregated. [L. congrego — con, together, and grex, gregis, a flock.] congregation, kong-gre-ga'shun, n., act of congre- gating; what is congregated; an assembly. congregational, kong-gre-ga'shun-al, adj., pertain- ing to a congregation or to Congregationalism. Congregationalism, kong-gre-ga'shun-al-izm, n. a form of church-government, in which all author- ity is invested in each congregation. Congregationalist, kong-gre-ga'shun-al-ist, n. an adherent of Congregationalis77i. Congress, kong'gres, 7i., a i7teeti7ig together or as- sembly, as of ambassadors, &c. for political pur- poses ; the federal legislature of the United States. [L. co7i, together, and. gradior, gressus, to step, to go.] congressive, kon-gres'iv, adj., meetifig; encounter- ing. Congruent, kong'groo-ent, adj.,agreei7ig; suitable. [L. co/igruo, to nm or meet together, to agree.] congruence, kong'gruo-ens, congruency, kong-grou'- en-si, 71., agrcc)7iC7it; suitableness. congruity, kong-groo'i-ti, n. relation or agreement between things ; consistency. congruous, kong'groo-us, adj. suitable ; fit ; consist- ent. — adv. cong'ruously. — 7i. cong'ruousness. Conic, Coniferous. See imder Cone. Conjecture, kon-jckt'ur, «., a casting or throwi7ig together of probabilities ; an opinion without proof; a guess ; an idea. — adj. corject'ural. — adv. conject'nrally. [L. co7ijicio, co7tjcctu7/i, to throw together — con, together, and jacio, to throw.] conjecture, kon-jekt'ur, z<.t. to make C07ijectu7-es re- garding ; to infer on slight evidence ; to guess. — 7'.i. to make conjectures :—pr.p. conject'uring ; pa.p. conject'ured. Conjoin, kon-join', v.t., to jot7i iogetJicr; — pr.p. Connive conjoin'Ing; pa.p. conjoined'. [L. con, together, and ju7i go, jiaict us, to join.] See Join. conjoint, kon-joint',rt^'..cw/;£i/«^^; joined together; vmited. — adv. conjoint'ly. conjunction, kon-junk'shun, «., tJie act of joitiin^ togetJier; association, connection, union ; in gram., a word that connects sentences, clauses, and words. [L. co7tju/ictio — con, and ju7tgo.]^ conjunctive, kon-junk'tiv,rti//'. closely united; serving to unite ; m gra7/!., introduced by a conjunction. — adv. conjunctively. conjuncture, kon-junk'tur, «., the act of joi7ii7tg ; the state of being joined : combination of cir- cumstances ; important occasion ; crisis. Conjugal, kon'ju-gal, adj., pertai7iing to the mar- riage-tie or to marriage ; suitable to the marriage state. — adzK con'jngally. — 7i. conjugal'ity. [L. C07i- jugalis — C071JUX, one united to another, a hu.sband or wife — C07i, andjug7(7n, a yoke.] Conjugate, kon'ju-gat, v.t. in gra77i., to give the various inflections or parts of a verb : — pr.p. con'jugating ; pa.p. con'jugated.^w. a word agreeing in derivation with another word. [L. co7ijugo — co7t, together, and jugu77i, that which joins, a yoke.] conjugation, kon-ju-ga'shun, n., act of joining or state of being joined together; inflection of verbs. Conjure, kon-joor', v.t. (orig. v.i., to imite U7tder oath] to call on or summon by a .sacred name or in a solemn manner; to implore earnestly: — pr.p. conjur'ing; pa.p. conjured'. [L. co7i, together, and juro, to swear.] — «. conjurer. conjuror, kon-joor'or, «. one bound by oath with otJurs. conjure, kun'jer, v.t. to act upon by invoking supernatural aid for magical purposes ; to en- chant ; to raise up or frame needlessly. — v.i. to practise magical arts -.—pr.p. conjurmg (kun'- jer-ing) ; pa.p. conjured (kun'jerd). conjurer, kun'jur-er, n. one who practises magic; an enchanter. conjuration, kon-joo-ra'shun, 7i. act of summoning by a sacred name or solemnly ; act or process of invoking supernatural aid ; enchantment. Connascence, kon-nas'ens, «., birth of two or i7tore at the sa77te ti7ne ; a being bom or produced with another. [L. con, with, Tiascor, to be bom.] connascent, kon-nas'ent, adj., born or produced at the sa7ne time. connate, kon'nat, or kon-nat','.i., to wi/ik at a fault ; to fail by f ".te, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; thsa.. connivance intention to see a fault : — pr.p. connlv'ing ; pa.p. connived'. [L. co7i, and 7iiveo, to wink.] connivance, kon-nlVans, n., the act of co>i7iiving ; voluntary oversight of a fault. Connoisseur, kon-is-sar', n., ojie who knows ivcll about a subject; a critical judge. fFr., from connoitre, L. cognosco, to know — co, intensive, and 710SC0, old ioxvcvgnosco, to acquire knowledge.] connoisseuTBhip, kon-is-sar'ship, it. the skill of a connoisseur. Connubial, kon-nu'bi-al, adj., pertaining to marriage or to the married state ; nuptial. [L. con, and 7iuho, to marry. See Nuptial.] Conoid. See under Cone. Conquer, kong'ker, v.t. to accomplish by earnest striving after; to gain by force ; to overcome or vanquish ; to rise above or surmount. — v.i. to overcome ; to be victor : — pr.p. con'quering ; pa.p. con'quered. [Fr. C07iquerir — L. co7iq7iiro, to seek after earnestly— cow, intensive, & qticero, to seek.] conquerable, kong'ker-a-bl, adj., that may be C07i- qtiered. conqueror, kong'ker-or, «. , 07ie who C07iquers. conquest, kong'kwest, ;/., the act of C07iq7ieri7ig ; victory ; that which is conquered or acquired by physical or moral force, [old Fr. conquest ; L. co7iq7iiro, coiqnisittcm.l Consanguineous, kon-sang-gwin'e-us, adj., of the same blood with, or related by blood; of the same" family or descent. [L. C07isa7igui7ie7is — C07i, with, and sa7igiiis, blood, akin to Sans. a-sa7i, blood.] consanguinity, kon-sang-gwin'i-ti, n. relationship by blood; the relation of persons descended from a common ancestor. Conscience, kon'shens, n. orig. co7tscionsttess ; know- ledge of conduct in reference to right and wrong ; the faculty or principle which decides on the law- fulness or unlawfulness of our actions or desires. [L. co7iscie7ifia, from co7iscio, to know with one's self— Ci?;/, with, and scio, to know.] conscientious, kon-shi-en'shus, adj. regulated by a regard to C07iscic7ice ; faithful; just. — 7i. con- scien'tiousness. — adv. conscien'tiously. oonscionable, kon'shun-a-bl, adj. governed or regu- lated by C07iscie7ice. — adv. con'scionably. conscious, kon'shus, adj., knowi7tg one's 02071 thoughts ; aware. — adv. con'sciously. — ;/. coa'- Eciousness. Conscript, kon'skript, adj.,writte7idow7t, enrolled, registered. — 7t. one whose name has been enrolled "and who is compelled to serve as a soldier or sailor. [L. co7iscribo, conscriptui7i, to write together in a list, to enlist.] conscription, kon-skrip'shun, 71. an enrolling ; an enrolment of individuals held liable for naval or military service. — adj. conscrip'tional. Consecrate, kon'se-krat, v.t., to make sacred; to set apart for a holy use ; to dedicate to the service of God ; to render holy or venerable : — pr.p. con'secrating ; pa.p. con'secrated. — 7t. con'- secrater or con'secrator. [L. consec7-o, to make wholly sacred — co7i, and sacro, to set apart as sacred — sacer, sacred.] consecration, kon-se-kra'shun, 7i. the act of devoting to a sacred use. Consecutive, kon-sek'u-tiv, adj.,following'\r\. regular order ; succeeding. — adv. consec'utively. [Fr. co7isecntif—h. co7t, and seqnor, to follow.] consecution, kon-se-ku'shun, n. a train of C07tse- q7tences or deductions; a series of things that follow one another. consignment consequence, kon'se-kwens, n., that 7vhich follo^vs or CS771CS after; effect; result: influence; im- portance. [L. co7iseqice7itia — co7i, after, and seqnor, to follow.] consequent, kon'se-kwent, adj., following as a natural effect or deduction. — 71. that which fol- lows ; the natural effect of a cause. — adv. con'- sequently. consequential, kon-se-kwen'shal, adj.,followi7ig^?, a consequence or result ; pretending to importance ; pompous. — adv. consequen'tially. Consent, kon-sent', v.i., to feel or think alo7tg with another ; to be of the same mind ; to agree : to give assent ; to yield -.—pr.p. consent'ing ; pa.p. consent'ed. — w. agreement ; accordance with the actions or opinions of another ; concurrence. [L. co7ise7itio, to agree — con, with, and sentio, to feel, to think.] consentaneous, kon-sen-ta'ne-tis, adj., agreeable or accordant to; consistent with.—adz'. consenta'ne- ously. — 7is. consenta'neousness, consentane'ity. consentient, kon-sen'shi-ent, adj., agreei7ig in mind or in opinion. Consequence, Consequent, &c. See under Consecutive. Conserve, kon-serV, v.t., to keep e7itire ; to retain ; to preserve : to preserve in sugar ; to pickle : — pr.p. conserv'ing ;pa.p. conserved'. — «. eonsen/er, [L. C071, together, and servo, to keep.] conserve, kon'serv, 7i. something co7iserved or pre- served, as fruits in sugar. conservable, kon-serv'a-bl, adj., that can be C07i- served. conservant, kon-ser/arit, adj., havi7ig the power of C07iserving. conservation, kon-ser-va'shun, ti., the act of C07i- serxd7ig; the keeping entire. conservative, kon-ser/a-tiv, adj., te/idi7tg, or having power to C07iserve. — 71. in politics, one who desires to preserve the institutions of his country until they can be changed with cer- tainty for the better. conservator, kon-serVa-tor, or kon'ser-va-tor, «., 07ie who preserves from injury or violation. conservatory, kon-serv'a-tor-i, 71. a place in which things are put ior prvservatio7i ; a greenhouse or place in which e.xotic plants are kept. Consider, kon-sid'er, v.t. to look at closely or care- fully ; to think or deliberate on ; to take into account ; to attend to ; to reward. — v.i. to thinii seriously or carefully ; to deliberate : — pr.p. con- sid'ering ; pa.p. consid'ered. [L. co7isidero, prob. a word borrowed from augury, meaning to mark otit the boundaries of a temphan (see Contemplate) by the stars — sidus, sideris, a star.] considerable, kon-sid'er-a-bl, adj., worthy of bcirig co7tsidered ; important ; valuable ; more than a little. — 7t. consid'erableness. — adv. consid'erably. considerate, kon-sid'er-at, adj.,give7itoco7isideri7ig; thoughtful ; serious ; prudent ; moderate. — adv. consid'erately. — 71. consid'erateness. consideration, kon-sid-er-a'shun, 71. , act of C07isider- ing; deliberation ; importance ; motive or reason ; compensation ; the reason or basis of a compact. Consign, kon-sTn', v.t. to give to another formally or under sig7t or seal; to transfer ; to intrust : — pr.p. consTgn'ing ; pa.p. consigned'. [Fr. co7i- signer — L. co7isig7io — co7i, with, and sigiumt, a sign or seal. See Sign.] — 71. consign'er. consignee, kon-si-ne', 7t. one to whom anything is co7tsig7ted or intrusted. [Fr. co7isig7ie, pa.p. of co7isig7ier, to consign.] consignment, kon-sln'ment, n., act of consig7ii7tg; fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thQxi. 89 Consist the thins consigned ; the writing by which any- thing is consigned. Consist, kon-sist', v.i. lit. to siaiid io^etlur; to continue fixed ; to be contained ; to be composed ; to co-exist, i.e., toagree \—pr.p. consist'ing ; pa.p. consist'ed. [L. consisto — con, sig. completeness, and sisto — sto, to stand, Gr. histcmi, to cause to stand, Sans. siJia, to stand.] consistent, kon-sist'ent, adj. fi.\ed ; not fluid ; agree- ing together ; uniform. — rt^/i,'. consist'ently. consistence, kon-sist'ens, consistency, kon-sist'en-si, «., state of being consistent, fixed, or firm: a degree of density ; substance: agreement. consistory, kon-sist'or-i, n. lit. a statiding or waiting place ; an assembly or council ; a spiritual or ecclesiastical court. — adj. consisto'rial. Consociation, kon-sO-shi-fi'shun, «., companionsJiij' "unth; association; alliance. [L. C07isociatio — con, with, socius, a companion.] Console, kon-sol', v.t. to give solace or coynfort ; to cheer in distress -.—pr.p. consol'ing ; pa.p. consoled'. [L. con, intensive, and solor, to cona- fort. See Solace.] — «. consol'er. consolable, kon-sol'a-bl, adj., tJiat may be consoled. consolation, kon-so-la'shun, «., act of consoling; solace ; comfort ; alleviation of misery. consolatory, kon-sol'a-tor-i, adj., tending to console . Consolidate, kon-sol'i-dat, v.t., to vtake solid or Jirni ; to form into a compact mass ; to unite into one. — v.L to grow solid or firm ; to unite :^pr.p. consolidating ; /a./, consol'idated. [L. consolido, consolidatus — con, intensive, and solidus, solid.] consolidation, kon-sol-i-da'shun, «., act of consoli- dating ; state of being consolidated. consols, kon'solz, n.pl. that part of the British national debt which consists of the 3 per cent. annuities cofisolidated into one fund. Consonant, kon'son-ant, a^j. lit. sounding with something else ; agreeable ; consistent ; suitable. — n. an articulation which can be sounded only •with a vowel ; a letter representing such a sound. — ad-j. con'sonantly. [L. cofisonans, pr.p. of consono — con, with, and sono, to sound.] CMisonance, kon'son-ans, «. a state of agreement ; agreement or unison of sounds ; concord. Consort, kon'sort, n. one that shares the sa7ne lot with another; a partner ; a companion ; a wife or husband ; an accompanying ship ; union ; con- currence. [L. consors, from con, with, and sors, sortis, a lot.] consort, kon-sort', v.i. to associate; to marrj'. — v.t. to join ; to marrj' :— /r./. consort^ing; pa.p. consort'ed. Conspicuous, kon-spik'u-us, adj., clearly seen; \-isible to the eye or mind ; prominent ; eminent ; celebrated. — adv. conspic'uously. — n. conspic'uous- ness. [L. conspicuus — conspicio — con, intensive, and specie, to look.] Conspire, kon-spTr*, v.i. lit. to breathe together; to agree ; to concur to one end ; to unite for bad ends ; to plot :—pr.p. conspVing ; pa.p. con- spired'. [L. conspirv — con, together, and spiro, to breathe.] conspiracy, kon-spir'a-si, «. a banding together for an e\'il purpose ; a plot ; concurrence. conspirator, kon-spir'a-tor, «., otie iv/io conspires ; a plotter. Constable, kun'sta-bl, n. lit. count c/ tJie staile ; master 0/ the hone; thence applied to other officers generally of high rank; a peace-officer; constriction a policeman. — n. con'stableship. [Fr. co7ineiahle ; It. cor.nestabile ; L. comes stahuli, count of the stabulufn, stable.] constabulary, kon-stab'u-lar-i, adj., pertaining to constables or peace-officers. — n. the body of con- stables. Constant, kon'stant, adj., standing firm; fixed; unchangeable ; continual ; faithful. — n. that which remains unchanged. [L. constans, from consto, to sLind firm — co7i, inten., sto, to stand.] constancy, kon'stan-si, «., state 0/ beitig constant ; fi.xedness ; unchangeableness. constantly, kon'stant-li, adv., with constancy; firmly ; fixedly : perseveringly : continually. Constellation, kon-stel-la shun, n., a cluster of stars; an assemblage ofbeauties or excellences. [L. con- stellatio — con, sig. connection, stella, a star.] Consternation, kon-ster-na'shun, n. ,a thrvzving down or into cotifusion ; terror which throws into con- fusion ; astonishment ; horror. [L. constematio — constemo, consternatus, from con, sig. com- pleteness, and sterno, to strew, to throw down.] Constipate, kon'sti-pat, v.t., to press closely together; to stop up ; to make costive -.—pr.p. con'stipating ; pa.p. con'stipated. [L. con, together, and stipo, stipatiis, to press, Gr. steibo, to stamp tight.] constipation, kon-sti-pa'shun, n., act of constipat- ions; costiveness. Constitute, kon'sti-tut, v.t.,- to make to stand or place together ; to set up ; to establish ; to cause to be ; to form or compose ; to appoint '.—pr.p, con'stituting ; Pa.p. con'stituted. [L. cotistituo, constitutus, from con, together, and statue, to make to stand, to place — sto, to stand.] constituent, kon-stit'u-ent, adj., constituting or forming; essential; elemental. — n. he or that which constitutes or composes ; an essential or elemental part : he who appoints or elects ; a delegate or representative. constituency, kon-stit'u-en-si, n. the whole body of constituents. constitution, kon-sti-tu'shun, n., act of constituting; the thing constituted ; the natural condition of body or mind ; a sj-stem of laws and customs ; the established form of government ; a particular law or usage. constitutional, kon-sti-tu'shun-al, adj. inherent in the constitution or natural frame ; natural : agreeable to the constitution or frame of govern- ment ; legal. — adv. constitutionally. constitutionalist, kon-sti-tii'shun-al-ist, constitution'- ist, kon-sti-tu'shun-ist, n. one who favours a cot*- stiitttional government. '. constitutive, kon'sti-tut-iv, adj., that constitutes or establishes ; essential ; having power to enact, &c. Constrain, kon-stran', v.t., to strain or press to- geilur; to bind ; to urge with irresistible power; to force :—pr.p. constrain'ing ; pa.p. constrained'. [Fr. const raind re — L. constringo, constrictus— con, together, and stringo, to bind, press, Gr. stranggc, akin to Strong. See Strain.] constrainable, kon-stran'a-bl, adj., tJtat may be con- strained. constrainedly, kon-stran'ed-li. adv., with constraint. constraint, kon-strint', «., tJiat which constrains I irresistible force ; compulsion ; confinement. constrict, kon-strikt', v.t., to bind or press tcgetJur; to contract ; to cramp :—pr.p. constrict'ing ; pa.p. constrict'ed. constriction, kon-strik'shun, «., act of constricting ; contraction ; compression. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; m55n ; Men. constrictor conatrictor, kon-strikt'or, «., that which constricts or draws together ; a serpent which crushes its prey in its folds. coafitringe, kon-strinj',?/.:?., to p7'ess ox dra^v together; to contract: — pr:p. constring'ing ; /«./. con- slringcd'. constringent, kon-strinj'cnt, adj. having the quality oi const ri/igif/g- or contracting. Construe, kon'stroO, v.t. lit. to heap ox pile together; to set 171 order; to exhibit the order or arrange- ment in another language; to translate; to ex- plain :^pr.p. con'struing ; pa.p. con'strucd. [L. cofistrno, co?istntctus, to pile together.] construct, kon-strukt', i<.t., to build itp; to com- pile ; to put together the parts of a thing ; to make ; to compose :—pr.p. construct'ing ; pa.p. construct'ed. conatruction, kon-struk'.shun, «., act of constT^ict- ing; the thing con.structed ; building; manner of forming ; in gram., the arrangement of words in a sentence ; interpretation ; meaning. constructive, kon-strukt'iv, cuij. formed by constntc- tio>i ; not direct or expressed, but inferred. — adv. construct'ivcly. Constuprate, kon'stu-prat, v.t., to ravish ; to violate : — "/''•/■ coa'stfiijrfiting ; pa.p. con'stuprated. — n. constupra'tion. |T^. con, intensive, and stup7-o, stiip7-atus, to ravish — stupriun, defilement.] Consubstantial, kon-sub-stan'shal, adj., of the sa7ne sul>sta7icc, nature, or essence. — 71. consubstanti- al'ity. f T^. C071, with, and substantial.] consubstantialist, kon-sub-stan'shal-ist, «. one who believes in co7istd)sta7itiatio7i. conBubstantlate, kon-sub-stan'shi-at, v.t. to luiite in one cnninion S7ihsta7ice or nature. conflubstantlation, kon-sub-stan-shi-fi'shun, 71. state of being of the sa7ne sidistance ; in theol., the Lutheran doctrine of the actual, S7(lsta7itial presence of the body and blood of Christ witli the bread and wine used at the Lord's Supper. Consul, kon'sul, «. among the Romans, one of the two chief-magistrates of the state ; one commis- sioned to reside in a foreign counti-y as an agent for, or rejjresentative of, a government. [L.] conBular, koa'sul-ar, adj., pcrtai/iing to a C07isul. consulate, kon'sul-at, n., the office, residence, or jurisdiction of a C07isul. oonsulship, kon'sul-ship, n., the office, or term of ofllce, of a consul. Consult, kon-sult', v.t. to ask C07i7isel or advice of; to apply to for instruction ; to decide or act in favour of. — v.i. to consider in company ; to take counsel : — pr.p. consult'ing ; pa.p. considt'ed. [L. cons7ilto, intensive oi C07isulo, to consult.] consultation, kon-sul-ta'shun, n., the act of consult- ing : a meeting for the purpose of consulting. Consume, kon-sum', v.t., to take co7nplctely aivay; to destroy by wasting, fire, &c. ; to devour; to waste or spend ; to exhaust. — v.i. to waste away ; to be exhausted, worn out, spent -.—pr.p. con- sum'ing ; pa.p. consumed'. — «. consum'er. [L. consntno, to destroy — co7t, sig. completeness, and su/710, su)7ipt7is, to take.] consumable, kon-sum'a-bl, adj., aide to he co7i- sii/i/rd. consumption, kon-sum'shun, «., the act of consn7n- iiig ; a disease seated in the lungs, which gi-adu- aliy wastes intuiy tiie frame. consumptive, kon-snni'tiv, adj. having the quality of co>usu7i/i/ig; inclined to the disease consjo7tptio7i. — adz'. consump'tively. contemptuous consumptiveness, kon-suni'tiv-nes, n., state of being cojisiunptive ; a tendency to consumption. Consummate, kon-sum'fit, or Icon'-, zi.t. to raise to the s/iin77iit or highest point ; to perfect or finish : — pr.p. consumm'fiting ; pa.p. consumm'ated. [L. co>tsH77i77io, to perfect — co7i, with, and su7/innis, highest.] consummate, kon-sum'fit, adj., 771 the highest degree ; perfect. — adzi. consumm'ately. consummation, kon-sum-a'shun, n., act of co7is7i77i- niati7ig; completion ; perfection ; close. Consumption, S:c. See under Consume. Contact, kon'takt, n., a close to7ichi7!g; close union; meeting. [L. co/itingo, contact7U7i, to touch — co7t, sig. completeness, and tango, to touch.] contagion, kon-ta'jun, n. transmission of a disease by contact: the disease transmitted; that by which the disease is communicated ; that which communicates evil from one to another. contagious, kon-ta'jus, adj.,fullofconiagio7t; that may be communicated by co7tiact ; inf'ectious.— adv. conta'giously. — 71. conta'glousness. Contain, kon-tan', v.t., to hold togetJier ; to com- prise, to include; to restrain: in B., v.i. to be _ continent: — pr.p. contaiu'ing; /rt./. contained'. [Fr. contenir — L. co7iti7teo, co7itc7it7is—con, together, and teneo, to hold.] — adj. contaln'- able, that i7iay be co7itai7ied. content, kon'tent, or kon-tcnt', n. that which is contained; the capacity, measurement, or extent of anything. — -//. the things contained; the list of subjects treated of in a book. content, kon-tent', adj. lit. co7itai7ied \]\\\\\x\ limits; having the desires limited by present enjoyment ; satisfied. — v.t., to make co7itc7it ; to satisfy the mind ; to make quiet ; to please :— /r./. conlent'- iiig; pa.p. contenl'ed. contented, kon-tent'ed, adj., C07ttefit. — adv. con- tent'edly. — ?is. content'edness, contont'ment. continent, kon'ti-nent, n., t/iatzvhich contains many countries ; a large extent of land not broken up by seas; the mainland of Lia-ope. — adj. ^co^- tinent'al. continent, kon'ti-nent, adj., holding in or restrain- ing the indulgence of pleasure, especially of sexual enjoyment ; temperate ; virtuous. — adv. coa'tinently. | !.. co7iii>ir/!s, moderate — conti7ieo.'\ continence, kon'ti-nens, continency, kon'ti-nen-si, n. the restraint imposed by a person upon his desires and passions ; chastity. Contaminate, kon-tam'i-nfit, v.t. to defile by to7tch- i/tg or mixing with ; to pollute ; to cornipl ; to infect: — pr.p. contam'inating ; /rt./. contam'in- ated. [L. co7itat)iino — co7i,, with, and tago, tango, to touch.] [taminaii/ig; pollution. contamination, kon-tam-i-na'shun, 11., act of co7t- Contemn, kon-tem', v.t., to treat as zvorthless and despicable ; to despise ; to neglect :—pr.p. con- temn'iiig ; pa.p. contemned'. — «. contem'ner. [L. Conte//i7io, conte/npties, to value little — co7i, in- tensive, and teni7io, to slight, prob. akin to Gr. tc77nid, to cut off.] contempt, kon-tempt', n., the act of contei777iing ; the state of being contemned ; scorn ; disgrace ; in law, disobedience of the rules of a court. contemptible, kon-tempt'i-bl, adj. , deserving of C07i' tempt ; dcsincable. — adv. contempt'ibly. — «. con- tempt'ibloness. contemptuous, kon-tempt'u-us. adj., full of co7!- tc///pt ; given to contenuiing ; haughly ; scornful. — adv. contempt'uously. — 71. contempt'uousness. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mole ; mute ; moon ; then. Contemplate Contemplate, kon-tem'plat, v.i. to consider or look at attentively (like the ancient augurs) ; to medi- tate on or study; to intend. — v.i. to think seriously ; to meditate :—J>r.p. contem'plating ; pa.p. contemplated. [L. coitcniplor, contetn- flatiis, to mark out a tempban or place for ob- servation— <:^«, sig. completeness, and temphan.] See Consider, and Temple. contemplation, kon-tem-pla'shun, «., act o/contem- plati)!i;; continued study of a particular subject. contemplative, kon-tem'pla-tiv, adj., given to con- templation; of studious habits. — adv. contem'pla- tively. Contemporaneous, kon-tem-po-ra'nc-us, adj. living, happening, or being at the same time. — adv. contemporaneously. — //. contempora'neousness. [L. con, together, and temporaneus — tempics, time.] contemporary, kon-tem'po-rar-i, adj. contempo- raneous. — n. one who lives at the same time. Contempt, S:c. See under Contemn. Contend, kon-tend', v.i. lit. to stretch 07it ivith all one's 7)iiglit ; to strive ; to struggle in emulation or in opposition ; to dispute or debate ; to quarrel : — ■/''•/• contend'ing ; pa.p. contended. [L. con- tendo, contentufn — con, and tendo, to stretch.] contention, kon-ten'shun, «., act o/ contending ; a violent straining after any object ; strife ; debate. contentious, kon-ten'shus, adj., given to contention ; quarrelsome. — adv. conten'tiously. — n. contenti- ousness. Content, &c. See under Contain. Conterminal, kon-ter'min-al, Conterminous, kon-ter'- min-us, adj. having a common tertninus or boundary'. [L. c. controvert'ibly. Contumacy, kon'tu-ma-si, 7t. , a szvelli7tg or proud and obstinate disobedience or resistance ; stubborn- - ness. [L. co7itumacia — co7itumax, co7it7C77iacis, insolent — co7t, intensive, and tu77ieo, to swell.] contumacious, kon-tu-mfi'shus, adj., shezvi7ig C07i- t2nnacy ; opposing lawful authority with con- tempt and stubbornness ; obstinate ; stubborn. — adv. contuma'ciously. — ;/. contuma'ciousness. contumely, kon'tu-me-li, 71., a szuelli7ig or haughty rudeness ; insolence ; reproach. [L. C07itu7/ielia, from C071, and tiwieo, to swell.] contumelious, kon-tu-me'li-us, adj., shewitig co7i- tuiiiely ; haughtily reproachful ; insolent. — adv. contume'liously. — 7i. contume'liousness. Contuse, kon-tuz', z/.z?., to beat exceedingly or br^iise to pieces ; to crush : — pr.p. contus'ing ; pa.p. contused'. [L. co7it7i7ido, C07itnsus — co?i, sig. in- tensity, and tutido, to beat, to bruise.] contusion, kon-tu'zhun, «., act of bruisi7ig ; state of being bruised ; a bruise. Conundrum, ko-nun'drum, «. a sort of riddle con- taining some odd or fanciful resemblance between things quite unlike. [ ? ] Convalesce, kon-va-les', v.i., to grozv thoroughly strong or well; to regain health -.—pr.p. con- valesc'ing ; pa.p. convalesced'. [L. co7t, sig. completeness, and valesco, to grow strong — valeo, to be strong.] convalescence, kon-va-les'ens, «., state of convalesc- ing ; gradual recovery of health and strength. convalescent, kon-va-les'ent, adj. gradually recover- ing health.— ;«. one recovering health. Convene, kon-ven', v.i., to come together; to as- semble. — v.t. to cause to come, or call together: — P^-P- conven'ing; pa.p. convened'. [L. co7i- vc/iio, from co7t, together, and venio, to come.] convener, kon-ven'er, «. , one zt'ho C07tve7tes a meet- ing ; the chairman of a committee. convenient, kon-ven'yent, adj. lit. C077ii7tg or hap- pening together; suitable ; handy; commodious. — adzi. conven'iently. convenience, kon-ven'yens, conveniency, kon-ven'- yen-si, 71., state of bei7igcotive7iie7it ;su\ta.\Aeness ; accommodation. convent, kon'vent, n., a7t associatio7i of persons secluded from the world and devoted to a religious life ; the house in which they live, a monastery or nunnery. [L. C07ive7itus.\ conventual, kon-ventu-al, adj., belonging to a C07iz'e7it. — 71. a monk or nun. [L. C07ive7itiiahs.\ conventicle, kon-vent'i-kl, 71. lit. a s7/tal I assembly ; applied in contempt to a meeting for worship fate, filr ; me, her ; muie ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //;en. convention Convulse of dissenters from the Established Church. [L. conventiailian, d.\m. oi convenius.] convention, kon-ven'shun, n., act of coivetiing ; an assembly, esp. of representatives for some special object; temporary treaty ; an agreement. conventional, kon-ven'shun-al, adj. , formed hy con- veJition or agreement ; stipulated ; growing out of tacit agreement or custom; customarj'. — adv. conven'tionally. conventionalism, kon-ven'shun-al-ism, «., that which is convcittional or established by tacit agree- ment, as a mode of speech, &c. conventionality, kon-ven-shun-al'i-ti, n., state of being couTeniional ; that which is established by conventional use or custom. Converge, kon-verj', v.i., to lend ox incline together; to tend to one point -.—pr.p. converg'ing ; pa.^. converged'. [Fr. converger, from L. con, together, and vergo, to bend, to incline.] convergent, kon-verj'eut, adj., cotivefging ; tend- ing to one point. convergence, kon-verj'ens, convergency, kon-verj'- ens-i, n., act or quality of cofiverging or tending to one point. Converse, kon-vers', v.i. lit. to tiirn round much or frequently — then, to abide; to have intercourse ; to talk familiarly: — pr.p. convers'ing; /a./, conversed'. [L. conversor — con, intensive, and verso, to turn much — verto, to turn.] converse, kon'vers, 71. familiar intercourse ; conver- sation. converse, converted. See under Convert. conversable, kon-vers'a-bl, adj. disposed to converse ; sociable. — adv. convers'ably. conversant, kon'vers-ant, adj., havifig converse or intercourse ; acquainted by study ; familiar : in />'., walking or associating with. conversation, kon-ver-sa'shun, «. intercourse ; talk ; familiar discourse : in B., path or conduct ; dis- position; citizenship. — adj. conversa'tional. conversationalist, kon-ver-sa'shun-al-ist, n. one who excels in conversation. conversazione, kon-ver-sat-sc-o'na, «. a meeting for conve7-sation, particularly on literary subjects. — //. conversazio'ni ('ne). [It.] Conversion. Sec under Convert. Convert, kon-vert', v.t., to turn round; to change or turn from one thing, condition, or religion to another ; to change from a bad to a good life ; to apply to a particular purpose. — v.i. to undergo a change :—pr.p. convert'ing ; pa.p. convert'ed. \Xi. converto, conversjis — con, and verto, to turn.] convert, kon'vert, n., one converted ; one who has become religious, or who has changed his religion. convertible, kon-vert'i-bl, adj., that may be co>i- vericd; that may be changed one for the other. — adv. convert'ibly. — n. convertibil'ity. converse, kon'vers, «. a proposition converted or turned about — i. e., one in which the subject and predicate have changed places. — adj. reversed in order or relation ; reciprocal. — adv. con'versely. conversion, kon-ver'shun, n. change from one thing, state, or religion, to anotiier ; change from a wicked to a holy life ; appropriation to a special purpose ; act of interchanging the terms of a proposition. Convex, kon'veks, adj. lit. carried together, lro7/ght rou7ul ; rising into a round form on the outside, the reverse of concave. — «. a convex body. — adv. con'vexly. [L. co7ivexus — conveho — co7t, together, and veho, to carry.] convexed, kon-vekst', adj. , made cottvex. convexedly, kon-veks'ed-li, adv., i7i a C07tvexfo7v;i. convexity, kon-veks'i-ti, «., state of bei7ig co7ivex ; roundness of form on the outside. Convey, kon-va', v.t. lit. to bring or send on the ivay ; to carry; to transmit; to impart: — pr.p. convey'ing ; pa.p. conveyed'. — 7i. conveyer, [old Fr. co7iveier; It. and low L. conviare, to conduct — L. C071, along with, and via, a way : connected with velio, to carry.] conveyable, kon-va'a-bl, adj., tJtat may be con- veyed. conveyance, kon-va'ans, n., act of conveying; the instrument or means of conveying ; in law, the act of transferring property ; the writing which transfers it. conveyancer, kon-va'ans-er, n. one whose business is the transference of property. conveyancing, kon-va'ans-ing, n. the business of a co)iveya7icer. convoy, kon-voj'^, v.t. to accompany on tJie way for protection : — pr.p. convo>''ing ; pa.p. convoyed'. [Fr. co7ivoyer, from root of Convey.] convoy, kon'voy, «., the act of co7ivoying; pro- tection ; that which convoys or is convoyed. Convince, kon-vins', v.t. lit. to co7iq7ier thoro7(ghiy or overco7ne; to subdue the mind by evidence ; to satisfy as to truth or error : in Z?., to con\-ict ; to refute : — pr.p. convinc'ing ; pa.p. coavincedl'. — adv. convinc'ingly. [L. con, sig. completeness, and vitico, viction, to conquer.] convict, kon-Ndkt', v.t., to convi7tce ; to shew by proof or evidence ; to prove guilty :—pr.p. con- vict'ing; pa.p. convicted. convict, kon'vikt, «., 07ie co7ivicted or found guilty of crime, a felon. conviction, kon-vik'shun, «., act of convi7icing or oj co7ivicting ; state of being convinced or of being convicted; strong belief ; a proving guilty. convictive, kon-vikt'iv, adj., able to co7tvince or to C07ivict. convincible, kon-vins'i-bl, adj., tJiat i7iay be con- vi7iced. Convivial, kon-viVi-al, adj. lit. living a7id eaii7tg iogctIu:r; feasting in company; relating to a feast ; social ; jovial. — adv. conviv'ially. — 7t. con- vivial'ity. [L. convivi7t7n, a living together, a feast— <:d7«, together, and vivo, to live.] Convocation. See under Convoke. Convoke, kon-vok', v.t., to call together: to as- semble : — pr.p. convok'ing ; pa.p. convoked'. [L. con, together, and voco, vocatus, to call.] convocation, kon-vo-ka'shun, n., act of co7ivoking ; an assembly, particularly of the clergy of the English Church, or of the heads of a tiniver- sity ; a meeting ; a synod. Convolve, kon-voK'', v.t., to roll iogetJur, or one part on another : — pr.p. convolv'ing •,pa.p. convolved'. [L. C071, together, and voh'o, volutjcs, to roll.] convolute, kon'vo-liit, convoluted, kon'vo-lut-ed, adj., rolled together, or one part on another ; twisted. convolution, kon-vG-lu'shun, 7:., act of rolling or state of lieing rolled together; a tAvisting ; a fold. convolvulus, kon-vol'vu-lus, «. a genus of twisting or twining plants, called also bindweed. Convoy. See under Convey. Convulse, kon-vuls', v.t. lit. to pluck or pull vio- lently ; to agitate or affect by violent action ; to affect by spasms :—pr.p. convuls'ing ; pa.p. con- vulsed'. [L. C071, intensive, and vello, vulsus, to pluck, to pull.] 94 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //:en. convulsion , convulsion, kon-vul'shun, n., a violent and involun- '*' tary contraction of the muscles ;_ commotion. convulsive, kon-vuls'iv, adj. producing or attended with convtdsions ; spasmodic. — adv, coavuls'- ively. — n. convuls'iveness. Cony, Coney, ko'ni, 7t. a rabbit. [Ger. Jcajiin, Sp. conejo, L. cicniciilus.l Coo, koo, v.i. to make a noise as a dove ; to caress fondly •.—pr.p. too'ing ; pa.p. cooed', [from the sound.] Cook, kook, v.t. lit to hoil; to prepare, as food for eating :—/n/. cook'ing ; /«./. cooked'.— «. one whose business is to cook. [A.S. gecocnian, from coc, a cook ; Ger. kochen, L. coquo, to boil.] cookery, kook'er-i, «., the art or practice of cooking. Cool, kool, adj. slightly cold; free from excite- ment ; calm ; not zealous or ardent ; indifferent ; impudent. — v.t. to make cool ; to allay or mod- crate, as heat, excitement, passion, &c. — v.i. to grow cool ; to become less excited, zealous, &;c. : —pr.p. coul'ing ■,pa.p. cooled'. — adv. cool'Iy. [A. S. col; Ger. kiihl; see Cold and ChiU.] cooler, kool'er, n. anything that cools. coolness, kool'nes, «., state of being cool ; moderate cold; indifference; want of zeal. Coolie, kool'i, n., a lahorcrer; in Hindustan, a porter in general ; an Indian or Chinese labourer in other countries. [Hind. kMi, a labourer.] Coom, koom, n. matter that gathers at the naves of wheels ; soot that gathers at the mouth of an oven, [connected with Ger. kahin, mould gathered on liquids.] Coop, koop, n. lit. anything hollo7v, as a cup — a cask or barrel ; a box or cage for fowls or small animals. — v.t. to confine in a coop ; to shut up or confine : — pr.p. coop'ing ; pa.p, cooped', [from the root of Cup.] oooper, koop'er, «. one who makes coops, tubs, casks, &c. cooperage, koop'er-aj, «., the work, or workshop of a cooper; the sum paid for a cooper's work. Co-operate, ko-op'er-at, v.i., to operate, work, or act together l^pr.p. co-op'erating ;pa.p. cO-op'erated. — 71. co-op'erator. [L. co, together, and operate.] co-operant, ko-op'er-ant, adj., co-operati?tg or work- ing together. co-operation, ko-op-er-a'shun, n., act of co-operat- i"S^! joint operation. co-operative, ko-op'er-a-tiv, adj., ivorking together for the same end. Co-ordinate, ko-or'di-nat, adj., holding the same order or rank.— rt^z^. co-or'dinately. [L. co, together, equal, and ordinate.] ao-ordination, ko-or-di-na'shun, «., state of being co-ordinate. Coot, koot, «., a short-tailed WcLter-fowl with a bald forehead and black body. [Dutch, koet ; W. cvutiar — czvt, a short tail.] Copal, ko'pal, or -pal', n., a resinotis substance, flowing from certain trees found in the E. Indies, S. America, &c. used in varnishes. [Sp. — Mexican, copalli, a general name of resins.] Oo-partner, ko-part'ner, 7t., a joi7it-partner. — ns. copart'nership, copart'nery. [L. co, together, and partner.] Cope, kop, «., a covering, a cap or hood ; a cloak worn by a priest ; anything spread overhead ; a coping. — v.t. to cover with a cope •.—pr.p. cop'ing ; pa.p. coped', [from root of Cap.] coping, kop'ing, n., the cover ox upper part of a wall. coq.uettisli Cope, kop, v.i., to barter or exchange ; to vie with, especially on equal terms or successfully; ta match -.^r.p. cop'ing ; pa.p. coped'. [A.S. ceap, Dutch, koop. See Cheap.] Copious, ko'pi-us, adj., plentiful; overflowing; noS concise. — adv. co'piously. — «. co'piousness. [Fr. copieiix — L. copiostis — copia, plenty — co, inten- sive, and ops, apis, power, property, wealth.] Copper, kop'er, n. a metal of a reddish colour, named from the island of Cypncs ; a vessel made of copper. — v.t. to cover with copper: — p7-p. copp'ering ; pa.p. copp'ered. [Ger. kupfer, low L. cupriwi — Cyprus, Gr. Kupros, Cyprus, once celebrated for its rich copper-mines.] copperas, kop'er-as, n. lit. copper-rose or flower ; sulphate of iron or green vitriol, used in dyeing black, making ink, &c. [Fr. conperose — low L. c7(perosa — L. cupri rosa, rose of copper.] copperisli, kop'er-ish, coppery, kop'er-i, cupreous, ku'pre-us, adj. containing or like copper. copperpla-te, kop'er-plat, «., a plate of polished copper on which something has been engraved ; an impression taken from the plate. Coppice, kop'is. Copse, kops, n. a wood of small growth for cutti/ig. [old Fr. copeiz, wood newly cut — couper, Gr. kopto, to cut.] Coptic, Vo-^'t-^, adj., pertaiiiing to tJie Copts, the descendants of the ancient Egyptians. Copula, kop'u-la, «., that which couples or joins together; a bond or tie ; in logic, the word joining the subject and predicate. [L. — co, together, and root ap, connected with L. aptus, fastened, and Gr. hapto, to join.] copulate, kop'u-lat, v.t. and v.i., to couple or join togetJier ; to come together sexually :—pr.p. cop'ulating; pa.p. cop'ulated. [L. copula, copu- latus, from copula.'\ copulation, kop-u-lil'shun, «., act of copulating. copulative, kop'u-lat-iv, adj., U7iiting.- — «. \r\g7'anu, a conjunction that unites ideas as well as words. Copy, kop'i, 71. lit. copiousness or plenty; one of a number, esp. of books ; an imitation from an original pattern ; that which is imitated ; an original work; manuscript for printing. — v.t. to write, paint, &c. according to an original ; to imitate ; to transcribe : — pr.p. cop'ying ; pa.p. cop'ied. [Fr. copie, from L. copia, plenty, means- of doing a thing, as of writing out a document.] copier, kop'i-er, copyist, kop'i-ist, . it., one who copies; an imitator; a plagiarist. copyhold, kop'i-hold, 71. in Eng. law, a species of estate or right of holding land, for which_ the owner can only shew the copy of the rolls origin- ally made by the steward of the lord's court. copyright, kop'i-rlt, «. the exclusive right of an author or his heirs to publish for a term of years copies of his work, whether a book, painting, engraving, &c. Coquet, ko-ket', v.i.' to strut like a cock ; to excite admiration or love, from vanity, or to deceive. — v.t. to trifle with in love ; to jilt -.^pr.p. coquett'- ing ; pa.p. coquett'ed. [Fr. coqueter — coquet, orig. cock-like — coq, a cock.] coquetry, ko-ket'ri, 71., act of coquetting ; attempt to attract admiration, &c. in order to deceive ; deceit in love. [Fr. coquetterie.'\ coquette, ko-ket', «., afe77iale wJio coquets ; a vain, deceitful, trifling woman. coquettish, ko-ket'ish, adj. practising coquetry I befitting a coquette. — adv. coquett'ishly. — lu coquett'ishness. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thz'o.. Cor Cor, kor, n. a Heb. measure, the same as the Homer. Coracle, kor'a-kl, n. a boat used in Wales, made of skins or oil-cloth stretched on wicker-work. [W. ciurwgl—coTivg, anything round.] Coral, kor'al, n. a hard substance of various colours, growing on the bottom of the sea, composed of the skeletons of zoophytes ; a child's toy made of coral. [L. comlliiij): ; Gr. korallion.\ coralliferous, kor-al-if 'er-us, adj., bearingor contain- ing coral. [Coral, and Y^./ero, to bear.] ■coralline, kor'al-In, adj. of, like, or coiitabiing coral. — «. a moss-like coral ; a coral-like substance. Corban, ko/ban, n. lit. anything devoted to God ; a vessel to receive gifts of charity ; alms. [Heb. korvan, an offering, sacrifice.] Corbel, kor'bel, ft. in arch., an ornament orig. in the forvi of a basket — any ornamented projection sup- porting a superincumbent weight. [Fr. corbeille, from L. corbiciila, dim. oi corbis, a basket.] Cord, kord, n. orig. a chord; a small rope or thick kind of string. — v.t. to bind with a chord:— /r./. cording ; fia.p. cord'ed. [See Chord.] cordage, kord'aj, n. a quantity oi cords or ropes. cordelier, kor-de-ler', «. a Franciscan friar, so named from the knotted cord worn by him as a girdle, [old Fr. conlel—corde, a rope.] cordon, kor'don, n., a cord ox ribbon bestowed as a badge of honour ; mjort., a row of jutting stones ; a line of military posts. corduroy, kor'du-roy, «. lit. the king's cVrd ; thick cotton stuff, corded or ribbed. [Fr. corde du roi, cord of the king.] Cordial, &c. See under Core. Cordovan, kor'do-van, Cordwain, kord'wSn, n. goat- skin leather, originally from Cordova in Spain. cordwainer, kord'\van-er, «. a worker in cordovan or cordwain ; a shoemaker. Core, kor, «., the heart; the inner part of anything, especially of fruit. [L. cor, cordis, the heart.] cordial, kor'di-al, adj., hearty; with warmth of heart ; sincere ; aftcctionate ; reviving the heart or spirits. — ft. anything which revives or com- forts the heart ; a medicine or drink for refresh- ing the spirits. — adv. cor'dially. — «. cordiality. Corelative, &c. See Correlative. Coriaceous, kor-i-ashus, adj., leathery; of or like leather. [L. coritan, Gr. chorion, skin, leather.] Coriander, kor-i-an'der, ft. an annual plant, the seeds of which when fresh have a btcg-XxVe: smell, used as a medicine, spice, &c. [L. coriafidrtnit ; Gr. koriauftoft, koriofi, irom. kor is, a bug.] Corinthian, \;.o-T\n\h.'\-a.n,adj.,pertai>iifigto Coritith, a city of Greece ; pertaining to a Greek order of architecture, which is highly ornamental. Cork, kork, «. lit. rind or bark ; the outer bark of the cork-tree, an oak found in the south of Europe, &c. ; a stopper made of cork. — v.t. to stop with a cork ; to stop up :^>r./. cork'ing ; Pa.p. corked'. [Sp. corclio, Ger. kork, from L. cortex, bark, rind.] Cormorant, kor'mo-rant, n. lit. the sca-croiv ; a genus of web-footed sea-birds, of great voracity; a glutton. [Fr. connoran ; It. corvo viariuo, from L. corz'us vtariiius, the sea-crow : W. vtorvran, from vior, sea, and bran, raven.] Com, korn, «., a grain or kernel; seeds that grow in ears, as wheat, rye, &c. ; grain of all kinds. — v.t. to sprinkle with salt in grains :—/?-./. corn- ing ; pa.p. corned'. [A.S. corn; Goth, katirn; conn, with L. granian.^ See Grain, Kernel. corporate com-crake. Same as Crake. ' Com, korn, n. lit. horti ; a hard, hortiy excrescence on the toe or foot. [L. corfiu, hom.] cornea, kor'ne-a, ft. the transparent homy mem- brane which forms the front part of the eye. cornel, kor'nel, ft., tJte conteliaft-ch^TTy or dog-wood tree, so named from the homy or hard nature of its wood, [old Fr. corfiille, It. corniolo, low L. cornolititn — L. cortins — cortiii, .a horn.] corneous, kor'ne-us, adj., horny ; hard. comer, kor'ner, ft., a horfi-Yi\i& projection ; the point where two lines meet ; a secret or confined place, [old Fr. corniere — L. cornti.l cornered, kor'nerd, adj., haviftg corfiers, cornet, kor'net, ft. lit. a little horfi; a horn-shaped trumpet ; formerly, a body of cavalry accom- panied by a cornet-player ; a cavalry officer who bears the ensign of the troop. — ft. cor'net-a-pis'ton, a kind of corfiet with valves and pistons. [Fr. corftet, dim. of cor, a hom, trumpet.] cometcy, ko/net-si, n. the commission or rank of a cornet. comiculate, kor-nik'u-lat, adj., Jiomed; shaped like a horn. [L. comiailattis — corniculutn, dim. of contu^ comigerous, kor-nij'er-us, adj., beariftg Iioms. [L. cornii, and gero, to bear.] Cornish, kornish, adj., pertaiftiftg to CorftwalL {Cor~n-ivall, the horn or projection of the Welsh.] cornucopia, kor-nu-ko'pi-a, n. lit tJie Jiorv. o/plenty; according to the fable, the horn of the goat that suckled Jupiter, placed among the stars as an emblem of plenty. [L. corfiu, and copia, plenty.] Cornice, kor'nis, «. lit. a curve; the highest moulded projection of a wall or column, S:c. [It. — L. corofiis, Gr. korottis.'\ Comish, Comucopia. See under Com, a hom. Corolla, ko-rol'a, ft. lit. a little garlatid or crown ; the inner covering of a flower composed of one or more leaves called petals. [L. corolla, dim. o( corona, a crown.] corollary, kor'ol-la-ri, ft. orig. something given in addition to what is due, as agarlaftd of flowers ; an inference or deduction from recognised facts. [L. corollariiuft, a little garland.] coronal, kor'O-nal, coronary, ko/o-nar-i, adj., per- taiftiftg to a cro-iim, or to the top of the head. — 71. a cro^\Tl or garland ; the frontal bone. coronation, kor-o-nfi'shun, it., tJie act of crowfting z. sovereign. [L. coronatio.] coroner, kor'o-ner, w. an officer, appointed by the cro7i'ft, whose duty is to inquire into the causes of accidental or suspicious deaths. coronet, kor'o-net, ft., a stftall or inferior crown worn by the nobility ; an ornamental head-dress. — iulj. cor'oneted, having or wearing a coroftct. Corporal, kor'po-ral, ft. lit. a chief; among infantry, a non-commissioned officer ne.xt in rank to a sergeant ; in the na\'y, an officer under a master- at-arms. — ft. cor'poralship. [Fr. caporale ; It. caporale — capo, chief — L. caput, the head.] Corporal, kor'po-ral, adj. belonging or relating to i/w body ; having a body ; not spiritual. — ft. the cloth used in R. Catholic Churches for covering the elements of the Eucharist. — adv. cor'porally. [L. corporalis — corpus, corporis, the body.] corporate, kor'po-rat, adj. legally united ifito a body so as to act as an individual ; belonging to a corporation ; united. — adv. cor'porately. — ti. fate, for ; me, her ; mine ; mute ; mute ; moon ; th^xi. corporation cor'porateness. [L. corporahis — corpora, to shape into a body, from corpus. '\ corporation, kor-po-rashun, 7t., a body or society authorised by law to act as one individual. — 7i. corpora'tor, a member of a corporation. corporeal, kor-pu're-al, adj., having a body or sub- stance ; material. — adv. corpo'really. — n. cor- poreal'ity. [L. corporeics.'\ corps, kor, «., a body or band of soldiers.— //. corps, korz. [Fr., from L. corpus.^ corpse, korps, 7i. orig. a human body ; now, the dead body of a human being. corpulent, kor'pu-lent, adj., having' a large body; stout; fleshy or fat. — adv. cor'pulently. corpulence, kor'pu-lens, corpulency, kor'pu-Ien-si, «. fleshiness of body ; excessive fatness. corpuscle, kor'pus-1, ii. lit. a little body; a minute particle ; a physical atom. — adj. corpus'cular. [L. corpuscidiifu, dim. oi corpus, a body.] corse, kors, n. a poetic form of corpse. corselet, kors'let, «. a piece of armour for covering the body. [Fr., It. corsaletto — corse.l corset, kor'set, n. an article of women's dress laced round the body ; stays. Correct, kor-rekt', v.t., to make right; to remove faults ; to reform ; to punish ; to counterbalance : — P^-P- correct'ing ; pa.p. correct'ed. — adj. made right or straight ; free from faults ; true. — adv. correctly. — ti. correct'ness. [L. corrigo, correctus — cor, intensive, rego, to rule, set right.] correction, kor-rek'shun, n., act of correcting; amendment ; punishment. correctional, kor-rek'shun-al, corrective, kor-rekt'Iv, adj., tending, or having the power, to correct. — 71. correc'tive, that which corrects. corrector, kor-rekt'or, 7i., he who, or that which, corrects. corrigenda, kor-ri-jen'da, 7t.pl. things to be corrected. corrigible, kor'ri-jibl, adj., that tnay be corrected, reformed, or punished. Correlate, kor're-lfit, v.i., to be 7nntnally related, as father and son :—pr.p. cor'relating ; pa.p. correlated. — 7i. correla'tion. [L. cor, with, and Relate.] correlative, kor-rel'a-tiv, adj., i7t7itically or recipro- cally related. — «. person or thing correspond- ingly rrlated to another person or thing. — adv. correl'atively. — n. correl'ativenesi. Correspond, kor-re-spond', v.i., to respoTid 07te to a7iother; to answer, suit, fit ; to hold intercourse, especially by sending and receiving letters: — pr.p. correspond'ing ; pa.p. correspond'ed. — adv. correspond'ingly. [L. cor, with, and Respond.] correspondent, kor-re-spond'ent, adj. agreeing with ; suitable. — ti. one who corresponds ; one with whom intercourse is kept up by letters. — «. corre- spond'ently. correspondence, kor-re-spond'ens, correspondency, kor-re-spond'en-si, 7t. suitableness; friendly in- tercourse ; communication by means of letters ; letters which pass between correspondents. Corridor, kor'ri-dor, «. a passage-way or open ^?\- \cry rtmtiing alo7ig, communicating with separate chambers. [Fr. ; It. corti.dore, a runner, a run- ning — L. curro, to run.] Corrigenda, Corrigible. See under Correct. Corroborate, kor-rob'o-rat, v.t. lit. to 77iake very strong; to confirm ; to make more certain :— pr.p. corrob'orating ; pa.p. corrob'orated. [L. cor, intensive, and roboro, roboratus, to make strong. See Robust.] Cosmetic corroboration, kor-rob-o-ra'shun, «., act of corrobor- ating ; that which corroborates ; confirmation, corroborant, kor-rob'u-rant, corroborative, kor-rob'o- rat-iv, adj., tending to corTvborate or confirm. — 71. that which corroborates. Corrode, kor-rod', v.t., to gnaw or eat away by degrees ; to rust -.—pr.p. corrod'ing ; pa.p. cor- rod'ed. [L. cor. intensive, rodo, rosits, to gnaw.] corrodent, kor-rOd'ent, adj., having the power of corrodi7ig. — 71. that which corrodes, corrodible, kor-rod'i-bl, adj., tJiat 77iaybe corroded. — 71. corrodibil'ity. corrosion, kor-ro'shun, «., act of corroding or wasting away ; the state of being corroded, [low L. corrosio.l corrosive, kor-ros'iv, adj. having the quality of cor- rodi>ig or eating away. — «. that which has the power of corroding. — adv. corrosively. — 71. cor- ros'iveness. [L. corrosivus.'\ Corrugate, kor'roo-gat, v.t., to wri7tkle or draw into folds by contracting or pressing together -.—pr.p. cor'rugating ; pa.p. cor'rugated. [L. cor, inten- sive, T^tgo, rugatjis, to wrinkle — ruga, a wrinkle.] corrugant, ko/roo-gant, adj. able to contract into wrifikles. corrugation, kor-roo-ga'shun, «., the act of wri7tk- ling or being wrinkled ; a wrinkle. Corrupt, kor-rupt', v.t. lit. to break to pieces ; to make putrid ; to defile ; to debase ; to bribe. — v.i. to rot; to lose purity :—/r./. corrupt'ing; pa.p. corrupt'ed. — adj. putrid ; depraved ; defiled ; not genuine ; full of errors. — adv. corruptly. — 71s. corrupt'ness, corrupt'er. [L. cor, intensive, and nanpo, riiptzis, to break.] corruptible, kor-rupt'i-bl, adj., liable to be corrupted. —adv. corruptibly.— «.r. corruptibility, corrupt'- ibleness. corruption, kor-rup'shun, n., tJie act of corrupting ; the state of being corrupted ; rottenness ; putrid matter ; impurity ; bribery. corruptive, kor-rupt'iv, adj. having the quality of corrnpti7ig. Corsair, kor'sar, 7t. lit. 07ie who scours or ranges the ocean ; a pirate ; a pirate's vessel. [Fr. cor- saire^h. ctirsits, a running — curro, to run.] Corse, Corselet, Corset. See under Corporal. Cortege, kor'tazh, 71., a train of attendants, orig. applied only to tJie court; a procession. [Fr., from It. co7-teggio, a train, from corte, court.] See Court. Cortex, kor'teks, 71., the bark or skin of a plant ; a covering. — adj. cor'tical, pertaining to bark ; ex- ternal. [L. cortex, corticis, bark.] corticate, kor'ti-kat, corticated, kor'ti-kat-ed, adj. furnished with bark ; resembling bark. Coruscate, ko-rusTcat, or kor'-, v.i. to sparkle as by shaking ; to throw off flashes of light -.—pr.p. corus'cating ; pa.p. corus'cated. — adj. corus'cant, flashing. [L. cot^isco, coruscatiis, to shake, glit- ter — cor7iii, a horn : allied to Gr. ko7~ussd, to shake the head, as a bull] coruscation, ko-rus-ka'shun, 7t. a glittering ; sudden flash of light. Corvette, kor-vet', «. a small ship of war, next to a frigate, carrying not more than 20 guns. [Fr., Sp. corbeta — L. corbita, a slow-sailing ship, from corbis, a basket.] Corvine, kor'vTn, adj., pertaiTting to the crow. [L. corvinus — corvus, a crow.] Cosmetic, koz-met'ik, adj. lit. skilled {71 orna77te7it' fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moOn ; Men. 97 counter ing; beautifying ; improving beauty, especially that of the complexion. — «. a preparation used for beautifying the complexion. — adv. cosmet'ic- ally. [Fr. cosmetique, It. cos>netico, Gr. kostne- tikos — kostnos, order, ornament, the world.] cosmic, koz'mik, cosmical, koz'mik-al, adj., relating to the world or to the universe ; in astron., rising and setting with the sun. — adv. cos'mically. cosmogony, koz-mog'o-ni, n. the science of thefor- mation of the universe. [Gr. kosmosonia — kosmos, and gonos, a coming into existence — gin, root o{ gignomai, to be bom.] co'smogonist, koz-mog'o-nist, n^ one skilled in cos- fnogony. cosmography, koz-mog'ra-fi, n. lit. a description of the ivorld; the science of the constitution of tlie universe. — n. cosmog'rapher. [Gr. kostnographia — kosmos, and grapho, to write.] cosmographlc, koz-mo-graf'ik, cosmographical, koz- mo-graf'ik-al, Oilj'., pertaining to cosmography. cosmology, koz-mol'o-j i, «. , tJie science of the uni- verse ; a treatise on the structure and parts ti the sj'stem of creation. — adj. cosmolog'ical. [Gr. kosmos, and logos, discourse — lego, to speak.] eosmologist, koz-mol'o-j ist, n., one versed in cos- mology. cosmopolitan, koz-mo-pol'i-tan, cosmopolite, koz- mop'o-lTt, n. lit. a citizen of tJie world ; one who can make a home everi'-^vhere. — ;;. cosmo- pol'itaiiism. [Gr. kosmos, and polites, a citizen — polls, a city.] cosmorama, koz-mo-ra'ma, n., a view, or a series of views, of different parts of the world. — adj. cos- moram'ic. [Gr. kosmos, and Iwrama, a spec- tacle — horao, to see.] Cossack, kos'ak, n. lit. a roller or light-armed soldier. — pi. a warlike tribe in the east and south of Russia. [Russ. Kasack.l Cost, kost, v.t., to stand at or amount to in price ; to require to be laid out or suffered -.—pr-p. cosl'mg; pa.t. znd pa.p. cost. — n. what is laid out, or suffered to obtain anything. ^;^/. expenses of a lawsuit. [Fr. coHter, old Fr. couster — L. constare, to stand at — C07i, and stare, to stand.] costly, kostli, adj., of great cost; high-priced; valuable. — n. cost'liness. Costal, kost'al, adj., relating to the rils, or to the side of the body. [L. costa, a rib.] costate, kos'tat, adj., having ribs, or the appearance of ribs. Costermonger, kos'ter-mung-ger, n. orig. costard- monger; a seller of costards or apples and other fruit ; an itinerant seller of fruit, [costard, a form of Custard, and Monger.] Costive, kos'tiv, adj., constipated or having the motion of tlie bowels too slow. — ad^'. cos'tively. — n. cos'tivenesss. [It. costipativo — L. co7t, to- gether, and stipo, to press closely.] Costume, kos'tum, n. the established ciistoyn or manner of dressing prevalent at a particular period or place ; dress. [Fr. costume, custom, dress, low L. costuma — L. consuetudo, custom.] Cot, kot, Cote, kot, «., a small dzvelling, a cottage ; a small bed ; a sleeping-place on board ship ; an enclosure for sheep or cattle. [A.S. cote ; W. avt.] cottage, kot'aj, «., a cot ; formerly applied to a hut or hovel, now to a small, neat dwelhng. cottager, kot aj-er, «., one who dwells in a cottage. cottar, cotter, kot'cr, n. same as cottager. Cotemporaneous, kO-tcm-po-rfi'nC-us, Cotemporary, k5-tem'p5-rar-i, same as Contemporaneous, con- temporary. Coterie, ko'te-re, or kot', n. a number of persons who meet familiarly for social, literar>% or other purposes. [Fr. — cote. It. qjiota, share, contribu- tion ; L. quota, from quotas, how many.] Cotillon, Cotillion, ko-tU'jnm, n. lit. a petticoat; a brisk dance by eight persons. [Fr. — cotte, a petti- coat, low L. cotta, a tunic] See Coat. Cottage. See under Cot. Cotton, kot'n, n. a soft substance !ike fine wool, got from the pods of the cotton-plant ; cloth made of cotton. [Fr. colon; Ar. qoton.'\ Cotyledon, kot-i-le'don, n. the seed-lobe or cup- shaped leaf which nourishes the seed of 9. plant. [Gr. kotyleddn — kotyle, a cup.] cotyledonouB, kot-i-le'don-us, adj., pertaining to or having cotyledons or seed-lobes. Couch, kouch, v.t., to lay down on a bed, &c.; to arrange in language, to ex-press; to depress or remove a cataract in the eye. — v.i. to he down for the purpose of sleep, concealment, &c. ; to bend or stoop in reverence :^^r./. couch'ing; pa. p. couched'. [Fr. couc/ier, to lay or lie do\vn ; old Fr. colcher, It. colcare — L. collocare, to lay, to place — col, and locus, a place.] — Couch a spear, to fix it in its rest in the breast of the armour. couch, kouch, 71. any place for rest or sleep ; a bed. couchant, kouch'ant, adj., couching or lying down with the head raised. [Fr., pr.p. oi coticher.'\ Cough, kof, n. an effort of the lungs to throw off injurious matter, accompanied by a harsh sound, proceeding from the throat. — v.i. to make this effort. — v.t. to e.xpel from the throat or lungs by a cough '.^pr.p. cough'ing ; pa.p. coughed'. [Dutch, ktich, a cough, imitative of the sound.] Could, kood, past tense of Can. [old E. coud, couth— K.?>. cuthe, was able, pa.t. of cunnan, to be able. / is inserted from the influence oi would and should.] Coulter. See Colter. Council, koun'sil, n., an assefnlly called together for deliberation or advice. [Fr. concile, L. cori- ciliu77i — con, together, and root cal, to call.] councillor, koun'sil-or, n., a ntemler of a coutkH. Counsel, koun'sel, n., consultation; deliberation; advice ; plan ; purpose ; one who gives counsel, a barrister or advocate. — v.t. to give advice ; to warn -.—pr.p. coun'selling ; pa.p. coun'selled. [Fr. conseil, L. consilitan, advice.] counsellor, koun'sel-or, «., 07ie wJw counsels; a barrister. — «. cotm'sellorship. Count, kount, n. lit. one zvJw goes with aTwtJur — a co77ipanio7i of a prince ; on the continent, a title of nobility equal in rank to -an English earl. — fe77t. count'ess, the wife of a coiait or earl. [Fr. co7ntc, from L. co7nes, cot7iitis, a companion — C071, with, and co, itian, to go.] county, koun'ti, n. orig. the province ruled ly a count; a portion of a country separated for purposes connected with the administration of justice; a shire. Count, kount, v.t., to co77tpute, number, sum up ; to ascribe; esteem; consider. — v.i. to add to or increase a number by being counted to it ; to depend -.—pr-p. count'ing ; pa.p. count'ed. — n. act of numbering ; the number counted ; a particular charge in an indictment. [Fr. compter, It. C07i- tare, L. C07nputare. See Compute.] counter, kount'cr, «., lie who, or that which, counts; 98 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; m«te ; mute ; moon ; //ten. Countenance that which indicates a numTjer ; a piece of metal, &c. used in reckoning ; a table on which money is counted or goods laid. Countenance, koun'ten-ans, «. the features as con- taining or expressing the feelings ; the face ; the expression of the face ; appearance. [Fr. con- ten^nce — contenir, L. continere, to contain. See Contain.] Counter, kount'sr, adv., againsi; in opposition. — adj. contrary ; opposite. [L. contra, against.] Counteract, koun'ter-akt, v.t., to act counter or in opposition to ; to hinder or defeat by acting against '.—pr.p. counteract'ing ; pa.p. counter- act'cd. — n. counterac'tion. [Counter and Act.] counteractive, koun-ter-akt'iv, adj., tending to counteract. — n. one who or that which counter- acts. — adv. counteract'ively. Counterbalance, koun-ter-bal'ans, v.t., to halance by weight on the opposite side ; to act against with equal weight, power, or influence : — pr.p. counter- balancing; pa.p. counterbal'anced. [Counter and Balance.] counterbalance, koun'ter-bal-ans, «., that ivhich counterbalances ; an equal weight, power, or agency working in opposition. Counterfeit, koun'ter-fit, v.t., to make in opposition to the real or genuine article ; to imitate ; to copy without authority ; to forge •.—pr.p. coun'ter- feiting ; pa.p. coun'terfeited. [Fr. contrefait, from contrefaire, to imitate — L. contra, against, facere, to do, to make.] counterfeit, koun'ter-fit, n., he -who or that ivhich imitates; something false or copied, or that pre- tends to be true and original. — adj. pretended ; made in imitation of ; forged ; false. Countermand, koun-ter-mand', zi.t. to give a com- mand iti opposition to one already given ; to re- voke, oppose, contradict : — pr.p. countermand'- ing ; pa.p. countermanded. [Fr. cofitremander — L. contra, against, and mando, to order.] countermand, koun'ter-mand, tt., a contrary com- mand or order ; a revocation of a former order. — adj. countermand'able. Counterpane, koun'ter-pan, 7t. a coverlet for a bed, stitcfied or woven in squares, [a corn of coun- terpoint. — Fr. couriepoinie, old Fr. cotitre-pointe, corr. from coidte-point — L. culcita puncta, bed stitched ; W. cylch, a circle, cylchcd, bed-clothes.] counterpoint, koun'ter-point, «., a cotinterpane. Counterpoint, koun'ter-point, n. in tnusic, written harmony which originally consisted of points placed opposite to each other ; the setting of a harmony of one or more parts to a melody ; the art of composition. [Fr. contrepoint, It. cotitrap- punto, point against point.] Counterpoise, koun'ter-poiz, v.t., to poise or weigh against or on the opposite side ; to act in oppo- sition to with equal effect : — pr.p. coun'terpois- vag;pa.p. counterpoised.— «. that which counter- poises ; an equally heavy weight. [Counter and Poise.] Counter-scarp, koun'ter-skarp, n. in Jbrt., the side of the ditch nearest to the besiegers and opposite to the scarp. [Counter and Scarp.] Countersign, koun-ter-sTn', v. t. , to sign on the oppo- site side of a writing ; to sign in addition to the signature of a superior, to attest the authenticity of a writing : — pr.p. countersign'ing ; pa.p. coun- tersigned'. [Counter and Sign.] •ountersign, koun'ter-sTn, n. a military private sign courtesy or word, which must be given in order to pass a sentry ; a counter-signature. counter-signature, koun'ter-sig'na-tur, n. a name countersigned to a writing. Counter-tenor, koun'ter-ten-or, «. the highest adult male voice and the lowest female voice, between the pitch of counter and tenor. Countervail, koun-ter-val',7'.^., to be oj'avail against; to act against with equal effect : to be of equal value to : — /^.p. countervall'Ing ; pa.p. counter- vailed'. [Counter and Avail.] countervail, koun ter-val, «., equal weight , strength, power, &c. Countess. See under Count.. Country, kun'tri, n. lit. the land opposite or near to a town ; a rural region as distinct from a town ; a tract of land ; the land in which one was born, or in which one resides. — adj. belonging to the country ; rustic ; rude. [Fr. contree, It. contrada — L. contra, against, and sufiix ata.^ country-dance. See Contra-dance. countryman, kun'tri-man, «., one who lives in tlie country ; a farmer ; one bom in the same country with another. County. See under Count. Couple, kup'l, n. two of a WnA joined together, or connected; two; a pair. — v.t. to join together; to unite : — pr.p. coup'llng ; pa.p. coup'led. [Fr., from L. copula. See Copula.] couplet, kup'let, «., two lines of verse that rhyme with each other. coupling, kup'llng, n., the joining iogetJier; that which connects. Courage, ku/aj, n., heart; the quality that enables men to meet dangers without fear; bravery; spirit. [Fr. courage, from L. cor, the heart.] courageous, kur-a'jus, adj., full of courage ; brave. — adv. coura'geously. — 71. coura'geousness. Courier, k5o'ri-er, «., a runner; a messenger; a state servant or messenger ; a travelling attend- ant. [Fr. courier, from courir, L. currere, to run.] course, kors, 71., the act of r7i7ming ; the road or track on which one runs ; the direction pursued ; a voyage ; a race ; regular progress from point to point ; method of procedure ; conduct : a part of a meal served at one time. [Fr. cours. It. corso, L. cursus, from cur-ro, cursutn, to run.] course, kors, v.t., to run, chase, or hunt after. — v.i. to move with speed as in a race or hunt : — pr.p. cours'ing ; pa.p. coursed'. courser, kors'er, n., a runner; a swift horse; one who courses or hunts. coursing, kors'ing, «., /;w«//«^ with greyhounds. Court, kort, n., a space enclosed; a space surrounded by houses : the palace of a sovereign ; the body of persons who form his suite or council : atten- tion ; civility, as to pay court : in law, the hall of justice ; the judges and officials who preside there for the dispensation of justice ; any body of persons assembled to decide causes, whether civil, military, or ecclesiastical. — v.t. to pay attentions to ; to woo ; to solicit ; to seek :—pr.p. court'ing ; pa.p. court'ed. [Fr. cour, L. colwrs, also cJiors = cors, cortis, a cattle-yard ; akin to Gr. chortos, an enclosed place.] courteous, kurt'yus, adj. of court-like manners ; polite; respectful; obliging. — adv. court'eously. — 71. court'eousness. courtesy, kurt'e-si, «., courtliness; elegance of manner ; an act of civility or respect. courtesy, kurt'si, «. the gesture of salutation or fate, far ; me, her ; mine/ mote ; mute ; moon ; thzn. 99 courtesan Craft respect performed by women by slightly depress- ing the body and bending the knees. — v.i. to make a courtesy •.—pr.p. court'esying ; pa.p. court'esied. courtesan, courtezan, kurt'e-zan, n. orig. a foUo-Juer of t/ie cour/ ; a fashionable prostitute. courtier, kOrt'yer, w., one ivJio/rcquc/its cctirts or palaces ; one who courts or flatters. courtly, kurt'li, adj. having manners li/ce those of a court; of imposing manner ; elegant. — «. court'- liness. court-martial, kort-mar'shal, ti., a court held by officers of the army or navy for the trial of ofiences against military or naval laws.— ^/. courts-mar'tial. court-plaster, kurt'plas-ter, «. sticking plaster made of silk, with some adhesive substance on one side. courtship, kort'ship, n., the act of courting or wooing with intention to marry. Cousin, kuz'n, n., one related more remotely than a brother or sister ; the son or daughter of an uncle or aunt. [Fr. — L. consobrinus—con, sig. connection, and sobrinus for sororimis, applied to the children of sisters — soror, a sister.] Cove, kov, «., a cave or hollow place ; a small inlet of the sea; a bay. — v.t. to overarch, and thus form a hollow : — pr.p. cov'ing ; pa. p. coved'. [A.S. co/a, a cave, L. cavwn — cavus, hollow.] See Alcove. Covenant, kuv'e-nant, «. lit. a convejiing or meeting together; a mutual agreement to do a certain thing ; the writing containing the agreement. — v.i. to enter into an agreement ; to contract or bargain :^pr.p. cov'cnanting ; pa. p. covenanted. [Fr., from L. con, together, and venio, to come.] covenanter, kuv-e-nantor, n., one ivJio covefiants ; one who signed the Scottish National Covenant of 1638. Cover, kuv'er, v.t., to spread over so as to conceal ; to hide; to clothe; to shelter; to brood or sit on ; to be sufficient for, as to cover expense : — pr.p. co\^ering; pa. p. cov'ered. — «. that which covers or protects ; in hunting, the retreat of a fox or hare. [Fr. coiivrir, It. copri7'e — L. Coope?-ire — con, and operio, to cover.] covering, kuv'er-ing, n., anything that covers or conceals. coverlet, kuv'er-let, «., a bed-cover. [Fr. couvre-lit, from couvre, and lit, L. lectimi, a bed.] covert, ku/ert, adj., covered; concealed; secret. — ;/. a place that covers or affords protection. covertly, kuv'ert-li, adv. in a covered or concealed manner. coverture, kuv'er-tur, «., covering, shelter, defence ; in law, the condition of a married woman. Covet, kuv'et, v.t. or v.i., to desire or wish for eagerly ; to wish for what is unlawful '.^pr.p. coVeting ; pa. p. coveted, [old Fr. covoiter ; It. cubitare — L. cupidus, desirous — cupio, to desire : or low L. convotare — votum, a wish.] covetable, kuv'et-a-bl, adj., that may be coveted. covetous, kuv'et-us, adj. inordinately desirous; avaricious. — adv. covetously. — ;/. cov'etousness. Covey, kuv'i, «., a brood or hatch of birds ; a small flock of birds— said of game. [Fr. couvce—couve, pa. p. oi couver, to hatch — L. cubo, to lie down.] Cow, kow, «. the female of the bull. [A.S. cu; Ger. kuh ; Sans, go : from its cry.] cow-pox, kow'-poks, n. a disease which appears in pox or pimples on the teats of the cozv, tlie matter from which is used for vaccination. cowslip, kow'slip, n. a species of primrose which appears early in spring in moist places, [prob. a corruption of co7vs leeh.] Cow, kow, v.t., to S7ibdjie, keep jmder; to dis- hearten '.^pr.p. co\v'ing ; pa. p. cowed'. [S\v. hiifzva, Dan. hue, to subdue, to keep under.] Coward, kow'ard, n., one who turns tail; one without courage. [Fr. couard — old Fr. couarder, to retire — L. cauda, a tail.] coward, kow'ard, cowardly, kow'ard-li, adj. afraid of danger ; timid ; mean. — adv. cow'ardly. — n. cow'ardliness. cowardice, kow'ard-is, «. want of courage ; timidity. Cower, kow'er, v.i. lit. to sit in a corner; to sink down, generally through fear ; to crouch : — pr.p. cow'ering ; pa.p. cow'ered. [W. civrian — cwr, a comer; Ger. kauche7i, kauoi, to squat, froni kau, a narrow confined place, a hut.] Cowl, kowl, 71., a cap or hood ; a monk's hood ; a cover for a chimney. [A.S. cugle, ctihle; W. cwjl ; It. cucnllo ; L. cucidlus, hood.] cowled, kowld, adj., wearing a cowl. CovfTj, kow'ri, n. a small shell used as money in the E. Indies and in Africa, [Hind, kauri.] Coxcomb, Coxswain. See under Cock. Coy, koy, adj. lit. quiet; modest; bashful; shy. — adv. co/ly. — n. co/ness. [Fr. coi; It cheto, from L. quietrts, quiet.] coyish, ko^^ish, adj., somezuhat coy. — adv. cosr'ishly. — -n. coyishness. Coz, koz, n. a contraction of Cousin. Cozen, kuz'n, v.t., to talk with, to caress; to flatter ; to cheat :^pr.p. coz'ening ; pa.p. coz'ened. [Ger. kosen, to talk, caress, make love ; allied to Fr. causer, to talk with.] — «. coz'ener. cozenage, kuz'n-uj, «., the practice of cJieating ; deceit. Crab, krab, n. a common shell-fish having ten legs, the front pair terminating in claws ; a sign in the zodiac. [A.S. crabba, from Sans, grabh, to seize, or from A.S. creopati, to creep.] Crab, krab, adj., acrid; sour; rough ; austere. — ;/. a wild bitter apple. [\V. garzv, Gael, garbh, Ger. Jierb, L. acerbus, sour. See Acerbity.] crabbed, krab'cd, adj., so7tr-tempered ; ill-natured; peevish ; harsh ; rough ; difficult, perplexing. — adv. crabb'edly. — ?t. crabb'edness. Crack, krak, «., a sudden sharp splitting sound ; a chink ; a flaw. — v.i. to utter a sharp sudden sound; to split. — v.t. to produce a sudden noise ; to break \ into chinks ; to split ; to break partially or wholly ; to disorder -.—pr.p. crack'ing -.pa.p. cracked'. [Fr. crac; Dutch, ytrrt/i-; Gael. c«rt:<:: from the sound.] cracker, krak'er, n. the person or thing which cracks ; a noisy firework ; a hard biscuit. crackle, krak'l, 7'.i. to give out slight but frequent cracks :— pr.p. crack'ling ; pa.p. crackled. cracknel, krak'nel, «. a hard, brittle biscuit. Cradle, kra'dl, n. lit. a small crate ; a bed or crib in which children are rocked ; fig. infancy : a frame in which anything is imbedded ; a case for a broken limb ; a frame under a ship for launch- ing it. — v.t. to Lay or rock in a cradle : — pr.p. cra'dling ; /rt./. crfi'dled. [A.S. cradol, Gael. creathall: akin to L. craticida, dim. oi crates, a crate. See Crate.] Craft, kraft, n. power of griping, seizing, or cotH' prchending; strength ; ability ; cunning ; dex- terity ; art; trade: small ships. [A.S. craeft. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; ihtn. crafty Ger. kraft ; allied to Ger. greifen, to seize, gripe, W. craffu, to seize with the understanding.] crafty, kraft'i, adj., Jiavitig craft or skill ; cunning; deceitful.- — adv. craftily.— «. craft'iness. craftsman, krafts'man, n., one engaged in a craft or trade. Crag, krag, n., a rock; a rough, steep rock or point ; \\\geol., a bed of gravel mixed with shells. [Gael. creag, W, craig, a rock.] cragged, krag'ed, craggy, krag'i, adj., fidl of crags or broken rocks ; rough ; rugged. — ns. cragg'ed- ness, cragg'iness. Crake, krak, Corn'crake, n. the landrail, a migratory bird, which lives much among grass, corn, &c. so named from its cry. Cram, kram, v.t. lit. to draw together; to ra7n down : to stuff; to fill to superfluity. — v.i. to eat greedily ; to stuff '.—pr.p. cramm'ing ; pa. p. crammed'. [A.S. cra7nmia7t; Ice. kravii, pres- sure ; Dan. kraiitme, to crumple, crush : from the notion of drawing together.] Cramp, kramp, n., a drawing together or contract- ing; a painful spasmodic contraction of muscles ; restraint : a piece of iron bent at the ends, for holding together wood, stone, &:c. — v.t. to affect with spasms : to confine ; to hinder : to fasten with a cramp iron -.^pr.p. cramp'ing ; pa. p. cramped'. [A.S. hraini)ta; Ger. kravipf, akin to kravipe, a cramp iron ; conn, with Clamp : perhaps from Sans, grabh, to seize.] crampflsh, kramp'fish, n. the torpedo, so called from its power of affecting with cramp the arms of those who touch it. Cranberry. See under Crane. Cranch, kranch, same as Craunch. Crane, kriin, n. lit. the bird that croaks or makes the sound cr; a large wading bird, with long legs, neck, and bill : a bent pipe for drawing liquor out of a cask, a machine for raising heavy weights — both named from their likeness to the bird. [A.S. cra7i; Ger. krmiich; Gr. gera7ios ; h. grits, a crane : from the sound.] cranberry, kran'ber-ri, «. a red, sour ierry grow- ing on a stalk resembling the legs and neck of a crane, much used for tarts, &.c. Cranium, kra'ni-um, «., the head; the skull; the bones enclosing the brain, [low L. cra7ii7t7/i, Gr. kra7iio7t, from kare. Sans, ciras, the head.] cranial, kra'ni-al, adj., pertai7U7ig to the cra7iin7it. craniology, kra-ni-ol'o-ji, «. lit. a discourse on the tr««zV^;«; the study of skulls; phrenology. [L. cra7iiw7i, and Gr. logos, a discourse.] — adj. crani- olog'ical. \plogy. craniologist, kra-ni-ol'o-jist, «., 07ie skilled i7i cra7ii- Crank, krangk, n. lit. a crook or be7td; an arm bent and fastened to an axis to produce motion : a twisting or conceit in speech. [Dutch, kri7ig ; kro7ikele7i, krinkelen, to curl, twist, bend.] crank, krangk, crankle, krangk'l, crinkle, kringk'l, v.t. to form with short turns or wrinkles. — v.i. to bend, turn, wind, or wrmkle :—pr.p. crink'ling ; pa.p. crink'led. crankle, krangk'l, crinkle, kringk'l, 7i. a turn, wind- ing, or wrinkle. Crank, krangk. Cranky, krangk'l, adj. lit. sick; weak ; in 7iant. language, liable to be upset. [A.S. cra7tc ; Ger. kra/tk, sick, weak.] crankness, krangk'nes, «. liability to be upset. Cranny, kran'ni, n. lit. a rent; a chink; a secret place. [Fr. cra7i. ; Ger. kri7tne, a rent, channel.] Crape, krap, ii. a thin transparent crisp or crimpled Cream silk stuff, usually black, used in mourning. [Fr. crepe, old E. crips, curled ; L. crispiis, crisp.] Crash, krash, 7t. a noise as of things breaking, or being crtishedhy falling. — v.i. to make a noise as of things falling and breaking :^pr.p. crash'ing ; /a./, crashed', [formed from the sound.] See Crush. Crasis, kra'sis, n. in gra77t., the 77tingli7ig or con- traction of two vowels into one long vowel, or into a diphthong. [Gr. krasis — kera7i7tu77ii, to mix.] Crass, kras, adj., gross ; thick; coarse. [L. crassjis. See Gross.] crassament, kras'a-ment, «., the gross or thick part of a fluid, esp. blood. [l-.,crassa77ientn77i — crassus.} crassitude, kras'i-tud, «., gross7iess; coarseness. Cratch, krach, «. lit. a crate ; a grated crib to hold hay for cattle. [It. craticia — 'L. crates. See Crate.] Crate, krat, «., ivickcr-iuork ; a case made of rods wattled together, and used for packing crockery in. [L. C7-atcs ; Gael, creathach, underwood.] Crater, krat'er, «., the ^'^7«'/-shaped mouth or aper- ture of a volcano. [L. c7-atcr, Gr. krater, a large bowl for mixing wine, from kera7i7iunn, to mix.] Craunch, kranch, v.t., to crush -with the teeth; to chew anything hard, and so make a noise : — pr.p. craunch'ing ; pa.p. craunched'. [from the sound: so Scot, cri/ich, crinich; Fr. gri7icer.'\ Cravat, kra-vat', «. a kind of neckcloth worn by men, said to have been introduced into France iu 1636 from the C7-avates, or Croaiia7is. [Fr. cravate, a corruption of CrOat.'\ Crave, krav, v.t. lit. to ask with cryi7tg; to beg earnestly ; to beseech ; to demand or require ; to long for '.—pr.p. crfiv'ing ; pa.p. craved'. [A.S. craflan, to ask ; W. crefn, to cry,to beg earnestly.] craving, krfiv'ing, 71., a vehe7/ie7it desire. Craven, krav'n, n., 07ie overthrozv7i or vanquished ; a coward,; a spiritless fellow. — adj. cowardly ; spiritless, [orig. C7-ava7i.t, the cry of one beaten in single combat ; from old Fr. crava)iter, to overthrow.]— rti/r-'. crav'enly. — 71. crav'enness. Craw, kraw, «., tiie c7-op, throat, or first stomach of fowls. [Dan. kroe; Gqy krage7i, A.S. hraca.] Crawfish, kraw'fish. Crayfish, kra'fish, w. a small species of C7-ab or lobster, found in fresh v/ater. [a corr. of Fr. ecrevisse, Ger. krebs, old Ger. krvbiz, a crab.] Crawl, krawl, v.i., to creep or move on; to move feebly or slowly : — pr.p. crawl'ing ; pa.p. crawled'. [Dan. kravle; Ger. krabbebi, to creep.] Crayfish. See Crawfish. Crayon, kra'on, «. a pencil made of chalk or pipe- clay, variously coloured, used for drawing; a drawing done with crayons. — v.t. to sketch with a crayon ; to sketch or plan. [Fr. crayon — craie, chalk, from L. creta, Cretan earth, chalk.] Craze, kraz, v.t., to cr7/sh or break ; to weaken ; to derange (applied to the intellect) : — pr.p. craz'- ing ; pa.p. crazed'. — adv. craz'edly. [Fr. ecraser, to crush, shatter; Dan. krase, to crackle; Ice. krassa, to grind.] crazy, kraz'i, adj., crazed ox crushed ; feeble ; crack- brained ; insane. — adv. craz'ily. — 71. craz'iness. Creak, krek, v.i. to make a sharp, cr^zc/t-//;^, grating sotind, as of a hinge, &c. -.^pr.p. creak'mg ; pa.p. creaked', [old Fr. criqiier ; A.S. cearcia7i: from the sound, and connected with Crack.] Cream, krem, 71. \\t. froth ; the oily substance, which forms on milk ; the best part of anything. — v.t. to take off the cream. — v.i. to gather or form cream : — pr.p. cream'ing ; pa.p. creamed'. [Fr. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; /Aen. cream-faced crime; It. crema; L. cremor: Ice. kraumr; allied to A.S. and Scot, ream, Ger. rahm.] cream-faced, krem'-fast, adj., pale-faced either naturally or through fear ; coward-looking. creamy, krem'i, adj., full of or Vikc cream ; gather- ing like cream. — n. cream'iness. Crease, kres, «., a ivrinkle or mark such as is made by folding. — v.t. to make creases in anything: —pr.p. crcas'ing; pa.p. creased'. [Bret, kriz, a wrinkle, Ger. kraiis, crisp ; akin to L. cri$p2(s.] Create, kre-at', v.t., to make', to bring into being or form out of nothing ; to beget ; to form ; to invest with a new form, office, or character ; to produce :—pr.p. crefit'ing ; pa.p. creat'ed. [L. creo, creatus ; Gr. kraino, .to accomplish, to fulfil; Sans, kri, to make.] creation, kre-a'shun, «., the act qfcreatiftg, esp. the universe : that which is created, the world, the universe. [L. creatio.] creative, kre-a'tiv, adj., having power to create; that creates. — adv. crea'tively. — n. crea'tlveness. creator, kre-il'tor, n., /te who creates; a maker. — The Creator, the Supreme Being, God. creature, kre'tur, «., whatever 7ias been created, animate or inanimate ; esp. every animated being, an animal, a man, a brute ; a term of con- tempt or endearment ; one who owes his position in society to another ; a dependant. [L. crcaiura.] Creed, kred, «. that which is credited or bcliez'cd ; a summary of the articles of religious belief. [A.S. creda, from L. credo, I believe, the first word of the Apostles' Creed ; akin to Sans, crat, faith.] credence, kre'dens, «., belief; trust; that which gives a claim to belief or trust, [low L. credentia — credens, credentis, believing, pr.p. oi credo.] credent, kre'dent, adj'., crediting or believing ; easy of belief; having credit. credential, kre-den'shal, adj., giving a title to belief or credit. — n. that which entitles to credit or confidence. — ■//. esp. the letters by which any one claims confidence or authority among strangers. credible, kred'i-bl, adj'. that may be believed. — 7is. credibil'ity, cred'ibleness. — adv. cred'ibly. credit, kred'it, «., belief; esteem ; reputation ; hon- our ; good character ; belief in one's pecuniary ability : sale on trust ; time allowed for payment ; money or goods due ; the side of an account on which payments received are entered. — -'./. to believe ; to trust ; to sell or lend to on trust : to enter ou the credit side of an account ; to set to the credit of: — pr.p. cred'iting; pa.p. cred'ited. [L. creditus — credo.] creditable, kred'it-a-bl, adj., worthy of credit or belief; trustworthy; bringing credit or honour. — n. cred'itableness. — adv. cred'itably. creditor, kred'it-or, «., one who credits or trusts; in cotnmerce, one to whom a debt is due. credulouB, kred'u-lus, adj'., easy of belief; apt to believe without sufficient evidence ; imsuspect- ing. — adv. credulously. — «. cred'xUousness. credulity, kre-du'li-ti, ;/., credulonsucss ; disposition to believe on insufficient evidence. Creek, krek, «., a bend or corner; a small inlet or bay of the sea or a river ; any turn or winding. [A.S. crecca; D. kreek; Ice. kryki, a corner.] creeky, krek'i, adj., full of creeks ; winding. Creep, krep, v.i. to move on the belly, like a snake : to move slowly ; to grow along the ground or on supports, as a vine ; to fawn -.—pr.p. creep'ing ; pa.t. a.nd pa.p. crept. [A.S. creopan ; Dutcli, knnpen; L. repo; Gr. herpo ; Sans, srip.] Crevasse creeper, krep'er, n. , a person or thing that creeps ; an instrument with iron hooks for dragging the bottom of a river, S:c. ; a creeping plant; a. genus of small climbing birds. Cremation, kre-ma'shun, n., act of httming, esp. of the dead. [L. crematio, from cremo, to bum.] Cremona, kre-mo'na, n. a superior kind of violin made at Cremona in Italy. Crenate, kre'nat, Crenated, kre'nat-ed, adj'. in lot., having the edge ttotclied. [L. crena, a notch.] Creole, kre'ol, n. properly, an individual bom in the country, but of a race not native to it ; usually applied to an inhabitant of S. America or W. Indies bom in the country and of pure European blood. [Fr. Creole ; Sp. criollo, contr. from cria- dillo, dim. oicriado — criar, L. creare, to create.] Creosote, kre'o-sot, Creasote, kre'a-sot, n. an oily, colourless liquid distilled from wood-tar, and having the quality ol preserving flesh from cor- ruption. [Gr. kreas, kreos, flesh, and soter, a preserver, from sozo, to save.] Crepitate, krep'i-tat, v.i., to crackle, as salt when suddenly heated: — pr.p. crep'itating;/a.^. crep'- itated. [L. crepito, C7-epitatiis, frequentative of crepo, to crack, rattle.] crepitation, krep-i-ta'shun, «., act of crepitating ; a repeated snapping noise. Crept, krept, /rt:.^. and/«./. of Creep. Crepuscule, kre-pusTiul, Crepuscle, kre-pus'I, «., twi- light. [L. creptcscidinn — creper, dusky, obscure.] crepuscular, kre-pus'ku-lar, crepusculous, kre-pus'- ku-lus, adj'., of ox pertaining to twilight. Crescent, kres'ent, adj., increasing or gro7ving. — n. the moon as she increases towards half moon : a figure resembling the crescent moon, as that borne on the Turkish standard ; the standard itself ; the Turkish power: a range of buildings in the form of a crescent. [L. crescens, crescentis, pr.p. oi cresco, to grow.] crescendo, kres-sen'dO, adv. with an increasing volume of sound, a musical term whose sign is -< Cress, kres, «. the name of several species of plants like the water-cress, which grow in moist places, and have pungent leaves used as a salad. [A.S. cressa ; Ger. kresse; Fr. cresson; akin to L. cresco.] Cresset, kres'et, «., a cnise, jar, or open lamp filled with combustible material, placed on a beacon, light-house, &c. [Fr. creuset ; see Crock, Cruse.] Crest, krest, n. the comb or tuft on the head of a cock and other birds ; a plume of feathers or other ornament on the top of a helmet ; in heraldry, a figure placed over a coat of arms. — v.t. to furnish with, or serve for, a crest: — pr.p. crest'ing ; pa.p. crest'ed. [A.S. craesta; Fr. Crete; L. crista, from the root of crinis, hair.] crest-faUen, krest'-fawln, adj. dejected; heartless, crestless, krest'les, Oilj'., wiiliout a crest; not of high birth. Cretaceous, kre-ta'shus, adj., chalky ; composed of, or like chalk. [L. cretaceus, from creta, chalk.] Cretin, kre'tin, n. one of a class of idiots found in deep valleys, esp. among the Alps, and generally afflicted with goitre. [ Yx.,{oxcrestin, Prov. crestar — L. castrare, to geld, hence = a deformed man : ace. to others from chrvtien, a Christian, because incapable of sinning, being an idiot.] cretinism, kre'tin-izm, «., tlie cofidition of a cretin. Crevasse, krev-as', «., a crack or split, esp. applied to a cleft in a glacier. [Fr. crevasse — crever, to burst, rive — L. crepare, to creak, crack.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. crevice Crone crevice, kreVis, «., a crack or rent ; a narrow opening. Crew, kroo, n. , a crowd or chimp of people ; a com- pany, in a bad or contemptuous sense ; a ship's company. [A.S. cread, cruth, a crowd or com- pany; W. c7-wd, a round lump.] See Crowd. Crew, kroo — did cro\/^pasi tense of Crow. Crib, krib, «., a confined space; the rack or manger of a stable ; a stall for oxen ; a child's bed ; a small cottage. — v.t. to enclose or confine ; to snatch or steal :—pr.p. cribb'ing ; pa. p. cribbed'. [A.S. crib; Ger. krippe ; Gael, crup, to crouch.] cribbage, krib'aj, 71. a game at cards in which the dealer makes up a third hand to himself partly i| by cribbing or taking from his opponent, ; Cribble, krib'l, 71. a coarse screen or sieve, used for ' sand, gravel, or corn ; coarse flour or meal— -/.A to sift or riddle. [L. cribelluTn, dim. oi cribru7>t, a sieve ; conn, with Sans, kri, to separate.] Crick, krik, n. orig. a creaking; a spasm or cramp, especially of the neck, [from Creak.] cricket, krik'et, n., the c7-icki7ig or creaking insect ; a genus of insects allied to grasshoppers, which make a chirping noise with their wing-covers. Cricket, krik'et, 71. a game usually played by two opposing parties of 11 persons each, with 2 bats, a ball, and 2 wickets of 3 stumps or staves each. — v.t. to play at cricket : — pr.p. crick'cting ; pa.p. crick'eted. [A.S. eric, a staff, a crook.] cricketer, krik'et-er, n., 07ie ivfw plays at cricket. Cried, VxiA, pa.t. and pa.p. of Cry. Crime, krim, «. lit. separatio7i, judgment ; a matter for inquiry or judgment ; a violation of law ; offence ; sin. [L. cri77te7i ; Gr. kritna, from krino, to judge ; Sans. /I'rz', to separate.] criminal, krim'in-al, adj., relating to crime; guilty of crime ; violating laws ; abandoned. — n. one guilty of crime. — cidv. crim'inally. criminality, krim-in-al'i-ti, tt., quality of being cri77ii7tal; guiltiness. criminate, krim'in-at, v.t., to charge with crime; to accuse : — pr.p. crim'inating ; pa.p. crim'inated. crimination, krim-in-a'shun, 71., act ofcri77iinating; accusation. _ [ation or accusation ; accusing. criminatory, krim'in-a-tor-i, adj ., relating to crimin- Crimp, krimp, adj. lit. easily cru7/ibled ; contracted ; ridged.— r/.i'., to contract ; to ridge ; to wrinkle ; to plait ; to make crisp; to seize or decoy : — pr.p, crimp'ing ; pa.p. crimped'. — n. one who decoys another into the naval or military service. [A.S. a€ry7nma7i, to crumble ; Ger. krif>2pen, to shrink ; W. crimpian, to raise in ridges.] crimple, krimp'l, v. t. to contract or draw together ; to plait ; to curl : —pr.p. crimpling ; pa.p. crimp'led. [dim. of Crimp.] Crimson, krim'zn, n. a deep red colour, tinged with blue ; red in general. — adj. of a deep red colour. — v.t. to dye crimson. — v.i. to become crimson ; to blush :—pr.p. crim'soning ; pa.p. crim'soned. [old E. crimosyn ; It. kremisino ; from Ar. kemtez ( = Sans, krimi, L. ver/7iis, E. worTn), the cochineal insect, from which it is made.] Cringe, krinj, v.i., to bend; to crouch with servility; to submit ; to fawn ; to flatter :—/r./. cring'ing ; pa.p. cringed'. [A. S. crincan, cri7iga7i ; con- nected with Crank, weak.] cringeling, krinj'ling, n., one who cringes. Crinite, krl'nlt, adj'., Jiairy ; in bot., resembling a tuft of hair. [L. crinitus, provided with hair — crinis, hair.] crinoline, krin'o-lln, n. a lady's stiff petticoat. originally made of fiair-cloth, but now expanded by hoops, S:c. [Fr. crin, L. cri/iis, hair, and lin, L. linitfn, flax.] Crinkle. See under Crank. Cripple, krip1, «, lit. a creeper; a lame person. — adj. lame. — v.t. to make lame ; to deprive of the power of exertion -.—pr.p. cripp'ling ; pa.p. cripp'led. [from root of Creep.] Crisis, kri'sis, n. lit., a separating, a deciding; point or time for deciding anything — i. e., when it must either terminate or take a new course ; the decisive moment. — -//. Crises, kri'sez. [Gr. krisis, from kri7id. Sans, kri, to separate.] criterion, kri-te'ri-on, 71., a i7ieans or standard of judging; a test ; a rule. [Gr. kriterion, from krites, a judge — kri7io.'] critic, krit'ik, «., one who judges or examines into the merit of productions in literature, the fine arts, &c.; a fault-finder. [Gr. kritikos — k7^7td.] critical, krit'ik-al, adj. ,discer7ting, judging ; relat- ing to criticism ; skilled in judging literary and other productions ; discriminating ; accurate ; captious : indicating a crisis ; decisive ; important. — adv. crit'ically. criticise, krit'i-sTz, v.t., to exa77tine and JTidge ; to pass judgment on ; to censure '.—pr.p. criticising ; pa.p. crit'iclsed. criticism, krit'i-sizm, n. , tJie art or science of criti- cising or judging, esp. in literature or the fine arts; a critical judgment or observation. critique, kri-tek', n., a criticis7n or critical examin- ation of any production ; a review. [Fr.] Crisp, krisp, adj. lit. curled, wrinkled; so dry as to be crumbled easily; brittle. — v.t. to curl or twist; to make wslyy '-—pr-p. crisp'ing; pa.p. crisped'. — adv. crisp'ly. — «. crisp'ness. [A.S. cirps; old Fr. crespe; L. crispiis.^ crispy, krisp'i, adj. , curled or curly ; brittle. Criterion, Critic, &c. See under Crisis. Croak, krok, v.i. to utter a low rough sound as a frog or raven ; to grumble ; to forbode evil : — pr.p. croak'ing ; /«./. croaked'. — «. the sound of a frog or raven. [A.S. craceta7t ; Ger. krdchzeTi: \j.crocio ; Gr. krozo : from the sound.] — w.croak'er. Crochet, kro'sha, «. fancy knitting made by means of a S77iall Iwok. [Fr., from croc, W. crog, a hook.] Crock, krok, 71. (obsolete) a narrow-necked earthen vessel or pitcher ; a cup. [A.S. croc ; Ger. krug ; W. crochan, a pot ; Gael, krog, a pitcher.] crockery, krok'er-i, «., a 7iu7nber of crocks ; earthen- ware ; vessels formed of baked clay. Crocodile, krok'o-dll, 7t. a large amphibious reptile inhabiting the large rivers of Asia and Africa, so called from its resembling a lizard. [Fr. ; L. crocodibis ; Gr. krokodeilos, a lizard.] Crocus, kro'kus, n. a genus of early plants with beautiful flowers, one species of which produces saffron. [L. crocus ; Gr. krokos ; Gael, crock.] Croft, kroft, w. a small enclosed piece of arable land adjoining a country house ; a small farm. [A.S. croft; Gael, croit, a croft.] Cromlech, krom'lek, n. lit. a bending or inclined fiat stone; a rude structure of two or more un- hewn upright stones supporting a large flat stone, found in various parts of the world, and supposed to be sepulchres. [\V. cromlech — crom, bending, bent, and llech, a flat stone.] Crone, kron, «. lit. a crooftingor groa7ti7ig sound ; aa old woman, usually in contempt. [Gael, cronan, Scot, crone, croon, a. hollow, continued moan.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. crony crony, kron'i, n. an old and intimate companion. Crook, krook, n. lit. what is contracted or bent; a hook ; a bend ; a staff bent at the end, as a shep- herd's or bishop's; an artifice or trick.— i'.^'. to bend or form into a hook ; to turn from the straight line or from what is right. — v.i. to bend or be bent : — pr./i. crook'ing ; pa. p. crooked'. [W. crog-, a hook ; Ice. kraki; Dutch, krokc, a fold or ^vrinkle ; connected with Crouch.] crooked, krook'ed, adj., bent like a crook; not straight ; deviating from rectitude, perverse. — adz'. crook'edly. — ;«. crook'edneas. Crop, krop, «. lit. a round knob ; all the produce of a field of grain ; anything gathered or cropped ; the craw of a bird. — v.t. to cut off the top or ends ; to cut short or close ; to mow, reap, or gather :—/r./. cropp'ing; pa.p. cropped'. [A.S. crop ; Dutch, crop, the knob of'the throat ; Gael. crap, cnap, a knob; W. crob, a round hunch.] crop out, V. i. to appear above the surface ; to come to light. Croquet, kruTca, n. a game in which two or more players try to drive wooden balls, by means of long-handled mallets, through a series of arches set in the ground. [?] Crosier. See under Cross. Cross, kros, «., a gibbet on which malefactors were hung, consisting of two pieces of timber, one placed crosswise on the other, either thus t or X ; the instrument on which Christ suffered, and thus the symbol of the Christian religion : the suffer- ings of Christ ; anything that crosses or thwarts ; adversity or affliction in general: a crossing or mixing of breeds, esp. of cattle. — v.t. to mark with a cross: to lay one body or draw one line across another ; to cancel by drawing cross lines : to pass from side to side ; to obstruct ; to thwart ; to interfere with; to perplex. — v.i. to lie or be athwart ; to move or pass from place to place : — ^r.p. cross'ing ; /a./, crossed'. [It. crocc; Fr. croix ; L. crux, orig. an upright post to which latterly a cross piece was added; conn, with Crook by Gael, crocatt, a hook, crock, hung ; Ir. crochaitn, to hang, crock, a gallows.] cross, kros, adj. , lying across ; transverse ; oblique ; opposite ; adverse ; ill-tempered ; interchanged. — adv. cross'ly. — n. cross'ness. crossbill, kros'bil, it. a genus of birds resembling bullfinches, linnets, &c. with the mandibles of the bill crossing each other near the points. crossbow, kros'bo, «. a weapon for shooting arrows, formed of a bozv placed cross7uise on a stock. cross-examine, kros-egz-am'in, v.t. to test the evi- dence of a witness hy subjecting him to an ex- amination by the opposite party. — n. cross- ezamina'tion. cross-grained, kros'-grand, adj., having the grain or fibres crossed or intertwined : perverse ; con- trary' ; imtractable. crossing, kros'ing, «., act of going across ; a thwart- ing ; a place for passing from one side to the other. crosslet, kros'let, n., a little cross. cross-question, kros'-kwest-yun,r'.j'.to cross-examine. cross-trees, kros'-trcz, n. pieces of timber p-laced across the upper end of the lower masts and top- masts of a ship. cross-way, kros'-wa, «., a zvay that crosses another. crosswise, kros'wTz, ot^v., crossways ; in the form of a cross; across. crosier, krO'zher, n. a staff surmounted by a cross carried before bishops on solemn occasions, [low L. crocia — L. cnix, a cross.] crown-glass cruBade, kro5-sad', «. a military expedition under the banner of the cross to recover the Holy Land from the Turks ; any romantic or hope- less undertaking. [Fr. croisade — croix, a cross.] crusader, kroc5-sad'er, «., one engaged in a crusade. Crotch, kroch, n. lit. a crook or hook; the angle formed by the crossing or intersection of two legs or branches. [Fr. croc, a hook.] See Crook. crotchet, kroch'et, n. lit. a sviall hook ; a note in music, equal to half a minim, i ; a crooked or perverse fancy ; a whim or conceit. [Fr. crocJiet, diminutive of croc, a hook.] See Crochet. crotchety, kroch'et-i, adj., having crotchets or peculiarities ; whimsical. Croton, kro'ton, «. a genus of tropical plants, pro- ducing a brownish-yellow oil, having a hot biting taste. [Gr. kroton, a tick or mite, which the seed of the plant resembles.] Crouch, krouch, v.i., to crook or bow ; to squat or lie close to the ground ; to cringe ; to fawn : — pr.p. crouch'ing ; pa. p. crouched'. [Ice. krokinn, crooked, bowed down ; W. cnvcan, to bend.] Croup, kroop, n. lit. a croaking hoarseness; a severe disease in the throat of children, accom- panied by a hoarse cough. [Ice. hropa, to cry ; Scot, roj/p, cfvup, hoarseness : from the sound.] Croup, kroop, «., a crop or hump ; the rump of a fowl ; the buttocks of a horse ; the place behind the saddle. [Yr. crotepe ; li.groppa; Ica.gryppa, hunch, hump : allied to Crop.] crupper, krup'er, «., the croup; a strap of leather fastened to the saddle and passing under the horse's tail to keep the saddle in its place. croupier, kroo'pi-er, n. one who sits at the croup or lower end of the table as assistant-chairman at a public dinner ; a vice-president ; he who watches the cards and collects money at a gaming-table. Crow, kro, n. a large bird, generally black, which utters a croaking sound ; the cr^^ of a cock ; a boast ; a large iron bar or lever with a claw, some- ^\•hat like tlie beak of a croxv, also called crowbar. — v.i., to croak; to cry as a cock, in joy or defi- ance ; to boast ; to swagger : — pr.p. crow'ing ; j>a.t. crew (kroo; or crowed'; pa.p. crowed'. [A.S. craiv, a crow : from the sound.] crowbar, kro'biir, «. See under Crow. crowfoot, kro'foot, «. a common weed, the flower of which is like a cro-ws/oot. Crowd, krowd, «. lit. a lump; a number of persons or things closely pressed together, without order : the rabble; multitude. — v.t. to gather into a lump or crowd ; to fill by pressing or driving together ; to encumber by numbers. — v.i. to press together in numbers ; to swarm : — pr.p. crowd'- ing; pa.p. crowd'ed. [A.S. cread, cruth; W. crzvd, a round lump ; Dutch, kruyden, to thrust, to push ; connected with Curd, Crew.] Crown, krown, n. lit. a circle, something round, a garland; the diadem or state-cap of royalty; regal power : honour ; reward : the top of any- thing, esp. of the head ; completion ; accomplish- i ment : a 5J. piece stamped with a croivn.—v.i. to / cover or invest with a crown ; to invest with royal \ dignity : to adorn ; to dignify : to complete ; to \ perfect :^pr.p. crown'ing ; pa.p. crowned'. [Fr. I couronne; L. corona; Gr. korone; W. cr-ojn, \ Gael, cruinn, round.] _ | crown-glass, krown'-glas, n. a kind oivAn^ow-glass, formed in circular plates or discs. fate, far; me, her; mine; mOte ; mute; moon; Men. crown-prince crown-prince, krown'-prins, n., iJie prince who succeeds to the crown. Cmcial, kroo'shi-al, (uij.,crossivise or in the form of a cross ; running across ; testing, searching, from the practice of marking a testing instance with a cross to draw attention to it. [Fr. crucial, from L. crtcx, cri(cis, a cross.] See Cross. cruciferous, kroo-sifer-us, adj. in bof., bearmg {our petals in the form of a cross. [L. crux, and J'cro, to bear.] cruciform, kroo'si-form, adj., in the form of a cross. crucify, kroo'si-fl, v. t. to put to death hyjixing the hands and feet to a cross ; to subdue completely ; to mortify : — pr.p. cruc'ifying ; pa. p. cruc'ified. [Fr. crucijier; L. crucifigo, crucijixus—crux , 2a\AJigo, to fix.] {fixed to the cross. crucifix, kroo'si-fiks, n. a figure or picture of Christ crucifixion, kroo-si-fik'shun, n., act of crticifying; death on the cross, especially that of Christ. Crucible. See under Cruet. Crude, krood, adj. lit. bloody, raw, imripe ; in a natural state ; unaltered by any artificial process ; rough ; not reduced to order or form ; unfinished ; imdigested ; immature. — adv. crude'ly- — ^i- crude'- ness. [L. crudiis, bloody — cruor, blood.] crudity, krood'i-ti, ;/., state of being crude; raw- ness ; unripeness ; that which is crude. cruel, kroo'el, adj., bloody, blood-tliirsty ', disposed to inflict pain, or pleased at suffering ; void of pity, merciless, savage. — adv. cru'eUy. [Fr. crtiel; L. crjidelis — crudus.] cruelty, kroo'el-ti, n., quality of being cruel; dis- position to cause pain ; barbarity ; a cruel act. Cruet, kroo'et, «., a sjnall jar or phial for sauces and condiments. [Fr. cruchette, dim. oicruche, ajar, from root of Crock.] cruise, cruse, krooz, n., an earthen pot ; a small cup or bottle. [Fr. creuset, from root of Crock.] crucible, kroo'si-bl, «., aft earthetipot, for melting ores, metals, &c. [low L. crucibuliun, from root of Crock.] Cruise, krooz, v.i., to cross or sail crosswise; to sail to and fro ; to rove on the sea : — pr.p. cruis'ing ; ^a.p. cruised'. — n. a sailing to and fro ; a voyage in various directions in search of an enemy, or for the protection of vessels. — n. cruis'er. [Ger. kreuzoi, from L. crux, a cross.] Crumb, krum, «. , a small bit or morsel of bread ; the soft part of bread. [A.S. crume, Gael. criomS crumble, krum'bl, v.t. to break into crumbs. — v.i. to fall into small pieces ; to decay ; to perish : —pr.p. crum'bling; pa. p. crum'bled. [dim. of Crumb; Dutch, kruimelen ; Ger. kn'imeln.l crummy, krum'i, adj., full of crumbs ; soft. crumpet, krum'pet, 71. a kind of crummy or soft cake or muffin. Crump, krump, adj., hmnped ; shrunk; crooked; wrinkled. [A.S. crmnb ; Ger. krujnm; Scot. cruminy, a cow with a crumpled horn.] crumple, krump'l, v.t., to make crump or wrinkled ; to mark with or draw into folds or wrinkles ; to crease. — v.i. to become wrinkled ; to contract or shrink '.—pr.p. crump'ling ; pa.p. crump'led. Crunch, krunch, v. t. a form of Craunch. Cnipper. See under Croup. Crural, kroo'ral, adj. belonging to or shaped like a leg. [L. criiralis, from crus, cruris, the leg.] Crusade, &c. See under Cross. Cruse. See under Cruet. Crush, krush, v.t. to break or bruise with a crash- Cube ing noise ; to squeeze together ; to neat dowTi _or overwhelm ; to subdue ; to ruin :— /r./. crush'- ing; pa.p. crushed'. — n., a crash; a violent: collision and crushing; ruin. [It. crosciare ; Sw. krossa; connected with Crash and Craze: frons the sound of bruising.] Crust, krust, n., iJie hard rind or outside coating of anything ; the outer part of bread ; covering of a pie, S:c. ; in geol., the solid exterior of the earth. — v.t. to cover with a crust or hard case. — v.i. to gather into a hard crust ; to form into a crust on the surface :^;>r./. crust'ing ; pa.p. crust'ed. [L. crusta; Ger. kruste ; W. crest, from cresu, to harden by heat : perhaps connected with Rusk.] crusty, krust'i, adj. of the nature of, or havifig a- cmst ; having a hard or harsh exterior ; hard ; snappy; surly. — adv. crust'ily. — n. crnst'iness. Crustacea, krus-ta'shi-a, 7i.pl. a class of animals whose bodies are covered with a C7~ust-like shell covering, such as lobsters, shrimps, and crabs. crustaceous, krus-ta'shi-us, crustacean, krus-ta'shi-an, adj., pertai7ii7tg to the Crustacea, or shell-fish. crustacean, krus-ta'shi-an, «. one of the crjistacea. crustated, krus-ta'ted, adj., covered with a crust. crustation, krus-ta'shun, n. an adherent crust. Crutch, kruch, «. a staff with a cross-piece at the head to place under the arm of a lame person ; any support like a crutch. — v.t. to support on crutches ; to prop -.—pr.p. crutch'ing ; pa.p. crutched'. [A.S. eric; Ger. krnicke; It. gruccia; from L. crux, crucis, a cross.] Cry, krT, v.i. to utter a shrill loud sound, esp. one expressive of pain or grief; to lament; to weep : to bawl. — v.t. to utter loudly; to proclaim or make public : — pr.p. cry 'ing ; pa.t. a.ndpa.p. cried'. — «. any loud sound ; particular sound uttered by an animal ; bawling ; lamentation ; weeping ; prayer ; clamour. — pi. Cries. [Fr. crier; It. gridat-e ; L. guiritare, to scream; A.S. gmta7t ; Sans, gri, to call: from the sound.] Crypt, kript, 71. an underground cell or chapel, especially one used for burial. [Fr. crypte ; from Gr. krypto, to hide.] [secret; unseen. crjrptic, krip'tik, cryptical, krip'tik-al, adj., hidden; Cryptogamia, krip-to-ga'mi-a, «. the class of flower- less plants or those which have th^ir fructifica- tion concealed. [Gr. kryptos, concealed, and gamos, marriage.] cryptogamic, krip-to-gam'ik, ciyptogamous, krip- tog'a-mus, adj. pertaining to the Cryptogajnia. Crystal, kris'tal, «. orig. ice; a superior kind o£ glass; in che7n., a piece of matter which has assumed a definite geometrical form, with plane faces. [L. crystalhis, from Gr. krystallos, ice — kyyos,^ icy cold.] crystal, kris'tal, crystalline, kris'tal-Tn, adj., consist- i7!g of or like cyystal, in clearness, &c. crystallise, kris'tal-Iz, v.t., to redttce to the form of a crystal. — v.i. to assume a crystalline form : — pr.p. crystallTs'ing ; pa.p. crystallised'. crystallisation, kris-tal-Tz-a'shun, 71., the act of cry s- tallisifzg; the body formed by crystallising. crystallography, kris-tal-log'ra-fi, «., the science of crystallisation. [Gr. krystallos, grapho, to write.] Cub, kub, 7t. the young of certain animals, as foxes, &c. ; a whelp ; a young boy or girl (in contempt). —v.i. to bring forth young :—-/r./. cubb'ing; pa.p. cubbed'. [Ice. kobbi, a seal, a sea-calf] Cube, kub, 71., a solid square ; a body of six sides, each having the same extent of surface ; the third power of a number, as— 2 X 2 X 2 = 8. — v.t. to fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; ^/zen. cubature raise to the third power \—pr.p. cub'ing ; pa.p. cubed'. [Fr. cube, L. cubus, Gr. kubos, a die.] cubature, kub'a-tur, «., the act of finding the solid or cubic content of a body ; the result thus found. cubic, kub'ik, cubical, kub'ik-al, adj., Jiaving the for7n of, or th.it may be or is contained in, a CJibe.—adv. cub'icaUy. cubiform, kub'i-form, adj., in the form of a athe. cuboid, kub-oid', cuboidal, kub-oid'al, adj. resem- bling a cube in shape. [Gr. kubos, eidos, form.] Cubit, ku'bit, n. a measure employed by the ancients, equal to the length of the arm from tiie elboiv to the tip of the middle-finger. [L. cubitus, Gr. kubiton, the elbow— root cub, a bending.] Cuckoo, koo'koo, «. a bird which cries cuckoo, remarkable for laying its eggs in the nests of other birds. [Fr. coucou, 'L.cuculus, Sans, kokila.] cuckold, kuk'old, n. one who has been C7ickooed or used as some birds are by the cuckoo which lays its eggs in strange nests ; a man whose wife has proved unfaithful. — v.t. to wrong a husband by unchastity :— /r./. cuck'olding ;/«./. cuck'olded. [Fr. cocu, It. cuculo, from L. cuculus.^ Cucumber, ku'kum-ber, n. a creeping plant, with large oblong fruit used as a salad and pickle, [old Fr. co7ccombre, L. cucwnis, cucu?neris.'[ Cud, kud, n. the food brought from the first stomach of a ruminating animal back into the mouth and cheived again. [A.S. cud, a cud, a quid, what is chewed, from ceowan, to chew.] Cuddle, kud'dl, v.i,, to cruddle or crowd together; to crouch together or to lie close and snug together :—/r./. cudd'ling;/(Z./. cudd'led. [prov. E. crewdle, to crowd together.] See Crowd. Cuddle, kud'dl, v.t. to hug ; to embrace ; to fondle. — n. a close embrace, [a form of Coddle.] Cudgel, kudjel, «. a heavy staff; a club. — v.t. to beat with a cudgel -.—pr.p. cud'gelling ; pa.p. cud'gclled. [W. cogel^cog, a piece of wood.] Cudweed, kud'wed, «. the popular name for many species of plants covered with a cottony down, [probably corrupted from cottofi-iveed.'] Cue, ku, «., a queiu, or tail-like twist of hair for- merly worn at the back of the head : a rod used in playing billiards. [Fr. queue — 'L.cauda, a tail.] Cue, ku, «. the last words of an actor's speech serv- ing as a hint to the next speaker; any hint ; the part one has to play, [from the letter Q, by which the words were marked, either the first letter of L. gua?ido, when, or oi qualis, what (word).] Cuff, kuf, «., a stroke with the open hand. — v.t. to strike with the open hand : — pr.p. cuff'ing ; pa. p. cuffed'. [Sw. kufjfa, to knock, conn, with It. schiaffo, L. and Gr. colaphos, Scot. cluff.\ Cuff, kuf, n. that part of a sleeve which is turned back from, and thus forms a kind o{ covering iox, the hand. [prob. from Fr. coijjfe, head-dress.] Cuirass, kwi-ras', or kwi', «. a defensive covering for the breast orig. made of leather, afterwards of iron fastened with straps and buckles, &c. [Fr. cuirasse, low L. ctiratia — L. coriunt, skin, leather; Yr. cuir.\ \cuirass. cuirassier, kwi-ras-er', n. a soldier armed with a Culdee, kul'de, w. lit. a -worshipper of God ; one of a number of monks who formerly lived in Scot- land, Ireland, and Wales, [a corr. of L. Cultores Dei, worshippers of God.] Culinary, ku'lln-ar-i, adj ., pertaining to the kitchen or to cookery ; used in the kitchen. [L. culin- arius, from culina, a kitchen.] Cumin Cull, kul, v.t., to collect or gatJur iogetJur; to select ; to pick out -.—pr.p. cuU'ing ; pa.p. culled'. [Fr. cueillir, to gather — L. colligo, to collect — col, together, and lego, to gather.] Cullender. See Colander. Cullion, kul'yun, «. a wretch ; a cowardly fellow. [Fr. colon, a dastard, a poltroon; It. coglione, the testicle — L. colcus.'\ cully, kul'li, «. (a contr. of Cullion) a mean dupe. — v.t. to deceive meanly :—j^r./. cuU'ying; pa.p. cul'lied. Culm, kulm, n., the stalk or straw of corn or stem of grasses. [L. culmus, a stalk or stem.] culmiferous, kul-mif'er-us, adj., bearing stalks or stems. [L. culmus, a stalk, andy^r^, to bear.] Culminate, kul'min-at, v.i., to come to tJie top; to be vertical or at the highest point of altitude : — pr.p. cul'minating; pa.p. cul'minated. [low L. culmifio, from L. culmen, properly columen, a mountain-top, a summit.] culmination, kul-min-a'shun, «., act of culminating; the top or highest point ; in ast-ron., transit, or passage of a body across the meridian or highest point for the day. Culpable, kul'pa-bl, adj., deserving blatne ; faulty, criminal. — adv. culpably. [L. culpabilis, worthy of blame — culpo, to blame — culpa, a fault.] culpability, kul-pa-bil'i-ti, culpableness, kul'pa-bl-nes, n., state of being culpable ; liability to blame. culprit, kul'prit, «., one culpable or in fault ; a criminal ; in Eng. law, a prisoner accused but not tried, [prob. for culpit, from a supposed old E. verb to culpe, old Fr. culper — L. culpa, a fault : or for culpat, from old law L. culpatus, a person accused.] Cultivate, kul'ti-vat, v.i., ti> till or produce by tillage ; to prepare for crops ; to devote attention to ; to civilise or refine :^pr.p. cul'tivating ; pa.p. cul'tivated. — «. cul'tivator. [low L. cultivo, cul- tivatum — L. colo, cultum, to till.] cultivation, kul-ti-vfi'shun, «., the act, art, or prac- tice ^<:K/i'/i'rt/w/^; civilisation; refinement. _ culture, kul'tur, n. , atltivation ; the state of being cultivated ; advancement or refinement the result of cultivation.— e/.z". to cultivate; to improve :— pr.p. cul'turing ; pa.p. cul'tured. [L. culiura.'\ Cultrate, kul'trat, adj. shaped like a coulter or pruning-knife. [L. cultratus — culter, plough- share.] See Colter. Culver, kul'ver, n., a dove. [A.S. culfre.\ Culver, kul'ver, Culverin, kul'ver-in, n. an ancient cannon, so called from its long, thin, serpent-like shape, or from its being ornamented with the figures of serpents. [Fr. coulevrine, from coul- euvre, L. coluber, a serpent.] Culvert, kul'vert, n. an arched passage under a road or canal used as a water-course, &c. [probably from Fr. convert, covered.] See Cover, Cumber, kum'ber, v.t., to cutmdate or heap -upon; to hinder by loading ; to retard, perplex, trouble : — P^-P- cum'bering ; pa.p. cum'bered. [low L. combrtts, a mound; Fr. combler, Ger. kumber, to heap — L. cumuhis, a heap.] cumbersome, kum'ber-sum, adj. cumbering; burdeu- soine ; troublesome. cumbrance, kum'brans, 7t., encumbrance. cumbrous, kum'brus, adj., aonbering ; hindering; obstructing ; hea\'3- ; giving trouble. — adv. cum'- brously. — n. cum'brousness. Cumin, Cummin, kum'in, n. a plant, the seeds of xo6 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; ^/ien. Cumulate which are valuable for their carminative quali- ties. [Fr. cumin, L. cuminum, Heb. kanivion.^ |t Cumulate, kum'u-lat, v.t., to heap together; to ac- [^ cumulate '•—pr.p. cum'ulating ; pa. p. cum'ulated. [L. cuntulo, -atmn — czitnubis, a heap.] cumulation, kum'u-la-shun. Same as Accumulation. cumulative, kum'u-la-tiv, adj. consisting of parts i?t a heap; increasing by successive additions. Cuneal, ku'ne-al, Cuneate, ku'ne-at, Cuneiform, ku- ne'i-form, Cuniform, ku'ni-form, adj., of the form of a wedge. [L. cuneus, a wedge.] Cunning, kun'ing, adj., knowing; skilful; artful; crafty. — «. knowledge; skill ; faculty of using strat- agem to accomplish a purpose. — adv. ciuin'ingly. [A.S. cunnan, Scot, ken, Ger. kennen, to know.] Cup, kup, n., a ro7ind hoHotvvessel us&d. to contain liquid ; a drinking-vessel ; the liquid contained in a cup : that which we must receive or undergo ; afflictions; blessings. — v.t. to extract blood from the body by means of cupping-glasses from which the air has been exhausted '.—pr.p. cupp'ing •,pa.p. cupped'. [Fr. coupe, It. coppa, A.S. ctippa, Ger. kopf, a cup, the head ; L. cupa, cuppa, a tub.] cupboard, kup'bord, or kub'burd, n., a receptacle for ctips ; a place for keeping victuals, dishes, &c. [Cup, and A.S. bicr, a bower, receptacle.] Cupid, ku'pid, n, the god of love. [L. C^tpido — C7(pio, to desire.] cupidity, ku-pid'i-ti, n., eager desire for; covetous- ness ; lust after. [L. cupiditas — cupidus — cupio.'\ Cupola, ku'po-Ia, n. , a C7ip-sJiaped vault on the sum- mit of a tower or steeple ; a dome. [It. ; Fr. coupole — cojtpe, a cup. See Cup.] Cupreous. See under Copper. Cur, kur, n., a stnall dog ; a degenerate dog, from cross-breeding; a churlish fellow. [Dutch, korre, W. cor, a dwarf, anything small of its kind.] Curable, Curacy, Curate, &c. See under Cure. Curb, kurb, v.t., lit. to curve or bend; to bend to one's will ; to subdue ; to restrain or check : to furnish with or guide by a curb :—pr.p. curb'ing; pa. p. curbed'.— «. that which curbs ; a check or hindrance ; a chain or strap attached to the bit of a bridle for restraining the horse. [Fr. cour- ber, from L. citrvo — czirvjts, crooked, bent.] curb-stone, kurb'-ston, n. a stone placed edgeways against earth or stone-work to prevent its giving way. Curd, kurd, «., ?nilk thickened or coagulated ; the cheese part of milk, as distinguished from the whey. [Scot, cnuis ; Gael, gruth; Ir. criith, curd, cmthaitn, I milk : conn, with Crowd.] curdle, kurd'l, v.i., to turn into C7ird; to congeal ; to thicken. — v.t. to cause to turn into curd, or to congeal -.—pr-p. curd'ling ; pa.p. curd'led. curdy, kurd'i, adj., like ox full of ctird. Cure, kur, n. lit. care ; attendance or attention : care of souls or spiritual charge; the district where a spiritual charge is exercised : care of the sick ; act of healing ; that which heals ; a remedy. . — v.t. to care for or attend to; to heal; to preserve, as by drying, salting, &c. -.—pr.p. curing ; pa.p. cured'. [L. cura, solicitude, care.] [ability. curable, kur'a-bl, adj., that may be cured. — n. cur- curate, ku'rat, 71., one who has the cure or care of souls, so in Pr. Bk. ; a clergyman in the Church of England who performs the duties of a rector or vicar. [Fr. cure; It. c7crato : low L. curatus,'] curacy, ku'ra-si, «., tlie office, employment, or bene- fice of a cjtrate. Curry curative, ku'ra-tiy, adj., relating to tJu cure of diseases ; tending to cure. curator, ku-ra'tor, n., one who has the care of any- thing ; a superintendent ; one appointed by law as guardian. [be cured. cureless, kur^les, adj., witJiout cure; that cannot curious, ku'ri-us, adj. lit. careful; anxious to learn ; mquisitive : shewing great care or nicety ; skil- fully made : singular ; rdiXft.—adv. cu'rioualy.— «. cu'riousness. [Fr. curieux ; L. curiosus—cura.'] curiosity, ku-ri-os'i-ti, n., state or quality of being curious; inquisitiveness : that which is curious ; anything rare or unusual. Curfew, kur'fu, n. lit. cover fire ; in feudal times the ringing of a bell at 8 o'clock, as a signal to cover or put out z\\ fires and lights. [Fr. couvre- feu, from co7ivrir, to cover, andyi-w, fire.] Curiosity, Curious. See under Cure. Curl, kurl, v.t. to twist into ringlets ; to coil. — v.i. to shrink into ringlets ; to rise in undulations ; to writhe ; to ripple ; to play at the game of Q.\s.rX\n'g:—pr.p. curl'ing ; pa.p. curled. — «. a ringlet of hair, or what is like it; a wave, bend- ing, or twist, [orig. crull; Dutch, krullen, Dan. krolle, to curl.] [cur'liness. curly, kur'li, adj., having C7irls ; full of curls. — n. curling, kur'ling, «. a game, common in Scotland, consisting in hurling heavy stones along a sheet of ice, like playing at bowls. Curlew, kur'Iu, n. one of the wading-birds having a very long slender bill and legs^ and a short tail. \Yr. corlieu; probably from its cry.] Curmudgeon, kur-muj'un, 7i. lit. a corn-merchant ; an avaricious, ill-natured fellow ; a miser. — adv. curmudgeonly, [old E. cornm7idgi?t, a corrup- tion of corn-merchant, because they were supposed to keep up the price of corn by their avarice.] Currant, kur'rant, n. lit. a Corinth (raisin) ; a small kind of raisin or dried grape, imported from the Levant ; the fruit of several garden shrubs, [from Cori7tth, in Greece.] Current, kur'rent, adj., naming or flowing ; pass- ing from person to person : generally received : now passing; present. — «., a run7ii7ig or fow- i7ig; a stream ; a portion of water or air moving in a certain direction ; course. — adv. cur'rently. [L. currens, crcrrentis — C7irro, cursus, to run.] currency, kur'ren-si, «., state or quality of being current ; circulation ; that which circulates, as the money of a country : general estimation. curricle, kur'ri-kl, n. lit. a running or race-course; a two-wheeled open chaise, drawn by two horses abreast ; a chariot. [L. C7irricul7im, from curro.] curriculum, kiu'-rik'u-lum, ?i., a C07irse or career, especially the course of study at a university. cursive, kur'siv, adj., rttnning; flowing. cursory, kur'sor-i, adj. lit. r7inning; hasty ; super- ficial ; careless. — adv. cur'sorily. Curry, kur'ri, n. a kind of sauce or seasoning much used in India and elsewhere, and com- pounded of pepper, ginger, and other spices ; a stew mixed with curry-powder. [Pers. khUrdi, broth, juicy meats, from khUrdan, to eat.] Curry, kur'ri, v.t., to prepare or make ready; to dress tanned leather ; to rub down and dress a horse ; to beat ; to scratch : — pr.p. cur'ry'mg;pa.p. cur'ried. — To curry favour, to seek favour by flat- tery. [Fr. corroyer; It. corredare ; conn, with A. S.ge-rczdiaft ; Ice. reida, to set out ; T)2di.rede, to make ready : or from L. coriu7n, skin, hide.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th&n.. currier currier, kur'ri-er, «., one who curries or dresses tanned leather. Curse, kurs, v.t. to invoke or wish evil upon, by the sign of the cross ; to devote to perdition ; to vex or torment. — ZJ.i. to utter imprecations ; to swear: — ^r.p. curs'ing ; /«./. cursed'. — u. the invoca- tion or wishing of evil or harm upon ; evil invoked on another; torment. — w. curs'er. [A.S. cursiau, corsia7i — curs, a curse; from root of Croas.] cursed, kurs'ed, adj., under a curse; deserving a curse ; blasted by a curse ; hateful. Cursive, Cursory. See under Current. Curt, kurt, adj., short ; concise. — adv. curt'ly. — 71. curt'ness. {L. curtus, shortened; Sans. /tr/V, to cut, separate.] curtail, kur-tfd', z'.t., to C7it short ; to cutoff a part; to abridge: — pr.p. curtail'ing; /«./. curtailed'. [Fr. court, L. curtus, and Fr. tailler, to cut.] Curtain, kui^tin, n. lit. that which e ncloses or forins a court ; a hanging cloth used to hang round and enclose a bed, &c. : the part of a rampart between two bastions. — v.t. to enclose, or furnish with curtains : — f>r./>. cur'taining ; i>a.p. cur'tained. [Fr. court ine; low L. cortina ; from L. cars, cortis, a place enclosed, a court.] Curtsy, kurt'si. Same as Courtesy. Curve, kur\', adj., crooked ; bent round. — «. any- thing hent ; a bent line; an arch. — v.t., to bend; to form into a curve '.^pr.p. curv'ing ; pa.p. and adj. curved'. [L. curvus.\ curvated, kur'vil-ted, adj., curved or bent in a regu- lar form. [L. curvo, curvatus, to bend.] curvature, kur'va-tfir, n., a cunnng or bc7u{i7ig ; the continual bending or the amount of bending from a straight line. [L. curvati^ra.] curvet, kurVet, «. a certain leap of a horse in which he gives his body a ctcn-e ; a leap or frolic. — v.i. to leap in curvets ; to leap ; to frisk : —pr.f'. cur/eting ; pa. p. curv'eted. curvilinear, kur-vi-lin'i-ar, curvilineal, kur-vi-lin'i-al, adj., pertaining to or bounded by curved lines. [L. curvits, and li7ica, a line.] Cushat, koosh'at, ;/. the ring-dove or wood-pigeon, [prov. E. cowshot ; A.S. cjesccote.] Cushion, koosh'un, n. a case filled with some soft, elastic stuff, for resting on ; a pillow. — 7'.t. to seat on or furnish with a cushion : — pr.p. cush'ioning; pa. p. cush'ioncd. [Fr. coussin. It. cusci7W, from L. culciti7iu»t, dim. oi culcita, mattress.] Cusp, kusp, «., a point ; the point or horn of the moon, Sic. [L. cuspis, a point.] cuspidate, kus'pi-dat, cuspidated, kus'pi-dat-ed, adj. ill bot., having a sharp end oi point. [L. cttspi- datus — cuspis.] Custard, kus'tard, «. a composition of milk, eggs, i\:c. sweetened and flavoured. [\V. nustard, from caws, cheese, curd ; L. casetis, cheese.] custard-apple, kus'tard-ap'pl, «., t/ie //idt of a W. I udian tree, having an eatable pulp, likeacustard. Custody, kus'tu-di, ;/., a watching or g7tardi7ig; care; security; imprisonment. [L. custodia, from custos, custodis, a watcher or keeper.] custodial, kus-to'di-al, adj., pertaining to custody. custodian, kus-tO'di-an, n., one who has custody or care, especially of some public building. Custom, kus'tum, «. what one is accustomed to do ; usage ; frequent repetition of the same act ; the act or habit repeated : a frequenting of a shop to buy goods ; regular trade or business : a ta.x on goods. — pi. duties imposed on imports and c.\- Cyclopsedia ports. [Fr. coutiime; It. costtnne ; L. cojisuetudo — co/tsucsco, C07ts2ietu7n, to accustom.] customary, kus'tum-ar-i, adj., accordi7ig to or &%ta.h- lishcd by citsto/n ; holding or held by custom. — adv. cus'tomarily. — ;/. cus'tomariness. customer, kus'tum-er, «., 07ie accusto77iedto frequent a certain place of business ; a buyer. custom-house, kus'tum-hous, «. the place where custoi/is or duties on exports and imports are collected, and vessels are entered and cleared. Cut, kut, v.t. to make an incision ; to cleave or pass tlirough ; to divide ; to carve or hew : to wound or hurt; to affect deeply: to castrate. — v.i. to divide or pass through ; to be severed :—Pr.p. cutt'ing ; pa.t. and pa. p. cut. — «., a little piece or what is cut off; the act of cutting: a stroke or blow ; a cleft ; a wound : an engraved block, or the picture from it : a short or near passage : manner of cutting ; form or fashion. [W. czuta, short, cwtt, a little piece ; Ir. cutaich, to curtail.] cutter, kut'er, «., the pcrso7i or thing tliat C7its : a front cutting tooth ; a small swift vessel with one mast and sharp bows that cut ihtt water. cutting, kut'ing, 71. , a dividing or lopping off ; an incision ; a piece cut off ; a twig. cut-water, kut'waw-ter, «. the fore part of a ship's prow that cuts the water. Cuticle, ku'ti-kl, «., the ski/i; the outermost or thin skin. [L. C7itic7ila, dim. oi cutis, the skin.] cutaneous, ku-ta'ne-us, adj., belongi7ig to the ski7t. cuticular, ku-tik'u-lar, adj., belonging to t/ie cuticle. Cutlass, kutnas, «. lit. a S7nall hnife ; a broad cur\^- ing sword with one edge. [Fr. coutelas, from L. cultellus, dim. oi culter, a ploughshare, a knife.] cutler, kut'lcr, «., one who 77takes or sells k/iives. [Fr. coutelier, from root of Cutlase.] cutlery, kut'ler-i, «., thebusi7tess of a cutler; edged or cutting instruments in general. Cutlet, kut'let, 11. lit. a little rib; a slice of meat cut off for cooking, esp. of mutton or veal. [Fr. cotelette, dim. of cote, from L. costa, a rib.] Cuttle, kut'l. Cuttle-fish, kut'1-fish, 71. a mollusc with an oblong, depressed, sack-like body containing .a k7iife-like bone, and remarkable for its power of surrounding itself with a black inky liquid, from which sepia is made. [A.S. ciuiele ; W. gyllcll; Fr. couteau, a knife.] Cycle, sT'kl, «. lit. a ci7rle ; an interval of time in which events re-occur in a certain order; an imaginary circle or orbit in the heavens. [Gr. kyklos, a circle.] cyclic, sT'klik, cyclical, sT'klik-al, adj., pertai/ii/ig to or containing a cycle. cycloid, sT'kloid, «. a figure like a circle ; a curve made by a point in a circle, when the circle is rolled along a straight line. — adj. cycloid'al. [Gr. kyklos, and cidos, form.] cyclometry, sT-klom'et-ri, «., art of 77icasuri7ig cycles or circles. [Gr. kyklos, and 77ietro7i, a measure.] cyclone, sI'klGn, «. a circular or rotatory storm or hurricane of extended circuit, [from Gr. kyklos.] Cyclopean, sT-klG-pe';in, adj. , of or like the Cyclopes, a fabled race of giants with one cijxular eye in the middle of the forehead ; giant-like ; vast. [Gr. kyklCpeios—kyklops — kyklos, a circle,(5/j, an eye.] Cyclopaedia, Cyclopedia, sT-klo-pcdi-a, «. lit. a circle of Icar/iing ; the circle or compass of human knowledge ; a work containing information on every department, or on a particular department of knowledge. — adj. cyclopedic. [Gr. kyklos, a circle, :vcid. paideia, learning.] Z08 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; ^/:en. Cygnet Cygnet, sig'net, n., a yotmg swan. [dim. of Fr. cygne, L. cygfuis, Gr. kyknos, a swan.] Cylinder, sil'in-der, ii. a solid circular or r£'/Z?r-like body, whose ends are equal parallel circles. [Gr. kylitidros, iTom kyli/ido, to roll.] cylindric, si-lin'drik, cylindrical, si-lin'drik-al, adj., kavifig the/orju ox pivperties of a cylinder. cylindroid, sil'in-droid, n. a body like a cyli?ider, but elliptical. [Gr. kylindros, and eidos, form.] Cjrmbal, sim'bal, «., a Jiollozv brass, basin-like, musical instrument, beaten together in pairs. [L. cymbahan, from Gr. kyvibalon-. — ky»ibc, the hollow of a vessel.] Cynic, sin'ik, cynical, sin'ik-al, adj., dog-like; surly and snarling ; austere ; misanthropic. — adv. cyn'- ically. [Gr. kynikos, dog-like, from kyon, a dog.] cynicism, sin'i-sizm, n., surliness ; austerity. Cynics, sin'iks, n.pl. a sect of ancient philosophers who prided themselves on their contempt for everything that renders life pleasant. Cynosure, sin'o-shoor, or si', «., the dog's tail, a con- stellation containing the north-star ; hence, any- thing that strongly attracts attention. [Gr, kyon, kynos, a dog, oura, a tail.] Cypress, si'pres, «. an evergreen tree whose branches used to be carried at funerals ; hence, a symbol of death. [Fr. cypres; L. C2tj>rcssns ; Gr.kyj>arissos.'\ Cyst, sist, 71. lit. a cJiest ; a bag in animal bodies containing morbid matter, [from root of Chest.] Czar, zar, it. lit. a king ; the emperor of Russia. — Jem. Czarina, za-re'na, the empress of Russia. [Russ. tsayj., Croatian, zcar, czeszar, Ger, kaiser, L. ccrsar, a king or emperor.] Czarowitz, zar'o-vits, n. the eldest son of the czar. [Russ. tsarewitch, tsesareivitch — tsa7J, and vits, '^Qxxa., fitz, Yx.fils, \j.fi litis, a son.] Dab, dab, v.t, to strike gently with something soft or moist ; to strike with the hand : — pr.p. dabb'- ing ; pa.p. dabbed'. — «. a gentle blow ; a small lump of anything soft or moist ; a small flat fish like a flounder, but with a rough back. [Fr. dauber, to strike ; connected with Dip.] dabble, dab'l, v.t., to wet by little dabs or strokes ; to spatter. — v.i. to play in water with hands or feet; to do anything in a trifling way :^pr.p. dabbling ; pa.p. dabb'led. [dim. of Dab.] dabbler, dab'ler, ii., one who dabbles or does things in a superficial, trifling way. dabcbick, dab'chik, fi.,a small water^/^^w/that dives or dips up and down in the water. Dace, das, Dare, dar, Dart, diirt, n. a small river fish, so called from the qitickness of its motions. [Fr. dard, a dart, this fish; also in Fr. vandoise.']. Dactyl, dak'til, n. in Latin and Greek poetry, a foot of three syllables, a long and two short, so called from its likeness to the joints oi -3. finger ; in English, a foot of three syllables, with the first accented, as wtVTily. [L. dactylus, Gr. daktylos, a finger.] dactylic, dak-til'ik, adj., relatitig to or consisting chiefly of dactyls. — n. a line consisting chiefly or wholly of dactyls. dactylology, dak-tfl-ol'o-ji, «., the art of talking with tlie fingers, like the deaf and dumb. [Gr. dak- tylos, and logos, discourse — lego, to speak.] Dad, dad, Daddy, dad'i, n., father, a word used by children. [W. tad ; Sans. tata.\ damn Daffodil, daf o-dil, n. a flower of the lily tribe, also called King's spear, [a corruption of Fr. {fieur) d'asphodele, flower of asphodel, L, asphodehis, Gr. asphodelos.'\ Dagger, dag'er, n. a short sword for stabbing; a mark of reference in the form of a dagger ( \ ). [Fr. dag2te. It. daga, W. dager, Ir. daigear.'\ Daggle, dag'l, v.t. and v.i., to zvet or grow wet by dragging on the wet ground -.—pr.p. daggling ; /<:z./. daggled. [Aim. oiohs. dag, d&w. See Dew.] Dagnerreotype, da-ger'o-tlp, n. a method of taking pictures on metal plates by a camera ; a picture thus produced. [Fr. {rom Dagtierre, the inventor.] Dahlia, dal'i-a, ii. a garden ijlant with a large beautiful flower, and many varieties of different colours, [from DaJil, a Swedish botanist.] Daily. See under Day. Dainty, dan'ti, adj., tootJisome ; pleasant to the palate ; delicious : delicate ; fastidious ; elegant; tender. — 71. that which is dainty, a dehcacy. — adv. dain'tUy.— «. dain'tiness. [W. dain, fine, daiitaidd, a delicacy, from da7it, pi. daint, a tooth ; L. dens, dent is, a tooth.] Dairy, da'ri, 71. lit. the occupation of a dey or dairy- maid; the place where milk is kept, and butter and cheese made, [old E. & Scot, dey, dairymaid.] Dais, da'is, 71. a raised floor at the upper end of the dining-hall where the high table stood ; a raised floor with a seat and canopy, [old Fr. dais, low L. discus, a table — L. discus, a quoit or any- thing of the same shape.] See Desk. Daisy, da'zi, 7t. lit. the day's eye, a common spring flower, so called either from closing at night and opening in the morning, or from a fancied like- ness to the sun. [A.S. dages eage, day's eye.] daisied, da'zid, adj., covered with daisies. Dale, dal, Dell, del, «. a low place between hills, as it were, separating them. [A.S. dal, conn, with dccla7t, to divide ; Ger. thcil, conn, with tJieilen, to divide.] Dally, dal'i, v.i. lit. to be foolish; to lose time by idleness or trifling ; to play : — pr.p. dall'ying ; /^z./. dall'ied. IK.'S>. dol, foolish; Ger. dahlen, to trifle : ace. to Wedgwood, old E. daly, a die, a plaything — L. tabes, a die.] dalliance, dal'i-ans, 71., dallying, toying, or trifling; interchange of embraces; delay. Dam, dam, v.t., to restrai7i or keep back water by • a bank, or otherwise -.—pr.p. damm'ing ; pa.p. dammed'. — «. any obstruction built to keep back water. [A.S. dc7)i7)ia7L, Ger. da7n77ie7i, connected with L. do77w, Gr. damao, to subdue, restrain.] Dam, dam, ;/., a jnother, applied to quadrupeds, [a form of dame.] dame, dam, «., the 77iistress of a house ; a. matron ; a noble lady. [Fr. daine. It. dama — L. doinina, a mistress — do7>nts, a house.] damsel, dam'zel, «., a little dat/te or lady ; a young unmarried woman ; a girl. [Fr. demoiselle, old Fr. da77ioisel, dim. oida77ie.'\ Damage, dam'aj, «., h7irt, injury, loss; the value of what is lost. — pi. compensation for loss or injury. — v.t. to harm, injure. — v.i. to take in- jury -.^pr.p. dam'aging ; pa.p. dam'aged. [old Fr. damage, Fr. do7n7/iage. It. danntiggio, from. L. da77t7iuin, loss, injury.] [da77iaged. damageable, dam'aj-a-bl, adj., capable of being damn, dam, z/.^. lit. to bring da7nage or loss wpon; to C07ide77i7t ; to condemn to punishment ; to sentence to eternal punishment '.—pr.p. dam'ning ; pa.p. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; m5te ; mute ; moon ; Men. 109 damnable Daub damned'. — «. an oath ; a curse. [Fr. damner; L. damnare, from datnnutn, loss, penalty.] daamable, dam'na-bl, adj., deserving or tending to damnation; hateful; pernicious. — adv. damn- ably. — n. dam'nablene»g. [L. damnabilis.^ damnation, dam-na'shun, «., condemnation; sen- tence to eternal punishment. [L. damnatio.] damnatory, dam'na-tor-i, adj., containing scntencQ ot condemnation. [L. damnatorius.] Damask, dam'ask, n., Damasciis cloth; figured stuff orig. of silk, now of linen, cotton, or wool.— z/.^. to flower or variegate, as cloth :—pr.^. dam'ask- ing ; pa.p. dam'asked. — adj. of a red colour, like that of the damask rose. [Fr. danias, It. damasco, from. Damascus, in Syria,whereitwasorig. made.] Damn, &c. Sec under Damage. Damp, damp, «., vapour, mist ; moist air ; low- ness of spirits.—//, dangerous vapours in mines, &c. — v.t, to wet slightly ; to chill ; to discourage ; to check ; to make dull : — pr.p. damp'ing ; pa.p. damped'. — adj. moist ; foggy. — adv. damp'ly. — n. dampness. [Dutch, damp, Ger. damp/, vapour.] Damsel, Sec mider Dam, a mother. Damaon, dam'zn, «. lit. tJie Damascus plum, a small black plum, [shortened from Damascene — Damascus.'] Dance, dans, v.i. orig. to stamp -with t^ie/eet; to move with measured steps to music. — v.t. to make to dance or jump :—pr.p. and n. danc'ing; pa.p. danced'. — n. the movement of one or more persons, with measured steps to music. [Fr. danser, Sp. danzar. It. danzare, Ger. ta7tzen.'\ dancer, dans'er, «., otie who practises dancing. dancing, dans'ing, «., tJie act or art of jnovitig in tJu dance. Dandelion, dan-de-ll'un, n. lit. the lion's tooth, a common plant with a yellow flower, so called from the jagged tooth-like edges of its leaf. [Fr. dent de lion, tooth of the lion.] Dandle, dan'dl, v.t., to play ivith; to fondle or toss in the arms, as a baby :—pr.p. dan'dling ; pa.p. dan'dled. [Ger. tandeln — land, a toy ; allied to Fr. dandiner, Scot, dandill, dander, to go about idly, to trifle.] dandy, dan'di, n. a foppish, silly fellow; one who pays much attention to dress. [Fr. dafidin.l Dandruff, dand'ruf, n. a scaly scurf \v\nch. grows on the head, especially under the hair and beard. [A.S. ta?i, an eruption, and drog, dirty.] Dane, diln, n. an inhabitant oi Denmark. Danish, dan'ish, adj., belonging to Denmark. Danger, dan'jer, «. lit. a penalty or loss ; a hazard or risk ; insecurity. [Fr. danger; low L. davt- 7tariu7n — L. damnum, loss, a fine.] dangerous, dan'jcr-us, adj., full of danger; unsafe ; insecure. — adv. dan'gerously. Dangle, dang'gl, v.i. to hang loosely or with a swinging motion ; to follow any one about. — z/./. to make to dangle :^pr.p. dang^ling ; pa.p. dang'led. [Dan. dingle, Sw. and Ice. dingla, to swing to and fro.] dangler, dang'jjler, «., one who dangles about others, especially about women. Dank, dangk, adj. a form of Damp. Dapper, dap'er, adj. orig. brave, valiant; quick; little and active ; neat ; spruce. [Dutch, dapper, brave ; Ger. tapfer, quick.] Dapple, dapl, adj. marked with spots, like an apple. — v.t. to variegate with spots :—pr.p. dapp'ling ; pa.p. dapp'led. [from Apple.] Dare, dar, v.i., to he bold enough; to venture: — pa.t. durst. — v.t. to challenge; to defy:— pr.p. da/ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. dared'. [A.S. dear, dyrrati; Goth, daursun: akin to Gr. tharreo, Sans, dhrish, to be bold.] daring, dar'ing, adj., bold; courageous; fearless. — n. boldness. — adv. dar'ingly. Dare, dar. Same as Dace. Dark, dark, adj., wit /tout light; black or some- what black ; gloomy : difficult to understand ; unenlightened ; secret. — «. absence of light ; obscurity; a state of ignorance. — adv. darkly. — n. darkness. [A.S. deorc; Gael, dorcha, the opposite o{ sorcha, light.] darken, dark'n, Ti.t., to tnake dark; to stupify ; to render ignorant ; to sully. — v.i, to grow dark or darker -.—pr.p. dark'ening ; pa.p. dark'ened. darkisli, diirk'ish, adj., somew/iat dark ; dusky. darkling, dark'ling, adj. , being in tfie dark (poet. }. darksome, dark'sum, adj., dark; gloomy (poet.). Darling. See under Dear. Dam, dam, v.t., to coficeal a hole by mending or imitating the texture of the stuff: — pr.p. dam'- ing ; pa.p. darned'. — n. the place darned, [old E. derne; A.S. deame, hidden: or from Ir. dame, W. darn, a piece, a patch.] Darnel, dar'nel, n. a weed of the rye-grass genus, formerly considered injuriotis to com. [per- haps from A.S. derian, to injure.] Dart, dart, n. a pointed weapon for throwing with the hand; anything that pierces. — v.t. to hurl suddenly; to send or shoot forth. — v.i. to start or shoot forth rapidly : — pr.p. dart'ing ; pa.p. dart'ed. — adv. dart'ingly. [Fr. dard, A.S. darath, daroth, Ice. darathr, Sw. dart, a dagger.] Dash, dash, v.t. to strike suddenly or violently; to break by throwing together ; to throw water suddenly ; to bespatter : to strike or blot out ; to destroy or frustrate ; to mix or adulterate. — v.i. to istrike against ; to break against, as water ; to rush with violence :— /r./. dash'ing ; pa.p. dashed'. — n. a violent striking ; a rushing or violent onset ; a blow ; a mark ( — ) at a break in a sentence ; a slight admixture, [imitative of the sound of a blow or the dashing of water.] dashing, dash'ing, «, daub'ing pa /. daubed'. — n. a coarse painting, [from Dab.] dauber, daub'er, «., one who daubs; a coarse painter. Daughter, daw'ter, n., a female child; a female descendant. — ti. daugh'ter-in-law, a son's wife. [A.S. dohter, Scot, docliter, Ger. tochter, Gr. thugater. Sans, diihitri.^ daughterly, daw'ter-li, adj., like or becoming a daughter. — n. daugh'terliness. Daunt, dant, v.t. lit. to ta?ne ; to frighten ; to dis- courage : — pr.p. daunt'ing ; pa. p. daunt'ed. [old Fr. danter, Fr. dotnpter — L. domito — domo, Gr. dainao, Sans. da7n, to tame ; conn, with Tame.] dauntless, dant'les, adj., not to be daunted or frightened.— «^/. debauch'ing ; pa.p. debauched'. — n. a fit of intemperance or de- bauchery. [Fr. debai4cJicr — de, from, and old Fr. bauche, a row or course, as of bricks.] debauchee, deb'o-she, «., one givettup to dehattchery ; a libertine. debauchery, dc-bawch'er-i, n., a debauching; cor- ruption of fidelity ; seduction from duty; exces- sive intemperance ; habitual lewdness. Debenture, dc-bentur, n. an acknowledgment of a debt ; a certificate entitling an exporter of im- ported goods to a drawback or repayment of the duty paid on their importation. [L. debentur, there are due, 3d person pi. oi debeo, to owe.] Debilitate, _de-bil'i-tat, v.t., totnahe tmable or weak; to impair the strength oi'.^pr.p. dcbil'itating; pa.p. debil'itated. [L. debilito, debilitatus— debilis, weak — de, not, habilis, able.] See Able. ClebiUty, de-bil'i-ti, n., weakness and languor; a weak action of the animal functions. Debit, deb'it, «., a debt or something due ; an entry on the debtor side of an account. — v.t. to charge with debt ; to enter on the debit or debtor side of an account :—/r./. deb'iting ; /d:./. deb'ited. [L. debituin, what is due, from debeo, to owe.] debt, det, «., what one o^ves to another ; what one becomes liable to do or suffer. [L. dcbitum.] debtor, det'ur, n., one who 07ves:iAQht : the side of an account on which debts Sire charged. [L. debitor.] Debonair, deb-o-nilr', adj., of good air or appear- ance and manners ; elegant ; courteous. [Fr. de, of, bofi, good, air, appearance, manner.] Debouch, de-boosh', v.i. to m-xxc)\Oi\\tfromattarro7V pass or confined place : — pr.p. dcbouch'ing ; pa.p. debouched'. [Fr. dcboncher — de, from, bouche, the mouth — L. brtcca, the cheek.] debouchure, da-boo-shoor', n., t/ie /noicth of a river or strait. Debris, da-brc', «., brieiscd or broken pieces of anything, esp. of rock ; rubbish ; ruins. [Fr., from briser, Gael, bris, to break ; akin to Bruise.] Debt, Debtor. See under Debit. Debut, dc-bu' (« sounded as in Scot, gude), n. lit. tJie first cast or thro7v at play ; a beginning or first attempt ; a first appearance before the public, as of an actor, &;c. [Fr. — biit, aim, mark.] Decade, de-kad', n. an aggregate of ten. [Fr. decade — L. decas, decadis, Gr. dekas — deka, ten.] Decadence. See under Decay. Decagon, dek'a-gon, n. a plane fi.gnre of ten angles and sides. [Gr. deka, asid gonia, an angle.] Decahedron, dek-a-hC'dron, «. a solid figure having ■ ten bases or sides. [Gr. deka, and hedra, a seat, a base — hedos, a sitting place — hezomai, to sit.] Decalogue, dck'a-log,- n., the ten cotmnandtnents. [Gr. deka, ten, logos, a discourse, a proposition.] Decamp, de-kamp', v.i. lit. to go from or shift a camp; to go away, especially secretly, [Fr. decemvirate decamper—h. de, from, and camp. See Camp.] decampment, dc-kamp'ment, «., shifting a camp ; a marching off. [Fr. decampement.'l Decanal. See under Dean. Decant, de-kant', v.t., to cant or pour frotn tlie edge of a vessel ; to pour off, leaving sediment : —pr.p. decant'ing ; pa.p. decant'ed. [Fr. de- canter — de, from, and Cant.] decanter, de-kant er, w., a vessel for holding de- canted liquor ; an ornamental bottle. Decapitate, de-kap'i-tat, 7'.t., to take the head froin ; to behead : — pr.p. docap'itating ; pa.p. decap'- itated. [It., low L. decapitare — L. de, from, and caput, capitis, the head.] decapitation, de-kap-i-ta'shun, n., the act of he- Jieading. Decapod, dek'a-pod, n. one of the shell-fish which have ten feet or claws, as the crab. [Gr. deka, ten, 3.x\A. pons, podos, a foot.] Decarbonise, de-k;ir'bon-Tz, v.t., to deprive of carbon. [de, from, and Carbon.] Decastyle, dek'a-stTl, n. a portico with ten styles or colicmns in front. [Gr. deka, ten, .y-'^/^j, a column. ] Decasyllabic, dek-a-sil-ab'ik, adj., having ten syl- lables. [Fr. decasyllabique — Gr. deka, ten, syl- labi', a syllable.] Decay, de-ka', v. i. , to fall away frotn a state of health or excellence ; to waste away :—pr.p. de- cay'ing ; pa.p. decayed'. — n. a falling into a worse or less perfect state ; a passing away, [old Fr. decaer. It. decadere—L.. de, from, cadere, to fall.] decadence, de-ka'dens, decadency, de-ka'den-si, «., state of decay. [Fr. — low L. decadentia.] deciduous, dc-sid'u-us, ad j ., falling off ; that fall in autumn, as leaves; not permanent. — «. decid'- uousness. [L. decidtnis — decido, from de, cado.'\ Decease, de-ses', v.i., to cease to live ; to die -.—pr.p. deceas'ing ; pa.p. deceased'. — ?t. death, [old E. decesse — L. decessus — de, away, cedo, cessus, to go.] Deceit, Deceitful, See under Deceive. Deceive, de-sev', r^.t., to catch, to ensnare, to -mis- lead ; to cause to err ; to impose on ; to disap- point ; to cheat -.—pr.p. deceiv'ing ; pa.p. de- ceived'. — 71. deceiv'er. [Yr.decevoir—L. decipcre, deceptus — de, intensive, capere, to take, catch.] deceivable, de-scv'a-bl, adj., that may be deceived ; exposed to imposture. — n. deceiv'ableness. — adv. deceiv'ably. deceit, de-sct', «., act of deceiving; anything in- tended to mislead another, [old E. deceij>t, old Fr. decepte — L. deceptus.] deceitful, de-set'fool, adj., full of deceit disposed or tending to deceive ; insincere. — adv. deceit'- fully. — 71. deceit'fulness. deception, dc-scp'shun, 71., act of dcceivi7tg ; state of being deceived ; the means by which it is sought to deceive. [L. deceptio.] deceptive, dc-scp'tiv, adj., tending to deceive. — adv. decep'tlvely. — «. decep'tiveness. December, dc-sem'ber, «., the te7tth 77tonth among the Romans, who began their year with March ; with us, the twelfth month of the year. [L. dece?n, ten, and Sans, vara, Pers. bar, time, period.] Decemvir, dc-sem'vir, «., one of ten magistrates who at one time had absolute power in Rome : — //. Decem'virs or (L.) Decemviri, de-sem'vi-rl. [L. dece77t, ten, and vir, a man.] decemvirate, de-sem'vir-at, w. a body of ten men in office ; the office or term of office of decemvirs. fate, fiir; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; //ten. Decency D«ceacy. See under Decent. Decennary, de-sen'ar-i, «. a period oi ieu years. [L. decejn, ten, and anmts, a year.] decennial, de-sen'yal, adj. consisting of, or hap- pening every ten years. Decent, de'sent, adj., becoming; seemly; proper; modest : moderate ; tolerable. — adv. decently. [L. decens, decentis, pr.p. oidecet, it is becoming.] decency, de'sen-si, «., state of bei?ig decent ; that which is becoming or proper ; modesty, [L. decen- Deception, Deceptive. See under Deceive. ^^^-J Decide, de-sTd', v.t. lit. to cut off; to determine ; to end ; to settle : — pr.p. decld'ing ; pa. p. decld'ed. [Fr. decider, L. decidere — de, away, ccedo, to cut.] decidable, de-sTd'a-bl, adj., capable of being decided. decided, de-sTd'ed, adj., deter?nined ; clear, unmis- takable ; resolute. — adv. decid'edly. decision, de-sizh'un, n., the act of deciding; deter- mination ; settlement : quality of being decided. decisive, de-si'siv, adj., having the power of decid- ing; final; positive. — adv. decisively. — 71. de- cisiveness. Deciduous. See under Decay. Decimal, dcs'i-mal, adj. numbered or proceeding by tens. — 71. a fraction having ten or some power often for its denominator. — adv. dec'imally. [Fr. — low L. decijnalis — dece}7t, ten.] decimate, des'i-mat, v.t., to take the tenth part of; to put to death every tenth man : — pr.p. dec'i- mating ;/«./. dec'imated. [L. deci7no, decirnatus — decit7ms, tenth.] — 7t. dec'imator. decimation, des-i-ma'shun, «., the act of decitnat- i7tg; a selection of every tenth by lot. Decipher, de-sT'fer, v.t., to un-cipher or take out of secret writing ; to make out what is unintellig- ible or obscure :—pr.p. deciphering ; pa.p. deci'- phered. [L. de, negative, and Cipher.] decipherable, de-sl'fer-a-bl, adj., that 7/iay be deci- pJiered. Decision, Decisive. See under Decide. Deck, dek, v.t., to cover ; to clothe; to dress gaily; to adorn ; to furnish with a deck, as a vessel : — pr.p, decking; pa.p. decked'. — «. a covering; the floor or covering of a ship. [A. S. deca7i ; Ger. decken; akin to L. tego, Gr. stego, to cover.] decker, dek'er, «. the person or thing that decks ; a vessel which has a deck or decks. Declaim, dc-klam', v.i. lit. to call out t/zuch ; to speak loudly or earnestly ; to speak in public :— P>r.p. declaiming ; pa.p. declaimed'. [L. de- cla77io — de, intensive, cla?>to, to cry out.] declaimant, de-klam'ant, declaimer, de-klam'er, «., otte ivho declai7tis ; one who speaks for rhetorical purposes or for display. declamation, dek-la-ma'shun, «., act of declai7/i- i/ig; a public speech ; display in speaking. declamatory, de-klam'a-tor-i, adj., relati7tg to de- cla77iation; appealing to the passions ; noisy and rhetorical merely. Declare, de-klar', v.t. lit. to make quite clear; to make known; to shew plainly to others by words ; to assert. — v.i. to make a declaration : —pr.p. declar'ing;/a./. declared'. [Fr. declarer, from L. declaro, declamtus — de, sig. complete- ness, claro, to make clear — clarus, clear.] declaration, dek-la-rashun, «., act of declari7ig; that which is declared ; a written affirmation. declarative, de-klar'a-tiv, declaratory, de-klar'a-tor-i, adj., makittg declaratio?t; explanatory. — advs. decljir'atively, declar'atorily. decorum Decline, de-kiln', v.i., to be/td or t2i7'7t away frotn [a straight line] ; to deviate : to refuse : to bend down ; to fail or decay ; to draw to an end.— z/.z". to bend down : to turn away from ; to refuse ; to avoid : \ngra7n., to give the changes of a word in the oblique cases :—pr.p. declining ; pa.p. declined'.^w. a falling off; deviation; decay: a gradual sinking of the bodily faculties, con- sumption. [Fr. decli/ier — L. de, down, away from, cli7io, Gr. kli7W, to bend.] declension, de-klen'shun, «., act of decli7iing ; tend- ing to decline ; decay ; descent : in grai7t., change of termination for the oblique cases. declinable, de-klTn'a-bl, adj., that i7iay be decli/ied ; having inflection for the oblique cases. declination, dek-lin-a'shun, «., act of declini7ig; deviation ; decay : in astr., the.distance from the celestial equator. declivity, de-kliVi-ti, n. a place that decli7ies or slopes dowtiwards; inclination downward; a gradual descent. [L. declivitas — declivis, from de, down- wards, clivus, sloping, akin to cli7W.] declivitous, de-kliVi-tus, declivous, de-kli'vus, adj., havi7ig a declivity ; descending gradually. Decoct, de-kokt', v.t., to extract fro7>i by boiling t to digest by heat :— /r./. decocting ; pa.p. de- coct'ed. [L. decoquo, decoctus — de, from, coquo, to boil] decoction, de-kok'shun, «., act of decocti7ig; an extract of anything got by boiling. decoctive, de-kok'tiv, adj., easily decocted. Decollate, de-kolat, v.t., to take offfro77i the7teck; to behead -.—pr.p. decoU ating ; pa.p. decoll'ated. [L. decollo — de, from, colhon, the neck.] decollation, de-kol-a'shun, «. the act of beheading. Decolour, de-kul'ur, Decolourise, de-kul'ur-Iz, z/.z"., /^ deprive of colour -.—pr.p. decol'ouring, decol'our- Ising ; pa.p. decoloured, decorourlsed. [Fr. de- colorer, L. decoloro — de, from, color, colour.] decolorant, dc-kul'ur-ant, «. a substance that bleaches or re7noves colour. decoloration, de-kul'ur-a-shun, «., the removal or absence of colour. Decompose, de-kom-poz', v.t., to separate the parts co77iposing anything; to resolve into original elements :—pr.p. decomposing ; pa.p. decom- posed'. [L. de, sig. separation, and Compose.] decomposable, de-kom-poz'a-bl, adj., capable of being deco77iposed. decomposition, de-kom-po-zish'un, «., act of de- co7/iposing; state of being decomposed; decay or dissolution. Decompound, de-kom-pound', v.t., to co77ipound. again ; to compound things already compounded : — P'^-P- decompounding ; pa.p. decompound'ed. — adj. compounded a second time. — adj. decom- poundable. [L. de, intensive, and compound.] Decorate, dek'O-rat, v.t., to or7ia77ie7it, adorn; to beautify :—/r./. dcc'orating ; /«./. dec'orated. [L. decoro, decoratus — decus, what is becoming, ornament, from decet, it is becoming.] decoration, dek-o-ra'shun, «., act of decorating; ornament ; anything that heightens beauty. decorative, dek'o-ra-tiv, adj., decorati7tg ; adorn- ing ; suited to adorn. decorator, dek'o-ra-tor, n. , one who decorates. decorous, de-ko'rus, adj., beco7>ii7tg ; suitable ; proper; decent. — adv. deco'rously. [L. decorits.'\ decorum, de-ko'rum, n. that which is beco7ning in outward appearance ; propriety of conduct ; decency. \t,. rv^vX^x oi decorus.'\ fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; thuu. Decorticate Deface Decorticate, de-kor^ti-kat, v.t, to deprive of tJie bark, husk, or peel : — pr.p. decorticating ; pn.p. decor'ticated. [L. decortico, decorticatus — dc, from, and cortex, bark.] See cortical. decortication, de-kor-ti-ka'shun, «., tlie act of strip- ping off bark or husk. Decoy, de-koy', v.t., to allure, entice; to entrap; to lure into a trap or snare :^pr.p. decoy'ing ; fa.p. decoyed'. — «. anything intended to allure into a snare. [L. de, and coy, old verb, to entice : or corr. of duck-coy, from duck, and Dutch, koye, a cage, from the practice of entrapping water-fowl by means of a duck trained to lead them into a cage or other enclosure.] Decrease, de-kres', v.i. lit. to grow less; to become less, in any sense. — v.t. to make less; to lessen gradually :—/r./. decreas'ing ; /«./. decreased'. — n. a growing less ; loss. — adv. decreas'ingly. [Fr. decroitre, Prov. decrcisser, from L. decresco — de, from, and cresco, to grow.] decrement, dek're-ment, «., a decreasing ox grorving less; the quantity lost by decrease. [L. decre- ?nentum, for decreviment-um — decresco. 1 decrescent, de-kres'ent, adj., becoming gradually less. [L. decrescens, pr.p. oi decresco.'\ Decree, de-kre', n., a decision or Judgment ; an order by one in authority ; an established law : a predetermined purpose. — v.t. to decide or de- termine by sentence in law; to appoint. — v.i. to make a decree : — Pr.p. decree'ing ; pa.p. decreed'. [L, decerno, decretttm, to decide.] decretal, de-kre'tal, adj., pertaining to a decree. — n. a decree, esp. of the pope ; a book containing decrees ; a collection of the pope's decrees. [L. decreta lis — dece rfio.} decretive, de-kre'tiv, adj. having the force of a decree. decretory, dek're-tor-i, adj. established by a decree; determining; judicial. Decrepit, de-krep'it, adj. lit. noiseless; creeping about quietly ; worn out by the infirmities of old age; in the last stage of decay. [Fr. decrepit, from L. decrepitus, noiseless, very old — de, not, crepo, to rattle, make a noise.] decrepitate, de-krep'i-tat, v.i., to crackle, as salts, when heated. — v.t. to roast so as to cause a con- tinual crackling '—pr.p. decrep'itating ; pa.p. dccrep'itated. [L. de, intensive, crepito, crepi- tatus, to rattle much, frequentative oi crepo. '\ decrepitation, dc-krep-i-ta'shun, «., the act of decre- pitating ; the separation of parts with a crackling noise occasioned by heat. decrepitude, dc-krep'i-tud, «., state of being de- crepit or worn out with age. Decrescent. See under Decrease. Decretal, &c. See under Decree. Decry, de-kri', v. t. , to cry down ; to condemn ; to blame :^Pr.p. decr/ing ; pa.p. decried'. [L. de, down, and Cry.] decrial, dc-krfal, n., a crying down; clamorous condemnation. Decumbent, de-kum'bent, adj., lying down ; reclin- ing on the ground.— rii^/z/. decum'bently. [L. de- cumbens, decutnbcntis, pr.p. of decutnbo — de, down, and cwnbo, for cubo, to lie.] decumbence, dc-kum'bens, decumbency, de-kumT^en- si, n., tlie act or posture of lying down. Decuple, dek'u-pl, cuij., toifold. — «. a number ten times repeated.— t'./". to make tenfold :—/r./. dcc'upling ; pa.p. dcc'upled. [Fr. decuple — L. decern, ten, and plico, to fold ; Gr. dekaplous— deka, ten, and plekd, to fold.] Decurrent, de-kur'ent, adj., run7ting or extending downwards. — adz'. decurr'ently. [L. decurrens, pr. p. oidecurro — de, down, cttrro, cursuin, to run . ] decursive, de-kur'siv, adj., running dowti. — adv. decur'sively. Decussate, de-kus'at, v.t. to cross in the form of an X ; to cross, as lines, &c. '.—pr.p. decuss'ating ; pa.p. decuss'ated. — adj. crossed ; arranged in pairs which alternately cross each other. [L. decusso, decussatus — decussis — decern asses, ten units, the number ten ( X ).] decussation, de-kus-a'shun, n. a crossing at an acute angle ; an intersection in the form of an X. Dedicate, ded'i-kat, v.t. lit. to declare; to set apart and consecrate to some sacred purpose ; to devote wholly or chiefly : to inscribe to any one : — pr.p. ded'icating ; pa.p. ded'icated. [L. dedico, dedi- catus — de, down, dico, to declare.] dedication, ded-i-ka'shun, «., t/ie act of dedicating ; an address to a patron, prefixed to a book. dedicatory, ded'i-ka-tor-i, adj., composing or serving as a dedication. Deduce, de-dus', v.t., to draw from; to infer or gather a truth or opinion from what precedes or from premises -.^pr.p. deduc'ing 'ypa.p. deduced'. [L. de, from, duco, ductutn, to lead.] deducement, de-dus'ment, n., t/te thing deduced; an inference. deducible, de-dus'i-bl, adj., thai may be deduced or inferred. deduct, de-dukt', v.t., to take from; to separate; to subtract -.—pr.p. deduct'ing ; pa.p. deduct'ed. deduction, de-duk'shun, «., t'le act of dedricing ; that which is deduced ; inference : act of deduct- ing; that which is deducted ; abatement. deductive, de-duk'tiv, adj., that is, or may be de- duced from premises. — adv. deduct'ively. Deed, ded, n. something done ; an act ; an exploit : a legal transaction ; the written evidence of it. [A.S. do'd — don, to do; Ger. that — thim, to do.] deedless, ded'lcs, adj., not havifig perforated deeds. Deem, dem, v.t. or i., to judge ; to think ; to believe : —pr.p. deem'ing ; /a./, deemed'. [A.S. deman, to form a judgment — dom, judgment.] Deep, dep, adj. admitting of dipping, diving, or going downwards ; extending far down or far from the outside : difficult to understand ; secret : wise and penetrating : cunning : very still.; pro- found ; intense ; sunk low; low or grave. — n. that which is deep ; the sea : any thing profound or incomprehensible. — adv. to a great depth ; pro- foundly. — adv. deep'ly. — n. deepness. [A. S. deop ; dippan, to dip ; akin to Dip, Dive, Duck.] deepen, dep'n, v.t., to make deeper in anj' sense; to increase. — v.i. to become deeper '.—pr.p. deep'- ening ; pa.p. deep'ened. depth, depth, «., deepness; the measure of deepness down or in : a deep place ; the sea : the middle, as depth of winter : abstruseness ; extent of sagacity and penetration. — adj. depth'less.having no depth. Deer, der, n. lit. an animal, a wild beast ; a quadmped of several species, as the stag, reindeer, &c. [A.S. deor, Ger. thicr, Gr. ther, L.fera.] deer-stalking, der'stawk-ing, n. the hunting of deer by stalking, or stealing upon them unawares. [See Stalk, to walk.] deer-stalker, dcr'-stawk-er, fi. one who practises deer-stalking. Deface, de-fas', v.t., to destroy or mar t/te face or "4 fate, far; me, her; mine; mOte ; mute; moDn ; then. defacement external appearance of, to disfigure : to obliter- ate : — pr.p. defiic'ing ; pa.p. defaced'. [L. de, from, and Face.] defacement, de-fas'ment, n., act of defachig ; injury to form or appearance ; that which defaces. Defalcate, de-fal'kat, v.t. lit. to cut off ^ls with a sickle; to deduct a part of, used chielly of money, &c. : — pr.p. defal'cating ; pa.p. defal'cated. [low L. defalco, defalcatus — L, de, off, and falx, falcis, a sickle.] defalcation, de-fal-ka'shun, n., a cutting off; a dim- inution : a deficit of funds intrusted to one's care. Defame, de-fam', z/.^., to take away or destroy the %ooA fame or reputation of; to speak evil of: — pr.p. defam'ing ; pa. p. defamed'.— ;';. defam'er. . [L. de, priv., and Fame.] defamation, def-a-ma'shun, n., tJie act of defamitig ; calumny; slander. defamatory, de-fam'a-tor-i, adj., containing de- f aviation; injurious to reputation; calumnious. Default, de-fawlt', n., a fa7ilt,faili7ig, ox failure ; defect ; neglect to do what duty or law requires; offence. — v.i. to fail through neglect of duty; to fail to appear in court when called upon : — pr.p. default'ing ; pa.p. default'ed. [L. de, inten. and Fault.] defaulter, de-fawlt'er, n., one who defajdts, parti- cularly one who fails to account for money intrusted to his care. Defeasance, Defeasible. See under Defeat. Defeat, de-fet', v.t., to undo or render null and void ; to frustrate ; to overcome ; to ruin -.—pr-p. defeat'ing ; pa.p. defeat'ed. — n., an nmioing; a frustration of plans ; overthrow, as of an army in battle. [Fr. defaite — defaire, to undo — de='L. dis, asunder, and Yr.faire, \a.facere, to do.] defeasance, de-fez'ans, n. lit. a defeat; in law, a condition annexed to a deed, which, being per- formed, renders the deed void. [Norm, defe- sance—defesa?it, Fr. defaisant, pr.p. oi defaire. '\ defeasible, de-fez'i-bl, adj., that maybe defeated or annulled. — n. defeas'ibleness. Defecate, defe-kat, v.t., to clear from dregs or im- purities ; to purify from extraneous matter : — pr,p. defecating ; pa.p. defecated. [L. defceco, defcecatus, to cleanse — de, from, fcBX, feeds, dregs.] defecation, def-e-ka'shun, «, the act of separating from impurities. Defect, de-fekt', «., a deficiency; something 7iot done that ought to have been done ; a want ; imperfection; blemish; fault. [L. deficio, de- fectiis, to be wanting — de, neg., zx^Afacio, to do.] defection, de-fek'shun, n., a falling away from duty; revolt. defective, de-fek'tiv, adj., having defect; wanting in some necessary quality ; insufficient. — adv. defec'tively.— «. defec'tiveness. deficient, de-fish 'ent, adj., defective.. [L. deficiens, deficie-ritis, pr.p. oi deficio. 1 deficiency, de-fish'en-si, «., state of being deficicjtt; defect. deficit, defi-sit, n., deficiency ; want. [L., it is wanting, 3d per. sing, oi deficio.] Defend, de-fend', v.t. lit. to fend or ward off ; to keep off anything hurtful ; to guard or protect; to maintain against attack ; in law, to resist as a claim ; to contest -.—pr.p. defend'ing ; pa.p. defend'ed. — «. defend'er. [L. defpido, to ward oS—de, off, and ohs.fendo, to strike.] defendable, de-fend'a-bl, adj., that maybe defended. deflorate defendant, de-fend'ant, n., a defender; in law, a person accused or sued. defence, de-fens', n., a defettding; that which de- fends ; protection ; vindication ; in law, a de- fendant's plea. — defenc'ed, /«./. in B., fortified. defenceless, de-fens'les, adj. , without defejice.—adv. defence'lessly. — n. defence'lessness. defensible, de-fens'i-bl, adj., that may be defended. — 71. defensibil'ity. defensive, de-fens'iv, adj., serving to defend; in a state or posture of defence. — «. that which de- fends ; posture of defence. — adz). defens'ively. Defer, de-fer', v.t., to put off to another time; to delay :—/r./. deferring; pa.p. deferred'. [L. differo — dis, asunder,_/^r^, to bear, carry.] Defer, de-fer^, v.i., to bear Okie's self down or yield to the wishes or opinions of another, or to authority. — v.t. to submit to or lay before -.^Pr.p. deferr'ing ; /a./, deferred'. [L. defero—de, dovm, andy^r^, to bear.] deference, defer-ens, «., a deferring or yielding in judgment or opinion ; regard; submission. deferential, def-er-en'shal, adj., expressing defer- ence or respect. — adv. deferen'tially. Defiance. See under Defy. Deficient, Deficit. See under Defect. Defile, de-f II', v.i. to march oft" mfilc or line, or file by file -.—pr.p. dcfU'ing ;/rt./. defiled'. — n. along narrow pass or way, in which troops can march only in file, or with a narrow front. [Fr. defiler — L. dis, andfilujn, a thread. See File.] Defile, de-fll', v.t., to make foul; to pollute or cor- rupt ; to violate -.^pr.p. def Il'ing ; pa.p. defiled'. —n. defil'er. [A.S.fyla7t, gefylan, to pollute.] defilement, de-fll'ment, n., act qfdefili?ig; foulness. Define, de-f In', v.t., to fix the bomids or lijnits of; to determine with precision ; to describe accu- rately ; to fix the meaning of : — pr.p. def In'ing ; pa.p. defined'. [L. definio, definitus, to set bounds to — de, and finis, a limit.] definable, de-fin'a-bl, adj., that may be defined. defijiite, defi-nit, adj., defined; having distinct Hmits ; fi.xed ; exact; clear. — adv. definitely. — «. def'initeness. definition, def-i-nish'un, «., a definiftg; a descrip- tion of a thing by its properties; an explanation of the exact meaning of a word, term, or phrase. definitive, de-fin'i-tiv, adj., defining or limiting ; positive ; final. — n. in gram., an adjective used to limit the extent of the signification of a noun. — adv. defin'itively. Deflagrate, def'la-grat, v.i. or v.t., to hum down; to burn with suddenness and sparkling '.—pr.p. deflagrating ; pa.p. deflagrated. — 71. deflagra'- tion. [L. defiagro — de, down, andfiagro, to burn.] deflagrator, def la-gra-tor, n. a galvanic instrument for producing 7-apid co77ibustion. Deflect, de-flekt', v.i. or v.t., to turft aside; to swerve or deviate from a right line or proper course : — pr.p. deflect'ing ; pa.p. deflect'ed. [L. de, from, Rndfiecto, to bend, turn.] deflection, de-flek'shun, 7t.,a ttirning aside; deviation. Deflorate, Defloration. See under Deflour. Deflour, de-flour', v.t., to defiower or deprive of Jlowers ; to deprive of original grace and beauty ; to ravish :—/r./. dcflour'ing; pa.p. defloured'. — 71. deflour'er. [L. dejloro, to strip flowers off — de, priv., ZLX\dfios,fioris, a flower.] deflorate, de-flG'rat, adj., past the fiowering state, as an anther after it has shed its pollen. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mOon ; ///en. defloration deliberative defloration, def-lo-ra'shun, «., the act of dejiotcring. deflower. Same as Deflour. Defluzlon, de-fluk'shun, n., a /loivins; down of humours or fluid matter in the body. [L. de- Jluxio — de, down, z.\\(lJluo,JJux2(m, to flow.] Deforce, de-furs', v.t. in law, to keep out of posses- sion by force : — pr.p. def Orc'ing ; pa.p. deforced'. — 71. deforce'ment. [L. de, from, and Force.] Deform, de-form', v. t. , to alter or inj ure the/onn of; to disfijTure '.—pr.p. deform'ing ; pa.p. deformed'. [L. de/orino — de, from, and Form.] deformation, def-or-mi'shun. «., act of de/ortmng: deformity, dc-form'i-ti, «., state of being deformed; want of proper form; ugHness ; disfigurement; anything that destroys beauty. Defraud, de-frawd', v.t. to deprive of by fraud; to withhold wrongfully ; to cheat or deceive : — pr.p. defraud'ing ; pa.p. defrauded. [L. defratido — de, from, vindfraiis, fraud is, fraud.] Deftay, dc-fri', v.t. orig. to pay a. fine in order to atone for an offence against the ^puhWc pca^e ; to discharge the expenses of anything ; to pay : — pr.p. defray'ing; pa.p. defrayed'. — «. defray'- ment. [Fr. defrayer — de, and frais, expense — low \u.fredum, a fine — (j&r.friede, peace.] Defunct, de-funkt', adj. hcis'mg finished the course of life, dead. — «. a dead person. [L. defungor, defunctus, to finish — de, and fungor, to perform.] Defy, de-f I', v.t. lit. to renounce a state of faith or confidence ; orig. to dissolve the allegiance be- tween vassal and lord — hence, to disown, to denounce ; to challenge ; to brave i—pr.p. dCf/- ing; pa.p. defied'.— «. defl'er. [Fr. defer; old Fr. desfier; It. disfdare — L. dis, asunder, and fido, to trust— fdes, faith.] defiance, de-fl'ans, «., tlte act of defying ; a chal- lenge to combat ; contempt of opposition. Degenerate, de-jen'cr-fit, v.i., to sink from one's genj(s or race ; to fall from a nobler state ; to be or to grow worse : — pr.p. degen'erating ; pa.p. degen'erfited. [L. degenero, degcneratum — de, from, and genus, generis, race, kind.] degenerate, de-jen'er-fit, adj., degenerated ; having lost the nobleness of race ; having become weak or base. — adv. degen'erately. — n. degen'erateness. degeneracy, de-jen'er-a-si, degeneration, dC-jen-er-a'- shun, «., t/u! act or process of becoming degen- erate ; the state of being degenerate. degenerative, dc-jcn'er-a-tiv, adj., tending or cdMS- ing to degenerate. Deglutition, dcg-loij-tish'un, v., the act or ■power of glutting or swallowing. [Fr. — L. de, down, and glutio, to swallow.] See Glut. Degrade, de-grad', v.t., to louver or reduce in grade or rank ; to deprive of office or dignity ; to lower in character or value ; to disgrace -.^r.p. degrad- ing; /«■/• dcgrad'ed. [Fr. degradcr — L. de, down, -^ndgradiis, a step.] See Grade. degradation, deg-ra-da'shun, «. , tlu: act of degrad- ing; the state of being degraded; disgrace. degree, de-gre', n., a grade or step; position ; rank ; extent ; a mark of distinction conferred by univer- sities ; the 360th part of a circle ; 60 geographical miles. [Fr. degr-^—L. de, and gradus, a step.] Dehiscent, de-his'ent, adj'., gaping or opening, as the capsules of plants. [L. dehiscens, pr.p. of dehisco — de, intensive, and hisco, to gape.] dehiscence, de-his'ens, «., tlic opening of the cap- sules of a plant. Deign, dan, v.i., to think worthy ; to condescend. — v.t. to give; to allow :^;5r./. deign'ing ; pa.p. deigned'. [Fr. daigner — L. dignor, to think worthy — dignus, worthy.] Deity, de'i-ti, «., the divinity ; godhead; a god or goddess ; the Supreme Being. [L. deus; Gr. theos ; Sans, deva — div, heaven.] deicide, de'i-sTd, n., the killing of a god; the put- ting to death of Jesus Christ. [It. deicidio — L. deiis, and ccedo, to cut, to kill.] deify, de'i-fl, v.t., tomakeadeity or god of ; to exalt to the rank of a deity ; to worship as a deity : — pr.p. deifj'^ing ; /a./, deified'. {¥r. deifier — L. deif care— -deus, and facere, to make.] deific, do-if'ik, deiflcal, de-if'ik-al, adj'., 77iaking into a deity. [L. deificus — deus, and facere.] deification, de-if-i-ka'shun, «., the act of deifying. deiform, de'i-form, cuij., having thefor^n of a god. [L. deiis, and fortna, form.] deist, de'ist, n. one who believes in the existence of God but not in revealed religion. — adj. deist'- Ical. [Fr. deiste — L. deus.] deism, de'izm, «., the creed of a deist. [Fr. diisine.\ Deject, de-jekt', v.t., to cast down the countenance or spirits of :—/r./. deject'ing; pa.p. deject'ed. [L. dejicio, dejectus — de, down, jacio, to cast.] dejected, de-jekt'ed, adj., cast down; dispirited. — adv. deject'edly. — n. deject'edness. dejection, de-jek'shun, «., state of being dejected or cast down ; lowness of spirits ; depression. Delay, de-la', v.t., to put off to another time; to defer; to hinder or retard. — v.i. to pause, linger, or put off time. — «. a putting off or deferring ; a lingering ; hinderance '-—pr-p. delay'ing ; pa.p. delayed'. [Fr. delai, L. dilatio, a putting off — dijfero, dilatum — dis, apart, andfero, to carry.] Deleble. See under Delete. Delectable, dc-lek'ta-bl, adj., delightful; pleasing. ^n. delect 'ableness. — adz: delect'ably. [L, de- Icctahilis — delecto, to delight.] See delight. delectation, de-lek-ta'shun, n. , delight ; great plea- sure. [L. delectatio.l Delegate, del'e-gat, v.t., to setui as a legate or representative ; to intrust or commit to : — pr.p. del'egating ; /rt./. del'egated.— «. one who is delegated ; a deputy or representative. — adj. delegated, deputed. [L. de, away, and lego, legattis, to send as ambassador.] See Legate. delegation, del-e-ga'shun, «., act of delegatittg ; the persons delegated. Delete, de-let', zi.t., to blot out; to erase; to destroy :—/r./. delet'ing ; pa.p. delet'ed. — ti. dele'tion. [L. deleo, deletum, to blot out.] deleble, del'e-bl, adj., that can be blotted out. deleterious, del-e-te'ri-us, adj., tending to destroy life ; poisonous, [low L. dcleteriiis — deleo.] Delf, delf, n. a kind of aarthenware, made at Delft in Holland. ^ Deliberate, do-lib'er-at, v.t., to weigh well in one's mind, as if in a balance; to consider the reasons for and against ; to reflect upon. — v.i. to reflect or consider : — pr.p. delib'erating ; pa.p. delib'er- ated. [L. delihero, deliberatum—dc, intensive, and libro, to weigh — libra, a balance.] deliberate, dc-lib'er-at, adj., deliberating or consider- ing carefully ; slow in determining : well con- sidered. — adv. delib'erately. — «. delib'erateness. deliberation, de-lib-cr-a'shun, «., tJie act of deliber- ating; mature reflection ; calmness; coolness. deliberative, de-lib'cr-a-tiv, adj., pertaining to de- liberation ; proceeding or acting by deliberation. — adv. delib eratively. 116 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; ihca. Delicate Delicate, del'i-kat, adj. , alhiring or enttcittg ; pleas- ing to the senses, esp. the taste ; dainty : nicely discriminating or perceptive : of a fine, slight texture or constitution ; tender, frail : requiring nice handling : refined in manners, gentle, polite, considerate. [L. delicatus—dclicicB, allurements —delicio—de, intensive, and lacio, to entice.] — del'icates, ii.pl. in B., delicacies. — del'icately, adv. in a delicate manner: 'vn.B., lu.xuriously.^-del'i- cateness, «. state of teing delicate : in^., delicacy, luxury. delicacy, del'i-ka-si, «., state or quality of being delicate ; anything delicate or dainty. [Fr. deli- catesse — L. delicatus.'] delicious, de-llsh'us, adj., fit il of delicacies ; highly pleasing to the senses ; affording exquisite plea- sure. — ?t. deli'ciousness. [L. deliciosiis — delicite.^ deliciously, dc-Iish'us-li, adv., in a delicious man- lier: in B., luxuriously. delight, de-lTt', v.t. lit. to allure or entice; to please highly. — zi.i. to have or take great plea- sure ; to be greatly pleased -.—pr.p. delight'ing ; J>a.p. delight'ed. — n. a high degree of pleasure ; extreme satisfaction ; that which gives great pleasure, [old E. delite; old Fr. deliter, Prov. delectar — L. delcctarc, intensive oi delicio.'\ delightful, de-llt'fool, delight'some (sum), adj., full of delight. — adv. delight'fully. — n. delight'fulness. Delineate, de-lin'e-at, v.t., to mark out zvith lines ; to represent by a sketch or picture ; to portray ; to describe accurately in words :—pr.p. delin'eat- ing ; pa.p. delin'eated. [L. delineo, deliiieatuin — de, down, and linea, a line.] See Line. delineation, de-lin-e-a'shun, n., the act of delineat- ing : a sketch, representation, or description. delineator, de-lin'e-a-tor, n., one who delineates. Delinquent, dc-lingTcwent, adj., leaving one's duty; failing in duty. — «. one who fails in or leaves his duty; a transgressor; a criminal. — adv. de- lin'quently. [L. delinquens, -entis, pr.p. of de- linquo — de, intensive, and linquo, to leave.] delinquency, de-ling'k wen-si, n., failure in or omis- sion of duty ; a fault ; a crime. Deliquesce, del-i-kwes', v.i. to melt and heco7ne liquid by absorbing moisture, as certain salts, &c. : — pr.p. deliquesc'ing ; pa.p. deliquesced'. [L. deliquesco, to melt away — de, intensive, and liquesco, to become fluid — liqueo, to be fluid.] deliquescent, del-i-kwes'ent, adj., becoming liqiiid in the atmosphere.— «. deliquesc'ence. Delirious, de-lir'i-us, adj. lit. going ottt of the fur- row in ploughing ; wandering in mind ; light- headed ; insane. [L. delirus — de, from, and lira, a {urrow.]— adv. delii/iously. — n. delir'iousness. delirium, de-lir'i-um, n., state of being delirious; strong e.xcitement ; wild enthusiasm. [L.] Delitescent, del-i-tes'ent, adj., lying hid or con- cealed. [L. delitescens, pr.p. of delitesco — dc, from, and latesco — latco, to lie hid.] delitescence, debi-tes'ens, n., state of being con- cealed; retirement. Deliver, de-liv'er, v.t., to liberate or set free from restraint or danger ; to rescue from evil or fear ; to give up, or part with : to communicate ; to pro- nounce : to give forth, as a blow, &c. ; to relieve a woman in childbirth : — pr.p. deliv'ering ; pa.p. deliv'ered. — n. delii/erer. [Fr. delivrer—Y,. de, from, and liberai'e, to set free — liber, free.] deliverance, de-liv'er-ans, n., act of delivering or freeing ; state of being delivered ; freedom. delivery, de-liv'er-i, «., the act of delivering ; a Demi-god giving up ; the act or manner of speaking in public ; the act of giving birth. DeU. See Dale. Delta, del'ta, n. the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet, the capital form of which is ( A ) ; a tract of land of like shape, especially that be- tween two mouths of a river. [Gr.] deltoid, del'toid, adj. of the form of the Greek A ; triangular. [Gr. deltoeides — delta, & eidos, form. ] Delude, del-ud', v.t., to play or impose upon; to deceive ; to mislead ; to cheat -.^pr.p. delud'ing ; pa.p. deliid'ed. [L. delude, to play, make sport of — de, down, ludo, lusus, to play.] delusion, del-u'zhun, «., the act of debeding; the state of being deluded ; a false belief ; error. delusive, del-u'siv, delusory, dcl-u'sor-i, adj., apt or tending to delude; deceptive. — adv. delu'sively. — 71. delu'siveness. Deluge, del'uj, «., a washingaway; a great overflow of water ;_ a flood, esp. that in the days of Noah. — v.t. to inundate ; to overwhelm as with water : —pr.p. deluging ; /«./. del'uged. [Fr., L. dilu- vium — diluo — dis, away, luo = lavo, to wash.] Delusion, Delusive. See under Delude. Delve, delv, v.t., to dig with a spade: — pr.p. d(tWmg; pa.p. delved'. — ;/. delv'er. [A.S.delfan, to dig ; conn, with Dale, Dell, and W. tzul, a hole.] Demagnetise, de-mag'net-Tz, v.t., to deprive of 7nagnetic power. [L. de, priv., and magnetise.] Demagogue, dem'a-gog, «., a leader of the people ; a popular and factious orator. [Gr. deniagogos — de/jios, the people, agogos, leading — ago, to lead.] Demain, de-man', Demesne, de-men', 7t., a domaiii;- a manor-Iwuse with the lands belonging to it, held by the owner for his own use. [old Fr. de77iai7ie, de77tes7ie, L. doi)ti7iiu7Ji, right of owner- ship — do>ni7ius, a master — do/nus, a house.] Demand, de-mand', v.t. to ask \>:xcVfrom the ha7ids of a7iothcr; to claim ; to ask earnestly or author- itatively; to call for; to question -.—pr.p. demand'- ing ; pa.p. demand'ed. — «. the asking for what is due ; an asking for with authority ; a claim ; earnest inquiry, [low L. dc77ia7ido, to demand — de, from, and 7nando, to put into one's hand — 7na7tus, the hand, and do, to give.] demandable, de-mand'a-bl, adj., that may be de- ma7idcd. demandant, de-mand'ant, «., one who demands; a plaintiff. Demarcation, Demarkation, dc-mark-a'shun, 7t., the act of7narki7igoffox setting bounds to ; division ; a fixed limit. [Fr. devtarquer, to mark off — de, off, and 7>tarquer, to mark.] See Mark. Demean, de-men', v.t. lit. to 7/ia7iage or lead with the ha7id ; to conduct; to behave :^^r./. de- mean'ing ; pa.p. demeaned'. [Fr. de7ne}ter — de, inten., and 7nener, to lead — L. 77ta7ius, the hand.] demeanour, de-men'ur, «. behaviour; bearing. Demean, de-men', v.t., to 7nake meaii; to lower: — pr.p. demeaning ;/«./. demeaned'. [L. de. Mean.] Demented, de-ment'ed, adj., out ofo/ie's 77ii7id; de- prived of reason. [L. denie7is, dementis, out of one's mind — de, from, and 7ne7is, the mind.] Demerit, de-mer'it, «., that ivhich wants 7nerit — hence, that which deserves punishment ; fault ; crime. [L. de, want of, and Merit.] Demesne. See Demain. Demi-god, dem'i-god, n., half a god; one whose nature is partly divine. [Fr. de77ti, half, and God.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thzn. "7 Demise Denouement Demlae.'de-mTz', «., laying down — hence, a trans- ferring ; the death of a sovereign, or a distin- guished person ; a transfer of the crown or of an estate to a successor. — v.t. to send down to a successor ; to bequeath by will : — pr.p. dcmls'inj; ; pa.p. demised'. [Fr. demise, pa. p. oi demettre, to lay down — de, L. dis, aside, and Fr. inettre, to lay — L. mittere, missus, to send.] iamlsslon, de-mish'un, n., a lowering or letting down; degradation ; humiliation. [L. demissio.] Demi-cemi -quaver, dem'i-sem'i-kwu-ver, n. in music, 9 a note equal in time to t/ie half of a semiquaver^ [Fr. demi, half, and Semi-quaver.] / Democracy, de-mok'ra-si, «. a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people collectively. [Gr. demokratia — demos, the people, and krateo, to rule — kratos, strength.] democrat, dem'o-krat, n. one who adheres to or promotes democracy. democratic, dem-o-krat'ik, democratical, dem-o- krat'i-kal, adj., relating to detnocracy. — adv. democratically. Demolish, de-mol'ish, v.t,, to throw ox pulldown; to reduce to a shapeless heap ; to destroy, ruin : — P^-P- dcmol'ishing ; pa.p. demol'ished. [L. demolior, to throw or pull down — de, down, and molior, to build — fnoles, a heap.] demolition, dem-o-lish'un, n., the act of dej7tolish- ing or destroying ; ruin ; destruction. Demon, de'mon, «. in mythology, a spirit holding a place between man and the gods ; an evil spirit, a devil. [L. dcBmon, Gr. daimon, a spirit — daid, to divide, to distribute destinies.] demoniac, de-mo'ni-ak, demoniacal, de-mo-nl'ak-al, adj., pertaining to or like detnofts or evil spirits ; influenced by demons. — adv. demoni'acally. demoniac, de-mo'ni-ak, n. a human being possessed by a devi07t or evil spirit. demoniacism, de-mo-nl'a-sizm, «., the state of -being demoniac ; demoniacal practices. demonolatry, de-mon-ol'a-tri, «., tlie worship of- demons. [Gr. daimon, and latreia, worship.] demonology, de-mon-ol'o-ji, n., a discourse on. demons and their agency. — adjs. demonolog'ic, demonolog'ical. [Gr. daimdn, logos, a discourse.] demonologist, de-mon-ol'o-jist, «., a writer on demonology. Demonstrate, de-mon'strat, v.t., to shew or point out clearly ; to prove with certainty : — pr.p. de- mon'strating ; pa.p. demon'strated. [L. detnon- strv — de, intensive, and tnonstro, to shew.] demouBtrable, de-mon'stra-bl, adj., that inay be de- monstrated. — 71. demon'strableness. — adv. demon'- etrably. demonstration, dem-on-stra'shun, «., tJte act of de- 7no7tstrating; a pointing out ; proof beyond doubt : expression of the feelings by outward signs ; show ; militarv or other e.xhlbilion. demonstrative, dc-mon stra-tiv, adj., having the power to demo7istrate ; making e\-ident ; pro\dng with certainty ; given to the manifestation of one's feelings. — adv. demon'stratively. — 7t. de- mon'strativeness. Demoralise, dc-mor'al-Tz, v.t., to bring down or cor- rupt »■« i7wrals :—pr.p. dcmor'alTsmg ; pa.p. de- mor'alTsed. [Fr. demoraliscr — L. de, down, and Fr. morale, morals.] See MoraL demoralisation, de-mor-al-i-za'shun, «., act of de- moralising; corruption or subversion of morals. Demotic, de-mot'ik, adj., pertaining to tJu people ; popular. [Gr. demos, the people.] Demulcent, de-mul'sent, adj., mollifying or soften- i/ig; soothing. [L. demulcens, pr.p. oi cUmukeo —de, and t7iulceo, to soften.] Demur, de-mur', v.i., to delay; to hesitate ' from uncertainty ; to object \—pr.p. demurr'ing ;/fl./. demurred'. — «. a stop ; pause ; hesitation. [Fr. demeurer, L. demoror, to loiter, linger— !g; a name or title; a collection of indi- viduals called by the same name ; a sect. denominational, de-nom-in-a'shun-al, adj., belong- ing to a deno7ninatio7i or sect. denominationalism, de-nom-in-a'shun-al-izm, «., a deno/ninational or class spirit or policy ; devo- tion to the interests of a sect. denominative, de-nom'in-at-iv, adj.,givingOT having a deno7ninatio7i or title. — adv. denom'inatively. denominator, de-nom'in-at-or, «., he who or that which ^^'/rri- a 7ia7ne ; in arith., the lower num- ber in a vulgar fraction, which 7ia7nes the parts into which the integer is divided. Denote, de-not', v.t., to note or mark; to Indicate by a sign; to point out; to be the sign of ; to signify or mean :^/ir./. denot'ing; pa.p. de- noted. [L. de7toto—de, intensive, and 7ioto, to mark — nota, a mark or sign.] See Note. Denouement, d5-no3'mong, n. lit. tlie untying of a knot; the unravelling of a plot or story ; the Issue, ct8 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; //ien. Denounce event, or outcome. [Fr. denoner, to untie — de, priv., and nouer, to tie — L. nodus, a knot.] Denonnce, de-nouns', denunciate, de-nun'shi-5.t, or 'se-at, v.t. lit, to tell ox atmounce ; to threaten; to inform against or accuse publicly :^^r./. denounc'ing, denun'ciating ; pa.p. denounced', denun'ciated. [L. dettuncio—dg, intensive, and nuncio, to announce.] denouncement, de-nouns'ment, denunciation, de-nun- shi-a'shun, or -se-a', n., tJte act of denouncing ; a threat, denunciator, de-nun'shi-a-tor, n. , one -who denounces. denunciatory, de-nun'shi-a-tor-i, adj., containing a denunciation ; threatening. Dense, dens, adj., thick; close; compact. — adv. dense'ly. — «. dense'ness. [L. densus, thick.] density, dens'i-ti, n. , the quality of being dense ; the proportion of mass to bulk or volume. Dent, dent, «., a dint or small hollow made by the pressure or blow of a harder body on a softer. — v.t. to make a dint or mark by means of a blow ; to indent, [from the sound.] Dental, den'tal, adj., belonging to the teeth; pro- duced by the aid of the teeth. — n. an articulation or letter formed or pronounced chiefly with the teeth. [L. dens, dentis, a tooth.] dentate, den'tat, dentated, den'tat-ed, adj., tootJied; notched ; set as with teeth. denticle, den'ti-kl, n., a small tooth. [L. denticulus, dim. of dens, a tooth.] denticulate, den-tik'u-lat, adj., having small teeth. — «. denticula'tion. dentifrice, den'ti-fris, n. a substance used in ruhhing or cleaning the teeth. [L. dens, ^niA/rico, to rub.] dentist, den'tist, «,, one who cures diseases of the teeth, or inserts artificial teeth, dentistry, den'tist-ri, «., tlie profession of a dentist. dentition, den-tish'un, «., t/if cutting or growing of teeth. [L. dentio, to cut teeth — dens.} Denude, de-nud', v.t., to make fmde or naked ; to lay bare -.—pr.p. denud'ing ; pa.p. denud'ed.— «. denudation,den-u-da'shun. \\j.denudo — de, inten., and 7mdo, to make naked — midus, naked.] Denunciate, &c. See under Denounce. Deny, de-ni', v.t., to say nay or jio strongly; to gainsay or declare not to be true ; to reject ; to disown: — pr.p. deny'ing; pa.p. denied'. [Fr. denier — L. de-nego — de, intensive, and 7tego, to say no — ne, no, aio, to say yes — Sans, ah, to say.] deniable, de-m'a-bl, adj., that may be denied. denial, de-nl'al, «., act of denying or saying no; contradiction; refusal; rejection. Deodorise, de-o'dor-Tz, v.t., to take tJie odour ox smell from : — pr.p. deo'dorTsing ;/«./. deo'dorlsed. [L. de, from, and root of Odour.] Deoxidate, de-oks'i-dat, deoxidise, de-oks'i-dlz, z'.t., to take oxygen fro7n, or reduce from the state of an oxide. [L. de, from, and oxidate, oxidise.] Depart, de-part', v.i., to part from; to go away; to quit or leave ; to die : — pr.p. depart'ing ; pa.p. depart'ed. [Fr. departir^L. de, from, and ■ partior, to part, to divide.] See Part. department, de-part'ment, n. that which is parted or separated ; a part or portion ; a separate part of business or duty ; a division of a country. — adj. department'aL departure, de-part'ur, n. , act of departing; a going away from a place ; deviation ; death. Depend, de-pend', v.i., to hang down ox front ; to be sustained by or connected with anything ; to deposit xtsf.—pr.p. depend'ing; pa.p. depend'ed. [L. dependeo — de, from, 2iixd. pe7ideo , to hang.] dependant, de-pend'ant, n., one who depends on, relies on, or is sustained by another, dependent, de-pend'ent, adj., dependi7ig ; relying or resting on; subject to; subordinate.— r.j>. descrlb'ing ; j>a.p. described'. [L. describe — de, down, and scribo, to write.] describable, de-skrib'a-bl, adj., capable of being described. description, de-skrip'shun, n., act of describing ; an account of anything in words ; definition : sort, class, or kind, descriptive, de-skrip'tiv, adj., tending to describe; containing description. — adv. descrip'tively. — 7i. descrip'tiveness. Descry, de-skrl', v. t. lit. to 7nake an outcry on dis- covering what one has been on the watch for ; to discover ; to espy : — pr.p. descrj/ing ; pa.p. descried', [old Fr. descrier, to describe — de, and crier, to cry.] See Cry. Desecrate, des'e-krat, v. t. to divert from a sacred purpose ; to profane -.—pr.p. des'ecrating ; pa. p. des'ecrated. [L. desecro — de, away from, and sacro, to make sacred — sacer, sacred.] desecration, des-e-kra'shun, n., act of desecrating ; profanation. Desert, de-zert', «. reward. See under Deserve. Desert, de-zert', v.t. lit. to -undo one's connection with another; to leave ; to forsake. — v.i. to run away ; to quit a service, as the army, without permission: — pr.p. desert'ing; pa.p. deserted. [L. desero, desertits — de, neg. and sero, to bind.] desert, dez'ert, adj., deserted; forsaken : desolate ; uncultivated.— «. a desolate or barren place ; a wilderness ; a solitude. deserter, de-zert'er, n., one who deserts or quits a service without permission. desertion, de-zer'shun, «., act of deserting; state of being deserted. Deserve, de-zerv', v.t. to earn by serz'ice; to merit. — v.i. to be worthy of reward : — pr.p. deser/ing ; pa.p. deserved'. [L. deservio — de, intensive, and serziio, to serve.] deserving, de-zerv'ing, adj., worthy. — «. desert. — adv. deserv'ingly. deservedly, de-zerVed-li, adv., according to desert; justly. desert, de-zert', n. the reward or punishment de- served: claim to reward ; merit. Deshabille, des-a-bil', «., a7i undress; a careless toilet. [Fr. dishabille, undressed — des, L. dis, = un, not, and habiller, to dress.] Desiccate, de-sik'at, v.t., to dry up. — v.i. to grow dry '—pr.p. desicc'ating; pa.p. desicc'ated'. [L. desicco, to dry up — de, and siccus, dry.] desiccant, de-sik'ant, desiccative, de-sik'at-iv, adj.. Despatcli drying; having the power of drying.— «. an ap- plication that tends to dry up sores. desiccation, des-ik-a'shun, «., t/te act of desiccating; state of being desiccated. Desiderate, de-sid'er-at, v.t. orig. to look eagerly towards a thing ; to long for or earnestly desire a thing : to want or miss -.^pr.p. desid'erating ; pa.p. desid'erated. [L. desidero, desideratum — from root of Consider.] desideratum, de-sid-er-a'tum, «., sojnething desider- ated, desired, or much wanted.—//, desiderata, de-sid-er-a'ta. [L., pa.p. oi desidero. 1 Design, de-sTn', or-zTn', v.t., to mark out ; to drawr to form a plan of; to contrive : to intend -.—pr.p. desTgn'ing; pa.p. designed'.- «. a drawing or sketch ; a plan in outline : a plan or scheme formed in the mind ; plot ; intention. [L. desigiio — de, and signum, a mark.] designable, de-sln'a-bl, adj., that can he designed. designedly, de-sln'ed-li, adv., by design; intention- ally. designer, de-sln'er, -n., one who designs; one who furnishes designs or patterns : a plotter. designate, des'ig-nat, v.t., to mark otit so as to- make known ; to shew ; to name '.—pr.p. des'ig- nating ; pa.p. des'ignfited. — «. des'ignator. designation, des-ig-na'shun, n., the act of designat- ing; a shewing or pointing out : name ; title. designing, de-sln'ing.rt^//'., c^^^'r/V/^^ schemes; art- ful; scheming; deceitful. — n. the art or practice. of making designs or patterns. Desire, de-zir', v.t., to long for the possession of; to wish for; to request, ask: in B., to regret: — pr.p. desir'ing ; pa.p. desired'. — n. an earnest longing for ; eagerness to obtain ; a prayer or request : the object desired : lust. [Fr. desirer. It. desirare, L. desiderare. See Desiderate.] desirable, de-zlr'a-bl, adj., worthy of desire ; pleas- ing ; agreeable.- — adv. desir'ably. — n. desir'ableness. desirous, de-zlr'us, adj., full of desire ; anxious to obtain ; eager. Desist, de-sist', z>.i., to stand away ; to stop; to forbear -.—pr.p. desist'ing ; pa.p. desist'ed. [L.- desisto — de, away, and sisto, to cause to stand.] Desk, desk, n. lit. a disc or plate ; a sloping table for the use of writers or readers ; a pulpit. [A.S. disc, a table, plate. See Disc] Desolate, des'o-lat, v.t., to make solitary ; to deprive of inhabitants ; to lay waste :—pr.p. des'olating ; pa.p. des'olated. — adj. solitary ; destitute of in- habitants ; laid waste. — adv. des'olately. — «. des'o- lateness. [L. desolo, desolatus — de, intensive, and solo, to make alone — sobis, alone.] desolation, des-o-la'shun, n., act of desolating ' state of being desolated ; waste ; destruction : a place desolated. Despair, de-spar', v.i. to be utterly 7vithoui hope;. to despond -.—pr.p. despair'ing ; pa.p. despaired'. — adv. despairingly. — n. want of hope ; utter hopelessness : that which causes despair. [L. despero — de, privative, and spero, to hope.] desperate, des'per-at, adj., in a state of despair ; hopeless ; beyond hope : fearless of danger ; rash ;. furious. — adv. des'perately. — 71. des'perateness. desperation, des-per-a'shun, «., act of despairing : state of despair ; disregard of danger ; fury. desperado, des-per-a'do, n., a desperate fellow ; one reckless of danger ; a madman. [Sp. desesperado — L. despero. \ Despatch, de-spach', v.t. lit. to unfasten, to remove hi7tderances ; to send away hastily ; to send out fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^w. Desperate of the world; to put to death : to dispose of; to perform speedily -.—pr.p. despatch'ing ; pa.f. despatched'. — 7i. a sending away in haste ; dis- missal : rapid performance ; haste : that whicli is despatched, as a message. [Yv.depecJirr ; It. dis- pacciare — L. dis, asunder, and pango, paction, to fasten, to fix.] Desperate, &c. See under Despair. Desplght, de-spTt', an old form of Despite. Despise, de-spTz', v.t., to look doiv>i upon, with contempt ; to scorn : — pf-p- despTs'ing ; pa.p. de- spised'. [L. despicio — de, down, specio, to look.] a.p. des'tined. [L. destino — de, intensive, and root stano, allied to Gr. histano, histemi, to make to stand.] destination, des-ti-na'shun, n. the purpose or end to which anything is destined or appointed; end; purpose; design; fate : place to which one is going. Deterge destiny, des'ti-ni, n. the purpose or end to which any person or thing is destined or appointed ; unavoidable fate ; necessity. Destitute, des'ti-tut, adj. \\t. put away ; left alone; forsaken : in want, needy. [L. destituo, desti- tiitus — de, away, and statue, to place.] destitution, des-ti-tu'shun, n., state of being desti- tute ; poverty. Destroy, de-stroj'', v.t., to unbuild or pull dow7t; to overturn ; to ruin ; to put an end to '.—pr.p. dcstroy'ing ; pa.p. destroyed'. [L. destruo, de- stTntctum — de, down, and struo, to build.] destroyer, de-stroy'er, «., one wfw destroys. destructible, de-struk'ti-bl, adj. , capable of being destroyed ; liable to be destroyed. — n. destmc- tibU'ity. destruction, de-struk'shun, «., act of destroying; state of being destroyed ; overthrow ; ruin ; death. destructive, de-struk'tiv, adj., causing destruction ; mischievous ; ruinous ; deadly. — adv. destruc'- tively. — n. destruc'tiveness. Desudation, des-u-da'shun, n. lit. a violent sweating; an eruption of small pimples on children. [L. de, intensive, and sudo, to sweat.] Desuetude, des'we-tud, «., disuse; discontinuance of custom, habit, or practice. [L. desuetudo — de, negative, and sjiesco, to become used.] Desultory, des'ul-tor-i, adj ., jumping from, one thing to another ; without rational or logical connec- tion ; rambling ; hasty ; loose. — adv. des'ultorily. — n. des'ultoriness. [L. desultorius — de, from, and salio, to jump.] Detach, dc-tach', v.t., to untack or unfasten; to take from or separate; to withdraw :—/r./. de- tach'ing ; pa.p. detached'. [Fr. detacher — de, from, and root of Attach.] detachment, de-tach'ment, «., act of detaching; state of being detached ; that which Is detached, as a body of troops. Detail, de-tal', v.t. lit. to ait dozvn or into parts; to relate minutely ; to enumerate : to set apart for a particular service '.—pr.p. detail'ing ; pa.p. detailed'. — n. a small part ; a minute and particular account. [Fr. detailler—de, down, and tailler, to cut — L. talea, a cutting. See DeaL] Detain, de-tan', v.t., to Jwldfrom or back ; to stop ; to keep : — pr.p. detain'ing: pa.p. detained'. [L. detineo — de, from, and teneo, to hold.] detainer, de-tiin'er, «., one wJw detains; in law, the holding of what belongs to another. detainment, de-tan'ment, detention, de-ten'shun, n., act of detaining; state of being detained ; con- finement ; delay. Detect, de-tekt', v.t. lit. to uncover — hence to dis- cover; to find out :— /r./. dctect'ing ; pa.p. de- tect'ed. [L. de, neg., and tego, tectus, to cover.] detectable, de-tck'ta-bl, adj., that fnay be detected. detecter, detector, de-tekt'er, n., one wJw detects. detection, de-tek'shun, «., act of detecting; dis- covery of something hidden. detective, de-tek'tiv, adj., tending to detect. — n. a policeman employed secretly to detect crime. Detention. See under Detain. Deter, de-ter', v.t., to frighten from ; to hinder or prevent : — pr.p. deterr'ing ; pa.p. deterred'. [L. detcrrco — de, from, and terreo, to frighten.] Deterge, de-terj', v.t., to wipe off; to cleanse (as a wound) :— /r./. dctcrg'ing; pa.p. deterged'. [L. detergeo, dctersus—de, off, and tergeo, to wipe.] fate, fiir ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mo5n ; Men. detergent detergent, de-ter'jent, detersive, de-ter'siv, adj., cleaTising ; purging. — n. that which cleanses. detersion, de-ter'shun, «., act of cleansing. Deteriorate, de-te'ri-o-rat, v.t., to bring down or make worse. — v.i. to grow worse :—i>r.p. dete'- riorating ; pa.p. dete norated. [L. deterior, worse — obs. deter, lower — de, down.] deterioration, de-te-ri-o-ra'shun, «., tlie state of de- teriorating or growing worse. Determine, de-te/min, v.t., to put ter?ns or hounds to; to limit : to fix or settle the form or character of; to influence : to put an end to ; to resolve on ; to define :—pr.p. determining ;pa.p. deter'mined. [L. determino, deterrninattts — de, priv., and ter- minus, a boundary.] determinable, de-tei^min-a-bl, adj. , capable of being detertnined, decided on, or finished. determinate, de-ter'min-at, adj., determined or limited ; fixed ; decisive. — adv. deter'minately. determination, de-ter-min-ashun, n., act of deter- mining; state of being tletermined : that which is determined or resolved on ; end ; direction to a certain end ; resolution ; purpose ; decision. determinative, de-tei/min-a-tiv, adj., that deter- mines, limits, or defines. determined, de-ter'mind, adj., firm in pttrpose; lixed; resolute. — adv. determinedly. Detersion, Detersive. See under Deterge. Detest, de-test', v.t. lit. to call a deity to witness against, to curse ; to hate intensely : — pr.p. de- test'ing ; pa.p. detest'ed. [L. detestor — de, inten. and tester, to call to witness — testis, a witness.] detestable, de-test'a-bl, adj. , worthy of being de- tested; extremely hateful ; abominable. — adv. detest'ably. — n. detest'ableness. detestation, de-test-a'shun, n., act of detesting or hating ; extreme hatred. Dethrone, de-thron', v.t. to remove yr^?« a throne, to divest of royal authority '.—pr.p. dethron'ing ; pa.p. dethroned'. [L. de, from, and Throne.] dethronement, de-thron'ment, «., re?noval from a throne; deposition. Detonate, det'o-nat, v.i. to come down or explode with a sudden thundering report. — v.t. to cause to explode '.—pr.p. det'onating ; pa.p. det'onated. [L. detono — de, down, and tono, to thunder.] detonation, det-o-na'shun, n., a sudden explosion. Detour, da-toor', n. lit. a turning a dijferent way ; a \rinding ; a circuitous way. [Fr., de, for L. dis, asunder, and tour, a turning — L. tornus, Gr. tomos, a turner's lathe.] Detract, de-trakt', v.t., to take away from, the credit or reputation of ; to defame ; to abuse -.—pr.p. de- tract'ing -.pa.p. detracted. — adv. detract'ingly. [L. detraho, detractus — de,irom., and tralw, to draw.] detraction, de-trak'shun, n., act of detracting ; de- preciation ; slander. detractor, de-trakt'or, n., one wlio detracts; a slanderer. Detriment, det'ri-ment, n., a rubbing off or wearing away ; damage ; loss. [L. detritnentum—de , off, and tero, tritus, to rub.] detrimental, det-ri-ment'al, adj., cajcsing detriment ; injurious. detrition, de-trish'un, n., a wearing azvay. detritus, de-trl'tus, n. a mass of substance gradually rubbed or worn off solid bodies, smaller than debris. [L.] Detrude, de-trood', v.t., to thrust down : — pr.p. de- triid'ing ; pa.p. detrud'ed. [L. de, down, and trudo, to thrust.] Devote detrusion, de-troo'zhun, n., a thrusting down. Detruncate, de-trung^at, v.t., to cut off from the trunk : to lop off ; to shorten :—pr.p. detrun'cat- ing ; pa.p. detrun'cated. [L. de, off, and trunco, to lop — truncus, a trunk.] detruncation, de-trung-kashun, n., act of detrun- cating or lopping off. Deuce, dus, «., two; a card or die with two spots. [Fr. deux, two — L. duo, two.] Deuce, Dense, dus, n., a demon; the devil, [low L. dusi-us, Bret, teuz, a demon.] Deuterogamy, du-ter-og'a-mi, «., a second marriage. [Gr. deuteros, second, 3L.nd gamos, marriage.] Deuteronomy, du-ter-on'o-mi, n. the fifth book of the Pentateuch, which contains the second giving of the law by Moses. [Gr. deuteros, second, and nomas, law.] Devastate, dev'as-tat, v.t., to lay ivaste ; to plunder : — pr.p. devastating ; pa.p. devastated. [L. de, intensive, and vasto, to lay waste.] devastation, dcv-as-ta'shun, «., act of devastating ; state of being devastated ; waste ; desolation. Develop, de-vcl'op, v.t., to unroll, to unfold ; to lay open by degrees. — v.i. to grow into ; to open out : —pr.p. devel'oping ; pa.p. devel'oped. [Fr. devel- opper: prob. from L. de, down, and volvo, to roll.] development, de-vel'op-ment, «., act of developing; a gradual unfolding ; a gradual growth. Deviate, de'vi-at, v.i., to go from tJie way ; to turn aside from a certain course ; to err :—pr.p. de'viat- ing ; pa.p. deviated. [L. de, from, via, a way.] deviation, de-vi-a'shun, «., act of deviating ; state of having deviated ; a turning aside ; error. devious, de'vi-us, adj., from or out of tlie way; erring. — adv. de'viously. — n. de'viousness. Device. See under Devise. Devil, dev'l, 7i. lit. the slanderer or accuser; Satan ; any evil spirit ; a very wicked person. — v.t. in cookery, to pepper excessively. [A.S. deofol, diobul ; L. diaboltis ; Gr. diabolos, from diaballo, to slander — dia, down, and ballo, to throw.] devilish, deVil-ish, adj., of or like the devil; exces- sively bad. — adv. deVilishly. — «. deVilishness. devilry, deVil-ri, n., conduct worthy of tfie devil; extreme wickedness. Devious. See under Deviate. Devise, de-vTz', v.t., to divide, distinguish, or form in the mind ; to scheme ; to contrive : to give by will ; to bequeath : — pr.p. devis'ing ; pa.p. de- vised'.— «. act of bequeathing ; a will ; property bequeathed by will. [Fr. deviser; It. divisare — L. divido, divisus, to divide.] deviser, de-vTz'er, «., one who devises or contrives. devisor, de-vlz'or, n., one wlw devises or bequeaths by will. device, de-vTs', «., that which is devised or designed ; contrivance ; power of devising ; genius ; in heraldry, the emblem borne upon a shield. Devoid, de-void', adj., quite void; destitute; free from. [L. de, intensive, and Void.] Devoir, dev-wawr', «., zvhat is due, duty; service ; an act of civility. [Fr. — L. debeo, to owe.] Devolve, de-volV, z'.t., to roll down ; to flow; to hand down ; to deliver over. — v.i. to roll down ; to fall or pass over i^pr.p. devolving; pa.p. de- volved'. [L. de, down, volvo, volutus, to roll.] devolution, dev-o-lu'shun, «., act of devolving; a passing from one person to another. Devote, de-vot', v.t., to vow; to set apart or dedicate by solemn act ; to doom ; to give up wholly : — fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; ^/;en. devoted pr.p. devOt'ing ;/«./. devot'ed. [L. devoveo, dc- votus — de, away, and zioveo, to vow.] devoted, de-vot'ed, adj. , addicted; stroncjly attached ; zealous. — adv. devot'edly. — ft. devot'edness. devotee, dev-O-te', «., o)te wholly or superstitiously devoted, especially to religion ; a bigot. devotion, dc-vO'shun, n., act of devotmg; state of being devoted or devout : consecration ; giving up of the mind to the worship of God ; piety ; prayer: strong -affection or attachment ; ardour. devotional, de-vO'shun-al, adj., pertaining or suit- able to devotion. — adv. devo'tionally. _ devout, dc-vout', adj'., devoted to religion; pious; solemn ; sinccvQ.— adv. devout'ly. — n. devout'ness. Devour, de-vour', v.t., to swallozv greedily ; to eat up : to consume or waste with violence or wanton- ness ; to destroy : to enjoy with avidity -.—pr.p. devour'ing ; pa.p. devoured'. [L. devoro — de, down, and voro, to swallow.] devourer, de-vour'er, n., one who devours. Devout. See under Devote. Dew, du, «., ivet or moisture deposited on the sur- face of the earth from the air, chiefly at night. — V. t. to wet with dew ; to moisten '.—pr.p. dew'ing ; pa.p. dewed'. [A.S. deaw, Ger. thau, dew; Gr. dejto, to wet.] dewy, du'i, adj., pertaining to dew; moist with dew. dewlap, du'lap, n. the loose flesh about the throat of oxen, which laps or licks tlie dew in grazing. dewpoint, du'point, «., the point or temperature at which dew begins to form. Dexter, deks'ter, adj., on the right-hand side ; right. [L. dexter; Gr. dexios ; Sans. daksh.'\ dexterity, deks-ter'i-ti, n. , right-handed ness ; clever- ness ; readiness and grace of limb ; adroitness. dexterous, deks'ter-us, adj., right-handed ; adroit; subtle. — adv. dex'terously. — )t. dex'terousness. dextral, deks'tral, adj., rigid, as opposed to left. Dey, da, n. lit. a maternal uncle ; the title of the governor of Algiers before the French conquest. [Turk, ddi, a maternal uncle.] Diabetes, di-a-be'tez, it. a morbid and excessive dis- charge of urine. [Gr. diabetes, from dia, through, and bai?id, to go.] diabetic, dl-a-bet'ik, adj., pertaining to diabetes ; afflicted with diabetes. Diabolic, dl-a-bol'ik, Diabolical, dl-a-bol'ik-al, adj., devilish. — adv. diabolically. [Gr. diabolikos, from diabolos, the devil.] Diaconal, Diaconate. See under Deacon. Diacritic, d7-a-krit'ik, Diacritical, dT-a-krit'ik-al, adj., separating or distinguishing between. [Gr. dia- kritikos — dia, between, and kritid, to separate.] Diadem, dl'a-dem, «., a band or fillet worn round the head as a badge of royalty ; a crown ; royalty. [Gr. diadevia — dia, round, and deo, to bind.] diademed, di'a-demd, adj., wearing a diadem. Diaeresis, Dieresis, dT-e/e-sis, n., the separation of one syllable into two; a mark (") placed over one of two vowels to shew that each is to be pronounced separately, as in aerial. [Gr. — dia, denoting separation, and haired, to take.] Diagnosis, dT-ag-nO'sis, «., the judging or distin- guishing a disease by means of its symptoms ; a brief description. [Gr. — dia, between, and^/«- osko, to judge.] diagnostic, dl-ag-nos'tik, adj., distinguishing; characteristic. — «. that by which anything is known ; a symptom. Diaper Diagonal, dT-ag'o-nal, adj., through the comers, or front angle to angle of a four or many sided figure. — «. a straight line so drawn. — adv. diag'- onally. [L. diagonalis, from Gr. diagonios — dia, through, ^LnAgonia, a corner.] Diagram, dfa-gram, n. lit. a writing or drawing round; a figure or plan drawn to illustrate any statement. [Gr. diagramina — dia, round, and grap/td, to write, delineate.] diagraph, dfa-graf, «. an instrument used in per- spective drawing. Dial, dl'al, n. an instrument for shewing the time oi day hy the sun's shadow ; the face of a watch or clock, [low L. dialis, daily — L. dies, a day.] dialist, dl'al-ist, n., a maker of dials ; one skilled in dialling. dialling, di'al-ing, «., tJte art of cofistrnctitig dials. Dialect, dl'a-lekt, n. lit. a speaking across or to- getJier ; discourse ; language ; a variety or peculiar form of a language. [Gr. dialektos — dia, through, and lego, to speak.] dialectic, dl-a-lek'tik, dialectical, dl-a-lek'tik-al, adj., pertaining to dialect or to discourse : pertain- ing to dialectics ; logical. — adv. dialec'tically. [Gr. dialektikos.'\ dialectics, dl-a-lek'tiks, 7i.pl., art of discussing; that branch of logic which teaches the rules and modes of reasoning. [Gr. dialektike {techne], arc of discussing by questioning, logic] dialectician, dl-a-lek-tish'an, «., one skilled in dia- lectics, a logician. dialogue, dl'a-log, n., conversation between two or: more persons, esp. of a formal or imaginary nature. dialogist, dl-al'o-jist, «., a speaker in, or writer of, a dialogue. dialogistic, dl-al-o-jist'ik, dialogisticaJ, dT-al-o-jist'- ik-al, adj., rclatitig to or having the form of a dialogue. Dialsrsis, di-al'i-sis, «., a loosening; diaeresis. — pi. Dialyses, dl-al'i-sez. [Gr. dialyses — dia, through,, and lyo, to loose.] — adj. dialyt'ic. Diamagnetic, dT-a-mag-net'ik, adj., cross-magnetic ^ applied to any substance which when suspended takes an east and west position, or one opposite to that of the ordinary magnet. [Gr. dia, through, across, and niagnctes, a magnet.] Diameter, dl-am'e-tcr, «., tlie measure through or across ; a straight line passing through the centre of a circle or other figure, terminated at both ends by the circumference, and dividing the figure into two equal parts ; the distance through the centre of any object. [Gr. dia- metros — dia, through, and metron, a measure.] diametrical, dl-a-met'rik-al, adj., relating to or describing a diameter; in the direction of a diameter; direct. — adv. diamet'rically. Diamond, dl'a-mond, n. lit. ada))tant; the most valuable of all gems and the hardest of all sub- stances : a four-sided figure with two obtuse and two acute angles : the smallest kind of English printing type. [corrupted from Gr. adatnas, adamantos, adamant.] See Adamant. Diapason, dT-a-pa'zon, n. the octave or interval which includes all the notes of the scale ; the con- cord of the first and last notes of the scale. [Gr. dia, through, anA pason, genitive pi. of pas, all — contr. from the Gr. phrase he dia pason diorddn symphonia, the concord through all the notes. } Diaper, dl'a-per, n. variegated cloth, orig. like jasper : linen cloth woven in figures, used for fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; //ien. Diaphanous towels, &c. — v.t. to variegate with figures, as diaper: — -/r./. dl'apering; pa.p. dl'apered. [Fr. diapre ; old Fr. dlaspre ; from root of Jasper : or cloth d' y/ res, from Ypres, in Flanders.] Diaphanous, dl-af 'a-nus, adj. , sinning or appearing through, transparent ; clear. — adv. diaph'an- ously. [Gr. diaphanes — dia, through, and phaino, to shew, shine.] diaphaneity, dl-af-a-ne'i-ti, n., q7iaUty of being diaphanous ; power of transmitting light. Diaphoretic, dl-a-fo-ret'ik, adj. lit. carrying thro7igh; promoting perspiration. — ;/. a medicine that increases perspiration. [Gr. dia, through, and//j^r^, to carry.] Diaphragm, dl'a-fram, n. a thin partition or divid- ing membrane ; the muscle which separates the chest from the abdomen, called also the midriff. [Gr. diaphragma — dia, s.cross, phrasso, to fence.] diaphragmatic, dl-a-frag-mat'ik, adj., pertaining to tlie diaphragm. Diarist. See under Diary. Diarrhoea, dl-a-re'a, n. lit. a Ji owing through; a persistent purging or looseness of the bowels. LGr. diarrhoia—dia, through, and rheo, to flow.] diarrhcetic, dl-a-ret'ik, adj., producifig diarrhcca. Diary, dl'a-ri, n. an account of each day's transac- tions, a journal. [L. diarin7n, from dies, a day.] diarist, dl'a-rist, n., one who keeps a diary. Diastole, dl-as'to-le, «., a placing asimder or dilation of the heart, auricles, and arteries : the making a short syllable long. [Gr. diastole — dia, asunder, and siello, to place.] Diathennal, dl-a-ther'mal, adj., lettingheat through, permeable by radiating heat. [Gr. dia, through, and tJierme, heat.] Diatonic, dl-a-ton'ik, adj., proceeding by tones, as the natural scale in music. — adv. diaton'ically. [Gr. dia, through, and tonos, tone.] Diatribe, dl'a-trlb, n. lit. a rubbing through or spending of time ; a continued discourse or dis- putation ; an invective harangue. [Gr. diatribe — dia, through, and tribo, to rub.] Dibber, dib'er, Dibble, dib'l, n. a pointed tool used for dabbing or pricking holes to put seed in. dibble, dib'l, v.t. to plant %vith a dibble. — v.i. to make holes ; to dip as in angling -.—pr.p. dibb'- ling ; pa.p. dibb'led. [dim. of dib, a form of Dip.] Bice. See under Die, for gaming. Dicephalous, dl-sef'a-lus, adj., tzvo-headcd. [Gr. dikephalos — dis, two, and kephale, a head.] Dicotyledon, dl-kot-i-le'don, «. a plant having tivo seed-lobes. [Gr. dis, two, and Cotyledon.] dicotyledonous, dl-kot-i-le'don-us, adj., having two cotyledons or seed-lobes. Dictate, dik'tat, v.t., to say often or keep saying; to tell another what to say or write : to commu- nicate with authority ; to point out ; to command ; to admonish : — pr.p. dic'tating ; pa.p. dic'tated. — ;/.. an order, rule, or direction : impulse. [L. dicto, dictatns, freq. oi dico, to say, to speak.] dictation, dik-ta'shun, «., act, art, or practice of dictating. dictator, dik-ta'tor, n., one ivho dictates : one in- vested for a time with absolute authority. dictatorial, dik-ta-tO'ri-al, adj., pertaifting to or ViV.Q a dictator ; absolute; authoritative. dictatorship, dik-ta'tor-ship, n., the office of a dic- tator; term of a dictator's office. Diction, dik'shun, n., « j^y/w^ or speaking ; manner difficulty of speaking or expression ; choice of words ; style. [L. dictio, from dico,_ dicttan, to say.] dictionary, dik'shun-ar-i, n., a book contaifiing the ivo7-ds of a language alphabetically arranged, with their meanings, &:c. ; a work containing information on any department of knowledge, alphabetically arranged. [Fr. dictionnaire.'\ dictum, dik'tum, n., something said ; a saying; an authoritative saying. — -//. dic'ta. [L.] Did, did— /rtj/ tense of Do. Didactic, di-dak'tic, didactical, di-dak'tik-al, adj. fitted or intended to teach ; instructive ; percep- tive. — adv. didac'tically. [Fr. didactique, from Gr. didaktikos — didasko, to teach.] Didactylous. di-dak'til-us, adj., two-toed or tivo' fifigered. [Gr. dis, twice, dactylos, a finger.] Didapper, did'ap-er, n. a water-bird that is con- stantly dipping or diving under water, also called the dabchick. [for dibdapper, dipdapper, from dib, dip, and dab, dap.] Die, dT, z'.r., to lose life ;_ to perish: to wither ; to languish ; to become insensible :—pr.p. dy'ing ; pa.t. died (did); pa.p. dead (dcd). [Ice. deya, Dan. doe, Scot, dee, A.S. dydan, to kill.] Die, dl, 71. a small cube used in gaming by being thro2V7i from a bo.x ; any small cubical body ; hazard.—//. Dice, dis. [Fr. dc, det, Prov. dat. It. dado, from L. datic77t, pa.p. oi dare, to throw : or Ar. daddo7i, dadda, a game of dice.] die, dT, n. a stamp for impressing coin, &c. ; the cubical part of a pedestal. ^/^/. dies, diz. Diet, dl'et, «., 7/iode of livi7ig with, especial refer- ence to food ; food prescribed by a physician : allowance of provision. — v.t. to furnish with food. — v.i. to eat; to take food according to rule: — pr.p. dl'eting ; pa.p. di'eted. [Yr.diete, It. dieta — L. diceta, Gr. diaita, mode of living.] dietary, dl'et-ar-i, adj., pertai7iing to diet or the rules of diet.— «. course of diet ; allowance of food, especially in large institutions. dietetic, di-et-et'ik, dietetical, dT-et-et'ik-al, adj., periai7U7tg to diet or to the rules for regulating it. — «. dietet'ics, rules for regulating diet. — adv. dietet'ically. [Fr. dietetiq7(e, from Gr. diatetikos.l Diet, dl'et, «. lit. a day of meeting, then the meet- ing itself; an assembly of princes and delegates, the chief national council in several countries ia Europe, [low L. dicta — dies, a day.] Differ, dlf'er, z>.i., to bear an opinion apart; to dis- agree ; to strive : to be unlike, distinct, or various : —pr.p. differing ; pa.p. differed. [L. dijfero^ dis, a-p3.Tt,fero, to bear.] different, difer-ent, adj., differi7ig; distinct; sepa- rate ; unlike ; not the same. — adv. diff'erently. [Fr., L. diffcre7is, dijjerentis, pr.p. oi differo.'\ difference, dif'er-ens, 7i., the state of being diffe7-e7it ; the quality distinguishing one thing from another : a contention or quarrel ; the point in dispute : the excess of one quantity or number over another. differential, dif-er-en'shal, adj., C7-eating a diffe7-- e7ice; in math., pertaining to a quantity or differ- ence infinitely small. Difficult, difi-kult, adj., not easy ; hard to be done; requiring labour and pains : hard to be pleased ; not easily wrought upon or persuaded. — adv. diff'icultly. [L. difficilis, old form dificid—dis, negative, anAfacilis, easy.] difficulty, dif'i-kul-ti, n., the state of being difficidt ; laboriousness ; obstacle ; objection : that which cannot be easily understood or believed : embar- fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thzn. Diffident rassment of affairs; a perplexity: quarrel or matter of dispute. [Fr. dijficulte—h. difficultas.\ Diffident, difi-dent, adj., wanting faith in; dis- trustful of one's self or of one's own ability ; modest ; bashful.— arf?'. diffidently. [L. diffidens, diffidentis, pr.p. of diffido, to distrust— t^ed; elevation of mind or character ; grandeur of mien : elevation in rank, place, &c. ; degree of excellence ; preferment ; high office. [Fr. dignite—\^. dignitas — dignus.] dignitary, dig'ni-tar-i, «. one msi dignified -position ; one who holds an ecclesiastical rank above a priest or canon. [Fr. dignitaire — L. dignitas.] Digraph, dl'graf, «., a double tnark ; two letters which express but one sound, as ea in head. [Gr. di, twice, double, grapJie, a. mark, a character — grapho, to write.] Digress, di-gres', v.i., to step aside or go from the main point or subject ; to introduce irrelevant matter :—/n/). digress'ing ; /a./, digressed'. [L. digredior, digressus — di, aside, gradior, to step. ] digression, di-grcsh'un, n., the act of digressing ; a part of a discourse not upon the main subject. \ digressional, di-gresh'un-al, digressive, di-gres'iv, adj., pertaining to or consisting oi digression. — adv. digress'ively. Dihedral, dl-he'dral, adj., having two hoses, sides, or surfaces. [Gr. di, double, hedra, a base. Dilte, dik, n., a trench or the earth dug out and thrown up; a ditch ; a mound raised to prevent inundation ; in geol., a wall-like mass of igneous rock in the fissures of stratified rocks. — v.t. to surround with a dike or bank -.^pr.p. dlk'ing ; Pa.p. diked'. [A.S. die; Fr. digue. See Dig.] Dilacerate, di-las'er-at, v.t., to rend or tear asu7t- den^pr.p. dilac'erating ; /a./, dilac'eratcd. — «. dilac'eration. [L. — di, asunder, and Lacerate.] Dilapidate, di-lap'i-dat, v.t., to pull stone from stone; to lay waste; to suffer to go to i-uin. — v.i. to waste by decay or neglect : — pr.p. dilap'- idating ; pa.p. dilap'idated. — n. dilap'idator. [L. dilapido — di, asimder, lapis, lapidis, a stone.] dilapidation, di-lap-i-da'shun, ti., t/te state of being dilapidated ; impairing of church property by an incumbent. Dilate, di-lat', v.t., to spread out in all directions ; to enlarge ; to relate at large. — v.i. to widen ; to swell out ; to speak at length : — pr.p. dllat'ing ; pa.p. dllat'ed. — fi. dilat'er. [L. dilato — dilatus, pa.p. of difero — d/f, asunder, fero, to carry.] dilatable, dl-lat'a-bl, adj., that may be dilated or expanded. — «. dilatabil'ity. dilatation, dil-a-ta'shuii, dilation, dT-la'shun, «., t)u act of dilating, or the state of being dilated ; expansion. dilatory, dil'a-tor-i, adj. lit. extending or Putting ojf tin\e\ slow; given to procrastination ; loiter- ing ; tending to delay. — adv. dil'atorily. — n. dil'atoriness. [L. dilatorius — dilato.] Dilemma, di-lcm'a, n. an argument in which the opponent is caught between two difficulties ; a state of matters in which it is difiicult to deter- mine what course to pursue. [L. — Gr. dilemma — (//, twice, double, lemma, anything received — lamband, to take, to seize.] Dilettante, dil-et-tan'tfi, n. one who delights in the fine arts.—//, dilettan'ti ('te). — «. dilettan'telam. [It. pr.p. of diletare, to take delight in — L. delectare, to deliglit.] Diligent, dil'i-jent, adj. lit. making a choice , loving ; attentive ; steady and earnest in application ; industrious.— rt^/z/. dU'igently. [Fr.— L. diligens, diligent is — diligo, to choose, to love.] diligence, dil'i-jens, n., the quality of being dili- gent; steady application ; industry. Dili, dil, n. a plant, the seeds of which are used in 126 fate, far; mc, her; mme; mote; miite ; moon; ///en. Diluent medicine. [A.S. dile, Ger. dill: prob. from the root of Dull, from its soothing pain in the stomach.] Diluent. See under Dilute. Dilute, di-lut', v.t. lit. to wash away; to make thinner or more liquid ; to diminish the strength, flavour, &c. of, esp. by mi.xing with water : — py.p. dilut'ing; pa.p. dilut'ed. — «. dilu'tion. [L. diluo, diliitus — di, away from, luo, to wash.] diluent, dil'u-ent, adj., dilutitig; making weaker by admixture, esp. of water. — n. that which dilutes. diluvium, di-lu'vi-um, n. lit. a washing away ; an inundation or flood ; in gfol., a deposit of sand, gravel, &c. made by former action of the sea. [L. diluvium — diluo.l diluvial, di-lu'vi-al, diluvian, di-lu'vi-an, adj., per- taining to ajlood, esp. that in the time of Noah ; caused by a deluge. diluvialist, di-lu'vi-al-ist, n. one who explains geolo- gical phenomena by The Flood. Dim, dim, adj., dark; not bright or distinct; obscure ; mysterious ; not seeing clearly. — adj. dim'mish, somewhat dim. — adv. dim'ly. — n. dim'- ness. [A.S. diyn. Ice. dimfnr, dark.] dim, dim, v. t. , to 7nake dint or dark ; to obscure : — P^-P- dimm'ing ; pa.p. dimmed'. Dimension, di-men'shun, n. usually in pi. , tneasure in length, breadth, and thickness ; extent ; size. [Fr. — L. dintensio — dimetior, dimensiis — di, in different directions, inetior, to measure.] Dimeter, dim'e-ter, adj., containing two metres or measurrs. — n. a verse of two measures. [L. — Gr. ditnetros — di, twice, metron, a measure.] Dimmish, di-min'ish, v.t., to make less; to take a part from; to degrade. — v.i. to grow or appear less ; to subside : — pr.p. dimin'ishmg ; pa.p. dim- in'ished. — adj. diminlshable. [L. diminuo — di, apart, fniniio, minutus, to lessen — minor, less.] diminuendo, di-min-u-en'do, adv. lit. to be dimin- ished; in music, a direction to let the sound die away, marked thus >-. [It. — L. diminuendits, fut. p. pass. o( difninuo.'] diminution, dim-i-nu'shun, n., a diminishing or lessening; decrease ; degradation. diminutive, di-min'u-tiv, adj., of a diminished size ; small ; contracted. — n. mgratn., a word formed from another to express a little one of the kind. — adv. dimin'utively. — n. dimin'utiveness, Dimissory. See under Dismiss. Dimity, dim'i-ti, «. a kind of stout cotton cloth, striped or figured in the loom by weaving with two threads of different colours in the warp. [It. dirnito, Gr. dimitos — di, twice, 7nitos, a thread of the warp : or from Damietta in Egypt.] DlmorpMsm, dT-mor'fizm, n. the property of crystal- lising in tzvo forms. [Gr. di, twice, morphe, form.] dimorphous, di-mor'fus, adj. having the property of dimorphism. Dimple, dim'pl, «., a small hollo7v, as if made by a sharp point ; a small natural depression on the face. — v.i. to fonn dimples.— z^./. to mark with dimples : — pr.p. dimpling ; pa.p. dimpled, [akin to obs. dimble, a cavity, and Dibble, from dib, Scot, dab, to prick.] dimply, dim'pli, adj., full of dimples. Din, din, n. a loud continued noise. — v.t. to strike with a continued or confused noise ; to annoy with clamour :—pr.p. dinn'ing ; pa.p. dinned'. [A.S. dyne. Ice. dyn, thunder, noise.] Dine, din', v.i., to take dinner. — v.t. to give a din- ner to : — pr.p. din'ing ; pa.p. dined'. [Fr. diner. diplomatic - old Fr. disner. It. disinare, low L. disnare : perb. from deccenare — L. de, inten., and coeno, to dine.} dinner, din'er, «. the chief meal of the day ; a feast. Ding, ding, v.t., to throw or da^h violently; to urge or enforce. — v.i. to ring or sound : — pr.p. ding'ing; pa.p. dinged'. [A.S. deticgan, to knock, Scot, ding, Ice. dengia,\.o drive, to beat.] dingdong, ding'dong, fi., the somid of bells ringing; monotony ; sameness. dingle, ding'gl, n., a little hollow as if made by a blow ; a narrow hollow between hills. Dingle-dangle, ding'gl-dang'gl, adv. hanging loose ; swinging backwards and forwards, [old Sw. dingl-dangl—^dingla, to dangle.] Dingy, din'ji, adj. of a dim or dark colour; dull; soiled. — n. din'giness. [akin to Dim, and Dun.] Dinner. See under Dine. Dint, dint, n. orig. a blow or stroke ; the mark IcfS by a blow; force, power. [A.S., Ice. dynt, a blow; Scot, dunt, a blow with a dull sound.] Diocese, dfo-ses, n. lit. housekeeping, administra- tion ; the circuit or extent of a bishop's jurisdic- tion. [Gr. dioikesis — dioiked, to keep house — di, for dia, sig. completeness, oikeo, to manage a household — oikos, a house. ] diocesan, dl-os'es-an, or dl-o-se'san, adj., pertaining to a diocese. — n. a bishop as regards his diocese. Dioptric, dl-op'trik, Dioptrical, dl-op'trik-al, adj., that may be seen through; pertaining to dioptrics. [Gr. dioptrikos — di, through, opsomai, fut. of Jiorao, to see.] dioptrics, di-op'triks, 7i.pl. the science of the proper- ties of light in passing through different mediums. diorama, dl-o-ra'ma, «. an exhibition of pictures, illuminated, and vieived through an opening in the wall of a darkened chamber. [Gr. di, through, Jwrao, to see.] — adj. dioram'ic. Dip, dip, v.t., to dive or plunge into any liquid for a moment ; to ladle. — v. i. to sink ; to enter slightly ; to look cursorily ; to incline downwards :—pr.p. dipp'ing; pa.p. dipped'. — n. inclination down- wards; a sloping. [A.S. depart, dyppan, Ger. taufen, to immerse.] dip-chick, dip'-chik, n. Same as dabchlck. dipper, dip'er, «., the person or thing that dips ; a genus of birds of the thrush family, which seek their food by dippifig or diving into streams or lakes. Dipetalous, dT-pet'a-lus, adj., having two petals. [Gr. di, twice, and Petal.] Diphtheria, dif-the'ri-a, «. a disease in which the air-passages, esp. the throat, become inflamed and covered with a leathery-like va.^T^X2.x\&. [Gr. diphthera, a piece of leather.] Diphthong, dif 'thong, or dip' thong, «., two vowel- S07mds pronounced as one. [Fr. diphtlwngue , L. diphtlwngus — Gr. di, Uwice, phthongos, a sound.] diphthongal, dif-thong'gal, or dip-thong'gal, adj. of or relating to a diphiJiong. — adv. diphthong 'ally. Diploma, di-plo'ma, «. orig. a state letter of recom- mendation, so called because it consisted of two leaves; a writing conferring some honour or pri- vilege. [L. diploma, from Gr. diploma, a letter folded 6.o\xh\Q—diploo, to double.] diplomacy, di-plo'ma-si, «., the actingby a diploma ; the art of negotiation, esp. that of treaties be- tween states ; political skill. diplomate, di-plo'mat, n., a diplomatist. diplomatic, dip-lo-mat'ik, diplomatlcal, dip-l5-mat1k- al, adj., pertaining to diplomacy; skilful in negotiation : relating to diplotnatics. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //^en. diplomatic diplomatic, dip-Io-mat'ik, n. a minister at a foreign court. — pi. the science of deciphering ancient writings, as diplomas, &c. [Fr. diplomatique.'^ diplomatist, di-plO'ma-tist, «. , one skilled in diplo- macy. Dipper. See under Dip. Dlpsas, dip'sas, n. an Asiatic and American tree- snake whose Ijite is said to cause intense thirst. [Gr. dipsas — dipsa, thirst.] Dipsomania, dip-sG-mfi'ni-a, n. a confirmed niatiia or insane thirst for alcoholic stimulants, [Gr. dipsa, thirst, and mania, madness.] Dipteral, dip'tcr-al, Dipterous, dip'ter-us, adj., having tiuc' 7ving-s. [Gr. di, iwice., ptcrou, a wing.] dlpteran, dip'ter-an, «. an insect having only two 7ving's, as the house-fly.—//, dip'terans, ordip'tera. Diptote, dip'tut, n. a noun which has only two case oidings. [ Gr. diptotos — di, tviic&,ptdtos, fallen— pipto, to fall.] Dire, dTr, direful, dTr'fool, adj ., fearful ; dreadful; calamitous in a high degree ; sad and dismal. [L. dints, perhaps akin to Gr. deido, to fear.] — adv. dire 'fully. — n. dire'fulness. Direct, 6.[-rckl', adj., quite straight; straightfor- ward ; in the line of descent : outspoken ; sincere. —v.t. to keep or lay quite straight ; to point or aim straightly or correctly: to point out the proper course to ; to guide ; to order : to mark with the name and residence of a person : — pr.p. direct'ing; pa.p. direct'ed. — adv. direct'ly. — «. directness. [L. dirigo, directus — di, completely, and rego, to rule, to make straight.] direction, di-rek'shun, «., act of directing ; aim at a certain point ; the line or course in vvhich any- thing moves : guidance ; command : the body of persons who guide or manage a matter : the written name and residence of a person. directive, di-rek'tiv, adj., having power or tendency to direct. director, di-rek'tor, n., one who directs; a manager or governor ; a counsellor : part of a machine or instrument which guides its motion.^^;«. direct'- ress or directrix. directorate, di-rek'tor-at, directorship, di-rek'tor-ship, n., the office of , or 7i body oi directors. directorial, di-rek-t5'ri-al, adj., pertaining to di- rectors; giving direction. directory, di-rek'tor-i, adj., coftfaining directiotis ; guiding.— w., a body of directions ; a guide; a book with the names and residences of the in- habitants of a place : a body of directors. Direful, &c. See under Dire. Dirge, dcrj, n. lit. direct{us) ; a funeral song or hymn, [contracted from dirige, the first word of a Latin funeral hymn, from dirigo, to direct.] Dirk, derk, «. a dagger or poniard. [Scot, durh; Gael, dure] Dirt, dert, «., dung, excrement ; any filthy sub- stance. — v.t. same as dirty:— /r./. dirt'ing ; pa.p. dirt'ed. {^h.*^. gcdritan, Scot, drite, to ease one's self; Ice. drit, excrement.] dirty, dert'i, adj., defiled with dirt; foul; filthy; mean. — -'./.tosoil withdirt; to sully:— /r./. dirt'y- ing;/rt./. dirt'ied. — adv. dirt'ily.— «. dirt'iness. Disable, dis-a'bl, v.t., to viake unable ; to deprive of power ; to weaken ; to disqualify -.—pr.p. dis- a'bling ; pa.p. dis.'i'bled. [L. dis, priv., and Able.] disability, dis-a-bil'i-ti, «., state of being disabled ; want of power; want of legal qualification. Disabuse, dis-a-buz', v.t., to free from abuse or m'ls- Disaster take ; to undeceive ; to set right. [L. dis, pri%-a- tive, and Abuse.] Disadvantage, dis-ad-van'taj, «., want of advant- age ; what is unfavourable to one's interest: loss ; injury. [L. dis, negative, and Advantage.] disadvantageous, dis-ad-van-ta'jus, adj., attended with disadvantage; unfavourable. — adv. disad- vantag'eously. Disaffect, dis-af-fekt', v.t., to takeaway the affection of; to make discontented or unfriendly. — adv. disaffect'edly. — n. disafiect'edness. [L. dis, priv., and Affect.] disaffection, dis-af-fek'shun, «., state of being dis- affected ; want of affection or friendliness; dis- loy.alty; hostility; ill-will. Disaffirm, dis-af-ferm', v.t. to deny (what has been affinned) ; to contradict. [L. dis, neg., & Affirm.] Disafforest, dis-af-for'est, v.t., to deprive of tlie privilege oi forest laws -.—pr.p. disaffor'esting ; pa.p. disafforested. [L. dis, priv., L. ad, to, and Forest.] Disagree, dis-a-gre', v.t., not to agree ; to differ or be at variance ; to dissent [L. dis, neg., & Agree.] disagreeable, dis-a-gre'a-bl, adj., 7iot agreeable ; tuipleasant ; offensive. — «. disagree'ableness. — adv. disagreeably. disagreement, d'is-3.-grc'mer\t,n., want of agreement : act of disagreeing ; difference ; unsuitableness ; dispute. Disallow, dis-al-low', v.t., not to allow; to refuse perrnission to ; to deny the authority of; to reject. [L.. dis, negative, and Allow.] disallowable, dis-al-low'a-bl, adj., tiot allozvable. disallowance, dis-al-lo\\^ans, «., act of disallo7ving. Disannul, dis-an-nul', v.t., to an7tul cotnpletely. [L. dis, intensive, and Annul.] — n. disannul'mcnt, disannulling. Disappear, dis-ap-per', v.t., to cease to appear; to vanish from sight. [L. dis, neg., and Appear.] disappearance, dis-ap-per'ans, n., act of disappear- ing; removal from sight. Disappoint, dis-ap-point', v.t. to hinder from the attainment of what was appointed, intended, or hoped ; to frustrate. [L. dis, neg., and Appoint.] disappointment, dis-ap-point'ment, n., act of disap- pointing ; state of being disappointed; miscar- riage ; frustration. Disapprobation. See under Disapprove. Disapprove, dis-ap-proo\-', v.t., not to approve; to give an unfavourable opinion of; to reject. — adz'. disapprovingly. [L. dis, negative, and Approve.] disapproval, dis-ap-proov'al, disapprobation, dis-ap- pro-ba'shun, «., act of disapproving ; censure ; dislike. Disarm, dis-firm', or diz-, v.t., to deprive of arjns; to render defenceless ; to quell; to render harm- less. [L. dis, priv., and Arm.] — 71. disarm'ament. Disarrange, dis-ar-r."inj', v.t., to deprive of arrange- ment ; to disturb the order of, to disorder. [L. dis, priv., and Arrange.]—;;, dlsarrange'ment. Disarray, dis-ar-rfi', v.t., to break the array of; to throw into disorder : to strip of array or dress. — ;/. want of array or order : undress. [L. dis, privative, and Array.] Disassociate, dis-as-sO'shi-at, v.t. to disconnect things associated. [L. dis, priv., and Associate.] Disaster, diz-as'ter, «. orig. the blast or stroke of an unpropitious star; an adverse or unfortunate event ; a misfortune ; calamity. [L. dis, nega- tive, and astntm, Gr. astron, aster, a star.] 128 fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; mOSn; then. disastrous discontinuance disastrous, diz-as'trus, adj., ill-starred; unpro- pitious ; unfortunate. — adv. disas'trously. Disavow, dis-a-vow', v.t., to refiise to avow or ac- knowledge ; to disclaim ; to disown ; to deny. [L. dis, negative, and Avow.] disavowal, dis-a-vow'al, «., act of disavowing ; re- jection ; denial. Disband, dis-band', v.t., to Ircak nj> a band; to disperse. — v.i. to break up. [L. dls, priv., and Band.] dlsbandment, dis-band'ment, n., act oj" disbattding: Disbelieve, dis-be-lev', v.t., not to believe ', to refuse belief or credit to. [L. dls, neg., and Believe.] disbeliever, dis-be-lev'er, n., one who disbelieves. disbelief, dis-be-lef, «., watU of belief; act of dis- believing. Disburden, dis-bur'dn, Disburthen, dis-bur'/Zzn, v.t., to U7iburdc}i or rid of a burden ; to free. — v.i. to ease the mind (poet.). [L. dls, priv., and Biirden.] Disburse, dis-burs', v.t., to take from the fntrse ; to pay out :—pr.p. disburs'ing ; pa. p. disbursed'. [Fr. debourser — de, from, and bourse, a purse.] disbursement, dis-burs'ment, n., act of disbursing ; that which is disbursed or paid out. Disbuithen. Same as Disburden. Disc, Disk, disk, n. lit. a round plate, a quoit ; the face of a round plate ; the face of a celestial body. [A.S. disc, L. dlscics, Gr. dlskos, a round plate, a quoit, from dlkeln, to cast. See Desk, Dish.] discoid, dis'koid, discoidal, dis-koid'al, adj., having the form of a disc. [Gr. dlskos, and eidos, form.] discoid, dis'koid, 71.., atiy thing In the form of a disc. discous, disk'us, adj., disc-like; broad; fiat. Discard, dis-kiird', v.t. lit. to throw useless cards out of the hand; to cast off; to discharge; to reject :^;ir./. discard'ing ;/«./. discard'ed. [L. dls, away, and Card.] Discern, diz-zern', v. t. , to see or perceive separately, or hi all Its parts ; to distinguish clearly by the eye or understanding ; to judge : — pr.p. discern'- ing ; pa. p. discerned'. [L. dls, thoroughly, and cerno, to sift, perceive.] discemer, diz-zern'er, «., a person or thing that discerns. discernible, diz-zem'i-bl, adj., that may be dls- certted ; distinguishable. — adv. discern'ibly. discernment, diz-zern'ment, n., act of dlscernmg; power or faculty of discerning ; judgment. Discharge, dis-charj', v.t., to free from a charge; to unload or remove the cargo ; to set free ; to acquit ; to dismiss : to fire, as a gun ; to let out or emit. — «. act of discharging ; unloading : ac- quittance ; dismissal : that which is discharged : that which discharges or releases. [L. dls, priv., and Charge.] — w. dlscharg'er. Disciple, dis-sT'pl, n., a learner; one who professes to receive instruction from another : one who follows or believes in the doctrine of another ; a follower. [L. dlsclptdus, from disco, to learn.] — n. disci'pleship. discipline, dis'si-plin, n., instruction: training, or mode of life in accordance with rules ; subjec- tion to control ; order : severe training ; misfor- tune ; punishment. — v.t. to subject to discipline ; to train ; to educate : to bring under control ; to chastise -.—pr.p. dis'ciplining ; pa.p. dis'ciplined. [L. dlsclpllna, from dlsclpuljis.'\ disciplinable, dis'si-plin-a-bl, adj., capable of dis- cipline, training, or instruction. disciplinarian, dis-si-plin-a'ri-an, adj ., pertaining to discipline. — «. one who disciplines or enforces rigid rule. disciplinary, dis'si-plin-ar-i, adj., pertaining to or intended for discipline. Disclaim, dis-klam', v.t., to renounce claim, to; to refuse to acknowledge ; to reject. [L. dis, priva- tive, and Claim.] disclaimer, dis-klam'er, n., one wJio disclaims; a denial, disavowal, or renunciation. Disclose, dis-kloz', v.t., to uticlose; to open ; to lay open ; to bring to light ; to reveal [L. dis, nega- tive, and Close.] disclosure, dis-klo'zhur, n., act of disclosing; a bringing to light or revealing: that which is disclosed or revealed. Discoid. See under Disc. Discolour, dis-kul'er, v.t., to take away colour from; to change the natural colour of; to alter the appearance of. [L. dls, privative, and Colour.] discoloration, dis-kul-er-a'shun, fi. , act of discolour- ing; state of being discoloured ; stain. Discomfit, dis-kum'fit, v.t., to disarrange: to dis- concert, to balk ; to defeat or rout -.—pr.p. dis- com'fiting ; pa.p. discom'fited. [L. dls, sig. the opposite, and conficlo, to prepare — con, thoroughly, _/rtrzi3, to make.] dlscomfitiu-e, dis-kum'fit-ur, n., act of dlsco7nfltmg; state of being discomfited ; frustration ; defeat. Discomfort, dis-kum'furt, «., want of comfort ; un- easiness; pain; sorrow. — v.t. to deprive of com- fort ; to make uneasy ; to pain ; to grieve. [L. dls, privative, and Comfort.] Discommend, dis-kom-mend', v.t., to withhold com- mendation; to blame. [L. dis, privative, and Commend.] Discommon, dis-kom'un, v.i., to deprive of the right olcotnmon, or of the privileges of a place : — pr.p. discomm'oning ; pa.p. discomm'oned. [L. dls, privative, and Common.] Discompose, dis-kom-pGz', 'v.t., to take away the composure of; to disarrange, to disorder; to disturb. [L. dls, privative, and Compose.] discomposure, dis-kom-po'zhur, n., state of behig discomposed; disorder; agitation. Disconcert, dis-kon-sert', v.t., to deprive of concert, harmony, or agreement ; to disturb ; to frustrate ; to defeat. [L. dls, privative, and Concert.] Disconnect, dis-kon-nekt', v.i., to deprive of con- nection ; to separate or disjoin.—;/, disconnec'- tion. [L. dls, privative, and Connect.] Disconsolate, dis-kon'so-lat, adj., wlthojit consola- tion or comfort ; hopeless ; sad. — adv. discon'- solately.^w. dlscon'solateness. [L. dls, privative, and consoler, consolatus, to console.] Discontent, dis-kon-tent', adj., not cofiteni ; dis- satisfied; uneasy. — «. want of content ; dissatis- faction ; uneasiness. — v.t. to deprive of content; to make uneasy. [L. dls, negative, and content.] discontented, dis-kon-tent'ed, adj. discontent.— rt' : proceeding regularly from premises to conclusion. — adv. dis- cur'sively. Discourteous, dis-kurt'yus, adj'., wu:ourteous; un- civil ; wanting in good-manners ; rude.— ^z'. discourteously. — «. discourt'eousness. [L. dis, negative, and Courteous.] discourtesy, dis-kurt'e-si, n., -want of courtesy; in- cis-ility. Discous. See under Disc. Discover, dis-kuv-^er, v.t., to uncover ; Xo lay open or expose : to make known : to find out ; to espy. — n. discoverer. [L. dis, neg., and Cover.] discoverable, dis-kuVer-a-bl, adj'., tJiat viay be dis- covered. discovery, dis-kuv'er-i, «., act of discovering ox find- ing out ; the thing discovered ; revelation. Discredit, dis-kred'it, «., want of credit; bad credit ; ill repute ; disgrace. — v.t. to refuse credit to, or belief in : to deprive of credibility : to deprive of credit ; to disgrace. [L. dis, priv., and Credit.] discreditable, dis-kred'it-a-bl, adj., not creditable ; disgraceful. — adv. dlscred'itably. Discreet, dis-kret', adj., having discernment; wary ; circumspect ; prudent — adv. discreetly. — n. discreet'ness. [L. discretus — discerfio, to separate, to perceive. See Discern.] discretion, dis-kresh'un, n., quality of being dis- CTi-et ; prudence ; liberty to act at pleasure. discretional, dis-kresh'un-al, discretionary, dis-kresh'- uii-ar-i, adj., left to disrrciiofi ; unrestrained. — advs. discret'ionaHy, discre'tionarily. discrete, dis-kret', or dis', adj., separate; distinct; disjunctive ; — opposite of Concrete. discretive, dis-kretiv, adj., separating; disjunctive. — adv. discret'ively. Discrepant, dlslcrep-ant, ordis-krep', adj. lit. souftd- ing diferently ; dissLgxccing ; different. [L. dis, different, and crepans, pr.p. oi crepo, to sound.] discrepance, disTcrep-ans, or dis-krep', discrepancy, dis'krep-an-si, or dis-krep', n.,state ox qudMty of being discrepant or different ; disagreement. Diserete, Discretion, &c. See under Discreet. Discriminate, dis-krim'i-nat, v.t., to discern ox separ- ate betzueen; to note the difference; to dis- tinguish ; to select from others. — v.i. to make a difference or distinction ; to distinguish -.—pr.p. discrim'inating ; pa.p. discriminated. — adv. difl- crim'inately. [L. discriviino—discrifnen, that which separates — root of Discern.] discrimination, dis-krim-i-na'shun, «., act of dis- criviinating ; quality of being able to discrimin- ate ; acuteness, discernment, judgment. discriminative, dis-krim'i-na-tiv, adj., that discrim- inates, or marks a difference ; characteristic ; obsen'ing distinctions. — adv. discrim'inatively. Discursion, Discursive. See under Discourse. Discuss, dis-kus', v.t., to sluike asunder, or separate into parts: to examine in detail, or by dispu- tation ; to debate ; to sift : — pr.p. discuss'ing ; /«./. discussed'. [L. discuiio, discussuvt — dis, asunder, and qieaiio, to shake.] discussion, dis-kush'un, «., act of discussing ; de- bate : in surg., dispersion of a tumour. discussive, dis-kus'iv, discutient, dis-ku'shi-ent. adj., able or tending to discuss or disperse tumours. Disdain, dis-dan', v.t., to think itnzvorthy : to re- ject as unworthj' or unsuitable ; to scorn '.—pr.p. disdain'ing; pa.p. disdained'. — n. a feeling of scorn or aversion ; haughtiness. [Fr. dedaigner — L. dedignor — de, priv., and dignus, worthy.] disdainful, dis-dan'fool, adj., fill of disdain ; haughty; scornful.— -a^Z'. disdain'fully. — n. dis- dainfulness. Disease, diz-ez', n. lit. ivant of ease, hence — pain ; disorder or want of health in mind <«-l)ody : ail- ment ; illness ; cause of pain ; distemper. [L. dis, priv., and Ease.] diseased, diz-ezd', adj., affected with disease. — n. diseas'edness. Disembark, dis-em-bark', v.t., to land wJuit has been embarked; to take out of a ship ; to land. — v.i. to quit a ship ; to land. [L. dis, priv., and Embark.] disembarkation, dis-em-bar-ka'shun, disembarkment, dis-em-bark'ment, «., act of disembarking. Disembarrass, dis-em-ba/as, v.t., to free from em- barrassiiu-iit or perple.xity. [L. dis, privative, and Embarrass.] Disembody, dis-em-bod'i, v.t., to take away from or out of the body; to discharge from military ser- vice or array. [L. dis, privative, and Embody.] Disembogue, dis-em-bog', v.t. to discharge at the moduli as a stream : — pr.p. disembogu'ing ; pa.p. disembogued'. — n. disembogue ment. [Sp. desem- bocar; Fr. s'emboucher — L. dis, asunder, and bucca, a cheek, the mouth.] Disembowel, dis-em-bow'el, v.t., to take out iJie btnvels. [L. dis, intensive, and EmboweL] Disembroil, dis-em-broil', v.t., to free from broil or confusion. [L. dis, priN-ative, and Embroil] Disenchant, dis-en-chant', v.t., tc free from encluuit- fite, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; milte ; moon ; thcxu 130 Disencumber me7ii. — n. disenchanfment. [L. dis, priv., and Enchant.] Disencumber, dis-en-kum'ber, v.t., to free from en- ctanbrance; to disburden. ^;i. disencum'brance. [L. dis, privative, and Encumber.] Disengage, dis-en-gaj', v.t., to separate or free from being engaged; to separate ; to set free ; to re- lease. [L. dis, priv., and Engage.] disengagement, dis-en-gaj'ment, «., act of dis- <^''gagi7ig; state of being disengaged; release; leisure. Disennoble, dis-en-no'bl, v.t., to deprive of what ennobles; to degrade. [L. dis, priv., and Ennoble.] Disentangle, dis-en-tang'gl, v.t., to free frotn en- tanglement or disorder ; to reduce to order ; to unravel ; to disengage or set free.— «. disentangle- ment. [L. dis, privative, and Entangle.] DisentliraL Same as Disintbral. Disenthrone, dis-en-thron', v.t., to dethrone. [L. dis, privative, and Enthrone.] Disentitle, dis-en-ti'tl, v.t., to deprive of title. [L. dis, privative, and Entitle.] Disentomb, dis-en-toom', v.t., to take 07d from a tomb. [L. dis, privative, and Entomb.] Disentrance, dis-en-trans', v.t., to awaken frojn a trance or deep sleep ; to arouse from a reverie. [L. dis, privative, and Entrance.] Disesteem, dis-es-tem', n., want of esteem; dis- regard. — v.t., to withhold esteein ; to disapprove; to dislike. — n. disestima'tion. [L, dis, privative, and Esteem.] Disfavour, dis-f^'vur, n., want of favo7ir; dis- pleasure ; dislike. — v.t. to withhold favour from; to disapprove. [L. dis, privative, and Favour.] Disfigure, dis-fig'ur, v.t., to spoil tliefgtireof; to change to a worse form ; to spoil the beauty of; to deform. [L. dis, privative, and Figure.] disfiguration, dis-fig-ur-a'shun, disfigurement, dis- iig'ur-ment, «., tJie act of disfg7iri>ig ; state of being disfigured ; defacement of beauty. Disfranchise, dis-fran'chiz, v.t., to deprive of a fra7ichise, or of rights and privileges, esp. that of voting for a IM.P. : — pr.p. disfran'chising ;pa.p. disfran'chised. [L. dis, priv., and Franchise.] disfranchisement, dis-fran'chiz-ment, «., the act of depriving, or the state of being deprived, of certain rights or privileges. Disgorge, dis-gorj', v.t., to discharge from the gorge or throat; to vomit : to throw out with violence ; to give up what has been seized. [L. dis, neg- ative, and Gorge.] — 71. disgorge'ment. Disgrace, dis-gras', «., state of bei7ig otit of grace or favour, or of being dishonoured : cause of shame ; dishonour. — v.t. to put out of favour; to bring disgrace or shame upon :^pr.p. disgracing ; pa.p. disgraced'. [L. dis, privative, and Grace.] disgraceful, dis-gras'fool, adj., bringing disgrace; causing shame ; dishonourable. — adv. disgrace'- fuUy. — 71. disgrace'fulness. Disguise, dis-glz', v.t., to cha7tge the guise or appearance of; to conceal by a dress intended to deceive, or by a counterfeit manner and appearance :—^pr.p. disguis'ing ; pa.p. disguised'. — n. a dress intended to conceal the wearer ; a false appearance. [L. dis, privative, and Guise.] — ns. disguis'er, disguise'ment. Disgust, diz-gust', or dis-, 71., aversion of the taste; loathing of the stomach: strong dishke. — v.t. to excite disgust in ; to offend the taste of; to dis- please : — pr.p. disgust'ing ; pa.p. disgust'ed. [L. disjunct dis, priv., and gustiis, a tasting, akin to Gr. getio, to make to taste.] disgusting, diz-gust'ing, or dis-, adj., cajcsing dis- g7cst ; loathsome; hateful. — rt^/z'. disgust'ingly. Dish, dish, «., a plate; a vessel in which food is served ; the food in a dish ; a particular kind of food. — v.t. to put in a dish, for table :—pr.p. dish'ing ; /«./. dished'. [A.S. disc, a pb.te, i dish, a table. See Desk, and Disc] Dishabille, dis-a-bil'. Same as Deshabille. Dishearten, dis-hart'n, v.t., to deprive of heart, courage, or spirits ; to discourage ; to depress : — pr.p. disheart'ening ; pa.p. disheart'ened. [L. dis, privative, and Heart.] Dishevel, di-shev'el, v.t., to disorder the hair; to cause the hair to hang loose. — v.i. to spread in disorder -.—pr.p. dishev'elling ; pa.p. disheVelled. [old Fr. descheveler — des, and chevel, hair — L. dis, in different directions, capillus, the hair.] Dishonest, diz-on'est, adj., ?iot ho7test ; wanting integrity; faithless; disposed to cheat ; insincere. — adv. dishon'estly. [L. dis, negative, and Honest.] dishonesty, diz-on'es-ti, 71., wa7it of hoiesty or integrity ; faithlessness ; a disposition to cheat. Dishonoxu", diz-on'ur, 71., wa7it of ho7io7ir ; disgrace; shame; reproach. — v.t. to deprive of honour; to disgrace ; to cause shame to ; to seduce ; to degrade : to refuse the payment of, as a bill. — 71. dishon'ourer. [L. dis, privative, and Honour.] dishonourable, diz-on'ur-abl, adj. having no sense of honour; disgraceful. — adv. dishon'ourably. Disincline, dis-in-klTn', v.t., to t7ir7t away i7icli7ia- tio7i fro77i ; to excite the dislike or aversion of. [L. dis, privative, and Incline.] disinclination, dis-in-klin-a'shun, 7t., wa.7itofiticli7ia- tio7i; unwillingness. disinclined, dis-in-klTnd', adj ,^ not incli7ied; averse. Disincorporate, dis-in-kor'por-at, v.t., to deprive oj corporate rights. [L. dis, priv., and Incorporate.] Disinfect, dis-in-fekt', v.t., tofreefro77i i7ifeciion. — 71. disinfec'tion. [L. dis, privative, and Infect.] disinfectant, dis-in-fekt'ant, «., a7iythi/ig that destroys the causes of i7ifectio7i. Disingenuous, dis-in-jen'u-us, adj., not i7ige7nioiis ; not frank or open ; unfair ; crafty.- — adv. disin- gen'uously. — 71. disingen'uousness. [L. dis, negative, and Ingenuous.] Disinherit, dis-in-her'it, v.t., to cut oJffro7n heredi- tary rights ; to deprive of an inheritance. [L. dis, privative, and Diherit.] — «. disinheritance. Disintegrate, dis-in'te-grat, or diz-, v.t., to separate i7ito i7itegra7it parts. [L. dis, negative, and integrate.] — adj. disin'tegrable. — 7t. disintegra'tion. Disinter, dis-in-ter', v.t., to take out of a grave ; to bring from obscurity into view. [L. dis, nega- tive, and Inter.] — 71. disinter'ment. Disinterested, dis-in'ter-est-ed, adj., tiot i7tterested, or influenced by private feelings or considera- tions ; impartial. — adv. disinterestedly. — 7t. dis- in'terestedness. [L. dis, negative, and interested.] Disinthral, dis-in-thrawl', v.t., to set free fro7n thral- do7/i or oppression. [L. dis, neg., and Inthral.] Diy'oin, dis-join', or diz-, v.t., to separate what has been joi7ied. [L. dis, negative, and Join.] disjoint, dis-joint', v.t., to ptit ozit of joi7it; to separate united parts ; to break the natural order or relations of things ; to make incoherent. — n. disjoint edness. disjunct, dis-jungkt', adj., disjoi7ted. [L. disj^mctus, pa.p. oi disjtaigo — dis, neg., and jungo, to join.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. X31 disjunctive difijunctlve, dls-jungk'tiv, adj., disjoining', tendintj to separate : in gram., uniting sentences but disjoining the sense. — n. a word which disjoins. — ar(/'. diAJunc'tively. [L,. disjiinctivus.] disjunction, dis-junk'shun, «., i/u: act o/ disjoining ; disunion ; separation. Disk. See Disc. Dislike, dis-lTk', v.t., not to like; to be displeased with; to disapprove of; to have an aversion to. — n. disinclination ; aversion ; distaste ; disap- proval. [L. dis, negative, and Like.] Dislocate, dis'lO-kat, v.t., to displace; to put out of joint -.—pr.p. dis'locfiting ; pa.p. dis'located. [L. dis, negative, and Locate.] dislocation, dis-lO-ku'shun, «., the act of dislocating or state of being dislocated; a dislocated joint; displacement. Dislodge, dis-loj', v.t., to drive fro7n a lodgment or place of rest ; to drive from a place of hiding or of defence. — v.i. to go away. — «. dislodg'ment. [L. dis, privative, and Lodge.] Disloyal, dis-loy'al, adj., -not loyal; false to one's sovereign ; faithless ; treacherous. — adv. disloy- ally. — ti. dislo/alty. [L. dis, negative, and Loyal.] Dismal, diz'mal, adj. gloomy ; drearj'; sorrowful ; full of horror.— rt(/i'. dis'mally. [prob. conn, with Dim.] Dismantle, dis-man'tl, v.t., to deprive of the mantle or dress ; to strip ; to deprive of furniture, &c. so as to render useless. [L. dis, priv. and Mantle.] Dismask, dis-mask', v.t., to strip a viaskfivm; to remove a disguise from ; to uncover. . [L. dis, privative, and Mask.] Dismast, dis-mast', v.t., to deprive of a mast or masts :—pr.p. dismast'ing ; pa.p. dismast'ed. [L. dis, privative, and Mast.] Dismay, diz-mu', v.t. lit. to deprive of poiver; to deprive of strength and firmness through fear ; to terrify ; to discourage -.^r.p. dismaj-'ing ; pa.p. dismayed'. — n. loss of strength and courage through fear. [L. dis, privative, and A.S. magan, old Ger. viage7i, to be strong.] Dismember, dis-mem'ber, v.t., to divide memher from member; to separate a limb from the body ; to disjoint; to tear to pieces :—/r./. dismem'- bering ; pa.p. dismem'bercd. — 7i. dismem'ber- ment. [L. dis, asunder, and Member.] Dismiss, dis-mis', v.t., to soid away; to despatch: to discard ; to remove from office or employment : — pr.p. dismiss'ing ; pa.p. dismissed'. [L. dimitto, dimissus — di, away from, and niitto, to send.] •dismissal, dis-mis'al, dismission, dis-mish'un, «., act of dis)>ussing, or state of being dismissed ,- dis- charge from office or employment. dimissory, dim'is-or-i, or di-mis', adj., sending away or giving leave to depart to another jurisdiction. [L. dimissorins — dimitto. ] Dismount, dis-mount', v.i., to come down; to come off a horse. — v.t. to throw or bring down from any elevated place ; to throw off their carriages, as cannon ; to unhorse. [L. dis, neg., and Mount.] Disobey, dis-o-ba', v.t., to luglect or refuse to obey or do what is commanded. [L. dis, neg. and Obey. ] disobedient, dis-O-be'di-ent, adj., fteglccting or re- fusing to obey. [See obedient.] disobedience, dis-o-bc'di-ens, n., tteglect or refusal to obey. [See obedience.] Disoblige, dis-S-blTj', v.t., not to oblige ; to offend by an act of unkindness or incivility ; to do some- thing against the wishes of another; to injure slightly. [L. dis, negative, and Oblige.] Disperse disobliging, dIs-o-blTj'ing, adj., not obliging; not careful to attend to the wishes of others ; unac- commodating; unkind. — adv. disoblig'ingly. Disorder, dis-or'der, w., want of order ; confusion ; disturbance; breach of the peace : disease. — 7>.t. to throw out of order ; to disarrange ; to disturb : to produce disease. [L. dis, privative, and Order.] disorderly, dis-or'der-li, adj., out of order ; in con- fusion ; irregular ; lawless. — adv. without order ; confusedly ; in a lawless manner. Disorganise, dis-or'gan-Tz, v.t., to dest^vy tlie organic structure of; to break up a union of parts; to throw into disorder. — «. disorganisa'tion. [L. dis, negative, and organise.] Disown, diz-on', v.t., to refuse to 07vn or acknow- ledge as belonging to one's self ; to deny ; to renounce. [L. dis, negative, and Own.] Disparage, dis-par'aj, v.t. orig. to pair tmeqiially, to dishonour by an unequal marriage ; to dis- honour by comparison with what is inferior ; to lower in rank or estimation -.—pr.p. dispar'aging ; pa.p. disparaged, [low L. disparagare — dis, Y\(^:^.,paragiuin, equality of birth — I^.par, equal.] disparagement, dis-par'aj -ment, n. injurious com- parison with what is inferior ; indignity, disparagingly, dis-par'aj-ing-li, adv., iji a man7icr to disparage or dishonour. Disparity, dis-par'i-ti, n., ineqnality; unlikeness; difference in any respect. [L. dis, neg. and parity.] Dispark, dis-pilrk', v.t., to th7-cnu opc7i, as a park; to lay open -.—pr.p. dispark'ing ;/^./. disparked'. [L. dis, negative, and Park.] Dispart, dis-piirt', v.t., to part asi(7tder; to divide, to separate. — v.i. to separate -.^pr.p. dispart'ing ; pa.p. dispart'ed. — 7i. the difference between the thickness of metal at the bicech and the mouth of a gun. [L. dis, asunder, and Part.] Dispassion, dis-pash'un, 7i..frvedo77i fro77t j>assio7t; a calm state of mind. [L. dis, neg. and Passion.] dispassionate, dis-pash'un-at, adj., free fro7ii pas- sio7i; unmoved by feelings; cool; impartial. — adv. dispassionately. Dispatch, same as Despatch. Dispel, dis-pel', v.t., to drive away; to cause to disappear; to banish :—/r./. dispelling; pa.p. dispelled'. [L. dis, away ixom, pello, to drive.] Dispense, dis-pens', v.t., to weigh or deal out in portions ; to distribute ; to administer : — pr.p. dispens'ing; pa.p. dispensed'. — Dispense with, to permit the want of; to do without. — ;/. dispens'er. [Fr. dispenser — L. dis, asunder, vlwA penso, in- tensive oipe7ido, to weigh.] dispensable, dis-pens'a-bl, adj., that 7nny be dis- pensed, or dispensed with. — «. dispens'ableness. dispensary, dis-pcns'ar-i, «. a place where medicines are dispe7tsed, especially to the poor, gratis. dispensation, dis-pen-sa'shun, 7!.., the act ifdispe7is- ing or dealing out : the dealing of God to his creatures ; the distribution of good and evil in the divine government : licence ; permission. dispensative, dis-pens'a-tiv, dispensatory, dis-pens'a- t(ir-i, adj., g7iu!ting dispoisaticn. — advs. dis- pens'atively, dispensatorily. [L. dispe7isativtis : dispensa to7-ius . ] Dispeople, dis-pG'pl, v.t., to e7npty of people or in- habitants. [L. dis, privative, and People.] Dispermous, dT-sperm'us, adj., having 07ily two seeds. [Or. di, twofold, sper77ia, a seed.] Disperse, dis-pers', v.i., to scatter i7i all directions ; to soread ; to diffuse ; to drive asunder ; to cause fate, far; me, her; mine ; mSte ; mute ; moon ; Men. 132 dispersion to vanish, — v.i. to separate ; to vanish :— i^^-/. dispers'ing; J>a.p. dispersed'. — «. dispers'er. [Fr. disperser — L. dispergo, dispersus — di, asunder, apart, spargo, to scatter.] dispersion, dis-per'shun, «., the act of dispersuig', state of being dispersed : in ined., the removal of inflammation : in optics, the separation of hght into its different rays. dispersive, dis-pers'iv, adj., tending to disperse. Dispirit, dis-pir'it, v.t., to deprive of good spirits; to dishearten ; to discourage : — pr.p. dispir'iting ; pa.p. dispir'ited. [L. dis, privative, and Spirit.] Displace, dis-plas', v.t., to put out of place ; to dis- arrange : to remove from a state, office, or dig- nity. — n. displace'ment. [L. dis, priv., and Place.] Displant, dis-plant', zi.t., to remove anything from where it has been planted or placed ; to drive from an abode. [L. dis, privative, and Plant.] Display, dis-pla', v.t., to unfold or spread out; to exhibit ; to set out ostentatiously -.—pr.p. dis- placing ; pa.p. displayed'. — n. a displaying or unfolding ; exhibition ; ostentatious show. — «. display 'er. [old Fr. desployer — des, L. dis, nega- tive, axiAployer, same ?iS plier, 1^. plica, to fold.] Displease, dis-plez', v.t., to make not pleased; to offend ; to make angry in a slight degree ; to be disagreeable to. — v.i. to raise aversion. [L. dis, neg., and Please.] displeasure, dis-plezh'ur, «., the feeling of one v/ho is displeased; irritation of mind ; anger : cause of irritation. Displume, dis-ploom', v.t., to deprive of phones or feathers. [L. dis, priv., and Plume.] Disport, dis-port', v.i. lit. to carry the limbs apart or dance with joy ; to amuse one's self; to move in gaiety or sport. — v.t. to amuse :-~pr.p. disport'- 'va%;pa.p. dispOrt'ed. [L. dis, zpa.rt, porio, to carry.] Dispose, dls-poz', v.t., to place in various positions ; to distribute ; to arrange : to apply to a particular purpose ; to adapt : to bestow : to ii.cline : — pr.p. dispos'ing ; pa.p. disposed'. — To dispose of, to apply to any purpose ; to part with ; to place in any con- dition. — 71. dispos'er. [Fr. disposer — L. dispono, disposit7an — dis, asunder, pono, to place.] disposable, dis-poz'a-bl, adj., that may be disposed or disposed of; free to be used or employed ; not already engaged or employed. disposal, dis-poz'al, n., the act of disposing; order; arrangement : management : right of bestowing. disposition, dis-po-zish'nn, 7i., the act of disposing; a giving over to another : state of being disposed ; arrangement : natural tendency ; temper : in New Test., ministry, ministration. Dispossess, dis-poz-zes', v.t., to put 07it of posses- sion. [L. dis, privative, and Possess.] Dispraise, dis-praz', n., the opposite of praise; blame; reproach; dishonour. — z'. z*. to blame ; to censure. [L. dis, negative, and Praise.] Dispread, dis-pred', v.t., to spread i>t different zoays. — v.i. to spread. out; to expand. [L. dis, asunder, and Spread.] Disproof. See under Disprove. Disproportion, dis-pro-por'shun, «., 7vant of propor- tion, symmetry, or suitableness of parts ; inequal- ity. — ■:'./. to make unsuitable in form or size, &c. ; to join unfitly. [L. dis, priv., and Proportion.] disproportionable, dis-pro-por'shun-a-bl, dispropor- tional, dis-prO-por'shun-al, adj., not having pro- portion or symmetry of parts; unsuitable; un- equal. — advs. disproportionably, dispropor'tionally. dissatisfied disproportionate, dis-pro-por'shun-at, adj., not pro- portio7ied ;_\xns.ymmQtr\c3.\; unsuitable to some- thing else in some respect. — adv. dispropor'tion- ately. — «. dispropor'tionateness. Disprove, dis-proov', v.t., to prove to he false ; to refute. [L. dis, negative, and Prove.] disproof, dis-proof, w., a disp7-ovi7ig; refutation. Dispute, dis-put', v.i. lit. to thi7tk over ear7iestly; to argue; to debate. — v.t. to make a subject of argument; to contend for; to oppose by argu- ment; to call in question: — pr.p. disput'ing; pa.p. disput'ed. — «. a contest with words; an argument ; a debate. [Fr. disputer, L. disptitare — dis, intensive, z.xiAp7ito, to think.] disputable, dis'pu-tabl, adj., that may be disputed; of doubtful certainty. — 71. dis'putableness. — adv. dis'putably. disputant, dis'pu-tant, disputer, dis-put'er, «., 07ie ivJw disputes or argues ; one given to dispute. disputation, dis-pu-ta'shun, «., the act of disputing; a contest in argument ; an exercise in debate. disputatious, dis-pu-ta'shus, disputative, dis-put'a- tiv, adj., i7icli7ied to dispjite, cavil, or controvert. — adv. disputa'tiously. — ;/. disputa'tiousness. Disqualify, dis-kwol'i-fl, v.t., to deprive of tJie qualities necessary for any purpose; to make unfit ; to disable. — «. disqualifica'tion. [L. dis, priv., and qualify.] Disquiet, dis-kwT'et, «., 'wa7it of quiet ; uneasiness, restlessness ; anxiety. — v.t. to render unquiet ; to make uneasy; to disturb. [L. «'/>, priv., and Quiet.] disquietu4e, dis-kwl'et-ud, «., state of disqtdet. Disquisition, dis-kwi-zish'un, 71., a ca7-efd and for- mal inquiry into any matter by arguments, &;c. ; an elaborate essay. — adj. disquisi'tional. [L. dis- qidsitio — disqidro — dis, inten., ques7-o, to seek.] Disregard, dis-re-gard', v.t., 7iotto regard or ohstrve '. to pay no attention to. — «. want of attention; neglect ; slight. [L. dis, neg., and Regard.] disregardful, dis-re-gard'fool, adj. neglectful ; care- less ; heedless. ^rtt/;/. disregard'fully. Disrelish, dis-rel'ish, v.t., not to relish; to dislike the taste of: to dislike. — w. distaste; dislike; some degree of disgust. [L. dis, neg., and Relish.] Disrepair, dis-re-par', «. state of being out of repair. [L. dis, negative, and Repair.] Disrepute, dis-re-put', disreputation, dls-rep-u-ta'- shun, 71., 7va7it of repute or reputatio7i ; ill char- acter ; discredit. [L. dis, negative, and Repute.] disreputable, dis-rep'u-ta-bl, adj., i7t bad repute; discreditable ; disgraceful. — adv. disrep'utably. Disrespect, dis-re-spekt', n., iva7it of respect or reverence ; incivility. — v.t. to shew disrespect to. [L. dis, negative, and Respect.] disrespectful, dis-re-spekt' fool, adj., she7ving disre- spect ; irreverent; uncivil. — adv. disrespect'fully. Disrobe, dis-rob', v.t., to deprive of a robe; to undress ; to uncover. [L. dis, priv., and Robe.] Disruption, dis-rup'shun, ;/., the act of breaki7ig asu/ider; the act of bursting and rending; breach. [L. disrjtptio—diru7iipo, diruptzis — dis, asimder, and 7-u//ipo, to break.] Dissatisfy, dis-sat'is-fT, v.t., not to satisfy ; to make discontented; to displease. [L. ^/j, neg., & Satisfy.] dissatisfaction, dis-sat-is-fak'shun, 71., state of being dissatisfied ; discontent ; uneasiness. dissatisfactory, dis-sat-is-fak'tor-i, adj., catisi/ig dissatisfactio7i ; imable to give content. dissatisfied, dis-sat'is-fid, adj., 7iot satisfied; dis- contented ; not pleased ; offended. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thzn. 133 Dissect Dissect, dis-sekt', v.t., to cut asunder; to cut into parts for the purpose of minute examination ; to divide and examine : — /'f'.p. dissect'ing ; /«./. dissected. — adj. dissect'ible. [L. disseco, dissec- ius — dis, asunder, in pieces, scco, to cut.] dissection, dis-sek'shun, 7^, tJic act or the art of ctttiifig in pieces a plant or animal in order to ascertain the structure of its parts ; anatomy. dissector, dis-sekt'or, w., one who dissects. Dissemble, dis-semT^l, v.t. to represent a thing as unlike what it actually is ; to put an untrue sem- blance or appearance upon ; to disguise. — v.i. to assume a false appearance ; to play the hypocrite : — pr.p. dissem'bling ; /«./. dissem'bled. — «. dis- sem'bler. fold Fr. dissembler, from L. dissitnulo — dissimilis, unlike — dis, neg., and similis, like.] dlasimulation, dis-sim-u-lu'shun, «., t/ie act of dis- semblittg; a hiding under a false appearance ; false pretension ; hj^pocrisy. Diaseminate, dis-sem'i-nat, v.t., to sow or scatter abroad ; to propagate ; to diffuse : — ^r.p. dis- sem'inating ; /(?./• dissem'infited.— ;/j. dissemin- a'tion, dissemina'tor. [L. disseinino, dissetniriatns — dis, asunder, and semino, to sow — semen, seed.] Dissent, dis-sent', v.i., to tJiink differently ; to dis- agree in opinion ; to differ -.—py-.p. dissent'ing ; pa. p. dissent'ed. — 7i. the act of dissenting ; differ- ence of opinion ; a differing or separation from an established church. [L. dissentio, dissensus — dis, apart from, sentio, to think.] dissension, dis-sen'shun, n. disagreement in opinion ; discord ; strife. dissenter, dis-sent'er, n., one who dissents', one who separates from the service and worship of an established church, dissentient, dis-sen'shent, adj., dissenting', declar- ing dissent ; disagreeing. — «. one who dis.igrees ; one who declares his dissent. [L. dissentiens, dissentientis, pr.p. of dissetitio.'\ Dissertation, dis-ser-ta'shun, «., a discussion or debate; a formal dl.scourse ; a treatise. — adj. disserta'tional. [L. dissertatio — disserto, inten- sive of dissero, to debate, to discuss — dis, and serv, to put in a row, to join.] dissertator, dis'er-ta-tor, «., one who writes disscr- tatiom; a debater. Disserve, dis-serv', v.t., to do the opposite of serv- ing ; to injure. [L. dis, negative, and Serve.] disservice, dis-serv'is, n. injury; mischief. dlsservlceable, dis-serVis-abl, adj., not se?i)iceable or useful ; injurious ; mischievous. Dissever, dis-sev'er, v.t., to sez'er; to part in two; to separate ; to disimite. — n. disseverance, a dis- severing or parting. [L.dis, intensive, and Sever.] Dissident, dis'i-dent, adj. lit. sitting apart; dis- senting ; not agreeing. — «. a dissenter. [L. dis- sidens, dissidentis, pr.p. of dissideo — dis, apart, and sedeo, to sit.] Disslllent, dis-sil'ycnt, adj'., leaping asunder or bursting open with elastic force. — w. dissil'ience. [L. dissiliens, -entis — dis, asunder, salio, to leap.] Dissimilar, dis-sim'i-lar, adj'., not similar; unlike in any respect; of different sorts. — adv. dissim'l- larly. fL. dis, negative, and similar.] dissimilarity, dis-sim-i-lar'i-ti, dissimilitude, dis- si-mil'i-tud, «., uriliketicss ; want of resemblance. Dissimulation. See under Dissemble. Dissipate, dis'si-pfit, v.t., to thro7v apart or sptrad abroad, to scatter; to squander; to waste. — v.i. to separate and di.sappear ; to waste away :^pr.p. Distemper dis'sipating ; pa.p. dis'sipated. [L. dissipo, dis- sipatits — dis, asunder, and obs. sipo, to throw.] dissipation, dis-si-pa'shun, «., act of dissipating; dispersion ; state of being dispersed ; scattered attention : a dissolute com-se of life. Dissociate, dis-so'shi-at, v.t., to separate from a society or company ; to disunite -.—pr.p. disso'ciat- ing ; pa.p. disso'ciated. — n. disso'ciation. [L. dis, asunder, and socio, to unite. See Social.] Dissoluble, Dissolute, &c. See under Dissolve. Dissolve, diz-zolv', v.t., to loose astnider ; to separ- ate or break up ; to melt ; to destroy. — v.i. to break up ; to waste away ; to crumble ; to melt : — P^-P- dissolv'ing ; pa.p. dissolved'. [L. dis, asunder, and solvo, solutus, to loose.] dissolvable, diz-zolv'a-bl, adj., capable of being dissolved or melted, dissolvent, diz-zoIVent, adj., Jiaving pozvcr to dis- sok'e or melt. — ;/. that which can dissolve or melt, dissoluble, dis'sol-u-]il, adj., dissolvable. — n. dissoln- bil'ity, capacity of being dissolved. dissolute, dis'ol-ut, adj., loose, esp. in morals : lewd ; licentious. — adv. diss'olutely. — «. diss'oluteness. dissolution, dis-ol-u'shun, n., act of dissolving ; the breaking up of an assembly : change from a solid to a liquid state ; a melting : separation of a body into its original elements; decomposition; des- truction ; death. Dissonant, dis'so-nant, adj., not agreeing in souftd; without concord or harmony ; disagreeing. [L. dis, apart, sonans, -antis, pr.p. oisono, to sound.] dissonance, dis'so-nans, n., djsagrce?nent of sound ; want of harmony, discord' ; disagreement. Dissuade, dis-swud', v.t., to ad7ise agaifist ; to try to divert from anything by advice or persuasion : — P^-P- dissuad'ing ; pa.p. dissuad'ed. [L. dis, against, and siiadeo, to advise.] dissuasion, dis-swa'zhun, «., act of dissuading ; advice against anything, dissuasive, dis-swa'ziv, adj., tending to dissuade. — «. that which tends to dissuade. — adv. dissua'sively. Dissyllable, dis-sil'la-bl, «. a word of only two syllables. [Gr. dis, twice, and Syllable.] dissyllabic, dls-sil-lab'ik, adj., of two syllables. Distaff, dis'taf, n., tJie staff or stick which holds the bu7ich of flax, tow, or wool in spinning. [A.S. disfo'f; Dutch, diessc, the bunch of flax on the start"; Gael, dos, a bush, tuft. See Staff.] Distain, dis-tan', v.t., to remove the tinge or colour from by staining; to stain; to sully :—/r./. distain'in^; pa.p. distained'. [Fr. d^^teifidrc ; L. dis, privative, and tingo, to stain.] Distant, di.s'tant, adj., staftding apart or separate ; remote, in time, place, or connection ; not obvi- ous ; indistinct : rescr\'ed in manner. — adv. dls'- tantly. [L. dis tans — dis, apart, and stans, stantis, pr.p. oi sto, to stand.] distance, dis'tans, n. space or inter\'al between; remoteness : opposition ; reserve of manner. — 7f.t. to place at a distance ; to leave at a distance behind :—pr.p. dis'tancing ; pa.p. dis'tanced. Distaste, dis-tfist', v., oppositeness or aversion of taste; dislike of food : dislike; disgust. — v.t.to disrelish; to dislike; to loathe. [L. ts or seizes goods for debt. distraint, dis-trant', «., seizure of goods for debt. district, dis'trikt, 71. orig. the territory within which a superior had a right to distrain or otherwise exercise authority ; a portion of territory defined or undefined ; a region. [L. dis trie tus — distringo.'\ distress, dis-tres', n. lit. a drawing astoider; extreme pain : that which causes suffering ; calamity ; misfortune : a state of danger : act of distraining goods. — v.t. to afflict with pain or suf- fering ; to harass ; to grieve : to distrain : — pr.p. distress'ing ; pa.p. distressed'. [Fr. detresse; It. distretta, from L. distri7igo, district7is.'\ distressful, dis-tres'fool, adj., full of distress ; cala- mitous. — adv. distress'fully. Distribute, dis-trib'ut, v.t., to divide asu7ider or amongst several ; to deal out or allot ; to classify : —pr.p. distrib'uting ; pa.p. distributed. [L. dis- tribuo — dis, asunder, tribuo, tributus, to divide.] distributable, dis-trib'u-ta-bl, adj., that may be distributed or divided. distributer, dis-trib'u-ter, n., one wJio distributes or deals out. distribution, dis-tri-bu'shun, n., act of distributing; allotment ; division ; separation ; classification. distributive, dis-trib'u-tiv, adj., that distributes, separates, or divides. — adv. distrib'utively. District. See under Distrain. Distrust, dis-trust', «., wa7it of trust ; want of faith or confidence; doubt. — v.t. to have no trust in; to disbelieve ; to doubt. [L. dis, priv., and Trust.] distrustful, dis-trust'fool, adj., full of distrust ; apt to distrust ; suspicious. — adv. distrust'fully. — n. distrust'fulness. Disturb, dis-turb', v.t. to move asunder, or here and there, as a CTvwd; to throw into confusion: to agitate ; to disquiet ; to interrupt -.—pr.p. disturb'- ing ; pa.p. disturbed'. — n. disturb'er. [L. dis, asunder, and t7irbo, to agitate — turba, a crowd.] disturbance, dis-turb'ans, «., «^V«^/c7«; tumult: in- terruption ; perplexity. Disunion. See under Disunite. Disunite, dis-u-nit', v.t., to separate what is united; to sever or sunder. — v. i. to fall asunder ; to part. [L. dis, privative, and Unite.] disunion, dis-un'yun, «., zvant of nnio7i; breaking up of union or concord ; separation. Disuse, dis-us', n., cessation or giving up of use 01 custom. [L. dis, privative, and Use.] disuse, dis-uz', v.t., to cease to use or practise. disusage, dis-uz'aj, «., gradual cessation of use or custom. Ditch, dich, n. a trench dug in the ground ; any long narrow receptacle for water. — v.i. to make a ditch or ditches. — v.t. to dig a ditch in or around ; to drain by ditches : — pr.p. ditch'ing ; pa.p. ditched'. [A. S. die, a ditch, from root of Dig.] ditcher, dich'er, «., a ditch-7>iaker. Dithyramb, dith'i-ram, Dithyrambus, dith-i-ram'bus, 71. an ancient Greek hymn sung in honour of Bac- chus ; a short poem of a like character. [Gr. Dithy- ra/nbos, a name of Bacchus: etym. doubtful.] dithyrambic, dith-i-ram'bik, adj., of or like a dithy- ra}7tb; wild and boisterous. Ditto, dit'o, contracted Do., «., that which has been said; the same thing. — adv. as before, or afore- said ; in like manner. [It. detto — L. dictum, said, pa.p. oi dico, to say.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th&n. 13s ditty ditty, dirt, «. orig. a saying, esp. one short and repeated : a song; a little poem to be sung. [A.S. diht, L. diction, said.] Diuretic, dl-u-rct'ik, adj. tending to excite t\\& pass- ing through or discharge of urine. — n. a medi- cine causing this discharge. [Gr. diouretilws — dia, through, and oiireo, from ouron, urine.] Diurnal, dl-ur'nal, adj., daily; relating to or per- formed in a day. — n. orig. a day-book ox joiir^tal; in the R. C. Church, a breviary with daily ser- vices. — adv. diur'nally. [L. diumtis — dies, a day.] Divan, di-van', n. lit. a register of payments or accounts ; a collection of essays or poems : a council ; a council-chamber with cushioned seats ; a sofa; a smoking-room. [Fr., Sp. — F ers. diwdn.] Divaricate, dT-vai^i-kat, v.i. lit. to spread the legs asunder; to part into two branches, to fork ; to diverge. — v.t. to divide into two branches '.^pr.p. dlvar'icating ; pa. p. divaricated. — n. divarica'- tion. [L. divarico, divaricatus — dis, asunder, and varico, to spread the legs — va-rtis, bent.] Dive, dlv, v.i., to dip or plunge into water; to plunge or go deeply into any matter :—/r./. div'ing; pa.p. dived'. [A.S. dujian; Dutch, duypcn ; Ice. di/ai. Sec Dip.] diver, div'er, «., one who dives ; a bird very expert at diving. diving-bell, dlVing-bel, n. a hollow vessel orig. bell- sliaped, air-tight e.xcept at the bottom, in which one may descend into and work under water. Diverge, dl-verj', v.i., to incline or turn asunder; to tend from a common point in different directions : — P^P- diverg'ing ;/«./. diverged'. — adv. diverg'- ingly. [L. dis, asunder, vergo, to incline.] divergence, dl-verj'ens, divergency, dl-verj'en-si, «., act of divergijtg or separating ; tendency to recede from one point. divergent, dl-verj'ent, adj., tending to diverge ; re- ceding from one point. Divers, Diverse, Diversify. See under Divert. Divert, dl-vert', v.t., to turn aside ; to change the direction of: to turn the mind from business or study; to amuse -.^pr.p. and adj. divert'ing; pa.p. divert'ed. — adv. divert'ingly. [L. diverto, di7'ersus — dis, aside, and verto, to turn.] diverse, divers, or div-ers', adj. lit. turned different ways; different; imlike ; multiform; various. — ad7'. di'versely or diversely. divers, di'verz, adj. several; more than one : in B., same as diverse. diversion, di-ver'shun, «., act of diverting or turn- ing aside : that which diverts ; amusement, recreation: something done to turn the attention of an enemy from the principal point of attack. diversity, di-ver'si-ti, «., state of being diverse; difference; unlikeness; variety. diversify, di-ver'si-fl, v.t., to viake diverse or dif- ferent ; to give variety to :—/r./. diver'sifying ; pa.p. divcr'sified. — n. diversiflca'tion. [L. diver- siis, dindfacio, to make.] Divest, di-vest', v. t. lit. to take off the vesture from ; to strip or deprive of anything -.—pr.p. divest'ing ; pa.p. divest'ed. [L. dis, privative, and vcstio, to clothe — 7'estis, a garment.] Divide, di-vid', v.t., to part asunder; to separate ; to keep apart : to part among, to allot : to dis- unite in opinion, &c. ; to set at variance : to separate into two parts (as in voting). — z'.i. to part or open ; to break friendship ; to vote by separating into two bodies :—^pr.p. divld'ing ;/«./. DO divTd'ed. — adv. divld'edly. [L. divido, divisus^- dis, asunder, and root vid, to separate.] dividend, div'i-dend, «., that which is to be divided ; the share of a sum divided that falls to each individual. [L. divide7idum — divido.'\ divider, di-vlder, n., he or that which divides. divisible, di-viz'i-bl, adj., capable of being divided or separated. — adv. divis'ibly. divisibility, di-vlz-i-bil'i-ti, «., quality of being divis- ible or separable. division, di-vizh'un, «., act- of dividing; state of being divided : that which divides ; a partition ; a barrier : the portion divided or separated ; separation : difference in opinion, &c. ; disunion : in arith., the rule or process of finding how many times one number is contained in another. divisional, di-vizh'un-al, adj., pertaining to or marking a division or separation. divisive, di-vl'ziv, adj., forming division or separ- ation ; creating discord, [divides the dividend. divisor, di-vl'zor, «. in arith., ilie nufnber which Divine, di-vin', adj., belonging to or proceeding from God: devoted to God's service; holy; sacred : excellent in the highest degree ; extra- ordinary. — n. one skilled in divine things, a minis- ter of the gospel; a theologian. — v.t. to foresee or foretell as if divinely inspired ; to guess or make out. — v.i. to profess or practise divination ; to have forebodings '-^pr.p. divln'ing ; pa.p. divined'. — adv. divinely. [L. divinus, from divus, deus, a god.] divination, div'i-na'shun, «., the act or practice cj rt^/i7'«/«^ or predicting ; prediction; conjecture. diviner, di-vln'er, 7i., one wJio divines or professes divination ; a conjecturer. divinity, di-vin'i-tl, «., state of being divine ; god- head; the nature or essence of God; God: a celestial being ; any god : the science of divine things ; theology. Diving-bell. See under Dive. Divisible, Division, &c. See under Divide. Divorce, di-vors', «. the legal separation of husband and wife; the sentence by which a marriage is dissolved. — v.t. to separate; to sunder: to dis- solve the marriage-contract of : to put away: — pr.p. divorc'ing; pa.p. divorced'. — n. dlvorc'er. [Fr. — L. divortium, from root of Divert.] divorcement, di-vors'ment, n. in B., divorce. Divulge, di-N-ulj', v.t., to spread abroad among the vulgar or the people ; to make public : to reveal: — P^-P- divulg'ing ; pa.p. divulged'. [L. dis, among, and vulgus, the common people.] Dlvulslon, di-vul'shun, «., act of pulling or rending asunder or away. [L. dis, asunder, and vello, vulsus, to pull.] divulslve, di-vul'slv, adj., tending to p7ill asi^nder. Dizzy, diz'i, adj., dazed; giddy ; confused: causing giddiness: unthinking; heedless. — v.t. to make dizzy ; to confuse. [A. S. dysig, foolish, dizzy ; Dutch, duysig; D.an. dosig, drowsy; connected with E. Daze, Doze.] dizziness, diz'i-nes, «., state of being dizzy. Do, doo, v.t., to perform any action; to bring about or effect ; to accomplish or finish : to pre- pare ; to put or bring into any form or state. — v.i. to act or behave: to fare or get on as to health ; to succeed : to suit or answer an end : — •■ pr.p. do'ing ; pa.t. did ; pa.p. done (dun). [A.S. don ; Dutch, doen : Ger. thun; perhaps connected with L. do, Gr. diddmi, Sans, da, to give.] [our. doings, doo'ingz, 7i.pl., things do7ie, events; behavi- fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mSon ; th^n. Docile Docile, dos'il, adj., ieachahle; ready to leani; easily managed. [L. docilis — doceo, to teach.] docility, do-sil'i-ti, n., teachableness ; aptness. Dock, dok, n. a troublesome weed with large leaves, and a long root, difficult to eradicate. [A.S. docce ; perhaps allied to L. daucus, Gr. dankos, a kind of carrot, as also to the next word from its broad short leaves.] Dock, dok, v-t., to cjct sJwrt; to curtail ; to cut off; to clip ; to bar : — pr.p. dock'ing ; pa.p. docked'. — n. the part of a tail left after clipping. [W. tociazv, to cut short, from toe, a short thing ; Ger. docke, a short thick column; Ice. dockr, a stumpy tail.] docket, dok'et, «. lit. a docked or short piece of paper; a summary of a larger writing : a bill or ticket affi.xed to anything; a label : a list or regis- ter of cases in court.- — zt.t. to make a summary of the heads of a writing; to enter in a book; to mark the contents of papers on the back :—pr.p. dock'eting; pa.p. dock'eted. [dim. of Dock.] Dock, dok, n. a place d7ig; an enclosure or artificial basin near a harbour or river, for the reception of vessels : the box in court where the accused stands. — v.t. to place in a dock : — pr.p. dock'ing ; pa.p. docked'. [Ger. docke; Dutch, dok; from root of Dig, Ditch.] dockage, dok'aj, n., a charge for the use of «; dock. dockyard, dok'yard, 7i., a yard or store near a dock, where ships are built and naval stores kept. Doctor, dok'tur, n. lit. a teacher; one who has received from a university the highest degree in a faculty : a physician. [L. — doceo, to teach.] doctorate, dok'tur-at, «., a doctor's degree. doctrine, dok'trin, n., a thing taught ; a principle of belief ; what the Scriptures teach on any sub- ject : \n B., act or manner of teaching. doctrinal, dok'trin-al, adj., relating to or containing doctrine; relating to the act of teaching. — adv. doc'trinally. document, dok'u-ment, n. orig. something taught; a paper containing information or the proof of anything. [L. docianentian — docco.'\ documental, dok-u-ment'al, documentary, dok-u- ment'ar-i, adj., relating to or found in doctiments. Dodecagon, do-dek'a-gon, «. a solid figure having tzvelve equal angles and sides. [Gr. dddeka, twelve, ?a\AgdHia, an angle.] Dodecahedron, do-dek-a-he'dron, n. a solid figure, having twelve equal pentagonal sides. [Gr. dddeka, twelve, and hetlra, a base, a side.] Dodge, doj, v.i. lit. to follow a person like a dog; to start aside ; to evade an argument ; to quibble. — v.t. to evade by a sudden shift of place -.—pr.p. dodg'ing ; pa.p. dodged'.— «. an evasion ; a trick ; a quibble. — n. dodg'er. [from Dog.] Dodo, do'do, n. a large, clumsy bird, now extinct, once found in the Mauritius and Madagascar. [Ger. dodo, dtedu ; Port. doudo.\ Doe, do, n. lit. the timid a7timal; the female of the fallow-deer or buck. [A.S. da, L. dama, prob. akin to Gr. da7nazo, Sans. da/7i, to tame.] doeskin, do'skin, n., the ski7i of a doe; a twilled cloth, named from its likeness to the skin of a doe. Does, duz, 3d pers. sing. pres. ind. of Do. Doflf, dof, v.t., to do or take off; to rid one's self of : —pr.p. doff'ing; pa.p. doffed', [a contr. oi do off.'] Dog, dog, n. lit. the biti7tg a7ii7nal, a domestic quadruped : a term of contempt : one of two con- stellations of stars : an andiron ; an iron hook for holding logs of wood. — z'.t., to follow as a dolorous dog; to follow and watch constantly ; to worry with importunity -.-pr.p. dogg'ing ; pa.p, dogged'.-;., dogg'er. [Dutch, dog, Ger. dog/r, docke: perh. from Sans, dak, to bite.] dog-brier, dog'-bn-er, «., the brier dog-rose. dog-cart, dog'-kart, n. a one-horse carriage for sportsmen, so called from dogs being carried mside. [very cheap. dog-cheap, dog'-chep, adj., cheap as dog's 77!eaf dog-day, dog'-da, 71. one of the days when the Dog- star rises and sets with the sun, between the end of July and the beginning of September. dog-fish, dog'-fish, n. a species of British shark, so named from their habit of following their prey like dogs hunting in packs. dogged, dog'ed, adj. surly like att a7igry dog; sullen. — adv. dogg'edly. — 71. dogg'edness. doggerel, dog'er-el, it. irregular measures in bur- lesque poetry, so named in contempt; worthless verses. — adj. irregiilar; mean. doggish, dog'ish, adj., like a dog; churlish; brutal. —adv. dogg'ishly.— ;/. dogg'ishness. dog-rose, dog'-roz, 71., the rose of the dog-\ir\&r. dog's-ear, dogz'-er, n. the corner of the leaf of a book turned down, like a dog's ear. — v.t. to turn down the corners of leaves :—pa.p. dog's'-eared. dog-star, dog'-star, «. Sirius, a star of the first magnitude, whose rising and setting with the sun gave name to the dog-di3.ys. Doge, doj, «., a dztke or leader; formerly, the chief- magistrate in Venice and Genoa. [It. for duce— L. dux, a leader — diico, to lead.] Dogged, Doggerel, Doggish. See under Dog. Dogma, dog'ma, «. lit. so7nethi7ig thought or de- creed; a settled opinion ; a principle or tenet; a doctrine laid down with authority. [Gr., a decree, from doked, to think— Sans, die, to shew.] dogmatic, dog-mat'ik, dogmatical, dog-mat'ik-al, adj.,J>ertaining toadog/na; asserting a thing as if it were a dogma ; asserting positively : over- bearing. — adv. dogmat'ically. dogmatise, _ dog'ma-tlz, v.i., to state 07ie's opi7iion dog7natically or arrogantly -.—pr.p. dog'matls- ing ; pa.p. dog'matlsed.- «. do^matiser. dogmatism, dog'mat-izm, «., dogmatic or positive assertion of opinion. dogmatist, dog'ma-tist, w. , 07ie who dogmatises or makes positive assertions. Dog-rose, Dog's-ear, Dog-star. See under Dog. Doily, doi'li, «. orig. a kind of woollen stuff; a small napkin used at dessert, [said to be so called from the first maker: but prob. from. Dutch, dzvcEle, a towel.] Doings. See under Do. Doit, doit, 7t. as much as the tip of the finger can cover : a small Dutch coin worth about half a farthing. [Fr. doigt, L. digitus, a finger.] Dole, dol, v.t., to deal out in small portions -.—^pr.p. dol'ing ; pa.p. doled'. — 71. a share distributed ; something given in charity; a small portion. Dole, dol, 7t. {obsolete), pain ; g7-ief; heaviness at heart. [L. doleo, to feel pain.] doleful, dol'fool, adj., full of dole or grief; melan- choly. — adv. dole'fuUy. — «. dole'fulness. dolesome, dol'sum, adj., full of dole; dismal; gloomy. — adv. dole'somely. dolor, do'lor, 71., pain; grief; anguish. [L.] dolorific, do-lor-if'ik, adj., ca7tsi7ig or expressing dolor, pain, or grief. [L. dolor, facio, to make.] dolorous, dol'or-us, adj., fdl of dolor, pain, o? grief; doleful. — «<^2/. dolorously. \y,. doloros7is.'\ fate, far ; me, her ; mine • mSte ; mute • moon ; then. DoU Doll, dol, n. a puppet or toy-baby for a child, [a corruption of idol, or more probably of Dorothy. '\ Dollar, dol'ar, n. a silver coin of the United States, worth ICO cents, or about 4J. 2d. sterling. [Ger. thaler — thai, a valley, because thalcrs were first coined in the Valley of St Joachim, in Bohemia : more prob. from t/uil, a part. See Deal.] Dolomite, dol'o-mlt, «. a limestone resembling white marble, so called from the French geolo- gist Dolo»ucii. Doloriflc, Dolorous. See under Dole. Dolphin, dorfin, n. an animal of the whale kind, found in all seas, about 8 or 10 feet long, and extremely rapacious : the cor^TDhene, a fish about 5 feet in length, noted for the brilliancy of its colours when dying. [L. delphimis, Gr. delphin.^ Dolt, dolt, n., a dull or stupid fellow. [A.S. dol, erring, stupid.] See DulL doltish, dolt'ish, adj., like a dolt; dull; stupid. — adv. dolt'ishly. — «. dolt'ishness. Domain, do-miin', n., ivhat one is master of or has donii7iio7i over ; an estate ; territory. [Fr. do- maine — L. domimis, a master — domus, a house.] Dome, dom, «. lit. a bnilding ; a roof; a structure raised above the roof of large buildings, usually hemispherical : a cathedral. — adj. domed', having a dome. [Gr. doma, a xooi— demo, to build.] Domestic, do-mes'tik, adj., belongiftg to the house; remaining much at home, private ; tame ; not foreign. — «. a servant in the house. — adv. do- mes'tically. [L. doinestic7is — doimis, a house.] domesticate, do-mes'tik-at, v.t., to 7nake domestic ; to make familiar ; to tame -.—fr.p. domes'ticat- ing ; pa. p. domes'ticated. — 11. domestica'tion. domicile, dom'i-sil, «., a hojtse; an abode. — v.t. to establish a fixed residence : — pr.p. dom'iciling ; J>a.p. dom'iciled. — adj. domicU'iary. [L. domi- ciliuin — domtis.l domiciliate, dom-i-sll'yat, v.t., to establish in a domicile or permanent residence '.—pr.p. domi- cil'ifiting; pa.p. damicil'iated. — ?t. domicilia'tion. Dominate, dom'in-ilt, v.t., to be lord over; to govern ; to prevail over '.—pr.p. dom'inating ; pa.p. dom'inated. [L. dominor, to be master — domus, a house.] dominant, dom'in-ant, adj., being master; prevail- ing ; predominant. — n. in music, the fifth note of the scale in its relation to the first and third. [L, domifiatis, -antis, pr.p. oi dominor.'] domination, dom-in-a'shun, «., government ; abso- lute authority ; tyranny. [L,. dominatio.] domlnative, dom'in-a-tiv, adj., governing; arbitrar3\ domineer, dom'in-er, v.i., to rule arbitrarily ; to command haughtily :—pr.p. dom'ineering ; pa.p. dom'ineered. dominical, do-min'ik-al, adj., belonging to Our Lord, as tlie Lord's Prayer, the Lord's Day. [L. dominions — doniinus. ] dominion, dO-min'jam, «., lordship; highest power and authority ; control : the country or persons governed.—//, angelic and powerful spirits. domino, dom'i-no, «., a goum worn by a master or by a priest ; a long cloak of black silk, with a hood, used for disguise. — pi. dom'inoes (Oz), the name of a game. [L. dominus, a master.] don, don, )i. lit. a lord; a Spanish title, corre- sponding to English Sir, formerly applied only to noblemen, now to all classes.— y?^«. donn'a. ISp., from L. dominus.] Don, don, 71. t., to do or put on; to assume '.—pr.p. donn'ing ; pa.p. donned', [a contr. oi do on.] Dose Donation, do-na'shun, n.,act of giving: that which is given, a gift of money or goods : in law, the act by which a person freely transfers his title to anything to another. [L. donatio — done, dona' tum — donum, a gift — do, to give.] donative, don'a-tiv, 71., a gift; a gratuity: a bene- fice presented by the founder or patron witliout reference to the bishop. — adj. vested or vesting by donation. [L. donativnm.] donee, dO-ne', «., one luho receives a gift. donor, do'nor, n., a giver ; a benefactor. Done, dun, pa.p. of Do. Donjon, dun'jun,«. orig. the principal building of a district, or fortress, which connnanded the rest ; a strong, central tower in ancient castles, to which the garrison retreated when hard pressed. [Fr., low L. dongeo, domnio, dominio, from root of Dominate : ace. to Diez, from Ir. dUn, a fortified place. See Dungeon.] Donkey, dongTce, «. lit. tJie dun-coloured animal, the ass. [perh. from Dun, and dim. key.] Donor. See under Donation. Doom, doom, n., judgment; condemnation: des- tiny; ruin; final judgment — v.t. to pronounce judgment on; to sentence; to condemn :^^r/. doom'ing ; pa.p. doomed'. [A.S. ^^w, judgment.] doomsday, doomz'da, «., tlie day of doom, the day when the world will be judged. doomsday-book, dCJomz'da-book, «., a book compiled by order of William tlie Conqueror, containing a survey of all the lands in England, their value, owners, S:c. so called from its authority in doom or judgment on the matters contained in it. Door, dor, n. lit. an opening; the usual entrance into a house or into a room : the wooden frame on hinges closing up the entrance : a means of approach or access. [A.S. dor, duru, Gr. thura, a door, allied to Sans, dvar, an opening.] Doquet, dok'et, a form of docket. Dor, Dorr, dor, n. a species of beetle, so called from its droning sound. [A.S. dora, a drone, locust.] Doree, do-re', or dor's, n. a fish of a golden yellovj colour, called also dory and John doree. [a cor- ruption of Yr.jau7ie-doree, golden-j^ellow.] Doric, dor'ik, adj., belofigiti^ to Doris in Greece; denoting one of the Grecian orders of architec- ture. [Fr. dorique, from L. Doj-icus — Gr. Doris.] Dormant, dor'mant, adj., slce/>Jng; at rest ; not used : in a sleeping posture : in arch., leaning. — n. a cross-beam; a joist. [Fr., pr.p. o( dormir, from L. doTvnio, to sleep.] dormancy, dor'man-si, «., state of being do7-mafit ; quiescence. dormer, dor'mer, «. lit. the window of a sleepi7ig- 7-com ; a vertical window on the sloping roof of a house. dormitory, dor'mi-tor-i, «., a place to sleep i/t; a large sleeping-chamber with many beds. [L. dor/nitoriu))i — dor/nio.] dormouse, dor'mous {/>l. dormlce\ «. lit. t/u: sleepi7ig 7itouse, a gnawing animal, intermediate between the squirrel and the rat, and so called because it is torpid in winter. [L. dor7/iio, to sleep, and Moose : prob. adapted from Fr. dor77ieuse, tlie sleeper.] Dorsal, dor'sal, adj., perta{7nng or belonging to the back. [L. do7-su77i, the back.] Dory. See Doree. Dose, dOs, n. the quantity of medicine ^zV?./. dragooned'. drawing [Fr. dragon, prob. so called from having origin- ally carried a musket called a dragon.'] dragonnade, drag-on-ad', n. the persecution of French Protestants under Louis XIV. and his successors, by an armed force, usually of dra- goons. [Fr. — dragon, dragoon.] dragoonade, drag-cRjn-ad', n. abandonment of a place to the rage of soldiers. Drain, drfm, v.i., to trickle away, to drop; to flow off gradually. — v.t. to draw off by degrees; to filter ; to clear of water by drains ; to make dry ; to e.xhaust : — pr.p. drain'ing ; pa.p. drained'. — «. a water-course; a ditch; a sewer. [A.S. drehnigean, to strain ; old Ger. drahan, Ger. thrane, a drop, a tear.] — adj. drain'able. drainage, driin'aj, «. the gradual draining or flow- ing off of a liquid ; the drawing off of water by rivers ; the system of drains in a town. drainer, dran'er, «. , one who drains ; a utensil on which articles are placed to drain. Drake, drak, «., the lord or male of the duck. [Sw. andrake, Dan. andrik — A.S. ened, L. anat, a duck, and old Ger. rih, Goth, rciks, ruler, chief.] Dram, dram, n. a contraction of Drachm ; -^th of an oz. avoirdupois : as much raw spirits as is drunk at once. Drama, dram'a, or dra'ma, n. a representation of actions inhuman life ; a series of deeply interest- ing events : a composition intended to be spoken and represented on the stage ; dramatic litera- ture, [L. drama, Gr. drama — drao, to do.] dramatic, dra-mat'ik, dramatical, dra-mat'ik-al, adj., belonging to the drama ; appropriate to or in the form of a drama. — adv. dramat'ically. dramatise, dram'a-tTz, v.t. to compose in or turn into the form of a drama or play: — pr.p. dram'atls- ing ; pa.p. dram'atTsed. [Gr. dramatize^ dramatist, dram'a-tist, «., the author of a dramatic composition, a writer of plays. Drank, drangk — past tense of Drink. Drape, drap, v.t., to co-'er with cloth: — pr.p. drap'- ing ; pa.p. draped'. [Fr. drap, cloth. See Drab.] draper, draper, ;/., 07i.e who deals in drapery or cloth. [Fr. drapier — drap.] drapery, drap'cr-i, n. , cloth-making ; cloth goods ; hangings of any kind. [Fr. draperie — drap.] Drastic, dras'tik, adj., active, powerful. — «. a medicine that purges quickly or thoroughly. [Gr. drastikos — drao, to act, to do.] Draught, Draughts. See under Draw. Drave, drav, o\dpa.t. of Drive. Draw, draw, v.t., to drag or pidl along: to bring forcibly towards one: to entice : to inhale: to take out : to deduce : to lengthen : to make a picture of, by lines drawn ; to describe : to require a dejith of water for floating. — -'./. to pull: to practise drawing : to move or approach :— ^r./. draw- ing ; pa.t. drew (druo) ; pa.p. drawn. — ?i. the act of drawing ; anj-thing drawn. — adj. draw'able. [A.S. dragan. See Drag.] drawback, dra^v'bak, «., a giving back of some part of the duty on goods on their exportation ; any loss of advantage. [Draw, and Back.] drawbridge, draw'brij, n., a bridge that can be drawn up or let down at pleasure. drawee, draw-e', n. the person on whom a bill of exchange is drawti. drawer, draVer, «., he or that which drait'S ; a thing drawn out, like the sliding box in a case. — ■//. a close under-garment for the lower limbs. drawing, draw'ing, n. the art of representing objects fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; m5on ; then. drawing-room by lines drawn, shading, &c. : a picture : the distribution of prizes, as at a lottery. drawing-room, draw'ing-room, n. orig. a ivithdraw- i?ig room; a room to which the company or a part of it withdraws after dinner : the company that meets there : a reception of company in it. draw-well, draw'-wel, 7i,, a well from which water is drazvn up by a bucket and apparatus. draught, draft, «., act of drawi?ig ; force needed to draw : the act of drinking ; the quantity drunk at a time : outHne of a picture : that which is taken in a net by drawing ; a chosen detachment of men : a current of air : the depth to which a ship sinks in the water. — v.t. more com- monly Draft, to draw out :—pr.p. draught'ing ; pa.p. draught'ed. [A. S. droht — dragan, to draw.] draught, draft, draught'-house, «. in B., a privy. draughts, drafts, «. a game played by two persons, on a checkered board, called the draught'-board (from the pieces being drawn along it), with pieces called draughts'men. draughtsman, drafts'man, li. See draftsman. dray, dra, n. a low strong cart for heavy goods, which is dragged or draivn. [A.S. draege, a drag, from dragati.'] Drawl, drawl, v.i. lit. to linger; to speak in a slow, lengthened tone. — v.i. to utter words in a slow and sleepy manner : — />r.J>. drawl'ing ; pa.p. drawled'. — n. a slow, lengthened utterance of the voice. [Dutch, draalen, to linger.] — adv. drawl'ingly. — n. drawl'ingness. Dray. See under Draw. Dread, dred, n.,fear; overwhelming terror; awe; the objects that excite fear. — adj. exciting great fear or awe. — v.t. in Pr. Bk., to fearviixh. rever- ence : to regard with terror. — v.i. to be in great fear -.—pr.p. dread'ing ; pa.p. dread'ed. [A. S. draed, fear, Scot, red, rad, afraid ; old Sw. raedas, to be afraid.] dreadful, dred'fool, adj. or'ig.fidl of dread ; pro- ducing great fear or awe ; terrible.— a^z/. dread'- fully. — 71. dread'fulness. dreadless, dred'Ies, adj., free from dread; intrepid. — adv. dread'lessly. — 71. dread'lessness. Dream, drem, n. a train of thoughts and fancies during sleep, a vision : something which has only an imaginary reality. [Ger. traiciit, a dream ; old S. drd7n, Dutch, drootn, sleep ; akin to L. do7-)nio, Sans, dra, to sleep : or to Gael. dre7n, an appearance.] dream, drem, v.i. to fancy things d2iri7tg sleep : to think idly. — v.t. to see in, or as In a dream : — pr.p. dream'Ing ; pa.t. andpa.p. dreamt (dremt). — 71. dream 'er. — adv. dream'ingly. dreamless, dremles, adj., free fro77i d7'ea7tis. dreamy, drem'i, adj.,fodtofdrea7>is; appropriate to dreams ; dreamlike. ^«. dream'iness. Drear, drer, dreary, drer'I, adj. lit. dejected, sorrow- fid ; gloomy ; cheerless. — adv. drear'ily. — ;/. drear'iness. [A.S. dreorig—dreora7i, to fall, be- come weak ; Ger. trauT^g—trattern, to mourn.] Dredge, drej, «. an instrument for draggifig ; a drag-net for catching oysters, &c. ; a machine for taking up mud from a harbour or other water. — v.t. to gather with a dredge ; to deepen with a dredge :—/r./. dredg'ing ; /«./. dredged'. [A.S. dmge — draga7i, to drag.] dredger, drej'er, 7i., ofie who fishes with a dredge: a dredging-machine. Dredge, drej, v.t., to spri7i7cle flour on meat while roasting -.—pr.p. dredg'ing -.pa.p. dredged'. [Dan. Drink drysse, conn, with Scot, drush, atoms, fragments.] — 71. dredg'er, a utensil for dredging. Dregs, dregz, 71.pl., refuse 7iiatter; impurities in liquor that fall to the bottom, the grounds : dross ; the vilest part of anything. [Ice. dregg; Ger. dreck, excrement, mud ; allied with Gr. triix, irugoi, the dregs of wine, tricgo, to dry.] ^eggy, dreg'i, adj., cofitai7ii?ig dregs; muddy; foul. — 7is. dregg'iness ; dregg'ishness. Drench, drensh, v.t. lit. to cat(se to dri7ik ; to fill with drink or liquid ; to wet thoroughly : to physic by force -.^pr.p. drench'Ing ; pa.p. drenched'. — n. a draught : a dose of physic forced down the throat. [A.S. drencea7t, to give to drink, from d7-i7ica7i, to drink. See Drink.] Dress, dres, v.t., to 77take direct or straight; to put in order: to put clothes upon: to prepare; to cook : to trim : to deck : to cleanse a sore. — v.i. to arrange in a line : to put on clothes : — pr.p. dress'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. dressed' or drest. — «. the covering or ornament of the body ; a lady's gown : style of dress. [Fr. dresser, to make straight, to prepare, from L. dirigo, directu77t, to direct.] dresser, dres'er, «., 07ie who dresses: a table on which meat Is dressed or prepared for use. dressing, dres'Ing, «., dress or clothes : manure given to land : matter used to give stiffness and gloss to cloth ; the bandage, &c. applied to a sore : an ornamental moulding. dressing-case, dres'ing-cas, n., a case of articles used In d7-essi7ig one's self. dressy, dres'i, adj., showy i7i or fond oi d7'ess. Drew, droo — did dxz.\f^pa.t. of Draw. Dribble, drib'l, v.i., to fall i7i S7nall drops ; to drop quickly: to slaver, as a child or an idiot. — v.t. to let fall in drops -.—pr.p. dribb'ling ; pa.p. dribb'led. — «. dribb'ler. [dim. of Drip.] dribblet, driblet, drib'let, «., a very S7nall drop; a small quantity ; a small sum of money. Drift, drift, n., that which is drive7i; a heap of matter driven together ; the force that drives ; the direction in which a thing is driven : the object aimed at ; the meaning of words used. — v.t. to drive into heaps, as snow. — v.i. to be floated along ; to be driven into heaps '.—pr.p. drift'ing ; pa.p. drift'ed. [See Drive.] driftless, drift'les, adj., without drift or aim. drift-wood, drift'-wood, w., wood drifted hy water. Drill, dril, v.t., to thrill or pierce through, im- plying vibration or shaking; hence— to trill, trail, or brandish the pike ; to train soldiers by repeated exercise.— w.z. tomuster for exercise, as soldiers :—/r./. drill'ing; /«./. drilled'. — «. an instrument that bores; act of training soldiers. [Dutch, drille7i, trille7i, to shake, drillen, to shake a pike, to drill soldiers ; A.S. thirlia7t, to make a hole. See Thrill, Trail, Trill.] drill-press, dril'-pres, 71., a press or machine yi'r drilli7ig holes in metals. drill-serjeant, dril'-sar-jent, 71., a sergeant or non- commissioned officer who drills soldiers. Drill, dril, n., a row or furrow to put seed into in sowing. — v.t. to sow In rows. [W. rhill, a row.] Drilling, drll'Ing, n. lit. a triple-corded cloth; a coarse linen or cotton cloth, used for trousers. [Ger. drillich — drei, three, L. tres, and licium, a thread of the warp.] Drink, dringk, v.t., to S7ick in; to swallow, as a liquid : to take In through the senses. — v.i. to swallow a liquid ; to take intoxicating liquors to fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; //^en. drinkable Druid excess: — -/r./. drinking; J>a.t. drank; fa.p. dnink. — «. something to be dnink ; intoxicating liquor. [A.S. drincan, Ger. trinkett, from Ice. drccka, low Sax. trecken, to draw.] drinkable, dringk'a-bl, adj., that tnay be dnmk ; fit to be drunk. — n. drink'ableness. drinker, dringk'er, «., one who drhiks ; a tippler. drink-offering, dringk'-of-er-ing, n. a Jewish qff'crhig o/wine, &c. in their religious services. drank, drungk, adj., intoxicated ; saturated. drunkard, drungk'ard, «., o>te ivJio frcquejitly drinks to excess ; one habitually drunk. dranken, drungk'n, adj., intoxicated; given to ex- cessive drinking ; resulting from intoxication. drunkenness, drungk'n-nes, «., intoxication; habi- tual intemperance. Drip, drip, v.i., to fall in drops ; to let fall drops. — v.t. to let fall in drops -.—prp. dripp'ing ; pa.p. dripped'. — w. a falling in drops; that which falls in drops : the edge of a roof. [A.S. drypan, dreopan, to drop.] See Drop. dripping, drip'ing, 7t., that luhich falls in drops, as fat from meat in roasting. Drive, driv, v.t., to push forwarxl ; to force along; to hurry one on : to hunt : to guide, as horses drawing a carriage ; to distress or straiten. — v.i. to press forward with violence ; to be forced along ; to go in a carriage ; to tend towards a point -.—pr-p. driving ;/«./". drove ;/«./. driven. — n. an excursion in a carriage ; a road for driving on. — n. drlv'er. [A.S. drifan, to drive •, Ger. ireiben, to push; allied with Gr. tribe, to rub.] drove, drOv, n. a number of cattle, or other animals, driven. drover, drov'er, «. , one ivho drives cattle. Drivel, driv'l, v.i., to slaver or let spittle dribble, like a child: to be foolish ; to speak like an idiot:— /r./. driv'elling; pa.p. driv'elled. — n. slaver ; nonsense, [a form of Dribble.] — n. driv'- eller, a fool. Drizzle, driz'l, v.i., to vtake a rtistlifig' ftoise in dripping or fallitiz >' to rain in small drops : — pr.p. drizz'Vwg ; pa.p. drizz'led. — n. a small, light rain. — adj'. drizz'ly. [prov. Ger. drieseln for rieseln, to drip ; Swiss, droseln, to fall with a rustling noise ; Dan. drasle, to patter.] Droll, drOl, adj'., causing mirth by strange appear- ances like a troll or dwarf; odd; amusing; laughable. — n. one who excites mirth ; a jester. — v.i. to practise drollery ; to jest -.—pr.p. droU'- ing; pa.p. drolled'. — cidj. droU'ish, somewhat droll. — «. droll'ery. [Fr. drole; Ger. dtvllig, funny, trolle, awkward; Ice. trol, a giant, a sorcerer.] Dromedary, drum'e-dar-i, n. the Arabian camel, which has one hump on its back, so namedy>-^;« its speed. [L. drome dariics, and dronias, from Gr. drovias, drvinados, running— ^r^wi;, to run.] Drone, dron, «., a low, hu7nniing soiind; that which makes such a sound, as the male of the honey-bee, or the largest tube of the bagpipe : one who lives on the labour of others, like the drone-bee; a lazy, idle fellow. — v.i. to make a low, humming noise ; to live in idleness : — pr.p. dron'ing; /«./. droned'. [A.S. dran, the bee; Ice. drunr, Dan. dron, din, a rumbling noise, Gael, dranndan, humming; from the sound.] dronish, dron'ish, adj'., like a drone; lazy, idle. — adv. dron'ifllily.— «. dron'iflhness. Droop. See under Drop. Drop, drop, v.i. to fall in small particles; to let drops fall: to fall suddenly; to die suddenly; to come to an end; to fall or sink lower. — v.t. to let fall in drops ; to cover with drops : to let fall ; to let go, or dismiss : to utter casually : to lower:— /r./. dropp'ing ; pa.p. dropped'. [A.S. dropaft, dreopan; Ice. dri7tpa, to drip, to hang the head ; Ger tropfen, akin to triefeii, to drop, to trickle.] drop, drop, n. a small particle of liquid which falls at one time ; a very small quantity of liquid : anything hanging like a drop ; anything arranged to drop. — n. drop'let, a little drop. droop, droop, v.i. lit. to drop or hang the head ; to sink or hang Aown ; to grow weak or faint ; to decline -^/Jr./. droop'ing; pa.p. drooped'. Dropsy, drop'si, «. an unnatural collection oi water in any part of the body. [corr. from hydropsy — Gr. hydor, water.] dropsical, drop'sik-al, adj., pertaining to, resem- bling, or affected with dropsy. — n. drop'sicalness. Drosky, dros'ki, n. a low four-wheeled, open carri- age, much used in Russia. [Russ. drozhki, dim. oidrogi, a kind of carriage, properly pi. oidroga, the pole of a carriage.] Dross, dros, n., what falls down, dregs; the scum which metals throw off when melting : waste matter; refuse; rust. {K.'Si.dros,{rom.dreosan, to fall ; Ger. drjcse, ore decayed by the weather.] drossy, dros'i, adj., full of dross; like dross; im- pure ; worthless. — n. dross'iness. Drougbt. See under Dry. Drove, Drover. See under Drive. Drown, dro\vn, v.t., to drench or sink m water ; to kill by placing under water ; to overpower ; to extinguish. — v.i. to be suffocated in water: — pr.p. drown'ing ; /a./, drowned', {^k..^. drunc- nian, to drown — drjinceji, pa.p. of drincan, to drink.] See Drench. Drowse, drowz, v.i., to droop the Jtead; to nod the head, as when heavy with sleep ; to look hea\-y and dull. — v.t. to make heavy with sleep; to stupify : — pr.p. drows'ing ; pa.p. drowsed'. [A.S. drcosan, to fall ; Dutch, droosen, to fall asleep.] drowsy, drowz'i, adj., sleepy; heavy; dull. — adv. drows'ily. — n. drows'iness. Drub, drub, v.t., to strike; to beat or thrash: — pr.p. drubb'ing; pa.p. drubbed'. — n. a blow, [prov. Eng. drab, A.S. drepan. Ice. drahba.'\ Drudge, druj, v.i., to drag or pidl forcibly ; to work hard ; to do very mean work : — pr.p. drudg'ing ; pa.p. drudged'. — n. one who works hard ; a slave ; a menial servant. — adv. dnidg'ingly. [AS. dreo- gnn, to work ; Scot, dntg, to drag ; akin to Drag.] drudgery, dnij'er-i, «., t/ie work of a drnidge ; hard or humble labour. Drug, drug, n. an herb dried for use as medicine ; any substance used in medicine, or in dyeing ; an article that sells slowly, like medicines. — v.t. to mi.\- or season with drugs ; to dose to ex- cess. — v.i. to prescribe drugs or medicines : — /r./. drugg'ing;/rt./. drugged'. [A.S. drig, dry.] druggist, drug'ist, n., one who deals in drugs. Drugget, drug'it, «., a coarse woollen cloth, used a.? a protection for carpets. [Fr. droguet, dim, of drogue, drug, trash.] Druid, drSo'id, «., a priest among the ancient Celts of Britain, Gaul, and Germany, who woi- shipped under oak-trees.— fefn. Druld'ess. — adj. druid'ical. [Gael, dntidh ; W. denvydd — derw, oaks, udd, master, Gr. drus, an oak. Sans, drus. 142 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men, druidism a tree: according to Ampere, Celt, dia, God, and root re, to speak, thus = theologian.] druidism, droo'id-izm, «., the doctrines which the Druids taught ; the ceremonies they practised. Drum, drum, n. a cylindrical musical instrument: anything shaped like a drurn ; the tympanum or middle portion of the ear : in arch., the upright part of a cupola ; in 7ncch., a revolving cylinder. [A.S. dream, dryvie, music; Dan. tromme, Ger. trojinnel, a drum: from the sound.] drum, drum, vd., to beat a dr7tin; to beat with the fingers ; to throb. — v.t., to drum 02it, to expel : — pr.p. drumm'ing; pa. p. drummed'. — ii. drumm'er. drumhead, drum'hed, «., the head of a drum: the top part of a capstan. drum-major, drum'-ma-jer, «., tfie major or chief drummer of a regiment. drum-stick, drum'-stik, n., the stick with which the driim is beat. Erunk, Drunkard, &c. See under Drink. Drupe, droop, n. a fleshy fruit containing a stone, as the plum, &;c. which_/rt//j wheiL ripe. [L. drupa, Gr. druppa, an overripe olive ; dnpetes, quite ripe, from drys, a tree, a.nd pipto, to fall.] drupaceous, droo-pa'shus, adj., prodticing or per- taining to dr?{pes or stone-fruits. Dry, drT, adj. free from moisture ; without rain or damp : without sap ; not green : not giving milk : thirsty: uninteresting: severe, sarcastic; frigid, precise. — adv. ijr^\y.-^n. dry'ness. [A.S. dri, drig, dry, drigau, to dry ; Ger. trocken, trezigen, Gr. trugo, to dry.] dry, drT, v. t. to free from water or moisture ; to scorch ; to e.xhaust. — v.i. to become dry ; to be- come free from juice ; to evaporate entirely : — pr.p. drjr'ing; pa.p. dried'. — n. dri'er. dry-goods, drl'-goodz, n.pl. drapery, &c. as dis- tinguished from groceries. dry-nurse, drl'-nurs, n., a nurse who feeds a child without milk from the breast. dry-rot, dri'-rot, n. a decay of timber, caused by fungi which reduce it to a dry, brittle mass. drysalter, drl'sawlt-er, «., a dealer in salted or dry meats, pickles, &c. ; or in gums, dyes, drugs, &c. drysaltery, dri'sawlt-er-i, n., the articles kept hy a drysalter ; the business of a drysalter. drought, drout, n., dryness ; want of rain or of water; thirst. [A.S. drugoth, dryness — drig.l droughty, drout'i, adj., /nil o/ drought; very dry; wanting rain, thirsty. — 7i. drought'iness. Dryad, drl'ad, n. in Greek myth., a nymph of the •woods. [Gr. dryades, pi., from drys, a tree.] Dual, du'al, adj., consisting of tzvo, as the dual number in Greek. [L. dualis — d7io, two.] dualism, du'al-izm, «. the doctrine of two gods, one good, the other evil. dualist, du'al-ist, n. , a believer in dualism. duality, du-al'it-i, n., that which gives the idea of tzvo, or doubleness ; state of being double. Duarchy, du'ark-i, «., government by two persons. [Gr. diio, two, and arche, government.] Dub, dub, v.t. to confer knighthood by striking th& shoulder with a sword ; to confer any dignity : — ■ pr.p. dubb'ing; pa.p. dubbed'. [A.S. dubbati, Ice. dubba, Gr. tupto, to strike.] Dubious, Dubiousness. See under Doubt. Ducal, Ducat, Duchess, Duchy. See under Duke. Duck, duk, «., a kind of coarse cloth for small sails, sacking, &c. [Scot, doock; Sw. duk, cloth ; Ger. duchess tucJt, a form of zeug—zeugen, to make ; allied with Gr. ttditon — teucho, to make.] Duck, duk, v.t., to dip for a moment in water.^ v.i. to dip or dive ; to lower the head suddenly: —pr.p. duck'ing; pa.p. ducked'.— «. a well- known water-bird, so named from its ducking or dipping its head : a dipping or stooping of the head. [Ger. ducken, to bow, to stoop.] duckling, duk'ling, «., a young dtick. Duct, dukt, n., that which conducts or leads', a tube conveying fluids in animal Bodies or plants. [L. ductus — duco, to lead.] ductile, duk'tll, adj., that may be led; easily led ; yielding : capable of being drawn out into wires or threads. [L. ductilis — duco, ductus, to lead.]' ductility, duk-til'i-ti, Ji., the quality of being duc- tile; capacity of being drawn out without break- ing; pliableness. Dudgeon, duj'un, n., grudge ; resentment ; ill-will; suUenness. [W. dygen, anger — dyg7i, painful.] Due, du, adj., ozved ; that ought to be paid or done to another : proper ; enforced by conscience ; becoming : appointed ; exact. — adv. exactly ; directly. — n. that which is owed ; what one has a right to ; perquisite ; fee or tribute : just title. [Fr. dil, pa.p. oi devoir, L. debeo, to owe.] duly, du'li, adv., properly; fitly; at the proper time. duty, du'ti, n., that %vhich is due; what one is bound by any obligation to do ; obedience ; mili- tary service : one's proper business : tax on goods. duteous, du'te-us, adj. , devoted to diity ; obedient. — adz>. du'teously. — n. du'teousness. dutiful, du'ti-fool, adj. , attentive to didy '; obedient ; respectful : expressive of a sense of duty. — adv, du'tifully. — n. du'tifulness. Duel, du'el, n. a combat between tzvo persons^ single combat to decide a quarrel. — v.i. to fight in single combat : — pr.p. du'elling ; pa.p. duelled. — «. du'eller or du-'ellist. [Fr., It. duello, from L. dzcellum, the orig. form of belhim — dtio, two.] duelling, du'el-ing, n. fighting in a duel; the prac- tice of fighting in single combat. Duenna, du-en'a, «., an old lady who acts as guardian to a younger. [Sp., a form of donna.] Duet, du-et'. Duetto, du-et'to, n. a piece of music for two. [It. duetto — L. duo, two.] Duffel, duf'el, n. a thick, coarse woollen cloth, with, a nap. [prob. from Duffel, a town in Belgium.] Dug, dug, n. the nipple of the pap, esp. applied to that of a cow or other beast. [Sw. dagga, Dan. dagge, to suckle a child.] Dug, dug, /^i./. and/a./. of Dig. Dugong, du-gong', n. a kind of herb-eating whale, from 8 to 20 feet long, found in Indian seas. The fable of the mermaid is said to be founded on this animal. [Malayan, dfiyong.l Duke, dixk, n. lit. a leader, a chieftain, so in B. I the highest order of nobility next below the Prince of Wales ; on the continent, a sovereign prince.—^;;?. Duchess. — adj. du'caL [Fr. duel L. dux, ducis, a leader — duco, to lead.] dukedom, duk'dum, «., tlie title, rank, or territories of a duke. [Duke, and A.S. dom, power.] ducat, duk'at, 71. orig. a coin struck by a duke ,* a coin worth, when silver, 45. 6^., when gold, twice as much. \yx. ducat ; It. ducato.] duchess, duch'es, n., the consort or zvidow of a duke; a lady who possesses a duchy in her own right [Fr. diichesse — d7cc.} fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moOn ; then. Z43 duchy dnchy, duch'i, «., tJu territory of a duke, a duke- dom. [Fr. dttche — diic.'l Dulcet, dul'set, adj., sweet to the taste, or to the ear ; melodious, harmonious, [old Fr. dolcet, dim. oidols^^donx — L. ditlcis, sweet.] dulcifluous, dul-sif'loo-us, adj., Jlowing sweetly. [L. didcis, ■^wiX/lno, to How.] dulcimer, dul'si-mer, n. a musical instrument, so named from the sweetness of its sound — it is tri- angular, with 50 brass wires, which are struck with small rods : a Jewish musical instrument, ace. to Gesenius, a double pipe with a bag. Dnll, dul, adj., stupid, front watidering of the mind; slow of hearing, of learning, or of under- standing : insensible ; without life or spirit : slow of motion ; drowsy ; sleepy : sad ; downcast : cheerless ; not bright or clear ; cloudy ; dim, obscure : obtuse ; blunt. — adv. dul'ly. — 71. dul'- ness. [A.S. dot — dwolian, to err; Dutch, del, mad — dolen,t.o wander, to rave; Ger. toll, mad.] dull, dul, v.t., to make d?dl ; to make stupid; to blunt; to damp; to cloud. — v.i. to become dull: —pr.p. dull'ing; pa.p. dulled'. dullard, dul'ard, «., a diell and stupid /^rj^w ; a dunce. dull-sighted, dul'-sTt-ed, adj. having duU or weak sight. dull-witted, dul'-wlt-ed, adj. not smart ; heavy. Duly. See under Due. Dumb, dum, adj., dull; silent; unable to speak; without the power of speech ; soundless. — «. dumbness. [A.S. dumb, Ger, dtimpf, dead (of sound', dnmm, stupid; Dutch, duDi, dull, deaf.] dumb-bells, dum'-belz, n.pl. weights swung in the hands for exercise. dumb-show, dum'-sho, n. gesture without words ; pantomime. dummy, dum'i, n., one who is dumb; a sham pack- age in a shop : the fourth or exposed hand when three persons play at whist. Dumps, dumps, n.pl., didlness or gloominess of mind; ill-humour. [Ger. dumpf, gloomy — dutnm, dull.] See Damp. dumpish, dump'ish, adj., given to dumps; depressed in spirits.^«^t'. dump'ishly. — n. dump'ishness. Dumpy, dump'i, adj., short and thick. [Ice. doomp, a short, stout, servant-maid, from dempa, to check : or from Dub or Dab.] dumpling, dump'ling, «. a kind of thick pudding or mass of paste. Dun, dun, adj., of a dark colour, partly brown and black. — v.t. to make of a dun colour : — pr.p. dunn'ing ; pa. p. dunned'. [A.S. dun, \V. dwfi, dusky; Gael, don, brown.] 4unniBh, dun'ish, adj., somewhat dun. Dun, dun, v.t. to demand a debt with din or noise; to urge for payment : — pr.p. dunn'ing ; pa. p. dunned'. — «., one who duns ; a demand for pay- ment. [A.S. dynian, Ice. dynia, to make a noise, to clamour, from A.S. dyne. Ice. dy7i, noise.] Dunce, duns, n., one opposed to learning; oneslow at learning : a stupid person ; one of weak intel- lect. [Duns fScotus^ the leader of the school- men from him called Dunses, who opposed classical studies in tlie revival of learning.] — adjs. dunc'ish, dunce'llke. Dune, doon, «. a low hill of sand on the sea-shore. [A.S. and Gael, dun, a hill.] Dung, dung, n., a wet lieap; the excrement of ani- mals ; refuse litter mixed with excrement. — v.t. Dust to manure with dung. — v.i. to void excrement :^ pr.p. dung'ing ;/«./. dunged'. — adj. dung'y. [A.S. dung, Ger. dung, diifiger.] dung-hill, dung'-hii, «., a hill or heap of dung; any mean situation. Dungeon, dun'jun, n., the coiimatiding building of a fortress; a close, dark prison; a cell under ground, [from root of Donjon.] Dunlin, dun'lin, n. a kind of sandpiper, so called from its frequenting the dunes and pools by the sea-side. [Gael, dun, hill, and linne, a pool.] Duo, du'o, n. a song iti two parts. [L. duo, two.] duodecimal, du-o-des'i-mal, adj., computed by tivelz'es ; twelfth. ^;i/. a rule of arithmetic, in which the denominations rise by twelve. [L. duodccim, twelve — duo, two, and decent, ten.] duodecimo, du-o-des'i-mo, adj. formed of sheets folded so as to make twelve leaves. — n. a book of such sheets — usually written i2mo. duodecennial, du-o-de-sen'3'al, adj. occurring every twelve years. [L. duodecint, ajnius, a year.] duodecuple, du-o-dek'u-pl, adj., tzvclvefold ; con- sisting of twelve. [L. dttodecint, plico', to fold.] Duodenum, du-o-de'num, n. the first of the small in- testines, so called because about twelve fingers* breadth in length. [L. duodeni, twelve each.] Dupe, dup, «., one easily clwated ; one who is deceived or misled. — v.t. to deceive ; to trick :—pr.p. dup'- ing ; pa.p. duped'. — adj. dup'able. [Fr. dupe, from duppe, a hoopoe, a foolish bird : or cor- rupted from L. decipio, to catch.] Duple, du'pl, adj., doitble; twofold. [L. duplex, twofold, from duo, two, and///cv, to fold.] duplicate, du'plik-at, adj., double; twofold. — n. an- other thing of the same kind ; a copy or trans- cript. — v.t. to double; to fold :— /r./. du'plicat- ing; pa.p. du'plicated. [L. duplico, duplicatus — duplex.'] — n. duplica'tion. duplicity, du-plis'it-i, 71., dotihleness ; insincerity of heart or speech; deceit. {L- duplicitas — duplex."] Dure, dur, v.i. (obs.), to e/tdtire, last, or continue. [L. dt(7-o — dti7-us, hard.] during, d.\.\r''vi\%, prep., for the time a thi7tg lasts. [pr.p. of obs. Dure, to last.] durable, dur'a-bl, adj. , able to last or cndu7-e ; hardy ; permanent. — adv. dur'ably. — «. dur'ableness. [L. dur-ainlis — duro, to last.] durability, dur-a-bil'it-i, 71., quality of being durable, power of resisting decay. durance, dur'ans, «., contimtance ; imprisonment; duress. [L. dura7is, pr.p. qi{ dtiro.] duration, du-ra'shun, «., conti/iuance i/i time; time indefinitely ; power of continuance. duress, dur'es, «., hardship; constraint; imprison- ment, [old Fr. duresse — dur, L. durus, hard.] dureth, dur'eth, in B., 3d pers. sing, of obs. Dure. Durst, durst, /«./". of Dare. [A.S. ^a.p. cased'. casement, ez'ment, n., tliai which gives ease; relief ; assistance ; support. easy, ez'i, adj., at ease ; free from pain; tranquil; unconstrained : giving ease : not difficult : yield- ing ; complying : not straitened. — adv. eas'ily. — «. eas'mess. Easel, cz'l, «. the frame on which painters support their pictures while painting. [Gcr. escl, an ass.] East, est, «. that part of the heavens where the sun first shines or rises ; one of the four car- dinal points of the compass ; the countries to the east of Europe. — adj. towards the rising of the sun. [Ger. ost; akin to Gr. cos, the dawn ; Sans, ushas, the dawn — ush, to burn.] •asterling, est'er-ling, n. a native of a country lying to the east of us, esp. a trader from the shores of the Baltic. easterly, est'cr-li, adj., coming fro7n the eastward ; looking toward the east. — adv., on tlie east; toward the east. eastern, est'ern, adj., connected with 'the East; dwelling in the East ; towards the East. eastward, cst'ward, adzK, toward the east. Easter, es'ter, n. a Christian festival commemorat- ing the resurrection of Christ, held on the Sun- day after Good Friday in April. [A.S. Easier, from Eastre, a goddess in honour of whom a festival was celebrated in April.] Easy. See under Ease. Eat. et, v.t. to chew and swallow ; to consume ; to corrode. — v.i. to take food; to taste; to cor- rode -.—pr.p. eat'ing ; pa.t. eat (et) or ate ; pa.p. eat (et) or eaten (et'n.) — n. eat'er. [A.S. ettan, Ger. essen, L. edo, esse, Gr. edo. Sans, ad, to eat.] eatable, et'a-bl, adj., tliat can be eaten; fit to be eaten. — 7i. anything used as food. Eaves, evz, n.pl., the edge of the r<7^ projecting over the wall. [Sax. e/ese, the edge.] eavesdrop, evz'drop, n. the water which falls in drops from the eaves of a house. — v.i. to stand under the eaves or near the windows of a house to listen. — ft. eaves'-dropper, one who thus listens ; one who tries to overhear private conversation. Ebb, eb, «., the going back or retiring of the tide ; a decline or decay. — v.i. to flow back ; to sink ; to decay: — pr.p. ebb'ing; pa.p. ebbed'. [A.S. ebba, Ger. ebbe, akin to L. ab, from. ] ebb-tide, eb'-tld, n. tJie ebbing or retiring tide. Ebony, eb'on-i, n. a kind of wood almost as hea\-y and hard as stone, usually black, admitting of a fine polish. [L. ebefius, Gr. ebenos, from Heb. hobnim, pi. oi hobfii, obni — ebefi, a stone.] ebon, eb'on, adj. , made of ebony ; black as ebony. Ebriety, e-bri'e-ti, n. lit. the act of drinking out of a cup ; drunkenness. [L. ebrietas, from, ebrius, drunk.] Ebullient, e-bul'yent, adj., boiling vp or over." [L. cbuUiens, -entis—e, up, and bullio, to boil.] ebullition, eb-ul-lish'un, ti. , act of boiling; agitation : a;.display of feeling ; an outbreak. Eccentric, ek-sen'trik, Eccentrical, ek-sen'trik-al, adj., departing ffvm the centre ; not having the same centre as another, said of circles : out of the usual course ; not conforming to common rules ; odd. — adv. eccen'trically. [L. ex, out of, and centnim, the centre.] eccentric, ek-sen'trik, «. a circle not having the same centre as another ; in 7nech., a wheel hav- ing its axis out of the centre. eccentricity, ek-sen-tris'it-i, «. , the distance of the centre of a planet's Qx\>\tfro}>i the centre of the sun : singularity of conduct ; oddness. Ecclesiastic, ek-kle-zi-as'tik, Ecclesiastical, ek-kle-zi- as'tik-al, adj., belonging to the church. — n. eccle- Bias'tic, one consecrated to the church, a priest, a clerg>mian. [Gr. ekklcsiastikos, from ekklesia, an assembly called out, the church — ek, out, and kaleo, to call.] Ecclesiastes, ek-kle-zi-a.s'tez, «. lit. a preacher ; one of the books of the Old Testament. [Gr.] Eccleslasticus, ek-kle-zi-as'tik-us, n. lit. a preacher ; a book of the Apocr^'pha. [L.] ecclesiology, ek-kle-zi-ol'o-ji, «., the science of build- ing and decorating churcJics, [Gr. ekklesia, a church, logos, a discourse.] Echo, ek'o, «. — pi. Echoes, ek'uz, the repetition of a sound from some object. — v.i. to reflect sound; to be sounded back; to resound. — v.t. to send back the sound of; to repeat a thing said: — pr.p. cch'oing; pa.p. ech'Oed. [L. eciio; Gr. echo, a sound.] Eclaircissement, ek-lar'sis-mong, n., the act of clear- ing up anything; e-vpianation. [Fr. — eclaircir, pr.p. eclaiTxissant — clair, L. clarjis, clear.] Eclat, e-kla', n. lit. a breaking, a bttrst in g forth ; a striking effect ; applause; splendour. [Fr. e'clat, from old Fr. esclater, to break, to shine; Gr. klao, Ger. schlcissen, to break.] Eclectic, ek-lek'tik, adj., electing or cJwosing out : picking out. — «. one who selects opinions from 146 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mute ; mute ; moon ; //ten. eclecticism different systems. — adv. eclec'tically. [Gr. eMek- tikos—ek, out, lego, to choose.] eclecticism, ek-lek'ti-sizm, «., tJ-ie practice of an eclectic, the doctrine of the Eclectics, certain ancient philosophers who professed to choose from all systems the parts they thought true. eclogue, ek'log, n. lit. a selection ; a pastoral poem, [Fr. — L. ecloga, Gr. ekloge — ek, and lego.'l > Eclipse, ek-lips', «. lit. a failure ; the interception of the light of one celestial body by another : loss of brilliancy ; darkness. — v.t. to hide a luminous body wholly or in part ; to darken \—pr.p. eclips'- ing; pa.p. eclipsed'. [L. eclipsis; Gr. ekleipsis — ekleipo, to fail — ek, out, leipo, to leave.] ecliptic, ek-lip'tik, n., the line in ivhicJi eclipses take place, the apparent path of the sun round the earth ; a great circle on the globe correspond- ing to the celestial ecliptic. — adj. pertaining to or described by the ecliptic. [Gr. eJdeiptikos.'l Eclogue. See under Eclectic. Economy, e-kon'o-mi, «., the ma^iagcment of a household or of money-matters ; a frugal and judicious expenditure of money : a system of rules or ceremonies ; regular operations, as of nature. [L. ceconomia — Gr. oikojiotnia — oikos, a house, and nojnos, a law.] economic, ek-o-nom'ik, economical, ek-o-nom'ik-al, adj., pertai?iing to economy; frugal; careful. — adv. economically. economics,, ek-o-nom'iks, n.sing., the science of Iiousehold tnanagement ; political economy. economist, e-kon'o-mist, «., otie who is economical i one who studies or teaches political economy. economise, e-kon'o-mlz, v.i., to manage with economy; to spend money carefully ; to save. — v.t. to use prudently; to spend with frugality: —pr.p. econ'omlsing ; pa.p. econ'omTsed. Ecstasy, ek'sta-si, n. lit. the state of being beside oie's self, or in which the powers of the senses are suspended: excessive joy ; enthusiasm. [Gr. ekstasis — ek, aside, hist e mi, to make to stand.] ecstatic, ek-stat'ik, ecstatical, ek-stat'ik-al, adj., cazising ecstasy : amounting to ecstasy ; raptur- ous. — adv. ecstatically. Ecumenic, ek-u-men'ik. Ecumenical, ek-u-men'ik-al, adj'., belonging to the whole inhabited world; general. [L. a:ctimc)iic7is, from Gr. oikoumene Xge), the Inhabited (world) — oiked, to inhabit.] Edacious, e-da'shi-us, adj., given to eating; greedy ; gluttonous. — rtii^r'.eda'ciously. — «. edacity, e-das'it-i. [L. edax, edacis — edo, to eat.] Eddy, ed'i, ^i., a current of water or air runfnng back, contrary to the main stream, thus causing a circular motion; a whirlpool; a whirlwind. — v.i. to move round and round '.—pr.p. edd'ying ; pa.p. edd'ied. [A.S. ed, back, ea, a stream : ace. to Wedgwood, A.^. yth, rush of WciiQr—ythian, to overflow ; Ice. yda, a whirlpool — yda, to rush.] Edematose, e-dem'a-toz, Edematous, e-dem'a-tus, ad;., swelling with watery humour; dropsical. [Gr. oidema, a swelling — aided, to swell.] Eden, e'den, «., a place of pleasure ; the garden where Adam and Eve lived; a paradise, [Heb. eden, delight, pleasure.] Edentate, e-den'tilt, Edentated, e-den'tat-ed, adj'., without teeth; wanting front teeth. [L. edenta- tus — e, neg., and de7ts, dentis, a tooth.] Edge, ej, n., the border of anything; the brink: the cutting side of an instrument : something that wounds or cuts; sharpness of mind or appetite ; Effect keenness.— z/. 2", to put an edge on; to place a. border on : to exasperate : to urge on ; to move by httlc and little. — v.i. to move sideways -—pr/^ edging; pa.p. edged'. [A.S, ecg; Ger. ecke\ akm to egge^. acies—root ac, sharp.] edge-tool, ej'-tool, n., a tool with a sharp edge. edgewise, ej'wiz, adv., in the direction of the e'dc^e ' sideways. [Edge, and wise— A.S. wisa. manner.] edging, ej'ing, 71., thai which forms tfie edge; a border ; fringe. Edible, ed'i-bl, adj'., fit to be eaten. [L, edo, to eat.] Edict, e'dikt, «., something spoken or proclaimed by authority ; an order issued by a king or lawgiver. [L. edictum — e, out, and dico, dictum, to say.] Edify, ed'i-fl, v.f., to build ?ron., both; the one or the other ; one of two : vsx B., each of two. — C071J. correlative to Or: in B., or. [A.S. a:gtJicr.'\ Maculate, e-jak'Q-lat, v.t., to throtu out; to utter with suddenness. — v.i. to utter ejaculations : — j>r.j>. ejac'ulating ; j>a.j>. ejac'ulated. [L. e, out, and jaculor, jaculatus—jaculufu, a di^ixt—jacio, to throw.] ejaculation, e-jak-u-la'shun, n., act of cjaailating ; what is uttered in a sudden manner. ejaculatory, e-jak'u-la-tor-i, adj., casting ox throwing out; uttered in short, earnest sentences. eject, e-jekt', v.t., to tJn-oiv out ; to dismiss ; to dis- possess of; to expel :—j>r.p. &]Qct'mg;pa.p. eject'- ed. [L. ejicio, ejccttim — e, out, jacio, to throw.] ejection, e-jek'shun, n., act of thrusting ojtt ; dis- charge ; expulsion : state of being ejected ; dismis- sion : vomiting : that which is ejected. ejectment, e-jekt'ment, ?;., a casting 07ct : ex-pul- sion ; dispossession : in lazv, an action for the recovery of the possession of land. ejector, e-jekt'or, n., one -who ejects, or dispossesses another of his land. Eke, ek, v.t., to add to or increase ; to lengthen : — jr.p. ek'ing; j>a.p. eked'. [A.S. cacan — eac, Ger. auch, also, akin to L. ai. element'ally. elementary, el-e-ment'ar-i, adj., o/a si?igle element ; primary ; uncompounded : pertaining to the ele- ments : treating of elements or first principles. Elephant, el'e-fant, n. the largest quadruped, having a very thick skin, a trunk, and two ivory tusks. [A.S. elp, L. elephantiis, Gr. elephas, Sans, ibha, elephant; Heb. aleph Hindi, Indian bull.] elephantine, el-e-fan'tln, adj., pcrtaitiing to tJie elephant; like an elephant; very large. Elevate, el'e-vat, v.t., to raise to a higher position ; to promote : to raise in mind and feelings ; to improve : to cheer '.—pr.p. el'evating ; pa.p. el'e- vated. [L. elcvo, elevatian — e, up, Iczio, to raise.] elevation, el-e-va'shun, «., the act of elevating or raising, or the state of being raised ; exaltation : that which is raised ; an elevated place or station ; a rising-ground ; height : in arch., a geometrical view of the side of a building : in gnn., the angle made by the line of direction of a gun with the plane of the horizon. elevator, el'e-vfi-tor, «., the person or thing tJiat elevates or lifts up ; a machine for raising grai-n to a higher floor in a mill ; a muscle that raises any part of the body. elevatory, el'e-va-tor-i, adj., able or tending to raise. Eleven, e-lev'n, adj. lit. one left, that is, after count- /ng ten ; ten and one. — «. the number ii. [A.S. efidleofon, endhfcn — cen, one, and root of Leave.] eleventh, e-levnth, adj. the next after the tenth. [A.S. endlefta, endlyfta.] eloquence Elf, elf, n. a little spirit formerly believed to haunt woods and wild places ; a dwarf. — ■//. Elves, elvz. [A.S. cElfelf; G^T.elfe.] elan, elfin, adj., ofot relating to elves. — «., alittle elf; a child. elfiah, elfish, elvan, eVan, adj., e If- 1 ike ; disguised. Elicit, e-lis'it, v.t. , to entice or draw out ; to bring to light ; to deduce :—pr.p. elic'iting ; pa.p. elic'ited. [L. elicio, elicitum — e, out, lacio, to entice.] Elide, e-lld', v. t. , to strike out or cut off, as a syllable : —pr.p. elTd'ing ; pa.p. elTd'ed. [L. elido, elisum — e, out, Icrdo, to strike.] elision, e-lizh'un, «., the cutting off or suppression of a vowel or syllable. EligibiUty, Eligible. See under Elect. Eliminate, e-lim'in-at, v.t., lit. to turn out of doors, to thrust out ; to leave out of consideration : — pr.p. ciim'inating ;/«./. elim'inated. [L. elimino, cliininatns, to turn out of doors — e, out, and liinen, liininis, a threshold.] elimination, e-lim-i-na'shun, «., tJie act of expelling or throwing off ; the act of discharging by the pores ; separation. Elision. See under Elide|. Elite. See under Elect. Elixir, e-liks'er, «., t lie philosopher's stone : a liquor once supposed to have the power of prolonging life : tlie quintessence of anything : a substance which invigorates : in 7ned., a compound tinctiu-e. [Fr., Sp., Port. — Ar. al-iksir, philosopher's stone.] Elizabethan, e-liz-a-beth'an, or e-liz', adj., pertain- ing to Qiteen Elizabeth or her time. Elk, elk, n. lit. tJie bold, strong animal ; the largest species of deer, found in N. of Europe and in N. America. [A.S. elch, Sw. elg, L. alces, Gr. alke — alke, strength.] Ell, el, n. a measi>re of length orig. taken from tJie arm; a cloth measure equal to I5 yds. [A.S. eln, Scot, elne, Fr. atdne : L. ulna, Gr. dlene, the elbow, the arm.] Ellipsis, el-lip'sis, «., a deficiency ; in gram., a iigure of syntax by which a word or words are left out and implied.—//. Ellipses, el-lip'scz. [L. — Gr. elleipsis — en, in, and kipo, to be deficient.] ellipse, el-lips', w. an oval; ingeom., a figure pro- duced by the section of a cone by a plane passing obliquely through the opposite sides. [Gr. elleip- sis, a defect, so called because its plane forms with the base of the cone a less angle than that of the p.arabola.] elliptic, el-lip'tik, elliptical, el-lip'tik-al, adj., pertain- ing to an ellipse ; oval : pertainitig to ellipsis i having a part understood. — adv. ellip'tically. Elm, elm. n. a forest tree prized for its timber. [A.S. ellni, Ger. uhne, L. ulntus.'\ elmy, elm'i, adj. , abo7(ndi?ig with elt7ts. Elocution, el-O-ku'shun, «., the act of speaki7tg 07ii ; distinct utterance ; fluency ; style or manner of speaking. [Fr. — L. elocutio — eloguor — e, out, and loquor, loattus, to speak.] elocutionary, el-o-ku'shun-ar-i, adj., pertai7iing to elocution. elocutionist, el-o-ku'shun-ist, n., one versed in elocu- tion ; a teacher of elocution. eloquent, el'o-kwent, adj. having the power of j/^^z-t- iiig with fluency, elegance, and power ; contain- ing eloquence ; persuasive. — adv. el'oquently. [L. clo(]7ie/is, -e7i tis — eloquor. ] eloquence, el'o-kwens, n., tfu 7ittera7iee of strong emotion in correct, appropriate, expressive, and fate, far ; me, her ; ;; mute; nuite ; moon; th^w.. Elongate fluent language; the art which produces fine speaking ; persuasive speech. Oongate, e-long'gat, v.i., to make longer; to ex- tend -.—pr.p. elon'guting ; pct.p. elong'ated. , [L. elongo—e, out, and lo7igus, long.] elongation, e-long-ga'shun, n., act of lengtJiening out : state of being lengthened ; extension : con- tinuation : distance. Elope, e-lop', v.t'., to leap ox run away; to escape privately, said esp. of a vt^oman with a lover : — py.p. ^io^'wig; pa.p. eloped'. \_A.S. hlcapan, to leap, to run.] See Leap. elopement, e-lop'ment, n. a secret departure, esp. of a woman with a man. Eloquence, Eloquent. See under Elocution. Else, els, adj., other; something besides. — adu. otherwise ; besides ; except that mentioned. [A.S. elles, otherwise — el, other; old Ger. ali L. alircs, Gr. alios, another.] elsewhere, els'hwar, adv., in another J>lace ; in other places. Elucidate, e-lu'si-dat, v.i., to make lucid or clear; to throw light upon ; to explain ; to illustrate : — pr.p. elu'cidating ; pa. p. elu'cidated. — 7is. elucl- da'tion, elu'cldator. [low L. elucido, clucidaius — e, inten. , and lucidus, clear. ] See lucid. Glucidative, e-lu'si-da-tiv, elucidatory, e-lu'si-da-tor-i, adj., making lucid ox clear ; explanatory. Elude, e-lud', v.t. lit. to play or ivin from one at play I to avoid or escape by stratagem ; to baffle : —pr.p. elud'ing ; pa.p. elud'ed. [Fr. eluder, from eludo, eliisus — e, away from, ludo, to play.] elusion, e-lu'zhun, n., act of eluding; escape by artifice ; evasion. elusive, e-lu'siv, adj., practising elusion l decep- tive. — adv. elu'sively. elusory, e-lu'sor-i, adj., tending to elude or cheat ; evasive ; deceitful. Slvan, Elves. See under Elf. Elysium, e-lizh'yum, n. in myth., the abode of the blessed after death ; any delightful place. [L. elysium, Gr. elysion.'\ elysian, e-lizh'yan, adj., pertaining to Elysittm exceedingly delightful. Emaciate, e-ma'shi-at, v.t., to make meagre or lean ; to deprive of flesh; to waste. — v.i. to become lean; to waste away:— ^r./. emaciating; pa.p. ema'ciated. [L. emacio, etnaciatum — e, inten- sive, viacio, to make lean — macies, leanness.] emaciation, e-ma-shi-a'shun, n., the condition of becoming emaciated or lean ; leanness. Emanate, em'a-nat, v.i., to flow out ox front; to proceed from some source ; to arise '.^pr.p. em'- anating ; pa.p. em'anated. [L. einano, ema7ia- t?mt — e, out from, majio, to flow.] emanation, em-a-na'shun, 71., the act of e77ianati7ig ; that which issues or proceeds from some source. emanative, em'a-nat-iv, adj., iss7cingfro>7i another. Emancipate, e-man'si-pat, v. t. , to set free fvjn ser- vitude ; to free from any restraint or bondage of any kind :—pr.p. emancipating ; pa.p. eman'- cipated. — «. eman'cipator. [L. e, away from, i7iancipiu77i, sale, the condition of a slave — viamis, the hand, capio, to take.] emancipation, e-man-si-pa'shun, 71., the act of set- ting free from slavery or bondage of any kind ; the state of being set free. emancipationist, e-man-si-pa'shun-Ist, «., one who advocates the e7iia7icipatio7i of slaves. Emasculate, e-mas'ku-lat, v.t., to deprive of the Embezzle properties of a i/iale, to castrate : to deprive of masculi7ie strength or vigour ; to render effemi- nate -.—pr.p. emas'culating ; pa.p. emas^culated. — 71. emascula'tion. [low L. etnascido, e)7iascjdat7is ~e, priv., and 77iasculus, dim. of mas, a male.] Embale, em-bal', v.t. to make up into a bale or bundle ; to bind or enclose. [Fr. e 771b alter— em, into, balle, a bale.] See Bale. Embalm, em-bam', v.t., to anoint with balm; to preserve from decay by aromatic drugs, as a dead body : to perfume ; to preserve with care and afiection : — pr.p. embalm'ing ; pa.p. em- balmed'. — 71. embalm'er. [^w, in, and Balm.] Embank, em-bangk', v.t., to enclose or defend with a bank or dike. {_e7n, in, and Bank.] embankment, em-bangk'ment, «., the act of e77iba7ik- ing: a bank or mound. Embargo, em-bar'go, «., a barri7tg or stopping; a prohibition of ships to leave port : a stoppage of trade for a short time by authority. — v.t. to lay an embargo on -.—pr.p. embar'going ; pa.p. em- bar'goed. [Sp. — e77ibargar, to impede, to restrain — e77i, intensive, barra, a bar.] Embark, em-bark', v.t., to put on board a bark or ship ; to engage in any affair. — v.i. to go on board ship ; to engage in a business ; to enlist -.—pr.p. embark'ing ; pa.p. embarked', \e771, in, and Bark.] embarkation, embarcation, em-bar-ka'shun, 71., act of putting or of going on board a vessel : that which is embarked. Embarrass, em-bar'as, v. t. lit. to put a bar or diffi- culty i7i the way of; to encumber : to involve in difficulty, esp. in money-matters ; to perplex : — pr.p. embarr'assing ; pa.p. embarr'assed. [Fr. e7nbarrasser, from low L. barra, a bar.] See Bar. embarrassment, em-bar'as-ment, «., difficulty; a state of perplexity or confusion : difficulties in money-matters. Embassy, em'bas-i, n. the charge or function of an a7)ibassador : the person or persons sent on an embassy, [low L. a77ibascia. See Ambassador.] Embattle, em-bati, v.t., to arrange z'« order of battle: to furnish with battlements. — v.i. to be ranged in order of battle, \_e771, in, and Battle.] Embay, em-ba', v.t. to enclose i7i a bay; to land- lock -.—pr.p. embaying ; pa.p. embayed', \_e771, in, into, and Bay.] Embed, em-bed'. Same as Imbed. Embellish, em-bel'ish, v.t., to 77take beautiful vnth. ornaments ; to decorate : to make graceful : to illustrate pictorially, as a book :—pr.p. embell- ishing ;/«./. embeirished.— «. embell'isher, [Fr. e7nbellir, e77ibellissa7it — e77i, to make, bel, beau, beautiful.] See Beau. embellishment, em-bel'ish-ment, 71., act of e7nbellish- ing or adorning : decoration ; ornament. Ember-days, em'ber-daz, 7t.pl, in R. Catholic and English Church, three Fast-days z« each quar- ter, [a contr. from Ger. g?iate}7iber, a quarter — L. quatuor te7npora, the four seasons.] Embers, em'berz, n.pl., red-hot ashes; the smould- ering remains of a fire. [A.S. a77tyrie, Scot. au77icrs, Norse, ei/nyrja, eld77tyrja — eld, fire.] ^mbezzle, em-bez'l, v.t. to steal; to appropriate what has been intrusted ; to waste or dissipate : — pr.p. embezz'ling ; pa.p. embezz'led. — 71. em- bezzler, [obs. bezzle, to drink hard, to squander: ace. to Wedgwood, from an imitation of the sound made in greedy eating and drinking.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mooti ; th^xi. 151 embezzlement embezzlement, em-bez'I-ment, «., act of emhezzling or appropriating what has been intrusted to one. Embitter. See Imbitter, Emblazon, em-bla'zn, v.t. to deck 'wihlazingctAonrs, ; in her., to blazon or adorn -wath figures. \e7>t, and blazon.] — )i. embla'zonment, an emblazoning. emblazonry, em-bla'zn-ri, «., tlic art of emblazon- ing^ or adorning ; devices on shields. Emblem, em'blem, n. lit. something i>iserted in a surface as ornament ; a picture representing to the mind something different from itself; a type or symbol. [Fr. embleme — Gr. emblenta, inlaid work — em, in, ballo, to lay, to cast.] emblematic, em-blem-at'ik, emblematical, em-blem- at'ik-al, adj., pertaifting to or containing ejnblems ; representing. — adv. emblemat'ically. embolism, em-bol'izm, w., the insertion of days, months, or years in an account of time to produce regularity. [Gr. embolisina — eynballo.'l embollsmal, em-bol-iz'mal, embolismic, em-bo-liz'mik, adj., inserted; relating to intercalation. Embloom, cm-blijom', v.t., to cover or enrich w:V/i bloom, [em, in, and Bloom.] Embody, em-bod'i, v.t., to form into a body; to make corporeal ; to make tangible. — v.i. to unite in a body or mass, \_ejn, in, and Body.] embodiment, em-bod'i-ment, «., act of embodying; state of being embodied. Emboguing, em-bog'ing, «., tJie mouth of a river. [See Disembogue.] Embolden, em-bold'n, v.i., to make bold or coura- geous : — pr.p. embold'ening ; pa.p. embold'- ened. {cm, to make, and Bold.] Embolism, &c. See under Emblem. Emborder, em-bor'der, v.t., to border. Embosom, em-booz'um, v.t., to take into the bosojn; to receive into the affections : to enclose or sur- round : — pr.p. embos'oming; /a./, embos'omed. [em, in, into, and Bosom.] Emboss, cm-bos', v.t., to form bosses or protuber- ances upon ; to ornament with raised work : — pr.p. emboss'ing ; pa.p. embossed'. — n. emboss'er. [.i. to join in an embrace : — pr.p. cm- brac'ing; pa.p. embraced'. [Fr. embrasscr — cm, L. in, in, into, and bras, L. brachinm, an arm.] embrace, em-bras', «., the act of onb racing ; fond pressure in the arms. Embrasure, em-bra'zhur, «., iJie ividening of the aperture of a door or window, on the inside ; an Emigrate opening in a wall for cannon. [Fr. — embraser, for ebraser, to widen an openmg.] Embrocate, em'bro-kat, v.t., to moisten and rub, as a sore with a lotion : — pr.p. em'brocating ; pa.p. em'brOcated. [low L. embroco, embrocatjtm, from Gr. embroche = einbrcgma, a lotion — embrechd, to soak in — cut, in, into, brecfw, to wet.] embrocation, em-bro-ka'shun, «., act of embrocat- ing: the lotion used. Embroider, cm-broid'er, v.i. to ornament with designs in needle-work, orig. 07t the border: — pr.p. cm- broid'ering ; pa.p. embroid'ered. — n. embroid'crer. [cm, on, old E. brvider — root of Border.] embroidery, em-broid'er-i, «., the act ox art of em- broidering ; ornamental needle-work : variega- tion or diversity ; artificial ornaments. Embroil, em-broil', v.t., to involve in a broil, or in perple.xity ; to entangle ; to distract : to throw into confusion :—pr.p. embroil'ing ; pa.p. em- broiled', [em, in, and Broil, a noisy quarrel.] embroilment, em-broil'ment, ;;., a state of embroil - ing, perplexity', or confusion ; disturbance. Embryo, em'bri-o, Embryon, em'bri-on, n. the off- spring while szvrlling or grozuing in the womb ; the part of aseed which forms the future plant : the beginning of anything. — adj. also embryonic, of or relating to anything in an imperfect state ; rudimentary. [Gr. — e7n, in, b/yo, to swell.] Emendation, em-en-da'shun, n., a mending or re- moval of an error or fault ; correction. [L. e}nc7!datio — e77iendo, e77te/idatus — e, from, }7ie7i- du7n, a fault.] emendator, em'en-da-tor, n., a corrector of erro7t in writings ; one who corrects or improves. emendatory, e-men'da-tor-i, adj., 77ie7iding or con- tributing to correction. Emerald, em'er-ald, «. a precious stone of a green sparkli7ig cdiowr \ a small printing tj^pe. (Fr. emeraude, old Fr. e77icraulde. It. s7/teraldo, from L. S77iaragdus; Gr. s7naragdos, maragdos, prob. from I7tar77iar7ige, a sparkling.] Emerge, e-merj, v.i., to rise out of 2i fluid or other substance; to issue or come forth;- to reappear after being concealed ; to come into view :—pr.p. emerg'ing ; pa.p. emerged'. [L. emergo — e, out of, 7!!e7go, to plunge.] emergence, e-mer'jens, emergency, e-mcr'jen-si, «., act of e7nerging; sudden appearance : an un- expected occurrence ; pressing necessity. emergent, e-mer'jent, adj., e7nerging ; suddenly appearing; arising une.vpectedly : urgent. — adv. emer'gently. [L. e7ncrge7is, -cutis, pr.p.o(e7/ie7go.'i emersion, c-mcr'shun, «., act of e77terging ; in astr., the reappearance of a heavenly body after being eclipsed by another or by the sun's brightness. Emerods, em'e-rods, n.pl. (in B.") now Hemorrhoids. Emery, cm'er-i, «. a very hard mineral, used as powder ior polishing, &c. [Fr. e/neri, C7neril, It. s7neriglio, Ger. sch7ne7gel[stei7t, a stone\ akin to sch77iicrc7t,\.o smear; Gr. S77icris — S77iad, to smear.] Emetic, e-mct'ik, adj., causing V07>!iti7tg. — n. a medicine that causes vomiting. [Fr. ej/iitiqtte, from Gr. c/netikos — C7ned, to vomit.] Emeu, Emu, c'mu, «. the Australian ostrich. Emication, em-i-ka'shun, «., a sparkling; a flying oii in small particles, as from red-hot iron. [L. C7nicatio — e, out, and 7/nco, to sparkle.] Emigrate, em'i-grat, v. i., to 77tigrate or remove f'OTTt one's native country to another : — pr.p. em'i- fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. emigrant grating ; i>a.p. em'igrated.— «. emigra'tion, [L. ewitgro, ef7tigratus — e, from, viigro, to remove.] emigrant, em'i -grant, ndj., emigrating or having emigrated. — w, one who emigrates. [L. etnigrans, -ant is, pr.p. of e^iigro.] Eminent, em'i-nent, adj. lit. j'uttingoift; rising above others ; conspicuous : distinguished above others ; exalted in rank ; high in office.— adv. em'inently. [L. evtinens, -entis — e, out, tninco, to project.] eminence, em'i-nens, n. a part einincnt or rising above the rest ; a rising-ground ; a hill : height : a summit : distinction : a title of honour. Emir, e'mir, or em'ir, n. lit. a commander ; a Turkish title given especially to descendants of Mahom- med. [Ar. amir; Heb. amar, to command.] Emit, e-mit', v.t., to send out; to throw or give out ; to issue •.—pr.p. emitt'ing ; pa.p. emitt'ed. [L. emitto, einissus — e, out of, initio, to send.] emissary, em'is-sar-i, n., one sent 07it on a secret mission ; a spy. [L. e7)iissarius — ejnitto.'] emission, e-mish'un, n., the act of emitting: that which is issued at one time. Emmet, em'et, «. lit. the industrious animal; the ant. [A.S. cemete, cEinctta, Ger. ameise — ejnsig, diligent. Ice. amr, work.] Emolliate, e-mol'i-at, v.t., to soften; to render effeminate : — pr.p. emoU'iating -ypa.p. emoll'iited. [L. einollio, emollitus — e, inten., and inollio, to soften — mollis, soft.] emollient, e-mol'yent, adj., softening ; making supple. — n. a medicine which relaxes and softens. [L. etnollicns, ejnollieiitis, pr.p. of emollio.'^ Emolument, e-molu-ment, 7t. lit. lahotir accom- plished; advantage ; gain ; profit arising from employment. [L. emol2ime7itj(m, for cjuoliincn- ium — etnolior, to work out — e, sig. completeness, and molior, to e.xert one's self, to toil : usually given from L. mola, meal, thus = the allowance of meal, as salary = the allowance of salt.] Emotion, e-mo'shun, «. , a moving of the feelings ; agitation of mind. [L. emotio — emoveo, einotus, to stir up, agitate — e, forth, and moveo, to move.] emotional, e-mo'shun-al, adj.,pertai)iingtoei7iotion. Empale, em-pal', v.t. to fence in with paks or stakes ; to shut in : to put to death by spitting on a stake : — pr.p. empal'ing ; pa.p. empaled'. — n. empale'ment. [£>/;/, in, and Pale, a stake.] Empannel. Same as Impannel. Empark. Same as Impark. Emperor. See under Empire. Emphasis, em'fa-sis, «. stress of the voice on parti- cular words or syllables to make the meaning clear; impressiveness of expression or weight of thought.—//, em'phases (-sez). [Gr. — e77i, in, into, 2S^Aphai7io, to shew, to make clear.] emphasise, em'fa-sTz, v.t., to viake emphatic: — pr.p. em'phasTsing ; pa.p. em'phasTsed. emphatic, em-fat' ik, emphatical, em-fat'ik-al, adj., ■uttered with or requiring e7/7phasis ; forcible ; impressive. — adv. emphat'ically. Empire, em'pTr, n., sovereig7ity, do77ti7tion; supreme control : the territory under the dominion of an emperor. [Fr., L. i77iperium — impero, to com- mand.] emperor, em'per-or, n. lit. a co7H77tander ; one ruling an empire.— ^';«. em'press. [Fr. e77tpcreur — L. iinperator, a commander — i77zpero.'\ Empiric, em-pi/ik, Empirical, em-pir'ik-al, adj., resting on trial or experiment ; known only by Enact experience. [L. e77ipirictis, from Gr. e77tpeirikos =^ e777pei7'os — e7n, in, andpeira, a trial] empiric, _ em-pir'ik, «., one who makes trials or experiments ; one whose knowledge is got from experience only ; a quack. — adv. empir'ically. empiricism, em-pir'i-sizm, 7L.. dcpe7idence of a physi- o\2.vl071 his experience alone without a regular medical education ; the practice of medicine with- out a regular education; quackery. Employ, em-plo}/, v.t. orig. to i7ifold or enclose ; to occupy the time or attention of: to use as a means or agent :— -/r./. employ'ing ; pa.p. em- ployed'. — 71. a poetical form of employment. [Fr. e77iployer, L. i77!plicare, to infold — z«, in, and plico, to fold.] — 71. employ'er. employe', em-ploy 'a, «., 07ie who is ei7tployed. [Fr, e>7iploye, pa.p. of e77tployer.'\ employment, em-ploy'ment, 7t., act of e77tployi7ig: that which engages or occupies ; occupation. Emporium, em-po'ri-um, «., a place of exte7isive trade or commerce. [L. — Gr. ei7iporio7i — e77i' poros, a trader — e77i, e7i, in, ^^xA.poros, a way — perao, to pass through.] Empower, em-power, v.t., to give power to :— pr.p. empowering ;/rt;./. empowered, \_e77t, and Power.] Empress. See under Empire. Empty, em'ti, adj. having nothing in it ; un- furnished : without effect : unsatisfactory ; want- ing substance or existence. — v.t. to make empty ; to deprive of contents. — v.i. to become empty; to discharge its contents -.-pr.p. em'ptying \pa.p. em'ptied. [A.S. a:7)ttig, empty, cE7/itiati, to empty — ce7nta, leisure, rest.] emptiness, em'ti-nes, n., state of heiitg e7}ipty ; want of substance; unsatisfactoriness. Empurple, em-pur'pl, v.t., to put i/ito purple, to dye purple. [e77i, in, and Purple.] Empyreal, em-pir'e-al, adj.,for77iedofp7irefire os light ; pertaining to the highest and purest region of heaven. [Fr. e7npyrce — Gr. e77tpyros, in fire — e77i, e7i, in, and/>'r, fire.] empyrean, em-pT-re'an, or em-pir', adj., empyreal. — 71. the highest heaven, where the pure element of fire was supposed by the ancients to subsist. Emu. Same as Emeu. Emulate, em'u-lat, v.t., to strive to equal or excel ; to imitate, with a view to equal or excel ; to rival -.^r.p. em'ulating ; pa.p. em'ulated. [L. cE7777dor — a'7777(lus, Striving with.] — 7i. em'ulator. emulation, em-u-la'shun, «., act of e77iulati7ig or attempting to equal or excel ; rivalry ; competi- tion ; contest : in B., sinful rivalry. emulative, em'u-la-tiv, adj., inclined to ei/mlatiott^ rivalry or competition. emulous, em'u-lus, adj., eager to e77Z7ilate; desirous of like excellence with another : engaged in competition or rivalry. — adv. em'ulously. Emulsion, e-mul'shun, ;/., a milk-like mixture pre- pared by uniting oil and water by means of another substance that combines with both. [Fr. — L. e77nilgeo, e7nulsu7)t, to milk out — e, out, and i7izdgeo, to milk.] emulsive, e-mul'siv, adj., i7iilk-like ; softening i yielding a milk-like substance. Enable, en-a'bl, v.t., to make able; to give power, strength, or authority to -.-pr.p. enabling ; pa.p. ena'bled. [en, to make, and Able.] Enact, en-akt', 7'.t. to put wz act or into action ; to perform ; to act the part of: to establish by law; to decree. [L. e7i, in, and Act.] fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; then. 153 enactive inactive, en-akt'iv, adj., Jiaviitg j>ower to enact or establish by law. enactment, en-akt'ment, n. , the enacting' or passing of a bill into law : that which is enacted ; a law. Enallage, en-al'a-je, «. mgrafn. the interchange oi one case, mood, or tense for another. [Gr. — en, and allasso, to make other — alios, another.] Enamel, en-am'el, «. a substance like glass, which is fneltcd and used for inlaying jewellery, &c. ; any smooth hard coating, esp. that of the teeth : anything enamelled. — v.t. to coat with, or paint in enamel ; to form a glossy surface upon, like enamel '.—pr.fi. enam'elling ; pa.p. enam'elled. [L. en, in, and old E. at>iel, Fr. email, esmail, G&r.sclnnelz — schmelzeti, to melt.] — n. enam'eller. Enamour, en-am'ur, v.t., to injlajne with love ; to charm : — py.p. enam'ouring ; pa.J>. enam'oured. [Fr. en, L. in, in, Fr. amottr, L. a?nor, love.] Encage, en-kaj', v.t. to shut up in a cage :—pr.p. encaging ; pa.p. encaged'. {,e7i, in, and Cage.] Encamp, en-kamp', v.t. to form into a caynp. — v.i. to pitch tents ; to halt on a march. \en, in. Camp.] encampment, en-kamp'ment, n., the act of encamp- ing: the place where an army or company is encamped ; a camp. Encase, en-kas'. Same as Incase. Encaustic, en-kaws'tik, adj., hirned i7i or done by heat. — n. an ancient method of painting in melted wax. {en, in, and Caustic] Encave, en-kilv', v.t. to hide in a cave : — pr.p. cn- caVing ; pa.p. encaved'. \_en, in, and Cave.] Enceinte, ang-sant', adj., not girt ; pregnant, with child. [Fr. — L. incincta — in,not,cingo, cinciwn, to gird.] Enchain, en-chan', v.t. to put in chains; to hold fast ; to link together. [_en, in, and Chain.] — n. enchain'ment. Enchant, en-chant', z'.t., to act on hy songs of sorcery ; to charm ; to delight in a high degree : — P^-P- enchant'ing; pa.p. enchant'ed. [Fr. enchanter — L. incantare, to sing a magic for- mula over — in, on, cafito, to sing.] See Chant. enchanter, en-chant'er, «., one who enchants; a sorcerer or magician : one who charms or de- lights. ^;/t';«. enchant'ress. enchantment, en-chant'ment, n., act of encJianthig ; use of magic arts : that which enchants. Enchase, en-chas', v.t., to incase or fix in a border or rim ; to adorn with raised or embossed work : — P^-P- enchas'ing; pa.p. enchased'. [Fr. eti- chdsser — en, in, chassis, caisse, a case.] See Chase. Encircle, en-serk'l, v.t. to enclose in a circle or ring ; to embrace : to pass around, [en, in, and Circle.] Enclitic, en-klit'ik, adj., that inclines or leans ■upon. — n. in gram., a word or particle so united to another as to seem a part of it ; a particle or ■word that throws the accent upon the former syl- lable. [Gr. engklitikos — en, in, kli7id, to bend.] Enclose, en-cloz'. Same as Inclose. Encomium, en-ko'mi-um, «. high commendation. — pi. enco'miums. [L. — Gr. engkd7nion, a song in praise of l!acchus — en, in, komos, a festivity.] encomiast, en-ko'mi-ast, «., ofie who praises, or one who utters or writes encomiums. encomiastic, en-ko-mi-as'tik, encomiastical, en-ko-mi- as'tik-al, adj., containing encontiions or praise; bestowing praise. — adv. encomias'tically. Encompass, en-kum'pas, v.t., to cotnpass or go round ; to surround or enclose, [cft, in, and Com- pass. ]^«. encom'passment. Endanger Encore, ang-kor', adv. lit. till this /loiir ; again ; J once more. — v.t. to call for a repetition of: — pr.p. encor'ing; pa.p. encored'. [Fr., It. aticora — L. iti Jianc fiora?n, till this hour.] Encounter, en-kount'cr, v.t. to run counter to or against; to meet face to face, esp. unexpect- edly : to meet in contest ; to oppose : — pr.p. en- count'ering ; pa.p. encount'ered. — n. a meeting unexpectedly; an interview: a fight, [old Fr. encontrer — L. in, in, and contra, against.] Encourage, en-kur'aj, v.t. to put coiirage in; to inspire with spirit, or hope ; to incite '.—pr.p. encour'aging ; pa.p. encour'aged. — n. encour'ager. — adv. encour'agingly. [Fr. encourager — en, in, and courage.'^ See Courage. encouragement, en-kur'aj -men t, «., act of encoitT' aging; that which encourages or incites. Encrinite, en'kri-nlt, n. the stone-lily; a fossilised animal on a long stem or stalk, with a lily- shaped head. [Gr. en, in, and krinon, a hly.] encrinal, en-krl'nal, encrinic, en-krin'ik, encrinitic, encrinit'ical, adj., relating to or containing encrinites. Encroach, en-krOch', v.i. lit to draw away as hy a hook ; to seize gradually on the rights of others ; to intrude; to trespass :—/r./. encroach'ing ; pa.p. encroached'. — n. encroach'er. — adv. en- croach'ingly. [old Fr. encroner; Fr. cucrocJur^ to hook — Fr. croc, crochet, a hook.] See Crochet, encroachment, en-kroch'ment, «., act of encroach- ing: that which is taken by encroaching. Encrust, en-krust'. Same as Incrust. Encumber, en-kumTjer, v. t. to impede the motion of, with something ciitnbrous as a Jicap ; to embar- rass ; to load with debts :^pr.p. encum'bering ; pa.p. encum'bered. [Fr. encombrer, low L. ?«- co77ibrare — co77ihnts, a mound.] See Cumber. encumbrance, en-kum'brans, «., tJiat which encum- bc7-s or hinders ; a legal claim on an estate. Encyclical, en-sik'lik-al, adj. lit. i7i a cycle or circle : sent to many persons or places, as a letter. [Gr. e7i, in, and kyklos, a circle.] Encyclopaedia, Encyclopedia, en-sl-klo-pe'di-a. Same as Cyclopaedia. encyclopedian, en-sT-kl5-pe'di-an, adj., etnlracing the whole circle of Iea7nii7ig. encyclopedic, en-sl-klo-ped'ik, encyclopedical, en-sT- klO-ped'ik-al, adj., pertai7ii7ig to an e7icyclo~ pcdia. encyclopedist, en-sT-klo-ped'ist, «. the compiler or one who assists in the compilation of an encj'clo- pedia. Encysted, en-sist'ed, adj. enclosed z« a cyst or bag. \,e7t, in, and Cyst.] End, end, «., tJie last point ox portion; termin- ation or close ; limit : termination of being ; death: conclusion; consequence: object aimed at; purpose: a fragment. — v.t. to bring to an end ; to destroy. — v.i. to come to an end ; to cease: — pr.p. end'ing; /ri./. end'ed. [A.S. and Ger. cnde ; Goth, andeis ; Sans. ««/«.] ending, end'ing, n. termination; \ngra77t., the ter- minating syllable or letter of a word._ endless, end'les, adj., without e7td ; continual : ever- lasting : objectless. — adv. end'lessly. — «. endless- ness. endwise, end'wTz, adv., end ways; on the end; with the end forward. [End, and Wise.] Endamage, en-dam'aj, vt. (in B.) same as Damage. Endanger, en-dan'jer, v.t. to place z« danger; to fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. Endear expose to loss or injury:— /n/. endan'gering ; pa.p. endangered. \_e)t, in, and Danger.] Endear, en-der', v. t. , to -make dear or more dear : — P^-P- endear'ing; pa.p. endeared'. \en, to make, and Dear.] ; endearment, en-der'ment, «., act of endearing; ' state of being endeared ; that which excites or increases affection. ; Endeavour, en-de-Zur, z/.i. lit. to make it one's diitjf i to do a thing ; to strive to accomplish an object ; [ to attempt or try. — v.t. in Pr. Bk., to exert: — pr.p. endeavouring ; /«./. endeav'oured. — n. an exertion of power towards some object; attempt or trial, [old E. endevor — Fr. en devoir — en, in, and devoir, duty.] See Devoir. Endecagon, en-dek'a-gon, n. same as Hendecagon. Endemic, cn-dem'ik, Endemical, en-dem'ik-al, En- demial, en-de'mi-al, adj., peculiar to a people or a district, as a disease. — «. a disease of an endemic character. — adv. endem'ically. [Gr, en- demios — en, in, and demos, a people.] Endogen, en'do-jen, ?i. a plant that grows from "within, or by additions to the inside of the stem, I as the palm, grasses, &c. [Gr. endon, within, if and^^«, root oi ginojnai, to grow.] endogenous, en-doj'e-nus, adj., increasing like en- dogens, or by internal growth. Endorse, en-dors'. Same as Indorse. Endow, en-dow', v.t. to give a do7vry or marriage- portion to ; to settle a permanent provision on ; to enrich with any gift, or faculty : — prf. endow- ing ; pa. p. endowed'. — ft. endow'er. [Fr. en, and doner, to endow.] See Dowry. endowment, en-dow'ment, ;/., act of ettdowittg ; that which is settled on any person or institution ; a quality or faculty bestowed on any one. Endue, en-du'. Same as Indue. Endure, en-dur', v. i. , to he diirable ; to remain firm ; to last. — v.t. to remain firm under; to bear with- out sinking : — pr.p. endur'ing; pa. p. endured'. [Fr. endurer; L. indttrare, to make hard — ifi, and durus, hard.] endurable, en-dur' a-bl, adj., that can he endured or borne. — adv. endur'ably. — n. endur'ableness. endurance, en-dur'ans, ;/., state of enduring ox bear- ing ; continuance ; a suffering patiently with- out sinking ; patience. Enema, e-ne'ma, or en', n. a liquid medicine throiu7i into the rectum ; an injection. [Gr. — efiiemi, to send in — e?i, in, and hiemi, to send.] Enemy, en'e-mi, n., one wlio is not amicahle or friendly ; one who hates or dislikes ; a foe : a hostile army. [Fr. enneini — L. inimictis — in, negative, and amicus, a friend.] enmity, en'mi-ti, n., the quality of being an enemy; unfriendliness; ill-will; hostility, [old K. ^;;t'- tnyiee — enetny ; Fr. inimitie ; L. inimicitia.'] Energy, en'er-ji, n. inherent power_/£7rw£'r/^: power exerted ; vigorous operation : strength. [Gr. energeia — eii, in, and ergon, work.] energetic, en-erjet'ik, energetical, en-er-jet'ik-al, adj., having or shewing energy; active; forc- ible ; effective. — adv. energet'ically. Enervate, e-ner'vat, v.t., to deprive of nerz'e, strength, or courage ; to weaken : — pr.p. ener'vat- ing; pa. p. ener'vated. [L. enervo, enervatus — • €, out of, and neruus, a nerve.] — n. enervation, en-er-vashun. Enfeeble, en-fe'bl, v.t., to make feeble; to deprive Engross of strength, to weaken -.—pr.p. enfee'bling ; pa.p, enfee'bled. \en, to make, and Feeble.] enfeeblement, en-fe'bl-ment, n., act of enfeebling ov weakening ; weakness. Enfeoff, en-fef or -fef, v.t. to givQ a fef or feud to ; to invest with a possession in fee :^pr.p. enfeoffing ; pa.p. enfeoffed'. \_en, and Feoff.] enfeofiment, en-fef 'ment, or -fef, n., act of enfeoff- ing; the deed which invests with the fee of an estate. Enfilade, en-fi-lad', n., a file, line, or straight pass- age ; a situation or a body open from end to end. — v.t. to rake with shot through the whole length of a line -.—pr.p. enfilad'ing ; pa.p. enfilad'ed. [Fr. en, a.x\6.fil, a line.] See File. Enforce, en-fors', z'.t., to put force upon: to gain by force : to give force to : to put in force ; to give effect to : to urge, [en, and Force.] enforcement, en-fors'ment, «., act of enforcing; com- pulsion : a giving effect to : that which enforces. Enfranchise, en-fran'chiz, v.t., to give a franchise or political privileges to i^pr.p. enfran'chising ; pa.p. enfran'chised. \en, and Franchise.] enfranchisement, en-fran'chiz-ment, n., act of en- franchising ; admission to civil or political privileges. Engage, en-gaj', v.t. to bind by a gage or pledge ; to render liable : to gain for service ; to enUst : to gain over ; to win : to occupy : to enter into contest with. — v.i. to pledge one's word ; to be- come bound : to take a part : to enter into con- flict -.—pr.p. engag'ing ; pa.p. engaged'. [- shrln'ing ; /«./. enshrined', [en, in, and Shrine.] Enshroud, en-shroud', v.t., to cover with a shroud; to cover up. [e7t, in, and Shroud.] Ensign, en'sTn, «., tlic sign, or flag distinguishing a nation or a regiment : the officer who carries the flag of a regiment. [Fr. etiseigne, L. insignia, pi. of insigne, a distinctive mark — in, on, signum, a mark.] ensigncy, en'sTn-si, ensignship, en'sTn-ship, «., //// rank or commission of an ensign in the army. Enslave, en-slilv', zKt., to make a slave of ; to subject to the influence of: — pr.p. enslaving; pa.p. en- slaved'. [r;z, to make, and Slave.] enslavement,en-slri\^ment, «. act of enslaving: state of being enslaved ; slaverj' ; bondage. Ensnare. Same as Insnare. Enstamp, en-stamp', z>.t., to mark as with a stajnp. [en, on, and Stamp.] Ensue, en-su', z\i., to follow; to succeed or come after: to result from. — in B., vt. to follow after. — P^-P- ensu'ing ; pa.p. ensued', [old Fr. etis^iir, Fr. ctisuivre, Prov. enscguir — L. in, after, and sequor, to follow.] Ensure, en-shoor'. Same as Insure. Entablature, en-tab'la-tur. Entablement, en-ta'bl- ment, n. in arch., the part, consisting of the archi- trave, frieze, and cornice, that surmounts the columns, and rests upon the capital of a pillar. [Fr. entablement, old Fr. entablature, from L. in, in the manner of, tabula, a table.] Entail, en-tal', v.t., to cut off ■a.r\. estate from the heirs general, and settle it on a particular heir or series of heirs : to bring on as an inevitable consequence :— /r./. entail'ing ; pa.p. entailed'. — n. an estate entailed ; the rule of descent of an estate. [Fr. etttailler, to cut into— <»«, in, into, and tailler, to cut— L. talea, a cutting.] entailment, en-tfd'ment, n., cut of entailing: state of being entailed. Entangle, en-tang'gl, v.t. to twist into a tangle, or 156 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. entanglement so as not to be easily separated ; to involve in complications; to perplex; to insnare. [e/i, in, and Tangle.] entanglement, en-tang'gl-ment, «., sfa^e of being entangled; a confused state ; perplexity. Enter, en'ter, v.t., to come or go into: to join or engage in ; to begin : to put into ; to enroll or record. — v.i. to go or come in ; to penetrate : to engage in; to form a part oi:—pr.p. en'tering ; fa. p. en'tered. [Fr. entrer, L. iyitrare, to go into — i>itro, within, to the inside.] entrance, en'trans, «., act of entering ; power or right to enter : the place for entering, the door : the beginning. [L. intratis, pr.p. oi intrare.] entry, en'tri, 7i., act of enterifig: a passage into: act of committing to writing ; the thing entered or written : in laiu, the taking possession of. Enterprise, en'ter-priz, n., that which is taken hold of. entered on, or attempted : a bold or danger- ous undertaking ; an adventure ; daring. [Fr. e?itrcpris, pa. p. oi entreprsndre — entre, in, into, 2i.x\A prendre, to take— L. preiiendo, to seize.] enterprising, en'ter-prlz-ing, adj., forward in wider- taking; adventurous. — adv. en'terprisingly. Entertain, en-ter-tan', v.t. lit. to hold together; to admit ; to receive and treat hospitably : to hold the attention of and amuse by conversation : to receive and take into consideration ; to keep or hold in the mind : — pr.p. entertaining ; pa.p. entertained'. — n. entertain'er. — adv. entertain'- ingly. [Fr. entretenir — entre, among, and te?iir, L. teneo, to hold.] entertainment, en-ter-tan'ment, n., act of entertain- ing ; hospitality at table : that which enter- tains ; the provisions of the table ; a banquet ; amusement ; a performance which delights. Enthral, en-thrawl'. Same as Inthral. Enthrone, en-thron', v.t., to place on a throne ; to exalt to the seat of royalty ; to instal as a bishop. [en, in, and Throne.] enthronement, en-thron'ment, «., the act of enthron- ing, or of being enthroned. enthronisation, en-thrOn-i-za'shun, «. the enthrone- ment of a bishop. Enthusiasm, en-thu'zi-azm, n. lit. inspiration by a god ; heat of imagination : intense interest ; pas- sionate zeal. [Gr. enthousiasmos — enthojtsiazo — to be inspired by a god — en, in, and theos, a god.] enthusiast, en-thu'zi-ast, tt., one inspired by enthu- siasm; one who admires or loves intensely. enthusiastic, en-thu-zi-as'tik, enthusiastical, en-thu- zi-3.s't[k-a.\, adj., filed with enthusiasm ; zealous ; ardent. — adv. enthusias'tically. Entice, en-tls', v.t., to stir up; to excite : to induce by exciting hope or desire ; to tempt ; to lead astray :—/r./. entlc'ing; pa.p. enticed'. [Fr. attiser, to stir the fire ; old Fr. entiser — L. titio > (Fr. //.rt?«), a firebrand— ace. to Wedgwood, from ' the sound st ! is ! by which dogs are incited to I fight.] — adv. entic'ingly. — n. entic'er. ' enticement, en-tTs'ment, n., act of enticing: that which entices or tempts ; allurement. enticeahle, en-tls'a-bl, adj., capable of being enticed. Entire, en-tlr', adj., untouched; whole; complete; unmingled. — adv. entire'ly. — «. entire'ness. [Fr. entier. It. intero — L. integer, whole, from in, not, and tago, taftgo, to touch.] entirety, en-tlr'ti, «., state of being entire ; com- pleteness ; the whole. Entitle, en-tl'tl, v.t., to give a title to ; to style ; to give a claim to. [en, and Title.] environs Entity, en'tit-i, «., being; existence ; a real sub- stance. lYr.efitite— L. ens, ef it is, hQiVig— esse, to be.] Entomb, en-toom', v.t., to place in a tomb, to bury : — pr.p. entomb'ing ; pa.p. entombed'. \en, Tomb.] entombment, en-toom'ment, n. burial. Entomology, en-tom-ol'o-ji, n. the science which treats of insects. — adjs., entomolog'ic, entomolog'- ical. — adv. entomolog'ically. [Gr. cntorna, insects (animals nearly cut in two — temno, to cut), and logos, a discourse.] [entomology, entomologist, en-tom-ol'o-jist, n., one learned itt Entrails, en'tralz, n.pl., the internal parts of an animal's body, the bowels. [Fr. entrailles — Gr. e?itera, intestines — entos, within — en, in.] Entrance, en'trans. See under Enter. Entrance, en-trans', v.t., to put into a trance ; to fill with rapturous delight :—pr.p. entranc'ing ; pa.p. entranced', [en, in, and Trance.] entrancement, en-trans'ment, 7i. state of trance or of excessive joy. Entrap, en-trap', v.t. to catch as in a trap; to in- snare ; to entangle, [en, and Trap.] Entreat, en-tret', v. t. orig. to treat, to deal with — so in B.: to ask earnestly; to pray for. — v.i. to pray. [e>i, and Treat.] [prayer. entreaty, en-tret'i, n., act of entreating ; earnest Entrench. Same as Intrench. Entrust. Same as Intrust. Entry. See under Enter. Entwine, en-twTn', v.t., to twine, [en, and Twine.] Entwist, en-twist', v.t., to twist roimd. [en. Twist.] Enumerate, e-nu'mer-at, v.t. to count the number of; to name over :— pr.p. enum'erating ; /a./, enum'erated. [L. e, out, and 7tumero, mwier- atus, to number.] See Number. enumeration, e-num-cr-a'shun, n., act of fiumber^ ing; a detailed account ; a summing up. Enunciate, e-nun'si-at, or 'shi, v.t., to utter; to pro- nounce distinctly : — pr.p. enun'ciating ; pa.p. enim'ciated. — n. enun'ciator, one who enunciates. [L. enuncio, oiunciatum — e, and nuncio, to tell — fiimcius, a messenger.] enunciation, e-nun-si- (or -shi) a'shun, n., act of enunciati?ig; manner of uttering or pronouncing ; a distinct declaration ; the words in which a pro- position is expressed. enunciative, e-nun'si (or shl)-a-tiv, enunciatory, e- nun'si (or shi)-at-or-i, adj., containing etiuncia- tion or utterance ; declarative. Envelop, en-vel'up, v.t., to roll or fold in; to cover by wrapping ; to surround entirely ; to hide : — pr.p. envel'oping ; pa.p. envel'oped. [Fr. en- velopper; old E. wlap, E. lap: or L. involvo — in, and volvo, to roll] envelope, en'vel-op, «., that which efivelops, wraps, or covers, esp. the cover of a letter. envelopment, en-vel'op-ment, n., a wrapping or covering on all sides. Envenom, en-ven'um, v.t., to put venom- into; to poison ; to taint with bitterness or malice : — pr.p. envenoming ; pa.p. envenomed, [en, in. Venom.] Enviable, Envious. See under Envy. Environ, en-vi'run, v.t., to surround; to encircle; to invest :—/r./. environing; pa.p. envTr'oned. — «. envir'onment, a surrounding. [Fr. environ- ner— environ, zround—vircr, to turn round, from root of Veer : but prob. from a lost Celtic root.] environs, en'vi-runz, or en-vl', n.pl., the places t/iai environ; the outskirts of a city ; neighbourhood. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; /Aen. 157 Envoy Envoy, en voy, «., one sent on his way; a messen- ger; one sent to transact business with a foreign government. [Fr. envoye — envoyer, to send — en, on, and voie, L. via, a way.] — «. en'voyshlp. Envy, cn'vi, 7<.t., to look upon with a grudging eye ; to hate on account of prosperity :—pr.p. en' vying ; pa.p. en'vied. — «. pain at the sight of another's success ; a wicked desire to supplant one : in B., ill-will. [Fr. envie; envier, to envy ; L. invidia — in, on, and video, to look.] env3ring, en'vl-ing, «. in B., envy, ill-will. enviable, en'vi-a-bl, adj., t/mt excites enzty ; C3.'pnh\& of awakening desire to possess. — adv. en'viably. envious, en'vi-us, adj., feeling envy ; directed by envy. — adv. en'viously. — n. en'viousness. Enwrap. See Inwrap. Eocene, e'o-sen, adj. \r\geoI. first in time of the three subdivisions of the tertiary formation. [Gr. eos, daybreak, kainos, recent.] EoUan, e-ol'i-an, Eolic, e-ol'ik, adj., belonging to yEolia, in Asia Minor, or to the Greek dialect of Eolia: pertaining to y^ohis, the god of winds. Epact, e'pakt, n. the excess of the solar month or year above the lunar. [Gr. epaktos, brought on — epi, on, ago, to bring.] Epanlet, ep'awl-et, «., a sJwulder-piece ; a badge of a military or naval officer. [Fr. epaulette — ^paule, the shoulder, L. scapula, the shoulder-blades.] Epergne, e-pam', n. an ornamental stand for a large dish in the centre of a table. [Fr. epargne, saN-ing — epargner, to save ; Ger. sparen, to spare.] Epha, Ephah, e'fa, «. a Hebrew measure for dry goods. [Heb. — Coptic,^//,measure — op, to count.] Ephemera, ef-em'er-a, n. a fly that lives one day only ; the Mayflj% a genus of short-lived insects : a fever of one day's continuance only. [Gr. ephe- ineros, living a day — epi, in, himera, a day.] ephemeral, ef-cm'er-al, adj., existing only for a day ; daily ; short-lived. ephemeris, ef-em'er-is, n. an account of daily transactions ; a journal ; an astronomical al- manac.—//, ephemerides, ef-e-mer^i-dez. ephemerist, ef-em'er-ist, n., one who studies the daily motions of the planets. Ephod, ef'od, n. lit. that which is put on ; a part of the Jewish priests' dress which served as a girdle to the tunic. [Heb. epfiod — apliad, to put on.] Epic, ep'ik, adj., containing narration; relating the history of great events. — n. an epic or heroic poem. [L. epicus; Gr. epikos — epos, a word.] Epicene, ep'i-scn, adj. or «., common to both sexes; Ingram., of either gender. [Gr. epiioinos — epi, and koinos, common.] Epicure, ep'i-kur, «., a follower of Epicurus, a Greek philosopher, who taught that pleasure was the chief good ; one given to sensual enjoyment; one devoted to the lu.xuries.of the table. [L. Epicurus; QiX. Epikoums.^ epicurean, cp-i-ku-rc'an, adj., pertaining to Epi- curus; given to luxury. — n., a follo^.vcr of Epi- curus ; one given to the luxuries of the table. epicureanism, ep-i-ku-re'an-izm, «., the doctrines of Epicurus ; attachment to these doctrines. epicurism, ep'i-kur-izm, «., the doctrines of Epi- curus ; lu.vury; sensual enjoyment. Epicycle, ep'i-sT-kl, «. a circle having its centre on the circumference of a greater circle, on which it moves. [Gr. epi, upon, and kyklos, a circle.] Epidemic, ep-i-dem'ik, Epidemical, e-pi-dem'ik-al, Epitaph adj., affecting a whole people; general. — n. a disease falling on great numbers. — adv. epidemic- ally. [Gr. epi, upon, and demos, the people.] Epidermis, ep-i-der'mis, n. that which lies on the true skin ; the cuticle or outer skin of animals. [Gr. epidermis — epi, upon, and denna, the skin.] Epiglottis, ep-i-glot'is, n. the cartilage at the root of the tongue that falls Jtpon tJie glottis, or open- ing of the larj'nx. [Gr. — epi, upon, and Glottis.] Epigram, ep'i-gram, n. lit. a writing upon a monu- ment ; a short poem on one subject ending with a witty thought. [Gr. epigramtna — epi, upon, and gramma, a writing, {rom grapho, to write.] epigrammatic, ep-i-gram-mat'ik, epigrammatical, ep- i-gram-mat'ik-al, adj., relating to or dealing in ej'igrams ; like an epigram ; concise and pointed. — adv. epigrammat'ically. epigrammatise, ep-i-gram'mat-Tz, zr.t., to make an epigra7n on. — epigrammatist, ep-i-gram'mat-ist, n., one wJw writes epigrams. Epigraph, ep'i-graf, n., a writing, esp. on a build- ing ; a citation or motto at the commencement of a book or its parts. [Gr. epi-graphe — epi, upon, 2iX\d grapho, to write.] Epilepsy, ep'i-lep-si, n. a disease of the brain at- tended by couNnalsions, which seizes on one sud- denly, causing him to fall. — adj. epilep'tic. [Gr. epilepsia — epi, upon, and lambano, Icpsomai, to seize. Sans, labh, to get.] Epilogue, ep'i-log, n., the conclusion of a discourse ; a speech or short poem at the end of a*play_. — adj. epilog'ical (-loj'). [Gr. epilogos, conclusion — epi, upon, and lego, to speak.] Epiphany, £-pif'an-i, n. a church festival celebrated on Jan. 6, in commemoration of the appearance of Christ to the wise men of the East. [Gr. epipfia7ieia, appearance — epi, and p/uiind, to shew, ixorapliao, to shine.] Episcopacy, e-pis'ko-pas-i, n. the government of the church by bishops. [L. episcopatus — Gr, epis- kopos, overseer, bishop.] See Bishop. •piscopal, e-pisTco-pal, adj. governed by bisJwps; belonging to or vested in bishops. — adv. epls'co- pally. episcopalian, e-pis-ko-pali-an, adj., belonging to bishops, or government by bishops. — n. one who belongs to the Episcopal Church. Episcopalianism, e-pis-ko-pa'li-an-izm, «., episcO' palian gover^iment and doctrine. episcopate, e-pis ko-pat, «., a bislwpric ; the office of a bisnop ; the order of bishops. Episode, ep'i-sod, n. a story coming in or introduced into a narrative or poem to give variety ; an in- teresting incident. [Gr. epeisodion — epi, upon, eisodos, a coming in — eis, into, Iwdos, a way.] episodial, e-pi-sC5d'i-al, episodic, e-pi-sod'ik, episodical, e-pi-sod'ik-al, adj., pertaining to or contained in an episode ; brought in as a digression. episodically, ep-i-sod'ik-al-ly, adv., by way of epi- sode ; incidentally. Epistle, e-pisl, n. a writing setit to one, a letter. \\..cf>istola ; Qx.epistole — epi, and stello, to send.] epistolary, e-pis'to-lar-i, adj ., pertaining to or con- sisting of epistles or letters ; suitable to an epistle ; contained in letters. epistolic, ep-is-tol'ik, epistollcal, ep-is-tol'ik-al, adj., pertaining to epistles or letters ; designating the method of representing ideas by letters and words. Epitaph, ep'i-taf. n. that which is written upon a tomb; an inscription upon a monument. [Gr. 1S8 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mo5n ; Men. Epitlialamium epitapJtion — epi, upon, and taphos, a tomb.] — adjs. epitaph'ian, epitaph'ic. Epithalamium, ep-i-tha-la'mi-um, n. a song 7{pon a marriage. [Gr. epitJialamiott — epi, upon, and ihalamos, a bed-chamber, marriage.] Epithet, ep'i-thet, «. lit. afiy thing- added to; an adjective expressing some real quality of the thing to which it is applied, or an attribute ex- pressing some quality ascribed to it. [Gr. epi- iJietos, added — epi, on, and tithcini, to place.] epithetic, ep-i-thet'ik, adj., pertaining to an epi- \ tJiet; abounding with epithets. ;! Epitome, e-plt'o-me, «., that ivhich is cut short : an ■ abridgment or short summary of anything, as of I a book. [Gr. — epi, and temno, to cut.] j epitomise, e-pit'o-mlz, v.t., to make an epitome of; j to shorten ; to condense :—pr.p. epitomising ; ■ pa.p. epit'omTsed. epitomiser, e-pit'o-mlz-er, epitomist, e-pit'o-mist, «., one who epitoDiises or abridges. Epoch, ep'ok, or e', n. a point of timej'f.r^^ or made remarkable by some great event from which dates are reckoned ; a period remarkable for important events. [Gr. epochs — epecho, to stop — epi, upon, and echo, to hold.] Epode, epod, or e', n. lit. an after song; a kind of lyric poem in which a longer verse is fol- lowed by a shorter one. — adj. epod'ic. [Gr. epodos — epi, on, and ode, an ode or song.] See Ode. , Epopee, ep-o-pe', «., the writing of epic poetry; an epic poem ; the subject of an epic. [Gr. epopoiia — epos, a word, an epic ^^o^m., poieo , to make.] Equal, e'kwal, adj., one or the same in regard to any quality: adequate; in just proportion; fit: equable ; not variable ; uniform : equitable ; evenly balanced ; just. — n. one of the same age, rank, quantity, &c. — v.t. to be or to make equal to :—pr.p. e'qualling ;/«./. e'qualled. \\^,ceq7ialis — csqnus, equal ; Sans, eka, one.']— adv. e'qually. equable, eTvwa-bl, adj., eqtial^xid. uniform ; smooth ; not variable. [L. a;quabilis.] — adv. e'quably. equability, e-kwa-bil'i-ti, n., state or condition of being equable or not variable. equality, e-kwol'i-ti, «., tlie qtiality or condition of beingequal; sameness ; evenness. \X:CPqiialitas.'\ equalise, e'kwal-Iz, v.t., to make equal i^pr.p. e'qualTsing ; pa.p. e'quallsed. equalisation, e-kwal-i-za'shun, n., the act ofvtaking eqital; state of being equalised. equation, e-kwa'shun, n. in alg., a statement of the equality of two quantities ; reduction to a mean proportion. equator, e-kwa'tor, n., that which divides equally; in geog., a great circle passing round the middle of the globe, and dividing it into two equal -psLVts ; in astr., the equinoctial. — adj. equato'rial. equity, ck'wi-ti, «., equality or rightness ; right as founded on the laws of nature ; fairness ; justice. equitable, ek'wi-ta-bl, adj. , possessittg or exhibiting I equity; held or exercised in equity. — adv. eq'ui- tably. — 11. eq'uitableness. Equanimity, e-kwa-nim'i-ti, «., equality or evenness of mifid or temper. [L. cequanimitas — cequus, equal, and animus, the mind.] Equator. See under EquaL Equery, Equerry, ek'we-ri, or ek-we/i, n. , one 7vho has the charge of horses ; in England, an officer under the sovereign's master of the horse, [low L. equarius — L. equus, a horse.] equestrian, e-kwes'tri-an, adj., pertaining to horses or horsemanship ; on horseback. — «., one who Equivocal rides on horseback. [L. equester, eqttesiris-— eqjces, a horseman — eq7ms.'\ equine, e'kwTn, equinal, e-kwTn'al, adj., pertaining to a horse or horses. [L. equiiius — equus.] Equiangular, e-kwi-ang'gu-lar, adj., cofisisting of or havmg equal angles. [L. ceqims, equal, and angular.] Equidistant, e-kwi-dis'tant, adj., equally distant from. — adv. equidis'tantly. [L. cequus, equal, and distant.] Equilateral, e-kwi-Iat'er-al, adj., having all the sides equal. [L. a;qu7is, equal, and lateral.] Equilibrate, e-kwi-ll'brat, v.t., to balaiice two scales equally. [L. ceqims, equal, and librate.] — n. equilibra'tion. equilibrium, e-kwi-Hb'ri-um, n., equal balancing; equality of weight or force ; level position. [L. ceqims, and libra, a balance.] Equimultiple, e-kwi-mul'ti-pl, adj., multiplied hy tJie same or aji eqtial number. — «. a number multiplied by the same number as another. [L. (Equus, equal, and multiple.] Equine, See under Equery. Equinox, e'kwi-noks, 7i. the time when the sun crosses the equator, making the night eqiial'vn. length to the day, about 21st March and 23d Sept. [L. cequus, equal, 2SvAnox, 7ioctis, night.] equinoctial, e-kwi-nok'shal, adj., pertaining to the equinoxes, the time of the equinoxes, or to the regions about the equator. — n. a great circle in the heavens corresponding to the equator of the earth, so called because when the sun crosses it the days and nights are equal. equinoctially, e-kwi-nok'shal-ly, adv., in the. direc- tion of the eqtmiox. Equip, e-kwip', v.t., to fit out' as a ship for sea : to furnish with everything needed for any service or work : — pr.p. equipp'ing ; pa.p. equipped'. [Fr. equiper, for esquipper, to attire ; A.S. scyppan, to form — A.S., Goth., Ice. skif>, a ship.] equipage, ek'wi-paj, n., that with which one is equipped ; furniture required for any service, as armour of a soldier, &c. ; a carriage and attend- ants, retinue. — adj., eq'uipaged, furnished with an eq7iipage. equipment, e-kwip'ment, n. , the act of equipping^ .* the state of being equipped : things used in equipping or furnishing. Equipoise, e'kwi-poiz, n., eqttality of weight or force ; the state of a balance when the two weights are equal. [L. ceqzius, equal, and Poise.] Equipollent, e-kwi-pol'lent, adj., having equal po7ver or force ; equivalent. — n. equipol'lence. [L. eequus, equal, and pollens, pollentis, pr.p. of polleo, to be able.] Equiponderant, e-kwi-pon'der-ant, adj., equal in weight. — n. equipon'derance. [L. eequus, equal, 2C[\A pondus , ponderis , weight.] equiponderate, e-kwi-pon'der-at, v.i., to be equal in weight ; to balance : — py.p. equipon'derating ; pa.p. equipon'derated. Equitable, Equity. See under Equal. Equivalent, e-kwiv'a-lent, adj., equal in value, power, effect, meaning, &c. — n. a thing equal in value, &c. — adv. equiv'alently. — n. equivalence. [L. ceqmis, equal, and valens, valentis, pr.p. of valeo, to be strong.] Equivocal, e-kwiv'o-kal, adj., meaning equally \:wo or more things ; of doubtful meaning ; capable of a double explanation. — adv. equiv'ocally. — n. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. XS9 equivocate equiv'ocalness. [L. ceqmcs, equal, and vocalis — z'ox, vocis, the voice, a word. J equivocate, e-kwiv'o-kat, v.i., to use equivocal or doubtful words in order to mislead :—pr.p. equivocating ; pa.p. cquiv'Ocated. equivocation, e-kwiv-G-ki'shun, «., act of equivocat- ing or using ambiguous words to mislead. — n. equiv'ocator. Era, e'ra, n. a series oi years reckoned from a par- ticular point. [L.isra; Fr.ere; allied to A.S. gear, a year.] Eradicate, e-rad'i-kat, v. t. to pull up by the roots ; to destroy -.—pr.p. crad'icating ; pa.p. crad'i- cated. [L. eradico, to root out — c, and radix, radicis, a root.] eradication, c-rad-i-ka'shun, «., the act of eradicat- ing: state of being eradicated. Erase, e-ras', v.t., to rub or scrape out; to efface ; to destroy :—/r./. eras'ing ; pa.p. erased'. — adj. eras'able. — n. eras'er. [L. erado — e, out, and rado, rasus, to scrape.] erasion, e-ra'zhun, erasement, e-raz'ment, erasure, e-ra'zhoor, «., the act of erasing ; a rubbing out : the place where something written has been rubbed out. Erastian, e-rast'yan, «. a follower of Thomas Eras- tics, a German physician, who maintained that the church is wholly dependent on the state for its existence and authority. — adj. relating to the Erastians or their doctrines. •rastianism, e-rast'yan-izm, n., pri}iciples of tJie Erastians I control of the church by the state. Ere, ar, adv., before; sooner than.— _^r^., before. [A.S. cEr, Goth, air, early.] erst, erst, adv., first ; at first; formerly. [A.S. cerest, supcrl. of i^r.] Erect, e-rckt', v.t., to set upright; to raise ; to build : to exalt ; to establish :^pr.p. erect'ing ; pa.p. erected. [L. ercctus, from erigo, to set upright — e, out, and rcgo, to make straight.] erect, c-rekt', adj., upright; directed upward: unshaken ; bold. — adv. erect'ly. — n. erect'ness. erection, e-rek'shun, «., act of erecting or raising : state of being erected ; exaltation : anything erected ; a building of any kind. Eremite, er'e-mlt, «. now Hermit. Ermine, cr'mTn, «. a northern animal of the weasel tribe, valued for its fur ; its white fur, an emblem of the purity of judges and magistrates, whose robes are lined with it. — adj'. er'mined, adorned •with ermine, [usually given, the Ar^nenian rat : but Fr. herminc, Ger. fiermchen, a weasel.] Erode, e-rOd', v.t., to eat away :— pr.p. exij(i.'ing; pa.p. erOd'ed. [L. e, and rodo, rosus, to gnaw.] trosive, e-rO'siv, adj'., Staving tJie property of e7-od- ing or eating away. erosion, e-rO'zhun, «., the act of eroding or eating away : the state of being eaten away. Erotic, e-rot'ik, Erotica!, e-rot'ik-al, adj., pertaining to love. [Gr. erotikos — eras, erotos, love.] Err, er, v.i., to wander from the right way ; to go astray: to mistake ; to sin. [L. erro, to stray.] errant, er'ant, adj., erring or wa?idcring ; roving ; wild. [L. errans, errantis, pr.p. oi erro.'\ errantry, er'ant-ri, «., an errant or wandering state ; a rambling about like a knight-errant. erratic, er-at'ik, erratical, er-at'ik-al, adj., wander- ing; having no certain course ; not stationary. — adv. errat'icaUy. erratum, er-a'tum, n.,an ^rrrrin writing orprinling. — pi. errata, er-a'ta. [L., — erro.\ Escarp error, er'or, n., a wandering or deviation from truth, right, &c. ; a blunder or mistake ; a fault; sin. [L., — erro.'\ erroneous, er-o'ne-us, adj., wandering; erring '.full of error; wrong; mistaken. — adv. erro'neously. — 71. erro'neousness. Errand, er'and, n., a message; an order; a com- mission to say or do something. [A.S. cerend — ar. Ice. dri, Goth, aims, a messenger : ace. to M Ciller, from root ar, to plough.] Erse, ers, n. corr. of Irish, the name given by the Lowland Scots to the language of the people of the W. Highlands, as being of Irish origin. Erst. See under Ere. Erubescent, er-oo-bes'ent, adj.,groivingred; red or reddish ; blushing. — «. erubesc'ence. [L. ertiies- cens, -entis, pr.p. of erubeseo, to grow red — e, and ruber, red.] Eructation, er-uk-ta'shun, «., tJie act of belching or rejecting wind from the stomach : a violent ejec- tion of wind or other matter from the earth. [L. eructo, ertictatiis—e, and ructo, to belch forth — rugo, to belch; Gr. ereugomai, to vomit.] Erudite, er'u-dlt, adj. \\X.. freed frovt rudeness; in- structed ; polished : learned. — adv. er'uditely. [L. erudio, eruditus, to free from rudeness — e, from, and rudis, rude.] erudition, er-u-di'shun, «., state of being erudite or learned ; knowledge gained by study ; learn- ing, esp. in literature. Eruginous, e-roo'jin-us, adj., reseinbling tJu rust of copper or brass ; rusty. [L. CErugi}ios7is — (Brugo, rust of copper — ces, CBris, metal, copper.] Zvuption,i}-rup'shun,7i. , a breakingor bursti/igforth ; that which bursts forth ; a breaking out of spots on the skin. [L. eruptio — eru/Upo, eruptus — e, out, and runtpo, to break.] erupted, e-rupt'ed, cuij., suddenly and forcibly t!irozv7i out, as lava from a volcano. eruptive, e-rupt'iv, adj., brcakiiig forth ; attended by or producing eruption : produced by erup- tion. Erysipelas, er-i-sip'e-las, «. lit. red ski/i ; an erup- tive inflammation of the skin, chiefly on the face. [Gr. — erythros, red, 2SiA pella, skin.] Escalade, es-ka-lad', or es', «., the scali7ig of the walls of a fortress by means of ladders. — v.t., to scale ; to mount and enter by means of ladders : —pr.p. escalad'ing ; pa.p. escalad'ed. [Fr. from L. scala, a ladder.] Escalop, es-kol'up. Same as Scallop. Escapade. See under Escape. Escape, es-kap', v.t., to skip or flee from ; to pass unob-served ; to evade. — v.i. to flee and become safe from danger ; to be passed without harm : — "/''•/• escap'ing; pa.p. escaped'. — n., act of escapi>ig; flight from danger or from prison. [Fr. ^cJicippcr, It. scappare, E. skip.'\ escapade, es-ka-pad', 7i. the fling of a horse or kick- ing back of his heels ; an impropriety of speech or behaviour which escapes unconsciously from any one. [Fr. — It. scappata— scappare. ^ escapement, es-kap'ment, «. part of a time-piece connecting the wheel-work with the pendulum, and allowing a tooth to escape at each vibration. Escarp, es-kiirp', v.t. to make into a scarp or sud- den slope -.—pr.p. escarp'ing : pa.p. escarped'. — n. a scarp or steep slope; \nfort., the side of the ditch next the rampart. [Fr. escarper, to cut down steep, from root of Scarp.] 1 60 fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; ^Aen. escarpment escarpment, es-karp'ment, n., a steep declivity I the precipitous side of any hill or rock. Eschalot, esh-a-lot', n. a kind of small onion, for- merly found at Ascalon in Palestine. [Fr. ecJialotte, escalotte — L. Ascalofiius, of Ascalon.] Escheat, es-chet', n. property which _7^?//j to the state for want of an heir, or by forfeiture. — v.i., to fall to the lord of the manor or to the state : — pr.p. escheat'ing ; pa. p. escheat'ed. [old Fr. escheate; low L. escheta, from escado — L. ex, out, and cado, to fall.] Eschew, es-choo', v.t., to shy at or shttn; to flee from : — pr.p. eschew'ing ; pa.p. eschewed', [old Fr. eschever; Ger. scheuen.'] Escort, es'kort, «., a guide ; an attendant ; a guard ; a body of armed men as a guard. [Fr. escorte ; It. scorta, a guide — scorgere, to guide — L. ex, and corrigere, to set right.] escort, es-kort', v.t. to attend as a guard : — pr.p. escort'ing ; pa.p. escort'ed. Escritoire, es-kri-twor', «., a writing-desk. [Fr. ecritoire ; old Fr. escriptoire ; low L. scripto- rium — scribo, script7i}>i, to write.] Esculapian, es-ku-la'pi-an, adj., pertaining to Escu- lapins, and hence — to the art of healing. \_Escu- lapius, the god of the healing art.] Esculent, es'ku-lent, adj., eatable; lit to be used for food by man. — «. something that is eatable. [L. escidcntiis, eatable — esca, food, from edo, to eat.] Escutcheon, es-kuch'un, «., « j/^;>/(/ on which a coat of arms is represented ; a family shield ; the part of a vessel's stern bearing her name. — adj. es- cutch'eoned {'und), having an escutcheon, [old Fr. escjisson; It. sc2ido ; L. sctitimi, a shield.] Esophagus, e-sof'a-gus, 7i. the passage through \\\{\c!h.food is carried to the stomach, the gullet. [Fr. ccsophage; Gr. oisophagos — oiso, fut. of pJiero, to carry, ^rvd^phago, to eat.] Esoteric, es-o-ter'ik, adj., i)mer ; secret; mys- terious ; \\\ phil., taught to a select few — opposed to Exoteric. — adv. esoter'ically. [Gr. esdterikos — esoteros, inner — eiso, xwtQ—eis, into.] Espalier, es-paryer, «. a lattice-work of wood on which to train fruit-trees ; a row of trees so trained. [Fr. — epaule, old Fr. espalde, It. spalla — L. spathula, dim. of spatha, the shoulder- blade.] Especial, es-pesh'al, adj., special; particular; prin- cipal ; distinguished. — adv. espe'cially. [old Fr. — L. specialis.'] See Special. Espionage. See under Espy. Esplanade, es-pla-nad', n., a plane or level space be- tween a citadel and the first houses of the town ; any space for walking or driving in. [Fr. — esplaner, to lay level — L. planus, plain.] Espouse, es-pouz',t'.z'., to give as spozise or betrothed ; to give in marriage : to take as spouse ; to wed : to take with a view to maintain ; to embrace, as a cause -.—pr.p. espous'ing ; pa.p. espoused'. — n. espous'er. [Fr. epotiser ; old Fr. espoiiser; L. spondeo, sponsus, to promise solemnly.] espousal, es-pouz'al, n., the act of espousing or betrothing : the taking upon one's self, as a cause : — in pi. a contract or mutual promise of marriage, [old Fr. espousailles.\ Espy, es-pT', v.t., to see at a distance; to spy or catch sight of; to observe; to discover unex- pectedly, [old Fr. espier, from root of Spy.] espionage, es'pi-on-aj, n., practice or employment of spies. [Fr. espionnage — espion, a spy.] Estuary- Esquire, es-kwTr', «. orig. a squire or shield-hearer; an attendant on a knight : a title of dignity next below a knight ; a title given to younger sons of noblemen, &c. ; a general title of respect in ad- dressing letters, [old Fr. escuyer—itom esczt, now ecic, L. scuttan, a shield.] Essay, es-sa', v.t., to try; to attempt ; to make ex- periment of: — pr.p. essaying; pa.p. essayed'. [from root of Assay.] essay, es'sa, n., a trial; an experiment ; a written composition less elaborate than a treatise. essayer, es-sa'er, essayist, es'sa-ist, n. a writer of essays. Essence, es'ens, «., being; a being; an existing person or substance : the qualities which make any object what it is : the extracted virtues of any drug ; the solution in spirits of wine of a volatile or essential oil ; a perfume. [Fr. — L. essentia — essens, essentis, old pr.p. of esse, A.S. -juesafi, Sans, as, to be.] essential, es-sen'shal, adj., relating to or contain- ing the essence: necessary to the existence of a thing; indispensable or important in the highest degree : highly rectified ; pure. — «. something essefitial or necessary ; a leading principle. — adv. essen'tially. essentiality, es-sen-shi-al'i-ti, «., the quality of being essential; an essential part. Establish, es-tab'lish, v.t., to make stable or firm; to settle or fi.x ; to ordain ; to found ; to set up (in business) '.—pr.p. establishing ; pa.p. es- tab'lished. [old Fr. establir — L. stabilis, firm — sto, to stand.] — «. estab'lisher. establishment, es-tab'lish-ment, n., act of establish- ing: fixed state : that which is established ; a permanent civil or military force ; one's resi- dence, and style of living ; the church established by law. Estate, es-tat', n., a standing; condition; rank: property, esp. landed property ; fortune : an order or class of men in the body-politic.—//, dominions ; possessions ; the legislature — king, lords, and commons. [Fr. etat, old Fr. estat — L. status, a standing, from sto, to stand.] Esteem. See under Estimate. Estimate, es'tim-at, v.t. to reckon the value of in inoftey; to judge of the worth of a thing; to calculate ; to prize -.—pr.p. es'timating ; pa.p. es'timated. [Fr. estimer — L. cEstimo, CEStima- t2im, to value — as, copper, money.] estimate, es'tim-at, ii. a valuing in the mind ; judg- ment or opinion of the worth or size of any- thing ; a rough calculation. _ esteem, es-tem', v.t. to set a high estimate or value on ; to regard with respect or friendship : to consider or think :—pr.p. esteem'ing ; pa.p. es- teemed'. — n., high estitnation or value; favour- able regard. estimable, es'tim-a-bl, adj., that cafi be estitnated or valued: worthy of esteem; deserving our good opinion. — adv. es'timably. estimation, es-tim-a'shun, 7i., act of estitnating ; a reckoning of value : esteem, honour. Esthetic, Esthetics, same as .Esthetic, .Esthetics. Estrange, es-tranj', v.t., to make strange ; to alien- ate ; to divert from its original use or possessor : — pr.p. estiung'ing ;/«./. estranged'. — ;/. estrange'- ment. [old Fr. estranger, from root of Strange.] Estuary, es'tu-ar-i, n. a narrow passage, as the mouth of a river, where the tide meets the cur- rent, so called from the i5i?///«^ or foaming caused fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; muon ; wen. x6z Etch Evacuate by their meeting. [L. (estuarium, from CBstuo, o'st^Mre, to boil up — cestiis, a burning.] Etch, ech, v.t. or i. to make designs on metal, gl.Tss, &:c. by eating out tlie lines with an acid : — pr.p. etch'ing ; pa. p. etched'. [Ger. titzen, to corrode by acid ; Goth, atjan. Sans, ad, to eat.] See Eat. etching, ech'ing, n., the act or art of etching or engraving; the impression from an etched plate. Eternal, e-ter'nal, adj., throughout all time ; ever- lasting : without beginning or end of existence ; immortal ; ceaseless : unchangeable. — ;/. The Eternal, an appellation of God. — adv. eter'nally. [Fr. etetyiel ; \^. a'ternus,ceviternus — cev7C)n,Gr. aioii, a period of time, an age.] eternity, e-ter'ni-ti, n. eternal duraiioft : the state or time after death. [Fr. eternity ; L. cetertiitas .'] eternise, e-ter'nTz, 7i.t., to make \eternal ; to im- mortalise ; to perpetuate. [Fr. eterniser.'\ Etesian, e-te'zhan, adj. , yearly ; periodical ; blowing at stated seasons, as certain winds. [Fr. etcsioi, L. etesius, Gr. etesios, annual — etos, a year.] Ether, e'ther, «., the clear, upper air; the medium supposed to fill all space above the atmosphere : a light, volatile, inflammable fluid. [Fr. ether ; L. (ether ; Gr. aither, from aitho, to light up.] ethereal, e-thera-al, adj., consisting of ether; heavenly ; spirit-like. — adv. ethe'really. etherealise, e-the're-al-Tz, v.t., to convert into ether, or the fluid ether ; to render spirit-like : — /r./. ethe'realTsing ; pa.p. ethe'realTsed. etherise, e'ther-Iz, v.t., to cotivert into etJier; to stupify with ether:—//-./, e'therlsing; pa.p. e'therlsed. Ethic, eth'ik. Ethical, eth'ik-al, adj., relating to manners or morals; treating of morality or duty. — adv. eth'ically. [Gr. ethikos — ethos, custom.] ethics, eth'iks, n.sing., tJie doctrines of morality ; the science of duty ; a system of principles and rules of duty. Ethiopian, e-thi-o'pi-an, Ethloplc, e-thi-op'ik, adj., pertaining to Ethiopia, a name given to the countries south of Egypt inhabited by the 7iegro races. [Gr. Aithiops, sunburnt, Ethiopian — aitho, to burn, and dps, the face.] Ethnic, eth'nik, Ethnical, eth'nik-al, adj., relating to a natio7i or people; concerning nations or races ; pertaining to the heathen. [L. ethnic7(s; Gr. ethnikos, from ethnos, a nation.] ethnography, eth-nog'ra-fi, «., a description of the natio7is of the earth. [Gr. ethnos, and grapho, to describe.] — adj. ethnographic. ethnology, eth-nol'o-ji, n., the scie7ice that treats of the varieties of the hu77ian race. [Gr. eth/tos, and logos, an accoimt — lego, to speak.] — adj. ethnolog'ical. — adv. ethnolog'ically. Etiolate, e'ti-o-lat, z'.i. to become white or whiter; to be blanched by excluding the light of the sun : to become pale from disease or absence of light. — v.t. to blanch ; to cause to grow pale :—pr.p. e'tioliting ; pa.p. c'tiolfited. — «. etiola'tion. [Fr. etioler, old Fr. estioler, to become slender, prob. from Ger. sticl, stalk.] Etiology, e-ti-ol'o-ji, «., the science of tite caiises of disease. [Gr. aitia, a cause, and logos, an ac- count — lego, to speak.] Etiquette, et-i-ket', «. orig. a ticket on which the forms to be observ-ed at court on particular occasions were inscribed ; forms of ceremony or decorum; ceremony. [Fr.] See Ticket. Et3nnon, et'i-mon, 7t., the true origin of a word; an original root ; the genuine or literal sense of a word. [Gr. — ety77ios, etcos, true.] etymology, et-i-mol'o-ji, «., a7iacco7i7itoftJuety77to7is or true origin of words ; the science that treats, of the origm and history of words: the part of Grammar relating to inflection. — rtf//'.etymolog ical. —adv. etymolog'ically. [Gr. cty7no7i, and logos, aa account.] etymologist, et-i-mol'o-jist, n., 07ie skilled in or who writes on ety/)iology. Eucharist, ii'ka-rist, «. orig. the giving of tJianks ; the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. — adjs. eucha- rist'ic, eucharist'ical. [Gr. eucharistia — eu, well, and cliaris, grace, thanks.] Eulogium, u-lOji-um, Eulogy, ulo-ji, «., a speaki7tg locllof; praise; a speech or writing in praise of. [Gr. eulogia — eu, well, and logos, a speaking.] eulogic, u-loj'ik, eulogical, u-loj'ik-al, adj., contai/i- i)ig eidogy or praise. — adv. eulog'ically. eulogise, u'lo-jTz, v.t., to speak well of; to praise : — P^-P- eu'loglsing ; pa.p. eulogised. eulogist, u'lo-jist, «., 07ie -who praises or extols another. — adj. eulogistic, full of praise. — adv. eulogist'ically. Eunuch, u'nuk, «., a g7iardian of t/ie couch; a castrated man appointed to this oflJice in the East. [Gr. e7i7io7ichos — e7i7ie, a couch, and eclw, to have charge of] etinuchism, u'nuk-izm, «., the state of bei7ig a eun7ich. Eupepsy, u-pep'si, n., good digestion — opposed to Dyspepsy. [Gr. etipepsia — eti, well, and pepsis, digestion, from pesso, pepto, to digest.] — adj. eupep'tic, havi7ig good digestio7i. Euphemism, u'fem-izm, n. lit. a speaking well ; a soft or pleasing term employed to express what is disagreeable. — adj. euphemist'ic. [Gr. euphe- i7tismos — eic, well, 73^\ApJu7)ii, to speak.] Euphony, u'fo-ni, «., an agree able sound ; a pleasing, easy pronunciation. [Fr. eupho7iie, Gr. e7ip/iv/iia — eu, well, ■\-n^phd7ie, sound.] euphonic, u-fon'ik, euphonical, 'ik-al, euphonious, u-fo'- ni-us, adj., pertai7U7ig to e7ipJw7iy ; agreeable in sound. — adv. eupho'niously. euphonise, ii'fon-Tz, v.t., to i7take eup7w7iioiis : — pr.p. eu'phonlsing ; pa.p. eu'phonlsed. Euphrasy, u'fra-zi, w. in bot., the plant Ej'e-bright, formerly regarded as beneficial in disorders of the eyes. [Gr. euphrasia, delight, ixom.euphrai7id , to cheer — eu, well, phre7i, the heart.] Euphuism, u'fu-izm, «. an afiectation of excessive refinement of language ; a high-flown expression. — 71. eu'phuist. — adj. euphuist'ic. [from Euphues, a book by Lyly in time of Q. Elizabeth, which brought the style into vogue — Gr. euphycs, grace- ful — eu, well, phyc, growth— //yj, to produce.] Euroclydon, u-rokli-don, «. a tempestuous so7cth- cast wind raising great waves in the Mediter- ranean Sea. [Gr. euros, the south-east wind, and klydd7i, a wave, from klyzo, to dash over.] European, u-ro-pe'an, adj., belo7igi7ig to Europe. — 71. a native or inhabitant of Europe. Eurythmy, u'rith-mi, «. lit. good rhyth77t ; just pro- portion or symmetry in anything. [Gr. euryth- 7nia — eu, well, and ryth77ios, measured motion.] Euthanasia, u-than-a'zi-a, Euthanasy, u-than'a-si, n., an easy, pleasant mode of death. [Gr. eutha7i- asia — eu, well, and thanatos, death.] Evacuate, e-vak'u-at, v.t., to 7/iake vaca7tt or e/ztpty ; to throw out the contents of; to discharge: to 163 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. evacuation evolution withdraw from \—pr.p. evac'uating ; pa. p. evac'u- ated. [L. e, out, vacuo, vacuatiis, to empty — vaco, to be empty.] evacuation, e-vak-u-a'shun, n., act of emptyifig out ; a withdrawing from: that which is discharged. evacuator, e-vak'u-at-or, it., one who evacuates ; in laiv, one who nullifies or makes void. Evade, e-vad', v.t., to go away f-om; to escape artfully ; to avoid cunningly :—pr.p. evad'ing ; pa. p. evad'ed. [L. evado — e, out, vado, to go.] evasion, e-va'zhun, n., act of evading or eluding; an attempt to escape the force of an argument or accusation ; an excuse. evasive, e-va'siv, adj., that evades or seeks to evade ; not straightforward ; shuffling. — adv. eva'sively. — 71. eva'siveness. Evanescent, ev-an-es'ent, adj., vanishmg ; liable to pass away ; fleeting ; imperceptible. — adv. evan- esc'ently. — n. evanesc'ence. [L. evanescens, -entis — e, and vanesco, to vanish — vanus, empty.] Evangelic, e-van-jel'ik, evangelical, e-van-jel'ik-al, adj. , belonging to or consisting of good tidings ; relating to the four gospels ; according to the doctrine of the gospel ; maintaining the truth taught in the gospel. — adv. evangelically. — n. evangel'icalness. [L. evangeticus; Gr. ciiaiig- gelikos — eji, well, and anggello, to bring news.] evangelicism, e-van-jel'i-sizm, n., evangelical prin- ciples. evangelise, e-van'jel-Tz, v.t., to make known the good news; to make acquainted with the gospel. — v.i. to preach the gospel from place to place : — P^-P- evan'gelTsing ; pa.p. evan'gelTsed. evangelisation, e-van-jel-i-za'shun, n., act of evan- gelising or proclaiming the gospel. evangelist, e-van'jel-ist, «., one ivJio evangelises ; one of the four writers of the gospels ; an assist- ant of the apostles ; one authorised to preach. Evaporate, e-vap'or-at, v.i., tojiy ojf in vapour; to pass into an invisible state. — v.t. to convert into steam or gas : — pr.p. evap'orating ; pa.p. cvap'or- ated. [L. e, off, vaporo, -atuin — vapor, vapour.] evaporable, e-vap'or-a-bl, adj., able to be evapor- ated or converted into vapour. evaporation, e-vap-or-a'shun, n., act of evaporating or passing off in steam or gas. Evasion, Evasive. See under Evade. Eve, ev, Even, ev'n, n., the going aiuay of the day ; the night before a day of note; the time just preced- ing a great event. [A.S. afen; Dutch, ave?id; Ger. abend, the sinking of the day, from ab, away.] evening, evn'ing, n., tJie sinking of tlte day; the close of the daj^time : the decline or end of life. even-Bong,ev'n-song,«. the £'j/£'«/;/^service in church, so called because formerly chanted or sung. _ even-tide, ev'n-tid, n., the tide or time of evening. Even, ev'n, adj., eqzial; level; uniform: parallel; equal on both sides ; not odd, able to be divided by 2 without a remainder. [A.S. cefe7t; Dutch, even; Ger. eben — ebefien, to make smooth; allied to L. (equus, equal.] — adv. evenly. — ji. eVenness. even, ev'n, v.t., to make eve7t or smooth. — adv. exactly so ; indeed ; so much as ; still. even-handed, ev'n-hand-ed, adj., with an equal, fair, or impartial ha7id; just. ■ even-minded, ev'n-mlnd-ed, adj. , having afi even or calm mind; equable. Evening. See under Eve. Event, e-vent', n., that which comes out or happens ; the result ; any incident or occurrence. [L. eventus — evenio — e, out, and venio, to come.] eventful, e-vent'fool, adj, full or fruitful of events. eventual, e-vent'u-al, adj. happening as a conse- quence, ultimate or final.— ^aV. event'uaUy finally ; at length. ' Ever, ev'er, adv. lit. duri7ig an age ; always; eter- nally ; at any time ; in any degree. [A.S.' afer always ; Ice. aef.; L. avuin; Gr. aion, an age.] evergreen, eVer-gren, adj., ever or always ^r^-^jw. n. a plant that remains green all the year. everlasting, ev-er-last'ing, adj., lasting for ever; endless ; perpetual ; eternal— 7z. eternity.— ^^rt";/! everlastingly. — n. everlast'ingness. evermore, ev-er-mor', adv., more for ever; unceas- ingly; eternally, every, ev'er-i, adj., each one of a mimber; all taken separately. ^ [A.S. aefer, ever, aelc, each.] everywhere, ev'er-i-hwar, adv. , in evejy place. Evict, Eviction. See under Evince. Evident, ev'i-dent, adj., that is visible or ca7i be see/i ; clear to the mind ; obvious. — adv. evi- dently, in New Test., visibly. [L. evidetis, -entis — e, and video, to see.] evidence, ev'i-dens, «., state of being evident : that which makes evident ; proof or testimony ; a witness. — v.t. to render evident; to prove: — pr.p. evidencing ; pa.p. evidenced. evidential, ev-i-den'shal, adj .,fur7iislii7ig evideiice ; tending to prove. — adv. eviden'tially. Evil, e'vl, adj. wicked ; bad ; mischievous ; un- fortunate. — adv. in an evil manner: badly. — n, that \yhich produces unhappiness or calamity: mischief; harm: wickedness; depravity. [A.S. yfel; T)\x\.c\\, evel ; Ger. iibel.] See 111. evii-doer, e'vl-doo-er, n., one who does evil. evil-eye, e'vl-T, n. a supposed power to cause evii or harm by the look of the eye. evil-favouredness, e-vl-favurd-ness, n. in B., ugli- ness, deformity. evil-minded, e'vl-mlnd-ed, adj., Z7zcli7ied to evil; malicious ; wicked. evil-speaking, e'vl-spek-ing, «., the speaking of evil; slander. \_evil, evil-worker, e'vl-wurk-er, n., one who works or does Evince, e-vins', v.t. lit. to co7iquer cornpletely ; to prove beyond doubt ; to shew clearly ; to make evident : — pr.p. evincing ; pa.p. evinced'. [L. evizico — e, inten., and vi7ico, to conquer.] evincible, e-vinsl-bl, adj., capable of being evinced or made evident. — adv. evinclbly. evincive, e-vinslv, adj., tcndizig to evi/tce, prove, or demonstrate. evict, e-vikt', v.t. lit. to conquer completely ; to dis- possess by law ; to expel from '.—pr.p. evicting ; pa.p. evict'ed. eviction, e-vik'shun, n., the act of evicting from house or lands ; the lawful recovery of lands. Eviscerate, e-vis'ser-at, v. t. , to tear out the viscera or bowels:— pr.p. evis'cerating ; pa.p. evis'cer- ated. [L. e, out, and viscera, the bowels.]— «. evisceration. Evoke, e-vok', v.t., to call otet ; to draw out or bring forth -.—pr.p. evoking ; pa.p. evoked'. [L. evoco — e, out, and voco, to call.] Evolve, e-volv', v.t., to roll 07it or unroll; to dis- close ; to develop ; to throw out ; to unravel.— v.i. to disclose itself:— /n/. evolving ; /«./. evolved'. [L. evolvo — e, out, volvo, to roll.] evolution, ev-o-lu'shun, n., the act of imrolling or 7mfoldi7ig ; gradual working out or development ; a series of things unfolded ; in arith. and alg., the extraction of roots : the orderly movements fate, fiir; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; thexi. 163 evolutionist of a body of troops or of ships of war. — adj. evolu'tionary, pertaitiing to evolution. evolutionist, ev-ol-u'shun-ist, >i., one skilled in evol- utions or military movements. Evtilaion, e-vul'shun, «., a plitclci?is: out by force. [L. e, out, and vello, vulsus, to pluck.] Ewe, u, «. a female sheep. [A.S. coiuu; L. oz'is ; Gr. o'is; Sans, avi, a sheep.] Ewer, u'er, n., a large jug placed on a wash-stand to hold ivater. [A.S. hzuer ; Fr. aiguiere, a water vessel, from L. aqua, water.] Ejcacerbate, egz-as'er-bat, v.t., to viake acrid or harsh ; to imbitter : to provoke : to render more violent or severe, as a disease •.—pr.p. e.xac'erbiit- ing ; pa. p. exac'erbiited. [L. exacerbo, exacer- battis — ex, and acerbo, from acerbiis, bitter. See Acerbity. ] exacerbation, egz-a.s-er-bashun, exacerbescence, egz- as-er-bes'cns, «. increase of irritation or violence, esp. the increase of a fever or disease. Exact, egz-akt', adj. lit. pressed out to a standard or measure ; precise ; careful ; punctual : true ; certain or demonstrable. — adv. exactly. — «. ex- act'ness. [L. exactus, pa. p. of exigo, to drive out, to measure — ex, and ago, to drive, to do.] exact, egz-akt', v.t., to force from ; to compel full payment of; to make great demands or to demand urgently ; to extort. — v.i. to practise extortion :—pr.p. exact'ing ; pa. p. e.xact'ed. exaction, egz-ak'shun, «., the act of exacting or demanding strictly ; a levying unjustly : an oppressive demand ; that which is exacted, as excessive work or tribute. Exaggerate, egz-aj'er-at, v.t., to Jieap up; to mag- nify unduly ; to represent too strongly -.—pr.p. exagg'erating ; pa.p. exagg'eriltcd. [L. exag- gero, exaggeraius — ex, and aggero, to heap up — agger, a heap.] exaggerative, cgz-aj'er-ut-iv, exaggeratory, egz-aj'cr- a-tor-i, adj., containing exaggeration or tending to exaggerate. exaggeration, egz-aj-er-a'shun, «., the act of heaping ■up ; extravagant representation ; a statement in excess of the truth. Exalt, egz-awlt', v.t., to raise very high; to elevate to a higher position : to elate or fill w-ith the joy of success ; to praise or extol : in cheju., to refine or subtilise: — pr.p. exalt'ing; pa.p. ex- alt'ed. — «. exalt'edness. [h.cxalto — ex,7iaAaltus, grown great by nourishing, high, from alo, to nourish ; Gr. altho, to cause to grow.] exaltation, egz-awlt-a'shun, «., the act of exalting : elevation in rank or dignity ; high estate. Examine, egz-am'in, v.t., lit. to test by a balance ; to test ; to scrutinise ; to inquire into ; to ques- tion : — /"r-p. exam'ining ; pa.p. exam'ined. [L. exainen, the tongue of a balance.] examination, egz-am-i-nu'shun, n., act of exatniji- ing : careful search or inquiry; trial. examiner, egz-am'in-cr, «., one ivlw examines. Example, cgz-am'pl, n., that which is talccn out as a sa7nple or specimen of the rest, or as an illustra- tion of a rule, &c. : the person or thing to be imi- tated or avoided ; a pattern ; a warning : a for- mer instance ; a precedent. [L. c.vemplum — eximo, to take out— <'^, out of, and ono, to take.] exemplar, egz-em'plar, «., an example; a person or thing to be imitated ; the ideal model of an artist. exemplary, egz'em-plar-i, adj., serving for an ex- emplar or example; worthy of imitation or notice; commendable. — adv. ex'emplarily. Exchange exemplify, egz-em'pli-fT,^/.^., to give as an example; to illustrate by example : to make an attested copy of; to prove by an attested copy: — pr.p. exem'pUfying ; pa.p. excm'plified. [L. exevip- lum, and facio, to do or make.] exemplification, egz-em-pli-fi-ka'shun, «., act of ex- empl/fj'ing : that which exemplifies; a copy or transcript. Exasperate, egz-as'per-at, z'.t., to viaJie very rough or angry ; to irritate in a high degree ; to imbit- ter:— /r./. exas'perating ; pa.p. exas'periited. [L. ex, intensive, and aspero, to make rough — asper, rough.] exasperation, egz-as-per-a'shun, n., act of exasper- ating or irritating : state of being exasperated : provocation ; rage ; aggravation. Excavate, eksTca-vat, v.t., to make a cavity in, to iiolloiu or scoop out '.^pr.p. ex'cavating ; pa.p. excavated. [L. excavo — ex, out, cavjis, hollow.] excavation, eks-ka-va'shun, n., act of excavating : a hollow or cavity made by excavating. excavator, eks'ka-va-tor, «., o^ie luJio excavates. Exceed, eks-sed', v.t., to go beyond the limit or measure ol; to surpass or excel. — v.i. to go beyond a given or proper limit '.—pr.p. exceed'- ing; pa.p. exceeded. [L. ex, beyond, cedo, cession, to go.] exceeding (obs.), exceedingly, eks-sed'ing-li, adv., in aji exceeding degree ; very much ; greatly. excess, eks-ses', «., state of exceeding ; a going beyond what is usual, or proper; intemper- ance : that which exceeds ; the degree by which one thing exceeds another. excessive, eks-ses'iv, adj., shewing excess ; beyond the ordinary or any particular degree, or limit ; beyond what is right and proper : immoderate ; violent. — adv. excessively. — ;/. excesslveness. Excel, eks-sel', v.t., to rise beyond; to exceed ; to surpass. — v.i. to have good qualities in a high degree ; to perform very meritorious actions ; to be superior :—pr.p. excell'ing; pa.p. excelled'. [L. excello — ex, out, up, and a root cello, same as Gr. kello, to drive, to urge.] excellent, ek'sel-lent, adj., excelling; surpassing others in some good quality; of great virtue, worth,&c.; superior ; valuable. — adv. ex'cellently. [L. exccllcns, -entis — excello.'] excellence, ek'sel-lens, excellency, ek'sel-len-sl, n., state or quality of being excellent ; great merit : any excellent quality ; worth ; greatness : a title of honour given to persons high in rank or office. Except, ek-sept', v.t., to take or leave out; to ex- clude. — v.i. to object :^;i;'./. except'ing ; />«./. except'ed. [L. excipio, exceptum — ex, out, and capio, to t.-ike] except,ek-sept', excepting, ek-sept'ing,/r^/.,/r.p. ejc'ccrating ; pa.p. ex'c- crated. [L. exsecror, exsecraUis, to curse — ex, from, and sacer, sacred.] execration, eks-e-kra'shun, «., act of execrating : a curse pronounced : that which is execrated. execrable, eks'e-krabl, adj., deserving to be exc- crated; detestable ; accursed. — adv. ex'ecrably. Execute, eks'c-kut, v.t, lit. to follow out to the end; to complete ; to give effect to : to carry into effect the sentence of the law ; to put to death by law : — pr.p. c.x'ccuting ; pa.p. ex'ecuted. — «. ex'ecuter. [Fr. executer; L. exsequor, exseciitus — ex, out, and sequor, to follow.] execution, eks-e-ku shim, n., act of executing or performing ; accomplishment ; completion : carry- ing into effect the sentence of a court of law : the warrant for so doing. executioner, eks-e-ku'slmn-er, «., one ivJio executes, esp. one who inflicts capital punishment. executive, egz-ek'u-tiv, adj., that executes; de- signed or fitted to execute ; active : qualifjnng for or pertaining to the execution of the law. — adv. exec'utively. [Fr. exec7ie wfio ex- hibits. exhibition, eks-hi-bish'un, «., act of exhibiting ; presentation to view ; display ; a public show, esp. of works of art, manufactures, &c. : that which is exhibited : an allowance or bounty to scholars in a university. [L. exhibitio.'\ exhibitioner, eks-hi-bish'un-er, «., one who enjoys an exhibitioft or benefaction. exhibitory, egz-hib'it-or-i, adj., exhibiting. Exhilarate, egz-hil'a-rat, v.t. to make hilarious or fuerry ; to enliven ; to cheer : — pr.p. exhil'arai- ing ; pa.p. exhil'arated. [L. exhilaro, exhilar- atiis — ex, intensive, hilaris, cheerful.] exhilarating, egz-hil'a-rat-ing, adj., making meryy; cheering ; gladdening.— rt^fi'. exhil'aratingly. exhilarant, egz-hil'a-rant, adj., exhilarating ; ex- citing joy, mirth, or pleasure. exhilaration, egz-hil-a-ra'shun, n., act of exhila- rating or making cheerful : state of being ex- hilarated ; joyousness ; gladness. Exhort, egz-hort', v.t., to urge strongly to good deeds, esp. by words or advice ; to animate ; to ad\ ise or warn :—pr.p. exhort'ing ; pa.p. ex- hort'ed. [L. exhortor, ex/iortatus — ex, inten- sive, and horior, to urge.] exhortation, eks-hor-ta'shun, «., act or practice of exhorting to laudable deeds ; language in- tended to exhort ; counsel. [L. exhortatio.] exhortative, egz-hor'ta-tiv, exhortatory, egz-hor'ta- tor-i, adj., tending to exlwrt or advise. Exhume, eks-hum', v. t. to take 07tt of the ground, or place of burial ; to disinter :—/r./. exhum'ing; pa.p. exhumed'. [L. <'jr,outof,/<«w/«J, the ground.] exhumation, eks-hu-ma'shun, «., act of exhuming ; disinterment. Exigent, eks'i-jent, adj., exacting or driving out; demanding immediate attention or action ; press- ing. [L. exigens — exigo — ex, out, ago, to drive.] exigence, eks'i-jens, exigency, eks'i-jen-si, ?:., state 1 66 fate, far ; nie, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //;en. Exile of being exigent or urgent ; pressing necessity ; urgent need ; emergency ; distress. Exile, eks'll, «. state of being sent 07it of one's native soil or country ; expulsion from home ; banishment : one away from his native country. — v.t. to expel from one's native country, tQ banish: — pr.p. ex'lling ; pa. p. ex'Iled. [Fr. exi^l — L. exsiliuin, banishment, exnl, an exile — ex, out of, and solum, soil, land : or from root sol =■ seel, a seat, and thus = one who is out of his seat.] Exist, egz-ist', va. lit. lo stand out ; to have an actual being ; to live ; to continue to be -.—pr.p. existing ; pa.p. exist'ed. [L. existo, exsisio — ex, out, and sisto, to stand.] existence, egz-ist'ens, «., state of existing or being ; continued being ; life : anything that exists ; a being. [L. existens, -entis, pr.p. oi existo.'\ existent, egz-ist'ent, adj., having existence or being. Exit, eks'it, n. lit. he goes out, orig. a direction in play-books to an actor to go oft" the stage ; the departure of a player from the stage ; any de- parture ; a way of departure ; a passage out ; a quitting of the world's stage, or life ; death. [L. exit, 3d pers. sing. pres. of exeo, to go out — ex, out, and eo, itu7K, to go.] Exodus, eks'o-dus, n., a going out or departure, esp. that of the Israelites from Egypt ; the second book of the Old Testament narrating this event. [L. ; Gr. exodos — ex, out, and hodos, a way.] Esogen, eks'o-jen, 71. a plant belonging to the great class that increases by hiy&rs growing on tJie out- side of the wood. [Fr. exogene — Gr. exo, outside, and^^;/, root oi gemiao, to produce.] exogenous, eks-oj'e-nus, adj., pertaining to exogens or plants that grow on the outside ; growing by successive additions to the outside. Exonerate, egz-on'er-at, v.t. to ivQefrom the burden of any blame, or obligation ; to acquit :—pr.p. exon'erating ; pa.p. exon'erated. [L. exo?iero, exoneratus — ex, from, onus, oneris, a burden.] exoneration, egz-on-er-a'shun, 71. , act of exonerat- ing or freeing from a charge or blame. exonerative, egz-on'er-a-tiv, adj. , te7iding to exo7i- erate ; freeing from a burden or obligation. Exorbitant, egz-or'bi-tant, adj'. lit. going out of the orbit or track ; going beyond the usual limits ; excessive ; extravagant.— «^e'. exor'bitantly. [L. exorbitans, pr.p. of exorbito — ex, out of, and orbita, a track — orbis, a circle.] exorbitance, egz-or'bi-tans, exorbitancy, egz-or'bi- tan-si, 71., state or quality of being exorbitant ; extravagance ; enormity. Exorcise, eks'or-sTz, v.t., to adjure by some holy name ; to call forth or drive away, as a spirit ; to deliver from the influence of an evil spirit : — pr.p. ex'orclsing ; pa.p. e.x'orcTsed. [Gr. exorkizo — ex, out, hoT'kizo, to bind by an oath — horkos, an oath.] exorcism, eks'or-sizm, 7t., act of exorcising or ex- pelling evil spirits by certain ceremonies. [Fr. cxorcisine; Gr. exorkis»ios.'\ exerciser, eks'or-slz-er, exorcist, eks'or-sist, 7t., otte ivJio exorcises or pretends to expel evil spirits by adjurations. \¥r:. exo7xiste ; Gr. exorkistcs.'] Exordium, egz-or'di-um, «. lit. the warp of a web, tJie begiiDii/ig ; the introductory part of a dis- course or composition. [L. — exordior, to begin a web — ex, out, and ordior, to weave.] exordial, egz-or'di-al, adj., pertai7iing to tJie exor- diimi. Exoteric, eks-o-ter'ik, Exoterical, eks-o-ter'ik-al, Expedience adj., exter7!al; fit to be communicated to the public or multitude ;— opposed to Esoteric. [Gr. exoterikos — exo, without.] Exotic, egz-ot'ik, adj., outzvard ; introduced from a foreign country.— «. anything of foreign origin ; something not native to a country, as a plant,' &c. [Gr. exotikos — exo, outward.] exotical, egz-ot'ik-al, adj. same as Exotic. Expand, eks-pand', v.t., to sp7-ead 07it ; to open or lay open ; to enlarge in bulk or surface. — v.i. to become opened ; to enlarge : — p7:p. expand'ing ; pa.p. ex-pand'ed. [L. expa7ido—ex, out, and pa7ido, pa7is2is, to spread.] expanse, eks-pans', 71., that zvhick is expa7ided or spread out ; a wide extent of space or body ; the firmament. expansible, eks-pan'si-bl, adj., capable of being expanded or extended.— «. expansibility.— rt^y. expan'sibly. expansion, eks-pan'shun, n., act of expanding : state of being expanded ; enlargement : that which is expanded ; immensity. expansive, eks-pan'siv, adj., able or tendi7ig to expand; widely extended; diffusive. — adv. ex- pan'sively. — 71. expan'siveness. Expatiate, eks-pii'shi-at, v.i. lit. to wander 07it of tlie space or course ; to range at large ; to enlarge in discourse, argument, or writing -.—pr.p. ex- pa'tiating; pa.p. expa'tiated. [L. exspatior, ex- spatiatus — ex, out of, and spatium, space.] expatiation, eks-pa-shi-a'shun, 71., act of expat iat- i7ig or enlarging in discourse. Expatriate, eks-pa'tri-at, v.t. to send out of one's fatherland or native country ; to banish or exile : —pr.p. expa'triating ; pa.p. expa'triated. [L. ex, out oi, patria, ia.X.h.cr\a.nA— pater, a father.] expatriation, eks-pa-tri-a'shun, «., act of expatriat- ing; exile, voluntary or compulsorj'. Expect, eks-pekt', v.t., to look out for; to wait for; to look forward to as something about to happen ; to anticipate ; to hope :—pr.p. e.vpect'ing ; pa.p. expected. [L. ex, out, and specto, intensive, from specie, to look.] expectance, eks-pekt'ans, expectancy, eks-pekt'an- si, 71., act or state of expecting: that which is expected ; hope. expectant, eks-pekt'ant, adj., expecting; looking or waiting for. — 71. one who expects ; one who is looking or waiting for some benefit. expectation, eks-pek-ta'shun, 71., act or state of expecting, or of looking forward to as about to happen ; prospect of future good : that which is expected : the ground or qualities for anticipating future benefits or excellence ; promise ; the value of something expected. expectingly, eks-pekt'ing-li, adv., in a state of expectatio7i. Expectorate, eks-pek'to-rat, v.t., to expel fro77t the breast or lungs, by coughing, &c. ; to spit forth. — v.i. to discharge or eject phlegm from the throat -.^pr.p. expec'torating ; pa.p. expec'tor- ated. [L. expcctoro, expectoratus — ex, out of, from, TvnA pectus, pectoris, the breast.] expectoration, eks-pek-to-ra'shun, 71., act ofexPec- torati>Lg: that which is expectorated ; spittle. expectorative, eks-pek'to-ra-tiv, adj. having the quality oip7V7noting expecto7-ation. expectorant, eks-pek'to-rant, adj., te7idi7ig to pro- mote expectoratio7i. — 71. a medicine which pro- motes expectoration. Expedience, &c. See under Expedite. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thQn. 167 Expedite Expedite, eks'pe-dlt, v.t. lit. to free ike feet from a snare ; to free from impediments ; to hasten ; to send forth. — adj. free from impediment ; quick ; prompt. — adv. ex'peditely. [L. expedio, expe- dites — ex, out, a.nd pes, pedis, a foot.] expedition, eks-pe-dish'un, «., the qiiality of hei7i^ expedite or speedy ; speed : any undertaking by a number of persons ; a hostile march or voyage : those who form an expedition. [L. expeditio.] errpeditious, eks-pe-dish us, adj., characterised I'y expedition or rapidity ; speedy ; prompt. — adv. expedi'tiously. expedient, eks-pe'dl-ent, adj., expeditifig or hasten- ing forward ; tending to promote an object ; suit- able ; advisable — w.that which serves to promote ; means suitable to an end ; contrivance. — adv. expe'diently. [L. expedieus — expedio.'^ expedience, eks-pe'di-ens, expediency, ex-pe'di-en-si, 71., state or quality of heiiig expedient ; fitness ; desirableness : self-interest. Expel, eks-pel', v.t., to drive act from or cut off connection \\-ith a society; to banish: — pr.p. expell'ing ;/a./. expelled'. \Xj. expello, expiilstis ~ex, out, a.x\dpeilo, to drive.] expulsion, eks-pul'shun, w., act of expelling: state of being expelled ; banishment. [L. ejcpulsio.] expulsive, eks-pul'siv, adj., able or serving to expel. Expend, eks-pend', v.t. lit. to weigh out; to lay out ; to employ or consume in any way ; to spend :—pr.p. expend'ing ; pa.p. expended. [L. cxpendo — ex, out, a.nd pc?tdo, pejtsion, to weigh.] expenditure, eks-pcnd'i-tur, «., act of expending ox laying out . that which is expended ; money spent. expense, eks-pens', «., the act or habit of expend- ijig: that which is ex-pended ; outlay; cost. expensive, cks-pen'siv, adj., caicsing or requiring jnnch expense ; extravagant. — adv. expen'sively. — 7t. expen'siveness. Experience, eks-pe'ri-ens, n., thorough trial of; practical acquaintance with any matter, gained by trial : repeated trial ; long and varied obser- vation, personal or general : wisdom derived from the changes and trials of life. — v.t. to make trial of, or practical acquaintance with; to prove or know by use ; to suffer -.—pr.p. expe'riencing ; pa.p. expe'rienced. [L. experietitia, from expe- rior—ex, intensive, and old VQrh perior, to try.] experienced, eks-pe'ri-enst, adj., taught by experi- ence ; skilful ; wise. experiment, eks-pe/i-ment, «., a trial; something done to prove some theory, or to discover some- thing unknown. — v.i. to make an experiment or trial ; to search by trial '.—pr.p. exper'imenting ; pa.p. experimented. [L. experimentiwi, from experior. ] experimental, cks-per-i-ment'al, adj., pertaining to experivient ; founded on or known by experi- ment ; taught by cx-perimcnt or experience. — adv. experimentally. experimentalist, cks-per-i-ment'al-ist, experimentist, cV9,-^a.p. explored'. [L. cxploro, cxploratiis — ex, out, 2:ad.ploro, to cry.] explorer, eks-plor'er, n., one ivho explores. exploration, eks-plo-ra'shun, n., act of exploring , or searching thoroughly. [L. exploraiio.'] exploratory, eks-plor'a-tor-i, adj., serving to ex- plore; searching out. Explosion, &c. See under Explode. Exponent, eks-po'nent, n. that Ws\\(A\ places or sets cut; he or that which points out, or represents; in alg., a figure which shews how often a quan- tity is to be multiplied by itself, as a^ ; an index. [L. exponens — ex, out, and /(?«o-r<:^, adv., out of or at the time ; on the spur of the moment ; without preparation ; suddenly. [L. ex tempore — ex, out of, and tempus, temporis, time.] extemporaneous, eks-tem-po-ra'ne-us, extemporary, eks-tem'po-rar-i, adj., done extejiipore or at the time or occasion ; proceeding from the spur of the moment ; done without preparation ; off- hand. — adv. extempora'neously. [L. extempo- raneus — ex, and tempus, temporis, time.] extemporise, eks-tem'po-rlz, v.i., to speak extem- pore or without previous preparation ; to dis- course without notes ; to speak off-hand -.—pr.p^ extem'porlsing ; pa.p. extem'porTsed. Extend, eks-tend', v.t., to stretch out; to prolong in any direction : to enlarge ; to dilate ; to widen : to hold out : to bestow or impart. — v.i. to stretch ; to be continued in length or breadth : — fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //;en. extensible pr.p. extend'ing ; pa.p. extended. [L. extendo, I extenhis — ex, out, tettdo, tensufn, to stretch.] extensible, eks-ten'si-bl, extensile, eks-ten'sTl, «.t., to make very thin or | lean : to lessen or diminish ; to weaken the force I of; to palliate :—/r./. extcn'uating ; pa.p. ex- ] ten'uated. — «. exten'aator. [L. extenuo, extenit- ' atjis — ex, intensive, and temio, from tennis, thin.] | extenuating, eks-ten'u-at-ing, adj., lessening; pal- liating. — adv. exten'uatingly. extenuation, eks-ten-u-a'shun, «., actofexienuatifig or making thin or lean : act of representing any- thing as less wrong or criminal than it is ; pallia- tion : mitigation. extenuatory, eks-ten'u-a-tor-i, adj., tetidiug to ex- tenuate ; palliative. Exterior, eks-tc'ri-or, adj., outer; outward ; on or from the outside ; foreign. — n. outward part or surface ; outward form or deportment ; appear- ance. [L. exterior, comp. of exter, outward, from ex, out.] external, eks-te/nal, adj., exterior, outward; that may be seen ; apparent : not innate or intrinsic ; derived from without ; accidental : foreign. — ■ adv. exter'nally. [L. externns — exter.] externals, eks-ter'nalz, n.pl., tJie outward pa?-ts ; outward forms or ceremonies. Exterminate, eks-tcr'mi-nat, v.i. to drive out of the boundaries of; to drive away ; to terminate or destroy utterly ; to put an end to ; to root out : — pr.p. exterminating ; pa.p. exterminated. — 71. exter'minator. [L. extertnino, exter>ni7iatus — ex, out of, and tertni7i7iati}tg: complete destruction or extirpation. exterminatory, eks-ter'mi-na-tor-i, adj., serving or tending to exter7ninate. External. See under Exterior. Extinct, Extinction. See under Extinguish. Extinguish, eks-ting'gwish, v.t. lit. to prick or scratch out; to giie/ich; to put aii end to; to destroy: to obscure by superior splendour: — pr.p. extin'guishing ; pa.p. extin'guished. [L. exstinguo, exti/tctus — ex, out, and stinguo, to quench, to prick, from root stig, to prick.] extinguishable, eks-ting'gwish-a-bl, adj., capable of being exti7iguishcd, quenched, or dcstroj-ed. extinguisher, cks-ting'gwish-er, «., one who or that which exiiiiguishes ; a small hollow conical in- strument for putting out a candle. extinct, eks-tinkt', adj., cxti/iguis/ied ; put out: no longer existing; dead. extinction, cks-tingk'shun, «., act of extinptishifig, quenching, or destroying: state of being extin- guished ; destruction ; suppression. Extirpate, cks-tcr'pat, v.t., to root out; to destroy totally ; to cut off ; to exterminate : — py.p. c\- tir'pating; pa.p. extlr'pated. — «. extir'pator. [L. cxstirpo, exstirpatjis — ex, out, and stitps, a root. ] extirpation, eks-ter-pa'shun, «., act of extirpating ; extermination : total destruction. extravagance Extol, eks-tol', v.t. orig. to lift up or raise on high : to raise or exalt in words or by praise ; to mag- nify ; to praise '.—pr.p. extoll'ing ; pa.p. extolled'. [L. ex t olio — ex, up, tollo, to lift, or raise.] Extorsive. See under Extort. Extort, eks-tort', v.t., to twist or wrencli out; to gain or draw from by compulsion or violence : — pr.p. e.xtort'ing; pa.p. extort'ed. [L. extorqiieo, cxtortus — ex, out, and torqueo, to twist.] extorsive, eks-tor'siv, adj., se7-ving or tending to extort. — adv. extorsively, extortion, eks-tor'shun, «., act of extorting, or wresting from by force ; illegal exaction ; that which is extorted. extortionary, eks-tor'shun-ar-i, adj., pertai/ii/tg to or implying extortion. extortionate, eks-tor'shun-at, adj., cJiaracterised by extort io7i ; oppressive. extortioner, eks-tor'shun-er, «., 07ie wlio practises extortio7i. Extra, eks'tra, adj., beyo7id or more than is neces- sary ; extraordinary ; additional. [L. extra, be- yond, outside of, contracted from extera — extcr — ex, out, and root tar, to cross.] Extract, cks-trakt', v.t., to draw out by force or otherwise : to choose out or select : to find out : to distil -.—pr.p. extract'ing -.pa.p. extract'ed. [L. extralu), extractus — ex, out, and traJic, to draw.] extract, eks'trakt, 7t., that which is extracted or drawn out ; anything drawn, from a substance b\- heat,'distilIation, &c. as an essence; a passage taken from a book or writing. extractible, eks-trakt'i-bl, adj., capable of being ext7-acted. extraction, eks-trak'shun, n., act of extract i/tg or drawing out : derivation from a stock or familj' ; birth ; lineage : that which is extracted. extractive, eks-trak'tiv, adj., tluit }nay be extracted; tending or serving to extract. — 7i. an extract. extractor, eks-trak'tor, n., he w/uj or t/uit which cxt>-acts. Extradition, eks-tra-dlsh'un, «., a deliveri>ig up by one government to another of fugitives from justice. [L. ex, from, and traditio — trado, tra- ditus, to deliver up.] Extra-judicial, eks-tra-joo-dish'al, adj., out ofxho. proper court, or beyo7td the usual course of legal proceeding. [Extra, and judicial.] Extra-mundane, eks-tra-mun'dfm, adj., beyond the material wo7-ld. [Extra, and Mundane.] Extra-mural, cks-tra-mu'ral, adj. without or beyond the walls. [Extra, and Mural.] Extraneous, eks-tran'yus, adj., witliotd or beyotui ; external ; foreign : not belonging to or dependent on a thing ; not essential. [L. cxtraneus, from extra. See Extra. ]—rta.p. extrai/asated. [L. extra, out of, and vas, a vessel.] Extreme, eks-trem', adj., o^dermost; at the outmost point, edge, or border ; most remote : last : highest in degree ; greatest : most violent : most urgent. — n. the utmost point or verge ; end ; utmost or highest limit or degree : great necessity. — adv. extreme'ly. [Fr. extrhne — L. extremus, superl. oi exter, on the outside, outward.] extremity, eks-trem'i-ti, w., that ivhich is extreme ; the utmost limit, point, or portion : the highest degree : greatest necessity, emergency, or dis- tress. [Fr. extremite, L. extremitas.\ Extricate, eks'tri-kat, i/.i!., to free front hifiderances or perplexities ; to disentangle : to emit '.—prf. ex'tricfiting ; pa. p. ex-'tricated. [L. extrico, ex- tricat2is — ex, out, tricae, trifles, hinderances.] extrication, eks-tri-ka'shun, «., act of extricating ; disentanglement : act of sending out or evolving. extricable, eks'tri-kabl, adj., that can be extricated. Extrinsic, eks-trin'sik, Extrinsical, eks-trin'sik-al, adj., o>i the oiitside or outward ; external; not contained in or belonging to a body; foreign; not essential : — opposed to Intrinsic. — adv. ex- trin'sically. [L. extrinsectcs — exter, outward, and secns, from sequor, to follow.] Extrude, eks-trood', v.t., to thrust oid ; to force or urge out ; to expel : to drive off :^pr.p. extrud'- ing; pd.p. extrud'ed. [L. extrudo, extrttstis — ex, out, and trudo, to thrust.] extrusion, eks-troo'zhun, n., act of extruding, thrusting, or throwing out ; expulsion. Exuberant, eks-u'ber-ant, adj., exceedingly rich or abtindant ; plenteous ; overflowing ; superfluous. — adv. exu'berantly. [L. exuberajis, pr.p. oi exii- bero^ex, intensive, and nbcr, rich, abundant.] exuberance, eks-u'ber-ans, exuberancy, eks-u'ber-an- si, n., state of beifig exubera?d ; an overflowing quantity ; richness ; superfluousness. Exude, eks-ud', v.t., to sweat oid or discharge by sweating ; to discharge through pores or inci- sions, as sweat, moisture, &c. — v.i. to flow out of a body through the pores : — pr.p. exud'ing ; pa. p. exud'ed. [L. ex, out, s7ido, to sweat.] exudation, eks-u-da'shun, 71., act of exuding ox dis- charging through pores : the sweat, &c. exuded. Exult, egz-ult', v.i., to leap for joy; to rejoice ex- ceedingly ; to triumph -.—pr.p. exult'ing ; pa. p. exult'ed. — adv. exult'ingly. [L. exszdto, from exsilio — ex, out or up, and salio, to leap.] exultant, egz-ult'ant, adj., exidting; expressing exultation ; triumphant. [L. exs7dta7is.\ exultation, egz-ul-ta'shun, n., act of exidting; lively joy at any advantage gained; rapturous delight ; transport. [L. exsultatio.'] Exuviae, eks-u'vi-e, n.pl., cast off skms, shells, or other coverings of animals ; iwgeol., fossil shells and other remains of animals. [L., from exuo, to draw or put off.] Eye, I, n. lit. the seeing thing; the organ of sight or vision, more correctly the globe or movable part of it : the power of seeing ; sight : power of perception; oversight; observation: anything resembling an eye, as the hole of a needle, loop or ring for a hook, &.c. — v.t., to fix the eye on ; to look on ; to observe narrowly :—pr.p. ey uig ; Face pa.p. eyed' (Td). [A.S. eage ; Goth, aztgo; Ger. auge; Slav, oko; allied to Gr. okos ; esse, the two eyes, connected with ossomai, to see; L. octdiis ; Sans. akshi.'\ eyeball, T'bawl, n., the ball, globe, or apple of the ^^^. eyebright, I'brit, n. a beautiful little plant of the gen as euphrasia, formerly used as a remedy for diseases of the eye. eyebrow, Ibrow, n., the brozu or hairy arch above the eye. eyelash, I'lash, n. the line of hairs that edges the eyelid. [Eye, and Ger. lasche. Ice. laska, a flap.] eyeless, lies, adj., without eyes, or sight. eyelet, I'let, eyelet-hole, I'let-hol, «., a small eye or /wle to receive a lace or cord, as in garments, sails, &c. [Fr. ceillet, dim. oi ceil, an eye.] eyelid, I'lid, n., tJie lid or cover of the eye; the portion of movable skin by means of which the eye is opened or closed at pleasure. eye-service, f-ser-vis, n., service performed only under the eye or inspection of an employer, eyesight, I'sTt, «., tJie sight of the eye; power of seeing ; view ; observation. eyesore, i'sor, n. anything that is sore or offensive to the eye. eye-tooth, I'-tooth, «., a tooth in the upper jaw next the grinders, with a long fang pointing towards the eye. eye-witness, I'-wit-nes, 71. one vAvosees a thing done. Eyre, ar, «., a journey or circuit; a court of itin- erant justices, [old Fr. erre, journey, from L. iter, a way, a journey — eo, itu7n, to go.] Eyry, Aerie, e're, or a're, 71. lit. a7i eggery or a place where birds of prey construct their nests and hatch their eggs, [old E. eyren, eggs, Teut. ey, A.S. ceg, an egg: or A.S. ari, Ger. aar, an eagle, and suffix ry, denoting a collection : or Fr. aire — low L. cerea — L. area, an open space, or from csr, the air.] Fable, fa'bl, 71. lit. that which is spoken or told; a feigned story or tale intended to instruct or amuse : the plot or series of events in an epic or dramatic poem: fiction; a falsehood. — v.t. to feign ; to invent : — pr.p. f a'bling ; pa.p. f a'bled. \Yx. fable, Y,. fabida, iromfari, to speak.] fabulise, fab'u-llz, v.t., to write fables, or to speak in fables : — pr.p. fab'ulTsIng ; pa.p. fab'ullsed. fabulist, fab'u-list, «., one who itivents fables. fabulous, fabu-lus, adj. feigned, as a fable; related in fable ; false. — adv. fab'ulously. {l^.fabtdosus.'] Fabric, fab'rik, or fabrik, 71., workina7iship ; the manner in which the parts of a thing are put together ; texture : anything framed by art and labour ; building ; manufactured cloth : any system of connected parts. {'L. fabrica—faber, a worker in hard materials-^c/i?, to make.] fabricate, fab'ri-kat, v.t., to ptd together by art a7id labo7ir; to manufacture ; to produce : to devise falsely : — pr.p. fab'ricating ; pa.p. fab'ri- cated. — 7t. fab'ricator. [L. fabrico, fabricat2(s, iromfabrica.] fabrication, fab-ri-ka'shun, 7t., act of fabricating; construction ; manufacture : that which is fabri- cated or invented ; a story ; a falsehood. Fabulise, Fabulous, &c. See under Fable. Fagade. See under Face. Face, fas, 7i. the outside make or appearance ; that which presents itself to a spectator ; front ; the fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; /,^en. 171 face Fair visible forepart of the head : cast of features ; look: confidence; boldness; effrontery; pres- ence: in B., anger or favour. \Y'c.face, L. fades, form, {a.cc—Jhcio, to make, akin to Gr. phud, to produce, Sans, bhfl, to be.] face, fas, v.t. to meet in the /ace or in front; to stand opposite to ; to oppose with firmness ; to resist: to put an additional face or surface on; to cover in front. — v.i. to turn the face :—J>r.p. fac'ing ; />a.p. faced'. fagade, fa-sad', n. , tJicface or front of a building. [Fr., from \^. fades. ^ facet, fas'ct, n. lit. a little face : a small surface. {Yr.facette, dim. o^ face.} facial, fa'shal, rtfl^'., ^ or relating to the face. — achi. fa'cially. facing, fas'ing, n. a covering in front for ornament or protection. Facetious, fa-se'shus, adj. lit. ';(.t. to cause to labour like a drudge ; to exhaust by labour :—pr.p. fagg'ing ; pa.p. fagged'. — «. one who labours like a drudge ; a school-boy forced to do menial offices for one older, [low Ger. fakk, wearied; A.S. frege, Ger.feige, dying, weak : Scot, fey, on the verge of death : connected with Flag.] fag-end, fag'-end, w., the e/id of a web of cloth t/iai fags or hangs loose ; the untwisted end of a rope : the refuse or meaner part of a thing. Fagot, Faggot, fag'ut, «., a bundle of sticks used for fuel ; a stick : anything like a faggot. — v.t. to tie or bundle together -.—pr.p. fag'oting ; pa.p. fag- oted. \y7 . fagod ; fasgu , to bind ; allied to Gr. phakdos, a bundle, h. fax, fads, a torch.] Fahrenheit, fa'ren-hlt, n. the name applied to a thermometer, the freezing-point of which is marked at 32 and the boiling-point at 212 de- grees, [named from the inventor, a German.] Fail, ffd, v.i., to fall, slip, err; to fall short or be awanting : to fall away ; to decay ; to die ; to miss ; to be disappointed or baffled : to be unable to pay one's debts. — v.t. to be wanting to ; not to be sufficient for: — pr.p. fail'ing ; pa.p. failed'. — «. failure. [Fr. faillir. It. fallirc—1,. fallo, Gr. sphallo, to deceive ; connected with W. jfaelu, Ger.fehlen, to fail.] failing, fal'ing, «., the act of one zvho fails ; a. fault, weakness, or deficiency ; a foible. failure, falur, «., afai/i/ig, falling short, or cessa- tion : omission : decay : bankruptcy. Fain, filn, adj'., joyfid ; eager; inclined; content or compelled to accept, for want of better. — adv. gladly. [A.S._/«x^;/, joyful ; Go\h.. faginon, to rejoice; Ice. fagna, to be glad.] Faint, ffint, adj'.. ivcak; wanting in strength -.fad- ing; laclfing distinctness ; not bright or forcible: weak in spirit ; lacking courage ; depressed : done in a feeble way. — v.i. to become feeble or weak; to lose strength, colour, &c. ; to swoon : to fade or decay ; to vanish : to lose courage or spirit ; to become depressed :—pr.p. faint'ing ; pa.p. fainted. — adv. faintly. [In sense of losing the powers of life, Fr. se fancr, to fade, scvanouir, to faint, vain, L. z'anus, empty, Gael f inn, weak ; in other senses, Fr. sefdndre, h.fngere, to feign or dissemble, to do a thing not heartily but faintly, and thus conn, with Feign, feint.] faintish, ffint'ish, adj'., sotneivhat or s\\2^\'i\y faint . — n. faint'ishness. faintness, fant'nes, «., state of being faint ; feeble- ness ; want of strength : feebleness of colour, light, &c. : dejection. Fair, far, adj'., bright; clear: free from blemish; pure : pleasing to the eye ; beautiful : free from a dark hue ; of a light shade : free from clouds or rain ; favourable : unobstructed ; open : prosper- ous : frank ; impartial : pleasing ; hopeful : moder- ate. — adv. fairly. — ;/. fair'ness. [A.S. faeger; fate, fur; me, her; mine; mOte ; mute; moon; then. fair Family Ice. Jagr, bright; "Dzn. Jh7cer, Jhur: perhaps connected with Sans, bhd, to shine.] fair, far, «., a fair 'W07Ka?i. The fair, n.pL, the female sex. Fair, far, «. lit. a feast, fast, or holiday ; a stated market, [old Yx.feire, from 'L.feria, qx ferine, holidai's, conn, with festus, festive. See Feast. ] Fairy, far'i, Fay, fa, «. a supernatural being, said to assume a human form, and to influence the fate of man. [Fr.fee ; feerie, old ¥r. faerie, enchant- ment; It. fata; low 'L.fataria — 'L.fatmn, an oracle, fate.] fairy, far^i, adj., of or belonging to fairies. Faith, ffith, «., trust or confidence in any person ; belief in the statement of another : belief in the truth of revealed religion ; confidence and trust in God ; reliance on Christ as the Saviour : that •which is believed ; any system of religious belief: fidelity to promises; honesty: word or honour pledged. [o\ dozvn ; to descend by the force of gravity ; to become prostrate : of a river, to discharge itself: to sink as if dead ; to vanish : to die away ; to lose strength : to decline in power, wealth, value, or reputation : to sink into sin ; to depart from the faith : to become dejected : to pass gently into any state : to befall ; to issue : to enter upon with haste or vehemence ; to rush : — pr.j>. fairing; j>a.t. fell ; /«./. fallen (fawl'n). [A.S. feallan ; Ger. fallen ; connected with L. fallo, to deceive, Gr. sjhallo, to cause to fall, Sans, sphal, to tremble.] See Fail. fall, fawl, n., the act of falling, in any of its senses ; descent by gravity ; a dropping down : over- throw ; death : descent from a better to a worse position : slope or declivity : descent of water ; a cascade : length of a fall : outlet of a river : decrease in value : a sinking of the voice : the time when the leaves fall, autumn : that which falls : a lapse into sin, especially that of Adam and Eve, called The Fall:—//, in Apocrypha, death, overthrow. Fallacious, fal-la'shus, adj., false ; calculated to deceive or mislead ; not well founded : causing disappointment ; delusive. — adv. fallaciously. — 71. falla'ciousness. [low Y,. fillaciosiis, from L. fallax,fallacis, AQceitiul— fallo, to deceive.] fallacy, fal'la-si, ii., soiyietliing fallaciotis ; decep- tive appearance : an apparently genuine but really illogical argument. fallible, fal'i-bl, adj. lit. liable to deceive or to be deceived; liable to error or mistake. — adv. fal- I'ibly. [low Ij.fallibilis, from, fallo.} fallibility, fal-i-bil'i-ti, 7i., state or quality of iei7ig fallible ; liability to err. Fallow, fal'lo, adj. lit, pale ycllozv or red : left with the red or yellowish earth exposed — i.e., untilled. — 71. land that has lain a year or more untilled or unsown after having been ploughed. — v.t. to plough land without seeding it : — pr.p. fal'low- ing ; pa. p. fallowed. [K.S.fealo; Ger. f alb, fa/il ; allied to Slav, plav, yellow, L. pallidus, ^■Ao,fulvus, yellow, Gr. pelid7ios, polios, livid. Sans, palita, gray.] fallow-deer, fallo-der, 7i. a species of deer smaller than the red deer, with broad flat antlers, and of 2k yelloivish-\iro\\-n colour. [untilled. fallowness, fallo-nes, 7i., state of being falloiu or False, fa wis, adj., deceptive or deceivi7ig ; un- truthful ; unfaithful to obligations ; treacherous : untrue ; not genuine or real ; hypocritical : not well founded. — adv. falsely. — «. falseness. [A..S. false; G&x.falsch; Ice. falskr ; L._/(j/j«j, pa.p. of fallo, to deceive.] See Fail, Fall, Fallacious. falsehood, fawls'hood, «., state or quality of bei7ig false ; want of truth : want of honesty ; deceit- fulness : false appearance : an untrue statement ; a lie. [False, and liood, A.S. had, state.] falsette, fawl-set', falsetto, fawl-setlo, 7i., a false or artificial voice ; a range of voice beyond the na- tural compass. [It. falsetto, from root of False.] falsify, fawls'i-fl, v.t., to i/iake false ; to forge or counterfeit : to prove untrustworthy : to break by falsehood -.—pr-p. falsifying ; pa.p. falsified. ["L. filsHS, and facio, to make.] falsification, fawls-i-fi-ka'shun, «., the act of 77taking false; the giving to a thing the appearance of something which it is not. falsifier, fawlsl-fl-er, 7t., one zvho falsifies or gives to a thing a false appearance. falsity, fawlsl-ti, 7i., qicality of bci7ig false : a false assertion, [h.falsitas, fromfalsus.] Falter, fawller, 7'.i., to fail or sttdter in speech : to tremble or totter ; to be feeble or irresolute -.—pr.p. fullering ; pa.p. fallered. [from root of Fault, or formed from the halting or stammering sound.] falteringly, fawUcr-ing-li, adv., in a faltering or hesitating 77ia7i7ier. Fame, fam, 7i. lit. a brijigittg to light or making known; public report or rumour; renown or celebrity, good or bad. \X:fa77ia; Gr. phei/ie, from phe7?ii, to say, make \inown—p/uid, to bring to light, Sans, bhd, to shine.] famed, famd, adj., havi7igfa77ie ; renown. famous, fa'mus, adj., k7iown to fa//ie ; renowned; noted. — adv. fa'mously. [L,.fanios2cs, fromfa7/ia.] Familiar, &c. See under Family. Family, faml-li, «. lit. the whole collection of slaves or serz'a7iis in one house ; the household, or all those who live in one house under one head : the fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. ^73 familiar farinaceous descendants of one common progenitor ; race : honourable or noble descent : a group of animals, plants, languages, &c. more comprehensive than a genus. \\u. familia—faiimbcs , a servant.] familiar, fa-mil'yar, adj . , pertainift^^ to a/avtily; domestic : well acquainted or intimate ;• shewing the manner of an intimate ; free ; having a thorough knowledge of; well known or under- stood. — n. one well or long acquainted : a demon supposed to attend at call. — adv. famil'iarly. [L. Jamiliaris, iTomJaiiiiliaJ] familiarity, fa-mil-ye-ar'i-ti, lu, state of being /amtliar; intimate acquaintanceship; freedom from constraint. \\^. familiaritas.'\ familiarise, fa-mil'yar-Tz, v.t., to vtake familiar ; to make thoroughly acquainted ; to accustom : to make easy by practice or study :^pr.p. famil'- iarlsing ; pa. p. famiriarised. Famine, fam'in, n. lit. great desire for food; general scarcity of food. [Fr., from 'L. fames, hunger, akin to Gr. phagein. Sans, bhaksh, to eat.] famish, fam'ish, v.t., to kill, distress, or weaken -Luith fami>ie ; to starve. — v.i. to die or suffer extreme hunger or thirst ; to suffer from exposure : — P^-P- fam'ishing ; pa.p. fam'ished. famishment, fam'ish-ment, «., the state of being famished, or of extreme hunger or thirst. Famous. See under Fame. Fan, fan, n. lit. that which blows; a broad, flat, instrument used by ladies to cool themselves ; anything of this form, as for winnowing grain, &c. ; a small sail to keep a wind-mill to the wind. — v.t. to cool with a fan ; to winnow ; to ventil- ate '.—pr.p. fann'ing ; pa.p. fanned'. [A. S.fann ; Ger. wanne; Fr. vatt; L. vannzts; allied to L. vent us, wind.] fanner, fan'ner, n., one ivJio or tJiat -which fans; a machine with revolving fans, used for winnow- ing grain, &c. fan-light, fan'-llt, «., a window resembling in form an open7^«. fan-palm, fan'-pam, n. a species oipahn 60 or 70 ft. high, with_/a«-shaped leaves used for umbrellas, tents, &;c. Fanatic, fa-nat'ik. Fanatical, fa-nat'ik-al, adj. lit. pertaining to a fane or temple — inspired by a divinity, as the priests in heathen temples : fran- tic ; extravagant in opinions, esp. on religious subjects. — adv. fanat'ically. [h.fanaticus, from fanum, a temple.] See Fane. fanatic, fa-nat'ik, n. a person frantically or exces- sively enthusiastic, esp. on religious subjects. fanaticism, fa-nat'i-sizm, n. wild and excessive reli- gious enthusiasm. Fancy, fan'si, «. ong. phantasy ; that faculty of the mind by which it recalls, represents, or makes to appear past images or impressions ; an image or representation thus formed in the mind ; an un- reasonable or capricious opinion ; a whim ; cap- ricious inclination or liking. — adj. pleasing to, or guided by fancy or caprice. — The fancy, n.pl. sport- ing characters generally, [contracted irom fan- tasy, Fr. fantasie, Gr. and L. pjuintasia — Gr. j>Jiantazd, to make visible— ///.fara7t, Gcr.fahren, to go.] farewell, far-wel', or far', int. may yon fare well! an aff'ectionate prayer for safety or success. — «. well-wishing at parting ; the act of departure. — adj. parting ; final. ferry, fer'ri, v.t., to carry or convey over a water in a boat : — pr.p. fer'rj'ing ; pa.p. fer'ried. — n. a place where one maybe rowed across a water : the right of conveying passengers : the ferry- boat \A.S. feria7i, to convey, farnn, to go; Ger. fdJir, a {erry--fahren, to go, to carry.] Far-fetched. See under Far. Farina, fa-rl'na, «., ground com; meal; starch: pollen of plants, [h.—far, a sort of grain.] farinaceous, far-in-a'shus, adj., co7tsisting of or con- taining vieal or flour ; mealy. fate, far; me, her; mine; mOte ; mute; moon; thtn. Farm Farm, farm, n. Ih./ood, entertaimneiii ; afterwards, 7-cjit, the la)id rented; ground let for cultivation or pasturage, with the necessary buildings. [A. S. feorm,fearme, food, goods, Jeo?-!!nan, to feed, rent being orig. paid in entertainment : the word Jearnie, Latinised mto^/lrfna, was next applied to the money paid and then to the land rented.] farm, farm, v.t. to let out as lands to a tenant; to take on lease ; to grant certain rights in return for a portion of what they yield, as to farm the taxes : to cultivate, as land :— /r./. farm'ing ; pa.p. farmed'. faimer, farmer, n., one who /arms or cultivates land ; the tenant of a farm : one who collects taxes, &c. for a certain rate per cent. — Jt. farm'- ing, the business of cultivating land. Farrago, far-ra'go, «. lit. 7ni.xed fodder for cattle ; a confused mass, [h.^far, a sort of grain.] Farrier, far'ri-er, n. lit. a worker hi iro}i ; one who shoes horses ; one who cures the diseases of horses, [old Fr. ferrz'er ; Fr.ferrer, to shoe a horse— fer, L,. ferrzan, iron.] farriery, far'ri-er-i, n., the business of a farrier; the art of curing the diseases of cattle. Farrow, far'ro, n. a litter oi pigs. — v.i. to bring forth pigs -.—prf. far'rowing ; pa.p. far'rowed. {K.'Si.fearh, a pig; Dan._/rtr. feorthling, feorthzmg, a fourth ■^2iXX.—feortha, the fourth— J^ijr, four.] Farthingale, far'//iing-gal, ;^. a kind of crinoline made of whalebone for distending the dress, introduced by Q. Elizabeth. [Fr. vertttgade, ver- dugalle; Sp. verdugado — verdtigo, a rod, a plait.] Fasces, fas'sez, n.pl. in Roman antiquities, a bzaidle of rods with an axe in the middle, borne before the Roman magistrates as a badge of their authority. [L._/ai-c/j, a bundle.] fascicle, fas'si-kl, 11. lit. a little bundle; in hot., a close cluster, with the flowers much crowded together, as in the sweet-william. \X- fascictdus, dim. oifascis.'\ fasciciUar, fas-sik'u-lar, fasciculate, fas-sik'u-lat, adj. united as i}t. a bundle. fascine, fas-sen', or fas', n., a fagot or bundle of rods, used in fort, to raise batteries, fill ditches, &c. [Fr.; \: fascina—fascis.l Fascinate, fas'si-nat, v. t. lit. to bewitch hy the evil eye; to fix or control by the glance; to charm; to enchant '.—pr-p. and adj. fas'cinating ; pa.p. fas'cinated. [L. fascino, fascinatzes, Gr. bns- kaifio, to bewitch, akin to Sans, bhdsh, to speak.] fascination, fas-si-na'shun, ;/., the act of fascinat- ing or charming; supposed power to harm by looks or spells : mysterious attractive power ex- erted by a man's words or mann«jr : irresistible power of alluring. SX:fascinatio.'\ Fascine. See under Fasces. Fashion, fash'un, n., the make or cut of a thing; form or pattern ; prevailing mode or shape of dress : a prevailing custom : manner : genteel society: in NewTest., appearance. — v.t. to make; to mould according to a pattern : to suit or adapt : — pr.p. fash'ioning ; pap. fash'ioned. — 7i. fash'- ioner. \Fr.facon — 'L.factio^acio, to make.] fashionable, fash un-a-bl, adj., inade^ according to "^xQVdiiYingJ'ashion : prevailing or in use at any period : observant of the fashion in dress or living ; Father genteel ; moving in high soclety.—adv. fash'ioE- ably. — 71. fash'ionableness. Fast, fast, adj. lit. seized; held ; close-pressed ; firm; fixed: steadfast. — rt^z/. firmly : soundly or sound (asleep).— Fast by, close to. \_K.?>.faest ; Gcr. fest: allied to fasse^t, to seize.] fasten, fas'n, v.t., to 7nake fast or tight; to fix securely ; to attach firmly one thing to another. —v.i. to fix itself:— /r./. fas'tening ; pa.p. fas'- tened. — 7Z. fas'tening, that which fastois. fastness, fast'nes, 71., the state ofbeiftgfast or firm; security : a stronghold, fortress, castle. Fast, fast, adj., liasteniftg; quick: rash: dissi- pated. — adv. swiftly: in rapid succession: extravagantly. [W.fest, quick, festti, to hasten ; J-i.festitw, to hasten.] Fast, fast, v.i., to keep fro77i food; to go hungry: to abstain from food in whole or part, as a religious duty. — 71. abstinence from food : special abstinence enjoined by the church : the day of fasting.- — 7is. fast'er, one who fasts ; fast'ing, re- ligious abstinence ; fast'-day, a day of religious fasting. lK.?,.f(esta7i, to fast; Go\h.fasta7t, to keep ; allied with Fast, firm.] Fastidious, fas-tid'i-us, adj., feeli7ig disgust or pain at trifling defects ; affecting superior taste ; over- nice ; difficult to please. — adv. fastidiously. — 71, fastid'iousness. ['L.fastidiosus^astidizmi, \o3ith.- \ng—fastus, pride.] '£&t,ia.\.,adj.,fed; not lean: fruitful: gross. — n. an oily substance under the skin : solid animal oil : the richest part of any thing. — v.t. to make fat. — v.i. to grow fat : — pr.p. fatt'ing; pa.p. fatt'ed. [Ger.fett; A.S.fett, iromfedan, to feed.] fatling, fat'ling, n., a- yotmg animal fat te7ied for slaughter. fatness, fat'nes, «., quality or state of bei7igfat; fulness of flesh : richness ; fertility : that which makes fertile. fatten, fat'n, v.t., to make fat or fleshy ; to make fertile. — v.i. to grow fat : — pr.p. fatt'ening ; pa.p. fatt'ened.— «j. fatt'ener, he wJw or that which fatte7is ; fatt'ening, the process of jjiakizig fat ; state of growing fat. fatty, fat'i, adj., C07itai7ii7igf at or having the quali- ties of fat. — «. fatt'iness. Fat, fat, 71. a vat. See Vat. Fate, fat, «., the thing^ spoke7i by a prophet or oracle ; inevitable destiny or necessity; appointed lot : ill-fortune ; doom ; final issue. Ih.fatu7n, a prediction— fatz^s, spoken— fari, to speak.] Fates, fats, n.pl the three goddesses oifate, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, who were supposed to determine the birth, life, and death of men. fatal, fat'al, adj., belongi7ig to or appointed hy fate: causing ruin or death ; mortal : calamitous. — adv. fat'ally. fatalism, fat'al-izm, n. the doctrine that all events are subject to fate, and happen by unavoidable necessity. — 71. fat'alist, ozze who believes in fatal- ism. — adj. fat'alistic, belonging to or partaking oifatalis7}i. fatality, fat-al'i-ti, 71., the state of bei7ig fatal or unavoidable ; the decree of fate : fixed tendency to disaster or death ; mortality. fated, fat'ed, adj., decreed by fate ; doomed', destined. Father, ia'ther, 71. lit. the 7zourisher: a male parent ; an ancestor or forefather : a contriver or origm- ator : a title of respect : an ecclesiastical writer of the early centuries : the first Person of the fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. ^IS fatlierliood Feather Trinity. — v.t. to adopt; to ascribe to one as his offspring or production :—J>y.p. fa'thering ; pa.p. fa'thered. [A.S. faeder, L. pater, Gr. pater. Sans, pitri, from \ooX. pa, to feed.] fatherhood, fii'Mer-hood, «., state o/bcmgafather; fatherly authority. father-in-law, filVAer-in-law, n. the father of one's husband or wife. [fathers. fatherland, faV/ior-land, «., the land of one's fatherless, faV/^er-les, adj., destitute of a living fatlur: without a known author. — ii. fa'ther- lessness. fatherly, faV/^er-li, adj., like a fatJier in affection and care ; paternal.—;:, fa'therliness. Fathom, fa//i'um, n. the distance between the e.x- tremities of both arms extended ox Jield out: a nautical measure =6 feet. — v.t. to try the depth of: to comprehend or get to the bottom of: — pr.p. fath'oming ; pa.p. fath'omed. [A.S. faetJnn ; Dutch, vadem; Dutch, vatten, Gtr. /assen, to hold ; L. pateo, to stretch.] /athomable, faz'/i'um-abl, adj., able to he fatho7ned. fathomless, fa//i'um-less, adj., t/uit ca?inot befatk- ojtied. Fatigue, fa-teg', n., iveariness from labour of body or of mind : toil : military work, distinct from the use of arms. — v.t. to reduce to a state of weari- ness ; to e.xhaust one's strength ; to harass : — pr.p. fatigu'ing; /«./. fatigued'. [Fr., from L. fatigo, to weary.] Fatling, Fatness, S:c. See under Fat. Fatuous, fat'u-us, adj., feeble in mind; silly: with- out reality; deceptive, like Xh.^ ignis fatzius. [L.fatii/is, foolish.] fatuity, fa-tu'i-ti, «., the state of being fatuous or feeble in intellect ; imbecility. Fauces, fau'sez, n.pl. the upper part of the throat from the root of the tongue to the entrance of the gullet. [L.] Faucet, fau'set, ;/. a pipe inserted in a barrel to draw liquid. [Yr. fiusset^'aiisser, to pierce.] Faugh, fau, int. an exclamation of contempt or disgust, [perhaps from A.?>.fan, to hate.] Fault, fault, «., a failing; error : blemish : a slight offence : in geol. and mining, a displacement of strata or veins. [L.fallo, to deceive.] faultless, fault'les, adj., without fault or defect. — adv. faultlessly. — n. fault'lessness. faulty, fault'i, adj., containi?ig faults or defects; imperfect: guilty of a fault; blamable. — adv. fault'ily. — ti. fault'iness. Faun, faun, n. a rural deity among the Romans — the protector of shepherds and agriculture. [L. f annus, horn faz'eo, fau tutn, to favour.] fauna, faun'a, «. the animals of any region or epoch, so called because protected by the Fatins. Favour, fa'vur, 7i.,a regarding kindly: countenance ; good-will : a kind deed : an act of grace or lenity : a knot of white ribbons worn at a wed- ding. — v.t. to regard with good-will : to be on the side of: to treat indulgently : to afford advant.age to :—pr.p. fa'vouring ; pa.p. favoured. [L. favor— faveo, to favour, befriend.] — «. fa'vourer. favourable, fa'vur-a-bl, adj ., full of favour ; friendly ; propitious : conducive to : convenient ; ad\ an- tageous. — adv. fa'vourably. — «. favourableness. favourite, favur-it, n. a person or thing regarded ivith favour: one unduly loved. — adj. esteemed, beloved, preferred. — ;t. fa'vouritism, tJic practice of favouring or shewing- partiality. Fawn, fawn, n. lit. tJu young of an animal: a young deer. — adj., resembling a fawn in colour. — V. i. to bring forth a fawn -.—pr.p. fawn'ing ; pa.p. fawned', \yr.fao7i, perhaps through obs. feon,fedon, from \j. foetus, offspring.] Fawn, fawn, v.i. lit. to rejoice: to cringe ; to flatter in a servile way (followed by upon) -.—pr.p. fawn'- ing ; pa.p. fawned'. — n. a ser\'ile cringe or bow ; mean flatter}-. — n. fawn'er, one who flatters to gain favour. — adv. fawn'ingly. [old ^. fawhne ; A.S. fdgnidn, to rejoice.] Fay. See under Fairy. Fealty, fe'al-ti, or fclti, n., fidelity or faithfulness ; the oath sworn by the vassal to be faithful to his feudal lord : loyalty, [old Yr.fealte; 'L.fdelitas —fidelis, l-xvXhi\A—fido, to trust.] Fear, fer, «. a painful emotion excited by da?tger; apprehension of danger or pain ; alarm : the object of fear: in B., deep reverence; piety towards God. — v.t. to regard with fear ; to e.xpect with alarm: inB., to stand in awe of; to venerate: (obs.) to terrify, to make afraid : — pr.p. fear'ing; pa.p. feared'. [A.S.faer, fear; G^r. gefahr, Sw. fara, danger.] fearful, fer'fool, adj., full of fear; timorous : ex- citing intense fear; terrible. — adv. fear'fully. — n. fear'fulness. fearless, fcr'Ies, adj., -Mithout fear ; daring ; brave. — adv. fearlessly. — n. fear'lessness. Feasible, fez'i-bl, adj., that can be effected or done ; practicable. — adv. feas'ibly. — ns. feasibleness, feasibility. [Fr. faisable, that can be done— /aire,faisant, \j.facere, to do, to make.] Feast, l^~X,n.,aJwliday: a daj- of unusual solemnity or joy : a rich and abundant repast : rich enjoy- ment for the mind or heart. — v.i. to hold a feast : to eat sumptuously : to receive intense delight.— — v.t. to entertain sumptuously '.^pr.p. feast'ing ; pa.p. feasted. — ;/. feast'er. [old Fr. feste; L. fcstum, a holiday, y^'J-^/w, solemn, festal.] festal, fes'tal, adj ., pertaining to afcast or holiday ; joyous : gay. — adv. fes'tally. festive, fes'tiv, adj., relating to or like a feast ; festal: mirthful. — tii^z/. fes'tively. \L..festivus.\ festival, fes'ti-val, «., a festive day: a joyful cele- bration : a feast. [fulness, gaiety. festivity, fes-tivl-ti, «. social mirth at a feast ; joy- festoon, fes-tuon', n. an ornament ior a festival : a garland suspended between two points : in arch., an ornament like a wreath of flowers, S:c. — "';/. to adorn with festoons :^pr.p. festoon'ing ; pa.p. festooned'. \¥r.feston, from h.festu?n.] fete, fat, n. , a festival or feast : a holiday. — v. t. to entertain at a feast :—pr.p. fet'ing ; pa.p. feted. \Yx.—\..festum.'\ Feat, fet, «., sofiiething done: a deed manifesting extraordinary strength, skill, or courage. [Fr. flit; old Yr. fiict, Yu. f actus, done— L. facio, to do, to make.] feature, fet'ur, «. lit. tlie vtake ox fashion of a thing: the marks by which anything is recognised ; the prominent traits of anything : the cast of the face. — //. the countenance. — adjs. feat'ured, with features well marked; featureless, destitute ot distinct features, [old Yx. fiicture—faict.] Feather, kth'(:x, 7i. lit. that -which flutters ; one of the growths, generally formed of a quill with a vane or beard on each side of it, which form the covering of a bird : a feather-like ornament. — 7).t. to furnish or adorn with feathers :^pr.p. feath'- ering ; pa.p. feath'ercd. To feather an oar, to 176 fate, far ; me, her ; mlr.c ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; ^/zeo. feathery bring it out of the water in a flat or horizontal position. [A.S.fyther; Ger.Jeder; Dutch, veder: connected with L. penna, Gr. pteron. Sans. patatra—pat, to fly.] feathery, fea'/i'er-i, adj., pertaining to, resembling, or covered \f\ih./eat/ic7-s. Feature. See under Feat. Febrile, fe'bril, or feb'ril, adj., pertaining to_feziC}-; feverish. [Fr. febrile, from L,./ebris, fever.] febrifuge, feb'ri-fuj, n. a medicine for reDioving fever. ['L.febris, SLndfiego, to put to flight.] February, feb'roo-ar-i, n. the month when the ancient Romans offered sacrifices of expia- tion, because then the last month of the year : the second month. [L. Febrziarins—febrzia, the festival of expiation— ^^rz/.fella7i, irom ffalla7i, to fall. See FaU.] feller, fel'er, 71., one who fells; a cutter of wood. Fell, fel, adj., bad; cniel; fierce; bloody. [A.S. fed; Dutch, /t/; It.fiedo: prob. from Cs\t. fiad, bad, wicked.] — ;/. fell'ness. — adv. fel'ly. felon, fel'on, 71., a wicked, cruel person: one guilty of felony ; a convict. felony, fel'on-i, 71. lit. afiell or wicked deed; orlg. a crime punished by total forfeiture of lands, &c.: a crime punishable bir imprisonment or death. felonious, fe-lo'ni-us, adj., wicked; depraved: done with the deliberate intention to commit crime. — adv. felo'niously. — 71. felo'niousness. Felloe. See Felly. Fellow, fel'lo, 71. lit. apart7ieri7igoods; an associate : a companion and equal : one of a pair, a mate : a member of a university who enjoys a fellow- ship ; a member of a scientific or other society: a worthless person, [old ^.fielawe; IcQ.fielagi, a partner in goods, from fie, money, goods, and lag, society, community.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; t/iffo.. 177 fellow-feeling fellow-feeling, fel'lo-fel-ing, n., feeling letwecn fel- loivs or equals ; sympathy. fellowship, fel'lo-ship, n., the state of being a fellow or partner : friendly intercourse ; communion : an association : an endowment in a university for the support of graduates c^\Q.Afenoivs ; the posi- tion and income of a fellow : in arith., the propor- tional division of profit and loss among partners. Telly, fel'i, Felloe, fel'lu, n. one of the curved pieces in the circumference of a wheel. \^K.^.fcelge.'\ relon. Felony, &C. See under Fell, adj. Felspar, same as Feldspar. Felt, {(A\.,^a.t. axidpa.p. of FeeL Pelt, felt, «. cloth made of wool united without weaving. — v.t. to make into felt: to cover with felt -.—pr.p. felt'ing ; />af. felt'ed. [Ger. fh, woollen cloth, allied to Gr. j>ilos, wool wrought into felt, L. pileus, a felt hat.] felter, felt'er, v.t. to clot togQih^x like felt:— J>r.J>. felt'ering ; /«./. felt'ered. felting, felt'ing, n., tJie art or process ofjnakifigfelt. Felucca, fe-luk'ka, n., a boat with oars and broad three-cornered sails, used in the Mediterranean. Wt.feluca; Yx.felojique: from Ar._/?^/X', aship.] Female, fe'mal, adj. of the sex that produces young : pertaining to females : in bot., having a pistil or fniit-bearing organ. — n. one of the female sex. [Fr.femelle, dim. oi L.. femi/ta, a woman — obs. feo, to bring forth.] feminality, fem-i-nal'i-ti, «., iJie female naitire. feminine, fem'i-nin, adj., pertainiftg to ivoinen: tender, delicate ; womanly : mgram., the gender denoting females. — adv. fem'ininely. Femoral, fem'o-ral, adj., belonging to the thigh. {L..femoralis—fe>mtr,feinoris, the thigh.] Fen, fen, n. land covered with 7nnd irom the over- flowing of water ; a morass or bog. — adjs. fenny, fen'nish. {A.?>.fe>tn, IcQ.fen, Goth, fani, mud.] Fence, &c. See under Fend. Fend, fend, v.t., to defend; to ward off: to shut out :— /r./. fend'ing ; j>a.p. fend'cd. [L. obs. fendo, root of defendo, to fend or ward off, akin to Sans, han, to beat.] fender, fend'er, n., that ivhichfe7ids or defends: a metal guard before a fire to confine the ashes : a protection for a ship's side. fence, fens, «., that which fends or guards : a wall or hedge for enclosing animals or for protecting land: the art of fencing: defence. — v.t. to en- close with a fence: to fortify. — v.i. to practise fencing: — pr.p. fenc'ing; pa.p. fenced'. fencing, fens'ing, adj., defending ox guarding. — n. the act of erecting a fence : the art of attack and defence with a sword or other weapon. — n. fenc'er, one who practises fencing \vith a sword. fencible, fens'i-bl, adj., ca/>able of being fenced ox defended. — n.pl. fenc'ibles, volunteer regiments raised for local defence during a special crisis : militia enlisted for home service. Fenestral, fe-nes'tral, adj., belonging to windozvs. [L, feiiestralis^^fencstra, a window, allied to Gr. phaino, to shine.] Fennel, fen'el, n. a fragrant plant with yellow flowers. [A.S. finol; Gcr. fenchel; allied to L. fTniculum, fennel, ixomfenum, liay.] Feoff. See under Fee. Feretory, fe/e-tor-i, n. a place in a church for a tier. ['L.feretritm—fero, Gx.phero, to bear.] Ferine, fc'rln, adj., pertaining to or like a wild fervency beast; savage. \Xi-ferinus—fera, a wild beast — f cries, wild ; akin to Gr. tlier, Ger. thier, a beast.] Ferment, fer'ment, n. lit. that which makes fen'ent or boiling : what excites fermentation, as yeast, leaven : internal motion amongst the parts of a fluid : agitation ; tumult. [L. fermentum, for fervinientiini—ferveo, to boil.] ferment, fer-ment', v.t., to excite ferme7itaticn: to inflame. — v.i. to rise and swell by the action of fermentation : to work, used of wine, &c. : to be in excited action ; to be stirred with anger : — pr.p. ferment'ing ; pa.p. ferment'ed. fermentable, fer-ment'a-bl, adj., capable off ennenta- tioji. — 71. fermentabil'ity. fermentation, fer-ment-a'shun, «., tlie act ox process offer77te7iti7ig: the change which takes place in liquids, when ex-posed to air ; putrefaction which produces alcohol or vinegar : restless action of the mind or feelings. fermentative, fer-ment'a-tiv, adj., causittg or con- sisting \n.fer))ie7itatio7i. — «. ferment'ativeness. Fern, fern, n. a plant which becomes a tree in the tropics, producing feather-like leaves called fronds, so named from the seeds having been supposed to give the magic power of goi'tg in- visible. \_A.'S>.f'arn—fara7t, to go.] ferny, fcm'i, adj., full of ox overgrown v,'{^fer7ts. Ferocious, fe-ro'shus, adj., wild; barbarous : in- clined to savage fierceness : indicating great cruelty. — adv. fero'ciously. — «. fero'ciousness. [Fr. and luferoce — "L.ferox, wild-^'r7^-r, wild.] ferocity, fe-ros'i-ti, «., wild/iess ; fury: savage cruelty of disposition : untamed fierceness. fierce, i^xs, adj., ferocious; violent: angrj-. — adv. fierce'ly. — «. fierce'ness. \Yx.fervce; L,.fero.v.] Ferreous, fer're-us, adj., pcrtai7iing to or made of iron. \1j. f erre us— feryH7n, iron.] ferriferous, fer-rif'er-us, adj., bearing or yielding i}-07t. [h.ferru7n, iron, and^r^, to bear.] ferruginous, fer-ru'jin-us, adj., o/the colour of iro7i- rust : impregated with iron, \lj-ferrugi7ie7is — ferrugo, ixon-xust—ferrutn.'i Ferret, fer'et, «. ribbon woven from spun silk. [Fr. feu7'et, coarse silk thread.] Ferret, fer'et, «. a tame animal of the weasel kind employed in unearthing rabbits. [Ger. frette ; Fx. furet—f ureter, to ferret, to search carefully. ferret, fer'et, v.t. to search out carefully and min- utely like a ferret : to drive out by patient effort : —pr.p. ferr'eting ; pa.p. ferr'eted. Ferriferous, Ferruginous. See under Ferreous. Ferrule, fer'rool, «. a metal 7n.ng on a staff, &c. (o keep it from sphtting. [Fr. virole, L. vi7-iola, a bracelet.] Ferry. See under Fare. Fertile, fer'til, adj.,fruit-beari7ig: able to produce abundantly : rich in resources ; inventive. — adv. fertilely. [X-.f'rtilis—fero, to bear.] fertility, fer-til'i-ti, «., tJie state of bei/tg fertile ; fruitfulness: richness: abundance. fertilise, fer'til-Tz, z'. t. , to make fertile or fruitful : to enrich :^r.p. fer'tilTsing ; pa.p. fer'tilised. Ferule, fer'rool, «. a rod used for j^r/X-/;/^ children in punishment. [L ferula, a cane— yl'ri'c, to strike.} Fervent, fcr'vent, adj.\\t. heated, boiling: ardent; zealous : warm in feeling. — adv. fer'vently. [L. f-rveo, to boil, akin to Gr. tJiero, to heat, E. and "Ger. war77t. Sans. ghar7na, heat.] fervency, fer'ven-si, «., state of being ferment ; heat of mind; eagerness; warmth of devotion. 178 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thtxi. fervid fervid, fer'vid, adj. lit. loiling; fiery : very hot : having burning desire or emotion. — adv. fei-'vidly. — 31. fer'vidness. \lj.fer-vidiis.'\ fervour, fer'vur, n., state of being fe7'vid or boiling hot : heat of mind ; zeal. Festal. See under Feast. , Fester, fes'ter, v.i. to corrupt or rankle; to suppu- rate : to become malignant. — v.t. to cause to fester '.—pr-p. fes'tering ; pa.p. fes'tered. — n. a wound discharging corrupt matter. [ ? ] Festival, Festoon. See under Feast. Fetch, fech, v.t. lit, to seize; to bring; to go and get : to obtain as its price : to accomplish in any way : to reach or attain. — v.i. to turn : to arrive at biaut.): — prp. fetch'ing; pa.p. fetched'. \K.'Si . fetia}i, to fetch ; Q&r./assen, to seize.] Fetch, fech, n., a trick. [A.S. Jizcen, deceit; Ger. faxai, tricks.] Fetch, fech, Fetch-candle, fech'-kan-dl, n. the appa- rition of a living person : a nocturnal light, as of ,a moving candle, supposed to portend a death, [prob. from Norwegian Voette-lys, the Voett's or goblin's candle = ignis-fatuus.] Fete. See under Feast. Fetich, fe'tish, n. anything in nature or art to which a magical power is ascribed, and which is superstitiously worshipped, as among certain African tribes. [Fr. fetiche — Port, feitigao, magic ; from L. fie tic ins, conntcrie'it—fngo, fetus, to form by art : or fatidicas, telling fate— fatwn, fate, dico, to tell : or (rom. facio, to make.] fetichism, fe'tish-izm, feticism, fe'tis-izm, «. the wor- ship of 3. fetich ; a belief in charms. Fetid, fet'id, or fe'tid, adj., stinking; having a strong offensive odour. [L. foetid us— fceteo, to stink.] — 71. fet'idness. Fetlock, fet'lok, «. a tuft of hair that grows behind on horse's feet ; the part where this hair grows. [Feet, and lock : or perhaps Dutch, vitelok, Swiss, fisloch, pastern of a horse, low Dutch,y?jJ, fibres, Swiss, j^.f^/, unravelled threads, a horse's fetlock.] Fetter. See under Foot. Fetus, fe'tus, n. lit. a bringing forth : the young in the womb, esp. in its advanced stages. [L., from ohs.feo, to bring forth.] Feu, fu, n. lit. land held on feudal tenure ; in Scot- land, a tenure where the vassal, in place of mili- tary services, makes a return in grain or in money; a sale of land for a stipulated annual payment, [low L,.feud7£jn — root of Fee.] Feud, fud, n. lit. revenge, hatred: a deadly quar- rel between tribes or families ; a bloody strife. \_A.^. fa^hdh ; Gt^r. fehde: A.?,, fan, to hate.] Feud, Feudalism, &c. See under Fee. Fever, fe'ver, n. a disease marked by great bodily heat and quickening of pulse : extreme excite- ment of the passions ; a painful degree of anxiety. • — v.t. to put into a fever. — v.i. to become fevered : — P^'P- fe'vering ;/«./. fe'vered. {Fr.fez're; Ger. ficbcr; \j.febris — prob. ixoxviferveo, to be hot.] feverish, fe'ver-ish, cuij., slightly fevered ; indicat- ing fever: fidgety; fickle. — cj^/z/. fe'ver ishly. — w. fe'verishness. Few, fu, adj., small in number ; not many. — n. few'- ness. [A.S. feawa; Goth, favs ; Fr. peu; L. paucus, small.] Fiars, fl'arz, n.pl. in Scotland, the prices of grain legally fixed for the year to regulate the pay- ment of stipend, rent, and prices not expressly field-marshal agreed upon. [Fr. feiirs, money for tillage : or lcQ.fe,far, money.] Fiat, fl'at, n. lit. let it be do7ie : a formal or solemn command; a decree. [L., 3d. pers. sin'^. pres. subj. oifio, passive oifacio, to do.] * Fib, fib, n. lit. a fable or story : something said falsely ; a soft expression for a lie. — v.i. to tell a fib or lie ; to speak falsely -.—pr.p. fibb'ing ; pa.p. fibbed', \\i.fiaba, a story, from root of Fable.] Fibre, fl'ber, n. one of the small threads compos- ing the parts of animals or vegetables : any fine thread, or thread-like substance. [l^.fbra, a thread, conn, with l^.fluin, a thread.] — adjs. fl'bred, having fibres ; fi'breless, having no fibres. fibrous, fl'brus, adj., composed of or containing fbres. — n. fi'brousness. fibril, f I'bril, n., a small fibre : one of the extremely minute threads composing an animal fibre, [low 'L.fibrilla, dim. oiL.. fibra.] fibrillous, fl-bril'lus, adj., pertaining to fibres; formed of small fibres. fibrine, fr'brin, ;;. an organic compound, composed of ih.re3.dY fibres, found in animals and plants. Fickle, fik'I, adj'. lit. 77tovi>ig quickly to and fro; inconstant; changeable. — n. fick'leness. [A.S. ficol; Ger. fickefi, to move quickly to and fro.] Fictile, Fiction, Fictitious, &c. See under Feign. Fiddle, fid'l, 71. a stringed instrument of music, called also a violin. — v-f. or /. to play on a fiddle : —pr.p. fidd'ling ; pa.p. fidd'led.— «. fidd'ler. [A. S. fithele ; G^r.fiedel: h. fides, Gr. sphide, string, catgut.] See Violin. Fidelity, fi-del'i-ti, «., faithfuhtess : faithful per- formance of duty : honesty : firm adherence. [h.fideliias—fidelis, faithful— ^/f^i?, to trust.] Fidget, fij'et, v.i. lit. to 77iake quick move7nents : to be unable to rest ; to move uneasily :—pr.p. fidg'eting ; pa.p. fidg'eted. — n. irregular motion ; restlessness : — in pi. general nervous restlessness, with a desire of changing the position. [Swiss, fitschen, to flutter, _;f^^^«, to fidget ; G&r. ficken, to move to and fro : connected with Fickle.] fidgety, fij'et-i, adj., havifig fidgets ; restless; uneasy. — ji. fldg'etiness. Fiducial, fi-du'shi-al, adj'., shewing co7ifidence or reliance : of the nature of a trust. — adv. fidu'ci- ally. {Li.fiducia, confidence, from fido, to trust.^ fiduciary, fi-du'shi-ar-i, adj'., confident t ; unwaver- ing : held in trust. — n. one who holds anything in trust : in theol., one who depends for salvation on faith without works, an Antinomian. [L. fiducia rius^fiducia. ] Fie, fl, tJit. denoting disapprobation or disgust. [Ger. pfui! Fr.fi ! the sound instinctively made in presence of a bad smell.] Fief. See under Fee, Field, feld, 7i., the ope7t, level cotmiry; a piece of ground for tillage or pasture : the locality of a battle; the battle itself: room for action of any kind ; a wide expanse: in her., the surface of a shield ; the background on which figures are drawn. [A. S. and Ger. feld; Dutch, veld, the open country ; prov. Ti3n.falle, the green-sward ; .Scot. file,feal, Gael./rt/, a grassy clod.] [fields. field-book, feld'-book, «., a book used in surveying field-day, feld'-da, 7i. a day when troops are drawu out for instruction infield exercises. field-marshal, feld'-miir-shal, «. an officer who marshals -axi army in the field; the highest rank of general officer in the army. [See Marshal.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. 179 field-oflacer field-officer, feld'-of-i-ser, n. a military officer above a captain, and competent to command a battalion. field-piece, feld'-pcs, 71. a cannon or//Vci/>/>izo, to peep or chirp — from the sound.] Fifteen, Fifth, Sic. See under Five. Fig, fig, 71., the fig-t7-ee or its fruit, growing in warm climates : a thing of little consequence. [A.S.Tfc, Gev./eige, Yx.figuc, l^.JIcus, a fig.] Fight, fit, v.i. lit. to strike ivitJi thejist: to strive with : to contend in war or in single combat.— z'.t. to engage in conflict \^th '.^pr.p. fight'ing; pa.t. and/rt./. fought (fawt). — «. a struggle; a combat ; a battle or engagement. {^iS^.'Si.feohtan, Get. _fec/ite7i : prob. conn, with L. picgmis, the fist, Gx. pux, with clenched fist.] — ;/. fight'er. fighting, f Tt'ing, adj. engaged in or fit for war. — ;/. the act of fighting or contending. Figment. See under Feign. FigTire, fig'ur, 71., the 7)iake or form ; the form of anything in outline ; the representation of any- thing in drawing, &c. ; a drawing ; a design ; a statue ; appearance : a character denoting a number: value or price: in I'het., a deviation from the ordinary mode of expression, in which words are changed from their literal signification or usage : in logic, the form of a syllogism with respect to the position of the middle term : steps in a dance : a type or emblem. [L.fgiira, from f'lgo, to form, conn. \\'\\.\\facio, to make.] figure, fig'ur, v.t., to 7nake oxforijt; to make an image of: to mark with figures or designs: to imagine : to symbolise ; to foreshew : to note by figures. — v.i. to make figures ; to appear as a dis- tingviished person -.^r.p. fig'Qring;/^?./. ng'ured. [ L .Jig It ro , fgii ra tiis—Jigu ra . ] flgurable, fig'u-ra-bl, adj. , capable of fgurc or form. — «. fllgurability. flgurate, fig'u-rat, adj., of a certain determinate fgitrc. — adv. fig'urately. figuration, fig-u-ra'shun, «., act of giving figure or form ; in music, mi.xture of chords and discords. figurative, fig'u-ra-tiv, adj. \\\ 7-hct., 7rprcscnting by, containing, or abounding in y/V"''-*'.' meta- phorical ; flowery ; typical. — adv. figuratively. figiu-ed, fig'urd, adj., /narked or adorned with jjgures. figure-head, fig'ur-hcd, ;/., tJiefigU7-e or bust on tlie head or prow of a ship. Filament, Filanders, icc. See under File, a thread. Fillibeg Filbert, fU'bert, «. the fruit or nut of the cultivated hazel, [a corr. of Fill Beard, because the nut just flls the cup made by the beards of the caly.x.] Filch, filch, v.t., to steal; to pilfer -.—pr.p. filch'ing ; pa.p. filched'. [perhaps connected with Pluck, and Scot, pilk, to steal.] filcher, filch'er, «., one wlioflches; a thief. File, f II, 71. lit. a thread; a line or wire on which papers are placed in order ; the papers so placed ; a roll or list : a line of soldiers ranged behind one another. — v.t. to put upon a file ; to arrange in an orderly manner : to put among the records of a court ; to bring before a court. — v.i. to march inafile -.—pr.p. fll'ing ; pa.p. filed'. [Fr. Jile, from 'L.flum, a thread.] filaceous, fil-a'shus, adj. composed of threads. filament, fil'a-ment, it., a thread; a slender or thread-like object ; a fibre. [Fr. — 'L.flum.] filamentous, fil-a-ment'us, adj., thread-like. fiJanders, fil'an-derz, 7i.pl. a disease in hawks zo^\- sht'mgofflafnents of blood, also of small thread- like worms. [Yr.flatidres — L.flian.] filature, fil'a-tur, 71., a minute filaiiie/it ; the reeling of silk, or the place where it is done. filiform, fil'i-form, adj. having xh&form of a fila- 7nent; long and slender. \L.filum, and Form.] filigree, fil'i-gre, n. orig. fligrain ; extremely fine tliread-\\!vi>t net-work, containing beads; orna- mental work of gold and silver wire. \\X..fli- grana — 'L.flinn, and gra7iu>n, a grain or bead.] filose, f I'jOs, adj. ending in a, thread-liks process. File, fll, 71. lit. that which polishes or rubs ; a steel instrument, with sharp-edged furrows for smooth- ing or rasping metals, &c. — v.t. to cut or smooth with, or as with a file -.—pr.p. f il'ing ; pa.p. filed'. [A.S. feol; Ger. file; Bohem. pila, a saw, pilnijk, a file ; allied to L. polio, to polish.] filing, firing, 71. a particle rubbed off with Tufile. Filial, fil'yal, adj., pertaining to or becoming a son or daughter; bearing the relation of a child. — adv. fil'ially. [L.flius, a son, flia, a daughter.] filiate, fil'i-at, v.t. same as Aflliate. filiation, fil-i-a'shun, «. same as affiliation. Filibuster, Fillibuster, fil'i-bus-ter, «. a lawless mili- tary or piratical adventurer ; a buccaneer. [Sp. filibuster, pcrh. from Yj. Jly-boat, S^p.fibote, .a small, fast-sailing vessel : or corr. from freebooter. ] Filiform, Filigree. See under File, a thread. Filing. Sec under File, the tool. Fill, fil, v.t. to make full; to put into until all the space is occupied : to supply abundantly ; to satisfy; to glut: to perform the duties of; to supply a vacant office. — 7'.i. to become full ; to become satiated: — pr.p. {iWing; pa.p. filled'. — 71. as much as fills or satisfies ; a full supply. [A.S. fylia7t,fullan—full, full; Ger. fulle7i ; allied to Gr. pleos, pleres, full, L. plerc, Sans. p>-i, pur, to fill.] — n. flll'er, lie who or that \{\{\c\\. fills. Fillet, fil'et, «., a little st>-ing or band, esp. to tie round the head : something tied up with a fillet, as meat ; the fleshy part of the thigh of meat, esp. of veal: in arch., a small space or band used along with mouldings. — v.t. to bind or adorn with a fillet -.—pr.p. fiU'eting ; pa.p. fill'eted. [Fr. flei, dim. oifil, from \j.filum, a thread.] Fillibeg, Philibeg, fil'i-beg, «. lit. the little plaid; the kilt, the dress or petticoat reaching nearly to the knees, worn by the Highlanders of Scotland. [Gael, filleaiih-bcag—flleadh, plait, fold, and beag, little.] z8o fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^w. Fillip Fillip, fil'ip, v.t. to strike with the nail of the finger, forced from the ball of the thumb with a sudden jerk :— /r./. nll'iping ; pa.p. fill'iped. — n. a jerk of the finger suddenly let go from the thumb, [formed from the sound.] FiUy, fil'i, n., a fonale foal; a young mare: a hvely, wanton girl. [\c.t. to make fine ; to refine ; to purify :—pr.p. f Tn'ing ; pa.p. fined'. [L. finitns, finished, irom finis, an end : or Ice. finn, bright ; GaeLfiojin, white, fair.] — adz', finff'ly. — «. fine'ness. finer, fin'er, n. same as refiner. finery, fin'er-i, n. lit. fineness; splendour, fine or showy things : a place where anything is fined or refined ; a furnace for making iron malleable. finesse, fi-nes', n. \it. fineness ; subtilty of contriv- fire-baU ance ; artifice.— t'./. to use artifice '.—pr.p. finess'- ing ; pa.p. finessed'. [Fr., from root of Fine.] finical, fin'i -kal, adj. aJ&eeteAXy fine or precise in trifles ; nice ; foppish. — adv. fin'ically. fining, fin'ing, n., process of nfining ox purifying. Fine, fin, n. the money paid affinal settlement of a suit or claim ; a composition ; a sum of money imposed as a punishment. — In fine, in conclusion. — v.t. to impose a fine on ; to punish by fine : — /;-./. fin'ing; pa.p. fined', \lj.fi71is, an end.] finable, fin'a-bl, adj., liable to a fine. finance, fi-nans', 71. a sum paid asy^w^:/ composition ; revenue, esp. of a ruler or state ; public money. [Fr. ; low iL.financia — 'L.finis.^ financial, fi-nan'shal, adj., pertaitiing to finance. — adz>. finan'cially. financier, fi-nan'ser, n., one skilled in finance; an officer who administers the public rerenue. Finger, fing'ger, n. lit. the fang, or thatzvhich.seizes ; one of the five extreme parts of the hand : a finger's breadth ; skill in the use of the hand or fingers. — v.t. to handle or perform with the fingers: to pilfer. — v.i. to use the fingers on a musical instrument : — pr.p. fin'gering ; pa.p. fin'gered. [A.S., Ger., Dan., from root of Fang.] finger-board, fing'ger-bord, n., the board, or part of a musical instrument, on which the keys for the fingers are placed. [hke fingers. fingered, fing'gerd, adj., Jiaving fingers, or anything fingering, fing'ger-ing, n.,act or manner of touching •with the fingers, esp. a musical instrument. finger-post, fing'ger-post, «., a post zvith a finger pointing, for directing passengers to the road. Finial. See under Finish. Finical. See under Fine, adj. Finish, fin'ish, v.t., to cfid, or complete the making of anything ; to perfect ; to give the last touches to: — pr.p. iin'ishing; pa.p. fin'ished. — n. that which finishes or completes ; last touch ; the last coat of plaster to a wall. [Yv. fi)nr,finissant, 'L.finire— finis, an end.] [perfects. finisher, fin'ish-er, n., one who finishes, completes, or finial, fin'i-al, n. lit. that zuhich finishes ; the bunch of foliage, &c. at the top of a pinnacle ; the pin- nacle itself, [from 'L.finio.] finite, fl'nit, adj., having an end or limit : — opposed to In&aite.—adv. fi'nitely. — n. fi'niteness. [L. fiiiitns, pa.p. oifiinio.'\ Finny. See under Fin. Fir, fer, 71. the name of several species of cone- bearing, resinous trees, valuable for their timber. YK.?>.furh; \ce.fnra; Ger. fohre; 'Vf.pyr.^ Fire, fir, 71. lit. the purifier; the heat and light caused by burning ; flame ; anything burning, as fuel in a grate, &c. ; a conflagration : torture by burning ; severe trial : anything inflaming or provoking ; ardour of passion : vigour : bright- ness of fancy: enthusiasm: se.xual love. [A.S., Ice., and Tian.fyr; Ger. fetter; Gr, pyr; aflied to Sans. pTivana, fire, pi2, pure.] fire, fir, v.t., to set on fi7-e ; to inflame : to irritate ; to animate: to cause the explosion of; to dis- charge. — zKt. to take fire : to be or become irri- tated or inflamed : to discharge firearms -.—pr-p. f Ir'ing ; pa.p. fired'. fiery, fir'i, or fl'er-i, adj., consistiftg of or\\Vefirv : ardent ; impetuous ; irritable. — n. fi'eriness. firearms, flr'armz^ n.pl., arms or weapons which are discharged hy fire exploding gunpowder. fire-ball, fir'- bawl, 7t.,a ball filled with combiistibles to he thrown among enemies : a meteor. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. i8i fire-box Pit fire-box, f Tr'-boks, n. the hox or chamber of a steam- engine, in which xh&fire is placed. fire-brand, flr'-brand, «., a brand or piece of wood on yire: one who inflames the passions of others. fire-brick, f Ir'-brik, n. , a brick so made as to resist the action oifire. fire-brigade, flr^brig-ad, «., a brigade or company of men for extinguishing^r^j or conflagrations. fire-clay, f Ir'-klii, n. a kind of clay, capable of resisting,;?^?, used in making fire-bricks. fire-cock, f Ii^-kok, «., a cock or spout to let out water for extinguishingj^rrj. fire-damp, f Ir'-damp, «., a gas, carburetted hydrogen, in coal-mines, apt to take^r^. fire-engine, f Ir'-en-jln, «., a7i engine or forcing pump, used to e.\■tinguishy?r^?J with water. fire-escape, f Ir'-es-kap, n. a machine used to enable people to escape irom. fires. fire-fiy, f Ir'-fll, n. a winged luminous fly which emits a bright light like a^^rF-spark. firelock, f Ir'lok, «. a gun in which the j^rt—fir7/tus. The L,. fin/ia/nen- tu7n is a translation of the Heb. 7-akia, meaning that which is spread out. The Hebrews sup- posed the firmament to be solid.] firmamental, fer-ma-mcnt'al, adj., pertaini7tg to the fir/!!a7nc7it; celestial. Firman, fer'raan, «. lit. incasu7-c, decree; any decree emanating from the Turkish government. [Pcrs. feri/ian; So.x\s. pratniiua, measure, decision.] First, fcrst, adj.,fore77iost; preceding all others, in place, time, or degree ; most eminent ; chief. — adv. before anything else, in time, space, rank, &c. iPi..?>. fyrst; Ice. fyrstr, superl. oi fy7-i, before: from root of Fore.] first-bom, ferst'-bawrn, adj., bom first. — n. the first in the order of birth ; the eldest child. first-fruit, ferst'-froot, first-fruits, first'-froOts, «. the friiits first gathered in a season ; the first profits or effects of anything. firstling, ferst^ing, n. , tlie first produce or oflspring, esp. of animals. [First, and dim. ling.^ first-rate, ferst'-rat, adj. oixhe first or highest rate or excellence ; pre-eminent in quality, size or estimation. Firth, ferth, same as Frith. Fisc, fisk, 7t. lit. a basket, esp. vioney-ba^ket or purse ; the state treasury ; the public revenue. \Yr.fisc; J^. fiscics, a basket, the treasury.] fiscal, fisk'al, adj . , pertai7ii7ig to tlie public treasjiTy or revenue. — «. a treasurer ; an oflicer in Scot- land who prosecutes in petty criminal cases. Fish, fish, n. an animal that lives in water, and breathes through gills ; the flesh of fish. — v.i. to try to catch fish : to seek to obtain by artifice. — v.t. to search for fish ; to search by sweeping ; to draw out or up : — pT^-p. fish'ing ; pa.p. fished'. \k.?>.fisc; Ger. fisch; IcQ.fiskr; Goih.. fisks ; 'L.piscis; "sV.pysg; Gr. ichthys ; Gael, iasg.'^ fisher, fish'er, fisherman, fish'er-man, «., one w/io fishes, or whose occupation is to catch fish. fishery, fish'er-i, «., tJie busi7iess of catching fish; a place for catching fish. fishing, fish'ing, adj., used i7t fishery. — n. the art or practice of catching fish. fishmonger, fish'-mung-ger, «., a dealer i/t. fish. [Fish, and Monger.] fishy, fish'i, adj., fish-like : consisting of fish; having the qualities of fish ; aboundmg in fish. — 71. fish'iness. Fission, fish'un, n., a cleaving or breaking up into two parts. [L,.fissio—fi7uio, fission, to cleave.] fissile, fis'sil, adj., that 7nay be cleft or split in the direction of the grain. V'L.fissilis, fromfifido.] fissiparous, fis-sip'a-rus, adj., propagated hy spon- taneous fissio7i into minute parts. [L. fissus, pa.p. o^fi7ido, andpario, to bring forth.] fiflsirostral, fis-si-ros'tral, adj. jhaving a deeply cleft or gaping beak, as swallows, &c. \X- fissus, and restraint, a beak.] fissure, fish'ur, «., a cleft or slit; a narrow opening or chasm. ["L. fissu7-a.'\ Fist, fist, n., tJie closed or cle/tclied Iui7td, orig. as used for striki7tg. [A.S. fyst ; Ger. faust ; W. ffusto, to beat; h.fustis, a club; allied to L. pug7i7ts, a fist, Gr. pux, with clencb.ed fist.] Fistula, fist'u-la, n. lit. a pipe or whistle; a deep, narrow, pipe-like, sinuous ulcer, [h.fistida.] flistular, fist'u-lar, adj. hollow like a pipe. fistulate, fist'u-lfit, v.i., to beco77ie iwllow or fistular: — pr.p. fist'filraing ; pa.p. fist'ulated. fistulous, fist'u-lus, adj., of tJie nature or form of a fistula. Fit, fit, adj. lit. vtade or fashioned : adapted to any particular end or standard ; qualified ; con- venient; proper. — v.t. to make fit or suitable; to suit one thing to another : to be adapted to : to qualify. — v.i. to be suitable or becoming : — pr.p. fitt'ing; pa.p. filt'ed. \Yr.fait, made, L. factus—facio, to make.]— ^rtTe/. fit'ly.— «. fit'ness. fitter, fit'er, «., he w/io or that which 7/:akesfit. fitting, fit'ing, adj., fit ; appropriate. — «. anything used in fitting up, esp. in//. — adv. fitt'ingly. Fit, fit, M. a sudden and sharp attack of a disease like a stab; a sudden attack by convulsions, as 182 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; m5te ; mute ; moon ; then. fitful fianker apoplexy, epilepsy, &c. ; convulsion or par- oxysm : a temporary attack of anything, as laughter, &c. : an interval ; a passing humour. [It.yl^^a, a stab or sharp pain, from 'Li.Jigo, to pierce : or from root of Fight.] fitful, fit'fool, adj. ,fullofJits; marked by sudden im- pulses; spasmodic. — adv. fit'fully. — n. fit'fulness. Fitch, fitsh, n. now Vetch. — in B., in Isaiah, the l)lack poppy, with a seed like cummin ; in Ezekiel, a kind of bearded wheat. Fitchet, fitsh'et. Fitchew, fitsh'oo, n. a polecat, [old Yr.yissau, allied to 'L./oeteo, to stink.] Fitful, &c. See under Fit, n. Fitter, Fitting. See under Fit, adj. Fitz, fits, n. (a prefix), soti of; used in England, esp. of the illegitimate sons of kings and princes. [Norman, _/ites, Jiz, Fr. Jils, L. fUuis, Kuss. suffix, -witch, a son.] Five, fiv, adj. and «. four and one. [A. S. ./?/"; Ger. fuiif; Goth, yimf; W. pump ; L. quifique ; Gr. pente, pempe; Sans. pancJuin.'] fivefold, fiv'fGid, adj., Jive times folded ox rc^QSii&d ; in fives. fives, fivz, n.pl. a game with a ball played against a wall, so named because three jives or 15 are counted to the game. fifteen, fiften, adj. and n.,five and ten. \_K.^. fif- ty ne^jif, five, tyn, ten.] fifteenth, fif 'tenth, adj., the fifth after the tenth; being one of fifteen equal parts. — «. a fifteenth part. \_A.?>. fifteotha—fif five, teotJia, tenth.] fifth, fifth, adj. next after the fourth. — 71. one of five equal parts. \^Pi..'S>. fifta.'\ fifthly, fifth'li, adv., in the fifth place. tity, fif'ti, adj. and n.,five tens or five times ten. [A.S.fiftig—fif, five, tig, ten.] fiftieth, fif'ti-eth, adj. the ordinal of fifty. — n. a fiftieth part. \_A.'6. fiftigotha.^ Fix, fiks, v.t., to hind or make firm; to establish; to drive into ; to implant : to pierce ; to fasten firmly ; to settle : to direct steadily : to deprive of volatility. — v.i. to settle or remain perma- nently : to become firm ; to congeal '.—pr.p. fix'- ing ;/«./. fixed'. \V,.figo,fixjis;Gr.peg7iU7ni; connected with Sans./«p, to bind.] fixation, fiks-a'shun, n., act of fixifig ox state of being fixed; steadiness ; firmness : state in which a body does not evaporate. fixed, fikst, adj., made fi-nn ; settled; not apt to evaporate. — cuiv. flx'edly. — «. fix'edness. fixity, fiks'i-ti, n., fixedness. fixture, fiks'tur, n., what is fixed to anything, as to land or to a house ; a fixed article of furniture. Fizz, fiz. Fizzle, fiz'l, v.i., to ittake a hissing sotind. [formed from the sound.] Flabby, flab'i, adj., apt to flap ; easily moved or shaken ; soft and yielding ; hanging loose. — 71. flabb'iness. [from Flap.] Flaccid, flak'sid, adj.,fiabby ;fiaggiftg: lax; easily yielding to pressure ; soft and weak. [L. fiac- cidiis—fiaccus, flabby; connected with Flap.] — adv. flac'cidly. flaccidness, flak'sid-nes, flaccidity, flak-sid'i-ti, n., state of being fiaccid ; want of firmness. Flag, flag, v.i., to lag or hatig loose: to grow languid ; to grow spiritless :—pr.p. flagg'ing ; pa. p. flagged'. — n. a water-plant. [W. ling, slack, slow; DuicYi, fiaggzre?t, to be loose; akin to L. fiacc7(s, drooping.] flaggy, flag'i, adj. flexible ; not stiff: weak ; insipid: full of the plant flag. — n. flagg'iness. Flag, flag, n. anything th.3.t flies or fiidters in the wind ; the ensign of a ship or of troops. [A.S. fieogatt, to fly.] Flag, a stone. See under Flake. Flagellate, flaj'el-lat, v.t., to -whip or scourge : — p>-.p. flag'ellating ; pa.p. flag^ellated.— «. flagel- la'tion. [X,.fiagello,fiagcllatHs—fiagclh(7/t, dim. oifiagrum, a whip — xoot flag, to burn.] fla.gellant, flaj'el-lant, «., ojie lulio scourges himself in religious discipline. [L. fiagellaiis, fiagel- latitis, pr.p. oifiagello.'\ flail, flal, n. a. wooden instrument _/2'r heating or threshing corn, [old Fr. fiael, Ger. fiegel, from 'L. fiagelbi7n.\ Flageolet, flaj'o-let, n. a small wind-instrument like a flute, but with the mouthpiece at the end. [Fr. — old Yx. flageoler, to pipe; Vxo^.flageol,z. pipe.] See Flute. Flagginess, Flaggy. See under Flag, to droop. Flagitious, fla-jish'us, adj., disgracefd ; grossly wicked ; villainous : guilty of enormous crimes. ^adv. flagi'tiously. — n. flagi'tiousness. [L. flagi- tiosus^flagititan, anything disgraceful done in the heat of -passion— fiagito, to demand hotly — xooi fiag, to burn.] Flagon, flag'un, «. a drinking vessel with a narrow neck. [Fx.fiaconioxfiasco?i.] See Flask. Flagrant, flagrant, adj. orig. fia77ii7ig, burni7tg: eager: glaring; enormous. — «. fla'grancy. — adv. fia'grantly. [L. fiagra7is, flagra7itis, pr.p. of fiagro, to flame— rooty/a^, to burn.] Flail. See under Flagellate. Flake, flak, «. a small part that files ofi"; a scale ; a small layer; a very small loose mass, as of snow or wool. — zi.t. to form into flakes.— z/. 2. to separate in layers ; to scale off -.^pr.p. fliik'ing ; pa.p. flaked'. \_K.?>.fiacea, snow-flakes^y/r?^^rt«, to fly ; Gqx. fiocke—fiiegen, to fly ; conn, with L. fiocciis, a flock of wool, Scot, fiag, a snow-flake.] flaky, flfik'i, adj., consisti/ig offiakes or layers. — 91. flak'iness. flag, flag-stone, flag'-ston, n., a stone that separates in flakes or layers ; a flat stone used for paving. Flambeau. See under Flame. Flame, flam, 71., tliat which bur7is ; a blaze ; heat : rage ; ardour of temper ; vigour of thought ; warmth of affection ; love. — v.i. to burn as flame : to break out in passion : — pr.p. flam'irng ; pa.p. flamed'. [Fr. fia7>i77ie, from L. Jla7nina, for fiag/na—flag, root oi fiagro, to burn ; Gx.phleg, Sans, bhrag, to shine.] flambeau, flam'bo, 71. a fiami7tg torch.—//, fiam'- beaux (bo). \Yx.fia7nber, to flame — \j.Jla77tma.\ flameless, flam'les, adj., withozit fia77ie. fiaming, flam'ing, adj. bright like a fia7ne ; red ; gaudy: violent; vehement. — adv. fiam'ingly. flamingo, fla-ming'go, 71. a tropical bird oi afia7ni7ig or bright-red colour, with long legs and neck, flammiferous, fiam-mif'er-us, adj ., prod7tci7igfianic. [L. fia7i!7/ia, and fero, to bear, produce.] Flange. See under Flank. Flank, flangk, «., thefiabhy or weak part or side of an animal from the ribs to the thigh; the side of anything, esp. of an army or fleet. — v.t. to attack or pass round the side of. — v.i. to be posted on the side ; to touch -.—pr.p. flank'ing ; pa.p. flanked'. \Yx.fia7ic, It.fianco, prob. from 'L.Jlacciis, flabby; Gr. Iagd7i, the flank, laga7ws, hollow and soft.] flanker, flank'er, «. a fortification which commands fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^n. 183 flange ihajlnnlc of an assailing force. — v.t. to defend by Hankers ; to attack sideways •,—/>r./>. flank'er- in^; /'«./*. flank'ered. flange, llanj, «. a raised edge or/lauk on the rim nf a wheel, as of a railway carrixitje. Flannel, flan'cl, n. a soft ivooUen cloth of loose texture. [orig.y/rtwWi'M — "W. /^7vla>un, wool.j riap, flap, «., the sound of a blow from a broad, Hat object; the blow or motion of a broad loose object ; anything broad and flexible hanging loose, as the tail of a coat. — v.t. to beat or move with a flap. — v.t. to move, as wings ; to hang like a flai) : — /''•/• flapp'ing ; /«./. flaitjicd'. — ;/. flapp'er. [from the sound, conn, with Flabby, Flaccid, Flag. J Flare, flar, 7i.i., tojhitlcr or flicker ; to Ijiirn with an unsteady light ; to glitter: to be exposed to too much light: to si)read outward : — pr.f>. flar'- ing ; /(T./. flared'. — ;/. an unsteady, offensive light. \C)Vlx . flaclcertt—flacken, to flutter, to flare, akin Uifliff^^cn, to fly.] flicker, flik'dr, v.L, toflut(ern.nA move the wings, as a bird ; to burn unsteadily, as a flame : — />r./>. flick'ering ; /«./. flick'ered. \\.'^. flicceriaji — flyciy, able to Wy—flcoi^an, to fly. J Flash, flash, n. a momentary flood of light : a sudden burst, as of merriment ; a short transient state. — v.i. to break forth, as a sudden light; to break out into intellectual brilliancy; to burst out into violence. — iKt. to cause to flash: — pr.p. flash'- ing ; pa.f>. flashed', [from the sound made by a dash of water or a sudflen burst of flame. J flashy, fl.ash'i, adj., flashing; dazzling for a moment; showy but empty. — adv. flash'ily. — ;/. flash'iness. Flask, flask, «. , a flagon or narrow-necked vessel for liolding Iif|uids ; a bottle. \h.^. flnsc, flaxa; Vr.flasque,flacon,flascon, perhapjs from L. vas- cnlinn, dim. oivas, a vessel.] Flat, flat, adj., having an even surface; smooth : level with the ground ; wanting points of jiro- mincnce and interest; monotonous: dejected: in viusic, opposite of sharp. — n. a level plain ; a tractcovered by shallow water: something broad : a story or floor of a house : in music, a character (P) which lowers a note a semitone. [iJutch, jdiit, Ger. platt; akin to I,, latics, Gr. platus, broad.) — adv. flat'ly.^ — n. flat'nesa. flatten, flal'n, v.t., to viahe flat.— v.i. to become fl.it : — f'r.p. flatt'ening ; />a./>. flatt'ened. flattlsh, flat'ish, adj., somewhat flat. flatwise, flat'wTz, adj. or adv., flativays or with the fl.it side downward. flatter, flat'er, v.t. orig. to stroke, and so to male flat ; to soothe with praise and servile attentions ; to j)leasc with false hopes : — pr.p. flatt'cring ; /'fi./'. flattered. — w. flatt'crer. flattering, flat'er-ing, adj., hcsto^ving flattery : uttering false j)raise ; pleasing to pride or vanity. -adv. flatt'erlngly. flattery, flal'er-i, ;/., act of flattering; false praise. Flatulent, fl.it'u-lent, adj., windy; affected with air in the stomach ; apt to g'.-nerate wind in the stomach : empty ; vain. — adv. flat'ulently. [low \..flatulenti(S~\..flo, flatus, to blow.] flatulence, flat'fi-lcns, flatulency, flat'u-len-si, n., state if bring flntulriit ; air generated in a weak stomach, [low \...Jhiiulintia — Ij.flatulf/itta;.] flatus, fla'tus, n. a puff of wind ; air generated in ilie stomach or any cavity of the body. [L.] Flatwlaa. See under Flat. fleet Flatmt, flfint or fl.iimt, v.i., to fly or wave in the wind ; to move ostentatiously ; to carry a saucy appearance: — pr.^. flaunt'ing ; j>a.p. flaunted.— It. anything displayed for show. [prob. from A.'^. flcogan, ccmlrucli^d f Icon, to fly.] Flautist. .See under Flute. Flavour, fla'vur, n. that quality of anything which .affects the smell or the jKilate. — v.t. to impart flavour Ui-.—pr.p. fla'vouring ; pa. p. fla'vourcd. [Vr.flairer, L.fragro, to smell.] flavourless, fla vur-les, adj., without flavour. flavorouB, fla'vur-us, adj., of a ]>\i:aHant flavour. Flaw, flaw, ?t., a break, a crack; a defect. — v.t. to crack or Ijreak :—pr.p. flaw'ing ; pa. p. flawed'. [A.S. floh, Goth, flaga, a fragment; VJ.jjlaw, a splinter.] flawless, flaw'Ies, adj. , free from flaws. flawy, flaw'i, adj., full of flaws or cracks; faulty. Flax, fl.aks, n. the fdjres of a plant cav^\\y plaited, m.ade into thread, iind woven; the flax-plant. \_\.'n.fleax, CiiT.flachs, akin inflechten, to plait, and Gr. pleko, to plait, to weave.] flaxen, flaks'n, adj., made of or resembling j^rtjr; fair, long, and flowing. Flay, fla, v.t. to cut off in T?^.^-.!' or flakes; to skin : ^ pr.p. flay'ing; pa. p. flayed'. [A.H.flean ; Ice. flaga, to cut turfs. Sec Flake.] Flea. .See under Flee. Fleam, flem, «. an instrument used for ctttti/tg the veins of cattle to let l)lood. | i'V. flatttttie, old Ctizr.flicdeme — Or.phlcbotomon, a \M\cii\.—phleps, phlebos, a vein, and temnd, to cut.] Fleck, flek, Flecker, fleker, v.t., to spot or speckle; to streak : — pr.p. fleck'ing, fleck'ering ; Pa. p. flecked', fleck'ered. \V}i:r. fleck, a spot.] Flection. Same as Flexion. Fled, flcd,/rt.^ :indpa.p. of Flee. Fledge, flej, v.t. to enable to fly by furnishing with featlicrs:— /r./. flcdg'ing ; pa.p. fledged'. [A.S. flengan, Gar. Jliegett, to fly.] fledgeling, flej'ling, 7i. a little \>m\']\\^t fledged. Flee, fle, v.i. to run with rapiditj', as if flying; to run away. — v.t. to keep at :i disLance from: — pr.p. flec'ing ; pa.t. M\(lpa.p. fled. [A.^.fleohan, contracted yA'ow, akin to fleogati, to fly; Ger. f lie/ten, akni to fliegcn, to fly.] See Fly. flea, fle, n. a small insect remarkable for its power oi fleeing and troublesome bite. [A.S. Jha — Jleohan.] Fleece, fles, «. lit. tliat which is woven ; tlic co.at (jf wf)ol sliorn from a sheep at one time. — v.t. to cli]) wool from: to jjlunder : to cover, as with \voo\:— pr.p. fleec'ing; pa.p. fleeced'. \k.?).flys, Dutch, vlies, L. vellus; from root of Flax.] fleeced, flest, adj., having a fleece. fleecer, fles'er, «., one who strips or plunders, fleeceless, fles'lcs, a^ij., having 710 Jlccce. fleecy, fles'i, adj. covered with wool ; woolly. Fleer, fler, v.t. or i., to make wry faces in contempt, to mock : — Pr.p. fleei^ing ; pa.p. fleered'. — «. mockery, [^cot. fleyr, to make wry faces, Ice. flyra, to leer. J Fleet, fl('t, «. lit. tJmt which floats ; a number of ships in company, especially ships of war. [A.S. fliet, flida^flcoiait, to float, frecj. of fleo^van, to flow ; Vn:T. floitc—fliesscn, to flow ; "L.fluito, to float— y/w, to flow.] flotlUa, flu-til a, n. lit. a little fleet ; a fleet of small shii)s. [Sp., dim. uiflota, Vr.flotte, a fleet.] fleet, flet, v.i. lit. to flow away; to pa.ss swiftly : — fate, filr; m5, htr ; mine; mOtc ; mQtc ; mOOn; Men. floetmg fr.f. ncct'inir ; /-t./. {\vx.\!c.i\.—aiij. swift: nimMc : llct^tiii); (ir tiaiisiciit : .sii|km fuial.— (/(/v. lloot'ly. - V. Hoot'noBB. I A.S./Av'/rf//, 1(1 lli>:it flt-oivini.\ flootliiK, III riiii;, lufj., /'(issiit!; . lloot'lngly. FlomlBh, llciii'isli, W/. of or i)cIoiij;iii,tv to //■<• J'Vr///- ///^■.r or people "( i''l:iii(lcis. Fleiiiio, Ileus, 7'./. locul up I he Iilulilicr of, :r; a wlialc. 1 1 )aii.yA7MV, Scut. ./////( //. I FlOBh, flesh, «. the .soft SullSlaiirr wlli. h ,nxrr. Ilir lioiu-s of nnimals: aiiiinal Io.hI ; ihr 1h..Ii.:, n( lH-;r,l-,aiuIhinl-.,llot li.li : llu: l)o,lv,iiol llu- soiil : aMiin.il. or nninal nalnic-; luaiikilKJ: liodilv app.lU.-,; 111.- pi.- , nil III.-: llu- soil Sllhslaiice of Jiuil ; tli<- pail ol a linil (it (o lu; .-al.-n. |A.S. J/a:u-: Ccr. /Insclir, llu- soft pulp ol liuils, llcsli. | floBh, licsh, v.'t. to (rain lo an appdilc loi- ll<-sli, a, (loj'.s for liiiiitiii|L; ; lo accustom : lo ^iul : to nwv. iijioii llcsh, as a sword, esp. for llu: first liiiic. floiUiod, ll<-'.!ii, itifj., Iiitviin:: /Icsli- : fat. lloHhloMH, ll<-sii'lt-s, ,uij., without Jlrsh ; l(-aii. lleahly, llcsli'li, tlir Jl.sli ; cor- ])or(-al ; carn.d ; not spiritual. //. HobIi'Uiimb. lloBliy, \\vs\\''\,tr.\ Hoxor, Ik-ks'or, ;/. a muscle which /•rii(/\:\ joint. llexuouH, llcks'fi-us, IIoxmobo, llil.'.'u os, <;.//., /iii! r/' ■:ii///it///!;x and luriiinj;s ; variahli-. flexure, llcks'ur, //., n /'<•// ./////;■, a turniiii' ; lii-ii.liii;' of Ihe hody : a joint. [\..J/.:i/n.i.\ Flicker. SccMindcr Fliiro. FUtir, FllRht, rilKhty, Kc. Sec under Fly. Fllinay, FllmatmrnH. See under Film. Flinch, lliiisli, •••'./. to shrink- hai k : t.. fiil : //•./. Ilinch'inK ; /,/./. Iliiu lii-d'.- //. UlncU'cr. ,;,/,-. lUnch'liigly. |a '""ii oly//,/- or lllcluir. | Fling, llinir, 7'./., /,>.str/7,-rov lln.uv li.uii ih.- iiau.I ; lodart: to send forth; losraii.i. , ■/. 1.. Ilimii. .- ; lo act ill a violent :ind ill c-i',iilar nianiur ; lo up hraid; to sneer :—/;'./. llin;;'inK : /'".t. and Ac./-. ihinn. ^/. a cast or throw : a laimt. jScot. ///V,;, to strike with the foot, as a horse; old Sw. /Av/.;.;. to strike ; akin lo K.-Jlit^o, lo strike. J Flint, Hint, ;/. lit. arrmv-xtoiif ; a very Iiaid kin. I of stone, formerly used Uiv nrrow linttts ; a pie. .- of Hint used for sirikiiu; lire : anylliinic provi-i hi .•dly hard. |A.S. jliiit, ( ler. jiiits, Kris. //,■// xtirit, /Ittu-siii-n \<.v..Jliiint, A.':^.j/,iii, an arrow or (l.irl, ;ind stirn, a stone. J flinty, llint'i, ^j''//.,, li(iu()r. I Flippant, llip'aiit, /ff//., o/siiioolli ,nid r.i f>i,l -:.\^rw\\ ; ])eit; tiiou);htless. -//, lo move quickly: jiroi). from liie sound ol asii;.;!itlacr to flace ; to llulleronlhe wiii.i;; lo Hy (pii<:kly ; to he unsteady or <-asily moved: /,»■./. Hill'iiiK' :/«■./. Hil^'cir. j.-ikin to i^wK Jlit^Jlvt, lo remove, ii:^. Jlyttiti, l..lians|.orl.| fllttlngB, Hit'in.ns, ;/.//. in L'r. l!k., w.indeiini^s. Flitch, Hich, ;/. liie side of a hoR sailed aii.l < uieil. I A.S.y//cvv; prov. V..jUck, bacon.) Float, lint, v.i., to Jlow or swim on a licpiid ; to he hiioyed up: to move iinhtly anil irre);nlarly. — 7'. A lo c:uise to swim; to cover with water: — //•./. Iloat'iiii;; f',t.f>. Iloal'ed. //. anythiii.i; swim- min;.; on water ; a raft ; tile cork on a lishin|i;-liiu;. ;/!Hoat'or. | A.S.yAvA;//, y/\f!o,tt,\L lloataK", flotago, Hol'.ij, //., thiiiy^.s found /l.uitim:' iyn rivers or on Ihe sea. floating, llot'iiiK, "'//... v«'/w//////,v; not li\i-d ; i Ircij- latiiii;. iitl;>. float'lngly. flotation, Ho la'shiiii, ii., tlir net o/'jioiitiiij;. llotKani, Hot'sam, flotHon, Hoi'son, n. ^oods lost hy shipwr.-ck, and found y/.vf ////..;■ on llie .sea. rioccoBO, I've. Si-e under Flock, a Hake. Flock, Hok, //., a Jlii-Jit of birds sittinic on tl-x- j',idund ; a company ; a (..'hristian conj^n-calion. • 7'./. lo .i;;ither in Hocks or in crowiis : //■./. Hock'iiiK ;'/.'./. Hocked'. jA.S.yAv, a lluck, a comiiany.y/j'.v', a Hyiii); Jlroi^nii, lo Hy.J riock, Hok, .-/. .-i lock oi-yAf/v. as of wool. |See Flftko. | lloccoBO, HokVis, flocky, Hok'i, , to l)eat.| I'looil, .X.!-. See under Flow. J-loor, H.ir. II. lit. .1 Jl.rt sitifocc; the pari of ;» 1...III1 on will, li we .'.land ; a pl.itform : the rooiiK in a liiiii..- .Ill the same li:vel, a story.- 7'./. lo liinii'li \Mlli a Hoor: /r./. Hoor'iiu; ; Ar/. II.H.ie.l'. lA.S.yAv-. W. Ihrivr, Dul.li, viocr, \ II. It Mufac.:; Cer.y//^/-. Hat land, j flooring, lh"lr'iii.i.r, //., iiintcridljorjloois; a platform. Flora, H..'r.i, //. in myth., the KO'hless of jlowrrs ; llu- whole- of the jilanls of :i particular country ; a cataloKue of plants, j h. jlos, a llower. | floral, \\(\'\:\\, ltd; .,/'!■ itii ill ill i; to h'lora or to /lowers; in /'('/., containinj; the Hower. iloroBconco, H.'i ri-s'i-ns, //., it liir.Ktiii}] into JJowcr ' ill/','/., Ihe timewlKMi plants How. r. j \ .. /I'orc.uciix, pr.].. of /loicKco, to hei'in lo hloM.oni /loico, to hl.issom" /A'.v, .-i Hower. I florot, llo'rel, //., t( little /lower : in A;/., a separate lillle How;;il'' Hower. flori.;uH,m-o, Ho'ii kill tur, ;/., the culture of jJowerx or plants. \\.. /lox,Jlorix, a Howc-r, and cultiu-o.] 1<""; ^ Hushed wilh red: cont.iiniiH', Howeis of ihctoric or iiv.ly fi.'urc-s; richly ornamental.— .r./v/. llor'- Idly. /;. flor'idnoBB. \\,. Jloridiis Jlox.\ fate, ftlr ; me, \\kx \ mine ; mOte ; mOtc ; mOOn ; Men. i8s floriferous floriferous, flO-rif'er-us, adj., hearing or producing /lowers. [L,.J7os,j7or!s, and/cro, to bear.] florifonn, flo'ri-form, a^fj'., having the forin of a Jloivcr, flower-shaped. ["L./Ios, and Form.] florin, flor'in, n. orig. a Florentine coin stamped with the lily Jiower, the national badge of Flor- ence ; a silver coin, value 2S. [Fr., from It. jfiorino—fiore, a lily — \,.Jlos.'\ florist, flor'ist, «., a c7iltivator q/JIowers ; one who ^\Tites an account of plants. floscule, floslcul, «., a floret oi:ix\. aggregate flower. [Fr. — \-,.floscuhis, dim. oiflos.'\ floscxilar, flos'ku-lar, flosculous, flos'ku-lus, adj., com- posed of TXi-xny flosculcs or tubular florets. FI0S8, flos, n. the loose downy or silky substance in the husks of certain plants, as the bean ; portions of silk broken off in unwinding it. — adj. floss'y. Wt.floscio — 'L.flux7(s, loose— fliw, to flow.] floss-silk, flos'-silk, n. an inferior kind of silk made from floss, or ravelled fragments of fibre. Flotage, Flotation. See under Float. Flotilla. See under Fleet. Flotsam, Flotson. See under Float. Flounce, flouns, v.i. to do anything with noise and bluster, like one phoiging about in water ; to throw about the limbs and body ; to plunge and struggle :—pr.p. flounc'ing ; pa. p. flounced, [old Svf.flu7isa, Hutch, ploHssen, to plunge in water.] flounder, floun'der, v.i., to flounce, to struggle with violent motion : — pr.p. floun'derirg ; pa. p. floun'- dered. [akin to Flounce.] Flounce, flouns, n. a plaited strip or border sewed to the skirt of a dress. — v.t. to furnish with flounces. [Fr. fronds, a plait : prob. from low L. fro7itiare, to wrinkle the brow — L. frojis, front is, the brow.] Flounder, floun'der, n. a small flat fish, generally found in the sea near the mouths of rivers. [Ger. fliinder, Sw. fliindra.'\ Flour, Flourish. See under Flower. Flout, flout, v.t. or i., to jeer, mock, or insult; to treat with contempt : — pr.p. flout'ing ; pa.p. flout'ed. — n. a mock ; an insult. [Dutch, flny- ten, to flatter ; Goth, flautan, to boast ; Scot. flyte, to scold.] Flow, flo, v.i., to flee or run, as water ;_ to rise, as the tide : to move in a stream, as air ; to glide smoothly ; to circulate, as the blood : to abound : to hang loose and waving: in B., to melt. — v.t. to cover with water -.—pr.p. flo\v'ing -.pa.p. flowed'. \_k..'S). flowan, Ger. fliessc?t, akin to flielien, to 'Ree,fliegen, to fly, 'L.flno, to flow, fhio, to rain, Or. phleo, to overflow, Sans, phi, to swim.] flow, flo, n. a stream of water or other fluid ; a stream or current ; the setting in of the tide from the ocean : abundance ; copiousness ; free expres- sion. flowers, flo'erz, n.pl. in B., in Leviticus, menstrual discharges, [h.fluores.] flowing, flo'ing, adj. moving as a fluid ; fluent or smooth. — adv. fiow'ingly. — n. flow'ingness. flood, flud, «. a great flozv of water ; a river, so in B. ; an inundation ; a deluge ; the rise or flow of the tide : any great quantity. — v.t. to overflow ; to inundate: — pr.p. flood'ing; pa.f>. flood'ed. — The Flood, thedeluge in the days of Noah. [X.Si.flod.] flood-gate, flud'-gat, «., agate for letting \\3.teTflozi< through, or to prevent it : an opening or passage ; an obstruction. flooding, flud'ing, n. a preternatural discltarge of blood from the uterus. Flummery flood-mark, flud'-miirk, «., the mark or line to whicli the tide rises. Flower, flow'er, «., the blossom of a plant : the best of anything ; the prime of life ; the person or thing most distinguished : a figure of speech. — v.t. to adorn with figures of flowers. — v.i, to blossom ; to flourish -.—pr.p. flo\/ering ; pa.p. flow'ered. \lu.flos,floris, akin to Blow, Bloom.] floweret, floVer-et, «., a little flower ; a. floret. flowerless, flow'er-les, adj. in hot., Juzving no flowers. — «. fiow'erlessness. flowery, flow'cr-i, adj., full of or adorned with: flaivers; highly embellished with figurative style, florid. — n. flow'erinesi. flower-bud, flow'er-bud, «., a lied with, the unopened flower. flour, flour, n. lit. tlie flower or finest part of any thing ; the finer part of meal ; the fine soft powder ' of any substance. — 7>.t. to reduce into or sprinkle i with flour : — pr.p. flour'ing ; pa.p. floured . [Sp. ' flor [dela harina, of meal;, fine flour ; from L. 1 77(75-, yZ^rw, a flower.] flourish, flur'ish, v.i. lit. to flower or blossom; to grow luxuriantly ; to be prosperous : to use copi- ous and flowery language : to make ornamental strokes with the pen. — v.t. to adorn with flourishes or ornaments ; to swing about by way of show or triumph: pr.p. flour'ishing ; pa.p. flour'ished. [old 'E.florishe, old Fr. florir, Sp. florecer, from \j.florescere, to hlossom.— flos. '\ flourish, flur'ish, n. decoration ; showy splendour : a figure made by a bold stroke of the pen ; the waving of a weapon or other thing : a parade of words ; a musical prelude. flourishing, flur'ish-ing, adj. thriving ; prosperous ; making a show. — adv. flour'ishingly. Flown, flon, /«./. of Fly. Fluctuate, fluk'tu-at, v.i., to flaw as a wave; to float backward and forward ; to roll hither and thither : to be irresolute : — pr.p. fluc'tuating ; pa.p. fluc'tuated. [L.flucttio, fluctnatus—fltfc- tus, a v:a.\e—fl7to, to flow.] See Flow. fluctuation, fluk-tu-a'shun, n. a rising and falling, like a zvave ; motion hither and thither: agita- tion; unsteadiness. Flue, floo, n. a chimney or pipe by which smoke can flow or fly off. [old Yx.flue, a flowing— y/«.flroga7tfliogan,flioJt, Gcx.fliegeu ; akin to A.S. fleotau, to float, fleowan, to flow, L. Z'o/o, to fly. Sans, piu, to swim, fly.] flier, flyer, fli'er, ji., cue who flies or flees : a fly- wheel. fiight, flit, n., the act or mode of flying: a soaring ; excursion ; a sally : a series of steps : a flock of birds flying together ; the birds produced in the same season : a volley or shower : act of fleeing ; hasty removal. \_A.S. flyht^/lcoga?i.'\ flighty, fllt'i, adj., indidging iiifligJits or disordered fancies ; volatile ; giddy. — culv. flight'ily. — n. flight'iness. Foil fly-boat, fli'-bot, n. a long narrow swift boat used on canals. fly-blow, fll'-blo, n., the egg of a fy. [prov. E. blots, eggs of maggots.]— a^^'. fly-blown, fli'-blon, tainted with the eggs which produce maggots. fly-catcher, fli'-kach-er, «. a small bird, so called from its catching flies while on the wing. fly-fish, fli'-fish, v.i., to flsh ^n\\\v flies, natural or artificial, as bait. — n. fly'-flshing. fly-leaf, fli'-lef, n. a blank leaf a.t the beginning and end of a book. fly-wheel, fli'-whel, n. a heavy wheel applied to machinery to equalise the effect of the moving power. flying-fish, fli'ing-fish, n., a flsh which can leap from the water and sustain itself in the air for a short time, by its long pectoral fins, as \i flying. flying-squirrel, fll'ing-skwir'rel, n. a squirrel in S. Asia and N. America, which has a broad fold of skin between its fore and hind legs, by which it can take great leaps in the air, as '\i flying. Foal, fol, n. lit. tliat which is nourished; the young of a mare or of a she-ass. — v.i. and t. to bring forth a foal :—pr.p. foal'ing ; pa.p. foaled'. [A.'S. fola, GQx.fohlefi; akin to Gr. polos; L. pidlus, prob. contr. oi puellus, dim. oi puer, a boy, Sans, putra, a son— push, to nourish.] Foam, fom, fi., froth; the bubbles which rise on the surface of liquors. — v.i. to gather foam : to be in a rage. — v.t. in B. (with out) to throw out with rage or violence -.^pr.p. foam'ing ; pa.p. foamed'. [A.S. fcz}?i, fatn, Gqx. feim, akin to L. spuvia — sp740, to spit ; Sans, phena, froth.] — • adv. foam'ingly. — adj. foam'less, without foam. foamy, fom'i, adj., covered with foam ; frothy. Fob, fob, n. a small pocket for a watch, [prov. Ger. fuppe, a pocket.] Focus, fo'kus, n. lit. a fireplace ; in optics, a point in which the rays of light meet after j;aflection or refraction, and cause great heat : any central point.— ;^/. fo'cuses and foci (fo'sl). \Xj. focus, for fovicus—foveo, to heat.] focal, fu'kal, adj., of ox belonging to a focus. Fodder. See under Food. Foe, fo, n. lit. one who hates another ; an enemy ; an ill-wisher. \_A.S. fah—fian, flogan, to hate.] See Feud, a quarrel. foeman, fo'man, n., an e7iemy in Vfa.x.—pl. foe'men. Foetus, fe'tus. See Fetus. Fog, fog, «., a thick mist; watery vapour rising from either land or water. [Dan. s7iefog, thick falling snow; IcQ. fug, mist, fuki, vapour.] foggy, fog'i, adj ., filled with fog ; damp: clouded In mind, stupid. — adv. fogg'ily. — 71. fogg'iness. fog-bank, fog'-bangk, 71. a dense mass of_y^,^'- some- times seen at sea appearing' like a ba7ik of land. Fog, fog, Foggage, fog'aj, «. Xon^ grass left uneaten on pastures till winter, [low L. fogagiu77i ; W. fzvg, dry grass ; Scoi. fog, moss.] Foh, fo, i7it. an exclamation of abhorrence or con- tempt, [a form of Faugh.] Foible, foi'bl, «., a feeble or weak poi7it in one's character ; a failing, [old Yx. foible, weak.] See Feeble. Foil, foil, v.t. lit. to re7ider foolish or useless; to puzzle ; to disappoint :— /n/. foil'ing ; pa.p. foiled'. — 71. failure after success seemed certain; defeat. [Fr. afi^oler—fol,fo2i, foolish, useless.] Foil, foil, 71. a light sword made blujit by a button at the end, used in fencing. [Fr. refoule, blunted.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^n. 187 Foil Foil, foil, n., a lea/or thin plate of metal, as tin- foil ; a thin leaf of metal put under precious stones to increase their lustre or change their colour : anything that serves to set off something else. {YT./euillc — \.. folium, a leaf] roist, foist, v.t., to vinke false ; to insert WTong- fully ; to pass off as genuine : — pr.p. foist'ing ; paf. foist'cd. — n. foist'er. \Yx.fausser — L,.fallo, falsus, to deceive.] See Fail, and Falae. Told, fold, «., ike doubling oi any flexible substance ; a part laid over on another : that which enfolds ; an enclosure for sheep ; a flock of sheep : the Church. — v.t. to lay one part over another: to enclose; to enclose in a fold. — v.t. to become folded or double :—pr.p. fold'ing ; pa.p. fold'ed. [A.Si. fald—fealdan, to fold; Scot, faidd, Gcr. fnlte, akin to L. -plex, in duplex, double, Gr. -ploos, in diploos, double.] fold, in composition with numerals, = times, as in tenfold. foldage, fold'iTj, «., the -right of folding ^t^^^. folding, fold'ing, adj., that may be folded or doubled. — 71. a fold or plait : the keeping of sheep in enclosures on arable land. Foliaceous, fo-li-a'shi-us, adj., pertaining to or con- sisting oi leaves or laminae, [h.foliaceus^olium, a leaf.] foliage, fo'li-aj, «., leaves; a cluster of leaves. [Fr. feuillag.e—fe7tille, \j. folium.'] foliaged, fo'li-aj d, adj., having foliage. foliate, fo'li-at, z>.t. orig. to beat into a leaf: to cover with leaf metal '.—pr.p. fo'liating ; pa.p. fO'liated. foliated, fOli-at-ed, adj. in min., consisting of plates or thin layers. foliation, fo-li-ashun, «., act of foliating or leafing; the leafing of plants. foliferous, fO-lifer-us, adj., bearing or producing leaves. W^. folium, a leaf, andy^r^, to bear.] folio, f5'li-6, n. lit. a leaf; a sheet of paper once folded : a book of such sheets : in book-k., a page in an account-book, or two opposite pages num- bered as one. — adj. pertaining to or containing paper only once folded. foliole, fu'li-ol, n. in bot., a single leaflet of a com- pound leaf. [Fr., dim. of 'L.folitan.^ folious, fo'li-us, adj., leafy: thin or imsubstantial : in bot., having leaves mixed with the flowers. Folk, fok, n. Ut. a crowd o( -p^to-pXe. ; the people : cer- tain people : — gen. used in//, folk or folks (fnks). \\.S.folc; Ger. vol/c, L. vulgus, the multitude, akin to Ger. voll, full.] folk-lore, fok'lor, «., lore or knowledge of the ancient customs, superstitions, &c. of the folk or people. Follicle, lol'i-kl, «., a little bag: in anat., a gland : in bot., a seed-vessel. [Fr. — h.folliculus, dim. of follis, a wind ball or bag.] Follow, fol'o, V. t. to go after or behind ; to pursue : to attend : to imitate : to obey ; to adopt, as an opinion : to follow with the eye or mind ; to pursue, as an object of desire : to result from : in B., to strive to obtain. — v.i. to come after another ; to result -.—pr.p. foll'owing ; pa.p. foll'- owcd. — To foUow on, in B., to continue endeav- ours. \k.?>.folgia.n, Ger. folgcn.] follower, fol'O-er, «., one w/to follows ; a copier; a disciple. following, fol'o-ing, adj., coming next after. Folly. See under FooL Foment, fo-ment', -'.t. to bathe with warm water: foot-boy to encourage :—/r./. fOment'ing ;/«./. fCment'- ed. — n. foment'er. [L. foinento—fomenium for fovimcntum^/oveo, to warm.] See Focus. fomentation, fO-rnen-tu'shun, «., act of fo7nenting or bathing %vith warm water ; a lotion applied hot. Fond, fond, adj. orig. foolish; foolishly tender and lo\'ing ; weakly indulgent ; very affectionate. — adz<. fond'ly. — «. fond'ness, ]Sox formed '^Tt..-^. of old Y,.fonne, Scot, fon, Icc.fana, to be foolish; L. vatius, empty.] — Fond of, relishing highly. fondle, fon'dl, v.t., to treat ivithfofidness ; to caress : — P^-P- fon'dling ; pa.p. fon'dled. — n. fond'ler. fondling, fon'dling, ;/., tlie persoji or thing fojid led or caressed. Font, in baptism. See under Fount. Font, an assortment of types. See under Found. Food, food, n., ivhat ofie feeds o?i; that which being digested nourishes the body : whatever promotes growth. — adj. food'less, without food. [A. S.foda.'\ fodder, fod'er, n., food ior cattle, as hay and straw. —v.t. to supply with fodder :—/r./. fodd'ering ; pa.p. fodd'ered. [A.S.foder^oda.] feed, fed, v.t., to give food to; to nourish : to fur- nish with necessary material : to foster. — v.i. to take food ; to nourish one's self by eating : — pr.p. feed'ing; /«./. a.nA pa.p. fed. — ft. feed'er, he vjho feeds or that which supplies. [A. S. fcdan, to feed, nourish— :/27^rt, food.] Fool, fool, n. one who acts stupidly : a person of weak mind : a jester : in B., a wicked person. — z'.t: to deceive : to treat with contempt. — v.i. to play the fool : to trifle : — pr.p. fool'ing ; pa.p. fooled'. {Fr.fol.fou, \t. folic — low 'L.follere, to be inflated with air^follis, an air-bag.] folly, fol'i, «., state of being a fool ; weakness of mind: a foolish act; criminal weakness : in B., sin. \^r.folie—fol.] foolery, fool'er-i, «., the behaz'iour of a fool; habi- tual folly ; an act of folly ; absurdity. foolish, fool'ish, adj. lit. like a fool; weak in in- tellect ; wanting discretion ; ridiculous : marked with folly ; deserving ridicule : in B., sinful, dis- regarding God's laws. — adv. fool'ishly. — n. fool'- ishness. fool-hardy, fool'-har-di, adj., foolishly hardy or bold ; rash or incautious. — n. fool'-hardiness. foolscap, fuolz'kap, n. a size of paper 17^ by 13! inches, so called from having originally borne the water-mark of VifooVs cap and bells. fool's-errand, foolz'er-rand, «., a« errand on which only a fool would go ; search for what cannot be found. Foot, foot, «. lit. that zvhich goes; that part of its body on which an animal stands or walks ; the lower part or base ; a measure = 12 in., orig. the length of a man's foot : foot-soldiers : a division of a line of poetry. — pL feet fet). — v.i. to dance ; to walk. — v.t. to kick :— ^r./. foot'ing ; /«./. foot'ed. \K.S.fot, pl.fet, Ger. fuss; akin to L. pes, pedis, Gr. potts, podos, Sa.ns. pad— pes, logo.] fetter, fet'er, «. a chain or shackle for the feet; anything that restrains : — used chiefly in //. — v.t. to put fetters on : to restrain -.—pr.p. fett'er- ing; pa.p. fett'ered. [A.S.fetor^ct, feet.] fettered, fct'crd, a., faran, to go; Ger. /urt—fahren, to go on foot ; akin to Gr. poros — root of perao, to cross, and to E. fare in thorouglifare, and Ferry.] fordable, fCrd'a-bl, adj., that may be forded or passed without swimming. Fore, for, adj. , iti front of; advanced in position ; coming first. — adv. at the front ; in the first part ; previously. [A.S. radically the same as For.] former, form'er, adj. (comp. of Fore), more fore or first ; before in time or order ; past ; first men- tioned. [A.'S>.for7Jia, first, superl. oi fore, and comp. suffix, -er.'\ formerly, form'er-li, adv., in foriner times ; here- tofore. foremost, for'most, adj. (superl. of Fore), first in place; most advanced; first in rank or dignity. \A.'S>. forma, first, superl. Qi fore, and superl. suffix, -st.'\ fore-arm, for'-arm, n. the fore part of the arm, or that between the elbow and the wrist. forearm, fOr-iirm', v.t., to arm or prepare before- hand. forebode, fur-bod', v.t., to bode, tell, or fear before- /lafid; to feel a secret sense of something future, especially of evil. [See Bode.] forebodement, for-bod'ment, «., act of foreboding. foreboder, for-bod'er, n., one wJw forebodes ; a soothsayer. foreboding, for-bod'ing, n. a boding or perception beforehand. forecast, fGr-kast', v.t, to cast or contrive before- Jiand; to scheme : to foresee ; to provide against. — 7/.:. to form schemes beforehand. — «.forecast'er. forecast, for'kast, n. a previous contrivance ; fore- sight. forecastle, for'kas-1, it. that part of the upper deck of a ship before the foremast, so called from the small turret or castle near the prow in ancient vessels ; in merchant vessels, the forepart of the ship under the deck. foreclose, for-kloz', v.t., to close before something can get in ; to prevent ; to stop, foreclosure, fGr-klO/ur, «., a foreclosiftg ; in la7v, the deprivation of a mortgager of the right of redeeming a mortgaged estate. fore-date, fOr-dut', v.t., to date before the true time, fore-deck, fOr'-dek, n. the^rrpart of a deck or ship. fore-end, fOr'-end, «. the end that goes first or that /\?,font'ard, forefather, fOr'fa-/'/ier, n. an ancestor. [Fore, and Father.] forefend, for-fend', v.t., to fend or ward off or away ; to prevent the approach of; to hinder, forefinger, fOr'fing-ger, «., t/ie fnger before the others or next the thumb, forefoot, fGr'foot, n. one of the feet of an animal in front or next the head, forefront, for'front, «., tJie front oxforcmo%\. part. forethought forego. See under Forbear. foregoing, fo/gO-ing, adj. , going before. foreground, fGr'ground, n., tlie groiind or space which seems to lie before the figures in a picture. forehand, fGr'hand, adj. taken in hand or done before needed. forehanded, for'hand-ed, adj., foreJiand; season- able : formed in the foreparts. forehead, fGr'hed, n. theyc;;-^art of the Jiead above the eyes, the brow. forejudge, for-juj', v.t., to j^cdge before hearing the facts and proof. foreknow, for-nO', v.t., to know beforehand ; to fore- see. foreknowledge, for-nol'ej, n., knowledge of a thing before it happens. foreland, fOr'land, «. a point of land running for- ivard into the sea. forelock, fGr'lok, n., tJie lock of hair on the fore- head. foreman, fGr'man, «., tJie first or chief man; an overseer.—//, fore'men. foremast, fGr'mast, n., tJie mast that isfore or in front, or next the bow of a ship. forementioned, for-men'shund, adj., mentioned be- fore in a writing or discourse. forsnamed, fGr'namd, adj., ?tamed or mentioned before. forenoon, for'noon, n, the part of the day before noon or mid-day. forenotice, for-no'tis, n., notice of anything before it happens. fore-ordain, for-or-dSn', v.t., to ordain or appoint beforehand ; to prectestinate ; to predetermine. — }!. fore-ordina'tion. forepart, fOr'part, n., the part before the rest ; the front ; the beginning : va B., the bow of a ship. fore-rank, for'-rangk, «., tJie rank which is before all the others ; the front. forerun, for-run', v.t., to run or come before', to precede. forerunner, for-run'er, «., a rtmner or messenger sent before: a sign that something is to follow. fore-sail, for'-sal, «., a sail attached to the^^r^- yard on the foremast. foresee, fGr-se', v.t. or i., to see or V.r\o\\ beforehand . foreshadow, for-shad'O, v.t., to siuzdozv or tj^ify beforehand. foreshlp, for'ship, n. in B., the bow or fore part of a ship. foreshorten, fGr-short'n, v.t. in a picture, to repre- sent the shortened appearance of an object pro- }QC\.mgfonLiard. foreshortening, for-short'n-ing, n. in painting, the representation of the s/u>rtemd 2ii>-pc2Lia.iice of an object projecting forzvard. foreshow, fOr-shG', v.t., to slww or represent before- hand ; to predict. foreslde, fGr'sTd, «., the side towards the front. foresight, fGr'sTt, n., act of foreseeing: wise fore- thought, prudence. [Fore, and sight.] foreskin, fGr'skin,.«., the skin that cover.s the glans penis. forestall, for-stawl', v.t. lit. to buy goods before they are brought to stall or market ; to anticipate. foretaste, fGr-tast', v.t., to taste before possession ; to anticipate. foretaste, fGr'tust, «., a taste beforeJiand; anticipa- tion. foretell, fGr-teV, v.t., to tell before; to prophesy.— z'.i. to utter prophecy. — n. foretell'er. forethought, for'thawt, «., a tJwught or thinking beforciuind ; provident care. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. foretoken Fornicate foretoken, for'to-kn, n., a token or sign heforeJiMui. foretoken, for-toTcn, v.t., to signify beforeJiand. foretooth, fo/tooth, «., a tooth in X}a& forepart of the mouth.—//, foreteeth, for'teth. foretop, for'top, n., naiit., the platform at the head of the foremast. ; foretopmast, for-top'mast, n. in a ship, ike mast erected at the top of th.Q fore77tast, 2in6. at the top of which is the foretop-gall'ant-mast. (' forewajrn, fOr-wawrn', v.t., to warn beforehand; to : £^ive previous notice. — Ji. forewam'ing, warning bcfo7-ehand. foi-ward, for'ward, forwards, for'wardz, adv., to- wards what is before or in front ; onward ; pro- gressively:— opposed to backward. [A.S. J^r- weat-d— for, fore, and weard, sig. direction.] forward, for'ward, adj. near or at the fore^'ast ; in advance of something else : ready : too ready ; presumptuous : earnest : early ripe. — adv. for'- wardly. — n. for'wardnesa. forward, for'ward, v.t. to \i^-p forward, to quicken : to send forward '.—pr-p. for' warding ; pa.p. for- warded. — n. for'warder. j Foreign, for'in, adj. lit. out of doors ; belonging to ! another country ; from abroad : not belonging to, ', unconnected ; not appropriate. [Fr.forai^i, Sp. forano, low Yi.foraneus—foras, out of doors.] foreigner, for'in-er, n. a native of a foreign country. Forensic, fo-ren'sik, adj. belonging to courts of law, held by the Romans in the foru7n ; used in law pleading. [h.fore7isis—foru7n, market- place.] Forest, ,fo/est, ft., tJie 07itly in g country as opposed to the cultivated ; a large uncultivated tract of land covered with trees and underwood ; woody ground and rude pasture. — adj. pertaining to a forest i sylvan ; rustic. — v.t. to cover with trees : — pr.p. for'esting ; pa.p. for'ested. [Fr. foret, old Yr. forest — low \j. forestu77t; Ger. forst: prob. from \j.foras,foris, out of doors.] forester, for'est-er, 71., 07te who has charge of a forest ; an inhabitant of a forest. Forever. See under For. Forfeit, for'fit, v.t., to do or act so as to put any- thing away from one's self; to lose the right to by some fault or crime : — pf.p. for'feiting ; pa.p. for'feited. — 71. that which is forfeited ; a penalty for a crime ; a line : something deposited and redeemable. \Yt. forf aire, forf ait — low l^.foris facere, to oKend—foris, out of doors, beyond, face7^, to do.] forfeitable, for'fit-a-bl, adj., that 77iay he forfeited. forfeiture, for'fit-ur, n., act of forfeiting: state of being forfeited : the thing forfeited. Forgat, for-gat' — forgot — old /. fore ; W. fforch, cloven; Y..firca.'] forked, fork'ed, forky, fork'i, adj. shaped like a fork. — adv. fork'edly. — 7is. fork'edness, fork'iness. Forlorn, Forlorn-hope. See under Forbear. Form, form, 7t.,fig7ire or appeara7ice of a body ; the boundary-hne of an object; a model ; a mould : mode of arrangement ; order; regularity; system, as of government ; beauty or elegance : estab- lished practice ; ceremony : in printing, the type from which an impression is to be taken arranged and secured in a chase : (in the fol. senses pron. form) a long seat, a bench ; in schools, the pupils on a form, a class ; the bed of a hare, which takes its shape from the animal's body. \Yr.for77te — 'L.for7/ta^ero, to bear, \i\^e. fades, appearance, fromfacio, to make.] form, form, v. t. to givQfor77i or shape to ; to make : to contrive ; to settle, as an opinion ; to combine ; to go to make up ; to establish ; in gra7n., to make by derivation. — v.i. to assume a form : — pr.p. form'ing ; pa.p. formed'. formal, form'al, adj., accordi7ig to for 771 or estab- lished mode ; ceremonious ; methodical : having the form only : having the power of making a thing what it is ; essential ; proper. — adv. formally. formalism, form'al-izm, «., a resting in the mere extemalyc'r;«j of religion. formalist, form'al-ist, w., a7ie who is content with the mere for?ns of religion. formality, for-mal'i-ti, 7t., the qiia-lity of being for7nal; the observance of forms or ceremonies ; established order. ['L. for7/ialitas^'or7na.'\ formation, for-ma'shun, 71,, act or manner offori7t- iiig; production : in geol., a group of strata belonging to one period. \L,.fo7^7iatio.'\ formative, iorm'si-iiw, adj., giving form ; in grain., serving to form, not radical. — «. in gra7n., a derivative. [FT.for7/iatif, lt,for77iativo.'\ former, form'er, «., 07ie who forms or makes. formula, form'u-la, 71. lit. a little for7)i ; a prescribed form ; a formal statement of doctrines : in 7nath., a general expression for solving problems : in cJie77i., symbols expressing the compounds of a body.—//, formulse, form'u-le. [L. for77itda, dim. o'ifor7na.\ formulary, form'u-lar-i, n., a for7mda : a book of formulae or precedents. — adj. prescribed ; ritual. \Fx . fornndaire , \t. formulario — \j.for>7i7ila.'\ Former, Formerly. See under Fore. Formic, for'mik, adj.,pertai7ii>tg to a7its, as formic acid, originally obtained from ants. [L. for- 771 ic a, an ant.] formicate, for'mi-kat, adj., rese77ihling an ant. formication, for-mi-ka'shun, 71. a. sensation like that o{ a7its creeping on the skin, [h.formicatio — formicare, to creep like an ant— for77zica.'i Formidable, for'ml-da-bl, adj.,ca?(singfear; adapted to excite fear. — adz'. formidably. — «. for'midable- ness. \V.. for77iidabilis—forinido, fear.] Formula, &c. See under Form. Fornicate, for'ni-kat. Fornicated, for'ni-kat-ed,_fl^'., arched: in bot., arching over. {h. for7iicatiii —for/Lix,for>iicis, an arch.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thr.f>. for'iii- cating ;/«./. for'nica.ted. [h./ornicor,/ornicaius —/ornix, an arch, a vault, a brothel.] lomication, for-ni-ka'shun, «. sexual intercourse between unmarried persons : in B., adultery, incest, and frequently idolatry. fornicator, for'ni-ka-tor, «. an unmarried person guilty of lewdness.— /em. fornicatress, for'ni-ka- tres. W^.fornicator, 2indi for nicatrix—foniicor.'l Forsake. See under Forbear. Forsooth, for-sooth', adv., for or in sooth or truth ; certainly. [A.Si. forsoih—for, and soth, truth.] Forswear. See under Forbear. Fort, fort, «. lit. a stroig j>lace ; a castle or small fortress ; a strong point, that in which one excels. \Yr.—L.foriis, strong.] fortalice, fort'al-is, ?;., a j;««// outwork oi difortifi- catioH. [Prov. fortalessa, low L. fortalitia — forth.] forte, for'ta, adv. in music, stro}igly, with emphasis, loud. {Vl. forte— 'L.fortis.X fortify, for'ti-fl, v.t., to inake strong or stronger; to strengthen with forts, &c. : to invigorate ; to confirm -.—pr.p. for'tifying ; pa.p. for'tif led. — «. for'tifier. [Fr. fortifier — L. fortificare^ortis, strong, 2.x\Afacio, to make.] fortification, for-ti-fi-ka'shun, «., act of fortifying ; that which fortifies, {l^.^rtifuatio.] fortissimo, for-tis'i-mo, adv. in music, very strong or loud. [It., superl. oi forte; see forte.] fortitude, for'ti-tud, n. orig. strength ; that strength of mind which enables one to meet danger or en- dure pain with calmness. {L. fortitiido^ortis.] fortress, for'tres, «., a fo7-tified place : a defence. \Yx.forteresse — 'L.fortis'] Forth, forth, adv., before or forward in place or order; in advance; onward in time: out into view ; abroad : in B., out. [A.S. forth, Dutch, z'oord, forward ; Ger.fort, on, further, radically the same as For, Fore.] forthcoming, forth'kum-ing, a^'. just coining forth ; about to appear. forthwith, forth-with', adv., luith what \s forth or just before ; immediately ; without delay. further, fur'//«er, adv. (comp. of Forth), more forth; to a greater distance or degree; in addition. — adj. more distant; additional. \_K.S. fnrthur, comp. oi forth.] further, {ur'thdr, v.t. to "hcX^ forth or forward, to promote -.—pr.p. fui^thering ; pa.p. fur'thered. \A..^. furthria?i.'] furtherance, fur'///er-ans, «., act of furtJiering or helping forward. furthermore, furV/^er-mijr, adv., more further or in addition ; in addition to what has been said. furthermost, fur'/Aer-most, adj., inost further; most remote. furthest, furV/^cst, adv. (superl. of Forth), most forth ; at the greatest distance. — ndj. most dis- tant. [A.?>. forth, and superl. suffix -st.] Fortieth. See under Four. Fortnight, fort'nit, n. contracted from fnerteen nights ; two weeks or fourteen days. [night. fortnightly, fort'nTt-li, adj. and adv., once afort- FortuitouB. See under Fortune. Fortune, for'tun, n. whatever comes by lot or c/utnce ; luck : the arbitrary ordering of events : the lot that falls to one in life ; success : wealth. [L. fortuna, a lengthened form of fors, fortis, chance, from^I'^c, to bring.] foundi-y fortunate,for'tu-nat,/7()'y.happenIng^^'_^t7^^-/27r/7<;/. for'ttinately. — «. for'tunateness. fortune-hunter, for'tun-hunt-er, n. a man who hunts for a marriage with a woman oifortufie. fortuneless, fortun-les, adj., withoztt a fortune; luckless. fortune-teller, for'tun-tel-er, n. one who pretends to foretell one's fortune. fortuitous, for-tu'i-tus, adj'., happenifig hy fortune or chance ; depending upon causes unknown. — adv. fortu'itously. — ns. fortuitousness, fortuity. Forty. Sec under Four. Forum, fo'rum, n., an open, public space, as a market, esp. the market-place in Rome, where public business was transacted and justice dis- pensed. [L., akin to foras, out of doors.] Forward. See under Fore. Fosse, fos, n., a ditch or place dug: a moat or trench filled with water in front of a fortified place. \_Yr.fosse, \j.fossa—fodio,fossu>n, to dig.] fossil, fos'sil, 71. the remains of an animal or vege- table dug out of the strata of the earth in a petrified state. — adj. in the condition .of a fossil. [Fr.fossiie, 'L.fossilis—fodio.] fossiliferous, fos-sil-if'er-us, adj'., bearing or con- tvaning fossils. [L,.fossilis, znd fero, to bear.] fossilist, fos'sil-ist, n. one skilled in fossils. fossilise, fos'sil-Tz, v.t., to convert into a fossil. — v.i. to be changed into a stony or fossil state : — pr.p. fossilising ; pa.p. fos'sillsed. — n. fossilisa'- tlon, the process of changing into a fossil. fossbrial, fos-sOr'ial, adj. in. zool., digging, burrow- ing. Foster, fos'ter, v. i. lit. to feed; to bring up : to en- courage : — pr.p. fos'tering ;/«./. fos'tered. [A.S. fostrian, to no\xr\sh,fostre, a nurse, ^.y^t'r, food. See Food.] — 71. fos'terer. foster-brother, fos'ter-brui'/^-er, «. a male child. foste7-ed or brought up with another of different parents. foster-child, fos'ter-child, «., a child iiuised or brought up by one who is not its parent. foster-parent, fos'ter-pa-rent, n. one who rears a child in the place of its pare7it. Fought, fawt, /rt./. 3.nd. pa.p. of Fight. 'So'ol,{Q\A,adj.,cor7~upt,put7-id: dirty: loathsome: profane ; impure : stormy : unfair : running against ; entangled. — adv. foul'ly. — «. foulness. [A.S.y/i/, Ger.fiid, Goth, fuls, rotten, corrupt : conn, with h. puteo, Sans, puy, to be putrid.] foul, foul, v.t., to 7/iake fnd, to soil. — v.i. to come into collision :^pr.p. foul'ing ; pa.p. fouled'. foul-mouthed, foul'-mouthd, adj. addicted to the use oijoid or profane language. Foumart, foumiirt, «., the beech-7narte7t: the pole- cat. \yr. fouine, the be^ah- marten, from y.t. to form by fnelti7/g and pouring into a mould ; to cast -.—pr.p. found'ing ; pa.p. founded. [L,. fu7tdo,fu7tde7-e, to pour.] foTinder, found'er, «., o7te wJw inelts a/id casts metal, as a brassfoundcr. foundry, found'ri, foundery, found'er-i, «., the art offou7iding or casting : the house where found' ing is carried on. fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; then. 193 founding founding, found'ing, n. xneta.\-cash'H^. font, font, fount, fount, «. a complete assortment of types of one sort, with all that is necessary for printing in that kind of letter. \Yx.fonte—fon- dre, 'L./iifidcre, to cast.] Found, found, v.t., to lay the botto7n or foundation of: to establish on a basis : to originate ; to en- dow -.^pr.p. found'ing ; pa.p. found'ed. \X-fundo, ftmdatmn, to {q\\x\6.— fundus, the bottom.] foundation, found-a'shun, n., the act of foimding: the base of a building ; the groundwork or basis : a permanent_/?^«i/ for the support of anything. — n. founda'tioner, one supported from the funds or foiaidatioTi of an institution. founder, founder, «., one who fortnds, establishes, or originates ; an endower.^^w. found' ress. Founder, found'er, v.t., to go to the bottom; to fill with water and sink : — pr.p. found'ering ; pa.p. found'ered. \Yr.fo7id, 1^. fundus, the bottom.] Foundling. See under Found /«./. of Find. Fount, fount, Fountain, fount'an, n. lit. a pouring forth: a spring of water, natural or artificial: the structure for a jet of water : the source of anything. [Fr.fontaifte ; old Fr. font; It.fon- tana; L. fons,fofttis, a spring— f undo, to pour.] fountain -Lead, fount'an-hed, n., the head or source oi a. fountain; the beginning. font, font, «. 2i fount or basin for water in baptism. Four, for, adj. and «. two and two. [A.'b.feo'wer; Ger. vier; Goth, fidvor; L. quatuor; Gr. pisures; "^zxis. chatvar.'\ fourfold, for'fold, adj., folded four times: multi- plied four times. [Four, and Fold.] four-footed, for'-foot-ed, aclj'., having four feet. fourscore, for'skor, adj., four times a score — 80. foursquare, for'skwar, adj'. having four equal sides and angles : square. fourth, forth, adj. next after the third. — n. one of y27?a.p. frett'ed. — 7t. agitation of the surface of a liquid: irritation: ill-humour. \_K.'&. fretan, bS gnaw— :/>-«, away, and etan, to eat.] fret, fret, in B.,pa.p. of Fret. fretful, fret'fool, adj., ready to fret; peevish.— c^z/. fret'fully. — n. fret'fulness. fret, fret, n. in mining, the ivorn side of the bank of a river. fretting, fret'ing, adj., -wearing out; vexing. — n. peevishness. Fret, fret, 7i. lit. the interlacing of bars or fillets of iron: in arch., an ornament consisting of small fillets intersecting each other at right angles. — isxher., bars crossed and interlaced. — adj. frett'ed, ornamented by frets, [old Fr. freter, to inter- lace ; It. ferrata, the grating of a window — L. ferrum, iron.] Fret, fret, v.t. to ornament with raised work; to variegate :—/r./. frett'ing; pa.p. frett'ed. [A.S. frcetwian, Goih..fratvia7i, to adorn.] fretwork, fret'wurk, «., work adorned with frets; raised work. Fret, fret, «. orig. a note in mtisic ; a. short wire on the finger-board, of a guitar or other instrument. — v.t. to furnish with frets. [Fr.fredon, trill in singing, from frit in L.fritintiio, to chirp.] Friable, fri'a-bl, adj., capable of crumbling: easily reduced to powder. \X..friabilis^rio,friatuvi, to crumble.] — ns. fri'ableness, friability. Friar, fri'ar, n., a brother or member of certain religious orders in the R. Catholic Church. [Fr. frere, \j.f rater, a brother.] friary, fri'ar-i, «. a monastery or residence o{ friars. Fribble, frib'l, v.i., to trifle. — w. a trifler :— /r./. fribb'ling; pa.p. fribb'led. [¥i.frivole, 'L.frivo- lus, trifling.] Fricassee, frik-as-se', n. a dish made of fowls cut into pieces zndifried. — v.t. to dress as a fricassee : —pr.p. fricassee'ing ; pa.p. fricasseed'. \Yx.fri- cassee—fricasser, L. frigere, frixum, to fry : akin to Gr. phrugo or phrusso. Sans, bhrig.'] Friction, frik'shun, «., the act of rubbing: in niech., the resistance to a body from the surface on which it moves. [L.frictio^rico,frictum, to rub.] — n.pl. fric'tion-wheels, wheels that lessen friction. Friday, fri'da, 7i. lit. Frigds day ; the sixth day of the week. [A.S. Frigedceg — Frig, Ice. Frigg, the wife of the god Odin, and d<:Eg, day.] Friend, frend, n. one loving or attached to another; an intimate acquaintance; a favourer. [A.S. freond, pr.p. olfreon, to love.] friendless, frend'les, ad j., without f rie7ids ; destitute. — n. friend'lessness. friendly, frend'li, adj., like a friend; having the disposition of a friend ; favourable.' friendll- friendship, frend'ship, n., the state ofbei7tgfrie7tdly; intimacy from mutual esteem ; friendly assistance. Frieze, frez, «. orig. the curliftg nap on cloth; a coarse woollen cloth with a nap on one side : in arch., the part of the entablature of a column between the architrave and cornice often orna- mented with figures. [W. ffris, nap of cloth ; old E. and Fr. frise — Fr. f riser, to curl.] — adj. friezed', having a nap. frizz, friz, v. t. , to curl; to render rough and tangled : — pr.p. frizz'ing; pa.p. frizzed'. — «. a curl. frizzle, friz'l, v.t. to form in small short curls: — pr.p. frizz'ling ; pa.p. frizzled, [dim. of frizz.] Frigate, frig'at, 7t. lit. a ship without a deck ; a ship- of-war with from 20 to 50 guns. \Yx.fregate, Port. fregata, from L. aphractus, a vessel without a deck — Gr. aphraktos, unguarded — a, priv., and phrasso, to defend : or from L. fabricata, a con- struction, like Fr. bdtiment — batir, to build.] frigatoon, frig-a-toon', «. a small Venetian vessel frigate-bird, frig'at-berd, «. a large tropical sea- bird, with very long wings, prob. named from its rapid fight. Fright, frit, 7t. sudden fear ; terror. \_A.^. fyrhtu, Ger.furcht, fear, akin to Gr. phrisso, to shudder.] fright, frit, frighten, frit'n, v.t., to 7)iake afraid; to agitate with fear ; to alarm : — pr.p. fright'ing, fright'ening ; pa.p. fright'ed, fright'ened. [A.S. frihta7i—fyrhtu ; Ger. furchten—furcht.] frightful, frit'fool, adj., full of fright or terror : full of what causes fear ; terrible ; shocking. — adv. fright'fully. — «. fright'fulness. Frigid, frij'id, adj.,froze7i or stiffened with cold; cold : without warmth of affection : unanimated. — adv. frigidly. — «. frig'idness. [L. frigidus—' frigeo, to be cold, akin to rigeo, to be numbed with cold ; Gr. rhiged, phrisso, to shudder with cold.] See Freeze. frigidity, frij-id'i-ti, 71., state or qtiality of being frigid; coldness : coldness of affection : want of animation. frigorific, frig-or-if'ik, adj., cansi7tgcold. {L.frigus, J'rigoris, cold, ^ndfacio, to cause.] frill, fril, v.i. to ruffle, as a hawk its feathers, when J shivering, — v.t. to furnish with a frill •.—pr.p. frill'ing; pa.p. frilled'. [Fr.frilleujv, chilly; old Fr. friller, to shiver — L. frigidulus, somewhat cold— frigidus. ] frill, fril, «. a ruffle ; a ruffled or crimped edging of linen. Fringe, frinj, «., loose threads forming a border: the extremity. — v.t. to adorn with fringe ; to border : — pr.p. fring'ing ; pa.p. fringed'. — adj. fringe'less. [Fr. fra7ige, Prov. fre7n7ia, Wal. frimbie, f7)ibrie — L. f77ibria, threads, fibres, akin to f bra, a fibre.] fringy, frinj 'i, adj. ornamented with fringes. Frippery, frip'er-i, n., worn-out clothes : the trade in old clothes ; the place where old clothes are sold : useless trifles. [Fr. fripe7de—f7n.per, to wear, akin to Ice. hripa, to act hastily.] Frisk, frisk, v.i. to he frisky, fresh, or hvely; to gambol ; to leap :—pr.p. frisk'ing ; pa.p. frisked'. — «. a frolic. — «. frisk'er. [old Yr.frisque, Ger. frisch.] See Fresh, frisket, frisk'et, «. in pri7it., the light frame which holds a sheet of paper before it is laid on the form for impression, so called from the quickness of its motion. {Yr.frisquette—oXd Yr.frisque.'\ fate, far; me, her; mine ; mote; mute; moon; th^n. 19s frisky frlaky, frisk'i, adj., brisk; lively; jumpino: with gaiety ; frolicsome. — adv. friskily. — n. frisk'iness. Frith, frith. Firth, fcrth, «. a narrow inlet of the sea, esp. at the mouth of a river, {l^./rction, Scot. Jirth, Sw./jard, Da.n. Jjord.] Fritter, frit'er, «. a piece of meatyr/rrf: a kind of pancake ; a fragment. — v.f. to break into frag- ments :—pr.p. frittering ; pa. p. fritt'ered. [Fr. fritiire—frire, \^.frigcre,frictnm, to fry.] Frivolous, frlv'ol-us, adj., coldly or lightly esteemed ; not worth notice: trifling.— rt^z^. frivolously.— «. friv'olousness. \y..frivoliis,T^xQ\>. contr. irom/ri- gibidus ^frigidits, cold, dull.] frivoUty, fri-voli-ti, 71., quality of beitig frivolo7is; acts or habits of trifling. Frizz, &c. See under Frieze. Fro, fro, adv., from; back or backward. [A.S. fra; Scot, fra or frae ; see From.] Frock, frok, «. lit. a flock or fleece of wool; a monk's cowl ; a loose, upper garment worn by men ; a gown open behind, worn by females. [Yr.froc, a monk's cowl ; 'Pi. foe, a monk's cowl, a flock of wool ; low L. frocus — L. flocctis, a flock of wool.] frocked, frokt, adj., clothed in a frock. Irog, frog, n. an ornamental fastening or tasselled button for 3. frock or cloak, [from root of Frock.] Frog, frog, n. an amphibious reptile, with webbed feet, remarkable for its rapid swimming and leap- ing : a soft, horny substance, in the middle of a horse's foot, so called from its likeness to the leg of a frog. [A.S. froga, frosc ; Ger.frosch ; Dan. froc; from the sound made by frogs.] TTO^c,{To\\k,adj.,gay,joyftd; merry; pranky. — n. gaiety ; a wild prank ; a merry-making. — v.i. to play wild pranks or merry tricks ; to gambol : —pr.p. frol'icking ; pa.p. frol'icked. \Q>^x.frdli- lich, joyful, Z'^y—froh, gay, and lich, like.] _ frolicsome, frol'ik-sum, adj., full of frolic, mirth, or wild gaiety ; sportive. — n. frol'icsomeness. rrom, from, prep., forth; out of, as from a source ; away; at a distance; springing out of; by reason of [A.S., Goth, frain; Ice. framm and fra; Dun.frem, forth, forwards.] froward, fro' ward, adj.,fromzuard, or turned away from ; perverse : — opposed to toward. — adv. fro'- wardly. — u. fro'wardness. [From, and affi.x 7C'ard.] Frond, frond, »., a leafy branch or stalk, esp. the fern. {L.fro!is,frondis.'\ frondcscence, fron-dcs'ens, n., act of putting fort^ leaves ; the season for putting forth leaves. [L. frondescens—frondesco, to grow leafy.] frondiferous, fron-dif'er-us, adj., bearing or pro- dwcmg fro ?ids. [h.frofis, and fero, to bear.] Front, frunt, n., the forehead; the whole face : the forepart of anything ; the most conspicuous part : the place before the face : boldness ; impudence. — adj. of, relating to, or in the front. — v.t. to stand in front of or opposite ; to oppose face to face. — vd. to st.and in front or foremost; to turn the front or face in any direction : — pr.p. front'ing ; pa.p. front'cd. [h.frons,frontis.'\ frontage, frunt'aj, «., tJte front part of a building. frontal, front'al, adj., of or belonging to i lie front or forehead. — n. a front-piece ; something worn on the forehead or face : in arch., a pediment over a door or window. [L. frontalia, a front ornament for horses.] fronted, frunt'ed, adj. formed with a front. frontier, front'er, n. that part of a country which fruitless fronts another; the boundary of a territory. — rtf//'. lying on the frontier ; bordering. {Yr.fron- ticre, from \-,.frons.'\ frontispiece, front'is-pes, n, that which is seen in front; a figure or engraving in front of a book ; the principal front or face of a building, [low lu. frontispiciit7n—frons, and specio, to see.] frontless, frunt'les, adj., without front or face ; void of shame or modesty. frontlet, frunt'let, «., a little band worn on the front or forehead, [diminutive of Front.] Frost, &c. See under Freeze. Froth, froth, n. the foam on liquids caused by boil- i'^gi or ^ny agitation : fig., an empty show in speech; any light matter. — v.t. to cause froth on. — v.i. to throw up froth :^pr.p. froth'ing ; pa.p. frothed'. [\cq. fraud, froda ; low Dutch, frathen, fraufn, steam, vapour; conn, with W. ffrwd, a stream, torrent ; allied to Broth : an imitation of the sound of boiling or rushing water.] frothy, froth'i, adj., full of froth or foam; empty; unsubstantial.— rt<:/z'. froth'ily.— «. froth'iness. Frounce, frouns, v.i. (obs.), tofroivn or wrinkle the brozv. — v.t. to plait; to curl :— -/r./. frounc'ing ; pa.p. frounced'. — n. a plait or curl. [Yr. froncer, to gather into plaits ; Dnich.,fronssen,fronckelen, to plait, to wrinkle ; Y.. fro7is , frontis , the brow. See Flounce.] Froward. See under From. Frown, frown, v.i., to wrinkle the brow; to show displeasure by the brow; to look angry. — v.t. to repel by a frown -.^pr.p. frown'ing ; pa.p. frowned'.^w. a wrinkling or contraction of the brow in displeasure, &c. ; a stern look. [Fr. frog7ier in se refrogfier, to knit the brow ; It. infrig7io, wrinkled, morose; prov. \i. frig>iare, fc to make a wry face ; perhaps connected with Frounce.] — adv. frown'ingly. Frozen, froz'n. See under Freeze. Fructescence, Fructify, S:c. See under Fruit. Frugal, froo'gal, adj. lit. belonging to fruit or pro- duce : economical in the use of means ; thrifty. — aiiv. fru'gally. [L. frugalis—fTnigi, temperate, fit for iood—frux,frugis, fruit.] frugality, froo-gal'i-ti, «., quality of being frugal ; prudent economy ; thrift, frugiferous, frou-jif'er-us, adj., fruit-bear i7ig. [L. frux,frugis, fruit, and fero, to bear.] friigivorous, froo-jiv'o-rus, adj., feeding on fruits or seeds. \X-fncx,frugis, and vo7-o, to eat.] Fruit, froot, «., that which is borjie or produced in order to be eaten or enjoyed ; the produce of the earth, which supplies the wants of men and animals : the part of a plant which contains the seed : the offspring of animals : product, con- sequence, effect ; advantage. [Yr. fruit; old Fr. fruict; L. fructus, from fruor, f7~uctus, and fruit us, to enjoy; akin either to Sans, bhuj, to cat and drink, to enjoy, or to bhri, to bear.] fruitage, fruut'aj, «.,_/r«/^ collectively ; fruits, fruiterer, frOot'er-er, «., one who deals i7i fruit. fruitery, fruot'er-i, «., a place for storing fruit ; fruitage. fruitful, fruot'fool, adj., full offmit; producing fruit abundantly.— «(/?'. fruit'fully.— «. fruit'fulneaa. fruition, froo-ish'un, «., e7ijoy77ie7it ; usq or posses- sion of anything, esp. accompanied with plea- sure, [old Fr. fruition, from L. fruor, to enjoy.] fruitless, froot'les, adj., 7iot bearing fruit ; barren: without profit ; useless. — adv. fruit'lessly. — n, fruit 'lessness. 196 ftte, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; ihzn. fructescence fractescence, fruk-tes'ens, n. the time for the ripen- ing oi fruit. [Fr., from 1^. Jructesco, to bear imit—/ruct7is, fruit.] fructify, fruk'ti-fi, v.t., to make fruitful ; to fer- tilise. — v.i. to bear fruit :—/r./. fruct'ifying ; /a./, fructified. [L. fructifico—fructus, and facio, to make.] fructification, fruk-ti-fi-ka'shun, «., act of fructify- ing, or producing fruit : \nbot., all the parts that compose the flower and fruit. fructiferous, fruk-tif 'er-us, adj., bearing fruit. [L. fructifcr—fructus, a.nd fero, to bear.] Frnmentaceous, froo-men-ta'shus, ac/j. , made of or resembling wheat or other grain. [L. frumejt- taceus^'ruinentum, for frugiinentum, corn — frux,frugis, fruit.] frumenty, froo'men-ti, furmenty, fur'men-ti, n. food made of wheat boiled in milk. \\^.frumetitji7n.'\ Frush, frush, «., the frog of a horse's foot. [Ger. frosch; see Frog.] Frustrate, frus'trat, v.t., to inake vain or of no effect ; to bring to nothing ; to defeat : — J>r./>. frus'trating ; pa.J>. frus'trrued. [L. frustro, frustratus—friistra, without effect, in vain.] frustrate, frus'trat, obs. pa.p. of Frustrate. frustration, frus-tra'shun, n., act of frustrating; disappointment ; defeat, [h.frustratio.] Frustum, frus'tum, n., a piece or slice of a solid body ; the part of a cone, which remains when the top is cut off by a plane parallel to the base. Wu.frusttaii, 3. piece, a bit.] Frutescent, froo-tes'ent, adj., becoming shrubby, or like a shrub. [L. friitex, fruticis, a shrub.] fruticose, frou'ti-kos, fruticous, froo'ti-kus, adj., shrub-like; shrubby, [h.frttticosus.] Fry, fri, v.t. to dress food with oil or fat in a pan over the iire :— />r./. fry'ing ; pa. p. fried. — v.i. to undergo the action of heat in a frying-pan ; to simmer. — n. a dish of anything fried. [FT.f'ire, 'L.frigo, Gr. phrygo, Sans, bhrij, to fry.] Fry, frT, «. lit. t/ie spazvn offish; a swarm of fishes just spawned. [Yr.frai; Goth, fraiv, Ice.friof, frio, seed, egg.] Fuchsia, fu'shi-a, n. a genus of plants, with long pendulous red flowers, originally natives of S. America, [named after Leonard Fuc/is, a Ger- man botanist of the i6th century.] Fudge, fuj, int. stuff; nonsense ; an exclamation of contempt, [prov. Yr.fuche.^ Fuel, fuel, n. lit. that which serves for burning on the Jiearth; anything that feeds a fire : whatever supports heat, excitement, or energy. [Norm. "Pr.fuayl; Yr.feu, It. fuoco, {ire ; lowL.focaie, fuel — Y.. focus, hearth, fireplace.] Fugacious, fu-ga'shus, adj., apt toffee away ; vola- tile. \Xj.ffgax,f7igacis, fromfugio, Gr. pheugo, to flee ; Sans, bhttj, to bend.] — n. fuga'ciousness, fugac'ity.' fugitive, fu'ji-tiv, adj., ffeeing away; apt to fly away ; uncertain ; volatile ; perishable : tempo- rary. — 71. one who flees or has fled from his station or country ; one hard to be caught. \X-ffigitivus, from fugio.]— adv. fug'itively. — «. fug'itiveness. Fugleman, fu'gl-man, n. lit. a wi^ig-vtan, a soldier who stands before a company at drill as an example, [Ger. ffugebnann—ffugel, awing.] Fugue, fug, «. in 7nus., a composition in which the parts follow or pursue one another at certain distances. [Fr. ; \t.fuga; from L,.fuga, flight.] Fumbl8 fugnist, fug'ist, n., one who writes or ^\a.y 5 fugues. Fulcrum, fulTcrum, n. in tnech., the prop or fixed point on which a lever moves ; a prop. [L. _fulcru7n, a prop, irom. fulcio, to prop.] Fulfil, &c. See under Full, Fulgent, ful'jent, adj., shifting; bright; dazzling. — adv. ful'gently.— ;;. ful'gency. {L,.fii.lge7is, -e/itis, pr.p. Qifulgeo, to flash, to shine.] Fuliginous, fu-lij'i-nus, adj., pertaitiing to soot or smoke; sooty. [Ij. fuligifiosus^iiligo, soot.'] Full, fool, adj., filled icp; having all it can contain ; having no empty space ; occupied : abundantly supplied or furnished ; stuffed ; abounding : con- taining the whole matter; perfect : strong : clear. — 7t. complete measure ; highest degree ; the whole: time of full moon. [A.S.full; Goth. fulls; Ice. fullr; Ger. voll; L. ple7iics ; Gr. pleos. See Fill.] — «. ful'ness. full, fool, adv., to the full; quite ; to the same degree ; with the whole effect ; completely, fully, fool'li, adv. completely ; entirely. fulfil, fool-fil', v.t. lit. toff II full or fully; to com- plete ; to accomplish ; to carry into effect : — pr.p. fulfill'ing ; pa.p. fulfilled'.— ^-i. fulfill'er. fu lfilm ent, fool-fil'ment, 7z.,full perforj7ia7tce ; com- pletion ; accomplishment. full-blown, fool'-blon, adj., blow7t or filly expanded, as a flower. full-bottomed, fool'-bot-umd, adj. having 2^ full or large botto77i, as a wig. full-faced, fool'- fast, cuij.,havi>igafullor\)roz.i.face. full-hearted, fool'-hart-ed, adj., full of heart or courage ; elated. full-orbed, fool'-orbd, adj. having the orb or disk fdly illuminated, as the full moon ; round. Full, fool, v.t., to press cloth in a mill ; to scour and thicken in a mill -.^r.p. full'ing ; pa.p. fulled'. [A.S.fullia7i, to whiten as a fuller ; Fr. fouler, to tread, to full or thicken cloth ; Dutch, vollen ; low L. fullare, from L. fullo, a cloth fuller.]— «. full'er. fuller's-earth, fool'erz-erth, n. a soft earth or clay, capable of absorbing grease, used \x\fulli7ig Q\Q.i., to walk or dance on a rope. — n. funambula'tion. [L,. funis, a rope, and ambulo, to walk.] funambulist, fu-nambu-list, n., a rope-dancer. Function, fungk'shun, «., tJie doing of a thing ; per- formance ; employment ; duty : the peculiar office of any part of the body or mind ; power : in math., a. quantity so connected with another that any change in the one changes the other. [L.functio, {rom fungor, functus, to perform.] functional, fungk'shun-al, adj'., pertaining to or performed \>y functions. — adv. func'tionally. functionary, fungk'shun-ar-i, n.,one ivJio disc/uirges any finction or duty ; one who holds an office. Fund, fund, «., that on -which something is founded; a sum of money as the foundation of some oper- ation ; a supply or source of money : a store laid up ; supply.^^/. debts due by a government and paying interest. — v.t. to form a debt into a stock charged with interest ; to place money in a fund : —pr.p. fund'ing ; pa.p. fund'ed. \Yr.fond, from 'L.fmdus, the bottom.] See Found. fundament, fund'a-ment, n. lit. the foundation or bottom ; the lower part or seat of the body. [L. f^ndamentum, horn fundus.] fundamental, fun-da-ment'al, adj'., pertaining to or serving for the foundatiofi ; essential; import- ant. — n. that which serves as a foundation or groundwork ; an essential. — adv. fundament'ally. Funeral, fu'ner-al, «., burial; the ceremony, &c. connected with burial. — adj. pertaining to or used at a burial, [ll.funerale — Tu.funuSffuneris, a funeral procession.] funereal, fu-ne're-al, adj., pertaining to or suiting a funeral; dismal ; mournful. \\j.fuftereus.^ Fungus, fung'gus, «. lit. a spongy plant ; an order of plants including w7«/zr^c7wj, toadstools, mould, &c. ; proud flesh formed on wounds.—//. Fungi, fun'jT, or Funguses, fung'gus-ez. [h. fungus, a mushroom ; Gr. sphonggos, sponggos, a sponge.] fungoid, fung'goid, adj'., resembling a mushroom, [h. fungus, and Gr. eidos, appearance.] fungous, fung'gus, adj. , of or like fungus ; soft, spongy : growing suddenly : ephemeral. Funicle, fu'ni-kl, n. a small cord or ligature ; a fibre. [h. funiculus, dim. oi funis, a cord or rope.] funicular, fu-nik'u-lar, adj'. , consisting of a funicle. Funnel, fun'el, n. lit. an air-hole ; a tube or passage for the escape of smoke, &c. ; an instrument for pouring fluids into close vessels, as bottles, &c. \^.ffynel, air-hole-^a/«, breath ; Sans. /az/awa, an air-hole: or from L. infufidibulujn—fundo, to pour.] Funny, fun'i. See imder Fun. Fur, fur, n. lit. lining or down ; the short, fine hair of certain animals ; their skins with the fur prepared for garments : a fur-like coating on the tongue, the interior of boilers, &c. — v.t. to line with fur ; to cover with morbid fur-like matter : — P^.p. furr'ing ; pa.p. furred'. [SY>.forro, lining ; It. fodero, shc3it\ lining; Yr. fourreait; Goth. fodr, a sheath : perhaps from V^.fivriv, down.] furrier, fur^i-er, n., a dealer in furs and fur goods. furriery, fur'i-er-i, n.,furs in general ; trade in furs. furry, fur'i, adj., consisting of, covered with, or dressed '\nfur. Furbelow, fur'be-lo, «. lit. a plait or flounce ; the fringed border of a gown or petticoat. [Sp.far- fala; Fr. and It.falbala; Ger. falbel; Sw.fal- bolaner; ^w.fall, a hem.] Furbish, furbish, v.t., to purify or polish; to rub up until bright :—pr.p. furbishing ; pa.p. fur'- bished. [Yr.foiirbir; It. forbire ; old Gei. fur- ban, to purify: allied to Eub.] Furcate, furTcat, adj'., forked; branching like the prongs of a fork. [L._/wrca, a fork.] furcation, fur-ka'shun, n., a forking or branching out. Furfuraceous, fur-fu-ra'shus, adj., branny; scaly; scurfy. {L: furfuraceics— furfur, bran.] Furious, &c. See under Fury. Furl, furl, v.t. to roll up in 2l fardel or bundle, as a sail :—pr.p. furl'ing ; pa.p. furled', [contr. from obs. furdle, fardel, a bundle ; Fr. fardeler, to pack up.] Furlong, fur'long, n. lit. a furrow-long, or the length of a furrow ; 40 poles ; the ith of a mile. [A.S. furlang—fur, furrow, lang, long.] Furlough, fur^o, «., leave of absence. — v.t. to grant leave of absence :^pr.p. fur'loughing ; pa.p, fur'loughed. [DsLn.forlov ; Dutch, verlof; Ger. veriaTtb — erlaubcn, to give leave to.] Furmenty. See Frumenty. Furnace, fur'nas, «., ati oven or enclosed fire- place for melting ores, and other purposes ; a time or place of grievous affliction or torment. [Fr. four7iaise; 'L.fomax,furmiS, an oven.] Furnish, fur'nish, v. t., toft up or supply completely, or ■with what is necessary ; to equip -.—pr.p. fur'nishing ; pa.p. fur'nished. [Yr.foumir; It. fomire; old G&r.frumjan, to do, to perfect j or conn, ^^^th h.fumjis, an oven.] — n. fur'nlaher. furniture, fur'ni-tur, «., t/iat which is furnished ; goods and other movables in a house ; equipage ; decorations. [Fr.fourfiiture.] Furrow, fur'ro, n. lit. a ridge between two trenches in a ploughed field, resembling a sow's back ; the trench made by a plough : any trench or groove ; a wrinkle on the face. — v.t. to form furrows in: to groove ; to wrinkle :—pr.p. fur'rowing ; Pa.p. fur'ro wed. [A.S. fur, furh, Ger. furche, from L. porca, a sow, a ridge.] Further, &c. See under Forth. Z98 fate, far ; me, her ; mme ; mSte ; mute ; moon ; thcxi. Furtive Furtive, fur'tiv, adj., thief-like', stealthy; secret. — adv. fur'tively. il^./urtivus—fur, a thief.] Fury, fu'ri, n., rage; violent passion; madness: in myth., one of the three goddesses of ven- geance ; hence, a passionate, violent woman. [Fr. furie, 'L./uria—furo, to be angry.] fmious, fu'ri-us, adj., /nil of fury ; mad; violent. — adv. fu'riously. — 71. fu'riousness. [L. furiosus —furia, rage.] Furze, furz, n. the whin or gorse, a prickly, ever- green bush with beautiful yellow flowers, so called from the likeness of its spines to those of the Jir-treQ. [A.S.^r^.] fuTzy, furz'i, adj. overgrown withfirze. Fuscous, fusTcus, adj'. lit. of a l^irtit colozir ', brown; dingy, [h.fuscus, akin to fiTims,fisv2is, from root fus, akin to L. root 7is, Sans, icsh, to bum.] Fuse, Fusee. See under Fusil. Fuse, fuz, v.t., to melt; to liquefy by heat. — v.i. to be melted ; to be reduced to a liquid :—pr.p. fus'ing ; pa. p. fused'. \V,.fundo,fusu>n, to melt.] fusible, fuz'i-bl, adj., that inay be fused or melted. — n. fusibil'ity. fusion, fu'zhun, n., the act offising; the state of being fused ; the state of fluidity from heat ; a close union of things, as if melted together, fusee, fu-ze', n., the spi7idle in a watch or clock on which the chain is wound. \Yx. fusee, a spindle- ful, from "L.fusus, so called because from it the thread runs ovit—fimdo.^ Fusil, fu'zil, «., a light vmsket or firelock. [Fr. fusil, a flint, musket, \t.fucile, focile, fire, from \j.foculus, dim. oiJ\>ais, a fireplace.] fuse, fuz, n. a tube filled with co»ibustible matter for firing mines, discharging shells, &c. fusee, fu-ze', «. orig. a steel, a tinder-box ; a match or cigar light ; a fuse ; a fusil, fusilier, fusileer, fu-zil-er', ft. orig. a soldier ar7ned with a fusil, but now armed like other infantry. Fuss, fus, 71. lit. haste; a bustle or tumult. — adj. fuss'y. — adv. fuss'ily. [A.S. fus, ready, quick, fysan, to hasten.] Fust, fust, 71., the shaft of a column. \^r. fit, fust — Ij. fust is, a stick, a staff.] fustet, fus'tet, «. lit. a tree ; the wood of the Venice sumach, a dye-stuff. [Fr. fustet, from low L. fustet us — L,.fustis, a stick, in low L. a tree.] fustic, fus'tik, 71. the wood of a W. Indian tree, used as a dye-stuff. [Yr.fustoc, S-p. fustete.] fustigation, fus-ti-gashun, «., a beatiftg with a stick. [L. fustigo, fistigatus, to beat with a s'i\<:^—fustis, a stick.] fusty, fust'i, adj. lit. smelling of the -wood of the cask, as wine ; ill smelling. — «. fust'iness. [Fr. fust, wood of a cask — 'L.fustis.'] Fustian, fust'yan, «. a kind of coarse, twilled cotton cloth : an inflated, unnatural style of writing or speaking. — adj. made of fustian; bombastic. [Fr. futaine, old Fr. fustaine, Sp. fustan, low L. fustane7i7n, ace. to Diez, from Fostat (Cairo) in Egypt, where first made.] Futile, fu'til, adj. lit. that easily pours forth ; of no importance ; trifling. — adv. fu'tilely. [L. fitilis—fud, root oifundo, to pour.] futility, fu-til'i-ti, «., the quality of being fitile and of producing no good effect ; uselessness. Futtocks, fut'uks, 71.pl. in a ship, the curved timbers between the side and the bottom, [prob. corrupted {loia foot-hook ov foot-lock.] Future, fut'ur, adj., abozd to be; that is to come: Gag in gra77t., expressing what will be. — n. time to come. ['L-futi_(rus, fut.p. oi esse, to be.] futurity, fut-ur'i-ti, n., tifne to coi7ie ; an event or state of being yet to come. Fuzz, fuz, v.i. to fly off in minute particles with a fizzittg so2mdVik.& water from hot iron. — «. fine light particles, as dust, [akin to Fizz ; Ger. pfus- cheri, to fizz.]— «. fuzz'-ball, the dried head of a kind of mushroom, full of a fuie dust. Fy, fl, i7it. same as Fie. Gabardine, Gaberdine, gab-ar-den', or gab'ar-din, n., a coarse frock or loose upper garment : a mean dress. [Sp. gabardifia ; It. gavardina ; old Fr. gaban, a coarse cloak: conn, with Cap, Cope.] Gabble, gab'l, v.i. to talk inarticulately : to chatter : to cackle like geese -.—pr.p. gabb'ling ; pa.p. gabb'led. [Ice. gabba ; Fr. gaber, old E. gab, to mock; Dutch, gabbere7i, to joke; Dan. and Scot, gab, the mouth : imitative of the sound.] — ns. gabb'ler, gabb'ling. Gabion, ga'bi-un, «. in fo7^., a hollow cyli7ider of wicker-work filled with earth used for shelter from the enemy's fire. [It. gabbione, a large cage — gabbia, L, cavea, a hollow place — cavus, hollow.] gabionnade, ga-bi-un-ad', n. a line o( gabions thrown up as a defence. Gable, ga'bl, n. lit. the peak or head of a thing : ia arch., the peaked or triangular part of an exterior wall of a building between the top of the side- walls and the slopes of the roof. [Goth, gibla, a pinnacle : Ger. giebel, gable-end ; Celt, gob, a beak ; allied to L. caput, Gr. kephale, the head.] gablet, ga'blet, 71., a S7}iaU gable or canopy. Gad, gad, 7t. lit. a sharp-pointed iftstruntent : a wedge of steel : a graver. [A.S. gad ; Scot. gad, a rod, spear, goad; Gael, gath, a sting.] gad, gad, v.i. in B., to rove about restlessly, like cattle stung by the gad-fly t^pr.p. gadd'ing ; pa.p. gadd'ed. gad-fly, gad'-fli, «., afy which pierces the skin of cattle in order to deposit its eggs. goad, god, 71. a sharp-poi/Ued stick, often shod with iron, for driving oxen : a stimulus. — v.t. to drive with a goad ; to urge forward •.—pr.p. goad'- ing ; pa.p. goad'ed. Gaelic, ga'lik, adj., pertaining to the Gaels or Scottish Highlanders. — n. the language of the Scottish Highlanders, a branch of the Celtic languages. [Gael. Gaelig — Gael.] Gaff, gaf, n., fiaut., the spar extending the upper edge of a fore-and-aft sail, ace. to Wedgwood, orig. provided with 3.fo7^ at the lower end, with which it embraced and slid on the mast. [Dan. gaffel, W. gaf, a fork ; Gael, gabhlach, forked — gabh, to seize.] Gaffer, gaf'er, «. orig. a word of respect applied to an old man, now expressive of familiarity or contempt, [contr. oi good father.] gammer, gam'er, n. an old woman — the correlative of Gaffer, \coxvtr. oi good 7nother.] Gag, gag, v.t. to forcibly stop the mouth so as to prevent speech : to silence -.—pr.p. gagg'ing ; pa.p. gagged'. — n. something thrust into the mouth or put over it to enforce silence. [Swiss, gaggen, to stutter; Gael, gagach, stuttering: fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. 199 Gage from the noise made in attempting to speak •when the action of the organs is impeded.] Gage, gaj, n. that by which one e}ti;agcs to perform ; a pledge; security for the fulfihnent of a promise : something thrown dovm as a challenge, as a glove. — v.t. to bind by pledge or security : — p^-p- gag'ing ; pa. p. giiged'. [Fr. gage — gager, to wager : Ger. ivette, a wager ; Scot, ivad ; L. vas, vadis: another form is Bet.]. Gage, gfij, v.t. to measure. Same as Gauge. Gaiety, Gaily. See under Gay. Gain, gan, v.t. orig. to acquire ly cultivating land: to obtain by effort : to be successful in: to draw to one's own party : to reach : in New Test., to escape :—pr.p. gain'ing ; pa.p. gained'. — «. that which is gained ; profit : — opposed to loss. [Fr. gagner, to gain ; old Fr. gaaigner, to cultivate land — gaagnage, profit of land.] gainer, gan'er, «., one wJw gains profit, &c. gainful, gan'fool, adj., full of gain; productive of wealth ; advantageous. — adv. gain'fully. — ti. gain'- fulness. gainings, gan'ing^, n.pl., -what have been gained or acquired by labour or enterprise. galnless, gan'Ies, adj., without gain ; unproductive. — ;;. gain'lessness. Gainsay, gan'sa, or gan-sa', v.t., to say something against: to deny: to dispute. [A.S. gean, against, and Say.] — «. gain'sayer, in B., an opposer. Gairish, Garish, gar'ish, adj., glaring, staring; showy ; attracting attention. — adv. gair'ishly. — n. gair'ishness. [old E. gare, to stare.] See glare. Gait, gat, n. See under Gate. Gaiter, gat'er, n. a covering of cloth fitting down upon the shoe. [Fr. guetre, guestre.] Gala, ga'la, n., sliow ; splendour; festivity, as a gala-day. [Fr. gala, show ; It. gala, finery ; A.S. gal, merry ; old Ger. geil, proud ; old Ger. geili, pride.] gallant, gallant, adj. orig. gay, splendid, magni- Jicent, so in B. : brave ; noble. [Fr. galant ; It. galante — gala.]— adv. gallantly. — «. gal'lantneas. gallant, gal-lant', adj. courteous or attentive to ladies, like a.galla}it or brave man. — n. a man of fashion: a suitor: a seducer. — v.t. to attend or wait on, as a Ididy -.—pr.p. gallant'ing; pa.p. gallant'ed. gallantry, gal'lant-ri, n. bravery ; intrepidity : polite- ness or devotion to ladies ; lewdness. galloon, gal-loon', «. lit. ornaments of a festive occasion : a kind of lace : a narrow ribbon made of silk or worsted, or of both. [Fr. galon—gala.] Galaxy, gal'ak-si, «. the Milky Way, or the lum- inous band of stars stretching across the heavens : any splendid assemblage. [Gr. galaxias — gala, galaktos, akin to L. lac, lactis, milk.] O&lbanum, gal'ban-um, Galban, gal ban, «. a tnilky resinous juice obtained from an Eastern plant, used in vied, and in the arts, and by the Jews in the preparation of the sacred incense. [L. ; Gr. chalbanc; Hcb. cJielbenah, from chalab, milk.] Gale, gill, «. a raging wind : a strong wind be- tween a stiff breeze and a storm. [Gael, gal, a gale ; Dan. gal, mad ; Norw. galcn, raging.] Galeated, ga'le-at-ed, adj., hehneicd: liaving a flower like a helmet, as the monk's hood. [L. galeatus — galea, a helmet.] Galiot. See under Galley. Gall, gawl, «., the grecnish-yellotv fluid secreted from the liver, called bile : bitterness ; malignity. Galvanism [A.S. gealla, gall; Ger. galle^gelb, yellow; allied to Gr. cliole, h.'fel.] Gall, gawl, v.t. lit. to rub a sore part of the skin : to annoy : to enrage :—pr.p. gall'ing ; pa.p. galled'. — «. a wound caused by rubbing. [Fr. se galler, to fret, itch, rub.] Gall, gawl, Gall-nut, gawl'-nut, n. a light nut-like ball which certain insects produce on the oak- tree, used in dyeing. [Ger. gall-apfel, the oak- apple ; It. galla, an oak-gall ; Fr. galet, a pebble.] Gallant, Gallantry. See under Gala. Gallery, gal'er-i, «. orig. an ornamental b\iilding or apartment : a balcony surrounded by rails : a long passage : the upper floor of seats in a church or theatre : a room for the exhibition of works of art: in fort., a covered passage cut through the earth or masonry. [Fr. galerie. It. galleria ; low L. galeria, an ornamental hall ; perhaps from Gala.'] Galley, gal'i, «. a long, low-built ship with one deck : on board ship, the place where the cook- ing is done : a kind of boat attached to a ship- of-war : in print., the frame which receives the t^'pe from the composing-stick, [old Fr. galee ; Fr. galere; Dan. gallion, the beak of a ship.) galley-slave, gal'i-slav, «. one condemned for crime to work like a slave at the oar of a galley. galleon, gal'li-un, «., a great galley : a large Spanish vessel with lof^ty stem and stern. [Sp. galeon.] galiot, galliot, gal'i-ut, «., a small galley or brig- antine : a Dutch vessel carrj'ing a main-mast, a mizzen-mast, and a large gaff-main-sail. [Fr. galiote, a half-galley, a bark.] Gallic, gal'ik, adj., pertaining to Gaul or France. ['L. Gallicus — Gallia, Gaul.] gallicism, gali-sizm, «. a mode of speech peculiar to the French : a French idiom. Gallinaceous, gal-in-a'shus, adj. pertaining to the order of birds to which the domestic fowl, phea- sant, &c. belong. [L. gallina, a hen, gallus, a cock : akin to gel, in Gr. anggello, to proclaim, A.S. galan, to sing.] Gallipot, gal'i-pot, n. a glazed clay pot for contain- ing medicine. [Dutch, gley, clay, and Pot.] Gallon, gal'un, n. the standard measure of capacity = 4 quarts, [old Fr. galon, Yx.jale, a bowl.] Galloon- See under Gala. Gallop, gal'up, v.i., to /^rt^/ in running : to ride at a galloping pace :—pr.p. gall'oping ; pa.p. gall'- oped. — n. the pace at which a horse runs when the fore feet are lifted together and the hind feet together : a quick dance (in this sense pron. gal-op'). [Fr. galopcr; It. galoppare : A.S. gehleapan, to leap.] gallopade, gal-up-ad', n. a sidelong Vindi oi galop i a quick kind of dance — then, the music appropri- ate to it. — v.i. to perform a gallopade. [Fr.] Galloway, gal'o-wa, n. a small strong horse orig. from Gallo-vay in Scotland. Gallows, gal'us, n. an instrument on which criminals are executed by hanging. [A.'S. galga ; Ger. gal- gen : prob. from Ice. gagl, the branch of a tree.] Galoche, Galosh, ga-losh', n. lit. a Gallic shoe: a shoe or slipper worn over another in wet weather. [Fr. galoche — J^.gallica, a slipper, from Gallicus, pertaining to Gaul : according to Wedgwood, a corruption of E. clog, or Fr. claque.] Gtdvanism, gal'van-izm, n. a branch of the science of electricity, which treats of electric currents fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; m5te ; mute ; mSon ; then. galvanic produced by chemical agents, [from Galvani of Bologna, the discoverer, 1737 — 98.] galvanic, gal-van'ik, adj., belonging to or exhibit- ing galvanism. galvanise, gal'van-Tz, v.t., to affect with galvanism: — pr.p. gal'vanTsing ; pa.p. gal'vanlsed. — «. gal'- vanist, one skilled in galvanism. galvanometer, gal-van-om'et-er, n. an instrument for 7neas7{rifig the strength of weak galvanic cur- rents. \_Galvani, and Gr. metron, a measure.] Gambado, gam-ba'do, n. a. leather covering for tAe legs to defend them from mud in riding. [It. gamba, the leg.] Gamble. See under Game. Gamboge, gam-booj', or gam-boj', «. a yellow gum- resin used as a pigment and in medicine, so named from Cambodia, in Asia, where it is obtained. Gambol. See under Game. Game, gam, n. , sport of any kind : an exercise for amusement : the stake in a game : wild animals protected by law and hunted by sportsmen. [A. S. gatnen, play ; Sw. gammafi, joy ; Swiss, gampen, to rock, gumpen, to jump ; It. gamba, the leg.] game, gam, v.i., to play at any gaine : to play for money, to gamble -.—pr.p. gam'ing ; pa. p. gamed'. — 71. gam'ing, the practice of playing for money. gamesome, gam'sum, adj., full of game or play. gamester, gam'ster, n. one viciously addicted to gaming or playing for money : a gambler. game-cock, gam'-kok, «., a cock trained to fight. game-keeper, gam'-kep-cr, n., one who k&eps or has the care oi game. gamble, gam'bl, v.i. to play for money in games of chance. — v.t. to squander 3.wz.y :—pr.p. gam'- bling ; pa.p. gam'bled. — ft. gam'bler. gambol, gam'bol, v.i., to leap or skip : to frisk or dance in sport '.—pr.p. gam'boling ; pa.p. gam'- boled. — 71. a skipping : playfulness. [Fr. ga7n- biiler, to leap; It. ga7nba, ¥x. ja7)ibe, the leg.] gammon, gam'un, «. the leg or thigh of a hog, pickled and smoked or dried. — v.t. to cure, as bacon :—pr.p. gamm'oning ; pa.p. gamm'oned. [Sp.ya;«i7«, \\..gambo7te,^\)\%\&z — ga}/iba,2i.\e^.^ Gammer, gam'er. See under Gaffer. Gamut, gam'ut, «. orig. the first letter of the musical notation invented by Guido — the Greek ^2(ngent taste, used as seasoning. [Gael, garg- luigh^garg, pungent, and luigh, luibh, a plant.] — adj. gar'licky, like garlic. Garment. See under Garnish. Gamish, giir'nish, v. t. orig. to warn ; in Eng. law, to warn, to give notice to: to/ur?ns/i: to adorn: to surround with ornaments, as a dish '.^pr.p. gar'nishing ; pa.p. gar'nished. [Fr. garnir, to furnish, old Fr. garer, garnir, to make aware, to warn, Ger. zvarnen, old Ger. warnon, A.S. varjiian, E. ivaT-n.] garnish, giir'nish, garnishment, giir'nish-ment, «., that ivhich garnishes or embellishes ; ornament. gamisher, gar'nish-er, «., one -wJio garfiis/ies. garniture, gar^nit-ur, n., furniture : ornament. garment, gar'ment, «., tJiat -which fzir7iisJies : any article of clothing, as a coat or gown. [Fr.gar- ni/nent — garnir, to furnish.] garrison, gar'i-sn, «., a provision or supply of soldiers for guarding a fortress : a fortified place. — v.t. to furnish a fortress with troops : to de- fend by fortresses manned with troops : — pr.p. garr'isoning ;/«./. garr'isoned. lYi.gamison — garnir, to furnish.] Gamer, gar'ner, n. , a granary or ■p\3.CQ-vfhGr& grain is stored up. — v.t. to store as in a gamer :—pr.p. garnering ; pa.p. gar'nered. [Norman Fr. granier; L. granaria, a granary— ^ra««7;/, a grain.] See Granary. Garnet, garnet, n. a precious stone resembling the grains or seeds oi the pojnegranate : naut., a sort of tackle fixed to the mainstay in ships. [It. graftato; L. granatiini, grained, the pomegran- ate— .^«««w, a grain.] Garret, gar'et, n. lit. a place of safety or defence: a room next the roof of a house. [Scot, garrit or garret, a watch-tower, the top of a hill ; old Fr. garite, a place of safety— ^arzV, Ger. wehren, Goth, varjan, to defend.] garreteer, gar-et-er', «., one wJio lives in a garret : a poor author. Garrison. See under Garnish. Garrote, gar-rot'. Garrotte, gar-rot', n. a Spanish mode of strangling criminals with a cord placed over the neck and twisted tight by a stick : the brass collar afterwards used in strangling. — z'.t. to strangle by a brass collar tightened by a screw, whose point enters the spinal marrow : to sud- denly render insensible by semi-strangulation and then to rob :—pr.p. garrOt'ing, garrotting ; ^a.p. garrut'ed, garrott'cd. [Sp., Fr. gartvi, a cudgel ; Sp. garra, a claw, Prov. garra, ham, leg — Armor, and W. gar, shank, shin.] garroter, gar-rOt'er, garrotter, gar-rot'er, n.,onewJio gar rotes. Garrulous, gar'u-lus, adj., chattering; talkative. [L. garru/us— root oi garrio, to chatter: akin to Ger. girrcn, to coo. Sans, grl, to call.] garrulity, gar-ul'i-ti, garrulousness, gar'u-lus-nes, k., the quality of be itig garrulous : loquacity. Garter, gar'ter, n. a string or band used to tie the Stocking to the leg: the b.idge of the highest order of knighthood in Great Britain, called the Order of the Garter. — v.t. to bind with a garter :—pr.p. gar'tering; pa.p. gar'tered. [Fr. gartier, jar- retieres—jarret, the hough of the leg; \^.gar, a shanlc] See Garrote. Gauge Gas, gas, n. lit. g^wst, the spirit; fluid in the form of air : any kind of air, esp. that obtained from coal, used in lighting houses. [Fr. gaz, a word invented by Van Helmont, a Belgian chemist, 1577 — 1644, Ger. geist, spirit.] gasaUer, gas-a-le/, n. a hanging frame with branches for gas-jets. gaseous, gaz'e-us, adj., in tJiefonn of gas or air. gas-fitter, gas'-fit-ter, «., one wJiafits up the pipes and brackets for ^aj-lighting. gasify, gas'i-fl, v.t., to convert into gas :— pr.p. gas'ifying ; pa.p. gas'ificd. — 71. gasiflca'tion. [Gas, and Ij.facio, to make.] gasometer, gas-om'et-er, n. an instrument for jncasuring gas : a place for holding gas. [Gas, and Gr. vietron, 3. measure.] Gasconade, gas-kon-ad', n. a boasting or bragging ; bravado. — v.i. to brag or boast, like a Gascon. [Gascon, a native of Gascony in France — a pro- vince whose inhabitants are noted for boasting.] gasconading, gas-kon-ad'ing, n. bragging or boast- ing. — n. gasconad'er, one who is a great boaster. Gasalier, Gaseous, &c. See under Gas. Gash, gash, v. t. to make a deep hack or cut into any- thing, esp. into flesh '.—pr.p. gash'ing ; pa.p, gashed'. — n. a deep, open wound. [Dutch, gatsken, to cut a large ho\&— gat, a hole: perhaps allied to Fr. hac/ier, to hew, hack.] Gasometer. See under Gas. Gasp, gasp, v.i. to gape in order to catch breath; to breathe laboriously or con\'ulsively : — pr.p. gasp'ing ; pa.p. gasped'. — 71. the act of opening 1 the mouth to catch the breath ; a painful catching of the breath. [Ice. geispa, to yawn: perhaps from the sound made in gasping.] Gastric, gas'trik, adj., belonging to the belly or stomach. [Gr. gaster, the belly.] gastronomy, gas-tron'om-i, n., the art or science of good eat! fig. [Gr. gaster, and nomos, a rule.] Gat, gat, in B., pa.t. of Get. Gate, gat, n., a Jwle pierced; a passage : a frame in the entrance into any enclosure : an entrance. [Scot, gate, a way ; Dan. gade, a street ; Dutch, and Ice. gat, a hole ; Ice. gata, to perforate.] gated, gat'ed, adj., furnished with gates. gate-way, gat'-wa, n., t/ie way tlirough a gate: a gate itself. gait, gat, n. , way or manner of walking. Gather, ga/Z/er, v.t., to press togetlter or draw into a /leap ; to collect ; to acquire : to plait : to learn by inference. — v.i. to assemble or muster: to increase : to suppurate :—pr.p. gath'ering ; /a./, gathered. — 71. a plait or fold in cloth, made by drawing the thread through. [A.S. gaderia7t, Dutch, gadere7i, to draw to a heap.] gatherer, ga/Zt'er-er, n., one wJio gat/iers or collects ; a gleaner. gathering, gaz'/i'er-ing, «., that which is gatJiered or brought together; a crowd or assembly: a tumour or collection of matter. Gaudy, gaud'i. adj. Wt.joyfd; ornamented ; showy: nierrj'. — adv. gaudily. — «. gaud'iness, showiness. [old E. gaiui, an ornament ; old Fr. gaudir, to be jolly, L. gaudere, to rejoice.] Gauge, gaj, n., a ineasuri7tg rod: a standard of measure : estimate. — v.t. to measure the contents of any vessel : to estimate ability :—pr.p. gaug'- ing ; pa.p. gauged', [old Fr. ganger— gauge, a liquid measure ; Fr. jauge, a measuring rod : Diez suggests a verb c^gal^er, from L. aeqiuilifi- fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mute ; mute ; moon ; ^/zen. ganger care, qualificare, to ascertain the equality or the quality.] ganger, gaj'er, ti. an excise-officer, whose business is to gauge or measure the contents of casks. gauging, giig'ing, 7i. the art of measuri7ig casks containing excisable liquors. Ganl, gaul, n. a name of ancient France : an inha- bitant of Gaul. [L. Gallia.]— adj. Ganl'isli. Gannt, gant, ad/.^ ivaned; thin : having a pinched appearance. — adj. gauntly.— «. gaunt'ness. [A.S. gewaned, pa. p. oi gewanian, to wane.] Gauntlet, gant'let, n. the iron glove of armour, formerly thrown down in challenge ; a long glove covering the wrist. [Fr. gantelet—gant, It. guanto. Ice. vottr, a glove.] Gauze, gauz, n. a thin, transparent, silken fabric. — adj. gau/y, like gauze. [Fr. gaze ; low h. gaz- zatuni — probably from Gaza in Palestine, be- cause believed to have been first made there.] Gave, gav, pa.t. of Give. Gawk, gawk, n., a cuckoo: a simpleton; a tall, awkward fellow. — adj. gawk'y, like a cuckoo, awkward. [A.S. gaec, Ger. gauch, Scot, gowk, cuckoo, a simpleton.] See Cuckoo. Gay, ga, adj., lively; bright: sportive, merry: showy. [Fr. gai; It. gajo: prob. from Ger. jaJie, exceedingly quick.] — adv. gai'ly or gay'ly. gayety, gaiety, ga'e-ti, n., tJie state of being gay: merriment : finery ; show. Gaze, gaz, v.i., to see or look fixedly zf.—pr.p. gaz'ing ; /«./. gazed'. — «. a lixed look ; a look of prolonged attention : the object gazed at. (A.S. gesean, intensive oi seon, to see.] gazing-stock, gaz'ing-stok, n. something st7ick np to be gazed at; a person exposed to public view as an object of curiosity or contempt. Gazelle, Gazel, ga-zel', «. a small species of antelope with beautiful dark eyes, found in Arabia and N. Africa. [Fr. — Ar. gazal, a wild goat.] Gazette, ga-zet', n. a newspaper ; the official news- paper. — v.t. to publish in a gazette -.—pr.p. gazett'ing; pa. p. gazett'ed. [Fr. — It. gazzetta, a Venetian coin worth about |d., the sum charged for a reading of the first Venetian newspaper, a written sheet which appeared about the middle of the i6th century during the war with Soliman II.] gazetteer, gaz-et-ter', «. or\g. awriter/or agazette : a geographical dictionary. Gear, ger, n. lit. whatever is prepared for use or wear : dress : harness ; tackle : in fuech., connec- tion by means of toothed wheels. — v.t. to put in gear, as machinery -.—pr.p. gea/ing ; pa.p. geared'. [A.S. gear a, preparation— ^zW««, to prepare ; Ice. giora, to make.] gearing, ger'ing, 71. harness : in juech., a train of toothed wheels and pinions. Geese, plural of Goose. Gehenna, ge-hen'a, n. lit. the valley of Himtofn, near Jerusalem, in which the Israelites sacrificed their children to Moloch, to which afterwards the refuse of the city was conveyed and kept smouldering — hence in New Test., hell. [L. — Heb. Ge, valley of, and Hinnom.] Gelatine, gelatin, jel'a-tin, n. an animal substance, which dissolves in hot water and forms a jelly when cold. [L. geld, gelatzim, to ixQ.&zz—gelu, frost.] gelatinate, je-lat'in-at, gelatinise, je-lat'in-Tz, v.t., to make into gelatine or ioWy. — v.i. to be converted into gelatine or jelly -.—pr.p. gelat'inating, gelat'- generalise inlsing; pa.p. gelat'inated, gelat'inTsed.— «. gelatina'tion. gelatinous, je-lat'in-us, adj. resembling or formed itito jelly. gelid, jel'id, adj., icy cold; cold. — adv. gel'idly. — 7is. gel 'idness, gelid'ity, [L. gelidus^gelu.] Geld, geld, v.t., to emasculate or castrate : to deprive of anything essential ; to deprive of anything obscene or objectionable -.—pr.p. geld'ing; pa.p. geld'ed.— «. geld'er. [A.S. gylte, gelded; Ger. geilen, to geld— ;^^z7,?, testicle, stone, akin to L. coletis, culejis.] See Cullion. gelding, geld'ing, «., act 0/ castrating: a castrated animal, especially a horse. Gelid, See under Gelatine. Gem, jem, n. lit. leaf-bud; any precious stone, especially when cut: anything extremely valu- able or attractive. — v.t. to adorn with gems: — pr.p. gemm'ing ; pa.p. gemmed'. [Fr. gemme — L. gemma, a bud, prob. for gesma—ges = ger, root oi gero, to bear.] gemmate, jem'at, adj. in lot., having buds. [L. gemmatus, pa.p. oi gemmo, to bud— ^^;«wa:.] gemmation, jem-ma'shun, n. in bot., act or time of budding: arrangement of buds on the stalk. gemmiferous, jem-mif'er-us, adj., producing buds. [L. gemmifer—gejn^na, a.nd fero, to bear.] gemmiparous, jem-mip'ar-us, adj., in zool., repro- ducing by buds growing on the body. [L. gemma, a hud, paro, to bring forth.] gemmule, jem'ul, n., a little gem or leaf-bud. [Fr. — L. gemjnula, dim. oi gemma.] Gemini, jem'i-nT, n.pl., twins; a constellation con- taining the two bright stars Castor and Pollux. [L., pi. of gefninus, twin bom, ior genminus — gen, root oi gigno, to beget.] geminous, jem'in-us, adj., in bot., double, in pairs. Gender, jen'der, v.t., to beget ; to engender. — v.i. in B., to copulate :—/n/. gen'dering ; pa.p. gendered. [ Fr. gendrer in enge?idrer ; L. genera, irom genus, generis, birth.] See Genus. gender, jen'der, n. lit. breed; kind, esp. with regard to sex ; in gram., difference of a word to express sex. \Yr. genre; \,. genus.] Genealogy, jen-e-al'o-ji, n., history of the descent of families; the pedigree of a particular person or family. [L., Gr. genealogia — genos, L. genus, birth, logos, a discourse.] See Genus. _ genealogical, jen-e-a-loj'ik-al, adj., pertaining to or exhibiting the genealogy or pedigree of families or persons. — adv. genealog'ically. genealogist, jen-e-al'o-jist, n., 07ie who studies or traces ge7iealogies or descents. General, jen'er-al, adj., relati7ig to a ge7uis or whole class ; including many species : not special ; not restricted : common ; prevalent ; public : loose ; vague. [L. ge7ieraUs — genus.] See Genus. general, jen'er-al, n. the whole or chief part : an officer who is head over a whole department : a military officer who commands a body of men not less than a brigade ; the chief commander of an army in service. generalissimo, jen-er-al-is'i-mo, n., the chief general or commander of an army of two or more divi- sions, or of separate armies. [It.] generality, jen-er-al'i-ti, «., state of being ge7ieral or of including particulars ; the main part ; the greatest part. [L. ge7ieralitas.] generalise, jen'er-al-Tz, v.t., to 77iake ge7teral; to reduce to or include under a genus or general term : to infer from one or a few the nature of fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. 203 generalisation a whole class \—pr.p. gen'eralTsing ; pa. p. gen'cr- alTsed. [Fr. generaliser^geticral.\ generalisation, jen-er-al-i-za'shun, «., act of goter- alising or of comprehending under a common name, several objects resembling each other in some part of their nature. generally, jen'tly like the knee ; jointed ; knotted. [L. gcniculatus — geniculuni, a little knee — genu, the knee.] — «. genicula'tion. Genital, jen'i-tal, a^j., belonging to generation, or the act of producing. [ L. genitalis — gigno, gcni- tus, to beget.] Sec Genus. genitals, jen'i-talz, n.pl. the exterior organs of generation. genitive, jcn'i-tiv. adj., lit. belonging to generation ; in gram., indicating a case of nouns denoting origination, possession, &c. expressed in English by of &c. [L. genitiv7(s.] Geocentric Qenitifl, je ni-us, n. a good or evil spirit, supposed by the ancients to preside over every person, place, and thing, and esp. to preside over a man's destiny from his birth.— pi. genii, ge'ni-T. [L. genius — gigno, genitus, to beget, produce.] See Genus. genius, jen'yus, n. the special inborn faculty of any individual; special taste or disposition qualifying for a particular employment ; superior inborn power of mind ; a man having such power of mind : peculiar constitution or character of any- thing.—//, geniuses, jen'yus-ez. [L. ingeniutn —genius. '\ Genteel, jen-tel', adj. lit. belonging to 2i nohlt gens or family ; well-bred ; graceful in manners or in form. — adv. genteel'ly. [L. gentilis—gens, gentis, a family — gen, root of Gr. gignomai, to beget.] See Genus. gentile, jen'tll, «. lit. one belonging to the same cla7i or fatnily : in B., any one not a Jew. — adj. belonging to any nation but the Jews : in gram., denoting a race or country'. [L. gentilis — gensll gentility, jen-til'i-ti, genteelness, jen-tclnes, «. good birth or extraction : quality of being genteel I good-breeding; politeness of manners. gentle, jen'tl, adj. ong. genteel or of noble birth: becoming one of noble birth: not rough in man- ners ; docile : mild, amiable : soothing. — adv. gently. — «. gentleness. [L,. gentilis.'] See Genteel. gentlefolks, jen'tl-fukz, n.pl., folk of good family or above the vulgar. [See Folk.] gentleman, jen'tl-man, «., a 7nan o^ gentle or noble birth : one who without a title wears a coat of arms ; more gen. every man above the rank of yeoman, including the nobility ; one above the i trading classes : a man of refined manners : an officer of the royal household : — in //. a word of address. — pi. gen'tlemen.yi-;;/. gen'tlewoman. gentlemanlike, jen'tl-man-lTk, gentleaianly, jen'tl- man-li, adj., like, pertaining to, or becomings gcntletnan. —n. gen'tlemanliness. gentry, jen'tri, «. orig. rank by birth; the class of people between the nobility and the vulgar, [contr. from gentlery— gentle.] Gentian, jen'shan, n. a plant, the root of which is used in medicine, said to have been brought into use by Gentius, king of Illyria, conquered by the Romans about 160 B.C. Gentile, Gentle, Gentry. See under GenteeL G«ntle, jen'tl, n. the maggot of the flesh-fly used as bait in angling. Genuine, jcn'u-in, adj. of the original genus or stock ; natural ; real ; pure. — adv. gen'uinely. — n. gen'ulneness. [Fr. ; L. gemiimis — gigno, geni- tus, to beget, to be born.] Genuflection, Genuflexion, jen-u-flek'shun, «., act of bending tlie knee, esp. in worship. [L. genu, the knee, flexio, a bending —Tf^rc/.?, flexuvt, to bend.] Genus, je'nus, «. lit. breed, race; kind ; a group con- sisting of a number of species having common marks or characteristics. — pi. genera, jen'er-a. [L. genus, generis, birth ; Gr. gcnos — gigfiomai, obs. geno, Sans.y, to write, to describe.] geographer, je-og'ra-fer, 7i., 07ic wlio is versed in, or who writes on geography. geographic, je-o-graf'ik, geographical, je-o-graf'ik-al, adj. , relatitigto geography . — adv. geographically. Geology, je-ol'o-ji, n. lit. a discourse on the earth; the science which treats of the structure and mineral constitution of the earth. [Fr. geologic — Gr. ge, the earth, logos, a. discourse.] geologicjil, je-o-loj'ik-al, adj., pertaining to geology. — adv. g«olog'ically. [Fr. geologiqtie.'\ geologise, je-ol'o-jTz, v.i., to study geology :—pr. p. geol'oglsing ; pa. p. geol'ogised. geologist, je-ol'o-jist, n., one versed in geology. Geomancy, je'o-man-si, «., divination by figures or lines drawn on the earth. [Fr. geomance — Gr. ge, the earth, and manteia, divination.] geomancer, j e'o-man-ser, «., one skilled in geo- maftcy. geomantic, je-o-man'tik, adj., pertaining to geo- mancy. Geometry, je-om'e-tri, «. lit. the art of measuring lafid; that branch of mathematics which treats of the properties of magnitude and its relations. [Gr. geornetria — geometro, to measure land — ge, the earth, vietro, to measure.] geometer, je-om'e-ter, geometrician, je-om'e-trish- yan, «., one skilled in geometry. geometric, je-o-met'rik, geometrical, je-o-met'rik-al, adj., pertai7iing to geo?net?y ; according to or done by geometry. — adv. geomet'rically. Geoponic, je-o-pon'ik, Geoponical, je-o-pon'ik-al, adj. pertaining to tilling the earth or to agri- culture. [Fr. geoponique — Gr. geoponikos—ge, the earth, ponos, ]a.hour—penomai, to labour.] geoponics, je-o-pon'iks, fi.sing., agricultiire. Georama, je-o-ra'ma, or -ra'ma, n. a spherical cham- ber with a general viezu of the earth on its inner surface. [Gr. ge, the earth, Itorama, a view — horao, to see.] Georgian, jorj'i-an, adj., relating to the reigns of the four Georges, kings of Great Britain, Georgic, jorj'ik, Georgical, jorj'ik-al, adj. relating to agriculture or rustic affairs. [L. georgicus, Gr. georgikos — georgia, agriculture — ge, the earth, and ergon, a work.] georgic, jorj'ik, n. a poem on hmlandry. Gerah, ge'ra, «. lit. a bean: in B., the smallest Hebrew weight and coin, -^^ of a shekel, and worth about i|d. [Heb. gerah, a bean.] Geranium, je-ra'ni-um, n. a genus of plants with seed-vessels like a crane's-bill. [Gr. geranion — geranos, a crane.] Gerfalcon, jer'faw-kn, same as Gyrfalcon. Germ, jerm, n., that which is to produce an embryo : in bot., the seed-bud of a plant; a shoot : that from which anything springs, the origin ; a first principle. [Fr. germe — \j. germen, lox gerinten — gero, to bear, to produce.] german, jer'man, adj. lit. derived from tJie same germ or stock ; of the first degree. [L. germajius, prob. iox germin-anus — gerjuen, bud, origin.] german-silver, jer'man-sii'ver, n. a metal akin to or resembling silver, being an alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc. germinal, jerm'in-al, adj., pertainiftg to a germ. germinate, jerm'in-at, v.i. to spring/ww a germ ; to begin to grow '.—pr.p. germ'inating ; pa.p. germ'inated. — «. germina'tion. [L. ger7?iino, gertninatus — germen.^ germinant, jerm'in-ant, adj., sprouting; sending forth germs or buds. [L, gertni?ia?is, -antis, pr.p. oi gennino.'] German, jer'man (//. Ger'mans), «. a native of Ger- many ; the German language. — adj. of or from Germany. [L. Gennani, variously given as meaning ' the shouters,' from Celt, gairm, a loud cry ; 'neighbours,' i.e. to the Gauls, from the Celtic; and 'the war-men,' from Ger. wehr=- Fr. guerre, war.] Germen, jerm'en, same as Germ. Germinal, &c. See under Germ. Gerund, jer'und, w. a part of the Latin verb express- ing the carrying on of the action of the verb. [L. geriindium — gero, to bear, to carry.] genindial, jer-und'i-al, adj., relating to the gerund. gestation, jes-ta'shun, n., the act of carrying the young in the womb. [L. gestatio — gesto, gesta- tion, to carry — gero, to bear.] gestatory, jes'ta-tor-i, adj., pertaining to gestation or carrying ; that may be carried. gestic, jes'tik, adj., pertainifig to bodily action or motion. [L. gestus, carriage, motion — gero.'] gesticulate, jes-tik'u-lat, v.t. to represent by action. — v.i. to make gestures or motions when speak- ing ; to play antic tricks :—pr.p. gestic'ulating ; pa.p. gestic'ulated. [L. gesticulor, gesticulatus —gesticulus, dim. oi gestus, a gesture.] gesticulation, jes-tik-u-la'shun, «., act of making gestures in speaking ; a gesture ; antic tricks. gesticulatory, jes-tlk'u-la-tor-i, adj. representing in gesticulations or gestures. gesticulator, jes-tik'u-lat-or, 7i. , one who gesticulates or makes gestures. gesture, jes'tur, n., a bearing, position, or move- ment of the body ; an action expressive of senti- ment or passion. Get, get, v.t., to seize; to obtain possession of: to beget offspring: to learn: to persuade: in B., to betake, to carry. — v.i. to arrive at any place, state, or condition ; to become -.—pr.p. gett'ing; pa.t. got ; pa.p. got, (obs.) gott'en. [A.S. gitan, to get ; allied to chad, root of Gr. c/tandano, L. pre-hendo, to seize, E. hand.] — Get at, to reach: Get off, to escape : Get on, to proceed, advance : Get over, to surmount : Get through, to finish : Get up, to arise, to ascend. fate, fari me. her; uuae; mote; mute; moon; Men. aos getter getter, get'er, «., one who ^ets or obtains. getting, get'ing, n., act of getting; gaining, or win- ning : that which is got ; gain. Gewgaw, gu'gaw, n. a toy ; a bauble. — adj. showy wthout value, [prob. from old E. gaud, an ornament, reduplicated.] Geyser, gl'ser, «. lit. that which hursts forth with violefice; a boiling spring in Iceland. [Ice. geysa, to be impelled, geysilegr, vehement.] Ghastly, &c. See under Ghost. Ghaut, gaut, «., a viou7itain-pass ; a. chain of mountains. [Hind, ghat, an entrance to a country.] See Gate. Gherkin, ge/kin, «. a small cucumber used for pickling. [Ger. gtirke, ^w.gurka, Russ. oguretz, Pers. and Hind, khiydr.'^ Ghost, gost, n. Ht. breath, spirit; the soul of man ; a spirit appearing after death. — adj. ghost'like. [A.S. gast, Ger. geist, gaschi.]—To give up the ghost, in B., to die. ghostly, gost'li, adj., spiritual; religious : pertaining to apparitions. — ii. ghost'liness. ghastly, gast'li, adj., like a ghost; deathlike ; ex- tremely pale; hideous; frightful. — «. ghast'liness. Ghoul, gool, n., a demon supposed to feed on the dead. [Pers. glwl ; ghul, a mountain demon.] Giant, jl'ant {/em. gi'antess), 71. lit earth-bom; a man of extraordinary size ; a person of extraor- dinary powers. — adj. gigantic, [old E. and Fr. geant, A.S. gigant, L..gigas, Gr. gigas, gigantos, prob. the same as gegenes, earthbom, one of the first inhabitants of the earth, who, according to the ancients, were men of immense size — ge, the earth, getw, to beget.] gigantic, jl-gan'tik, adj., giantlike; suitable to a giant ; enormous. — adv. gigan'tically. Gibberish, gib'er-ish, n. rapid, gabbling talk ; unmeaning words. — adj. unmeaning, [obsolete gibber, to gabble or jabber.] See Gabble. Gibbet, jib'et, n. lit. a lialter; a gallows : the pro- jecting beam of a crane. — v.t. to expose on a gibbet, to execute '.—pr.p. gibb'eting ; pa.p. gibb'eted. [Fr. gibet, It. giubbetto, a halter, dim. oi giubba, a doublet.] Gibbon, gib'un, n. a genus of long-armed apes, natives of the E. Indies. Gibbose, gib-bos', adj., humped; having one or more elevations. [L. gibbosus — gibbtis, a hump.] gibbous, gib'us, adj., hump-backed : swelling, con- vex, as the moon when nearly full. — adv. gibb'- ously. — 71. gibb'ousness. Gibe, jib, v.t. lit to wry the mouth; to 77iock; to taunt — v.i. to cast reproaches; to sneer:— /r./. glb'ing ; /«./. gTbed'. — «. a scoff or taunt ; con- tempt — adv. gib'ingly. [from root of Gabble.] Giblets, jib'lets, 7i.pl. the Internal eatable parts of a fowl, cut off before cooking it. — adj. giblet, made of giblets, [old Fr. gibelet, prob. from gibier, game : or dim. of Fr. gobbeau, a bit or gobbet.] Giddy, gid'i, adj., lotsteady, dizzy: that causes giddiness ; whirling : inconstant ; thoughtless. [A.S. gydig, Gael, gadoch, giddy ; Norw. gidda, to shake.] — adv. gidd'ily. — «. gidd'iness. Gler-eagle, jer'-e-gl, n. in B., a species of eagle. [See Gyrialcon.] Gift. See under Give. Gig, gig, n. lit. that which goes or whirls rapidly ; orig. a whirligig ; a light, two-wheeled carriage ; a long, light boat, [old E. gig, a whirligig ; Fr. Gingle gigue, a rapid dance ; old Ger. geigen, Ger. gehen, to go, to move.] Gigantic. See under Giant. Giggle, gigl, v.i., to laugh with sJiort catches of tlie breath, or In a silly manner :—pr.p. gigg'ling ; pa.p. gigg'led. — n. a laugh of this kind. — n. gigg'ler, one who giggles, [from the sound.] Gigot, jig'ut, 71. a leg of mutton, from its likeness to rty?^i//^ in shape. [Fr. — old Fr.^^]^?/^, a fiddle.] Gild, gild, v.t., to cover or overlay with gold; to cover with any gold-like substance : to adorn \vlth lustre :^pr.p. gild'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. gild'ed, or gilt [A.S. gilila7i~gold.] See Gold. gilder, gild'er, «. , one whose trade is to gild or cover articles with a thin coating of gold. gilding, gild'ing, «., act or trade of a gilder: gold laid on any surface for ornament. gilt, gilt, adj., gilded. — adj. gilt-edged, having gilded edges, as the leaves of a book. GUI, gil, 71. lit. the jaw, gidlet, or throat ; in //. the breathing organs in fishes and certain other aquatic animals ; the flap below the bill of a fowl. [A.S. geagl, a jaw, L. gula, the throat.] Gill, jil, 71. a measure = \ pint, [old Fr. gaille, or jale, an earthen vessel; low L. gillo, a flask.] See Gallon. Gill, jil, 71. ground-ivy ; beer flavoured with groimd- ivy. [from Gillian or Juliana, a female name, contracted Gill, Jill] Gilly-flower, gll'I-flow-er, «. lit 7iut-leaf, tlie clove- tree; stock, so called from its clove-like smell, [old 'Sj.jerefloure, Yx.girofiee — Gr. karyophyllon, the clove- tree — karyon, a tmX., phyllo7i, a leaf.] Gilt, gilt /a./. 2SiApa.p. of Gild. Gimbals, gim'balz, 71.pl., two rings for suspending the mariner's compass so as to keep it always horizontal. [L. genie Hi, twins.] Gimblet, gimTjlet, Gimlet, gim'let, n. a small tool for boring holes by winibli?ig or turning It with the hand. — v.t. to pierce with a gimlet : naut., to turn round (an anchor) as if turning a gimlet : — P^-P- gim'bleting, gimleting ; pa.p, gim'bleted, gim'le ted. [ Fr. gibelet, gi}7ibelet — Lang. jhi>nbla, akin to Dutch, we7nele7i, to twist] See Wimble. Gimcrack, jim'krak, «., a pretty thi7ig; a toy; a trivial mechanism. [Gimbals, and Crack, a noise : transferred from the wor.king of two rings or joints to any trivial mechanism.] Gimp, gimp, n. a kind of trimming, &c. of silk wound or wJiipped round a wire or coarse thread. [Fr. gjdpure—g7(iper, to whip round with silk.] Gin, jin, «. an alcoholic liquor made in Holland from rye and barley, and flavoured Wiih. juniper berries, [contracted from Geneva.] Gin, jin, n., ati e7igine ; the name of a varietur of machines, esp. one with pulleys for raising weights, &.C. ; a pump worked by rotary sails : a trap or snare, so in B. — v.t. to trap or snare : to clear cotton of its seeds by a machine :—pr.p. ginn'ing ; pa.p. ginned', [contr. from Engine.] Ginger, jin'jer, 71. the root of a plant in the E. and W. Indies, with a hot and spicy taste, so called from being sliaped like a lw7^t. [old 'E.gingiber, L. zingiber, Gr, zingiberis. Sans. gri7iga-vera — pinga, horn, vera, shape.] Gingham, ging'ham, n. a kind of cotton cloth of yam dyed Ijefore being woven. Introduced from India. {¥r. guingan, Ja.va., gingga7t.] Gingle, jing'gl, same as Jingle. 306 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mSOn ; Men, Gipsey Gipsey, same as Gypsey. Giraffe, zhi-raf, or ji-raf, n. the camel opard, an African quadruped with remarkably long neck and legs. [Fr., Sp. gira/a, Ar. zirafah.'\ Gird, gerd, vj., to enclose; to bind round ; to make fast by binding : to surround : to clothe \—pr.p. gird'ing ; pa.t. andpa.p. girded or girt. [A.S. gyrdati, Ger. g-iirte7i, from root of Garden.] girder, gerd'er, 7i., one ivho or that which girds; the principal piece of timber in a floor binding the others together. girdle, gerd'l, 11. , that tvhich girds or encircles, esp. a band for the waist ; an enclosure : injew., a horizontal line surrounding a stone. — v.t. to bind, as with a girdle ; to enclose ; to make a circular incision, as through the bark of a tree to kill it -.—pr.p. girdling ; pa.p. gird'led. [A.S. gyrdel—gyrdan.'\ girt, gert, v. t. , to gird:— pr.p. girt'ing -.pa.p. girt'ed. girt, gert, girth, gtrth, «., that which girds ; belly- band of a saddle ; measure round the waist. Girl, gerl, n. a female child ; a young woman, [prob. A.S. ceorl, Ger. karl, a fellow, formerly applied to children of both sexes.] girlhood, gerl'hood, «., tJie state of being a girl. girlish, gerl'ish, adj., 0/ ox like a girl. — adv. girl'- ishly.— «. girl ishness. Girt, Girth. See under Gird. Gist, jist, or jit, n. orig. a resting-place ; th^it on which a question or action rests ; the main point or pith of a matter. [old Fr. giste, abode — jesir, Vxow. j'azer, 'L.j'acere, to lie.] Give, giv, v.t., to catise another to take ; to bestow : to impart : to yield ; to grant ; to permit : to afford ; to furnish : to pay or render, as thanks : to pro- nounce, as a decision : to shew, as a result : to apply, as one's self: to allow or admit. — v.i. to yield to pressure ; to begin to melt ; to grow soft : —pr.p. giving ; pa.t. gave ; pa.p. given (giv'n). — Give chase, to pursue : Give forth, to emit, to publish : Give in, to yield : Give out, to report, to emit : Give over, to cease : Give place, to give way, to yield : Give up, to abandon. \_K.^.g(fan, Ger. gehen, Goth, giban, as if a causative form of Gael, gabh, to take, lay hold of.] gift, gift, n. , the thing given ; a bribe ; a quality bestowed by nature; the act of giving.— z'./. to endow with any power or faculty •.—pr.p. gift'ing ; pa.p. gift'ed. gifted, gift'ed, adj., endowed hy nature. giver, giv'er, n. , one who gives or bestows. Gizzard, giz'ard, n. a preparatory stomach in birds, very muscular and filled with gravel or small stones that grind the food. [Yr. gesier, Lang. grezie—gres, Fr. gresil, gravel.] Glabrous, gla'brus, adj., S7nooth, bald; having no hairs or any unevenness. [L. glaber, akin to glubo, to peel, Gr. gltcphd, glapho, to carve.] Glacial, gla'shi-al, adj. , icy : frozen ; pertaining to ice or its action, esp. to glaciers. [L. glacialis — glacies, ice, connected with Glass.] glacier, gla'sher, or glas'i-er, n., afield of ice aifd snow, such as is found in the hollows and on the slopes of lofty mountains. [Fr. — L. glacies,^ ice.] glacis, gla'sls, or gla-ses', 71., that which is slidi7ig or slippery like ice; a gentle slope ; \n/o7^., a slop- ing bank. [Fr. — old Fr. glacier, to slide — L. glacies, ice.] Glad, glad, adj. lit. smooth, having nothing td disturb the 7/ii7td; pleased ; cheerful ; bright : giving pleasure.— 2^. /. to make gldid. :— pr.p. glass-blower gladd'ing ; pa.p. gladd'ed.— «^z/. glad'ly.— «. glad'ness. [A.S. gl^d ; Ger. glatt, smooth, akin to L. laettis, joyful, Sans, las, to shine.] gladden, glad'n, v.t., to 77take glad : to cheer; to animate -.—pr.p. gladdening ; pa.p. gladd'ened. gladsome, glad'sum, adj., glad; joyous; gay. — adv. glad'somely. — jt. glad'someaess. Glade, glad, «. lit. a passage through which tJie light glitters or shines ; an open space in a wood, [old E. glade, shining, bright ; Norw. glette, a clear spot among clouds ; Ice. glita, to shine ; Scot, gleid, to illuminate.] Gladiate, glad'i-at, adj., swoT'd-shaped. [h.gladius, a sword.] gladiator, glad'i-a-tor, n. in ancient Rome, one who fought in single combat with the sword for the amusement of spectators. [L. — giadius.] gladiatorial, glad-i-a-tor'i-al, gladiatory, glad'i-a- tor-i, 71., relati7ig to gladiators or prize-fighting. gladiole, glad'i-Ol, «. lit. a little swo7-d ; the plant sword-lily. [L. gladiolus, dim. oi gladizis.'[ Gladsome. See under Glad. Glair, glar, n., the clear part of an egg used as varnish ; any viscous, transparent substance. — v.t. to varnish with white of egg -.-pr.p. glair'ing ; pa.p. glaired'. [A.S. glare, glare; L. clartts, clear. See Clear.] glairy, glar'i, glareous, glar'e-us, adj., like glair. Glance, glans, n., brightness like glass; a sudden shoot of light : a darting of the eye ; a momentary view. — v.i. io dart a ray of light or splendour ; to snatch a momentary view : to fly off obliquely : to make a passing allusion. — v.t. to dart suddenly or obliquely : — pr.p. glanc'ing ; pa.p. glanced'. — adv. glanc'ingly. [Ger. gla7iz, brightness, akin to glas, glass, and gleisse7t, to shine, to glitter. Ice. gla7is, shining. See Glass.] Gland, gland, «. lit. a little acoT^ ; a fleshy organ of the body which secretes some substance from the blood : in bot., a small cellular spot which secretes oil or aroma. [Fr. glande — L. glandula, a gland, dim. oi gla7is, gla7idis, an acorn.] glanders, gland'erz, «. a disease of the glands of the lower jaw and of the mucous membrane in horses. glandered, gland'erd, adj., affected with glanders. glandiferous, gland-ifer-us, adj., bearing acorns or nuts. [L. gla7idifer—gla7is, a.nd fero, to bear.] glandiform, gland'i-form, adj., rese77iblittg a gland ^ nut-shaped. [L. glatis, z.ndfori7ia, form.] glandular, gland'u-lar, glandulous, gland'u-lus, adj., contai7ii7ig, consisting of, or pertaining to gla7ids, glandule, gland'ul, «., a S77iall gland. Glare, glar, n., a clear, dazzling light ; overpower- ing lustre: a piercing look. — v.i. to shine with a clear, dazzling light ; to be ostentatiously splen- did : to look with piercing eyes :^r.p. glaring; pa.p. glared', [low Ger. glare7t, to glow like burn- ing coals: akin to Clear and Glair.] glaring, glar^ing, adj., clear; notorious. — adv. glar'- ingly. — 71. glar'ingness. Glass, glas, n. lit. that which glances or shines I the hard, brittle, transparent substance in win- dows ; anything made of glass, esp. a drinking- vessel, a mirror, &c. : in //. spectacles : the quantity of liquid a glass holds. — adj. made of glass. — v.t. to case in glass. — adj. glass'like. [A.S. glcFs; Ger. glas, akin to glanz, brightness, and gleissen, to shine ; Dan. glar. Ice. gler, glass ; akin to Glance and Glare.] glass-blower, glas'-blo-er, «., 07ie who Mows and fashions glass. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mSte ; mute ; moon ; ^^en. «oy glasswort gl&aswort, glas'wurt, n., a j>la7it so called from its yielding soda used in making glass. [Glass, and A.S. "wyrt, a plant.] glassy, glas'i, adj., made of or like glass. — adv. glass'ily. — ti. glass'iness. glaze, glaz, v.t. to furnish or cover with glass : to cove with a thin surface of or resembling glass ; to give a glassy surface to :^pr.p. glaz'ing ; pa. p. glazed'. — n. the glassy coating put upon pottery ; any shining exterior, [old E. glase — Glass.] glazier, gla'zi-er, «., one whose trade is to S(^X. glass in window-frames, &c. glazing, glfiz'ing, «., the act or art of setting glass ; the art of covering with a vitreous substance : in paint., semi-transparent colours put thinly over others to modify the effect. Olaucoos, glauTcus, adj., grayish blue; of a sea- green colour : in bot., covered with a fine green bloom. [L. glaucns, Gr. glaukos, blue or gray, orig. gleaming, akin to gtaussd, to shine.] Glaze, S:c. See under Glass, Gleam, glcm, v.i., to glow or shine; to flash : — pr.p. gleam'ing ; pa.p. gleamed'. — n. a small stream of light; abeam; brightness. \K.?>.^glaivan, to shine ; 'Norw.glima, to shine bright ; old E. leefn, a gleam, A.S. leonian, to .shine.] gleamy, glem'i, adj. casting beams or rays of light. Glean, glen, v.i. to gather in handfuls the corn left by the reapers. — v.t. to gather after a reaper ; to collect what is thinly scattered : — pr.p. glean'ing ; ^a.p. gleaned'. — n. that which is gleaned ; the act of gleaning. [Fr. glaner—glane, ears of corn gathered ; A.S. gilm, a handful of corn.] Glebe, gleb, n. lit. and orig. soil; the land belong- ing to a parish church or ecclesiastical benefice : in mining, a piece of earth containing ore. [Fr. — L. gleba, a clod, soil.] glebons, gleb'us, gleby, gleb'i, adj., cloddy, turfy. [L. glebosus — gleba."] Glede, gled, n. in B., the common kite, a rapacious bird. [A.S. glida, perhaps iromglidan, to ghde.] Glee, gle, n. orig. nutsic, song; joy; mirth and gaiety ; in wwj., a song or catch in parts. [A.S. gleo, glizv, song, gieowan, to sing ; akin to Glad.] gleeful, gle'fool, adj., full o/ glee or joy; merry. Glen, glen, n. a narrow valley worn by a river ; a depression between hills. [A.S. glen, W, glyn — llyn, a stream, A.S. hlina, a brook.] Glib, glib, adj., slippery, stnooth: moving easily; voluble. — adz'. glib'ly. — n. glib'ness. [prov. E. glaber, Dutch, glibberig, slippery; akin to L. glaber, smooth, and labor, labi, to slide.] Glide, gild, v.i., to slide stnoothly and easily; to flow gently ; to pass rapidly :^pr.p. glTd'ing ; pa.p. glided. — «. act of gliding. — adv. glid'ingly. [A.S. glidan, to slip, to slide— ^i^, slipperj' ; Ger. gleiten, to move smoothly.] Glimmer, glim'cr, v.i., to gleam, to shine; to bum or appear faintly :—/r./. glimm'ering; pa.p. glimm'ered. — «. a faint light ; feeble rays of light ; in min., mica. [Ger. glimmer, a faint light, xn\ca.,glimmen, to shine, to glow ; A.S. leoman, to shine ; akin to Gleam.] Sl^P"®' gl'Tips, «■> rt slwrt gleam ; a weak light ; transient lustre : a hurried view; fleeting enjoy- ment : the exhibition of a faint resemblance. — v.i. to appear by glimpses :—pr.p. glimps'ing ; pa.p. glimpsed'. Glisten, glis'n, v.i., to glitter ox sparkle with light ; to shine :—pr.p. glistening (glis'ning) ; pa.p. Gloss glistened (glis'ndV [olA.'E.glissen.A.S. glitenan, glisniatt; Ger. gleissen, to shine ; akin to Glass.] glister, glis'ter, v.i., to glisten; to glitter: — pr.p. glis'tering ; pa.p. glis'tered. [Dutch, glistem, rer. glitze-m, to sparkle.] glitter, glit'er, v.i., to glisten, to sparkle with light : to be splendid ; to be showy '.—pr.p. glitt'ering ; pa.p. glitt'ered. — n. lustre : brilliancy. [A.S. glitian. Ice. glitra, to glisten.] glittering, glit'cr-ing, rt^'., j/izV/w^; splendid; bril- liant. — adv. glitt'eringly. Gloat, glut, v.i., to look with staring eyes ; to stare with admiration : to view with joy :^pn^.p. gloat'- ing ; pa.p. gloat'ed. [Ger. glotzcn, Dan. glotte, to look.] Globe, glob, «., a ball; a round body, a sphere : the earth ; a sphere representing the earth (ter- restrial globe) or the heavens (celestial globe). [L. globus — glomus, a ball, conn, with Clew, Club.] globate, glob'at, adj., like a globe ; circular. [L. globo, globatus, to form into a h3.\\— globus.] globose, glob-os', globous, glob'us, adj., globular. globular, glob'u-lar, globulous, glob'u-lus, adj., like a globe; spherical. — adv. glob'ularly. — n. globular'ity. globule, glob'ul, n. , a little globe or round particle. glome, glom, «. in bot., a globular Jiead of flowers. [L. glomus = globus, and conn, with Clump, Lump.] glomerate, glom'er-at, v.t. to gather into a ball; to collect into a spherical mass:— /r./. glom'erat- ing -..pa.p. glom'erated. — adj. growing in rounded or massive forms ; conglomerate. glomeration, glom-er-a'shun, j:., act of gathering into a ball; a body formed into a ball. Gloom, gloom, «., stdlenness ox a frowning expres- sion of C07intenance ; aspect of sorrow ; heaviness of mind : cloudiness ; shade ; partial darkness. — v.i. to be sullen or dejected; to be cloudy or obscure: — pr.p. gloom'ing ; /«./. gloomed', [old E. glome, glombe, Scot, glouvi, to frown ; A.S. glom, gloom ; Ger. gluvnn, gloomy, glupen, to look with a sullen countenance.] gloomy, gloom'i, adj., full of gloofn ; heavy of heart : dim or obscure ; dimly lighted. — adv. gloom'ily. — n. gloom'iness. Glory, glo'ri, n. lit. rumour,fame; renown ; honour: the occasion of praise ; an object of pride; excel- lency : splendour; brightness ; lustre : in B., the presence of God ; the manifestation of God to the blessed in heaven ; heaven. — v.i. to boast ; to be proud of anything ; to exult : — pr.p. glo'rying ; pa.p. glo'ried. [L. gloria, akin to clafits, from root oi cluo, to be famed.] See Clear. glorify, glo'ri-fl, v.t., to 7nake glorious ; to honour; to exalt to glor>' or happiness : to ascribe honour to, to worship ■.^r.p. glo'rifying ; pa.p. glo'ri- fied. — n. gloriflca'tion. [L. gloria, facio, to make.] glorious, glo'ri-us, adj., full of glory ; of exalted excellence and splendour : conferring renown. — adv. glo'riously. — /;. glo'riousness. [L. gloriosus.'] Gloss, glos, «., brightness or lustre, as from a polished surface : external show. — v.t. to give a superficial lustre to ; to render plausible ; to palliate '.—pr.p. gloss'ing ; pa.p. glossed'. [Ice. glossi, brightness, glossa, to sparkle.] See Glass. glossy, glos'i, adj., smooth and shining; highly polished. — adv. gloss'ily. — n. gloss'iness. Gloss, glos, «. a remark to ex-plain a subject; a comment. — v.i. to comment or make explanatory remarks :—pr.p. gloss'ing ; pa.p. glossed', [L. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mogn ; tht,Vi, glossary and Gr. glossa, a word requiring explanation, the tongue.] glossary, glos'ar-i, n. a collection of words requiring a gloss or explanation, [from Gr. glossa.] glossarial, glos-sa'ri-al, adj., relating to a glossary ; containing explanation, glossarist, glos'ar-ist, «., a zuriter of a glossary . glossography, glos-sog'raf-i, n., the writing of gloss- aries or comments. — 7i. glossog'raplier. — adj. glossograpli'ical. [Gr. glossa, and graJ>ho, to write.] glossology, glos-sol'o-ji, n., a discourse on, or a definition of words a>id ter^ns; the science of language. — «. glossol'ogist. — adj. glossolog'ical. [Gr. glossa, and logos, a discourse.] gloze, g[oz,v.i., to gloss or ex'plsXn : to talk smoothly ; to flatter ; to wheedle. — v. t. to palliate by specious explanation : — J>r.J>. gloz'ing ■,j[>a.p. glozed'. [A.S. glcsan, to explain, from root of Gloss.] Glottis, glot'is, 7t. the opening of the larynx or entrance to the windpipe. [Gr. glottis — glossa, the tongue.] flottal, glot'al, adj., pertaining to the glottis. Glove, gluv, «., a cover for the hatid, with a sheath for each finger. — v.t. to cover with or as with a glove; — pr.p. glov'ing; pa. p. gloved'. [A.S. glof; Scot, loof Ice. loofve, palm of the hand; W. golof, to cover.] glover, gluv'er, 7i., one who makes or s€^s gloves. Glow, glo, v.i., to shine with an intense heat: to feel great heat of body ; to be flushed : to feel the heat of passion ; to be ardent '.—pr.p. glow'ing ; pa.p. glowed'. — n. shining or white heat : unusual warmth : brightness of colour : vehemence of passion. [A.ii. glozva>i, to glow, as a fire; Ger. gliihen, akin to Ice. glia, Sw. gloa, to sparkle.] glow-worm, glo'-wurm, 7t. the female of a certain ifisect, which glozus or shines in the dark. Gloze. See under Gloss, a remark. Glucose, gloo'kos, 71. the peculiar kind of sugar in the juice of fruits. [Gr. ghikits, sweet.] glycerine, glis'er-in, «. a colourless, viscid liquid of a sweet taste. [Fr. — Gr. glykeros ^glukjis.] Glue, gloo, 71. lit. tJiat which d7-azvs together; a sticky substance obtained by boiling to a jelly the skins, hoofs, &c. of animals. — v.t. to join with glue '.—pr.p. glu'ing ; pa.p. glued'. [Fr. glu ■ — L. glus, glutis — gluo, to draw together.] gluey, gloo'i, adj., C07itai7ii7ig glue ; sticky ; viscous. —-71. glu'eyness. gluten, gloo'ten, «. lit. glue; the viscid, sticky substance seen in the dough of wheaten bread. [L. glute7t, the same 2i%glus.'\ glutinate, gloo'tin-at, v.t. to unite, as with glue : — pr.p. glu'tinating ; pa.p. glu'tinated.— 72. glutina'- tion. [L. ghtti7io, gluti7iatu7>i — ghde7i.] glutinative, gloo'tin-a-tiv, adj., havi7ig tJie qtiality ofglui7ig or cementing ; tenacious, glutinous, gloo'tin-us, adj., gluey ; tenacious : in hot., covered, as a leaf, with slippery moisture.— n. glu'tinousnesa. Glume, gloom, «., the husk or floral covering of grain and grasses. [L. ghnna, husk— gludo, to peel off bark.] glumaceous, gloom-a'shus, adj., ^OJZ/zVi!^ or consisting o{gl2(7)zes. Glut, glut, v.t., to szuallow greedily ; to gorge; to feast to satiety -.—pr.p. glutt'ing ; pa.p. glutt'ed. — 71. that which is gorged; more than enough: anything that obstructs the passage. [L. glutio — root glu, akin to Sans, gri, to devour, and L. Gnostic gula, and gurgulio, the throat : from the sound of swallowing.] glutton, glut'n, 71., one who gluts himself: a carni- vorous quadruped in northern regions, and once thought very voracious. [Fr. glouton, L. glutto — glutio. ] gluttonise, glut'n-Tz, v.i. to eat to excess, like a glutto7i :^pr.p. glutt'onlsing ; pa.p. glutt'onlsed. gluttony, glut'n-i, «., act or practice of a glutto7i; excess in eating. gluttonous, glut'n-us, gluttonish, glut'n-ish,a^'. ,give7t to, or consisting in glutto7iy. — adv. glutt'onously. Gluten, &c. See under Glue. Glycerij.e. See under Glucose. Glyph, glif, 71. in arch., an ornamental stmkcTt channel or fluting, usually vertical. [Gr. glyphe — S^yP^i-o, to hollow out, carve.] gl3T)liography, glif-og'raf-i, 71. a process of taking a 7-aised copy of a drawi7ig by electrotype. — adj. glyphograph'ic. \Sjr. glypho, to carve, to engrave, ZLXid graphe , drawing — grapho, to write.] glyptic, glip'tik, adj., pertai7ii>!g to ca7^i7tg on stone, &c. ; in wzV/., figured. — gl3T)'tics, 7t.si7tg, the art of engraving, esp. on precious stones. [Gr. glyptos, carved.] gl3T)tography, glip-tog'raf-i, «., a descriptio7t of the art oi glyptics or of sculpture. — adj. gl3T)tograpli'ic. [Gr. glyptos, carved, ^nd grapho, to write.] Gnarl, narl, v.i., to S7iarl or grozvl :—pr.p. gnarl'- ing; pa.p. gnarled'. [A.S. g)iyrra7i, to gnash, Ger. k7iurre7i, Dan. knur re, to growl ; hence, from the sound made by a body whirling rapidly, Sw. k/iorla, to twist, to curl : old E. g7iarr, a hard knot in a tree.] gnarled, narld', adj., kiiotty. [old E. gnarr^ Gnash, nash, v.t. to strike the teeth together in rage or pain. — v.i. to grind the teeth '.—pr.p. gnash'- ing; pa.p. gnashed'. [old E. gnaste, Dan. k7iaske, Ger. k7iirsc/i^7i : from the sound.] Gnat, nat, «. a small winged stinging insect, which causes the part it stings to itch. [A.S. gneet; Ger. g7iatze, itch — A.S. g7iida7i, to rub.] Gnaw, naw, v. t. to bite so as to make a 7ioise with the teeth ; to bite off by degrees : to bite in agony or rage. — v.i. to use the teeth in biting: —pr.p. gnaw'ing ; pa.p. gnawed'. [A. S . g7iaga7t, Ger. 7iage7i, akin to Gr. knao, to scrape, to scratch : from the sound.] Gneiss, nls, 7t. in geol., a species of stratified rock composed of quartz, felspar, and mica. [Ger. gfteis — g7iatz, mange — A.S. gnida7i, to rub: from its breaking oft" easily in scales or slabs.] gneissoid, ms'oid, adj. having some of the character of gneiss. [Gneiss, and Gr. eidos, form.] Gnome, nom, «. lit. 07ie that k7tows ; an imaginary being said to inhabit the inner parts of the earth and to g uard its treasures ; a dwarf or goblin. [Fr.— Gr. g7id77i07i — gnd7iai, to know.] gnomon, no'mon, «., that zvhich ifidicates ; the pin of a dial, whose shadow points to the hour ; the index of the hour-circle of a globe : in geo7n., a parallelogram minus one of the parallelograms about its diagonal. gnomonic, no-mon'ik, gnomonical, no-mon'ik-al, adj., pertai7iing to the art of dialli7ig. — 7i.sing. gno- mon'ics, the art of dialling. — adv. gnomon'ically. Gnostic, nos'tik, «. one of a sect in the beginning of the Christian era, who pretended that they had a true k7iowledge of religion. — adj. pertaining to the Gnostics or their doctrines. [Gr. g7idstikos, good at knowing — gig7tdskd, to know.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; ^-^en. 209 Gnosticism Gnosticism, nos'ti-sizm, n., the doctrines of tlie Gnostics. Gnu, nu, n. a kind of antelope in S. Africa, resem- bling the horse and ox. [Hottentot, gnii.'\ Go, go, v.i., to pass from one place to aJiotJier', to be in motion ; to proceed ; to advance ; to walk ; to depart from : to lead in any direction : to ex- tend : to tend : to be about to do : to pass in report ; to pass, as in payment ; to be accounted in value : to happen in a particular way ; to turn out; to fare:^>r./. go'ing ; pa.t. went; pa.p. gone (gon). — Go about, in B., to set one's self about ; to seek ; to endeavour : Go beyond, in B., to overreach: Go in to or unto, in B., to have sexual intercourse with. [A.S. gan, gangan; Ger. gehcn, Sans, ga, to go.] go-by, go'-bl, n. a going by without notice ; escape by artifice ; evasion. go-cart, go'-kart, «., a cart or contrivance for teach- ing children to go or walk. goer, go'er, «., one who or that which ^^^j: ahorse, considered in reference to his gait. going, go'ing, «., the act o/7noving; departure : in B., course of life, behaviour. — going forth, «. in B., an outlet : goings or goings out, «. in B., utmost extremity; departure or journeyings. go-to, go-too', int. in B., come now ! gang, gang, ?i. a number of persons going together or associated for a certain purpose, usually in a bad sense. [A.?,.—ga7tgan,] gang-board, gang'-bOrd, n., a, board or plank on which passengers rm-y go or walk out of a ship. gangway, gang'wa, n. a passage or luay by which to go into or out of any place, esp. a ship ; nant., a narrow platform of planks along the upper part of a ship's side. [A.S. gang, and weg, a way.] Croad. See under Gad. Goal, gol, «., the starting-post in a race, or the pole marking the end of the course : an end or aim. [Fr. ga7(le, a pole; W. gwyal, a staff, a goal.] Goat, got, «. lit. the goer ox leapcr ; a quadruped of the sheep family, when wild inhabiting moun- tainous regions, but often domesticated for its flesh and milk. [A.S. gat; Ger. ^,?/jj— obs. and prov. Ger. geissen = ge/ien, to go ; like Gr. aix, a goat — ai'sso, to leap.] goat's'-beard, -berd, goat's'-rue, -roo, goat's'-stones, -stonz, goat's'-thom, -thorn, n. names of plants. goat-moth, gOt'-moth, n. one of the largest of British mot/is, which has a goat-like odour. goat-sucker, gOt'-suk-er, n. a kind of swallow erro- neously thought to suck goats. Gobble, gob'l, v.t. to swallow in lumps ; to swallow hastily. — v.i. to make a noise in the throat, as a turkey -.—pr.p. gobb'ling ; pa.p. gobbled', [vul- gar ^^^3, a mouthful, Yr.gobbe, a ball for swallow- ing, gober, to swallow: from the sound.] gobbet, gob'et, «., a Dwnth/nl; a little lump. [Fr. gobet — Gael, gob, the mouth, from the sound.] Gobellni, gob'e-lin, n. a rich French tapestry, [from Jehan Gobeelen, a Flemish dyer of 15th century.] Goblet, gob'let, n. a large drinking cup without a handle. [Fr. gobelet, Sp. cubileie, Prov. cubcl, Cuba, a tub — L. cupa, a cask. See Cup.] Goblin, gob'lin, «., an evil spirit ; a frightful phan- tom ; a fairy. [Fr. goblin, low L. gobclinus — Gr. kobalos, a mischievous spirit. See Cobalt.] Goby, gS'bi, «. a genus of small sea-fishes, which build nests of sea-weed. [L. gobius, Gr. hobios.] God, god, «., the ruler or sovereign of the universe, the Supreme Being ; an object of worship, an goldylocks idol : \xiB., often a ruler.— ^w. godd'ess. [A.S. god, Ger. gott, Goth, guth, Pers. kJioda, God, also a ruler.] god-child, god'-chlld, god-daughter, god'-daw-ter. See god-father. god-father, god'-fa-//icr, n. a man who, at a child's baptism, engages to be its father in relation to God or its religious training.— yi*;;?. god'-mother. — ns. god'-child, god'-daughter, god'-son. Godhead, god'hed, «., state of being a god ; deity; divine nature. [God, and head — A.S. had, state.] godless, god les, adj. living without God ; impious; atheistical. — adv. god'lessly. — «. god'lessness. godlike, god'llk, adj., like God ; divine. godly, god'li, adj., like God in character; pious: according to God's law. — advs. godly, god'Iily. — n. god'liness. [God, and ly = like.] godsend, god'send, «. something sent by God; an unexpected piece of good-fortune. [God, and Send.] god-son, god'-sun, n. See god-father. god-speed, god'sped, «. either a contr. of God speed you, or good speed or success. godward, god'wawrd, adv., toward God. [God, and Ger. wcard, L. versus, sig. direction.] godwit. See under Good. good-bye, good'bl, n. or itit. either contracted from God be with ye, or from good and bye = way or journey; farewell, a form of address at parting. gospel, gos'pel, n. , the word of God or good news or tidings; the Christian revelation; one of the four narratives of the life of Christ : a system of religious truth. [A.S. Godspell—god, God, or god, good, and spell, discourse, tidings.] gossip, gos'ip, n. orig. a sponsor, or one related in the service of God, then a familiar acguaint- ance; one who runs about telling and hearing news : idle talk. — v.i. to run about telling idle tales ; to talk much ; to chat :—pr.p. goss'iping ; pa.p. goss'iped. [old E. gossib, godsib— God, and sib, peace, relationship, Scot, sib, related.] Goggles, goglz, n.pl., blinds for shying horses; spectacles, with projecting eye-tubes, [Scot. goggles, blinds for horses— ^^^^^, to blindfold,] Going, Going forth, Going out. See under Go. Goitre, Goiter, goiter, «., a swollen throat; an en- largement of one of the glands of the throat. See Cretin. [Fr. goitre — L. guttur, the throat.] goitred, goitered, goi'terd, adj., affected with goitre. goitrous, goi'trus, adj., pertaining to goitre. Gold, gold, «., the yello7v, bright metal ; one of the precious metals much used for coin : money, riches: yellow, gold colour. [A.S. — gealew, yellow, W. gaivl, light, splendour; Ice, gull, gold — gulr, yellow.] golden, gold'n, otij., made of gold; of the colour of gold ; bright : most valuable : happy ; highly favourable. [A.S. gyldoi—gold.] gold-beater, gOld'-bet-er, n. one whose trade is to beat gold into gold-leaf.—;/, gold'-beating. gold-dust, gold'-dust, «., gold in dust or very fine particles, as it is sometimes found in rivers. goldfinch, guld'finsh, «. a singing-bird or fnch wiili gold-coloured wings. [Gold, and Finch.] gold-fish, gOld'-fish, n. a small gold-coloured fish, native to China, but kept in this country in glass- globes and ponds. gold-leaf, gold'-Ief, «., gold beaten extremely thin, or into leaves, and used for gilding. goldsmith, gOld'smith, «., a smith on worker in gold and silver. goldylocks. gold'i-loks, «. a plant with j)/f//i3w flowers, like locks of hair, also called wood crowfoot. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //ig grooves or holes. — v.t. to scoop out, as with a gouge ; to force out, as the eye with the thumb :— /r./. goug'ing ; j>a.p. gouged'. [Fr., Sp. gubia, low L. giibia — Basque, giibia, a hole.] Oonrd, gord, or goord, n. a large, fleshy, globular fruit ; the rind of a gourd used as a drinking- cup : the gourd plant. [ Fr. coT.gourde—V,. cu- curbita — cu-curb, a reduplicated form akin to corbis, a basket, curvus, bent.] Gourmand, same as Gormand. Gout, gout, n. lit. a drop ; a disease of the joints, esp. in the great toe. [Fr. goutte — L. gutta, a drop, because the disease was supposed to be caused by a humour settling on the j oints in drops.] gouty, gout'i, adj., relating to gout ; diseased with or subject to gout. — adv. gout'ily.— «. gout'ineae.] Gout, goo, «., taste; relish. [Fr. — L. gjtstiis, taste ; akin to Gr. geiio, to make to taste.] Govern, guv'em, v.t., to move the head, as of a ship, to steer or pilot : to direct ; to control : to rule with authority: '\\\graju., to determine the mood, tense, or case of — v.i. to e.xercise autho- rity ; to administer the laws :—p?:p. gov'erning ; pa.p. gov'erned. [Fr. gouverner. It. gove?-nare, L. gid^crno, Gr. kubernao — kiibe, head.] governable, guv'em-a-bl, adj., that may be governed. govemante, guv-er-nant', or guV, w., a lady who has the care of young ladies, a governess. [Fr. — gouvcrnant, pr.p. of goteverner.] governess, guver-ncs, «., a fetnale who has charge of the instruction of young ladies, a tutoress, [old Fr. goveniesse — L. gubernatrix — guberno.'\ government, guv'crn-nicnt, «., act of governing; management ; control : system of governing : the persons authorised to administer the laws : the territory over which sovereign power extends : in gram., the power of one word in determining the form of another. \Yr. gouvernement — gouver7ier.'\ governmental, guv-ern-ment'al, adj., pertaining to or sanctioned by jr''"'^'^''"^«^- govemor, guv'ern-ur, «., one who governs ; one in- vested with supreme authority : one who has the care of a young man ; a tutor : in B., a pilot. — «. governorship. Graft Gown, gown, 7i. lit. iJuitwhich is stitched; awoman's upper garment; along loose robe worn by pro- fessional men. [W. gw7t — gzvnio, to stitch.] gowned, gownd, adj., dressed iti a gozvfi. gownman, gown'man, gownsman, gownz'man, n. one whose professional habit is a gown, as a divine or lawyer, esp. a member of an Eng. university. Grab, grab, (vulgar) v. t., to seize or grasp suddenly : — ■/^•/. grabb'ing ; pap. grabbed', [from same root as Grip, Grasp, Grapple, &c. Ger. g7-ei/en, to seize, krappen, W. crap, a hook ; Sw. harpazo. Sans, grabh, to seize.] Grace, gras, w., _/a7'ig grace or excel- lence; depraved; wicked. — a^z-. grace'lessly. — «. grace'lessness. gracious, gra'shus, adj. , abounding in g7-ace or kind- ness ;. benevolent : proceeding from divine favour : acceptable. — adv. gra'ciously. — «. gra'ciousness. Grade, grad, 7i., a degree or step in rank or di.gnity ; the degree of slope on a road. [Fr. — L. gradus, a step — gradi, to step, to go.] gradation, gra-da'shun, «., a risi7ig step by step ; progress from one degree or state to another: state of being arranged in ranks : in 7nus., a diatonic succession of chords: in paint., the gradual blending of tints. — adj. grada'tional. [Fr. — L. gradatio, a rising by steps — gradus.] gradationed, gra-da'shund, adj.,for7>ied by grada- tions or stages. gradient, gra'di-ent, adj., gradually rising; rising with a regular slope. — «. the degree of slope on a road, &c. ; an incline. [L. gradiens, -entis, pr.p. oi gradi, to go.] gradual, grad'u-al, adj., advajtcing by grades or degrees ; regular and slow. — adv. gradually. gradual, grad'u-al, grail, gnll, «. a book of hymns and prayers, so called because the anthems were usually sung on the steps of the pulpit. graduate, grad'u-at, v.i., to pass by grades or degrees : to pass through a university course and receive a degree. — v.t. to advance by degrees ; to divide into regular intervals; to mark with de- grees : to proportion : — pr.p. graduating ; pa. p. grad'uated. — «. one admitted to a degree in a college, university, or society. — «. gradua'tion. [low L. graduo, graduatu/n — gradus.] graduator, grad'u-a-tor, «. a mathematical instru- ment ior graduating or dWi^ng lines into regular intervals. gradus, gra'dus, «. a dictionary of Greek and Latin prosody, [in full, gradtts ad Parnassu7n, a step to Parnassus, the abode of the Muses, by whose help alone poetry could be written.] Graff, 71. and v. in B., old form of Graft. Graft, graft, v.t., to 7nake an incisioti in a tree or plant, and insert in it a small branch of another : to insert in something anything not belongixig fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^Xi.. Grail to it. — v.i. to insert cuttings into a tree '.—pr.p. graft'ing ; pa.p. graft'ed. — n. graft'er. [orig. graff — grafan, to carve, to dig: or from the same root through Fr. greffe, L. graj[>hiwn, a pointed instrument.] Grail. See gradual under Grade. Grain, gran, ^i. Ht. that which is eaten', the seeds of certain plants which form the chief food of I man ; a small hard seed : a minute particle ; a very small quantity ; the smallest weight : the arrangement of the particles of anything, as stone. \L,.gran7iju, seed, prob. akin lo gramen, grass, akin to Sans, gras, to devour.] vSee Grass. grained, grand, adj. rough, as if covered with grains. granaiyi gran'ar-i, n., a storehotese Jbr grain or threshed corn. [L. granaria — gramnn.'\ granivorous, gran-iVor-us, adj ., eating grain ; feed- ing on seeds. [L. graninn, and voro, to eat.] granule, gran'ul, «., a little grain. [Fr.] granular, gran'u-lar, granulary, gran'u-lar-i, adj., consisting of or \\\-iQ grains. — adv. gran'ularly. granulate, gran'u-lat, v.i., to /onn or break info grains or small masses ; to make rough on the 1 surface. — 7<.i. to be formed into grains :—/r./. I granulating; /«./. granulated. — rti^'. granular ; ! \ having the surface covered with small eleva- tions. [Fr. gramder, to form grains — grannie.'] granulation, gran-u-la'shun, n., act of/ornting into ^ grains, esp. of metals by pouring them through \ a sieve into water while hot.—//, the grain-like bodies which form in sores when healing. granulous, gran'u-lus, adj., full of grains or par- ticles. Grain, gran, n., the growth or direction of growth of the fibres of wood ; te.xture ; dye of the tex- ture. — v.t. to paint in imitation of wood :—pr.p. grain'ing; pa.p. grained'. [A.S. grenian, to become green, to grow.] grainer, gran'er, n., one who paints in imitation of the grain of wood. Grallatorial, gral'a-tor-i-al, Grallatory, gral'a-tor-i, adj., walking on stilts; of or relating to the grallatores or wading birds, [low L. gralla- toriiis — grallae, stilts — gradi, to go, to walk.] Gramineal, gra-min'e-al, Gramineous, gra-min'e-us, adj., like or pertaining to grass; grassy. [L. g7-annnejis — gramen, -inis, grass.] See Grass. graminifolious, gram-in-i-fo'li-us, adj. bearing leaves like grass. [L. grame7i, scnd/olium, a leaf.] graminivorous, gram-in-iv'o-rus, adj., feeding or subsisting on grass and herbs. [L. granioi, graniinis, grass, voro, to eat greedily.] Grammar, gram'ar, n. lit. tJie science of letters; the science which investigates the laws of language and the art of using it correctly : a book which teaches grammar ; any elementary work. [Fr. granunaire; 'L. gramniatica; Gr. grammatike (techne, 3.ri)^gra7nma, a iQitQx^grapho, to write.] grammarian, gram-ma'ri-an, n., one versed in, or who teaches grammar. [Fr. grammairien.] grammar-school, gram'ar-skool, n. a school in which grammar is taught ; a school in which Latin and Greek are taught. grammatic, gram-mat' ik, grammatical, gram-mat'ik- al, adj., belonging to or according to the rules of grammar. [Fr. grammatical ; L. grammati- cus ; Gr. grarmnatikos.] — adv. grammatically. grammaticise, gram-mat'i-sTz, v.t., to make gram- jnatical. — v.i. to act the grammarian -.—pr-p. grammat'icTsing ; pa. p. grammat'icTsed. Graphic Grampus, gram'pus, «., a grand or large voracious fish or cetaceous animal, common in the Arctic seas, and on the British coasts, [prob. corrupted from Fr. gra?id-poisson, great fish.] Granary. See under Grain. Grand, grand, adj. lit. grown large; of great size, extent, power, or dignity ; splendid ; illustrious ; noble ; subHme ; chief: of the second degree of parentage or descent, as grand'father, a father or mother's father, grand'child, a son or daughter's child ; so grand'mother, grand'son, grand'-daughter, &c. — adv. grand'ly. — n. grand'ness. [Yr. grand, L. grandis ; perhaps akin to Grow, and Great.] grandam, gran' dam, «., ati old dame or woman; a grandmother. grandee, gran-de', n. a Spanish nobleman of the grand or first rank; a man of high rank or station. [Sp. grande.] — n. grandee'ship. grandeur, grand'ur, 7i., state or quality of being grand; vastness; splendour of appearance : lofti- ness of thought or deportment. [Fr., {xom gra7id .] grandiloquent, gran-dil'o-kwent, adj., speakiftg grandly or bombastically ; pompous. — fi. gran- dil'oquence. [L. grafidis, and loquor, to speak.] grandsire, grand'sir, n., a grand sire ov father; any ancestor. Grange, granj, n. lit. a granary ; a farmhouse witl^ its stables and other buildings. [Fr. grange, barn; low L. granea — L. graimm, grain.] Granite, gran'it, n. an igneous crystalline rock, com- posed of grai7is of quartz, feldspar, and mica,, and of a whitish, grayish, or reddish colour. \\\..gra7iito, granite, grained — 'L.grantim, grain.] granitic, gran-it'ik, adj.,pertai}iing to, consisting of, or like gra7iite. gi-anitiform, gran-it'i-form, granitoid, gran'i-toid, adj., of the for/n of ox resembling ^rrt«2Vi^. Granivorous. See under Grain. Grant, grant, v.t. lit. either to promise or bind one's self or to allotu ; to bestow or give over; to give possession of: to admit as true what is not yet proved ; to concede :— /r./. grant'ing ; /«./. grant'ed. [plA'E.graiait; old Yx.graa7itcr, craa7iter, crea7iter, to promise, as if from a low L. crede7ito — L. credo, to believe : it seems also to be conn, with L. grat7es, pleasing, low L. grat7i!7i, consent, g7'a7ito, L. gratiftcor, to do something agreeable, to bestow a gift, Fr. agreer, to allow.] grant, grant, n., act of granti7ig or bestowing: that which is granted ; an allowance _; a gift ; a transfer or conveyance by deed or writing. grantee, grant-e', n., the perso7i to whom a grant, gift, or conveyance, is 7nade. grantor, grant'or, 71., the person by whom a grant or conveyance is 77tade. Granular, Granulate, &c. See under Grain. Grape, grap, 71., that which ca7i be grasped ;_ the fruit of the vine, growing in chisters : a single berry : a mangy tumour on the legs of horses. [Fr. grappe de raisi7ts, bunch of raisins ; It. g''appo, a seizing, grappolo, a bunch of grapes ; Dutch, krappe; W. grab, a cluster.] See Grab. grapery, grap'er-i, «., a place where grapes are grown. grapeshot; grap'shot, n., shot or small iron balls chcstcred or piled on circular plates round an iron pin, and which scatter on being fired. grapy, grap'i, adj. made of or like grapes. Graphic, grafik, Graphical, graf'ik-al, rtrt>'. , /^^//zzK- i7ig to writing, describing, or delmeatmg ; fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; miite ; moon ; th^n. 213 Grapnel picturesquely described. [L. gra^kiciis ; Gr. gra- phikos — grapJw, to write.] — adv. graph'ically. GrapneL See under Grapple. Grapple, grap'l, v.t., to gripe, or seize ; to lay fast hold of. — v.i. to contend in close fight :—pr.p. grapp'ling ; pa. p. grapp'led. [dim. of Grab.] grapnel, grap'nel, n., that which grapples ; a small anchor with several claws or arms. [Fr. grappin ; old Fr. grappa ; from root of Grapple.] Grapy. See under Grape. Grasp, grasp, v.t., to grab or gripe I to seize and hold by clasping with the fingers or arms ; to catch at. — v.i. to endeavour to seize ; to catch (followed by at) -.—pr.p. grasp'ing ; pa.p. grasped'.— «. gripe of the hand ; reach of the arms ; power of seizure. [Ger. grappse7ii old Ger. grappen, grabben ; from root of Grab, Grapple.] Grass, gras, n. lit. that which grows, or tlie thing eaten ; common herbage ; an order of plants with long, narrow leaves, and tubular stem, including wheat, rye, oats, &c. — v.t. to cover with grass -.—pr.p. grass'ing ; pa.p. grassed'. [A.S. gcsrs, grces; Ice., G&r. gras; Scot, girs ; allied to L. gramen, grass : either from the root of Grow, L. cresco ; or from Gr. grao, graino, to gnaw, to eat, Sans, gras, to devour.] grasshopper, gras'hop'er, n., a hoppitig insect that feeds on grass, alUed to the locust. grass-plot, gras'-plot, «., a plot oi grassy ground. grassy, gras'i, adj., covered with or resembling grass ; green. — n. grass'iness. graze, graz, v.t. to feed \\\i\\ grass; to feed on; to tend grazing cattle. — v.i. to eat grass; to supply grass -.—pr.p. graz'ing ; pa.p. grazed'. [A.S. grasian, ivom graes.^ grazier, gra'zher, «., one wJio grazes or pastures cattle and rears them for the market. Grate, grat, n. lit. a crate or lattice-work ; a frame- work composed of bars with interstices, esp. one of iron bars for holding coals while burning. [It. grata, a grate, hurdle, lattice — from L. crates, a hurdle.] See Crate. grating, grating, «., the bars of a grate; a parti- tion or frame of bars. Grate, grat, v.i., to make a shrillJiarsh noise ; to creak or scrape : to rub hard so as to offend. — v.t. to rub so as to produce a harsh sound; to rub roughly ; to wear away with anything rough : to offend by something harsh :— /r./. grat'ing ; pa.p. grat'ed. [Fr. grattcr; Dan. kratte; Ger. kratzen ; perhaps allied to L. rada, to scrape.] grated, grat'ed, adj., having a grate or grating. grater, grat'er, n. an instrument with a rough surface for gratifig or rubbing down a body. grating, grat'ing, adj., rubbinghard on the feelings ; harsh ; irritating. — adv. grat'ingly. Grateful, grat'fool, adj.,/ull o/grace or joy ; causing pleasure ; acceptable ; delightful : thankful ; hav- ing a due sense of benefits. — adv. grate'fully. — u. grate'fulness. [L. gratia, from grat its, pleasing, thankful, and Full.] See Grace. gratify, grati-fl, v.t., to do what is agreeable to; to please ; to soothe ; to indulge -.—pr.p. grat- ifying ; pa.p. grat'ified. — «. grat'ifler. [L, grati- ficor — grat us, and jacio, to do.] gratification, grat-i-fi-ka'shun, n., act of gratifying, pleasing, or indulging : that which gratifies ; delight. [L. grat/jicatio.] gratis, gra'tis, adv. , by grace or favour ; for nothing. [L. contracted (or graiiis, ablative//, of gratia, favour, {rom gratus.] graywacke gratitude, grat'i-tud, «., state of being grateful : feeling of thankfulness, [low L. gratitudo.'\ gratuitous, gra-tu'i-tus, adj., do fie or given gratis, or for nothing ; voluntary : without reason, ground, or proof; adopted or asserted without good ground. — adv. gratu'itously. [L. gratuitus — gratia, favour — grat us. ^ gratuity, gra-tu'i-ti, «., something given gratis ; a present ; an acknowledgment of service, generally pecuniary, [low l^. gratuitas— grains.] gratulate, grat'u-lat, v.t. to Congratulate. gratulation, grat-u-la'shun, «. congratulation. gratulatory, grat'u-la-tor-i, adj. congratulatory. Grave, grav, v.t., to carve, scratch, or scrape; to cut ; to engrave : to scrape and pitch a ship's bottom. — v.i. to engrave '.—pr.p. grlVing ; pa.p. graven, or graved'. — n. a pit graved or dug out, esp. one in which to bury the dead ; any place of burial : fig. death ; destruction. [Fr. graver; A. S. grafan; Dutch, graven; Ger. graben; allied to Gr. grapJid, to grave, scratch: A.S. graef Dutch, grcif, Ger. grab, grave ; allied to Carve and Grab. In the naut. sense, it may be con- nected with Greaves, the dregs of tallow.] graver, grav'er, «., ati engraver; a tool for engrav- ing on hard substances. graving, grav'ing, n., act of graving or cutting out on hard substances : that which is graved- or cut out ; carved work : act of cleaning a ship's bottom. Grave, grav, adj. lit. heavy; fig. weighty; of im- portance ; serious ; not gay ; sober ; solemn : in jnusic; not acute ; low. — adv. grave'ly. — n. grave'- ness. [L. gravis; Sans, garu.] gravid, grav'id, adj., /leavy, esp. as being with child ; pregnant. [L. gravidas — gravis, heavy.] gravity, grav'i-ti, «., Jieaviness ; the tendency of matter to attract and be attracted, thus causing weight : state of being grave or sober ; relative importance : in music, lowness of a note. [Fr. gravite ; L. gravitas — gravis.'] gravitate, graVi-tat, v.i. to be acted on hy gravity ; to tend towards the earth -.—pr.p. grav^itating ; pa.p. graVitated. [from L. gravis.] gravitation, grav-i-ta'shun, 71., act of gravitating; the tendency of all bodies to attract each other, especially the earth. Gravel, grav'el, n. small stones often intermixed with sand : small collections of gravelly matter in the kidneys or bladder. — v.t. to cover with gravel ; to puzzle -.—pr.p, graVelling ; pa.p. grav'- elled. [It. gravella; Fr. gravelle ; Fr. greve, a sandy shore ; \V. gro, pi. gravel, coarse sand.] gravelly, grav'el-i, adj., consisting of gravel. Graver. See under Grave, v. t. Gravid, Gravity, &;c. See under Grave, adj. Qra-vy, grav'i, n. the juices from meat while cooking. [aUied to Greaves, the dregs of tallow ; perhaps also to W. crau, gore, blood.] Gray, gra, adj. of a white colour mixed with black ; ash-coloured ; white : fig. aged. — n. a gray colour ; an animal of a grayish colour, as a horse, &c. [A.S. graeg; Ger. grau; Fr. ^r/j-; allied to Gr. graus, an old man ; L. ravus, tawny.] graybeard, gra'berd, «., one with a gray beard^ hence, an old man. grayish, gra'ish, adj., somewhat gray. grayling, gra'ling, n. a silvery ^r^zy fish of the salmon family, but with a smaller mouth and teeth, and Larger scales. graywacke, gra'wak-e, n. lit. gray rock ; a kind of sandstone, consisting of rounded pebbles and 214 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; uiGte ; mute ; moon ; //fen. Graze sand firmly united together. [Ger. granwacke —grau, gray, and Wacke.] Graze, to feed cattle. See under Grass. Graze, graz, v.t., to grate or j>ass lightly along the S7irface: — -pr.p. graz'ing ; pa.p. grazed'. [A.S. grasian; Ger. graseu; from the root of L. rado, rasus, to scrape. See Grate.] Grazier. See under Grass. Grease, gres, n.,soft thick animal fat ; oily matter of any kind : an inflammation in the heels of a horse, marked by swelling, &c. — v.t. (sometimes pron. grez) to smear with grease :—pr.p. greas'- ing ; pa.p. greased'. [Fr. graisse, from g}-as, fat ; It. grasso; Gael, creis ; from L. crassus, gross, thick, fat.] greasy, gre'zi, or gres'i, adj., of ox like grease or oil ; smeared with grease ; smooth ; fat. — adv. greas'- ily. — 71. greas'iness. Great, grat, adj., grown; grand; large ; enormous : expanded : numerous : long continued : superior ; distinguished ; highly gifted ; noble ; mighty ; sublime; of high rank; chief; proud; rich: weighty: indicating one degree more remote in the direct line of descent, as great-grandfather, great-grandson. — adv. great'ly. — 71. great'ness. [A.S. ; T)ViX.c\\., groot ; old S.groot,grandig; Ger. grosz; allied to Grand, Gross, Grow; L. crassiis.l greatcoat, grat'kot, «. an over-coat. great-hearted, grat'-hart-ed, adj. having a great or wohlQ heart ; high-spirited; noble. Greaves, grevz, 71.pl. the sediment of melted tallow. [0X6.^1. greves ; G&x. griebe.l Greaves, grevz, 7t.pl. ancient axTaonvfor the legs, of leather, &c. [old Fr. graves, ixovngreve, the shin- bone.] Grebe, greb, ti. an aquatic bird, having a long, coni- cal beak, short wings, and no tail. [Fx. grebe; W. crib, crest, one species having a crest.] Grecian, gre'shan, adj.,pertai7iing to Greece. — n. a native of Greece ; one well versed in the Greek language and literature : in .5., a Jew who spoke Greek. [A.S. and Fr. Grec; L. Graectis; Gr. graikos.] Grecise, gre'sTz, v.t., to 7nake Grecian; to translate into Greek. — v.i. to speak Greek :^^r./. Gre'- clsing ; pa.p. Gre'clsed. Grecism, gre'sizm, «., a7i idio7ii_of tJie Greek lan- guage. Greek, grek, adj., Grecia7t. — «. a Grecian ; the lan- guage of Greece : in .5., a Greek by race, or more frequently a Gentile as opposed to a Jew. Greek-fire, grek'-fir, 7t. a combustible substance inextinguishable by water, used by the Greeks of the Byzantine empire against the Saracens. Greedy, gred'i, adj., lit. crying for food ; having a voracious appetite: covetous. — adv. greed'ily. — n. greed'iness. [A. S. grcedig^grcedaii, to cry ; Dutch, gretig; Goth, gredags, hungry; Scot. greet, to cry, greed, greediness.] Greek. See under Grecian. Green, gren, adj. of the colour of growi7tg plants ; growing ; vigorous ; new ; unripe : inexperienced ; young. — w. the colour of growing plants ; a small green or grassy plat.—//, fresh leaves ; wreaths ; the leaves of green vegetables for food, &c. [A. S. grene; Ger. gri'ai; Dutch, groen — groeyen, to grow ; Ice. grd}i7t — groa, to grow ; allied to Grow.] — 7t. green'ness. green-cloth, gren'-kloth, 71. a court for regulating the affairs of the royal household, and which has grievously power to punish offenders within the palace, and 200 yds. beyond the gates, so called from the green cloth on the table round which it sits. green-crop, gren'-krop, «. a crop oi green vegetables, as grasses, turnips, &c. used on a farm in their unripe state. greengage, gren'gaj, n. a green and very sweet variety of the plum. green-grocer, gren'-gro-ser, n. a. grocer ox dealer who retails greens, or fresh vegetables and fruits, greenhouse, gren'hous, «. a hotise to shelter tender plafUs from the cold weather, greenish, gren'ish, adj., somewJiat gree7i. — 71. green'- green-room, gren'-room, n. the retiring-r^(7wz of actors in a theatre which originally had the walls coloured green. greensand, gren'sand, 71. a safidsto7ie,in which. greeTi specks of iron occur, greenstone, gren'ston, 71. a variety of txzp-rock of a green colour. Greet, gret, v.t. lit. to go to vieet; to salute or address with kind wishes ; to send kind wishes to ; to congratulate. — v. i. to meet and salute -.—pr-p. greet'ing ; pa.p. greet'ed. [A.S. gretan, to go to meet ; Dutch, groeten, Ger. g7aisse7i, to salute ; from Ice. grid, peace, or perh. conn, with Cry.] greeting, gret'ing, 71. expression of kindness or joy ; salutation. Gregarious, gre-ga'ri-us, adj. associating or living m. flocks or herds. — adv. grega'riously. — 7t. grega'- riousness, [L. gregaritis — grex, gregis, a flock.] Gregorian, gre-go'ri-an, adj., belongi7ig to or estab- lished by Pope Gregory (i6th century), as the calendar. Grenade, gre-nad', 7t. a small shell of Iron or glass, filled with powder and bits of iron, and thrown from the hand, so called from its resembling a pomegranate. [Fr., S'p. gra7iada; \u. grajiatum, a pomegranate — granu7}i, a grain.] grenadier, gren-a-de/, n. orig. a soldier who threw grenades; a member of the first company of every battalion of foot. Grew, groo, past tetise of Grow. Grey, gra, same as Gray. Greyhound, gra'hound, «. a swift hunting hound, of slender form, great length of limb and muzzle, and great keenness of sight. [A. S. grighu7td — Ice. grey, a dog, and Hound.] Griddle, grid'l, 71. a broad shallow circular pan for baki7ig cakes. [Scot, girdle; W. greidyll — greidio, to scorch or singe ; Gael, greidil; Sw. gradda, to roast, bake.] gridiron, grid'l-ern, w. a grated iron or frame of bars for broilifig flesh or fish over the fire. Grief, gref, «., Jieavi7iess of heart; pain of mind; sorrow ; regret ; mourning : cause of sorrow ; affliction: va.B., bodily as well as mental pain. [Fr. grief^grever, to burden; L. gravo, to grieve — gravis, heavy.] grieve, grev, v.t., to catise grief ox pain of mind to; to make sorrowful; to vex: in B., also, to inflict bodily pain. — v.i. to feel grief; to mourn : —pr.p. griev'ing ; pa.p. grieved', grievance, grev'ans, «., cause of grief ; burden; hardship; injury; grief, grievous, grev'us, adj., catising or full of grief; burdensome ; painful ; heinous ; atrocious ; hurt- ful. — 71. griev'ousness. grievously, greVus-li, adv., in a gTievotis manner; in B., severely. fate, iar; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; ih^ix. 215 Griffin Crriffln, grif'in, Griffon, grif'un," n. an imaginary animal, with the body and legs of a lion, and the crooked beak and wings of an eagle. [ Fr. griffo)i. ; L. and Gr. gryps — Gr. grypos, hook-nosed.] Grig, grig, n. a small lively eel, the sand-eel. [prov. E. grig, a cricket : from its wriggling motion.] Grill, gril, v.t. to broil on a gridiron ; to torment : — pr.p. grill'ing ;/«./. grilled'. [Fr. gril ler— gril, a gridiron ; L. craticjila, dim. of crates, a grate.] Grim, grim, adj. lit. grinding tJie teeth; of for- bidding aspect ; ferocious; ghastly; sullen. — adv. grim'ly. — ;;. grim'ness. [A. S. grifu, gritnin ; Ger. grimmig—grivnn, fury ; W. grem, murmuring, grinding the teeth.] grimace, gri-mas', n., a grim look; a distortion of the face, in jest, &;c. ; a smirk. [Fr.] grimaced, gri-masd', adj., -djitha grimace; distorted. Grimalkin, gri-mal'kin, «. lit. a gray vialkin ; an old cat. [Gray, and malkin, a dirty drab, a corruption of IMoU or Mary.] Grime, grim, «., dirt, mud; ingrained dirt. — v.t. to soil deeply :—/r./. grim'ing; grimed'. [It. groiuna, crust; Ice. grojn, inveterate dirt; W. grima, a spot ; Scot, gnanjnel, mud, dregs.] grimy, grim'i, adj . , full of griine ; foul. Grin, grin, v.i. lit. to griiid the teeth; to set the teeth together and withdraw the lips. — v.t. to ex- press by grinning :—pr.p. grinn'ing ; pa.p. grinned'. — «. act of grinning. [A.S. grinnian; Ice. grina ; Ger. greinen ; Dutch, grijnen, to grumble ; Fr. grogner, to growl ; grincer, to gnash the teeth; It. digrigtiare ; allied to L. ■ringor, to snarl.] Grind, grind, v.t., to grate to powder, as het7veen the teeth ; to wear down or sharpen by rubbing ; to rub together ; to oppress. — v. i. to be moved or rubbed together '.—pr.p. grind'ing; pa.t. and /a.p. groaned'. — n. a deep moaning sound as of distress ; a sound of disapprobation. [A.S. grafiafi ; Scot, grane ; Dutch, groonoi; W. gnvnafi : formed from the sound.] groaning, gron'ing, «., act of groaning; a deep- moan as of pain ; any low rumbling sound. Groat, grawt, n. an old English coin = 4d. [Dutch, groot ; allied to Ger. groschen — gross, great •„ from root of Great : so named because when first coined by Edward III. it was the greatest silver coin, the only other being the silver penny.] Groats. See under Grit. Grocer, Grocery. See under Gross. Grog, grog, n. a mixture of spirit and cold water. [derived from ' Old Grog,' a nickname, given by the sailors to Admiral Vernon, who first intro- duced it, because he used in bad weather to wear a Grogram cloak.] Grogram, grog'ram, 7i. a kind of cloth made of silk and mohair, of a coarse grain or texture, [old Fr. gros-grain, of a coarse grain or texture.] Groin, groin, n. the part of the body, just where the legs begin to divide: in arch., the angular curve formed by the crossing of two arches. [Ice. grein, division, branch— ^'^r/««, to divide ; Sw. gren, branch, space between the legs ; Scot. grain, grane, the branch of a tree or river.] groined, groind, adj., having groi?is or angular curves made by the intersection of two arches. Groom, groom, n. lit. a youth or 7)ia>i; one who has the charge of horses ; a title of several officers of the Royal Household: a bridegroom. — v.t. to tend, as a horse '.—pr.p. groom'ing ; pa.p. groomed'. [Dutch, groni, a boy or youth ; A.S. and Goth, guma, a man ; perhaps allied to L. Jwjno, a man.] Groove, groov, n. that which is graven, or hollowed out ; a furrow, or long hollow. — 7'.t. to grave or cut a goove, or furrow in : — pr.p. grooving ; pa.p. grooved'. [A.S. grof, graf-^grafan, to dig; Ger. grid>e — graben, to dig ; Dutch, groeve, a furrow, pit ; from root of Grave.] Grope, grop, v.i. orig. to gripe or feel with tJie liands ; to search or attempt to find something, as if blind or in the dark.— z'. A to search by feeling, as in the dark : — pr.^. grOp'ing ; pa.p. grOped'. [A.S. gropian, grapian; allied to Grab, Gripe.] 2l6 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. gropingly gropingly, grop'ing-ll, adv., in a groping mamtcr. Grosbeak, same as Grossbeak., Gross, gros, adj., solid, fat ; coarse : rough : great : palpable : whole ; coarse in mind ; stupid ; sensual ; obscene. — n. the main bulk ; the whole taken to- gether : 2igreat hundred, i.e. twelve dozen. — adv. grossly- — n. gross'ness. \¥x.gros; lo-wla.grosstis — L. crass7^s.'\ grossbeak, gros'bek, n. a genus of birds with a thick strong convex beak. [Gross, and Beak.] grocer, gros'er, n. orig. one who sells by the gross or wholesale ; a dealer in tea, sugar, &c. [formerly grosser, Fr. grossier; from root of Gross.] grocery, gros'er-i, n., things sold by grocers. Grot, grot, Grotto, grot'o, «., a crypt, or subter- ranean cavern. [Fr. grotte ; A.S. grut; old Fr. crota; corruption from Crypt.] grotesque, gro-tesk', adj., grotto-like; extravagantly formed ; ludicrous. — «. in art, extravagant orna- ment, containing animals, plants, &c. not really existing. — adv. grotesque'ly. — n. grotesque'ness. [Fr. grotesque — Grotto.] Ground, ground, /«./. and/^:./. of Grind. Ground, ground, n. the surface of the earth ; a portion of the earth's surface ; land ; field ; the floor, &c. : position ; field or place of action : that on which something is raised, lit. or fig. ; founda- tion ; reason : in art, the surface on which the figures are represented. — in //. sediment at the bottom of liquors, dregs. [A. S. and Ger. griaid; Goth, gnaidus ; Gael. grnn7td.] ground, ground, v.t., to put on the groiind: to fix on a foundation, or principle ; to instruct in first principles. — v.i. to strike the bottom, and remain fixed :— /n/. ground'ing; pa.p. ground'ed. groundage, ground'aj, n. the tax paid by a ship for the ground or space occupied while in port. ground-floor, ground'-flor, «. the floor of a house, on a level with the street or exterior ground. ground-ivy, ground'-I-vi, n. a plant which creeps along the ground, like ivy. groundless, ground'les, adj., without ground, foundation, or reason.— rt^/z/. ground'lessly. — n. groundlessness. groundling, groundling, n. a. small fish, having a spine under each eye, and which keeps near the ground. ground-nut, ground'-nut, n. a term applied to the frjdt of some plants and the root of others found in the ground. ground-plot, ground'-plot, n. the plot of ground on which a building stands. ground-rent, ground'-rent, n., rent paid to a land- lord for liberty to build on his ground. groundsel, ground'sel, n. an annual plant, about a foot high, with small yellow flowers. [A.S. grundswelige — grtind, ground, and swelgan, to swell, because the ground swells with it, that is, it grows everywhere.] ground-swell, ground'-swel, n. a broad, deep szvell or undulation of the ocean, after a severe storm. groundwork, ground' wurk, 71. the work which forms the ground or foundation of anything ; the basis ; the essential part ; the first principle. Group, groop, n., a bu7tch or cluster; a number of persons or things together : in art, an assemblage of persons, animals, or things, forming a whole. ■ — v.t. to form into a group or groups :—/r./. group'ing ; pa.p. grouped'. [Fr. g7-ozipe ; It. groppo, a bunch, knot ; W. crwb, a round hunch, a bunch ; A.S. C7-op, top ; allied to Crop.] Grumble grouping, groop'ing, tt. in art, the act of disposing and arranging figures or objects in groups. Grouse, grous, n. a genus of birds having a short curved bill, short legs and feathered feet, which, frequent moors and hills covered with g07-se. [per- haps allied to Gorse ; W. grug-iar, heath-hen.] Grout. See under Grit. Grove, grov, «. lit. a place grooved or cut out among trees; a collection of trees, or wood of small size ; an avenue of trees. [A.S. gracf, groue, a groY&^gra/a/t, to dig.] See Grave, Groove. Grovel, grov'el, v.i., to grope about 07i the grotmd; to crawl on the earth : to be mean -.^r.p. grov'- elling; pa.p. grov'elled. — 71. grov'eller. [Ger. krabbeln, to crawl; Dan. kravle, to crawl up;. Sw. krafla, to creep; Ice. grujfla, to grovel.] See Grab, Grope. Grow, grO, v.i. to become enlarged by a natural process ; to advance towards maturity ; to in- crease in size ; to take a form while increasing ; to develop ; to become greater in any way ; to extend ; to improve ; to pass from one state to another; to become.— z^^. to cause to grow; to cultivate: — pr.p. grow'ing ; pa.t. grew (groo) ; pa.p. grown.— «. grow'er. S^K.^. growa7i; Dutch, g7'oeye7i ; Sw. gro ; Ice. groa : the root is seen in L. cresco, to grow, creo, Dan. and Scot, gar, Gr.. kraino, to make.] growth, groth, n., act or process of growi7tg; gradual increase ; progress ; development : that which has grown ; product. Growl, growl, v.i., to utter a 77tur77tiiring, S7iarling S02C)id, like a dog; to grumble surlily. — v.t. to express by growling: — pr.p. growl'ing; pa.p. growled'. — 7t. growler. [Ger. grollen, to be angry, to roar ; Norw. gryla, to grunt, growl ^ Fr. grotiiller, to rumble ; allied to Gr. grullizo, to grunt, grtdos, a pig : from the sound.] growl, growl, 71., a inurmuri7tg, snarlitig sotmd, as of a cross dog. Growth. See under Grow. Grub, grub, v.i., to dig /« the dirt .* to be occupied meanly.— z/./. to dig or root out of the ground (generally followed by ?//) '.—pr.p. grubb'ing ; pa.p. grubbed'. [Ger. griibebi, to pick, grube, a pit ; allied to Grab and Grave.] grub, grub, 71. the larva of the beetle, moth, &c. so called because it digs into plants. grubber, grub'er, 11., he or that which grubs; an. instrument for digging up the roots of trees, &c. Grudge, gruj, v.i., to gru77ible or i7m7-77nir; to shew discontent. — v.t. to murmur at; to look upon with envy ; to give or take unwillingly : — pr.p. grudg'ing ; pa.p. grudged'. — 71. secret enmity or envy ; an old cause of quarrel, [old E. gruiclie, g7-utche ; old Fr. groucher, groucer^ g7-ou7tce ; Gr. gruzo, to murmur, to say ^r?^.] grudgingly, gruj'ing-li, adv., w a grudging or re- luctant 77ta7i7icr ; unwillingly. Gruel, groo'el, n. a thin food, made by boiling groats or oatmeal in water, [old Fr. gruel; Fr. gruajc, groats ; Norw. grant, Dan. grod, por- ridge. See groats under Grit.] Gruff, gruf, adj., hoa7-se ; rough, stern in manner ; churlish. — adv. gruff'ly. — 71. gruff'ness. [Sw. and Dutch, ^r^; Ger. ^ra/5, large, coarse; Grisons, g7^ifflar, to snore ; prob. formed in imitation of a hoarse sound.] Grumble, grum'bl, v.i., to i7nirtntir with discon- tent ; to growl; to rumble :—/r./. grum'bling ; fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; ^^en. 217 Grume j[>a.i>. grum'bled.— «. grum'bler.— aiian.'\ Gyre, jTr, n. ht. a circle; a circular motion. [L. gyrus — Gr. gyros, round.] gyrate, jl'rat, v.i., to whirl round a central point ; to move spirally :—pr.p. gy'rating ; /^./. gy'rfited. — adj. in bot., winding round. [L. gyro, gyraiuiti, to move in a circle.] gyration, jT-ra'shun, «., act of ■whirling ro2ind a central point ; a spiral motion, gyratory, jl'ra-tor-i, adj., moving in a circle. Gyrfalcon, Gierfalcon, jer'faw-kn, w. a large falcon, found in the northern regions of both the Old and New Worlds, [low L. gyrofalco ; Ger, geier, a vulture, z.xiAfalke, falcon.] Ha, ha, int. denoting surprise, joy, or grief; and, when repeated, laughter, [from the sound.] Haberdasher, hab'er-dash-er, «., a seller of small 7vares, as ribbons, tape, See. [Ice. hapartask, things of little value.] haberdashery, hab'er-dash-er-i, n., goods sold by a haberdasher. Habergeon, ha-ber'je-un, n. a piece of armour to defend the neck and breast. [Fr. haubergeon, dim. of old Fr. hauberc, obs. E. haiiberk — A.S. Jiealsbeorga — heals, neck, beo}ga?i, to defend.] Habit, hab'it, n. lit. the having one's self or being in a certain condition ; ordinary course of con- duct ; tendency to perform certain actions ; practice ; custom : outward appearance, dress ; a garment, esp. a tight-fitting dress, with a skirt, •worn by ladies on horseback. — 7'.t. to dress: — ^r.p. hab'iting ; pa. p. hab'itcd. [Fr. — L. habitus, state, dress — habeo, to have, to be in a condition.] habiliment, ha-bil'i-mcnt, n. a habit or garment : — in //., clothing, dress. [Fr. luibillemcnt — habiller, to dress — L. as \{ habitulare — habitus, dress.] babltnal, ha-bit'u-al, adj. formed or acquired by habit or frequent use ; customary. — adv. habit'- ually. [low L. habitualis — L. habitus.^ babitnate, ha-bit'u-at, v.t., to cause to acquire a habit; to accustom: — pr.p. habit'uating ; pa.p. habit'uatcd. [L. habit uo, habituatutn — liabitus, held in a state or condition — habeo, to have.] habitade, hab'i-tud, n. tendency from acquiring a habit; usual manner. [L. habitudo—liabco.] habitable, hab'it-abl, adj., that may be inhabited or dwelt in. — n. hab'itableness. — adz<. hab'itably. [L. hahitabilis — habiio, habitatus, to inhabit, freq. oi habeo, to have.] habitat, hab'it-at, n. lit. it divells ; in nat. hist, and Hagiographa lot., the natural abode or locality of an animal or plant. [3d pers. sing. pres. ind. of L. habito.'\ habitation, hab-i-ta'shun, n., act of inliabiting or dwelling: place of abode; a settled dwelling; a residence. [Fr. — L. habitatio — habito.'] Hack, hak, v.t., to use an axe 7ipon, to chop; to cut and mangle ; to notch :—pr.p. hack'ing ; pa.p. hacked'. — «. a cut made by hacking. [A.S. Juic- can, Ger. hackcn — hacke, an axe.] See Hash. hackly, hak'li, adj. rough and broken, as \{ Jiacked or chopped : in viin., covered with sharp points. haggle, hagi, v.t., to hack into small pieces ; to cut unskilfully ; to mangle -.^pr.p. hagg'ling ; pa.p. hagg'led. [dim. of Scot, fiag. Ice. Iiogga, to hack.] Hack, a hackney. See under Hackney. Hackle, hak'l, w. an instrument with hooks or iron teeth for sorting hemp or flax : any flimsy sub- stance unspun : a feather in a cock's neck ; a hook and fly for angling, dressed with this feather. [Ger. hecliel, akin to Ger. haken, and Hook.] hackle, hak'l, v.t., to dress with a hackle, as flax : to tear rudely asunder :—pr.p. hack'ling ; pa.p\ hack'led. [Ger. hecJieln, to comb flax — liecliel.} Hackly. See under Hack, to cut. Hackney, hak'ni, «. lit. a nag or horse hacked, hashed, or used badly ; a horse for general use, esp. for hire. — z'.t. to carry in a hackney-coach; to use much ; to make commonplace '.—pr.p. hack'neying; pa.p. hack'neyed (-nid). [from Hack, to hash, to use badly, and Nag, a small horse — hence Fr. Jiaquenee, Dutch, hakke-nei, an ambling nag.] hackney, hak'ni, hackneyed, hak'nid, adj. let out for hire ; devoted to common use ; much used. hackney-coach, hak'ni-kuch, «., a coach let owX. fcr hire. hack, hak, n., a hackney, esp. a poor and jaded one : any person overworked on hire ; a literary drudge. — adj. hackney, hired. — v.i. to ofter for hire -.—pr-p. hack'ing ; pa.p. hacked', [contr. from Hackney; old Fr. haque, haquet, a pony. J Had, /rt.A and /«./. of Have : in .5.= held. Acts XXV. 26. [contr. from A. S. hdfed, luifd^^ haved.] Haddock, had'uk, n. lit. either tJtc prolific animal, or the little cod; a sea-fish of the cod family. [W. hadog, hadawg — hadawg, having seed : or low L. gadus, cod, and dim. termination ock."] Hades, ha'dez, n. lit. the invisible: in 7nyth., the abode of the dead. [Gr. haides, Jiades — a, priv., idein, to see.] Haemal, S:c. See Hemal. Haemorrhage, Sic. See Hemorrhage. Haft. See under Have. Hag, hag, n. one wise in unholy secrets, a witchl an ugly old woman. [A.S. hceges, Ger. h^^xe, old Ger. hags; Ice. hagur, wise ; perh. conn, with root of Gr. hagios, L. sacer, sacred, in a bad sense.] haggish, hag'ish, adj., hag-like. — adv. hagg'ishly. Haggard, hag'ard, adj. orig. 7uild, applied to an un- trained hawk; lean; thin; hollow-eyed: — adv. hagg'ardly. [Fr. — GG.r.hager,\co.n — hag,3. thicket J Haggle, to cut. See under Hack, to cut. Haggle, hag'l, -.'.i. to be slow in making a bargain ; to stick at trifles : — prp. hagg'ling : pa.p. hagg'led. — ;/. haggler. [See Hawk, and Higgle, to peddle.) Hagiographa, ha-ji-og'raf-a, Hagiography, ha-ji-o,g'- raf-i, n.pl. lit. (books) by sacred writers; the last of the three Jewish divisions of the Old Testament, comprehending the books of Psalms, filte, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mo5n ; ^/:en. hagiographer Proverbs, Job, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Rutb, Esther, Chron., Cant., Lament., Eccles. [Gr. hagio^-aplia (biblia) — Jiagios, holy, gTapho, to write.]— rt(//. hagiog'raphal. hagiographer, lia-ji-og'raf-er, n., one of ihe writers of tJie Hagiog7-aplia, a sacred writer. Hah, ha, int. same as Ha. Ha-ha, ha-ha', «. same as haw-haw. Hail, hal, int. or /;;//. lit. may 5'ou be in Jiealth. — [A.S. JubIo, /uclu, Ger. heil, health.] See Heal. hale, hal, adj., healthy; robust; sound of body. Hail, hal, v.t., to call to, at a distance ; to address one passing : — J>r.J>. hail'ing ; pa.p. hailed', [low Ger. anJuilcn-, to call to one ; Dutch, halcn, haelen, to call, fetch ; Ger. holen, to fetch, drag.] hale, hal, v.t., to Jiaul, to drag:— /r./. hal'ing; J>a.p. haled'. haul, bawl, v.t., to drag; to pull with violence : — pr.p. haul'ing ; pa. p. hauled'. — «. a pulling ; a draught, as of fishes. — n. haul'er. haulage, hawl'aj, n., act of hauling; charge for hauling or pulling a ship or boat. halyard, halliard, hal'yard, «., naut., a rope by which _j'rtr<-/j, sails, &c. are hauled or hoisted. Hail, hill, 71. frozen rain or particles of ice falling froni the clouds. — v.t. to rain hail : — pr.p. hail - ing; pa. p. hailed'. [A.S. hagal, Ger. hagcl, Gr. clialaza, L. grando — Sans, hj-ad, to rattle.] hailstone, hfd'ston, n. a single stoiie or ball of Jiail. Hair, bar, n. a filament growing from the skin of an animal ; the whole mass of hairs which forms a covering for the head or the whole body : in hot., minute hair-like processes on the cuticle of plants : anything very small and fine. [A.S. hccr, Ger. haar, perhaps akin to the root of L. hirtus, hairy, horreo, to bristle, crinis, hair.] hair-breadth, har'-bredth, hair's-breadth, harz'-bredth, ;/. lit. tJic bread til of a hair ; a very small distance. hair-cloth, har'-kloth, ;;., cloth made partly or entirely of hair. hairless, hfu-'les, adj., luanting hair. hair-powder, hur'-pow-dcr, n. a white poivder for dusting the iiair. hair-splitting, hiir'-split-ing, n. the art of splitting hairs or of making minute distinctions. hair-spring, har'-spring, n. a very fine hair-like, spring on the balance-wheel of a watch. hair-stroke, har'-strok, 7t. in writing, a stroke or line as fine as a hair. hair-trigger, har'-trig-er, «., a trigger which dis- charges a gun or pistol by a //a/r-like spring. hair-worm, har'-wurm, n., a ivorvi, like a horse- hair, which lives in the bodies of certain insects. fcaiTy,har'i,rt^!^'., (i/or resembling /^rt/?-. — «. hair'iness. Hake, hak, Hakot, hak'ut, n. a sea-fish of the cod family. [A.S. hakot, Ger. hccht, a pike.] Halberd, hal'berd, n.,a pole-nxe; a weapon consist- ing of an axe and hea\'y dagger fixed on a pole. [Fr. hallebarde, Ger. hellebarde, old Ger. helin- harte — helm, a pole, barte, an a.\e — bart, a beard, from the h.anging down appearance of the iron.] halberdier,hal-berd-er',«.,o«t' annedtuith a halberd. Halcyon, hal'si-un, n. lit. the breeder on the sea, the king-fisher, so called because once believed to make a floating nest on the sea which remained calm while it was hatching. — adj'. calm ; peace- ful ; happy. — Halcyon-days, orig. the time during which the halcyon was hatching; a time of peace and happiness. [L., Gr. alkyon, iuilkyon — hals, the sea, and kyo, to conceive, to breed.] Hale, healthy. See under Hail, int. Hallucination Hale, to haul. See under Hail, to call to. Half, hiif (//. Halves, hiivz), n. lit. a pari, now one of two equal parts.— rt(;^'. having or consisting of one of two equal parts ; being in part. — adv. in an equal part or degree ; in part ; imperfectly. [A.S. healf Juilf Ice. half a, part, side; Swiss, halb, the side of a bod}'.] half-blood, haf'-blud, «. relation between those who are only half of the same blood, or who are of the same father or mother, but not of both. half-blooded, hiif'-blud-cd, half-breed, hiif'-bred, adj\ produced frona a male and female of difPcreiit blood or breeds. half-bred, hiif'-bred, adj., half ox not well bred or trained ; wanting in refinement. half-brother, XvH' -hmth-hr , half-sister, biif'-sls-ter, n., a brother or sister by one parent only. half-caste, hiif'-kast, «. a person one of whose parents belongs to a Hindoo caste, and the other is a European. half-cock, hiif'-kok, n. the position of the cock of a gun when retained by the first notch. half-moon, hiif '-moon, n. the vioot at the quarters when but half of it is illuminated ; anything like it. half-pay, haf'-pa, «., half the amount of pay or salary ; reduced pay. half-penny, ha'-pen-i (//. half-pence, hiif'-pens, or hii'pens), n. a copper coin worth half a penny ; the value of half a penny. — half-pennyworth, the ivortJi or value of a halfpenny. half-way, hiif'-wa, adv., at halftheiuay or distance : imperfectly. — adj. equally distant from two points. half-witted, hiif'-wit-ed, adj. having only half the ordinary -wit or intellect ; silly. half-yearly, hiif '-yer-li, adj. occurring at every half year or twice in a year. — ad^'. twice in a year. halve, hiiv, v.t. to divide into halves or two equal parts : — pr.p. hiilv ing ; pa.p. hiilved'. halved, hiivd, adj., divided into halves: in hot., appearing as if one side were cut away. HaUbut, hal'i-but, holibut, ho'li-but, n. lit. holy Jionnder; the largest kind of flat-fishes. [Ger. heil-butt, Dutch, heil-bot—heil, holy, hot, a flat fish.] Han, bawl, n. lit. a coiirtyard ; a large room or passage at the entrance of a house : a large cham- ber for public business ; an edifice in which courts of justice are held ; a manor-house (so called because courts of j ustice used to be held in them) : the edifice of a college ; at O.xford, an unen- dowed college ; at Cambridge, a college. [A.S. heal, Fr. halle; It. sala, L. atda, Gr. atile, a courtyard.] hall-mark, hawl'-miirk, n. the viark made on plate at Goldsmiths' Hall to shew its purity. Halleluiah, Hallelujah, hal-le-loo'ya. See Alleluiah. Halliard. See halyard, under Hail, to call to. Halloo, hal-loo', int., «. lit. a hunting cry to en- courage dogs ; a cry to draw attention. — 7).i. to cry after dogs ; to raise an outcry. ^7'.;?. to encourage or chase with shouts: — pr.p. halloo'ing; pa.p. hallooed'. [Fr. halle ! Iialler, to encourage dogs ; Ger. halloh, akin to hallen, to sound.] Hallow, hal'o, v.t., to viake holy ; to set apart for religious use ; to reverence : — pr.p. hall'owing ; pa.p. hallowed. [A.S. halgian, haligan — halig, holy ; conn, with Hale, Heal, Holy, Whole.] Hallowmas, hal'o-mas, ?/., the mass or feast of All- Halloivs. [Hallow, and Mass.] Hallucination, hal-lu-sin-a'shun, «., a ivandering fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. hallucinatory of Vu mind; error; delusion: In nted.^-^xz^^ tion of things that do not exist [L. Jiallucinatio — hallucinor, abicinor, -atuin, Gr. ahtd, alusko, to wander in mind — alaojnai, to wander.] _ hallucinatory, hal-h"i'sin-a-tor-i, adj., partaking of or tending to produce liallucination. Halo, ha^o, n. lit. a threshiyig-floor, which among the Greeks was round; a luminous circle round the sun or moon, caused by the refraction of light through mist : in paint., the bright ring round the heads of holy persons.—//. Halos, ha'lGz. [L. halos— Q>x. halos, a threshing-floor.] Haber, hawz'er, n. See Hawser. Halt, hawk, v.i., to Jiold back: mil., to cause to cease marching.— f.z. to stop from going on : viil., to stop in a march : to limp : in B., to be in doubt ; to hesitate ; to walk lamely -.—pr.p. halt'- ing ; i><^-P- halt'ed.— ^^ lame.— «. a stopping : tnil., a stop in marching. [A.S. Itealdan, to hold, healtan, to limp ; Ger. Jialten, to hold, conn, with L. dandies, lame. Sans, kliod, to be lame.] halter, hawlt'er, n. a head-rope for Jwlding and leading a horse : a rope for hanging criminals : a strong strap or cord. — v.t. to catch or bind with a rope '.—pr.p. halt'ering ; pa.p. halt'ered. halting, hawlt'ing, adj., holding: ha.ck ; stopping; limping. — adv. halt'lngly. Halve, &c. See under Half. Halyard. See under Hail, to call to. Ham, ham, n. the hind part or inner i>end of the knee ; the thigh of an animal, esp. of a hog salted and dried. [A. S. ; Ger. liamme, old Ger. ha7n- ma — Jiani, Celt, cam, crooked, bent.] hamstring, ham'string, «., the string or tendon of the ham. — v.t. to lame by cutting the hamstring. Hamadryad, ham'a-drl-ad, n. in irtytk., a dryad ox wood-njTnph, who lived and died along with tlie tree in which she dwelt.—//. Ham'adryads, and Hamadr/ades (-ez). [Gr. hamadtyas — Jiatna, together, drys, a tree.] Hamitlc, ham-it'ik, adj., pertaining to Ham, a son of Noah, or to his descendants. Hamlet, ham^et, «., a little hotne ; a cluster of houses in the countrA' ; a small village. [A.S. /ui7n, a home, and dim. affi.x let. See Home.] Hammer, ham'er, v.t., to beat; to drive or shape with a hammer: to contrive by intellectual labour :—/r./. hamm'ering ; /3lm.] [Jiand. hand-cart, hand'-kart, «., a small cart drawn by handcuff, hand'kuf, «., a cuff ox fetter for tJie hand. — V. t. to put handcuffs on -.^pr.p. handcuffing ; pa.p. hand'cuffed (-kuft\ [A.S. handcosp, hand- cops — hand, and cosp, a fetter.] handful, hand'fool, n. as much as f I Is the hand: a small number or quantity. — pi. hand'fuls. hand-gallop, hand'-gal-up, n. an qslSv gallop, in which the speed of the horse is restrained by the hand pressing the bridle. hand-glass, hand'-glas, «., a glass or small glazed frame used to protect plants, able to be lifted by the hand. [thro\vn by the hand. hand-grenade, hand'-gren-ad, «., a grenade to be handicap, hand'i-kap, «. lit. lumdinto the cap: axace in which the horses carry different weights, or are placed at different distances, or start at different times, so that all shall have, as nearly as possible, an equal chance of winning, [orig. applied to a method of settling a bargain or exchange by arbitration, in which each of the parties exchanging put his hand containing money into a cap, while the terms of the award were being stated, the award being settled only if money was found in the hands of both when the arbiter called ' Draw.'] handicraft, hand'i-kraft, «., a craft, trade, or work, performed by the luind. handicraftsman, hand'i-krafts-man, «., a man skilled in a liandicraft or manual occupation. handiwork, hand'i-wurk, «., ivork done by the Jiands : work of skill or -wisdom. handkerchief, hangTcer-chif, «. lit. a kerchief for tJu Jiand; a piece of cloth for \viping the nose, &c. ; a neckerchief. [Hand, and Kerchief.] handle, hand!, v.t., to touch, hold, or use with the Jiand; to make familiar by frequent touching ; to manage ; to use to write on ; to practise. — 7'.i. to use the hands :—/r./. handHing; pa.p. handled. [A.S. Jiandlian, from Hand.] handle, handl, «. that part of anything held in tJie hand: fig. that of which use is made ; a tool. hxmdless, hand'les, adj., luitJwut Jiands. handmaid, hand'mad, handmaiden, hand'mad-n, n., a maid that waits at Jiand; a female servant. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mSon ; tht.\i.. handsel handsel, hand'sel, n. money for something %o[.^ given into the hafids of another ; the first sale or using of anything ; a first instalment or earnest ; a new- year's gift. — v.t. to give a handsel ; to use or do anything the first time. [A.S. handselen, a giving into hands — hand,_2.nd sellayi, to give.] handsome, han'sum, adj. orig. what falls readily to tlie hand, convenient, dexterous ; seemly, be- coming ; good-looking ; beautiful with dignity ; liberal or noble ; generous ; ample. — adv. liand'- somely. — n. liand'someness. [Hand, and termina- tion so7ne, Ger. handsajn, easily handled.] ^ i handspike, hand'spik, n. a s/i^e or bar used with the /land as a lever. handstaves, hand'stavz, «.//. in B., staves for the Jiand, probably javelins. handwriting, hand'rlt-ing, n. the style of writing peculiar to each hand or person ; writing. .handy, hand'i, adj., skilftd in -using the hand; dexterous ; ready to the hand ; near. [Dutch, handig', Dan. haendig; Ice. hendt, adapted.] hand3rwork, same as handiwork. Hang, hang, v. t. to hook or fix to some Iiigit point ; to suspend ; to decorate with pictures, &c. as a wall : to put to death by suspending, and chok- ing ; to fail ; to linger in. — v.i. to be hanging so as to allow of free motion ; to lean, or rest for support : to drag: to hover or impend : to be in suspense : to linger '.—pr.p. hang'ing ; j>a.p. hanged' or hung. [A.S. hangia7i, or lion, pa. p. hange7i ; Dutch and Ger. hangen ; old Ger. and Goth, hahan ; possibly conn, with High ; Wedg- wood thinks it conn, with Hook.] hanger, hanger, n., he who or that which hangs; that on which anything is hung : a short, broad sword, curved near the point. hanger-on, hang'er-on, n., one who hangs on or sticks to a person or place ; an importunate acquaintance ; a dependent. hanging, hang'ing, adj. deserving death hy Jianging, — n. death by the halter ; that which is hung, as drapery, &c. : — used chiefly in pi. hangman, hang'man, «. , a man who hangs another ; a public executioner.^;^/, hang'men. hank, hangk, n. lit. that by which anything is hzing or fastened ; two or more skeins of thread, tied together. [Ice. hanki, cord; low Ger. henk, a handle — hetikett, to hang.] hanker, hangk'er, v.i. to allow the mind to Jmngon or long for with eagerness and uneasiness; to linger about :—/r./. hank'ering; pa.p. hank'- ered. [Dutch, hzi7ikere}i.\ Hanseatic, han-se-at'ik, adj., periainiftg to tJie Hanse cities in Germany, which leagued to- ,gether for protection about the 12th century^. [old Fr. hanse, league ; old Ger. hansa, troop.] Hansom-cab, han'sum-kab, «. a light two-wheeled cab ox carriage with the driver's seat raised behind, [from the name of the inventor.] Hap, hap, 71., that which seizes or comes upon us suddenly; chance; fortune; accident. [Ice./!>ig-OT /i'^//;/^ animal ; a common and very timid animal, with a divided upper lip and long hind-legs, w hich runs swiftly by leaps. [A.S. Itara; Ger. hase; Sans, gaga — gag, to jump.] harebell, har'bel, «. a plant with blue /'^//-shaped flowers, so called from its growing on dry and hilly pastures frequented by the hare. bare-brained, har'-brand, adj. having a wild, scared brain like that of a hare; giddy ; heedless. liareljp, hiir'lip, «. a division in one or both li/>s, generally the upper, Ukc that of a Juxre. — adj. hare'lipped. harrier, har'i-er, «., a Ttare-hoimd, a dog with a keen smell, for hunting hares. Harem, ha'rem, n. the portion of a house allotted to females in the East, forbidden to all males except the husband : the collection of wives belonging to one man. [Ar. haram, anything forbidden — harajna, to forbid.] Haricot, har'i-ko, «. small pieces of mutton, partly boiled, and then fried with vegetables : the kidney-bean. [Fr. haricot, kidney-bean ; It. £araco, Sp. caracolillo, snail-flowered kidney- bean — Sp. caracal, a snail : perh. haricot, minced mutton, may be conn. withHaggle : the orig. mean- ing would thus be anything minced small.] ■ Hark, hark, int. or imp., hcarkc7t, listen, [contr. from hearken.] Harlequin, h;lr'le-kwin, or -kin, n. the leading char- acter in a pantomime, in a tight spangled dress, with a wand by means of which he is supposed to be invisible and to play tricks ; a buffoon. [Fr. hariegiiin, arlequitt; It. arlecchino ; etymology unknown.] harlequinade, har'le-kwin-, or -kin-ad', «., exhibi- tions of harlequins ; the portion of a pantomime in which the harlequin plays a chief part. [Fr.] Harlot, hiir'lot, n. lit. and orig. a young vtan or person of either sex ; then a servant, a rogue : a woman who prostitutes her body for hire. — ie of the harvest. [harvest. harvest-man, hai-' vest-man, n. in B., a labourer in harvest-moon, ha/vest-xniJon, n., the ?}ioon about the full in harvest when it rises nearly at the same hour for several days. harvest-queen, har'vest-kwen, n. an image of Ceres, the queen or goddess of fruits, formerly carried about on the last day of harvest. Has, haz, 3d pers. sing. pres. ind. of Have. Hash, hash, v.t., to hack; to mince ; to chop small. — n. that which is hashed ; a mixed dish of meat and vegetables in small pieces ; a mixture and preparation of old matter: — pr.p. hash'ing ;/«./. hashed', [from root of Hack.] Hasp, hasp, n., that which holds; a clasp; the clasp of a padlock. — v.t. to fasten with a hasp: — -/^./. hasp'ing; pa.p. hasped'. [Dan. ha^pe, A.S. haeps, Ger. haspe — haben, to hold.] Hassock, has'uk, n. a thick mat for kneeling on in church. [Scot, hassock, anything bushy, Sw. hwass, rushes.] Hast, hast, 2d pers. sing. pres. ind. of Have. Hastate, hast at, Hastated, hast'at-ed, adj. in hot., shaped like a spear. [L. hastatzis — hasta, a spear.] Kaste, hast, n., speed; quickness; rashness; vehe- mence. [Sw., Dan., and Ger. hast; Fr. hate, to hasten ; Sans, ^ag, to jump.] haste, hast, hasten, has'n, v.t., to put to speed; to hurry on ; to drive forward. — v.i. to move with speed ; to be in a hurry :—pr.p. hast'ing, hasten- ing (hfis'ning) ;pa.p. hast'ed, hastened (has'nd). Ciasty, hast'i, adj., with haste; speedy ; quick; rash ; eager ; passionate. — adv. hast'ily. hastiness, hast'i-nes, n., tJie qieality or state of being hasty ; haste; rashness; irritability. Hat, hat, «., a covering for the head ; the dignity of a cardinal, so named from his red hat. [Dan. hat; Ice. hattr ; A.S. haet ; conn, with Sans. chhad, to cover.] hatted, hat'ed, adj., covered with a hat. hatter, hat'er, n., one who makes or sells hats. Hatahle. See under Hate. Hatch, hach, v.t. to produce, especially from eggs, by incubation ; to originate ; to plot. — v.i. to produce young ; to be advancing towards matur- ity •.—pr.p. hatch'ing ; pa.p. hatched'.— 7^. act of hatching ; brood hatched, [from Hack, to cut, to chip the egg by the pecking of the young bird.] Hatch, hach, v.t. lit. to hack or cut; to shade by minute lines crossing each other in drawing and engraving. — 71. hatching, the mode of so shading. [Fr. hacker, to chop, from root of Hack.] hatchel, hach'el, n. same as hackle. hatchet, hach'et, n., a small hacking or ctdting instrument ; a small axe. [Fr. hacliette.'] Hatch, hach, n. lit. the bolt of a door; a half door, a fastened door with an opening over it ; the covering of a hatchway. [Dutch, heck, a gate, hack, a hook, A.S. haeca, the bar of a door.] hatchway, hach'wa, n. the opening in a ship's deck into the hold or from one deck to another. haw-haw Hatchment, hach'ment, n. the escutcheon of a dead person placed in front of the house, &c. [cor- rupted from achievement.] Hate, hat, 7'.^., to despise; to dislike intensely: — pr.p. hat'ing; pa.p. hat'ed.— «. extreme dislike; hatred. — ;/. hat'er. [A.S. hatian, to hate; Ger. hassen, Yr.hair; conn, with L. odisse, and Sans. vadh, to slight.] hatable, hat'a-bl, adj. deserving to be hated. hateful, hat'fool, adj., exciting hate; odious; de- testable ; feeling or manifesting hate. — adv. hate'fully. — ti. hate'fulness. hatred, hat'red, n., feeling or act of/iating; extreme dislike ; enmity ; malignity. Hatted, Hatter. See under Hat. Hauberk, haw'berk, n. lit. armour protecting the 7ieck ; a coat of ringed mail, [old Fr. hauberc, A.S. Jiealsbeorg—Iieals, the neck, and beorgan, to protect.] Haughty, hawt'i, adj., high; proud; arrogant; con- temptuous. — rttfz/.haught'ily. — «. haughtiness, [old E. hautain, old Fr. haultain — L. alius, high.] Haul, Haulage, Hauler. See under Hail, to call to. Haulm, Haum, hawm, n. lit. the stem ; straw ; stub- ble. [A.S. healin, Fr. chaicme, L. calamiis, Gr. kalamos, a reed.] Haunch, hansh, n. lit. tJie angle or bend of the thigh ; the part between the last rib and the thigh ; the hip. [Fr. JuiJiche, It. a7ica, Gr. angke, a bend — root angk, a bend'.] henchman, hensh'man, «. one who stands at the haunch of his master ; a servant ; a page. Haunt, hant, v.t., to freqiient ; to follow importun- ately : to inhabit or visit as a ghost. — v.i. to be much about ; to appear or visit frequently -.—pr.p. haunt'ing ; pa.p. haunt'ed. — n. a place much re- sorted to. [Fr. ha7iter — Bret. he7it, a way.] Hautboy, ho'boi, n., a high-to\\Q.d^ wooden wind- instrument, of a tapering tube, and having holes and keys, also called Oboe (o'bo-i) : a large kind of strawberry. [Fr. hautbois — haut, high, bois, wood ; It. oboe.'\ Have, hav, v. t. lit. to lay hold of : to own or possess ; to hold : to regard : to obtain ; to bear or beget : to effect : to be affected by -.—pr.p. hav'ing ; pa. t. 2inApa.p. had. [A.S. habba7t; Ger. haben; Dan, have; Sp. haber ; Fr. avoir; allied to l^.habeo, to have, and perhaps capio, to take, Gr. Jiaptd, to lay hold of. Sans, dp, to obtain.] haft, haft, 71. the part of anything which we have or take in the hand; a handle. [A.S. haft — /upftan, to take ; Ger. heft ; conn, with Have.] Haven, ha'vn, 7t. an inlet of the sea, or mouth of a river, where ships can get good and safe anchor- age; any place of safety; an asylum. [A.S. Juefen; Dutch, have7i; Ger. hafe7i; Ice. hofn; Fr. hav7-e ; old Fr. have7ie ; W. hafyn.'\ Haversack, hav'er-sak, ti. lit. a sack for oats; a bag of strong linen for a soldier's provisions. [Fr. hav7rsac ; Ger. habersack — haber or hafer, Dan. hav7-e, prov. E. haver, oats, and Sack.] Havoc, hav'uk, 71. general waste or destruction; devastation. — v.t. to lay waste. — int. an ancient hunting or war cry. [W. hafog, destruction — haf, extension : perhaps conn, with Hawk.] Haw, haw, 71. orig. a hedge; a place hedged round, or small enclosure : the berry of the hawthorn. [A.S. h(ege, haga; Scot, haugh; see Hedge.] haw-haw, haw-haw', n. a sunk fence, or a ditch not seen till close upon it. [reduplication of Haw.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; z'/zen. hawfinch hawfinch, haw'finsh, «. a species of grossbeak, a ven- shy bird, with variegated plumage, living chiefly in forests, hawthorn, haw'thorn, «., the hedge or white thorn, a shrub with shining leaves, and small red fruir called haws, much used for hedges. Haw, haw, v.i. to speak with a ha7v or hesitation. — «. a hesitation in speech, [formed from the sound.] Eawk, hawk, n. the name of several birds of prey allied to the falcons. [A. S. ha/oc; Dutch, havil: : Ger. habicht ; Ice. haitkr; \'i.liebog; perhaps froir. root of old Ger. hapen, Fr. Jiapper, to seize.] hawk, hawk, v.i. to hunt birds with hawks trained for the purpose ; to attack on the wing:— /r./. hawk'ing ; pa.p. hawked'. — Ji. hawk'er. Eawk, hawk, v.i. to force up matter from the throat. — n. the effort to do this. [W. hochi ; Scot, haugh; formed from the sound.] Hawker, hawk'er, «. one who carries about goods for sale on his back, a pedler. [Ger. hoke, a hawker — hocken, to carry — hocke, the back.] hawk, hawk, v.t. to carry about for sale; to cr\' for sale : — pr.p- hawk'ing ; pa.p. hawked (hawkt'). [Ger. hoken, to retail — hoke, a pedler.] Hawser, Halser, hawz'er, n. nautically, a rope for raising or hoisting anything ; a small cable ; a large tow-line, [old E. halse, kazvse, Fr. /uilser, hausser. It. alzare, to raise — L. alius, high.] hawse, hawz, n. the situation of the cables in front of a ship's bow when she has two anchors out forward. * hawses, hawz'ez, hawse-holes, hawz'-holz, n.pl. the holes in a ship's bow through which the cables pass. Hawthorn. See under Haw. Hay, ha, n. grass after it is cut down and dried. [A.S. heg, hig, Ger. Jieu, Ice. Jiey — A.S. heawan. Ger. hauen, to cut down.] hay-cock, ha'-kok, «. a cock or conical pile of hay in the field, hajrmaker, ha'mak-er, n. one employed in cutting and drying grass for Jiay. Hazard, haz'ard, n., a gatne or throw at dice: chance; accident ; risk. — z/. /. to expose to chance : to put in danger ; to risk '.—pr.p. haz'arding ; A^./. hazarded. [Fr. hasard. It. azsardo — zara, ;. die, the game, as if tsara — L. tessera, a die for playing.] hazardous, haz'ard-us, adj.,fullofJiazard', expos- ing to the chance of loss or evil ; uncertain : peril- ous. — adv. haz'ardously. Haze, huz, «., vapour which renders the air thick obscurity. [BreL aez, warm vapour : prob. com;. with A.S. and Ice. has, hoarse.] hazy, ha/i, adj., thick with haze. — «. haz'iness. Hazel-nut, hfi'zl-nut, «., the nut of the hazel-tree, which is covered by the calyx of the flower a;; with a Iiat or cap. [A.S. Jiaesel-hnut — Juiesei. a hat, hnut, a nut : L. corylus =. cosylus, hazel, j hazel, ha'zl, n. the tree or shrub which bears ihr hazel-nut. — adj. pertaining to the hazel; of a. light-brown colour, like a hazel-nut. hazelly, ha'zel-li, «.i. to grow to a head : to originate: — pr.p. head'ing ; pa.p. head'ed. headache, hed'ak, n., an acJie or pain in tlie head. headband, hed'band, n., a band or fillet for i/te liead: the band at each end of a book. head-dress, hed'-dres, «. an ornamental dress or covering for the Jiead, worn by women. head-gear, hed'-ger, n.,gear, covering, or ornament of tlie Jiead. headiness. See under heady. heading, hed'ing, n. that which stands at tlie Jiead. headland, hed'land, n. a point of laiid running out into the sea like a head, a cape, headless, hed'les, adj., luitJwut a Jiead. headlong, hed'long, adv. moving along with tJie Jiead ivcst, going carelessly: rashly. — adj. rash: precipitous, steep. headmost, hed'most, adj., tnost aJiead or advanced, headpiece, hed'pes, n., a piece of armour for tJie Jiead, a helmet. headquarters, hedTcwor-terz, «., tJie qtiarters or residence of a comtnander-ifi-chie/ or general, headsman, hedz'man, «., a man who cuts off Jieads, an executioner, headstall," hed'stawl, n. the part of a bridle round the head. [prov. E. stall, a case for a finger.] headstone, hed'ston, n. the Jiead or topmost stotie of a building : the stone at the head of a grave, headstrong, hed'strong, adj. having strength of Jiead so as to resist the bridle, as a horse : un- governable ; self-willed ; violent. headway, hed'wa, «., tJieway or distance goneaJiead or advanced ; motion of an advancing ship. headwind, hed'wind, «., a wind blowing right against a ship's Jiead. heady, hed'i, adj., affecting tJte Jiead or the brain ; intoxicating: inflamed; rash. — adv. head'ily. — n. head'iness. Heal, hel, v.t., to make JiealtJiy and wJwle ; to cure; to remove or subdue ; to restore to soundness : in B., often, to forgive. — v.i. to grow sound: — pr.p. heal'ing; pa.p. healed'. — «. heal'er. [A.S. Jurlan — Juel, whole, Jial, healthy, Ger. Jieil, whole ; akin to Whole, Gr. Jiolos, whole, L. sollus, whole, in compounds, salvus, sound, and Sans. sarva, whole.] See Hail, hale, healing, hel'ing, n. the act or process by which any- thing is Jiealed or cured. — adj. tending to cure ; mild. — adv. heal'ingly. health, helth, «., wJioleness or soundness of body : soundness and vigour of mind : in B., salvation, or divine favour. [A.S. JiealtJi — Jicel, whole.] healthful, hclth'fool, adj., full of or enjoying Jiealtli ; indicating health : wholesome ; salutary. — adv. health fully. — n. health'fulness. healthless, helth'les, adj., wanting JiealtJt. — n, health'lessness. healthy, hclth'i, adj. in a state of good Jiealih; con- ducive to health : sound ; vigorous. — adv. health'- ily. — ;/. health'iness. I Heap, hep, «. a pile or mass Jieaved or thrown to- I gether ; a collection : in B., a ruin. — v.t. to throw I in a heap or pile ; to amass ; to pile above the i top :— /r./. heap'ing ; pa.p. heaped'. [A.S. j Jieap ; Ice. hrpr : Ger. ha7i/e — Jiebeti, to heave.] 226 fate, fax ; me, her ; mine ; lOte ; mute ; mo5n ; tJi^n. Hear Hear, her, v.t, to perceive by the ear; to listen to ; to grant or obey ; to answer favourably ; to attend to ; to try judicially. — v.i. to have the sense of hearing ; to listen ; to be told -.—pr.p. hear'ing; pa. p. heard (herd). — «. hear'er. [A.S. heran; Ice. Jieyra; Ger. kd'ren; Goth. hausja7i: allied to L. audio, to hear, auris, the ear.] hearing, herding, n., act of pcrceivijig by the ear; the sense of perceiving sound : opportunity to be heard ; reach of the ear. hearken, hark'n, v.i., to hear attentively ; to listen ; to grant -.—pr.p. heark'ening ; pa.p. heark'ened. [A.S. Jieorcnian; old Dutch, harckeji; Ger. horcJien; from Hear.] hearsay, her'sa, «., a saying heard ; common talk; rumour; report. Hearse, hers, n. lit. a harrow; orig. a triangular framework for holding candles, placed in a church over a tomb ; a carriage in which the dead are conveyed to the grave. [Fr. herse. It. erpice, low L. hercia, L. hirpcx, hirpicis, a harrow.] Heart, hart, n. the organ that circulates the blood ; the vital, inner, or chief part of anything ; the seat of the affections, &c. esp. love ; courage ; vigour ; secret meaning or design : that which resembles a heart. [A.S. heorte ; Dutch, hart; Ger. fierz; connected with Fr. cmur, L. cor, cordis, Gr. kardia, ker. Sans, hrid.'] heartache, hart'ak, «., ache or pain of heart ; sor- row ; anguish. heart-breaking, hart'-brak-ing, adj., breaking the Jieart ; crushing with grief or sorrow. heart-broken, hart'-brok-n, adj., having tJie fieart broken or intensely afflicted or grieved. heartburn, hart'burn, n. a disease of the stomach causing a btiming, acrid feeling, near tlie heart. heartburning, hart'bum'ing, n., heartburn: dis- content ; secret enmity. heart-ease, hart'-ez, «., ease of heart or mind ; quiet. hearten, hart'n, v.t., to give Jieart to; to encour- age -.—pr-p. heart'ening ; pa.p. heart'ened. heartfelt, hart'felt, adj., felt at lieart or deeply. heartless, hart'les, adj., luithotit heart, courage, or feeling. — adv. heart'lessly. — n. heart 'lessness. heartlet, hart'let, «., a little heart. heart-rending, hart'-rend-ing, adj., rendingorhreak- ing the heart ; deeply afflictive ; agonising. heart's-ease, harts'-ez, n. a common name for the pansy, a species of violet, an infusion of which was once thought to ease the love-sick heart. heart-sick, hart'-sik, adj., sick or sore at heart : pained in mind ; depressed. — n. heart'-sickness. hearty, hart'i, adj., fill of or proceeding from the Jieart; warm; genuine; strong; healthy. — adv. heart'ily. — n. heart'iness. heart-whole, hart'-hol, adj., wJiole at Jieart; un- moved in the affections or spirits. Hearth, harth, n. the part of the floor on which the fire is made, orig. of earth ; the fireside : the house itself [A.S. JieortJi, Ger. Jierd, an area.] hearthstone, harth'ston, «., tJie stone of tJie Jieart h. Heat, het, n. that_ which excites the sensation of warmth ; sensation of warmth ; a warm temper- ature ; the warmest period, as the heat of the day : indication of warmth, flush, redness ; ex- citement : a single course in a race : animation. — v.t. to make hot; to agitate. — v.i. to become hot -.—pr.p. heat'ing; pa.p. heat'ed. [A.S. Jiaeto, Goth. Jieito, old Ger. eit, fire, conn, with L. cEstus, heat, Gr. aitJio, Sans. indJi, to kindle.] heater, het'er, n. , one %vJio or that which Jieats. Hebraically Heath, heth, n., a barren open cotmtry: a small evergreen shrub with beautiful flowers, that grows on barren heaths. [A.S. JuetJi, Scot. JieatJier, the plant ; Ger. heide, Goth. JiaitJii, a waste.] heather, hei'/z'er, «., heatJi. — adj. heath'ery. heathy, heth'i, adj., abou7iding luith Jieatj'i. heathen, heV/zn, n. lit. a dweller on the JieatJi or open country ; an unbeliever when Christianity prevailed in cities alone ; an inhabitant of an unchristian country ; a pagan ; an irreligious person.— a^'. pagan, irreligious. [A.S. Jicst/ien.] See Pagan. heathendom, heV/in-dum, n., tJiose regions of tlit world where heatJienistn prevails. hcathenise, he'Mn-Tz, v.t., to make JieatJien '.—pr.p. hea'thenTsing ; pa.p. hea'thenTsed. h8?.thenish, heV/zn-ish, adj., relatitig to the JieatJien ; rude; uncivilised; cruel. — adv. hea'thenisMy. — n. hea'thenishness. heathenism, heV/^n-izm, n., tJie religious system of tlie JwatJiens ; paganism ; barbarism. Heather. See under Heath. Heave, hev, v.t., to lift np; to throw; to cause to swell; to force from the breast. — v.i. to be raised ; to rise and fall ; to try to vomit :—pr,p. heaving ; pa.p. heaved' or hove. — n. an effort upward ; a throw : a swelling ; an effort to vomit. [A.S. Jiefan, Ger. Jieben, Goth. Jiafjan, to lift.] heaven, hev'n, n. lit. tJiat wJiicJi is Jieaved or lifted ■up; the arch of sky overhanging the earth ; the air: the dwelling-place of the Deity and the blessed; supreme happiness. [A.S. Jieofon — • Jiefa7i, to lift.] heavenly, hev'n-li, adj., of or inhabiting Jieaven; celestial ; pure ; supremely blessed ; very excel- lent. — adv. in a manner like that of heaven; by the influence of heaven. — 71. heav'enliness. heavenly-minded, hev'n-li-mTnd-ed, adj., Jiaving tJie mind placed upon heavenly things ; pure. — ;/. heav'enly-mindedness. heavenward, heVn-ward, heavenwards, hev'n-wardz, adv., toward or in the direction of Jieaveji. [heaven, and ward, sig. direction.] heave-offering, hev'-of-er-ing, n. a Jewish offering Jieaved or moved up and down by the priest. heaver, hev'er, «., 07te who or that which heaves. heavy, heVi, adj., heaved zvitJi difficulty; weighty: not easy to bear ; oppressive : afflicted : inactive ; inclined to slumber : violent : loud : not easily digested, as food : miry, as soil : having strength, as liquor: dark with clouds; gloomy: expensive : in B., sad. — adv., also heav'ily. — ti. heav'iness. [A.S. Jieffg — Jiefan; old Ger. Jievig, Jtebig.] Hebdomadal, _ heb-dom'a-dal, Hebdomadary, heb- dom'a-dar-i, adj., occurri7ig every seven days; weekly. [L. Jiebdoi7iadalis — Gr. Jiebdomas, a period of seven days — Jiepta, seven.] hebdomadary, heb-dom'a-dar-i, «. a member of a chapter or convent whose week it is to officiate in the choir, &c. Hebrew, he'broo, n. one of the descendants of Abraham, who emigrated fro77i beyond tJie EupJirates into Palestine ; an Israelite, a Jew ; the language of the Hebrews. — adj. relating to the Hebrews. [Fr. Hebreu, L. Hebneus, Gr. Hebraios, Heb. ibJiri, a stranger from the other side of the Euphrates^^i5//^r, the region on the other side — avar, to pass over.] Hebraic, he-bra'ik, Hebraical, he-bra'ik-al, adj., re~ lati7ig to tJie Hebrews, or to their language. Hebraically, he-bra'ik-al-i, adv. after the manner of the Hebrew language ; from right to left. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; miite ; moon ; zf/zen. Hebraise Hellebore Hebraise, he'bra-Tz, v. t. , to turn into Hebrew : — />r./>. He'braTsing; /a./. He'bralsed. Hebraism, he'bra-izm, «., a Hebrew idiotn. Hebraist, hc'bra-ist, n. one skilled in HebrcM. Hebraistic, he-bra-ist'ik, adj., of or like Hebrezu. Hecatomb, hek'a-toom or -torn, n. among the Greeks and Romans, a sacrifice of a Incndred oxen ; any large number of victims. [Gr. hckatovibc —hckaton, a hundred, and bous, an ox.] Heckle, hek'l, same as Hackle. Hectic, hek'tik. Hectical, hek'tik-al, adj., pertaining to the constitution or habit of body ; affected with hectic fever.— rtrt'z'. hec'tically. [Gr. Jiekii- h^s, habitual — liexis, habit.] hectic, hek'tik, «., a habitual or remittent fever, usually associated with consumption. Hector, hek'tor, «. a bully; one who annoj's. — v.t. to treat insolently ; to annoy. — v.i. to play the bully :^pr.p. hec'toring ; pa. p. hec'tored. [from Hector, the famous leader of the Trojans.] Hedge, hej, n., a thicket of bushes; a fence round a field, &c. — v.t. to enclose with a hedge ; to ob- struct : to surround ; to guard -.^r.p. hedg'ing ; pa.p. hedged'. [A.S. hegge, Ger. hag, a bush; A.S. hegian, Ger. iiegcti, to hedge.] hedge-bill, hej'-bil, hedging-bill, hej'ing-bil, n., a bill or hatchet for dressing hedges. hedge-bom, hej'-bawrn, adj. of low birth, as li born by a hedge or in the woods ; low; obscure. hedgehog, hej'hog, n. a small prickly-backed quadruped, so called from its living in. hedges and bushes, and its resemblance to a hiog or pig. hedger, hej'er, «., one who dresses hedges. hedgerow, hej'ro, «., a roiu of trees or shrubs ^r hcdging fields. hedge-school, hej'-skool, «. an open-air sclwol kept by the side oi a Judge, in Ireland. hedge-sparrow, hej '-spar- rO, «. a hltle singing bird, like a sparrow, which frequents hedges. Heed, hed, v.t. lit. to protect; to observe ; to look after ; to attend to :—pr.p. heed'ing ;/«./. heed'ed. — n. notice; caution; attention. (A.S. hedan, D. fioeden, Ger. hilten, conn, with Hide, to protect.] heedful, hed'fool, adj., full of Ju:ed or attention; cautious. — adv. heed'fully. — «. heed'fulness. heedless, hed'les, adj., without Jiced; inattentive ; careless. — adv. heed'lessly. — «. heedlessness. Heel, hel, «. the part of the foot projecting behind; the whole foot (esp. of beasts) : the covering of the heel ; a spur; the hinder part of anything. — v.t. to use the heel ; to furnish with heels -.^pr.p. heeling; pa.p. heeled'. [A.S. hel; Dutch, hiel; prob. conn, with Gr. lax, L. calx, the heel.] heelpiece, hel'pes, «., apiece or cover for the heel. Heel, hel, v.i, to incline ; to lean on one side, as a ship :— /^./. hecl'ing ; pa.p. heeled'. [A.S. hyldan. Ice. halla, to incline ; prob. conn, with cli, root of L. and Gr. clino, to uicline.] Hegemony, hc-jem'o-ni, «., leadership. [Gx.hegetno- nia — hfgemdn, leader — hcgeisthai, to go before.] Eegira, Hejira, hej'i-ra, or he-jT'ra, n. the emigra- tion of Mohammed from RIecca, July 16, 622 A.D., from which is dated the Mohammedan era; any flight. [Ar. hedjrat, emigration.] Heifer, hef'er, «. a young cow. [•■^.S. heafor; prov. E. heckfor—hcck, a pen or cole.] Heigh-ho, hi'-ho, int. an exclamation expressive of weariness, [from the sound.] Height, hit, n. the condition of being high; dis- tance upwards ; that which is elevated, a hill ; elevation in rank or excellence : utmost degree. [A.S. heahtJw—Jieah, high.] See High. heighten, hlt'n, v.t., to viake higJier: to advance or improve : to make brighter or more prom- inent :—pr.p. height'ening ; pa.p. height'ened. Heinous, ha'nus, adj., hateful; wicked in a high degree ; enormous ; atrocious. — adv. hei'nously. — n. hei'nousness. [Fr. haineux — /laitte, hate, from hair, old Fr. hadir, L. odi, to hate.] Heir, ilr, n. lit. an orpha7i; one who inherits any- thing after the death of the owner ; one entitled to anything after the present possessor.— ^';«. heiress (ar'es\ — ?w. heir'dom, heir'ship. [old Fr. lieir, Prov. Iter, hc7-cs — L. licres, an heir, a weak- ened form of Gr. cheros, bereaved — root cha in cJwris, without. Sans, hd, to leave.] heir-apparent, ar-ap-pii'rent, adj. the one apparently or acknowledged to be heir. heirless, ar'lcs, adj., without an Jieir. heir-loom, ar'-loom, ?.•. any piece of furniture or personal property which descends to the fieir. [Heir, and A.S. loma, geloma, furniture.] heir-presumptive, ar-pre-zump'tiv, n. one who is prcsjoned to be or would be ficir if no nearer relative should be born. Hejira. See Hegira. Held, /^i-^ tc}ise ssid past participle of Hold. Heliacal, he-ll'ak-al, adj., relating to tJie sun; in astr., emerging from the light of the sun or fall- ing into it. — adv. heli'acally. [Gr. Jiihakos — helios, the sun.] heliocentric, he-li-o-sen'trik, heliocentrical, he-li-o- sen'trik-al, adj. in astr., as seen from the sun's centre. — adv. heliocen'trically. [Fr. heliocen- triquc — Gr. hclios, the sun, kcntron, the centre.] heliography, he-li-og'ra-fi, n. the art of taking pictures by .y?c«-light ; photography. — adj. helio- graph'ical. — «. heliog'rapher. [Gr. lielios, the sun, grapJie, a painting — grapho, to grave.] heliolatry, he-li-ol'a-tri, -n., worship of the sun. [Gr. Jiclios, the sun, latreia, service, worship.] heliolater, he-li-ol'a-ter, n., a worshipper of t/w sun. [Gr. hclios, the sun, latris, a servant.] helioscope, he'li-o-skop, w. a telescopey^r viewing the suTi without dazzling the eyes. [Fr. helioscope — Gr. hclios, the sun, skopeo, to look, to spy.] heliotrope, hc'li-o-trOp, n. a plant whose flowers are said alwaj's to tu?-n round to the sun : in 7?iiu., a variety of chalcedony of a dark-green colour variegated with red. [Gr. heliotropion — Jielios, the sun, tropos, a turn — trepo, to turn.] Helix, he'liks, ?/., a spiral, as of wire in a coil ; in zool., the snail or its shell ; the e.xternal part of the ea.r.—pi. helices, hel'i-sez. [Gr. /lelix — lielisso, to turn round.] helical, hcl'ik-al, adj., of ox pertaining to a Jielix ; spiral. — cuiv. hel'ically. helispheric, hel-i-sfer'ik, helispherical, hel-i-sfer'ik-al, adj., winding spirally round a spJicre. Hell, hel, ti. lit. and orig. tJie place of tlie dead; the place or state of punishment of the wicked after death; the abode of evil spirits: the powers of hell : any place of vice or misery ; a gambling-house. [A. S. Iiell, Ger. holle, old Ger. /telle; Ice. Ju-l, death; orig. A.S. /u:ll=ih.c goddess of death.] hellish, hel'ish, adj., pertaining to or like /tell; very wicked. — adv. hell'ishly. — n. hell'ishness. hell-hound, hel'-hound, «., a Iwund of lull; an agent of hell. Hellebore, hcl'e-bCr, n. a plant used in medicine, 228 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; /Aen. Hellenic anciently used as a cure for insanity. [Fr. helle- bore, L. Jielleborus, Gr. helleboros.'] Hellenic, hel-len'ik, Hellenian, hel-le'ni-an, adj., Jyertainiiig to the Hellenes or Greeks ; Grecian. [Gr. Hellenios, Hellenikos — Hellenes, a name ultimately given to all the Greeks — Hellen, the son of Deucalion, the Greek Noah.] Hellenise, hel'en-Tz, v.i. to use the Greek language: —p7'.p. Hell'enTsing; pa.p. HeU'enised. [Gr. hcllcnizo — Hellen.'] Hellenism, hel'en-izm, n. a Greek idiom. [Fr. Hel- lenisme — Gr. Hellenisjuos.'] Hellenist, hel'en-ist, n. one skilled in the Greek laiiguage ; a Jew who used the Greek language as his mother-tongue. [Gr. Helle7iistes.'\ Hellenistic, hel-en-ist'ik, Hellenistical, hel-en-ist'ik-al, adj., pertaining to the Hellenists; Greek with Hebrew idioms. — adv. Hellenist'ically. Helm (of a ship), &c. See under Helve. Helm, helm, Helmet, hel'met, 7i., a covering or armour for the head : in bot., the hooded upper lip of certain flowers. [A.S., Ger. helm, old Fr. heahnet — A.S., (jzr.Jielan, to cover.] helmed, helmd', helmeted, hel'met-ed, adj., fjir- 7iished with a helmet. Helminthic, hel-min'thik, adj.,pcrtainingtomorms; expelling worms. — n. a medicine for expelling worms. [Fr. helminthiqzie — Gr. helnzins, hel- 7ninthos, a worm — heileo, helisso, to wriggle.] helminthology, hel-min-thol'o-ji, n., tJie science or natural history of worms. [Fr. Jiehninthologie — Gr. helmins, and logos, a discourse.] — adj. helmintholog'ical. — ?i. helminthol'ogist. Helot, he'lot, or hel'ot, 7i., a slave, among the Spar- tans. [Gr. heilon, 2 aor. of haired, to seize, to conquer: said also to be from L. Helotes, Gr. Jieildtes, the original inhabitants of Helos, a town in Greece, reduced to slavery by the Greeks.] helotism, he'lot-izm, or hel'-, ;/., tJie condition of the Helots in ancient Sparta : slavery. helotry, he'lot-ri, or hel'-, n., the whole body of the Helots : any class of slaves. Help, help, v.t., to take care of; to support ; to assist ; to give means for doing anything : to remedy: to prevent. — v.i. to give assistance; to contribute :—pr.p. help'ing ; /«./. helped', in B., holp'en. — n. means or strength given to another for a purpose; assistance ; relief: one who assists: —pi., in B. = help. [A.S. helpan, Goth, hilpan, Ice. Jiiaipa, Ger. helfen, to aid, assist.] helper, help'er, 71., 07ie who helps; an assistant. helpful, help'fool, adj., giving help; useful. — 71. help'fulness. helpless, help'les, adj., without Jielp or power in one's self; wanting assistance. — adv. help'lessly. — 71. help'lessness. helpmate, help'mat, «., a mate or companion who helps; an assistant; a partner: a wii^e. Helve, helv, 7t., a ha7idle; the handle of an axe or hatchet. — v.t. to furnish with a handle, as an axe: — pr.p. helv'ing ; pa.p. helved'. [A.S. hielf, help, a handle, heh/ia, a rudder; Ger. helm, the handle of a tool, a rudder.] helm, helm, «., the hajidle of a ship's rudder; the rudder and wheel, in large ships : the station of management or government. helmsman, helmz'man, 7t., the 7/ta7t at the hel77i. Hem, hem, n., the border of a garment doubled down and sewed. — v.t. to form a hem on; to edge : — pr.p. hemm'ing ; pa.p. hemmed'. — Hem in, to surround. [A.S. and W. he7n, a border.] liepatoscopy Hem, hem, «., int. a sort of half cough to draw attention.— I/./, to utter the sound hem I— pr.p. hemm'ing ; pa.p. hemmed', [from the sound.] Hemal, he'mal, adj., relatijig to the blood QxhXooA- vessels. [Gr. hai/zza, blood.] Hematite, hem'a-tlt, «. in 7nin., a valuable ore of iron, sometimes of a reddish-brow7i colour, with a blood-red streak. [Gr. haimatites, blood-lLke — ]iai>7ia, blood.] — adj. hematit'ic. Hemisphere, hem'i-sfer, «., a half sphere ; half of the globe or a map of it. [Gr. he7nispJmirio7i — hemi, half, and sphaira, a sphere.] hemispheric, hem-i-sfer'ik, hemispherical, hem-i-sfer'- ik-al, adj., pertai7ii7ig to a hc77iisphere. Hemistich, hem'i-stik, 7t., half a li7ie, or an incom- plete_ line in poetry. [L. JLe7nistichin7n, Gr. hc77iistichio7i — hc7)n, half, stichos, a line.] hemistichal, he-mis'tik-al, adj.^ pertai7iing to or written in he7/iistic/is. Hemlock, hem'lok, «. a poisonous plant like strati) used in medicine. [A.S. hemleac — leac, a plant, and prob. lieE7n, heal77i, stubble, from the straw- like appearance of the withered plant.] Hemorrhage, hem'or-aj, 7i., a bursting or flowing cj blood. — adj. hemorrhagic (hem-or-aj'ik). [Gr. haimoTn^hagia — hai77ia, blood, rheg7iu7ni, to burst.] Hemorrhoids, hem'or-oidz, n.pl. painful tubercles around the margin of the anus from which blood occasionallyy?(7«'j. — adj. hemorrhoid'al. [Gr. kai- i7torrhoides — haiz/ta, blood, and rhed, to flow.] Hemp, hemp, 71. a plant with a fibrous bark used for cordage, coarse cloth, &c. ; the fibrous rind prepared for spinning. [A.S. fieenep. Ice. hanpr, L. ca7i7iabis, Gr. ka7niabis. Sans. fa7m, hemp.] hempen, hemp'n, adj., 7nade of he7np. Hen, hen, «., the female of a7iy bird, esp. of the domestic fowl. [A.S. Iie7i7t, Ger. }ie7ine. Ice. h7i7t, from A.S. ha7ia, Ger. hah7i. Ice. ha7ii, the male of birds, a cock ; orig. the singer or crier, akin to L. ca7io, to sing.] henbane, hen'ban, 71. a plant which is a bane or poison to do77testic fowls ; the stinking night- shade, used in medicine for opium. hen-coop, hen'-koop, 71., a coop or large cage for do77iesticfozvls. hen-harrier, hen'-har-i-er, 7i. a species of falcon, the Common Harrier. [See Harrier, a hawk.] hen-pecked, hen'-pekt, adj. foolishly governed by Jiis wife, as a cock, pecked by the hen. Hence, hens, adv., fro7>i this place or time ; in the future : from this cause or reason ; from this origin. — i7it. away ! begone ! [old E. he7tnes, hene7i, A.S. hi7ia7i; Ger. Iii7i7ic7i, here, hi7i, from this, orig. hi7ia, accus. of Goth, his, this : so L. hinc, hence — hie, this.] henceforth, hens-forth', or hens'-, henceforward, hens- for'ward, adv., from this time forth or forward. Henchman. See under Haunch. Hendecagon, hen-dek'a-gon, 71. a plane figure of eleve7i a7igles and eleven sides. [Fr. Jieiideca- g07ie — Gr. hendeka, eleYcn, gd;na, an angle.] hendecasyllable, hen-dek'a-sil'la-bl, 71. a metrical line of eleve7i syllables. — adj. hendec'asyllab'ic. [Gr. he7tdeka, eleven, syllabe, a syllable.] Hep, hep, 71. See Hip, the fruit of the dog-rose. Hepatic, hep-at'ik, Hepatical, hep-at'ik-al, adj., per- taining to the liver; liver-coloured. [L. hepati- CHS — Gr. hepar, hepatos, the liver.] hepatoscopy, hep-a-tos'kop-i, 7t. divination by in- fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //^en. Heptade speciion of tJie livers of animals. [Gr. Iu-/>atos- copia — hipar, Jtepatos, liver, skopeo, to inspect.] Heptade, hep'tiid, «. the sum or number of seven. [Fr. — Gr. hcptas, Jieptados — Jiepta, seven.] heptaglot, hep'ta-glot, adj., in seven, languages. — n. a book in seven languages. [Gr. lieptaglottos— Jicpta, SQV^xx, glotta, giossa, tongue, language.] heptagon, hep'ta-gon, n. a plane figure with scvc?i. angles and seven sides. — adj. heptag'onal. [Gr. hcptagonos, seven-cornered — Iiepta, and gonia, an angle.] heptahedron, hep-ta-he'dron, n. a soUd figure with seven bases or sides. [Gr. Jiepta, seven, Iiedra, a seat, a base — /wzoviai, to sit.] heptarchy, hep'tar-ki, n., a goverrunent by seven persons ; the country governed by seven : a period in the Saxon history of England. — adj. heptar'- chic. [Gr. Jiepta, seven, arcJii, sovereignty — arcJid, to rule.] Her, her, proti. objective and possessive case of She. — adj. belonging to a female, [old E. Jiere, Jiir, A.S. Jieore, genitive, accusative, and dative sing, oi Jieo, she.] hers, herz, pron. possessive of She. herself, her-self , pron. the emphatic form of She in the nominative or objective case: in her real character ; having the command of her temper ; sane. [Her, and Self.] Herald, her'ald, n. lit. tJie sJiouier; an officer who used to challenge to battle and carry messages between armies ; an officer whose duty is to read proclamations, to blazon the arms of the nobility, &c. : a proclaimer; a forerunner. — v.t. to intro- duce, as by a herald ; to proclaim : — pr.p. heralding ; pa.p. her'alded. [old Fr. Jierald, Ger. Jicrold — Jiaren, to shout.] heraldic, her-al'dik, adj., of or relating to Jieralds or heraldry. — adv. heral'dically. heraldry, her'ald-ri, «., tJu art or office of a Jierald; the science of recording genealogies and blazon- ing coats of arms. Herb, herb, or erb, n. \\t. food, pasture ; a plant the stem of which dies every year, as distinguished from a tree or shrub which has a permanent stem. — adj. herb'lesB. [Fr. Jierbe, L. Jicrba, akin to Gr. phorbe, pasture — pJierbo, to feed, to nourish.] herbaceous, her-ba'shus, adj., pertaining to or of the nature of Jierbs: in bot., having a soft stem that dies to the root annually. [L. Jierbaceus.'\ herbage, hcrb'aj, or erb'aj, n., green food for cattle ; pasture ; herbs collectively. herbal, htrh'diX, adj., pertaining to Jieris. — n. a book containing a classification and description of plants: a collection of presers-ed plants. herbalist, hcrb'al-ist, «. one who makes collections of herbs or plants ; one skilled in plants. herbarium, her-ba'ri-um, n. a classified collection of preserved Jwrbs or plants. — ■//. herba'riums and herbaria, [low L. — L. Jierba.'\ herbeecent, her-bes'ent, adj., growing into Jierbs, becoming herbaceous. [L. Jierbescetis, -entis, pr.p. of hcrbesco, to grow into herbs.] herbivorous, hcr-biv'or-us, adj., eating or living on Jierbaceous plants. [L. Jierba, voro, to devour.] herborise, herb'o-riz, v.i. lit. to form a collection of plants; to search for plants, to botanise. — v.t. to form plant-like figures in, as in minerals : — pr.p. herborising ; pa.p. herborised. [Fr. Ju:rbo- 1-iser, {ox Jierbariser — L. Jierba.] herborisation, herb-or-i-za'shun, n., the seeJcing for plants: in viin., the figure of plants. iiermeneutic Herculean, her-ku'le-an, adj. extremely difficult or dangerous, sucJi as inigJit Jiave been done by- Hercules, a Greek hero famous for his strength ; of extraordinary strength and size. Herd, herd, «. a number of beasts feeding together, and luatcJiedor tended; any collection of beasts, as distinguished from a flock : a company of people, in contempt ; the rabble : one who tends cattle. — v.i. to run in herds. — v.t. to tend, as a herdsman :^pr.p. herd'ing ; pa.p. herd'ed. [A. S. Jieord, Jiiord, Ger. At'r^/^^old Ger. hirten, to tend, Ice. Jiirda, to guard.] herdsman, herdz'man (in B., herd'man), n., a man employed to lierd or tend cattle. Here, her, adv. , in tJiis place ; in the present life or state. [A.S. Jier; Ger. Jiier, akin to Jier, in this neighbourhood, and old Ger. Jii, Jie, this.] — Here'- about, adv. about this place. — Hereaft'er, adv. after this, in some future time or state. — «. a future state. — Here and there, adv. in this place and then in that ; thinly, irregularly. — Hereby', adv. by this. — Herein', anos, solitary, desert.] hermitage, her'mit-aj, n., the dwelling of a hermit ; a retired abode : a kind of wine, so called from Hermitage, a district of France. hermitical, her-mit'ik-al, adj., relating to a Ji£rjnit. Hernia, her'ni-a, «., a swelling or protnsio7i, esp. of the abdomen ; a rupture. — adj. hernial. [L. her)iia, prob. from Gr. ernos, a sprout.] Hero, he'ro, n. orig. a warrior, a demigod; a man of distinguished bravery ; any illustrious person ; the principal figure in any history or work of fiction. -^';«. heroine. [Gr. herds, akin to L. vir, man, herns, Ger. herr, master.] Eieroic, he-ro'ik, adj., like a hero ; becoming a hero ; courageous ; illustrious : designating the style of verse in which the exploits of heroes are cele- brated. — ;/. a heroic verse. — adv. heroically. heroi-comic, her-o-i-kom'ik, heroi-comical, her-o-i- kom'ik-al, adj., consisting of 3. mixture oi luroic and comic ; designating the high burlesque. heroine, her'o-in, «., a female Jiero. heroism, her'o-izm, «., tlie qualities of a hero; courage ; boldness. hero-worship, he'ro-wur-ship, n., the worship of lieroes ; excessive admiration of great men. Herodians, he-ro'di-ans, 7i.pl. a party among the Jews, taking their name from Herod, as being his especial partisans. Heron, her'un, 7i. a large screami7ig water-fowl, with long legs and neck. [A. S. hragra, \V. cregyr—creg, hoarse ; Ger. reiher — reihe/t, to scream : Fr. Jicron, L. ardea, Gr. erodios.l lieronshaw, hei^un-shaw, 7i., a yoking heron ; a place for the rearing of herons. [Fr. hero7iceau, dim. oi hero7i.'\ Herring, her'ing, n. a common small sea-fish found moving in great shoals or Dttdtiticdes. [A.S. and Ger. }ieri7tg — here, Ger. fieer, an army or multitude : or allied to L. halec, fish-pickle.] Herse, same as Hearse. Hers, Herself. See under Her. Hesitate, hez'i-tat, v.i., to stick fast ; to stop in making a decision ; to be in doubt ; to stammer : —pr.p. hes'itating ; pa.p. hes'itated. — adv. hesi- tatingly. [L. haesito, haesitatti)7i, freq. of haerco, haesiim, to stick, adhere.] hesitancy, hez'i-tan-si, hesitation, hez-i-ta'shun, 7i., tlie act of hesitati7ig ; doubt ; stammering. Hesper, hes'per, Hesperus, hes'per-us, «., t/ie eveji- ing-star or Venus. [L. and Gr. hesperos, even- ing, also L. vesper.'] Hesperian, hes-pe'ri-an, adj., of Hesperus or the west. Heterocercal, het-er-o-serT<:al, adj. having the upper fork of the tail differe7it fro77i or longer than the lower, as the shark : — opposed to Homocercal. [Gr. heteros, different from, and ke7-kos, the tail.] Hidalgo heteroclite, het'er-o-kllt, heteroclitic, het-er-o-klit'ik, heteroclitical, het-er-o-klit'ik-al, «rt^'., irregjilarly iiijiected; irregular. [Gr. heteroklitos — heteros, other, and klitos, inflecting — kli7io, to inflect.] heteroclite, het'er-o-kllt, w. in graiti., a word iri'e- gnlarly inflected: anything irregular. heterodox, het'er-o-doks, adj. holding an opinion other or diff'erent from the established one, esp, in theology; heretical. [Gr lieterodoxos — heteros, other, doxa, an opinion — dokeo, to think.] heterodoxy, het'er-o-doks-i, 7i., state or quality of being Jieterodox ; heresy. heterogeneous, het-er-o-jen'e-us, heterogeneal, het- er-o-jen'e-al, adj., of another rctce or kind; dis- similar :— opposed to Homogeneous. — adv. heterc- gen'eously. — 7is. heterogeneity, heterogen'eousness. [Gr. hcteroge7ies — heteros, other, ge7ios, a race.] Hew, hu, v.t., to cut with any sharp instrument; to cut in pieces ; to shape -.^r.p. hew'ing; pa.t. hewed'; pa.p. hewed' or hewn. [A.S. hcawan, Ger. ha7ie7i. Sans. cJiJw, to cut.] hewer, hu'er, 7i., one wJio hezvs. Hexagon, heks'a-gon, «. a plane figure with sixa7tgles and sides. — adj. hexag'onal. — adv. hexag'onally. [Gr. hexagd7ion — hex, six, gd7iia, an angle.] hexameter, heks-am'et-er, «. a verse of six Diea- sjcres or feet. — adj., havi7tg six 77ietrical feet, [L.— Gr. hex, six, i/ietro/i, a measure.] hexapla, heks'a-pla, 7i. lit. a sixfold collection ; an edition of the Scriptures in six languages. — adj. hes'aplar. [Gr. hexaplous, sixfold.] hexapod, heks'a-pod, «. an animal with six feet. [Gr. hexapous, -podos — hex, six, potis, a foot.] hexastich, heks'a-stik, «. a poem of six li7ies or ve7-ses. [Gr. hcxastichos — hex, six, stichos, aline.] hexastyle, heks'a-stil, «. a building with six pillars, [Gr. hekastylos — hex, six, stylos, a pillar.] Hey, ha, i7tt. expressive of joy or interrogation. [Ger. Iici: from the sound.] heyday, ha'da, int. expressive of frolic, exultation, or wonder. — «. a frolic ; the wildness and spirits of youth. [Ger. heida : the present spelling owing to a supposed connection with high, day.'i Hiatus, hl-a'tus, «., a gap ; an opening; a defect; Ingram., a concurrence of vowel sounds in two successive syllables. [L., from hio, Gr. chaino, to gape, root cha, the sound produced by gaping.] Hibernal, hl-ber'nal, adj., belo7igi7ig to -winter; wintry. [L. hiber7ialis — hiej7is, Gr. cheitna, winter. Sans, hi/na, snow.] hibernate, hi'ber-nat, v.i., to ivi7tter ; to pass the winter in sleep : — pr.p. hi'bernating ; pa.p, hl'bernated. — 7i. hibema'tion. [L. hibe7-7io, hi- ber7iatu77t — hibcT^ia, winter-quarters.] Hibernian, hT-ber'ni-an, adj., relating to Hibernia or Ireland. — 7i. an Irishman, [from L. Hiber7iia, Gr. Iouer7tia, Ireland.] Hibemianism, hl-ber'ni-an-izm, Hibemicism, hl-ber- ni-sizm, 7i., a7i Irish idio7n ox pectdiarity. Hiccough, Hiccup, Hickup, hik'up, 7i. a sudden and involuntary kind of cough. — v.i. to have a cough of this kind : — pr.p. hiccoughing (hik'up-ing) ; pa.p. hiccoughed (hik'upt). [Dutch, huckup, old E. hicket, Fr. hoquet ; from the sound.] Hickory, hik'or-i, «. the name of several American nut-laearing trees, [perhaps a corr. of Ca7ya, the botanical name, from Gr. karyo/i, a nut.] Hid, Hidden. See under Hide. Hidalgo, hi-dal'go, 7t. lit. the son of so7nebody ; a, Spanish nobleman of the lowest class. [Sp. hijo fate, far ; me, her ; mme ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^n. 231 Hide de alguno, the son of somebody, or son of the ! Goth — as opposed to Moorish blood.] Hide, hid, v.t., to cover', to conceal; to keep in safety. — v.i. to lie concealed :^/n/. hTd'ing; /^./.'hid, hidd'en. [A.S. hydati, to protect, old Ger. huotsan, W. huddo, to cover, Gr. keutJw, Sans, ghud, to protect, chhad, to cover.] hide, hid, «., that which covers and protects the flesh or body ; the skin. [A.S. hyd, Ger. haitt, allied to L. cutis, Gr. skutos.^ hidebound, hTd'bound, adj., having the hide closely bound to the body as in animals: in trees, having the bark so close that it impedes the growth. hiding, hid'ing, w. a place of concealment. hidden, hid'n, adj., covered; unseen ; unknown. Hideous, hid'e-us, adj.,frightfid; horrible ; ghastly. — adv. hid'eously. — n. hid'eousness. [Fr. hideux —old Fr. hide, hisde, dread, Sw. hisna, to shudder, akin to L. hispidus, rough, rude.] Hie, hi, v.i. to hasten so quickly as to pant :—pr.p. hie'ing; pa.p. hied', [old E. higlie, A.S. higan, D. hijglien, to pant for. ] Hierarch, hl'er-ark, «., a nder in sacred matters.-^ adj. hi'erarchal. [Gr. hierarchies — hieros, sacred, artlios, a ruler, from archo, to rule.] hierarchy, hi'er-ar-ki, n., ride in sacred inattets ; persons that so rule ; the body of the clergy ; a government by priests. — adj'. hierarch'icaL [Gr. Iiierarthia — hieros, sacred, arche, rule.] hieratic, hl-er-at'ik, adj'., sacred; relating to priests. [L. hieraticns, Gr. hicratikos.l hieroglyph, hi er-o-glif, hieroglyphic, hl-er-o-glif'ik, n. a sacred cati'cd figure or symbol ; picture- writing among the Egyptians ; any symbolical figure. — adjs. hieroglyph'ic, hieroglyph'ical. — adv. hleroglyph'ically. [Gr. hieroglyphikon — hieros, sacred, glypho, to carve.] hieroglyphist, hl-er-o-gUf'ist, n.,one skilled in read- ing hieroglyphics. hierographic, hT-er-o-graf'ik, hierographical, hT-er-o- graf'ik-al, adj'., pertaining to sacred ivritijig. [Gr. hierographikos — hieros, sacred, and^r^//i- ikos, {rom.grapJio,tov/T\t&.'\ hierology, hl-er-ol'o-ji, n., the scietice vfhich. treats of sacred matters, especially sacred writing and inscriptions. [Gr. Jiierologia—hieros, sacred, ;ind logos, a discourse or treatise.] hierophant, hi'er-o-fant, «. one who sJtews or reveals sacred things ; a priest. [Gr. hierophantes — hieros, ^^lcxzA, phaino, to shew.] Higgle, higH, v.i., to haiuk about provisions for .sale ; to make difficulty in bargaining ; to chaffer : —pr.p. higg'ling; pa.p. higgled. — «. higgler, [a form of Haggle, and hawk, to sell.] High, h7, adj., raised up or above; elevated; loftj' ; tall : eminent in anything ; illustrious ; exalted in rank ; dignified; chief; noble: ostentatious; arrogant ; proud : strong ; powerful ; victorious : .nngry ; loud ; violent ; tempestuous : possessing a quality in a strong degree ; excellent ; far advanced : difficult ; dear : remote in time. — adv., aloft; eminently; powerfully; profoundly. [A.S. heah, Goth, /uiu/is. Ice. ha, Ger. hoch, conn, with Sans, adhi, above, on high.] high-admiral, hl'-ad-mi-ral, «., a high or chief admiral of a fleet. high-altar, hl'-awl-tar, «. the altar at which only his:h mass is celebrated in R. Catholic churches. high-bailiff, hi'-bal-if, n. lit. cliicf bailiff, an officer who serves writs, &c. in certain franchises, ex- empt from the ordinary supervision of the sheriff. HiU high-bom, hT'-bawm, adj., of high or noble hirth. high-bred, hi'-bred, adj. of high or noble breed, training, or family, high-church, hi'-church, adj. an epithet applied to the party in the Episcopal Church who attach extreme importance to ecclesiastical dignities, ordinances, and ceremonies. — 7is. high'-church- man, high'-churchism. high-coloured, hi'-kul-urd, adj. having a strong or glaring colour. high-day, hl'-dii, n. a holiday: in i?., broad daylight, high-fed, hi'- fed, adj., fed highly or luxuriously; pampered. — «. high'-feeding. high-flier, hi'-fli-er, «., one ivho flies high, or runs into extravagance of opinion or action. — adj. high'-flying. high-flown, hl'-flon, adj. extravagant ; elevated ; proud ; turgid, high-handed, hi'-hand-ed, adj. overbearing ; violent, high-hearted, hi'-hart-ed, adj., luith tlie /leart high or full of courage. highland, hi'land, «., land high or elevated; a mountainous district. highlander, hl'land-er, n. an inhabitant of a inoun- tainoiis rcgio7i. high-mass, hi'-mas, n. the vtass read on high occa- sions. high-minded, hl'-mmd-ed, adj. having a high, proud, or arrogant viind : having honourable pride ; magnanimous. — «. high'-mindedness. highness, hi'nes, «., tlie state of being high; dignity of rank ; a title of honour given to princes, high-place, hi'-plas, n. in B., an eminence onwhich^ unlawful worship was performed by the Jews, high-pressure, hf-presh-ur, adj. applied to a steam- engine in which the steam is raised to a high temperature so that the pressure may exceed that of the atmosphere, high-priest, hl'-prest, «. a chief priest. high-principled, hf-prin-si-pld, adj. of high, noble, or sXx\ct principle ; extravagant in politics, high-proof, hl'-proof, adj., proved to contain tnuch alcohol ; highly rectified, high-road, hi'-rod, 71. one of the public or chief roads. high-seasoned, hi'-se-znd, adj. made rich or piquant with spices or other seasotiing. high-souled, hi'-sGld, aiij. having a high or lofty soul or spirit, high-sounding, hl'-sound-ing, adj., sou7iding high; pompous ; ostentatious, high-spirited, hi'-spir-it-ed, adj. having a high spirit or natural fire ; bold ; daring ; irascible, high-tasted, hl'-tast-ed, adj. having a strong, jiiqu.int taste or relish, high-water, hi'-waw-ter, «. the time at which the tide is higJiest; the greatest elevation of the tide, highway, hl'wa, «. a high or public way or road, highwayman, hl'wa-man, «., a highway robber. high- wrought, hl'-rawt, adj., wrought withexqjusiie skill ; highly finished. Hilarious, hi-lfi'ri-us, adj., cheerful; gay; very merrj'. [L. hilaris; Gr. hilarvs — hilaos, kindly, gay, cheerful.] hilarity, hi-lar'i-ti, «., state of bei7ig hilarious or cheerful ; gaiety ; pleasurable excitement. Hilary, hil'ar-i, adj. the name applied to one of the four terms of the law-courts of England, from nth to 31st Janu.ary, so called from Si Hilary, whose festival is Jan. 13. Hill, hil, 71. a high mass of land, less than a moun- tain. [A.S. hill, hyll; old E. hul ; Ger. hugel; fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^n. 232 hiUy allied to L. collis, a hill, and root eel in cehus, high, Gr. kolonos, a hill] hilly, hil'i, adj., full of hills. — n. hill'iness. hillock, hil'uk, n., a sinall hill. Hilt, hilt, 11. that by which anything is held, the handle, esp. of a sword. [A. S. hilt; Dutch, hilte, holde ; old Gar. Jielza ; from root of Hold.] hilted, hilt'ed, adj., having a hilt. Him, \\\m, pron. the objective case of He. [A. S. he, dative him, ace. June. 'I himself, him-self'./rti;^. the emphatic and reflective form of He and Him ; it also expresses the proper character or state of mind of a person. Hin, hin, n. a Hebrew liquid measure, containing about 6 English quarts. [Heb.] Hind, hind, n. the female of the stag. [A.S. hind; Ger. Jmide, hindin7i; old Ger. hinda, hiuta.^ Hind, hind, «. lit. a vieinber of a family ; a domestic ; a farm-servant ; a peasant. [A.S. Iiina, hine; Scot, hyne, a person, a servant ; Sw. hjim, member of a family ; Ice. hion, a family, allied to A.S. hig-e, hiiva, a family, hiwajt, domestics.] Hind, hind, adj. placed in the rear or at the tail; pertaining to the part ^£'/i/;zrt?; backward : opposed to Fore. [A.S. hindan. See Behind.] hinder, hind'er, adj. comparative of Hind, but used in the same significations. hinder, hin'der, v.t. to put or keep hehitid; to stop, or prevent progress ; to embarrass. — v.i. to raise obstacles : — pr.p. hind'ering ; pa.p. hind'ered. [A.S. hindrian, Ger. hindc7-n; from Hind.] Underance, hin'der-ans, hindrance, hin'drans, n., act of hindering- : that which hinders ; obstacle. hindermost, hlnd'er-most, hindmost, hTnd'most, adj. superlative of Hind ; furthest behind. Hindoo, Hindu, hin'doo, n. an aboriginal native of Hi7id7istan. [lit. a dweller on the banks of the river SindJm, Sans, for Indus.] Hindooism, Hinduism, hin'dou-izm, n. the religious tenets of the Hindoos. Hindoostanee, Hindustani, hin-doo-stan'e, «. and adj. the language or pertaining to the language of the Hindoos. Hindrance. See hinderance. Hinge, hinj, n. the hook or joint on which a door or lid hangs; that on which anything depends or turns. — v.t. to furnish with hinges ; to bend. — v.i. to hang or turn as on a hinge -.—pr.p. hing'- ing ; pa.p. hinged'. [Dutch, henghe, hook, hinge ; Ger. angel; prov. E. hingle, a small hinge ; Scot. hiyig, to hang : conn, with Hang. ] Hinny, hin'i, «. the produce of a stallion and a she- ass. [L. hinriKs ; Gr. hinjios, gizmos, a mule.] Hint, hint, v.t. lit. to whisper; to bring to mind by a slight mention or remote allusion ; to allude to. — v.i. to make an indirect or remote allusion ; to allude: — pr.p. hint'ing ; pa.p. hinted. — 7i. a distant allusion ; slight mention ; insinuation. [Ice. yintr, a hint, ynita, Dan, yjnte, to hum, to whisper : so em7net = ant.'\ Hip, hip. n. the haunch or fleshy part of the thigh. — v.t. to sprain the hip :— /r./. hipp'ing; pa.p. hipped'. [A.S. ]iip,hyp; Goth. h7{ps.'\ Hip, hip, Hep, hep, n. the fruit of the wild-brier or dog-rose, [old E. hepe ; A.S. hcope, hiope.'] Hippocampus, hip'o-kam-pus, «. a genus of fishes with head and neck somewhat like those of a horse, and a long, tapering tail which they can twist round anything. [L. ; Gr. hippokai>ipos — hippos, a horse, ha7npe, a turning.] Histrionic hippocentaur, hip-o-sent'awr, n. same as Centaiar. [Gr. hippos,^ a horse, and Centaur.] hippodrome, hip'o-drom, «. a T3.CQ-co7irse for horses and chariots ; an equestrian circus. [Gr. hippo- dromes — hippos, a horse, dro7/ios, a course.] hippogriff, hip'o-grif, n. a fabulous winged animal, half horse and half grijf7i. [Fr. hippogriffe—. Gr. hippos, a horse, ^nd g7yps, a griffin.] hippopathology, hip-po-pa-thol'o-ji, 7i., the path- ology of the horse ; the science of veterinary medi- cine. [Gr. hippos, a horse, and Pathology.] hippophagous, h\^--poi'a.-gus, adj., horse-eati7ig. [Gr, hippos, a horse, axidphago, to eat.] hippophagy, hip-pof'a-ji, «., the act or practice cf feeding 071 horse-'^&s\\.—7i. hippoph'agist. hippopotamus, hip-po-pot'a-mus, «., the river-horse —an African quadruped, one of the largest exist- ing, of aquatic habits, having a very thick skin, short legs, and a large head and muzzle. [L. ; Gr. hippopotamos — hippos, andpota}7!OS, a river.] hippuric, hip-pu'rik, adj. denoting an acid obtained from the 7iri7ie of horses. [Fr. hippuriqt^ — Gr. hippos, a horse, and ouron, urine.] Hire, hTr, 7t. , -wages for service ; the price paid for the use of anything. — v.t. to procure the use or services of, at a price ; to engage for wages ; to let for compensation ; to bribe -.—pr-p. hlr'ing ; pa.p. hired'.— «. luj/er. [A.S. hyrian, to hire, hyr, Ger. heiter, W. hwr, wages.] hireling, hir'ling, «., a hired serva7it ; a mercenary; a prostitute. [K.^. hyrli/ig.'\ hires, hlrz, in B., plural of Hire, not now used. Hirsute, hir-sut', adj., hairy ; rough; shaggy: in hot., having long, stifiish hairs. [L. hirsiit-us — hirsiis, hirt7is, rough, hairy, shaggy.] His, hiz, pro7t., possessive form of He : in B., used for its. [A.S. his, possessive of /^^, and orig. of it.] Hispid, his'pid, adj., in iot., rough with or having strong hairs or bristles. [L. hispidas.] Hiss, his, v.i. to make a sound like the letter s, as the goose, serpent, &c. ; to express contempt, &c. by hissing. — v.t. to condemn by hissing '.—pr.p. hiss'ing ; /«./. hissed'. [A.S. hysiati; formed from the sound.] hiss, his, n. the sound of the letter s, an expression, of disapprobation, contempt, &c. hissing, his'ing, n., the noise of a hiss: object of hissing; object or occasion of contempt. Hist, hist, i7it. demanding silence and attention ; Int^h! silence ! [formed from the sound.] Histology, his-tol'o-ji, 7i. the sciejtce which treats of the minute stmcture of animal and vegetable tissue. [Gr. histos, bar of a loom, web, texture — ■ histe7/ii, to make to stand, logos, a discourse.] History, his'to-ri, 7i. a story or statement of facts obtained ly i7iqniry ; an account of an event ; a systematic account of the origin and progress of a nation ; the knowledge of facts, events, &c. [L. and Gr. historia — Gr. historeo, to learn by in- quiry— /izVi'tJr, knowing, learned.] historian, his-to'ri-an, w., a writer of history. historic, his-tor'ik, historical, his-tor'ik-al, adj., per- tai7iing to history ; containing history; derived from history. — adv. histor'ically. historiography, his-to-ri-og'ra-fi, 7i. the art or em- ployment of zvriting history. [Gr. historw- graphia — historia, and g7'aphd, to write.] _ historiographer, his-to-ri-og'ra-fer, «., a writer of history; a professed or official historian. Histrionic, his-tri-on'ik, Histrionical, his-tri-on'ik-al. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^n. 233 histrionism adj., relating to the stage or stage-flayers ; be- fitting a theatre. — adv. hiatrion'ically. [L. his- trionicus — histrio, Etruscan primary form hister, a player.] tiistrioiiism, his'tri-o-nizm, «., tJie acts or practice of stage-playing, or of pantomime. Hit, hit, v.t., to light on that which is aimed at; to touch or strike; to reach; to suit. — v.i. to come in contact ; to chance luckily ; to succeed : —pr.p. hitt'ing; pa.p. hit.— «. hitt'er. [A.S. hettan, to pursue ; Ice. hitta, to light on, to find.] Lit, hit, «., a lighting 7tppn ; a lucky chance; a stroke ; a happy turn of thought or expression. Hitch, hich, v.i., to move by jerks, as if caught by a hook ; to be caught by a hook ; to be caught or fall into. — v.t. to hook; to catch :^/r./. hitch'- ing ; pa.p. hitched'. — «. a jerk ; a catch or any- thing that holds; an obstacle; a sudden halt; naut., a knot or noose. _ [Scot, hitch, motion by a jerk ; Fr. hocJier, to jog ; Dutch, hittscn, to jumble ; prov. Ger. hiksefi, W. hecian, to limp.] Hithe, h.lth, n., a small Jiaven. [A.S. hiih.l Hither, hUh'hr, adv., to this place. — adj. toward the speaker; nearer. [A.S. hitlier, hider; Goth. hidre; Ice. Jicdluir; Sw. hit.^ hithermost, hi^A'er-most, adj. nearest on this side. hitherto, hi^/i'er-too, adv., to this place or time ; as yet. hitherward, hl/A'er-ward, adv., toivards this place. Hive, hTv, w., a Ja»iily or swarm of bees in a bo.\ or basket ; the habitation of bees ; any busy company. — v.t. to collect into a hive ; to lay up in store. — v.i. to take shelter together ; to reside in a body: — pr.p. hlv'ing ; pa.p. hived'. [A.S. hyfc, hive — hizva, Goth, heiv, Ice. hiu, family.] biver, hlver, «., one ivJio collects bees into a hive. Ho, Hoa, ho, int. a call to excite attention; Jwldl stop ! [formed from the sound.] Hoar, hor, adj. orig. hairy; white or grayish- white, esp. with age or frost. — n. hoariness. [A.S. har, hoary, gray ; Ice. lusra, gray hair, Ji^rdr, haired or hairy.] hoar-frost, hor'-frost, «., white frost ; the white particles formed by the freezing of dew. hoarhound, horehound, hor'hound, «. a plant of a whitish or downy appearance, used as a tonic and for coughs, once supposed to be a remedy for the bite of a mad dog or hound. [A.S. hara-hitnig, hara-Iinne — har, hoar. Hound.] hoary, hor'i, adj., white or gray with age : in bot., covered with short, dense, whitish hairs. — «. hoar'iness. aoard, hOrd, n., a store; a hidden stock ; a trea- sure. — v.t. to store; to amass and deposit in secret. — v.i. to store up; to collect and form a hoard: — pr.p. hoard'ing ; pa.p. hoarded'. [A.S. Jvord, heord — Iteordan, to store ; akin to hyrdan, to guard, to keep.] Hoard, hord, Hoarding, hOrd'ing, «., a hurdle or fence enclosing a house and materials while builders are at work, [old Fr. horde, barrier; Ger. hiirde, hurdle : from root of Hurdle.] Hoarse, h5rs, adj., having a harsh, grating \oicc, as when affected with a cold ; harsh ; discordant. — «. hoarse'ness.— rt^i'i'. hoarse'ly. [A. S. has; Ger. heiser; L. rattens; akin to Sans, root, ni, to sound, raT'a, sound.] horse-laugh, hors-liif, «., a harsh, boisterotts latigh. [Hoarse, and Laugh.] Hoary. See under Hoar. hog -ringer Hoax, hoks, n. a deceptive trick ; a practical joke, — v.t. to deceive; to play a trick upon for sport, or without malice •.—pr.p. hoax'ing ; pa.p. hoa.xed'. [from hocus. See Hocus-pocuB.] Hob, hob, n. the projecting nave of a wheel : the flat part of a grate, orig. the raised stones be- tween which the embers wore confined. [Gtr. hub, a heaving ; \V. /wb, anything that rises or projects.] hobnail, hob'nfd, n. a nail with a thick, strong head used in the shoes of horses, and sometimes of men : a clownish fellow, so called from the hobnails in his shoes. — adj. hob'nailed. [from Hob, a projecting head : also given from Dan. Jiov-nagle, Ger. huf-fiagel, hoof-nail.] Hob, a rustic, a fairy. See under Hobble. Hobble, hob'l, v.i. to walk with a hop; to limp or walk awkwardly ; to move irregularly. — v.t. to fasten loosely the legs of : — pr.p. hobbling ; pa.p. hobb'led. — n. an awkward, limping gait : a diffi- culty, [a freq. of Hop.] hob, hob, 71. a Jiobblifig clownish fellow ; a rustic : a fairy, because supposed to Jiobble or limp rather than walk, [also given as a contr. of H albert, or Robert. 'X hobgoblin, hob-gob'lin, «. lit. a hobbling goblin; a fairy; a frightful apparition, [hob. Goblin.] hobby, hob'i, hobby-horse, hob'i-hors, «. a strong, active horse ; a pacing horse : a stick or figure of a horse on which boys nde : a subject on which one is constantly setting off: a favourite pursuit, [from the liobbling or Jwpping gait of the horse, hence old Fr. Jiobin, Dan. hoppa.] hobby, hob'i, n. a small species of falcon, [old Fr. Jwbe7-ea7c. ] Hobgoblin. See under Hobble. Hobnail. See under Hob, a projection. Hobnob, hob'nob, adv., have or not have; a familiar invitation to reciprocal dnnking. [A.S. Jiabbaji, to have, and tiabban, not to have.] Hock, Hockle. See Hough. Hock, hok, «. a fine Rhenish wine of a light-yel- lowish colour, [from Hochheijn, in Germany.] Hockey, hok'i, «., hookey, a game at ball played with a club or hooked stick. Hocus-pocus, hO'kus-po'kus, «. a juggler; ajuggler's trick. — v.t. to cheat, [from ochus bochus, words anciently used by Italian conjurors ; less prob. a corruption of the words hoc est corpus, in ridiculous imitation of the Romish priests, in their formula of transubstantiation.] Hod, hod, n. a kind of trough borne on the shoulder, for carrying brick and mortar. [Fr. and Ger. hotic, a basket carried on the back.] hodman, hod'man, ;.-., a i)ta?t wlio carries a Jwd: a mason's labourer. Hodge-podge, hoj'-poj. See Hotchpot. Hoe, ho, 71. an instrument for hewing or digging up weeds, and loosening the earth. — v.t. to cut or clean with a hoe ; to weed.— cz'. to use a hoe : — P^-f'- hoe'ing %pa.p. hoed'. — «. ho'er. [Fr. liouer; Ger. haucn; A.S. Iu:awa7i, to cut, to dig.] Hog, hog, 71., the grunting a7iimal; a castrated boar ; a pig. — v.t. to cut short the hair oi:—pr.p. hogg'ing ; pa.p. hogged'. [W. h^vch ; Bret. lioc'h, houc'h, swine — houc'ha, to grunt.] hoggish, hog'ish, adj., 7-esfn!bli)ig a hog; brutish; filthy; selfish. — ft. hogg'ishness. — adz'. hoggishly. hog-ringer, hog'-ring-er, «. one who puts rings into the snouts of hogs. fate, fur ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moun ; then. laog's-lard hog's-lard, hogz'-liird, 7i. the melted lard oi fat of tJie hog. Hoggerel, hog'er-el (in Scot. Hoggl, ii. a young sheep of the second year. [D. hokkeliiig, a beast of one j'-ear old, from being fed in the kok or pen.] Iiogget, hog'et, 7i. a boar of the second year; a sheep or colt after it has passed its first year. Hogshead, hogzTied, n. an old measure of capacity = about 524 imperial gallons ; a half pipe, [either so called from its shape, or corrupted from Dutch, ocks-hood, ox and head ; Sw. o.v- hiifivtid — ox, ox, and hjefwtid, head.] Hoiden, hoi'dn, 71., a ro7npi)ig, ill-bred girl; a flirt. — adj. rude, rustic, bold. — v.i. to romp indelicately, [old E. hoydoji, Dutch, heyden, a clownish person, a form of heathen.] Hoist, hoist, v.t., to lift; to raise with tackle; to heave -.—prf. hoist'ing ; pa.p. hoist'ed. — 71. act of lifting ; a lift : the height of a sail, [old E. hoise, Fr. kisser, Sw. hissa, Dan. Iieise, to lift.] Hoity-toity, hoi'ti-toi'ti, i7it. an exclamation of sur- prise or disapprobation. — adj. giddy, flighty, gay, noisy, [from Jmt and tict, interjections expres- sive of disapprobation.] Hold, hold, T'.t., to keep possession of or authority over ; to sustain ; to defend : to occupy ; to derive title to : to bind ; to confine ; to restrain : to con- tinue ; to persist in : to contain : to celebrate : to consider ; to esteem. — v.i. to remain fixed ; to be true or unfailing : to continue unbroken or un- subdued : to adhere : to derive right •.—pr.p. hold'ing; pa.p. held (obs. hold'en). [A.S. heal- da7i; old Ger. haltan ; Goth. halda7i ; Dan. holde, to keep.]— Hold of, in Pr. Bk., to regard. hold, hold, n., act or manner of holding; seizure; power of seizing ; something for support : a place of confinement ; custody: a fortified place: a mark in music over a rest or note, indicating that it is to be prolonged. hoiden, hold'n, in B., old pa.p. of Hold. holdfast, hold'fast, «., that which holds fast; a long nail ; a catch. holding, hold'ing, «., a7iythi7ig held ; tenure ; a farm held of a superior : hold : influence. Hold, of a ship. See under Hole. Hole, hoi, «., a Jiollow place; a cavity ; an opening in a solid body : a pit ; a mean habitation : a sub- terfuge : a means of escape. — z>.t. to form holes in : to drive into a hole. — v.i. to go into a hole : — J'^-P- hol'ing ; pa.p. holed'. [Ger. hohl, hol- low; Dan. hul; Dutch, hoi; A.S. hoi, a hole, cavern ; conn, with Gr. koilos, hollow.] hold, hold, 71., the hollow or interior cavity of a ship between the floor and the lower deck, used for the cargo. [Dutch, Iwlte — hoi, hollow.] hollow, hol'o, adj., havifig a hole: not solid; con- taining an empty space ; vacant : sunken ; im- sound : insincere. — }i. a hole ; a cavity : any de- pression in a body ; any vacuity : a groove ; a channel. — v.t. to make a hole in; to make hol- low by digging ; to excavate '.—pr-p. hoU'owing ; pa.p. hollowed. hollow-eyed, hol'o-Td, adj., having su7ike7i eyes. hollow-hearted, hol'o-hart-ed, adj., havijig a hol- low or U7itr2ie heart; faithless ; treacherous. hollowness, hol'o-nes, 7i., the state of bei7ig hollow ; cavity : insincerity ; treachery. Holibut. See Halibut. Holiday, Holiness. See under Holy. [Hollaiid. Holland, hol'and, «. a kind of linen first made in hoUands, hol'ands, 7t. gin made in Holla7id. holy-week EoUo, hol'o, Holla, hol'a, i7tt., ho, there; attend. —7t. a loud shout. — v.i. to cry loudly to one at a distance -.—pr.p. hollo'ing ; pa.p. holloed'. [Ger. holla; Fr. hold— ho, and la~L. iliac, there.] Hollow, and its compounds. See under Hole. Holly, hol'i, «. an evergreen shrub having prickly leaves and scarlet or yellow berries. [A.S. Jioleg7t, the holly. ] Hollyhock. See under Holy. Holm, holm, or hom, «., a river-islet; rich flat land near a river: the 'ilex or evergreen oak, perhaps so called because it grows best in holms. [A,S. I10I771, a river-island.] Holocaust, hol'o-kawst, «. a ^^cr;/;' sacrifice, in which the 2uhole of the victim was consumed. [Gr. holoka2isto7t — holos, whole, and katcstos, burnt.] holograph, hol'o-graf, «. a document wholly writte/t by the person from whom it proceeds. — adj. holo- graph'ic. [Gr. holograpJios, wholly written — holos, whole, and graphd, to write.] holometer, hol-om'et-er, n. an instrument for taking all lands oi 7iieasicrcs; a pantometer. [Ft. holo- i7ietre — Gr. holos, whole, and 7netro7i, measure.] Holpen, holp'n, old pa.p. of Help. Holster, hol'ster, 71. the leathern case carried by a horseman at the forepart of the saddle for cover- i)ig a pistol. [A.S. heolster, a hiding-place — hela>i, to cover, to hide.] bolstered, hol'sterd, adj., beari7ig holsters. Holt, holt, 71. a wood or woody hill : a hole, or other place of security, esp. a deep hole in a river, where there is protection for fish. [Ger. holtz, a wood : conn, with L. silva, Gr. hule.'\ Holy, ho'li, adj. lit. whole; healthy; perfect in a moral sense ; pure in heart : religious ; set apart to a sacred use. — adv. ho'lUy. [A.S. halig — hal, sound, wtiole : conn, with Heal, Hail, Whole.] holiday, hol'i-da, «. orig. holy-day (which see) : a day of amusement. holiness, ho'li-nes, ?:. , state ofbei7ig holy ; religious goodness ; piety : sanctity : a title of the pope. hollyhock, hol'i-hok, 71. a kind of 7nallow, brought into Europe from the Holy Land. [Holy, and hock — A.S. Jwclcaf \V. hocys, mallows.] holy-day, ho'li-da, «., a holy day ; a religious festi- val: a day for the commemoration of some erent. PIoly-Ghost, ho'li-gost, Holy Spirit, ho'li-spir-it, «., lit. the holy breath; the third person of the Trinity. [Holy, and A.S. gost ; L. spirittis, breath.] holy-office, ho'li-of-is, «., tlie holy tribu7ial; the Inquisition. [Holy, and Office.] Holy-One, ho'li-wun, 7t. the 07ie who is holy, by way of emphasis ; God ; Christ : one separated to the service of God. holy-orders, ho'li-or-ders, «., ordiTiatioTi to the ra7ik ^minister in holy things; the Christian minis- try. [Holy, and orders — L. ordz7to, to appoint — ordo, a rank.] holy-rood, ho'li-rood, 7t., the holy cross, in R. Catholic churches, over the entrance to the chancel. [Holy, and rood — A.S. rod, a cross.] holy-stone, ho'li-ston, 71. a sto7ie used with sand by seamen for cleaning the decks. — v.t. to scrub with a holy-stone. Holy -Thursday, ho'li-thurz-da, n. the day on which the ascension of our Saviour is commemorated, ten days before Whitsuntide. holy-water, ho'li-waw-ter, 71., water co7isec7-ated by the priest for sprinkling persons and things. holy-week, ho'li-wek, 71. the week before Easter, kept holy to commemorate our Lord's passion. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th&Vi, 235 holy-writ holy-writ, hO'li-rit, 7i., tlie holy ivrithtgs; the Scriptures. Homage, hom'aj, n. the submission and service which a tenant promised to his feudal superior, in these words, lio7no vester dcvcnio, I become your ma7i ; the act of fealty ; respect paid by ex- ternal action : reverence directed to the Supreme Being: devout aftection. [h. /iov:o, a man.} Home, horn, n. one's /i07(se or country; place of constant residence : the seat, as of war. — adj. pertaining to one's dwelling or country; domestic : close ; severe. — adz'. to one's habitation or country: close; closely: to the point. [A.S. /u7>n; old Sa-v. /u^/n ; Goth, haims.] home-bred, hum'-bred, adj., bred at Iwme; native ; domestic : plain ; unpolished. home-farm, hOm'-farm, «. the /arm near the home or mansion of a gentleman. home-felt, hOin'-felt, adj., felt in one's own breast; inward ; private. homeless, hOm'les, adj., without a home. — n. home'- lessness. homely, hom'li, adj'.,pertaini7ig tohxime ; familiar : plain : rude. — n. home'liness. — adv. home'lily. home-made, hGm'-mad, adj., made at Jiome ; made in one's own country ; plain. home-sick, hom'-sik, adj., sick or grieved at separa- tion from home. — )i. home'-sickness. homespun, hom'spun, adj., spitn or \vrought at home ; not made in foreign countries : plain ; inelegant. — «. cloth made at home. homestall, hOm'stawl, homestead, hom'sted, «., the place of a maftsion-honse ; the enclosures im- mediately connected with it : original station. [Home, and stall— A.S. steal, a place; stead — Dutch, stede, a place.] homeward, hom'ward, adv., toward home ; toward one's habitation or country. — adj. in the direc- tion of home. [Home, and ward, sig. direction.] homewards, hOm'wardz, adv., toward hotne. homeward-bound, hom'ward-bound, adj., bo7ind or moving homeward ox to one's native land. Homeopathy, ho-me-op'a-thi, «. lit. si7nilar feeling or affection ; the system of curing diseases by small quantities of those drugs which excite symptoms similar to those of the disease. [Gr. ho)noiopatheia — homcios, \C^&, pathos, feeling.] homeopathic, hO-mc-o-path'ik, adj., of or pertain- ing to homeopathy. — adv. homeopath'ically. homeopathist, ho-me-op'a-thist, «., one who believes in or practises homeopathy. Homer, hu'mer, w. a Hebrew measure containing as a liquid measure, about 2 barrels, as a dry measure, 8 bushels. [Heb. cJiomer, a heap — chamar, to swell up.] Homeric, ho-mer'ik, adj., pertaining- to Hojner, the great poet of Greece ; pertaining to or resem- bling the poetry of Homer. Homestead. See under Home. Homicide, hom'i-sTd. «., tJic act of killing a huinan iring: one who kills another. [Fr. ; — L. /lomi- cidium — homo, a man, and ccedo, to kill.] homicidal, hom'i-sTd-al, adj., pertainijig to homi- cide; murderous; bloody. Homily, hom'i-li, «., a plain sermon preached to a mixed assembly ; a serious discourse. [Gr. homilia, an assembly, a sermon — homos, the same, and He, a crowd.] homiletics, hom-i-let'iks, ft. sing, the science which treats of homilies, and the best mode of preparing and delivering them. — adjs. homilet'ic, homilet'ical. honey-dew homilist, hom'i-listj n. one who preaches to a con- gregation. Hominy, hom'i-ni, n. maize hulled, or hulled and crushed, boiled with water. [American Indian, auhuminea, parched corn.] Hommock, hom'uk, n. a hillock or sm.all conical eminence, [from root cnm in L. cumnlits, a swelling, a dim. of Hmnp.] Homocentric, ho-mo-sen'trik, adj., having tJte same centre. [Fr. homocentriqne ; Gr. homokentros — homos, the same, and kentron, centre.] homocercal, hO-mo-ser'kal, adj. having the upper fork of the tail similar to the lower one, as the herring. [Gr. Jiomos, the same, kcrkos, tail.] homoeopathy, &c. See Homeopathy. homogeneal, hu-mo-je'ni-al, homogeneous, ho-mo- je'ni-us, adj., of tJie same kind or nature ; ha\«- ing the constituent elements all similar. — 71s. homoge'neousness, homogeneity. [Gr. Iiotnogenes — homos, one, same, andgenos, kind.] homologate, ho-mol'o-gat, z'.t., to say the same; to agree ; to approve ; to allow : — pr.p. hGmol'ogat- ing ; pa.p. homorogated. — «. homologa'tion. [low L. ho7nologo, ho7nologat2t77t, Gr. fw77iologed — homos, the same, and lego, to say.] homologous, hO-mol'o-gus, adj., saying tJie sa77ie ; agreeing ; corresponding in relative position, proportion, value, or structure. [Gr. ho77iologos — lw77ws, the same, and logos — lego, to say.] homology, hG-mol'o-ji, «., tJie quality of being ho77iol- ogons; affinity of structure, and not of form or use. — adj. homolog'icaL homonym, hom'o-nim, «., sai7ie7tess of 7iai7te; a word having the same sound as another, but a different meaning. [Fr. JiO77i07iy77ie — Gr. ho77id- 7iymos — Jw77ios, the same, and ono77ia, name.] homonymous, ho-mon'i-mus, adj., havifig tiie sa>/ie 7ia7ne; having different significations; ambigu- ous : equivocal. — adz). homon'ymously. homonymy, ho-mon'i-mi, «., sa7/ie7tcss of fta7ne, with difference of meaning : ambiguity; equivo- cation. [Fr. ho7)i07ty77iie — Gr. ho77W7!y7/iia.] homophone, hom'o-fon, «. a letter or character having the sa77te sou7id as another. [Gr. liomos, the same, and pho/ie, sound.] homophonous, ho-mof'o-nus, adj. having the sa7ne sound. — 71. homoph'ony. homotype, hom'o-tTp, n. that which has the sa77ie fundamental type of structure with something else. [Gr. ho7nos, same, typos, tj-pe.] Hone, hon, 71. a stone of a fine grit, for sliarpeni7ig instruments. — z'.t. to sharpen as on a hone : — pr.p. hon'ing ; /«./>. honed'. [A.S. han; Ice. /u:i7i; prob. allied to Gr. akone, a whetstone ; W. hogalen — iiogi, to sharpen.] Honest, Honesty, S:c. See under Honour. Honey, hun'i, n. a sweet, thick fluid collected by bees from the flowers of plants ; anything sweet like honey. — v.t. to sweeten ; to make agreeable : —pr.p. hon'eying ; pa.p. hon'eyed ('id]. [A.S. hunig, Ger. hotiig. Ice. hiaiang.} honey-buzzard, hun'i-buz-zard, «. az^nwsoiliizzards or falcons, so called from their feeding on bees, wasps, &c. honey-comb, him'i-kum, «., a co7>th or mass of waxy cells formed by bees, in which they store their honey: anything like a honey-comb. [Honey, and Comb, a hollow cell.] — adj. hon'ey-combed (-komd^, formed like a honey-comb.] honey-dew, hun'i-du, «., a honey or sweet sub- stance found in small drops like dew on the 236 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; m5te ; mute ; moon ; theiu honeyed leaves oP plants, either secreted by the plants themselves or deposited by insects. honeyed, honied, hun'id, adj., covered ivith honey ; sweet. honeymoon, hun'i-moon, honey-month, -munth, «. the hottey or sweet moon or inojith, the first month .after marriage. honey-mouthed, hun'i-mouz'/id, adj. having a /loueycd moiitli. or speech ; soft or smooth in speech. honeysuckle, hun'i-suk-1, ii. a climbing shrub with beautiful cream-coloured flowers, said to have been named from the practice of children siick- hif^ the corolla for the drop of honey or sweet juice at its base. [A.S. hiitiig-sncle.^ honey-tongued, hun'i-tungd, adj. having a hoitcycd tongue or speech ; soft in speech. Honorary. See under Honour. Ecnour, on'ur, ;/. the esteem due or paid to worth ; respect ; high estimation ; veneration, said of God : that which rightfully attracts esteem ; exalted rank ; distinction ; c.vcellence of char- acter : nobleness of mind ; any special virtue much esteemed : any mark of esteem ; a title of respect.—//, privileges of rank or birth ; civilities paid : the four highest cards in card-playing : academic prizes or distinctions. [L. hotior.] honour, on'ur, v.t. to hold in esteem; to respect: to adore : to exalt : to accept and pay when due :—pr.p. hon'ouring ; pa.p. honoured (urd). [L. honoro — honor. '\ honorary, on'ur-ar-i, adj., conferring ho7W7ir : hold- ing a title or office without performing services or receiving a reward. — n. a fee. [L. honor- arius — honor.] honourable, on'ur-abl, adj., ivortJiy of honoitr ; illustrious : actuated by principles of honour : conferring honour : becoming men of exalted station : a title of distinction. [L. honorabilis — honor.]— adv. hon'ourably. honourableneas, on'ur-abl-nes, «., the state 0/ being hnnourahU- ; eminence : conformity to the prin- cljiles of honour ; fairness. honoured, on'urd, adj., treated with honour; respected : exalted : accepted. honourless, on'ur-les, adj., without honour; not honoured. honest, on'cst, adj., fidl of honour ; i\xs\.; frank; chaste : in Z^., also, honourable. — adv. hon'eatly. [L. honestus — honor.] honesty, on'es-ti, «., the state of heing hottest ; integrity ; candour : in B., also, becoming de- portment. Hood, hood, n. a covering y^r //^^ head : anything resembling a hood : an ornamental fold at the back of an academic gown. — v.t. to cover with a hood ; to blind -.—pr.p. hood'ing ; pa.p. hood'ed. [A.S. hod; Ger. hut; conn, with Head.] hooded, hood'ed, adj., covered with a hood; blinded : hood-shaped. hoodwink, hood'wingk, v.t., to blind by coveriitg the eyes as with a hood: to deceive. [Hood, and Wink.] Hoof, lioof, 7t. the horny substance which shields the feet of certain animals, as horses, &c. : a hoofed animal. [A.S. hof; Gr. hople — hoplon, a tool : in //. any gear, as tackle, shields.] hoofed, hooft, adj., ftirjiished with hoofs. hoofless, hoof'les, adj., without hoofs. Hook, hook, n. a piece of metal bent into a curve, so as to catch or hold anything : a snare : an instrument for cutting grain. [A.S. hoc, akin to hopeless L. imc7(s, crooked, and Gr. angJcos, a bend- root, a7ik, bent.] hook, hook, v.t. to catch or hold with a hook; to draw as with a hook : to ensnare.— z/./. to bend ; to be curved :—pr.p. hook'ing ; pa.p. hooked'. hooked, hookt, adj., formed like or provided with a hook or hooks ; curved. — n. hook edness. hooker, hooker, «., he who or that which hooks. hooknosed, hook'nozd, adj., having a hooked or curved nose. hooky, hook'i, adj., full of or pertaining to hooks. Hookah, hou'ka, n. a pipe in which the smoke is made to pass through water. [Hind., Pers., and Ar. hukkah.] Hoop, hoop, n. a pliant strip of wood or metal formed into a ring or band, for holding together the staves of casks, &c. ; something resembling a hoop ; a ring. — in//, clastic materials used to expand the skirt of a lady's dress. — v.t. to bind with hoops : to encircle :—pr.p. hodp'ing ; pa.p. hooped'. [A.S. hop, a ring or band.] hooper, hoop'er, n. , one who hoops casks ; a cooper. Hoop, hoop, vd. to call out, same as Whoop. hooping-cough. See under Whoop. Hoopoe, hoTip'o, Hoopoo, hcTTip'oo, ;/. a bird with a large crest on its head, so called from its whoop or cry. [L. npitpa, Gr. cpops.] Hoot, hoot, T'./., to 7vhoop or cry after in contempt ; to cry like an owl. — v.t. to drive with cries of contempt: — pr.p. hoijt'ing; pa.p. hoot'ed. — //. a scornful cry. [Fr. huer, prov. Fr. houter, to call ; W. htvt, off with it ! from the sound.] Hop, hop, v.i. to leap on one leg; to spring: to walk lame ; to limp -.—pr.p. hopp'ing ; pa.p. hopped'. — 71. a leap on one leg ; a jump ; a spring. [A.S. hoppia7i.] hopper, hop'er, 71., 07te who hops: a wooden trough through which grain passes into a mill, so called from its hoppi7ig or shaking motion : a vessel in which seed-corn is carried for sowing. hopple, hop'l, v.t. to tie the feet close together to prevent hopping ox running. — ;/. chiefly in pi., a fetter for horses, &c. when left to graze. hop-scotch, hop'-skoch, «. a game in which children hop over lines scotched or traced on the ground. Hop, hop, 71. a plant with a long twining stalk, the bitter cones of which are much used in brewing and in medicine. — v.t. to mix with hops. — v.i. to gather hops : — pr.p. hopj/ing ; pa.p. hopped'. [Ger. hopfe/i ; etymology unknown.] hop-bind, hop'-bind, hop-vine, hop'-vTn, «. the stalk or vi)ie to which hops arc boiuid while growing. Hope, hop, 7>.i. orig. to look out for : to expect : to cherish a desire of good with expectation of obtain- ing it: to place confidence (in). — v.t. to desire with expectation or with belief in the prospect of obtaining: — pr.p. hop'ing ; pa.p. hoped'. [A.S. hopia7i, Dutch, hope7i, Ger. hoffe7i, perhaps akin to Gr. opcud, to look around.] hope, hop, 71. orig. a looking out for or expectation of: a desire of some good, with expectation of obtaining it : confidence ; anticipation : he who or that which furnishes ground of expectation : that which is hoped for. [A..S. Jiopa.] hopeful, hOp'fooI, adj., full of hope: having quali- ties which excite hope : ])roniising good or suc- cess. — 71. hope'fulness.— rt^/?/. hope'fully. hopeless, hop'les, adj., without hope; giving no ground to expect good or success: desperate. — 71. hope'lessness. — adv. hope'lessly. fate, fiir ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //<;cn. Hopper Hopper, Hopple. See under Hop, to leap. Horal, Horary. See under Hour. Horde, hord, n. a migratory or wandering tribe or clan. [Turk, ordil, camp, Pers. drdil, court, camp, horde of Tatars, Hind, iirdil, army, camp.J Eorehoimd. See under Hoar. Horizon, ho-rl'zun, n. the circle which botinds the view where the earth and sky appear to meet. [Fr. — Gr. horizo, to bound — horos, a limit.] horizontal, hor-i-zon'tal, adj., pertaiiiifig to the horizon : parallel to the horizon ; level : near the horizon. — «. horlzontal'ity. — adv. horizon'tally. Horn, horn, n. the hard substance projecting from the heads of certain animals, as o.xen, &c. : some- thing made of, or like a horn : the material of which horns are composed : a symbol of strength. — 7J.t. to furnish with horns. [A.S. horn, W. crrn, L. comu, Gr. kcras.'\ hombill, horn'bil, n. a bird about the size of the turkey having a horny excrescence on its bill. hornblende, horn'blend, «. a mineral of various colours, found in granite and other igneous rocks that contain quartz. [Ger. from liorti, horn, from the shape of its crj'-stals, and blende, blind- ing, dazzling, from its glittering appearance.] hornbook, horn'book, n. a first book for children, which formerly consisted of a single leaf set in a frame with a plate of thin hor?t in front, instead of glass, to preserve it. homed, homd', adj., furnished with horns : shaped like a liorn. — n. hom'edness. hornet, hor'net, n. a species of wasp, so called from hs horns. [A.S. hjrnet—/wr7i.] horn-foot, horn'-foot, adj. having a hoof or horn on the foot. homing, horn'ing, «., a forming into horns ; appear- ance of the moon when in the form of a crescent. homish, horn'ish, adj., like Jwrn; hard. hornless, hom'les, adj. , iviihont horns. hom-owl, horn'-owl, homed-owl, hornd'-owl, n. a species of owl, so called from two tufts of feathers on its head, like horns. hornpipe, hom'pTp, «. a Welsh musical instrument, consisting of a wooden pipe, with a horn at each end : a lively air : a lively dance. homstone, hom'ston, «. a sto?ie much like flint, but more brittle. [Horn, and Stone.] homwork, horn'wurk, w. mfort., an outwork having angular points or Jwriis, and composed of two demi-bastions joined by a curtain. horny, hom'i, adj., composed of horn or Jioms: like horn ; hard : callous. Horography, ho-rog'ra-fi, n. the art of constructing dials or instruments for indicatiftg t/u: hours. [Gr. Iiora, an hour, asidgraplid, to describe.] horologe, hor'o-loj, «. any instrument for telling the hours. [L. Iwrologium, Gr. horologion — nora, and logos, a discourse — lego, to tell.] horology, ho-rol'o-ji, n. the science which treats of the construction of machines for telling His Jwurs. — adj. horoloj ical. horometry, ho-rom'et-ri, »., the art or practice of 7ncasuring time. [Gr. hora, and ntetron, a measure.] horoscope, hor'o-sk(3p, n. an obserr'ation of the heavens at the /lour of a person's birth, by which the astrologer predicted the events of his life : a diagram of the heavens for this purpose : the point of the heavens arising above the eastern horizon when a prediction is to be made. [Gr. horoskopos — hdra, and skopeo, to observe.] horse-tail horoscopy, hor-osTcop-i, «. the art of predicting the events of a person's life from his /wroscope : aspect of the stars at the time of birth. — adj. horoscop'ic. — n. horos'copist, one skilled in horos- copy ; an astrologer. Horrent, Horrible, Horrid, &c. See under Horror. Horror, hor'rur, «. lit. a standing on end as bristles: a shuddering : excessive fear : that which excites horror. [L. — horreo, to stand on end.] horrent, hor'rent, adj., standing on end, as bristles. horrible, hor'ri-bl, adj., causing or tending to cause ho7'ror; dreadful ; awful ; terrific. — adv. hor- ribly. [L. horribilis — Jiorreo.'] horribleness, hor'ri-bl-nes, «., tlie state ox quality cf being horrible : dreadfulness ; hideousness. horrid, hor'rid, adj. orig. bristling: fitted to pro- duce horror; shocking; offensive. — rt^r-. horridly. [L. horridns — horreo. '\ horridness, hor'rid-nes, n. the state or quality cf being horrid; hideousness; enormity. horrify, hor'ri-fl, v.t. to strike with Iwrror :—pr.p. hor'rifying ; pa.p. horrified. [L. Jwrror, and facio, to make.] horrific, h.or-r\i''\\L, adj., exciting Jiorror; frightful. Horse, hors, n. the animal that neigJis, a well- known quadruped of great use in war, drawing, and carrying : cavalry : that by which something is supported. — v.t. to mount on a horse ; to pro- vide with a horse ; to sit astride ; to carry on the back. — v.i. to get on horseback :—pr.p. hors'- ing; pa.p. horsed (horst'). [A.S. hors, old Sax. hros ; Ger. ross, old Ger. hros; Ice. hross — Sans. hrcsJi, to neigh.] horse-block, hors'-blok, n. a block or stage by which to mount or dismount from a horse. horse-boat, hors'-bot, n. a boat for carrying horses. horse-breaker, hors'-brak-er, horse-tamer, hors- tam-er, «. one whose business is to break or tame horses, or to teach them to draw or carry. horse-chestnut, hors'-ches-nut, n., a 7iut, once used as food for horses; the tree that produces it. [see Chestnut.] horse-fly, hors'-flT, n. a large yfy that stings Jiorses. horse-guards, hors'-gardz, «. a body of soldiers mounted on horses, employed 2.s gua7-ds. horse-hoe, hors'-ho, horse-rake, hors'-rak, &c. a hoe, rake, &c. drawn bj' horses. horse-laugh. See under Hoarse. horse-leech, hors'-lech, «. a large species oi leech, so named from its fastening on horses when wadjng in the water. horse-litter, hors'-lit-er, n. a litter or bed borne between two Jiorses. horseman, hors'man, «., a rider on horseback; a mounted soldier. horsemanship, hors'man-ship, «, the art of riding, and of training and managing horses. horse-power, hors'-pow-er, «., tlie power a horse can exert, or its equivalent = that required to raise 33,000 lbs. avoirdupois one foot per minute; a standard for estimating the power of steam- engines. horse-race, hors'-ras, «., a race by Jiorses. horse-racing, hors'-ras-ing, n. the practice of racing or running Iwrses in matches. horse-radish, hors'-rad-ish, n. a plant, wth a pun- gent root, used in med. and as a salad, so named from a notion of its being wholesome for Jiorses. horse-shoe, hors '-shoo, «., a sJioe for horses, con- sisting of a cuned piece of iron ; anything shaped like a horse-shoe. horse-tail, hors'-tal, «. a genus of leafless plants ^33 fate, far; me, her; mine ; Hi5te; mute; m5Dn; Z-ien. horse-trainer House nth hollow rush-like stems, so called from their : keness to a Worse's tail. ; 3e-trainer, hors'-tran-er, «. one who trains '■■s -s for racing, &c. ;~.-up, hors'hwip, n.,a whip_for driving horses. -: . :. CO strike with a horsewhip ; to lash, 'xtative, hort'a-tiv. Hortatory, hort'a-tor-i, adj., ■ licit ing : encouraging ; giving advice. [L. Jwr- '>; ■'.■^rtatics, to incite.] Ll.ulture, hor'ti-kul-tur, n., the art of cultivat- , , unieiis. [L. hortus, a garden, and cidture.] .icuitural, hor-ti-kul'tur-al, adj., pertai7ung to ' Ic culture of gardens. ■riculturist, hor-ti-kul'tur-ist, n., one versed in '•l' art of cultivatijig gardens. . - inna, ho-zan'na, n. lit. save, I pray thee: an ccl.iniation of praise to God, or a praj'er for o.essings. [Gr. hdsa7ina — Heb. hoshiahjifta — yasha, Iwshia, to save, and na, I pray thee.] Hoce, hoz, n., a covering for the legs or feet ; stock- i::gs; socks: a flexible pipe for convejnng fluids, ■• • called from its shape, [low L., old Ger. hosa ; '. has; A.S. Iwse — hyd-a?i, to cover.] ■i ;■ 'Q, hoz'n, in B., old plural of Eose. .- ''ri'ir, ho'zhi-er, «., one -julio deals in Jiose, or : Tockings and socks, &c. ■jry, ho'zhi-er-i, n., Jwse ht general. ,iice, hos'pes, n. an Alpine convent where , avellers are treated as guests. [Fr., from L. '. 'spiiiunt — Jiospes, a stranger who is treated as guest, one who treats another as his guest.] ; itable, hos'pit-abl, adj., pertaining to a Jwst r guest; entertaining strangers kindly and thout reward ; shewing kindness. — n. hos'pit- ■ leness. — adv. hospitably. ; ital, hos'pit-al, or os', n. orig. a place for tlie te7-tain7ne7it of stratigers or g7iests : a building - the reception and treatment of the old or the :k, or for the education of the young. ■ -tality, hos-pi-tal'it-i, «., t/ie practice of 07ie 'lo is Jwspitable ; kindness to strangers. . r.taller, hos'pit-al-er, ;«. one of an order of monks '■ .lose duty it was to relieve the stranger, &c. : ■. .e of an order of knights who built a hospital ■ jiilgrims at Jerusalem in 1042. li"--t, 71. one who entertains a stra7iger or :\>: at his house without reward ; an innkeeper. - /'c-7n. host'ess. [old Fr. Jwste — L. hospes.'\ hoetler, os'ler, or hos', 71. orig. 07ie ivho kept a hotise fo" stra7tgers : he who has the care of horses at ■ inn. [old Fr. hosteller — hostel — L. Iiospes.'] . liCi-tel', 71. a superior house for the accommo- :iun of strangers; an inn : in France, a . ace. [old Fr. hostel — L. Jwspitalia, guest- . ambers — hospes. ] host, «, orig. rt« ene7ny : an army : a large .-;ltitude. [old Fr. Jwst — L. Jwstis, an enemy.] . ge, hos'taj, «., 07ie re77iaini7ig ivith the ene77iy a pledge for the fulfilment of the conditions ■'a treaty, [low L. hostagijis — L. hostis, Fr. zge, L. obsidatictis — obses, obsidis, a hostage.] j'.ile, hos' til, adj., beio7igi7tg to an ene77iy ; ^hewing enmity ; warlike ; adverse. — adv. hos'- ( tilely. [L. hostilis — hostis.l iiwtiiity, hos-til'it-i, ft., state of being hostile ; -r.mity. —pi. hostilities, acts of warfare. host, 71. lit. the 07ie struck, a victim ; in the» .. Catholic Church, the sacrifice of the mass, or the consecrated bread of the Eucharist. [Fr. hos.tie — L. hostia, a victim — Jwstio, to strike.] t^ hot, adj., havi/ig heat ; very warm: fierj' ; pungent ; animated ; ardent in temper; violent i passionate ; lustful. — adv. hot'ly. — «. hot'ness. [A.S. Jiat,^ Sw. Jiet, Dan. hed.^ See Heat, hot-bed, hot'-bed, «. a glass-covered bed Jieated for bringing forward plants rapidly; any place favourable to rapid growth. hot-blast, hot'-blast, «. a blast of heated air blo-vvn into a furnace to raise the heat, hot-blooded, hot'-blud-ed, adj., havi7ig Jwt blood; high-spirited ; irritable. hot-headed, hot'-hed-ed, adj. lit. hot in tJie Jtead; having warm passions ; violent ; impetuous. hot-house, hot'-hous, «., a house kept hct for the rearing of tender plants. hot-press, hot'-pres, v.t., to press ■^•a.'g&r, &c. between hot plates to produce a glossy surface. hotspxu", hot'spur, 71. one pressing his steed with spurs as in hot haste ; a \-iolent, rash man. Hotchpot, hoch'pot. Hotchpotch, hoch'poch. Hodge- podge, hoj'poj, 71. a confused mass of ingredients sJuiken or mixed together in the s-3.mQpot. [Fr. hochepot — hocher, to shake, and/^z", a pot.] Hotel. See under Hospice. Hottentot, hot'n-tot, 71. a native of the Cape of Good Hope : a brutish individual. [Dutch, because the language of the S. Africans seemed to the first Dutch settlers to sound like this, from the prevalence of the syllables, hot and tot.-\ Houdah, Howdah, hoVda, n. a seat to be fixed on an elephant's back. [Hind, and Ar. Jiaudah.'] Hough, hok. Hock, hok, «. lit. the lie el ; the joint on the hind-leg of a quadruped, bet^veen the knee and fetlock, corresponding to the ankle-joint in man ; in man, the back part of the knee-joint. — v.t. to hamstring: — pr.p. hough'ing; pa.p. houghed (hokt'). [A.S. Jwh, the heel.] hockle, hok'I, v.t. to hamstring. Houlet. See Howlet. Hound, hound, n. orig. the dog generally; a dog used in hunting. — v.t. to set on in chase : to hunt; to urge on : — pr.p. hoimd'ing ; pa.p. hound'ed, [A.S. hund: akin to Gr. kud7i, kiinos, L. ca7iis. Sans. fX'««.] hound-fish, same as dog-fish. hound's-tongue, houndz'-tung, n. a plant, so called from the shape of its leaves. [A.S. hu7tdest7inge.'\ Hour, our, 7: ori^. a defi7tite space of ti7ne fixed by 7iat7iral ^-rjus: 60 min. or the 24th part of a day ; the, time indicated by a clock, &c. : a time or occasion. — ■//. in tizyth., the goddesses of the : ''asons and the hours : in the R. Cath. Church, prayers to be said at certain hours. [L. ; Gr. liora.^ hourly, our'li, adj. happening or done every hour; frequent. — adv. every hour; frequently. horal, hor'al, adj., relatifig to a7t hour. horary, hor'ar-i, adj., pertaini7ig to a7i hotir: not- ing the hours : hourly ; continuing an hour. hour-glass, our'-glas, n. an instrument for measur- ing the hours by the running of sand from one glass vessel into another. hour-plate, our'-plat, «. the plate of a timepiece on which the lio7irs are marked ; the dial. Houri, hou'ri, 71. a nj-niph of the Mohammedan paradise. [Ar. hjiri — ahzuar, beautiful-eyed.] House, hous, n. anything for coveri7ig or protecting; a dwelling-place ; an inn : household affairs : a family ; kindred : a trading establishment : one of the estates of the legislature : in ast7-ol., the twelfth part of the heavens. — v.t. to protect by covering; to shelter; to store. — v.i. to take fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th&n. 239 house-breaker shelter ; to reside :^pr.p. hous'ing ; pa.p. housed'. [W. /nvs, a covering ; A.S., Goth, has, Ger. hnus — hute7t, to cover ; akin to L. casa, the protecting thing, a cottage, Heb. kas-ah, to cover.] house-breaker, hous'-brak-er, «. one who breaks open and enters a lioiise by day for the purpose of stealing. house-breaking, hous'-bruk-ing, «. the breaking open and entering a Jiouse by day for the purpose of stealing. household, hous'hold, «. those who hold together, and, dwelling in the same /louse, compose a family. — adj. pertaining to the house and family. householder, hous'hold-er, n. the Jiolder or tenant of a hoiist. housekeeper, housTcep-er, «. formerly, one who occ7c pied a house; a female servant who keeps or has chc chief care of the hotise. hoasekeeping, hous'kep-ing, n. the keeping _ or management of a house or of domestic affairs ; hospitality. — adj. domestic. houseless, hous'Ies, adj., witiiout a house or home ; having no shelter. house-maid, hous'-mild, «., a maid or female ser\'ant employed to keep a house clean, &c. house-steward, hous'-stu-ard, «., a steward who manages the JiottseJwld affairs of a great family. house-surgeon, hous'-sur-jun, n. the surgeon or medical officer in a hospital who resides in the house. house-warming, hous'-wawrm-ing, n. an entertain- ment given when a family enters a new hottse, as if to ivarm it. housewife, hous'wlf, «., tJie wife of a ^wj^-holder ; a female domestic manager. — adv. house'wifely. housewife, huz'if, n. a small case for articles of female work, orig. for the use of the housewife. housewifery, hous'wif-ri, «., bitsiness of a housewife. hussy, huzi, n. contr. of housewife ; a worthless female. housing, houz'ing, «. an ornamental covering for a horse; a saddle-cloth.—//, the trappings of a horse. [Fr. Jiousse ; W. hws, a covering.] Hove, pa. p. of Heave. Hovel, huv'el, «., a small or mean dwelling: a shed. — v.t. to put in a hovel : to shelter : — pr.p. hov'el- ling; pa.p. hov'ellcd. [A.S. /ufel, dim. of /wf, a dwelling.] Hover, huv'er, v.i., to luxng over o^^^ about ; to remain aloft flapping the wings : o wait in suspense : to move about near : — pr.p. h jv'ering ; pa.p. hov'ered. [W. hofian, to hang ovei.] Bow, how, adv., in what manner; to what extent ; for what reason ; by what means ; from what cause; in what condition : in New Test., some- times = that. [A.S. hu, hwu, from the relative hweet, what, wha, who, as L. gut, how, from guis, who.] kowbeit, how-be'it, conj'., be it how it may; not- withstanding ; yet ; however. however, how-ev'er, conj. in whatever manner or degree ; nevertheless ; at all events. [How, ever.] howsoever, how-so-cv'er, adv., in wliat way soever; although ; however. Howdah. See Houdah. Howitz, how'its, Howitzer, hoVits-er, n. a short, light cannon, used for //rr^Tt'/V;^ shells. [Ger. hnu- bitze, orig. haufnitz — Dohcm. haufnice, a sling.] Howker, howTcer, n. a Dutch vessel with two masts ; a fishing-boat with one mast used on the Irish coast. [Dutch, hoeker.] Hug Howl, howl, v.i., to yell or cry, as a wolf or dog: to utter a long, loud, whining sound ; to wail ; to roar. — v.t. to utter with outcry :—/r./. howl'- ing; pa.p. howled'. — n. a loud, prolonged cry of distress ; a mournful crj'. [Fr. hidler; Ger, /leulen; Dutch, huilen ; A.S. giellan ; L. ululo; Gr. hulao, and ololuzd, from the sound.] Howlet, Houlet, how'let, «., a little owl; an owlet [See Owl.] Howsoever. See under How. Hoy, hoi, n. a. large one-decked boat, commonly rigged as a sloop. [Sw., Dan. hoy.] Hoy, hoi, int., ho ! stop ! [from the sound.] Hub, hub, 71. the projecting nave of a wheel : a projection on a wheel for the insertion of a pin : the hilt of a weapon : a mark at which quoits, S:c. are cast, [a form of Hob.] Hubble-bubble, hub'l-bub'l, n. a tobacco-pipe, used in the E. Indies, generally consisting of a cocoa- nut shell, with a pipe-bowl inserted at one part and a reed at another. The shell contains water, which makes a bubbling sound as the smoke passes through it ; hence its name. Hubbub, hub'bub, n. a confused sound of many voices ; riot ; uproar, [either from the repetition oi hoop, wJioop, or in imitation of the confused noise of numerous voices, like viur-tnurm Latin.] Huckaback, huk'a-bak, n. a coarse variety of table linen, having raised figures on it. [ ? ] Huckle, huk'l, 71., a hunch : the hip. [Ger. hoeker, any unevenness, a hunch ; allied to hoch, high.] huckle-backed, hukl-bakt, huck-shouldered, huk- shol'derd, adj., havi7ig the back or siioulders round like a kioich. huckle-bone, huk'1-bon, «., the hip-bone. Huckster, huk'ster, «. lit. a dealer who carries his wares 07i his back: a retailer of small articles, &c. ; a mean, trickish fellow.— ;/!';;/. huck'stress. — v.i. to deal in small articles. [Ger. Jwcker, Dutch huc- ker—hocken, to take on one's back.] See Hawker. Huddle, hud'l, v.i. to put up things in a hurried 7)ia7i7icr; to hurry in disorder ; to crowd. — v.t. to throw or crowd together in confusion ; to put on hastily :^r.p. hudd'ling ; pa.p. hudd'led. — it. a crowd ; tumult ; confusion. [Ger. hudeln, Swabian, hudlen, to hurrj' over.] Hudibrastic, hu-di-bras'tik, adj. similar in stj^Ie to //udibras, a.s3.tire by Butler, 1612 — So; doggerel. Hue, hu, 71., sliow; appearance; colour; tint; dye. [.\.S. hiiu, hiew, lieow — Jicaiva7i, to shew.] hueless, hu'les, adj., witlwut hite or colour. Hue, hu, 71. a shouting. — Hue and cry, the ol p.f-actice of pursuing felons with loud liootingr crying. [Fr. hjter, W. hiva, to hoot, and cr Hu£, huf, «., a Jieavi7tg or swell of sudden ar arrogance; a fit of disappointment or ai boaster.— c'.^. to swell; to bully; to rr *^ man from the board, who has not been c pieces open to him, as in draughts. — v.i. t to bluster -.—pr.p. huff'ing ; pa.p. huffed ^ root of Heave.] hufash, huf'ish, adj.. givC7i to huff; insolent; gaut. — adv. huff ishly. — «. huffishness. huffy, huf i, adj., give7i to hujf ; puffed up ; j '"* lant. — 71. huff iness. Hug, hug, v.t. lit. to Ju:dge /« ; to hold closely wii '*' the arm ; to embrace closely and fondly : jT' congratulate (one's self) : to keep close • [naut.) — z'.i. to crowd together :^pr.p. hugg '^ pa.p. hugged'. — w. a close and fond embra -ff fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; m5on; Men. ^ Huge particular gripe in wrestling. [A.S, hegia7i, to hedge in ; Ger. Iiegen, to protect.] Huge, huj, adj. (comp. hug'er ; superl. hug'est) having great dimensions, especially Jicight ; enormous ; monstrous : in B., large in number. — adv. hugely. — «. huge'ness. [old E. houge; Dutch, Jwog; Ger. Jwch, high.] Hulk, hulk, 71. orig. a layge merchant-sJiip : the body of a ship ; an old ship unfit for service : anything unwieldy. — •//. The hulks, old ships used as prisons, [old Dutch, Jadckc, a ship of burden ; Fr. Jwicrqite I It. olca, orca, a great ship; Gr. kolkas, a ship which is towed — helko, to draw.] Hull, hul, «., the Juisk or outer covering of any- tliing. — v.t. to strip off the hull; to husk: — fr.J>. hulling ; /«./. hulled'. [A.S. hide, a husk, as of com — Itelan, to cover : W. hid ; Ger. hiUle, a covering — htillen, to cover.] hully, hul'i, adj., having husks or pods. Hull, hul, 11. the frame or body of a ship. — v.t. to pierce the hull (as with a cannon-ball). — v.i. to float or drive on the water, as a mere hull : — •//■./. huU'ing ; pa.p. hulled', [from root of Hold, of a ship.] Htim, hum, v.i., to make aiuzziiig souTtd like bees: to utter a low, droning sound; to supply an interval in speaking by an audible sound. — v.t. to sing in a low tone -.—pr-p. humm'ing ; pa. p. hummed'. — «. the noise of bees and some other insects : any low, dull noise. — int. a sound with a pause implying doubt. [Ger. hutnnten, hum- sen ; Dutch, Jionrnelen : L. bomhio ; Gr. bombo, to buzz ; from the sound.] titunbug, hum'bug, n., an imposition under fair pretences ; one who so imposes. — v.t. to deceive ; to hoa.x :—pr.p. hum'bugging ; pa. p. hum'bugged. [perh. from Hum, and Bug, a frightful object. Approbation in public places was formerly ex- pressed by humming, which came to mean in low E. flattering and deceiving.] humdrum, hum'drum, adj., in a humining and drumming way; dull; droning. — n. a stupid fellow, [contr. of humming and drumming.] humming-bird, hum'ing-berd, n. a tropical bird, of brilliant plumage and rapid flight, so called from the hiimmiiig sound of its wings. Human, hu'man, adj., belofiging or pertaining to man or jnankirni; having the qualities of a man. — adv. hu'manly. [L. humanus — homo, a human being ; akin to Sans, root bhu, to be.] humane, hu-man', adj. , having the feelings proper to man ; kind ; tender ; merciful. — adv. humane'ly. '' — n. humane'ness. 'umanise, hu'man-Tz, v.t., to render kinnan or '■ku!?rafie : to soften. — v.i. to become humane or -;ivilised :— /r./. humanising ;/i^./. humanised. j^^ 'n. humanisa'tion. •isiist, hu'man-ist, n. a student in humanities, polite literature ; a student of human nature. cnity, hu-man'it-i, «., the nature peculiar to lj^ -'ntman being : the kind feelings of man ; bene- ■lence ; tenderness : mankind collectively. — • 7. human'ities, in Scotland, grammar, rhetoric, ] Latin, Greek, and poetrj' so called from their '. humafiising effects. — Professor of Humanity, in Scotch universities, the professor of Latin. [L. • hutnanitas — huma7ms.'\ lumanitarian, hu-man-i-ta'ri-an, n. one who denies • Christ's divinitj'-, and holds him to be a mere ma7i. tmankind, hu'man-kind, ii., t/ie hu77ia7i species. "imble, hum'bl, um'bl, adj., near tJie grotpid ; Humus low; meek; modest— z/. A to bring down to the ground ; to lower : to mortify ; to degrade : — pr.p. hum'bling; pa.p. hum'bled. — «. hum'ble- ness. — adv. hum'bly. [Fr.— L. htwiilis, low— Jiu)7ms, the ground.] humiliate, hu-mil'i-at, v.t., to make 7iu772ble ; to depress ; to lower in condition :—pr.p. humil 'i- ating; pa.p. humiliated. [L. hu7iiilio, -dt2i77z.\ humiliation, hu-mil-i-a'shun, 7i., the act of h7ii7iili- atijig; abasement ; mortification. humility, hu-mil'i-ti, 7i., the state or quality of being h!C77ible ; lowliness of mind ; modesty. [Fr. hu77iilite, L. huJ7iilitas.'\ Humble-bee, hum'bl-be, 7i., the hum7>zi7tg-bee ; a genus of social bees which construct their hives under ground, [from their humming sound.] Humbug, Humdrum. See under Hum. Humectant, S:c. See under Humid. Humeral, hu'mer-al, adj., belonging to tJie shoulder. [Fr. — L. hitmerus, the shoulder.] Humhum, humhum, 7t. a kind of plain, coarse cotton cloth used in E. Indies. [ ? J Humic. See under Humus. Humid, hu'mid, adj., moist; damp ; rather wet. — «. hu'midness. [L. hu77iidus — hu77ieo, to be moist.] humidity, hu-mid'i-ti, «., state of being hu77iid ; moisture ; a moderate degree of wetness. humour, u'mur, ti. the 77ioisture or fluids of animal bodies ; an animal fluid in an unhealthy state : state of mind (because once thought to depend on the humours of the body) ; disposition ; caprice : a mental quality which delights in ludicrous and mirthful ideas. — v.t. to go in with the humour of; to gratify by compUance -.—pr.p. hu'mouring ; pa.p. hu'moured. [L. hu7nor — humeo, to be moist.] humoral, u'mur-al, adj., pertaining to or proceed- ing from the hu77iours. humoralism, u'mur-al-izm, n., tJie state of bei7tg Immoral; the doctrine that diseases have their seat in the humours. — «. hu'moralist, one who favours the doctrine of humoralism. humectant, hu-mek'tant, adj. /pertaining to remedies supposed to increase the Jluidity of the blood. [L. hu77iecta7is — hu>7ieo, to be moist.] htunective, hu-mek'tiv, adj. , havi7ig tlie power to 7710 is te 71. humorist, u'mur-ist, n., 07ie who has humour or a playful fancy. humorless, u'mur-les, adj. , without hutnour. humorous, u'mur-us, adj., governed by hu77iour; capricious; irregular: full of humour; e.xciting laughter. — adv. hu'morously. — «. hu'morousness. Humiliate, &c. See under Humble. Humine. See Humus. Humming-bird. See under Hum. Hummock, hum'uk, same as Hommock. Hump, hump, «., a swelli7ig; a. lump or hunch upon the back. [Dutch, ho7>zp; L. 2i77ibo, the navel, any convex protuberance ; akin to Gr. 07nphalos, navel. Sans. 7iabhi — 7iabh, to swell : or it may be a nasalised form of Hob, a protuberance, aUied to Huckle, Hunch.] humpback, hump'bak, n., a back with a hu77ip or hunch : a person with a humpback. — adj. hump'backed, having a humpback. Humus, hum'us, Humine, hum'in, «. lit. the groitnd, soil; a brown or black powder in rich soils, formed by the actionofaironanimalor vegetable matter. [L., akin to Gr. cha77iai, on the ground.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; if/ien. 241 humic Hut humlc, hum'ik, rt^'. _ denoting an acid formed by the action of alkalies on htimus. Hunch, hunsh, «. lit. atiythin^sc raised; a hump, csp. on the back. [Gcr. luicke, back; Jiocker, liump, akin to hoch, high.] — hunch'back, n. one ^vith a himch or hump on his back. — hunch'- backed, a.ij. having a humpback. Kundred, hun'dred, n., the number of ten times ten ; a division of a county in England, orig. supposed to contain a Inindred families. [Ger. hundert. Ice. fumdrad — rad, reckoning, number, and A.S., Goth, hwid, old Ger. chuina, L. ceniutn, Gr. hekaton. Sans, ^aia, a hundred.] hundredfold, hun'dred-fold, adj., folded a hundred times, multiplied by a hundred. hundredth, hun'dred/A, adj. coming last or forming one of a hundred. — «. one of a hundred. hundredweight, hun'dred-wfit, n. a weight the twen- tieth part of a ton, or 112 lbs. avoirdupois, orig. a hundred lbs., abbreviated cwt. Hung, past tense and past participle of Hang. Hunger, hung'ger, «., a strong or eager desire; desire of food. — v.i. to long for : to crave food : — P^-P- hungering; pa. p. liun'gered. [A.S., Gcr. hunger — Goth, huggrj'an, to hunger.] hungerbitten, hung'ger-bit'n, adj., bitten, pained, or weakened by hzinger. hungry, hung'gri, adj., feeling hunger: having eager desire ; greedy ; lean ; poor. — adv. hun'grily. Hunt, hunt, v.t., to search for with ho7inds; to chase wild animals for prey or sport ; to searcli for; to pursue. — v.i. to go out in pursuit of game ; to search -.^r.p. hunt'ing ; pa.p. hunt'ed. — n. a chase of wild animals ; search ; an asso- ciation of huntsmen.— Hunt out, up, after, to search for, seek. — Hunt down, to destroy by persecution or violence. [A.S. himtian, old Ger. hunteti— Ger., Ice. hufid, Gr. kudn, kunos. Sans, pcna, a hound.] hunter, hunt'er, n., 07ie who Jnmts ; a horse used in the chase. -^w. huntress. hunting-seat, hunt'ing-set, hunting-box, hunt'ing- boks, 71. a temporary residence for hunting. huntsman, hunts'man, «., one who hunts; the ser- vant who manages the hounds and the chase. huntsmanship, hunts'man-ship, «., tJie qualifications of a hiuitsman. Hurdle, hvir'dl, «. a frame of tivigs or sticks inter- laced : in agri., a movable frame of timber or iron for gates, &c. — v.t. to enclose with hurdles : — P^-P- hur'dling ; pa.p. hur'dled. [A.S. hyniel, Ger. hi'irde ; Ice. hurd, a door, a wicker-gate ; Swiss, hard, a pole, Fr. Jiard, Jiart, a withe.] Hurdy-gurdy, hur'di-gur'di, n. a musical stringed- instrument, like a rude violin, the notes of which are produced by the friction of a wheel, [prob. from its sound.] Hurl, hurl, v.i., to make a noise hy whirling ; to move rapidly; to whirl. — ZKt. to throw with vio- lence ; to utter with vehemence \—pr.p. hurl'ing ; j>a.p. hurled'. — ;/. act of hurling, tumult, con- fusion. — «. hurl'er. [prov. E. hurr, .a toy which makes a whirring noise by a revolving disc ; Ger. hurr, a whirring sound; Sw. hurra (omkring), to whirl round ; akin to Whirl.] hurly-burly, hurni-bur'li, «., tumult; confusion. [Hurl, tumult, prov. E. hurley, crowd, confusion, imitative words.] Hurrah, hoor-rii', int. an exclamation of excitement or joy. [Ger. hurrah, Dan. hurra.] Hurricane, hu/ri-kan, «. a storm with extreme violence and sudden changes of the wind, common in the E. and W. Indies. [Sp. hura- can; from an American-Indian word, prob. imitative of the rushing of the wind.] Hurry, hur'rl, z*.^. lit. to whirl; to urge forward; to hasten. — v.i. to move or act with haste :—/r./. hur'rying ; pa.p. hui^ried. — «. a driving forward ; haste; tumult. — cuiv. hur'ryingly. [Ger. hurtig, quick, old Ger. hursc, quick, hurscjan, to hasten : from the sound of rapid whirling through the air.] Hurt, hurt, v.t. lit. and orig. to strike or dash against; to cause bodily pain to ; to injure; to damage : to wound, as the feelings ; to grieve : — P^-P- hurt'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. hurt. — n. a wound; injury. [A.S. hyrt, wounded; Fr. hc7irter. It. nrtarv, to knock, to run against; W. hwrdd, a thrust, hyrddic, to push, to drive.] hurtful, hurt'fool, adj., ca7tsing httrt or loss; mis- chievous. — adv. hurt'fully. — tt. hurt'fulness. hurtless, hurt'les, adj., witho7(t hurt or i7ijury, harmless. — adv. hurt'lessly. — ti. hurt'lessness. Husband, huz'band, 7t. lit. t/ie 77iaster of a hotise, the male head of a household ; a married man : in B., a man to whom a woman is betrothed: one who manages affairs with prudence : 7iaut., the owner of a ship who manages its concerns in person. — v.t. to supply with a husband; to manage with economy:— /r./. hus'banding ;/«./. ; hus'banded. [old E. husbo/tde, A.S. h7isbo)tda j — h7is, a house, and Ice. b7ia7idi, the possessor of a farm — Ice. bua, Ger. baue7t, to till.] husbandman, huz'band-man, n. a working fartner ; \ one who labours in tillage. >. husbandry, huz^and-ri, «., tite b7tsiness ofafan7ier; tillage : economical management ; thrift. Huah, hush, i7it. or iitip. silence ! be still ! — adj. silent ; quiet. — v.t. to make quiet -.^r.p. hush'- ing ; pa.p. hushed', [from the sound.] hush-money, hush'-mun-i, «., 7/7oney given as a bribe to h7ish or make one keep silent. Husk, husk, «. the dry, thin coveriftg of certain fruits and seeds. — v.t. to remove the husks from : — P^-P- husk'ing ; /«./. husked'. \Sj^x. InilscJien, dim. of htdse, akin to hiille, a covering, and JLeJLle7i, A.S. ]ielan, to hide, to cover.] husked, huskt', adj., covered with a husk: stripped of husks. husking, husk'ing, n. the stripping cfh7isks. husky, husk'i, adj., abo7t>uiing with, consisting of, or resembling h7tsks : rough in sound ; not clear, as the voice. — adv. husk'ily. — n. husk'iness. Hussar, hooz-zar', n. lit. a twentieth 7na7i ; orig. a soldier of the national cavalry of Hungary; a light-armed cavalry soldier. [Ger. husar, Hun. huszar — hiisz, twenty, because at one time in Hungary one cavalry soldier used to be le\'ied from every twenty families.] Hussy. See under House. Hustings, hus'tingz, n.sing. lit. a }w7cse or muni- cipal C07trt ; the principal court of the City of London : the booths where the votes are taken at an election of a M.P., or the platform from which the candidates give their addresses. [A.S. husti/ige — hus, house, and Ice. thitig, Dan. ti/ig, court of justice.] Hustle, hus'l, v.t., to shake or push together; to crowd with violence : — pr.p. hust'ling ; pa.p. hust'led. [Dutch, hutsen, hutsebi, to shake to and fro ; Ice. h7cste, to rock, to swing.] Hut, hut, 71. lit. a covered place ; a small house: i7iil., a small temporary dwelling. — v.t., 7tiil., to fate, fax; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; then. Hutch Elace in huts, as quarters : — -pr.p. hutt'ing ; fa.p. utt'ed. [Ger. hiltte, Dan. hytte, Sw. hydda — old Ger. huda7i, to cover : perh. conn, with Hide.] Hutch, huch, n., a box, a chest; a coop for rabbits. [A.S. JiiucEcce, a chest; Fr. Jmche, a chest, a trough ; Dutch, Iwk, a pen for animals ; Ice. hokk, a small apartment.] Euzza, hooz-za', int. and n., htcrrah ! a shout of joy or approbation. — v.t. to attend with shouts of joy. — v.i. to utter shouts of joy or acclama- tion : — />r.p. huzzaing ; pa.p. huzzaed (-zad'j. [Ger. hiissah ; the same as Hurrah.] Hyacinth, hl'a-sinth, n. in myth., a flower which sprang from the blood of Hyakiiitfws [Gr.], a youth killed by Apollo with a quoit ; a bulbous- rooted flower of a great variety of colours. hyacinthine, hl-a-sinth'in, adj., coHsisting of ox re- sembling hyacinth. Eyads, hl'adz, Hyades, hl'a-dez, n. a cluster of stars in the constellation of the Bull, supposed by the ancients to bring rain when they rose with the sun. [Gr. hyades — hyein, to rain.] Hyaena. See Hyena. Hyaline, hi'a-lin, adj., glassy; consisting of or like glass. [Gr. hyalinos — hyalos, glass, probably an Egyptian word meaning a transparent stone.] Hybrid, hlTarid, 7i. lit. something uttnattiral, as an animal or plant produced from two different species ; a mongrel ; a mule. [L. hybrida, law- less, unnatural — Gr. hybrizd,_ to outrage, insult.] Jiybrid, hi'brid, hybridous, hib'rid-us, adj. produced from different species ; mongrel. hybridism, hi'brid-izm, hybridity, hlb-rld'i-ti, n., state of being hybrid. Hydra, hi'dra, «. in myth., a water-serpent with many heads, which when cut off were succeeded by others ; any manifold evil : a genus of fresh- water polypes remarkable for their power of being multiplied by being cut or divided. [L., Gr. hydra — hydor, water.] hydrangea, hl-dran'je-a, «. lit. the water-vessel ; a genus of shrubby plants with large heads of showy flowers, remarkable for their absorption of mater, natives of China and Japan. [Gr. hydor, water, and angeion, vessel.] hydrant, hi'drant, 7i. a machine for discharging •water; a water-plug. [Gr. hydraitio, to water — hydor, water.] hydraulic, hi-drawl'ik, hydraulical, hT-drawl'ik-al, adj. lit. belonging to a zvater-organ; relating to •water, in motion ; conveying water ; worked by water. — adv. hydraul'ically. [Gr. hydranlikos— hydraidis, a water-organ, from hydor, water, mde, a pipe.] hydraulics, hl-drawl'iks, n.sitig., tJie science relating to the action o^ fluids in 7notio7i. hydrodynamics, hi-dro-dl-nam'iks, «., tJte science rc- lati7ig to tfie dy>ta77iics or force of mater. [Gr. hydor, water, and dynamics.] hydrodynamic, hT-dro-di-nam'ik, hydrodynamical, hl-dro-dl-nam'ik-al, adj., pertaini7ig to the dy7ia)tiics or force of mater. hydrogen, hi'dro-jen, «. a gas which in combination with oxygen produces water, an elementary gaseous substance, the lightest of all known bodies, and very inflammable. [Fr. hydroghie, Gr. hydor, water, and ge7i7iao, to produce.] hydrogenous, hl-droj'en-us, adj., pertaining to hy- drogeji. hydrography, hT-drog'ra-fi, n. the art of measuring and describi7ig the size and position of waters Hypallage or seas ; the art of making sea-charts. — adjs. hydrograph'ic, hydrograph'ical. — adv. hydrograph'- ically. [Gr. hydor, water, grapho, to write.] hydrographer, hl-drog'ra-fer, n., a describer of •water's or seas ; a maker of sea-charts. hydrology, hl-drol'o-ji, «., the scie7ice which treats of water. [Gr. hydor, water, logos, a discourse.] hydrometer, hl-drom'et-er, «. an instrument for mcas7a-i7tg the specific gravity oiliqiiids, also the strength of spirituous liquors. — adjs. hydromet'ric, hydromet'rical. [Gr. hydor, metro7t, a measure.] hydropathy, hT-drop'a-thi, 7i. the treatment of dis- ease by cold water. — adjs. hydropathic, hydro- path'ical. — adz'. hydropath'ically. [Gr. hydor, water, and pathos, suffering, from pascho, pathein, to suffer.] hydropathist, hl-drop'a-thist, n., one ivho practises hydropathy. hydrophobia, hT-dro-fo'bi-a, n. an unnatural dread of water, a symptom of a disease resulting from the bite of a mad animal, hence the disease itself. — adj. hydrophob'ic. [Gr. hydor, water, and phobos, fear.] hydropsy, hi'drop-si, same as Dropsy. hydrostatics, hl-dro-stat'iks, 7i.si7ig. the scienCR of fluids, especially Tvater, when at rest.— adjs. hydrostat'ic, hydrostat'ical. — adv. hydrostat'ically. [Gr. hydor, water, and statikos — sta, root of histe77ii, to cause to stand.] Hyemal, hl-e'mal, adj., belongirig to winter; done during winter. [L. hiernalis — hiems, winter.] See Hibernal. Hyena, hl-e'na, 7t. an untamable, Lristly-maned quadruped of the dog kind, so named from its likeness to the sow. [L., Gr. hyai7ia, a sow.] Hygeian, hT-je'an, adj., relating to health and its preservation. [Gr. hygieia, health, the goddess of health, hygies, healthy— root hzig, Sans, ttg, L. veg, vig] hygiene, hi'ji-en, hygienics, hi-ji-en'iks, hygienism, hiji-en-izm, 7i., the science which treats of the preservation of health. — adj. hygien'ic. [Fr.] hygienist, hi'ji-en-ist, «., 07ie skilled i7t hygie7te. Hygrometer, hl-grom'et-er, «. an instrument for iiteasitring the 77ioisture in the atmosphere. [Gr. hygros, wet, 77tetro7i, a measure.] hygrometry, hl-grom'et-ri, «., the art of 77ieasiiring the 7noisture in the atmosphere, and of bodies generally. — adjs. hygromet'ric, hygromet'rical. hygroscope, hl'gro-skop, 7i. an instrumenty^r shew- i7ig the 77ioisture in the atmosphere. — adj. hygro- scopic. [Gr. hygros, wet, skoped, to view.] Hymen, hi'men, n. in 7nyth., the god of marriage: marriage. — adjs. hymene'al, h3rmene'an. [L., Gr. Jiyine7i, perh. from root hri in L. szw, to connect.] Hymn, him, «., a song; a festive ode usually in praise of gods or heroes; a religious song. — v.t. to celebrate in song ; to worship by hymns. — v.i. to sing in praise or adoration : — pr.p. hymn'ing ; fa. p. hymned'. [L. hymrms, Gr. hym7tos.'\ hymnic, him'nik, adj., relati7ig to hyrrifts. hymnology, him-nol'o-ji, «., the scie7ice which treats of hy77i7is ; a collection of hymns. [Gr. hy77Z7tos, a hymn, logos, a discourse.] hymnologist, him-nol'o-jist, 7i., 07ie skilled i7i hym- 7iology ; a writer of hymns. Hypallage, hi-pal'a-je, w., a7i intercha7tge ; in rhe- toric, a figure in which the attributes of a subject are transferred to another. [Fr., L., and Gr., from hypallasso, to interchange — hypo, under, and allasso, to change.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. Hyperbaton Hyperbaton, hl-per'ba-ton, «., a going beyond or tni?is/>osition ; a rhetorical figure by which words are transposed from their natural order. [Gr., from hypcrbaino — liypcr, beyond, and baino, to go.] hyperbola, hl-perTjo-la, n. lit. a throwing bcyofui ; in gco}>i., one of the conic sections or curves formed when the intersecting plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the cone makes. — adjs. hyperbol'ic, hyperbol'icaL — adv. hyperbol'ically. [L., Gr. hyperiole, from hyperballo— hyper , beyond, ballo, to throw.] hyperbole, hl-per'bo-le, «. lit. a throwing beyond ; a rhetorical figure which goes beyond the truth, representing things as much greater or less than they really are ; an e.vaggeration. — adjs. hyper- boric, hyperbol'ical. — adv. hyperbol'ically. hyperbolise, hl-pei^bol-Tz, v.t., to represent hypcr- bolically. — v.i. to speak hyperboUcally or with exaggeration -.—pr.p. hyper'bollsing -.pa.p. hyper- bolised. — ;/. hyperbolism. hyperborean, liT-pcr-bGre-an, adj., beyond Boreas; belonging to the extreme north. — «. an inhabit- ant of the extreme north. [Gr. hyperboreos — hyper, beyond, and Boreas, the north wind.] hypercritic, hT-per-krIt'ik, «., one who is over- critical. — adjs. hypercrit'ic, hjrpercrit'ical, over- critical. — adv. hypercrit'ically. [Gr. hypcr, over, and critic] bypercriticise, hl-per-krit'i-sTz, v.t., to criticise with tjo niiich 7iicety. — «. hypercrit'icism. hypermetrical, hl-pcr-met'rik-al, adj., beyond or exceeding tJie ordinary metre of a line ; having a syllable too much. [Gr. hyper, and Metrical.] hyphen, hi'fen, n. a short stroke joining two syllables or words into one {-). [Gr. hypo, under, into, hu:>i, one.] hypochondria, hip-o-kon'dri-a, n. the soft part of the body beneath tJie cartilage of the breast, the abdomen ; a disease arising from derangement of the digestive organs, causmg melancholy. [L., Gr., from hypo, under, chondros, a cartilage.] hypochondriac, hip-o-kon'dri-ak, adj., relating to or affected with hypochondria ; melancholy. — n., one stiffering/rom hypochondria. hypocrisy, hi-pok'ri-si, ?i. lit. the acting of a part on the stage; a feigning to be what one is not ; concealment of true character. [Gr. hypokrisis — hypokrinomai, to answer, to play on the stage, from hypo, under, krino, to decide, to question.] hypocrite, hip'o-krit, n. lit. an actor; one who practises hj-pocrisy. [Fr., — L., Gr. hypokrites.l hypocritic, hip-o-krit'ik, hypocritical, hip-o-krit'ik-al, adj., belonging to a Iiypocriie; practising h^'poc- risy. — adv. hypocrit'ically. [Gr. hypokritikos.'] hypogastric, hip-o-gas'trik, adj., belonging to tlic lower part of tlie abdotnen. [Gr. hypogastrion — //_)'/', under, gaster, the belly.] hypostasis, hl-pos'ta-sis, n. lit. a standing -under; a substance; the essence or personality of the three divisions of the Godhead. — adjs. hypos- tatic, hypostat'ical. — adv. hypostat'ically. [L., Gr. hypostasis — hypliistemi, to make to stand under— /y/t), under, histeini, to make to stand.] hypotenuse, hl-pot'en-vls, or hip-, hypothenuse, liT- poth'en-us, n. lit. tJuit which stretches under; the side of a right-angled triangle opposite to tlie right angle. [Fr., Gr.hypoteinoitsa ^gramme, a line; — hypo, under, teino, to stretch.] hypothec, hl-poth'ec, n. in Scotch law, a security in favour of a creditor over the property of his debtor, while the property continues in the ice-field. debtor's possession. [L. hypotJieca, Gr. hypo- iheke, a pledge.] hypothecate, hl-poth'e-kat, v.t., to place or assign anj'thing as security 7inder an arrangement ; to mortgage. — n. hypotheca'tion. [low L. hypotJieco, hypotlucatuvi — hypotheca, a pledge, from Gr. hypot/ieke—hypo, under, titJieini, to place.] hypothesis, hl-poth'e-sis, n. lit. that which is placed tinder; the foundation of an argument ; a sup- position ; a theory assumed to explain what is not understood. [Gr. hypo, under, tithevii, to place.] hypothetic, hl-po-thet'ik, h3rpotheticaJ, hT-po-thet'- ik-al, adj., belo7iging to a hypotJiesis ; condi- tional. — adv. hypothet'ically. [Gr. hypotlietikos.'l hypotyposis, hl-po-tip-u'sis, n. a lively or vivid description; imagery, in rhetoric. [Gr. — hypo- typeo, to sketch — hypo, under, typoo, to form.] Hyssop, his'up, n. an aromatic plant. [L. hyssopum, Gr. hyssopos, Heb. ezobh, Ar. zn/a.^ Hysteric, his-ter'ik, Hysterical, his-ter'ik-al, adj., res2iltingfroin tJie womb ; convulsive ; affected witli hysterics. — adv. hyster'ically. [L. hysteri- cus, Gr. hysterikos — hystera, the womb.] hysterics, his-ter'iks, hysteria, his-ter'i-a, n. a dis- ease resiilting from an affection of tJie womb, causing nervous or convulsive fits. Hysteron-proteron, his'ter-on-prot'er-on, n. lit. tJie last first; a figure of speech in which what should follow comes first ; an inversion. [Gr.] I, T, pron. the nominative case of the first personal pronoun ; the word used by a speaker or writer in mentioning himself, [old E. Ich, Ig, A.S. ic, Ger. ich. Ice. eg, L. ego, Gr. ego. Sans. aham.'\ Iambic, I-amTjik, Iambus, i-amljus, n. a. metrical foot of two syllables, the first short and the 'I second long, as in L. color, or the first unac- cented and the second accented, as in deduce: [L. iambjis, Gr. iambos, from iapto, to assail, this metre being first used by writers of satire.] Iambic, I-am'bik, adj., consisting of iambics. Ibex, I'beks, 7i. a genus of goats, inhabiting the Alps and other mountainous regions. [L.] Ibis, I'bis, «. a genus of wading birds like the stork, one species of which was worshipped by the ancient Eg>T)tians. [L., Gr.] Icarian, I-ka'ri-an, adj., belonging to Icayiis; ad- venturous or unfortunate in tlight. [L. Icarius, Gr. Ikarios — Ikaros, who fell into the sea on his flight from Crete, his waxen wings being melted by the sun.] Ice, Is, n. any frozen fluid, especially water : con- creted sugar. — v.t. to cover with ice ; to turn into ice ; to freeze : to cover with concreted sugar :— pr.p. Tc'ing ; pa.p. Iced'. [A.S. is, Ger. eis, Ice., Dan. is.l iceberg, Is'berg, «., a mountain or huge mass of float- ing ice. [Ger. cisberg — eis, ice, berg, a mountain.] ice-blink, Is'-blink, ii. a blink or bright appearance caused by the reflection of distant ice. ice-boat, Is'-bOt, «., a boat used for forcing a pass- age through or for sailing over ice. ice-bound, Is'-bound, adj., bound, surrounded, or fixed in with ice. ice-cream, Is'-krem, iced-cream, Ist'-krem, «., cream sweetened or flavoured, and a.rtiiicially frozen, ice-field, Is'-feld, «. a large field or sheet of ice. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; then. ice-float Ice-float, Ts'-flot, ice-floe, is'-flO, n. a large mass or masses oi floating ice. ice-house, Is'-hous, «., a hojcse flor -prescrymg ice. ice-island, is'-I-land, n. an island of floating ice. ice-man, Is'-man, n., a via7i skilled in travelling upon ice: a dealer in ice : a man in attendance at any frozen pond where skating, &c. are going on. ice-pack, Is'-pak, n. drifting ice packed together. ice-plant, Is'-plant, n., a plant whose leaves appear as if covered with ice. icicle, Ts'i-kl, n. a \\2i-i\gvag point or cone of ice iaxracA by the freezing of dropping water. [A.S. ises- gicel, Dutch, ijskcgcl—ijs, ice, kcgel, a cone.] icing, Ts'ing, n., a covering of ice or concreted sugar. icy, Ts'i, adj., coinposed of, abounding in, or like ice ; frosty ; cold : without warmth or affection. — ad if. ic'ily. — n. ic'iness. Ichneumon, ik-nu'mun, n. lit. t/ie Jncntcr; a small carnivorous animal in Egypt, famed for destroy- ing the crocodile's eggs : an insect which lays its eggs in the larvas of other insects. [Gr. — ichneuo, to hunt after.] Ichnography, ik-nog'raf-i, n., a tracing out : in arch. , a ground-plan of a building. [Gr. ichno- graphia — ichnos, a tra.ck, grapho , to grave.] ichnographic, ik-no-grafik, ichnographical, ik-no- graf'ik-al, adj., relating to ichnography ; describ- ing a ground-plan.^at/z'. ichnograph'ically. Ichor, I'kor, n. in myth., the ethereal juice in the veins of the gods ; a watery humour ; colourless matter from an ulcer, [low L. icJtor, Gr. ichur.] ichorous, I'kor-us, adj., like icJior; watery; serous. Ichthyography, ik-thi-og'ra-fi, n., a description of or treatise on flshes. [Gr. ichthys, a fish, grapho, to write.] ichthyolite, ik'thi-o-llt, n., a fish turned into stone, a fossil fish ; the impression of a fish in a rock. [Gr. ichthys, ichthyos, and litJios, a stone.] ichthyology, ik-thi-ol'o-ji, n. the branch of zoology that treats of fishes. — adj. ichthyolog'ical. — n. ichthyol'ogist, one skilled in ichthyology. [Gr. . ichthys, a fish, logos, discourse, science.] ichthyophagous, ik-thi-of 'a-gus, adj., eating or sub- sisting on fish. [Gr. ichthyophagos — ichthys, a fish.,phagd, to eat.] Icicle. See under Ice. Iconoclast, I-kon'o-klast, n., a breaker of images, one opposed to idol-worship. [Gr. eikonoklastes —eikdn, eikonos, an image, klastcs, a. breaker — klao, to break.] iconoclasm, I-kon'o-klazm, n., act of breaking images. — adj. iconoclastic, breaking images ; per- taining to iconoclasm. iconolater, I-kon-ol'a-ter, n., a ivorshipper of images. [Gr. eikon, and latres, a worshipper — latretio, to worship.] iconology, T-kon-ol'o-ji, n., the doctrine of images, especially with reference to worship. [Gr. eikon, and logos, science, discourse.] Icosahedron, T-lcos-a-he'dron, n. in geom., a solid having twetity equal sides or faces. [Gr. eikosi, twenty, Itedra, base — hezomai, to sit.] icosahedral, I-kos-a-he'dral, adj. having tweiity equal sides or faces. Icy. See under Ice. Idea, T-de'a, n., an iniage of a thing seen by the mind; a notion; opinion. [L., Gr. idea — idein, to see.] ideal, I-de'al, adj., exist i7ig in idea; mental: ex- isting in imagination only; unreal. — tt. the highest conception of anything. — adv. ide'ally. Idle idealise, T-de'al-Iz, v.t., to form in idea; to raise to the highest conception. — v.i. to form ideas : — pr.p. Ide'allsing ; pci.p. Ide'alTsed. idealisation, i-de-al-i-za'shun, n., act of forming in idea, or of raising to the highest conception. idealism, I-de'al-izm, «, the doctrine that in exter- nal perceptions the objects immediately known ^xc ideas. ^ _ \oi idealism. idealist, i-de'al-ist, n. one who holds the doctrine idealistic, T-de-al-ist'ik, adj., pertaining to idealists or to idealism. ideality, I-de-al'i-ti, «., ideal state ; ability and dis- position to form ideals of beauty and perfection. ideographic, id-e-o-graf 'ik, ideographical, 'ik-al, adj., representiiig ideas without reference to the name given to them. [Gr. idea, idea, grapho, to write.] ideology, i-de-ol'o-jl, n., the science of ideas. [Gr. idea, and logos, discourse.] Identical, T-den'tik-al, adj., the same; not different. — adv. iden'tically. — n. iden'ticalness, identity. [L. as \iidcntictis — idem, the same.] identify, i-den'ti-f T, v.t., to 7nake to be the same; to ascertain or prove to be the same : — pr.p. Iden'- tifying ; pa.p. Iden'tified. — n. identifica'tion. [Fr. iiientfier. It. identificarc — L. as if identictis — idem, the same, z.r\Afacio, to make.] identity, I-den'ti-ti, 7t., state of beitig tJie same; sameness, [low L. identiias — L. idem, the same.] Ideology. See under Idea. Ides, idz, n.sing. X\t. full-moon; in ancient Rome, the 15th day of March, May, July, Oct., and the 13th of the other months. [Fr. ides — L. idus, the whole visible moon — Gr. idein, to see : or from root vid, to divide, because it halves the month.] Idiocrasy, id-i-ok'ra-si. Idiosyncrasy, id-i-o-sinTcra-si, n., pecidiarity of tevtperamefit or constitution ; any characteristic of a person. — adj. idiosyncrat'ic. [Fr. idiocrasie, idiosyncrasie — Gr. idios, one'^ own, peculiar, krasis, a mixing, syncrasis, a mix- ing together — syn, together, kerannumi, to mix.] idiocy. See idiotcy. idiom, id'i-um, n. a mode oi expression peculiar to a language. [L. idioma — Gr. idioma, a peculiarity — idioo, to make one's own — idios, one's own.] idiomatic, id-i-o-mat'ik, idiomatical. id-i-o-mat'ik-al, adj., pertaining to the idiojns of a language. — adv. idiomat'ically. [Gr. idiomatikos — ididma.l idiopathy, id-i-op'a-thi, n., a peculiar affection or nature : in med. , a primary disease not occasioned by another. [Gr. idiopatheia — idios, peculiar, pathos, suffering — patJieiit, to suffer.] idiopathic, id-i-o-path'ik, adj. in wi?^., primary, not depending on or preceded by another disease. — adv. idiopath'icaUy. idiosyncrasy. See Idiocrasy. idiot, id'i-ut, 71. among the Greeks, orig. a private man, then an ignorant, rude person ; one defi- cient in intellect : a foolish or unwise person. [Fr. — L. idiota — Gr. idiotes — idios, peculiar.] idiotcy, id'i-ut-si, idiocy, id'i-o-si, 7i., state of being an idiot ; imbecility; folly. idiotic, id-i-ot'ik, idiotical, id-i-ot'ik-al, idiotish, id-i- ot'ish, adj.,pertaini}ig to or like ati idiot: foolish. — adv. idiot'ically. idiotism, id'i-ut-izm, 71., a pecidiar manner of speak- ing; an idiom. [L. idiotis7mis, Gr. idiotismos, a homely phrase — idiotizo, to bring into common conversation — idiotes, a private person.] Idle, I'dl, adj., empty, trifling; unemployed; " averse to labour : not occupied ; useless ; unim- fate, far ; nie, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //' 24s Idol Illision portant ; unedifying. — v.t. to spend in idleness : — "/''•/• I'dling ; fa.p. I'dled. — ns. i'dler, i'dleneas. — adv. i'dly. [A.S. idel,ydel; Ger. eitel, akin to ode, deserted. Ice. audr, empty, vacant.] Idol, I'dul, n. , that which is seen, a figure ; an image of some object of worship : a person or thing too much loved or honoured. [L. idolutn — Gr. eidolon — eiiios, that which is seen — idein, to see.] idolater, T-dol'a-ter, «., a -worshipper of idols : a great admirer.— :/^»«. idol'atresB. [Fr. idolairc — L. idololatres — Gr. eidololatres— eidolon, idol, latres, worshipper.] Idolatriae, I-dol'a-trlz, v.t., to worship as an idol; to adore -.^pr.p. Idol'atrlsing ; pa.p. Idol'atrlsed. Idolatrous, T-dol'a-trus, adj., pertaining to idolat7y. — adv. idol'atroiisly. idolatry, T-dol'a-tn, «., the worship of idols: ex- cessive love. [L. idololatria — Gr. eidololatreia.'\ idolise, fdul-Iz, v.t., to make an idol of, for worship ; to love to excess -.—pr.p. I'dollsing ; pa.p. I'dol- Ised. — n. Idolis'er. Idyl, Idyll, I'dil, n. lit. a little itnage; a short pas- toral poem ; a narrative poem. [L. tdylliu?n — Gr. eidyllion, dim. oi eidos, image.] idyllic, I-dil'ik, adj., of or belonging to idyls. If, if, conj. an expression of donbt; wJietJier; in case that; supposing that. \K.^. gif', old Ger. ibji, ipu — ita, ipa, doubt; Ice. ef, if, efa, to doubt ; Sans, iva, as if.] Igneous, ig'ne-us, adj., pertaining to, consisting of, or like fire : in geol., produced by the action of fire. [L. ignetis — ignis, fire, Sans^. ag7ii, prob. from a7ij, to shine.] Ignescent, ig-nes'ent, adj'. lit. becoming frc ; emit- ting sparks of fire. [L. ignescetis, -entis, pr.p. of ignesco, to become fire — ignis.] ignis-fatuus, ig-nis-fat'u-us, «., a fire or light which misleads travellers, often seen over marshy places, supposed to be a form of hydrogen.—//, ignes-fatui, ig-nez-fat'u-I. [L. ignis, {iie,fatii7is, foolish.] ignite, ig-nTt', v.t., to set on fire, to kindle; to render luminous with heat. — v.i. to take fire ; to burn : — pr.p. ignlt'ing ; pa.p. ignlt'ed. Ignitible, ig-nlt'i-bl, adj., tltat may be ignited. igjiition, \g-nis\\'\in,7i.,actofsettingonfre: state of being kindled, and esp. of being made red-hot. Ignoble, ig-n5'bl, adj., 7iot noble; of low birth: mean or worthless : dishonourable. — adv. igno'- bly. — n. igno'bleness. [Fr. — L. ig7iobilis — in, not, g7iobilis, 7iobilis, noble.] Ignominy, ig'no-min-i, «., tJu loss of on^s good na7ne; public disgrace ; infamy. [L. ig7W7ni7iia — in, not, g7io7j;c7i, 7io7nen, name.] See Name. ignominious, ig-no-min'i-us, adj.,fullofig7io77ii)iy; dishonourable : marked with ignominy ; con- temptible ; mean. — adv. Ignomin'iously. Ignore, ig-nCr', v.t., not to k7iow; to set aside ; wil- fully to disregard:— /r./. ignoi^ing ; pa.p. ignored'. [L. ig7toro — ig7ia7~us, not knowing — in, not, g7tarus, akin to 7iosco, 7iotus, to know.] Ignoramus, ig-nu-ra'mus, 7i. lit. we are ig7iora7it ; an ignorant person, esp. one making a pretence to knowledge.—//, ignora'muses. [L. ist pers. pi. pres. ind. of ig>w7-o, to be ignorant of ] Ignorant, ig'no-raiit, adj., ii'ithout k7ioivlcdgc ; un- instructed ; unacquamted with. — adv. ig'norantly. [L. ignoraTis, -antis, pr.p. oi igTtoro.] ignorance, ig'no-rans, «., state of bei7ig ig7wra7it; want of knowledge :— //. in Litany, sins com- mitted through ignorance. [Fr. — L. ig7:ora7it:a.'\ Iguana, i-g\va'na, «. a genus of American lizards, remarkable for having a pouch under the throat. [Sp., said to be a Haytian word.] niac, il'i-ak, adj. pertaining to the ilia, the last part of the lower intestine, so called from its twistings. [low L. iliacus — ilia, the smaller intestine— Gr. eileo, eilD, to turn round.] niad, il'i-ad, «. an Epic poem by Homer, the great poet of Greece, giving an account of the destruc- tion of lliu77i or ancient Troy. [L. Ilias, iliadis, Gr. ilias, iliados (poiesis, a poem), relating to Ilium, the city oi Ilos, its founder.] ni, il, adj. (comp. worse ; supcrl. worst), evil, had; contrary to good ; wicked : producing evil : un- fortunate ; unfavourable : sick ; diseased : im- proper; incorrect: cross, as temper. — adv. not well ; not rightly ; with difficulty. — n. evil ; wickedness : misfortune, [contr. of Evil ; old E. ivele. Ice. illr.] — HI, when compounded with other words, expresses badness of quahty or condition. ill-blood, il'-blud, «., ill or bad blood or feeling; resentment. ill-bred, il'-bred, adj., ill or badly bred, or educated ; imcivil. — 71. ill-breeding. [ugly. ill-favoured, il-fa'vurd, adj., ill-looking; deformed ; m-natnred, il-na'turd, adj. of an /// natitre or temper ; cross ; peevish. — adv. ill-na'turedly. — ?/. ill-na'turedness. illness, il'nes, «. orig. bad7iess '. sickness ; disease. ill-starred, il'-stard, adj. bom (according to an ancient superstition) under the influence of an unlucky star ; unlucky. ill-will, il-wir, «., U7ikind feeling ; enmity. Elapse, il-laps', n., a slidi7ig in; the entrance of one thing into another. [L. illapsjis — illabor — z'«, into, labor, to slip, to slide.] Illation, il-la'shun, «., act of i7ferTi7!g from premises or reasons; inference; conclusion. [Fr. — L. illatio, a bringing in, a logical inference — infero, illatu77i — /«, in, \nio,fero, to bear.] illative, il-la'tiv, adj., de7ioting an i7ifcre7ue ; that may be inferred. — adv. illa'tively. Illegal, il-le'gal, adj., 7iot legal or lawful; contrary to law. — adv. ille'gally. — «, illegal'ity, [Fr. — L. /«, not, and Legal.] illegalise, il-le'gal-Iz, v.t., to render tmlawful. illegality, il-le-gal'i-ti, /;., the quality or condition of being illegal. Illegible, il-lej'i-bl, adj., 7zot legible or that cannot be read ; indistinct. — adv. illeg'ibly. — 7is. illeg'ibleness, illegibil'ity. [L. in, not, and Legible.] Illegitimate, il-le-jit'i-mat, adj., not legiti77iate or according to law; not bom in wedlock : not pro- perly inferred or reasoned; not genuine. — adv. illegit'imately. — «. illegit'imacy. [L. in, not, and Legitimate.] Illiberal, il-lib'cr-al, adj., not liberal; niggardly; mean.— rt^i'. illib'erally. — «. illiberal'ity. [L. in, not, and Liberal.] Illicit, il-lis'it, adj., 7wt allowable; unlawful; un- liccnced. — adv. illicitly. — n. illic'itness. [L. ilH- cittts — /«, not, and licitus, pa.p. of lioeo, to be allowable ; prob. akin to Gr. dike, right.] Illimitable, il-lim'it-abl, adj., that ca7mot be li//tited or bov7ided; infinite. — adv. illim'itably. — n. il- lim'itableness. [L. in, not, and limitable.] niislon, il-lizh'un, «., tJie act of dashing or striking agai7tst. [L. illisio — illido, to strike against— /■«, in, upon, Icedo, to dash, to strike.] 346 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; Men. Illiterate Illiterate, il-lit'er-at, adj., not literate or learned ; iininstructed ; ignorant. — adv. illit'erately. — 71. il- lit'erateness. [L. i7i, not, and literate.] illiteracy, il-lit'er-a-si, n., state of being illiterate ; want of learning. Illogical, il-loj'i-kal, adj., not logical; contrary to the rules of logic. — adv. illog'ically. — ft. illog'ical- ness. [L. in, not, and logical.] EUude, il-lud', v.t., to play upott by artifice; to de- ceive -.—pr.p. illud'ing ; pa.p. illud'ed. [L. illudo, illusiim — in, upon, hido, to play.] illusion, il-lu'zhun, «., a playing upon, a mocking; deceptive appearance ; false show ; error. illusive, il-lu'siv, iUusory, il-lu'sor-i, adj., deceivitig by false appearances ; false. — adv. iUu'sively. — n. illu'siveness. niuminate, il-lu'min-at, v.t., to make himinoics, to light 7ip : to enlighten ; to illustrate : to adorn with ornamental lettering or illustrations i^pr.p. illu'minating ; pa.p. illu'minated. — adj. en- lightened. [L. ilhimino, ilhaninatus — in, in, and liijfiino, to enlighten — hanen, light.] illumination, il-lu-min-a'shun, n., act of giving light : that which gives light ; splendour ; brightness ; a display of lights : adorning of books with coloured lettering or illustrations ; an illuminated book: in B., enlightening influence, inspiration. SUuminative, il-lu'min-a-tiv, adj., te7i.ding to give light ; illustrative or explanatory. illuminator, il-lu'min-a-tor, «., one who ilhimi7iates, especially one who is employed in adorning books with coloured letters and illustrations. Sllumine, il-lu'min, illume, il-lum', v.t., to make lum- inous ox bright; to enlighten; to adorn :—/r./. illu'mining, illum'ing ; pa.p. illumined, illumed'. Illusion, Illusive, &c. See under Illude. Illustrate, il-lus'trat, v. t. lit. to encircle with htstre or light, to light tip; to make distinguished : to make clear to the mind ; to explain ; to explain and adorn by pictures : — pr.p. illus'trating ;/«./. illus'trated. — n. illus'trator. [L. illustro, ilhis- tratufn, to light up — ilhistris. See illustrious.] illustration, il-lus-tra shun, «., act of making liistrozis or clear; act of explaining: that which illus- trates ; a picture or diagram. illustrative, il-lus'tra-tiv, adj. having the quality of making clear or explaining. — adv. illua'tratively. aiustrious, il-lus'tri-us, adj. \ii.full of lustre; morally bright, distinguished ; noble ; conspicuous : con- ferring honour. — adv. illus'triously. — n. illus'- triousness. [L. ilhistris, prob. for illucestris — in, in, and lux, lucis, light.] Image, im'aj, n. lit. an imitation or copy; like- ness ; a statue ; an idol : a representation in the mind, an idea ; a picture in the imagination : in optics, the figure of any object formed by rays of light. — v.t. to form an image of; to form a like- ness of in the mind •.—pr.p. im'aging ; pa.p. im'aged. [Fr. — L. iinago, an image, from root oiimitor, to imitate. See Imitate.] imagery, im'aj -ri, or im'a-jer-i, n. orig. images in general : the work of the imagination ; mental pictures ; figures of speech. imagine, im-aj'in, v.t., to form an image of in the mind ; to conceive ; to think ; in B., to contrive or devise. — v.i. to form mental images ; to con- ceive :^pr.p. imag'ining ; pa.p. imag'ined. — n. imag'iner. [L. imagino — imago, an image.] Imaginable, im-aj'in-abl, adj., that may be ima- gined. — adv. imag'inably. — n. imag'inableness. ioaaginary, im-aj'in-ar-i, adj. existing only it!, the imagination; not real: in a4^., impossible. Immanent imagination, im-aj-in-ashun, n., act of imagining I the faculty of forming images in the mind : that which is imagined ; contrivance. [L. imagi7tatia — imagino.'] imaginative, im-aj'in-a-tiv, adj., fodl of imagiiia- //tf«;_ given to imagining; proceeding from the imagination. — n. imag'inativeness. imago, I-ma'go, n. the last or perfect state of insect life, when the case covering it is dropped, and the enclosed image or being comes forth. [L.] Imbanb, im-bangk', same as Embani. Imbecile, im-be-sel', adj. lit. leaning ott a staff; without strength of body or mind ; feeble.— «. one destitute of strength, either of mind or body. [Fr. imbecile, L. itnbecillus — ht, in, upon, bacil- lum, dim. oi bacuhvn, a staff.] imbecility, im-be-sil'i-ti, n., state of being i7nbecile ; weakness of body or mind. Imbed, im-bed', v. t. to lay, as in a bed; to place in a mass of matter. [L. z«, in, and Bed.] Imbibe, im-blb', v.t., to drifik in; to absorb: to receive into the mind : — pr.p. imblb'ing ; pa.p. imbibed'. — ft. imbib'er. [L. imbibe — in, in, into, and bibo, to drink.] Imbitter, im-bit'er, v.t., to cause to be bitter; to render unhappy : to render more violent : — pr.p. imbitt'ering ; pa.p. imbitt'ered. — n. imbitt'erer, [z;«, to make, and Bitter.] Imbody, im-bod'i, same as Embody. Imborder, im-bor'der, v.t., to border. Imbosom, im-booz'um, same as Embosom. Imbricate, inl'bri-kat, Imbricated, im'bri-kat-ed, adj. \iQnilike a gutter-tile: in bot., lying over each other like tiles on a roof. [L. ijnbricatus, pa.p. of imbrico, to cover with tiles — imbrex, a gutter- tile — imber, a shower.] imbrication, im-bri-ka'shun, n. a concave indenture, as of a tile ; an overlapping of the edges. Imbrown, im-brown', v.t., to make brown; to darken ; to obscure. \ini, to make, and Brown.] Imbrue, im-broo', v. t. orig. to pozir out or distil; to wet or moisten ; to soak ; to drench -.—pr.p. im- bru'ing ; pa.p. imbrued'. [L. in, in, into, and old E. briie, akin to Brew.] Imbue, im.-bu', v.t., to cause to drink; to moisten; to tinge deeply : to cause to imbibe, as the mind : — pr.p. imbu'mg ; pa.p. Imbued'. [L. imbtw — i7i, and be, root oibibo, to drink ; akin to Gr. pi, po, root oipino, Sans, pa, to drink.] Imitate, im'i-tat, v.t., to copy, to strive to be tJie sa?7ie as ; to produce a likeness of -.—pr.p. im'itat- ing; pa.p. im'itated. — «. imitator. [L. i77iitor, i77iitatus, akin to si77iilis, like, Gr. ha77ia, along with, Jio77ios, the same, Sans. sa77t, with, sama, the same.] imitable, im'it-abl, adj., that i7tay be i/nitated or copied ; worthy of imitation. — n. imitabil'ity. imitation, im-i-ta'shun, 71., act of i77iitati7ig ; that which is produced as a copy, a likeness. imitative, im'i-tat-iv, adj., incli7ied to ifnitate; formed after a model. — adv. im'itatively. Immaculate, im-mak'u-lat, adj., spotless; unstained; pure. — adv. immac'ulately. — 71. immac'ulateness. [L. i77i7/iac7ilat7is — 171, not, and 77iaculo, to stain — maczila, a spot, akin to Sans. 77iala, filth.] — Immaculate Conception, the R. Cath. doctrine that the Virgin Mary was born without original sin. Immanent, im'a-nent, adj., 7-e77iai7ii7ig withi7i; in- herent. [L. i77i77ia7ie7is, -e7itis, pr.p. of i77t77ia7ieo — i7i, in or near, ina7ieo, to remain.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th&n. 247 Immaterial Immaterlil, im-ma-te'ri-al, adj., not material or consisting of matter; incorporeal: unimportant. — adv. immate'rlally. [L. in, not, and materlaJ.] Immateri&lised, im-ma-te'ri-al-Tzd, adj., spiritual- ised. [Fr. itmnaterialiser, to make spiritual.] ImmaterlallBm, im-ma-tc'ri-al-izm, «. the doctrine that there is tio material substance, and that all being may be reduced to mind and ideas in a mind. — n. immate'rlallat, one who believes in this. Immateriality, im-ma-te-ri-al'i-ti, «., the quality of being immaterial or of not consisting of matter. Immatnre, im-ma-tur', Immatured, im-ma-turd', adj., not mature or ripe; not perfect: come before the natural time. — adv. immature'ly. — 7ts. imma- ture'ness, immatur'ity. [L. in, not, and Mature.] Immeastirable, im-mezh'ur-abl, adj., tJiat cannot be measured. — adv. immeas'urably. — n. immeas'- urableness. [L. in, not, and measurable.] Immediate^ im-med'yat, adj., ivitk tiotJmig in tlu middle between two objects; not acting by second causes; direct: present; without delay. — adv. immediately. — n. immed'iateness. [low L. imvtediatus — in, not, and medius, the middle.] Immemorial, im-me-mO'ri-al, adj., beyond tite reach of memory. [L. in, not, and memorial.] — adv. immemo'rially. ImmenBe, im-mens', adj., tJiat cannot he measured: vast in extent ; very large.— a^z'. immenac'ly. — 7t. immense'nesa. [Fr. — L. imvzenstis — in, not, inensus, pa. p. of metior, to measure.] immensity, im-mens'it-i, n., an extent not to he measured ; infinity : greatness, immeusurable, im-mens'ur-abl, adj., t/tat cannot he measured. — n. immenBurabil'ity. [Fr. — L. in, not, and mens^trabilis — metior.] Immerge, im-merj', v.t., to merge or plunge into. [L. hi, into, and vtergo, mersus, to plunge.] Immerse, im-mers', v.t., to im7nerge or plunge into ; to engage deeply ; to overwhelm -—pr.p. im- mers'ing; pa.p. immersed'. Immersion, im-mer'shun, «., act o/ ijttmersing or plunging into ; state of being dipped into ; state of being deeply engaged. Immethodical, im-me-thod'ik-al, adj., not metJwd- ical; without method or order ; irregular. — adv. immethod'ically. [L. in, not, and methodical.] Immigrant. See under Immigrate. Immigrate, im'i-grat, v.i., to migrate or remove into a country :—/r./. imm'igrating ; pa.p. imm'jgrated. [L. immigro — in, into, and migro, 7nigratum, to remove.] immigration, im-i-gra'shun, 7i.,act of immigrating. immigrant, im'i-grant, «., one ivho immigrates. Imminent, im'i-nent, adj., projecting over; near at hand; threatening to fall or occur. [L. iin- viinens, -entis — in, upon, minco, to project.] — cuiv. imm'inently. — n. imm'inence. Immission. See under Immit. Immit, im-mit', v.t., to send into; to inject : — pr.p. imniitt'ing; pa.p. immitt'cd. [L. in, into, mitto, viissus, to send.] immission, im-mish'un, «., act of immit ting. Immobility, im-mo-bil'i-ti, «., condition or quality of being immovable. [L. in, not, and Mobility.] Immoderate, im-modcr-at, adj., not moderate; exceeding proper bounds. — adv. immod'erately. [L. in, not, and moderate.] Immodest, im-mod'est, adj., not modest; wanting restraint; impudent; wanting shame or delicacy. impartiality [L. in, not, and modest.] — adv. immod'eBtly.— «. immodesty, want of 7nodesty. Immolate, im'G-lat, v.t. lit. to sprinkle vteal on a \ victim ; to offer in sacrifice : — pr.p. imm'olating ; pa.p. immolated. [L. immolo, immolatiis — /;.', upon, tnola, meal.] immolation, im-o-la'shun, «., act of immolating ; a sacrifice. Immoral, im-mor'al, adj., not moral ; inconsistent with what is right; wicked. — adv. immorally. [L. in, not, and Moral.] immorality, im-mor-al'i-ti, «., quality of heifig im- moral; an immoral act or practice. Immortal, im-mor'tal, adj., 7iot mortal : exemptfrom death ; imperishable ; never to be forgotten (as a name, poem, &c.) — n. one who will never cease to exist. — adv. immor'tally. [L. in, not, and Mortal.] immortality, im-mor-tal'i-ti, «., quality of being ijnmortal; exemption from death or oblivion. immortalise, im-mor'tal-Iz, v.t., to make immortal: — P^-P- immortalising ; pa.p. immor'talTsed. Immovable, im-moov'a-bl, adj., not movable; stead- fast ; unalterable ; that cannot be impressed or made to fall. [L. in, not, and movable.] — adv. immov'ably. — 7is. immov'ableneaa, immov'abii'ity. immovables, im-moov'a-blz, n.pl. fi.\tures. Sic. 7iot movable by a tenant. Immunity, im-mun'i-ti, n., freedom from any obli- gation or duty; privilege. [L. itnmunitas — in, not, mtnuis, dutj'.] Immure, Im-mur', v.t., to u^all in; to shut up; to imprison : — pr.p. immuring ; pa.p. immured'. [L. in, in, and mttrus, a wall.] Immutable, im-mut'a-bl, adj. , not mutable or change- able. — adv. immut'ably. [L. in, not, and Mutable.] Immutability, im-mut-a-bili-ti, immutableness, im- mut'a-bl-nes, n., tlie quality of being immutable. Imp, imp, n. lit. and orig. a graft; off. "spring; a little devil or wicked spirit. — adj. Impish, like an imp; fiendish. [A.S. impan; Dan. ytnpe ; Ger. impfen; Fr. enter; Dutch, pote ; conn, with Bud and Put.] Impact. See under Impinge. Impair, im-par', v.t., to make -juorse ; to diminish in quantity, value, or strength; to injure; to weaken :—pr.p. impair'ing ; pa.p. impaired'. [Fr. cmpircr^eti, to make, /z>r, "L. pejor, worse.] Impale, Impalement, same as Empale, Empalement. Impalpable, im-pal'pa-bl, adj., not palpable or per- ceivable by touch ; not coarse ; not easily under- stood. — adv. impal'pably. — n. impalpabil'ity. [L. in, not, and Palpable.] Impannel, Impanel, im-pani, v.t. to enter the names of a jury in a list, or ^« a piece of parchment called a panel : — pr.p. impann'elling ; pa.p. im- pann'elled. [L. in, in, and Panel.] Imparity, im-paKi-ti, n., luaiit of parity or equality; indivisibility into equal parts. [L. /«, not, parity.] Impark, im-park', v.t., to enclose for a park; to shut up. [L. in, in, and Park.] Impart, im-part', v.t., to bcstozu a part of; to give ; to communicate ; to make knowh. — v.i. to give a part i—prp. impart'ing ; pa.p. impart'ed. [L. impartio — i7t, on, TiniS. pars , partis , a part.] impartial, im-p.ar'shal, adj., not partial ; not favouring one more than another ; just. — adv. im- par'tially. [L. /«, not, and partial.] impartiality, im-par-shi-al'i-ti, ;/., quality of being impartial ; freedom from bias. 248 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thtrv. impartible Impartible, im-part'i-bf, adj., cajiable of lemg im- parted. — n. impartibil'ity. Impartible, im-part'i-bl, adj., not partible ; indivis- ible. — «. impartibil'ity. [L. in, not, and partible.] Impassable, im-pas'a-bl, adj., 7tot passable or capable of being passed. ^ — adv. impass'ably. — ns. impass- abil'ity, impass'ableness. [L. in, not, passable.] Impassible, im-pas'i-bl, adj., incapable of passion or feeling. — ns. impassibil'ity, impass'ibleness, quality of being impassible. [L. impassibilis — in, not, zxiA patior, passtis, to suffer.] impassionate, im-pash'un-at, adj., ^vitlwiit passion or feeling. [L. in, not, and passionate.] . impassionate, im-pash'un-at, impassioned, im-pash'- und, adj., moved by passioji or feeling ; animated ; excited. [L. z«, intensive, and Passion.] Impassive, im-pas'iv, adj., not susceptible of pain or feeling.-— o^/z'. impassively. — 7is. impass'iveness. [L. in, not, and passive.] Impatient, im-pa'shent, adj., not patient : not able to endure; fretful; restless. — adv. impa'tiently. — n. impa'tience, want of patience. [L. in, not, and patient.] Impawn, im-pawn', v.t., to patim or deposit as secu- rity. [L. in, intensive, and Pawn.] Impeach, im-pech', v.t., lit. to hinder; to charge with a crime ; to cite before a court for official misconduct : — pr.p. impeach'ing ; pa. p. im- peached'. [Fr. empecher ; It. impacciare ; perh. from L. impingere, to strike against, or impcdi- care, to fetter.] Impeachable, im-pech'a-bl, adj., liable to impeach- ment ; chargeable with a crime. Impeacher, im-pech'er, «., one who impeaches. impeachment, im-pech'ment, n., act of impeaching: state of being impeached. Impearl, im-perl', v.t., to adorn ivith or as with pearls; to make like pearls. [L. in, in, and Pearl.] Impeccable, im-pek'a-bl, adj., 7wt peccable or liable to sin. [L. z«, not, and Peccable.] impeccability, im-pek-a-bil'i-ti, impeccancy, im-pek'- an-si, 71., quality of bciftg i77tpeccable ; exemp- tion from sin. Impede, im-ped', -v.t., lit. to enta7tgle the feet; to hinder or obstruct : — pr.p. imped'ing ; pa.p. im- ped'ed. [L. impedio — in, and pes, pedis, a foot.] impediment, im-ped'i-ment, «., that which ifnpedes ; hinderance ; a defect preventing fluent speech. impeditive, im-ped'i-tiv, adj., causiitg hi7tdera7ice. Impel, im-pel', v.t., to drive or urge forward; to excite to action ; to instigate : — pr.p. irapell'ing ; pa.p. impelled'. [L. impello, i7npuls7is — /«, on, andpello, to drive.] impellent, im-pel'ent, cuij., havi7tg the quality of impelling ox driving on. — «. a power that impels. — n. impell'er, one wlio or that which i77ipcls. impulse, im'puls, impulsion, im-pul'shun, «., the act of impelling or driving on ; effect of an impelling force ; force suddenly communicated ; influence on the mind. impulsive, im-puls'iv, adj., havi7tg the power ofiut- ' pelli7tg or driving on ; actuated by mental im- pulse : in 7nech., acting by impulse; not con- tinuous. — adv. impuls'ively. — 71. impulsiveness. Impend, im-pend', v.i., to hang over ; to threaten; to be near -.—pr.p. impend'ing ; pa.p. impend'ed. [L. i?i, on, and pe7ideo, to hang. ] impendent, ira-pend'ent, impending, im-pend'ing, adj., hanging over; ready to act or happen ; threatening. Impersuasible Impenetrable, im-pen'e-trabl, adj., not pe7ietrab?e, or capable of being pierced ; preventmg another body from occupying the same space at the same time: not to be impressed in mind or heart. — adv. impen'etrably. — «. impen'etrability, quality ofbei7!gi7Jzpenetrable. [L. in, not, and penetrable.} Impenitent, im-pen'i-tent, adj., not pe7iite7it or re- penting of sin. — «. one who does not repent; a hardened sinner. — adv. impen'itently. [L. z«, not, and Penitent.] impenitence, im-pen'i-tens, «., the state of being i7npe7iite7it ; hardness of heart or mind. Impennate, im-pen'at, Impennous, im-pen'us, adj., 7iot pe7i7tate or winged ; having very short wings useless for flight. [L. in, not, and Pennate.] Imperative, im-per'a-tiv, adj., expressive of com- 77tand; authoritative ; obligatory. — adv. imper'a- tively. [L. i7}tperativus — it7tpero, to command — i7i, and paro, to prepare.] Imperceptible, im-per-sep'ti-bl, adj. , not perceptible or discernible by the mind : insensible : minute. — 7is. impercep'tibleness, imperceptibil'ity. — adv. im- percep'tibly. [L. in, not, and perceptible.] Imperfect, im-per'fekt, adj., not perfect or complete ; defective : not fulfilling its design : liable to err. — 7is. imper'fectness, imperfec'tion. — adv. impei/- fectly. [L. i7i, not, and Perfect.] Imperforate, im-per'fo-rat, Imperforated, im-per'fo- rat-ed, adj., not perforated or pierced through; having no opening. — n. imperfora'tion. [L. Its, not, and Perforate.] imperforable, im-per'for-abl, adj., that can7iot be pe7forated or bored through. Imperial, im-pe'ri-al, adj. pertaining to an e7npire or to an emperor ; royal ; supreme : of superior size or excellence. — «. a tuft of hair on the lower lip : a kind of dome, as in Moorish buildings : an outside seat on a diligence. — adv. imperially. [L. i7iiperialis — i7nperiu77t, sovereignty. ] See Empire. imperialism, im-pe'ri-al-izm, «., the power or author- ity ofa7t e77iperor; the spirit of empire. imperialist, im-pe'ri-al-ist, «. , one -who belongs to apt e7nperor; a soldier or subject of an emperor. imperiality, im-pe-ri-al'i-ti, 71., ii7iperial power, right, or privilege. imperious, im-pe'ri-us, adj., ass7i77ti7ig co77t77tand ; haughty : tyrannical : authoritative. — adv. im- pe'riously. — «. impe'riousness. [L. i772pcriosus.'] Imperil, im-per'il, v.t., to put i7t peril ; to endanger. [L. in, in, and Peril.] Imperishable, im-per'ish-abl, adj., not perishable ; indestructible ; everlasting. — 71s. imper'ishableness, imperishabil'ity. — cuiv. imper'ishably. [L. i7i, not, and perishable.] Impermeable, im-per'me-abl, adj., not per7neable or permitting passage ; impenetrable. — ns. imper- meability, imper'meableness. — adv. imper'meabiy. [L. /«, not, and permeable.] Impersonal, im-pe/sun-al, adj., 7iot perso7tal or re- presenting a person; not having personality. — 7i:. that which wants personality : in gra7n. , a verb without a personal subject. — adv. imper'sonally. —71. impersonality. [L. z«, not, and personal.] impersonate, im-per'sun-at, v.t., to invest withper- S07iality or the bodily substance of a person ; to ascribe the qualities of a person to ; to personify. — 71. impersona'tion. [L. i7i, in, and personate.] Impersuasible, im-per-swa'zi-bl,«^'., tiotpe7'suasiblc or to be moved by persuasion or argument. [L. in, not, andpersuasible.] fate, far; me, her; mine ; mote; mute; moon; Men. Impertinent Empertinent, im-per'ti-nent, adj., not pertinent or pertaining to the matter in hand : rude ; im- pudent: trifling. — adv. impertinently. [L. in, not, and pertinent.] Impertinence, im-per'ti-nens, «. , that which is im- pertinent; a thing out of place or of no weight : rudeness; intrusion: trifle. Imperturbable, im-per-turlja-bl, adj., iJutt ca.nnot he disturbed or agitated ; permanently quiet. — adv. imperturbabii'ity. [L. imperiurbabilis — in, not, Andpertiirbo, to disturb.] Imperturbation, im-per-tur-ba'shun, «., state of being undisturbed ; freedom from agitation of mind. Imperviable, im-per'vi-a-bl, Impervious, im-per'vi-us, adj., not pervious ; not to be penetrated. — ns. im- per'viableness, imp ervi ability, impe/viousness. — adz>. imperviously. [L. in, not, and Pervious.] Impetus, im'pe-tus, n. lit. a /ailing upon; an attack ; assault ; force or quantity of motion : violent tendency to any point : activity. [L.— /«, and /^^£7, to fall upon.] Impetuous, im-petu-us, adj. rushing upon with iin- petus or violence ; furious ; passionate. — ns. im- pet'uousness, impetuosity. — adv. impot'uously. Impiety. See under Impious. Impinge, im-pinj', v.i., to strike or fall against; to touch upon •.—pr.p. imping'ing ; pa.p. impinged'. [L. impijigo — in, against, pango, to strike.] Impingement, im-pinj'ment, «., act o/ impingitig. impingent, im-pinj 'ent, adj., striking against. Impact, im'pakt or im-p.akt', n., a striking agahist ; the instantaneous action of one body on another. — impact', v.t. to press firmly together :—/r./. impact'ing ; pa.p. impact'ed. [L. in, against, and pactum— pango. ^ Impious, im'pi-us, adj., not pious; frreverent; wanting in veneration for God; profane. — adv. impiously. [L. z«, not, and Pious.] Impiousness, im'pi-us-nes, impiety, im-pi'e-ti, n., quality of being impious ; want of piety; irrev- erence towards God ; neglect of the divine precepts. Implacable, im-plak'a-bl, adj., not placable or to be appeased; inexorable; irreconcilable. — adv. im- pla'cably. — tis. impla'cableness, implacabil'ity. [L. in, not, and Placable.] Implant, im-plant', v.i., to plant or fix into; to plant in order to grow : to insert : to infuse. [L. in, into, and Plant.] implantation, im-plan-ta'shun, n. , the act of im- plantitig or infixing in the mind or heart. Implead, im-pled', v.t., to put i>i or 7trge a plea ; to prosecute a suit at law. [L. in, in, and plead.] Impleader, im-pled'cr, «., ofie ivlio impleads or prosecutes another. Implement, im'ple-ment, n. whatever may f II iip or supply a want ; a tool or instrument of labour. — adj. im'plementing, providing with implements, [low L. implcmentum — in, ssiApleo, to fill.] Impletion, im-ple'shun, n., i/ie act of filing; the state of being full. Implex, im'plcks, adj., entwined; infolded; en- tangled ; complicated. [L. implexus — iviplecio — i7i, into, Tundplecto, akin to Gt.plekd, to twine] Implicate, im'pli-kat, v.t., to infold; to involve ; to entangle '.^pr.p. im'plicating ; pa.p. implicated. [L. iviplico, implicatum, implicitum — in, into, and///<:^, to fold.] implication, im-pli-ka'shun, «., the act of implicat- ing ; entanglement : that which is implied. impost Implicative, im'pli-ka-tiv, adj., having implication ; tending to implicate. — adv. im'plicatively. implicit, im-plis'it, adj. lit. infolded; implied : rest- ing on or trusting another; relying entirely. — adv. impllc'itly. — n. implicitness. [L. implicittis — implico.'] imply, im-pll', v.t. lit. to infold ; to include in re- ality : to mean ; to signify :—Pr.p. imply'ing ; pa.p. implied'. [L. intplico.^ Implore, im-plor', v.t., to invoke with cries; to ask earnestly ; to beg :—pr.p. implGr'ing ; pa.p. implored'. [L. imploro — iti, and ploro, to cry aloud.] imploringly, im-plor'ing-li, adv., in an imploring or very earnest vianner. Imply. See under Implicate. Impolite, im-po-llt', adj., not polite; of unpolished manners ; uncivil. — n. impolite'ness. — adv. impo- lite'ly. [L. in, not, and polite.] Impolitic, im-pol'i-tik, adj., not politic or prudent ; unwise ; inexpedient ; pursuing measures calcu- lated to injure the public interest. — adv. impol'- iticly. [L. in, not, and politic] Imponderable, im-pon'der-abl, arovident or prudent ; wanting foresight ; thoughtless. — adv. improvldently. — n. improv'idence. [L. in, not, and provident.] Improvisate, im-prov'i-sat, Improvise, im-pro-vTz', v.t. to compose and recite, esp. in verse, withoiit preparatioft ; to bring about on a sudden.— z/.z". to recite compositions, especially in verse, without preparation ; to do anything off-hand :-^pr.p. improv'isating, improvTs'ing ;/rt./._improv'isated, improvised'. — ft. improvis'er. [Fr. if/iproviser. It. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. improvisation improvvisarc — L. in, not, and provisus, fore- seen.] improvisation, im-prov-i-sfi'shun, «., act of impro- visifig: that which is improvised. Imprudent, im-proo'dent, adj.,not prtident; wanting foresight or discretion ; incautious; inconsiderate. — adv. impru'dently. — «. impra'dence. [L. in, not, and Prudent.] Impudent, im'pu-dent, adj., ivniiting shame or modesty ; brazen-faced ; hold ; rude ; insolent. — adv. im'pudently.— «. im'pudence. [L. in, not, pudens, -eniis, iromptidco, to be ashamed.] Impugn, im-pun', v.t. lit. to fight against; to oppose ; to attack by words or arguments ; to call in question :—/r./. impugn'ing ;/«./>. impugned'. fL. itnpngno — z'«, against, /7<^«^, to fight.] Impugner, im-pun'er, ?/., 07ie who impugns. impugnable, im-pun'a-bl, adj., able to he impjigncd or called in question. Impulse, Impulsion, &c. See under Impel. Impunity, im-pun'i-ti, n., freedom or ScSciy fro7n piDiishnioit ; exemption from injury or loss. [L. impunitas — /«, not, poena, punishment.] Impure, im-pur', adj., not pure; mixed with other substances ; defiled by sin ; unholy ; unchaste ; imclean. — adv. impure'ly. — ns. impurity, impure'- ness, qnality of being impure. [L. /;/, not, Pure.] Impurple, im-pur'pl, same as Empurple. Impute, im-put', 7i.t. lit. to take into the reckoning ; to reckon as belonging to — in a bad sense; to charge '.—pr.p. imputing ; pa. p. imput'ed. [Fr. imputcr; L. imputo, -atum — in,puto, to reckon.] imputer, im-put'er, «., one who i7npntes. imputable, im-put'a-bl, adj., capable of bevtg /;«- /«te/or charged ; attributable. — adv. imput'ably. — ns. imput'ableness, imputabil'ity, imputation, im-pu-tfi'shun, ;/., act of imputmg or charging ; censure ; reproach : the reckoning as belonging to. imputative, im-put'a-tiv, adj., that may be imputed. — adv. imput'atively. In, in, prep, denotes presence or situation in place, time or circumstances — within, during; by or through ; entrance into. — adv. within ; not out. [A.S., Ger. /«; Goth intt; L. in: Gr. en; akin to Sans. a7i.~\ inner, in'er, adj. (comp. oilo), further in ; interior. |A.b.] innermost, in'er-most, inmost, in'most, adj. fsuperl. of la\ furthest i7i ; most remote from the out- ward part. [A.S. i7i7ie77test, i7i7iost.\ Inability, in-a-bil'i-ti, «., wa7it of ability ; want of sufficient power; incapacity. [L. in, not, and abiUty.] Inaccessible, in-ak-ses'i-bl, adj., 7tot accessible ; not to be reached, obtained, or approached. — ad7>. inaccessibly. — ns. inaccessibility, inaccess'ibleness. [L. /;/, not, and accessible.] Inaccurate, in-ak'ku-rat, adj., not accn7-atc ; not exact or correct ; erroneous. — adv. inac'curately. [L. i7i, not, and Accurate.] inaccuracy, in-ak'ku-ra-si, «., the qitality of bci/ig inacc7irate; want of exactness; mistake. Inaction, in-ak'shun, «., want of actio7i; idleness; rest. [L. ?■;/, not, and action.] inactive, in-ak'tiv, adj. ,7iot active; havingno power to move : idle ; lazy : in che/n., not shewing any action. — adv. inac'tively. [L. in, not, and active.] inactivity, in-ak-tiv'i-ti, «., wa7it of actiz'iiy; inert- ness ; idleness. [L. in, not, and activity.] inauguration Inadequate, in-ad'e-kwat, adj., 7iot adequate or sufficient. — adv. inadequately. [L. in, not. Adequate.] inadequacy, in-ad'e-kwa-si, inadequateness, in-ad'e- kwra-nes, ?/., state of bei7ig i7iadcquatc. Inadmissible, in-ad-mis'i-bl, adj., not ad 77tissible or allowable. — n. inadmissibil'ity. [L. /«, not, admissible.] Inadvertent, in-ad-vert'ent, adj., 7iot advertent or attentive. — adz'. inadvert'ently. [L. z'«, not, advertent.] inadvertence, in-ad-vert'ens, inadvertency, in-ad- vert'en-si, «., lack of adverte/ice or attention ; negligence; oversight. [L. i7i, not, advertence.] Inalienable, in-al'yen-a-bl, adj., not alienable or capable of being transferred. — 7t. inal'ienablenesa. [L. 1)1, not, alienable.] Inane, in-an', adj., e77ipfy ; void; void of intelli- gence ; useless. [L. i7ia7iis.'\ inanity, in-an'i-ti, «., e77ipiy space ; senselessness. inanition, in-a-nish'un, «., state of bei7ig i7ia7ie ; emptiness; exhaustion from want of food. Inanimate, in-an'i-mat, adj., 7wt a7ii77iate ; without animation or life ; dead. [L. /«, not, animate.] inanimation, in-an-i-mfi'shun, 7t., waiit of a7ii!/:a- tio7i ; lifelessness. [L. i7t, not, and animation.] Inanition, Inanity. See under Inane. Inapplicable, in-ap'pli-ka-bl, adj., 7iot applicable or suitable. — «. inapplicability. [L. /«, not, applic- able.] inapplication, in-appli-ka'shun, «., want of appli- catio7i or attention. [L. z«, not, application.] Inapposite, in-ap'po-zit, adj., 7iot apposite or suit- able. — adv. inap'positely. [L. in, not, Apposite.) Inappreciable, in-ap-prc'shi-a-bl, adj., not appreci- able or able to be valued. [L. in, not, appre- ciable.] Inapproachable, in-ap-proch'a-bl, adj., 7iot app7-oach- able ; inaccessible. [L. z«, not, approachable.] Inappropriate, in-ap-pro'pri-at, adj., 7iot appro- priate or suitable. — adv. inappro'priately. — 71. in- appro'priateness. [L. i7t, not, Appropriate.] Inapt, in-apt', adj., 7iot apt or fit. — adv. inapt'Iy. — 71. inaptitude, unfitness. [L. i7i, not, Apt.] Inarticulate, in-iir-tik'u-lat, adj., not a7-ticulate; not distinct: in zcol., not jointed. — adv. inartic'- ulately. — 71s. inartic'ulateness, inarticula'tion, in- distinctness of sounds in speaking. [L. 2«, not, and articulate.] Inartificial, in-ar-ti-fish'yal, adj., not artificial or done by art ; simple. — adz'. inartiflc'ially. [L. /«, not, artificial.] Inasmuch, in-az-much', adv. since ; seeing that; this being the case. [In, As, and Much.] Inattentive, in-at-tcnt'iv, adj., 7iot attentive ; care- less. — adv. inattentively. [L. i7t, not, attentive.] inattention, in-at-ten'shun, 11., wa7itofattc7itic7i; neglect ; heedlessness. [L. i7i, not, attention.] Inaudible, in-awd'i-bl, adj., 7:ot audible or able to be heard. — adv. inaudlbly. — «. inaudibility. [L. i)i, not, and Audible.] Inaugurate, in-aw'gu-rfit, v.t. lit. to consult the divi7ii7ig birds; to induct into an office in a formal manner ; to cause to begin ; to make a public exhibition of for the first time -.—pr.p. inau'gurating ; pa.p. inau'gurated. [L. i7ia7tguro, -atu/n. See Augur.*] inauguration, in-aw-gu-ra'shun, «., act of i7iaug7trat- ing (in its different meanings). fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mute ; mute ; moon ; th^n. inauguxator ' inaugurator, in-aw'gu-ra-tor, «., one who itiau- * gurates. '' inaugiu-al, in-aw'gu-ral, adj., pertaining to, ^qx\.q, or pronounced at an inaugufation. Inauspicious, in-aw-spish'us, adj., not ajispiciotis ; I ill-omened ; unlucky. — adv. inauspic'iously. — ]u \ inauspic'iousness. [L. iti, not, auspicious.] Inborn, in'bawrn, adj., born in or luitk; implanted by nature. [L. in, in, and Bom.] Inbreathe, in-bre/'//, v.t., to breathe into. [L. in, into, and breathe.] Inbreed, in-bred', v.t., to hreed or generate within. [L. /«, into, and Breed.] inbred, in'bred, adj., bred %vithi7i ; innate ; natural. lacage, in-kaj', same as Encage. Incalculable, in-kalTcu-labl, adj., not calculable or able to be reckoned.— rtf/z/. incal'culably. [L. in, not, calculable.] Encandescent, in-kan-des'ent, adj., hecojning warm or hot ; white or glowing with heat. — n. incan- des'cence, a white heat. [L. incandescens — in, and candesco, inceptive of catideo, to glow.] Incantation, in-kan-ta'shun, n., the act of eiicJiant- ing; enchantment. [L. incantatio, from root of Enchant.] Incapable, in-kap'a-bl, adj., not capable; insuffi- cient ; unable ; disqualified. — adv. incap'ably. — 71. incapability. [L. in, not, and Capable.] incapacious, in-ca-pa'shi-us, adj., not capaciojis or large; narrow. [L. 171, not, and capacious.] incapacity, in-ka-pas'i-ti, 7i., wa7it of capacity or power of mind ; inability ; disqualification. [L. in, not, capacity.] Incapacitate, in-ka-pas'i-tat, v.t., to deprive of capacity ; to make incapable ; to disqualify. [L, i>i, not, capacitate.] Incarcerate, in-kiir'ser-at, v.t., to itnpriso7t', to con- fine :—pr.p. incar'cerating ; pa.p. incar'cerated. [L. in, and ca7xero, -atiis, — career, a prison; Gr. kurkaron ; akin to Gr. herkos, a fence, and L. co- ercco, to enclose.] incarceration, in-kar-ser-ashun, n., the act of i7icar- cerati>ig; imprisonment. Incarnate, in-kiir'nat, v.t., to e7nbody i7t flesh: — pr.p. incar'nating ; pa.p. incar'nated. — adj. invested with flesh, [low L. i7icar7io, i7icarnatiis — i7i, and caro, carnis, flesh.] incarnation, in-kar-na'shun, «., act of e77ibodyi7ig i7t flesh ; act of taking a human body and the nature of a man ; an incarnate form ; manifesta- tion : in surg., the process of healing wounds and filling the part with new flesh. incarnative, in-kar'na-tiv, adj. , ca^isingflesh to grow. — 7t. a medicine which causes flesh to grow. Incase, in-kas', v.t. to put i7i a case ; to surround with something solid. [L. 2«, in, and Case.] incasement, in-kas'ment, «., act of c7iclosi7ig with a case; an enclosing substance. Incautious, in-kaw'shus, adj., 7iot ca7itio7is or care- ful. — adv. incau'tiously. — 7t. incau'tiousness, want of caution. [L. z«, not, and cautious.] Incendiary, in-sen'di-ar-i, ?^., 07ie that sets fire to a building, &c. maliciously ; one who promotes quarrels. — adj. setting fire to ; relating to incen- diarism ; tending to excite sedition or quarrels. — n. incen'diarism. [L. i7tce7tdiari7is — i7icendi7i77i, a fire — i7ice/ido, i7zccnsus, to kindle — i7i, and ca7i- deo, to glow.] incense, in-sens', v.t. lit. to set on fire; to inflame with anger : — pr.p. incens'ing ; pa.p. incensed'. Incline incense, in'sens, n. lit. so77iethi7ig set 07t fire ; per- fume given off by fire ; odour of spices burned in religious rites ; the materials so burned. Incentive, in-sen'tiv, adj. lit. striking iip the tune; inciting ; encouraging. — 7i. that which incites to action or moves the mind ; motive. [L. ince7i- tiv7is, from i/ici7io — i7i, and ca7io, to sing.] Inceptive, in-sep'tiv, adj., begi7i7ii7ig; expressing beginning. — adv. incep'tively. [L. i7icipio, i7icep- t7(s, to begin — z'«, and capio, to take.] incipient, in-sip'i-ent, adj., bcgi7i7ii7ig; commenc- i ing. — 7w. incip'ience, incip'iency. — a^/z/. incip'iently. [L. i7icipie7is — i7icipio.'\ Incessant, in-ses'ant, adj., not ceasi7ig; uninter- rupted ; continual. — adv. incess'antly. [L. inces- sa7is, -antis — z«, not, and cesso, to cease.] Incest, in'sest, «., wichastity ; i/nparify ; sexual intercourse within the prohibited degrees of kin- dred. [L. incesti(77i — i7t, not, and castjts, chaste.] incestuous, in-sest'u-us, adj., guilty ofi7icest, — adv. incest'uously. Inch, insh, «., tJie twelfth part of a foot: pro- verbially, a small distance or degree. [A.S. i7idsa, ince, an inch — L. rmcia, 3. twelfth part.] inch, insh, inched, insht, adj., C07itai7ii7ig incites. inch-meal, insh'-mel, n., a piece ati i7ich long. — adv. by inches or small degrees ; gradually. [Inch, and Meal — A.S. inael, a piece.] Incidence, in'sl-dens, «., a falli7ig 7ipon ; the meet- ing of one body with another ; the direction in which a body falls on any surface : accident. [Fr. ; low L. i7tcide7itia — i7icido — z«, upon, and cado, to fall.] incident, in'si-dent, adj., falling upon; fortuitous : liable to occur ; naturally belonging. — n. iltat which falls out or happens ; an event : a subor- dinate action; an episode. [Fr. — \.. i7tcide7is.'\ incidental, in-si-dent'al, adj., falli7ig out ; coming without design ; occasional ; accidental. — adv. incident'ally. — n. incident'alness. Incipient. See under Inceptive. Incircle, in-serk'l, same as Encircle. Incise, in-sTz', v.t., to ciit i7ito; to cut or gash : to engrave -.—pr.p. incis'ing ; pa.p. incised'. [Fr. i7iciser — L. i7icido, i7icisuj7i — in, into, and caedo, to cut,] incision, in-sizh'un, n., the act of cutting info a sub- stance ; a cut ; a gash. [Fr. ; L. i7icisio.'\ incisive, in-sl'siv, adj. , havi7ig the q7tality of cut- ti7tg i7ito, or penetrating as with a sharp instru- ment : acute ; sarcastic. [Fr. i7tcisif.'\ incisor, in-sl'zor, n., a cutter; a fore tooth which C7ds, bites, or separates.— rt.5^'. incis'ory. [L.] Incite, in-sit', v.t., to7-07ise; to move the mind to action ; to encourage ; to goad '.—pr.p. incTt'ing ; pa.p. incTt'ed. — adv. incit'ingly. [L. i7icito — i7i, and cito, to rouse — cieo, to put in motion.] incitation, in-si-ta'shun, incitement, in-sTt'ment, n., the act of i7iciti7ig ox rousi7ig: that which stimu- lates to action ; incentive. [Fr. ; L. i7icitatio.'\ Incivility, in-si-vil'it-i, n., wa7it of civility or courtesy ; impoliteness ; disrespect. [L. i7i, not, and civility.] Inclement, in-klem'ent, adj., 7iot cle77ie7it ; unmerci- ful : stormy ; very cold. — adv. inclem'ently. — n. inclem'ency. [L. i/i, not, and Clement.] Incline, in-klTn', v.i., to be7id towa7-ds ; to deviate from a line toward an object : to lean : to be disposed ; to have some desire. — v.t. to cause to bend towards : to give a leaning to ; to dispose : fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. 253 inclinable to bend '.—pr-p. inclTn'ing ; pa.p. inclined'. — n. an inclined plane ; a regular ascent or descent. [L. inclino — in, towards, ditto, Gr. klind, to bend.] Inclinable, in-klln'a-bl, adj., that 7nay be iiiclitied or bent towards ; leaning : tending ; somewhat disposed. — «. inclin'ableness. inclination, in-kli-na'shun, w., tJie act of inclining or bending towards ; tendency : natural aptness : favourable disposition ; affection : act of bowing : angle between two lines or planes. Inclose, in-klGz', v.t., to close or shut in; to con- fine ; to surround : to put within a case : to fence : — P^-P- inclos'ing ; pa.p. inclosed'. [L. includo, inclnsiis — in, in, and claiido, to shut.j Inclosure, in-klo'zhur, «., act of inclosing : state of being inclosed : that which is inclosed ; a space fenced off: that which incloses ; a barrier. Include, in-klood', v.t., to close or shiit in; to embrace within limits ; to contain ; to compre- hend •.—pr.p. including ; pa.p. includ'ed. inclusion, in-kloo'zhun, «., act of including. inclusive, in-kloo'siv, adj., shutting in; inclosing : comprehending the stated limit or extremes. — adv. inclu'sively. Incognisable, Incognizable, in-kog'niz-abl or in-kon'- iz-abl, adj., not cognizable; that cannot be known or distinguished. [L. in, not, cognisable.] incognito, in-kog'ni-to, adj., utikttoivn; disguised. — adv. in concealment ; in a disguise ; under an assumed title. [Fr. ; It. ; — L. ificognitus — in, not, and cognitus, known — cognosco, to know.] Incoherence, in-ko-her'ens, «., want of coherence or connection ; looseness of parts : want of con- nection ; incongruity. [L. ?'«, not, and coherence.] incoherent, in-ko-her'ent, adj.; not co/ierent or con- nected ; loose : incongruous. — adv. incoher'ently. Incombustible, in-com-bus'ti-bl, adj., not co7nbus- tible ; incapable of being consumed by fire. — 7is. Incombustibil'ity, incombus'tibleness. — adv. incom- bus'tibly. [L. vi, not, and Combustible.] Income, in'kum, n. lit. that which cotncs in; the gain, profit, or interest resulting from anything; revenue. [L. ifi, in, and Come.] Incommensuralale, in-kom-men'su-ra-bl, adj., not coinnictLstirablc; having no common measure. — ns. incommensurabirity, incommen'surableness. — adv. incommen'surably. [L. z«,not,commensurable.] incommensurate, in-kom-men'su-rcit, adj., not coin- incnsiirate, or admitting of a common measure : not adequate ; unequal. — adv. incommen'surately. Incommode, in-kom-mOd', v.t,, to cause tradde or inconvenience to; to annoy; to molest:^;-./. incommGd'ing ; pa.p. incommod'ed. [L. incoin- inodo — in, not, and co/ntnodo, to make conve- nient — com/nodus, conrenient. See Commode.] incommodious, in-kom-mO'di-us, adj., not covi- niodious ; inconvenient: annoying. — n. incom- mo'diousness. — adv. incommo'diously. Incommunicable, in-kom-mun'i-kabl, adj., iJuit can- not be coininuiiicatedor imparted to others. — 7is. incommunicabil'ity, incommun'icableness. — adv. in- communicably. [L. in, not, and communicable.] incommunicative, in-kom-mun'i-kfi-tiv, adj., 7iot C077intunicative; not disposed to hold communion with ; unsocial. — adv. incommun'icatively. Incommutable, in-kom-mut'a-bl, adj., that catmct beco)ninutcdox exchanged. — 7is. incommutabil'ity, incommut'ableness. — adv. incommut'ably. [L. /«, not, and commutable.j ' Incomparable, in-kom'par-a-bl, adj., not coj/ipar- Inconstant able; matchless. — «. incom'parableness. — adv. incom'parably. [L. in, not, and comparable.] Incompatible, in-kom-pat'i-bl, adj., 7iot cotnpatible or consistent ; contradictory :— //. things which cannot co-exist. — «. Incompatibility. — adv. in- compat'ibly. [L. i7i, not, and Compatible.] Incompetent, in-kom'pe-tent, adj., 7iot C077ipete7it ; wanting adequate powers; wanting the proper qualifications ; insufficient. — adv. incompetently. [L. in, not, and Competent.] incompetence, in-kom'pe-tens, incompetency, in- kom'pe-ten-si, «., state of being iticotnpctetit ; want of sufficient power ; want of suitable means ; insufficiency. Incomplete, in-kom-plct', adj., not co7>iplete ; im- perfecjt. — «. incompleteness. — adv. incomplete'ly. [L. i7i, not, and Complete.] Incompliant, in-kom-p!i'ant, Incompliable, in-kom- pll'a-bl, adj.^7iot disposed to cotnply with ; un- yielding to request. — «. incompli'ance. — adv. in- compli'antly. [L. m, not, and compliant.] Incomprehensible, in-kom-pre-hen'si-bl, adj. in Prayer-Book, 7tot to be C07nprehc7ided or con- tained within limits : 7iot C07nprehensible or cap- able of being understood ; inconceivable. — fis. incomprehensibil'ity, incomprehen'sibleness, incom- prehen'sion. — adv. incomprehen'sibly. [L. z"«, not, and comprehensible.] incomprehensive, in-kom-pre-hen'siv, adj. , 710 1 com- prelietisive ; limited. — «. incomprehen'sivenesa. Incompressible, in-kom-pres'i-bl, adj., 7wt to be C07>!pressed into smaller bulk. — «. incompressi- bil'ity. [L. iti, not, and compressible.] Incomputable, in-kom-put'a-bl, adj., that ca7i7iot be co7>ipjited ox reckoned. [L. z'«, not, computable.] Inconceivable, in-kon-sev'a-bl, adj., that cantwt be conceived by the mind ; incomprehensible. — n. inconceiv'ableness. — adv. inconceiv'ably. [L. ift, not, and conceivable.] Inconclusive, in-kon-kloos'iv, adj., not conclusive ; not setding a point in debate. — w.inconclus'iveness. — adz', inconclusively. [L. i/t, not, conclusive.] Incondensable, in-kon-dens'a-bl, a^ij; 7iot to be condc7ised or made more dense or compact. — n. incondensabil'ity. [L. iti, not, and condensable.] Incongruous, in-kong'groo-us, adj., ttot cotigruous ; inconsistent ; unsuitable. — n. incongru'ity. — adv. incongruously. [L. 2«, not, and congruous.] .Inconsequent, in-kon'se-kwent, adj., 7wt conscque7it or following from the premises. — w.lncon'sequence. [L. in, not, and consequent.] inconsequential, in-kon-se-kwen'shal, adj., 7iot co7t- sc(]uc7itial or regularly following from the premises. — adv. Inconsequen'tially. Inconsiderable, in-kon-sid'er-a-bl, «, inconveniencing ; pa.p. inconvenienced. Inconvertible, in-kon-vert'i-bl, adj., not convertible ; that cannot be changed. — «. inconvertibil'ity. [L. in, not, and convertible.] Inconvincible, in-kon-vin'si-bl, adj., not co7ivincible or capable of conviction. — adv. inconvin'cibly. [L. i7i, not, and convincible.] Incorporate, ih-kor'po-rat, v.t., tofori7i i7ito a body ; to combine into one mass : to unite : to form into a corporation. — v.i. to unite into one mass ; to become part of another body. — adj. united in one body ; mixed. [L. incorpo7V, -attwt — i7i, into, corpora, to furnish with a body. See corporate.] incorporation, in-kor-po-ra'shun, 7i., act of incor- porating; state of being incorporated : formation of a legal or political body ; an association. incorporeal, in-kor-po're-al, adj., not cofporeal or having a body ; spiritual. — adv. incprpo'really. [L. i7i, not, and corporeal.] Incorrect, in-kor-rekt', adj. , 7iot correct ; containing faults : not accurate : not according to the rules of duty. — adv. incorrectly. — 7t. iucorrect'ness. [L. i7i, not, and correct.] incorrigible, in-kor'ri-jibl, adj., not coT^igible ; bad beyond correction or reform. — adv. incor'rigibly. — 7is. incor'rigibleness, incorrigibil'ity. Incorrodible, in-kor-rod'i-bl, adj., 7iot corrodible ov able to be rusted. [L. in, not, and corrodible.] Incorrupt, in-kor-rupt', adj., not cormpt ; sound ; pure : not depraved ; not to be tempted by bribes. — adv. incorrupt'ly. [L. i7i, not, corrupt.] incorruptible, in-kor-rupt'i-bl, adj., 710 1 corrztptible or capable of decay : that cannot be bribed ; in- flexibly just. — adv. incorrupt'ibly. — «. iacorrupt'i- incorruption, in-kor-rup'shun, n., state ofbci7ig i7i- corrupt or exempt from corruption, incorruptness, in-kor-rupt'nes, n., quality of bei7tg cxei7ipt f7-oi7t cor7^iptio7t or decay : purity of mind. Incrassate, in-kras'at, v.t., to 7nake thick — v.i. in 7ncd., to become thicker '.^pr.p. incrass'ating ; pa.p. incrass'ated. — adj. made thick or fat : in bot., thickened towards the flower. — n. incrasss'" tion. [L. incrasso, -atian — z«, into, crasso, to make thick — crassus, thick.] incrassative, in-kras'a-tiv, adj., thicke7ii7ig. — «. that which has power to thicken. Increase, in-kres', v.i., to grow i7i size ; to become greater; to advance. — v.t. to make greater; to advance ; to extend : to aggravate :—pr.p. in- creas'ing ; pa.p. increased'. — «. growth ; addi- tion to the original stock ; profit : produce ; pro- geny : the enlarging of the luminous part of the moon. [L. i7icresco — i7t, in, cresco, to grow.] increment, in'kre-ment, 71., act of i7tcreasing or h&- coming greater; growth : that by which anything is increased : in 7/iath., the finite increase of a variable quantity: in rhet., an adding of par- ticulars without climax, see 2 Peter i. 5 — 7. [L. incre7ne7itu7n — inc7'esco.'\ increscent, in-kres'ent, adj., i7icreasing ; growing. [L. in, and Crescent.] Incredible, in-kred'1-bl, adj., not credible; surpass- ing belief. — adv. incredibly. — «. incredibility. [L. i7i, not, and credible.] incredulous, in-kred'u-lus, adj., 7iot credulous ; hard of belief — adv. incredulously. — «. incredu'lity. Increment, Increscent. See under Increase. Incriminate, in-krim'in-at, same as criminate. Incrust, in-krust', v.t., to cover nvitk a criist or hard case ; to form a crust on the surface of. [L. in, and Crust.] incrustation, in-krus-tashun, «., act of i7icrusting ; a crust or layer of anything on the surface of a body ; an inlaying of marble, mosaic, &c. Incubate, in'ku-bat, v.i., to sit on eggs to hatch them -.—pr.p. in'cubating ; pa.p. in'cubated. [L. incitbo, -at7ii7i — /«, upon, ctibo, to lie down]. incubation, in-ku-ba'shun, «., the act of sitting oji eggs to hatch them : in 7ned., the period between the implanting of a disease and its development. incubator, in'ku-ba-tor, n., a 77iachi7ie for hatchi/ig eggs by artificial heat. incubus, in'ku-bus, 71. a sensation during sleep as of a weight lyi7tg on the breast, nightmare : any oppressive or stupefying influence.—^/, in'cubuses, incubi (in'ku-bi). [L. — i7ictibo.'\ Inculcate, in-kul'kat, v.t. lit. to tread or press in ; to enforce by frequent admonitions :—pr.p. in- cul'cating ; /a./, incul'cated.— «. incul'cator. [L. inc7ilco, inculcatu7n — in, into, calco, to tread — calx, the heel.] inculcation, in-kul-ka'shun, «., act of i77tpressi7tg hy frequent admonitions. Inculpable, in-kul'pa-bl, adj., 7tot culpable ; blame- less. — adv. incul'pably. [L. in, not, and culpable.] inculpate, in-kul'pat, v.t., to bring i7tto blame; to censure •.—pr.p. incul'pating ; pa.p. incul'pated. —71. inculpa'tion. [low L. inculpo, i7tculpcitum — ill, into, cjdpa, a fault.] inculpatory, in-kul'pa-tor-i, adj., i7nputi7tg bla77ie- Incumbent, in-kum'bent, adj., lying or resti7ig on l lying on as a duty ; indispensable. — «. one who holds an ecclesiastical benefice or any office. — adv. incum'bently. [L. inc7(7nbens, -e7itis, pr.p. of i7tc7(7nbo, i/tcubo, to lie upon.] See Incubate. incumbency, in-kum'ben-si, «., a lyi'ig or resti7ig on ; the holding of an office ; an ecclesiastical benefice. [L. i7tcu77ibo.'\ Incumber, in-kum'ber, &c. same as Encumber, &c. Incur, in-kur', v.t. lit. to r?/« i7ito, to fall up07t ; to become liable to ; to bring on -.—pr.p. incurr'ing; fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^n. incursion pa.p. incurred'. [L. inairro, incitrsum — in, into, curro, to run.] incursion, in-kur^shun, «. lit. a running agai)ist ; a hostile inroad. [L. incursio — incnrro.\ Incurs! ve, in-kur'siv, adj., pertaining to or making att incursion or inroad. Incurable, in-kur'a-bl, adj., iwt mrahle ; not ad- mitting of correction. — n. one beyond cure. — adv. incurably. — ns. incur'ableness, incurabil'ity. [L. in, not, and curable.] Incursion, Incursive. See under Incur. Incurvate, in-kur'vat, v.t., tocur-je, to hend:—pr.p. incur'vating ; pa.p. incur'vated. — adj. curved in- ward. — n. incurva'tion. [L. ificurz'o, incurvattiin — in, in, and ciirvus, bent. See Curve.] Indebted, in-det'cd, adj. being in debt ; obliged by something received. — u. indebtedness. [L. ifi, in, and debt.] Indecent, in-de'sent, adj., not decent; ofTensive to modesty or delicacy. — adv. inde'cently. — 71. inde'- cency. [L. ifi, not, and Decent.] Indecision, in-de-sizh'un, «., 'wa7it of decision or re- solution ; hesitation. [L. i7i, not, and decision.] indecisive, in-de-sl'siv, adj., 7iot decisive ; unsettled; \\avering. — adv. indeci'sively. — 71. indeci'siveness. Indeclinable, in-de-klln'a-bl, adj. in gra/n., 7tot declinable or not varied by inflection. — adv. inde- clin'ably. [L. in, not, and declinable.] Indecomposable, in-de-kom-puz'a-bl, adj., not de- co7nposable. [L. in, not, and decomposable.] Indecorous, in-de-ko'rus, adj., fiot decorous or be- coming ; violating good manners. — adv. indeco'- rously. [L. in, not, and decorous.] indecorum, in-de-kO'rum, 7i., 'uja7it of decoru77t or propriety of conduct. [L. in, not, and decorum.] Indeed, in-ded', adv. lit. i7i the deed; in fact; iii truth ; in reality. [In, and Deed.] Indefatigable, in-de-fat'i-ga-bl, adj., that ca7L7tot be fatigued or wearied out ; unremitting in effort ; persevering. — adv. indefat'igably. — «. indefat'- igableness. [L. i7idefatigabilis — /«, not, de, down, ^■a^fatigo, to tire.] Indefeasible, in-de-fez'i-bl, adj., not defeasible or to be defeated or made void. — adv. indefeas'ibly. — 71. indef eas ibility. [L. in, not, and defeasible.] Indefensible, in-de-fen'si-bl, adj., 710 1 dcfe/isible ; that cannot be maintained or justified. — adv. in- defen'sibly. [L. in, not, and defensible,] Indefinable, in-de-fln'a-bl, adj., 7iot definable. — adv. indefinably. [L. ?«, not, and definable.] iadeflnite, in-def'i-nit, adj., 7iot definite or limited; not precise or certain. — adv. indefinitely. — 71. indef initeness. [L. in, not, and definite.] Indelible, in-del'i-bl, adj., not deleble or able to be blotted out or effaced. — adv. indel'ibly. — 71. indeli- bility. ♦ [L. in, not, and deleble.] Indelicate, in-del'i-kat, adj., 7iot delicate l offensive to good manners or purity of mind ; coarse. — adv. indel'icately. [L. z'«, not, and Delicate.] indelicacy, in-dcli-ka-si, w., ivant of delicacy or refinement of taste and manners ; rudeness. Indemnify, in-dem'ni-fl, v.t., to 77take good for da/nage do7ie ; to save harmless -.—prp. indcm'ni- fj-ing ; pa.p. indem'nified. [L. i/i, not, and da77i7iifico—-da}7inu)n, loss, andyiicw, to make.] Indemnification, in-dem-ni-fi-ka'shun, «., act of i7L- de7nnifyi7ig : that which indemnifies. Indemnity, in-dem'ni-ti, «., security frotn da7/tage, loss, or punishment ; compensation for loss or injur}-. [L. inde/imitas.] indication Indemonstrable, in-de-mon'stra-bl, adj., not able to be de7nonstrated or proved. [L. z«, not, demon- strable.] Indent, in-dent', v.t. to make i7Uo the form of teeth; to cut into points like teeth; to notch ; mpritit., to begin further in from the margin than the rest of a paragraph. — z'.i. to be notched ; to turn : — pr.p. indent'ing ; pa.p. indent'ed. — «. a cut or notch in the margin ; a recess like a notch, [low L. indento — ifi, and de>is, de7itis, a tooth.] indentation, in-den-ta'shun, «., act of i7uie7iting or notching ; notch ; recess. indenture, in-dent'ur, «., so77icthi7ig i7ide7ited: a written agreement between two or more parties ; a contract. — v.t. to bind by indentures; to in- dent : — pr.p. indent'uring ; pi^-p- indent'ured. [indentures were originally duplicates i7ide7ited so as to correspond to each other.] Independent, in-de-pend'ent, adj., 7iot dependent or relj'ing on others ; not subordinate ; not subject to bias ; affording a comfortable livelihood : be- longing to the Independents. — adv. independ- ently. — 7is. independ'ence, independ'ency. [L. in, not, and dependent.] Independent, in-de-pend'ent, «. one who in religious aftairs holds that everj' congregation is i7ide- pe7ident of every other and subject to no superior authority. Indescribable, in-de-scrlb'a-bl, adj., twt describaile or capable of being described. [L. /«, not, and describable.] Indestructible, in-de-struk'ti-bl, adj., tiot destriic- tible or able to be destroyed. — adv. indestmc'- tibly. — 71. indestructibU'ity. [L. in, not, and de- structible.] Indeterminable, in-de-ter'min-abl, adj., fiot deter- 7ninable ; not to be ascertained or fixed. — adv. indeter'minably. [L. in, not, determinable.] indeterminate, in-de-ter'min-at, adj., 7iot determiti' ate or fi.xed ; uncertain.— a^z/. indeterminately. indetermination, in-de-ter-min-a'shun, «., iva7it of dcter77iinatio7i ; a wavering state of the mind ; want of fixed direction. [unsettled. indetermined, in-de-tcr'mind, adj., tiot detert7ii7ud ; Index. See under Indicate. Indian, in'di-an, adj., belo7igi7ig to tJu hidies. East or West, or to the aborigines of America. — «. a native of the Indies ; an aboriginal of America, [from the river hidus, applied by mistake to the W. Indies by the first discoverers who thought they had arrived at India.] — Indian com, maize, so called because brought from W. Indies. — Indian ink, a substance used in water-colours, composed of lamp-black and animal glue, orig. used in hidia or rather in China. — Indian or India-rubber, caout- chouc, so named from its use in rubbingont pencil- marks. Indiaman, in'di-a-man or ind'ya-man, «. a large ship employed in trade with hidia. Indicate, in'di-kat, v.t., to 77take k/toivn : to point out; to shew :—-pr.p. in'dicating \pa.p. indicated. (L. i>idico, -attan — i7i, and dico, to proclaim.] indicator, in'dl-ka-tor, «., 07ie who i7uiicates; an instrument on a steam-engine to shew the pres- sure. — adj. indicatory, shewing. indicative, in-dik'a-tiv, adj., poi7iti7ig out; giving intimation of; ing/a7n., applied to the mood of the verb which indicates, i.e., affirms or denies. — adv. indic'atively. indication, in-di-ka'shun, «., act of i7uiicating : that which indicates ; mark ; token ; symptom. 256 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //ien. index Indomitable I index, in'deks, n. {pi. indexes, in'deks-ez, and in jiiath., indices, m'di-s^z) , any thing- that indicates or points out ; a hand that directs to anything, as the hour of the day, &c. : table of contents to a book : in math., the exponent of a power. — v.t. to provide with or place in an index: — jf>r.p. in'dexing ; pa.J>. in'dexed. [L. index, in- dicis — indico. ] Indict, in-dlt', v. t. , to declare publicly ; to charge with a crime formally or in writing esp. by a grand jury:— /r./. indjct'ing; pa.p. indicted. [L. in, and dicto, freq. ol dico, to say.] indictable, in-dlt'a-bl, adj., liable to be indicted. indiction, in-dik'shun, n. lit. a declaratio/i of a tax; a cycle of fifteen years, instituted by Constantine the Great. [L. indictio.'] indictment, in-dit'ment, n., act of indictifig, or state of being indicted; a formal charge of a grand jury ; the paper containing it. Indifferent, in-dif'er-ent, adj. lit. luithout a differ- ence ; without importance ; of a middle quality ; neutral ; unconcerned. — n. indifference. [L. iu, not, and different.] indifferently, in-dlf'er-ent-li, adv., tn an indifferent ina7iner: in Prayer-Book, without distinction, impartially : tolerably, passably. Indigent, in'di-jent, adj., in need of anything ; des- titute of means of subsistence ; poor. — adv. in'- digently. [L. indigcns, -entis, pr.p. of indigeo — i7idic for ift, in, and egeo, to need.] indigence, in'di-jens, n., condition of being indige7tt or poor; poverty. Indigenous, in-dij'en-us, adj., native, born or ori- ginating in ; produced naturally in a country. [L. i>idigc>ius — indu or ijt, in, and gen, root of gigno, to beget.] Indigested, in-di-jest'ed, adj., not digested; unar- ranged ; not methodised. [L. in, not, and digested. See Digest.] Indigestible, in-di-jest'i-bl, adj., not digestible ; not easily digested ; not to be received or patiently endured. — adv. indigest'ibly. indigestion, in-di-jest'yun, «., wattt of digestion ; painful digestion. [L. i?i, not, and digestion.] Indignant, in-dig'nant, adj. lit. cofisidering as nti- ■worthy or improper; affected with anger and disdain. — adv. indig'nantly. [L. indigfians, -an- tis, pr.p. oi indig}ior—in, not, dignus, worthy.] Indignation, in-dig-na'shun, n., the feelifig caused by what is Jiuworthy or base ; anger mixed with contempt. [L. indigfiatio.'] Indignity, in-dig'ni-ti, 71. lit. u7iworthiness ; unmer- ited contemptuous treatment ; incivility with contempt or insult. [L. i7idig7iitas.'\ Indigo, In'di-go, 71. a blue dye obtained from the stalks of the indigo or I7idia7i plant. [Fr. ; It. Z7idaco; L. i7idic7i77i, from hidicus, Indian.] Indirect, in-di-rekt', adj., not direct or straight; not tending to a result by the plainest course ; not straightforward or honest. — adv. indirectly. — 71. indirect'ness. [L. i7i, not, and Direct.] Indiscernible, in-diz-zern'i-bl, adj., 7iot discer7iible. — adv. indiscem'ibly. [L. in, not, discernible.] ,Indiscoverable, in-dis-kuv'er-a-bl, adj., not dis- coverable. [L. z«, not, discoverable.] Indiscreet, in-dis-kret', adj., 7wt discreet; impru- dent ; injudicious.— rt^z/. indiscreet'ly. — 7i. indis- creet'ness. [L. in, not, and Discreet.] Indiscretion, in-dis-kresh'un, «., wa7tt ofdiscretio7i; rashness ; an indiscreet act. Indiscriminate, in-dis-krim'i-nat, adj., not discritn- i7tati7ig; not distinguishing; confused. — adv. indiscrim'inately. [L. iji, not, and Discriminate.] Indispensable, in-dis-pens'a-bl, adj., that ca7mot be dispe7ised -with : absolutely necessary. — adv. in- dispens'ably. — «. indispens'ableness. [L. in, not, dispensable. ] Indispose, in-dis-poz', v.t. to render i7tdisposed or less fit ; to make averse to ; to disorder slightly, as the health. [L. i7i, not, and Dispose.] indisposed, in-dis-pozd', adj., 7iot disposed; averse; disinclined; slightly disordered in health.^«. indispos'ednesE. indisposition, in-dls-po-zish'un, n., state of being indisposed : disinclination : slight illness. Indisputable, in-dis'pu-tabl, adj., not disputable; too evident to be called in question ; certain. — adv. indis'putably. — «. indis'putableness. [L, z«, not, and disputable.] Indissoluble, in-dis'sol-u-bl, adj., not dissoluble; that cannot be broken or violated ; inseparable ; binding for ever. — adv. indis'solubly. — 71s. indis'- Eolubleness, indissolubility. [L. /«, not, dissoluble.] Indistinct, in-dis-tingkt', adj., 7iot disti7ict; not plainly marked : not clear to the mind ; ambig- uous. — adv. indisttncf ly. — 7t. indistinct'ness. [L. /;/, not, and distinct.] indistinguishable, in-dis-ting'gwish-a-bl, adj., not disti7iguishable. — adv. indistin'guishably. Indite, in-dlt', v.t., to dictate what is to be uttered or written; to compose or write. — v.i. to com- pose : — pr.p. inditing ; pa.p. indlt'ed. — 71s. in- dit'er, indite'ment. [old Fr. e7t.diter, e7tdicter, from root of Indict.] Individual, in-di-vid'u-al, adj. , not divided; subsist- ing as one ; pertaining to one only. — 7i. a single person, animal, plant, or thing. — adv. individ'- iially. [Fr. i7idividtiel, It. i7tdivid7iale — L. in- dividuus — ?«, not, dividutts, divisible — divido, to divide.] individualise, in-di-vid'u-al-Tz, v.t. to distinguish each zVi^/Zw/^/irrt/from all others; to particularise: — -/^■/. individ'uallsing ; pa.p. individ'uallsed. — n. tndividualisa'tion. [Fr. individualiser.'] individualism, in-di-vid'u-al-izm, «. the state of regard to individual interests instead of those of society at large. individuality, in-di-vid-u-al'it-i, «., {7tdividual or separate existence ; oneness: distinctive character. individuate, in-di-vid'u-at, v.t., to i7idividualise ; to make single '.—pr.p. individ'uating ; pa.p. in- divid'uated. — «. individua'tion. indivisible, in-di-vizl-bl, adj., 7tot divisible; in 1/iath., incommensurable. — 71. in 77iath., an inde- finitely small quantity. — adv. indivis'ibly. — ». indivislbleness. [L. i7i, not, and divisible.] Indocile, in-dos'il, adj., not docile ; not disposed to be instructed. — «. indocillty. [L. in, not, and Docile.] Indoctrinate, in-dok'trin-at, v.t. to instruct in any doctrine ; to imbue with any opinion -.—pr.p. indoc'trinating ; pa.p. indoc'trinated. — n. indoe- trina'tion. [L. /«, into, doctrina, doctrine.] See doctrine. Indolent, in'do-lent, adj. lit. and orig. free fro77t pai7i or trouble; taking one's ease; indisposed to activity. — adv. in'dolently. — n. in'dolence. [L. 171, not, dolens, -e7itis, pr.p. oidoleo, to suffer pain.] Indomitable, in-dom'it-abl, adj., that can7wt be tafned; not to be subdued. — adv. indomitably. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mSte ; mute ; moon ; th^n. Indorse [L. indamitus, untamed — in, not, domo, to tame.] Indorse, in-dors', v.t. lit. to f>nt 7ip07i the lack of: to write upon the back of; to assign by writing on the back of : to give one's sanction to -.—pr.p. indors'ing ; pa.p. indorsed'.— «. indors'er. [lowL. indorso — L. in, upon, dorsum, the back.] Indorsee, in-dor-se', «. the person to whom a bill, &c. is assigned by ittdorse^nent. Indorsement, m-dors'ment, «., act of writing on the back of a bill, &c. in order to transfer it ; that which is written on a bill, &c. ; sanction given to anything. [low L. indorsantentmn.] Indubious, in-du'bi-us, adj., not dubious; certain. [L. in, not, and dubious.] Indubitable, in-du'bit-abl, adj., that cannot be doubted; too plain to be called in question; certain.— «^i'. indu'bitably.- «. indu'bitableness. [L. i?tdubitabilis—in, not, djtbito, to doubt.] See Doubt. Induce, in-dus', v.t., to lead to or into ; to prevail on: to cause: \n physics, to cause, as an electric state, by mere contact of surfaces :—pr.p. induc'- ing ; pa.p. induced'.— «. induc'er. [L. induco, ind2ictu7fi — i?i, into, dttco, to lead.] inducement, in-dus'ment, «., that which induces or causes : in law, a statement of facts introducing other important facts. Inducible, in-diis'i-bl, adj., tJiai may be induced; offered by induction. Induct, in-dukt', v.t. lit to bring in; to introduce ; to put into possession, as of a benefice -.—pr.p. induct'ing ; pa.p. induct'ed. — n. inductor. Inductile, in-duk'til, adj., not ductile; that cannot be drawn out into threads.— «. inductil'ity. _ Induction, in-duk'shun, «., act of iiiductitig ; intro- duction to an office, especially of a clergyman : the act or process of reasoning from particulars to generals : in physics, the production by one body of an opposite electric state in another by con- tact. — adj. induc'tional. Inductive, in-duk'tiv, adj'., leading or drmving; leading to inferences ; proceeding by induction in reasoning. — adv. Induc'tively. Indue, in-du', v.t., to put on, as clothes ; to invest or clothe with ; to supply with -.—pr-p. indu'ing ; pa.p. indued'. — n. indue'ment. [L. induo — Gr, e7idud, to put on— en, into, diio, to enter.] Indusium, in-du'zhi-um, n. lit. an utider garment: in bot., a sort of hairy cup enclosing the stigma of a flower ; the scale covering the fruit spot of jferns. Wa.—induo.^ indusial, in-du'zhi-al, adj'. in geol., composed of indusia, or the petrified larva-cases of insects. Indulge, in-dulj', v.t. lit. to be sweet or agreeable to; to yield to the wishes of; to allow, as a favour : not to restrain, as the will, &c. — v.i. to allow one's self:— /r./. indulg'ing ; /«./. indulged'. — n. in- dulg'er. [L. indulgeo — in, towards, dulcis, sweet, agreeable.] Indulgent, in-dul'jent, adj., indulging ; yielding to the wishes of others; compliant: not severe. — adv. indul'gently. [L. indulgens, -entis, pr.p. of indulgeo. ] indulgence, in-dul'jens, «., the quality of being indulgent ; permission ; gratification : in R. Catholic Church, a remission, to a repentant sinner, of the puni.shment which would otherwise await him in purgatory, indurate, in'du-rat, -'./., to harden, as the feelings. — v.i. to grow hard; to harden :—pr.p. in'durat- Inert ing;pa.p. in'durated. — n. indura'tion. [L. induro, indttratum — ?«, in, ^? make drunk — ebrius, drunk.] See Ebriety. inebriation, in-e-bri-a'shun, inebriety, in-e-brl'e-ti, 71., drunkeimess ; intoxication. Inedlted, in-ed'it-ed, adj., not edited; unpublished. [L. zw, not, and edited.] Ineffable, in-efa-bl, adj., that ca7invt be spokeft or described. — adv. ineffably. — n. ineff'ableness. [L. itieffabilis — z«, not, effabilis—ejff'or, to speak, to utter— ^ for ex, out, for, to speak.] Ineffaceable, in-ef-fiis'a-bl, adj., not effaceable, or capable of being rubbed out. — adv. ineflace'ably. [L. in, not, and effaceable.] Ineffective, in-ef-fek'tiv, adj., not effective; inefli- cient ; useless. — adv. ineffec'tively. [L, in, not, and effective.] ineffectual, in-ef-fek'tu-al, adj.,not effectiial; fruit- less. — adv. ineffec'tually. — «. ineffec'tualness. inefficacy, in-ef fi-ka-si, n., want of efficacy or power to produce effect. inefacacious, in-ef-fi-ka'shi-us, adj., not efficacious; not having power to produce an effect. — adv. in- effica'ciously. inefacient, in-ef-fish'ent, adj.,notefficie7it; effecting nothing. — adv. ineffic'iently. — 71. inef&c'iency. Inelegant, in-el'e-gant, adj., not elcga7it ; wanting in beauty, refinement, or ornament. — adv. inele- gantly. [L. in, not, and elegant.] inelegance, in-el'e-gans, inelegancy, in-el'e-gan-si, n., want of elega7ice ; want of beauty or polish. Ineligible, in-el'i-jibl, adj., not eligible; not capable or worthy of being chosen. — adv. inel igibly. — ti. ineligibil'ity. [L. in, not, and eligible.] Ineloquent, in-el'o-kwent, adj., not eloqieeni; not fluent or persuasive. [L. i/i, not, and eloquent.] Inept, in-cpt', adj., not apt or fit ; unsuitable ; fool- ish ; ine.xpert. —adv. inept'ly.— 7Z. ineptitude. [L. iueptus — in, not, apius, apt.] See Apt, Inequality, in-c-kwoli-ti, n., wa7tt of eqjiality; difference in equaUty ; inadequacy; incompe- tency: unevenness; dissimilarity. [L. in, not, and equality.] Inequitable, in-ek'wi-ta-bl, adj., not equitable or just. [L. in, not, and eqmtable.] Ineradicable, in-e-rad'i-ka-bl, adj., not able to be eradicated or rooted o\xt.—adv. Inerad icably. [L. i7i, not, and root of Eradicate.] Inert, in-ert', adj. lit wiihotit art ; dull ; sense- less ; inactive ; slow ; without the power of m.oving itself, or of active resistance to motion ; powerless. — adv. inertly. — ;/. inertness. [L. i>iers, vurtis ' — in, not, and ars, artis, art. See Art.] 258 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mocn ; th^-a.. inertia Inertia, in-er'shi-a, n., inertness; the inherent pro- perty of matter by which it tends to remain for ever at rest when still, and in motion when moving. [L.] Inessential, in-es-sen'shal, adj., not essential or necessary. [L. in, not, and essential.] Inestimable, in-es'tim-a-bl, adj., not able to he esti- mated or valued ; priceless. — adv. ines'timably. [L. i7t, not, and estimable.] Inevitable, in-eVit-a-bl, adj. , not able to he evaded or avoided; that cannot be escaped; irresistible. — adv. inev'itably. — n. inev'itableness. [L. inev- itabilis — iii, not, and evitabilis, avoidable — evito, to avoid — e, out of, and vito, to avoid.] Inexact, in-egz-akt', adj., not exact ; not precisely correct or true. — 71. inexact'ness. [L. i}i, not, and Exact.] Inexcusable, in-eks-kuz'a-bl, adj., not exaisable or justifiable ; unpardonable. — adv. inexcus'ably. — • n. inexcus'ableness. [L. in, not, and excusable.] Inexhausted, in-egz-haust'ed, adj., not exhatistcd or spent. [L. z«, not, and exhausted.] inexhaustible, in-egz-haust'i-bl, adj., not able to he exJiausted or spent ; unfailing. — adv. inexhaust'- ibly. — n. inexhaustibil'ity. Inexorable, in-egz'or-a-bl, adj., not to he moved by entreaty; unrelenting; unalterable. — adv. inex'- orably. — ns. inex'orableness, inexorabil'Ity. [L. i7i- exorabilis — in, not, and exorabilis, from exoro — ex, and oro, to entreat, from os, oris, the mouth.] Inexpedient, in-eks-pe'di-ent, adj., not expedient ; not tending to promote any end ; unfit ; incon- venient. — adv. inexpe'diently. — 7ts. inexpe'dience, inexpe'diency. [L. in, not, and expedient.] Inexperience, in-eks-pe'ri-ens, n., zvant of experi- ence. [L. in, not, and Experience.] inexperienced, in-eks-pe'ri-enst, adj., not having experience ; unskilled or unpractised. Inexpert, in-eks-pert', adj., not expert or skilled. — 71. inexpert'ness. [L. i7i, not, and expert.] Inexpiable, in-eks'pl-a-bl, adj., not able to be expi- ated or atoned for. — adv. inex'piably. — «. inex'- piableness. [L. in, not, and expiable.] Inexplicable, in-eks'pli-ka-bl, adj., 7tot explicable or able to be explained ; unintelligible. — adv. inex'- plicably. — 7is. inexplicabil'ity, inex'plicableness. [L. i7i, not, and explicable.] Inexplicit, in-eks-plis'it, adj., 7ioi explicit or clear. [L. i7i, not, and explicit.] Inexpressible, in-eks-pres'i-bl, adj., 7tot expressible or able to be expressed ; unutterable ; indescrib- able. — adv. inexpressibly. [L. i7t, not, expressible.] inexpressive, in-eks-pres'iv, adj., 7iot expressive or significant. — «. inexpress'iveness. Inextinguishable, in-eks-ting'gwish-a-bl, «r//., 7totex- iitiguishnble or a.h\z to be extinguished, quenched, or destroyed. — adv. inextin'guishably, [L. in, not, and extinguishable.] Inextricable, in-eks'tri-kabl, adj., not extricable or able to be extricated or disentangled. — adv. inex'- tricably. [L. i7i, not, and extricable.] Infallible, in-fal'i-bl, adj., not fallible; incapable of error; trustworthy; certain. — adv. infallibly. — 71. infallibility. [L. z«, not, and fallible.] Infamous, in'fa-mus, adj., of ill fame or bad report; having a reputation of the worst kind; publicly branded with guilt ; notoriously vile ; detestable; disgraceful. — adv. in'famously. [L. infamis — i7i, not, andyizw^, fame. See Fame.] infidelity infamy, in'fa-mi, «., ill fame or repute ; public dis- grace ; extreme vileness. Infant, in'fant, «. a child not able to spcal;; a babe ; in law, a person under 21 years of age. — adj\ belonging to infants or to infancy ; tender : in- tended for infants. [Fr. ^;//««^, L. infa7ts, -antis, that cannot speak — in, not, andyiz«j, fromj^, fari, to speak, Gr. phe7ni.] See Fame. infancy, in'fan-si, «., the state or time (t/" being an itfa7it: childhood ; the beginning of anything. infanticide, in-fant'i-sTd, «., i7ifa7it or child 77iurder; the murderer of an infant. — adj. infantlcidaL [L. i7ifa7tticidiu7n — i7ifa7ts, and caedo, to kill.] infantile, iu'fant-Il or -il, infantine, in'fant-Tn or -in, adj., pertai7ting to i7ifa?icy or to an infant. infantry, in'fant-ri, n. lit. a band of i7tf ants or ser- vants ; foot-soldiers. [Fr. i7ifa>tterie, Sp., It. in- fa7iteria — i7i f ante, f ante, a child, a servant, a foot- soldier, foot-soldiers being formerly the servants and followers of knights.] Infatuate, in-fat'u-at, v. t. , to make foolish ; to affect with folly ; to deprive of judgment ; to inspire with foolish passion ; to stupefy : — pr.p. infat'- iiating ; pa.p. infat'uated. — ti. infatua'tion. [L. i7ifatuo, -atu7n—i7t, and fatims, foolish.] infatuate, in-fat'u-at, adj., i7ifatiiated or foolish. Infect, in-fekt', v.t. lit. to dip into; to communicate ; to taint, especially with disease ; to corrupt ; to poison -.—pr.p. infect'ing ; pa.p. infect'ed. [L. i7iJicio, i7fectu77i — z«, into, ^^cidfacio, to make.] infection, in-fek'shun, «., act of ittfecti7ig : that which infects or taints. infectious, in-fek'shus, infective, in-fek'tiv, adj., havi7ig the qualities ofi7fecti7ig; corrupting ; apt to spread. — adv. infectiously. — «. infec'tiousness. Infelicitous, in-fe-lis'i-tus, adj., 7iot felicitous or happy. [L. i7i, not, and felicitous.] infelicity, in-fe-lis'i-ti, «., iva7it of felicity or happi- ness ; misery ; misfortune ; unfavourableness. Infer, in-fer', v.t. lit. to bri7tg i7ito ; to deduce; to derive, as a consequence : — pr.p. inferring -.pa.p. inferred'. [L. i/fero — z'«, into, 3Lndfero, to bring.] inferable, in-fer'a-bl, inferrible, in-fer'i-bl, adj., thai jnay be t?f erred or deduced. inference, in'fer-ens, «., that which is i7f erred or deduced ; conclusion ; consequence. inferential, in-fer-en'shal, adj. deducible or deduced by i7fereiice. — adv. inferen'tiaUy. Inferior, in-fe'ri-ur, adj., lower in any respect ; sub- ordinate ; secondary. — «. one lower in rank or station; one younger than another. [L. i7iferior, comp. of i7f€riis, low, from i7ifra, beneath.] , inferiority, in-fe-ri-or'i-ti, «., the state of being iiferior; a lower posjtion in any respect. infernal, in-fe/nal, adj., belonging to the lower regions or hell ; resembling or suitable to hell ; devilish. — adv. infer'nally. [L. i7ifer/u(s — i7ferus. Infertile, in-fer'til, adj., 7iot fertile or productive. — 71. infertil ity. [L. /«, not, and Fertile.] Infest, in-fest', v.t., to attack or molest; to dis- turb ; to harass : — P>r.p. infest'ing ; pa.p. infest'ecL [L. infesto, from infcstus, hostile, old participle oi i7ifero — i>i, inlo, fero, to bear.] Infidel, in'fi-del, adj. lit. 7a faithful or faithless ; not giving faith to anything; unbelieving; scep- tical: disbelieving Christianity; heatiien.— «. one who withholds belief, esp. from Christianity.^ [L. ijifidelis — in, v\o\., fide lis, faithful— y?(/^J, faith.] infidelity, in-fi-del'i-ti, «., wa7it of faith or belief; disbelief m Christianity ; unfaithfulness, esp. to the marriage contract ; treachery. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^n. 259 Infiltrate Infiltrate, in-fil'trat, v.t., to enter a substance hy Jiltratio7i, or through its pores. — «. infiltra'tion, the process of infiltrating, or the substance infil- trated. [L. in, in, and filtrate.] Infinite, in'fin-it, adj., not finite ', without end or limit; without bounds.— ai/t/. in'finitely.— «. in'- flnite, that which is infinite ; the Infinite Being or God. [L. in, not, and finite.] Infinitesimal, in-fin-i-tesim-al, adj., infinitely small. — n. an infinitely small quantity. — adv. infinites'- imally. Infinitive, in-fin'it-iv, adj. lit. wiliynited, unre- stricted ; in gram., the mood of the verb which expresses idea without person or number. — adv. Infln'itively. [L. infiniiivus.^ infinitude, in-fin'i-tud, infinity, in-fin'i-ti, n., state or quality of being infinite; boundlessness; im- mensity ; countless or indefinite number. Infirm, in-ferm', adj., not firm or strong ; feeble ; sickly ; weak : not solid : irresolute ; imbecile. [L. in, not, and Firm.] infirmary, in-ferm ar-i, n. a hospital or place for the infir?n. [low L. infirmarium.^ infirmity, in-ferm'it-i, n., state of being infirm; disease : failing ; defect ; imbeciUty. Infix, In-fiks', v.t., to fix in; to drive or fasten in; to set in by piercing. [L. iji, in, and Fix.] Inflame, in-flilm', v.t., to cause tofiame; to cause to burn : to excite ; to increase ; to exasperate. — v.i. to become hot, painful, or angry. [L. in, into, and Flame.] inflammable, in-flam'a-bl, adj., that tnay be infiafned or caused to burn ; combustible ; easily kindled. — «. inflammabil'ity. — adv. inflamm'ably. Inflammation, in-flam-a'shun, n., act of infiaming ; state of being in flame : heat of apart of the body, with pain and swelling : violent excitement: heat. Inflammatory, in-flam'a-tor-i, adj., te>tding to in- flame ; inflaming ; exciting. Inflate, in-flat', v.t., to blow into; to swell with air : to puff up :—pr.p. inflat'ing ; pa.p. inflat'ed. — adv. inflat'ingly. [L. itiflo, infiatum—in, into, ^LV^Afio, to blow.] Inflation, in-flu'shun, «., act of infiating ; state of being puffed up. inflatus, in-fla'tus, «., a blowing or breathing into ; inspiration. [L.] Inflect, in-flekt', v.t., to bend in; to turn from a direct line or course : to modulate, as the voice: ingratn., to vary in the terminations :—pr.p. in- flect'ing ; pa.p. inflect'ed. [L. infiecto — in, in, ^■a6.fiecio, fiexum, to bend.] Inflection, in-flek'shun, «., act of inflecting ; modu- lation of the voice : in gram., the varj'ing in termination. — adj. inflec'tionaL inflective, in-flektiv, adj., fiaving the power of bending. inflexed, in-flekst', adj., bent inward; bent : turned, inflexible, in-fleks'i-bl, adj., not flexible or able to be bent ; unyielding ; unbending. — ns. inflexibil'- ity, in&ex ibleneai.—adv, inflexibly. [L. in, not, Flexible.] Inflexion, same as inflection, inflexure, in-fleks'ur, n., a bend or fold. Inflict, in-flikt', v.t. lit. to strike against; to lay, or send on ; to impose, as punishment :—pr.p. infllct'ing ; /a./, inflict'cd. [L. infligo,inflictum — in, against, Sirxifligo, to strike.] Infliction, in-flik'shun, «., act of inflicting or im- posing : punishment applied. Inflictive, in-flikt'iv, otij. , tending or able to inflict. Ingathering Inflorescence, in-flor-es'ens, n., a beginning to floiver or blossom ; character or mode of flower- ing of different plants. [L. inflorcscens — inflor- esco, to begin to blossom.] See florescence. Influence, in'floo-ens, «. lit. a flowing into or upon; a power whose operation is unseeS : authority ; power. — v.t. to afi'ect : to move : to direct : — pr.p. in'flucncing ; pa.p. in'fluenced. [low L. influentia — L. iriflucns, -entis — infljio — in, into, 2.x\d.jluo,fluxittn, to flow.] influential, in-floo-en'shal, adj., having or exerting injliience or power over. — adv. influen'tially. influenza, in-floo-en'za, «. a severe form of catarrh occurring epidemically and orig. supposed to be caused by the influence of the stars. [It.] influx, in'fluks, «., act of flo7v:ng in; infusion: a coming in : importation in abundance. [L. influx us — influo. ] Infold, in-fold', v.i., to fold into or over; to inwrap; to involve : to embrace. [L. in, into, and Fold.] Inform, in-form', v.t. lit. to put into form or shape : to impart knowledge to. [L. iti, into, and Form.] informal, in-form'al, adj., ftot formal or in proper form ; irregular. — n. informality. — adv. inform'- ally. [L. in, not, and formal.] informant, in-form'ant, n., one who informs or gives intelligence. information, in-for-ma'shun, n., act ofinfonning or communicating knowledge : knowledge : an ac- cusation given to a magistrate or court. informer, in-form'er, n. , one who infortns or gives intelligence : one who tells a magistrate of the violations of law. Infraction, in-frak'shun, n., act of breaking in; violation. [L. inf radio — in, in, and f?Tin^o, fractus, to break.] See Fraction. infrangible, in-franji-bl, adj., not frangible or able to be broken ; not to be violated. — ns. infrangibii'- ity, infran'gibleness. infringe, in-frinj', v.t., to break in; to violate; to neglect to obey : — pr.p. infring'ing ; pa.p. in- fringed'. [L. infringo—in, zndfrango.] infringement, in-frinj'ment, «., act of infringing; violation ; non-fulfilment. Infrequent, in-fre'k went, adj., 7iot frequent ; rare; uncommon. — n. infre'quency. — adv. infre'quently. [L. in, not, and Frequent.] Infuriate, in-fu'ri-at, z'.t., to make furious ; to en- rage ; to madden : — pr.p. infu'riating ; pa.p. ui- fu'riated. [L. in, zndfurio, -atum, to madden —furo, to rave.] Infuse, in-fuz', v.t., to pour into; to inspire with : ^ to introduce : to steep in liquor without boiling : —pr.p. infus'ing ; pa.p. infused'. [L. in, into, fundo,fusu>n, to pour.] infusible, in-fuz'i-bl, adj., twt fusible ; that cannot be dissolved or melted. [L. in, not, and fusible.] infusion, in-fu'zhun, «., act of infcsing : inspiration : the steeping of any insoluble substance in water at any temperature below the boiling-point, in order to extract its active qualities ; the liquid so obtained. [L. infusio.] Infusoria, in-fu-so'ri-a, n.pl. microscopic animals inhabiting infusions or water containing decay- ing matter. [L.] infusorial, in-fu-so'ri-al, infusory, in-fu'sor-i, adj., pertaining to tlie infusoria; composed of or containing infusoria. Ingathering, in'gaM-er-ing, «., a gailuring in ; act or business of collecting and securing the fruits of the earth ; hanest. [In, and gathering.] s6o fate, far; me, hex; mine; mote; mute; mooa; tktxi. Ingenious Ingenious, in-je'ni-us, adj. lit. having inhorn quali- ties ; of good natural abilities; skilful in invent- ing ; witty. — adv. inge'niously. — n. inge'niousness. [L. ingciiiostis — in, and geri, root of gigno, to beget. J ^ ^ Ingenuous, iri-jen'u-us, adj. \\\.. free-horn, of good birth; frank: honourable: free from deception. — adv. ingen'uously. — n. iagen'uousness. [L. /«- geiiims.^ ingenuity, in-jen-u'i-ti, n. orig. ingenuojtsness ; power of ready invention; facility in combining ideas ; skill : curiousness in design. [L, ingeu- idtas — ingenuus.'X Inglorious, in-glo'ri-us, adj., not gloriotis ; without honour ; shameful. — adv. inglo'riously. — n. inglo'- riousness. [L. in, not, and glorious.] Ingot, in'got, «. orig. a 7nonld in ivJdch Jtietah were poured or cast ; a mass of metal poured into a viotdd; a mass of unwrought metal, esp. of gold or silver. [Ger. eiii-giiss, a pouring in — ein- giessen, Dutch, in-gieten, to pour in.] Ingraft, in-graft', v.t., to graft or insert a shoot of one tree into another : to introduce : to fix deeply '.—pr.p. ingraft'ing ; pa.p. ingraft'ed. [L. z'«, into, and Graft.] ingraftment, in-graft'ment, n., act of ingrafting: the thing ingrafted ; a scion. Ingrain, in-gran', v.t., to put ittto the grain or natural texture ; to dye in the raw state : to infix deeply : — pr.p. ingrain'ing ; pa.p. ingrained'. [L. i7i, into, and Grain, growth.] Ingratiate, in-gril'shi-at, v.t., to cont7nend to the grace ox favottr of; to secure the good-will of another :~-pr.p. ingra'tifiting; pa.p. ingra'tiated. [L. in, into, and gratia, favour. See Grace.] Ingratitude, in-grat'i-tud, n., want of gratitude ; unthankfulness. [L. ifi, not, and gratitude.] Ingredient, in-gre'di-ent, «., that which ettters into a compound; a part of anything. [L. ingrediens, -entis, pr.p. oi ingredior — iti, into, and. gradior, to walk, to enter. See Grade.] ingress, in'gres, n., entrance; power, right, or means of entrance. [L. ingressus — ingrediori] Inguinal, in'gwin-al, adj., relatifig to the groitt. [L. ittguinalis — inguoi., inguinis, the groin.] Ingulf, in-gulf, v.t. to swallow up in a gulf; to cast into a gulf: to overwhelm :—/r./. ingulf- ing ; pa.p. ingulfed'. [In, and Gulf.] Ingulfment, in-gulf'mcnt, «. , state of being ingjdfed; a swallowing up in a gulf. Ingurgitate, in-gur ji-tat, v.t., to stvallow tip greedily as in a gulf : — pr.p. ingu/gitating ; pa.p. ingur'- gitated. [L. ittgurgito, -atum — in, into, and gurgcs, a gulf, whirlpool.] Inhabit, in-hab'it, v.t. to be in the habit of living in ; to dwell in ; to occupy -.—pr.p. inhab'iting ; j>a.p. inhab'ited. [L. in, in, and habito, to have frequently, to dwell — habeo, to have.] inhabitable, in-hab'it-a-bl, adj., that may be inhab- ited. [L. inhabitabilis.] inhabitant, in-hab'it-ant, inhab'iter, in B., «., 07te who inhabits; a resident. [L. i7ihabita7is.'\ Inhale, in-hal', v.t. lit. to draw in the breath; to draw into the lungs :—pr.p. inhal'ing ; pa.p. in- haled'. [L. inhalo — z'«, in, and halo, to breathe.] Inhalation, in-ha-la'shun, 7i., act of i}ihali7ig. inJialer, in-hal'er, 7i., he who or that which ifihales. Inharmonious, in-har-mo'ni-us, adj., 7iot har7no7d- ous; harsh; discordant. — adv. inharmo'niously. — 71. inharmo'niousness. [L. iti, not, and harmonious.] initiate Inhere, in-her', v. i. , to stick fast ; to remain firm in -.—pr.p. inher'ing ; pa.p. inhered'. [L. inliereo — in, and herco, to stick.] inherent, in-her'ent, adj., sticki7ig fast ; existing in and inseparable from something else ; innate ; natural. — adz>. inher'ently. [L. i7there)ts.'\ inherence, in-her'ens, inherency, in-her'en-si, «., a sticking fast ; existence in something else ; a fixed state of being in another body or substance. Inhesion, in-he'zhun, same as inherence. Inherit, in-her'it, v.t., to take as heir or by descent from an ancestor: to possess.— ?'./, to enjoy, as property :—/r./. inher'iting; pa.p. inher'ited. [L. inheredito, to inherit — in, and heres, Jieredis, an heir.] inheritable, same as heritable. inheritance, in-her'it-ans, «., that which is or i7iay be inherited; an estate derived from an ancestor ; hereditary descent : natural gift : possession : in B., future reward of righteousness. inheritor, in-hei^it-or, «., 07ie who i7therits or 7ttay inherit ; an heir. inheritress, in-her'it-res, inheritrix, in-her'it-riks, n., afeinale wJio i7ihe7'iis or i7tay i7iherit ; an heiress. Inhesion. See under Inhere. Inhibit, in-hib'it, v.t., to hold in or back; to keep back ; to check :—pr.p. inhib'iting ; pa.p. inhib- ited. [L. inhibeo, -hibitui7i—i7t, in, and habeo, to have, to hold.] inhibition, in-hi-bish'un, «., the act of inhibiti7tg or restraining : the state of being inhibited : pro- hibition : a writ from a higher court to an inferior judge to stay proceedings. inMbitory, in-hib'it-or-i, adj. prohibitory. Inhospitable, in-hos'pit-a-bl, adj., 7iot hospitable; affording no kindness to strangers. — n. inhoi'pit- ableness. — adv. inhos'pitably. [L. i7t, not, and hospitable. ] inhospitality, in-hos-pi-tal'i-ti, «., wa7tt of hospi- tality or courtesy to strangers. Inhuman, in-hu'man, adj., not hu77tan ; barbarous; cruel ; uncompassionate. — adv. inhu'manly. [L. in, not, and Human.] inhumanity, in-hu-man'I-ti, n., the state of being inhu7na7i ; barbarity ; cruelty. Inhume, in-hum', v.t., to deposit in the earth; to inter:— /r./. inhum'ing; /«./. inhumed'. [L. i7diu77io — in, in, and hu77tus, the ground.] inhumation, in-hu-ma'shun, «., the act of inhuming or depositing in the ground ; burial. Inimical, in-im'i-kal, adj., like a/t eneTny, not friendly: contrary; repugnant. — adv.hihQ.'ica.\lj. [L. iid7nicalis, ininiicus — in, not, and amictis, friendly — avto, to love.] Inimitable, in-im'it-a-bl, adj., 7tot i>7ntahle or able to be imitated ; surpassingly excellent. — adv. inim'itably. [L. /«, not, and imltable.] Iniquity, in-ik'wi-ti, «., wa7tt of equity or fairness; injustice : unreasonableness : wickedness ; a crime. [L, i7tiqidtas — iidqicus, unequal — in, not, and cequus, equal or fair.] iniquitous, in-ik'wi-tus, adj., full of i7iiqjnty ; un- just : unreasonable : wicked. — adv. iniq'uitously. Initial, in-ish'al, adj., pertai/ting to the heginni7tg; commencing: placed at the beginning. — «. the letter beginning a word, esp. a name. — v.t. to put the initials of one's name to. [L. initialis — initiu77z, a beginning — ?'«, into, eo. Hum, X.0 go.] initiate, in-ish'i-at, i>.t., to 7/take a begitining; to instruct in principles ; to acquaint with : to intro- fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^n. 261 initiation inoculation duce into a new state or society. — v.i. to perform the first act or rite : — ■//"./. ini'tiating ; pa. p. ini'- tiated. — «. one who is initiated. — adj. fresh ; un- practised. [L. initio, to begin — in, into, and eo, Hum, to go.] Initiation, in-ish-i-a'shun, «. , act or process of ini- //a/'i'«^ or acquainting one with principles before unknown ; act of admitting to any society, by instructing in its rules and ceremonies. initiative, in-ish'i-a-tiv, adj., serving to initiate : introductory. — n. an introductory step. initiatory, in-ish'i-a-tor-i, adj., tending to initiate ; introductory. — n. introductory rite. Inject, in-jekt', v.t., to throw into; to cast on : — pr.p. inject'ing ; pa.p. injected. [L. i?ijicio, in- j'ectum — in, into, andy«<:/^, to throw.] injection, in-jek'shun, «., act of injecting or throw- ing in or into : the act of filling the vessels of an animal body with any liquid : a liquid to be in- jected into any part of the body. Injudicial, in-jo3-dish'aI, adj'., not j'ttdicial ; not ac- cording to law forms. [L. in, not, and judicial.] Injudicious, in-joo-dish'us, adj., not judicious ; voidof judgment ; inconsiderate. — adv. injudi'ci- ously. — «. injudi'ciousneas. [L. in, not. Judicious.] Injunction, in-jungk'shun, «., act of enjoining or commanding ; an order; a precept : exhortation: a writ of prohibition granted by a court of equity. [L. injunctio — in, zxiA jungo, junctum, to join.] Ii^nre, in'joor, v.t., to act luith injustice or contrary to law; to wrong ; to damage : to annoy : — pr.p. in'juring ; pa.p. injured. LL-- injurior — injuria, injury — in, not, and J7is, juris, law.] ijjurious, in-joo'ri-us, adj., tending to injure; unjust; wrongful : mischievous : damaging repu- tation. — adv. injuriously. — «. inju'riousness. injury, in'joor-i, n., tfiat which injiires ; wrong: mischief; annoyance: in Pr. Ek., insult, offence. Injustice, in-jus'tis, n., want ofjjtstice; violation or withholding of another's rights or dues ; wrong: iniquity. [L. i?i, not, and justice.] Ink, ingk, n. a coloured fluid used in writing, print- ing, &c. — v.t. to daub with ink :— /r./. ink'ing; ^a.p. inked'. [Fr. encre ; Dutch, inkt ; It. in- chiostro — L. encanstuni, the purple-red ink used only in the signature of the emperors, Gr. eng- kauston — engkaio, to burn in.] ink-holder, ingk'-hold-er, inkstand, ingk'stand, «., a vessel for holding ink, ink-hom, ingk'-horn, «., an iftk-holder, formerly of liorn ; a portable case for ink, &c. Inking-roller, ingk'ing-rOl'er, «., a roller covered with a composition for /«^/«^ printing tj-pes. inking-table, ingk'ing-tii'bl, «., a fable or flat sur- face used for supplying the inking-roller with I'wX; during the process of printing. inky, ingk'i, adj., consisting of or resembling ink; blackened with ink. — n. ink'iness. Inkling, ink'ling, n., a hijit or whisper ; intimation, [from a frequent form of the root of Hint.] Inlaid, in-hld', /a./, of Inlay. Inland, in'land, adj., within the land ; remote from the sea : carried on or produced within a country ; domestic : confined to a country'. — n. the interior part of a country. [In, and Land.] inlander, in'land-er, «., one who lives inland. Inlay, in-la', v.t., to lay within ; to ornament with insertions of pieces of pearl, S:c. — n. pieces of pearl, &c. for inlaying. [In, and Lay.] inlayer, m-la'er, «., one who inlays; a mosaic worker. Inlet, in'let, «. a passage by which one is let in ; place of ingress : a small bay. [In, and Let.] Inly, in'li, adj., inward; secret. — adv., inwardly J in the heart. [A.S. inlic — in, and ly, like.] Inmate, in'mat, «., a mate or 07ie who lodges in the same house with anotlier ; a lodger : one re- ceived into a hospital. Sec. [In, and Mate.] Inmost. See imder In. Inn, in, n. orig. a large hotise or dwelling; a house for the lodging and entertainment of travellers ; a hotel: a college of students of law: in B., a lodging. [A.S. i7in, inne, an inn, house — itt, inn, within : Ice. inni, a house, inni, within.] ion-holder, in'-hold-er, inn-keeper, in'-kep-er, «,, C7«« wJw Jiolds or keeps an inn. Innate, in'nat or in-nat', adj., inborn; natural; inherent. — n. in'nateness. — adv. in'nately. [L. innatus — innascor — in, in, nascor, to be bom.] Innavigable, in-nav'i-ga-bl, adj., not navigable; impassable by ships. — adv. innaVigably. [L. in, not, and navigable.] Inner, Innermost. See under In. Inning, in'ing, n., the ingathering of grain : turn for using the bat in cricket.—//, lands recovered from the sea. [A.S. innung — in, inn, within.] Innocent, in'no-sent, adj., not hjtrtful ; inoflTen- sive : blameless ; pure : lawful. — n. one free from harm or fault. — adv. in'nocently. [L. innocent, •entis — in, not, and noceo, to hurt.] Innocence, in'no-sens, innocency, in'no-sen-si, «., qiiality of beirig inyiocent ; harmlessness : blame- lessness ; purity ; integrity. [L. itinoccntia.] innocuous, in-nok'u-us, adj., not hurtful; harmless in effects. — adv. innoc'uously. — 71. innoc'uousness. [L. i7inocuus.~\ Innoxious, in-nok'shus, same as innocuous. — adv. innox'iously. [L. i7t, not, and Noxious.] Innovate, in'o-vat, v.t., to i/itrodiice so77iethingfitw. — v.i. to introduce novelties; to make changes: — P^-P- innovating ; pa.p. inn'ovated. [L. in- novo, -7tovatum — in, and novo, to make new.] Innovation, in-o-va'shun, «., act of i7i7wvating or introducing what is new : change, alteration. innovator, in'o-va-tur, «., one who in/iovates, or introduces something new. Innoxious. See under Innocent. Innuendo, in-u-en'do, 71. lit. a suggestion conveyed by a 7iod; a side hint ; an indirect reference or intimation. [L. ; — i7i7iuo — i7i, and 7tuo, to nod.] Innumerable, in-nu'mer-a-bl, adj., not nu77ierable or able to be numbered ; countless. — n. innu'mer- ableness. — adv. innumerably. [L. itt, not, and numerable.] Innutritions, in-nu-trish'us, adj., not nutritious; without nourishment. [L. ?«, not, nutritious.] innutrition, in-nu-trish'un, «., wa?it of nutrition; failure of nourishment. Inobservant, in-ob-zer/ant, adj., not observant; heedless. [L. in, not, and observant.] Inobtrusive, in-ob-troo'siv, adj., ftot obtrusive. — ft. inobtru'siveness. — adv. inobtru'sively. [L. in, not, and obtrusive.] Inoculate, in-ok'u-lat, v.t., to i7isert a7t eye or biid; to ingraft : to communicate disease by inserting matter in the skin. — v.i. to propagate by bud- ding ; to practise inoculation : — pr.p. inoc'ulating ; pa.p. inoculated. [L. i7ioculo, -atu7n — in, into, and ocidus, an eye.] See Ocular. inoculation, in-ok-u-lu'shun, n., act or practice of 362 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. Inodorous inoculating i insertion of the buds of one plant into another : the communicating of disease by inserting matter in the skin. [L. inoculatio.^ Znodorous, in-o'dur-us, adj., not odorous or yielding smell. [L. m, not, and odorous.] Inoffensive, in-of-fen'siv, adj., 710 1 offensive ; giving no offence ; harmless. — adv. inoffen'sively. — «. Inoffen'siveness. [L. in, not, and offensive.] Inofficial, in-of-fish'al, adj., not official ; not pro- ceeding from the proper officer ; without the usual forms of authority. — adv. inoflc'ially. [L. in, not, and official.] Inoperative, in-op'er-a-tiv, adj., not operative or active ; producing no effect. [L. in, not, and operative.] Inopportune, in-op-por-tun', adj., not opportune ; unseasonable in time. — adv. inopportunely. [L. in, not, and Opportune.] Inordinate, in-or'di-nat, adj., not ordinate or regu- lar ; beyond usual bounds ; immoderate. — cidv. inor'dinately. — n. inor'dinatenesa. [L. in, not, and ordinate.] Inordination, in-or-di-na'shun, n., disorder; irregu- larity. [L. iftordinatio.} Inorganic, in-or-gan'ik, adj. , not organic or having living organs. — adv. inorganically. [L. in, not, and organic] inorganised, in-or'gan-Tzd, adj. same as Inorganic. Inosculate, in-os'ku-lat, v.t. and v.i. lit. to kiss ; to unite, as two vessels in an animal body ; to blend : — pr.p. inos'culating ; pa.p. inos'culated. — n. inoscula'tion. [L. in, oscular, -atum, to kiss.] Inquest. See under Inquire. Inquietude, in-kwi'et-ud, n., want of quietude or rest of body or mind. [L. in, not, and qiUetude.] Inquire, in-kwTr', v.i., to search after ox for ; to ask a question ; to make an investigation. — v.t. to ask about ; to make an examination regarding : . — pr.p. inqulr'ing ; pa.p. inquired'. [L. ingtdro — in, and qucero, qucesitimi, to seek.] Inquirer, in-kwir'er, n., one -who inquires. inquiring, in-kwir'ing, adj., given to inquiry. — adv. inquiringly. inquiry, in-kwi'ri, n., act of inquiritig ; search for knowledge ; investigation ; a question. inquest, in'kwest, «., act of i7iqui->ing ; search ; judicial inquiry ; a jury for inquiring into any matter, esp. any case of violent or sudden death. inquisition, in-kwi-zish'un, n., an itiquiring or searching for ; investigation; judicial inquiry : a tribunal in some Catholic countries for examining and punishing heretics. [Fr. ; L. inquisitio.l inquisitional, in-kwi-zish'un-al, adj., making in- quiry : relating to the Inquisition. inquisitor, in-kwiz'i-tur, n., 07te who inquires; an official inquirer : a member of the Court of In- quisition. — adj. inquisitorial. — adv. inquliito'- rially. [L.] Inquisitive, in-kwiz'i-tiv, adj., searchi7ig into; apt to ask questions ; curious. — adv. inquisitively. — n. inquisltiveness. [L. i7iquisitivus.} Inroad, in'rod, «. a ridi7ig i7ito an enemy's country; a sudden or desultory invasion; attack; encroach- ment. [L. i7t, into, and road.] Insalubrious, in-sa-loo'bri-us, adj., not salubrious or healthful ; unwholesome. — ?i. insalu'brity. [L. z«, not, and Salubrious.] Insane, in-san', adj., 710 1 sane or of sound mind; mad : pertaining to insane persons ; rashly con- ceived. — adv. insanely. [L. in, not, and Sane.] Inside insanity, _ in-san'i-ti, «., ivant of sa7iity ; state of being insane ; madness. Insatiable, in-sa'shi-a-bl, adj., that ca7mot he satiated or satisfied; very greedy.— «a^i/. insa'tiably. — 7is. insa'tiableness, insa'tiability. [L. in, not, and satiable. ] Inscribe, in-skrlb', v.t., to write Jtpoft ; to engrave, as on a _ monument ; to address ; to imprint deeply; in geo77i., to draw one figure within another -.—pr.p. inscribing ; pa.p. inscribed'. — 7t. inscrib'er. SX-.mscribo, i7isC7-iptus — /«, upon, and scribo, to write.} inscription, in-skrip'shiiti «., a writi7tg up07t ; that which is inscribed ; title ; dedication of a book to a person. [L. i7iscriptio.\ inscriptive, in-skrip'tiv, adj., hearing i7tscription ; of the character of an inscription. Inscrutable, in-skroo'ta-bl, adj., that ca7inot he scruti7iised or searched i7ito and understood ; inexplicable. — adv. inscru'tably. — 71s. Inscru'ta- bility, inscru'tableness. [L. inscrutabilis—in, not, and scrutor, to search into.] Insect, in'sekt, n. lit. something cut i7ito; a small animal, as a wasp or fly, with a body as if cut in the middle, or divided into sections ; anything small or contemptible. — adj. like an insect ; small; mean. [L. z;w^<:/«;«, pa.p. oiinseco — in, into, and seco, to cut.] Iniectile, in-seklil, adj. having the nature of an i7isect. insection, in-sek'shun, «., a cutti/tg in ; incision, insectivorous, in-sek-tiv'or-us, adj., devouring or living on i7isects. [L. i7tsectum, and voro, to devour.] Insecure, in-se-kur', adj., not secure; apprehensive of danger or loss; exposed to danger or loss. — adv. insecurely. — n. insecurity. [L. in, not, and Secure.] Insensate, in-sen'sat, adj., 710 1 gifted with sense; wanting sensibility ; stupid. [L. i7tse7isatus — in, not, smA se7tsatus , from se7isus, feeling.] Insensible, in-sen'si-bl, adj., 7tot se7isible or having feeling ; callous ; dull : imperceptible by the senses. — adv. insen'sibly, — n. insensibil'ity. [L. in, not, and sensible.] insentient, in-sen'shi-ent, adj., not sentie7it or having perception. [L. ?'«, not, and sentient.] Inseparable, in-sep'ar-abl, adj., 7tot separable or able to be separated. — adv. insep'arably. — ns. in- sep'arableness, inseparabil'ity. [L. i7i, not, and separable.] Insert, in-sert', v. t. lit. to join into ; to introduce into ; to put in or among :^pr.p. insert'Ing ; pa.p. inserted. [L. in, and sero, sertum, to join.] insertion, in-ser'shun, «., act of i7iserti7ig : con- dition of being inserted : that which is inserted. Insessorlal, in-ses-so'ri-al, adj. having feet (as birds) formed for perching or climbing on trees. [L. insessor, from i7isideo, i7isessum — in, on, and sedeo, to sit.] Inseverable, in-seVer-abl, adj. , not severable or able to be severed or separated. [I^. z«, not, and severable.] Insheathe, in-sheth', v.t., toput or hide z'w a sheath. [L. z«, and sheathe.] Inshore, in-shor', adv., on or near the sJwre. [In, and Shore.] Inshrine, in-shrin', same as Enshrine. Insiccation, in-sik-ka'shun, n. act of drying in, [L. in, in, and sicco, siccatum, to dry.] Inside, in'sid, n. the side or part within. — adj. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //zen. 263 Insidious being within; interior. — adv. or ^re/>. within the sides of ; in the interior of. [In, and Side.] Insidious, in-sid'i-us, adj. lit. siiilHg- in wait; watching an opportunity to ensnare ; intended to entrap ; treacherous. — adv. insidiously. — «. in- sid'iousness. [L. insidiosus — insidicc, an ambush — insideo — in, and scdeo, to sit.] Insight, in'sTt, «., sigJit into ; view of the interior : thorough knowledge or skill ; power of acute observation. [In, and Sight.] Insignia, in-sig'ni-a, «., signs or badges of office or honour ; marks by which anything is known. [L., pi. oi irisigne, from i}i, and signuyn, a mark.] Insignificant, in-sig-nif'i-kant, adj., 7iot signi/icant ; destitute of meaning ; without effect ; unimport- ant ; contemptible.— art^V. insignificantly. — ns. insignificance, insignificancy. [L. in, not, and significant.] Insigniflcative, in-sig-nif'i-ka-tiv, adj., not significa- iive or expressing by external signs. Insincere, in-sin-ser', adj., 7iot sincere ; deceitful; not to be trusted ; unsound. — adz'. insincerely. — «. insincerity, [L. in, not, and Sincere.] Insinuate, in-sin'u-at, v.t. lit. to thrust into the bosovi ; to introduce gently or artfully ; to hint ; to work into favour. — v.i. to creep or flow in ; to enter gently ; to obtain access by flattery or stealth :— /r./. insin'uating ; /a./>. insinuated. — «. insln'uator. [L. insinuo, -atum — in, and sinus, a curve, bosom.] Insinuating, in-sin'u-at-ing, adj., tending to insin- uate or enter gently; insensibly winning confi- dence. — adv. Insin'uatlngly. Insinuative, in-sin'u-a-tiv, adj., insifmating or stccd- ing on the confidence ; using insinuations. insinuation, in-sin-u-a'shun, n., act 0/ insinuating : power of insinuating : that which is insinuated ; a hint. [Fr. ; L. insimmtio.] Insipid, in-sip'id, adj., tasteless; wanting spirit or animation ; dull. — adz'. insipidly. — fis. insipid- ness, insipidity, want of taste. [L. insipidus — in, not, sapidus, well-tasted — sapio, to taste.] Insist, in-sist', vd. lit. to stand upon; to dwell on in discourse ; to persist in pressing -.-—pr.p. insist'- ing ; pa. p. insisted. [L. in, upon, sisto, to stand.] Insnare, in-snar', v.t. to catch in a snare; to entrap ; to take by deceit ; to entangle. [In, and Snare.] Insobriety, in-sO-brT'e-ti, n., ivayit 0/ sobriety ; in- temperance. [L. in, not, and sobriety.] Iniolent, in'sO-lent, adj. lit. contrary to custom; haughty and contemptuous ; insulting ; rude. — adv. in'solently. — «. in'sclence. [L. insotens — in, not, so/ens, pr.p. o( so/eo, to be accustomed.] Insolidity, in-sO-lid'i-ti, «., luant of solidity ; weak- ness. [L. in, not, and solidity.] Insoluble, in-solu-bl, adj., not soluble or capable of being dissolved ; not to be explained. — ns. insolu- bility, insol ubieneis. [L. in, not, and Soluble.] Insolvable, in-solv'a-bl, adj., not solvable ; not to be explauied. [L. in, not, and solvable.] Insolvent, in-sol'vcnt, adj., 7iot solvent or able to pay one's debts ; belonging to insolvent persons. — w. one who is not solvent or able to pay his debts. — «. insolvency. [L. ;;/, not, and solvent.] Insomuch, in-sG-much', adv. to such a degree ; so. [In, So, Much.] Inspect, in-spekt', v.t., to look into; to examine ; to look at narrowly ; to superintend :^r.p. inspect'- ing; pa.p. in.spect'ed. [L. inspicio, inspectum — in, into, and specie, to look or see.] Instigation Inspection, in-spek'.shun, «., tlie act of inspecting or looking into; careful examination; official ex- amination ; superintendence. inspector, in-spekt'ur, 71., one ivlio inspects or looks into ; an examiner ; a superintendent. — n. in- spect'orship, the office of an inspector. .Inspire, in-spTr', v.t., to breathe into; to draw or inhale into the lungs ; to infuse by breathing, or as if by breathing : to infuse into the mind ; to instruct by divine influence ; to instruct or affect with a superior influence. — v.i. to draw in the breath •.—pr.p. inspiring ; pa.p. inspired'. [L. inspiro — in, into, and spiro, to breathe.] inspirable, in-splr'a-bl, adj., able to be inspired or inhaled. inspiration, in-spi-ra'shun, «., the act of i7ispiring or breathing into ; a breath ; the divine influence by which the sacred writers were instructed ; superior elevating or exciting; influence. inspiratory, in-spTr'a-tor-i, or in'spir-a-tor-i, adj., belonging to or aiding inspiratio7i or inhalation. inspirer, in-spTr'er, «., 07te who inspi7-es. inspirit, in-spirlt, z'.t., to i7tfuse spirit into; to give new life to ; to invigorate ; to encourage '.—pr.p. inspiriting; pa.p. inspirited. [In, and Spirit.] Inspissate, in-spis'at, v.t., to thicke7t, as fluids: — pr.p. inspissating ; pa.p. inspiss'ated. [L. in- spisso, -atutn — i7t, and spissus, thick.] Instability, in-sta-bil'i-ti, «., iva7it of stability or steadiness; want of firmness ; inconstancy ; fickle>» ness; mutability. [L. in, not, and stability.] Install, Instal, in-stawl', v.t. to pla.cc i7t a stall or seat ; to place in an office or order ; to invest ia any charge or office with the customarj' cere^ monies. [In, and Stall.] installation, in-stal-la'shun, «., the act of i/istalling or placing in an office with ceremonies. instalment, in-stawl'ment, «., the act of i7istalli7igZ one of the parts of a sum paid at various times ; that which is produced at stated periods. Instance. See under Instant. Instant, in'stant, adj. lit. sta7iding by or 7tear', pressing, urgent; immediate; quick; without delay : present, current, as the passing month. — 71. the present moment of time ; any moment Ort point of time. — adz<. instantly, on the instant or moment; immediately: in B., importunately, zealously. [L. insta7is, -a7itis, pr.p. of itisto, to stand upon— /«, upon, sto, to stand.] _ instantaneous, in-stan-tan'e-us, adj., done in a7t iti- sta7it ; momentary ; occurring or acting at once ; very quickly. — adz>. instantan'eously. instance, in'stans, n., quality of being insta7it or urgent ; solicitation : occurrence ; occasion ; ex- ample.— z'./. to mention as an e.xample or case in point : — pr.p. instancing ; pa.p. in'stanced. [L. instantia — i7ista7is. ] Instate, in-stat', v.t. to put i/t a state or -place; to install. [In, and State.] Instead, in-stcd', ad:'. , i/i the stead, place, or room of. [In, and Stead.] Instep, in'step, ;/. the prominent upper part of the humcin foot near its junction with the leg; in horses, the hind-leg from the ham to the pastern joint. [In, and Step.] Instigate, in'sti-gat, v.t., to prick on; to urge on ; to set on; to incite :—/r./. in'stigating ; pa.p. in'stigated. [L. instigo — in, and root siig, Gr. stizo, Sans, tij, to prick.] See Stigma, Stimulus. instigation, in-sti-ga'shun, «., the act of instigati7ig or inciting ; impulse, esp. to evil ; temptation. 264 fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; mSon; //zen. instigator Instigator, in'sti-gat-ur, n., one who or that which instigates or incites. instinct, in'stingkt, «., that which instigates or in- cites ; impulse ; an involuntary or unreasoning prompting to action ; the natural impulse by which animals are guided apparently inde- pendent of reason or experience to any action. [L. instittct7' severe. — adv. intense'ly. — jis. intense'ness, intensity, intensify, in-tens'i-fl, v.t., to make intense, or more intense. — v.i, to become intense \—pr.p. iutens'- ifying ; pa.p. intens'ified. intension, in-ten'shun, n., a straining or bending: state of being strained : increase of intensity. intensive, in-tens'iv, adj., streiclied; admitting of extension ; assiduous ; serving to intensify : in gram., giving force or emphasis. — adv. intena'- ively. — n. intens'iveness. intent, in-tent', adj. having the mind intense or bent on ; fixed with close attention ; anxiously diligent. — n. the thing aimed at or intended ; a design ; meaning. — adv. intently. — «. intent'negs. intention, in-ten'shun, n. lit. a stretching of the mind towards any object; fixed direction of mind; the object aimed at ; design; purpose._ intentional, in-ten'shun-al, adj., with intention; in- tended ; designed. — adv. inten'tionally. intentioned, in-ten'shuud, adj., with intentioti ; meant, designed. Inter, in-ter', v.t., to put in and cover with earth; to bury \^pr.p. interring ; pa.p. interred', [low L. interro — L. hi, into, terra, the earth.] interment, in-tcr'ment, «., t lie act of depositing a body in tlie earth; burial. Interaction, in-ter-ak'shun, n., action betweenhodies, mutual action. [L. inter, between, and action.] Intercalate, in-tcr'kal-at, v.t. lit. to call or proclaim that something has been inserted between; to insert between, as a day in a calendar -.^r.p. intercalating; pa.p. intercalated. — «. intercala'- tion. [L. intercalo,-atu)n — inter, between, calo, to call.] intercalar, in-ter'kal-ar, intercalary, in-terTcal-ar-i or -kal'ar-i, adj., inserted between others. Intercede, in-ter-sed', v.t. lit. to go between; to act as peacemaker between two ; to plead for one : — pr.p. interced'lng ; pa.p. interced'ed. — n. inter- ced'er. [L. intercede, -cessum — inter, between, cede, to go.] intercedent, in-ter-sed'ent, adj., going between; pleading for. — adv. interced'ently. [L. inter- cedens, -entis, pr.p. of intercede] intercession, in-ter-sesh'un, «., act of interceding or pledging for another. intercessional, in-ter-sesh'un-al, adj., containing intercession or pleading for others. intercessor, in-ter-ses'ur, «., one wlio goes le- tivecn ; one who reconciles two enemies ; one a66 fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; //n- tnunicate between or mutually. — n. intercom- munica'tion. Intercommunicable, in-ter-kom-mun'i-ka-bl, adj., that may be cotnmjinicated between or mutually. intercommunion, in-ter-kom-mun'yun, «., com- tntoiion between or mutual communion. Intercostal, in-ter-kos'tal, adj., in anat., lying be- tween the ribs. [L. inter, between, and Costal.] Intercoiu-se, in'ter-kors, n. lit. a course or running between; connection by dealings; communica- tion ; commerce ; communion. [L. inter, be- tween, and course.] intercurrent, in-ter-kur'rent, adj.,runningbetween', intervening. — n. intercur'rence. [L. i7iter, be- tween, and Current.] Interdict, in-ter-dikt', v. t. lit. to pronounce or give judgment between two persons ; to interpose ; to forbid ; to forbid communion : — pr.p. interdict'- ing ; pa.p. interdict'ed. — «. interdic'tion. [L. interdico, -dictmn — inter, between, and dico, to say, pronounce.] interdict, in'ter-dikt, 7t. prohibition; a prohibitory decree ; a prohibition of the Pope restraining the clergy from performing divine service. Interleave interdictive, in-ter-dikt'iv, interdictory, in-ter-dikt'- or-i, adj., containing i^iterdiction; prohibitory. Interest, in'ter-est, v.t. lit. to be betweeft; to engage as the attention ; to awaken concern in : to excite (in behalf of another) :— /r./.in'teresting ; pa.p. interested.— w. concern ; special attention : influ- ence over others : share ; participation : advant- age : premium paid for the use of money ; any increase. [L. interest — interesse, to be of im- portance — inter, between, esse, to be.] interested, in'ter-est-ed, adj., having a7i i7iterest ot concern ; liable to be affected. — adv. in'terestedly. interesting, in'ter-est-ing, adj., having ifiterest; engaging the attention or regard ; exciting emotion or passion. — adv. in'terestingly. Interfere, in-ter-fer', v.i. lit. to strike between; to come in collision ; to intermeddle; to interpose; to act reciprocally — said of waves, rays of light, &c. :—pr.p. interfer'ing ; pa.p. interfered'. [L. inter, between, andy^r?'^, to strike.] interference, in-ter-fer'ens, «., act of interfering. interferer, in-ter-fer'er, «., 07ie who iriterj'eres. Interfluent, in-ter'floo-ent, Interfluous, in-ter'floo-US, adj., flowing betwee7t. [L. interflue7is, pr.p. of i7ite7fiuo — inter, between, ^jxAfiuo, to flow.] Interfoliaceoua, in-ter-fo-11-a'shi-us, adj. placed be- tween leaves. [L. inter, between, Foliaceous.] Interfretted, in-ter-fret'ed, adj., fretted betwee7i or interlaced. [L. i7iter, between, and fretted.] Interfused, in-ter-fuzd', adj., poured or spread between. [L. i7iterfusus, pa.p. of i7iterfu7ido — inter, between, and fundo, to pour.] interfusion, in-tcr-fu'zhun, n., a pouri7tg or spread- ing betwee7t. [L. i7iterfusio.^ Interhemal, in-ter-he'mal, adj., between the hemal processes or spines. [L. inter, between, Hemal.] Interim, in'ter-im, n. time betwee7i or intervening ; the mean time. [L. — i7iter, between.] Interior, in-te'ri-ur, adj., inner; internal; remote from the frontier or coast; inland. — «. the inside of anything ; the inland part of a country. — adv. inte'riorly. [L. — comp. oii7iterus, inward.] Interjacent, in-ter-ja'sent, adj., Iyi7ig between; intervening. [L. i7tte7Jace7is, -e7itis, pr.p. of i7iterjaceo — i7iter, between, andjaceo, to lie.] interjacency, in-ter-ja'sen-si, «., a lyi7ig between; a space or region between others. Interject, in-ter-jekt', v.t., to throw between; to in- sert. — v.i. to throw one's self between :—/r./. interject'ing ; pa.p. interject'ed. [L. i7iter, between, dLnijacto, freq. aljacio, to throw.] interjection, in-ter-jek'shun, n.,a throwi/ig between; va gra77i., a word thrown in to express emotion. — adj. interjec'tional. [Fr. ; L. i7tterjectio.\ Interjimction, in-ter-jungk'shun, «., a jimction or 'lovcivazbetween. [L. i/iter, between, and Jxmction.] Interknit, in-ter-nit', v.t., to kjiit together; to unite closely. [L. i7tter, between, and Knit.] Interlace, in-ter-las', v.t., to lace together; to unite; to insert one thing within another ; to intermix. [L. inter, between, and Lace.] — n. interlace'ment. Interlard, in-ter-lard', v.t., to place lard betwee7t; to mix in, as fat with lean ; to diversify by mix- ture ; to interpose. [L. i7iter, between, Lard.] Interlay, in-ter-la', v.t., to lay amofig or between. [L. inter, between, and Lay.] Interleave, in-ter-lev', v.t., to put a leaf between; to insert blank leaves in a book -.—pr.p. inter- leaving ; pa.p. interleaved'. [L. i7tter, and Leaf.] fate, far; me, her; mine ; mote; mute; moon; ^^en. 267 Interline InterUne, in-ter-lTn', v.t. lit. to insert a line Between; to write in alternate lines ; to write between lines. tL- inter, between, and Line.] interlinear, in-tcr-lin'e-ar, adj. written betweeii lines. [L. inter, between, and linear.] interlineation, in-ter-lin-e-a'shun, «., act of inter- lining; that which is interlined. Interlink, in-tcr-lingk', v.t. lit. to put a link Between ; to connect by uniting links. [L. inter, between, and Link.] Interlobular, in-ter-lob'u-lar, adj. being Between lobes. [L. inter, between, and lobular.] Interlocation, in-ter-lo-ka'shun, «., a location or placing between. [L. inter, between, location.] Interlocution, in-ter-lo-ku'shun, «., a speaking Be- tween; conference ; an intermediate decree before final decision. [L. interlociitio, from interloquor — inter, between, and loquor, locutus, to speak.] interlocutor, in-ter-lok'u-tur, «., one who speaks be- tween or in dialogue ; in law, an intermediate decree before final decision.— a^'. interlocutory. Interlope, in-ter-Iop', v.t. lit. to leap or riin between; to intrude into any matter in which one has no fair concern :—pr.p. interlop'ing ; pa. p. interloped'. • — n. interlop'er. [L. inter, between, and Dutch, loopen, to run; Scot, lojip ; E. leap.] Interlude, in'ter-luod, n. a short dramatic perform- ance or play between the play and after-piece, or between the acts of a play ; a short piece of music played between the parts of a song. [low L. ittierluJiiijn— inter, between, Indus, play.] interluded, in-tcr-Iood'ed, adj., inserted as an interlude; having interludes. Interlunar, in-ter-loo'nar, Interlunary, in-ter-loo'- nar-i, adj'. lit. betzveen the moons ; belonging to the time when the moon, about to change, is invisible. [L. inter, between, and Lunar.] Intermarry, in-ter-mar'i, v.i., to marry betzveen or among; to marry reciprocally or take one and give another in marriage. — n. intermarr'iage. Intermeddle, in-ter-med'l, v.i., to meddle or tnix zvith ; to interpose or interfere improperly. [L. inter, among, and Meddle.]— «. intermedd'ler. Intermedial, in-ter-me'di-al. Intermediate, in-ter-mc'- di-at, adj'., in the middle betzveen ; intervening. — adv. interme'diately. [L. ifiter, between, and medial, mediate.] intermediary, in-tcr-me'dl-ar-i, adj'., intermediate. intermedium, in-ter-mc'di-um, «., a fnediunt Be- tzveen ; an intervening agent or instrument. Intermigration, in-ter-mi-grii'shun, «., act of migrat- ing amongst each other; reciprocal migration. [L. inter, among, and migration.] Interminable, in-tcr'mi-na-bi, Interminate, in-ter'mi- nat, adj'., tvithout termination or limit ; bound- less ; endless. — adv. inter'minably. — n. inter'min- ableness. |L. interminabiiis — in, not, and ter- minus, a boundary.] Intermingle, in-ter-ming'gl, v.t. or v.i., to mingle or mix together. [L. inter, among. Mingle.] Intermission. Sec under Intermit. Intermit, in-tcr-mit', z'.t. lit. to cause to go betzveen ; to cause to cease for a time ; to interrupt : — pr.p. intermitt'ing ;/iter, between, and/(7«c, to place.] interposal, in-ter-pOz'al, interposition, in-ter-po-zish'- un, n., act of interposing ; intervention; medi- ation ; anything interposed. interposit, in-ter-poz'it, n. a place oi deposit betiveen two cities or countries. Interpret, in-te/pret, v.t. Ht. to act as an agent between two parties so as to fix the price; to make clear ; to translate into inteUigible or familiar terms :—pr.p. inter'preting ; pa.p. inter'- preted. [L. interpretor, -pretatus — prob. from inter, between, and root oi pretium, price, akin to Gr. pri, from Sans, kn, to buy.] interpretable, in-ter'pret-abl, adj., capable of inter- pretation. interpretation, in-ter-pre-ta'shun, «., act of inter- preting; the sense given by an interpreter; the power of explaining. interpretative, in-ter'pre-ta-tiv, adj. collected by or containing interpretatio?i. — adv. inter'preta- tively. interpreter, in-ter'pret-er, 7t. one who explains be- tzucen two parties ; an expounder ; a translator. Interregnum, in-ter-reg'num, 7t. the time betzveen two reigns; the time between the cessation of one and the establishment of another govern- ment. [L. inter, between, regnian, rule.] interrex, in'ter-reks, 7i., 07ie who ndes duri7ig a7i i7iterregnu77i ; a regent. [L. Z7iter, between, and rex, a king.] Interrogate, in-ter'ro-gat, v.i. lit. to ask between; to question ; to examine by asking questions. — v.i. to ask questions; to inquire: — pr.p. inter'- rogating ; pa.p. inter' rogated. [L. i7iterrogo, i7tterrogatn7n, from inter, between, and rogo, to ask.] — «. inter'rogator. interrogation, in-ter-o-ga'shun, 7t., act of i7iterrogat- ing; a question put ; the mark of a question ( ? ), crig. the first and last letters of L. Qiiestio, a question. interrogative, in-ter-rog'a-tiv, adj., dc7ioting a question; expressed as a question. — n. a word used in asking a question. — adv. interrogatively. interrogatory, in-ter-rog'a-tor-i, «., a questio7i or inquiry. — adj. expressing a question. Interrupt, in-ter-rupt', v.t., to break hi betiveen; to stop or hinder by breaking in upon ; to divide ; to break continuity :—pr.p. interrupting ; pa.p. interrupt'ed. [L. i7iterru77ipo — i7iter, between, and mmpo, 7-uptu7n, to break.] interruptedly, in-ter-rup'ted-ly, adv., -with inter- ruptions. interruption, in-ter-rup'shun, «., act of i7iterrupt- ing ; hinderance ; cessation. interruptive, in-ter-rup'tiv, adj., te7idi7ig io inter- Tupt. — adv. interrup'tively. Interscapular, in-ter-skap'u-lar, adj. in anat.. Intestate between tJie sJwulder-blades. [L. i7tter, between, and Scapular.] Interscribe, in-ter-skrib', v.t., io write betwee7i:— pr.p. interscrlb'ing ; pa.p. interscrlbed'. [L. in- tcrscribo—i7iter, between, and scribo, to write.] Intersect, in-ter-sekt', v.t., to cut betwee7i or asunder; to cut or cross mutually; to divide into parts. — v.i. to cross each other -.—pr.p. inter- sect'ing ; pa.p. intersect'ed. [L. i7iter, between, and seco, sectimi, to cut.] intersection, in-ter-sek'shun, «., act or state of in^ tersecti7!g: in geoTn., the point or line in which two lines or planes cut each other. intersecant, in-ter-se'kant, adj., dividi7ig i7ito parts; crossing. Intersperse, in-ter-spers', v.t., to disperse ov spri7ikle a77iong; to set here and there '.^pr.p. interspers'- ing ; pa.p. interspersed'. [L. interspergo, inter- spersian — i7iter, among, spargo, to scatter, akin to Gr. speiro, to sow.] interspersion, in-ter-sper'shun, «., act of inter- spersing. Interstellar, in-ter-stel'lar, Interstellary, in-ter-stel- lar-i, adj., betzvee7i or aTnong the stars; situated beyond the solar system. [L. i7iter, between, and Stella, a star.] Interstice, in'ter-stis, or in-ter'stis, «. the space which sia/ids betwee7i things ; a small space between things closely set, or between the parts which compose a body. [L. interstitiu77t — i7iier, be- tween, and sisto, stition, to stand.] interstitial, in-ter-stish'al, adj., pertai7ii7ig to or C07itai7iing interstices. Interstratifled, in-ter-strat'i-fld, adj., stratified be^ twee7i other bodies. [L. inter, between, stratified.] Intertexture, in-ter-teks'tur, n.,actofi7iterweaving, or state of being interwoven. [L. i7iter, between, and texture.] Intertropical, in-ter-trop'ik-al, adj., between tJie tropics. [L. inter, between, tropical.] Intertwine, in-ter-twTn', v.t., to twine or twist to- gether. — v.i. to be twisted together ; to become involved : — -/r./. intertwining ;/«./. intertwined'. — adv. intertwin'ingly. [L. inter, together, and Twine.] Intertwist, in-ter-twist', v.t., io twist together: — ■ pr.p. intertwisting ; pa.p. intertwist'ed.— rti^z'. intertwist'ingly. [L. inter, together, and Twist.] Interval, in'ter-val, 7t. lit. the space between two stakes or palisades ; time or distance between; void space between : the distance between two given sounds in music. [L. i7ttervallu77i — i7iter, between, and vallus, a stake.] Intervene, in-ter-ven', v.i., to co77ie or be between; to occur between points of time : to happen so as to interrupt : to interpose :—pr.p. intervening ; /rt:./.intervened'. [L. intervenio — i7iter, between, and ve7iio, to come.] intervention, in-ter-ven'shun, n., act ofintenieni7ig; agency between persons ; mediation ; interposi- tion. [L. i7iterve7itio.'\ Interview, in'ter-vu, «., a mutual view or sight : a meeting. [L. inter, between, and View.] Interweave, in-ter-wev', v.t., to weave together; to intermingle the texture : to connect closely. [L, i7iter, together, and Weave.] Intestate, in-tes'tat, adj., dyi7ig without a will; not disposed of by will. — n. a person who dies without a will. [L. intestatus — in, not, and iestatus — testor, to make a will.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; 2'Aen. s6g intestacy Intestacy, in-test'a-si, «., state of being intestate, or of dying without having made a will. Intestine, in-tes'tin, adj., internal; contained in the animal body : domestic ; not foreign.— «. (usually in//.) the long membranous tube con- tinuing from the stomach to the anus. [L. intcs- tintis — intiis, within, on the inside.] Intestinal, in-tes'tin-al, adj., pertaining to ilie in- testines of an animal body. Intbral, in-thrawl', v.t., to bring into thraldom or bondage ; to enslave : to shackle -.—pr.p. inthrall'- ing; pa.p. inthralled'. [L. in, into, and ThraU.] Inthralment, in-thrawl'ment, «., act of inthralli}ig or enslaving : slavery. Intimate, in'ti-mat, adj. , innermost ; internal : close : familiar. — n. a familiar friend : an associate. — adv. in'timately. [L. intimzis, innermost — inires, within.] _ [close familiarity. Intimacy, in'ti-ma-si, «., state of being intimate ; intimate, in'ti-mat, v.t. lit. to make o?ie i7itimate with ; to hint : to announce '.—pr.p. in'timating ; pa.p. in'timated. [L. intivto, -atiim — intjis.^ Intimation, in-ti-ma'shun, n., act of inti^nating; obscure notice ; hint : announcement. Intimidate, in-tim'i-dat, v.t., to make timid or fear- ful ; to dispirit -.—pr.p. intimidating ;/«./. intim'- idated. [L. ?«, timidus, fearful — timeo, to fear.] Intimidation, in-tim-i-da'shun, n., act of intitnidat- ing : state of being intimidated. Intitnled, in-tit'uld, same as Entitled. Into, in'too, /;r/. lit. coming to and going in; noting passage inwards : noting the passing of a thing from one state to anotner : in B., often used for Unto. [In and To.] Intolerable, in-tol'er-a-bl, adj., not tolerable; that cannot be endured — n. intol'erableness. — adv. intol'erably. [L. iti, not, and tolerable.] intolerant, in-tol'er-ant, adj., 7tot tolerant ; not able or willing to endure : not enduring difference of opinion : persecuting. — n. one opposed to tolera- tion. — adv. intol'erantly. — 7is. intd'erance, in- tolera'tion. [L, in, not, and tolerant.] Intomb, in-toom', same as Entomb. Intone, in-ton', v.i. to utter ift tones ; to give forth a low protracted sound. — v.t. to chant :—pr.p. inton'ing; pa.p. intoned'. [L. in, inten., Tone.] intonate, in'tOn-at, v.i., to intone; to sound: to sound the notes of a musical scale : to modulate the voice : — pr.p. in'tonating ; pa.p. in'tonated. [L. intono, -atuvt, from root of Intone.] Intonation, in-to-na'shun, «., act of intonating ; act or manner of sounding musical notes : modula- tion of the voice. Intorsion, in-tor'shun, «., a tivisting, winding, or bending. [L. in, and torsion.] Intoxicate, in-toks'i-kat, v.t. lit. to drtig ox ^o\$,OTCi\ to make drunk : to excite to enthusiasm or mad- ness : — pr.p. intox'icuting ; pa.p. iiitox'icated. [low L. intoxico, -atiivi — toxiciim, Gr. toxikon, a poison in which arrows were dipped — toxon, an arrow.] Intoxication, in-toks-i-ka'shun, «., act of intoxicat- ing or making drunk: state of being drunk: high excitement or elation. Intractable, in-trakt'a-bl, adj., not tractable or manageable : obstinate. — ns. intractability, in- tract'ableness. — adv. intractably. [L. in, not, tractable. ] Intramural, in-tra-mu'ral, adj., ivithin the walls, as of a city. [L. intra, within, and Mural.] intrusion Intransitive, in-tran'si-tiv, adj., not transitive or passing over or indicating passing over ; mgratn., representing action confined to the agent. — adv. intran'sitively. [L. in, not, transitive.] Intransmissible, in-trans-mis'i-bl, adj., that cannot be traTtsmitted. [L. 7«, not, and transmissible.] Intransmutable, in-trans-mut'a-bl, adj., iJiat cannot be transmuted or chsLUged. — n. intransmutabil'ity. [L. in, not, and transmatable.] Intrant, in'trant, adj., ctitering ; penetrating. — fi. one who enters, especially on some public duty. [L. intrans, -antis — intro, to enter. See Enter.] Intrench, in-trensh', v.i., to dig a trench around; to fortify with a ditch. — v.i. to encroach. [In, and Trench.] intrenchment, in-trensh 'ment, «., act of intrenching ; a trench ; a ditch and parapet for defence : any protection or defence. Intrepid, in-trep'id, adj., withoitt trepidation or fear ; undaunted ; brave. — «. intrepid ity. — adv. intrepidly. [L. intrepidus — in, not, and root of Trepidation, ] Intricate, in'tri-kat, adj., full of hitiderances ; perplexed ; obscure. — ns. intricacy, intricateness. — adv. in'tricately. [L. ititricatus — in, and tricor, to make difficulties — tricce, hinderances.] intrigue, in-treg', n., ifitricateness ; a private or party scheme : the plot of a poem or romance : secret illicit love. — v.i. to form intrigues ; to carry on illicit love -.—pr.p. intrigu'ing ; pa.p. intrigued'. [Fr. intriguer — root of Intricate.] intriguer, in-treg'er, «., ofie who intrigzies, or pursues an object by secret plans. Intrinsic, in-trin'sik, Intrinsical, in-trln'sik-al, adj. lit. 071 the i7iside ; inward : genuine: inherent.— adv. intrinsically. [L. i7itrinsect(s — intra, within, and secus, side.] Introduce, in-tro-dus', v.t., to lead or bring within; to conduct into a place : to bring to be acquainted : to bring into notice or practice : to make known: to commence: to preface :—/r./. introduc'ing ; pa.p. introduced'. [L. i7itroduco,-ductu77t — intro^ within, and diico, to lead.] introduction, in-tro-duk'shun, «., act of introduc- i7ig; act of conducting into a place: act of making persons known to each other : act of bringing into notice or practice : preface. introductive, in-trO-duk'tiv, adj., serving to intro- duce. introductory, in-tru-duk'tor-i, adj. , serving to intro- duce ; previous: prefatory. — adv. introduc'torily. Intromit, in-trO-mit', v.t., to send withi7i ; to admit; to permit to enter : — pr.p. intromitt'ing ; pa.p. intrCmitt'ed. [L. i7itro, within, viitto, missum, to send.] intromission, in-tr5-mish'un, «., action of sending within or i7ito. Introspection, in-tru-spek'shun, n. , a sight of tJu i/isidc or interior. [L. i7itrospcctio—i7itrospicio, -spectu/n — iiitro, within, spccio, to see.] Introvert, in-tro-vert', v.t., to tziTm i7iward :^Pr.p. introvert'ing ; pa.p. introvert'ed. [L. intro, within, and vcrto, to turn.] Intrude, in-trood', v.i., to thrnist one's self in or 7ip07i; to enter uncalled or uninvited.— i/.z". to force in : — pr.p. intruding ; pa.p. intrud'ed. [L. i7itrudo — r«, in, upon, trudo, to thrust.] intruder, in-trood'er, n., o7iewho i7ttrudes or enters without right or welcome. intrusion, in-trou'zhun, «., act of intrudi7ig or of fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mQte ; mute ; mo5n ; then. intrusive "ntering into a place without welcome or invita- tion : encroachment. intrusive, in-troo'siv, adj., tending or apt io intrude; entering without welcome or right. — adv. intra 'sively. — ti. intru'siveness. Inimst, in-trust', v.t., to give in trust; to deliver to another, trusting his fidelity. [L. in, in, and Trust.] Intuition, in-tu-ish'un, n. lit. a looJdytg upon or into ; the power of the mind by which it imme- diately perceives the truth of things without reasoning or analysis ; a truth so perceived. — adj. intui'tional. [L. in, into or upon, and tuitio—t^teor, tidtjis, to look.] intuitive, in-tu'i-tiv, adj., perceived or perceiving by intuitio7t; received or known by simple in- spection. — adv. intuitively. Intumescence, in-tu-mes'ens, «., the action of swell- ing; a swelling ; a tumid state, [low L. hittanes- centia — in, and tiimesco, -cens — tzaneo, to swell.] Intwine, in-twin', same as Entwine. Intwist, in-twist', same as Entwist. Inumbrate, in-um'brat, v.t., to cast a sJtadow -upon or shade l^pr.p. inum'brating; pa.p. inum'- brated. [L. itinmbro, ijuanbratzan — in, and 7(mbro, to shade — tvnbra, a shadow.] Inundate, in-un'dat or in', v.t., tojlow zipon or over in waves (said of water) ; to flood : to fill with an overflowing abundance: — pr.p. inun'dating -.pa.p. inun'dated. — n. inunda'tion, act of inundating; a flood ; an overflowing. [L. itiwtdo, -atum— in, and undo, to rise in waves — unda, a wave.] Inure, in-ur', v.t., to -use ox practise habitually; to accustom ; to harden. — v.i. to pass in use ; to come into use or effect ; to serve to the use or benefit oi:—pr.p. inur'ing ; pa.p. inured', [old Fr. enuer, from in, intens. and 7cre, con- tracted from L. nsura, use — utor, nsus, to use.] imu-ement, in-ur'ment, n., act qfimiring; practice. Inum, in-urn', v.t., to place in an ur7i; to intomb ; to bury. [L. z'«, in, and Urn.] Inutility, in-u-til'i-ti, n., want o_f utility ; vis&\&5S- ness ; unprofitableness. [L. in, not, and utility.] Invade, in-vad', v.t. lit. fo go into; to enter a country as an enemy ; to attack : to encroach upon ; to violate ; to seize or fall upon •.—pr.p. invad'ing ; pa.p. invad'ed. [L. itivado, invasuin — in, and vado, to go.] See Wade. invader, in-vad'er, n., one who invades or attacks ; an encroacher ; an intruder. invasion, in-va'zhun, «., the act of invading; an attack ; an incursion : an attack on the rights of another ; an encroachment ; a violation. invasive, in-vfi'siv, adj. , making invasion ; aggres- sive ; infringing another's rights. Invalid, in'va-lld, adj., not valid or strong; infirm ; sick. — n. one who wants strength ; one who is weak ; a sickly person ; one disabled for active service, esp. a soldier or sailor. — v.t. to make invalid or affect with disease ; to enrol on the list of invalids -.—prp. in'validing ; pa.p. in'- valided. [Fr. i)ivalide, L. hivalidus — vt, not, and validiis, strong.] See Valid. invalid, in-val'id, adj., not valid or sound ; weak; without value, weight, or cogency; having no effect ; void ; null. [L. /«, not, and Valid.] invalidate, in-val'ld-at, v.t., to render invalid; to weaken the force of; to destroy the force of; to overthrow : — pr.p. inval'idating ; pa.p. inval'i- dated. — n. invalida'tion. investment invalidity, in-val-id i-ti, n., the state or quality of being invalid; want of cogency ; want of force. Invaluab'e, in-val'u-a-bl, adj., that cannot be valued^ priceless. — adv. invaluably. [L. in, not, valuable.J Invariable, in-va'ri-a-bl, adj., 7iot variable : without variation or change ; unalterable ; constantly in the same state. — adv. invar'iably. — «. invar'iableness. Invasion. See under Invade. Invective. See under Inveigh. Inveigh, in-va', v.i. lit. to carry or bring against* to attack with words ; to rail against ; to revile r — pr.p. inveigh'ing ; /«./. inveighed'. [L. inveho,. ijtvectian — itt, and veho, to carry.] See Vehicle,^ invective, in-vek'tiv, «., that which is inveighed or brought against ; an expression used in inveighing;, a violent utterance of censure ; an attack with, words ; a railing ; abuse ; sarcasm or satire. — adj. railing ; abusive ; satirical. Inveigle, in-ve'gl, v.t. lit. either, to vtake one will- ing, or, to blind : to entice ; to delude ; to seduce r — P'^-P- invei'gling ;/rt./. invei'gled. [Fr. votdoir^ to be willing, It. invogliare, to bring one to one's will — voglia, will — L. volo, to wish : or from Fr. aveugle, blind — L. ab, without, oculus, the eye. J. inveiglement, in-ve'gl-ment, 7Z., the act of inveigling' or enticing; an enticement. Invent, in-vent', v.t. lit. io come upon ; to meet with j to devise or contrive ; to make : to forge ; to feign ;. to frame : — pr.p. inventing ; pa.p. invent'ed. [L. invenio, ijivetitum — in, upon, and venio, to come. J invention, in-ven'shun, «., the act of inventing: that which is invented ; contrivance ; a deceit : power or faculty of inventing ; ability displayed by any invention or effort of the imagination. inventive, in-vent'iv, adj., able to invent ; ready in contrivance. — adv. inventively. — n. invent'iveness. inventor, inventer, in-vent'ur, 7i., oneivho invents ot finds out something nQ.\s.—fem. invent'ress. inventory, in'ven-tor-i, n. a list of that which has come into or is in a house, &c. ; a catalogue of furniture, goods, &c. — v.t. to make an inventory or catalogue of -.—prp. in'ventorying ; pa.p. in- ventoried. [Fr. inventaire, low L. inventarizon.J Inverse, Inversion. See under Invert. Invert, in-vert', v.t., to tzirn /« or aboid ; to turn upside down ; to reverse ; to change the customary order or position: — -/r./. invert'ing;/rt./.invert'ed. [L. inverto, iftversjon — iti, and verto, to turn.] inverse, in-vers', adj., inverted ; in the reverse or contrary order ; opposite. — adv. inverse'ly. inversion, in-ver'shun, «., the act of inverting ; the state of being inverted ; a change of order or position. invertedly, in-vert'ed-li, adv., in ajt itwerted or contrary manner. Invertebral, in-vert'e-bral. Invertebrate, in-vert'e- brat, adj., withoid a vertebral columit or back- bone. — «. invert'ebrate, an animal without a vertebral column. [L. in, not, and vertebrate.] Invest, in-vest', v.t., to pid vesture on; to dress: to confer or give ; to place in office or authority ; to adorn : to surround ; to block up ; to lay siege to ; to place, as property in business ; to lay ou6 money on : — pr.p. invest'ing ; pa.p. invest'ed. [L. investio, -itiim — itt, on, and vestio, to clothe. See Vest.] investiture, in-vest'i-tur, n. , the act or the right of ifivestiug or putting in possession. investment, in-vest'ment, «., the act of investingl the act of surrounding or besieging: laying out money on : that in which anything is invested. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; ^/jen. 27X Investigate Investigate, in-ves'ti-gat, v.t. lit. to trace tJie vestiges or tracks of; to search into ; to inquire into with care and accuracy -.—pr.p. inves'tigating ; pa. p. inves'tigated. [L. investigo, -attim — i7i, and ves- iigo, to track. See Vestige. I Investigable, in-ves'ti-ga-bl, adj., able to he investi- gated or searched out. investigation, in-ves-ti-ga shun, «., act qfinvestigat- i»g or examining into ; research ; study. investigator, in-ves'ti-ga-tur, «., one ivlio investi- gates or examines into. Investigative, in-ves'ti-ga-tiv, investigatory, in-ves'ti- ga-tor-i, adj. , promoting or given to i?tvestiga- iioti. Investiture, Investment. See under Invest. Inveterate, in-vet'cr-at, adj., grown old; firmly established by long continuance ; deep-rooted ; violent. — adv. invet'erately.— wj. invet'erateness, inveteracy, firmness produced by long use or con- tinuance. [L. invetcro, -atiim, to grow old — in, and vetus, veteris, old. See Veteran.] Invidious, in-vid'i-us, adj., lit. filled with envy I envious; likely to incur or provoke ill-will. — adv. invidiously. — n. invid'iousness. [L. invidiosits, from root of Envy.] Invigorate, in-vig'or-at, v.t., to give vigour to; to strengthen ; to animate :—pr.p. invig 'orating ; pa.p. invigorated. — n. invigora'tion, the act or state of being invigorated. [In, and Vigour.] Invincible, in-vin'si-bl, adj., ?tot vincidle or a.h\e to be overcome ; insuperable. — adv. invin'cibly. — ns. invin'cibleness, invincibil'ity. [L. ?'«, not, and Vincible.] Inviolable, in-vl'o-labl, adj., not violahle ; that can- not be profaned; that cannot be injured. — adv. invi'olably. — «. inviolability. [L. in, not, and violable.] Inviolate, in-vTo-lat, inviolated, in-vl'o-lat-ed, adj., not violated; unprofaned ; uninjured. Invisible, in-viz'i-bl, adj., ftot visible or capable of being seen. — adv. invis'ibly. — ns. invisibility, in- vislbleness. [L. in, not, and Visible.] Invite, in-vit', v.t., to wish one to be in a place; to ask ; to summon ; to allure ; to attract. — v.i. to ask in invitation:— /r./. inviting; pa.p. in- vTt'ed. [L. invito, -atum : variously derived from the roots Ctivolo, to wish, and voco, to call.] Invitation, in-vi-ta'shun, 7t., the act o/inviting; an asking or solicitation. Inviter, in-vTt'er, «., one who invites. invitingly, in-vltlng-li, adv., in an invititig or tempting manner. Invocate. See under Invoke. Invoice, in'vois, n. a letter of advice of the despatch of goods, with particulars of their price and quan- tity. — v.t. to make an invoice of :— /r./. invoic- ing ; pa.p. in'voiced. [It. avviso, from root of Advice.] Invoke, in-vuk', v.t., to call upon earnestly or solemnly ; to implore assistance ; to address in prayer :—pr.p. invoking ; pa.p. invoked'. [L. invoco, -atum — i)i, on, voco, to call, conn, with 'VOX, vocis, the voice.] Invocate, in'vo-kat, v.t. to invoke or call on solemnly or with prayer ; to implore '.rz-pr.p. ia'vocating ; pa.p. in'vociitcd. invocation, in-vo-ka'shun, «., the act br the form of invocating or addressing in prayer; a call or summons, especially a judicial order. Involuntary, in-vol'un-tar-i, adj., not voluntary; Iris not having the power of will or choice ; not done willingly; not chosen. — «. invol'untariness. — adv. invol'untarily. [L. in, not, and Voluntary.] Involute, Involution. See under Involve. Involve, in-volv', v.t., to roll in or upon; to envelop : to enwrap : to implicate : to include : to com- plicate : to overwhelm: to catch: in arith., to multiply a quantity into itself any given number of times : — pr.p. involving ; pa.p. involved'. [L. involvo — in, upon, volvo, volututn, to roll.] involute, in'vO-lut, «., that which is involved or rolled inward : a curve traced by the end of a string unwinding itself from another curve. involute, in'vo-lut, involuted, in'vo-lut-ed, adj. in bot., rolled spirally inward; in conchology, turned inward. involution, in-vo-lu'shun, n., tJie action o/ involving: state of being involved or entangled: in arith., act or process of raising a quantity to any givea power. involvement, in-volv'ment, n., act of involving ; state of being involved or entangled. Invulnerable, in-vul'ner-a-bl, adj., not vulnerable, or able to be wounded. — ns. invulnerability, invul'- nerableness. — adv. invul'nerably. [L. in, not, and Vulnerable.] Inward, in' ward, adj., placed or being within ; in- ternal : seated in the mind or soul : in B., intimate. — n.pl. in B., the intestines. — adv. toward the inside ; towards the interior : into the mind or thoughts. [A. S. inweard — in, and ward, direc- tion.] inwardly, in'ward-li, adv., in the parts within; in the heart ; privately : toward the centre. inwards, in'wardz, adv. same as inward. Inweave, in-wev', v.t., to weave into ; to entwine : to complicate. [L. in, into, and Weave.] Inwrap, in-rap', v.t., to cover by wrapping ; to perple.x : to transport. [In, and Wrap.] Inwreathe, in-reth', v.t., to encircle as with a wreath, or the form of a wreath. [In, and wreathe.] Inwrought, in-rawt', adj., wrought in or among other things ; adorned with figures. [In, and wrought.] See Work. Iodine, I'G-dTn, «. one of the elementary bodies ; so named from the violet colour of its vapour. [Gr. ^ ioeides, violet-coloured — ion, a violet, and eidos, form, appearance.] Ionic, T-on'ik, adj., relating to Ionia in Greece ; denoting an order in architecture distinguished by the ram's horn volute of its capital. Iota, T-o'ta, «., a very small quantity or degree ; a jot. [Gr., the smallest letter in the alphabet, corresponding to the English ?'.] Ipecacuanha, ip-e-kak-u-an'a, n. a shrubby plant found in the woods of Brazil, the root of which is much used in medicine. [Brazilian.] Irascible. See under Ire. Ire, Tr, n., anger ; rage ; keen resentment. [L. ira.] ireful, Tr'fool, adj., full of ire or wrath; resentful. — adv. ire'fully. irascible, T-rasl-bl, adj., susceptible of ire or anger; easily provoked ; irritable. — n. irascibility.— ^Z7. iras'cibly. [low L. irascibilis — irascor, to be angry — ira.\ Iris, T'ris, n., the rainbow: an appearance resem- bling the rainbow: the broad coloured ring round the pupil of the eye : name of one of the minor planets : the fleur-de-lis or flag-llower. [L. iris, iridis, Gr. iris, iridos, the rainbow.] fate, far; me, her; mine; mOte; mute; moon; th^n. 972 iridescent Mdescent, ir-i-des'ent, irisated, I'ris-a-ted, adj., coloured like the iris or rainbow.— w. irides'cence. Irish, frish, adj., relating do or produced in Ire- la7id. — n. language of the Irish, a species of Celtic. — -//. the natives or inhabitants of Ireland. Irk, erk, v.t. lit. to make one dull; to weary: to trouble ; to distress (now used only impersonally). [A.S. earg, dull, slothful; Scotch, ergh, to feel reluctant.] irksome, erk'sum, adj., dull; causing uneasiness ; tedious ; unpleasant.— a^z/. irk'somely.— «. irk'- someness. Iron, I'urn, n. the most common and useful of the metals ; an instrument or utensil made of iron : strength. — ■//. fetters ; chains. — adj. formed of iron : resembling iron : rude ; stern : fast-binding ; not to be broken : robust : dull of understanding. — v.t. to smooth with an iron instrument : to arm with iron : to fetter -.—pr-p. i'roning ; j>a.j>. i'roned. [A.S. ireti, Ger. eisen, conn, with L. aes, bronze.] Sron-boimd, I'um-bound, adj., bound luith iron; surrounded with rocks. Iron-clad, I'urn-klad, adj., clad in iron; covered or protected with iron. — n. a war-vessel having the parts above water plated with iron. iron-founder, I'um-found-er, 7i. one \i\\o fotinds or makes castings in iron. iron-foundry, I'urn-found-ri, 7t. a place where iron IS founded or cast. Iron-gray, i'urn-gra, adj. of a gray colour, like that of iron freshly cut or broken. — «. this colour. iron-handed, I'urn-hand-ed, adj. having hands hard as iron. iron-hearted, I'urn-hart-ed, adj. having a heart hard as iron ; cruel, iron-master, T'urn-mas-ter, n. a master or proprietor of z><7«works. Ironmonger, I'urn-mung-ger, n. a monger or dealer in articles made of iron. Ironmongery, I'urn-mung-ger-i, n. a general name for articles made of iro7i ; hardware. iron-mould, I'urn-mold, n. the mojtld or mark left on wet cloth after touching rusty i>-07i. Ironware, I'urn-war, «., 'wa7-es or goods oi iron. ironwork, I'urn-wurk, n. the parts of a building, &c. made ofiro7t ; anything of iron : a furnace where iron is smelted, or a foundiy, &;c. where it is made into heavy work. irony, I'urn-i, adj., made, consisting, or partaking of iron : like iron ; hard. Ironical. See under Irony. Irony, T'nm-i, «., dissi}n2datio7t ; a mode of speech conveying the opposite of what is meant ; satire. [L. i7-07iia, Gr. eird7ieia, dissimulation — eiron, a dissembler — eiro, to talk.] ironical, I-ron'ik-al, adj., co7itai7iing irony ; mean- ing the opposite of what is expressed ; satirical. — adv. ironically. Irradiate, ir-ra'di-at, v.t., to dart rays of light ■up07t or into; to adorn with lustre : to decorate ■with shining ornaments : to animate with light or heat : to illuminate the understanding. — v.i. to emit rays ; to shine :^r,p. irra'diating ; pa.p. irra'diated. — adj. adorned with rays of light or with lustre. [L. irradio, irradiatu7n — z«, on, and Radiate.] I Irradiance, ir-ra'di-ans, irradiancy, ir-ra'di-an-si, «., act of irradiating; emission of rays of light: that which irradiates or is irradiated ; beams of light emitted ; splendour. Irradiant, ir-ra'di-ant, adj., irradiating or shedding beams of light. Irrepealable irradiation, ir-ra-di-a'shun, «., act of irradiating ot emitting beams of light : that which is irradiated ; brightness : intellectual light. Irrational, ir-rash'un-al, adj., 7iot rational or r&dLSon- ing ; void of understanding : absurd. — n. irra- tional'ity.— rt^i;. irra'tionally. [L. in, not, and rational.] Irreclaimable, ir-re-klam'a-bl, adj., that cannot he reclaimed or reformed ; incorrigible. — adv. irre- claim'ably. [L. z«, not, and reclaimable.] Irreconcilable, ir-rek-on-sll'a-bl, adj., 7tot reconcil- able ; incapable of being brought back to a state of friendship: inconsistent.— «. irreconcirableness. — adv. irreconcil'ably. [L. hi, not, reconcilable.] Irrecoverable, ir-re-kuv'er-a-bl, adj., 7iot recoverable; irretrievable.— ?;. irrecov'erableness. — adv. irre- cov'erably. [L. z«, not, and recoverable.] Irredeemable, ir-re-dem'a-bl, adj., not redee77table ; not subject to be paid at the nominal value. — 7ts. irredeem'ableness, irredeemabil'ity. — adv. irro- deem'ably. [L. in, not, and redeemable.] Irreducible, ir-re-dus'i-bl, adj., that can7wt he re- duced or brought back to a former state. — «. irreduc'ibleneas. — adv. irreduc'ibly. [L. in, not, and reducible.] {in, not, and reflective.] Irreflective, ir-re-flek'tiv, adj., fiot reflective. [L. Irrefragable, ir-refra-gabl, adj. lit. that cannot he broke7i ; that cannot be refuted or overthrown ; unanswerable. — 7is. irrefragabil'ity, irref'ragable- ness. — adv. irref 'ragably. [L. i)i, not, and low L. refragabilis — re, backwards, scndfrag, root of fra7igo, to break.] Irrefutable, ir-ref'u-tabl or ir-re-fut'a-bl, adj., that ca7mot be 7-efuted or proved false. — adv. irref'-i utably or irrefut'ably. [L. i7t, not, and refutable.] Irregular, ir-reg'u-lar, adj., not regular or accord- ing to rule : unnatural : unsystematic : vicious : \ngra77z., departing from the ordinary rules in its inflection : variable : not symmetrical. — «. a soldier not in regular service. — adv. irreg'ularly. [L. in, not, and Regular.] irregularity, ir-reg-u-lar'i-ti, n., state of bei7ig ir- regular ; deviation from a straight line, or from rule : departure from method or order : vice. Irrelative, ir-rel'a-tiv, adj., 7wt relative; uncon- nected. — adv. irrel'atively. [L. ?«, not, and relative.] Irrelevant, ir-rel'e-vant, adj., 7iot relevatit or heaiV- ing directly on the matter in hand.— «. irrel'- evancy. — adv. irrel'evantly. [L. z'«, not. Relevant.] Irreligious, ir-re-lij'us, adj., not 7'eligious ; ungodly. — adv. irreligiously.— «. irrelig'iousness. [L. in, not, and religious.] irreligion, ir-re-lij'un, «., 7va7it of religion. Irremediable, ir-re-me'di-a-bl, adj., that ca7inot be re77iedied or redressed. ^ — 7i. irreme'diableness.— adv. irreme'diably. [L. z«, not, remediable.] Irremissible, ir-re-mis'i-bl, adj., 7iot to be refnitted or forgiven. — ;/. irremiss'ibleness.— «fl^'. irremiss'- ive, 7wt re77iittiiig or forgiving. Irremovable, ir-re-mooVa-bl, adj., 7iot re7novabU; steadfast. — 7is. irremovabil'ity, irremov'ableness. — adv. irremov'ably. [L. i7i, not, and removable.] Irreparable, ir-rep'ar-a-bl, adj., 7iot reparable or capable of being recovered.— «. irrep'arableness. —adv. irrep'arably. [L. in, not, and reparable.] Irrepealable, ir-re-pel'a-bl, adj., that can7iot be re- pealed or annulled.— rti/z/. irrepeal'ably. [L. in, not, and repealable.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //ien. Irrepreliensible IireprehenBible, ir-rep-re-hens'i-bl, adj., not re/>rna, winter.] isochromatic, I-sQ-kro-mat'ik, adj. in optics, having tJie sa77ie colour. [Gr. isos, equal, and chroma, colour.] isochronal, T-sok'ron-al, isochronous, T-sok'ron-us, adj., of equal ti77ie ; performed in equal times. [Gr. isoch7-onos — isos, equal, chro7tos, time.] isochronism, T-sok'ron-izm, w., the quality of being isochronous or done in equal time, isomeric, T-so-mer'ik, adj. lit. having equal parts ; composed of the same elements in the same pro- portions, but having dilTerent chemical proper- ties. [Gr. isos, equal, 7>ieros, part.] isom«tric, T-so-met'rik, fsometrical, I-so-met'rik-al, adj., having equality of Dicasure. [Gr. isos, equal, metro7t, measure.] isonomy, I-son'o-mi, n., equal law, rights, or privi- leges. [Gr. isonOTnia — isos, equal, 7W7/ios, law — ite7nd, to deal out, distribute.] isosceles, T-sos'c-lcz, adj. lit. havi7ig equal legs: in geom., having two equal sides, as a triangle. [Gr. isoskeles—isos, equal, skelos, a leg.] isother&l, T-soth'er-al, adj. lit. having equal su7n- mers ; having the same mean summer tempera- ture. [Gr. isos, equal, tluros, summer — tfie7-d, to be warm.] isothermal, T-so-ther'mal, adj., having an equal degree of heat. [Fr. isother7ne — Gr. 7>c7J, equal, ther7ne, heat — thermos, hot.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. 274 isotonic Jacobinical isotonic, T-so-ton'ik, adj., Jtaving equal toftes. [Gr. isos, equal, to?tos, tone.] Israelite, iz'ra-el-Tt, n. a descendant of Israel or Jacob ; a Jew. [Gr. Israelites — Israel, Heb. Yisrael, contender, soldier of God — sara, to fight, and^/, God.] Israelitic, iz-ra-el-it'ik, Israelitish, iz'ra-el-It-ish, adj., j>ertaini7ig to the Israelites or Jews. Issue, ish'oo, v.i., to go, flow, or come otit; to pro- ceed, as from a source ; to spring ; to be pro- duced : in law, to come to a point in fact or law ; to terminate. — v.t. to send out ; to put into circu- lation ; to give out for use '.—pr.p. is'suing ; pa.p. is'sued.— «. is'suer. [Fr. isstie — issir, to go or flow out — L. exire — ex, out, ire, to go.] issue, ish'ijo, n., a goi^ig or flowing oiit; act of sending out : that which flows or passes out : fruit of the body, children ; produce ; circulation, as of bank-notes ; publication, as of a book ; a giving out for use ; ultimate result, consequence : in law, the close or result of a pleading : in vied., an ulcer produced artificially. issueless, ish'oo-les, adj., without issue; childless. Isthmus, ist'mus, 7i. lit. a passage from one place to another ; a neck of land connecting two larger portions of land. [L. — Gr. isthmos, a passage, an isthmus, ithma, a step — eimi, to go.] It, it, pro7t. the thing spoken of or referred to. [old E.and A.S. hit, Goth, ita; akin to L. id. Sans. /, pronominal root = here.] Italian, i-tal'yan, Italic, i-tal'ik, adj., of or relating to Italy or its people. — u. a native of Italy ; the language of Italy. [It. Italiano, Italico — L. Italia — Gr. italos, a bull, L. vituhcs, a calf] Italianise, i-tal'yan-Tz, v.t., to make Italian. — v.i. to play the Italian ; to speak Italian -.—pr.p. Ital'ianlsing ; pa.p. Ital'ianTsed. Italics, i-tal'iks, n.pl. a kind of types which slope to the right (as in the last word), so called because dedicated by their inventor to the Italian States. Italicise, i-tal'i-sTz, v.t., to prifit in Italics :^pr.p. Ital'iclsing ; pa.p. Ital'iclsed. Hch, ich, «., a7i imeasy, irritatiftg sensation in the skin ; an eruptive disease in the skin, caused by a parasitic animal and accompanied by severe itching. — z'.i. to have an uneasy, irritating sensa- tion in the skin ; to have a constant, teasing desire: — pr.p. itch'ing; pa.p. itched'. [A. S. gictha, itching, gicenes, a burning in the skin; ?>zot. youk, yuck, Gcr. jiicken, to itch.] itchy, ich'i, adj., pertaining to or affected with itch. Item, T'tem, adv. lit. in the same way; also. — n. a separate article or particular. — v.t. to make a note of : — pr.p. I'teming ; pa.p. I'temed. [L. — id, that, akin to Sans, ittliam, thus.] Iterate, it'er-at, v.t., to do again; to repeat :—/r./. it'erating ; pa.p. it'erated. — «. itera'tion.repetition. [L. itero, -atum — iterujn [is, this, and compar- ative affi.x teriim), beyond this, again ; akin to Sans, itara, other.] iterative, it'er-at-iv, adj., repeating. [L. iterativus.'] Itinerant, i-tin'er-ant, adj., making jotirneys from place to place ; travelling. — n. one who travels from place to place, esp. a preacher ; a wanderer. — adv. itin'erantly. — ns. itin'eracy, itin'erancy. [low L. itinerans, -antis — L. iter, itineris, a journey — eo, itjnn, to go.] Itinerary, i-tin'er-ar-i, adj., travelling; done on a journey. — n, a book of travels ; a guide-book for travellers. [L. itinerarius — iter.l Its, its, pass, pron., the possessive of It. itself, it-self, pron. the neuter reciprocal pronoun, applied to things. [It's self.] Ivied. See under Ivy. Ivory, T'vo-ri, n. lit. the elephant ; the hard, white sub- stance composing the tusks of the elephant and of the sea-horse. — adj. made of or resembling ivory. [Fr. ivoire, Prov. evori — L. ebur, eboris, ivory — old Egyptian, ebiir, Sans, ibha, an elephant.] _ ivory-black, I'vo-ri-blak, n. a black powder, orig. made from burnt ivory, but now from bone. ivory-nut, I'vo-ri-nut, «., the nut of a species of palm, containing a substance like ivory. Ivy, T'vi, 7t. an evergreen creeping plant on trees and walls. [A.S. ijig, Ger. epheu, old Ger. ebeheue.] ivied, ivyed, I'vid, ivy-mantled, I'vi-man-tld, adj., overgrown or mantled with ivy. Jahber, jab'er, v.i., to gabble or talk rapidly and in- distinctly ; to chatter. — v.t. to utter indistinctly: — pr.p. jabb'ering ; pa.p. jabb'ered. — «. rapid indistinct speaking. — 7i. jabb'erer. [Scot, gibber; from root of Gabble.] Jacinth, I'a-sinth or ja', n. in B., a precious stone, a r^"^ variety of zircon, now called hyacinth; a dark-purple colour, [contr. of Hyacinth.] Jack, jak, «. a nickname or diminutive of "John; a saucy or paltry fellow ; a sailor : any instrument serving to supply the place of a boy or helper, as a boot-jack for taking oft" boots, a contrivance for turning a spit, a screw for raising heavy weights : the male of some animals : a young pike : a sup- port to saw wood on : a miner's wedge : a flag displayed from the bowsprit of a ship : a coat of mail. [Fr. Jaques, James, the most common name in France, hence used as a substitute for John the most common name in England.] jackanapes, jak'a-naps, «. lit. Jack the ape; a monkey, a co-xcomb. jackass, jak'as, n., the male of the ass; a blockhead. [Jack = the male, and Ass.] jackboots, jak'boots, n.pl. large boots reaching above the knee, to protect the leg, formerly worn by cavalry, and lined with plates of iron. [Jack = coat-of-mail, and Boots.] jackdaw, jak'daw, «. a species of crow. [Jack, and Baw.] jacket, jak'et, n., a short coat. [Yr. jaqueite ; Sp. jaqueta, a dim. of Jack, a homely substitute for a coat-of-mail.] jacketed, jak'et-ed, adj., wearing a jacket. jackscrew, jak'skroo, n., a screw for raising heavy weights. [Jack, and Screw.] Jack, Jak, jak, 71. a tree of the E. Indies of the same genus as the Bread-fruit-tree. Jackal, jak'awl, «. a wild, gregarious kind of dog. [Fr. jackal and chacal ; Ar. tochakhal; Pers. shagdl; Sans, grigdla.] Jacket. See under Jack. Jacobin, jak'O-bin, n. one of an order of monks, so named from their orig. establishment in the J?tie St Jacqzies (St James's Street), Paris ; one of a society of revolutionists in France, so called from their meeting in a jfacohiji convent ; a demagogue : 2i hooded ^giigQon. [Fr. — L. Jacobus, James, Gr. Jacdbos, Vmh. jdakob.'^ Jacobinical, jak-o-bin'i-kal, adj., pertaining to the Jacobins or revolutionists of France ; holding revolutionary principles. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; miite ; moon ; th&TX. 275 Jacobinism Jacobinism, jak'o-bin-izm, «., iJie principles of the Jacobins or French revolutionists. Jacobite, jak'o-blt, n. an adherent of James II. and his descendants. — adj. of or belonging to the Jacobites. — adj. Jacoblt'ical. — «. Jac'ebitism. Jacob's-ladder, ja'kobs-lad'er, «., iiaut., a ladder made of ropes with wooden steps : a garden plant with large blue flowers, [from the Ladder which Jacob saw in his dream.] Jade, jfid, «., v.t., to cause to pant ; to tire; to harass. — v.i. to become wearj*; to lose spirit: — pr.p. jad'ing; pa.p. jfid'ed. — «. a tired horse ; a worthless nag ; a woman — in contempt or irony ; a stone of a dark-green colour, [ace. to Wedg- wood, Sp. ijadear, to pant — ijada, L. ilia, the flank.] 'a«i jag, «., a cleft or notch; a ragged protuber- ance : in bot., a cleft or division. — v.t. to cut into notches :—pr.p. jagg'ing ; pa.p. jagged'. [Celt. gas^, a cleft.] Jagged, jag'cd, adj., cleft; having notches. — adv. jagg'edly. — n. jagg'edness. jagger, jager, n. a brass wheel with a notched edge for cutting cakes Sec. into ornamental forms. i^SSJi jag'i, iidj., notched; set with teeth; uneven. Jaguar, jag'u-ar or jag-war', «. the most powerful American beast of prey, usually of a yellow colour with large black spots and rings, found in S. America. \\ix2.z. jagoara.^ Jab, jii, n. Jehovah. [Heb.] Jail, same as Gaol. — jailer, same as gaoler. Jalap, jal'ap, n. the purgative root of a plant found near Jalapa or Xalapa, in Mexico. Jam, jam, n. a conserve of fruit boiled with sugar. [Gr. zomos, bioth.] Jam, jam, v.t., to press as bet^vcen jamls; to squeeze tight :—/r./.jamm'ing; /«./. jammed'. [.See jamb under.] Jamb, jam, n. lit. a bending; the side-piece of a door, fireplace, &c. [Yr.jantbe, old Yr.jame, It. ga?)iba, a leg — Celt, cam, camb, bent.] Jangle, jang'gl, v.i. to sound discordantly as in wrangling ; to wrangle or quarrel. — v.t. to cause to sound harshly :—/r./. jang'ling; pa.p. jang'- led. — w. discordant sound ; contention, [old Fr. jangler, from the sound.] — 7is. jang'ler, jang'ling. Janitor, jan'i-tor, «., a door-keeper ; a porter. — fetn. Janitrix. [L., {rom. jamta, a door.] Janizary, jan'i-zar-i, Janissary, jan'is-sar-i, n. a soldier of the old Turkish foot-guards. — adj. janiza'rian. [Fr. Janissaire ; Turk. yeni-tshe'ri, new soldiers.] Janty. See Jaunty. January, jan'u-ar-i, ft. the first month of the year, dedicated by the Romans to Jamis, the god of the sun. [L. Jamiarius — Ja}ius.'\ Japan, ja-pan', v.t. to varnish after the manner of the Japanese or people of Japan; to make black and glossy -.—pr.p. japann'ing ; pa.p. japanned'.— «. work japanned ; the varnish used in japanning. — n. Japann'er. Jar, jar, v.i. lit. to creak; to clash ; to quarrel : to be inconsistent. — v.t. to shake :—/r./. jarring ; pa.p. jarred'. — n. a harsh rattling sound ; clash of interest or opinions ; discord. — adv. jarr'ingly. [imitative of the sound like Sp. chirriar, to creak or chirp ; L. garrio, to chatter.]— On the jar, same as Ajar- Jar, jar, n. an earthen or glass bottle with a wide jellied mouth; a measure. \Yr.jarre ; \x..giara', Ar. jarrah, a water-pot.] Jargon, jar'gun, n. lit. cJuittering of birds ; con- fused talk ; slang. [Fr. jargon; It. gergo; like A.S. cearcian, to chatter.] Jargonelle, jar-gG-nel', n. a kind of pear. [Fr.] Jasmine, jas'min. Jessamine, jes'a-min, «. a genus of plants, many species of which have very frag- rant flowers. \_Kr. yasaviyn; Fers. jasmin.] Jasper, jas'pcr, «, a hard silicious mineral of various colours; a precious stone. [Fr. jaspe ; L. and Gr. iaspis ; Hob. yashphek.] jasperated, jas'per-a-tcd, adj., mixed with jasper. Jaundice, jiin'dis, n. a disease, characterised by a yellowness ^the eyes, skin, &c. caused by bile. [Yr.jaunisse, from jaitne, yellow — L. galbafius, yellowish, galbtts, yellow.] jaundiced, j;in'dist, adj.y affected with jaundice: prejudiced. Jaunt, jant, v.i. lit. to stir; to go from place to place ; to make an excursion. — «. an excursion ; a ramble, [old F^.jaunce, old Yr. jancer, to stir.] jaunting, jant'ing, adj., strolling; making an ex- cursion. Jaunty, Janty, jan'ti, adj. lit. genteel; airy ; showy ; dashing ; linical. — adv. jaunt'ily. — n. jaunt iness, [Fr. gentil, from root of Genteel.] Javelin, jav'lin, «., a spear about six feet long, anciently used by both infantry and cavalry. [Yr. javeline ; Sp. jabalina, old E. gavellock, W. gaflach—gafl, a fork.] Jaw, jaw, n., that which chews; the bones of the mouth in which the teeth are set ; the mouth ; anything like a jaw. [old E. chaw, prob. akin to Chin, Chew.] jawed, jawd, adj., having jaws; denoting the appearance of the jaws, jawbone, jaw'bOn, «., tJie bone of the jaw, in which the teeth are set. jaw-fall, jaw'-fawl, «., a falling of the jaw ; fig. depression of spirits. [Jaw, and Fall.] Jay, ja, n. a bird of the crow family with gay plumage. [Yr.geai; Sp. gayo,^]a.y, and gayar, to variegate, from root of Gay.] Jealous, jel'us, adj. lit. zealous; suspicious of or incensed at rivalry ; anxious to defend the honour of. — adv. ie&l'ovitly. — n. jeal'ousy. [Fr. jaloux; It. zeloso ; L. zelus, and Gr. zelos, emulation.] Jean, jan, n. a twilled cotton cloth, [from Jaen, in Spain.] Jeer, jer, v.t., to make sport of; to treat with derision. — v.i. to scoff"; to deride ; to make a mock oi:—pr.p. jeer'ing ; pa.p. jeered'. — n. a railing remark ; biting jest ; mockery, [ace. to Wedgwood, Ice. dar, derision, dara, to make sport oi.\—adv. jeer'ingly. Jehovah, je-ho'va, n. lit. the eternal or self-existent Being, the chief Hebrew name of the Deity. [Yi^\i. ychovah, from hayah, to be.] Jejune, je-joon', adj. lit. abstaining from food, hungry ; empty ; void of interest ; barren. — adz>. jejune'ly. — ;/. jejune'ness. [L. jtJ2inus, akin to Sans.y^zw/, \nXcr\s. ja jam, to eat, to be hungry.] jejunum, jc-joo'num, ti, the first part of the smaller intestine, so called because generally found empty after death. ["L.—jejunus.] Jelly, jel'i, «., anything congealed or frozen ; any- thing gelatinous; the juice of fruit boiled with sugar. [Fr. gelt'e, from geler, L. gelo, to freeze.] jellied, jcl'id, adj., in the state of jelly. 276 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. jelly-fisli jelly-flfili, jel'i-fish, n. marine radiate animals like jelly. [JeUy, and Fish.] Jennet, same as Genet. Jenneting, jen'et-ing, «. an apple ripe in 'y^me. [corrupted from Juneting.'] [root of Gin. Jenny, jen'i, n. agin or machine for spinning, [from Jeopard, &c. See under Jeopardy. Jeopardy, jep'ard-i, n. lit. an even game or chance; hazard, danger. [Fr. jcu parti, low L. jocus j>artitus, a divided or even game — L. joc7{s, a %,-a.mQ, partitus, divided— /tzr/Z^r, to divide.] Jeopard, jep'ard, jeopardise, jep'ard-Iz, v.t., to put in jeopardy -.—pr.p. jeoparding, jeop'ardlsing ; pa.p. jeop'arded, jeop'ardlsed. jeopardous, jep'ard-us, adj., full of jeopardy ; ex- posed to danger or loss. — adv. jeop'ardously. Jerboa, jer'bo-a or jer-bo'a, n. a genus of small rodent quadrupeds, remarkable for the length of their hind-legs and their power of jumping. [Ar. yerboa, yaroua.] Jeremiad, jer-e-mT'ad, n., a lamentation ; a tale of grief; a doleful story, [from Jeremiah, the prophet, author of the book of Lamentations.^ Jerk, jerk, v.t. lit. to beat smartly ; to throw with a quick effort ; to give a sudden movement : — p>r.p. ierkfing; pa.p. jerked'. — n. a short, sudden movement ; a striking against with a sudden motion. [Scot, yerk, Ice. hreck-ia, to beat.] Jerke'd-beef, jerkt'-bef, «., <5£'(?/ preserved by being cut Into thin pieces and dried In the sun. [Chilian, charqid.'\ Jerkin, jer'kln, n. a jacket, a short coat or close waistcoat. \DviXc\\,jurk, a pinafore ; Yx.jargot, a garment worn by country-people.] Jersey, jer'zl, n. the finest part of wool ; combed wool ; a kind of woollen jacket, [from Jersey, one of the Channel Islands.] Jerusalem Artichoke, je-roo'sa-lem ar'ti-chok, n. a plant of the same genus as the common sunflower, the roots of which are used as food, and the leaves given to cattle, [a corr. of It. girasole, sunflower, and Artichoke, from the similarity in flavour of its root to that of this plant] Jess, jes, n. lit. a throw; a short strap round the legs of a hawk, by which she Is held and let go. [old Fr. gcsjet; It. gcto, from l^.jacto, to throw.] jessed, jest, adj ., havi7tg jesses on. Jessamine, jes'a-min. See Jasmine. Jesse, jes'I, n. a large branched candlestick used in churches, [from Its likeness to the genealogical tree of Jesse, the father of David, formerly hung up In churches.] Jest, jest, «. orig. a deed, a story; something ludicrous ; joke ; fun ; something uttered In sport ; object of laughter. — v.i. to make a jest or merri- ment -.—pr.p. jest'ing ; pa.p. jest'ed. — adv. jest'- ingly. [old Y,.jest, gest ; L. gestum — gero, to do.] Jester, jest'er, n. orig. a story-teller ; one who jests ; a buffoon. Jesuit, jez'u-It, n. one of the Society of Jesiis, founded In 1534 by Ignatius Loyola, the members of which are reputedly celebrated for craftiness ; a crafty person.— «^J. Jesuitic, Jesuitical.— ^^z/. jesuitlcally. Jesuitism, jez u-it-izm, n., the principles and prac- tices of the Jesuits ; cunning ; deceit. Jesus, je'zus, «., the Saviour of mankind. [Gr. lesous, Heb. Joshua, Jehoshua, Jehovah the Saviour— _y«i'/2«, to save.] Job Jet, jet, «. a mineral very compact and black used for ornaments. {Yx.jaiet, Ger. gagat, L., Gr. gagates, from Gagas, a town and river in Lycia, in Asia Minor, where It was obtained.] jet-black, jet'-blak, adj., black as jet, the deepest black colour. jetty, jet'i, adj., made of jet, or black as jet.— «. jett'iness. Jet, jet, v.i., to throw or shoot for^vard\ to jut. — v.t. to emit in a stream :—/r./. jett'Ing; pa.p. jett'ed. \Yr. Jeter— l^.jacto, freq. oi jacio, to throw.] jet, jet, n. lit. a throwing; a spoutmg stream; a short pipe emitting a flame of gas. [Fr., It. geto, \,. j actus— jacio, to throw.] jetty, jet'i, «., that which juts out; a projection; a kind of pier. [Yr.jetee—jeter.] _ _ jetsam, jet'sam, jetson, jet'sun, jettison, jet i-sun, «., the throwing of goods overboard in a case of great peril to lighten a vessel ; the goods so thrown away which remain under water. Jew, joo, «., ati inhabitant ofjudcea; a Hebrew or Israelite.— /t'w. Jew'ess. [old Fr. Juis, L. Judcezis, Gr. loudaios—Ioudaia, Judea.] Jewish, joo'Ish, adj., belongi?ig to the Jews.—adv, Jewlshly.— «. Jev/ishness. _ [Jews. Jewry, joo'ri, n., Judea: a district inhabited by Jew's-harp, jooz'-harp, n. a small /i«r/-shaped: musical instrument played between the teeth by striking a spring with the finger, [perhaps from Yr.jeu, a toy, and Harp.] Jewel, joo'el, «., a joy or delight ; an ornament of dress ; a precious stone ; anything highly valued. — v.t. to dress or adorn with jewels; to fit with a jewel -.—pr.p. jew'elling ; pa.p. jeVelled. [old Yr.jouel, Fr. joy au. It. giojello, from dim. of L. gaudiu7n, ]oy—ga7(deo, to rejoice.] See Joy. _ jeweUer, joo'el-er, «., one who makes or deals in. jezvels. [general. jewellery, joo'el-er-i, jewelry, joo'el-ri, n., jewels in Jib, jib, n. a triangular sail borne in front of the foremast in a ship, so called from Its shifting of itself. — v.t. to shift a boom sail from one tack to the other. — v.i. to move restively. [Dutch, gijpen, to turn suddenly.] jib-boom, jib'-boom, n., a boom or extension of the bowsprit, on which they/3 is spread. Jibe, same as Gibe. Jig, jig, n., a quick, lively tune ; a quick dance suited to the tune.— taz. to dance a jig:— Z^./- jigging; /«./. jigged'. [Fr. gigue, a strmged instrument, Ger. geige, from Ice. geiga, to move rapidly : conn, with Gig.] Jilt, jilt, 71. a woman who encourages a lover and then neglects or rejects him ; a flirt. — v.t. to en- courage and then disappoint In love. — v.i. to act as a '-jAf.—pr.p. jllt'Ing ; /«./. jilt'ed. [Scot. jillet, perh. from Jill, a female name, used in contempt.] Jingle, jing'gl, «., a jangling or clinking sound ; that which makes a rattling sound ; a correspondence of sounds. — v.t. to make a jingling _sound. — ■ v.i. to sound with a jingle :—/r./. jing'hng; pa.p. jing'led. [formed from the sound.] See Jangle. Job, job, n. a sudden stroke or stab with a pointed instrument like a beak.— v.t. to strike or stab suddenly -.—pr.p. jobb'Ing ;/«./. jobbed'. [Gael. gob, W. gyb, a beak. ] Job, job, n. lit. a himp or portion; any piece of fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^-o.. 277 jobber work, esp. of a trifling or temporary nature ; any undertaking with a view to profit ; in a bad sense, a mean, lucrative aftair. — v.i. to work at jobs ; to buy and sell, as a broker : to hire or let out for a short time, esp. horses, [old E. gobbet, Fr. gobet.\ See Gobble. Jobber, job'er, «., one who jobs; one who buys and sells, as a broker ; one who turns official actions to private advantage ; one who engages in a mean, lucrative affair. Jobbery, job'er-i, «. jobbing; unfair means employed to procure some private end. Jockey, jok'I, «. lit. liiile John; a man (orig. a boy) who rides horses in a race ; a horse-dealer ; one who takes undue advantage in business. — v.t. to jostle by riding against ; to cheat -.—pr.p. jock'eying ; f>a.p. jock'eyed ('id), [dim. of Jock, Scot, for yac/i, dim. of John, a common name for servants.] Jockeylsm, jok'i-izm, jockeyshlp, jok'i-ship, n., the art ox practice of a jockey. Jocose, jO-kGs', adj., full of jokes; humorous; merry. — rtc/ro\>crty joifted to or settled on a woman at marriage to be enjoyed after her husband's death. — v.t. to settle a jointure upon : — f^-P- joint'uring ; pa.p. joint'ured. [Fr., old Fr. joinctitre, L. junctnra.] jointuress, jolnt'ur-es, jointress, joint'res,«.,rt7ww/rt« on whom a jointure is settled. junction, jungk'shun, «., the act of joining; union or combination ; place or point of union. Jovial juncture, jungk'tur, n. , a joining; a union ; a critical or important point of time. [L. junctura.^ junta, jun'ta, «., a body of men joined or united; a Spanish grand council of state. [Sp.— ^ww^^.j junto, jun'to, n., a body of men joi}ied or united for some secret Intrigue ; a cabal or faction. [Sp.] Joist, joist, n. lit. that on which anything lies; the timbers to which the boards of a floor or the laths of a ceiling are nailed.— z*.^. to fit with joists :— /r./. joist'ing ; pa.p. joist'ed. [Scot. geist, old Fr. giste, from gesir, Prov, jazer, L. jacere, to he.] Joke, jok, «., a jest ; a wtticism ; something witty or sportive ; anything said or done to e.xclte a laugh. — v.t. to cast jokes at ; to banter ; to make merry with. — v.i. to jest ; to be merry ; to make sport -.—pr.p. jok'ing ; pa.p. joked'. [A.S. ioic, Dutch, y^)/^, 'L.joc7is.'\ jokingly, jGklng-li, adv., in a joking manner. joker, jok'er, 71., 07ie who jokes or jests. Jole, the preferable form of Jowl. Jolly, jolli, adj., merry; e.vpressing or exciting mirth : plump, robust. — adv. joi'lily. — 71s. jol'Iity, jol'liness. [Fr. joli, IcQ.jol, a Christmas feast, E. yicle.l Jolly-boat, jolll-bot, «., a yawl boat ; a small boat belonging to a ship. [corr. of Yawl and Boat.] Jolt, jolt, v.i. to shake with sudden jerks. — v.t. to shake with a sudden shock :—pr.p. joit'ing ; pa.p. jolted. — «. a sudden jerk, [from the sound.] joltingly, jolt'ing-li, adv., iti a jolting Jita7i7ier. Jonquil, jon'kwil, Jonquille, jon-kwel', n. a name given to certain species of narcissus with rush- leaves. [Fr. jo7iq7iille — L. J7incus, a rush.] Jostle. See under Joust. Jot, jot, 71. lit. a poi7it : the least quantity assign- able. — v.t. to set down briefly ; to make a memo- randum of: — pr.p. jott'ing ; pa.p. jotted, [the smallest letter In Hebrew, yod, Gr. iota, E. ?'.] Jotting, jotlng, 71. a memorandum. Journal, jur'nal, «., a diiir7ial or daily register or diary; a book containing an account of each day's transactions ; a newspaper published d?jly or otherwise ; a magazine ; the transactions of any society. [Fr., \x.. gior7iale — low h. jor7iale L. diuTvialis.] See Diurnal. journalism, jur'nal-izm, 71., tlu kecpi7tg of a journal ; the profession of conducting public journals. journalist, jurnal-ist, «., 07ie wlio writes or conducts a journal or newspaper. journalistic, j iir-nal-ist Ik, adj. , P>erfai7ii/ig to jour- nals or newspapers, or to joiir/ialis7/t. journey, jurlil, «. lit. a day's travel; any travel ; tour ; excursion. — v.i. to travel '.—pr.p. jour'ney- ing ; pa.p. journeyed { nid). [Fr.jonrjiee—joitr, It. giorno, a day — L. diicr^tjts.] journeyman, jur'ni-man, «., 07ie wJio works by tJu day ; any hired workman. JouBt, just, 71. lit. a contitig togetJier; the encounter of two knights on horseback at a tournament. — v.i. to run in the tilt : — pr.p. jousting ; pa.p. joust'ed. [old Fr. juste, from h.J7(xta, together.] jostle, jos'l, v.t., to joust or strike against ; to drive against :—pr.p. jos'tling ; pa.p. jos'lled. [frcq. of Joust.] Jovial, jo'vi-al, adj. lit. helongijig to Joz'e or Jnpiier, fortunate; full of mirth and happiness ; joyous. —adv. jo'viaUy.— ;«. jovial ity, jo'vialness. [L. Jovinlis— Jupiter, Jovis, Jupiter, the star, from the language of astrology.] 278 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //zen. Jowl Jowl, Jole, jol, n., the jaw or cheek. [A.S. ceole, the jaw, old 'Er. gole, Ex. gueule, the throat, L. g7ila.\ Joji joy, «., gladness; happiness ; rapture ; mirth ; the cause of joy. — v.i., to rejoice; to be glad ; to exult :—/r./. joy'ing; pa.p. joyed'. [Yr. j'oie, Sp. joya. It. gioja, L. gatidium^gaudeo, to rejoice, allied to Gr. gethed.'\ joyful, joy'fool, adj., full of joy ; very glad, happy, or merry. — adv. joyfully. — 71. joy'fulness. joyless, jo/les, adj., withoid joy ; not giving joy. — adv. joy'Iessly. — n. joy'lessness. joyous, joy'us, adj., full of joy, happiness, or merri- ment. — adv. jo/ously.— «. joy'ousness. Jubilee, joo'bi-le, tt. lit. a shout of joy ; the year of release among the Jews every fiftieth year : anyseasonof great public joy and festivity. [Fr. jtibile, \,. jicbilian, Heh. yoiel.] jubilant, joo'bi-lant, adj., shoutlugfor joy, as m a jubilee; rejoicing; uttering songs of triumph. [Li. jtibilatts, -antis^Jibilo, jubilatuin, to shout for joy.] jubilation, joo-bi-la'shun, n., a shouting for joy as in ajtibilee ; the declaration of triumph. jubilate, joo-bi-la'te, w.the 3d Sunday after Easter, so called because the Church Service began on that day with the 66th Psalm, ' Jubilate Deo,' &c. Judaic, joo-da'ik, Judaical, joo-da'ik-al, adj., per- taining to the Jervs. — adv. Juda'ically. [L. Ju- daicus — Juda, Judah, one of the sons of Israel.] Judaism, joo'da-izm, n., the doctri7tes and rites of the jfezvs ; conformity to the Jewish rites. Judaise, joo'da-Tz, v.i., to confor7n to or practise Jzcdaisin : — pr.p. Ju'dalsing ; pa.p. Ju'dalsed. Judean, joo-de'an, adj., belo7igi/ig to Judea. — n. a native of Judea. Judge, juj, v.i., to point out or declare what is just or law ; to hear and decide ; to pass sentence : to compare facts to determine the truth : to form or pass an opinion ; to distinguish. — v.t. to hear and determine authoritatively ; to sentence : to censure severely : to consider: in j5., to condemn : — pr.p. judg'ing ; pa.p. judged'. [Fr.j?/ger — L. judico—^jus, law, and dico, to declare.] ^udge, juj, 71., one tvho judges ; a civil officer who hears and settles any cause : an arbitrator ; one •who can decide upon the merit of anything: the Supreme Being: in Jewish history, a magistrate having civil and military powers. — pi. title of the seventh book of the Old Testament. [Fr. juge, L. judex— judico. ] judgeship, juj'ship, 71., the ojfice of a judge. judgment, juj'ment, «., act of judgi7ig ; the com- paring of ideas, to elicit truth : faculty by which this is done, the reason ; opinion formed : taste : sentence; condemnation; doom. judgment-day, juj'ment-da, n. the day on which God will pronounce finaXjudgyne/tt on mankind. judgment-seat, juj'ment-set, 71., seat or bench in a court from which jtidgment is pronounced. judicable, joo'di-ka-bl, adj., tJiat may be judged or tried. [V-. judicabilis.^ Judicative, jou'di-ka-tiv, adj., havi7ig power to jzidge. judicatory, joo'di-ka-tor-i, adj., pertai7ting to a judge; distributing justice. — 71. distrib ition of justice; a tribunal, [l^.jtidica tortus.] judicatTire, joo'di-ka-tur, 7t., profession of a jtidge; power or system of dispensing justice by legal trial ; jurisdiction : a tribunal. judicial, joo-dish'al, adj., pertaining to a jztdge or court; practised in, or proceeding from a court Jungle of justice: established by statute.— a^z'. Judi'ci- ally. [h.jttdicialis.] judiciary, joo-dish'i-ar-i, n. \.h& judges taken collec- tively. — adj. pertaining to the courts of law: passing judgment. [L. judiciarius.] Judicious, joo-dish'us, adj., according to sound ji^dg- I7ie7it ; possessing sound judgment: discreet. — 71. judi'ciousness.— ai/57. judi'ciously. Jug, jug, 71., a basi7i; a large vessel with a swelling body and narrow mouth for liquors. — v.t. to boil orstewas ina jug : — -/r./.jugg'ing ;/«./. jugged', [old Y..jub, a jug; A.S. ceac, basin, cup, pitcher.] J°S, jug, v.i. to utter the sound y?^^, as certain birds, esp. the nightingale, [from the sound.] Juggle, jug'l, v.i., to joke or jest; to amuse by sleight of hand; to conjure: to practise artifice or imposture : — pr.p. jugg'ling ; pa.p. juggled. — 71. a trick by sleight of hand : an imposture, [old Yr. jongler — 'L.joador, to ]est—jocus, a jest.] juggler, jug'ler, «. lit. a joker or jester; one who performs tricks by sleight of hand ; a trickish fellow, [old Yj. jogelotir : Ex. jo7tgleur — \j.jocu- lator, a jester.] jugglery, jug'ler-i, n., art or tricJcs of a juggler; legerdemain ; trickery. Jugular, joo'gu-lar, adj., pertaining to the collar- bo7ie, which joins the neck and shoulders. — n. one of the large veins on either side of the neck. [L. jugulu77t, the collar-bone— ^V^«^(7, to join.] Juice, joos, n. lit. broth; the sap of vegetables ; the fluid part of animal bodies. [Fr. and 'L.jus.'\ juiceless, joos'les, adj., destitute ofjtiice. juicy, joos'i, adj., fdl of juice. — 71. juic'iness. Jujube, joo'joob, 71. a genus of spiny shrubs or small trees, the fruit of which is dried as a sweetmeat; a lozenge made of sugar and gum. [Fr. — L. zizyphtis, Gr. zizypJws, Pers. zizfm. Ax. zifzuf, the jujube-tree.] Julep, joo'lep, Julap, joolap, n. lit. rose-water; a pleasant liquid medicine in which other nauseous medicines are taken. [Ar. jtdab; Pers. gtd, rose, ab, water.] Julian, jool'yan, adj. noting the old account of time established by Jtdius Caesar, and used from 46 B.C. till 1752. July, joo-ll', w. the seventh month of the year, so called from Caius Julizts Caesar, who was born in this month. Jumble, jum'bl, v.t. to mix confusedly; to throw together without order. — v.i. to be mixed to- gether confusedly : to be agitated -.—pr.p. jum'- bling ; pa.p. jum'bled.— «. a confused mixture. [old E. j ombre, prob. a freq. of Jump.] Jumblingly, jum'bling-li, adv., in. a jimihled or confused manner. Jump, jump, v.i. to spring upward, or forward, or both : to bound : to pass to as by a leap. — v.t. to pass by a leap; to skip ow&r :— pr.p. jump'mg; pa.p. jumped'. — n. act of jumping; a bound, [perhaps formed from the sound.] Junction, Juncture. See under Join. June, joon, «. the sixth month, orig. of 26 days, but since Julius Caesar's time of 30. [L. Jtmius for Jjmonius—Juno, the goddess to whom this month was sacred : or from root of L. juvenis. Sans. J7iwa7t, young, and so = the month of growth.] Jungle, jung'gl, n., forests, wastes; land covered with thick brushwood, &.c.—adj. jun'gly. [Hind. ja7igal, ?>a.ns. ja7iggala, desert.] fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; ^^en. 879 Junior Jnnlor, joon'jair, adj., youftgcr; less advanced. — «. one younger or less advanced. [contr. of L. juvenior, youngeT—juvcnis, young.] juniority, joo-ni-or'i-ti, juniorflhip, jOo'ni-ur-ship, ft., state of being junior. Juniper, joo'ni-per, «. an evergreen shrub, so called because it brings forth younger berries while the others are ripening, {h. junif>erus— junior, younger, s.ndpario, to bring forth.] Junk, jungk, n. a Chinese vessel, having a high forecastle and poop, and three masts. Jnnk, jungk, «. pieces of old cordage, used for making mats, &c. and when picked to pieces forming oakum for the seams of ships : salt meat supplied to vessels for long voyages, so called because it becomes as hard as old rope. [L. juncus, a rush, of which ropes used to be made.] Junket, jung'ket, n. any sweetmeat, so called from being handed in little baskets made of rushes : a stolen entertainment. — v.i. to feast in secret. — 7>.i. to feast:— /n/. jun'keting; /^./.jun'keted. [low L.. juncata—juncus.'\ Junta, Junto. See under Join. Jupiter, joo'pi-ter, «., the father of heaven ; the chief god among the Romans : the largest, and, ne.vt to Venus, the brightest of the planets, [modification of Diovis pater = Diespiter — Dies or Diovis = diznitn, heaven, o.nd pater, father.] Jnridic&l, joo-rid'ik-al, adj., relating to the distri- bution oi justice ; pertaining to a judge : used in courts of law. — ad7i. juridically. [L. juridicus — jtis, juris, law, and dico, to declare.] Juriaconiult, joo-ris-kon'sult or suit', n., one ivho is consulted on the lazv ; a lawyer who gives opinions on cases put to him ; a jurist. [L. jus, J7iris, law, and consultus — consulo, to consult.] Jurisdiction, joo-ris-dik'shun, n., the distribution of justice; legal authority: extent of power: dis- trict over which any authority extends. — adj. juriidic'tional. [L. jurisdictio.'] Jurisprudence, joo-ris-proo'dens, 7t., the science or knowledge of laiv. [L. jurisprudefitia—jus, juris, law, and prudentia, knowledge. See prudence.] jurist, joo'rist, «., 07te ivho professes or is versed in iJu science of law, especially the Roman or civil law; a civilian. \Yx. juriste.'\ Jury, joo'ri, n. a body of not less than twelve men, selected and sivorn, as prescribed by law, to declare the truth on evidence before them : a committee for deciding prizes at a public exhibi- tion. {¥t. jur^, sworn— jurer, L.y«r^, to swear.] juror, joo'rur, juryman, jijo'ri-man, n., one who serves on a jury. [Vr. jjtreur.] Jury-mast, joo'ri-mast, n. a temporary mast erected in a ship instead of one injured, [injury, and Uast.] Jury-rudder, joo'ri-rud-cr, n. a temporary rtidder for one inju>rd. [injury, and Kudder.] Just, a tilt, same as Joust. Just, just, ^(7;., laivful; upright: e.xact; regular: true: righteous. — adv. accurately: almost ; barely. [L. justus^Jts, law.] Justice, jus'tis, «., quality of being jtist; integrity: impartiality : desert ; retribution : a judge ; a m.agistrate. [Fr. ; 'L. justitia.'] Justiceship, jus'tis-ship, «., ofjice or dignity of a J7istice or judge. justiciary, jus-tish'i-ar-i, justiciar, jus-tish'i-ar, «., an administrator of justice : a chief-justice. Keen justify, jus'ti-fT, v.t., to make just : to prove or shew to be just or right ; to vindicate : — pr.p. jus'tifying;/a./. jus'tified. {L,. justifico— Justus , just, and_/ar;'(7, to make.] justifiable, jus-ti-f I'a-bl, adj., that may he justi- fied; defensible ; excusable.— «. justifi'ableness. — adv. justifl'ably. Justification, jus-ti-fi-kri'shun, «., act of justifying; absolution : a plea of sufficient reason for. justificative, jus'ti-fi-ka-tiv, justificatory, jus'ti-fi- ka-tor-i, adj., having power to justify. juatifier, jus'ti-fl-er, «., one who justifies ; one who defends, or vindicates : he who pardons and absolves from guilt and punishment, justly, just'li, adv., in a just ntanrier ; equitably; uprightly : accurately : by right. justness, just'nes, n., quality of bcirtg just; exactness. Justle, same as Jostle. Jut, jut, v.i. a form of Jet, to shoot forward : — pr.p, jutt'ing ; pa.p. jutt'ed. Jute, joot, n. the fibre of an Indian plant used in the manufacture of coarse bags, carpeting, &c. Juvenile, joo've-nil, or -nil, adj., young; pertaining or suited to youth : puerile. — ns. ju'venileness, juvenility. \X-. juvenilis— jjivenis, young ; akin to Sa.ns.J74wan, young, and djuna, sportive.] juvenescent, joo-vcn-es'ent, adj., reaching the age of youth; becoming young. — «. juvenes'cence. [L-J3ivencscens—juvenesco, to grow young.] Juxtaposition, juks-ta-po-zish'un, «., a placing or being placed near; contiguity. {L,.juxta, near, and Position.] Kail, k:"l, Kale, kal, n., coleivort; a cabbage. [A.S. cal, cawl; Ice., Dan. kaal; L. caulis. See Cole.] Kaleidoscope, ka-li'dos-kop, n. an optical instrument in which we see an endless variety of beautiful colours and forms. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, eidcs, form, and skopeo, to see.] Kalendar, Kalends, same as Calendar, Calends. Kangaroo, kang-gar-oo',«. an Australian herbivorous quadruped, remarkable for the length of its hind- legs and its power of leaping, [the native name.] Kaw, same as Caw. Kedge, kej, n. lit. a keg or float attached to an anchor ; a small anchor for keeping a ship steady and for warping the ship. — c./. to move by means of a kedge, to wai-p :^pr.p. kedg'ing ; pa.p. kedged'.^«. kedg'er, a kedge. [Ice. kaggi, a. cask fixed to an anchor as a buoy.] keg, keg, n., a small cask or barrel. Keel, kcl, n. lit. a ship or the bottom of a ship I the principal timber in a ship extending along the bottom and supporting the whole ; a low flat- bottomed boat: in bot., the lowest petals of a papilionaceous flower. — z'.t. or /. to plough with a keel, to navigate ; to turn keel upwards: — pr.p. keel'ing ; /rt./. keeled'. [A.S. ceol, a ship, a keel, cale, the bottom of a ship ; Ger. kiel, old Ger. chiol. Ice. kid'lr.] keelage, kel'aj, «. dues for a keel or ship in port. keeled, keld, adj. in bot., keel-shaped ; having a prominence on the back. keelson, kelsun, n., apieceof timber along the Roor timbers of a ship directly over the keel. [Dan, kiol-svin; Ice. svill, a sill or beam on which something rests.] Keen, ken, adj. lit. powerful, daring; prompt 280 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. Keep eager : sharp, having a fine edge : piercing ; severe: acute of mind ; penetrating. — adv. keenly. — n. keen'nesB. [A.S. c^«^, old Sw. k^n, bold; Ger. kiihn, prob. ixomkonnen, to be able.] See Can. Keep, kep, v.t., to regard; to have the care of; to guard : to maintain ; to have in one's service : to remain in : to adhere to ; to practise : not to lose ; to maintain hold upon ; to restrain from depar- ture : to preserve in a certain state. — v.i. to re- main in any position or state ; to last or endure ; to adhere -.—pr.p. keep'ing;/^.^. a.ndpa.p. kept. — n. that which keeps or protects ; the innermost and strongest part of a castle, the donj on ; a strong- hold. — n. keeper. [A.S. cepan, to regard; Scot. kepe, care.] — «. keep'ership, office of a keeper. keeping, kep'ing, «. care ; just proportion, harmony : in paint., due proportion of light and shade. keepsake, kep'sak, n. something given to be kept for the sake ^the giver. Keg. See under Kedge. Kelp, kelp, «. lit. dust, pozvder; the calcined ashes of sea-weed, used in the manufacture of glass; the sea-weed from which kelp is produced, [old E. kilpe, gilp — A.S. gUp, dust, powder.] EelsoD, same as Keelson. Ken, ken, v.t., to know; to see and recognise at a distance. — 71. reach of knowledge or sight, [old E. kenne, kemten.} See Can. Kendal-green, ken'dal-gren, «., green cloth made at Kendal in Westmoreland. Kennel, ken'el, n., a house for dogs; a pack of hounds : the hole of a fox, &c. ; a haunt. — v.t., to keep in a kennel. — v.i. to live in a kennel : — pr.p. kennelling ; pa. p. kenn'elled. [Fr. chenil — chien, a dog; It. canile — L. ca7tis, a dog.] Kennel, ken'el, «., a little cafial or chamiel; a gutter, [from root of Canal.] Kennel-coal, same as cannel-coal. Kept, past tense 3.nA past participle of Keep. Kerb-stone, kerb'-ston, a form of curb-stone. Kerchief, ker'chif, «. orig. a square piece of cloth worn by women to cover the head; any loose cloth used in dress, [old E. coverchief— old Fr. couvrechief, coirvrecJief—cozivrir, to cover, clief, the head.] Kern. See Quern. Kernel, kern'el, n. lit. a grain of com; anything in a husk or shell ; the substance in the shell of a nut ; the seed of a pulpy fruit. [A.S. cyrnel, Ger. ker7i, a grain.] See Corn and Grain. kemelly, kern'el-i, adj., full of or resonbliKg ker7iels. Kersey, ker'zi, n. a coarse woollen cloth. [Scot. carsaye, Fr. cariset, creseau, Sw. kersi7tg.'\ Kerseymere, ker-zi-mer' or ker', «. a twilled cloth of the finest wools, [a corn of Cassimere.] Kestrel, kes'trel, 71. lit. the bird which circles or goes 7-ou7id m its flight ; a small species of falcon like the sparrow-hawk. [Fr. C7-csserelle, qiier- celle, prob. from L. circulus — circo, to go round.] Ketch, kech, «. a small two-masted vessel, gener- ally used as a yacht or as a bomb-vessel. [Fr. guaiche, keich, akin to caic, cagjte, a long boat ; D. kaag, old Sw, kogg, old E. cogge, a small boat.] Ketchup, same as Catchup. Kettle, ket'l, «. lit. a cooking vessel; a vessel of iron or other metal, used for heating or boiling liquids. [A.S. cetel, Ger. kessel, Goth, katil. kind L. eatillus, for cati7tulus, dim. of cati7tus, a deep cooking vessel.] kettle-drum, ket'1-drum, «., a drran made of a metal vessel, like a kettle, covered with parchment. Key, ke, «. lit. that -which shuts or closes; an in- strument for_ shutting or opening a lock : in arch. , the middle stone of an arch : a piece o€ wood let into another piece crosswise to prevent warping : in i7iusic, one of the small levers in musical instruments for producing notes ; the fundamental note of a piece of music : that which explains a mystery ; a book containing answers to exercises, &;c. [A.S. cag, a key ; W. cae, aa enclosure — can, to shut : prob. akin to L. claudo, Gr. kleio, to shut, L. clavis, Gr. kleis, a key.] key-board, ke'-bord, «. the keys or levers in a piano or organ arranged along a flat board. key-hole, ke'-hol, «., the hole in which a key of a door, &c. is inserted. key-note, ke'-not, «. the key or fundamental 7iote of a piece of music. keystone, ke'ston, n. the same as Key, in arch. Khan, kawn, 71. lit. a father ; in N. Asia, a prince or chief; in Persia, a governor. — n. khan'ate, the dominion or jurisdiction of a khan. [Turk, and Tartar, klta7t, from the root of King.] Kick, kik, v.t., to hit with the foot.— v.i. to thrust out the foot with violence : to shew opposi- tion : — pr.p. kick'ing; pa. p. kicked'. — n. a blow with the foot. [W. ciciazv — cic, the foot.] Kickshaw, kik'shaw, «., so}7iethingVLrvcommon orfan- tastical that has no name ; in cook., a fantastical dish. [corr. of Fr. quelque chose, something.] Kid, kid, 7t., a young goat. ^v.t. or i. to bring forth a g02if.^r.p. kidd'ing; pa.p. kidd'ed. [Ice. kidh, Ger. kitz, a young goat.] See Kitten. kidling, kid'ling, 71., a youfig kid. kidnap, kid'nap, v.t., to steal a kid or child; to steal, as a human being -.^pr.p. kidnapping ; pa.p. kidnapped. — 7t. kid'napper. [vulgar kid, a child, and vulgar 7iab, to steal.] Kidney, kid'ni, 7t. lit. that which is 7iear the sexual organs; one of two flattened glands, on either side of the loins, which secrete the urine, [perh. from A.S. cyn7ie, sexual organs, and 7ieah, near.] kidney-bean, kid'ni-bcn, «., a kind of bean shaped like a kid7iey. Kilderkin, kil'der-kin, «., a S7nall barrel ; a. liquid measure of 18 gallons, [old Dutch, kindeke/i, ki7i}ieken, Scot. ki7ike7i.'\ Kill, kil, v.t., to quell or s7nother ; to deaden : to put to death ; to slay -.—pr.p. kill'ing ; pa.p. killed'.— «. kiU'er. [old E. quelleft, A.S. cwellan, to quell, to kill ; Dan. qucele, to smother ; Ger. qudle7i, to torment, to plague.] See Quell. Kiln, kil, «., a large oven in which corn, bricks, &c. are dried; bricks piled for burning. [A.S. cyln, W. cyl, cyly7t ; Ice. kyhia, a drying-house for corn.]— z/.i". kiln'-dry, to dry in a kiln. Kilt, kilt, n. ht. clothing, dress; a kind of short petticoat worn by the Highlandmen of Scotland, [old Gael, cealt, clothes, kilt.] Kin, kin, 7t., offspring, perso7ts ofthesamefatnily; relatives ; relationship ; affinity. — adj. kindred ; of the same nature or kind; congenial. [A.S. cy7t. Ice. kyn, family, race; A.S. cenfian, to be- get; akin toja7i, to beget, root of Genus.] kind, kind, 71., those of kin, a race: sort or species : nature ; style ; character : natural state ; pro- duce, as distinguished from money. — adj. having fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^-a.. 281 kindly the feelings natural for those of the same family ; disposed to do good to others : proceeding from goodness of heart.— rta'z/. kind'ly. — n. kind'ness. — adj. kind-hearted. [A.S. cyfid — cyn, kin.] tindly, klnd'li, adj. orig. belongi7ig to the kitid or race ; natural ; benevolent. — adv. kind'ly. — n. kind'liness. kindred, kindred, n. lit. state of heiftg o/ the same family; relatives; relationship:—//, in B., families. — adj. related ; congenial. [old E. kinrede — A.S. cynren, for cyjirceden—cyn, off- spring, raeden, condition.] kinsfolk, kinz'fok, «., folk or people Jdndrcd or related to one another. Unsman, kinz'man, «., a man of the satne kin or race with another.— ;/i?w. kins'wom&n. Kindle, kin'dl, v.t., to set fire to; to light: to inflame, as the passions ; to provoke ; to excite to action. — v.i. to take fire; to begin to be ex- cited ; to be roused : — pr.p. kin'dling ; pa.p. kin'died. — n. kin'dler. [Ice. kynda, to set fire to, kyndyll, a torch, conn, v/ith Candle.] Kine, kin, n.pl. in B., cows. [A.S. cu7ia, genitive oicy, pi. oi cu, cow; Scot, kye.^ Sing, king, n. lit. the father of a people ; the chief ruler of a nation ; a monarch : a card having the picture of a king ; the most important piece in chess. — adjs. king'less, king'like. [A.S. cynitig — cy7i, offspring ; Sans, ganaka, father — root ga7i, to beget.] See Kin, idngcrab, king'krab, «., tlie chief ox largest of tJie crabge7ius, most common in the Molucca Islands. kingcraft, king'kraft, «., the craft or occupation of kings; the art of governing. kingcup, king'kup, «. the buttercup or upright meadow crowfoot. kingdom, king'dum, «., //i^ j/az*^ or attributes of a ki7ig; the territory of a king; government: a region ; one of the three grand divisions of Nat. Hist., as the animal, vegetable, or mineral. kingfisher, king'fish-er, n. a bird with very brilliant or kitigly plumage, which feeds on fsh ; the halcyon. [golden-crested wren. kinglet, king'let, «., a little or petty king; the Jiingly, king'li,^^//"., belo7igi)ig ox %\x\\.^h\Q. to a ki7ig ; royal ; noble. — adv. king ly. — n. king'liness. King's Bench, kingz' bensh, «. the betich or seat of the kijtg; the highest common-law court, so called because the king used to sit there, called Queen's Bench during a queen's reign. king's-evil, kingz'-e-vl, 71. a scrofulous disease or evil formerly supposed to be healed by the touch of the klttg. Kinsfolk, &c. See under Kin. Kipper, kip'er, «. a salmon in the state of spawn- ing ; a salmon split open, seasoned, and dried. —y.t. to cure or preserve, as a salmon -.—pr.p. kipp'ering ; pa.p. kipp'cred. [from Scotch kip, a name for the cartilaginous hook of the under jaw of the male.] Sirk, kerk, 11. in Scotland, a church. [A.S. circe, cyrice.] See Church. Kirtle, ker'tl, «. orig. a gar77ient for a man or woman ; a sort of gown or outer petticoat ; a mantle. [A.S. cyrtel, Dan. kjortel ; Ger. kittel, a smock-frock, akin to kntte, a hood.] Kiss, kis, v.t., to taste or e/tjoy ; to salute by touch- ing with the lips ; to treat with fondness ; to touch gently. — v.i. to salute with the lips : — />r.p. ki.ss'- ing ; pa.p. kissed'. — «. a salute wuh the lips. — n. kiss'er. {A.S. cyssa)i,\.o kiss, ct'jj, a kiss, Ger. kneed kitssen, Goth, kukjan. Or. kittieo, kuso, to kiss. Sans, kits, kiiz, to embrace.] Kit, kit, «., a large bottle; a small fish-tub: that which contains travelling or working neces- saries, as of a soldier, or a mechanic. [Dutch, kit, kitte, a hooped beer-can.] Kit, kit, 7t. a small guitar or violin, [contracted from obs. Citter7i, or CitJiern ; see Guitar.] Kit, kit, 71. a contraction of Kitten. Kit-cat, kit'-kat, adj. the name of a London club in the reign of Queen Anne, which met at the house of Christopher Cat; a size of portraits, less than half-length, so called from the portraits of the Kit-cat Club painted by Sir G. Kneller. Kitchen, kich'en, n. a room where food is cooked; a utensil with a. stove for dressing food, &c. [A.S. cycene, Ger. kucJie, Fr. cjiisi/ie, It. cuci/ieo, L. coqui7ia — cog nor, to cook.] kitchen-garden, kich'en-gai^dn, «., a garde 7t where vegetables are cultivatedT^r th£ kitclie7i. kitchen-maid, kich'en-mad, «., a viaid or servant whose work is z« the kitcJie7i. Kite, kit, 7i. lit. the hoveri7ig bird ; ^r7).-^2iZvow%\)\ri^oi the hawk kind : a rapacious person : a paper toy for flying in the air, so called from its flying like a kite. [A.S. cyta; W. cM ; Bret, kidel, a hawk, from ctidio, to hover.] [called from its shape. kitefoot, kit' foot, w. a variety of the tobacco plant, so Kitten, kit'n, «., a yotaig cat. — v.i. to bring forth young, as a cat :^r.p. kitt'ening ; pa.p. kitt'ened. [dim. of Cat, akin to Ice. kjetla, to kitten, kjet- li/tg, a kitten ; L. catidus, a whelp.] Klick, klik, same as Click. Knack, nak, «. lit. a crack caused by a knock; a little machine ; a toy ; a nice trick ; dexterity. [Ger. ; Ir. c7iog, a knock, crack.] Knacker, nak'er, «. orig. a saddler; and harness- maker ; a dealer in old horses and dog's meat. [from Ice. k7iackr, a saddle.] Knag, nag, n., a knot in or on wood ; peg for hang- ing things on ; shoot of a deer's horn ; rugged top of a rock or hill. [Dan.; Ger. k/iagge ; Ir. C7tag, a crack, knock.] knaggy, nag'i, adj., k7ioity ; rugged. Knap, nap, (obs.) v.t., to sfiap or break with a snapping noise :^;);'./.knapp ing; /rt./ knapped'. [Ger. knappe7t, to crack, break off; Dutch k/iap- pe7i, to snatch.] Knapsack, nap'sak, «., a provisio7i-sack ; a case for food, S:c. borne by soldiers and travellers. [Ger. and Dutch, k7t.appe7i, to chew, and Sack.] Knave, nav, n. orig. a boy, a scT^'atit ; a false, deceitful fellow ; a villain : one of a set of playing cards, bearing the figure of a soldier or servant. — n. knav'ery, quality of a knave ; dishonesty. [A.S. ctiapa, cnnfa, Ger. kiiabe, k7iappe,z. buy, a youth.] knavish, nav'ish, adj., like a knave; fraudulent; villainous. — adv. knavishly. Knead, ned, v.t. to work and press, as flour into dough :—/r./. knead'ing ; pa.p. knead'ed. — n. knead er. [A. S. C7iedu7i, Ice. h/ioda, gtiyda, Ger. kjieten, to knead.] \.i»^g' kneading-trough, ned'ing-truf,«.,« trough for knead- Knee, ne, «. the joint of the leg with the thigh; anything in the shape of the knee when bent, as a piece of timber in ship-building. [A.S. ateoiu, C1U0; (.^-./. knock'ing ; pa.p. knocked'. — n. a stroke with some thing thick or heavy; a rap. [A.S. C7ioriaii, C7ntcia)t ; Sw. knacka ; W. cnociaw; Ger. k7iacke7i, to crack or snap.] labial knocker, nok'er, n., 07ie who knocks; the hammer of a door. knock-kneed, nok'-ned, n., having k7iees that knock or touch in walking. [Knock, and Knee.] Knoll, nol, n., the k7iob or top of a hill, generally, a round hillock ; a small elevation of earth. [A.S. C7ioll; Ger. knollen, a knob, lump; Sw! k7idl; W. c7iol.-\ Knop, nop, n. in B., a knob, a bud. [A.S. cnaep; Dutch, k7ioppe, k7ioop; Ger. knopf.'\^ Knot. See under Knit. Knot, not, n. a wading bird much resembling a snipe, said to be named from king Ca7iute, with whom it was a favourite article of food. Knout, nowt, n. a. whip used as an instrument of punishment in Russia ; punishment inflicted by the knout. [Fr.; Russ. k7iut ; Goth. k7mtd.'\ Know, no, v.t. to perceive clearly; to be informed of; to be assured of; to be acquainted with; to recognise : \vi B., to approve ; to have sexual intercourse with :— /r./. know'ing ; pa.t. knew (nu); /«./. known (non). [A.S. C7iawa7i; old Ger. ctiahen; \j. g7iosco ; Gv. gig7idskd ; Sans. y«rt:.] knowing, no'ing, adj., havi/ig k7iowledge : intelli- gent ; skilful ; cunning. — adv. know'ingly. knowledge, nol'ej, n., state of k7iowing ; assured be- lief: that_ which is known; information, instruc- tion ; enlightenment, learning ; practical skill. Knuckle, nuk'l, «., the k7iobby or projecting part of the joint of the fingers: in cook., the knee-joint of a calf or pig. — v.i. to bend the fingers; to yield:— /r./. knuck'ling ;/«./. knuck'led. [A.S. C7i7(cl; Dutch, k7iokel ; Ger. k7idchel, dim. of k7iocke7i, a bone : from root of Knob.] Koran, ko'ran, n. lit. the book; the Mohammedan Scriptures; Alcoran. [Ar. — /^-arrt, to read.] Kraal, kral, «. a Hottentot village or hut, so named by the Dutch settlers from the huts being arranged like a coral, or string of beads. Kyanise, kl'an-Tz, v.t. to preserve wood by immers- ing it in a solution of corrosive sublimate : — pr.p. ky'anlsing ;/«./. ky'anlsed. \_Kyan, the inventor.] K3rrie, kir'i-e, n. lit. O Lord; the first word of all masses ; in music, a part of a mass. [Gr. kyrios. Lord.] Kythe, \C\th (Scotch), v.t., to shew. — v.i. to shew one's self, to appear : pr.p. kyZ/^'ing ; pa.p. hythtd'. [Scot. — A.S. cythan, to shew.] La, law or la, i7tt., lo\ look] see! behold! ah! indeed! [A.S.] la, la, 71. 2l syllable used in music. Label, la'bel, n. lit. a shred or rag; a small slip of writing affixed to anything to denote its contents, &c. : in law, a paper annexed to a will, as a codicil : in her., a fillet with pendents: in arch., the drip-stone over a Gothic window or doorway arch. — v.t. to affix a label to:— /r./. la'belling; pa.p. la'belled. [Fr. la]7ibeazi; old Fr. lai/ibel; Ger. Iappe7i; It. le}7ibo; prob. akin to L. label- hun, labrn77t, a lip, margin.] Labellum, la-bel'lum, n. lit. a little lip; in bot., the pendulous petal of the orchis family. [L. dim. of labiinn, a lip.] labial, la'bi-al, adj., pertai7iing to the lips; formed by the lips.— «. a sound formed by the lips ; a letter representing such a sound. — adv. la'bially. [Fr.— L. labizmt, a lip. See Lip.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; muon ; ^/;en. 283 labiate labiate, laTji-at, laWated, la'bi-at-ed, adj. in hot., having lips or that which resembles them. labiodental, la-bi-O-dent'al, adj. pronounced both by the lips and teeth. [L. labimrt, a hp, Dental.] Laboratory, Laborious. See under Labour. Labour, la'bur, n. toil or exertion, csp. when fatigu- ing ; work ; pains ; duties : the pangs of child- birth: naut., the action of a ship in a hea\'>' sea. — v.i. to undergo labour ; to work ; to take pains ; to be oppressed ; to move slowly : to be in travail ; TUiut., to pitch and roll heavily:— /r./. la'bouring ; pa.p. la'boured. [Fr. labeiir, L. labor.'] laboured, la'burd, adj. bearing marks of labour o\ effort in the execution. labourer, lu'bur-er, n., ojie ivho labotirs: one who does work requiring little skill. laboratory, lab'or-a-tor-i, n. lit. a place for labouring or working in ; a chemist's workroom ; a place for the manufacture of arms and war material : a place where anything is prepared for use. laborious, la-bo'ri-us, ad j .. full of labour ; toilsome; wearisome : devoted to labour; industrious. — adv. labo'riously. — n. labo'riousness. Laburnum, la-bur'num, n. a small tree with beauti- ful yellow flowers, a native of the Alps. [? ] Labyrinth, lab'i-rinth, «. orig. a building consisting of halls connected by inX-xXcdX^ passages ; a place full of inextricable windings : an inexplicable difficulty: in anat., the cavities of the internal ear. [Fr. labyrinthe ; L. labyrinthiis; Gr. laby- rintJws ; akin to laura, a passage.] labyrinthian, lab-i-rinth'i-an, lab3rrinthine, lab-i- rinth'in, adj., pertaining to or like a labyrinth; winding ; intricate ; perplexing. labjrrinthiform, lab-i-rinth'i-form, adj. having the form of a labyrinth ; intricate. Lac, lak, n. in the E. Indies, 100,000 rupees = ;^927o or ;^9^8. [Hind, lak. Sans, laksha, a hundred thousand, a mark.] Lac, lak, n. a resinous substance, produced on trees in the East by the lac insect. [Pers, lak; Sans. laktaka—ranj, to dye.] lacquer, lacker, lak'er, «. a varnish made of lac and alcohol. — V. t. to cover with lacquer ; to varnish : —pr.p. lacq'uering ; pa.p. lacq'uered. [Fr. laque—lAC. ] lacquerer, lak'er-er, «., one who varnishes or covers with lacquer. Lace, las, «. , a noose or tie ; a cord ; a plaited string for fastening : an ornamental fabric of fine thread curiously woven. — v.t. to fasten with a lace: to adorn with lace -.—pr.p. lac'ing ; pa.p. laced'. [Fr. lacer, to lace — L. laqueus, a noose — laqueo, to adorn with fretwork ; akin to root of Latch. ] lacing, las'ing, «., a fastening with a lace or cord through eyelet-holes ; a cord used in fastening. Lacerate, las'er-at, v.t., to tear; to rend : to wound : to afflict :—/r./. lac'erating; pa.p. lacerated. [L. lacero, -a turn, to tear — lacer, torn ; akin to Sans, z'rac, Gr. lakis and rakos, a rent.] lacerable, las'er-a-bl, adj., tJiat viay be lacerated ox torn. laceration, las-er-a'shun, n., act of lacerating or tearing : the rent or breach made by tearing. lacerative, las'er-a-tiv, adj., tearing; having power to tear. Lachrymal, lak'ri-mal, adj., pertaining to tears; secreting or conveying tears. — «. same as lachry- matory. [L. lachrytna, a tear; akin to Gr. dakru, Sans, acru, a tear.] lachrymary, lak'ri-mar-i, adj., containing tears. Lady lachrymatory, lak'ri-ma-tor-i, n. a vessel ancientJy interred with a deceased person, and said to have contained the tea?-s shed for his loss, [low L. lacryviatoriutn — lachrytna.'] lachrymose, lak'ri-mos, adj. , full of tears ; generat- ing or shedding tears.— Wz/. lach'rymosely. Lacing. See under Lace. Lack, lak, v.t. and i., to want; to be in want; to be destitute oi:^pr.p. lack'ing ; /rt:./. lacked'. — 71. want ; destitution. [Dutch, lack, laecke, want, defect; akin to Lax and Slack.] Lack-a-day, lak-a-da, int., alas I the day. lackadaisical, lak-a-da zi-kal, adj. affectedly pensive, sentimental. Lacker. See lacquer under Lac. Lackey, lak'i, «., a ritnner ; a menial attendant ; a footman or footboy. — v.t. and i. to pay servile attendance : to act as a footman : — pr.p. lack'ey- ing; pa.p. lack'eyed ('id). [Fr. laquais ; old Fr. laquet; Ger. lackei — old Ger. Idcken, Goth. laikan, to run.] Laconic, la-kon'ik, Laconical, la-kon'ik-al, adj. ex- pressing in few words after tlie manner of tJte Lacones or Spartans ; concise ; pithy. — adv. laconically. [L. Laconicus ; Gr. Lakonikos — Lacd7i, a Laconian.] laconism, lak'on-izm, laconicism, la-kon'i-sizm, «., a laco?tic or concise style ; a short, pithy phrase. Lacteal, lak'te-al, adj., pertaining to or resevdding vtilk: conveying chyle. — n. one of the absorbent vessels of the intestines which convey the chyle to the thoracic ducts. [L. lac, lactis, akin to Gr. gala, galaktos, milk.] lactescent, lak-tes'ent, adj., turning to milk; pro- ducing milk or white juice ; milky. — «. lactes'- cence. [L. lactesco, to turn to milk — lac] lactic, lak'tik, adj., pertainiftg to milk; obtained from sour milk or whey. lactiferous, l.ak-tif'er-us, adj., heatdng ox producing milk or white juice. [L. lac, and fero, to bear.] Lacustral, la-kus'tral, Lacustrine, la-kus'trin, adj., pertaining to lakes, [from L. lacus, a lake.] Lad, lad, n. a boy ; a youth. [W. llawd; perhaps from old Ger. laz, Dutch, laete, a freedman bound to certain feudal duties. See Liege.] lass, las, «. (fem. of Lad) a girl, esp. a country girl, [W. llodes.] Ladanum, lad'a-num, n. a resinous exudation from the leaves of a shrub growing round the Mediter- ranean. [L. ; Gr. ledanon — Ar. ladaiton.] Ladder, lad'er, «. a frame made with steps placed between two upright pieces, by which one may ascend a buildmg, &c. : anything by which one ascends: a gradual rise. [Ger. letter, A.S. hlceder, old Ger. hleitar.] Lade, lad, v. t. a form of Load '.—pr.p. lad'ing ; pa.p. Ifid'ed. [See Load.] laden, lad'n, adj., laded ox \oz.d&d ; oppressed. lading, lad'ing, n., that which lades or loads; load; cargo; freight. Lade, lad, v.t., to let oj^wTittx ; to throw in or out, as a fluid, with a ladle or dipper: — pr.p. lad'ing; pa.p. laded. [A.S. Letan, Ger. lassen, to let.] ladle, lad'l, n. a large spoon for lading or dipping out liquid from a vessel : the receptacle of .a mill- wheel which receives the water that turns it. Lady, la'di, n. lit. ofte who seri'es bread \.o the family ; the mistress of a house ; a wife ; a title of the wives of knights, and all degrees above them, and of the daughters of earls and all higher z24 fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; /Aen. lady-bird ranks : a title of complaisance to any woman of refined manners. [A.S. hlcef-dige — hlccf, a loaf, bread, and dtigan, digan, to serve.] See Lord. lady-bird, ladi-berd, «. lit. 'Our Lady's' bug, a genus of pretty little beetles, called also Lady- bug, Lady-cow. [Lady, from the Virgin Mary, j and Bird, a corruption of Bug.] Lady-chapel, la'di-chap-el, n., a c/J^/^/ dedicated to ' Our Lady' the Virgin Mary. Lady-day, la'di-dfi, «. the 25th March, the day of the Annunciation of ' Our Lady,' the Virgin Mary. lady-fern, la'di-fern, 71. one of the prettiest of British Jems, so called from its lady-Vike elegance. lady-like, la'di-llk, adj., like a lady in manners ; soft, delicate. lady-love, la'di-luv, «., a lady or woman loved ; a sweetheart. ladyship, la'di-ship, «., the title of a lady. Lag, lag, adj., slack; shtggish; coming behind. — n. he who or that which comes behind ; the fag- end. — v.i. to move or walk slowly ; to loiter: — pr.p. lagg'ing ; J>a.p. lagged'. [Gael, lag, feeble, faint ; W. Hag, loose, sluggish ; akin to Ger. lang, Gr. lagaros, slack, langazd, L. langueo, to slacken.] laggard, lag'ard, adj., lagging; slow; backward. laggard, lag'ard, lagger, lag'er, n., one who lags or stays behind ; a loiterer : an idler. laggingly, lag'ing-li, adv., in a lagging via?iner. Lagoon, Lagune, la-goon', n. a shallow lake or pond into which the sea flows. [It. ; Sp. laguna — L. lacuna, from root of Lake.] Laic, Laical. See under Lay, adj. Laid, past participle of Lay. Lain, past participle of Lie. Lair. See under Lay. Laity. See under Lay, adj. Lake, lak, «. a colour like lac, generally of a deep red. [Fr. laque. See Lac] Lake, lak, «., that which is hollow; a large body of water within land. [L. lacus ; akin to Gr. lakkos, a pit, a pond.] laky, lak'i, adj., pertaining to a lake or lakes. Lama, an animal. See Llama. Lamb, lam, n. the young of a sheep : one innocent and gentle as a lamb : the Saviour of the world. — v.i. to bring forth young, as sheep :—pr.p. lamb'ing ; /rt:./. lambed'. [A. S.] lambkin, lam'kin, w., a little hnnb. lamblike, lam'lTk, adj., like a latnb ; gentle. Lambent, lam'bent, adj. moving about as if licking, or touching lightly ; playing about; gliding over; flickering. [L. latnbefis — lambo, to lick. J Lame, lani', adj., enfeebled; broke?i ; disabled in the limbs : hobbling : unsatisfactory ; imperfect. — v.t. to make lame ; to cripple : to render imper- fect -.—pr.p. lam'ing ; pa.p. lamed'. — adv. lame'ly. — n. lame'ness. [A.S. latn, lame; Ice. lami, broken, enfeebled— /rtwa, to break, to impair.] lamish, lam'ish, adj., a little la7>ie ; hobbling. Lament, la-ment', v.i. to utter grief z« outcries; to wail ; to mourn. — v.t. to mourn for ; to deplore : —pr.p. lament'ing ; pa.p. lament'ed. — n. sorrow expressed in cries ; an elegy or mournful ballad. [L. lamcntor, akin to clatiio, to cry out.] lamentable, lam'ent-abl, adj., to be lamented ; de- serving or e.xpressing sorrow ; sad : despicable. — adzi. lam'entably. lamentation, lam-en-ta'shun, «., act of la7nenting ; audible expression of grief ; wailing: in//. (in.§.) a book of Jeremiah, so called from its contents. Landgrave lamentingly, la-ment'ing-li, adv., with la77te7iiation. lam'i-na, «., a thifi plate : a thin layer or coat lying over another. — pi. laminae, lam'i-ne. [L.] laminable, lam'i-nabl, adj., capable of bei7igfor77ied into la7nince or thin plates. laminar, lam'i-nar, adj., in la7nin(B or thin plates : consisting of or resembling thin plates. laminate, lam'i-nat, laminated, lam'i-nat-ed, adj., z« Ia7ni7ice or thin plates ; consisting of scales or layers, one over another. — 71. lamina'tion, .y/a/^ cf bei7ig Ia7ni7iate. Lamish. See under Lame. Lammas, lam'mas, 71. , loaf 7!iass or feast, or feast of first-fruits, on ist of August ; ist August. [A.S. hla77i-77iesse — ]ilaf, loaf, and 7/iacsse, feast.] Lamp, lamp, 71. a vessel for containing a liquid burnt by means of a wick, and so giving light: a light of any kind. [Fr. Ia7/tpe ;''0r. lampas — la77ipd, to shme.] lampblack, lamp'blak, ;/. the black substance which gathers round the inside of a la77ip ; a fine soot formed of the smoke of pitch, &c. Lampoon, lam-pSTm', «., a drinking sojig often containing slander or satire ; a personal satire in writing ; low censure. — v. t. to assail with personal satire ; to satirise :^pr.p. lampoon'ing ; pa.p. lampooned', [old Fr. Ia7np07i — la7nper, to drink.] lampooner, lam-poon'er, 71. , 07ie who writes a la77i- poon, or abuses with personal satire. lampoonry, lam-poon'ri, 71., practice of Ia7np007ii7ig; written personal abuse or satire. Lamprey, lam'pre, «. lit. 7-ock-sucker, a genus of car- tilaginous fishes resembling the eel, so called from their attaching themselves to rocks or stones by their mouths. [Fr. la7nproie, low L. Ia77ipetra — L. la7nbo, to lick, 2SiA petra, rock.] Lance, lans, «. a long shaft of wood, with a spear head, and bearing a small flag. — v.t. to pierce with a lance : to open with a lancet : — pr.p. lanc'- ing ; pa.p. lanced'. [Fr. — L. Ia7icea, akin to Gr. lo?tgche, a lance.] lanceolate, lan'se-o-lat, lanceolated, lan'se-o-lat-ed, adj. in bot., having the form of a la7ice-h.ea.d ; tapering toward both ends. [L. lanceolatus — la7iceola, dim. of lancea.] lancer, lan'ser, ;/., one who la7ices, or carries a lance. lancet, lan'set, 71. lit. a little lance ; a surgical in- strument used for opening veins, &c. : a high and narrow window, pointed like a lance. [Fr. hDuette.l Lanch, same as Launch. Land, land, 71. earth, the solid portion of the surface of the globe : a country ; a district : soil : real estate: a nation or people. — v.t. to set on land or on shore. — v.i. to come on land or on shore : —pr.p. land'ing; pa.p. land'ed. [A.S. Ety- mology uncertain.] land-breeze, land'-brez, 7t. a breeze setting from the la7id towards the sea. land-crab, land'-krab, n. a family of crabs which live much or chiefly on la7id. land-flood, land'-flud, «. a floodi7tg or overflowing of la7id by water ; inundation. land-force, land'-fors, 71. a military _/27rr^ serving on land, as distinguished from a naval force. Landgrave, land'grav, 71. lit. Ia7id-earl, a German earl. [Land, and Ger. graf, earl.] — 7is. Landgra'- viate, the territory of a landgrave, Land'gravine, land'gra-ven, the wife of a landgrave. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^n. 285 landholder lardaceous landholder, landTiuld-er, n. a Jiolder or proprietor of land. landing, land'ing, n., act of going on land from a vessel : a place for getting on shore : part of a staircase between the flights of steps. — adj. relating to the unloading of a vessel's cargo. landlock, land'lok, v.t., to lock or enclose by land. landlady, landla-di, n. a lady or woman who has property in lartds or houses : the mistress of an inn or lodging-house. landlord, land'lord, n. the lord or owner of land or houses : the master of an inn or lodging-house. landman, land'man, landsman, landz'man, «., a man who lives or serves on lajid; one inexperienced in seafaring. landmark, land'mark, n. anj-thing serving to viark the boundaries of land ; any object on land that serves as a guide to seamen. landrail, land'ral, n. the crake or corn-crake, so named from its cry. See Crake. [Land, and Rail.] landscape, land'skap, «., tlie shape or appearance of that portion (T/Zaw^ which the eye can at once view; the aspect of a country : a picture repre- senting the aspect of a country. [Land, and Shape.] landslip, land'slip, landslide, land'slTd, n., tJie slip- ping or sliding dozvn of land as of a hill. land-steward, land'-stu-ard, «., a steward or person who manages a lajided estate, land-tax, land'-taks, «., a tax upon land. land-waiter, land'-wat-er, «. a custom-house officer "VLiJio waits or attends on the latiding of goods from ships. [Land, and Walter.] landward, landward, adv., towards the land. Landau, lan'daw, n. a coach or carriage with a top which may be opened and thrown back, so called from Landau in Germany. Lane, Ian, «., an open space between cornfields, hedges, &c. ; a narrow passage or road ; a narrow street [Scot, loan, Dutch, latn,^. llan, a clear space, connected with Lawn.] Language, lang'g^vaj, n. that which is spoken by the tongue ; human speech ; speech peculiar to a nation ; style or expression peculiar to an indi- vidual; diction; any manner of expressing thought. [Fr. langage — L. litigua, the tongue, akin to lingo, Gr. leicho, Sans, lih, to lick.] Languid, lang'gwid, adj., slack or feeble ; flagging ; exhausted : sluggish ; spiritless. — adv. languidly. — n. lan'gTudneas. [L. languidus — langueo, to be weak, Gr. langazd, to slacken, conn, with Lag.] languish, lang'gwish, v.i., to become languid or enfeebled ; to lose strength and animation ; to be or become spiritless ; to pine : to become dull, as trade : to look at tenderly '.—pr.p. lan'guishlng ; pa. p. lan'guished. [L. latiguesco — langjteo.^ languishlngly, lang'gwish-ing-li, adv., in a languish- ing, weak, dull, or tender manfur. langulshmeut, lang'gwish-ment, «., tht act or state of la>ignishing ; tenderness of look. languor, lang'gwur, «., state of being languid or faint ; dulness ; listlessness ; softness. lank, langk, adj. lit. faint or weak ; languid or droo[)iiig; soft or loose ; thin. — rt^/f. lank'ly. — ;/. lank'neas. [A.S. hlanc, Dutch, slank, Ger. schlank, slender, connected with Lag and Slack.] Laniard, same as Lanyard. Lanlferous, lan-if'er-us, Lanlgerous, lan-ij'cr-us, adj'., -wool-bearing. [L. lanifcr, laniger — lana, wool, andy^riJ, gcro, to bear.] Lank. See under Languid. Lantern, lantern, «., anything in which a light is placed: a case for carrj'ing a light; a drun> shaped erection surmounting a dome to give light and to crown the fabric ; the upper square cage which illuminates a corridor or gallery. — v.t. to furnish with a lantern : — pr.p. lant'eming; pa.p. lant'emed. [Fr. lanterne, L. lanterfia, Gr. lampter — lampd, to give light.] lanthom, «. a wrong spelling of Lantern, arising from the use of horn for the sides of lanterns. Lanyard, Ian 'yard, «. lit. a tJiong: naui., a rope made fast to anything to secure it. [Fr. laniire.\ Lap, lap, v.t. or i., to lick up with the tongue: — pr.p. lapp'ing; pa.p. lapped'. [A.S. lapian, Fr. tapper, Gr. lapto, allied to L. la7nbo, Sans, lili, to lick.] Lap, lap, n. the hose or overhanging flap of any- thing ; the part of the clothes lying on the knees when a person sits down ; the part of the body thus covered; a fold. — v.t. to lay over or on; to WTap; to involve. — v.i. to be spread on or over ; to be turned over or upon. [A.S. lappa, Ice. lapa, to hang loose, Ger. la^pp, slack, lappcn, anything hanging loose ; connected %vith Flap.] lapel, la-pel', «. the part of the breast of a coat which laps over the facing. — adj'. lapelled'. [dim. of Lap.] lapful, lap' fool, n., as vtuch as fills a lap. lapper, lap'er, n. , ofte wJio laps, wraps, or folds. lappet, lap'et, «., a little lap or flap. — adj. lapp'eted. [dim. of Lap.] lapwing, lap'wing, «. the peewit, a "bird which flaps its wings in a rapid and peculiar manner. Lapidary, lap'i-dar-i, adj'., pertai?iing to the cntiing of stones. — n. a cutter of stones, especially pre- cious stones; a dealer in precious stones. [L, lapidarius — lapis, lapidis, a stone.] lapidist, lap'id-ist, «. same as Lapidary, lapidescent, lap-id-es'ent, adj., becoming stofu; having the quality of turning to stone. — n. lapi- des'cence. [L. lapidesco, to become stone.] lapidify, la-pid'i-fi, v.t., to make into stone. — v.i. to turn uito stone : — pr.p. lapid'ifj-ing ; pa.p. lapidified. — n. lapidifica'tion. [L. lapis, and facio, to make.] Lapper, Lappet. See under Lap. Lapse, laps, v.i. , to slip or glide ; to pass by degrees ; to fall from virtue ; to fail in duty ; to pass to another proprietor by the negligence of a patron, &c. ; to become void. — v.t. to suffer to slip or become vacant -.—pr.p. laps'ing ; pa.p. lapsed'. — «., a slipping or falling; a failing in duty; a fault : a gliding, a passing. [L. labor, lapsus, to slip or fall, akin to Sans, lambh, to fall.] Lapwing. See under Lap. Larboard, lar'bord, «., tlie left side of a ship look- ing from the stem. — adj. pertaining to the lar- board side. [Dutch, laager, old E. leer, left, and bord, side.] Larceny, lar'sen-i, «., robbery; theft. [Fr. larcin, L. latrocinium — latro, Gr. latris, a robber.] larcemst, liir'sen-ist, «,, one wJw co>nmits larceny; a thief. Larch, larch, «. a cone-bearing kind of pine-tree. [L. and Gr. larix.'\ Lard, lard, «. the melted fat of swine. — v. t. to smear ^\^th lard ; to stuff with bacon or pork ; to fatten ; to mix with anything : — pr.p. lard'ing ; pa.p. lard'cd. [Fr. : L. laridutn or lardufn, Gr. larittos. i:\t—l(iros, sweet or dainty.] lardaceous, lard-?.'she-us, adj., of or like lard. 286 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. larder larder, lard'er, n. lit. a place where lard is kept ; 3. room or place where meat, &c. is kept. lardy, lard'i, adj., coJitaitmig lard ; full of lard. Large, larj, adj. lit. long; great in size ; extensive; bulky; wide; long; abundant. — rtffz/. largely. — n. largeness.— At large, without restraint or con- finement : fully. [Fr. : L. largtis. Sans, dirgha, root dargh, long.] large-hearted, larj'-hart-ed, adj., having a large heart or liberal disposition ; generous. largess, larj'es, n., that which is giveti freely or liberally ; a present or donation. [Fr. largesse, L. largitio, from largior, to give freely — largus.} Lark, lark, n. lit. the little singer; a well-known singing bird. — v.t. tocatchlarks. [Scot, laverock, lerrik, old E. leverock, A.S. la/ox, Dutch, leeuwercke, lercke, Ger. lerche, from old Ger. Idren, to sound or sing.] Larum, lar'um, n., alarm; a noise giving notice of danger, [a contr. of Alarm.] Larva, lar'va, n. lit. a ghost or mask ; an insect in its first stage after issuing from the egg, i.e. in the caterpillar state. — adj. lar'val. [L., from lar, laris, a household god, the bright or shining one, Sans, las, L. luceo, to shine.] Larynx, lar'ingks or lar'ingks, n. the upper part of the windpipe; the throat. — adjs. larsm'geal, laryn'gean. [Gr. larynx, laryngos.'\ laryngitis, lar-in-gl'tis, n., i7iJlammation of the larynx. Lascar, las'kar, n. lit. a ca7nj>follo%ver ; a native East Indian sailor. [Pers., Hind, lashkar, an army, inferior soldier or camp-follower.] Lascivious, las-siv'i-us, adj. lit. sportive or playful : lustful ; luxurious ; tending to produce lustful emotions. — adv. lasciviously. — n. lasciv'iousness. [L. lascivics — Sans, las, to sport or play.] Lash, lash, n., a leash or thong; a cord; the flexible part of a whip ; a stroke with a whip or anything pliant : a stroke of satire, a sharp retort. — V. t. to strike with a lash ; to whip ; to dash against ; to fasten or secure with a rope or cord : to censure severely ; to scourge with sarcasm or satire. — v. i. to use the whip ; to attack severely : — P^-P- lash'ing ; pa.p. lashed', [a form of Leash.] lasher, lash'er, «., 07ie who lashes or whips. lashing, lash'ing, 7t. a whipping with a lash; a chastisement : a rope for making anything fast. Lass. See under Lad. Lassitude, las'i-tud, 7i. , faintness ; weakness; weari- ness ; languor. [L. lassittido — lassus, faint ; akin to Languid.] Lasso, las'so, 7t. a rope with a noose for catching wild horses, &c. — v.t. to catch with the lasso : — pr.p. las'soing ; pa.p. las'soed. [Sp. and Port. lazo, L. laqiteus, a noose.] See Latch. Last, latest. See under Late. Last, last, n. lit. a footstep ; a wooden mould of the foot on which boots and shoes are made. — •v.t. to fit with a last. — v.i. lit. to tread in one's footsteps, to follow : to continue, to endure: — pr.p. last'ing ; /<^./. last'ed. [A.S. last, Goth. laist, a footstep, laistjaii, to trace footsteps, A.S. laestan, Ger. leisten, to fulfil.] lastingly, last'ing-li, adv., in a lasting or enduring inan7ier. Last, last, n. lit. a load; a. weight generally esti- mated at 4000 lbs., but varying in different articles: a ship's cargo. [A.S. hlaest, Dutch, last. Ice. hlass — hlada, to load.] latitudinarian ' Latch, lach, n., that which laces, catches, o» fastens ; a small piece of wood or iron to fasten a door. — v.t. to fasten with a latch -.—pr.p. latch'- ing; pa.p. latched'. [A.S. laeccan, to catch, Gael, glac, catch, akin to L. laqueus.'] See Lace. latchet, lach'et, «., a lace or buckle for fastening a shoe. [dim. of Latch.] latch-key, lach'-ke, n. a key to raise the latch of a door. Late, lat, adj. (comp. lat'er ; superl. lat'est) lit. slack, loose; behindhand; coming after the expected time ; long delayed ; far advanced towards the close ; last in any place or character : deceased ; departed ; out of office : not long past. — advs^ late, late'ly. — 71. late'ness, state of being late. [A.S. laet ; Dutch, laat ; Ice. latr, old Ger. laz, slow; Ger. lass, faint, lazy; L. lassus, tired.] latish, lat'ish, adj., so77iewhat late. latter, lat'er, adj., later ; coming or existing after; mentioned the last of two ; modern ; recent.— adv. latt'erly. [an Irregular comp. of Late.] latterly, lat'er-li, adv., i7i latter tlmQ ; of late. last, last, adj., latest; coming after all the others; final ; next before the present ; utmost; meanest. — adv. last'ly. [a contr. of latest.] Latent, la' tent, adj., lying hid; concealed; not visible or apparent ; not making itself known by its eft'ects. — adv. la'tently. [L. Iate7is, pr.p. of latco, to lie hid ; akin to Gr. Ia7itha7id, to hide.] latency, la'ten-sl, n., state of bei7ig late7it. Lateral, lat'er-al, adj., belo7igi7ig to the side; pro- ceeding from, or in the direction of the side. — «^57.1at'erally. [L. lateralis — latus, lateris,2.%\6.G..'\ Lateritious, lat-er-ish'us, adj., like a brick; brick- coloured. [L. lateritius — later, lateris, a brick.} Lath, lath, «. (//. laths, \a.thz) lit. the shoot of a. tree; a thin cleft slip of wood used in slating, plastering, &c. — v.t. to cover with laths : — pr.p. lath'ing ; pa.p. lathed'. [Fr. ; Dutch, latte, Ger. latte, a lath, a young shoot; W. lldth, a rod.] Lathe, l^th, n. a machine for turning and shaping articles of wood, metal, &c. [ ? ] Lather, lai'/i'er, n., a foa77i or froth made with water and soap; froth from sweat. — v.t. to spread over with lather. — v.i. to form a lather: to become frothy : — pr.p. lath'ering ; pa.p. lath'- ered. [A. S. lethrian, to anoint ; Ice. lodru, to foam, lodr, foam of the sea.] Latin, lat'in, adj., pertai7iing to Latin or to the Latins or Romans ; written or spoken in Latin. — 71. the language of the ancient Romans. [L. Lati7itts, belonging to Lati^an, the district in which Rome was built.] Latinism, lat'in-izm, 71., a Lati7i idio77t. Latinist, lat'In-Ist, «., 07ie skilled i7i Lati7t. Latinity, la-tin'i-ti, 71., purity of Latin style; the Latin tongue, style, or idiom. Latinise, lat'In-Tz, v. t. , to give Lati7i terminations to. — v.i. to use words or phrases from the Latin. Latitude, lat'i-tud, «. lit. breadth ; the distance of a place north or south from the equator: the dis- tance of a celestial body from the ecliptic : fig. extent of signification ; freedom from restraint ; scope. [Fr. ; L. latitndo, -i7iis — latus, broad.]^ latitudinal, lat-i-tud'i-nal, adj., pertai7ii7ig to lati- t7tde ; in the direction of latitude. latitudinarian, lat-i-tud-i-na'ri-an, adj., possessing latit7uie or freedom ; not restrained ; not confined by precise limits ; lax in religious opinions. — n. one who is latitudinarian.— «. latitudina'rianism. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; /Aen. 287 latitudinous lair latltudinouB, lat-i-tud'i-nus, adj., having latitude or large extent. Xatten, lat'en, «. brass or bronze used for crosses : sheet tin, tinned iron-plate. [Fr. laiton; It. latta, tin-plate, from being used '\\x Jlat pieces ox plates.\ Latter. See under Late. Lattice, lat'is, n. a network of crossed laths or bars, called also latt'ice-work ; anything of lattice- work, as a window. — v.t. to form into open work ; to furnish with a lattice :^r./>. latt'icing ; pa.p. latt'iced. [Fr. lattis, akin to Lath.] I.and, lawd, v.t., to praise in words, or with sing- ing ; to celebrate : — pr.p. laud'ing ; pa.p. lauded. — n. laad'er. [L. Imtdo — laus, laudis, praise, probably akin to Gr. kluo. Sans, fru, to hear.] laudable, lawd'a-bl, adj., -worthy of being lauded or praised. — adv. laudably. — «. land'ableness. laudatory, lawd'a-tor-i, adj., containing praise ; expressing praise. — «. that which contains praise. Laudanum, hwd'a-num, «. opium prepared in spirit of wine"; tincture of opium, [orig. the same as Ladanum.] Laugh, liif, v.i. to make the noise shewing or caused by mirth; to be gay or lively. — v.t. to ridicule or deride :—pr.p. laugh'ing ; pa.p. laughed'. — n. the sound caused by merriment. — Laugh at, to ridicule. [A.S. hlihan ; Ger. lachen ; Goth. hlahjan ; probably from the sound.] iaugher, laf'cr, «., one 'who lai/ghs. laughable, liifa-bl, adj., jit ted to cause laughter ; ludicrous. — adv. laughably. — «. laughableness. laughter, laf 'ter, «., act or noise of lattghing. laughing-gas, laf'ing-gas, n. a gas which excites laughter, called nitrous oxide. laughingly, liif ing-li, adv., in a laughing or merry 7uay ; with laughter. laughing-stock, liif 'ing-stok, «. an object of ridicule, like something stuck up to be laiighed at. Launch, Lanch, liinsh, v.t., to throw as a lance or spear ; to send forth ; to cause to slide into the water. — v.i. to go forth, as a ship into the water : to expatiate in language -.^r.p. launch'ing ;/«./. launched'. — «. act of launching or moving a ship into the water : the largest boat carried by a man-of-war. [Fr. lancer; It. laticiare ; akin to Lance.] Launder, Latmdry, &c. See under Lave. Laureate. .See under LaureL Laurel, law'rel, n. the bay-tree, used by the ancients for making honorary wreaths. [Sp. ; Fr. laurier; L. laurus.] laurelled, law'rcld, adj., crcwned ivith laurel. laureate, law're-fa, v.t. orig. to crown with laurel, in token of literary merit ; to confer a degree upon '-—pr.p. lau'rcating ; pa.p. lau'reated. — adj., crowned with laurel. — n. one crowned with laurel : the poet-laureate or king's poet, a title of honour. laureat«ship, law're-iil-ship, «., office of a laureate. laureation, law-re-ii'shun, «., cut of laureating or conferring a degree. Lava, Lavatory. See under Lave. Xave, liiv, v.t. and /., to wash; to bathe :^;>r./. laving ; pa.p. laved'. [Fr. laver; L. lavo, lavatunt, akin to Gr. loud, to wash.] lava, lii'\a or lii'va, n. the matter which ^(?7/'j like water down from a burning mountain. [It.] laver, lii'ver, «. orig. one w)w laves : a large vessel for laving or washing. lavatory, lav'a-tor-i, «., a place for laving or ■wash- ing ; a place where gold is got by washing. lavender, lav'en-der, n. an odoriferous plant, so called from its being laid with newly wasJied clothes. [Fr. lava?ide.\ launder, lawn'der, n. orig. a washerwoman; in mining, a trough used in washing ore. [old E. lavandre : Fr. lavandiere .'\ laundress, lawn'dres, n., a washerwoman. laundry, lawn'dri, «., a place or room where clothes arc washed and dressed. Lavish, lav'ish, v.t. lit. to throw out; to expend profusely ; to waste -.—pr.p. lavishing ; pa.p. lav- ished. — adj., lavishing or bestowing profusely; prodigal ; extravagant : wild ; unrestrained. — adv. lav'ishly. [obs. E. lave, to throw up or out ; Fr. lez'cr, L. leva, to raise, from levis, light.] lavishment, lav'ish-ment, lavishness, lav'ish-nes, n., state of being lavish ; profusion; prodigality. Law, law, «. lit. that which is laid down ; a rule of action established by authority ; edict of a govern- ment ; statute ; the rules of a community or state : a rule or principle of science or art : the whole jurisprudence or the science of law ; established usage ; that which rules : conformity to law ; that which is lawful: a theoretical principle educed from practice or obser\-ation : in theol., the Mosaic code or the books containing it: in B., the word of God, the Old Testament. [.Al.S. lagu, lag, lah, from lecgan, to lay ; Ice. Jag; akin to L. lex, law, Gr. lego, to lay.] lawful, law'fool, adj., according to law; legal; constituted by law ; rightful. — adv. law'fnlly. — n. law'fnlness. lawgiver, law'giv-er, n., one wJu) gives or enacts la7vs : a legislator. [Law, and giver.] lawless, law'les, adj., unrcstraifted by law; illegal. —adv. law'lessly. — «. law'leiiness. [in law. law-monger, law-mung'ger, n. a monger orXov/ dealer lawsuit, law'sut, n. a suit or process in law. lawyer, law'yer, n. lit. law-man ; one versed in or who practises law : in B., a Jewish divine or ex- pounder of the law. [Law, and A.S. wer, man.] Lawn, lawn, w., an open space between woods ; a space of ground covered with grass, generally in front of or around a house or mansion. [W. llati ; Bret, llati, Ian, territory ; akin to Land.] Lawn, lawn, «. a sort of fine linen or cambric. — adj. made of lawn. [L. linum. See Linen.] Lax, laks, adj., slack; loose; soft, flabby: not crowded : not strict in discipline or morals : loose in the bowels. — adv. lax'ly. [L. laxus, loose, laxo, -atum, to unloose ; prob. akin to Languid.] lazation, laks-a'shun, «., act of loosening ; state of being loose or slackened. laxative, laks'a-tiv, adj., having tht power of loosening the bowels. — «. a la.xative medicine. — «. lax'ativeness. laxness, laks'nes, laxity, laks'i-ti, «., state or quality of being lax: want of exactness. Lay, past tense of Lie, to lay one's self down. Lay, lii, v.t., to cause to lie down ; to place or set down ; to beat down ; to spread on a surface : to calm ; to appease : to wager : to bring forth ; to impose ; to charge ; to present. — v.i. to produce eggs:— pr.p. l^y'ing; pa. t. znd pa.p. l.iid'. [A.S. lecgan; Ice. leggia ; Ger. legen ; Gr. lego.] — Lay to, in Prayer-Book, to apply with vigour. lair, lar, «. lit. a lying place ; the retreat of a wild beast. [A. S. Icger, a lying down ; Dutch, Uger, Ger. lager, couch, lair.] fiite, fiir ; mc, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mOSn ; /Aeo. lea or ley, le (obs. lay), n. land laid up in grass ; grass-land, pasturage. [A.S. leag, leak; Ger. leJide : Dutch, ledig, leeg, empty, fallow.] layer, la'er, n., that ivhich is laid: a bed or stratum : a shoot laid for propagation. layering, la'er-ing, n. the propagation of plants hy layers. Iiay, la, n., a song; a lyric or narrative poem. [A. S. ley: Prov. lais; Ger. lied; W. liais, a sound; Gael, laoidh, laoi, a verse, sacred poem.] Lay, la, Laic, la'ik. Laical, la'ik-al, adj., pertaining to the people ; not clerical. [Fr. lai, L. Iaic7(s, Gr. laikos — laos, the people.] layman, la'man, «., one o/t/ie laity ; a non-profes- sional man : a figure used by painters, usually called a lay-figure. laity, la'i-ti, n., the people as distinct from the clergy. Lazar, la'zar, n. one afflicted with a filthy and pestilential disease like Lazarus, the beggar. [Prov. lazer, a leper ; Sp. lazaro, a beggar ; from Lazarus of the parable in Luke xvi.] lazarlike, la'zar-llk, adj., like a lazar; full of sores ; leprous. lazaret, laz'a-ret, lazaretto, laz-a-ret'to, n., a place for lazars ; a public hospital for diseased per- sons. [Fr. lazaret; Sp. lazareto.'] lazar-house, la'zar-hous, «., a lazaretto; a hospital for quarantine. [Lazar, and House.] Lazy, la'zi, adj. lit. tired, -weary ; disinclined to exertion; averse to labour ; sluggish; tedious. — adv. la'zily. — «. la'ziness, state or quality of being lazy. [Ger. lass; old Ger. laz, slow, late ; Dutch, losig, letisig; L. lassjts, wearied, fatigued.] Lea, Ley. See under Lay, to cause to lie. Lead, led, «. a well-known metal of a bluish- white colour : the plummet for sounding at sea : a thin plate of lead separating lines of type.— //. a flat roof covered with lead. — v.t. to cover or fit with lead : in printing, to separate lines with leads : — pr.p. lead'ing ; pa.p. lead'ed. [A.S. lead, Ger. vlei, L. plu7nbian, Gr. niolybdos-l leaden, ledn, adj., made of lead ; heavy: dull. lead-pencil, led'-pen-sil, n. 3.peftcil or instrument for drawing, &c. made of black lead. Lead, led, v.t., to shew the way by going first ; to guide by the hand : to direct : to precede : to allure. — v.i. to go before and shew the way : to have a tendency: to e.xercise domimon :^r.p. lead'ing; pa.t. and /«./. led. — >i. first place; precedence : direction ; guidance. [A.S. laedan. Ice. leida, to lead ; leid, track, way.] leader, led'er, n., o?ie wJw leads or goes first ; a chief: the leading editorial article in a news- paper : principal wheel in any machinery. leadership, led'er-ship, n., state or condition of a leader or conductor. leading-strings, led'ing-stringz, n.pl., strings used to lead children when beginning to walk. Leaf.lef, n. [pi. leaves, levz) one of the thin, flat parts of plants : anything thin beaten like a leaf : two pages of a book : one side of a window-shutter, &c.^ — zi.i. to shoot out or produce leaves: — pr.p. leafing ;/«./. leafed'. [A.S. ; Ger. /a7<<5, Dutch, loof a leaf.] leafage, lef'aj, «., leaves collectively ; abundance of leaves : season of leaves or leafing. leafless, lef'les, adj., destitute of leaves. leaflet, lef'let, n., a little leaf leafy, lef'i, adj., full of leaves.— n. leaf'iness. Leasing leaved, levd, adj., furnished with leaves ; having a leaf, or made with leaves or folds. League, leg, 7i. orig. a stone for marking distances on the public roads : 3 English miles.— a sea-league contains 3.V Eng. miles nearly, [low L. leuca, Fr. licue, a measure of distances ; Gael, leag, w! llech, a stone.] League, leg, «., a bond; an alliance ; union for the promotion of mutual interest. — v.i. to form a league ; to unite for mutual interest : — pr.p. leag'ulng; pa.p. leagued'. [Fr. ligue, low L. liga — L. ligo, to bind.] Leak, lek, 71., a chifik or other defect through which liquid may pass : the oozing of any fluid through an opening. — v.i. to let any fluid into or out of a vessel through a leak -.-—pr.p. leak'ing ; pa.p. leaked'. [Dutch, leek, a chink, Ickken, to drip, akin to liquor.] leakage, lek'aj, n., a leaking; that which enters or escapes by leaking : an allowance for leaking. leaky, lek'i, adj., having a leak or leaks ; letting any liquid in or out. — n. leak'iness. Lean, len, v.i., to incline or bend ; to turn from a straight line : to rest against : to Incline towards : —pr.p. lean'Ing ; pa.p. leaned' or leant (lentl. [A.S. hlyfuan; Dutch, lezmen; akin to Gr. klino, to bend.] Lean, len, adj., slender ; frail ; wanting flesh; not fat. — n. flesh without fat. — adv. lean'ly. — «. lean'ness. [A.S. hlaene, low Ger. leen: perh. from Lean, to Incline, from want of substance.] Leap, lep, v.i., to move with springs or bounds ; to spring upward or forward ; to jump : to rush with vehemence. — v.t. to move by leaping :^;5r./. leap'ing ; pa.p. leaped', rarely leapt (lept). — n. act of leaping ; bound ; space passed by leaping : sudden transition. [A.?s. hleapan ; IcQ. hlaupa, to spring; Ger. laitfen, to run.] leap-frog, lep'-frog, n. a play in which one boy leaps over another, like 3. frog. leap-year, lep'-ycr, «. every fourth _j'^rtr which leaps forwards or adds one day In February. Learn, lern, zi.t. lit. to teach; to acquire knowledge of; to gain power of performing. — v.i. to gain knowledge : to improve by example -.^pr.p. learn'Ing; pa.p. learned'. [A.S. laeran, Dutch, leeren, to teach ; Ger. lernen, to learn.] learned, lern'ed, adj., having learning; versed in literature, &c. : skilful. — adv. leam'edly. — «. leam'edness. learner, lern'er, n., one who learns ; one who is yet in the rudiments of any subject. learning, lern'Ing, «., what is learned ; knowledge ; scholarship ; skill in languages or science. Lease, les, n. a loosifig or letting of tenements for a term of years ; the contract for such letting : any tenure. — v.i. to let tenements for a term of years -.^r.p. leas'ing ; pa.p. leased'. [A. S. lesan, to lease ; Fr. laisser, Ger. lassen, to loose ; It. lasciare — L. laxo, to loose, laxus, loose.] leasehold, les'hold, adj. , held by lease or contract, lessee, les-se', «., one to whoiji a lease is granted, lessor, les'sor, «., 07ie who grants a lease. Leash, lesh, «., a lash or lifie by which a hawk or hound is held: a brace and a half, three. — v.t. to hold by a leash ; to bind -.—pr.p. leash'ing ; pa.p. leashed'. [Fr. laisse, a thong to hold a dog by ; It. lascio — L. laxo. See Lash.] Leasing, lez'ing, n. in B., falsehood; lies. TA.S. leasjtng—leasian, to lie, leas, false, loose, Goth. laus. Ice. los.l fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^n. 289 Least Least. See under Less. Leather, Itth'tr, n. the prepared skin or cover:'>ts^ of an animaL — adj. consisting of leather. [A.S. lether, leather — hlidan, to cover.] leathern, le^/i'em, adj., made or consisting cf leatlier. leathery, le^A'er-i, adj., rcsejuhling leatJicr ; tough. Leave, lev, «., permission : liberty granted : formal parting of friends; farewell. [A.S. leaf. Ice. lof, permission — A.S. ly/ati. Ice. ley/a, to permit; connected with Believe, Furlough.] Leave, lev, v.t., to depart from: to abandon: to resign : to allow to remain : to refer for decision : to bequeath; to have remaining at death. — v.i. to desist; to c&^sq -.—pr.p. leav'ing; pa.t. and ~ f , ~ - - ' f^- L. Gr.' leipo, to leave.] pa.p. left. [A.S. laefan. Ice. leifa, L. linquo. leavings, lev'ingz, it.pl. , tilings left ; relics : refuse. Leaved. See under Leaf. Leaven, leVn, n. the ferment which makes dough rise in a spongy form ; any mixture which makes a general change. — v.t. to raise with leaven : to taint :—/n/. leav'ening; /«:./. leav'ened. [Fr. levain — lever, L. leva, to raise — levis, light.] Leaves, levz, plural of Leaf. Lecher, lech'er, n. one who licJcs up gluttonously anything dainty in food : a man addicted to lewd- ness. [Fr. lecher, Ger. lecken, to lick, lecker, dainty ; L. ligtirio, to lick up what is dainty.] lecherous, lech'er-us, adj., like a lecher; lustful: provoking lust. — adv. lech'erously. — 71s. lech'er- ousness, lech'ery. Lection, lek'shun, n., a reading: a variety in a manuscript or book : a portion of Scripture read in divine service. [L. lectio — lego, lectiim, to read.] lectionary, lek'shun-ar-i, n. the R. Catholic service- book, containing lections or portions of Scripture. lector, lek'tor, n., a reader : a reader of Scripture in the ancient churches. lecture, lek'tur, n. , a reading: a discourse on any subject : a formal reproof. — v.t. to instruct by discourses ; to instruct authoritatively : to reprove. — v.i. to give a lecture or lectures :^^r./. lec'- turing ; pa.p. lec'tured. lecturer, lek'tur-er, n., one ivJw lee litres : a pro- fessor who instructs by discourses : a preacher engaged by a parish to assist its clergyman. Isctureship, lek'tur-ship, n. , the office of a lectjircr. lectum, lectern, lek'tum, lettem, let'em, n. ^.readiiig- desk used in some churches. Led, \^A, pa.t. Sindpa.p. of Lead. Ledge, lej, n. a shelf on which articles maybe laid: that which resembles sucli a shelf: a ridge or shelf of rocks : a layer : a small moulding. [A. S. lecgan, to lay. See Lay.] ledgy, lej 'I, adj., al>oundingin ledges. ledger, Icj'er, n. the principal book of accounts among merchants, in which the entries in all the other books are laid 7ip or entered in a summary form. Ledger-line. See Leger-line. Lee, le, n. lit. a sheltered place ; the part toward which the wind blows. — adj., as in lee-side, the sheltered side of a ship; lee-shore, the shore opposite to the lee-side of a ship. [A.S. hleo^M, shelter; Ice. hlifa, to protect; hlif, a. shield; Dutch, /«w, shelter from the wind, Scot, lythc, sheltered, and lawn, calm.] leeward, le'ward, adj. pertaining to or in the direc- tion of the Ice, or the part toward which the wind blows. — adv. toward the lee. legible leeway, le'wa, n. the "way or distance a ship ir driven to the leeward of her true course. [Lee, and Way.] Leech, lech, n. lit. a healer; orig. a physicia;: .■ a blood-sucking worm. — v.t. to apply leeches to -.—pr.p. leech'ing ; pa.p. leeched'. [A.S. laece — laecian, to heal; Goth, leikis, a. leech — leikinon, to heal.] Leek, lek, n. a kind of onion : the national emblem of Wales. [A.S. lea, a form of lock, lick, found in Hemlock, Garlic] Leer, ler, v.i., to look askance, or with the chcr'.- to the object ; to look archly or obliquely :—/;-./. leer'ing ; pa.p. leered'. — 71. orig. ilie cJicc:: : an oblique view : an affected aspect, [old D. loeren, to look obliquely; A.S. hleor, face, cheek, probably akin to Glare."] leeringly, ler'ing-li, adv. , luith a leeri7ig look. Lees, lez, 71.pl. that which lies or settles at the bottom ; sediment ; dregs. [Fr. lie — A.S. liegait, to lie.] Leeward, Leeway. See under Lee. Left, past tense 3.nd. past participle of Leave. Left, left, adj., the light or -weaker as opposed to the stronger, heavier right ; being on the left side. — 71. the side opposite to the right [old E. lift, Dutch, Ijicht, luft; old S. lef, weak; L. laevus, Gr. laios, left.] left-handed, left-hand'ed, adj. having the left ha7id stronger and readier than tlie right : awkv.'ard : unlucky. — 7is. left-hand'edness, left-hand'iness, awkwardness. Leg, leg, 71. lit. a stalk or stem ; one of the limbs by which animals walk ; a long, slender support of anything, as of a table. — euij. legged', having legs. [Dan. lag, Sw. Idgg: Ice. leggr, a stalk.] legging, leg'ing, 71. , a coveritig for tlie leg. legless, leg'les, adj., witJwzit legs. Legacy, leg'a-si, «., that which is left to 07ie hy will: a bequest of personal property. [L. as if legatia, for legatimt — lego, to leave by will.] legacy-hunter, leg'a-si-hunt'er, «., o)ie who hunts after legacies by courting those likely to leave them. legatee, leg-a-te', «., 07ie to wJio77i a legacy is left. Legal, le'gal, adj., pertai7ti7ig to or according to lazv; lawful; created by law. — adv. le'gally. — 71. legal'ity. [L. legalis—lex, legis, law.] legalise, le'gal-iz, v.t., to make legal or lawful; to authorise ; to sanction •.—pr.p. legalising ; pa.p. Ic'gallscd. Legate, leg'ut, n. lit. one sc7it with a co7n7tzission ; an ambassador, esp. from the Pope. — «. leg'ate- ship, the office of a legate. [Fr. legal. It. legato, I., legatus — lego, to send with a commission.] legatine, leg^a-tTn, adj., of or relating to a legate. legation, iG-ga'shun, «. the person or persons sent as legates or ambassadors ; a deputation.- Legatee. See under Legacy. Legend, lej'end or le', «. orig. something to le read, esp. of the lives of saints read at matins ; a mar- vellous or romantic story from early times ; the motto on a coat of arms, medal, or coin. _ [low L. Iege7ida, a book of chronicles of the saints — L. Iege7idus, to be read — lego, to read.] legendary, lej'end-ar-i, «., a book of legends', one who relates legends. — adj. consisting of legends ; romantic ; fabulous. legible, lej'i-bl, adj., that may he read; clear and i fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thzw. Legerdemain distinct ; that may be understood. — adv. leg'ibly. — Its. leg'ibleness, legibil'ity. [L. legibilis — lego. 'I Legerdemain, lej-er-de-man', n., lightness or nimble- ncss of hand ;_ sleight of hand ; jugglery. [Fr. leger, light, nimble, It. leggiero — L. as if levi- ari2is — levis, light, and Fr. de, of, main, L. iiinnus, hand.] Leger-line, lej'er-lTn, n. in mnsic, one of the s7io7-t lines added above or below the staff to extend its compass. [Fr. leger, slight, and Line.] Legged, &c. See under Leg. Legible. See under Legend. Legion, le'jun, «. lit. a body of troops levied; in ancient Rome, a body of soldiers of from three to five thousand ; a military force : a great num- ber. [Fr. — L. legio — lego, to choose, to levy.] — Legion of honour, an order of merit instituted in France in 1802 by Napoleon I. legionary, lejun-ar-i, adj., relating to or consisting of a legion or legions ; containing a great num- ber. — «. a soldier of a legion. [L. legionariits.'l Legislate, lej'is-lat, v.i., to bring /brzvard, propose, or make laws :—pr.p. leg'islating ; pa.p. leg'is- lated. — n. legisla'tion. [L. lejc, legis, \a.\v,fero, latiun, to bear, propose.] legislative, lej'is-lat-iv, adj., giving or enacting laws ; pertaining to legislation. legislator, lej'is-la-tor, n., one who makes laws ; a lawgiver.-^;;?, legisla'tress. kgislature, lej'is-lat-ur, n., the body of men in a state who have the power of makittg laws. legist, le'jist, n. one skilled in the laws. [Fr. legiste — low L. legis ta — L. lex.'\ legitimate, le-jit'i-mat, adj. lit. made according to law ; lawful ; lawfully begotten : genuine ; fairly deduced ; following by natural sequence ; author- ised by usage. — v.t. to make lawful : to give the rights of a legitimate child to an illegitimate one : —pr.p. legit'imating ; pa. p. legit'imated. — adv. legit'imately. [low L, legitimo, -atnm — L. lex.'\ legitimacy, le-jit'i-ma-si, «., state of bei7ig legiti- mate or according to law ; lawfulness of birth : genuineness : regular deduction. legitimist, le-jit'i-mist, n. one who supports legiti- mate authority : in France, an adherent of the Bourbons deposed in 1830. Legume, leg'iim, Legumen, le-gu'men, n. in bot., a seed-vessel which splits into two valves, having the seeds gathered or attached to one suture only ; a pod, as of the pea, bean, &.c.—pl. legu'- mens, legu'mina. [L. — lego, to gather.] leguminous, le-gu'min-us, adj., bearing legumes 3.s seed-vessels ; consisting of pulse. Leisure, le'zhoor or lezh', n. lit. a state of bei^tg per- mitted to do something, permission ; time free from employment; freedom from occupation, — adj. unoccupied, [old E. leisere, Fr. loisir — L. liceo, to be permitted.] leisurely, le'zhoor-li, adj., done at leisure; slow; deliberate. — adv., in a leisurely ma7mer. Lemma, lem'a, n. lit. that which is received, an assumption : in math., a proposition demons- trated for the purpose of being used in a subse- quent proposition. [L. — Gr. lemina — lambano, to receive, assume.] Lemming, lem'ing, n. a species of rat in northern countries, remarkable for migrating southward in great numbers. [Norw. lemmvtg, Sw. leniel, Lapp, lummik.^ Lemon, lem'un, «. an oval fruit, resembling the Leper orange, with an acid pulp.— «. the tree that bears lemons. [Fr. /z;;/o?z— Turk, limun, Ar. Iaivi7in^ lemonade, lem-un-ad', n. a drink made of lonon- J7(ice, water, and sugar. Lemur, le'mur, n. lit. a ghost : an animal in Mada- gascar, allied to the monkey, which goes about at night, whence its name. [L. lo/mr, a ghost.] Lend, lend, v.t., to give for hire ; to give for a short time something to be returned; to afford or grant, in general ; to let for hire -.—pr.p. lend'ing ; pa.t. ^xidpa.p. lent. — 71. lend'er. [old E. Iee7ie7i, A.S. la:7ian, liha7i, Ger. Ieihe7i.'\ loan. Ion, «., that which is le7it ; the act of lend- ing ; permission to use ; money lent for interest. — v.t. to \Qnd:—^pr.p. loan'ing; pa.p. loaned'. [A.S. lie7i, Ice. lait, Dan. Iaa7i,'\ Length, &c. See under Long. Lenient, le'ni-ent, adj. lit. soft; mild ; merciful. — n. in 77ied., that which softens; an emollient. — n. le'niency. [L. Ie7iie7is, -e7itis, pr.p. of le7tio, to soften — le7iis, soft.] lenitive, len'it-iv, adj., softe7ii7ig or mitigating : lax- ative. — 71. in 7tted., an application for easing pain ; a mild purgative. lenity, len'i-ti, n., soft7iess; mildness; clemency. Lens, lenz, n. lit. a le7itil seed: in optics, a piece of glass or other transparent substance with one or both sides convex, so called from its likeness to a le7ttil seed: the crystalline humour of the eye. [L. Ie7is, lent is, the lentil.] lenticular, len-tik'u-lar, lentiform, len'ti-form, adj., rEsej7ibli7ig a lens or le7itil seed ; double-convex. — adv. lentic'ularly. [L. lentictdaris — lenticula, dim. of lens: L. le>is, lentis, and for^na, form.] lentil, len'til, «. an annual plant, common near the Mediterranean, bearing pulse used for food. [Fr. Ie7itille — L. lens, le7itis, the lentil.] Lent, lent, «. lit. the ti7ne when the days lengthen: a fast of forty days, observed in commemoration of the fast of our Saviour, beginning with Ash- Wednesday and continuing till Easter, [old E. lentett, A.S. lengte7t, lenctett, spring, Lent — • le/tg, longer: or from Ger. ki7id, mild, Dutch, lenten, to make mild, because the sevei-ity of winter is then relaxed.] lenten, lent'en, adj., relating to or used in Le7it ; sparing. Lenticular, Lentil. See under Lena. Lentisk, len'tisk, n. lit. g7i77i-tree ; the mastic-tree. [L. lentiscus — le7itus, sticky.] lentous, len'tu.s, adj., sticky : viscid. Leo, le'o, n. in astr., the Lion, the fifth sign of the zodiac. [L.] leonine, le'o-nTn, adj., of ox like a lion. Leonine, le'o-nTn, adj. a kind of Latin verse which rhymes at the middle and end. [said to be named from Leoninus, a canon in Paris in the 1 2th century ; or from Pope Leo II., who was a lover of music] Leopard, lep'ard, «., the lion-pard, an animal of the cat-kind, nearly as large as a tiger, with a spotted skin, found in all the tropical parts of the Old World. [Gr. leopardos — led7i, lion, pardos, pard ; because supposed by the ancients to be a mongrel between the panther and Honess.] Leper, lep'er, n. one affected with leprosy, which covers the skin with scales. [L., Gr. lepra, leprosy — lepras, scaly — lepos, a scale — lepo, to peel off.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; tktxi. 29Z leprosy leprosy, lep'ro-si, «. a disease of the skin marked by scales or scurfy scabs. leprous, lep'rus, adj., affected iviih leprosy. — adv. lep'rously. — «. lep'rousness. Lepldoptera, Icp-i-dop'ter-a, 7t.pl. an order of insects, with four wings covered with very fine scales like powder, as the butterfly, moth, &c. [Gr. lepis, lepidos,7LSCz\c, ptera, pi. oipteron, awing.] lepldopteral, lep-i-dop'ter-al, lepidopterous, lep-i-dop'- ter-us, adj., pertaifiing to t/ie lepldoptera. Leporine, lep'o-rln, adj., pertaining' to or resem- bling tJie hare. [L. lepori/uts — Icpus, leporis, the hare.] Leprosy, &c. See under Leper. Lesion, le'zhun, «., a hurt: in med., an injury or wound. [Fr. — L. Icesio — Icedo, Icestim, to hurt.] Less, les, adj. (comp. of Little), lit. loose, relaxed, diminished ; smaller. — adv. not so much ; in a lower degree. — «. a smaller portion: in B., the inferior or younger. [A.S. Ices, la;ssa; old E. lash, W. llaes, slack, loose; Fr. lasche, slack, weak; It. lasso, L. lassiis, weak, faint, akin to lax7(s, slack, loose.] lessen, les'n, v.t., to 7nake less, in any sense; to weaken ; to degrade. — v.i. to become less : — pr.p. less'ening ; pa.p. less'ened. lesser, les'er, adj. in B., less; smaller; inferior. [A.S. Icesm, Icesrv, primitive form oi Icessa.] least, lest, adj. (superl. of Little), little beyond all otliers; smallest. — adv. in the smallest or lowest degree. [A.S. la;st, superl. of lytel] lest, lest, conj., that the less; that not; for fear that, [old E. teste, least, A.S. last, leastly.] Iscssee. See under Lease. Lesson, les'n, n. a portion of Scripture read in divine service : that which a pupil learns at a time : a precept or doctrine inculcated ; instruction de- rived from experience : severe lecture. [Fr. Ic^on — L. lectio — lego, to gather, to read. See Lection.] Lessor. See under Lease. Lest. See under Less. Let, let, v.t., to slackefi or loose restraint upon; to give leave or power to ; to allow, permit, suffer ; to grant to a tenant or hirer: in B., to cajise to slacken or give over, that is, to prevent ; to hinder :—pr.p. lett'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. let. — «. in law, hinderance ; obstruction; delay. [A.S. laetan, to permit, Icttan, to hinder — IcBt, Ice. latr, slow, orig. slack: Ger. lassen, Fr. laisser, to let, permit.] See Less. Lethal, le'thal, adj., death-dealing, blotting out ; deadly; mortal. [L. lethalis — lethutn, letu»i, death ; akin to leo, simple form of deleo, to blot out, or to Sans. //, to melt, dissolve.] lethiferous, Ic-thifcr-us, adj., carrying death; deadly. [L. lcthifer—lethu7n,fero, to bear.] Lethargic, Lethargy. See under Lethe. Lethe, Ic'the, «. in 7nyih., one of the rivers of hell said to c:).usc/orgct/ulness of the past to all who drank of its waters : oblivion. [Gr.— let/id, old form of la}ithand, to forget.] lethean, le-the'an, adj., of Lethe ; oblivious. lethargy, leth'ar-ji, n. \\\.. forgetfjtl laziness ; heavy unnatural slumber ; dulness. [L., Gr. lethargia — letliargos, forgetful — lithe, forgetfulness, and argos, idle — a, priv., etgon, work.] lethargic, le-th;ir'jik, lethargical, le-thiir'jik-al, adj., pertaining to letha7gy ; unnaturally sleepy ; dull. — adv. lethar'gically. [L. lethargic us, Gr. lethar- gikos.] Levigate Lethiferous. See under Lethal. Letter, let'er, «. lit. a mark S77iea7-ed or put on ; a mark to express one of the simple sounds : a written or printed message : literal meaning : a printing-type:—//, learning. — r'.^. to stamp"" let- ters upon : — pr.p. lettering ; pa.p. lett'ered. — n. lett'erer. [old E., Fr. lettre. It. lettera—i.. litera — lino, lit?i})t, to smear.] letfer-of-cred'it, 71., a letter authorising credit or cash to a certain sum to be paid to the bearer. — lett'er-of-marque (miirk), «. a commission given to a private ship by a government to make reprisals on the vessels of another state ; a vessel sailing under such a commission. See marque. — lett'ers- pa'tent, «., a iuriti7ig conferring a patetit or authorising a person to enjoy some privilege. lettered, \Gt!crd,adj.,7iiarkedu'ithletters; educated; versed in literature ; belonging to learning. letter-founder, let'cr-found'er, «., 07ie ivhofoiaids or casts letters or types. lettering, let'er-ing, «. the act oi i/fipressing letters : the letters impressed. letter-press, let'er-pres, «., letters i/npressed or matter printed from type, as distinguished from engraving. Lettuce, let'is, «. a plant containing a 77iilky white juice, the leaves of which are used as a salad, [old Fr. laictue, L. lactuca — lac, milk.] Levant, le-vant', «. the point where the sun rises : the East; the coasts of the Mediterranean east of Italy. — adj. lev'ant or le'vant, eastern. [Fr. levant — lever, L. levare, to raise.] Levantine, le-vant'in, adj., belonging to the Leva7Lt. Levanter, le-vanter, w. a strong easterly wind in the Levant or eastern part of the ISIediterranean. levee, lev'e, «. lit. a 7-isi7ig; a morning assembly of visitors ; an assembly received by a sovereign or other great personage. Fr. levee — lever. '\ Level, lev'el, «. a horizontal line or surface ; a surface without inequalities : proper position ; usual ele- vation ; state of equality: the line of direction : an instrument for shewing the horizontal. — adj. horizontal ; even, smooth ; even with anything else ; in the same line or plane : equal in position or dignity. — v.t. to make horizontal ; to make flat or smooth ; to make equal : to take aim : — /r./. levelling ; pa.p. lev'elled. [A.S. lac/el. It. livclla, L. libella, a plummet, from libra, a level, a balance.] leveller, lev'el-er, «., 07ie wJio levels or makes equal. levelness, lev'el-nes, 11., state of being level, ^\cv\, or equal. Lever, lever, «., that which lifts or raises; a bar of metal or other substance turning on a support called the fulcrum or prop, for raising weights. [Fr. levier — lever, L. levo, to raise.] leverage, le'ver-aj, «. the mechanical power gaXncd. by the use of the lever. Leveret, lev'er-et, «., a yotaig Jiare; a hare in its first year. [Fr. levraut, dim. of lievrc, L. lepus, hporis, a hare.] Leviable. Sec under Levy. Leviathan, le-vT'a-than, «. lit. an animal be7it or twisted in curves: in B., a huge aquatic animal, generally supposed to be the crocodile : anything of huge size. [Heb. lizi'ydthd/i — I'vyaJi, a wreath, Ar. lawcC , to bend or twist.] Levigate, lev'i-gat, v.t., to 7nake smooth; to grind to a fine, impalpable powder :—/r./. lev'igating : pa.p. lev'igatcd. — «. leviga'tion. [L. Icvigo, levi- gatum — levis, Gr. leios, smooth, akin to Level.] fate, fur ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. 292 Levite Levite, le'vTt, «., a descendafit of Levi; an inferior priest of the ancient Jewish Church. — adjs. le- vit'ic, Levit'ical. — adv. Levit'ically. [Heb. Levi, a son of Jacob, whose descendants were priests.] Leviticus, le-vit'i-kus, n. the name of one of the books of the Old Testament, so called from its containing the laws, &c. relating to the Levites. Levity, lev'it-i, n., lightness of weight : lightness of temper or conduct ; thoughtlessness ; disposition to trifle ; vanity. [L. levitas — levis, light.] Levy, lev'i, v.t., to raise; to collect by authority, as an army or a tax : — pr.p. lev'ying ; pa. p. leVied. — n. the act of collecting by authority : the troops so collected. [Fr. lever, L. levo, to make light or raise — levis, light.] leviable, lev'i-a-bl, adj., able to he levied or assessed and collected. Lewd, lud or lood, adj. lit. belonging- to the people, as opposed to the educated clergy ; ignorant, vicious, or bad, so in B. ; lustful ; licentious ; un- chaste ; debauched.— a^z/. lewd'ly. — ;/. lewd'ness. [A.S. IcEwede — leod, the people. See laity under Lay.] Lexicon, leks'i-kon, n., a word-book or dictionary. — adj. lexical, belonging to a lexicon. [Gr. le.vi- kon — lexis, a word — lego, to speak.] lexicography, leks-i-kog'ra-fi, n., the art of writing a dictionary. — adjs. lexicograph'ic, lexicograph'- ical. [Gr. lexikon, and grapJio, to write.] lexicographer, leks-i-kog'ra-fer, «., one skilled in lexicography or the art of compiling dictionaries. lexigraphy, leks-ig'ra-fi, n., the art of defining words.— adj. lexigraph'ic. lexicology, leks-i-kol'o-ji, n., the science of 70ords; that branch of philology which treats of the proper signification and use of words. [Gr. lexis, and logos, a discourse or treatise.] lexicologist, leks-i-kol'o-jist, n., one skilled in lexicology. Ley, le, same as Lea. Liable, ll'a-bl, adj., able to he honnd or obliged ; responsible ; tending ; subject ; exposed. [Fr. Her, L. ligare, to bind.] liability, iT-a-bil'i-ti, «., state of being liable or responsible. Liar. See under Lie. Lias, ll'as, 7i. in geol., a formation of argillaceous limestone, &c. underlying the oolitic system, [a corn of Layers.] — adj. liassic, \i-diS\k, pertaining to the lias formation. Libation, iT-ba'shun, n., the pouring forth wine or other liquid in honour of a deity; the liquid poured. [L. libatio — libo, Gr. leibo, to pour.] Libel, IlTDel, tt. lit. a little hook; a written accusa- tion ; any malicious defamatory publication : in larv, the statement of a plaintiff's grounds of complaint against a defendant.— 7'. i*. to defame by a libel ; to satirise unfairly ; in laiv, to proceed against by producing a written complaint -.—pr-p. li'belling ; pa.p. ll'belled. [L. libellus, dim. of liber, a book.] libeller, ll'bel-er, n., one who defames by libels. libellous, ll'bel-us, adj., containitig a libel; de- famatory. — adv. li'bellously. Liberal, lib'er-al, adj. lit. belonging or stiitahle to a free-bor7i man ; becoming a gentleman : gener- ous ; noble-minded : candid ; free : free from restraint : general, extensive. — 7t. one who advo- cates greater freedom in political institutions. — adv. lib'erally. [L. liberalis — liber, free, doing licli-wake as one pleases— //^^^, htbeo, to please, akin to Gr. eleutheros, free. Sans, litbh, to desire.] liberalism, lib'er-al-izm, n., the principles of a liberal in politics. Uberality, lib-er-al'i-ti, n., the qziality of being liberal; generosity ; largeness or nobleness ot mind; candour; impartiality. liberalise, lib'er-al-Tz, v.t., to inake liberal, or en- lightened ; to enlarge -.—pr.p. lib'erallsing ; pa.p. liberalised. liberate, lib'er-at, v.t., to set free; to release from restraint, confinement, or bondage -.—pr.p. lib'er- ating ; pa.p. liberated.— «. libera'tion. [L. libera, liberattiin.\ liberator, lib'er-at-or, «., one who liberates or frees. libertine, lib'er-tin, or -tin, Ji. lit. afrecdjnait ; for- merly, one who professed _/r(?^ opinions, especi- ally in religion ; one who leads a licentious life, a rake or debauchee. — adj. belonging to a freed- man; unrestrained; licentious. [L. libertinus.] libertinism, lib'er-tin-izm, n. , the conduct of a liber- tine ; licentiousness of opinion or practice ; lewd- ness or debauchery. liberty, lib'er-tl, «., the state of being free ; free- dom to do as one pleases ; freedom from restraint ; the unrestrained enjoyment of natural rights; privilege ; exemption ; leave ; relaxation of re- straint ; the bounds within which certain privi- leges are enjoyed ; freedom of speech or action beyond ordinary civility. [L. libertas.'\ libidinous, li-bid'in-us, adj., like a libertitie ; full of desire; lustful ; given to the indulgence of the animal passions. — adz). libid'inously. — ft. libid'in- ousness. [L. libidinosus — libido, desire — lubeo.'] Library, ll'brar-i, ?t. a building or room containing a collection of books ; a collection of books. [L. librari^un — liber, a book.] librarian, ll-bra'ri-an, «. orig. a transcriber of books, a scribe; the keeper of a library. — n. libra'rian- ship. [L. librarius.'] Librate, ll'brat, v.t. lit. to make level or even; to balance. — v.i. to move, as a balance ; to be poised : — P^f- ll'bratlng; pa.p. li'brated. — n. libra'tion, the act of balancing or state of being balanced; a state of equipoise. [L. libro, libratunt — libra, a level, a balance.] See under Level. libratory, ll'bra-tor-i, adj. moving like a balance. Lice, lis, plural of Louse. License, Licence, ll'sens, n., a being allowed : leave ; grant of permission ; the document by which authority is conferred ; excess or abuse of free- dom. — v.t. to grant license to; to authorise or permit -.—pr.p. ll'censing ; pa.p. ll'censed. [Fr. ; L. liccntia — liceo, to be allowed.] licenser, ll'sens-er, n., one who grants license or permission ; one authorised to license. licentiate, ll-sen'shl-at, n., 07ie who has a licefise or grant of permission to e.xercise a profession. licentious, iT-sen'shi-us, adj., fdl of license ; in- dulging in excessive freedom; given to the in- dulgence of the animal passions; dissolute. — adv. licen'tiously. — 7t. licen'tiousness. [L. lice7itiosus.'\ Lichen, llT^en or lichen, «. a plant that licks up moisture on rocks and the bark of trees : an eruption on the skin. [L., Gr. Ieichc7i, from leiclw, Sans, lih, to lick.] See Lick. Lich-gate, llch'-gat, «. a churchyard ^^/"^ with a porch to rest the corpse under, [obs. E. lich, A.S. lie, Ger. leiche, Goth, leik, a corpse, and Gate.] lich-wake, lich'-wilk, 7t. the wake or watch held over a dead body. [obs. E. lich, and Wake.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th&n. Lick Lick, lick, v.i., to pass tJie tongue over; to take in by the tongue ; to lap '.—pr.p. lick'ing ; pa.p. licked'. — 71. lick'er. [A.S. liccian; Gcr. lecketi; L. lingo ; Gr. leic/w ; Sans, li/i.] See Tongue. licorice, same as Liquorice. Lictor, lik'tor, «. lit. one ivJio s7i7nmons ; an officer who attended the Roman magistrates, with the ensigns of office. [L. — obs. liceo, to summon.] Lid, lid, n., a cover; tJuit luJiich shuts a vessel; the cover of the eye. [A.S., Ice. /did : Dutch, lid: old Ger. hlit; akin to L. clmuio, Gr. kleio, to shut in.] Lie, It, «. lit. vain, idle talk; anything meant to deceive ; an intentional violation of truth ; any- tliing that misleads. — v.i. to utter falsehood with an intention to deceive ; to make a false repre- sentation :—/r./. l/ing ; pa.p. hed'._ [A.S. Icogan, Goth, liugan, Ger. Ifigen, to lie ; A.S. lyge, a falsehood ; Gael, leog, idle talk.] liar, ll'ar, «., one ivJio lies or utters falsehood. lying, ll'ing, adj., addicted to telling lies. — 7i. the habit of telling lies. — adv. lyingly. Lie, ll, v.i., to lay one's selfdow7i ; to rest length- wise ; to lean ; to rest ; to press _ upon ; to be situated ; to abide ; to consist : in laiv, to be sustainable -.—pr.p. l/ing ; pa.t. lay ; pa.p. lain, iiiB., li'en. — «. li'er. [A. S . licgan ; Ger. liegen ; Goth, ligan ; Ice. liggia : L. legor, Gr. Ieg07?iai, akin to Lay.] Lief, lef, adj. in poetry, loved, dear. — adv. lov- ingly ; willingly. [A.S. leo/, Ger. lieb, loved; akin to Love.] Liege, lej, adj. bound by a feudal tenure ; subject ; faithful : sovereign or having lieges. — n. one bound by feudal tenure ; a vassal : a lord or superior or one who has lieges. [Fr. lige, from low L. littts, lidus, led7is, a man between a free man and a serf, bound to the soil, and owing certain services to his lord, a Latmised form of Ger. IcLSse, Dutch, laete, whence perhaps Lad.] Lien, ll'en or le'en, 7i. lit. a tie, ba>id ; in lazu, a right in one to retain the property of another to pay a claim. [Fr. lie/i ; L. Iiga7ne7i, from ligo, to bind.] Lien, ll'en, in B., pa.p. of Lie, to lie down. Lieth, ll'eth, in B., 3d pers. sing, of Lie, to lie down. Lieu, IQ, n., place, stead. [Fr. — L. locus, place.] lieutenant, lef-ten'ant, 71. an officer holding the place 0/ anotfier in his absence ; a commissioned officer in the army next below a captain, or in the navy ne.xt below a commander. — lieuten'ant- general, an officer in the army next in rank below a general. [Fr., from lieu, and te7ia7it, holding — te7iir, to hold.] lieutenancy, lef-ten'an-si, «., o_^ce or co»t7nission of a Iieute7ia7it : the body of lieutenants. Life, llf, «., state of livifig; animate existence; union of soul and body : the period of life ; present state of existence : manner of living ; moral conduct : animation : a living being : system of animal nature : social state ; human affairs : narrative of a life : eternal happiness, also He who bestows it ; a quickening principle in a moral sense.—//, lives, llvz. [A.S., Ice., and Sw. lif; Dutch, liif, body, life ; Ger. lebcn, to live.] See Live. life-assurance, llf-a-shoor-ans, same as life-insurance. life-boat, llf'-bot, «. 2. boat for saving lives in cases of shipwreck, &:c. Life-estate, iTf'es-tat, «. an estate held during the life of the possessor. lights life-guard, llf-gard, «., a guard of the life or per- son ; a guard of a prince or other dignitary. lifehold, llf'hold, «. land Jield'hy lease for life. life-insurance, llf'-in-shoor-ans, w. a contract by which a sum of money is i/isured to be paid at the close of a person's life. [Life, and Insurance.] lifeless, iTf'les, adj., having lost life; dead: with- out vigour; insipid; sluggish. — rtt/i/. lifelessly. — 71. life'lessness. lifelong, iTf 'long, adj. during the length of a life. liferent, llf 'rent, «. a re7it that continues for life. Lift, lift, v.t. to bring to a higher position; to ele- vate ; to elate ; to take and carry away ; to remove by stealing. — v.i. to try to raise :—pr.p. lifting ; pa.p. lift'ed, in B., hft.— «., act oflifi- i/ig ; that which is to be raised ; that which assists to lift.— «. lift'er. [A.S. hlifia7t ; low Ger. lufteti, lichten—lucht, Goth, liftus, old E. lift, luft, the sky, air : or akin to Fr. lever, L. levo, to lift, or make light.] Ligament, lig'a-ment, 71., a7tything that hi>ids or unites ; a bandage : in a/tat., the membrane con- necting the movable bones. [L. Iiga77ientu7n — ligo, ligatum, to bind.] ligamental, lig-a-ment'al, ligamentous, lig-a-ment'us, adj., composi7ig OT rese7nbling a Iiga7tie7tt. ligation, li-ga'shun, «., act of bi7idi7ig: state of being bound. ligature, lig'a-tur, n., anything tJtat binds ; a liga- ment ; a bandage : in 7nusic, a line connecting notes : \n print., a tj^pe of two letters : in 77ied., a cord for tying the blood-vessels, &c. Light, lit, 71., that which shiTies or is brillia7it : the agent by which objects are rendered visible ; the power of vision ; day ; dawn of day : that which gives light, as the sun, a candle : the illuminated part of a picture : fig. mental or spiritual illumi- nation ; enlightenment ; knowledge : public view ; life ; point of view ; a conspicuous person : an aperture for admitting hght: in B., prosperity, favour. — adj. not dark ; bright ; whitish. — v. t. to give light to ; to set fire to ; to attend with a WghX. :^pr.p. light'ing ; pa.t. znd pa.p. lit or light'ed.— «. light'er. [A.S. leohi, lyht, Ger. licht, W. Hug, Goth, liuluiih, L. lux, light ; akin to Sans, lok, loch, to see, to shine, ruch, to shine.] light-house, iTt'-hous, «. a tower or house with a light at the top to guide mariners at night. lighten, iTt'n, v.t., to 7nake light or clear: fig. to illuminate with knowledge : in B., to free from trouble. — v.i. to shine hke lightning; to flash; to become less dark :—pr.p. lightening ; pa.p. iTght'ened. lightning, iTt'ning, «. lit. that ivhich lighte/is ; the electric flash usually followed by thunder. lightning-rod, iTt'ning-rod, 7t. a metallic rod for pro- tecting buildings from light7U7tg. Light, lit, adj. not heaN'y ; having little weight ; easily lifted: easily suffered or performed ; easily digested : not heavily armed ; active ; not heavily burdened : unimportant : not dense or copious : gentle ; easily influenced ; gay, lively ; amusing : unchaste : not of legal weight : loose, sandy : in B., idle, worthless.— rt. iTght'ened. lighter, iTt'er, n. a large open boat used in light- enitig or unloading and loading ships. — Jt. light'er- man. lighterage, iTt'er-aj, «. price paid for unloading ships by lighters : the act of thus unloading. Light, lit, V. i. (followed by on, npon) to stoop from flight ; to settle ; to rest ; to come to by chance : (fol. by dow?i, from) to descend, to alight : — j>r.p. iTght'ing ; pa. p. iTght'ed, lit. [A. S. lihtan ; akin to Light, not heavy, which see.] [upon. light'en upon, v.i. in Pr. Bk., to alight or descend Lign-aloes, iTn-al'oz, Lignaloes, lig-nal'Sz, ii. in B., aloes-ivood. [L. lignutn, wood, and Aloes.] ligneous, lig'ne-us, adj., luooden ; woody; made of wood. [L. lignezis — ligtiwn, wood.] ligniferous, lig-nif'er-us, adj., producifig wood. [L. ligfium, wood, andy^w, to bear.] lignify, lig'ni-fl, v.t., to turn i7ito wood. — v.i. to become wood or woody -.—pr.p. lig'nifying ; ^a.p. lig'nifled. — 7i. lignifica'tion. [Fr. Iig7njler — L. Iig7ua7i, wood, zxvAfacio, to make.] lignine, lig'nln, n. pure woody jibre. lignite, lig'nTt, n. coal retaining the texture of wood. — adj. lignit'ic. Ligide, lig'ul, 71. lit. a little tongue: in bot., the flat part of the leaf of a grass ; a strap-shaped petal in certain flowers. [L. ligida, dim. of lingtia, a tongue.] [Gr. ligjirion.'] Ligure, ll'gur or lig'ur, «. in B.,a. precious stone. Like, Ilk, adj. equal in quantity, quality, or degree ; similar ; likely. — «. the like thing or person ; an exact resemblance : a liking. — adv. in the sarne manner; probably. [A.S. termination lie, in gelic, like, Goth, leiks, in galeiks, alike, L. lis. In talis, such, Gr. likos, in telikos, such.] likely, llk'li, adj., like the thing required ; credible ; probable ; having reason to expect. — adv. prob- ably. — 7is. like'liness, like'lihood. likeness, lik'nes, 71., qjiality of being like; resem- blance : one who resembles another : that which resembles ; a portrait or picture ; effigy. likewise, iTk'wTz, adv., i7i like wise or manner; also ; moreover ; too. [Like, and Wise.] liken, iTk'n, v.t. to represent as like or similar ; to compare :—pr.p. lik'ening ; pa.p. llk'ened. Like, Ilk, v.t., to be pleased with; to approve; to enjoy : (obs.) to please -.—pr.p. iTk'ing ; pa.p. liked'. [A.?!, gelician; old Ger. lichen; Goth. Ieika7t; Ice. lika, to be to one's taste.] likely, iTk'li, adj., that may be liked; pleasing. liking, lik'ing, «., state of being pleased witli; in- clination ; satisfaction in : in B., condition, plight. —adj. in B., as in good-liking, well-liking, in good condition. Limp Lilac. See under Lily. Lily, lil'i, n. a bulbous plant, with showy and fragrant flowers. [A.S. lilie, Fr. lis, L. lilium, Gr. leirio7t, lily.] lilac, ll'lak, «. a pretty flowering shrub, said to be so called because its scent is like that of the lily. liliaceous, lil-i-a'she-us, adj., pertaitwig to lilies. lilied, lil'id, adj., ador7ied with lilies. Limb, lim, «. lit. that which belo/igs to something ; a jointed part in animals : a projecting part ; a branch of a tree. — v.t. to supply with limbs : to tear off" the limbs :—pr.p. limb'ing ;pa.p. limbed'. [A.S. //;«; Ii7npa7i, to belong.] Limb, lim, 71. an edge or border, as of the sun, &c. : the edge of a se.xtant, &c. [L. Ii7nbiis.\ limbo, lim'bo, limbus, lim'bus, 71. in the creed of the R. Cath. Church, a place on the borders of hell, in which the souls of the pious who died before the time of Christ await his coming, and where the souls of unbaptised infants remain : a place of confinement. Limber, lim'ber, n. the part of a gun-carriage con- sisting of two wheels and a shaft to which, the horses are attached. — v.t. to attach to the lim- bers, as a gun. [?] Lime, lim, «. any slimy or gluey 77iaterial: birdlime: the white caustic earth from limestone, and used for cement. — v.t. to cover with lime : to cement : to manure with lime : to ensnare :—pr.p. iTm'ing ; pa.p. limed'. [A.S. — Ii77ia7i, to glue; Ger. Iei7n, glue ; L. Ii77ius, slime ; Sans. //, to be viscous.] limous, llm'us, adj. , ghtey ; sli7ny ; muddy. limy, llm'i, adj., gluti7ious ; sticky; containing, resembling, or having the qualities of lime. lime-kiln, llm'-kil, n. a kibi or furnace in which limestone is burnt to li77ie. limestone, llm'ston, 71., sto7ie from which lime is procured by burning. lime-tree, llm'-tre, 7t. the linden-tree, common in Europe, with heart-shaped leaves and panicles of yellowish flowers, so called from the glutinous juice of the young shoots. [limn. lime-twig, lim'- twig, 7i. a twig smeared with bird- Lime, lim, «. a kind of citron or le}7ion tree and its fruit. [Fr. See Lemon.] Limit, lim'it, 71. lit. a cross path; a boundary between two fields ; boundary ; utmost extent : restriction. — v.t. to confine within bounds: to restrain -.—pr.p. lim'iting ; pa.p. lim'ited. [L. Ii77ies, li7nitis — li77ius, transverse.] limitable, lim'it-abl, adj., that may be li/nited, bounded, or restrained. limitation, lim-it-a'shun, _«., the act of li/nitirig, bounding, or restraining : the state of being limited, bounded, or restrained ; restriction. limited, lim'it-ed, adj., wiihi7i. Ii7nits ; narrow; restricted. — adv. lim'itedly. — «. lim'itedness. limitless, lim'it-les, adj., having 710 liiiiits; bound- less ; immense ; infinite. Limn, lim, v.t. orig. to illumi7iate \i\xh ornamental letters, &c. ; to draw or paint, esp. in water- colours -.—pr.p. lim'ning ;/«./. limned', [contr. of Fr. e7ihi77iiner, low L. illu7)ti7io, from root of Luminary.] limner, lim'ner, 71., 07ie who Ii77i7is or paints on paper or parchment ; a portrait-painter. Limous. See under Lime. Limp, limp, adj. vapid, weak (obs.) : wanting stiff'ness, flexible. [W. llibin, lleipr, flaccid, drooping; Ice. Ii77ipiaz, to become slack.] fate, far; me, her ; mine; mote; mute; mcon; //^en. 295 Limp Limp, limp, v.t., to halt; to walk lamely :—/r./. limp'ing ; pa. p. limped'. — n. act of limping ; a halt. [A.S. li}np-healt, lame ; old Ger. liinphen, to limp; connected with Sans, lamb, to fall.] limpingly, llmp'ing-li, adz>., in a limping manner. Limpet, lim'pet, «. a small shell-fish, which clings to bare rocks. [L. ; Gr. lepas — Gr. lepas, a bare rock — lepd, to peel.] Limpid, limpid, rti^//'., clear; shining; transparent; pure. — ns. limpid ity, lim'pidness. [L. limpidtis, a form of liqziidiis. See liquid.] Limy. See under Lime. Linch-pin, linsh'-pin, «. a pin used to keep the wheel of a carriage on the axle-tree. [A.S. lyfiis, Dutch, l7i7ise, the axle-tree — old Ger. hat, peg, bolt, and Pin.] Lirden, linden, «. the lime-tree. [A.S., Sw., Ice, lind, Ger. linde, old Ger. linta.] Line, lln, «., a thread of linen ox flax; a slender cord : in jnath., that which has length without breadth or thickness : an extended stroke : a straight row : a cord extended to direct any operations : outline : a row ; a rank : a verse : a trench : limit : method : the equator : lineage : direction : occupation : the regular infantry of an army : the twelfth part of an inch. [L. Ii7ica — linutn, flax.] line, iTn, v. i. to mark out with lines ; to cover with lines : to place along by the side of for guarding; to strengthen by additional works or men :—pr.p. lln'ing ; pa. p. lined'. lineage, lin'e-aj, «. descendants in a line from a common progenitor ; race ; family. lineal, lin'e-al, adj., of or belonging- to a line; composed of lines : in the direction of a line : descended in a direct line from an ancestor.— adv. lineally. lineament, lin'e-a-ment, n. lit. aline; feature: dis- tinguishing mark in the form. linear, line-ar, adj., of or belonging to a line; consisting oforhavingthc form of hues ; straight. — adv. lin'early. lineation, lin-e-a'shun, same as delineation. liner, iTn'er, w. a vessel belonging to a regular line or series of packets. lining, lln'ing, «. , act of drawing lines upon, or of marking with lines. Linen, lin'en, «. cloth made of //«^ or flax; under- clothing, particularly that made of linen. — ndj. made of flax ; resembhn^ linen cloth. [A. S. li/ict, Ice. lin, Ger. lei^i, L. linuin, Gr. linou, flax.] line, iTn, v.t. to cover on the inside with linc?i or other material ; to cover :—pr.p. lln'ing ; pa.p. lined'. — n. lin'ing. linnet, lin'ct, n. a small singing bird so called from feeding on the seed oi flax. [A.S. linetwige; Fr. linot.\ \seed. linseed, lin'sed, lintseed, lint'scd, «., lifit or flax- llnseed-cake, lin'sed-kak, n. the cake remaining when the oil is pressed out of lint or flax-seed. linseed-oil, lin'sC-d-oil, ;/., oil irom flax-seed. linsey-woolsey, lin'sc-woul-se, adj. made of linc?i and T<'i?f/ mixed : mean; of imsuitable parts. — n. a thin coarse stuff of linen and wool mixed. lint, lint, n.,flax: linen scraped into a soft woolly substance to lay on wounds. Ling, ling, n. a fish resembling the cod, so called from its lengt/iC7icd iorm. [.\.S. lang, long.] linger, ling'ger, v.i. to remain long in any state : to loiter : to hesitate :—pr.p. ling'cring ; pa.p. ling- ered'. [A.S. langian, to protr3.ct— lang, long.] liquid lingering, ling'ger-ing, adj. , lengtJiened out in time ; protracted. — «. a remaining long. Linget, ling'get, Lingot, ling'got, «. same as Insot. [Fr. lingot, from root of Ingot.] Lingual, ling'gwal, adj., pertaining to the tongue- — n. a letter pronounced mainly by the tongue, as /. — adv. lin'gually. [from L. lingua, the tongue.] linguist, ling'gwist, «., one skilled in tongues or languages. linguistics, ling-gwist'iks, n.sing. the science of languages and words. linguistic, ling-gwist'ik, linguistical, ling-gwist'ik-al, adj. , pertaining to lingi^istics. linguadental, ling-gwa-dcn'tal, adj. uttered by the joint action of the tongue and teeth, as d and /. — «. a sound thus produced. [L. lingua, the tongue, and DentaL] Liniment, lin'i-ment, n.,smearifig-stuff, a kind of soft ointment; [L. liniinentjint — li7io, to besmear.] Lining. See under Line and Linen. Link, lingk, n. something he7tt so as to form a/i^zw^ ; a ring of a chain : anything connecting : a single part of .a series. — v.t. to connect as by a link: to join in confederacy: to unite in a series. — v.i. to be connected :^pr.p. link'ing ; pa.p. linked'. \G(^r. gelenk — Ic7ike7t, to bend.] Link, lingk, «. a light or torch of pitch and tow. [prob. from Dutch, lo)/tpe, a gunner's match of tow ; allied to L. Iych7ius, Gr. lych7ios, light.] Linnaean, Linnean, lin-ne'an, adj., pertai7:i>ig to Li7nuvus, the celebrated Swedish botanist (1707 — 78^ or to his system. Linnet, Linseed, Linsey-woolsey. See under Linen. Lint. See under Linen. Liitel, lin'tel, «., that which binds or fast e7is : the connecting timber over a doorway; the head- piece of a door or casement. [Sp. — old L. lij/ieu- tui7i, for lime7t, the headpiece of a door — ligo, to bind.] Lion, ll'un, n. a large and fierce quadruped, remark- able for its roar : in astr., Leo, a sign of the zodiac : any object of interest.— ;^v«. li'oness. [L. leo, Gr. Ied7i: A.S. leo, Ger. lowc.^ lion-hearted, ll'un-hart-ed, adj. having the Jieart or courage of a lio)ii lionise, li'un-Iz, v.t., to treat as a lion or object of interest '.—pr.p. ll'onTsing ; pa.p. ll'onlsed. Lip, lip, «. the muscular border in front of the teeth by which things are taken into the mouth : the edge of anything. [A.S. lippe, L. labium, sikin. to L. lumbo, E. lap, expressive of the sound of lapping.] lipped, lipt, adj., Jiavi7ig lips ; having a raised or rounded edge like the lip. Liquation, li-kwii'shun, n., tJie actoft)iaki7ig liquid or melting; the capacity of being melted. [L. liquo, liquatu>7i, to make liquid, to melt.] liquefy, lik'we-fT, z>.t., to make liquid : to dissolve. — 7i.i. to become liquid :—^pr.p. liq'uefying : /«./. liq'uefled. [L. liquefacio — liqueo, to be fluid or liquid, Ar\A facio, to make.] liquefaction, lik-we-fak'shun, «. the act or process of 1/iaki/ig liquid ; the state of being melted. liquescent, li-kwcs'ent, adj., beco7ning liquid ; melt- ing. — ;/. liques'cency. [L. liquesce/is — C7itis, pr.jj. oi liquesco, to become liquid — liqueo.'\ liqueur, lik-er', ;/., a liquid; a flavoured spirit; a cordial. [Fr.] liquid, lik'wid, adj.,flo'cui/tg; fluid : soft ; smooth: clear.— «. a flowing substance : a letter of a 2g6 fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; //;en. liquidate smooth flo-wing sound, as / and r, in pla, pra. — lis. liquidity, liq'uidness. [L. liqtddus — liqueo.'\ liqxiidate, lik'wi-diit, v.t. lit. to make liqjiid ; to pay : to diminish : to settle \—pr.p. liq'uidating ; pa.p. liquidated. liquidation, lik-wi-da'shun, n., the act of Uqtddat- ing; the act of settling and adjusting debts. liquidator, lik-wi-dat'or, ?t.., he who or that which liqicidatcs or settles and adjusts. liquor, lik'ur, n., anything liquid ; strong drink. Liquorice, lik'ur-is, n. a plant with a sweet root which is used for medicinal purposes. [Gr. gly- kyrrhiza — glykys, sweet, and rhiza, root.] Lisp, lisp, v.i. to speak with the tongue against the upper teeth or gums, as in pronouncing tli for .s- or z : to articulate as a child ; to utter feebly or imperfectly. — v.t. to pronounce with a lisp :— pr./. lisp'ing ; pa./, lisped'. [A.S. wlisp, Dutch, lispcn: from the sound.] lisping, lisp'ing, adj . , pro^ionncing with a lisp. — 7t. the act of speaking with a lisp. — adv. lisp'ingly. List, list, n., a stripe or border of cloth ; a row or line; a catalogue or roll. — v.t. to sew together, as strips of cloth ; to form a border to ; to cover with list or strips of cloth : to place in a list or catalogue: to engage for the public service, as soldiers -.—pr.p. list'ing ; /«./. list'ed. [A.S. list, Fr. liste. It. lista, Ger. leiste, old Ger. lista, stripe, border.] List, list, 71. lit. a girdle ; a line enclosing a piece of ground, esp. for combat :— //. lists, the ground enclosed for a contest. — To enter the lista, to engage in contest. [Fr. lice. It. lizza, liccia — L. licia, plural of liciu7n, a girdle.] List, list, v.i., to have pleas7tre in; to desire ; to like or please ; to choose. [A.S. lystan, Dutch, lyste, to desire, A.S., Ice. lyst, Ger. lust, pleasure.] listless, list'les, adj., having no desire or wish; careless ; uninterested ; weary, indolent. — adv. listlessly. — n. list'lessness. List, list, V. t. or i. dim. of Listen. Listen, lis'n, v.t., to hear or attend to. — v.i., to give ear or hearken ; to follow advice :—pr.p. lis'tening ; /i^./. lis'tened. [A.S. hlistan. Ice. hlusta, L. cluo, Gr. kluo, to hear — Ice. hltist, W. dust, an ear.] listener, lis'n-er, n., 07ie who listens or hearkens. lA\,,pa.p. of Light, to lighten, and Light, to alight. Litany, lit'a-ni, n., a praying; a form of suppli- cation in public worship. [L. litania, Gr. litaneia — litanetio, to pray — lite, a prayer.] Literal, lit'er-al, adj., belonging to or consisting of letters ; according to the letter ; plain ; not figurative or metaphorical ; following the letter or exact meaning, word for word. — adv. lit'erally. —n. lit'eralness. [L. literalis—litera, a letter.] literary, lit'er-ar-i, adj., belojiging to letters or learning ; ^eri3.mm^ to men of letters ; derived from learning ; skilled in learning ; consisting of written or printed compositions. [L. literarius.'\ literate, lit'er-at, adj., furnished with letters or learning; learned.— ;^. one educated but not having taken a university degree. [L. literatus.'] literati, lit-er-a'tT, n., vieii of letters, the learned. literature, lit'er-a-tur, n., the science of letters ox language ; learning ; the whole body of literary productions ; all literary productions except those relating to positive science and art, usually con- fined however to the belles-lettres or works of taste and sentiment. [L. litcratura.'\ Liturgy- Litharge, lith'arj, n. lit. stone-silver: the vitrified lead separated from silver in the process of refining. [Fr. ; Gr. lithargyros—lit/ws, a stone, and argyros, silver.] Lithe, \\th, adj., able to nse the limbs well; soft : easily bent, flexible.— «. lithe'ness. [A.S. lithe— lith, a limb ; Ger. lind. Ice. linr, akin to L. Icjiis, soft, tender.] lithesome, iTz'/i'sum, adj., lithe, supple, nimble. — «. lithe'someness. Lithograph, lith'o-graf, v.t., to write or engrave on stone and transfer to paper by printing : — pr.p. lith'ographing ; pa.p. lith'ographed. — «. a print from stone. [Gr. lithos, a stone, and grapho, to write.] lithographer, lith-og'ra-fer, n., one wJio practises the art of lithography. lithographic, lith-o-graf'ik, lithographical, lith-o- graf'ik-al, adj., belonging to lithography. — adv. lithographically. lithography, lith-og'raf-i, «., the art of writing or engraving on stone and printing therefrom. lithology, lith-ol'o-ji, 7i. the department of geology which treats of th.Q constitution and structure of rocks. [Gr. lithos, a stone, and logos, discourse.) — adj. litholog'ical. — «. lithol'ogist, one skilled in lithology. lithophyte, lith'o-flt, «. an animal production appar- ently both sto7ie and plant, as coral. [Gr. lit/ws, stone, a.r\d phyto7t, a plant — phyo, to grow.] lithotomy, lith-ot'o-mi, 7i. the operation of cutting for sto7te in the bladder. [Gr. lithos, a stone, and to7ne, a cutting— z'^;;/«5, to cut.]— «. lithot'omist, one who practises lithotomy. Litigate, lit'i-gat, v.t., to carry on a strife ; to contest in law. — v.i. to carry on a lawsuit :— pr.p. lit'igating ; pa.p. lit'igated. — 7i. litiga'tion. [L. litigo,_ -at7i77i — lis, litis, a strife, ago, to do. j litigable, lit'i-gabl, adj., capable of being litigated. litigant, lit'i-gant, adj., C07ttendinga.t law; engaged in a lawsuit. — 7i. a person engaged in a lawsuit. litigious, li-tij'yus, adj., fo7t.d of strife ; conten- tious ; inclined to engage in lawsuits ; subject to contention. — adv. Utig'iously. — ;;. litig'iousness. Litotes, lit'o-tez, or ll', 71. in rhet., a softening of a statement for sii7!plicity and sometimes for emphasis. [Gr. litotes, simplicity— ///(^i-, plain.] Litter, lit'er, «. a confused mass of articles ^ystre: prob. a corruption of L. locusta, a lobster.] Local, lo'kal, adj., of or belonging to a place; confined to a spot or district. — adv. locally. [Fr. ; L. localis, from locoes, a place.] localise, lo'kal-Iz, v.t., to make local; to put into a place -.—pr.p. lo'callsmg ; pa.p. localised. — n. localisa'tiou. locality, lo-kal'i-ti, «., condition of being local : existence in a place ; position ; district, locate, lo-kat' or lo'kat, v.t., to place ; to set in a par- ticular position ; to designate the place of: — pr.p. lOcfit'ing ; pa.p. iGcat'ed. location, lo-ka'shun, «., act of locating or p\a.clng ; situation : in la^u, a leasing on rent. 293 fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon;_^>4en. locative Loiter locative, loTca-tiv, adj. in gratn., indicating place. Loch, lok, «., a lake or arm of the sea (Scot.) [Gael, loch, W. llwc, Ir. Ia7cg/i, A.S. liig, Ice. laugJi, S\v. lag, L. lacjts, E. Lake.] Lock, lok, 71., anything that sJnits in; a place shut in ; an instrument to fasten doors, &c. ; an j enclosure in a canal for raising or lowering boats ; the part of a firearm by which it is discharged ; a grapple in wrestling ; a state of being immov- able ; any narrow confined place. — I'.t., to fasten with a lock ; to fasten so as to impede motion ; to shut up ; to close fast ; to embrace closely ; to furnish with locks ; to seize the sword arm of an antagonist. — v.i. to become fast ; to unite closely : —pr.f. lock'ing ; pa.p. locked'. [A. S. loc, a lock, locan, to lock ; Ice. loka, to shut, a bolt.] lockage, lok'aj, n., the locks of a canal; the differ- ence in their levels, the materials used for them, and the tolls paid for passing thi-ough them. locker, lok'er, «. any closed place that locks. locket, lok'et, «., a small lock; a little gold case worn as an ornament. lock-jaw, lok'-jaw, locked-jaw, lokt'-jaw, n. a con- traction of the muscles of the jazu by which it is locked or firmly closed. [Lock, and Jaw.] lock-keeper, lok'-kep-er, n. one who keeps or attends the locks of.a canal. locksmith, lok'smith, Ji. a smith who makes and mends locks. lock-stitch, lok'-stich, n. a stitch formed by the lockitig of two threads together. lock-up, lok'-up, n. a place for lockitig np or confin- ing persons for a short time. Lock, lok, «. lit. that which may he plucked : a tuft or ringlet of hair ; a flock of wool, &c. [A.S. loce. Ice. lockr, Ger. locke, a lock, A.S. lyccan, old Ger. liecheti, to pluck.] Lockram, lok'ram, ji. a kind of coarse linen, so called from Locronan, in Bretagne, where it is made. Locomotive, lO-ko-mo'tiv or lo', adj., moving from place to place ; capable of or assisting in loco- motion. — ti. a loco)notive machine ; a railway engine. — n. locomotiv'ity. [Fr. locomotif—h. locus, a place, and moveo, motutn, to move.] locomotion, lO-ko-mo'shun, n., act or power of 7novi>igfrom place to place. locng, lo'kus, n., place: in math., the line traced by a point which varies its position according to a certain law. [L.] loculous, lok'u-lus, adj. in hot., divided internally i7ito cells. [L. loctdus, a cell, dim. oi loc7is.'\ Locust, lo'kust, n. a migratory winged insect, in shape like the grasshopper, highly destructive to vegetation : a name of several plants and trees. [L. locusta.] Lode, led, n. in mining, a course or vein containing metallic ore. [A.S. Ait/, a course — hedafi, to lead.] Lode-star, Lode-stone. See Load-star, Load-stone. Lodge, loj, v.t. to place or lay up as in a bozuer; to infix, to settle ; to furnish with a temporary dwell- ing ; to drive to covert ; to lay flat, as grain.— v.i. to reside ; to rest ; to dwell for a time (in B., to pass the night) ; to lie flat, as grain -.—pr.p. lodg'ing ; pa.p. lodged'. — «., a place where one may lodge ; a small house in a park (in B., a hut) ; the cottage of a gatekeeper ; a den ; a cave : a secret association, also the place of meeting. [A. S. logian, Fr. loger. It. alloggia^-e, to lodge ; akin to low L. laubia, Ger. laube, bower.] See Lobby. lodger, loj'er, n., one who lodges or lives at board or in a hired room ; one v/ho stays in any place for a time. lodging, loj'ing, «., a place for lodging or dwelling; temporary habitation ; a room or rooms hired in the houseof another (often in//.) ; harbour. lodgment, loj'ment, 7i., act 0/ lodging, or state of being lodged ; accumulation of something that remains at rest; Diil., the occupation of a posi- tion by a besieging party, and the works thrown up to maintain it. Loft, loft, 71. lit. that which is lifted up ; the room or space immediately under a roof; a gallery in a hall or church : in B., an upper room. [Dan. loft; Ice. lopt, the sky or air; A.S. lyft, the air ; akin to Lift.] lofty, loft'i, adj., lifted up: airy; high in position, character, sentiment, or diction; high; stately; haughty. — adv. loft'ily.— «. loft'iness. Log, log, n. a Hebrew liquid measure =: | or f of a pint. [Heb., a basin— ///_^, to be hollow.] Log, log, «. lit. that which is ttnwieldy or heavy ; a bulky piece of wood ; 7ia2it., a piece of wood, with a line, for measuring the speed of a ship. [Dutch, log, heavy, unwieldy.] log-board, log'-bord, log-book, log'-book, ns. naut., a board and book on which the /.j^-reckoning is kept. log-cabin, log'-cab-in, log-house, log'-hous, log-hut, log'-hut, 7is. a cabin, hotise, or hzit built of logs. log-line, log'-lTn, n. the li7ie fastened to the log, and marked for finding the speed of a vessel. log-reel, log'-rel, «., a reel {or the log-line. logwood, log'wood, 7i. a red, heavy wood much used in dyeing. [Log, and Wood.] loggerhead, log'er-hed, 71. , 07ie with a Jiead like a log; a dunce : na^it., a round piece of timber, in a whale-boat, over which the line is passed : a species of sea-turtle. [Log, and Head.] Logarithm, log'a-rithm, 7t. lit. the mnnber of tJie 7-atios : (of a number) the exponent of the power to which a given number must be raised to produce that number. [Gr. logos, ratio, and arit/unos, number.] logarithmic, log-a-rith'mlk, logarithmical, log-a-rith'- mik-al, adj., pertaining to or consisting of loga- ritlL7ns.—adv. logarith'mically. Loggerhead. See under Log. Logic, loj'ik, 71., the scioice and art of reaso7iing correctly ; the science of the necessary laws of thought. [Gr. logike, from logos, speech, reason.] logical, loj'ik-al, adj., pertai7ti7ig to logic ; accord- ing to the rules of logic ; skilled in logic ; dis- criminating. — adv. log'ically. logician, lo-jish'an, «., 07ie skilled i7t logic. logistic, lo-jis'tik, logistical,lo-jls'tik-al, adj. lit. skilled in calctdati7ig : in 7>iath., made on the scale of sixty. [Gr. logistikos — logizomai, to calculate — logos, a number.] logography, lo-gog'ra-fi, «. lit. the writing of a zvord ; a method of printing with whole words cast in a single type. [Gr. logographia — logos, word, vcnAgrapho, to write.] logomachy, lo-gom'a-ki, 71., co?itention abo7it words or in words merely. [Gr. logomachia — logos, word, and inacJic, fight.] Loin, loin, 71. prob. lit. a strip or 7iarrow ha7id; the back of a beast cut for food : in //., the reins, or the lower part of the back. [Fr. lo7nbes, the loins, longe, loin, thong ; L. banbics, loin.] Loiter, loi'ter, v.i. lit. to be loose or unsettled; to delay ; to be slow in moving ; to linger -.—pr.p. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. 299 LoU Loot loi'tering; pa. p. loi'tered. — n. loi'terer. [Dutch, loteren; Ice. lotra ; prov. Ger. lottern, to be loose ; akin to Lag, Lounge.] LoU, lol, v.i., to move slowly; to lean idly; to lounge ; to hang out from the mouth : — pr.p. loU'ing; pa.p. lolled'. [Ice. loUa; Swiss, lolen, to lounge ; lalleii, to put out the tongue ; akin to Gr. laleiit, to speak.] LoUaxdfl, lol'ards, 7i.pl. lit. the shiggards or idle wanderers ; a sect of reformers in Germany, about A.D. 1300: the followers of Wycliffe in England, [from Loll : also given from low Ger. lolleu, to sing.] Lone, iGn, Lonely, lonli, adj., alone; having no company ; solitary ; retired ; standing by itself; It. loneliness, [contraction of Alone.J lonesome, lon'sum, adj., being alone; solitary; dismal. — ad-j. lone'somely. — 71. lone'someness. Long, long, adj. (comp. long'er; superl. longest) drawn out in a line ; extended ; not short ; ex- tended in time ; slow in coming ; tedious ; far- reaching. — adv. to a great extent in space or time; through the whole; all along. — v.i., to stretch out the 7nind after; to desire earnestly ; to have an eager appetite :—pr.p. long'ing ; pa.p. longed'. — adv. long'ingly. [A.S. long, lang; Ger. lajig; Ice. langr ; Goth, laggs ; L. longns ; Gr. dolichos. Sans, dirgha.'] long-boat, long'-bot, n. the longest boat of a ship. longeval, lon-je'val, longevous, lon-je'vus, adj'., of long or great age. [L. loftgns, long, aevuni, age.] longevity, lon-jev'i-ti, «., long life ; old age. longimanous, lon-jim'a-nus, adj'., long-handed. [L. longus, long, and manus, a hand.] longish, long'ish, adj., somewhat long. longitude, lon'ji-tud, n. lit. length; distance of a place east or west of a given meridian ; distance in degrees from the vernal equinox, on the ecliptic. [L. longitudo.] longitudinal, lon-ji-tud'i-nal, adj., pertaining to longitude or length; extending lengthwise. — adv. longitud'inally. [length. long-meaaure, long'-mezh-ur, «., the measure of long-run, long'-run, n., the long or whole run or course of events ; the ultimate result. longshore-man, long'shor-man, n., a man employed along the shore or about wharves in loading and unloading vessels. long-sighted, long'-sTt-ed, adj., able to see at a long distance ; sagacious, —n. long'-sightedness. long-stop, long'-stop, n. in cricket, one whose duty is to stand behind the wicket-keeper and stop balls sent a long distance. loug-sulFering, long'-suf-er-ing, adj., suffering or enduring lo7ig. — «., /(7«_g- endurance or patience. length, length, n., quality of being long ; extent from end to end ; the longest measure of anything ; long continuance ; detail. [A.S. lengthe — lang, long.] lengthen, length'n, v.t., to increase in length; to draw out. — v.i., to grow longer :^pr. p. length'- ening; pa.p. lengthened. lengthy, length'i, adj., of great length; rather long. —adv. length'lly. — 71. length'iness. lengthwise, length' wTz, adj. , iii the way or direction of the length, [for lengthways.] Loo, loo, 71. a game at cards.— r-.z". to beat in the game of loo :—pr.p. loo'ing ; pa.p. iGDed'. [prob. from Fr. lot, a lot, a prize.] Loof, loof,' «. the after-part of a ship's bow where the planks begin to curve in towards the cut- water. [See Luff.] Lock, look, v.i. to turn the eye toward so as to see ; to direct the attention to : to watch : to seem : to face, as a house -.'inB., to expect. — v.t. to express by a look ; to influence by look : — pr.p. look'ing ; pa.p. looked'. — Look after, to attend to or take care of; in B., to expect : — into, to inspect closely : — on, to regard, view, think : — out, to watch ; to select : — to, to take care of; to depend on : — through, to penetrate with the eye or the understanding. — «. looker. [A.S. locian, akin to Icoht, light; prov. Ger. l74ege7i ; akin to L. luceo, Gr. leusso, to look. Sans, lok, to see, r-uch, to shine.] look, look, 71., the act of looking or seeing : sight : air of the face ; appearance : view ; watch. look, look, imp. or i/tt., see ! behold. looker, look'er, «., one wlio looks. — looker on, one that looks on, a mere spectator. looking, look'ing, n., seei7tg ; search or searching. — look'ing-for, in B., expectation. — look'ing-glass, a glass which reflects the image of the person looki/tg into it, a mirror. look-out, look'-out, 71. a careful /(7(7/^/«^t7«^ or watch- ing for : an elevated place from which to observe : one engaged in watching. Loom, loom, «. lit. a 7ite7tsil ; the frame or machine for weaving cloth ; the Jia7idle of an oar, or the part within the rowlock. [A.S. loma, furniture, utensils; Gael, lamp, a handle.] Loom, loom, v.i., to shi7te or appear above the horizon ; to appear larger than the real size, as in a mist : to be seen at a distance in the mind's eye, as something in the future -.—pr.p. loDm'ing ; pa.p. loomed'. [A.S. leo7na7i, to shine — leoiita, a beam of hght.] looming, loom'ing, 7!. the indistinct and magnified appearance of objects seen in certain states of the atmosphere ; mirage. Loon, loon, «. a genus of web-footed aquatic birds, with short wings, and legs placed very far back, also called Diz'ers from their ex-pertness in diving. [Dan. loo77i, Sw. lo7nm, Ger. loh7ne, lame, from their awkwardness in walking on land.] Loop, loop, 71. lit. a bend or fold ; a doubling of a cord through which another may pass ; an orna- mental doubling in fringes. — v.t. to fasten or ornament with loops:— /r./. loop'ing ; pa.p. looped'. [Ger. lupe, Gael, hdy, a bend, a fold.] loopers, loop'erz, 71.pl. the caterpillars of certain moths, which move by drawing up the hind part of their body to the head, thusfo7-7i:ing a loop. loop, loop, loophole, loop'hol, ?/. a small hole in a wall, &c. through which small-arms may be fired : a means of escape. — adj. loop'holed. Loose, loos, adj., slack, free ; unbound: not con- fined : not compact ; not strict : unrestrained ; licentious ; inattentive. — adz<. loose'ly. — 71. loose'- ness. [A.S. leas, loose, weak; Goth. la74S. Ger. los, loose ; akin to Sans, lie, to cut ; see Less.] — Break loose, to escape from confinement : Let loose, to set at liberty. loose, lijos, v.t., to free fro7it a7ty fastening ; to release ; to relax. — v.i. in B., to set sail '.—pr.p. loos'ing ; pa.p. loosed'. [A.S. lysan, leosati, Ger. lose7i, Goth. Iausja7i, to loose.] loosen, loos'n, v.t., to 7/iake loose; to relax any- thing tied or rigid : to make less dense : to open, as the bowels. — z'.i. to become loose ; to become less tight :—pr.p. loos'ening ; pa.p. loos'ened. Loot, loot, 71. act of plundering esp. in a conquered city ; plunder. — v.t. or /. to plunder -.—pr.p. loot'ing; pa.p. loot'ed. [Hind.; Sans, lotra, lopt7-a, stolen goods.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. Lop Lop, lop, v.f., to ait off the tivigs .-r.p. lopp'ing ; pa.p. lopped'. — n. twigs and small branches of trees cut off. [Dutch, hibben, to cut: or perh. from Ger. laiei, foliage, branches.] Loquacious, lo-kwa'shus, adj., talkative. ['L.log?iax, -acts — loqjior, to speak.] — adv. loqua'ciously. — Its. loquaciousness, loquac'ity, talkativeness. Lord, lawrd, «. lit. the origin or supplier of bread ; a master; a superior; a husband ; a ruler: the proprietor of a manor ; a baron ; a peer of the realm ; the son of a duke or marquis, or the eldest son of an earl ; a bishop, if a member of Parlia- ment :'v[\.B., the Supreme Being; Jehovah (when printed in capitals). — v.t. to raise to the peerage. — v.i. to act the lord ; to tyrannise -.—pr.p. lord'- ing ; pa. p. lord'ed. [old E. loverd, laverd — A.S. hlaford — hlaf, a loaf, bread, ord, origin.] — Lord's-day, the first day of the week. — Lord's- snpper, the sacrament of the communion, insti- tuted at our Lord's last supper. lordling, lawrd'ling, n., a little lord ; a would-be lord. lordly, lawrd'li, adj., like, becoming or pertaining to a loi-d : dignified ; haughty ; tyrannical. — adu. lordly. — n. lord'liness. lordship, lawrd'ship, «. , state or condition of being a lord; the territory belonging to a lord: dominion ; .authority. Lore, lor, n., that which is lear7ied or taught ; doctrine ; learning. [A.S. lar, from root of Learn.] Lorica, lo-rl'ka, n. in anc. Rome, a cuirass Jiiade of thongs. [L. — lorton, a thong.] loricate, lor'i-kat, zj.t., to furnish with a lorica or coat-of-mail ; to plate or coat over -.^pr.p. lor'i- cating;/^./. lor'icated. {L'-iorico ,-atii77t — lorica.} lorication, lor-i-ka'shun, «., act ofcoatifig or crust- ing over : the coating put on a surface : a surface crusted over. [L. loricatio.} Loriot, lo'ri-ut, ;/., the golden oriole. See Oriole. [Fr. le, the, and oriol, Prov. aieriol, L. aureohis, dim. oiajireiis, golden — a2ir2cin, gold.] Lorry, lor'i, n. a four-wheeled wagon without sides. [perhaps from prov. lurry, to pull or lug.] Lose, looz, v.t., to loose or set free from ; to be separated from unwillingly : not to gain : to part with; to be deprived of: to waste, as time: to miss : to bewilder : to cause to perish ; to ruin ; to suffer waste -.^r.p. losing (looz') ; pa. t. and pa.p. lost. — adj. los'able. — n. los'er. [A.S. losian — leas, loose, empty.] See Loose, and Less. losing, looz'ing, adj., causing loss. — adv. los'ingly. loss, los, n., the act of losing; injury ; destruction ; defeat: that which is lost ; waste. [A.S. / lust'ily.— «. lust'iness. Lustral, Lustration. See under Lustre. Lustre, lus'ter, 7i., brightness : splendour ; fig. renown : a candlestick ornamented with pendants of cut glass. [Fr. ; It. lustro — L. hiceo, to shine.] lustreless, lus'ter-les, adj., destitute of lustre.^ lustring, lus'tring, lutestring, loot'string, 7i. a kind of glossy silk cloth. [Fr. lustrine; It. lustrifto.] lustrous, lus'trus, adj., havi7ig lustre; bright; shining ; luminous. — adv. lus'trously. Lustre, lus'ter, Lustrum, lus'trum, n. the solemn offering for purif cation made by one of the censors in name of the Roman people at the conclusion of the census, which was taken every five years — hence, a period of five years. [L. hcstru7n — hio, to purify.] lustral, lus'tral, adj., relati7ig to or used in lustra- tion or purification. [fee ; act of purifying. lustration, lus-tra'shun, n. , a purif catio7t. by sacri- Lute, loot, 71. lit. the wood; a stringed instrument of music like the guitar.— «. lut'er, lut'ist, a player on a lute, [old Fr. lent; Fr. luth ; Ger. laute; Ar. al-'tid — al, the, and ■Ad, wood.] lutestring, loot'string, n. the stri7tg of a hite. Lute, loot, Luting, loot'ing, 7i. \\t. that which is washed over; 7nud; a composition like clay for closing up vessels, or protecting them when ex- posed to fire. — v.t. to close or coat with lute : — pr.p. lut'ing ; pa.p. lut'ed. — 7i. luta'tion. [L. latum, from hio, to wash.] lutarious, loo-ta'ri-us, adj., pertai7ting to mtid ; living in mud ; of the colour of mud. Lutestring, a lustrous silk. See lustring under Lustre. Lutheran, loo'ther-an, adj., pertaining to Luther, the German Protestant reformer (1483 — 1546)> or to his doctrines. — 71. Lu'theranism, his doctrines. Luxate, luks'at, v.t. lit. to make sla7iting; to put out of joint ; to displace -.—pr.p. lux'ating; pa.p. lux'ated. — n. luxa'tion, a dislocation. [L. luxo, hixatutn — luxus, Gr. loxos, slanting.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mSte ; mute ; moon ; />5en. 303 Luxuriant Mad Inxuriant, S:c. See under Luxnry. Luxury, luks'u-ri or luk'shu-ri, «., excess, extra- vagance; free indulgence in sensual pleasures; sensuality: anything delightful; a dainty. [L. bixuria, luxury, luxnrio, -atuin, to indulge in luxury — luxns, excess.] luxuriant, luks-u'ri-ant, adj. lit. indtilgiug hi luxury; exuberant in growth ; overabundant. — adz'. luxu'riantly. — ns. luxu'riance, luxu'riancy. luxuriate, luks-u'ri-at, zi.t., tobe hixicriant : to grow exuberantly ; to live luxuriously ; to ex-patiate with delight : — pr.p. luxu'riating ; pa. p. lux-Q'riated. luxurious, luks-u'ri-us, adj., full of luxury ; given to luxury: administering to luxury: furnished with luxuries; softening by pleasure. — adv. iQxu'riously. — «. luxu 'riousness. Lyceum, ll-se'um, n. orig. the place where Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, taught : aplace devoted to instruction by lectures : an association for literary improvement. [L. ; Gr. lykeiofi, from the temple of Apollo Lykeios, the wolf-slayer — lykos, a wolf.] Lye, It, n. a mixture of ashes and water. [A.S. leak; Ger. lauge ; L. lixivuivt — lix, ashes.] Lying. See under Lie. Lymph, limf, n. lit. a ivater-nymph : water; a colourless fluid in animal bodies. [Fr. ly7npJie, L. ly^npha, akin to Gr. nytnpJiS, a water-nymph.] lymphatic, lim-fat'ik, adj., pertaining to lymph. — n. a vessel which conveys the lytJtph. Lynch, linch, v.t. to judge and punish without the usual forms of law, as by a mob :—pr.p. lynch'ing ; pa.p. lynched'. — «. lynch'-law. [from Lynch, a farmer in Virginia, who so acted.] Lynx, lingks, «. a small, wild animal of the cat- kind noted for its sharp sight. [L. and Gr. lynx ; prob. from Gr. lyke, light, or from lykos, a wolf.] lynx-eyed, lingks'-Td, adj., s/ui7-p-sighted like the lynx. [Lynx, and Eye.] Lyrate. See under Lyre. tyre, iTr, w. a musical instrument like the harp, anciently used as an accompaniment to poetry : Lyra, one of the northern constellations. — «. lyr- ist, a player on the lyre or harp. [L., Gr. lyra.l lyre-bird, llr'-berd, n. an Australian bird about the size of a pheasant, remarkable for the arrange- ment of its i6 tail-feathers in the form of a lyre. lyric, lir'ik, lyrical, lir'ik-al, adj., pertaining to the lyre; fitted to be sung to the lyre; written in stanzas : said of poetry which expresses the individual emotions of the poet : that composes lyrics. — «. a lyric poem. lyrate, ll'rat, adj. in bot., lyre-shaped. M Kab, mab, n. lit. a male child ; the queen of the fairies. [W. mab, a male child.] Macadamise, mak-ad'am-Tz, v.t. to cover, as a road, with small, broken stones, so as to form a smooth, hard surface -.—pr.p. macad'amTsing ; pa.p. ma- cad'amTscd. — n. macadamisa'tion. [from lilac- ada7?i, the inventor, 1756 — 1836.] Macaroni, mak-a-ro'ni, «. lit. food squeezed into balls ; a paste chiefly of wheat flour in long, slender tubes : a medley; something fanciful and extravagant: a fool ; a fop. [It. viaccheroni, Tnacaroni — inaecare, to crush.] macaronic, mak-a-ron'ik, adj., pertaining to or like a viacaro7ti, medley, or fool : trifling ; afi'ccted : consisting of modern words Latinised, or Latin words modernised, intermixed with genuine Latin words. — 71. a jumble ; a macaronic composition. macaroon, mak-a-roon', «. a cake made chiefly of almonds and sugar. Macassar-oil, ma-kas'ar-oil, «. an oil used for pro- moting the growth of the hair, exported from Macassar, a district in the island of Celebes. Macaw, ma-kaw', «. a genus of American parrots, some of which are the largest of the race, [said to be the native name in the W. India Islands.] Mace, mas, «. lit. a i7!allet, a club of metal ; a staff used as an ensign of authority : the heavier rod used in billiards. [Fr. masse; It. mazza ; obs. L. matea, whence L. 7uateola, a mallet.] macer, mas'er, «., a uiace-bearer. Mace, mas, «. a spice, the second coat of the nut- meg. [It. 77iace ; L. 7/iacir; Gr. 7naker; akin to Sans. 7iiakara7ida, nectar of a flower.] Macerate, mas'er-at, v.t. to steep; to soften by steeping : — pr.p. mac'erating ; pa.p. mac'erated. — 71. mac'eration. [L. viacero, conn, with 7/tarceo, to waste away.] Machiavelian, mak-I-a-vel'yan, adj., periai7ii7ig to or like Machiavel or his principles : politically cunning ; crafty. — 7t. one who imitates Machia- vel. — 71. Machiavel'ianism. [from Machiavel, a Florentine statesman and writer, 1469 — 1527.] Machicolation, mach-i-ko-la'shun, «. in arch., a projecting parapet with apertures for pouri7ig melted substa7ices upon assailants. — adj. machic'- o\3X&d.,havi7ig77iachicolatio7is. [Fr. viachecoulis, from 7>icclie, a match, and coiiler, to flow — L. colo, to filter.] Machinate, &c. See under Machine. Machine, ma-shen', «. any artificial 7nea7is or con- trivance ; an instrument formed by combining two or more of the mechanical powers ; an en- gine : fig. supernatural agency in a poem: one who can do only what he is told. [L. I7iachi7ia ; Gr. 7)iL'cha7ie — 7>iechos, means.] machinery, ma-shen'er-i, 71., inachincs z'« ge7ieral ; the parts of a machine ; means for keeping in action : supernatural agency in a poem. machinist, ma-shen'ist, «., a constructer 0/ 7nachincs ; one well versed in machinery. machinate, mak'i-nat, v.t., to cont7-ive skilfully ; to form a plot or scheme : — pr.p. mach'inating ; pa.p. mach'inated. [L. machi7ior, -atus.'\ machination, mak-i-na'shun, 7i.,actof77iachi7iati7ig or contriving a scheme for executing some pur- pose, esp. an evil one ; an artful design deliber- ately formed. machinator, mak'i-na-tur, «., one who 7nachi7iates. Mackerel, mak'er-el, «. a well-known sea-fish largely used for food, so named from its blue spots. [Dutch, 7i!akrcel; Ger. 7nakrele; Fr. 7>iaquereatt: It. 7)iaccarcllo — 7/iacco, L. 7nacida, a spot.] Mackintosh, mak'in-tosh, «. a waterproof overcoat, [from Mackintosh the inventor.] Macrocosm, mak'ro-kozm, w., the great world ; the universe : — opposed to Microcosm. [Gr. 77iakros, long, great, and kos7nos, the world.] Maculate, mak'u-lat, v.t., to spot, to defile :—/r./. maculating ; pa.p. mac'ulated. — «. macula'tion, act of spotti7!g, a spot. [L. 7naculo, -atu77i — macula, a spot, prob. akin to Sans. 7nala, dirt.] Mad, mad, adj. [co77ip. madd'er ; supcrl. madd'est) lit. drunk; troubled in mind ; e-vcited with any violent passion or appetite ; furious with anger: disordered in intellect ; insane ; proceeding from 304 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moSn ; th&n. madcap madness. — adv. mad'Iy. — n. mad'ness. [A.S. geijiad; It. matto, silly; L. mattics, drunk; Sans, viad, to be drunk, to be mad.] madcap, mad'cap, n. a wild, rash, hot-headed person. [Mad, and Cap.] madhouse, mad'hous, n. a house for 7)iad persons, madman, mad'man, ii., one tvho is mad. madwort, mad'wurt, «., a plant, long a popular remedy in canine inadiiess. [Mad, A. S.w?iy damsel; Miss. [Fr. 7Ha, my, and de7>ioiselle, L. as if do7)iiiiicclla, dim. of do}}ii7ia, a lady.] Madonna, Madona, ma-don'a, «. lit. 77iy Lady ; a picture of the Virgin Mary. [It. 7iiado>i)ia — L. 7nea do77ii7ia, my lady.] Madcap, Madden, &;c. See under Mad. Madder, mad'er, «. a plant whose root dyes red. [A.S. 7;ia!ddere ; Dutch, 77ieed; 7needen, to dye.] Made, mZ'-A, pa.t. andpa.p. of Make, made continuaUy, in Pr. Bk., established for ever. Madeira, ma-de'ra, «. a rich wine made at Lladeira. Mademoiselle. See under Madam. Madhouse, Madness. See under Mad. Madonna. See under Madam. Madrepore, mad're-por, «. the common coral, so called from its being pitted or spotted. [Fr. from 7nadre, spotted, and/^r^', a pore.] Madrigal, mad'ri-gal, 7t. lit. a herds7HaiCs song: a pastoral : in 7nusic, an elaborate vocal composition in five or si.x parts. [Fr. and Sp. ; It. 7nadrigale, from 7)ia7idra, a sheepfold, L. 77ia7idra, a stall, Gr. 77ia7idra, a fold, and gala7i, to sing.] Magazine, mag-a-zen', it. lit. a storehouse ; a receptacle for military stores ; the gunpowder room in a ship : a pamphlet published periodic- ally, containing miscellaneous compositions. [Fr. 77iagasi7i; Sp. 77iagacen; Port. ar77taze77i ; Ar. I7iakhza7i, from 771a, place, khaza/ia, to store up.] Magdalen, mag'da-len, «. a reformed prostitute, [said to be from Mary Magdalene of Scripture.] Maggot, mag'ut, «. a worm or grub, so called from its rapid breedi7ig. — adj. ma.g^oty, /nil 0/ 77tag- gots. [W. 77iagiaid, 77iagiod, worms — 77iag7i, to breed; Scot. 77ia7tk, 77ia7ich; Ice. 77iadkr, worm.] Magi, ma'jT, 71.pl., priests of the Persians ; The Wise ]\Ien of the East. [L. ; Gr. 77 lagos ; Ar. tnadjus ; Pers. 7nag or 77iog, a priest.] Magian, ma'ji-an, adj . , pertai7ii7ig to the Magi. — 71. one of the Magi. — w. Ma'gianism, the philo- sophy or doctrines of the Magi, magic, maj'ik, 71. lit. tJie scie7ice 0/ the Magi; en- chantment ; sorcery : the secret operations of natural causes, magic, maj'ik, magical, m.3.l'\k.-a\, adj., pertai7ii7ig to, used in, or done by 77zagic ; imposing or startling in performance. — adv. magically, magician, ma-jish'an, «., 07ie skilled i/i 7nagic. Magisterial, maj-is-te'ri-al, adj., pertai7iing or suit- able z"^ a ww^^'r; authoritative; proud; digni- fied. — adv. magiste'rially. — 71. magiste'rialness. [L. 7/iagisteri7(s — 7nagister, a master — 7iiag, root of L. 77!ag7i7(s, Gr. i7iegas, great; akin to Sans. 7>iah, great.] magistrate, maj'is-trat, 7t. lit. he that makes hit7t- Magnolia self or is 77tade great ; a public civil officer; a justice of the peace. — adj. magistrat'ic. magistracy, maj'is-tra-si, 71., the office or dig7iity oj a 77tagistrate ; the body of magistrates. Magna Charta, magna kar'ta, 7z., the great charter obtained from King John, a.d. 1215. [L.] Magnanimity, mag-na-nim'i-ti, 7i.,g7-catness ofsotd; mental elevation or dignity ; generosity. [L. 77iag7ia7U77iitas — 7nag7ia7ii77ms, great-souled — 77iag7ms, great, and a7ti77i7is, the mind.] magnanimous, mag-nan'i-mus, adj., great-so7ded ; elevated in soul or sentiment ; noble or honour- able ; brave ; unselfish. — adv. magnan'imously. magnate, mag'nat, 71., a great 77ia7i ; a noble ; a man of rank or wealth. [Fr. 77iag7iat, a title of nobles of Hungary and Poland, L. i7iag7iatus — 77iag7uis, great.] Magnesia, mag-ne'shi-a, or si-a, «. a primitive earth so called because anciently thought to have the power, like a 77iag/iet, of attracting any principle from the atmosphere when exposed to it — a soft, white purgative powder. [Fr. 7nag7iesie, L. 7/iag7tes, -etis, a magnet or magnesian stone — L. and Gr. Mag7iesia, a country in Lydia, hence called the Lydia7i Sto7te. See Loadstone.] magnesian, mag-ne'shi-an, or si-an, adj., belongi7ig to, containing, or resembling 77tag7iesia. magnesium, mag-ne'shi-um, or si-um, w. the metallic base of 77iag7iesia. magnet, mag'net, «., lit. 77iagnesia7i sto7ie ; the load- stone, an iron ore which attracts iron, and, when freely suspended, points to the poles ; a bar or piece of steel to which the properties of the load- stone have been imparted. [L. 7nag7ics.] magnetic, mag-net'ik, magnetical, mag-net'ik-al, adj., pertaini7ig to the 77iag7iet; having the properties of the magnet : attractive. — adv. magnet'ically. magnetise, mag'net-Iz, v.t., to render 7/iag7ietic ; to attract as if by a magnet. — vd. to become mag- netic : — pr.p. mag'netlsing ; pa.p. mag'netlsed. magnetiser, mag'net-Iz-er, 71., one who or that which i/7iparts 77iag7ietis77i. magnetism, mag'net-izm, 71. the cause of the attrac- tive power oi the mag7tet ; attraction: the science which treats of the properties of the magnet, magnetist, mag'net-ist, 71., 07ie skilled i7i 77iag7ietis77i. Magnific, mag-nif ik, Magniflcal, mag-nif'ik-al, adj. lit. doing great things; great; splendid; illus- trious ; noble. [L. 77iagnific7is — 77iag7ius, great, Z-Vid. facio , to do.] magnificent, mag-nif'i-sent, adj. lit. doing great thi7igs ; grand; noble; pompous; displaying grandeur.^ffa'z/. magnificently. — «. magnificence, magnify, mag'ni-fl, v.t., to 7nake great or greater ; to enlarge ; to increase the apparent dimensions of; to exaggerate ; to praise highly : — pr.p. mag'- nifying ; pa.p. mag'nified. [L. 77iag7iiJico.'\ magnificat, mag-nif'i-kat, 71. lit. it 7/iag7iiJies ; the song of the Virgin Mary, Luke i. 46 — 55, begin- ning in the Latin vulgate with this word. [L. 3d pers. sing. pres. ind. oi 77iag7iiJico.'\ magniloquent, mag-nil'o-kwent, adj., spcaki7ig i7i a gra7!d or pompous style ; bombastic— a^jy. mag- nil'oquently. — 7i. magniloquence. [L. 77iag7na, great, loq7iC7is, pr.p. oi log nor, to speak.] magnitude, mag'ni-tud, 71., great7iess; size ; extent; importance. [L. 77iag7iit7ido — 77iagmis, great.] Magnolia, mag-nori-a, or -ya, «. a species of trees of beautiful Hovver and foliage found chiefly in N. America, [named after M. Mag7iol, professor of botany at Montpellier in France, 163S — 1715.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; then. Magpie Magpie, mag'pT, n. a. chattering bird, of a genus allied to the crow, \vith//V(/ or co/oufrd feathers. [Mag, contr. of Margaret or Maggy, a familiar name, and L. pica, a magpie or painted one, from pmgo,pict7H)i, to paint.] Uahogany, ma-hog'a-ni, «. a tree of tropical America ; its wood, used in making furniture, \inaliogon, the native South American name.] Mahomedan, Mahometan. See imdcr Mohammedan. Maid, mud, Maiden, mad'n, «. lit. a child, male or female ; an unmarried woman, esp. a young one ; a virgin ; a female servant. — adj. pertaining to a virgin or young Woman ; con.sisting of maidens : unpolluted; fresh; new; unused; first. [A.S. tncedeti, mcegtk, Ger. vtagd, Goth, tnagatlis, a maid, magus, a boy ; Gael, viaighdean, a maid, D'.ac, a son ; W., Bret, mab, map, a son.] maid-child, mild'-chlld, n. in B., a/onale child. maiden-hair, mad'n-har, «. a small, delicate, grace- ful fern, said to have got its name from the use by maidens or women of a mucilage made from it for stiffening the hair. maidenhood, mud'n-hood, maidenhead, mad'n-hed, «., l/ie state of being a jtiaid; virginity : purity ; freshness ; newness. maidenly, miid'n-li, adj., viaidcn-like ; becoming a maiden ; gentle ; modest. — n. maidenliness. Mail, mfd, n. lit. a spot, a mesh ; defensive armour for the body formed of steel rings or network ; armour generally. — 7'.t. to clothe in mail :—pr:p. mail'ing ; pa.p. mailed'. [Fr. maille. It. maglia, maccliia — L. macula, a spot or mesh.] Mail, mal, m. , a lag for the conveyance of letters, &c. ; the contents of such a bag ; the person, or the carriage by which the mall is conveyed. [Fr. vialle, a trunk, a mail, Gael, mala, old Ger. malaha, a sack.] Maim, mam, «., a bruise; an injury ; a lameness : the deprivation of any essential part. — v.t. to bruise ; to disfigure ; to injure ; to lame or cripple : to render defective :^pr.p. maim'ing ; pa.p. maimed', [old Fr. vtehaing, a bruise or defect, mehaigner. It. magagnare, to maim ; akin to L. maiicus, maimed, defective.] maimedness, mam'ed-nes, n., ilie state of being maimed or injured. Main, man, «., strength, fftighi ; the chief or prin- cipal part: the ocean or main sea; a continent or a larger island as compared Avith a smaller. — adj. strong, powerful ; huge ; chief, principal ; first in importance ; leading. — adv. main'ly, chiefly, greatly. [A.S. jnaegn — maga7i, to be Strong ; Ice. magn, megin, old Ger. vtegifi, strength ; akin to L. vtagnus, great.] See May. main-deck, mfin'-dek, «., the principal deck of a ship. So in otlicr compounds, main'-mast, main'- aail, main'-spring, main'-stay, main-top, main'-yard. mainland, man'land, n., the principal orlsxgQX land, as opposed to a smaller portion. Maintain, men-tan', z*.^. lit. to hold by the hand; to keep in any state ; to keep possession of; to carry on ; to keep up ; to support : to make good ; to support by argument; to aflirm ; to defend. — v.i. to affirm, as a position ; to assert :—pr.p. main- tain'ing; pa.p. maintained'. [Fr. 7naintcnir, from L. inanus, a hand, and tenco, to hold.] maintainable, mcn-tan'a-bl, adj., able to be main- taint'd, supported, or defended. maintainer, mcn-tan'cr, «., one ivho inai?iiains. maintenance, man'ten-ans, n., the act 0/ mainiain- Malconformation i}tg, supporting, or defending ; continuance ; the means of support ; defence, protection. Maize, maz, «. a plant, and its fruit, called also Indian corn or wheat. [Sp. uiaiz, Fr. viais, Haitian, mahiz, malus.'\ Majesty, maj'es-ti, ti., greatness; grandeur ; dignity ; elevation of manner or style : a title of kings and other sovereigns. [Fr. majeste, L. vtajestas — majus, maginis, great.] majestic, ma-jes'tik, adj., haz/ing or exhibiting majesty; stately; sublime. Major, ma'jur, adj., greater. — n. a person of full age (21 years) ; an officer in rank between a captain and a lieutenant-colonel. — Major-general, maj'ur-gen-er-al, «. an officer in the army next in rank below a lieutenant-general. [L., comp. oiviagnus, great.] majorate, mii'jur-at, majorship, majur-ship, n., iiie office or rank of maj or : majority. majority, ma-jor'i-ti, «., tJie state oj' being major Gr greater; the greater number ; the amount be- tween the greater and the less number : full age (at 21) : the office or rank of major. major-domo, ma-jur-do'mo, n. a man who holds a superior place in a house, a steward ; a chief minister. [Fr. majorxlome, Sp. mayordomo — L. viajor, greater, and domtis, a house.] Make, mak, v. t. to fashion, frame, or form : to pro- duce : to bring about ; to perform : to cause to be ; to force : to render ; to turn ; to occasion : to bring into any state or condition : to establish : to pre- pare : to obtain : to ascertain : to arrive in sight of, to reach : in^., to be occupied with, to do. — v.i. to tend or move: to contribute: in B., to feign or pretend : — pr.p. mak'ing ; pa.t. and j>a.p. made. — Make away, to put out of the way, to destroy : — for, to move toward ; to tend to the advantage of, so in B. : — of, to understand by ; to effect ; to esteem : — out, to discover ; to prove ; to furnish ; to succeed : — over, to trans- fer : — up to, to approach ; to become friendly : — up for, to compensate. [A.S. inacian, Dutch, maken, Ger. 7nachen, conn, with A.S. and Goth. inagan, Sans, mah, to be great, and viag, root of L. magtuis, Gr. inegas, great.] make, mak, «. form or shape ; structure, texture. maker, mak'er, n. , one who makes : The Creator. make-shift, mak'-shift, n., that which serves a shift or turn ; a temporary expedient. make-weight, mak'-wat, n. that which is thrown into a scale to make up the iveight : something of little value added to supply a deficiency. Malachite, mal'a-kTt, «. carbonate of copper, a hard stone of a beautiful ,^^^« colour admitting of a ffne polish. [Fr., from Gr. vialaclie, a mallow, a plant of a green colour.] Maladjustment, mal-ad-just'ment, «., a ^^^orwrong adjustinc?it. [L. 7nalus, bad, and adjustment.] Maladministration, mal-ad-min-is-tra'shun, «., bad administration; bad management, esp. of public affairs. [L. mahis, bad, and administration.] Malady, mal'a-di, «., illness; disease, bodily or mental. [Fr. maladie — L, viale, ill, aptus, fit.] Malapert, mal'a-pcrt, adj., badly pert; saucy ; impudent. — adv. mal'apertly. — 71. mal'apertness. [L. male, badly, and Pert.] Malaria, ma-la'ri-a, «., bad air; the noxious exhal- ations of marshy districts, producing fever, &:c. ; miasma. — adjs. malarious, mala'rial. [It., from mala aria, L. malus, bad, and aer, air.] Malconformation, mal-kon-for-mashun, ;/., bad con- 306 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mute ; mute ; moon ; //;en. Malcontent formation or form ; imperfection or dispropor- tion of parts. [L. mahis, bad, and conformation.] Malcontent, Malecontent, mal'kon-tent, adj., ill con- tent; discontented, dissatisfied, esp. in political matters. — n. one who is discontented. [L. viale, ill, and Content.] — n. malcontent'edness. Male, mal, adj., masadine ; pertaining to the sex that begets (not bears) young : in bot., bearing stamens. — ii. one of the male se.x ; a he-animal : a stamen-bearing plant. [old Fr. viasle, Fr. indie, L. mascnhis, male — inns, ina-ris, a male.] Malediction, mal-e-dik'shun, n., evil sj>eaking- ; denunciation of evil ; curse ; execration or impre- cation. [L. maledictio — malcdico, to speak ill oi—male, badly, and dico, to speak.] Malefactor, mal'e-fak-tur, n., «« evil-doer; a criminal. [L. viale, badly, 2J\A factor, a doer —facio, to do.] Malevolent, mal-ev'o-lent, adj., wishing evil; ill- disposed towards others ; envious ; malicious. — adzK malev'olently. — «. malevolence. [L. niale- volens — male, badly, volens, pr.p. oivolo, to wish. ] Malformation, mal-for-mu'shun, n., bad or wrong fonnatio)i; irregular or anomalous formation. [L. vt.abts, bad, and formation.] Malice, mal'is, 7i. lit. badiicss — so in B.; ill-wdll ; spite ; disposition to harm others ; deliberate mischief. [Fr. ; L. inalitia — mains, bad.] malicious, m2i-\\sh.'YViS, adj. , /till of inalice ; bearing ill-will or spite ; prompted by hatred or ill-will ; with mischievous intentions. — adv. maliciously. — n. maliciousness. Malign, ma-lTn', adj. lit. of a bad kind; of an evil nature or disposition towards others ; malicious ; unfavourable. — v.t. orig. to treat -with malice ; to speak evil of: — pr.p. malTgn'ing ; /«./. ma- ligned'. — adv. malignly. — n. malign' er. [L. ma- lig7ttis, for maligenns — mains, bad, and geniis, kind. See Genus.] nalignant, ma-lig'nant, adj., maligtt, acting ma- liciotesly ; actuated by extreme enmity ; tending to destroy life. — fi. one of the adherents of the Stuart line, so called by the opposite party. — adv. malig'nantly. — n. malig'nancy, state or quality of heiitg malignafit. [L. malignans, pr.p. of maligna, to act maliciously.] malignity, ma-lig'ni-ti, n., quality of being malig7i ; extreme malevolence ; virulence ; deadly quality. MaU, mal, n. a large wooden beetle or hammer. — v.t. to beat with a mall or something hea\y ; to bruise: — pr.p. mall'ing; pa. p. mailed'. [Fr. mail; It. maglio, malleo ; L. malle7is.'\ mall, mal or mel, «. orig. a walk for playing in with malls or mallets and balls ; a level shaded walk ; a public walk. malleable, mal'e-a-bl, adj., that may be malleated or beaten out by hammering. — ns. mall'eableness, malleability, quality of being malleable. malleate, mal'e-at, v.t., to hammer ; to extend by hammering '.—pr.p. mall'eating ; pa.p. mall'eated. — n. mallea'tion. [obs. L. malleo, malleat7ini.'\ mallet, mal'et, «., a little mall; a wooden hammer, [dim. of MaU.] Mallard, mal'ard, n. a drake ; the common duck in its wild state. [Fr. malart — male, male, and suffi::, ard.'\ MaUow, mal'o, Mallows, mal'oz, n. a plant having soft do7vny leaves and relaxiiig properties. [A.S. vicakve, malu ; Ger. malve ; L. malva ; Gr. 7nalachc, from malasso, to make soft.] malvaceous, mal-va'shi-us, adj. in bot., pertaining to 7?talloivs. mankind Malmsey, rnam'ze, n. a sort of grape ; a strong and sweet wine, [low Ger. malmasier, malmesicn ; Sp. malvasia, from Malvasia in the Morea.] Malt, mawlt, n. lit. that which is melted or dissolved; barley or other grain steeped in water, fermented', and dried in a kiln. — v.t. to make into malt. — v.i. \.o become malt :— /r./. malting; pa. p. malt'ed. — adj. containing or made with malt. [A.S. mealt, malt ; Ger. jnalz ; Ice. malt, from melta, to dissolve, rot.] maltster, mawlt'ster, n., one whose trade or occupa- tion it is to make malt. Maltreat, mal-tret', v.t., to trea^ ill; to abuse; to use roughly or unkindlj^. — n. maltreat'ment. [L. male, ill, and Treat.] Malvaceous. See under Mallow. Malversation, mal-ver-sa'shun, n., evil conduct; mean or fraudulent artifices ; corruption in office. [Fr. ; from L. male, badly, and versor, versattts, to turn or occupy one's self.] Mamaluke, mam'a-look, Mameluke, mam'e-look, n. one of a military force in Egypt of Circassian slaves, massacred in 1811. [Ar. irzamblk, a pur- chased slave, from inalaka, to possess.] Mamma, mam-ma', n., mother — used chiefly by young children. [L. mamma, the breast ; Dutch, ma77tme, breast, mother : a repetition of ma, the syllable a child first naturally utters.] mammal, mam'al, 71. in zool., an animal that stickles its young.—//, mammals, mam'alz. [L. tnam- 7nalis, belonging to the breast — matnnza.'] mammalia, mam-mali-a, ft.pl. in zool., the whole class of matnmals. — adj. mammalian. mammalogy, mam-mal'o-ji, «. the science which re- lates to ma7n7nals. [mammal, and logos, discourse.] mammifer, mam'i-fer, n. an animal having breasts or paps. — adj. mammif'erous. [L. mamma, breast, andyi-r^, to bear.] mammillary, mam'il-lar-i, adj., pertaiiiing to or resembling the paps. {L. inamilla, dim. of nimnma, breast.] mammillated, mam'il-l5t-ed, adj. having small nipples ox paps, or little globes like nipples. Mammon, mam'un, «. riches ; the god of riches. [L. 7nammona; Syriac, 7fia77idna.] mammonist, mam'un-ist, 71. one devoted to ftzain- mo?t or riches ; a worldling. Mammoth, mam'uth, 71. an extinct species of elephant, so called because believed by the Tar- tars to have worked its way in the earth like a mole. — adj. resembling the mammoth in size ; very large. [Russ. mamotit, 7nama7it, from Tartar, 7nam7na, the earth.] Man, man, «. (//. men^ lit. the being that thi7iks ; a human being ; mankind ; a grown-up male : a male attendant ; a husband : a piece used in play- ing chess or draughts. — v.t. to supply with men ; to strengthen or fortify -.—pr.p. manning ; pa.p. manned'. [A.S., Ger., Goth, vian ; Ice. 77zadhr for 77!a7i7ir; Sans. 77ia7iu — 77ia7i, to think.] man-child, man'-chlld, n., a 77tale child. manful, man'fool, adj., full of 77ia7ili7iess; bold; courageous. — adv. man'fully. — 71. man'fulness. manhood, man'hood, «., state of bei7ig a 77za7t ; manly quality ; human nature. manikin, man'i-kin, 71. orig. a little ma7t ; a paste- board model, exhibiting the different parts and organs of the human body. [Man, and dim. >l'/«.] man-of-war, man-of-wawr', «. a ship 77ia7t7ted for war: in B., a warrior. mankind, man-kind', «., the ki7id or race of77ta7i. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; miite ; moon ; //^en. 307 manly manly, manHi, adj., ina?ilike ; becoming a man; brave ; dignified ; noble ; pertaining to manhood ; not childish or womanish. — «. manliness. manslaughter, man'slaw-ter, n.,tlic slaying o/a man ; in /aw, the killing of any one unlawfully, but without premeditation. [Man, and Slaughter.] manslayer, man'sla-er, «., one w/to slays a }nan. Manacle, man'a-kl, «. an iron Jia7idc!/^-trough for horses and cattle. mangy, mfmj'i, adj., i7ifcctcd with mange ; scabby. — 71. manginess. Mangel-wurzel, mang'gl-wur-zl, Mangold-wurzel, mang'gold-wur-zl, n. lit. beet-root; a plant of the beet kind. [Ger. 7nangold, red beet, and wtirzel, root.] Manger. See under Mange. Manner Mangle, mang'gl, v. t. , to render maimed or imper- fect ; to cut and bruise ; to tear in cutting ; to mutilate ; to take by piecemeal '.—pr.p. mang - ling; pa.p. mang^led. — «. mangier. [Ger. 7na7i- geln, to be wanting ; low Ger. I7ia7ik, deficient, mutilated ; Ice. vii7ika, to lessen ; allied to L. 7)ia7iciis, maimed, Sans. i7ia7iak, deficient.] Mangle, mang'gl, «. lit. tJie axis of a pully ; a calender for smoothing linen. — v.t. to smooth with a mangle; to calender: — pr.p. mangling; pa.p. mang'led. — «. mangier. [Ger. and Dutch, via7igel; It. i)ta?iga7to, a calender ; Gr. via7i- ga7io7i, the axis of a pully.] Mango, mang'gO, «. the fruit of the mango-tree, of the East Indies; a green musk-melon pickled. [Malay. 77ta7igga.'\ Mangrove, man'grov, n. a tree of the E. and W. Indies, whose bark is used for tanning. [Malay.] Mangy. See under Mange. Manhood. See under Man. Mania, ma'ni-a, «. lit. i/ie7ital excite77ie7it, rage; ex- cessive or unreasonable desire ; violent madness ; insanity. [L. 77ia7iia, Gr. ma7iia, from ■mai7io- 7/iai, to rage — root 7na7i, to think.] maniac, ma'ni-ak, «., 07ie affected with i/tattia; a madman. — adj. maniacal. Manifest, man'i-fest, adj. lit. touched or grasped hy the ha7td; clear ; apparent ; evident. — adv. man- ifestly. — 7i. man'ifestness, state of being 77ianifest. [L. 7nanifestiis — 77ia7U(S, the hand, ?cciii festtis, pa.p. tii Q\iS,.fc7ido, to dash against.] manifest, man'i-fest, v.t., to 7}iake I7ia7iifest; to shew plainly ; to put beyond doubt ; to reveal or declare : — pT'.p. man'ifesting ; pa.p. man'ifested. [L. 77ta7iifesto, 77ia7iifestatum.\ manifest, man'i-fest, ;/. a list or invoice of a ship's cargo to be exhibited at the custom-house. manifestable, man-i-fest'a-bl, manifestible, man-i- fest'i-bl, adj., that ca7i be 7/ta7iifested. manifestation, man-i-fest-a'shun, 7t., act of i7iaiii- festing or disclosing ; display ; revelation. manifesto, man-i-fest'o, «. a 77ia7iifesied or public written declaration of the intentions of a sove- reign or state. [It.] Manifold, man'i-fold, adj. lit. of 77ia7iy folds ; various in kind or quality ; many in number ; multiphed. — adv. manifoldly. [Many, and Fold.] Manikin. See under Man. Maniple, man'i-pl, 7i. lit. a ha7idf7il; a small band of soldiers : a kind of scarf worn by a R. Cath. priest on the left arm, a stole. — adj. manip'ular. [L. 77!a7iipuli(s — 7nan7(s, the hand, //fd?, to fill.] manipulate, ma-nip'O-lfit, v.t., to work with tlie hanils. — v.i. to use the hands, esp. in scientific experiments : — pr.p. manip'ulating \pa.p. manip'- ulated. [low L. 77ianipielo, 7na7iiptdatii77i.\ manipulation, ma-nip-u-la'shun, n., act of 7na7iip7t- lati/tg or working by hand ; use of the hands, in a skilful manner, in science or art. manipulative, ma-nip'u-lat-iv, manipulatory, ma- nip'u-la-tor-i, adj. done by 77ianipnlatio7i. manipulator, ma-nip'u-lfit-ur, ;;., 07ie w/io I7ia7iip/i- latcs or works with the hand. Mankind, Manliness, Manly. See under Man. Manna, man'a, 7i. the food supplied to the Israel- ites in the wilderness of Arabia ; a sweetish ex- udation from many trees, as the ash of Sicily. [Heb. 77ia7i /:«, what is it?] Manner, man'er, n. the way in which anything is ha7idled : way of performing anything; method: fJite, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. mannerism marmoraceous fashion ; peculiar deportment ; habit ; custom : style of writing or thought ; sort ; style : in //. morals ; behaviour ; deportment ; respectful de- portment. — In a manner, to a certain degree. — In or with the manner, in JB., in the very act. [Fr. maiiiere — tnain, L. vianus, the hand.] mannerism, man'er-izm, 7i., sameness of manner ; a tasteless uniformity ; a peculiar mode of action. — n. mann'erist, one addicted to manneristn. mannerly, man'er-li, adj., shewi7ig good-ma7iners ; decent in deportment ; complaisant; not rude. — adv., -Mith good-77tanners : cw'AXy ; respectfully; without rudeness. — 7i. mann'erliness. Manoeuvre, ma-noo'ver, or ma-nu', «. lit. hand- work; dexterous 7tia7iage77ie7it ; stratagem; an adroit movement in military or naval tactics. — V. t. , to work with tJie ha7id: to perform a ma- noeuvre ; to manage with art -.—pr.p. manoeu'- vring ;/«./. mancEu'vred.— «. manoeu'vrer. [Fr. — 7nai}i, L. 77iamis, the hand, and ccuvre, L. opera, work.] Manor, man'or, 7t. lit. a place for re77tai7n/ig or dzvelli7ig in ; the land belonging to a nobleman, or so much as he formerly kept for his own use ; jurisdiction of a court baron. [Fr. 7>ta7ioir, low L. I7ia7ieriu77i — 77ia7ico, 77ia7is7i77i , to stay.] manor-house, man'or-hous, manor-seat, man'or-set, 71. the ho7ise or seat belonging to a 77ia7ior. manorial, ma-no'ri-al, adj.,pertai7ii7ig to a 77ta7ior. manse, mans, 7t. lit. a hotise or place/or dzuelling'm ; the house of a clergyman (Scot.). [Norm. 7na7ise ; old Fr. mas, house, low L. 77ia7isa, viassa.] mansion, man'shun, «. lit. a resti7ig-place , so in B. ; a house, esp. one of some size ; a manor- house. [L. i7ia7isio.'\ mansion-house, man'shun-hous, n., a i7zansioti; the official residence of the Lord Mayor of London. [Mansion, and House.] Manslaughter. See under Man. Mantel, man'tl, «. the I7ta7itle or covering of a chimney or fireplace ; a narrow shelf or slab above a fireplace : also man'tel-piece, man'tel- shelf. [same as Mantle.] mantelet. See mantlet under. mantle, man'tl, 71. a covering; a kind of cloak or loose outer garment: insi?!?/., theskinof amoUusk. — v.t. to cover, as with a mantle ; to hide ; to dis- guise. — v.i. to expand or spread like a mantle ; to revel ; to joy ; to froth ; to rush to the face and im- part a crimson glow, as blood -.—pr.p. man'tling ; pa. p. man'tled. [A.S. 77ic7itel; Ger. 7na7Uel; Fr. 77ta7itea7i; It. i7ia7ttello; L. ma7ttellu7n.'\ mantling, man'tling, «. in her., the representation of a 77iantle, or the drapery of a coat-of-arms. mantlet, man'tlet, mantelet, man'tel-et, 71., a little via7itle ; a small cloak for women: in /brt., a movable parapet to protect pioneers, [dim. of Mantle.] mantua, man'tu-a, n. a lady's cloak or 77tantle : a lady's gown. — 71. mantua-maker, a J7iaker of Dianttins or ladies' dresses. [Fr. 77ta7itea7i, It. 7iia7tto: or from Mantua, in Italy.] Manual, man'u-al, adj., pertai7ti7ig to the ha7id : done, made, or used by the hand. — adv. man'ually. [L. 77za7tnalis — 77ia7ius, the hand.] manual, man'u-al, 71. a small book that may be carried i/i the ha7td, a hand-book ; the service- book of the Roman Catholic Church. Manufactory. See under Manufacture. Manufacture, man-ii-fakt'ur, v.t.,^ to make ly the ha7id; to make from raw materials by any means. into a form suitable for use. — v.i. to be occupied in rnanufactures \—pr.p. manufact'uring ; pa.p. manufact'ured. — «. the process of manufactur- ing ; anything manufactured.— rt^^'. manufact'ural. [Fr. ; L. 77ta7nis, the hand, z.wlfactiira, a making, ixorw facio,factti77t, to make.] manufacturer, man-u-fakt'ur-er, n., 07ie who 7na7iu- factiircs. manufactory, man-u-fakt'or-i, n., a factory ox place zvhere goods a7-e 77ia7mfact7ired. Manumit, man-Q-mit', v.t. lit. to se7id away or free from one's ha7id or power ; to release from slavery ; to free, as a slave :—pr.p. manumitt'ing ; pa.p. manumitt'ed. [L. 7na7ut77iitto — 77ia7ms, the hand, and 7nitto, 77iissia7t, to send.] manumission, man-u-mish'un, 71., act of I7ia7naizit- ting or freeing from slavery. Manure, man-ur', v.t. orig. to work with the ha7id or till ; to enrich with any fertilising substance : — pr.p. maniir'ing ; //1:./. manured'. — 7t. any sub- stance, as dung, used for manuring. — 71. manur'er. [Fr. 7iia7icetivrer, from root of Manoeuvre.] manuring, man-ur'ing, 71., act of 77ia7iiiri7ig ; a dressing or spreading of manure on land. Manuscript, man'u-skript, adj., writte7i by the ha7id. — 71. a book or paper written by the hand. [L. 7)ia7t7is, the hand, and scribo, scripttait, to write.] Manx, manks, «. the language of the Isle of Ma7i, a dialect of the Celtic. — adj. pertaining to the Isle of Man or its inhabitants. Many, men'i, adj. (comp. more (mor) ; superl. most (most), comprising a great or 77iij;ed number of individuals ; not few ; numerous. — 7i. many persons; a great number; the people. [A.S. 77ia7iig, Goth. 77ia7tags ; Fr. 77iai7it.'\ Map, map, n. lit. a 7tapki7i ; a representation of the surface of the earth, or of part of it on any plane surface ; a representation of the celestial sphere. — v.t. to draw, as the figure of any portion of land : to describe clearly : — pr.p. mapp'ing ; pa.p. mapped'. [L. 7nappa, napkin, signal-cloth, a Punic word.] Maple, ma'pl, n. a tree of several species, from one of which, the rock-maple, sugar is made. [A.S. 7nap7cl-dre, maple-tree.] Mar, mar, v.t. lit. to hinder ; to injure by cutting off a part, or by wounding ; to damage ; to inter- rupt ; to disfigure -.—pr.p. marr'ing ; pa.p. marred'. [A.S. 7/iirra7i, 77iyr7-a7i; perh. akin to L. 7narcco, Gr. 77ia7nind, to wither.] Maranatha, mar-a-na'tha or mar-a-nath'a, «. lit. the Lord co7/ieth or has co77ie to take vengeance, part of a curse among the Jews. [Syriac] Maraud, ma-rawd', v.i. lit. to wa7zder ; to rove in quest of plunder ■.—pr.p. maraud'ing ; pa.p. ma- raud'ed. [Fr. 77iarander, from 77iaraud, rogue ; old Fr. 7narrir, to stray.] marauder, ma-rawd'er, «., one who I7iara7ids or roves in quest of booty or plunder. Marble, mar'bl, 7t. lit. the sparkling stone ; any species of limestone taking a high polish ; that which is made of marble, as a work of art, or a little ball used by boys in play. — adj. made of marble ; veined like marble : hard : insensible. — v.t. to stain or vein like marble : — pr.p. mar- bling ;/«./. mar'bled. — «. mar'bler. \Yr.7narb7'c; It. 7nar7no; L. 7nar77tor ; Gr. 7nar77taros, from 77zar77iaird, to sparkle, flash.] marbly, mar'bli, adv., in the 77ia7i7ier of i7tarble. marmoraceous, mar-mo-ra'she-us, adj., belongi7ig to or like 77iarble. [from L. 77iar7/tor, marble.] fite, far ; me, her ; mine ; mete ; mute ; moon ; then. 309 marmoreal marmoreal, mar-mo're-al, mannorean, mar-mO're-an, adj., belongi7ig to or like marble; made of marble. [L. Diannoreiis.^ Marcescent, mar-ses'ent, adj. in lot., luitliering, decay i?ig. [L. marcescens, -entis, pr.p. of viar- cesco—marceo, akin to Sans. viLii, to fade.] marcescible, mar-ses'i-bl, adj., liable to -wither. March, march, «. the third month of the year, named from Mars, the god of war. [L. Martins [viensis, a month), belonging to I\Iars.'\ March, march, n. a border ; frontier of a territory ; — used chiefly in //. march'ea. [same as Mark.] march, march, v.i. lit. to go to the bojituiary ; to move in order, as soldiers ; to walk in a grave or stately manner. — v.t. to cause to march •.—j>r.p. march'ing ; j>a.p. marched'. — n. lit. a going to the boundary: the movement of troops ; regular ad- vance; a piece of music fitted for marching to ; the distance passed over. [Fr. mardier; It. inarciare : from old Fr. tnarcJie, boundary: or from Celt, march, a horse : or from Fr. marque, a. mark or footprint.] Marchioness, mar'shun-es, n.,fem. of Marquis. Mare, mar, n., tliefetnale of the horse. [A.S. incere, myre : incar, a horse; Ger. indhrc ; Ice. i)tar, W. inarch, a horse.] Mareschal, mar'slial, same as Marshal. Margin, mar'jin, «., a7i edge, border; the blank edge on the page of a book. [Fr. marge ; It. tnargine : L. 7>iargo, inargiuis.] marginal, mar'jin-al, adj., pertaining to a vtargin; placed in the margin. — adz'. mar'ginally. marginate, mar'jin-al, marginated, mar'jin-at-ed, adj., having a margin. [L. margi7iatus, pa.p. oi 7/iargi7io , to border.] Margrave, mar'grav, n. orig. a lotrl or Xnetper of tlie viarches ; a German nobleman of the same rank as an English marquis.-^';«. Margravine, mar'- gra-ven. [Fr, ; Ger. 7)iarkgraf—ma7-k, a border, and.^rK/j a count.] See March, a border. Marigold, mar'i-gold, n. lit. Mary's gold; a plant bearing 2. yellow flower, [from the virgin Mary, and Gold, because of its yellow colour.] Marine, ma-ren', adj., of ox belo7igi7ig to the sea; done at sea ; representing the sea ; near the sea. — 71. a soldier serving on shipboard ; the whole navy of a country or state ; naval affairs. [L. war- i7nis, from 7nare, the sea; akin to Sans, z/ar/, water.] mariner, mar'i-ner, «. a sea/7ta7t or sailor ; one who .assists in navigating ships. marish, mar'ish, «. in B., same as Marsh. maritime, mar'i-tim, adj., pertai/iing to tJu sea; relating to navigation or naval affairs ; situated near the sea ; having a naN^y and naval com- merce. [L. i7iariti)7ius.'\ Marital, mar'i-tal, adj., pertainmg to a husba7id. [L. Dtaritalis — wrtr^Vwj, a husband — 7nas, i7iaris, a male.] Maritime. See under Marine. Maijoram, miir'jo-ram, «. an aromatic plant used as a seasoning in cookery. [Ger. 7iiajora7i, 77ieira7i; Fr. marjolai7ie ; low L. 7/tajoraca ; L. a/7taracjts ; Gr. a77iarakos ; Ar. }/tarya7nych.] Mark, mark, «. lit. that which is used in tracing out anything ; a visible sign ; any object serving as a guide ; that by which anything is known ; badge : a trace ; proof ; any visible efi"cct ; symptom ; a thing aimed at ; a character made by one who cannot write : distinction. — v.t. to make a mark on anything ; to impress with a marquess sign ; to take notice of; to regard. — v.i. to take particular notice -.^pr.p. mark'ing ;/a./. marked'. — 71. marker. [A.S. 7/iearc, Ger. 77iark, Fr. marque, It. 77iarca, Goth. 77tarka, boundary ; Sans. wmT^a, aroad, search — 77iarg, to trace out.] mark, miirk, «. orig. a certain weight i7iarked off ; an obsolete English coin = 13s. 4d. ; a silver coin of Hamburg = is. 4d. marking-ink, miirk'ing-ingk, «. indelible i7ik, used for 7>tarki7ig clothes. marksman, miirks'man, 7t., 07ie good at hitting a 7)tark; one who shoots well. [Mark, and Man.] Market, mar'ket, «. lit. a place for 7)ie7^.ha7idise ; a public place for the purposes of buying and selling ; the time for the market : sale ; rate of sale ; value. — v.i. to deal at a market ; to buy and sell -.^r.p. marTiarre7i, to bind, and lij}i, lie7t, a line or rope.] marline-spike, mar'lin-spTk, n. an iron tool, like a spike, for separating the strands of a rope. Marmalade, mar 'ma-lad, «. a jam or preserve gene- rally of oranges, orig. ofq7ii7tces. [Port. 77ian7ie- lada — 7nar/7ielo, a quince, L. 77ieli77telu7)t, Gr. 77telij7telon, a sweet apple, an apple grafted on a quince — 7ncli, honey, 77ielon, an apple.] Marmoraceons, Marmoreal, &c. Sec under Marble. Marmoset, miir'mo-zet, 11. a small variety of American monkey. [Fr. 7iiar/nouset, dim. of Marmot.] Marmot, mar'mot, «. lit, tli£ 77tou7itain-7/icuse, a rodent animal, about the size of a rabbit, which inhabits the higher parts of the Alps and P j^renees. [Fr. 77tar77toite, It. 77iar7/iotta, 7nar7no7tta7ia, from L. 7ni{s 77io7ita7i7^r, to wonder.] marvellous, mar'vel-us, adj., cazisiiig 07ie to 77iar7jel; astonishing; beyond belief; improbable. — adv. mar'vellously. — «. mar'vellousness. Mary-bud, mari-bud, n. the marigold. Masculine, mas'ku-lin, adj., male; having the qualities of a man ; resembling a man : robust ; bold : expressing the male gender. — adv. mas'- culinely. — «. mas'culineness. [L. I7iasc7cli7tus — viasculus, male — 7nas, a male.] Mash, mash, v.t. to beat into a mixed mass; to bruise : in brewing, to mix malt and hot water together •.—pr.p. mash'ing ; pa.p. mashed'. — «. a mixture of ingredients beaten together ; in brewing, a mixture of malt and hot water. [Gael. 77ieasg, Ger. 77iaische7i, i7ieische7i, L. viisceo, to mix.] See Mix. mashy, mash'i, adj. of the nature of a 77iash. Mask, Masque, mask, n. lit. a7iythi7ig causiiig la7cgh- ter; anything disguising or concealing the face : anything that disguises ; a pretence ; a masquer- ade ; a dramatic performance in which the actors appear masked. — v.t. to cover the face with a mask; to disguise; to hide. — v.i. to join in a mask or masquerade ; to be disguised in any way; to revel i—pr.p. mask'ing; pa.p. masked'. [Fr. 77tasqjee, Port. 77idscara, Ar. 77iaskarah, an object of laughter — sakhii-a, to laugh.] masker, mask'er, «., 07ie who wears a 7 /task. masquerade, mask-er-ad', «. an assembly of persons wearing i7iasks, generally at a ball ; disguise. — v.t. to put into disguise. — v.i. to join in a mas- querade ; to go in disguise '.—pr-p. masquerad'- ing ; pa.p. masquerad'ed. [Fr. 7nascarade.\ masquerader, mask-er-ad'er, n., 07ie weari/iga 77iask; one disguised. Mason, ma'sn, 7t. , 07te who C7tts, prepares, and lays stones ; a builder in stone : a freemason. [Fr. I7iaf07t, low L. i7tachio — old Ger. I7ieitza7t, Ger. I7teissel7t, to cut : also given from L. I7tarc7is, a. hammer: and from L. 7nachi7ia, a machine.] masonic, ma-son'ik, adj., relati/ig to free77iaso7iry . masonry, masn-ri, n. , the craft of a jnaso7i ; the work of a mason ; the art of building in stone : freemasonry. Masque, Masquerade, &c. See under Mask. Mass, mas, 71., that which is pressed together; a lump of matter ; a quantity ; a collected body; the gross body ; magnitude ; the principal part or main body ; quantity of matter in any body. — v.t. to form into a mass ; to assemble in masses : fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thtn. massive Matin —pr.p. mass'Ing ; /a./, massed'. [Fr. vtasse, L. ittassa, Gr. maza — masso, to squeeze together.] massive, mas'iv, adj., like a mass ; bulky; weighty. — adv. mass'ively. — «. mass'iveness. massy, mas'i, adj., vtassive. — n. mass'iness. Mass, mas, «. the celebration of the Lord's Supper in R. Cath. Churches. [Fr. messe, It. incssa, Sp. Diisa, from the Latin words j/iissa est coiicio, the congregation is dismissed, said at the close.] Massacre, mas'a-ker, n, indiscriminate killing or slaughter, esp. with cruelty ; carnage. — v.t. to kill with violence and cruelty ; to slaughter : — pr.p. mass'acring ; pa.p. mass'acred. [Fr. ; low L. luassacriuvi, vtazacrium, from Ger. metz- gcr, a butcher — tnetzen, to hew, 7neizan, to cut.] Massive, Massy, &c. See under Mass. Mast, mast, 71. a long upright pole for sustaining the yards, rigging, &c. in a ship. — v.t. to supply with a mast or masts :—pr.p. mast'ing ; pa. p. mast'ed. [A.S. incest, Ger. viast, Fr. 7iidt.\ Mast, mast, 11. the fruit of the oak, beech, and other forest trees, on which swine ^i'^^,* nuts, acorns. [A.S. inceste, Ger. mast — indsten, Dutch mes- ten, to feed. Compare Meat.] Master, mas'ter, «., Jie that is great or chief; one eminent in rank or authority ; a leader or ruler; he that directs or controls ; a lord or owner ; a teacher; an emploj'er; the commander of a merchant-ship ; the officer who navigates a ship of war under the captain : a degree in univer- sities ; one eminently skilled in anything: a title of address. — adj. belonging to a master, chief, principal. — z'.t. to become master of; to over- come ; to become skilful in ; to execute with skill : —pr.p. mas'tering; pa.p. mas'tered. [old E. ■jnaister, A.S. inesster, Ger. 7iieistcr, old Fr. via'istre. It. maestro, L. magister, from 7nag, root oi mag)nis, great.] See Make. master, in many compounds = chief, as in master- builder, master-mason, &c. master-hand, mas'ter-hand, ?;., thekandofaitiaster; a person highly skilled. master-key, inas'ter-ke, n., a key that ifzasters or opens many locks : a clue out of difficulties. masterless, mas'ter-les, aiowledge ; the science of number and quantity, and of all their relations. [Fr. matlicmatiques, L. mathtmatica — Gr. viatJiematikc [episteme, skill, knowledge), relating to learning or science — mathema, pi. mat/iemata, that which is learned — mathein, inf aor. oi manthano, to learn.] mathematic, math-e-mat'ik, mathematical, math-e- mat'ik-al, oil j., pertaining to or done by mathe- matics : very accurate. — adv. mathemat'ically. mathematician, math-e-ma-tish'an, «., one versed in mathematics. [L. matheviaticus.'\ Matin, mat'in, adj., morning; used in the morning. — n. in //. morning prayers or ser\'ice ; in R. f.' te, far ; me, her ; mine ; mute ; mute ; moon ; then. Matrice " Catholic Church, the earliest canonical hours of prayer. [Fr. ; It. mattino — L. matutbnis, belong- ing to the morning — Matida, the goddess of the morning, akin to mane, morning.] Matrice, ma'tris, Matrix, mfi'triks, «. lit. a 7nother, a ivoinb : in atiat. , the cavity in which an animal is formed before its birth : the cavity in which any- thing is formed, a mould : in viinittg, substances in which minerals are found imbedded : in dyeing, the five simple colours (black, white, blue, red, and yellow) from which all the others are formed. [Fr. — L. matrix, -icis — 7nater, mother.] matricide, mat'ri-sid, n., a murderer of his mother: the murder of one's mother. — adj. mat'ricidal. [Fr. — L. matricida, one who kills his mother, matricidium, the killing of a mother — mater, mother, ccedo, to kill.] matriculate, ma-trik'u-lat, v.t. lit. to enrol in apid^lic register; to admit to membership by entering one's name in a register, esp. in a college '.^pr.p. matric'ulating ; pa.p. matric'ulated. — tt. one admitted to membership in a society. — n. matric- ula'tion. [L. as \i matriculo, -attim — inatricidn, dim. oi matrix, parent stock, public register.] matrimony, mat'ri-mun-i, n. lit. tJiat zvhich pertai7is to a another, marriage ; the state of marriage, [old Fr. 7natrimotiie — L. 7natri7noni7i7>i — 7)iater.'\ matrimonial, mat-ri-mo'ni-al, adj., 7-etating to or derived from 7narriage. — adv. matrimo'nially. matrix, same as Matrice. matron, ma'trun, 7t. lit. a tTtother; a married woman ; an elderly lady ; a nurse in a hospital. [L. 77iatro7ta, a married lady — 7/iater, mother.] matronage, ma'trun-aj, matronhood, ma'trun-hood, 71., state of a 77iatro7t. matronal, ma'trun-al or mat'run-al, adj., pertain- ing or suitable to a 77iatro7i ; motherly ; grave. matronise, ma'trun-Tz, or mat', v.t., to re7ider i7ia- tro7ily :^pr.p. mii'tronTsing ; pa.p. ma'tronTsed. matronly, ma'tnm-li, adj., like, becoming, or belonging to a 7natro}i ; elderly ; sedate. Matter, mat'er, n., putrefied blood ; a cream-like fluid in abscesses or on festering sores. [\V. 7nadredd, pus, corrupt gore — 77iadra, to fester : or from the ne.xt word with pritrid understood.] Matter, mat'er, 7i. lit. the prodticer oi 3. thing ; that out of which anything Is made ; the material part of a thing : that which occupies space, and with which we become acquainted by our bodily senses: the subject or thing treated of; that with which one has to do ; cause of a thing : thing of consequence ; importance : indefinite amount. — v.i. to be of importance ; to signify : — pr.p. matt'ering ; pa.p. matt'ered. — adj. matt'erless. [old E. 7)iatere, Fr. inatiere, L. 7nateria — 7nater, Sans, inatri, mother, the producer — 77ia, to create.] — matter-of-fact, adj. adhering to the 7natter of fact ; not fanciful ; dry. material, ma-te'ri-al, adj., co7isisti7ig of 7natter ; corporeal, not spiritual : substantial : essential ; important. — «. esp. 'va.pl. that out of which any- thing is to be made. — adv. mate'rially. — 7is. mate'- rialness, materiality. [L. 7naterialis — 7nateria.'\ materialise, ma-te'ri-al-Tz, v.t., to re7ider i7tate?ial ; to reduce to or regard as matter : to occupy with material Interests -.—pr.p. mate'riallsing ; pa.p. mate'riallsed. materialism, ma-te'ri-al-izm, n. the doctrine that denies the existence of spirit, and maintains that there is but one substance, viz. 77iatter. materialist, ma-te'ri-al-lst, 7i. one who holds the doctrine of 77iaterialis77t. Maw materialistic, ma-te'ri-al-Ist-ik, materialistical, ma^ te'ri-al-ist-ik-al, adj ., pcrtai7U7tg to 77iaterialis77i, Matting. See under Mat. Mattins, same as matins, pi. of Matin. Mattock, mat'uk, «. a kind oi pickaxe having the iron ends broad instead of pointed. [A.S. 77iat- toe, Celt. 77iadog.'] Mattress, mat'res, 71., a qjiilted cushio7i ; a sort of quilted bed stuffed with wool, horsehair, &c. [old Fr. 7nateras, Prov. ahnatrac, Ar. al-7na'~ tra'h, a quilted cushion : or from Mat.] Mature, ma-tur', adj. , gro7V7i to its fdl size ; per- fected ; ripe : in 7ncd., come to suppuration : fully digested, as a plan. — v.t. to ripen; to bring to perfection; to prepare for use. — v.i. to become ripe : to become payable, as a bill :— /r./. matur'- ing ■,pa.p. matured'. — adv. mature'ly. — 71. mature'- ness. [L. 7iiat7irics, ripe ; prob. from Sans. 7nah, to be great, to grow.] maturate, mat'u-rat, %i.t., to 77take mature; in tned., to promote the suppuration of. — v.i. in 77ied., to suppurate perfectly : — pr.p. mat'uratlng ; pa.p. mat'urated. — n. matura'tion. [L. maturo, -atiuii. — 7)iatu7~us, ripe.] maturative, mat'u-rat-iv, adj., mattiring or ripen- ing ; in 7ned., promoting suppuration. — ti. a medi- cine promoting suppuration. maturescent, mat-u-res'ent, adj., hec077ii7ig 77iat7ire or ripe ; approaching maturity. [L. 77iaturesce7is, pr.p. oi77iatziresco, to become ripe — 7natu7~itsi\ maturity, ma-tur'i-ti, 71., state of being 7nature ; ripeness ; a state of completeness. [L. 7naturitas — 77iaturus, ripe.] Matutinal, mat-u-ti'nal, Matutine, mat'u-tTn, adj., pertai7ii7ig to the 7nor7ii7ig; early. [L. i7iatu- ti7ialis, 7nat!di7ms.^ See Matin. Maudlin, mawd'lin, adj. shedding tears of pen- itence, like Ma.ry Magdale7ie : expressing contri- tion ; silly, as if half drunk : sickly sentimentaL \_Mandli71, contr. from old E. Ma7cdelcy7ie.'\ Mauger, Maugre, maw'ger,/;^/., 7iot agreeable to or against oiie's ivill; in spite of. [Fr. 77ialgre, L. 77iale g7-atjun — 7nale, ha.dly,g7-atu77i, agreeable.] Maul, mawl, same as Mall. Maul-stick, mawl'-stlk, ;/., a stick used hy paijiters to steady their hand when working. [Ger. inaler- stock — 77ialcr, painter, and stock, stick.] Maundy-Thursday, mawn'di-thurz'da, 71., the Thiirs- day in Passion-week, when royal charity is dis- tributed to the poor at Whitehall, [so called from the charity being formerly distributed in baskets, A. S. 7na/id: or Fr. 7na7tde, L. 77ia7idatui/i , command, according to Christ's injunction, AIa7idat7i77i 7iovu7/t do vobis, &c. a new com- mandment I give unto you, &c. John .xlli. 34.] Mausoleum, maw-so-le'um, 7t. a magnificent tomb or monument. [L. AIausoleu7>i [scpzdcruin, tomb), relating to Mausolus, king of Caria, to whom his widow erected a splendid tomb.] Mausolean, maw-so-le'an, adj., pertat7ii7ig to a. 7)ia7csoleu77i ; monumental. Mauve, mawv, 71. a beautiful purple dye extracted from coal-tar, so called from Its likeness In colour to the flowers of the mallow: this colour. [Fr. — L. 77talva, the mallow.] Mavis, ma'vis, 71. the song-thrush. [Fr. i/ia7ivis ; Bret. 77iilfid, 77iilcJiouid ; Corn. 77iel-huez,2.\a.r\i, sweet breath.] Maw, maw, 7t., the sto7nach, esp. in the lower animals ; the craw, in birds. [A. S. 7/iaga, Ger. 77iage7i — old Ger. 77iaga7i, to nourish.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. 3^3 mawworm Mechanic mawworm, maw'wurni, n., a wortn that infests the stomach, the thread-worm. Mawkish, mawk'ish, adj. loathsome, disgusting, as anything beginning to breed inaivks or maggots. — adv. mawk'ishly. — «. mawkishness. [vulgar inaivk, a maggot See Maggot.] ulaxillar, maks'il-ar, Maxillary, maks'il-ar-i, adj., pertaining to tfie jawbone or jaw. [L. viaxillaris — fnaxilia, jawbone, dim. of mala, jaw, the bruising thing — mando, to bruise.] Maxim, maks'im, n. a sentence of the greatest im- portance or authority ; a general principle ; a proverb. [Fr. tnaxime — L. maxima [sententia, an opinion), superl. oi magnus, great.] ma.xlTnnTn, maks'i-mum, adj., tlie greatest. — «. the greatest number, quantity, or degree : in 7nath., the value of a variable when it ceases to increase and begins to decrease.— //. max'ima. [L., superl. ci magji-us, great.] May, ma, v.i., to be able', to be allowed ; to be free to act ; to be possible ; to be by chance -.^pa.t. might (mlt). [A.S. vicEg, pr.t. oi viagan, to be able, pa.t. 7neahte, inihte ; Ger. tnogen.] May, ma, n. the fifth month of the year : the early or gay part of life. — zi.i. to gather May fprov. E. the blossom of the hawthorn, which blooms in May) :—pr.p. May'ing. [Fr. I^Iai — L. JMaiiis (jnettsis, a months sacred to Maia, the mother of Mercury : prob. from root fnag. Sans, mah, to grow, and so May = the month of growth.] May-day, ma'-da, n. the first day of May. May-flower, ma'-flow-er, n. the hawthorn, which blooms in May. May-fly, ma'-fll, n. an ephemeral ./Ty which appears in I\Iay. May-pole, ma'-pol, n., a pole erected for dancing round on May-day. May-queen, ma'-kwen, n. a young woman crowned with flowers as qtieeji on May-day. Mayor, ma'ur, n. the major or chief magistrate of a city or borough. — n. mayoress, the wife of a mayor. [Fr. maire, old Fr. maior — L. major, comp. o( mag7ius, great.] mayoralty, ma'ur-al-ti, mayorship, ma'ur-ship, n., t/ie offi.ce of a mayor. Maze, maz, n. a place full of intricate windings : confusion of thought ; perplexity. — v.t. to be- wilder ; to confuse : — pr.p. maz'ing ; pa.p. mazed'. [Ice. masa, to jabber; prov. E. to inazle, to wander as if stupefied.] mazy, maz'i, adj., full of mazes or windings; in- tricate. — adv. mazily. — n. maz'iness. Me, me, personal pron. the objective case of I. [A.S., L., Gr. 7ne, Sans. 7nd.] Mead, med, «., /loney and water fermented and flavoured. [A.S. 7nedo, Dutch, mede, mead: Gr. metlie, strong drink; Sans, tnadhu, sweet; prob. akin to L., W. mel, Gr. 7neli, honey.] Mead, med, Meadow, med'C, «. a place where grass is 7noiv)t or cut down ; a rich pasture-ground. [A.S. 77i(Ed, 7ncedewe — 7naiva7t, Dutch, 7>iaede7i, to mow ; akin to L. meto, to mow.] meadowy, med'o-i, adj., containing 7neadoius. Meagre, Meager, me'ger, adj., lean : poor; barren : scanty; without strength. — adv. mea'grely. — «. mea'grenesa. [Fr. 7naigre — L. 7nacer, lean.] Meal, mel, «., a portion; the food taken at one time: tlie act or the time of taking food. [A.S. 7ncpl, Dutch, 7)taal, Sw. 7naeL, a portion.] Meal, mel, n. grain ^^««rf and not sifted from the bran or coarser portion. [A.S. 7ncUive, Ger. 7]iehl, Dutch, 7neel, meal ; Goth. 77talan, Dutch, 7naelen, L. 7nolo, Sans. 7nath, to grind.] mealy, mel'i, adj., rese>nbling 77iecU ; besprinkle 1 as with meal. — «. mealiness. mealy-mouthed, mel'i-mouz'/id, adj. lit Jiaviiig a 7nealy or soft 7tio7ith : unwilling to state the truth in plain terms. Mean, men, adj. lit. com7>t07t ; low in rank or birth : base ; sordid : low in worth or estimation : poor ; humble. — adv. mean'ly. — «. mean'ness. [A.S. 7iicE}te, ge7ncB7ie, Ger. gC7nein, L. C07n77i7t?iis.'\ Mean, men, adj., 7niddle ; coming between ; moder- ate. — n. the middle point, quantity, value, or degree ; instrument.^;)/, income; estate : instru- ment. [Fr. 77ioye?t, low L. 7nedian7is — L. 7nedius, Gr. 7>iesos, Sans. 7tiadhya, middle.] Mean, men, v.t., to Jiave in tJie ■mi7id or thoughts ; to intend: to signify. — v.i. to have in the mind: to have meaning :— pr.p. mean'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. meant (ment). [Goth. 7tninian, Ger. 7>tei7ien, to think ; Ice. 7nuna, L. 77te7nini, to remember — root 7nen, akin to .Sans. 77tan, to think.] meaning, men'ing, «., tJiat ivhich is in tlie 77ii7td or thoughts ; signification : the sense intended : purpose. — adj. significant. — adv. mean'ingly. meaningless, mcn'ing-Ies, adj., without meaning. Meanly, Meanness. See Mean, common. Meant, /a:./. 7caig to 7nachi7ies or 7necluinics ; con- structed according to the laws of mechanics : acting by physical power : done by a machine : fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; //;en. meclianics Meerscliaum pertaining to artisans : done simply by force of habit : vulgar. — n. one engaged in a mechanical trade ; an artisan. — adv. mechan'ically. [L. i;tec/uinic2ts ; Gr. viechanikos — 7}iechane, any artificial xntfSi-n'i—mechos, a. means.] mechanics, me-kan'iks, «., tlie sciejice which treats of viachines I the science which determines the eftect produced by forces on a body. zaechanician, mek-an-ish'an, mechanist, mek'an-ist, 7t., a machine-maker; one skilled in mechanics. mechanism, mek'an-izm, «. the construction of a jnachine. Medal, medal, n., a piece of 7i'.etal in the form of a coin bearing some device or inscription : a reward of merit. [Fr. medaille ; It. medaglia — L. Diet- allum, a metal : but ace. to Wedgwood from old Fr. maille, the half of a penny ; L. 7nedijis, middle ; Ice. 7}iidla, to divide, and so = a coin oihalfs. certain value.] medallic, me-dal'ik, adj., pertaini7tg to medals. medallion, me-dal'yun, «. a /rt:rf^ antique 7nedal ; the representation of a medal in painting or sculpture. medallist, med'al-ist, medalist, me'dal-Ist, «., otie skilled ill 7iiedals : one who has gained a medal. Meddle, med'l, v.i., to 77iix or interfere with others and their affairs ; to have to do •.—pr.p. medd'- ling ; pa. p. medd'led. [Fr. 77iedler, 77iesler; low L. 7nisc7ilare — L. 7iiiscco, to mix.] meddler, med'ler, «., 07ie ivho 7iieddles or inter- feres with matters in which he has no concern. meddlesome, med'1-sum, adj., given to 77ieddling or interfering with the affairs of others. meddling, med'ling, adj., 7nixi}ig or interfering in the concerns of others ; officious. — «. officious interposition. medley, med'li, 7t. , a 7nixture ; a mingled and con- fused mass ; a miscellany. Medial, me'di-al, adj., 77iiddle ; noting a mean or average, [low L. 77iedialis — L. i7iedins, akin to Gr. 7nesos, middle.] mediate, me'di-at, adj., 7iiiddle ', between two extremes : acting by or as a means. — v.i. to inter- pose between parties as a friend of each ; to inter- cede. — v.t. to effect by mediation '.^pr.p. me'diat- \ng; pa.p. me'diated. — adv. me'diately. — n. me'- diateness. [low L. 7iiediatus.'\ mediation, me-di-ashun, «., tlie act of 77tediati7ig or interposing ; entreaty for another. mediator, me'di-at-ur, 7i., 07ie iv/io 77iediates or interposes between parties at variance: in B., The Mediator, Christ. — «. me'diatorship. mediatorial, me-di-a-to'ri-al, adj., belonging to a mediator or intercessor. — adv. mediato'rially. mediocre, me'di-o-ker, adj., 7niddiing ; moderate. — 7t. a person of 7iiiddling or moderate abilities. [Fr. — L. 7nediocris — 7tieditts, middle.] mediocrity, me-di-ok'ri-ti, «., a i/iiddle state or condition ; moderation. medium, me'di-um, «. , t/ie 77iiddle ; the middle place or degree : anything intervening ; means or in- strument : the substance in which bodies exist, or through which they move. Medic, med'ik, «. a genus of leguminous plants, with leaves like those of clover. [L. 7nedica, Gr. 77iedike [poa, grass), a kind of clover intro- duced from Media in Asia.] Medical, med'i-kal, adj., relating to the art of healing diseases ; containing that which heals : in- tended to promote the study of medicine. — adv. med'ically. [low L. 7nedicalis — L. 7nedic7is, per- taining to Yiit^Xvx\.%—7nedeor, to heal.] medicable, med'i-kabl, adj., that 77iay he Jiealed. medicament, med'i-ka-ment or me-dik'a-ment, «„ a 7nedici7te or anything used for healing. medicate, med'i-kat, v.t., to heal; to treat with medicine : to impregriate with anything medici- nal ■.—pr.p. med'icating ; pa.p. med'icated. [L. medico, -at7t7n, to heal.] medicated, med'i-kat-ed, adj. containing anything 7)icdicinal or heali7ig : treated with medicine. medication, med-i-ka'shun, «., tlie act ox process of 7?zcdicating or of tincturing with medicinal sub- stances ; the use of medicine. medicative, med'i-ka-tiv or me-dik'a-tiv, adj., heal- ing; tending to heal. medicine, med'i-sin, «. anything applied for the C7ire or lessening of disease or pain. [L. 77iedici}ia.'\ medicinal, me-dis'in-al, adj., relatittg to jtiedicine ; fitted to cure or lessen disease or pain. — adv. medicinally. Medieval, Mediaeval, me-dl-e'val, adj., relating to tJie 7niddle ages. [L. niediits, middle, and eevu77z, an age.] See Medial. medievalist, mediavalist, me-di-e'val-ist, n. one versed in the history of the 7niddle ages. Mediocre, Mediocrity. See under Medial. Meditate, med'i-tat, v.i., to thi7ik : to consider thoughtfully: to purpose. — v.t. to think on; to revolve in the mind : to intend : — pr.p. med'itat- ing ; pa.p. med'itated. [L. 77ieditor, 7/ieditatiis; akin to Gr. i7iath, root of 7na7itha7i,o, to learn, or perhaps 77zed, root of ntedo7nai, to think on ; Sans. 7tia7i, to think.] meditated, med'i-tat-ed, adj., thought of; planned. meditation, med-i-ta'shun, «., the act of 77teditat- ing; deep thought ; serious contemplation. meditative, med'i-tat- iv, adj., given to 77ieditation : expressing design. — adv. meditatively. — «. med'i- tativeness. Mediterranean, med-i-ter-ra'ne-an, Mediterraneons, med-i-ter-ra'ne-us, adj. situated In the 77iiddle of tJie earth or land; inland. [L. inedins, middle, and terra, earth, land.] — Mediterranean Sea, so called from being, as it were, i7i the viiddle of tJie la7td of the Old World. Medium. See under MediaL Medlar, med'lar, 7t. a small tree, common in Britain and Europe, with fruit like a pear, [old Fr. 7neslier — L. 77iespihis, Gr. i7iespile.'\ Medley. See under Meddle. Medullar, me-dul'ar. Medullary, me-duFar-I, adj., consisting of or resembling 7narro7v or pith. [L. inednllaris, in the marrow — 7ned7dla, that which has the middle, the marrow — ineditis, middle.] Medusa, me-du'sa, «. in 77iyth., one of the Gorgons whose hair was turned into snakes : a genus of gelatinous radiate animals, prob. from the like- ness of their tentacles to the snakes on Medusa's head. [Gr. 7nedoitsa, fem. of viedd7i, a ruler — 7)ied5, to rule.] Meed, med, n., -wages; reward; that which is bestowed for merit. [A.S. jTied, Dutch, jniede, Ger. 7niethe, Goth. 77zizdo, a reward ; allied to Gr. 77iisthos, hire, wages.] Msek, mek, adj., soft; 7nild ; gentle: submissive. — adv. meek'ly. — n. meek'ness. [Dutch, 77tttyck, Goth. 77niko, Sw. miztk. Ice. 77iiukr.\ Meerschaum, mer'shawm, 7i. a species of mineral earth, used for making tobacco-pipes, so called because once supposed to be the petrified scu7n or fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. 315 Meet foam of the sea. [Ger. meer, L. vtare, the sea, "and schatim. It. schiuvia, L. spufna, foam.] Meet, met, adj., according to measure; fitting; qualified : adapted. — adv. meetly. — n. meet'ness. [A.S. gcDiet, fit, geviet, a measure — jncian, L. Dietior, to measure, Gr. inetron, a measure. Sans. viad, 7iia, to measure.] Meet, met, v.t. to come face to face ; to encounter: to find : to receive, as a welcome.— i/.?. to come together ; to assemble : to have an encounter : — pr.p. meet'ing ; pa.p. met. [A. S. vietan, viotian, Goth, gainotjan, to meet; A.S. 7not, gemot, a meeting ; Ice. viot, opposite.] meeting, mct'ing, n., a coming /iicc to face ; an interview : an assembly. meeting-house, mct'ing-hous, n. a hoicse or building where people, esp. dissenters, meet for public worship. Megalosaurus, meg-a-lo-saw'rus, n. , tJie great saur- ian or lizard, a gigantic fossil found in England. [Gr. '.negas, mcgale, great, sauros, a lizard.] llegatherlum, meg-a-the'ri-um, n. lit. the great wild beast ; a gigantic fossil quadruped found in the pampas of S. America. [Gr. megas, great, and tficrion, wild beast.] Megrim, me'grim, 71. a pain affecting one half of the head or i3.CQ. [Fr. inigraifie, cor r. oiGr.hcini- crania — /iSini, half, and krnnion, the head.] Meiocene, same as Miocene. Meiosis, ml-o'sis, n. in rJiet., a species of hyperbole representing a thing as less than it is. [Gr. meiosis — ineio-o, to lessen.] Melancholy, mel'an-kol-i, n. a disease causing c;loomy groundless fears, and general depression of spirits, so called because it was supposed to be occasioned by black bile ; dejection. — adj. gloomy ; producing grief. [L. Dielancholia, Gr. melangcholia — 7nelan, black, and chole, bile.] melancholic, mel'an-kol-ik, adj., affected ivith inelancJioly ; dejected : mournful. Meliorate, me'li-or-at, 7'.t., to make better; to im- prove : — pr.p. meliorating ; pa.p. me'liorated. [low L. inelioro, to make better — tnelior, better.] meUoration, me-li-or-a'shun, «., the act of making I'ctter; improvement. Melliferous, mel-if 'er-us, adj. , honey-prodiicing. [L. oncl, inellis, honey, M\(lfero, to produce.] mellifluent, mel-if'loo-ent, mellifluous, mel-if'loo-us, adj., floiving with honey or sweetness : smooth. — advs. mellif'luently, mellif'luously. — n. melliflu- ence. [L. incllis,3^nr./. melt'ing ; pa.p. melt'ed. [A.S. 7)ieltan, Dutch, s/nelte/t, Gr. vieldo, to make liquid.] melting, melt'ing, «. , tJie act of maki7ig liquid or of dissolving ; the act of softening or rendering tender. — adv. melt'ingly. Member, mem'ber, 71. lit. tJie thi7ig i7teasu7-ed ; a limb of an animal : a clause : one of a community ; a representative in a legislative body: in B., in //. the appetites and passions. [Fr. 77ie)nbre ; L. 77ie/nb7-7(}7t, prob. allied to Sans, root i>t&, to measure.] — adj. mem'bered, having limbs. membership, mem'ber-ship, 71., the state of being a me77iber or one of a society ; a community. membrane, meni'bran, «. the thin tissue which covers the 7>te7)d>ers or parts of the body ; the film con- taining tlie seeds of a plant [L. 7ne7nbrana.'\ membraneous, mem-bran'e-us, membranous, mem'- bran-us, membranaceous, mem-bran-a'she-us, adj., relating to, consisting of, or like a 7ne77tbra7te. Memento, me-men'to, 71. lit. re7ne7)tber thou; a suggestion or notice to awaken memorj'. [L. imperative of 7ne7ni7ii, to remember — root 7ne7i, akin to Sans. 7nan, to think.] memoir, mem'wor or me-moir', 7i. a familiar notice of anything as re77icmbered by the writer ; a short biographical sketch ; a record of researches on any subject: the transactions of a society. [Fr. 7ne7)ioire — L. 7ne77ioria, memory — 7)te7nor, mind- ful, akin to Sans, root s>7iri, to remember.] memorable, mem'or-abl, adj., deserznng to be re- me7nbered; remarkable. — adv. me'morably. memorandum, mem-or-an'dum, «., so77iethi7tg to be 7-c)ncinbc>-cd ; a note to assist the memory. ^i/. mcmoran'dums, memoran'da. memorial, me-mo'ri-al, adj., bri7iging to i7ie7>iory ; contained in memorj'. — «. that which ser\'es to keep in remembrance ; a monument : a note to help the memory : a written statement with a petition, laid before a legislative or other body: in /)., memory. memorialist, me-mo'ri-al-ist, n., one who writes, signs, or presents a 77te7/torial. memorialise, me-mo'ri-al-Tz, v.t., to prese7tt a 7iie- 7>!orial to ; to petition by memorial:— ^/Jr.j*. me- morialising ; pa.p. memo'rialTsed. memory, mem'O-ri, «., a having or keepi7ig t7t the 7nind; the faculty of the mind by which it re- tains the knowledge of previous thoughts or events ; retention ; remembrance. Men, plural of Man. Menace, men'as, v.t., to overhang; to threaten: — /;-./. men'acing ; pa.p. men'aced. — «. a threat or threatening. [Fr. 7iie7iacer — L. i/tinor, 7/iina- tits, to threaten — 77una:, the overhanging points of a wall.] menacing, mcn'fis-ing, adj., overlianging; threaten- ing. — adv. menacingly. Menagerie, Menagery, men-azh'e-ri or men-aj'er-i, «. a place for 7nanagi7igar\A. keeping wild animals : : i 3t6 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //airi7ig. Mendacious, men-da'shus, adj., lymg ; false. [L. inendax, jiiefidacis — vientior, to lie.] mendacity, men-das'i-ti, «., lying; falsehood. Mendicant, men'di-kant, adj., tJt extre})ie ivajit : poor to beggary ; practising beggary. — n. one who is in extreme want ; a beggar : one of the begging fraternity of the R. Cath. Church. [L. viendicajis, -a?itis, pr.p. of mendico, to beg— meiidic7is, a beggar, prob. from me>ida, a want.] mendicancy, men'di-kan-si, «., the state of being a mendicant or beggar ; beggary. mendicity, men-dis'i-ti, «., the state of being a mendicant or beggar ; the life of a beggar. Menial, me'ni-al, adj., belongifig to the servants of a household : servile ; low. — 7t. a domestic ser- vant ; one performing servile work ; a person of servile disposition. [Norm. 7neynal — mesnee, household : from L. vianeo, to dwell, or L. mifius iiatiis, Fr. moitts ne, younger born.] Meniver, men'i-ver. Minever, Miniver, min'i-ver, n. the ermine ; its fur which is white with specks of black, [old Fr. menuver, viefiuvair, grayish fur — tnenu, small, L. minus, and vair, fur — L, varins, changing, mottled.] Menses, men'ses, 7t.pl. the monthly discharge from the womb. [L. mejisis, a month.] menstrual, men'stroo-al, adj., 7)iofithly ; belonging to a menstruum. [L. 7nenstrualis.\ menstruant, men'stroo-ant, adj., sitbject to metises. [L. 7ne}istriiatis, -atitis, pr.p. oi 7ne>istruo.] menstruate, men'stroo-at, v.i., to discharge the 7>ienses: — fr.f. men'struating ; fa.f. men'stru- ated. — 71. men'struation. [L. metistriio, -atrttn.] menstruous, men'stroo-us, adj., havitig or belo7iging to 7/icHses. [L. 7ne7istr7ms.'\ menstruum, men'stroo-um, 7i. a solvent or dissolving substance. — pi. men'strua, the menses. [L., from a fancy of the old chemists that dissolvents could be prepared only at certain stages of the moon.] Mensurable, mens'u-rabl, adj., that ca>i be measured ; measurable. — 7t. mensurabil'ity, ^?/rt/- ity of beitig 7ne7isjirable. [L. 7ne7isurabilis, from 7ne7isiiro, -atiatt, to measure.] See Measure. mensural, mens'u-ral, adj., periaitiing to 7)teasj(re. mensuration, mens-u-ra'shun, «., the act, process, or art o/7>ieas!(ring; art of finding the length, area, or volume of bodies ; the result of measuring. Mental, men'tal, adj., pe7-tai7iifig to the 7nind ; in- tellectual. — adv. men'tally. [from 'L.7)ie7is, 77icntis, the mind — Sans, root 7na7i, to think.] Mention, men'shun, «. lit. a re77ieniheri7ig or thitik- ing of; a brief notice or remark ; a hint. — v.t. to notice briefly ; to remark ; to name : — pr.p. men'- tioning ;/«./. men'tioned. [L. 77ie7itio, 77ientio7iis, from 77iet7ii7ii, to remember — root vtett, Sans. 77ia7i, to think.] mentionable, men'shun-abl, adj., tJiat ca7i be 7nc7i- tioned. Mentor, men'tor, 7t. lit. the thinker ; a wise and faithful counsellor or monitor. — adj. mentor'ial. [from Me7itor, the friend of Odysseus or Ulysses — from root of Mental.] MepMtis, me-fl'tis, Mephitism, mef'i-tizm, «. a Merge foul, pestilential exhalation from the ground. [L. ■>7tepkitis.'] mephitic, me-fit'ik, adj., pertai7ting to 7neJ>hitis ; offensive to the smell ; noxious ; pestilential. Mercantile, merlian-tll, adj., pertai7ii7ig to i/zcr- cha7its ; commercial. [Fr. and It. — L. 77ie7-ca7is, -a7itis, pr.p. oi 77zercor, to trade — 7nerx, 7;ic}xis, merchandise — i7iereo, to gain.] mercer, mer'ser, «., a 77tercha7it in silks and wool cloths. [Fr. 77iercier.'\ mercery, mer'ser-i, 7i., the trade ofa7ne7rer; the goods of a mercer. morcliandise, mer'chand-Tz, «., the goods of a 77ier- cha7it; anything traded with. [Fr. 7)iarcha7idise ■ — 77iarcha7id, a merchant.] merchant, mer'chant, «., 07ie who carries on trade, esp. on a large scale ; one who buys and sells goods ; a trader. — adj. pertaining to trade or merchandise. [Fr. 7narcha7id — L. 7nerca7is, -a7itis, pr.p. oi 7/ie7-cor, to trade.] merchantman, mer'chant-man, 71., a tradi7ig ship : in B., a merchant.—//, mer'chantmen. [Merchant, and Man.] mercenary, mer'se-nar-i, adj., relati7tg to reward or payment ; hired for money : actuated by the hope of reward ; greedy of gain : sold or done for money. — 71. one who is hired ; a soldier hired into foreign service. [L. 7i!ercenarius — 77ierces, hire, reward— wfrtv.] Merciful, &c. See under Mercy. Mercury, mer'ku-ri, «., the god of 77iercha7idise zxyd. eloquence, and the messenger of the gods : the planet nearest the sun: a white, poisonous metal, also called quicksilver : a messenger ; a newspaper. [L. Mercuriiis, from 77ierx, 77iercis, merchandise.] mercurial, mer-ku'ri-al, adj. lit. ' pcrtaitnng to Merc my ; having the qualities said to belong to the god Mercnry; active; sprightly; containing or consisting of mercury. [L. 771c 7xnr talis. ] mercurialise, mer-ku'ri-al-Tz, v.t., to 7nake 7/rer- cnrial: \n7ned., to affect with mercury; to ex- pose to the vapour of mercury \^r.p. mercu ri- alTsing ; pa.p. mercu'rialTsed. Mercy, mer'si, 71. lit. pay, reward; disposition to overlook Injuries, or forgive obligation out of compassion for the offender ; clemency ; an act of mercy; leniency; tenderness. [Fr. 7nerci; It. 7/ierce, 77ie7-cede, reward, compassion ; L. 77ierces, 77iercedis, pay, reward.] mercy-seat, mer'si-set, 71. lit. the seat or place of 77iercy : the covering of the Jewish Ark of the Covenant : the throne of God. merciful,mer'sI-fool,rt^'.,yz^//(y^or exercising w^rcy; willing to pity and spare ; compassionate ; tender ; humane. — ad7>. mer'cifuUy. — n. mer'cifulness. merciless, mer'si-les, adj., without 77iercy ; unfeel- ing ; hard hearted ; unsparing ; cruel. — adv. mer'- cilessly. — 71. mer'cilessness, watit of77tercy. Mere, mer, 71. a pool or lake. [A.S. i7iere ; Fr. 77ia7-e ; akin to L. 77iarc, the sea.] See Marine. Mere, mer, adj., sepamtedfro77i, alo7ie : unmixed; pure ; only this and nothing else ; alone ; absolute. — adv. mere'ly, purely, simply ; only ; thus and no other way ; solely. [It. 7nero; L. 7ner7is; prob. akin to Or. 77zci7-07/iai, to divide or separate from.] Meretricious, mer-e-trish'us, adj. lit. pcrtaitiing to ha7-lots ; alluring by false show; gaudy and de- ceitful ; false. — adv. meretriciously. — 7t. mere- tri'ciousness. [L. 7/ieretricitts, from 7/icret7'ix, 7)ieretricis, a harlot, or one who earns money, from 77iereo, to earn.] See Mercantile. Merge, merj, v.t., to i77i77ierse or dip in; to sink; fate, far ; me, her : mine ; mote ; mute ; moon : th&vi. 317 mersion metalloid t3 cause to be swallowed up. — v.i. to be swallowed up, or lost -.^pr.p. merg'ing ; pa.p. merged'. — ii. merg'er, in laiv, a merging. [L. incrgo, vtcrsitvi, akin to Sans, utajj, to dive, to sink.] mersion, mer'shun, «., act o/ merging. Meridian, me-rid'i-an, adj., periaini/ig toviid-day ; being on the meridian or at niid-day ; raised to the highest point. — «., mid-day: the highest point, as of success ; climax : an imaginary circle on the earth's surface passing through the poles and any given place : in astr., an imaginary circle, passing through the poles of the heavens, and the zenith of the spectator, which the sua crosses at mid-day. [L. Dieridianus, pertaining to mid-day, from tueridies, mid-day — medius, middle, and die.<;, day.] meridional, me-rid'i-un-al, adj., pertaining to the meridian : southern ; having a southern aspect. — adv. merid'ionally, in the direction of the meridian. [Fr. ; L. iizeridionalis.] meridionality, me-rid-i-un-al'i-ti, «., state of being in the meridian : position in the south ; aspect towards the south. Merino, me-re'no, n. a variety of sheep having very fine wool, orig. from Spain; a fabric of merino wool. — adj. belonging to the merino sheep or their wool. [Sp. ; from merino, inspector of sheep- walks, low L. viajorinus, from root of Major.] Merit, meruit, n., that -which is deserving; excel- lence that deserves honour or reward ; worth ; value ; that which is earned. — v.t. to earn ; to have a right to claim as reward ; to deserve : — pr.p. meriting ; pa.p. mer'ited. [L. vierittim, from vierco, meritum, to obtain as a lot or portion, to deserve, Gr. vieiromai, to divide, akin to Sans, ma, to measure.] See Mercantile. meritorious, mer-i-to'ri-us, cu^j., possessing vierit or desert ; deserving of reward, honour, or praise. — adv. meritoriously. — n. merito'riousness. Merle, merl, n. the blackbird. [Fr. ; L. memla.l merlin, mer'lin, n. a species of small hawk : a wizard. [Fr. emerillon ; It. sme7-lo ; Ger. schvierl, merl, perhaps from Merle.] Merlon, mer'lon, n. lit. a little ivall: mjbrt., the part of a parapet which lies between two em- brasures. [Fr. ; It. vierlo — mceruhis, dim. of L. mccriis, a wall.] Mermaid, mer'mud, n., maid of the sea, a fabled marine animal, having the upper part like a woman and the lower like a fish. — masc. mer'- man. [Fr. mer, L. mare, the sea, and Maid.] Merry, mer'i, adj., sportive; cheerful ; noisily gay ; causing laughter; lively. — adv. merr'ily. [A.S. mirig : Gael, mear, from mir, to .sport.] merriment, mer'i-ment, merriness, mer'1-nes, n., state of being merry ; gaiety with laughter and noise; mirth ; hilarity. merry-andrew, mer'i-an-droO, n. a buffoon ; one who attends a mountebank or quack doctor. [Merry, and perhaps Andrciv Borde, a physician in the time of Henrj'- VIII., noted for his facetious speeches.] merry-thought, mer'i-thawt, n. the forked bone of a fowl's breast, which two persons pull at in play, the one who breaks off the longer part being thought likely to be first married. [Merry, and Thought.] Mesentery, mes'en-ter-i, or mez', n. a membrane in the middle of the intestines. — adj. mesenteric. [Gr. meseittcron — mesos, middle, cnieron, intes- tines — entos, within.] Mesh, mesh, n. the opening between the threads of a net ; network. — v.t. to catch in a net -.—pr.p. mesh'ing ; /«./. meshed'. — adj. xa^ti'y, forvicd like net-Mork. [A.S. mcescre; Ger. masclu; Dan. maske ; Ice. moskvi; akin to L, macula^ Mesmerise, mes'mer-Tz, v.t. to induce an e.^traor- dinary state of the nervous .system, in which the actor controls the actions of the subject : — pr.p. mes'merlsing ; /«./. mes'merised. — «. mes'- meriser or mes'merist, one who mesmerises, [from Llesmer, a German physician (1733 — 1S15), who brought it into notice.] mesmerism, mes'mer-izm, «., art of inesmcrisivg. mesmeric, mes-mer'ik, mesmerical, mes-mer'ik-al, adj., of ox relatiiig to mesjuet-ism. Mess, mes, «., a mixture disagreeable to the sight or taste; a medley; disorder; embarrassment, [from root of Mash.] Mess, mes, n. a dish or quantity of food served up at one time ; a number of persons who eat to- gether. — v.t., to supply with a mess. — v.i., to eat of a mess ; to feed ; to associate and eat at a common table : — pr.p. mess'ing ; pa.p. messed'. [It. messa, jnesso, a messenger, a course at table ; — L. milto, missiim, to send.] messmate, mes'mat, «., one vjJio eats at tJie satnc table. [Mess, and Mate.] Message, mes'aj, «. any communication se7it from one to another ; an errand ; an official communi- cation. [Fr. ; low L. mcssagitan, viissaticum, from initio, tnissns, to send.] messenger, mes'en-jer, «., the bearer of a message ; one who or that which foreshadows ; a fore- runner : in lazv, an officer who executes sum- monses, called 7nesse7igcr-at-arjns. Messiah, mes-sT'a, 71., tJie a7ioi7ited o7ie, the Christ. — 71. Messi'ahship. [Heb. i7iashiach,ixQva.77iasJiach, to anoint.] Messuage, mes'\\'rij, n. in law, a d'welli7ig and offices with the adjoining lands appropriated to the use of the household, [old Fr. ; low L. 77iess7iagi7i77i, from L. 77!a7isio.^ See Mansion. Met, pa.t. and pa.p. of Meet. Metachronism, me-tak'ron-izm, «. the placing of an event after its real ti7ne. [Gr. 7iietach7-onos — 7neta, beyond, and cJiro7ios, time.] Metage. See under Mete. Metal, met'al, «. lit. a7iythi7ig searched for and found ; a solid, shining, opaque body, such as gold, &c. ; broken stone used for macadamised roads. [Fr. 77ictal ; It. 7Jietallo ; L. 7)ietallu77i; Gr. me- tallo7i, a mine, a metal, prob. conn, with 77tetallad, to search — 7neta alia, after other things.] metallic, me-tal'ik, adj., pcrtai7iing to or like a 77ieial ; consisting of metal. [L. 7netallictis.] metalliferous, met-al-Ifer-us, adj., produci7ig or yielding 7nctals. [L. 77ietallifcr — 77ietallu7i!, metal, Tindfero, to bear, to produce.] metalliform, me-tal'i-form, adj. having the forjn of 7nctals : like metal. metalline, met'al-Tn, or me-tal', adj.,pcrtai7iing to a 77U'tal; consisting of or Impregnated with metal. metallist, met'al-ist, «., a worker /« metals ; one skilled in metals. metallise, met'al-Tz, v.t., to fonn into 7/ietal ; to give to a substance its metallic properties :^pr.p. met'allTsing ; /rt./. met'allTsed. — 71. metallisa'tiou. metalloid, met'al-old, «., that which has afor77z or appearance like a 7netal ; an inflammable, non- metallic body, as sulphur ; the metallic base of an alkali. [Gr. 7netallon, metal, and eidcs, form.] SI 8 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; /Aen. metalloid metalloid, met'al-oid, metaUoidal, met-al-oid'al, adj., pertainiiig to the metalloids. metallurgy, met'al-ur-ji, «., the art of ii)ork{7tg metals ; the art of separating metals from their ores. — adj. TaQtaM\XT'gic,j>ertai?iifig to inetalhirgy. [Gr. inctallon, metal, and ergoji, work.] metallurgist, met'al-ur-jist, n., 07ie who works 7netals ; one skilled in metallurgy. MetamorpMc, &c. See under Metamorphoss. Lletamorphose, met-a-mor'foz, ■z'.t., to change into anotlur/orm ; to transform '.^pr.p. metamor'- phosing ; pa. p. metamor'phOsed. [Gr. inetamor- phoo — 1/teta, expressing change, viorphe, form.] metamorphosis, met-a-mor'fo-sis, n.. cha7ige of form or shape; transformation; the change living beings undergo in the course of their growth. metamorphic, met-a-mor'fik, adj., stdject to change: in geol., pertaining to the changes of rocks since their original deposition. — n. metamor'phism, state or quality of being vietamo7pliic. :,Ietaphor, met'a-fur, «. in r]iet., a tra7isfe7^ng to one object the sense of another. [Gr. J7ietaplwra — 77ietapherd — nieta, over, phero, to carry.] liictaphoric, met-a-for'ik, faetaphorical, met-a-for'i- kal, adj., pert ai7ti7ig to or containing 7netaphor ; not hteral ; figurative. — adv. metaphor'ically. liletaphrase, met'a-fraz, «., a tra7islatio7i from one language into another word for word. [Gr. metaph7-asis — 7neta, denoting change, and phrasis, a s'p&ak\\\g—phrazd, to speak.] metaphrast, met'a-frast, «., 07ie who tratislates word for word. — adj. metaphras'tic. Metaphysics, met-a-fiz'iks, n.si7ig. lit. the science next after the treatise on Physics in the works of Aristotle ; the science which investigates the first principles of nature and thought ; popularly, the science of mind. [Gr. i/ieta, after, z.nd physika, physics, ixom physis, nature.] metaphysical, met-a-fiz'ik-al, adj., pertainz7!g to vietapJiysics ; abstract. — adv. metaphys'ically. metaphysician, met-a-fi-zish'an, 71., 071 e vc7-sed z« ■}7ietaphysics. ' Metathesis, me-tath'es-is, 7t. in gram., trajtsposi- tio7i of the letters of a word. [Gr. — 77ietatithe77ii, to transpose — 77ieta, over, tithmii, to place.] Mete, met, v.t., to measure: — pr.p. met'ing; pa.p. met'ed. [A.S. 77ieta7i; Gar. 7iicsse7i ; Goth. mita7z ; L. 77tetior ; Sans, i/id.'] metage, met'aj, «., vieas7ire77ie7it of coal; price of measurement. mete-yard, met'-yiird, 71. in B.,2i ya7'd or rod for meting or measuring. meter, met'er, n., 07ie who i7teasiires ; an instru- ment for measuring. [See Metre.] Metempsychosis, me-temp-si-ko'sis, n., the tra7is- i7tig7'atio7L of the soul after death into some other body. [Gr. — 77zeta, expressing change, and e77i- psychosis, an animating — ett, in, psyche, soul.] Meteor, me'te-or, «. lit. tJiat which is suspended 171 the air, any appearance in the atmosphere, as clouds, rain ; a transient fiery body in the atmosphere ; fig. anything that transiently dazzles or strikes with wonder. [Gr. i/ieteoros — 7neta, be- yond, and corn, anything suspended, from aei7-d, to lift, perhaps akin to aer, air.] meteoric, me-te-or'ik, adj., pertai7U7ig to or con- sisting of 77ieteors ; proceeding from a meteor ; influenced by the weather. meteorolite, me-te-or'o-lTt, meteorite, me'te-or-Tt, 7i., a i7ieteoric sto7ie. [Gr. 77ieteoros, lithos, stone.] meteorology, me-te-or-ol'o-ji, 7t. lit. a discourse about Mettle meteors; the science which treats of the atmo- sphere and its phenomena. — adjs. meteorolog'ic. meteorolog'icaL [Gr. meteoros, and logos, dis- course.] meteorologist, me-te-or-ol'o-jist, n., 07ie skilled in 77ieteorology. Meter. See under Mete. Methinks, me-thingks', in .5. , Methink'eth, v.i77ipers., it see/7is to i/ie ; I think :—pa.t. methought, me- thawt'. [Me, and Think.] Method, meth'ud, «. lit. t/ie zuay to seek after any- thing ; an orderly procedure ; manner ; arrange- ment ; system ; rule ; classification. [L. 77ieihod7is; Gr. 77iethodos — 77ieta, after, and hodos, a way.] methodic, me-thod'ik, methodical, me-thod'ik-al, adj., arranged with i7ietlwd : disposed in a just and natural manner — adv. method'ically. methodise, meth'ud-iz, v.t., to redttce to i/iethod; to dispose in due order :—pr.p. meth'odlsing ; pa.p. meth'odTsed. Methodist, meth'ud-ist, 7t. orig. 07te who observes 7iietJiod ; one of a sect of Christians founded by John Wesley (1703 — 1791), so called from the strictness of their principles : one strict or formal in religion. methodistic, meth-ud-ist'ik, methodistical, meth-ud- ist'ik-al, adj., rese77ibli/ig the Methodists ; strict in religious matters. — adv. methodist'ically. Methodism, meth'ud-izm, «., the pri7iciples and practice of the Methodists. Methought. See Methinks. Metonic, me-ton'ik, adj. pertaining to the lunar cycle of nineteen years. [from Metojt, an Athenian, the discoverer.] Metonsrmy, me-ton'i-mi or met'o-nim-i, «. lit. a cha7ige of7ia77te: in rhet., a trope in which one word is put for another related to it, as the effect for the cause. [Gr. I7ietd7iy77iia'—77ieta, express- ing change, and 0710771a, a name.] metonymic, met-o-nim'ik, metonymical, met-o-nim'- ik-al, adj., used by way of metonymy. — adv. metonym'ically. Metre, Meter, me'ter, n. poetical 77ieasure or arrange- ment of syllables ; rhythm ; verse : a French measure of length equal to nearly 39^ inches. [A. S. i7ieter; Fr. metre ; L. i7ietru77i ; Gr. i7tetro7i.1 See Mete. metric, met'rik, metrical, inQi'r\k-3\, adj., pertaiti- i7ig to 77ietre or to metrology ; consisting of verses. — adv. met'rically. metrology, me-trol'o-ji, «., tJie science of weights and 77ieas7ires. [Gr. itietron, measure, and logos, discourse.] metronome, met'ro-nom, n. lit. that which disiri- btites 7/ieasure; an instrument which measures musical time. [Gr. i7ietron, measure, and ne7)id, to distribute.] metronomy, me-tron'o-mi, n., uieaszirejnent of time by a 77iet7'07i077ie. Metropolis, me-trop'o-lis, n. lit. the mother-city ; the chief city or capital of a country. [L. and Gr. ; Gr. 77ieter, )7zetros, mother — polls, a city.] metropolitan, met-ro-pol'it-an, adj., belo7iging to a. mct7'opolis : pertaining to the mother-church. — «. orig. tlie bishop of a 77ietropolis or chief city ; the bishop who presides over the other bishops of a province. [L. 7netropolita7ius.'\ Mettle, met'l, 7t. \\i.fi7te te77iper of tnetal ; warmth of temperament ; spirit; sprightliness; courage; ardour, [a metaphor from the 7netal of a blade.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Z'/ien. 319 mettled Mile oettled, metld, mettlesome, met'I-sum, adj., having viettle or spirit ; high-spirited ; ardent. Mew, mu, n. a sea-fowl; a gull. [A.S. inazv; Dutch, ineeiiiu; Ice. viufr, viur; Fr. ma7me.'\ Mew, mu, v. t. , to change ; to shed or cast ; to con- fine, as in a cage. — v.i. to change ; to cast the feathers ; to moult :—pr.p. mew'ing ; /«./. mewed'. — n., a place for 7) leaving- or confining; a cage for hawks while mewing ; generally in //. a stable, because the royal stables were_ built where tlie king's hawks were mewed or confined : a place of confinement. [Fr. inner, It. jntidare, to mew ; L. inuto, to change.] Mew, mu, v.i. to cry as a cat -.^pr.p. mew'ing ; Pa.p. mewed'. — «. the cry of a cat. [formed I'rom the sound.] Miasm, mtazm. Miasma, mT-a/ma, n. lit. stain, de/iletncnt ; infectious matter floating in the air arising from putrefying bodies. — ■//. miasmata, mT-aznia-ta. [Gr. viiasina — jniaino, to stain.] miasmal, mT-az'mal, miasmatic, ml-az-mat'ik, adj., pertaining to or containing iniasnta. Mica, ml'ka, n. a glittering mineral which cleaves into thin transparent plates, sometimes used as glass. [L. inico, to shine or glitter.] micaceoxis, ml-ka'shus, adj., pertaining to, con- sisting of, or resembling i)nca. [Fr. inicace.] Mice, plural of Mouse. Michaelmas, mlk'el-mas, «., the viass or feast of St Michael, a R. Cath. festival celebrated Sept. 29. Microcosm, mlkro-kozm, «. lit. t/ie little luorld; man, who was regarded by ancient philosophers as a model or epitome of the universe. — adj's. microcos'mic, microcos'mical, pertaining to tJie microcosm. [Gr. viikros, little, and kosinos, world.] micrography, mT-krog'ra-fi, «., the descriptioti of small or microscopic objects. [Gr. mikros, little, and grapho, to write.] micrometer, ml-krom'e-ter, «. an instrument used with a telescope or microscope for vieasiering very small distances.— «f//'. micromet'rical, [Gr. mikros, little, and metron, measure.] microphyllous, ml-krofil-us, adj. inbot.,havi}igs}nall leaves. [Gr. mikros, little, zndphyllon, leaf.] aiicroscope, ml'kro-skop, «. an optical instrument for viewing small or minute objects. [Gr. iinkros, little, and skoped, to look at.] microscopic, ml-krO-skop'ik, microscopical, ml-krO- skop'ik-al, adj., pertaining to a microscope : made by or resembling a microscope ; visible only by the aid of a microscope. — adv. microscop'ically. microscopist, ml'kro-skop-ist, «., one skilled in tJie ■use of the microscope. Mid, mid, adj., middle; situated between extremes. [A.S. viidde ; Ger. viitte ; L. inedius ; Gr. rnesos ; Sans, madhya.] middle, mid'l, adj., ec^iially distant from the ex- tremes ; intermediate ; inter\'ening. — «., tlie middle point or part; midst; central portion. [A.S. middel; Ger. mittcl.] tniddle-man, niid'1-man, «., one who stands in the middle between two persons ; an agent between two parties ; in Ireland, one who rents land of proprietors in large tracts, and lets it in portions to the peasantry-. middlemost, mid'i-mGst, in B., adj. nearest the middle. middling, mld'Vmg, adj., of fniddle rents, state, size, or quality ; about equally distant from the ex- tremes ; moderate. mid-day, mid'-da, «., the middle of the day; noon. ^adj., pertaining to mid-day. [Mid, and Day.] midland, mid'land, adj., in tJie middle of or sur- rounded by la7id; distant from the coast ; inland. midnight, mid'nlt, n., the middle of t/ie night ; twelve o'clock at night. — adj. being at mid- night ; dark as midnight. [Mid, and Night.] midrib, midrib, n. in bot., the continuation of the leaf-stalk to the point of a leaf midrifi, midrif, «. lit. t/ie middle of the bowels ; the diaphragm. [A.S. mid, hrif the bowels.] Midship, mid'ship, adj., naid., being in t>u middle of a ship. — ad7<. mid'ships. midshipman, mid'.ship-man, 11. a naval cadet or officer wliose rank is i}i tlie middle between the common seamen and the superior officers. midst, midst, n. the middle. — adv. in the middle. [obs. middest, superl. of Mid.] midsummer, mid'sum-er, n., t/ie middle of summer ; the summer solstice about the 21st of June. midway, mid'wa, n., the middle of the way or dis- tance. — adj. being in the middle of the way or distance. — adv. half-way. [Mid, and Way.] Midwife, mid'wif, «. lit. a woinan who acts for a meed or reward ; a woman who assists others in childbirth. — •//. midwives, mid'wivz. [old E. meadwifc — A.S. mead, vied, reward, and wif, woman.] midwifery, mid'wTf-ri or mid'wif-ri, n., art or practice of a midwife or accoucheur. Mien, men, n. lit. way of conducting one's self; man- ner ;" bearing : look ; external appearance. [Ger. 7niene ; Fr. mine, from mener, to lead, conduct ; Prov. sc menar, to behave one's self — L. mine, to drive or guide.] Might, mit.,pa.t. of May. Might, mTt, «., power; ability; strength ; energy or intensity of pui-pose or feeling. [A.S. meaht. miht ; Goth. maJits ; Ger. Jiiacht ; from root of May.] — might and main, utmost strength. mighty, mit'i, adj., possessing might; having great power ; strong ; valiant ; ver>' great ; important ; exhibiting might ; wonderful. — n. in B., a vali- ant man. — adv. might' ily. mightiness, mit'i-nes, «., quality of being mighty ; power ; greatness : a title of dignity ; excellency. Mignonette, min-yo-net', n. lit. little darling; an annual plant, bearing sweet-scented flowers. [Fr. dim. oimignon, darling.] See Minion. Migrate, mi'grat, v.t. to remove for residence from one country to another :^pr.p. ml'.grating ; pa.p. migrated. [L. inigro, migratum.^ migratory, ml'gra-tor-i, adj., migrating or accus- tomed to migrate ; wandering. migration, niT-gra'shun, «., act of migrating. [L. migratio.] Milch, milch, adj. that is milked. [See Milk.] Mild, mild, cuij. lit. friendly ; vierciful; tender and gentle in temper and disposition : not sharp or bitter ; acting gently ; gently and pleasantly af- fecting the senses : soft ; calm. — adv. mildly. — 71. mildness. [A.S. 7nild, mild, merciful; Ger. 7idlde : Ice. mildr, gracious.] Mildew, mil'dfi, «. lit. meal-dew; a white appear- ance on the leaves of plants, consisting of minute fungi. — v.t. to taint with mildew -.—pr.p. mil'dew- xwg-.pa.p. mil'dewed. [Ger. inehltJiau, flour-dew.] Mile, mil, «. lit. a thousand paces ; 1760 yards. [A.S. 7nil ; Fr. mille ; contr. of L. 7nille pas- suutn, a thousand paces, the Roman mile.] fate, fur; mc, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; th&w.. mileage mileage, mllaj, it. fees paid by the mile for travel or conveyance. milestone, mll'ston, n. a sio?ie set to mark the distance of a 7>iile. Milfoil, mil'foil, n. lit. the thousand-leaved -^XiSit; the herb yarrow, remarkable for the numerous divisions of its leaf. [L. iiiillcfoluan — jnille, thousand, zsiAfoUiitn, a leaf] Miliary. See under Millet. Militate, mil'i-tat, v.i. lit. to he a soldier, to fight ; to contend ; to stand opposed -.—pr.p. mil'itating; pa. p. mll'itHted. [L. inilito, -atum, to be a soldier — viiles, iiiilitis, a soldier.] militant, mil'i-tant, adj. lit. serving- as a soldier ; lighting ; engaged in warfare. [L. milita7is, -aniis, pr.p. of viilito.l military, mil'i-tar-i, adj., pertaining to soldiers or warfare ; warlike ; becoming a soldier ; engaged in the profession of arms : derived from service as a soldier. — n. soldiery ; the army. [L. mili- taris — 7niles.'\ militia, mi-lish'a, n. lit. soldiers, an army ; a body of men enrolled and drilled as soldiers, but only liable to home service. [Sp. viilicia — L. ?niles.'] militiaman, mi-lish'a-man, «., a jnatc or soldier in the 7nilitia force. Milk, milk, v.t. lit. to stroke, to handle; to squeeze or draw milk from : to supply with milk -.—pr.p. niilk'ing ; pa.p. milked'. — «.'a white fluid secreted by female mammals for the nourishment of their young: a milk-like juice of certain plants. — n. miUi'er. [A.S. vieolc — nielcan, to milk; Ger. ifiilck — ynelken, to handle ; akin to L. viidgeo, to milk, viiilceo, to stroke, Gr. amelgo, to squeeze.] milksop, milk'sop, «. a piece of bread sopped or soaked in milk : an effeminate, silly fellow. milk-tree, milk'-tre, n., a tree yielding a milk-like, nourishing juice, as the cow-tree of S. America, milky, milk'i, adj., made of, full of, like, or yielding milk; soft ; gentle. — rtrtJ'z/. milk'ily. — n. milk'iness. — milk'y-way, in astr., a broad, luminous or whitish zone in the sky, supposed to be the light of in- numerable fixed stars. Mill, mil, n. a machine j^r^r/«df/«^ any substance, as grain, by crushing it between two hard, rough surfaces. — v.t. to grind; to press or stamp in a mill ; to stamp, as coin ; to clean, as cloth -.—pr.p. miiring ; pa.p. milled'.— «. mill'er. [old E., A.S. jftiln, Ger. viillde, Gr. myle, L. mola, a mill — molo, to grind, akin to Sans. 7iirid, to bruise.] mill-cog, mil'-kog, 7i. , a cog of a 7nill-zuheel. mill-dam, mil'-dam, mill-pond, mil'-pond, 7i., a da7n or p07id to hold water for driving a 7/iill. miUer, mil'er, «. one who attends a corn-7nill. miller's-thimib, mil'erz-thum, tt. a small fresh-water fish with a large, broad, and rounded head like a niillers thmnb, the river bull-head. millrace, mil'ras, «., the czirre7it of -water that turns a 7nill-'wheel, or the canal in which it runs. millstone, mil'stOn, «. one of the two sto7ies used i7i a 77iill for grinding corn. miUstone-grit, mil'stOn-grit, w. m. geol.,2^\v3C[^ gritty variety of sandstone in the coal-measures, very suitableyl;/' 7nillsto7ies. millwright, mil'rlt, 71., a luright or mechanic who builds and repairs 7nills. Millenary, mil'lQ-n3.r-i, adj., co7isisti7tg of a tho7isand. — n. a thousand years. [L. 7nille7uirins — mille7ii, a thousand each — 77iille, a thousand.] millennium, mil-len'i-um, n., a thousa7ui years ; the thousand years during which, as some believe, Mince Christ will personally reign on the earth. [L. mille, a thousand, a?ntiis, a year.] millenarian, mil-le-nari-an, adj. , lasti7ig a thonsafid years; pertaining to the millennium. — n. one believing in the millennium. — fis. millena'rianism, mil'lenarism, the doctrine of millenarians. millennial, mil-len'i-al, adj., pertaining to a thous- afid years ; pertaining to the millennium. millennianism, mil-len'i-an-izm, millenniarism, mil- len'i-ar-izm, ?;., belief in the 7!2ille7miimi. — n. millenn'ialist, a believer in the millennium. milleped, mil'e-ped, 71. lit. att- a?ii7>ial with a thousand feet ; a small worm-like animal, with an immense number of legs. — -//.mill'epedesf-pedz). [L. 77iillepeda — 7nille, 3.nd pes, pedis, a foot.] millesimal, mil-les'im-al, adj., thousa7idth ; con- sisting of thousandth parts. — adv. milles'imally. [L. 77iillesi7ims — 7>tille, thousand.] million, mil'yun, «., a thousa7id thousa7tds (1,000,000) ; a very great number, [low L. 7nillio — L. 7nille, thousand.] millionaire, mil'yun-ar, 71. a man worth a viillion of money or enormously rich. [Fr.] millionary, mil'yun-ar-i, adj., pertaining to or con- sisting of 7nillio>is. millionth, mil'yunth, adj. or 71. the ten hundred thousandth. Millet, miret,«. areedintheE. Indies, yielding grain used for food : a hardy grass of several species. [A.S. 77iil, Fr. t)iil, 7nillet, L. 77iiliu7n; from mille, thousand, from the number of its seeds.] miliary, mH'yar-I, adj., rcse/7ddi>ig a 7nillet-seed ; attended with an eruption of small red pimples, like millet-seeds, as fever. [L. 77iilii0)t.} Milliner, mll'In-er, 71. one who makes head-dresses, bonnets, &c. for women. \Mila7ter, a native of Milan, famous for its manufactures of .gulk and ribbons.] millinery, mil'In-er-i, «. , the articles made or sold by 7nilli7iers. Milt, milt, n. the soft 7>iilk-like roe of fishes : in anat., the spleen. — v.t. to impregnate, as the spawn of the female fish •.—pr.p. milt'ing ; pa.p. milt'ed. — 71. milt'er, a male fish. [Ger. 7/iilch, milk, anything like milk, milt; Ice. i7ijaltir, a milking.] Mimetic, ml-met'Ik, mimetical, mi-met'ik-.al, adj., apt to 7)iimic or i7/iitaie. [Gr. i7iii7zetikos — • 7iii7!ios, an Imitator.] mimic, mim'ik, mimical, mim'ik-al, adj., i}7zitative; apt to copy ; consisting of ludicrous Imitation : miniature. [L. I7ii7nictis, Gr. 7ni77iikos — 7/ti7/ios.'\ mimic, mim'ik, v.t., to iinitate for sport .-—/r./. mim'Icking •,pa.p. mim'icked. — n. one who mimics or imitates ; a buffoon : a servile Imitator. mimicry, mim'Ik-ri, 7t., act or practice of 07ie who 17li77licS. Minaret, min'a-ret, n. lit. a lanter7i, a light-house : a turret on a Mohammedan mosque, from which the people are summoned to prayers. [Ar. 7na7i- arat, light-house — nara, to shine, akin to Heb. 77itiora, a candlestick — 7nir, to give light.] Mince, mins, v.t. to cut i7ito S7nall pieces ; to chop fine : to di/imiish or suppress a part in speaking ; to pronounce affectedly. — v.i.to walk with affected nicety ; to speak affectedly :^pr.p. minc'ing ; pa.p. minced (minst'). [old Fr. 7>iincer,¥r. 7)ien- uiser, to break or cut small — L. 7ni7iuo, to make less — 77tinor, less: or A.S. 77ii}isia7i — w/«, less, Goth. 7ni7is, Fr. 7>ti7ice, very thin, old Ger. i7ii7i7iisto, superl. of wz/«, less.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; ih^n. . 321 minced-pie minced-pie, minst'-pT, mince-ple, mins'-pl, «., a pie made with minced-nieat, &c. mincing, mins'ing, adj. not giving fully ; speakfng or walking with affected nicety. — adv. minc'ingly. Mind, mind, n. the faculty by which we think, &;c. ; the understanding ; the soul : choice ; intention : thoughts or sentiments; belief: remembrance: in ^..disposition. — v.t. orig. to remind; to attend to ; to obey : (Scotch) to remember :— c./. in B., to intend :—pr.p. mlnd'ing : pa.p. mlnd'ed. [A.S. mynd; myndan, to remind; Ger. jfieinen, to think; Ger. vtalmen, L. tnoneo, to put in mind ; L. mens, mentis, the mind — Sans, root matt, to think.] minded, mlnd'ed, adj., having a mind; disposed; determined. — ;/. mind'edness. mindful, niTndTool, adj., bearing in mind; attentive; observant.— i^c/jy. mind'fully. — n. mind'fulness. mindless, mlnd'les, adj., wit/iout juind; stupid. Mine, mTn, adj., pron., belonging to me; my. [A.S. min, Ger. mein.] See Me, My. Mine, mln, n. a place from which stones or metals are dug : an excavation dug under a fortification to blow it up with gunpowder : a rich source of wealth. — v.i. to dig or form mines ; to excavate ; to burrow. — v.t. to form mines under; to des- troy by secret means:— /r./. mining; pa.p. mined'. [Fr. miner, to dig under ground — 7nine, It. mina, a mine ; Gael, meinn, W. 7nw7i, inwyn, ore, a mine, maen, a stone.] miner, min'er, n., one who digs in a mine, [mines. mining, min'ing, n., the art o/forming or working mineral, min'er-al, «. lit. that which is dug out ofa mine; any substance containing a metal. — adj. relating to minerals ; impregnated with minerals, as water ; a term applied to inorganic substances. [Fr. — low L. ini)ie7-ale — minera, a mine.] mineralise, min'er-al-Iz, v.i., to 7nahe into a min- eral; to give the properties ofa mineral to ; to impregnate with mineral matter. — v.i. to collect minerals -.—pr-p. min'erallsing ; pa.p. min'er- allsed. — n. mineralisa'tion. mineralist, min'er-al-ist, n., one versed in or employed about jnincrals. mineralogy, min-er-al'o-ji,;/., tJie science oiminerals ; the art of describing and classifying minerals. [mineral, and Gr. logos, discourse, science. ]_ mineralogical, mln-er-al-oj'ik-al, ad j ., pertaining to tnineralogy. — adv. mineralog'ically, mineralogist, min-er-al'o-jlst, n., oie versed in mi7ieralogy. Minever, min'e-ver, n. same as Meniver. Mingle, ming'gl, v.t., to mix; to unite into one mass : to confuse : to join in mutual intercourse. — v.i. to be mi.Ked or confused :— /n/. ming'ling ; pa.p. ming'led.— ;:. ming'ler. [A.S. mcengan, Dutch, 7ne)igelen, Gr. 7nignuo, to mix.] _ mingling, ming^gling, «., 7nixiure; a mixing or blending together. — adv. ming'lingly. Miniature, mln'i-a-tur or min'i-tur, «. lit. a painting in vertnilion ; a painting on a small scale. — adj. on a small scale ; minute. — v.t. to represent on a small scale. [Fr. — low L. ininiatiira, a painting like those used to ornament manuscripts — 7)iinio, to write with red lead — L. 7niniu7n, vermihon.] Minikin. See under Minlim. Minim, min'im, «. \\\..anythingvery S7)tall; in 7ned., the smallest liquid measure, a drop, ^^ drachm : in 7niisic, a note ^, equal to two crotchets. [Fr. i7tini7/ie — L. minimiis, the least, the smallest.] Mint , min'i-mum, «., tlu least qua7itity or degree possible ; a trifle.—//, min'ima. [L.] Mining. See under Mine. Minion, min'yun, «., a darling, a/avo7(rite, esp. ofa prince ; a flatterer : in printing, a small kind of tj^pe. [Fr. 77tigno7t, a darling — old Ger. minni, 7)tinfiia, love, I7ti7i7ie, my love ; Dutch, i)!inne>i, to love.] minikin, min'i-kin, 71., a little darling: a small sort of pin. — adj. small, [dim. of Minion.] Minish, min'ish, v.t. in B., to 7nake little or less; to diminish : — pr.p. min'ishing ; pa.p. min'ished. [Fr. 7ne7iinser — L. Tttinuo, to lessen — mi7ior, less.] See Minor. Minister, min'is-ter, «., ojie iti a lower positioTt ; a servant : one serving'at the altar ; a clergyman : one transacting business under another ; one en- trusted with the management of state affairs ; the representative of a government at a foreign court. — v.i. to attend, as a servant ; to perform duties ; to give things needful. — v.t. to furnish :^^n/. min'istering '.pa.p. min'istered. [L. — mifior, less. See Minor.] See Magistrate. ministerial, min-is-te'ri-al, adj. ,periainingto attend- ance as a ser-jant ; acting under superior authority : pertaining to the office of a minister; clerical ; executive. — adv. ministe'rially. ministrant, min'is-trant, adj., acting as a 7ni7tister; administering ; attendant. [L. 7nifiistra7iS, -antis, pr.p. oi7ninistro, to minister — /nifiisier.] ministration, min-is-tra'shun, «., act 0/ 7ni7iisteTdng or performing service : office or service of a min- ister. [L. 7/nnistratio — 77ii7iistro.'\ ministrative, min'is-trat-iv, adj., mi7iistering ; serv- ing to aid or assist. ministry, min'is-tri, «., act 0/ 77tinisteri7ig ; service: office or duties ofa minister: the clergy; the clerical profession : the body of ministers of state. Miniver, same as Meniver. Mink, mingk, «. a small quadruped of the weasel kind, valued for its fur. [a form of Minx.] Minnow, min'o, «., a very sinall fresh-water fish; the young of larger fish, [old Fr. 7ne7iuise — 7>ie7ii(, small, from root of Minor.] Minor, mi'nor, adj., s7/ialler; less; inferior in im- portance, degree, bulk, &c. ; inconsiderable ; lower : in 77iusic, lower by a semitone : in logic, the term ofa syllogism which forms the subject of the conclusion. — n. a person under age (21 years). [L. (comp. o{ parviis, small) — root ;«««, small.] minority, mi-nor'i-ti, «., the state ofbci7ig a 7ni7ior or under age : the smaller number : — opposed to majority. Minotaur, min'o-t.awr, «., tJie hull of Mi7ios, a fab- ulous monster, half man half bull. [L. 7tti7io- taiirus — Minos, an ancient king of Crete, and tatiTtis, a bull.] Minster, min'ster, 71., the church ofa monastery or one to which a monastery has been attached ; sometimes, a cathedral church. [A. S. 77iynster, old Fr. 77i07istier, L. 77i07iasteriu77i, a monastery.] Minstrel, min'strel, «. one who j/ii/tistered to the amusement of the rich by music or jesting; one of an order of men who sang to the harp verses composed by themselves or others ; a musician, [old Fr. 77ie7iestrel, low L. 7ni/iistrellus, from L. 77ti7iister.'\ See Minister. minstrelsy, min'strel-si, «., ilie art or occupation 0} a 77ii7istrel: the collective body of minstrels; a body of song ; instrumental music. Mint, mint, n. the place where money is coined by fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thtxu minter authority; a place where anything is invented or fabricated ; any source of abundant supply. — v.i. to coin : to invent :—pr.p. mint'ing ; pa.p. mint'ed. [A. S. iny^iet, money, Ger. iniinze, L. ■mo)ieta, a surname of Juno, in whose temple at Rome money was coined — ?noneo, to remind.] minter, mint'er, 7i., 07ie who inijits or coins; an inventor, mintage, mint'aj, n., that which is minted or coified; the duty paid for coining. Mint, mint, n. an aromatic plant producing a highly odoriferous oil. [A.S. mi7ite, Dutch, munie, Ger. miiiize, L. juentha, Gr. viititha.\ Minuend, min'u-end, n. the number to be lessened by stibtraction. [L. mitiuendum — jnitmo, to lessen, from root of Minor.] minuet, min'u-et, n. a slow, graceful dance with short steps; the tune regulating such a dance. [Fr. menuet — 7nenu, small — root of Minor.] minus, mi'nus, adj., less; the sign ( — ) before quan- tities requiring to be subtracted. [L,, neuter of minor, less.] minute, rm-nut',adj.verys7;zall; extremely slender or little : of small consequence ; slight : atten- tive to small things; particular; exa.ct.— adv. minute'ly. — u. minute'ness. [Fr., L. mimitus, pa. p. of miiiuo, to lessen.] minute, min'it, or -ut, n. lit. somethitig i7timtte or very small ; the sixtieth part of an hour ; the sixtieth part of a degree ; an indefinitely small space of time: a brief jotting or note. — v.t. to make a brief jotting or note of anything :—/r./. min'uting ; pa.p. min'uted. minute-book, min'it-book, n., a hook containing tnimites or short notes, minute-glass, min'it-glas, «., a glass the sand of which measures a iiiimite in running, minute-gun, min'it-gtm, «., a gun discharged every minute, as a signal of distress or mourning, minute-hand, min'it-hand, «., tJie hand that points to the minutes on a clock or watch, minutiae, mi-nu'shi-e, n., 7ni7iute or small thi7igs ; the smallest particulars or details. [L.] Minx, mingks, «. lit. a little pet; a. pert young girl ; a she-puppy : a mink, [contr. of minikin.] Miocene, ml'o-sen, adj. in geol., less recent, applied to the middle division of the tertiary strata. [Gr. 7neidn, less, and kainos, recent.] Miracle, mir'a-kl, «. lit. that which causes ad7nira- tion or wonder; anything wonderful: a prodigy; anything beyond human power, and deviating from the common action of the laws of nature ; a supernatural event. [Fr. ; L, 7niraculHm, from 7niror, mimtus, to wonder.] miraculous, mi-rak'u-lus, adj'., of the ftature of a jniracle; done by supernatural power; very wonderful : able to perform miracles. — adv. mirac'ulously. — n. mirac'ulousness. Mirage, mi-riizh', 7i. an optical illusion by which objects are seen double as if reflected itt a mirror, or appear as if suspended in the air. [Fr., from root of Mirror.] Mire, mlr, 71., 7narshy gro7ind ; deep mud. — v.t. to plunge and fix in mire ; to soil with mud. — v.i. to sink in mud : — pr.p. mir'ing ; pa.p. mired'. [Ice. 7nyri, marsh, Dutch, tnoer, mud, bog.] miry, mlr'i, adj'., cofisistingo/or abounding in 7nire; covered with mire. — n. mir'iness. Mirror, mir'ur, n. ht. so7nething wofider/ul ; a look- ing-glass ; any polished substance in which objects maybe seen; a pattern. — v.t. to reflect Miscreant as in a mirror -.—pr.p. mirr'oring ; pa.p. mirr'ored. [b r. 77ttroir—L. 7niror, -atus, to wonder at.] Mirth, merth, «., 77ierri7iess ; pleasure; delio-ht • noisy gaiety; jollity; laughter. [A.S. 77nrth Gael. >7iircadh—mir, to sport.] See Merry mirthful, merth'fool, adj., full of vtirtk or merri- ment ; merry ; jovial.— rt^/^. mirth'fully.— ;z. mirth'fulness. Miry. See under Mire. Misadventure, mis-ad-ven'tur, «., a7t wiforhmate adve7iture ; ill-luck; disaster. [A.S. prefix ww, ill, and Adventure.] Misadvised, mis-ad- vizd', adj., ill-advised, ill- directed. Misalliance, mis-al-ll'ans, «., a had or improper alliajtce or association. Misanthrope, mis'an-throp, Misanthropist, mis-an'- thro-pist, «., a hater of 77tanki7id. [Fr.— Gr. 77tisanthropos—mised, to hate, a7ithropos, a man.] inisanthropic, mis-an-throp'ik, misanthropical, mis- an-throp'ik-al, adj., hati7ig 77ianki7id.—adv. misanthrop'ically. misanthropy, mis-an' thro-pi, «., hatred to 7na7ikind. Llisapply, mis-ap-pli', v. t. , to apply a7niss or wrongly. — n. misapplica'tion. [pfx. 77iis, and Apply.] Misapprehend, mis-ap-pre-hend', v.t., to apprehend wrongly. — n. misapprehen'sion. Misappropriate, mis-ap-pro'pri-at, v.i., to appropri- ate wro7igly. — n. misappropria'tion. Kisarrange, mis-ar-ranj', v.t., to arra7ige wro7igly . — 71. misarrange'ment. Misbecome, mis-be-kum', v.t., to ill heco7ne ; not to suit or befit. Misbehave, mis-bc-hav', v.i., to hehave ill or im- properly. — n. misbehav'iour. Misbelieve, mis-be-lev', v.t., to believe wrongly or falsely. — 71s. misbelief, misbeliev'er. Miscall, mis-kawl', v.t., to call by a wrong name ; to abuse or revile. Miscalculate, mis-kalTcu-lat, v.t., to calculate wrongly. — «. miscalcula'tion. Miscarry, mis-kar'i, v.i., to carry had ly ; to be unsuc- cessful ; to fail of the intended effect ; to bring forth, as young, prematurely. — n. miscarr'iage. filiscellaneous, mis-sel-lan'i-us, adj., 77tixed or mingled ; consisting of several kinds. — adv. mis- cellan'eously. — 7t. miscellan'eousness. [L. miscel- Ia7ie7is — j7tisceo, to mix. See Mix.] miscellany, mis'el-an-i, «. lit. a 77iixture of various kinds ; a collection of writings on different sub- jects. — n. mis'cellanist, a writer of miscellanies. Mischance, mis-chans', «., an ill chance ; ill-luck; mishap, misfortune; calamity. Mischief, mis'chif, «., that which comes to a head or ends ill; an ill consequence; evil; injury ; damage, [old Fr. meschef, from 77iis, ill, and chef, L. capiit, the head.] mischievous, mis'chiv-us, adj., caiising mischief; injurious ; prone to mischief. — adv. mis'chiev- ously. — 71. mis'chievousness. Misconceive, mis-kon-sev', v.t,, to conceive wro7tgly ; to mistake. — v.i. to have a wrong conception of anything. — n. misconcep'tion. Rlisconduct, mis-kon'dukt, «., bad conduct. — v.t, misconduct', to conduct badly. Misconstrue, mis-kon'stroo, v.t., to construe oiiatQt' pret wro7igly. — n. misconstruc'tion. Miscount, mis-kount', v.t., to count wrongly. — », a wrong counting. Miscreant, mis'kre-ant, «. lit. an unbeliever, for- meily an infidel ; a vile or unprincipled fellow. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moSn ; //zen. 323 Misdate {old Fr. mescreant, It. miscredente — mis, and L. credetis, -entis, pr.p. ol credo, to believe.] Miadate, mis-dat', «., a wrotig date. — v.t. to date wrongly or erroneously. Misdeed, mis-ded', «., a bad deed ; fault ; crime. Misdemeanour, mis-de-mcn'ur, n., ill defneanour ; bad conduct ; a petty crime. Misdirect, mis-di-rekt', v.t., to direct wrongly.— 7i. misdirection. Misdo, mis-doo', v.t., to do wrongly ; to commit a crime or fault. — n. misdo'er. Misemploy, mis-em-plo/, v.t., to employ wro)tgly or amiss , to misuse. Miser, ml'zer, n. a fniserable or wretched person ; an extremely covetous fjerson ; a niggard ; one whose chief pleasure is the hoarding of wealth. [L. miser, wretched or miserable.] xnifierable, miz'er-abl, adj., wretched or exceedingly unhappy; causing misery: very poor or mean; worthless ; despicable ; barren. — adv. mis'erably. — n. mis'erableness. [L. miserahilis.'\ miserly, mi'zer-li, adj., like a miser; excessively covetous ; sordid ; niggardly. misery, miz'cr-i, n., wretchedfiess; great unhappi- ness ; extreme pain of body or mind. [L. miseria.] Miserere, miz-e-rc're, n. lit. /lave mercy; in R. Cath. Church, the 51st psalm, beginning with this word, and usually appointed for penitential acts : a musical composition adapted to this psalm. [L. 2d. pers. sing, imperative of 7nise- reor, to have mercy — 7niser.'\ Misfortune, mis-for'lun, «., ill-forttme; an evil accident ; calamity. Tilisgive, mis-giv', v.t. orlg. to give amiss; to fill with doubt ; to fail, as the heart. — n. misgii/ing, a failing of confidence ; mistrust. Misgotten, mis-got'n, adj., wrojigly gotten ; unjustly obtained. Misgovern, mis-guv'em, v.t., to govertiill. — n. mis- gov'emment. Misguide, mis-gld', v.t., to gicide wrongly ; to lead into error. — 71. misguidance. Mishap, mis-hap', «., ill hap or chance ; accident ; ill-luck ; misfortune. Misimprove, mis-im-prijov', v.t., to i)7tprove or use to a bad purpose ; to abuse ; to misuse. — «. mis- improve'ment. Misinform, mis-in-form', v.t., to i7ifor7n or tell 171- cor7-ectly. — 71s. misinforma'tion, misinform'er. Misinterpret, mis-in-ter'pret, v.t., to intc7prct wrongly. — 7is. misinterpreta'tion, misinter'preter. Mi^oin, mis-join', v.t., to join i/!tp7-opC7-ly or unfitly. misjoinder, mis-join'der, w. in la7v, a7i i/icor^rct 7tnion of parties or of causes of action in a suit. Ml^udge, mis-juj', v.t. and t., to judge wro7igly. — «. misjudg'ment. Mislay, mis-LV, v.t., to lay /« a wrong place or in a place not remembered ; to lose. Miale, miz'l. See under Mist. Mialead, mis-led', z'.t., to lead wrong; to guide into error ; to cause to mistake. Misletoe. Sec Mistletoe. Mismanage, mis-man'aj, v.t., to 7)ia7iage or conduct ill. — 71. mismanagement. Misname, mis-nam', v.t., to call by the wrong 7ia7ne. misnomer, mis-nO'mer, «., a 7nisnaini>ig; a wrong name, [prefix 7nis, and Fr. 7io7/t7/tcr, L. 7to7/ii7io, to name.] See Name. Misogamist, mis-og'a-mist, «., a hater of 77iarriage. — 71. misog'amy. [Gr. 7nisco, to hate, and ga7/ios, marriage.] Mistake Misogynist, mis-oj'i-nist, «., a W077ia7i hater. — n. misogyny. [Gr. 77iised, to hate, andgy/ie, a woman.] Misplace, mis-plas', v.t. to put in a wrofig place ; to set on an improper object. — «. misplace'ment. Misprint, mis-print', v.t., to pri7it wro7ig.—7i. a mistake in printing. Misprize, mis-prlz', v.t. to prize lightly ; to slight or under\'alue. Mispronounce, mis-pro-nouns', v.t., to pro7iounce incorrectly. mispronunciation, mis-pro-nun-si-a'shun, «., wrong or improper pro7t7i7iciatio7i. Iffisquote, mis-kwOt', v.t., to quote wrongly. — n. misquotation, a wrong quotation. Misreckon, mis-rek'n, zi.t., to reckon or compute wro7igly. — 71. misreck'oning. Misrepresent, mis-rep-re-zent', v.t., to represent i/icorrectly. — «. misrepresenta'tion. Misrule, mis-rool', «., wro7ig or unjust rzde; dis- order ; tumult. Miss, mis, «. a title of address of an unmarried female; a young woman or girl.— ^/. Miss'es. [contracted from Mistress.] Miss, mis, v.t. to fail to hit, reach, find, or keep; to omit ; to fail to have ; to discover the absence of; to feel the want of — v.i. to fail to hit; to deviate from the true direction ; to mistake ; not to succeed; to fail to obtain, learn, or find: — pr.p.rn\'s>s'\nz; pa.p. missed'. — «., a deviation from the mark. [A.S. 7nissia7i, Dutch, 77iisse7i, to miss ; Ice. 7nissa, to lose.] missing, mis'ing, adj. absent from the place where it was expected to be found ; lost ; wanting. Missal, mis'al, «. the Roman Catholic 7nass-book. [low L. 7iiissale, from 7nissa, mass.] See Mass. Missel, Misseltoe. See Mistletoe. Iklisshape, mis-shap', v.t., to shape ill; to deform. Missile, mis'il, adj., that 77tay be thrown from the hand or any instrument. — «. a missile weapon. [L. 77iissilis — 77iitto, 7/iiss7i77t, to send, throw.] mission, mish'un, 71., a se7iding; a being sent with certain powers, esp. to propagate religion ; per- sons sent on a mission ; an embassy ; a station or association of missionaries ; duty on which one is sent ; purpose of life. [Fr. ; L. 77iissio.'\ missionary, mish'un-ar-i, «., 07ie sc7it 7tpo)i a mis- sio7i to propagate religion. — adj. pertaining to missions. [Fr. 7)iissio7i7iaire.'\ missive, mis'iv, adj., that 7nay be se7it ; intended to be thrown or hurled. — «., that which is sent, as a letter. [Fr. ; \t. 7/iissiva.'\ Missing. See under Miss, v.t. Misspell, mis-spel', v.t., to spell wrong. — «. mis- spell'ing, a wrong spelling. Misspend, mis-spend', v.t., to spc7td\)\; to waste or squander. Misstate, mis-st'it', v.t., to state W7-07tgly or falsely. — 71. misstatement. Mist, mist, «., that 7vhic7id\ras or darke7is ; watery vapour in tlie atmosphere ; rain falling in very fine drops. [A..S. 77iist, mist, darkness, /nistia7i, to darken ; Ice. 7/iistr; Dutch, mist, 7niest.] aistle, misle, mizzle, miz'l, v.i. to fall in very fine drops, like a thick 7nist or rain. mizzle, miz'l, «., 7nist; fine rain. misty, mist'i, adj., full of 7/tist ; dim; obscure. — adv. mist'ily. — n. mist'iness. Mistake, mis-t'dc', r'-z*. lit. to take wro7igly ; to under- stand erroneously ; to take one thing or person for another. — v.i. to err in opinion or judgment. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; tit^ru mistaken Mode I' —n. a taking or understanding wrongly ; an error, [prefix mis, and Take.] mistaken, mis-tak'n, adj., taken or understood incorrectly ; guilty of a mistake ; in error : errone- ous ; incorrect. — adv. mistak'enly. Mister, mis'ter, n., viaster; sir; — a title of address to a man, written Mr. [a form of Master.] Misterm, mis-term', v.t., to term or name wrongly. Mistime, mis-tlm', v.t., to time wrongly. Mistiness. See under Mist. Mistitle, mis-tl'tl, v.t., to call by a wrong title. Mistle. See under Mist. Mistletoe, Misletoe, miz'l-to, «. a parasitic evergreen plant, sometimes found on the apple and oak. [A.S. misielta; Ger. inistcl; Ice. viistelteinn — inistel, perhaps = L. visciis, bird-lime, and teinn, A.S. tan, a twig, sprout.] missel, miz'l, missel-bird, mizl-berd, n. the largest of the European thrushes, which feeds on the berries of the mistletoe. Mistranslate, mis-trans-lat', v.t., to translate incor- rectly. — ;/. mistransla'tion. Mistress, mis'tres, n. [fem. of Master), lit. a woma7i who is great or mighty ; a woman having power, or ownership ; the female head of a family, school, &c. : a woman well skilled in anything : a woman loved ; a concubine : a form of address, usually written Mrs. [old Fr. jnaistrcsse ; Fr. viaitresse, from root of Master.] Mistrust, mis-trust', n.,want of trust or confidence. — v.t. to regard with suspicion ; to doubt. mistrustful, mis-trust'fool, adj., full of mistrust. — adv. mistrustfully.— «. mistrust'fulness. Misty. See under Mist. Misunderstand, mis-un-der-stand', v.t., to under- stand wrongly ; to take in a wrong sense. misimderstanding, mis-un-der-stand'ing, n., wrong 7tndersta7iding: disagreement ; difference. Misuse, mis-uz', v.t., to nse improperly; to treat ill; to abuse. — n. misuse, -us', improper use; em- ployment to a bad purpose. Mite, mlt, n. a very minute insect, which gener- ally breeds in cheese, so called from itssmallness : the minutest or smallest of coins, about ^ of a farthing ; anything very small ; a very little quantity. [A.S. and Fr. mite for mijuite ; L. mimdnnt. See Minute.] mity, mlt'i, adj.,fjdl of vntes or insects. Mitigate, mit'i-gat, v.t., to make soft or mild; to alleviate ; to soften in severity ; to temper ; to reduce in amount : — pr.p. mit'iguting ; pa. p. mit'- igated. [L. mitigo, -atiint — mitis, soft, mild.] mitigable, mit'i-gabl, adj., that can be Diitigated. mitigative, mit'i-gat-iv, adj., tending to mitigate ; soothing. [L. mitigatiznts.'] mitigator, mit'i-gat-or, 71., one who mitigates. mitigation, mit-i-ga'shun, n., act of mitigating ; alleviation ; abatement. Mitre, ml'ter, n., a head-dress or crown of arch- bishops and bishops, and sometimes of abbots; fig. episcopal dignity : in arch., a junction of two pieces, as of moulding, at an angle of 45°. — v.t. to adorn with a mitre : to unite at an angle of 45° : — pr.p. ml'tring ; /«./. ml'tred. [Fr. ; L. mitra; Gr. mitra, head-dress, akin to mitos, thread.] mitral, mi'tral, adj., of ox resembling a vntre. [Fr.] mitriform, mit'rl-form, adj., having the form of a mitre : in bot., conical, and somewhat dilated at the base. [Mitre, and Form.] Mitt, mit. Mitten, mit'n, 71. lit. a coverfor the ha7td ; a kind of glove for winter use, without a separate cover for each finger ; a glove for the hand and wrist, but not the fingers. [Fr. mitaine ; Gael. viuta7i—i7tath, the hand.] Mity. See under Mite. Mix, miks, v.t. to unite two or more things into one mass; to mingle; to associate. — v.i. to be- come mi.xed ; to be joined ; to associate : — pr.p. mix'ing ; /a./, mixed'. — «. mix'er. [A.S. 7>iiscan: Ger. i7tische7i; L. misceo ; Gr. 7tng7iu}jn, i7iisgd ; Sans. ;«zpr.] mixture, miks'tur, n., act of }7tixi7tg or state of bei7ig i7iixed ; a mass or compound formed by mixing : in che7n. , a composition in which the ingredients retain their properties. Mizzen, miz'n, n. in a three-masted vessel, the hind- most of the fore and aft sails, lying along the f7iiddleo{the ship. — adj. belongingto the mizzen ; nearest the stern. [It. tnezza/ia, from mezzo, L. i7iedius, the middle.] mizzen-mast, miz'n-mast, 71., the viast that bears the 77iizzc7t. Mizzle. See under Mist. Mnemonic, ne-mon'ik, Mnemonical, ne-mon'ik-al, adj., assisti7ig the 77ie77iory. [Gr. m7iei7io7tikos —77i7ie77zd7t, mindful — 7n7iaomai, to remember.] mnemonics, ne-mon'iks, 7i., the art or scie7ice of assisti7tg the mei7iory. Moan, mon, v.i. to make a low sound of grief or pain; to lament audibly. — v.t. to lament.— «. audible expression of pain -.—pr.p. moan'ing ; pa.p. moaned'. [A.S. mce7ia7i.'\ Moat, mot, «. a deep trench round a castle or forti- fied place, sometimes filled with water. — v.t. to surround with a moat -.^pr.p. moat'ing ; pa.p. moat'ed. [Fr. motte, a clod, hillock ; 77iothe, a little earthen fortress ; It. 77iotta, clod, >/iota, mud, turf; perhaps from the root of Mote.] Mob, mob, «., the i/iobile or fickle common people ; the vulgar ; a disorderly crowd ; a riotous assem- bly. — v.t. to attack in a disorderly crowd; to harass tumultuously -.—pr.p. mobb'ing ; pa.p. mobbed', [obs. E. 77iobile ; L. 77tobile vulgus — viobilis, movable, from moveo, to move, and vulgiis, the people.] See Move. mobile, mO'bil or mo-bel', adj., that ca7t be moved or excited. — «. mobility, qtiality of bei7ig 7/iobile. mobilise, mob'i-llz, v.t. lit. to co7ivcrt i7ito 7/iovables ; to call into active service, as troops. — 7t. mobilisa'- tion. [Fr. 77iobiliser.'\ Moccasin, mok'a-sin, 71. a shoe of deer-skin or other soft leather, worn by the North American Indians, [a native word.] Mock, mok, v.t. lit. to make 7no7us or vi07dhs at; to laugh at ; to make sport of ; to mimic in ridicule : to disappoint the hopes of; to deceive : —pr.p. mock'ing ; pa.p. mocked'. — «. ridicule ; a sneer. — adj. imitating reality, but not real ; false. ^;/. mock'er. — adv. mockingly. [Fr. 77toquer, Gr. 77itccke7i, to mock, 7/tokos, mockery : prob. from making 7nozvs or mouths at one.] mockery, mok'er-i, mocking, mok'ing, ;/., act of 77iocki7ig; derision ; ridicule : subject of laughter or sport ; vain imitation ; false show. [Fr. i7ioquerie — 77:oq7(er.'\ mocking-bird, mok'ing-berd, «. a bird of North America, of the thrush family, which 77tocks or imitates the notes of birds and other sounds. Mode, mod, «. lit. a 77zeasnre ; rule ; custom ; form; manner of existing : that which exists only as a fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. 32s modal Molasses quality of substance : in logic, the form of the syllogism: \w gram. , \!iiQ inflection of a verb ex- pressing the manner of action or being, also called mood : in mtisic, the arrangement of the intervals in the scale, as major and minor. [L. ■jnodus, a measure, from Sans. niA, to measure.] See Mete. modal, mOd'al, adj., relating to mode or form ; consisting of mode only : in logic, indicating some mode of expression. — adv. mod'allj. — n. modal'ity. modalist, mGd'al-ist, n. in ihcol., one of a class who consider the three persons of the Godhead as only modes of being, and not as distinct persons. modlsb, mCd'ish, adj., according to or in tfie mode; fashionable. — adv. mod'ishly. — n. mod'ishness. modist, mud'ist, n. , one who follows the mode or fashion. — modiste, mo-dest', n. one who makes dresses according to the fashionable mode. [Fr.] nodel, mod'el, n. something to shew the mode or way ; something to be copied ; a pattern ; a mould ; an imitation of something on a smaller scale: something worthy of imitation. — v.t. to form after a model ; to shape : to make a model or copy of; to form in some soft material. — v.i. to practise modelling -.—pr.p. mod'elling ; pa.p. modelled. — 7i. mod'eller. [Fr. viodele — L. mo- dulus, dim. of modies, a measure.] modelling, mod'el-ing, n., the act or art of making a model of something, a branch of sculpture. Moderate, mod'er-at, v.t., to keep within 7nea^ure or bounds ; to regulate ; to reduce in intensity ; to make temperate or reasonable ; to pacify : to decide as a moderator. — v.i. to become less violent or intense : to preside as a moderator : — P'>^-P- mod'erating ; pa. p. mod'erated. — o-dj., kept within measure or bounds ; not excessive or extreme ; temperate ; of middle rate. — adv. moderately. — «. mod'erateness. [L. modero, -atton — modus, a measure.] moderation, mod-er-a'shun, «., act of moderating ; state of being moderated or moderate ; freedom from excess ; calmness of mind. moderatism, mod'er-a-tizm, «., moderate opinioris in religion or politics. moderate, mod-er-a'to, adv. in mttsic, with moderate quickness. [It.] moderator, mod'er-a-tor, «., ojte who or that which moderates or restrains ; one who presides at a meeting. [L.] — n. mod'eratorship. Modem, mod'em, adj., limited to the present or re- cent time ; not ancient. — n. one of modem times ; in pi. the nations after the Greeks and Romans who are called the ancients. — adv. mod'emly. — n. mod'emness. [L. tnodernits — fnodo, only, just now, lit. with a limit (of time) — modtis.l modemiae, mod'cm-Tz, v.t., to render modem; to adapt to the present time : — pr.p. mod'ernlsing ; pa.p. mod crnlsed. — «. mod'emiser. modernism, mod'ern-izm, «., modem practice; something of modem origin. modernist, mod'ern-ist, n. an admirer of the w^Jrt^ifrv/j. Modest, mod'est, adj. keeping within due measure or limits ; restrained by a due sense of propriety ; not forward ; decent ; chaste ; pure and delicate, as thoughts or language : moderate. — adv. mod'- estly. [L. modcstus — modus, a measure.] modesty, mod'est-i, ^., the quality of being modest ; absence of presumption ; decency ; chastity ; purity ; moderation. [Fr. modestie—L,. modestia.] Modicum, mod'i-kum, «., something of a moderate size; a little. [L. — w<7rt'/r/^j, moderate.] Modify, mod'i-fT, v.t., to make or set bounds to ; to moderate : to change the form of ; to vary :— pr.p. mod'ifying ; pa.p. mod'ified. [Fr. modifier — L. iftodifco, -atum — modus, a measure, y«z^/i?, to make.] — ti. modifier. — adj. modifiable. modification, mod-i-fi-ka'shun, n., act of viodify- ing; fbrm or manner. [Fr. — L. modificatio.\ Modish, Modist, Modiste. See under Mode. Modulate, mod'u-lat, v.t., to measjire, to regulate: to vary or inflect, as sounds : in viusic, to change the key or mode. — v.i. to pass from one key into another :—/r./. mod'ulating; /rt./. mod'ulated. [L. modulor, -atus — modulus, a little measure, dim. oi tnodus.^ moiMla,tion,mod-\x-\d.'shun, n., the act of 7nodulating: state of being modulated : in vnisic, the chang- ing of the key-note and the alteration of the original scale by the introduction of a new sharp or flat. modulator, mod'u-lat-or, n. , otie who or that which modjilates : a chart in the Tonic Sol-fa musical notation on which the modulations or transitions from one scale to another are indicated by the relative position of the notes. module, mod'ul, «. in arch., a measure for regulat- ing the proportion of columns : a model. [Fr. — L. inoduhts.] modulus, mod'u-lus, n. in math., a constant multi- plier in a function of a variable, by which the function is adapted to a particular base. Mohair, mo'har, «. the fine silken hair of the Angora goat of Asia Minor ; cloth made of mohair. [Fr. moire, old Fr. mo/iere. It. moerro, Ger. mohr.] Mohammedan, mo-ham'ed-an, adj., pertaining to Mohammed or to his religion. — ;;. a follower of Mohammed ; one who professes Mohammedan- ism : also written Mahometan, Mahom'edan. {^Mo- hamtned, the great prophet of Arabia, bom about 570 — Ar. muhammad, praiseworthy — haviida, to praise, or = the promised Messiah.] Mohammedanise, mo-ham'ed-an-Tz, «., to cotivert to, or make conformable to Mohajnmcdanism. Mohammedanism, mo-ham'ed-an-izm, Mohammed- ism, mo-ham'ed-izm, «.. the religion of Moham- med, contained in the Koran. Mohtir, mo'hur, 71. in British India, a gold coin = fifteen rupees or 30s. [Pers. muhur, a gold coin.] Moiety, moi'e-ti, «., Jialf ; one of two equal parts. [Fr. moitid, Prov. meitat. It. mcdieta — L. ■medietas, middle, \i^M^7ncdius, middle.] Moil, moil, v.t. lit. to wet ; to daub with dirt. — v.i. to toil or labour ; to drudge :— /r./. moil'ing -.pa.p. moiled'. [Fr. mouiller, to wet, It mollaje, to moisten — 7nolle, soft, wet, L. mollis, soft.] Moire, mwor, «. watered silk. [See Mohair.] Moist, moist, adj., damp; humid ; juicy ; contain- ing water or other liquid. — adv. moist'ly. — «. moist'ness. [Fr. moite, old Fr. moiste, L. tnus- iens, fresh, sappy — fnustum, juice of grapes, new wine : also given from L. madidus, moist, and from humectus, moist.] moisten, mois'n, v.t., to make moist ox damp; to wet slightly : — pr.p. mois'tening;/^./. mois'tened. moisture, moist ur, «., moistttess ; that which moistens or makes slightly wet ; a small quantity of any liquid. Molar, mo'lar, adj., grinding, as a w/'//,- used for grinding. — «. a grinding tooth, which is double. [L. molaris — mola, a mill — molo, to grind.] Molasses, mo-las'ez, tt.sing. lit. the lioney-like sub- stance; treacle. [Fr. melasse. Port. 7nela^o — L. mcllaceus, honey-like— w^/, inellis, honey.] 326 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mQte ; mute ; moon ; //^en. Mole Slole, mol, n. a dark-bro^vn spot or viarJc on the human body. [A.S. mixl, Ger. mahl.] Mole, mol, n. a small animal, with very small eyes and soft fur, which burrows in the ground and casts 7ip little heaps of mould, [contr. of mould- warp — A.S. molde, mould, iveorpan, to cast.] — mole'-cast, mole'-hill, us. a little hill or heap of earth cast up by a mole. — mole'-eyed, adj. having eyes like those of a mole ; seeing imperfectly. — mole'-track, «., tlie track made by a mole burrowing. mole-cricket, mol'-krik-et, n. a burrowing insect like a cricket, with fore-legs like those of a mole. mole-rat, mol'-rat, n. a rrtz'-like animal, which burrows like a mole, found in Asia, S.E. of Europe, and Cape of Good Hope. moleskin, mol'skin, n. a superior kind of fustian, so called from its being soft like the skin of a mole. Mole, mol, «., a huge 7)tass of mason-work, as a breakwater ; the port or haven within a mole. [Fr. — L. moles, a huge mass.] molecule, mol'e-kul, n. lit. a little mole or mass ; one of the minute particles of which matter is composed. [Fr., dim. of L. moles, a mass.] molecular, mo-lek'u-lar, adj., belonging to or con- sisting of 7nolecides. — «. molecular'ity. Molest, mo-lest', v.t., to trouble, diistwrb, or annoy : — pr.p. molest'ing ; pa.p. molest'ed.— «. molest'er. [Fr. molester, L. molesto — molesttcs, troublesome — moles, a mass, a difficulty.] molestation, mol-es-ta'shun, 7i., act of molesting ; state of being molested ; annoyance. molestful, mo-lest'fool, adj., troublesome. Mollient, mol'yent, adj., softening; serving to soften ; assuaging. [L. molliens, -entis, pr.p. of mollio, to soften — jnollis, soft.] See emollient. moUify, mol'I-fl, v.t., to make soft or tender; to assuage ; to calm or pacify : — pr.p. moU'ifying ; pa.p. moU'ified. — adj. moU'ifiable. — ;;. moU'ifler. [L. vtollis, soft, facio, to make.] mollification, mol-i-fi-ka'shun, 9i., act of jnollifyittg ; state of being mollified ; mitigation. Mollusc, Mollusk, mol'usk, n. one of the Mollus'ca, those animals which have a soft body, as the snail and all shell-fish. — •//. moll'uscs, moU'usks, or mollus'ca. [L. violluscus, soft — mollis, soft.] molluscan, mol-lus'kan, molluscous, mol-lusTcus, adj., of ox like molluscs. — n. mollus'can, a mollusc. Molten, molt'n, adj., melted; made of melted metal. \p\Apa.p. of Melt.] Moment, mo'ment, n. lit. a movejnent ; moving cause or force : importance in effect ; value : the smallest portion of time in which a movement can be made ; an instant : in mech., a force multiplied by the perpendicular on the axis of motion. [Fr. — L. jnomcntu7H, for movimentum — 7noveo, to move.] momentary, mo'ment-ar-i, adj., lasting for a vto- ment ; done in a moment — adv. mo'mentarily. — ft. mo'mentariness. ' momently, mo'ment-li, adv., for a moment j In a moment ; every moment. momentous, mo-ment'us, adj., of moment or Import- ance ; of great consequence. — adv. moment'ously. — n. moment'ousness. momentum, mo-ment'um, it. the quantity ofmotio7i in a body, which is proportional to the mass multiplied by the velocity.—//, moment'a. Monachal, Monachism. See under Monk. Monad, mon'ad, «. lit. a unit; an ultimate atom: in zool., one of the simplest of animalcules. [Fr. monitory mo7tade — L. inoitas, -adis, Gr. mo7tas, -ados — 77to7ias, solitary — 77ionos, alone.] monadic, mon-ad'ik, monadical, mon-ad'ik-al, adj., bei7ig or resembling a 7no7iad. Monadelpliian, mon-a-del'fi-an, Monadelphous, mon-a- del'fus, adj. In bot., having the stamens jotited into one brotherhood or body by the filaments. [Gr. mo7ios, alone, adelphos, a brother.] Monandrian, mon-an'dri-an, Monandrous, mon-an'- drus, adj. in bot., having only 07ie stamen or 77tale orga7i. [Gr. i)io7ios, and a7ier, a7idros, a male.] Monarch, mon'ark, it. lit. 07ie who rtdcs alone over a nation ; a sovereign : the chief of its kind. — adj. supreme ; superior to others. [Gr. 77tonarcJies — 77tonos, alone, arche, rule — arc/to, to rule.] monarchal, mon-ark'al, adj., pertai7ii7ig to a i7ion- arch; regal. monarchic, mon-ark'ik, monarchical, mon-ark'ik-al, adj., relati7tg to a 7/i07iarch or monarchy ; vested in a single ruler. monarchise, mon'ark -Tz, v.t. to rule over, as a mon- arch ; to convert Into a monarchy '.—pr.p. mon'- archlsing ; pa.p. mon'archlsed. monarchist, mon'ark-ist, 71., an advocate of mon- archy. monarchy, mon'ark-I, n. government headed by a 77i07iarch ; a kingdom. Monastery, mon'as-ter-I, 7t. lit. a house for those who live alone ; a house for monks ; an abbey; a convent. [L. 77io7iaste7-iu7n, Gr. 7nonctsterion — mo7tastes, a monk — 77tonos, alone.] monastic, mon-as'tik, monastical, mon-as'tik-al, adj., pertaini7ig to mo7tasteries, monks, and nuns ; recluse ; solitary.— rt^fz.-. monas'tically. monastic, mon-as'tik, «., a 77to7ik. monasticism, mon-as'ti-sizm, «., 77t07iastic life. Monday, mun'da, «. , the day sac7-ed to the 7noon ; the second day of the week. [Moon, and Day.] Monetary. See under Money. Money, mun'i, «., that which is 77tinted or coined ; coin ; pieces of stamped metal used in commerce ; any currency used as the equivalent of money : wealth.—//. Mon'eys. [Fr. mo7i7iaie, L. 77i07ieta, from root of Mint.] monetary, mun'e-tar-i, adj., relati7tg to mo7tey or monied affairs ; consisting in money. money-broker, mun'i-brok-er, money-changer, munl- chanj-er, n., a broker who deals in 7/zo7iey or excha7iges. moneyed, monied, mun'Id, adj., havi7tg money; rich in money ; consisting in money. moneyless, mun'I-les, adj. , destittde of77ioney. Monger, mung'ger, n., a trader ; a dealer. — v.i. to trade or deal In. [A.S. 7nongere, old Ger., Ice. ma7igari — 7na7tga, to trade ; L. 7nango, a trader.] Mongrel, mung'grel, adj., of a mixed breed. — n. an animal of a mixed breed. [A.S. mcengan, to mix. See Mingle.] Monition, mon-ish'un, n., a remindi7tg or admoit- ishing; warning ; notice. [L. 77io7titio — mo7ieo, -itu77i, to remind — Sans. ma7t, to think.] monitive, mon'i-tiv, adj., co7iveyi7ig ad7nonition. monitor, mon'i-tor, «., 07te who admonishes ; an adviser; an instructor ; a pupil who assists a school- master.— /i'^z. mon'itress. — 7t. mon'itorship. monitorial, mon-I-to'ri-al, adj., relati7ig to a moni- tor ; performed or taught by a monitor. — adv. monito'rially. monitory, nion'i-tor-i, adj., re77tindi7tg or ad7non- ishing ; giving admonition or warning. fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; th&a.. Monk Moon Monk, mungk, «. lit. ofie nvJto lives alone ; a reli- gious recluse ; one of a religious community living in a monastery. [A.S. moncc, It. monaco, L. vionachus, Gr. 7noriachos — monos, alone.] monkish, mungk'ish, adj., pertaining to a monk; like a monk ; monastic. monk's-hood, mungks'-hood, «. the aconite, a poison- ous plant with a flower like a monk's hood. monachal, mon'ak-al, adj., living alo7ie ; pertaining to monks or to a monastic hfe. monachism, mon'ak-izm, «., monastic life ; state of being a monk. Monkey, mungk'i, «., a name of contempt, esp. for a mischievous person ; the order of mammalia next to man, having their feet developed like hands; an ape. [old It. moniccliio, It. monnino — 7)ionna, an old woman, an ape, contr. of madonna, mistress.] Monochord, mon'o-kord, n. a musical instrument of one chord or string. [Gr. monos, alone, Chord.] Monochromatic, mon-o-kro-mat'ik, adj., of one colour only. [Gr. monos, and Chromatic] Monocotyledon, mon-o-kot-i-le'don, «., a plant ivith oily o)ie cotyledon. — adj. monocotyled'onous. [Gr. mo7ios, alone, and Cotyledon.] Monocular, mon-ok'u-lar, Monoculous, mon-ok'u-lus, adj., luith one eye oily. [Gr. 7no7ios, and Ocular.] Monody, mon'o-di, «. a mournful ode or poem in which a single mourner bewails. — adj. monod'ical. [Gr. 7no7ios, single, and Ode.] monodist, mon'o-dist, «., one tvho writes 7no7iodies. Monogamy, mon-og'a-mi, «. , 7narriage to one wife only ; the state of such marriage. — 7i. monog'amist. [Gr. 7no7ios, one, ganios, marriage.] Monogram, mon'o-gram, «., a si7igle letter or char- acter ; a character or cipher of several letters interwoven. [Gr. ;«^«£?.r, alone, ^^(zwwrt, a letter.] Monograph, mon'o-graf, «., a ivrittc/t description of a single thi7ig or class. [Gr. 7710710s, alone, 3.v\d grap/io, to write.] monography, mon-og'ra-fi, «. a representation by Ofie means only, as lines ; an outline drawing. monographic, mon-o-graf'ik, monographical, mon-o- graf'i-kal, adj., pertai/iing to a 77i07iograph ; drawn in lines without colours. monographer, mon-og'ra-fer, monographist, mon-og'- ra-fist, «., a zuriterof7no7tographs. Monogynian, mon-o-jin'i-an, Monogynous, mon-oj'i- nus, adj. in hot., having 07ily o?ie pistil or fe77iale organ. [Gr. 7nonos, alone, and gyfie, a female.] Monolith, mon'o-lith, n. a pillar, or the like, of a si7igle stone. — adjs. monoUth'ic, monolith'al. [Gr. monos, alone, and lithos, stone.] Monologue, mono-log, «., a speech uttered hy 07ie person ; soliloquy ; a poem, &c. for a single per- former. [Gr. 7)ionos, alone, and logos, speech.] Monomania, mon-o-ma'ni-a, «., 7nadness confined to 07te subject, or one faculty of the mind. [Gr. monos, alone, and 7nattia, madness.] monomaniac, mon-o-in.'i'ni-ak, adj., affected ivith I7i07i077ianici.—7i. one aflected with monomania. Monome, mon-Gm', Monomial, mon-o'mi-al, «. an algebraic expression ofo/ie ter/7t only : a series of factors of single terms. — adj. monomial. [Gr. monos, alone, and 7iome, division.] Monophyllous, mon-of'il-us or mon-o-firus, adj. having a leaf of but o/ie piece. [Or. }7to/ios, alone. //o'//^«, a leaf.] Monopolise, mon-op'o-liz, v.t. to obtain possession of anything so as to be the only seller of it ; to engross the whole of -.—pr.p. monop'olTsing ; pa.p. monop'olTsed. — 7is. monopoliser, monop o- ligt, one wha mo7u>polises. [Fr. monopoliser, from Gr. 7no7ios, alone, O-nd poled, to sell.] monopoly, mon-op'o-li, «., the sole power of dealing in a7iy thing: exclusive command or possession: in law, a grant from the crown to an individual for the sole dealing in anything. Monospermous, mon-o-sperm'us, adj. in ^t?^., having 071C seed 07ily. [Gr. 77i07tos, alone, sper7na, seed.] Monostich, mon'o-stik, w. a poem complete in one Z't-rse. [Gr. 7no7tos, alone, sticJtos, verse.] Monostrophic, mon-o-strof'ik, adj. having but one st7-ophe ; not varied in measure. [Gr. monos; alone, strophe, a strophe.] Monosyllable, mon-o-sil'la-bl, «. a word of otte syl- lable. [Gr. 7nonos, alone, syllabe, a. syllabic.] monosyllabic, mon-o-sil-lab'ik, adj., C07tsisti7tg of 071C syllable, or of words of one syllable. Monotheism, mon'o-the-izm, «., t/ie belief i7i on\y one God. [Gr. 7710710S, alone.] monotheist, mon'o-the-ist, n., one who believes tJiat there is but one God. — adj. monotheist 'ic. Monotone, mon'o-ton, ;?., a si7igle, unvaried to7ie or sound; a succession of sounds having the same pitch. [Gr. 7no7ios, alone, and to7ios, a tone, note.] monotonous, mon-ot'o-nus, adj. , 7ittc7-ed ?'« 07ie un- varied to7ie or key ; marked by dull uniformity. —adv. monot'onously. monotony, mon-ot'o-ni, «. dull ienifor77zity of tone or sound ; fig. irksome sameness or want of variety. Monsoon, mon-soon', «. a periodical wind of the Indian Ocean, which blows from the S.-W. from April to October, and from the N.-E. the rest of the year ; similar winds elsewhere. [Fr. 77tonscn, 77iousso7i; Hind. 7na7isi77i — Ar. 77iansi77i, a time, a season — wasa7na, to mark.] Monster, mon'ster, «. lit. that which ad7nonishes or warns, a divifte 077tc7i : anything out of the usual course of nature ; a prodigy ; anything horrible from ugliness or wickedness. [L. 77i07istr7i77i — . 77ioneo, to admonish — Sans. 7na7i, to think.] monstrous, mon'strus, adj., havi7igtheq7ialitiesofa 77i07ister: out of the common course of nature; enor- mous ; wonderful ; horrible. — adv. mon'strously. — 71. mon'strousness. monstrosity, mon-stros'i-ti, «., state of hei7ig i7ton- st>-ons ; an unnatural production. monstrance, mon'strans, «. in the R. Cath. Church, the utensil in which the consecrated wafer is s/teiv7i to the congregation. [Fr. — L. i7t07tstro, to shew — mo7istr7i7/t, an omen.] Montanic, mon-tan'ik, adj., pertaining to 7/tonn- tai/is ; consisting in mountains. [L. 7no7ita7ius — 77ions, 77io7itis, a mountain.] See Mount. Month, S:c. See under Moon. Monument, mon'u-ment, ;/., anythi7tgtltat reminds^ anything that perpetuates the memory of a person or event ; a record. [L. 77i07tu7ne7tt7i77t — 77t07ieo, to remind — Sans. 77ian, to think.] monumental, mon-u-ment'al, adj., of or 7elating to a 7no7i7i7ncni or tomb; serving as a monument; memorial. — adv. monument 'ally. Mood, mood, 11. same as Mode. Mood, miJod, «., 7ni7id, dispositio7i of 77ii7id; tem- porary state of the mind ; anger ; heat of temper. [A.S. 77tod, mind, disposition; Goth. 77iods: Ice. 7/iodhr ; Ger. 77iuth.\ moody, mood'i, adj., indulging i7toods ; out of humour ; angry ; sad ; gloomy. — adv. mood'ily. — 71. moodiness, quality of being 77toody; peevishness. Moon, moun, 71., that which 7ncasures ti/ne; the planet which revolves round the earth ; a planet fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; mo5n ; Men. moonbeam revolving about any other planet : a month : in fort., a moon-shaped outwork. [A.S. mona; Goth. i7zena; Ice. mana; Ger. viond ; Gr. mine; Sans, mas, from ma, to measure.] moonbeam, moon'bem, ;/., a beam from the vtoott. moonless, moon'les, adj., destitide of moonlight. moonlight, moon'lTt, adj., lighted by tlie moon; occurring during moonlight. [Moon, and Light.] moonshine, moon'shTn, n., the shinijig o/the moo}i; fig. show without reality. [Moon, and Shine.] moonstruck, moon'struk, adj. Ht. struck or affected by the moon; hmatic. [Moon, and Struck.] month, munth, 7t. the period of one revolution of the moon ; one of the twelve parts of the year. [A.S. Dionath, from uiona, the moon.] monthly, munth'li, adj., performed itt a month; happening or published once a month. — «. a monthly publication. — adv. once a month ; in every month. Moor, moor, n. an extensive waste covered with heath, and having a poor, /i?«z'_j' soil; a heath. [A.S. vior : Dutch, moer ; Ice. vior, peat, turf, moor.] moorish, moor'ish, moory, moor'i, adj., resembling a vioor; sterile; marshy; boggy. moorland, moor'Iand, «., moory land. moor-cock, moor'-kok, moor-fowl, moor'-fowl, «. the red grouse or \\herts, the god of dreams, lit. the fashioner, from 77iorphe, shape.] Morris, Morrice. See under Moor. Morrow. See under Mom. Morse, mors, «. the walrus or sea-horse. See Walrus. [Russ. inorss.'\ Morsel, mor'sel, ti. , a bite or mouthful ; a small piece of food : a small quantity, [old Fr. inorcel ; It. viorsello ; L. inorsns, from inordeo, viors?i77z, to bite.] See Mordacious. Mortal, mor'tal, adj., liable to die; causing death; deadly ; fatal : punishable with death : belong- ing to man, who is mortal.— a^z/. mortally. [L. mortalis — 77iors, 77iortis, death, 7/torior, 7no7-tmis, Sans. niTd, to die.] mortality, mor-tal'i-ti, «., condition of being 7nortal; death; frequency ornumber of deaths; the human race. [L. tnortalitas.] mortgage, mor'gaj, «. lit. a death gage or pledge ; a conveyance of property, as security for a debt, which is lost or becomes dead to the debtor if the money is not paid on a certain day ; the State of being pledged. — v.t. to pledge, as se- curity for a debt:— /r./. mort'gaging; /«./. mort'gaged. — w. mortgager. [Fr. — 7>iort, L. mortuus, dead, and Gage.] mortgagee, mor-ga-jo', 7i.,07ie to whoj/t a vtOT^gage is made or given. mortiferous, mor-tif'er-us, adj., death-bringing; fatal. [L. 7nors, death, ^x\Afero, to bring.] mortify, mor'ti-fT, v.t., to 7nake dead; to destroy the vital functions of : to bring into subjection : to vex ; to humble. — v.i. to lose vitality: to prac- tise severities and penance ; to be subdued: — j>r.p. mor'tifying ; pa. p. mo/tified. [low L. i7ior- tifico—7nors, death, ^n^facio, to make.] Most mortifying, mor'ti-fl-ing, adj., tettdi7igto mortify or humble ; humiliating ; vexing. mortification, mor-ti-fi-ka'shun, «., act of mortify- ing or state of being mortified ; the death of one part of an animal body : subjection of the pas- sions and appetites by bodily severities : humili- ation ; vexation ; that which mortifies or vexes : in Scotch law, a bequest to some institution. mortmain, mort'man, 7i. the transfer of property to a corporation, which is said to be a dead Jia7td. or one that can never part with it again. [Fr. vtort, dead, and vtaiti, L. 77ta7ins, the hand.] mortuary, mort'u-ar-i, adj. , belotiging to tJie burial of the dead. — w. a burial-place ; a gift claimed by the minister of a parish on the death of a parishioner. [Fr. 7>i07-t»airc ; L. f/iortnarius.} Mortar, mor'tar, «. a vessel, in which substaiices are p>07i7ided with a pestle : a piece of ordnance, re- sembling a mortar, for throwing shells, &c. ; a cement of lime, sand, and water. [L. ',nor- tariii7)t, prob. from root of 7nordeo, to bite, akin to Sans. 7nrid, to grind, to pound.] Mortise, mor'tis, 7i. a cavity cut into a piece of timber to receive the tenon, another piece made to fit it. — v.t. to cut a mortise in ; to join by a mortise and tenon -.^r.p. mor'tising ; pa.p. mor'tised. [Fr. 7iiortaisc ; prob. from L. inorsus, catch of a buckle, from 7nordeo, mo7-su77t, to bite.] Mosaic, mo-zaik, Mosaic-work, mo-za'ik-wurk, n. lit work belofigitig to the Mtises ; a kind of work in which objects are represented by small pieces of coloured marble, glass, &c. cemented on stucco.— «^'. relating to or composed of mosaic. — adv. mosa'ically. [Fr. inosaiqne ; It. jnosaico, L. itmsivziin op7is, mosaic work — Gr. mottseios, belonging to the Muses.] Mosaic, mo-zu'ik, adj., j>ertaining to Moses, the great Jewish lawgiver. Moschatel, mosTca-tel, «. a plant, with pale-green flowers and a 7)iusky S77icll. [Fr. i7ioscateli7ie, low L. 7noscJiatelli7ia — jnuscus, Gr. 7}ioscJws, musk.J Moselle, mo-zel', n. a French wliite wine from the district of tlie Moselle. Moslem, moz'lem, w. lit. a true believer; a Mussul- man or Mohammedan. — adj. of or belongmg to the Mohammedans. [Ar. inoslcm — salama, to submit to God.] Mosque, mosk, n. a Mohammedan place of worship. [Fr. 7nosqnee, Port. i7iesqiiita — Ar. masjid — sajada, to bend, to adore.] Mosquito, mos-ke'to, n. lit. a fly ; a biting gnat common in tropical countries. [Sp. — i7zosca, L. vnisca, a fly.] Moss, mos, n. lit. the fresh, tender pla7it; a family of plants with a leafy stem and narrow, simple leaves : a piece of ground covered with moss ; a bog. — v.t. to cover with moss '.—pr-p. moss'ing ; pa.p. mossed'. [A.S. meos ; Ger. 7noos ; akin to L. 7tmsctts, Gr. i/toscJws, osc/ios, a tender plant, akin to ozos, a twig.] moss-land, mos'-land, «., /.rz;^ abounding in J7!0ss or peat-bogs. moss-rose, mos'-roz, n. a variety of rose having a moss-like growth on the calyx. moss-trooper, mos'-troup-er, «. one of the troopers or bandits that used to infest the 7!iosscs between England and Scotland. mossy, mos'i, adj., ovcrgrow7i or abounding with 7noss. — n. moss'iness. Most, most, adj. (superl. of More), g7'eatest ; excelling in number. — adv. in the highest degree. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //;en. 330 Mote — n. the greatest number or quantity. — adv. most'ly. [A.S. mcest, superl. of viycel, great. See Much, More.] Mote, mot, n., a pariicle of dust; a spot or speck ; anything small. [A.S. jnot : Ice. inoda, dust, Dutch, wot, dust.] Motet. See under Motto. Moth, moth, «. an insect that gtiaws cloth; a family of insects like butterflies, of dull colours, seen at night : that which eats away gradually and silently. [A.S. mothtJie ; Ger. inotte, prob. from Goth, viaitan, old Ger. inete7t, to cut, to gnaw.] — v.t. moth'-eat, to prey upon, as a i7toth eats a. garment. moth-eaten, moth'-et-n, adj., eaten or cut hy moths. moth-hunter, moth'-hunt-er, «. a little kind of swal- low which htiiits 7Hoths, &c. called also the goat- sucker, mothy, moth'i, adj., /till of moths. Mother, itrnth'tr, n., the producer; a female parent, esp. of the human race ; a matron : that which has produced anything. — adj. received by birth, as it were from one's mother ; natural : acting the part of a mother: originating. — v.t._ to adopt as a son or daughter -.—pr.p. moth'ering ; pa.p. moth'ered. — adv. moth'erly. [old E. moder, A. S. modor, Ger. mjitter, akin to L. mater, Gr. meter. Sans, matri — ma, to produce.] — moth'er-in-law, the mother of one's husband or wife. — mother-of- pearl, the internal layer of the shells of several molluscs, esp. of the pearl-oyster, so called \i^- C2i\xsQ producing the pearl. motherhood, mu^A'er-hood, n., state of being a mother. motherleBS, m\ith'QT-\GS, adj., without a motlier. motherly, mu/'/i'er-li, adj'., pertaining to oxh^comva^ aviotJier; parental; tender. — ti. moth'erliness. Mothy. See under Moth. Motion, Motive, &c. See under Iis : large as a mountain ; huge. mountebank, mount'e-bank, «. lit. 07ie who mounts a be7ich ; a quack-doctor who boasts of his skill and his medicines ; a boastful pretender. [It. 7no7iti77iba7ico — 77t07itare, to mount, in, on, upon, and banco, a bench.] mounting, mount'ing, «., the act of moimting or embeUishing, as the setting of a gem, &c. Mourn, morn, v.i. lit. to mur77Z7ir or groan to 07ie's self in grief; to grieve ; to be sorrowful : to wear mourning. — v.t. to grieve for; to utter in a sorrowful manner -.—pr.p. mourn'ing ; pa.p. mourned'. — «. moum'er. [A.S. i7itir7ian, i7teor' ' Tm7t ; Fr. morne, dull, sad ; old Ger. 77ior7ien, to grieve, 77ia7irna7i, to be troubled about ; Gael. I7iairg7iich, to groan, to sob.] mournful, murn'fool, adj., 77iour7ting; causing or expressing sorrow; feeling grief. — adv. moum'- fully. — 71. mourn'fulness. mourning, mourn'ing, adj., grieving; lamenting. — n. the act of expressing grief: the dress of mourners. — adv. mourn'ingly. Mouse, mous, «. lit. the stealing animal; a little rodent animal found in houses and in the fields. — pi. mice (mis). [A.S. 77ms, pi. 77iys, Ger. 77iatcs, L. and Gr. 7nus, Sans. i7iusha, a rat or mouse — 77iush, to steal.] mouse, mouz, v.i., to catch mice; to watch for shly : ^pr.p. mous'ing ; pa.p. moused'.— «. mous'er. — fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; miite ; moon ; th^xi. 331 Moustache mulatto monse'-car, a name of several plants with soft leaves shaped like a mouse's ear. — mouse'-tail, a small plant with a spike of seed-vessels very- like the tail of a vioiise. Moustache, moos-tash', same as Mustache. Mouth, mouth, «., that ivhich murichcs or cheivs ', the opening in the head of an animal by which it eats and utters sound : opening or entrance, as of a bottle, river, &c. : the instrument of speaking ; a speaker.—//, mouths (mou/Az). [A.S. inutk, Scot, inunds, Goth, vtimths, mouth ; E. vninch, to make a noise in eating ; Fr. viaiiger, to eat.] mouth, xnowtli, v.t. to utter with a voice overloud or swelling -.—pr.p. mouth'ing ; pa.p. mouthed'. — n. mouth'er, an affected speaker. mouthed, moui'Ad, adj., having a viordh. mouthful, mouth' fool, n., as ntuchas fills thevtouth; a small quantity.—//, mouth'fuls. mouthless, mouth'les, adj., without a. moiith. mouth-piece, mor.th'-pes, «., the piece of a musical instrument for t/ie viotith : one who speaks for others. Move, moov, T'.t. to cause to c/ian£-e pla.ce or posture ; to set in motion ; to impel : to excite to action ; to persuade ; to instigate : to arouse ; to provoke ; to touch the feelings of: to propose or bring be- fore an assembly; to recommend. — T.i. to go from one place to another ; to change place or posture ; to walk : to change residence : to make a motion as in an assembly •.—pr.p. moving ; pa.p. moved'.- — n. the act of moving ; a move- ment, esp. at chess. — n. mover. [Fr. ino7ivoir, old Fr. 7>ioz'oir — L. inoveo—'&a.ns. vte, to change.] movable, moov'a-bl, adj., that viay be vioved, lifted, &c. ; not fi.xed : changing from one time to another. — adv. mov'ably.— «J. mov'ableness, movabil'ity. movables, moov'a-blz, n.pl. in law, such articles of property as may be moved, as furniture, &c. movement, moov^'ment, «., act or manner o/jnoving; change of position : motion of the mind, emotion : the wheel-work of a clock: in miisic, a part having the same time. moving, moov'ing, adj., causing motion ; changing position: affecting the feehngs ; pathetic. — adv. mov'ingly. motion, mO'shun, n., the act or state of moving: a single movement ; change of posture ; gait : power of motion : excitement of the mind : proposal made, esp. in an assembly : — in//, in .5., impulses. — v.i. to make a significant movement '.—p^.p. mO'tioning ; pa.p. mO'tioned. [Fr. — L. vtotio — moTCo, motum, to move.] motionless, mo'shun-Ies, adj., without motion. motive, mO'tiv, adj., causing motion; having power to move. — n. that which moves, or excites to action ; inducement ; reason. motivity, mO-tiv'it-i, n., power of producing motion; the quality of being influenced by motion. motor, mu'tor, n.,a mover; that which gives niotion. motory, mO'tor-i, adj., giving motion. Mow, mo, «., a heap; a pile of hay or com in sheaves laid up in a barn. — v.t. to lay hay or sheaves of grain in a heap •.—pr.p. mow'ing ; pa.p. mowed' or mown. [A.S. mowe, muga, a heap; Ice. muga, a heap of hay.] Mow, mo, v.t., to cut do'.vn with a scythe ; to cut down in great numbers : — pr.p. mow'ing ; pa./>. mowed' or mown. [A. S. mawan, Dutch, maeden, to cut ; allied to L. vieto, to mow.] mowed, mod, mown, mOn, adj., cut doivtt with a scythe ; cleared of grass with a scythe, as land. mower, mO'er, n., one who viows or cuts grass. mowing, mo'ing, «. the art of cuitittg down with a scythe : land from which grass is cut. Much, much, adj., great in quantity; long in dura- tion. — adv. to a great degree : by far : often or long : almost. — n. a great quantity : a strange thing, [old E. moche, A.S. micel, Goth, tnikils, Gr. vicgas, L. magnns. Sans. 7naJia, great.] Mucid, Mucilage. See under Mucus. Muck, muk, n., dting in a moist state; a mass of decayed vegetable matter; anything low and filthy. — v.t. to manure with muck •.^pr.p. muck'- ing ; pa.p. mucked'. [A.S. meox, Ice. mocka— root of L. macero, to steep.] mucky, muk'i, adj., consisting of viuck : nasty, filthy. — 71. muck'iness. Mucous. See under Mucus. Mucus, mu'kus, «., the slimy fuid blozvnfroin iJie nose; the slimy fluid on all the interior canals of the body to moisten them. [L. — mungo, Gr. mysso, to blow the nose ; Sans. 7>iuch, to loosen.] mucid, mu'sid, adj., like mucus : slimy. — n. mu'cid- ness. mucilage, mu'sl-laj, n. a slimy substance like mttcus, found in certain vegetables : gum. mucilaginous, mu-si-laj'in-us, adj., pertaining to or secreting mucilage ; slimy. mucous, mu'kus, adj., like muctis ; slimy; viscous. Mud, mud, n., wet, soft earth. — v.t. to bury in mud : to dirty ; to stir the sediment in, as in liquors: — pr.p. mudd'ing;/^./. mudd'ed. [Dutch, madder; Sw. tnodd, mud; A.S. micjan, to wet.] muddle, mud'l, v.t., to render muddy or foul, as water : to confuse, especially with liquor •.—pr.p. mudd'ling ; pa.p. mudd'led. muddy, mud'i, adj., foul with mud ; containing mud ; covered with mud : confused ; stupid. — v.t. to dirty : to render dull : — pr.p. mudd'jnng; pa.p. mudd'ied. — adv. mudd'ily. — «. mudd'iness. muddy-headed, mud'i-hed-ed, adj. having a muddy or dull head or understanding. Muff, muf, n. a warm, soft cover for the hands in winter, usually of fur or dressed skins. [Fr. mouffle : Dutch, moffil; Ger. muff, a sleeve.] mnfRn, muf'in, «. a soft, light, spongy cake. [prob. from Muff, on account of its softness.] muffle, muf'l, v.t. to wrap up as with a muff; to blindfold : to cover up so as to render sound dull : to cover from the weather :—/r./. muffling; pa.p. muffled. [Fr. mouffler — inouffle, a muff.] muffler, miif'ler, n. a cover that muffles the face. Mug, mug, n. a kind of earthen or metal cup for liquor. [Ir. tnugan, a mug, mucog, a cup.] Muggy, mug'i, Muggish, mug'ish, adj., foggy ; close and damp. [Ice. mugga, dark, thick weather; W. mwg, smoke.] Mulberry, mul'ber-i, «., the berry of a tree ; the tree itself, the leaves of which form the food of the silkworm. [Ger. inaidbcer ; old Ger. nutrbouma — L. morus, Gr. mo7-os\ Mulct, mulkt, «., a fne; a penalty. — v.t. to fine: ^pr.p. mulct'ing ; pa.p. mulct'ed. [L. mulcto, to fine.] mulctuary, mulk'tu-ar-i, adj., imposing a fne. Mule, mul, «. the offspring of the horse and ass : an instrument for cotton-spinning : an obstinate person. [A.S. mul; L. midtts.X muleteer, mul-et-er', «., 07ie wlio driz'cs imiles. mulish, mul'ish, adj., like a 7nule: sullen; obstin- ate.— rt<^/z'. mul'ishly. — «. mul'ishness. mulatto, mu-lato, «. one of a mixed breed like a fate, far ; mc, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; then. 332 MuU murderer mule ; the oflFsprIng of black and white parents. —fe7ii. mulat'tress. [Sp. mulato — 7)i7ilo, a mule.] Mull, mul, v.t., to soften or render mild, as wine, by warming and sweetening : — pr.p. muU'ing ; pa.p. mulled'. [L. i>tollio, to soften.] mulled, muld, adj., softened; heated and sweetened. Mullet, mul'et, ii. a genus of fishes nearly cylindri- cal in form, highly esteemed for the table. [Fr. innlet, L. imilhis.^ Mullion, mul'yun, «. an upright division in the wzif<://6' between the lights of windows, &c. in a Gothic arch. — v.t. to shape into divisions by mullions : — pr.p. mull'ioning ; pa.p. mull'ioned. [Fr. meneaic — L. inedia7nis—medms , middle.] Multangular, mult-ang'gu-lar, adj., havmg many angles or corners. [L. imtltics, many, and angular.] Multifarious, mul-ti-fa'ri-us, adj., having great diversity; manifold. — adv. multifa'riously. [L. multus, many, and varius, diverse.] Multiform, mul'ti-form, adj'., having many forms. — n. multiform'ity. [L. imcltns, many, and Form.] Multilateral, mul-ti-lat'er-al, adj., having jnany sides. [L. inidtus, many, and Lateral.] Multilineal, mul-ti-lin'e-al, adj., having many lines. [L. multits, many, and lineal.] Multiped, mul'ti-ped, n. an insect having many feet. [L. 7)udtns, many, m-\A pes, pedis, foot.] Multiple, mul'ti-pl, adj., having viany folds or parts ; repeated many times. — n. a number or quantity which contains another an exact number of times. [L. jnultiplex — multtis, many, zxiAplico, to fold.] miUtiplex, mul'ti-pleks, adj., having vta7iy folds ; manifold. multipliable, mul'ti-pll-a-bl, adj., that 77iay be 77zul- tiplied. multiplicand, mul'ti-pli-kand, «. a number or quantity to be 7)t7iltiplied by another. multiplication, mul-ti-pli-ka'shun, ;/., the act of 77tultiplying ; the rule or operation by which any given number or quantity is multiplied. mxiltiplicative, mul'ti-pli-kat-iv, adj., tending to 7n7dtiply ; having the power to multiply. multiplicity, mul-ti-plis'i-ti, 7i., the state of bei/tg 7}udtiplied or various ; a great number, multiplier, mul'ti-pll-er, n., one zvho or that zvhicli 7>mltiplies or increases ; the number or quantity by which another is multiplied, multiply, mul'ti-plT, v.t., to fold or increase 7nany times ; to make more numerous ; to repeat any given number or quantity as often as there are units in another number. — v.i. to increase: — pr.p. mul'tiplying ; pa.p. mul'tiplled. Multitude, mul'ti-tud, 7i., the state ofbeiftg 77zafty ; a great number of individuals ; a crowd : the vulgar or common people. [L. mrdtittcdo — 77tzil- tns, many.] multitudinous, mul-ti-tud'i-nus, adj. , C07isisti7ig of or having the appearance of a mnltittide. Mum, mum, adj. silent. — «. silence. — int. be silent, [formed by pressing the lips and implying silence.] mumble, mum'bl, v.i. to utter the sound 7)Z7i7>i in speaking ; to speak indistinctly : to chew softly; to eat with the lips close. — v.t. to utter indis- tinctly or imperfectly ; to mouth gently '.—prp. mum'bling ; pa.p. mum'bled. mnmbler, mum'bler, ;/. one who 77i7i77tbles or speaks with a low, indistinct voice. mumbling, mum'bling, adj. uttering with a low, in- distinct voice ; chewing softly. — adv. mum'blingly. Mumm, mum, v.t. to mask; to make diversion in disguise : — pr.p. mumm'ing ; pa.p. mummed'. [Dutch, mom7tte7t, to mask, 7no77i, a mask, from the inarticulate sounds made by the performers.] mummer, mum'er, «., 07ie who 7nwn7ns or makes diversion in disguise ; a masker ; a buffoon, mummery, mum'er-i, «., 7nasking; diversion. mumming, mum'ing, «., the sports of 7n7i7n7ners. — adj. pertaining to the sports of mummers. Mump, mump, v.t. or i., to 7n7C77ible or move the lips with the mouth almost closed ; to nibble : to cheat ; to play the beggar : — -pr.p. mump'ing ; pa.p. mumped'. miunper, mump'er, «., 07te who 77t7Wtps ; a beggar. Mumps, mumps, «. a swelling of the glands of the neck, which renders speaking dijffic7dt. mumpish, mump'ish, adj. , havi?7g 77iu7)ips ; silent ; dull ; sullen. — adv. mump'ishly. — 71. mump'ishness. Mummy, mum'i, «. a human body preserved by the Egyptian art of embalming, in which wrt:.r, spices, &c. were employed. — v.t. to embalm and d^xy as a mummy '.—pr.p. mummying ; pa.p. mumm'ied. [low L. 77Z7miia — Ar. 77i7(7ii, wax.] mummify, mum'i-fl, v. t. to make into a mummy ; to embalm and dry as a mummy : — pr.p. mumm'i- fying ; /rt./. mumm'ified. [Mummy, 2ii\dfacio, to make.] — 7t. mummiaca'tion. Mump, Mumps, &c. See under Mum. Mimch, munsh, v.t. or /., to chew with shut mouth: — P^f- munch'ing; pa.p. munched'. [Fr. 7nan- ger; It. 7na7tgiare — L. I7ia7id7ccare , to chew.] muncher, munsh'er, «., 07ie who 77i7C7iches. Mundane, mun'dan, adj., belo7iging to the world; terrestrial. — adv. mim'danely. [L. 7)t7i7tdamis — in7i)7d7es, the world — 7n7i7idus, adorned, akin to Sans. 77iand, to adorn.] Municipal, mu-nis'i-pal, adj. Y\t. pertai7ii7igto afree to%v7i ; pertaining to a corporation or city or to a country. [L. 77z/znicipalis,{rom7n7i7ncipi7Z777,a.fice town — 7;z7znia, official duties, and capio, to take.] municipality, mu-nis-i-pal'i-ti, «., a iizzizzicipal dis- t7-ict : in France, a division of the country. Munificent, mu-nlf'i-sent, adj. Yii. prese>7t-7)zaki7zg; very liberal in giving ; generous ; bountiful. — adv. munif'icently. [L. 7izziizific7zs — 77zzc!Z7is, a present, a.ndfacio, to make.] munificence, mu-nifi-sens, «., qziality of beitzg nzti- 7zificc7zt ; bountifulness. [Fr. ; L. 77Z7i7zifzce7ztia.'\ Muniment, mu'ni-ment, «., that which fortifies : that which defends ; a stronghold ; place or means of defence ; defence : in law, a record fortify izzg a claim ; title-deeds. [L. 7>zti>ii7)ze7ztu77Z, from 77Z7(fzio, vtiiizit7i77z, to fortify, akin to i7Z07ts, a hill, I7zcc7zia, walls.] munition, mu-nish'un, «. lit. a fortifyi7zg ; materials used in war ; military stores of all kinds : in B.y stronghold, fortress. [L. 7iz7initio .1 Munnion, mun'yun, same as Mullion. Mural, mu'ral, adj., pertai7zi7zg to or like a wall; steep. [L. 77Z7i7-alis, from 7iz7ir7cs, a wall; akin to zjzceizia, walls, and 7iz7inio, to fortify.] muriform, mu'ri-form, adj. in bot., 7-ese7izbli?zg the hr\cS.s.'s,i7z azvall. [L. 7!Z7ir7zs,ci\wa.\\,for77za, shape.] Murder, mur'der, ;/. th.Q^r(tme.dit2L\.Qd.actofp7itti7Zg a person to death, by one of sound mind. — v.t. to commit murder ; to destroy ; to put an end to : —pr.p. mur'dering ; /rt./. mur'dered. [A.S. 77zor- thor, from 7izorth, death ; Ger. 77zord; Goth. jjzazzrthr; akin to L. 77Zors, 77zortis, death, and Sans. 7/zri, to die.] murderer, mur'der-er, «., 07ze who j7Z7irders, or Is guilty of murder.— ^t'w. mur'deress. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; th^n. 333 murderous morderons, mur'der-us, adj. , guilty of murder; con- sisting in or fond of murder ; bloody ; cruel. — adv. mxu^derously. Muriatic, mu-ri-at'ik, adj., pertaining to or obtakv^&d. from sea-salt. [L. Duiriaticzts — tnuria, brine.] Muricate, mu'ri-kat, Muricatcd, mu'ri-kat-ed, adj. in bot., armed with sharp points or prickles. [L. muricaizis, ixoxa.micr-ex, w/;iutahilis — 7nuto, 7)iutat7C7n, to change — 7>ioveo, 7)totu)n, to move.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. 334 mutation Nail mutation, mu-ta'shun, n., act or process of chang- ing; change ; alteration. Mute, mut, adj. lit. uttering the sound inn ; incap- able of speaking ; dumb ; silent : unpronounced. — n. one mute or dumb ; one who remains silent ; a person stationed by undertakers at the door of a house at a funeral: mgrain., a letter having no sound without the aid of a vowel, as b : in law, one who refuses to plead to an indictment. — adv. mutely. — n. mute'ness. [L. vintus, from Gr. vitizo, to utter the sound jun, produced by closing the lips.] mutter, mut'er, v.i. to utter words in a low voice ; to murmur ; to sound with a low, rumbling noise. — V. t. to utter indistinctly : — pr-p. muttering ; fa.p. mutt'ered. — n. mutt'erer. [pro v. Ger. imit- tern; L. mntio, from root of Mute.] Mute, mut, v.i., to dung, as birds : — pr.p. mut'ing; pa.p. mut'ed. [old Fr. vitdir ; esmeut, dung : conn, with E. smelt or melt, from being of a liquid nature.] Mutilate, mu'ti-lat, v.i., to jnai7n; to cut off; to remove a material part oi:—pr.p. mu'tilating; pa.p. mu'tilated. — n. mu'tilator, one who tmitil- ates. [L. miitilo, -atnin — nnitihis, maimed, Gr. imdilos, mitjdos, curtailed, hornless.] mutilation, mu-ti-la'shun, ii., act of mutilating : deprivation of a Hmb or essential part. Mutiny, mu'ti-ni, v.t. lit. to move ; to rise against authority in military or naval service ; to revolt against rightful authority : — pr.p. mu'tinying ; pa. p. mu'tmied. — n. insurrection, esp. naval or military; tumult; strife. [Fr. mutitier — 77ndin, riotous, old Fr. meuie, L. motics, rising, insur- rection, from inoveo, motzim, to move.] mutineer, mu-ti-ner', «., one gidlty ofnudiny. mutinous, mu'ti-nus, adj., disposed to mtdiny ; seditious. — adv. mu'tinously. — n. mu'tinousness. Mutter. See under Mute. Mutton, mut'n, n. prob. that which is mutilated or cut ; the flesh of sheep. [Fr. inoidon. It. 7no7done, a sheep ; low L. mtdto, from L. imdilus, mutilated.] See Mutilate. mutton-chop, mut'n-chop, n. a rib oi iimttoti chopped at the small end. [Mutton, and Chop.] Mutual, mu'tu-al, adj., interchafiged ; in return; given and received. — adv. mu'tually. — n. mutu- ality. [Fr. 7mduel, L. vnduzis — tmdo, to change.] Muzzle, muz'l, n. lit. that which bites; the mouth ; the projecting mouth, lips, and nose of an animal : a fastening for the mouth to prevent biting ; the extreme end of a gun, &ic.—v.t. to put a muzzle on ; to restrain from biting : to keep from hurting : — pr.p. muzz'ling ; pa.p. muzz'led. [Gael, nnd- seal, Fr. iiniscati. It. inuso, from L. vwrsus, a bite — mordeo, to bite.] My, mT, poss. adj., belonging to 77ie, [contr. of Mine.] myself, mT-self, pron., I or tne, in person — used for the sake of emphasis and also as the reciprocal oime. [My, and Self.] Myriad, mir'i-ad, n., a tett tJwusand; any immense number. [Gr. inyrias, inyriados, allied to W. mawr, great, more, jnyrdd, an infinity.] myriapod, mir'i-a-pod, n. lit. an animal with 10,000 feet ; a worm-shaped articulate animal with many jointed legs. [Gr. myrioi, 10,000, and poics, podos, foot.] M3rrmidon, mer'mi-don, n. orig. one of a tribe of warriors who accompanied Achilles; one of a ruffianly band under a daring leader. [L. and Gr.,. usually derived from myrmex, an ant.] Myrrh, mer, n. a bitter aromatic, transparent gum, exuded from the bark of a shrub in Arabia, used in medicine for its odour. [Fr. jnyrrhe, L. and Gr. myrrha, Ar. imcrr, from jnarra, to be bitter.] Myrtle, mer'tl, 7t. an evergreen shrub with beauti- ful and fragrant leaves, [old Ger. 7>iirtel, L. and Gr. 77iyrtus—GT. 7>tyron, any sweet juice.] Myself. See under My. Mystery, mis'ter-i, 71., that which is closed or co7i- ccaled; anything kept concealed ; anything very obscure ; that which is beyond human compre- hension ; anything artfully made difficult. [Fr. viystere, L. 77iysteinu7n, Gr. 77iysterion — mystes, one initiated — i7iueo, to initiate into mysteries — mild, to close— root nm, close.] See Mute. mysterious, mis-te'ri-us, adj., co7daitn7ig 7)!ystery ; obscure; secret; incomprehensible. — adv. mys- teriously. — n. myste'riousness. mystic, mis'tik, mystical, mis'tik-al, adj., relati7tg to or containing 77iystery; sacredly obscure or secret ; involving a secret meaning ; allegorical ; belonging to mysticism. — adv. mys'tically. [L. mysticns, Gr. mystikos.l mystic, mis'tik, «. one of a sect professing to have direct intercourse with the spirit of God who re- vealed 77tysteries to them. mysticism, mis'ti-sizm, «., the doctrine of the 7/iy sties: obscurity of doctrine. mystify, mis'ti-fi, v.t., to 77iake 77iysteriotcs, obscure, or secret ; to involve in mystery -.^pr.p. mys'tify- ing ; pa.p. mys'tified. — n. mystifica'tion. [Fr. mystlfer, from Gr. 77iystes, and L,.facio, to make. J VLjlh, mith, n. a fable ; a legend ; a fabulous nar- rative founded on a remote event, esp. those made in the early period of a people's existence. [Gr. i7tythos.'\ mythic, mith'ik, mjrthical, mith'ik-al, adj., relating to myt/is; fabulous. — adv. mjrth'ically. [Gr. viythikos.'\ mjrthology, mith-ol'o-ji, n., a telli7ig of myths; a system of myths ; a treatise regarding myths ; the science of myths. [Gr. mythologia — tnythos, and logos, a treatise.] m3rthologic, mith-o-loj'ik, mythological, mith-o-loj'- ik-al, adj., relati7ig to 7nythology ; fabulous. — adv. mytholog'ically. mythologist, mith-ol'o-jist, 7t., 07ie versed ui or who writes on 77tythology. N Nabob, na'bob, n., a depidy or governor under the Mogul empire ; a European who has enriched himself in the East ; any man of great wealth, [corr. of Hindu, tiawdb, a deputy ; Ar. 7iauwab, governors, from naba, to take one's turn.] Nadir, na'dir, 71. the point of the heavens directly opposite and corresponding to the zenith. [Ar. 7iadir, 7iazir, from 7iazara, to be like.] Nag, nag, 71. a horse, but particularly a small one. [usually given from A.S. hnc^ga7l, to neigh.] Naiad, na'yad, n. , a water-ny77tph or female deity, fabled to preside over rivers and springs. [L. and Gr. 7iaias, naiados, from 7iad, to flow.] Nail, nal, «. the homy scale at the end of the human fingers and toes ; the claw of a bird or other animal : a pointed spike of metal for fasten- ing wood ; a measure of length (25 inches),— v.i, to fasten with nails -.—pr.p. nail'ing ; pa.p. nailed'. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mdon ; then. 335 nailer Nature fA.S. nesgel, Ger. nagel; allied to L. imguis, Gr. onyx, onychos, Fans, naklia.^ nailer, nal er, «., one whose trade is to 7nake nails. nailery, nal'er-i, «., a place wliere ttails are made. Naive, na'ev, adj. with native or unaffected sim- plicity ; artless ; ingenuous. — adv. na'ively. — «. naivete, na'ev-tii. [Fr. naif, naive, L. nativus, native, innate, from nascor, naiits, to be born.] Kaked, na'ked, adj. uncovered ; exposed : unarmed ; defenceless : unconcealed ; plain or evident : without addition or ornament ; simple, artless : inbot., without the usual covering. — adj. nakedly. — n. na'kedness. [A. S. naccd, nacod, old Ger. nakot, Ger. nnckt. Sans. 7iag>ia ; akin to L. mtdns, naked. Sans, naj, to be ashamed.] Name, nam, «. that by which a person or thing is hiown or called ; a designation : reputed char- acter ; reputation ; fame ; celebrity ; remem- brance ; a race or fomily : appearance ; authority, behalf; assumed character of another: \ngram., a noun. — v.t. to give a name to ; to designate ; to speak of by name ; to nominate -.—pr.p. nam'- ing ; pa.p. named'. — n. nam'er. [A.S. 9ia?):a, Ger. tia7ne ; L. nomcti — nosco, to know ; Gr. onoma, for ognojna, from gna, root oi gigndsko, to know ; Sans, naman—jna, to know.] nameless, nam'les, adj., luithoitt a naine ; undis- tinguished. — adv. name'lessly. — 71. uame'lessness. namely, nam'li, adv., by }ia)ne ; that is to say. namesake, nam'sak, n. one whose 7iajne has been given to Kim/or the sake of another ; one bear- ing the same name as another. [Name, and Sake.] Nankeen, nan-ken', n. a buff-coloured cotton cloth first made at Nankin in China. Nap, nap, n. lit. a nod; a short sleep. — v.i. to take a short sleep ; to feel drowsy and secure : — P^-P- napp'ing ; pa.p. napped'. [A.S. hticcp- pian, to nap ; Ger. knappen, to move to and fro.] Nap, nap, n., the woolly substance on the surface of cloth ; the downy covering of plants. — adj. napp'y. [A.S. h7ioppa, Ice. 7iapp, allied to Fr. iioper, to nip off the knots on the surface of cloth, Ger. 7toppe7i, Gr. k7iaptd, to dress cloth, from knao, to scrape.] napless, nap'les, adj., witJwtit 7iap; threadbare. Nape, nap, «., the k7tob or projecting joint of the neck behind. [A.S. C7i(€p, the top of anything, \V. C7iap, a knob.] See Knob. TTapery, nfip'er-i, «. linen, esp. for the table, [old Fr. 7iapcric ; Fr. nappe, a table-cloth, L. mappa, a napkin.] napkin, napTcin, n. lit. a little cloth; a cloth for wiping the hands ; a handkerchief, [dim. of Fr. nappe. ] Naphtha, nap'tha or naf 'tha, n. a clear, inflammable liquid distilled from coal-tar ; rock-oil. [L., Gr. ; Pers., Ar. 7ia/th — 7tafatJui, to boil.] naphthaline, nap'tha-hn, or naf, «. a grayish-white, inflammable substance formed in the rectifica- tion of petroleum. Narcissus, nar-sis'us, «. a genus of flowering plants comprising the daffodils, &c. having 7iarcotic properties. [L., Gr. ftarkissos — 7tarke, torpor.] •narcotic, nar-kot'ik, adj. , producing torpor, sleep, or deadness. — ;/. a mcilicine producing sleep or stupor. — adv. narcot'ically. [Gr. 7tarkotikos.'\ Nard, nard, w. an aromatic plant usually called Spikenard ; an unguent prepared from it. — adj. nard'ine. [A.S. and Fr., ; L. tiardus, Gr. nardos, Ar. 7iardin, Pers. 7iard, Sans, tialiuia,] Narrate, na-rat', or nar', v.t., to viake known; to tell or recite; to give an account of:— /n/. narrat'ing; pa.p. narrated. — «. narra'tion. [L. narro, 7iarrati(/7i — g7tarus, knowing — root^wa.] narrative, nar'a-tiv, adj., 7iar7-aiing ; giving an account of any occurrence ; inclined to narra- tion ; story-telling. — «. that which is narrated; a continued account of any occurrence ; story. Narrow, nar'O, adj. lit. 7icar ; of little breadth or extent ; limited : contracted in mind ; bigoted ; not liberal ; selfish : within a small distance ; close : accurate ; careful. — «. (oftener used in the pi.) a narrow passage, channel, or strait. — v.t. to make narrow; to contract or confine. — v.i. to become narrow -.^pr.p. narr'owing ; pa.p. narr'- owed. — adv. narrowly. — «. narr'owness. [A.S. ■nearo, from neara, comp. of 7icah, near.] See Near. narrow-minded, nar'o-mlnd-ed, adj., of a naTn^oiU or illiberal 7/ii7id. — 71. narr'ow-mindedness. Narwhal, nar'hwal, Narwal, niir'wal, «. a species of whale or dolphin with a pallid, corpse-like skin and a projecting tusk; the sea-unicorn. [Ice. na, 7tar, a. corpse, and Whale.] Nasal, naz'al, adj. , beio7igiitg to the 7iose ', affected by or sounded through the nose. — «. a letter or sound uttered through the nose. [Fr., from L. 7ias7is, the nose.] See Nose. nasturtium, nas-tur'shi-\mi, «. lit. that which causes tfie tiose to twist ; a kind of cress with a pungent taste. [L., from 7tasJts, the nose, and t07--gtieo, tortta7i, to twist.] Nascent, nas'ent, adj. , spri7iging 7(p ; arising ; be- ginning to exist or grow. [L. 7iasce7is, -€7itis, pr.p. oi 7iascor, 7iatiis, to be born, to spring up.] natal, na'tal, adj., pertai7ii)ig to birth; native. [L. 7iatalis — 7iascor, 7iatus.\ Nasturtium. See under Nasal. Nasty, nas'ti, adj. lit. wet; dirty; filthy; obscene; nauseous. — adv. nas'tily. — 71. nas'tiness. [prob- ably from Ger. 7iass, wet, Ger. 7ictzc7i, ioi 7iasse/i, to be wet.] Natal. See under Nascent. Nation, na'shun, «. those bo7-7i of the same ances- tors ; the people inhabiting the same country, or under the same government ; a race : a great number. [L. 7iatio — 7iascor, 7iatns, to be born.] national, nash'un-al, adj., pcrtai/ii7ig to a 7iatiott; public ; general : attached to one's own country. — adv. na'tionally. — w. na'tionalness. nationalism, nash'un-al-izm, nationality, nash-un- al'i-ti, 7!., the quality 0/ bci7ig 7iatio/ial, or attached to one's country ; national character. nationalise, nash'un-al-Tz, v.t., to 7>iake 7iatio7ial. native, na'tiv, adj.,/?-077i or by birth; produced by nature ; pertaining to the time or place of birth ; original. — ;/. one born in any place ; an original inhabitant. — adv. na'tively. — 71. nativenesa. nativity, na-tiv'i-ti, «., state 0/ being born ; time, place, and manner of birth ; state or place of being produced : a horoscope. — The Nativity, the birthday of the Saviour. Nature, na'tur, «. lit. bi7-th; the power which creates and presides over the material world : the established order of things ; the universe : the essential qualities of anything ; constitution : species ; character ; natural disposition : confor- mity to that which is natural : a mind, or char- acter : nakedness. [L. tiatura — nascor, natus, to be born— ^«a, a form of root gefi = Gr. gen, to be bom.] 336 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; Men. f natural natural, nat'u-ral, adj., pertaitii7ig- to, produced by, or according to ttaiitre ; inborn ; not far- fetched ; not acquired : tender ; unaffected : illegitimate : in mtisic, according to the usual diatonic scale : in theol., discoverable by reason. — 71. one born without natural understanding ; an idiot : in timsic, a character which removes the ettect of a preceding sharp or tlat. — adv. nat'urally. — n. nat'uralness. naturalism, nat'u-ral-izm, «., 77zere state qftiature. naturalist, nat'u-ral-ist, «., one who studies 7iature. naturalise, nat'u-ral-Iz, v.t., to 7>take 7iatural or familiar : to adapt to a difterent climate : to invest with the privileges of natural-born subjects : — i>r.p. nat'urallsing; J>a.J>. nat'urallsed. — 71. natu- ralisa'tion. Ifaught, nawt, «., no-whit, tiothirig. — adv. in no degree.— rti/^'. of no value or account ; worthless ; bad. [A.S. 7iaht, 7ieaht, fta-wiht — 71a, not, wiht, anything.] naughty, nawt'i, adj. lit. 0/710 vahie or accozmt; bad ; mischievous ; perverse. — adv. naught'ily. — 71. naughtiness. Nausea, naw'ze-a, n. lit. sea-sickness ; any sickness of the stomach, with a propensity to vomit ; loathing. [L. ; Gr. 7iaiisia — 7ia7is, a ship.] nauseate, naw'ze-at, v.i., to feel 7taiisea; to be- come squeamish ; to feel disgust. — v.t. to loathe; to strike with disgust '.—pr-p. nauseating ; pa.p. nau'seated. nauseous, naw'ze-us, adj., prodiicing 7ta7isea ; disgusting ; loathsome. — adv. nau'seously. — «. nau seousuess. Kautic, naw'tik, Nautical, naw'tik-al, adj., pertain- ing to ships, sailors, or navigation ; naval ; marine. — adv. nau'tically. [L. naiiticzis, Gr. 7iautikos — L. 7ta"jis, Gr. nates. Sans. 7iaii, a ship.] nautilus, naw'ti-lus, 71. a kind of shell-fish furnished with a membrane which was once believed to enable it to sail like a ship. [L. ; Gr. 7iatdilos.] naval, naval, adj., pe>-tai7iing to ships; consisting of ships; marine ; nautical. [L. 7tavalis—7iavis.] navigable.nav'i-gabl, rti//'. ,that jnay bepassedby ships or vessels. — «. navigableness. — adv. navigably. navigate, nav'i-gat, v.t. to steer or Jitajiage a ship in sailing; to sail on. — v.i. to go in a vessel or ship ; to sail : — pr.p. nav'igating ; pa.p. nav'i- gated. [L. 7iavigo, -attait — 7iavis.'\ navigation, nav-i-ga'shun, «., the act, science, or art 0/ steering ships. navigator, nav'i-gat-or, «., one wlio 7iavigates or sails ; one who directs the course of a ship. navvy, nav'i, 11. orig. a labourer on canals for intcrmd navigatio/i ; a labourer, [a contraction of navigator.] navy, navi, w. a fleet of ships; the whole of the ships-of-war of a nation : the officers and men belonging to the war-ships of a nation. Nave, nav, «. the middle or body of a church, distinct from the aisles or wings, perhaps so called from the resemblance of the roof to the hull of a ship. [Fr. tie/; Sp. 7iave — L. 7iavis, a ship.] Nave, nav, 71. lit. a knob or projection ; the piece of wood, &c. in the centre of a wheel, through which the axle passes. navel, nav'l, «. lit. a little 7iave ; the mark or depression in the centre of the lower part of the abdomen, at firsts s))iallprojection. [A.S. 7ia/u, Have, na/ela, navel ; Sans. 7iabhi, nave, navel ; Ice. 7iabli, navel, conn, with nabbi, a knoll.] Navigate, Navy, &c. See above. Nay, na, adv. , 7tot aye or yes ; no ; not only so ; Neck yet more.— «. denial. [A.S. na = ne, no, and Ay; Goth. 7ti ; Sans. 71a, not.] Nazarite, naz'ar-It, «., one vowed or cottsecrated ; a Jew who vowed to abstain from strong drink, &c. [Heb. 7iazar, to consecrate.] Nazaritism, naz'ar-It-izm, «., the vow and practice of a Nazarite. Neap, nep, adj. lit. scanty; low, applied to the lowest tides. — n. a neap-tide. [A.S. 7tep ; Dan. 7ieppe, scarcely, ktiap, scanty; Ice. 7ieppr, nar- row, contracted.] neaped, nept, adj. left in the 7teap-l\iing ; tidy ; unadulterated : pure, as style. — adv. neatly. — 71. neat'ness. [old E. 7iett : Fr. 7iet ; L. 7iitidns, shining — 7iiteo, to shine.] Neb, neb, «., asharp projecti7tg poi7tt ; the beak of a bird; the nose. [Ice. 7iebbi ; Dutch, 7iebbe, the beak of a bird ; Ice. 7tibba, a promontory.] Nebula, neb'u-la, «., a little cloud; a faint, misty appearance in the heavens produced by innu- merable stars.—//, neb'ulae. [L. ; Gr. 7iephelet cloud, mist.] nebular, neb'u-lar, adj., pertaitmtg to 7ieh7dce. nebulose, neb'u-los, nebulous, neb'u-lus, adj. having the appearance of elands ; misty ; relating to or having the appearance of a nebula. — «. nebu- losity. Necessary, nes'es-sar-i, adj. lit. that cannot yield or give way to anything else ; unavoidable : indispensable : not free. — «. a requisite — used chiefly mpl. — adv. nec'essarily. [L. necessariiis — 7ie, not, and cedo, cessn7n, to yield : or from 7iec, root oiiiecto, to bind.] necessitarian, ne-ses-si-ta'ri-an, necessarian, nes-es- sa'ri-an, «., one who Itolds the doctri7ie of 7ieccssity, denying freedom of will. necessitate, ne-ses'si-tat, v.t., to tnake necessary I to render unavoidable : to compel : — pr.p- ne- cess'itating ; pa.p. necess'itated. [L. ttecessitas.} necessitous, ne-ses'sit-us, adj., withoiit w/iat is 7iecessary ; very poor; destitute. — adv. necess'- itously. — n. necessltousness. necessity, ne-ses'si-ti, 71., that which is 7iecessary or unavoidable : compulsion : need ; poverty. Neck, nek, «. the benditig part of an animal's body between the head and trunk ; a long narrow part. [A.S. h/iecca — hnigan, to bend; Dutch, nek; fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; mo5n ; Men. 337 neckcloth Ger. naeke — neigen, to bend : also given from the root of Nape.] neckcloth, nek'kloth, n. a piece of cloth worn on the neck by men. necked, nekt, adj., having a neck. neckerchief, nek'er-chif, «. a kerchief ^ox the neck. necklace, nek'k'is, n. a lace or string of beads or precious stones worn on the neck by women. necktie, nek'tT, n. a tie or cloth for the 7ieck. Necrology, ne-krol'o-ji, «., an account of tiu dead or of deaths ; a register of deaths. [Gr. nekros, dead (allied to nekys, a dead body, Sans, nag, to die^, and Gr. logos, a discourse.] necrologic, ne-kro-loj ik, necrological, ne-kro-loj'ik-al, adj., pertaining to necrology. necrologist, ne-krol'o-jist, «., one who gives an accottnt of deatJis. Necromancy, nek'ro-man-si, «. the art of revealing future events by communication with the dead ; enchantment. [Gr. nekrotr.atiteia — nekros, and inanteia, a prophesying — mantis, a prophet.] necromancer, nek'ro-man-ser, n., one who j>ractises necromaricy : a sorcerer. necromantic, nek-ro-man'tik, necromantical, nek-ro- man'tik-al, adj., pertaining to necroniaiicy ; per- formed by necromancy. — adv. necroman'tically. Necropolis, ne-krop'o-lis, n. lit. a city of the dead ; a cemetery. [Gr. nekros, 3.nd polls, a city.] Nectar, nek'tar, n. the red wine or drink of the gods : a delicious beverage : the honey of the glands of plants. [L. ; Gr. nektar; usually given from fte, not, and kteino, to kill.] nectareal, nek-ta're-al, nectarean, nek-ta're-an, adj., pertaining to or resembling nectar; delicious. nectared, nek'tard, adj., inihced with nectar; mingled or abounding with nectar. nectareous, nek-ta're-us, adj., pertaining to, con- taining, or resembling ttectar; delicious. — adv. necta'reously.— w. necta'reousness. nectaroufl, nek'tar-us, adj., stveet as tieciar. nectarine, nek'ta-rin, adj., sweet as 7tectar. — n. a nectarous variety of peach with a smooth fruit. nectary, nek'tar-i, n. the part of a flower which secretes the nectar or honey. Need, ned, «., comp^dsion, necessity: a state that requires relief; want. — v.t. to have a necessity for ; to want : — pr.p. need'ing ; pa. p. need'ed. — n. need'er. [A.S. iicad, Ger. noth. Ice. 7iauda, need; or A.S. nead — ne, not, ead, prosperity, eadig, happy, rich.] needful, ned'fool, adj., full of 7iecd, needy: neces- sary ; requisite. — adv. need'fully. — n. need'fulnesa. needless, ned'les, adj., not needed ; unnecessary. — adv. need'lessly. — n. need'lessness. needs, nedz, adv., of necessity ; indispensably, [genitive q{ need, as in A.S. neadcs, of necessity.] needy, ncd'i, adj., being in tieed; very poor. — adv. need ily. — n. need'iness. Needle, ned'l, n. lit. that which pricks or sews; a small, sharp-pointed steel instrument, with an eye for a thread : anything like a needle, as the magnet of a compass. — v.i. to shoot into needle- shaped crystals: — pr.p. need'liiig \pa.p. need led. [A.S. ncedel, Ger. nadel (akin to niigel, a nail, ttessel, a nettle), from Ger. ndhcn, old Ger. nagan, to sew, akin to Gr. nussd, to prick.] needle-book, ned'1-book, n., a hook for needles. needleful, ned'1-fool, n. as much thread 3.S fills a needle.— pi. need'lefuls. needle-gun, ned 1-gun, «., a gun or rifle loaded at the breech with a cartridge containing powder exploded by the prick of a needle. Neighbour needle-woman, nedl-woom'an, «., a woman who makes her living by her needle, a seamstress. needle-work, ned 1-wurk, «., work done with a ?teedle ; the business of a seamstress. Needless, Needs, Needy. See under Need. Ne'er, niir, adv. contraction of Never. Neezing, nez'ing, n. in B., old form of sneezing. Nefarious, ne-fa'ri-us, adj., ttot accordiiig to divine law; impious; wicked in the extreme; villain- ous. — adv. nefa'riously. — n. nefa'rionsness. [L. nefcirius, contrary to divine law — ne, not, fas, divine law, prob. I'rom fari, to speak.] Negation, ne-ga'shun, n. lit. act of saying no; denial : in logic, the absence of certain qualities in anything. [Fr. — L. ncgatio — nego, -atu7n, to say no — 7iec, not, aio, to say yes.] negative, neg'a-tiv, adj., tliat deities; implying absence : that stops or restrains : in logic, deny- ing the connection between a subject and predi- cate : in algebra, noting a quantity to be sub- tracted. — 71. a proposition bj' which something is denied : in grain., a word that denies. — v.t. to prove the contrary ; to reject bj' vote : — pr.p. neg'ativing ; pa. p. neg'atived. — adzi. neg'atively. — ;.'. neg'ativeness. [L. iiegativus — nego, to deny.] Neglect, neg-lekt', v.t. lit. 7iot to gather, not to care for ; to disregard ; to omit by carelessness ; not to attend to, &c. •.—pr.p. neglect'ing ; pa. p. neglect'ed. — n. disregard; slight: omission. [L. fiegligo, 7ieglectu7ii — 7iec, not, lego, to gather, pick up.] neglectful, ncg-lekt'fool, adj., full of neglect ; care- less : accustomed to omit or neglect things : slighting. — adv. neglect'fully. — «. neglect'fulness. negligee, neg-li-zha', «. a dress worn 7iegligently ; a loose undress : a long necklace, usually of red coral. [Fr. 7ieglige — iiegliger, to neglect.] negligent, negli-jent, adj., 7ieglecti7ig ; careless; inattentive. — adv. neg'ligently. [L. negligens, -entis, pr.p. of neglige] negligence, neg'li-jens, w., quality of being 7tegli' gent; habitual neglect; carelessness: omission of duty, [L. 7iegligejitia — 7teglige7is.'\ Negotiate, ne-gu'shi-at, v.i., to carry on brisiness ; to bargain ; to hold intercourse for the purpose of mutual arrangement. — v.t. to arrange for by agreement ; to pass, as a bill ; to sell -.^pr.p. negO'tiating ; pa.p. negO'tiated. — n. nego'tiator. [L. 7iegotior, -atus—7tegotiu7n, business — tiec, not, otiuni, leisure.] negotiable, ne-go'shi-abl, adj., that 7nay be 7tegp- tiated or transacted. — «. negotiabil'ity. negotiation, ne-go-shi-a'shun, «., act of7icgctiati7tgl the treating with another on business. negotiatory, ne-go'shi-a-tor-i, adj., of ox pertaining to 7iegotiation. Negro, ne'gru, «. one of the black race in Africa. —fein. ne'gress. [Sp. 7iegro — L. 7tiger, black.] 1 negrohead, ne'grO-hed, n. tobacco soaked in mol- asses and pressed into cakes, so called from its blackness. Negus, ne'gus, «. a beverage of wine, water, sugar, nutmeg, and lemon-juice, [said to be so called from Colonel A'^egits, its first maker, in the reign of Queen Anne.] Neigh, na, v.i., to utter the cry of a horse: — pr.p. neigh'ing ; pa.p. neighed' (nad). — «. the cry of a horse. [A.S. hncrgan. Ice. hieggia, Fr. Itentiir, L. kinnio ; Scot, nicker; from the sound.] Neighbour, na'bur, n. a person who dzvells 7iear 338 fate, far; nie, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; Men. neighbourliood another. — adj. in B., neighbouring. — v.i. to live near each other. — v.t. to be near \.o:—pr.p. ^ neigh'bouring ; pa.p. neigh'boured. [A. S. neah- btir, neahgabiir, Ger. nacliiar — A. S. neah, Ger. nach, near, baiier, a fanner, dweller.] See Boor. neighbourhood, na'bur-hood, n., state^ of beifig neighbotirs; place near; adjoining district. neighbouring, na'bur-ing, adj., being near. neighbourly, na'bur-li, adj., like or becoming a neighbour; friendly; social.— a^z*. neigh'bourly. — n. neigh'bourliness. Neither, neVzer or rH'thhx, adj.,j>ron., or cofij., not either. [A. S. nather — ne, not, and Either.] Nemesis, nem'e-sis, n. in ■>nyth., the goddess of vengeance : retributive justice, [Gr. nemo, to distribute.] Neology, ne-ol'o-ji, n. the introduction oi nezu words into a language ; a new word or phrase : in theol., new doctrines, esp. German rationalism. [Gr. neos, new, logos, word — lego, to speak.] neologic, ne-o-loj'ik, neological, ne-o-loj'ik-al, adj., j>crtaini)tg to neology ; using new words. neologise, ne-ol'o-jTz, v.i., to introduce new words. neologism, ne-ol'o-jism, n., a new word, expression, or doctrine. neologist, ne-ol'o-jist, n. lit. an innovator in lan- guage ; an innovator in theology. Neophyte, ne'o-fit, n. lit. one nezvly planted; a new convert; in R. Catholic Church, one newly admitted to the priesthood or to a monastery : a novice. — adj. newly entered. [L. neophytus — Gr. neophytos — neos, new, phytos, grown, — phyo, to produce.] Neoteric, ne-o-ter'ik, Neoterical, ne-o-ter'ik-al, adj. lit. belonging to what is tiewer; of recent origin ; modern. [L. neotericus — Gr. neoterikos — neo- teros, comp. of neos, new.] Nepenthe, ne-pen'the, Nepenthes, ne-pen'thez, n. lit. that which relieves from grief or pain : in med., a drug that relieves pain : a genus of plants having a lid attached to the leaf, often filled ■with a sweetish liquid. [Fr. — Gr. nepenthes, removing sorrow, once applied to an Egyptian drug which lulled sorrow for the day — ne, priv. and /^«^/i(?j, grief, sorrow.] Nephew, nev'u or nef 'u, n. orig. a grandso7i — so in New Test. ; the son of a brother or sister, [old E. nevewe, A.S. nef a, Fr. nevezt, old Fr. nepveu. It. nepote — L. nepos, nepotis, a grandson ; Gr. anepsios, a cousin; Sans, napat, }iapatri.'\ nepotism, nep'o-tizm, n. \\t. fondness for nepJtews ; favouritism to one's relations. — n. nepotist, one who practises nepotism. Nephralgia, ne-fral'ji-a, Nephralgy, ne-fral'ji, n., pain or disease of the kidneys. [Gr. nephroi, kidneys, algos, pain.] nephritic, ne-frit'ik, nephritical, ne-frit'ik-al, adj., pertaifiing to the kidneys ; affected with a dis- ease of the kidneys : relieving diseases of the kidneys. — «. nephritic, a medicine for the cure of diseases of the kidneys. nephritis, ne-frl'tiz, n. inflammation of the kidneys. Nepotism. See under Nephew. Neptune, nep'tun, n, lit. the bather; in myth., the god of the sea : in astr. , a large planet dis- covered in 1846. [L. Neptumis, akin to Gr. niptomai, to bathe : or to L. 7iubes, Gr. 7iephos, a cloud, Sans, nabhas, the sky.] neptunian, r\&^-'i\x'm-z.a.,adj.,pertaini7tgto the sea; formed by water. Nethinim Nereid, ne're-id, n. in myth., a sea-nymph, one of the daughters of the sea- god Nereus, who at- tended Neptune riding on sea-horses : in zool., a genus of marine worms like long myriapods. [L. Nereis, Gr. Nereis, -idos— Nereus, a sea- god; akin to neo, to swim, 7iad, to flow, and Sans. 7iara, water.] Nerve, nerv, n. orig. a te7ido7i or sinew ; physical strength; firmness; courage: in aiiat., one of the fibres which convey sensation from all parts of the body to the brain: in bot., one of the fibres in the leaves of plants. — v.t. to give strength or vigour to : — pr.p. ner/ing ; pa.p. nerved'. [L. nervus — Gr. 7ieuron, a sinew ; old Ger. S7iara, Ger. schnur, a lace or tie.] nerveless, nerv'les, adj., without 7ierve or strength. nervine, nerv'in, adj., acting o/i t/ie nerves; quiet- ing nervous excitement. — n. a medicine that soothes nervous excitement. [L. 7iervi7itis.'\ nervous, nerv'us, adj., havi7ig 7ierve ; sinewy; strong ; vigorous : pertaining to the nerves : having the nerves affected or weak. — adv. nen/ously. — «. nerv'ousness. [Fr. nerveux — L. 7iervosus.\ — nerv'ous sys'tem, in anat., the brain, spinal chord, and nerves collectively. nervous, nerv'us, nervose, ner-vos', nerved, nervd', adj. in bot., having parallel fibres or veins. Ness, nes, n. lit. a 7tose ; a promontory or small cape. [A.S. 7tces, nose, promontory.] Nest, nest, «. the bed formed by a bird for hatching her young : the place in which the eggs of any animal are laid and hatched : a comfortable resi- dence : the abode of a large number ; a large num- ber going to a place : a number of boxes each in- side the next larger. — v.i. to build and occupy a nest. — v.t. to form a nest iov.^pr.p. nest'ing; pa.p. nest'ed. [A.S. 7iest, nist, W. 7tyth, Gael. 7iead ; akin to L. nidus, for 7iisdus, Sans, nida.l nestle, nes'l, v.i. to lie close or snug as in a nest; to settle comfortably. — v.t. to cherish, as a bird her young -.—pr.p. nes'tling ; pa.p. nes'tled. [A.S. 7iestlian — tiest.] nestling, nest'ling, adj., hei7ig in the nest, newly hatched. — n. a young bird in the nest. Nestorian, nes-to'ri-an, adj. pertaining to the doc- trine of Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople (5th cent.) : resembling Nestor, the aged warrior and counsellor mentioned in Homer; experi- enced ; wise. Net, net, «. lit. that which is knitted; an instru- ment of twine knotted into meshes for catching birds, fishes, &c. ; anything like a net: a snare; a difficulty. — v.t. to form as network; to take with a net. — v.i. to form network: — pr.p. nett'- ir\g; pa.p. nett'ed. [A.S. 7iet, nyt, Ger. netz, from root of Knit.] netting, net'ing, 71., act of for7ni7ig network; a piece of network. network, net'wurk, 71. a piece of work or a fabric formed like a 7tet. Net, net, adj. orig. tteat, untnixed : clear of all charges. — v.t. to produce as clear profit :—/r./. nett'ing; pa.p. nett'ed. [A.S. nett; same as Neat.] Nether, neM'er, adj., beneath another, lower: infernal. [A.S. 7iithera, comp. oi nither, below.] nethermost, ne^/z'er-most, adj., most betieatk, lowest. [A.S. 7iithe/nest, superl. oi nitlier.l Nethinim, Nethinims, neth'in-im, -ims, n.pl. in B.y men given to the Levites to assist them. [Heb. 7tathan, to give. See Numbers viii. 19.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thtn. 339 Nettle Niece Nettle, net!, «. lit. the plant that pierces like a needle ; a common plant covered with hairs ■which sting sharply. — v.t. to fret, as a nettle does the skin ; to irritate '.—pr.p. nett'ling ; pa.p. nett'led. [See Needle.] ' nettle-rash, net'1-rash, n. a kind of fever character- ised by a rash or eruption on the skin like that caused by the sting of a nettle. Neural, nu'ral, adj., pertaining- to tJie nerves. [Gr. neuron. See Nerve.] neuralgia, nu-ral'ji-a, neuralgy, nu-ralji, n., pain in tlie ncrz'es. [Gr. 7ieuron, and algos, pain.] neuralgic, iiu-ral'jik, adj., pertaining to neuralgia. neurology, nu-rol'o-ji, fi., the science of the nerves. [Gr. ncuroi, and logos, science.] — adj'. neuro- logical. — )i. neurol'ogist, a writer on neurology. neuroptera, nu-rop'ter-a, n.pl. lit. nerve-wings ; an order of insects whicli have generally four wings reticulated with many nerves. [Gr. neuroji, nerve, ptera, pi. oi pteron, a wing.] neuropteral, nu-rop'ter-al, neuropterous, nu-rop'ter- us, adj., nerve-winged : belonging to the neu- roptera. neurotic, nu-rot'ik, adj., relating to or seated in the nerves.— n. a disease of the nerves ; a medicine useful for diseases of the nerves. Neuter, nu'ter, adj., neither; taking no part with either side : in gram., neither masculine nor feminine: in lot., without stamens or pistils: in zool., without se.x. — n. one taking no part in a contest : in hot. , a plant having neither stamens nor pistils : in zool., a se.xless animal, esp. the working bee. [L. — ne, not, nter, either.] neutral, nu'tral, adj., being netiter, indifferent : neither very good nor very bad. — n. a person or nation that takes no part in a contest.— rtic ; a name given in contempt, or sportive familiarity. — v.t. to give a nickname to. [old E. 7ieke-7:a>/ie, eke-7ta7ne, suraame ; Ger. ekelnanie; perh. from Ger. 7iecken, to tease, and Name.] Nidiflcation, nid-i-fi-ka'shun, «., the act of building a 7iest, and the hatching and rearing of the young. [L. 7iidus, a nest, VLndfacio, to make.] Nicotian, ni-kO'shi-an, adj. pertaining to tobacco, from Nicot, who introduced it into France in 1560. Nicotine, nik'o-tin, 71. a poisonous liquid forming the active principle of the tobacco plant. Niece, nes, «. (fem. of Nephew) the daughter of a brother or sister. [Fr. niece ; L. ne/tis, a grand- daughter, niece, from 7icpos, 7iepotis, a nephew.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mOte ; mute ; moon ; Men. 340 Niggard Niggard, nig'ard, n. , one who scrapes np money ; a miser. [Ice. hnoggr, sparing, economical ; Ger. knicker. Ice. nyggia, Sw. nj'ugga, to scrape.] niggard, nig'ard, niggardly, nig'ard-li, adj., having the qualities of a niggard; extremely sparing of expense ; miserly. — adv. with cautious parsi- mony; sparingly. — n. nigg'ardliness. Nigh, nT, adj., near; not distant; not remote in time, &c. ; close. — ad-j. near; almost.—/;-^/., near to; not distant from. [A.S. neah, neh ; Ice. na; Ger. nahe ; Goth, nehv.] See Near. Night, nTt, n. the time from sunset to sunrise ; darkness : intellectual and moral darkness ; a state of adversity; death. [A.S. niht; Ger. nacht : Goth, nahts; L. nox, noctis; Gr. nux, 7mktos ; Sans, nakia.l nightcap, nlt'kap, n. a caj> worn at flight in bed — so night' dress, night'gown, night'shirt. nightfall, nit'fawl, «., the fall or beginning of the night. nightingale, nTt'in-gal, n. a small bird celebrated for its singing at night. [A.S. nihtgale — 7iiht, night, and galan, to sing ; old Ger. naJitagala ; Ger. nachtiga/i.] night-jar, nit'-jar, night-churr, nlt'-chur, n. the goat- sucker, so called from its coming out at night and its y^rw/^ noise. nightless, nTt'Ies, adj., having no night. nightly, nlt'li, adj., done by night; done every night. — adzK, by night; every night. nightmare, nit'mar, n. lit. the spectre of the night; a dreadful dream accompanied with pressure on the breast, and a feeling of powerlessness of motion, speech, or respiration, [prov. Ger. nacht- viar — Ger. nacht, night, and mahr. Ice., Goth. inara, the spectre of the night.] night-piece, nlt'-pes, n. a piece of painting repre- senting a night scene : a painting to be seen best by candle-light. nightshade, nit'shad, n. a name of several plants having narcotic properties, often found in damp shady woods. [Night, and Shade.] night-walker, nlt'-wawk-er, n., one who walks in his sleep at night; one who walks about at night for bad purposes. nightward, nlt'ward, adj., toward night. nightwatch, nlt'woch, n., a watch or guard at night; time of watch in the night. Nigrescent, nT-gres'ent, adj., grozving black or dark ; approaching to blackness. [L. nigrescens, pr.p. oifiigresco, to grow black — niger, black.] Nimble, nim'bl, adj. lit. qiiick at taking; light and quick in motion ; active ; swift. — adv. nim'bly. — 7t. nim'bleness. [A.S. nutnol, capable, catching, from ninian, to take ; Ice. ndmr, JDan. nem, quick of apprehension, handy.] Nimbus, nim'bus, n., the rain-clond ; \n paint., the circle of rays round the heads of saints, &c. [L.] Nine, nln, adj. and n. eight and one. [A.S. nigon ; Goth, niiin ; L. novem ; Gr. ennea; Sans. navan.'\ ninefold, nTn'fold, adj.,7nne timesy^/^/^^or repeated. nine-holes, nln'-holz, «. a game in which a ball is to be bowled into ni?ie holes in the ground. ninepins, nln'pinz, «. skittles, so called from nitte pins being used. [See Skittles.] nineteen, nin'ten, adj. and ;/., niiie and ten. [A.S. nigontyfie — nigon, nine, ty7i, ten.] nineteenth, nTn'tenth, adj., the )iinth after the tenth; being one of nineteen equal parts. — n. a nineteenth part. [A.S. nigotiteotha — 7iigon, nine, ieotha, tenth.] nocturnal ninety, nln'ti, adj. and «., 7tine teits or nine times ten. [A.S. 7iigon, nine, and tig, ten.] ninetieth, nm'ti-eth, adj. the last of ninety ; next after the eighty-ninth. — «. a ninetieth part. ninth, ninth, adj. the last of ni7ie ; next after the 8th. — 71. one of nine equal parts. [A.S. nigotha.} ninthly, ninth'li, adv., itt the 7ii7ith place. Ninny, nin'i, n. lit. a child; a fool ; a simpleton. [Sp. 7ii7w, an infant, from the unmeaning word 7iina, used as a lullaby : or a contraction of 7ii7i- co}}ipoop, a corruption of L. 7W7i, co)7ipos {7ne7iiis), not of sound mind.] Nip, nip, v.t. lit. to S7iap t/ie fl7igers ; to pinch; to cut off the edge : to check the growth or vigour of; to destroy :—/r./. nipp'ing; pa.p. nipped'. — «. a pinch ; a seizing or closing in upon ; a cutting off the end : a blast ; destruc- tion by frost.— adv. nipp'ingly. [Ger. kneipen : old Ger. knyppe/t, 7iippcn, to snap the fingers.] nipper, nip'er, «., he or that which 7tips: one of the 4 fore-teeth of a horse : — in pi. small pincers. Nipple, nip'l, «. lit. a Utile nib ; the pap by which milk is drawn from the breasts of females ; u teat ; a small projection with an orifice, as the nipple of a gun, on which the cap is placed, [a dim. of Neb or Nib.] Nit, nit, ft. the egg of a louse or other small insect. — adj. nitt'y, full of nits. [A.S. hfiitit; Ice. nyt, nit ; Ger. fiisz; Gr. ko7iis, ko7iidos.'\ Nitre, ni'ter, n. the nitrate of potash, also called saltpetre. [Fr. ; L. nitf-iiin, Gr. 7iitro7i, natron, potash, soda.] nitrate, ni'trat, «. a salt offiztricacid. — a^^'.ni'trated, combined with nitric acid. [Fr. ; L. fiitrattis.l nitric, nl'trik, nitrous, nl'trus, adj., pertainifig to, containing, or resembling nitre. nitrify, nl'tri-fl, v.t., to co7ivert into nitre. — v.i. to become nitre : — pr.p. nl'trifying ; pa.p. nl' trifled. — 71. nitrifica'tion. [L. 7iit7vnn, andfacio, to make.] nitrite, nl'trlt, «. a salt of 7titrous acid. nitrogen, nl'tro-jen, «. lit. that which ge7ierates fiitre : a gas forming nearly four-fifths of com- mon air, so called from its being an essential constituent of fiiirc. — adj. nitrog'enous. [Gr. 7i.itro7i, andge7i7iad, to generate.] nitry, nl'tri, adj., of ox producing fiitre. No, no, adj., not any ; not one ; none. — adv. the word of refusal or denial. [A.S. na; old Ger. tti; Goth. 7tii, Sans. na.'\ Noachian, no-a'ki-an, adj., pertaifiing to Noah the patriarch, or to his time. Noble, no'bl, adj., well-k7towtt ; illustrious : exalted in rank ; magnificent : ingenuous ; generous ; excellent. — 7i. a person of exalted rank ; a peer : an obs. gold coin = 6s. 8d. sterling. — adv. noTjly. [Fr. — L. nobilis, obs. gfiobilis — 7iosco, g7iosco, to know.] nobility, no-bil'i-ti, «., the quality of bei7ig fzoble ; rank ; dignity; excellence ; greatness : antiquity of family ; descent from noble ancestors : the peerage. nobleman, nO'bl-man, 7t., a 7}tan wlio is 7ioble or of rank ; a peer ; one above a commoner. nobleness, no'bl-nes, «., the quality of being 7ioble ; dignity ; greatness ; ingenuousness ; worth. Nobody, no'bod-i, 7i., 7io body or person; no one. Noctum, nok'turn, n. a religious service at night. [L. noctur}ius — 7iox, fioctis, night.] nocturnal, nok-tur'nal, adj., pertaining fo flight; happening by night ; nightly. — n. an instrument for observations in the night. — adv. noctur'nally. fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; //«en. 341 Nod Noon Hod, nod, v.t., to incline in any direction ; to move the head ; to bend downwards quickly ; to beckon forward with a nod : to totter : to be drowsy. — v.t. to incline ; to signify by a nod ; to shake -.—pr.p. nodd'ing ; pa.p. nodded. — «. a bending forward of the head quickly ; a slight bow : a command. [L. nuo, Gr. 7ieud, to incline in any direction.] nodding, nod'ing, adj., inclining 'Cao. head quickly; indicating by a nod. Node, nod, «., the thing knotted or fastened to- gether ; a knob: in astr., the two points at which the orbit of a planet intersects the ecliptic : in bot., the joint of a stem: the plot of a piece in poetry. [L. fiodus, allied to Knot.] nodal, nOd'al, adj., pertaining to Jiodes. nodated, nod-at'ed, adj., knotted. noddle, nod'l, n. properly, the projecting ipzrt at the back of the head ; the head. [Ice. hnod, the round head of a nail ; Dutch, knod; Dan. kmuie, a knob ; L. nodus.] noddy, nod'i, n. one whose head nods from weak- ness ; a stupid fellow : a sea-fowl, so called from the stupidity with which it allows itself to be taken. nodose, nOd'os, adj',,/jdl of kfiots ; having knots or swelling joints; knotty. nodule, nod'ul, «., a little knot; a small lump. Noggin, nog'in, n. a small mug or wooden cup. [Ir. noigin : Qd^eX. noigea7i.\ Noise, noiz, n., that luhich annoys or is hurtful; quarrel ; stir; sound of any kind; din: frequent or public talk. — v.t. to spread by rumour. — v.i. to sound loud : — pr.p. nois'ing ; pa.p. noised'. [Fr. noise, quarrel ; L. noxa, that wliich hurts — iwceo, to hurt.] noiseless, noiz'lcs, adj., ivitJw^it noise; silent. — adv. noise'lessly. — n. noise'lessness. noisome, noi'sum, adj., injurious to health: dis- gusting. — adv. noi'somely. — ti. noi'someness. nwsy, noiz'i, adj., 7naking a loud noise or sound ; clamorous; turbulent. — «rfz/.nois'ily. — « nois'iness. Nomad, Nomade, no'mad or no-mad', «. one of a tribe that wanders about in quest of game, or of pasture. [Gr. nomas, 7io7nndos — noinos, pas- ture — neino, to deal out, to drive to pasture.] nomadic, no-mad'ik, adj., o/ or for tlu; /eedifig 0/ cattle; pastoral; pertaining to the life of nomads : rude. — adv. nomad'ically. Nomenclator, nS'men-kla-tor, «., one ivJio gives names to things. -^;«. no'menclatress. [L. — nomen, name, and calo, Gr. kalo, to call.] nomenclature, no'men-kla-tur, 71., a calling by name; a list of n.unes ; the peculiar terms of a science. Nominal, noniin-al, adj., pertai7ung to a na/ne ; existini,' only in name ; having a name. — adv. nom'lnally. [L. no/ni7ialis — 7to77te7i, -inis, name.] nominate, nom'in-fit, v.t., to 7ia7ne ; to appoint; to propose by name : — pr.p. nom'inating ; pa.p. nom'inated. [L. nomino, -atum, to name — no77ien. ] nomination, nom-in-a'shun, «., tJie act or power oj 7W7ninati7ig; state of being nominated, nominative, nom'in-a-tiv, adj., natning : 'vc\ gram., applied to the case of the suljject. — «. the naming case, the case of the subject, nominator, nom'in-at-or, «., one who no77tinates. nominee, nom-in-e', «., 07te 7iominated by another: one on whose life depends an annuity or lease : one to whom the holder of a copyhold estate surrenders his interest. Non, non, adv., not, a Latin word used as a prefi.^, as in non-appear'ance, non-attend'ance, non-com- pli'ance. Nonage, non'aj, n. the state of being fiot o/age; the time of life before a person becomes legally of age ; minority. — adj. non'aged. [L. non, not, and Age.] Nonagenarian, non-a-je-na'ri-an, n. one ni7iety years old. [L. 7i07iagenarius, containing ninety — no7t- aginia, ninety — 7iove77i, nine.] Noncommissioned, non-kom-mish'und, adj., fioi co77t7/nssio7ied or having a commission, as an officer in the army or navy. Nonconductor, non-kon-dukt'or, n. a substance which does 7tot co7id7ict or transmit another substance or fluid. Nonconforming, non-kon-form'ing, adj., not con- /or7ning, especially to an estabUshed church. nonconformist, non-kon-form'ist, «., 07ie luJw does not co7ifor77i: especially one who refused to con- form to the established chiurch at the restoration of Charles II. nonconformity, non-kon-form'i-ti, «., •wa7it cj con- for77iity, esp. to the established church. Non-content, non-kon-tent', n. one not C07ite7it : ia House of Lords, one giving a negative vote. Nondescript, non'de-skript, adj., 7iot yet described; novel : odd. — n. anything not yet described or classed ; a person or thing not easily described or classed. [L. tion, not, and descriptus, de- scribed. See Describe.] None, nun, adj. and pro7t., fiot 07ie ; not any; not the smallest part. [.A.. S. 7ian — 7ie, not, and rtw.one.] Nonentity, non-en'ti-ti, «., watit of entity or being ; a thing not existing. Nones, nOnz, 71. sing, in the Roman calendar, the 7ii7iih day before the ides — the 5th of Jan., Feb., April, June, Aug., Sept., Nov., Dec, and the 7th of the other months : in R. C. Church a season of prayer observed at 710071. [L. no7ice — 71071US for 7iove7nis, ninth— «a.p. noosed'. [Ir. fias, a band, tie, nasgaim, I tie, I bind ; L. nodus, a knot.] Nor, nor, conj. a particle marking the second or subsequent part of a negative proposition : — cor- relative to neither or not. [A. S. ne, not, and Or.] Normal, nor'mal, adj., according to rule; regular; analogical ; perpendicular. — n. a perpendicular. — adv. nor'mally. [L. 7iormalis — norma, a rule.] Norman, nor'man, 7i. lit. a 7iorth 7na7i ; a native or inhabitant of Normandy. — adj. pertaining to the Normans or to Normandy. Norse, nors, adj. pertaining to ancient Scandinavia. — 71. the language of ancient Scandinavia, [old Fr. 7iorvis, Norwegian, from the name of the people Norvegr.'] North, north, «. the point opposite the sun at noon ; one of the four cardinal points of the horizon. [A.S. 7iorth; Ice. 7wrdhr; Fr. nord.^ north-east, north-est', 7t. the point between the north and east, equidistant from each. — adj. be- longing to or from the north-east. north-easterly, north-est'er-li, adj. toward or coming from the 7iorth-cast. aorth-eastem, north-est'ern, adj., helongifzg to the north-east : being in the north-east, or in that direction. north-eastward, north-est'ward, adv., towards the 7iorth-east. northerly, north'er-W, adj., hei7tg toward the north; from the north. — adv. toward or from the north. northern, norZ/j'ern, adj., pertaiiibig to the 7iorth; being in the north or in the direction towards it. — 71. an inhabitant of the north. northernmost, nor^'A'ern-most, northmost, north'- most, adj. situate at the '^d\Y\\.fiirtliest 7iorth. north-star, north'-star, 7i. the 7iorth polar star. northward, north'ward, northwardly, north'ward-li, adj., being toivard the 7iorth. — adv. (also north'- wards) toward the north. north-west, north-west', 7t. the point between the north and west, equidistant from each. — adj. pertaining to or from the north-west. north-westerly, north-west'er-li, adj., toward or fro7n the 7iorth-west. north-western, north- west'ern, adj., j>ertai7ii7ig to or being in the 7iorth-west or in that direction. Norwegian, nor-we'ji-an, adj., pertai7d7tg to Nor- way. — 71. a native of Norway. Nose, nOz, 7i. the organ of smell ; the power of smelling: sagacity. — z>.t. to smell: to oppose rudely to the face : to sound through the nose : —j>r.p. nos'ing ; /rt./. nosed'. [A.S. «^j^. Ice. nos, Ger. nase, L. 7ias7ts, Sans. 7ias(i, prob. from an imitation of sounds made through the nose.] nose-bag, noz'-bag, 7i. a bag for a horse's 7iose, con- taining oats, &c. [Nose, and Bag.] nosegay, nozga, «. a bunch of [gay] flowers for re- galing the 7iose or sense of smelling; a bouquet. noseless, noz les, «., wiihoitt a nose. nostril, nos'tril, «., one of the hoies of the 7iose. notion [oldE. ftosethril, A.S. nasthyrl—Y(ozQ, and thyrl, a hole, Ger. thiirle, dim. of thiir, Gr. thura, a door.] Nosology, nos-ol'o-ji, n., the science of diseases ; the branch of medicine which treats of the classifi- cation and nomenclature of diseases. — adj. noso- logical.— «. nosol'ogist. [Gr. 7iosos, a disease, and logos, a discourse, an account] Nostrum, nos'trum, «. lit. 07ir ow7i ; a medicine, the composition of which is kept secret ; a quack or patent medicine. [L., from 7ios, we.] Not, not, adv. a word expressing denial, negation, or refusal. [A.S. nate, Ger. 7ticht, from nega- tive particle ne, and A.S. wiht, a whit.] Notability, Notable, &c. See under Note. Notch, noch, 7i., a 7iick cut in anything ; an inden- tation. — v.t. to cut a hollow into :—/n_;>. notch'- ing; j>a.p. notched', [old E. 7iock, Ger. k/iicke7i, to crack. See Nick.] Note, not, «., that by which a person or thing is known ; a mark or sign : a brief explanation ; a short remark : a memorandum ; a short letter ; a diplomatic paper : in 77msic, a mark represent- ing a sound, also the sound itself: a paper acknowledging a debt and promising payment : observation: reputation; fame. — v.t. to make a note of; to notice; to attend to; to record in writing ; to furnish with notes -.—pr.p. not'ing ; pa. p. not'ed. [L. 7tota, from g7ia, root of 7iosco, 7totti77t, to know.] notable, not'a-bl, adj., worthy of bei7ig known or 7ioted; remarkable ; memorable ; distinguished ; notorious. — «. a person or thing worthy of note. — adv. not'ably. — «. not'ableness. notability, not-a-bil'i-ti, «., qzialityor stz.tQ of being notable : a notable person or thing, notary, not'ar-i, «. in ancient Rome, 07ie who took 7wtes, a short-hand writer ; an officer who certi- fies deeds or other writings. [L. 7iotarius.'\ — adj. nota'rial. — adv. nota'rially. notation, no-ta'shun, n., a 7ioti7tg or marking; the act or practice of recording by marks or sym- bols ; a system of signs or symbols. [L. tiotatio — noto, 7iotatuin, to mark.] noted, not'ed, adj., marked ; well known ; cele- brated ; eminent ; notorious. — adv. not'edly. noteless, not'les, adj., not attracting 7totice. noter, not'er, ;/., one who takes 7iote or observes; one who makes notes, an annotator. noteworthy, not'wur-//^i, adj., worthy of note or notice. notice, not'is, n. lit the state of hei7tg known ; act of 7ioting ; attention; observation; informa- tion ; warning ; a writing containing informa- tion ; remark. — v.t. to mark or see; to regard or attend to ; to mention, or make observations upon; to treat with civility :—/r./; not'icing; pa. p. not'iced. [Fr. ; L. 7iotitia — 7tosco, 7tottmt, to know.] noticeable, not'is-abl, adj., able to be noticed; worthy of observation. — adv. not'iceably. notify, not'i-fl, v.t., to 77take know7t ; to declare; to give 7iotice or information oi-.—pr.p. not'ify- ing ; pa.p. not'ified. [L. 7totifico, -atic77t — 7iotus, known, ^nAfacio, to make.] notification, nOt-i-fi-kashun, 7i., tJte act of notify- ing; the notice given; the paper contaming the notice. notion, no'shun, n. lit. a beco77ii7ig acquainted ; a conception; opinion; belief ; judgment. lL.7iotia — 710SC0, 7iotum, to know.] fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moon ; thzn. 343 notional numismatics Botlonal, nC'shun-al, adj., of the nature of a notion ; ideal ; fanciful. notorious, no-tO'ri-us, adj. publicly kiio-Mn (now used in a bad sense) ; infamous. — adv. noto'- riously. — «. noto'rlouaness. [low L. notorius — noto, 7iotatum, to mark — nosco.'\ notoriety, not-o-rfe-ti, or no-, n., state of being itoioriotis ; publicity; public exposure. Nothing, nuth'ing, or noth', «., no thing; non- existence; absence of being; no part, or degree ; a low condition ; no value or use ; not anything of importance ; utter insignificance ; no magni- tude ; a cipher. — adv. in no degree; not at all. — n. noth'ingness. Notice, Notion, Notorious, &c. See under Note. Notwithstanding, not-with-stand'ing, c^«y. and/r<;>. (this) 7iot standing against or opposing ; never- theless ; however. [Not, and Withstanding.] Nought, nawt, «., not anything; nothing. — adv. in no degree, [same as Naught.] — Set at nought, to despise. Noun, noun, «. in gram., the name of anything. . [Fr. no7n, L. nomen. See Name.] Nourish, nu/ish, zi.t., to suckle ; to feed or bring up ; to support : to encourage ; to cherish ; to educate : — prf- nour'ishing ; pa.p. nourished. — It. nour'isher. [Fr. nourrir, L. nutrio.^ nourishable, nur'ish-abl, adj., able to be nourished. nourishment, nur'ish-ment, «., the act of nourish- ing or the state of being nourished ; that which nourishes ; food ; nutriment. Novel, nov'el, adj., «^7£/ / unusual ; strange. — n. that which is new ; a fictitious tale. [L. novelhis — novus, new. See New.] novelist, nov'el-ist, n. orig. an introducer of new things : a novel-writer. novelty, nov'el-ti, n., newness; anything new or strange. novice, nov'is, «., one new in anything ; a beginner ; one newly received into the church ; an inmate of a convent or nunnery who has not yet taken the vow. [Fr. ; L. novitius — novus, new.] novitiate, no-vish'i-at, n., the state or condition of being a novice ; the period of being a novice ; a novice, [low L. novitiattis.l November, no-vem'ber, n. the ninth month of the Roman year ; the eleventh month of our year. [L. from tiovem, nine.] novennial, nO-ven'yal, adj. done every ninth year. [L. novennis — noveni, nine, atmus, a year.] Now, now, adv. at the present time; at this time or a little before. — conj. but ; after this ; things being so. — n. the present time. — Now — now, at one time, at another time. [A.S., Ice., old Gcr., Goth, nu, Ger. n7en, L. fiunc, Gr. 7tun.'\ nowadays, now'a-diiz, adv., in days now present. Noway, no'wa. Noways, nO'waz, adv., in no way, manner, or degree. Nowhere, nG'hwar, adv., in no where or place. Nowise, nO'wTz, adv., in no way or degree. Noxious, nok'shus, adj., hurtful; unwholesome; imhcalthy ; producing evil or injury; destruc- tive ; poisonous. — adv. nox'iously. — «. noxious- ness. [L. no.vius — no.va, hurt — nocco, to hurt.] Nozzle, noz'l, n., a little nose; the snout; the extremity of anything, [dim. of Nose.] Nucleus, nu'kle-us, n. lit. the kernel of a nut ; the central mass round which matter gathers : in astr., the head of a comet. [L., from 7iux, nucis, a nut.] Nudge, nuj, n. a gentle push. — 71. t. to push gently: j>rf. nudg'ing ; pa.p. nudged'. [prob. from prov. Ger. knutsclien, to squeeze.] Nude, nud, adj., naked ; bare ; void. — adv. nudely. [L. fiudjcs. See Naked.] nudity, nud'i-ti, n., nakedness: — in //. naked parts ; figures divested of drapery. Nugatory, nu'ga-tor-i, adj., trifling; vain; insig- nificant ; of no power ; ineffectual. [L. nuga- torius — ntigce, jokes, trifles.] Nugget, nug'et, tt. a lump or mass, as of a metal, [a corruption of Ingot.] Nuisance, nu'sans, «., that 7vhich annoys or hurts ; that which troubles ; that which is offensive. [old Fr., from L. noceo, to hurt.] Null, nul, adj., of 710 force ; void; invalid. [L. 7t7illus, not any, from 7ie, not, and idlus, any.] nullify, nul'i-fl, v.t., to 7nake 7iull ; to annul; to render void :^pr.p. nuU'ifying ; pa.p. nuU'ified. — «. nullilica'tion. [L. 7mllifico, -at7i7n — nullus, and facio, to make.] nullity, nul'i-ti, «., the state of being n7ill or void ; nothingness ; want of existence, force, or efficacy. Numb, num, adj., deprived of sensation or motion ; stupified ; motionless. — Z'.t. to make numb; to deaden ; to render motionless : — pr.p. numbing (num'ing) ; pa.p. numbed, (numd').— «. numb- ness. [A. S. ; Goth. 7iinia7i (pa.p. tiu77te7i). Ice. ne77ia, to take away, to deprive.] Number, num'ber, 71. lit. that which is distributed ; a collection of things ; a unit in counting : more than one : sounds distributed into harmonies ; metre, verse, esp. in//. : in gram., the difference in words to express singular or plural.—//, the 4th book of the Old Test, from its having the numbers of the Israelites. — z'./. to count: to reckon as one of a multitude : to mark with a number : to amount to : — pr.p. num'bering ;/«./. nuni'bered. — 7t. num'berer. [Fr. 7i07nbre, old Fr. 7nc7/ib7-e^ It. 7iuniero — L. 7iu77terus, akin to Gr. 7iomos, that which is distributed — 7ie7nd, to distribute.] numberless, num'ber-les, adj., without 7tu7/tber; more than can be counted. numerable, nu'mer-abl, adj., that 7)iay be 7iu7nbered or counted. — adv. nu'merably. — 7ts. nu'merable- nes3, numerabil'ity. [L. 7!U7iic7-abilis.'\ numeral, nu'mer-al, adj., pe7-tai7ting to or consist- ing of 7i7t7/tber. — 71. a figure used to express a number, as i, 2, 3, &c. [L. 7iu77ieralis — 7tii7Jier7is.\ numerally, nu'mer-al-li, adv., according to 7tu7nber. numerary, nu'mer-ar-i, adj., belonging to a certain 7i7t7/iber. [Fr. 7iumeraire — low L. 7iu7/terarius.'\ numerate, nu'mcr-at, v.t. orig. to e7iu77terate, to 7iu7)iber; to point oft" and read, as figures '.—pr-p. nu'merating ; pa.p. nu'merated. numeration, nu-mer-a'shun, «., act of 7i7t77:beri7tg ; the art of reading numbers. numerator, nu'mer-a-tor, «., 07ie who 7iti77ibers; the upper number of a vulgar fraction, which ex- presses the number of fractional parts taken. numeric, nu-mcr'ik, numerical, nu-mer'ik-al, adj., belo7iging to, or consisting in mnnbcr : the same both in number and kind. — adv. numer'ically. numerous, nu'mer-us, adj. , of a great nu7/!ber; being many. — adv. nu'merously. — ;/. nu'merousness. Numismatic, nu-mis-mat'ik, adj., pertaitiing to 7i!oncy, coins, or medals. [L. 7iu7tiis>na, Gr. 7to7/iisma, coin of a state fixed by law — 7i077iizd, to establish by \z.\\— 7107710s, a law.] numismatics, nu-mis-mat'iks, 7t.si/ig., the scic7ice of coi7is and medals. 344 fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; mote ; mute ; moSn ; then. numismatology nmnismatology, nu-mis-ma-tol'o-ji, «., the science of coins and medals in relation to history. [L. mi- tnisina, Gr. jiomisma, and logos, science.] — «. numismatol'ogist, one versed in numismatology. nummulite, num'u-lTt, n. in gcoL, a fossil shell resembling a coin. [L. nummtis, a coin, and Gr. lithos, a stone.] Nun, nun, n. lit. mt elderly lady ; in R. C. Church, a female who devotes herself to celibacy and seclusion: in zool., a kind of pigeon with the feathers on its head like the hood of a nun, [A. S. nunne, Fr. nonne — It. nonna, a grandmother, nuns being orig. elderly women.] nnnnery, nun'er-i, «., a hottsefor nuns. Nuncio, nun'shi-o, «. lit. a messenger; an ambas- sador from the Pope to an emperor or king. [Sp. nuncio — L. nujtcius, a messenger, one who brings news ; prob. from 7iovi-ventius , newly come — novus, new, and vetiio, venhi7ii, to come.] nunciature, nun'shi-a-tur, «., the office of a nuncio. Nuncupative, nun-ku'pa-tiv or nun'ku-pa-tiv, Nun- cupatory, nun-ku'pa-tor-i, adj., declai'ing publicly or solemnly : in law, verbal, not written. [It. nttncupativo, nuncupatorio — L. nuncupo, -attan, to take a name for a thing — nomen, name, capio, to take.] Nunnery. See under Nun. Nuptial, nup'shal, adj., pertaining to marriage ; done at a marriage ; constituting marriage. — 7t.pl. nup'tials, marriage ; wedding ceremony. [L. nuptialis — 7iuptice, marriage — }mho, nuptum, to veil, to marry.] Nurse, nurs, n. a woman who nourishes an infant ; a mother, while her infant is at the breast : one who has the care of infants or of the sick : in hort., a. shrub or tree which protects a young plant. — v.t. to tend, as an infant, or a sick per- son ; to bring up : to manage with care and economy :—pr.p. nurs'ing ; pa.p>. nursed', [old E. nourse, nourice — Fr. 7tourrice, L. ntdrix — mdrio, to suckle, to nourish.] nursery, nurs'er-i, n. orig. the act ofmirsing; place for nursing ; an apartment for young children : in hort., a piece of ground where plants are reared ; a place where the growth of anything is promoted : that which educates. nursing-father, nurs'ing-faVAer, n. in B., a. foster- father. nursling, nurs'ling, n., one who or that which is nursed ; an infant. [Nurse, and dim. ling.] nurture, nurt'ur, «., act of nursing or nourishing; nourishment ; education ; instruction. ^■i'./. to nourish : to bring up ; to educate :—pr.p. nurt'- uring ; pa.p. nurt'ured. — n. nurt'urer. [old E. nouriturr, Fr. 7iourrit2tre — nourrir, to nourish.] Nut, nut, n. lit. a little knot or ball; the fruit of certain trees, consisting of a kernel in a hard shell ; a small block of metal for screwing on the end of a bolt.— 7/.z. to gather nuts :—/r./. nutt'ing ; pa.p. nutt'ed. [A.S. hmct, Gael, cnuth, cno ; Ice. hnot, a ball ; Ger. nuss, L. «?/.r, a nut.] nut-brown, nut'-brown, adj., brown, like an old mtt. nutcracker, nut'krak-er, «. an instrument_/2'r crack- ing mtts: a bird in Europe and N. Asia, which feeds on 7iuts, berries, and insects. nuthatch, nut'hach, 7i. orig. imt-liack, a small climb- ing bird which feeds on 7i7its and insects, called also nut jobber, nut'pecker. nutmeg, nut'meg, 7i. lit. the 7nusk-tt7ef ; the nut of an E. Indian tree, having an aromatic kernel, [old E. 7iote77nige, old Fr. 7toix 7nig7iette (for oared inusgiietie), Fr. noix muscade, low L. nux vtitsi- cat a — L. 771USCUS, musk.] Nutant, nu'tant, adj., nodding: in hoi., having the top bent downward. [L. nuta7ts, nuta7itis, pr.p, oi7iuto, inten. o( 7iuo, to nod.] nutation, nu-ta'shun, n., a noddi7tg: in astr., a periodical vibratory motion of the earth's axis : in hot., the turning of flowers towards the sun. Nutria, nu'tri-a, n. lit. «« otter : the fur of the Coypu, a kind of beaver, in S. America. [Sp. nutria, iiutra — Gr. e7iudris, an otter.] Nutrient, nu'tri-ent, adj., 7iourishi7ig. — n. anything, nourishing. \L..7i7itrie7is, -e7itis — pr.p. oi 7i7itrio, to nourish.] nutriment, nu'tri-ment, n., that which notirishes ; food. [L. 7iutri77ie7itu77i — nutrio, to nourish.] nutrimental, nu-tri-ment'al, adj., havi7ig the qzcality of 7mtri}7ie7it or food ; nutritious. nutrition, nu-trish'un, «. , act of ti07irishi7ig ; pro- cess of promoting the growth of bodies, [low L. 7intritio — L. 7t:ttrio.'\ nutritious, nu-trish'us, adj., 7!07irishi7tg ; promoting growth. — adv. nutri'tiously. — «. nutri'tiousness. nutritive, nu'tri-tiv, adj., 7i07{rishing. — adv. nu'tri- tively. — 71. nu'tritiveness. Nyctalopia, nik-ta-lo'pi-a, Nyctalopy, nik'ta-lo-pi, n. lit. seei7tgby 7iiglit ; a defect of vision, on account of which objects are seen only at night or in the dusk. [Gr. nyktalopia — 7iyktaldps, seeing by- night only — 7iyx, 7iyktos, night, dps, vision.] nyctalops, nik'ta-lops, «., 07ie affected witJi nycta- lopy. Nylghau, nil'gaw, «. lit. blue ox: in zool., a large- species of antelope, in N. Hindustan, the males of which are blue. [Hind, and Pers. nil-gaw — nil, blue, gaw, o.x, cow.] Nymph, nimf, «. lit. a bride : a maiden : in myth., one of the beautiful females inhabiting every region of the earth and waters. — adj. nymph'like. [L. 7iy77ipha, Gr. 7iy77iphe, prob. from L. tmbo, to veil, from the bride being veiled when led home to the bridegroom.] njrmph, nimf, nympha, nimf'a, «. the pupa or chrys- alis of an insect.—//, nymphae (nimf'e). nymphean, nim-fe'an, adj., pertai7ung to or inha- bited by 7iy77iphs. nymphical, nimf'ik-al, adj., pertai7ii7ig to 7iyi7tpJis.^ 0, o, i7tt. an exclamation of wonder, desire, pain,, grief, &c. Oak, ok, 7t. a tree of many species, the most famous of which is the British oak, so valuable for its timber. [A.S. cec, eac. Ice. eik, Ger. eiche.] oak-apple, ck'-ap-pl, n. a spongy substance on the leaves of the oak, caused by insects, so called from its likeness to a small apple, called also oak'leaf-gall. oaken, ok'n, adj., co7tsisting or made of oak. oakling, ok'ling, 71., a yotc7ig oak. Oakum, ok'um, 7t. lit. that which is co77ibed, tow; old! ropes untwisted and teased into loose hemp for calking the seams of ships. [A.S. ac7i7nba, eEce77tba- — ce77ib, that which is combed — ce7izban, to comb.] Oar, or, 7t. lit. that which ploughs the water ; a light pole with a flat end, for rowing boats.— z/.^. to impel by rowing. — v.i. to row -.^pr.p. oar'ing ■; pa.p. oared'. [A.S. ar — eria7i [root ar), to plough.] oared, ord, adj., fur/iished with oars. fate, far; me, her; mine; mote; mute; moon; thGn. MS oarsman, orz'man, «., one who rows with an oar. Oasis, o'a-sis or o-a'sis, «. a fertile spot in a sandy desert.— /A Oases (o'a-sez). [L., Gr. oasis, Ar, wah. ] Oat, ot (oftener in //. Oats, ots), n. lit. tJiat ivkich may be eaten ; a grassy plant, the seeds of which are much used as food; its seeds. [A.S. ata, oat, A.S. a.p. object'ed. — «. object 'or. [L. objecto, from objicio, -jectutn — ob, in the way of, Ti.w'X jncio, to throw.] object, ob'jekt, n. lit. anything thrown in tJuway of one; anything set before the mind: that which is sought for; end ; motive : in ^ra/«., that which follows a transitive verb. object-glass, ob'jekt-glas, n. the glass at the end of a telescope or microscope next the object. objection, ob-jekshun, «., act of objecting; anything in opposition ; argument aganist. objectionable, ob-jek'shun-abl, adj., tluit may be objected to. objective, ob-jekt'iv, adj., relating to an object; Obscure being exterior to the mind : '\r\^gram., belonging to the case of the object. — «. in grain,, the case of the object.. — adv. object'ively. objectiTeness, ob-jekt'iv-nes, objectivity, ob-jek-tiv'- i-ti, n., state of being objective. Oblate, ob-lat', adj., carried out or widened yZ'r- wards at the sides, like an orange. — n. oblate'ness. [L. obtains, pa.p. oi offero, to carry forward; to offer — ob, against, 2Jx6.fero, to bring.] oblation, ob-la'shun, w., anythiftg ojfered In wor- ship or sacred service ; an offering. [L. oblatio.] Obligation. See under Oblige. Oblige, o-blTj', v.t., to bind or constrain; to do a favour to : — pr.p. oblTg'ing ; pa.p. obliged'. [L. obligo, obligatum — ob, and ligo, to bind.] obligation, ob-li-ga'shun, «., act of obliging; that which binds ; any act which binds one to do some- thing for another; state of being bound by a favour : in law, a bond containing a penalty on failure. obligatory, obll-ga-tor-i, adj., binding; imposing duty. — adv. ob'ligatorily. — «. ob'ligatoriness. obligee, ob-Ii-je', ti. in law, tlie person to w/iom another is obliged or bound. obliging, o-bllj'ing, adj., disposed to oblige or con- fer favours. — adv. oblig'ingly. — n. oblig'ingness. obligor, ob-li-gor', n. in law, t/ie person wJio binds himself \.Q another. Oblique, ob-lek', adj., slaftting; not perpendicular; not parallel ; not straightforward ; obscure : in geom., not a right angle : in gram., denoting any case except the nominative. — adv. oblique'ly. [Fr. ; L. obliguus — ob, and liauis, oblique. 1 obliqueness, ob-lek'nes, obliquity, ob-lik'wi-ti, n., state of being oblique; a slanting direction; error or wrong ; irregularity. Obliterate, ob-lit'er-at, v.t. lit. to smear ; to blot out ; to wear out ; to destroy ; to reduce to a very low state : — pr.p. obliterating ; pifl-.p. oblit*- erated. [L. oblitero, -atum — ob, and li?io, liiian, to besmear.] obliteration, ob-llt-er-a'shun, n., act of obliterating ; a blotting or wearing out ; e.xtinction. Oblivion, ob-liv'l-un, n. lit. a blotting 07