wm^ammmmmnmam iilinilQHniiiiinininiinuninfnninRfinsifinii ai.CAULAY ^^ ..' ■ yS'OF'ANCIENT^RO 'I'i'iil'IfrM Itllliili iliP^' mtmummm mai' the: hicks school. >o »' LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME T. B. MACAULAY. MACAULAY'S LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME Edited With Introduction and Notes BY MOSES GRANT DANIELL BOSTON, U.S.A. GINN & COMrANY. PUBLISHERS CI)e at!)cnafum Press 1902 Copyright, iSgg By GINN & COMPANY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA COLLE^iE LIBRARY •"?43 /)7 77095 1 PREFACE In preparing notes for this edition of the Lays, the editor has had in mind chiefly the needs of the non-classical student, to whom the text presents much that he is not at all familiar with. What any reader needs, in order to derive the greatest satisfaction from the reading, is a clear appreciation of the circumstances and situations as they might appear to a Roman for whom the Lays are assumed to have been written. To go further than this, and make the Lays a basis for the extended study of Roman history, geography, mythology, and antiquities, would, in the editor's opinion, be a mistake. The author deemed his own introductions to the several Lays to be sufficient; but these take for granted a certain amount of knowledge that young readers cannot fairly be assumed to possess; and even the customary explanatory notes, unless inordinately extended, leave something to be desired. One needs to read at some length the accounts that historians have given of Rome in the early days, in order to surround himself with the right atmosphere, so to speak, in which to read the Lays with the keenest apprecia- tion. Any good history of Rome that has a good index may be used for the purpose here indicated. The editor has not often yielded to the ever-present tempta- tion to give the meanings of words that can be found in a dictionary. Some such words need additional explanation or illustration, but in general the student should learn to depend upon his own research. IV PRE FA CE. A map of Etruria and Latium and parts adjacent and a map of early Rome have been provided, with the idea that it is well for the reader to associate a " local habitation " with the names that he encounters, and that maps are better than notes for this purpose. Places not to be found in the maps are referred to in the notes. The texts of the early editions and of several later editions, English and American, have been carefully collated. It was with much hesitation that the editor ventured to make essen- tial changes in the original punctuation, which has been followed in most of the subsequent editions that he has examined. He decided to make them, however, in the con- viction that a system of punctuation more in accordance with present usage in this country would make the reading easier. A similar explanation may be made of a few changes in spelling. A pronouncing vocabulary of proper names (according to the English method) will, it is hoped, be found useful to many readers. The editor gratefully acknowledges his obligations to Mr. William Tappan for valuable criticisms and suggestions. M. G. D. January, 1899. CONTENTS, Page Introduction . . ....... vii Author's Preface ......... 3 HoRATius ......... 27 The Battle of the Lake Regillus 53 Virginia 87 The Prophecy of Capys 109 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Pronouncing Vocabulary 143 MAPS. ETRURIA, L.A.TIUM, ETC. 2 Rome under the Kings 26 INTRODUCTION. Thomas Babington Macaulay, son of Zachary Macaulay, an eminent philanthropist, was born Oct. 25, 1800, at Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, England. He was graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1822, and in 1824 was elected a Fellow of Trinity, remaining there till 1825. He entered Parliament in 1830. In 1834 he was made a member of the Supreme Council of India, and soon proceeded to Calcutta, where he remained till 1838. He was again elected to Par- liament in 1839, appointed War-secretary in 1840, and Pay- master-general in 1846. In 1847 he was defeated in his canvass for Parliament, but was re-elected in 1852. In 1857 he was raised to the peerage of Great Britain under the title of Baron Macaulay of Rothley. He died Dec. 28, 1859, at his residence, Holly Lodge, London, and was buried in Westminster Abbey in the "Poets' Corner." In his earliest childhood Macaulay gave evidence of the remarkable intellectual gifts with which nature had endowed him, and of his decided bent towards literary pursuits. Be- fore he was eight years old he had written a Compendium of Universal Histoiy and a romance entitled The Battle of Cheviot. A little later he composed poems of great length. These juvenile productions are said to have been creditable performances for one of his age, or, as Hannah More said of some hymns that he had composed, " quite extraordinary for such a baby." They are mentioned here only to show how early his mental activity began to display itself. viii INTRODUCTION. At college he acquired a brilliant reputation as a scholar and debater, though he did not reach the highest college rank on account of his dislike of mathematical studies. He twice received the Chancellor's medal for excellence in Eng- lish verse. At the age of twenty-six he was admitted to the bar ; but after a year or two he found that the law was not his voca- tion, and soon abandoned it altogether. Meanwhile fame was coming to him from other directions. In 1825 his first contribution to the Edinburgh Revieiv, the essay on Milton, appeared, and it at once became evident that a new star had risen on the literary horizon. He continued to write for the Review for nearly twenty years, during which time appeared the celebrated essays on Lord Bacon, Bunyan, Lord Clive, Warren Hastings, and others, all marked by the same pro- fundity of learning, the same wealth and aptness of illustra- tion, the same brilliancy of fancy, the same critical acumen, and the same felicities of style that characterized his first effort. In his political career Macaulay was an ardent Whig; but he never sacrificed his convictions of what was right to mere expediency or to popular clamor. It was his independence that cost him his seat in Parliament in 1847. In Parliament he was a skilful and ready debater, and his reputation as an exceptionally brilliant orator always attracted crowds of eager listeners whenever it was known that he was to speak. His services in India were of great value to the govern- ment and to the people of that country. He drafted a penal code, which, after much discussion and revision, became the code under which criminal law is now administered through- out the Indian empire. He also set on foot a system of national education, which has since spread over the whole of India. The History of England was to be the crowning work of INTRODUCTION. ix Macaulay's life, and that upon which his fame should chiefly rest. He gradually gave up all thought of further political preferment, devoting the last years of his life almost exclu- sively to the immense labor involved in the prosecution of this work. Unfortunately, he lived to complete only five volumes. When the first two volumes were issued, in 1848, they were received with remarkable enthusiasm on both sides of the Atlantic. In fact, no similar work had ever met with such a reception. In the height of his fame as a statesman, orator, and writer, Macaulay achieved also great social distinction, for to his other accomplishments he added that of being a very entertaining converser and story-teller. " His family break- fast table was covered with cards of invitation to dinner from every quarter of London." He was altogether charming in his domestic relations. He was never married, but seemed to live for his sister Hannah, to whom he was devotedly attached, and whose children he treated as his own. No account of Macaulay, however brief, is complete with- out mention of his prodigious memory. He seemed to remember without effort everything that he had ever read or heard, even to the minutest details. "At one period of his life he was known to say that, if by some miracle of van- dalism all copies of Paradise Lost and The Pilgrim's Progress were destroyed off the face of the earth, he would undertake to reproduce them both from recollection whenever a revival of learning came." ^ Even towards the end of his life he would sometimes devote his leisure hours to testing his memory. " I walked in the portico," he writes in October, 1857, "and learned by heart the noble Fourth Act of the Merchant of Venice. There are four hundred lines, of which I knew a hundred and fifty. I made myself perfect master ^ Life and Lettei-s, vol. i, p. 52. X INTRODUCTION. of the whole, the prose letter included, in two hours." ^ On one occasion, in answer to a friendly challenge to a feat of memory, he drew ofif at once a full list of the Senior Wranglers at Cambridge, with their dates and colleges, for the hundred years during which the names of Senior Wranglers had been recorded in the University Calendar. Through all his varied career he never ceased to keep up his acquaintance with classic literature. Even in the midst of the turmoil of political life and the incessant demands of official position, he found time to read again and again the works that most men close forever when they leave college. In his correspondence and in his journal he makes frequent reference to this habit, as, for example : " Calcutta, Dec. 30, 1835. . . . During the last thirteen months I have read ^schylus twice ; Sophocles twice ; Euripides once ; Pindar twice ; Callimachus ; Apollonius Rhodius ; Quintus Calaber; Theocritus twice; Herodotus; Thucydides; almost all Xenophon's works; almost all Plato; Aristotle's Politics, and a good deal of his Organon, — besides dipping elsewhere in him ; the whole of Plutarch's Lives; about half of Lucian; two or three books of Athenaeus; Plautus twice; Terence twice; Lucretius twice ; Catullus; Tibullus; Propertius; Lu- can; Statius; Silius Italicus; Livy; Velleius Paterculus; Sal- lust; Caesar; and, lastly, Cicero.^ Macaulay's purpose in writing the Lays he has fully ex- plained in the preface. A few additional statements and remarks about them are worth quoting. Writing to the editor of the Edinburgh Review in July, 1842, he says : " You are acquainted, no doubt, with Perizonius's theory about the early Roman history, — a theory which Niebuhr revived, and which Arnold ^ has adopted as fully established. I have myself not the smallest doubt of its truth. It is that the 1 Life and Letters, vol. i, p. 448. - Ibid., p. 443. ^ Dr. Thomas Arnold of Rugby. INTRODUCTION. xi Stories of the birth of Romulus and Remus, the fight of the Horatii and Curiatii, and all the other romantic tales which fill the first three or four books of Livy, came from the lost ballads of the early Romans. I amused myself in India with trying to restore some of these long-perished poems. Arnold saw two of them and wrote to me in such terms of eulogy that I have been induced to correct and complete them. There are four of them, and I think that, though they are but trifles, they may pass for scholarlike and not inelegant trifles. I must prefix short prefaces to them, and I think of publish- ing them next November in a small volume." ^ The following extract from a letter to the same person, written Nov. i6, 1842, after the Lays had been published, shows something of his own opinion regarding them : " I am glad that you like my Lays, and the more glad because I know that, from good-will to me, you must have been anxious about their fate. I do not wonder at your misgivings. I should have felt similar misgivings if I had learned that any person, however distinguished by talents and knowledge, whom I knew as a writer only by prose works, was about to publish a volume of poetry. Had I seen advertised a poem by Mackintosh, by Dugald Stewart, or even by Burke, I should have augured nothing but failure ; and I am far from putting myself on a level even with the least of the three. So much the better for me. Where people look for no merit, a little merit goes a long way ; and, without the smallest affectation of modesty, I confess that the success of my little book has far exceeded its just claims. I shall be in no hurry to repeat the experiment; for I am well aware that a second attempt would be made under much less favorable circumstances. A far more severe test would now be applied to my verses. I shall, therefore, like a wise gamester, leave off while I am a winner, and not cry Double or Quits." ^ 1 life and Letters, vol. ii, p. M2. 2 J^,i^l_^ p. 122. xii INTRODUCTION. In his journal, under date Sept. 9, 1850, he writes: "Those poems have now been eight years published. They still sell, and seem still to give pleasure. I do not rate them high ; but I do not remember that any better poetry has been published since." ^ The remarkable popularity of the Lays from the very first shows that Macaulay struck a responsive chord in the hearts of old and young alike. They were received with the warm- est praise not only by the public but by the reviewers, only now and then one finding, serious fault with them. Some later critics, however, have gone so far as to assert that Macaulay was no poet — that the Lays are not poetry ; but no amount of hostile criticism, not even the great name of Matthew Arnold, seems to lessen the favor in which they are still held. The following passages, quoted from various sources, will be of interest to the student. "You are very right in admiring Macaulay, who has a noble, clear, metallic note in his soul, and makes us ready by it for battle. I very much admire Mr. Macaulay, and could scarcely read his ballads and keep lying down. They seemed to draw me up to my feet, as the mesmeric powers are said to do." ^ " It is the great merit of these poems that they are free from ambition or exaggeration. Nothing seems overdone — no tawdry piece of finery disfigures the simplicity of the plan that has been chosen. They seem to have been framed with great artistical skill — with much self-denial and abstinence from anything incongruous — and with a very successful imi- tation of the effects intended to be represented. Set every 1 Life and Letters, vol. ii, p. 282. 2 Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, addressed to Richard Hengist Home, vol. i, p. loi. INTRODUCTION. xiii here and there, images of beauty and expressions of feeling are thrown out that are wholly independent of Rome or the Romans, and that appeal to the widest sensibilities of the human heart. In point of homeliness of thought and lan- guage, there is often a boldness which none but a man con- scious of great powers of writing would have ventured to show."^ "... the pinchbeck Roman ballads of Lord Macaulay." " Let me frankly say that, to my mind, a man's power to detect the ring of false metal in those Lays is a good measure of his fitness to give an opinion about poetical matters at all."=^ " The merits of Macaulay's poetry are similar to his prose, except that his verse is characterized by more imagination. The same living energy, however, animates both. He is a man of the most extensive acquirements, possessing the power of representing his knowledge in magnificent pictures. He has a quick sympathy with whatever addresses the passions and the fancy, and a truly masculine mind. His style alternates between copiousness and condensation, and the transitions are contrived with consummate skill. The most brilliant and rapid of all contemporary writers, his poetry is an array of strong thoughts and glittering fancies bounding along on a rushing stream of feeling. It has almost the appearance of splendid impromptu composi- tion. The ' Lay ' of ' Virginia ' contains some exquisite delineations of the affections, full of natural pathos and a certain serene beauty, somewhat different from Macaulay's usual martial tone." ^ 1 Professor Wilson, in Blackwood'' s Magazine, vol. lii, p. 802. - Matthew Arnold, in On Translating Homer. 3 E. P. Whipple, in Essays and Reviews, vol. i, p. 340 (1S48). xiv INTRODUCTION. " In them [the Roman ballads] are repeated all the merits and all the defects of the Essays. The men and women are mere enumerations of qualities; the battle-pieces are masses of uncombined incidents: but the characteristics of the periods treated have been caught and reproduced with perfect accu- racy. The setting of Horatius, which belongs to the earliest days of Rome, is totally different from the setting of the Prophecy of Capys, which belongs to the time when Rome was fast acquiring the mastery over Italy; and in each case the setting is studiously and remarkably exact. In these poems, again, there is the same prodigious learning, the same richness of illustration, which distinguish the Essays ; and they are adorned with a profusion of metaphor and aptness of epithets which is most admirable." ^ "And he knows, too, how to stir the blood of the average Englishman. He understands most thoroughly the value of concentration, unity, and simplicity. Every speech or essay forms an artistic whole, in which some distinct moral is vigor- ously driven home by a succession of downright blows. This strong rhetorical instinct is shown conspicuously in the Lays of Ancient Rome, which, whatever we may say of them as poetry, are an admirable specimen of rhymed rhetoric. We know how good they are when we see how incapable are modern ballad-writers in general of putting the same swing and fire into their verses. Compare, for example, Aytoun's Lays of the Cavaliers, as the most obvious parallel: — Not swifter pours the avalanche Adown the steep incline, That rises o'er the parent springs Of rough and rapid Rhine, 1 John Bach McMaster, in Library of the World'' s Best Literature, vol. xvi, p. 9384. INTRODUCTION. XV than certain Scotch heroes over an entrenchment. . Place this mouthing by any parallel passage in Macaulay: — Now, by our sire Quirinus, It was a goodly sight To see the thirty standards Swept down the tide of flight. So flies the spray in Adria When the black squall doth blow. So corn-sheaves in the flood time Spin down the whirling Po. And so on, in verses which innumerable schoolboys of infe- rior pretensions to Macaulay's know by heart. And in such cases the verdict of the schoolboy is perhaps more valuable than that of the literary connoisseur. There are, of course, many living poets who can do tolerably something of far higher quality which Macaulay could not do at all. But I don't know who, since Scott, could have done this particular thing. Possibly Mr. Kingsley might have approached it, or the poet, if he would have condescended so far, who sang the bearing of the good news from Ghent to Aix. In any case, the feat is significant of Macaulay's true power. It looks easy; it involves no demands upon the higher reason- ing or imaginative powers: but nobody will believe it to be easy who observes the extreme rarity of a success in a feat so often attempted." ^ " The chorus of enthusiastic applause with which the Lays were received — Macaulay's veteran adversary, Christopher North, shouting with the loudest, — has not, perhaps, been uniformly echoed by the critics of latter days; but with the far more important audience which lies outside the little circle of self-appointed judges and accepts their judgments 1 Leslie Stephen, in Horn's in a Library, vol. ii, p. 369. xvi INTR on UC TION. only when it agrees with them, they have never lost their popularity. Every schoolboy knows them, to use a favorite phrase of Macaulay's own, though schoolboys are not usually partial to poetry; but to the minstrelsy of Scott or Macaulay — it is much to mention them together — no healthy-minded boy refuses to listen, nor should we think much of the boy who could not declaim some of the fiery sentences of Icilius, or describe exactly the manner of the death of Ocnus or Aruns, Seius or Lausulus. Of older readers it is less neces- sary to speak, as he who has known Macaulay's Lays in his childhood has no occasion to refer to them again. There is an unfading charm in the swing and vigor of the lines, which bring to our ears the very sound of the battle, the clash of steel and the rushing of the horses, ' the noise of the cap- tains and the shouting.' ' A cut and thrust style,' Wilson called it, ' without any flourish — Scott's style when his blood was up and the first words came like a vanguard impatient for battle.' The praise is scarcely extravagant." ^ 1 Mrs. Oliphant, in The Victorian Age of English Literature, vol. i, p. 174. MACAU LAY'S LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME. Longitude H PART OF CENTRAL ITALY. (Etruria, Latium, etc.) LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME. PREFACE.i That what is called the history of the Kings and early- Consuls of Rome is to a great extent fabulous, few scholars have, since the time of Beaufort, ventured to deny. It is certain that, more than three hundred and sixty years after the date ordinarily assigned for the foundation of the city, 5 the public records were, with scarcely an exception, de- stroyed by the Gauls. It is certain that the oldest annals of the commonwealth were compiled more than a century and a half after this destruction of the records. It is cer- tain, therefore, that the great Latin writers of the Angus- 10 tan age did not possess those materials without which a trustworthy account of the infancy of the republic could not possibly be framed. Those writers own, indeed, that the chronicles to which they had access were filled with battles that were never fought and Consuls that were never 1 5 inaugurated ; and we have abundant proof that, in these chronicles, events of the greatest importance, such as the issue of the war with Porsena and the issue of the war with Brennus, were grossly misrepresented. Under these cir- cumstances, a wise man will look with great suspicion on 20 the legend which has come down to us. He will perhaps be inclined to regard the princes who are said to have 1 This is Macaulay's general introduction to the Lays. 3 4 LA YS OF ANCIENT ROME. founded the civil and religious institutions of Rome, the son of Mars and the husband of Egeria, as mere mytho- logical personages, of the same class with Perseus and • Ixion. As he draws nearer and nearer to the confines 5 of authentic history, he will become less and less hard of belief. He will admit that the most important parts of the narrative have some foundation in truth. But he will distrust almost all the details, not only because they sel- dom rest on any solid evidence, but also because he will 10 constantly detect in them, even when they are within the limits of physical possibility, that peculiar character, more easily understood than defined, which distinguishes the creations of the imagination from the realities of the world in which we live. 15 The early history of Rome is indeed far more poetical than anything else in Latin literature. The loves of the Vestal and the God of War, the cradle laid among the reeds of Tiber, the fig-tree, the she-wolf, the shepherd's cabin, the recognition, the fratricide, the rape of the 20 Sabines, the death of Tarpeia, the fall of Hostus Hostil- ius, the struggle of Mettus Curtius through the marsh, the women rushing with torn raiment and dishevelled hair between their fathers and their husbands, the nightly meetings of Numa and the Nymph by the well in the 25 sacred grove, the fight of the three Romans and the three Albans, the purchase of the Sibylline books, the crime of Tullia, the simulated madness of Brutus, the ambiguous reply of the Delphian oracle to the Tarquins, the wrongs of Lucretia, the heroic actions of Horatius Codes, of 30 Scaevola, and of Cloelia, the battle of Regillus won by the aid of Castor and Pollux, the defence of Cremera, the touching story of Coriolanus, the still more touching story of Virginia, the wild legend about the draining of the Alban lake, the combat between Valerius Corvus and AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 5 the gigantic Gaul, are among the many instances which will at once suggest themselves to every reader. In the narrative of Livy, who was a man of fine imag- ination, these stories retain much of their genuine char- acter. Nor could even the tasteless Dionysius distort 5 and mutilate them into mere prose. The poetry shines, in spite of him, through the dreary pedantry of his eleven books. It is discernible in the most tedious and in the most superficial modern works on the early times of Rome. It enlivens the dulness of the Universal Histoiy, and gives 10 a charm to the most meagre abridgments of Goldsmith. Even in the age of Plutarch there were discerning men who rejected the popular account of the foundation of Rome, because that account appeared to them to have the air, not of a history, but of a romance or a. drama. 15 Plutarch, who was displeased at their incredulity, had nothing better to say in reply to their arguments than that chance sometimes turns poet, and produces trains of events not to be distinguished from the most elaborate plots which are constructed by art.^ But though the exist- 20 ence of a poetical element in the early history of the Great City was detected so many years ago, the first critic who distinctly saw from what source that poetical element had been derived was James Perizonius, one of the most acute and learned antiquaries of the seventeenth century. 25 His theory, which in his own days attracted little or no ^'TTroTrTOf ii.lv eviois icrrl to SpafiariKhv kuI 7rXa(r/xaTaJ5es • ov Set 81 dirio'Teii', TTjv rdxT' opwfTas, o'iwv TronjfxaTiov 5r]fjLLovpy6s iari. — Pint. Rom. viii. This remarkable passage has been more grossly misin- terpreted than any other in the Greek language, where the sense was so obvious. The Latin version of Cruserius, the French version of Amyot, the old English version by several hands, and the later English version by Langhorne, are all equally destitute of every trace of the meaning of the original. None of the translators saw even that ■Koitiixa. is a poem. They all render it an event. 6 LA YS OF ANCIENT ROME. notice, was revived in the present generation by Niebuhr, a man who would have been the first writer of his time, if his talent for communicating truths had borne any pro- portion to his talent for investigating them. That theory 5 has been adopted by several eminent scholars of our own country, particularly by the Bishop of St. David's, by Pro- fessor Maiden, and by the lamented Arnold. It appears to be now generally received by men conversant with classical antiquity ; and indeed it rests on such strong 10 proofs, both internal and external, that it will not be easily subverted. A popular exposition of this theory, and of the evidence by which it is supported, may not be without interest even for readers who are unacquainted with the ancient languages. 15 The Latin literature which has come down to us is of later date than the commencement of the Second Punic War, and consists almost exclusively of works fashioned on Greek models. The Latin metres, heroic, elegiac, lyric, and dramatic, are of Greek origin. The best Latin epic 20 poetry is the feeble echo of the Iliad and Odyssey. The best Latin eclogues are imitations of Theocritus. The plan of the most finished didactic poem in the Latin tongue was taken from Hesiod. The Latin tragedies are bad copies of the masterpieces of Sophocles and Eurip- 25 ides. The Latin comedies are free translations from Demophilus, Menander, and Apollodorus. The Latin philosophy was borrowed, without alteration, from the Por- tico and the Academy ; and the great Latin orators con- stantly proposed to themselves as patterns the speeches 30 of Demosthenes and Lysias. But there was an earlier Latin literature, a literature truly Latin, which has wholly perished, which had, indeed, almost wholly perished long before those whom we are in the habit of regarding as the greatest Latin writers were AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 1 born. That literature abounded with metrical romances, such as are found in every country where there is much curiosity and intelligence, but little reading and writing. All human beings not utterly savage long for some infor- mation about past times, and are delighted by narratives 5 which present pictures to the eye of the mind. But it is only in very enlightened communities that books are readily accessible. Metrical composition, therefore, which in a highly civilized nation is a mere luxury, is in nations imperfectly civilized almost a necessary of life, and is 10 valued less on account of the pleasure which it gives to the ear than on account of the help which it gives to the memory. A man who can invent or embellish an interest- ing story, and put it into a form which others may easily retain in their recollection, will always be highly esteemed 15 by a people eager for amusement and information, but destitute of libraries. Such is the origin of ballad-poetry, a species of composition which scarcely ever fails to spring up and flourish in every society at a certain point in the progress towards refinement. Tacitus informs us that 20 songs were the only memorials of the past which the ancient Germans possessed. We learn from Lucan and from Ammianus Marcellinus that the brave actions of the ancient Gauls were commemorated in the verses of Bards. During many ages, and through many revolutions, min- 25 strelsy retained its influence over both the Teutonic and the Celtic race. The vengeance exacted by the spouse of Attila for the murder of Siegfried was celebrated in rhymes, of which Germany is still justly proud. The exploits of Athelstane were commemorated by the Anglo- 3° Saxons, and those of Canute by the Danes, in rude poems, of which a few fragments have come down to us. The chants of the Welsh harpers preserved, through ages of darkness, a faint and doubtful memory of Arthur. In 8 LAVS OF ANCIENT ROME. the Highlands of Scotland may still be gleaned some relics of the old songs about Cuthullin and Fingal. The long struggle of the Servians against the Ottoman power was recorded in lays full of martial spirit. We learn from 5 Herrera that, when a Peruvian Inca died, men of skill were appointed to celebrate him in verses, which all the people learned by heart and sang in public on days of festival. The feats of Kurroglou, the great freebooter of Turkistan, recounted in ballads composed by himself, 10 are known in every village of Northern Persia. Captain Beechey heard the Bards of the Sandwich Islands recite the heroic achievements of Tamehameha, the most illus- trious of their kings. Mungo Park found in the heart of Africa a class of singing-men, the only annalists of their IS rude tribes, and heard them tell the story of the victory which Damel, the negro prince of the Jaloffs, won over Abdulkader, the Mussulman tyrant of Foota Torra. This species of poetry attained a high degree of excellence among* the Castilians before they began to copy Tuscan 20 patterns. It attained a still higher degree of excellence among the English and the Lowland Scotch during the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. But it reached its full perfection in ancient Greece ; for there can be no doubt that the great Homeric poems are gener- 25 ically ballads, though widely distinguished from all other ballads, and indeed from almost all other human com- positions, by transcendent sublimity and beauty. As it is agreeable to general experience that, at a cer- tain stage in the progress of society, ballad-poetry should 30 flourish, so is it also agreeable to general experience that, at a subsequent stage in the progress of society, ballad- poetry should be undervalued and neglected. Knowledge advances ; manners change ; great foreign models of com- position are studied and imitated. The phraseology of AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 9 the old minstrels becomes obsolete. Their versification, which, having received its laws only from the ear, abounds in irregularities, seems licentious and uncouth. Their simplicity appears beggarly when compared with the quaint forms and gaudy coloring of such artists as Cowley 5 and Gongora. The ancient lays, unjustly despised by the learned and polite, linger for a time in the memory of the vulgar, and are at length too often irretrievably lost. We cannot wonder that the ballads of Rome should have altogether disappeared, when we remember how very nar- 10 rowly, in spite of the invention of printing, those of our own country and those of Spain escaped the same fate. There is indeed little doubt that oblivion covers many English songs equal to any that were published by Bishop Percy, and many Spanish songs as good as the best of 15 those which have been so happily translated by Mr. Lockhart. Eighty years ago England possessed only one tattered copy of Childe Waters and Sir Cauline, and Spain only one tattered copy of the noble poem of The Cid. The snuff of a candle, or a mischievous dog, might in a 20 moment have deprived the world forever of any of those fine compositions. Sir Walter Scott, who united to the fire of a great poet the minute curiosity and patient dili- gence of a great antiquary, was but just in time to save the precious relics of the Minstrelsy of the Border. In 25 Germany, the lay of the Nibelungs had been long utterly forgotten, when, in the eighteenth century, it was for the first time printed from a manuscript in the old library of a noble family. In truth, the only people who, through their whole passage from simplicity to the highest civili- 3° zation, never for a moment ceased to love and admire their old ballads, were the Greeks. That the early Romans should have had ballad-poetry, and that this poetry should have perished, is therefore not 10 LAVS OF ANCIENT ROME. strange. It would, on the contrary, have been strange if these things had not come to pass ; and we should be justified in pronouncing them highly probable, even if we had no direct evidence on the subject. But we have 5 direct evidence of unquestionable authority. Ennius, who flourished in the time of the Second Punic War, was regarded in the Augustan age as the father of Latin poetry. He was, in truth, the father of the second school of Latin poetry, the only school of which the works lo have descended to us. But from Ennius himself we learn that there were poets who stood to him in the same rela- tion in which the author of the romance of Count Alarcos stood to Garcilaso, or the author of the Lytell Geste of Robyn Hode to Lord Surrey. Ennius speaks of verses 15 which the Fauns and the Bards were wont to chant in the old time, when none had yet studied the graces of speech, when none had yet climbed the peaks sacred to the God- desses of Grecian song. " Where," Cicero mournfully asks, "are those old verses now.?"^ 1 ' Quid ? Nostri veteres versus ubi sunt ? . . . '■ Quos olim Fauni vatesque canebant Cum neque Musarum scopulos quisquam superarat, Nee dicti studiosus erat." ' „ , Brtctus, xviu. The Muses, it should be observed, are Greek divinities. The Italian Goddesses of verse were the Camoenae. At a later period the appella- tions were used indiscriminately ; but in the age of Ennius there was probably a distinction. In the epitaph of Naevius, who was the rep- resentative of the old Italian school of poetry, the Camoenae, not the Muses, are represented as grieving for the loss of their votary. The ' Musarum scopuli ' are evidently the peaks of Parnassus. Scaliger, in a note on Varro {De Lingua Latina, lib. vi.), suggests, with great ingenuity, that the Fauns, who were represented by the superstition of later ages as a race of monsters, half gods and half brutes, may really have been a class of men who e.xercised in Latium, at a very remote period, the same functions which belonged to the Magians in Persia and to the Bards in Gaul. AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 11 Contemporary with Ennius was Quintus Fabius Pictor, the earUest of the Roman annalists. His account of the infancy and youth of Romulus and Remus has been pre- served by Dionysius, and contains a very remarkable refer- ence to the ancient Latin poetry. Fabius says that, in 5 his time, his countrymen were still in the habit of singing ballads about the Twins. "Even in the hut of Faustulus," — so these old lays appear to have run, — " the children of Rhea and Mars were, in port and in spirit, not like unto swineherds or cowherds, but such that men might well lo guess them to be of the blood of Kings and Gods." ^ ^ Oi 5e duSpuOevTes yivovrai, Kara re d^luKTLv nopcprjs Kai 6vTr}^, eTrrarvAos ®-qP-q, EAcvi^s htK rjiJKOfxoio. Thus, too, in our own national songs Doug- las is almost always the doughty Douglas, England is merry England, all the gold is red, and all the ladies are gay. The principal distinction between the lay of Horatius 15 and the lay of the Lake Regillus is that the former is meant to be purely Roman, while the latter, though national in its general spirit, has a slight tincture of Greek learning and of Greek superstition. The story of the Tarquins, as it has come down to us, appears to have 20 been compiled from the works of several popular poets ; and one, at least, of those poets appears to have visited the Greek colonies in Italy, if not Greece itself, and to have had some acquaintance with the works of Homer and Herodotus. Many of the most striking adventures 25 of the house of Tarquin, before Lucretia makes her appearance, have a Greek character. The Tarquins them- 53 54 LA VS OF ANCIENT ROME. selves are represented as Corinthian nobles of the great house of the Bacchiada;, driven from their country by the tyranny of that Cypselus the tale of whose strange escape Herodotus has related with incomparable simplicity and 5 liveliness.^ Livy and Dionysius tell us that, when Tarquin the Proud was asked what was the best mode of govern- ing a conquered city, he replied only by beating down with his staff all the tallest poppies in his garden.^ This is exactly what Herodotus, in the passage to which refer- lo ence has already been made, relates of the counsel given to Periander, the son of Cypselus. The stratagem by which the town of Gabii is brought under the power of the Tarquins is, again, obviously copied from Herodotus.^ The embassy of the young Tarquins to the oracle at Del- 15 phi is just such a story as would be told by a poet whose head was full of the Greek mythology ; and the ambigu- ous answer returned by Apollo is in the exact style of the prophecies which, according to Herodotus, lured Crcesus to destruction. Then the character of the nar- 20 rative changes. From the first mention of Lucretia to the retreat of Porsena nothing seems to be borrowed from foreign sources. The villainy of Sextus, the suicide of his victim, the revolution, the death of the sons of Brutus, the defence of the bridge. Mucins burning his hand,* 25 Cloelia swimming through Tiber, seem to be all strictly Roman. But when we have done with the Tuscan war, and enter upon the war with the Latines, we are again struck by the Greek air of the story. The Battle of the 1 Herodotus, v. 92. Livy, i. 34. Dionysius, iii. 46. 2 Livy, i. 54. Dionysius, iv. 56. 3 Herodotus, iii. 154. Livy, i. 53. * M. de Pouilly attempted, a hundred and twenty years ago, to prove that the story of Mucins was of Greek origin ; but he was signally confuted by the Abbe Sallier. See the Aletnoires de PAca- deniie des Insc?'iptwns, vi. 27. 66. THE BATTLE OF THE LAKE REGILLUS. 55 Lake Regillus is in all respects a Homeric battle, except that the combatants ride astride on their horses instead of driving chariots. The mass of fighting men is hardly mentioned. The leaders single each other out, and en- gage hand to hand. The great object of the warriors on 5 both sides is, as in the Iliad, to obtain possession of the spoils and bodies of the slain ; and several circumstances are related which forcibly remind us of the great slaughter round the corpses of Sarpedon and Patroclus. But there is one circumstance which deserves especial lo notice. Both the war of Troy and the war of Regillus were caused by the licentious passions of young princes, who were therefore peculiarly bound not to be sparing of their own persons in the day of battle. Now the conduct of Sextus at Regillus, as described by Livy, so exactly 15 resembles that of Paris, as described at the beginning of the third book of the Iliad, that it is difficult to believe the resemblance accidental. Paris appears before the Trojan ranks, defying the bravest Greek to encounter him : T/3W(rtv /A€v •Kpo[Ka.\it,f.v ' AXe$avSpo<; OcoeiBrjs, 20 . . . ApycLijJV TrpoKaXi^CTO iravTas d/3to"TOv;s, avTijitov p.a-^i(ja(jdaL iv alvrj Srj'ioTrJTL. Livy introduces Sextus in a similar manner: " Ferocem juvenem Tarquinium, ostentantem se in prima exsulum acie." Menelaus rushes to meet Paris. A Roman noble, 25 eager for vengeance, spurs his horse towards Sextus. Both the guilty princes are instantly terror stricken: Tov S cos ow ivorjcrcv A\e^av8po<; ^eoetS^S iv Trpop.6.^0Lav€VTa, KaTCirXy^yrj (f>L\ov rjTop' atj/ 8' CTapwv £ts Wvo. Then leave the poor Plebeian his single tie to life — 135 The sweet, sweet love of daughter, of sister, and of wife. The gentle speech, the balm for all that his vexed soul endures, The kiss, in which he half forgets even such a yoke as yours. Still let the maiden's beauty swell the father's breast with pride ; Still let the bridegroom's arms infold an unpolluted bride. 140 Spare us the inexpiable wrong, the unutterable shame, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARDAHA r - ' p, ^R IJBRART 102 LAVS OF ANCIENT ROME. That turns the coward's heart to steel, the sluggard's blood to flame, Lest, when our latest hope is fled, ye taste of our despair, And learn by proof in some wild hour how much the wretched dare." Straightway Virginius led the maid a little space aside, 145 To where the reeking shambles stood, piled up with horn and hide. Close to yon low dark archway, where in a crimson flood Leaps down to the great sewer the gurgling stream of blood. Hard by, a flesher on a block had laid his whittle down ; Virginius caught the whittle up and hid it in his gown. 150 And then his eyes grew very dim, and his throat began to swell, And in a hoarse, changed voice he spake, " Farewell, sweet child ! Farewell ! O, how I loved my darling ! Though stern I sometimes be. To thee thou know'st I was not so. Who could be so to thee ? And how my darling loved me ! How glad she was to hear 155 My footstep on the threshold when I came back last year ! And how she danced with pleasure to see my civic crown, And took my sword and hung it up, and brought me forth my gown ! Now, all those things are over — yes, all thy pretty ways. Thy needlework, thy prattle, thy snatches of old lays ; 160 And none will grieve when I go forth, or smile when I return, Or watch beside the old man's bed, or weep upon his urn. The house that was the happiest within the Roman walls. VIRGINIA. 103 The house that envied not the wealth of Capua's marble halls, Now, for the brightness of thy smile, must have eternal gloom, 165 And for the music of thy voice, the silence of the tomb. The time is come. See how he points his eager hand this way ! See how his eyes gloat on thy grief like a kite's upon the prey ! With all his wit, he little deems that, spurned, betrayed, bereft. Thy father hath in his despair one fearful refuge left. 170 He little deems that in this hand I clutch what still can save Thy gentle youth from taunts and blows, the portion of the slave ; Yea, and from nameless evil, that passeth taunt and blow — Foul outrage which thou knowest not, which thou shalt never know. Then clasp me round the neck once more, and give me one more kiss ; 175 And now, mine own dear little girl, there is no way but this." With that he lifted high the steel and smote her in the side, And in her blood she sank to earth, and with one sob she died. Then, for a little moment, all people held their breath, And through the crowded Forum was stillness as of death; 180 And in another moment brake forth from one and all A cry as if the Volscians were coming o'er the wall. Some with averted faces shrieking fled home amain; Some ran to call a leech, and some ran to lift the slain; Some felt her lips and little wrist, if life might there be found ; 185 104 LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME. And some tore up their garments fast, and strove to stanch the wound. In vain they ran and felt and stanched ; for never truer blow That good right arm had dealt in fight against a Volscian foe. When Appius Claudius saw that deed, he shuddered and sank down, And hid his face some little space with the corner of his gown, 190 Till with white lips and bloodshot eyes Virginius tottered nigh. And stood before the judgment-seat, and held the knife on high. " O dwellers in the nether gloom, avengers of the slain. By this dear blood I cry to you, do right between us twain ; And even as Appius Claudius hath dealt by me and mine, 195 Deal you by Appius Claudius and all the Claudian line ! " So spake the slayer of his child, and turned and went his way; But first he cast one haggard glance to where the body lay, And writhed, and groaned a fearful groan, and then with steadfast feet Strode right across the market-place unto the Sacred Street. 200 Then up sprang Appius Claudius : " Stop him, alive or dead ! Ten tliousand pounds of copper to the man who brings his head." He looked upon his clients, but none would work his will ; VIRGINIA. 105 He looked upon his lictors, but they trembled and stood still. And, as Virginius through the press his way in silence cleft, 205 Ever the mighty multitude fell back to right and left. And he hath passed in safety unto his woful home, And there ta'en horse to tell the camp what deeds are done in Rome. By this the flood of people was swollen from every side, And streets and porches round were filled with that o'er- fiowing tide ; 210 And close around the body gathered a little train Of them that were the nearest and dearest to the slain. They brought a bier, and hung it with many a cypress crown. And gently they uplifted her, and gently laid her down. The face of Appius Claudius wore the Claudian scowl and sneer, 215 And in the Claudian note he cried, "What doth this rabble here ? Have they no crafts to mind at home, that hitherward they stray ? Ho ! lictors, clear the market-place, and fetch the corpse away ! " The voice of grief and fury till then had not been loud ; But a deep sullen murmur wandered among the crowd, 220 Like the moaning noise that goes before the whirlwind on the deep. Or the growl of a fierce watch-dog but half aroused from sleep. But when the lictors at that word, tall yeomen all and strong, Each with his axe and sheaf of twigs, went down into the throng. 106 LAVS OF ANCIENT ROME. Those old men say who saw that day of sorrow and of sin 225 That in the Roman Forum was never such a din. The wailing, hooting, cursing, the howls of grief and hate, Were heard beyond the Pincian Hill, beyond the Latin Gate. But close around the body, where stood the little train Of them that were the nearest and dearest to the slain, 230 No cries were there, but teeth set fast, low whispers and black frowns. And breaking up of benches and girding up of gowns. 'T was well the lictors might not pierce to where the maiden lay. Else surely had they been all twelve torn limb from limb that day. Right glad they were to struggle back, blood streaming from their heads, 235 With axes all in splinters and raiment all in shreds. Then Appius Claudius gnawed his lip, and the blood left his cheek. And thrice he beckoned with his hand, and thrice he strove to speak ; And thrice the tossing Forum set up a frightful yell : " See, see, thou dog ! what thou hast done, and hide thy shame in hell ! 240 Thou that wouldst make our maidens slaves must first make slaves of men. Tribunes ! Hurrah for Tribunes ! Down with the wicked Ten ! " And straightway, thick as hailstones, came whizzing through the air Pebbles and bricks and potsherds all round the curule chair ; And upon Appius Claudius great fear and trembling came, 245 VIRGINIA. 107 For never was a Claudius yet brave against aught but shame. Though the great houses love us not, we own, to do them right, That the great houses, all save one, have borne them well in fight. Still Caius of Corioli, his triumphs and his wrongs, His vengeance and his mercy, live in our camp-fire songs. 250 Beneath the yoke of Furius oft have Gaul and Tuscan bowed ; And Rome may bear the pride of him of whom herself is proud. But evermore a Claudius shrinks from a stricken field. And changes color like a maid at sight of sword and shield. The Claudian triumphs all were won within the city towers ; 255 The Claudian yoke was never pressed on any necks but ours. A Cossus, like a wild cat, springs ever at the face ; A Fabius rushes like a boar against the shouting chase ; But the vile Claudian litter, raging with currish spite, Still yelps and snaps at those who run, still runs from those who smite. 260 So now 't was seen of Appius ; when stones began to fly, He shook and crouched, and wrung his hands, and smote upon his thigh : " Kind clients, honest lictors, stand by me in this fray ! Must I be torn in pieces ? Home, home, the nearest way ! " While yet he spake, and looked around with a bewildered stare, 265 Four sturdy lictors put their necks beneath the curule chair ; 108 LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME. And fourscore clients on the left and fourscore on the right Arrayed themselves with swords and staves, and loins girt up for fight. But, though without or staff or sword, so furious was the throng That scarce the train with might and main could bring their lord along, 270 Twelve times the crowd made at him, five times they seized his gown ; Small chance was his to rise again, if once they got him down ; And sharper came the pelting, and evermore the yell — "Tribunes ! we will have Tribunes!" — rose with a louder swell ; And the chair tossed as tosses a bark with tattered sail 275 When raves the Adriatic beneath an eastern gale. When the Calabrian sea-marks are lost in clouds of spume, And the great Thunder-Cape has donned his veil of inky gloom. One stone hit Appius in the mouth, and one beneath the ear, And ere he reached Mount Palatine he swooned with pain and fear. 280 His cursed head, that he was wont to hold so high with pride. Now, like a drunken man's, hung down and swayed from side to side ; And when his stout retainers had brought him to his door, His face and neck were all one cake of filth and clotted gore. As Appius Claudius was that day, so may his grandson be ! God send Rome one such other sight, and send me there to see ! 286 THE PROPHECY OF CAPYS. It can hardly be necessary to remind any reader that, according to the popular tradition, Romulus, after he had slain his grand-uncle Amulius, and restored his grand- father Numitor, determined to quit Alba, the hereditary domain of the Sylvian princes, and to found a new city. 5 The Gods, it was added, vouchsafed the clearest signs of the favor with which they regarded the enterprise, and of the high destinies reserved for the young colony. This event was likely to be a favorite theme of the old Latin minstrels. They would naturally attribute the proj- 10 ect of Romulus to some divine intimation of the power and prosperity which it was decreed that his city should attain. They would probably introduce seers foretelling the victories of unborn Consuls and Dictators, and the last great victory would generally occupy the most conspicu- 15 ous place in the prediction. There is nothing strange in the supposition that the poet who was employed to cele- brate the first great triumph of the Romans over the Greeks might throw his song of exultation into this form. The occasion was one likely to excite the strongest 20 feelings of national pride. A great outrage had been followed by a great retribution. Seven years before this time, Lucius Posthumius Megellus, who sprang from one of the noblest houses of Rome, and had been thrice Con- sul, was sent ambassador to Tarentum, with charge to 25 demand reparation for grievous injuries. The Tarentines gave him audience in their theatre, where he addressed 109 110 LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME. them in such Greek as he could command, which, we may well believe, was not exactly such as Cineas would have spoken. An exquisite sense of the ridiculous belonged to the Greek character; and closely connected with this 5 faculty was a strong propensity to flippancy and imperti- nence. When Posthumius placed an accent wrong, his hearers burst into a laugh. When he remonstrated, they hooted him and called him barbarian, and at length hissed him off the stage as if he had been a bad actor. As the lo grave Roman retired, a buffoon, who from his constant drunkenness was nicknamed the Pint-pot, came up with gestures of the grossest indecency, and bespattered the senatorial gown with filth. Posthumius turned round to the multitude, and held up the gown, as if appealing to 15 the universal law of nations. The sight only increased the insolence of the Tarentines. They clapped their hands, and set up a shout of laughter which shook the theatre. " Men of Tarentum," said Posthumius, " it will take not a little blood to wash this gown."^ 20 Rome, in consequence of this insult, declared war against the Tarentines. The Tarentines sought for allies beyond the Ionian Sea. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, came to their help with a large army ; and, for the first time, the two great nations of antiquity were fairly matched against 25 each other. The fame of Greece in arms as well as in arts was then at the height. Half a century earlier, the career of Alexander had excited the admiration and terror of all nations from the Ganges to the Pillars of Hercules. 30 Royal houses, founded by Macedonian captains, still reigned at Antioch and Alexandria. That barbarian warriors, led by barbarian chiefs, should win a pitched battle against Greek valor guided by Greek science, ^ Dion. Hal. De Legationibus. THE PROPHECY OF CAPYS. Ill seemed as incredible as it would now seem that the Bur- mese or the Siamese should, in the open plain, put to flight an equal number of the best English troops. The Tarentines were convinced that their countrymen were irresistible in war ; and this conviction had emboldened 5 them to treat with the grossest indignity one whom they regarded as the representative of an inferior race. Of the Greek generals then living, Pyrrhus was indisputably the first. Among the troops who were trained in the Greek discipline his Epirotes ranked high. His expedi- 10 tion to Italy was a turning-point in the history of the world. He found there a people who, far inferior to the Athenians and Corinthians in the fine arts, in the specu- lative sciences, and in all the refinements of life, were the best soldiers on the face of the earth. Their arms, 15 their gradations of rank, their order of battle, their method of intrenchment, were all of Latian origin, and had all been gradually brought near to perfection, not by the study of foreign models, but by the genius and expe- rience of many generations of great native commanders. 20 The first words which broke from the king, when his practised eye had surveyed the Roman encampment, were full of meaning: "These barbarians," he said, "have nothing barbarous in their military arrangements." He was at first victorious ; for his own talents were superior 25 to those of the captains who were opposed to him ; and the Romans were not prepared for the onset of the ele- phants of the East, which were then for the first time seen in Italy — moving mountains, with long snakes for hands. ^ But the victories of the Epirotes were fiercely 30 disputed, dearly purchased, and altogether unprofitable. At length Manius Curius Dentatus, who had in his first 1 Anguimamts is the old Latin epithet for an elephant. Lucre- tius, ii. 538, V. 1302. 112 LAy^S OF ANCIENT ROME. Consulship won two triumphs, was again placed at the head of the Roman Commonwealth, and sent to encounter the invaders. A great battle was fought near Beneventum. Pyrrhus was completely defeated. He repassed the sea ; 5 and the world learned with amazement that a people had been discovered who, in fair fighting, were superior to the best troops that had been drilled on the system of Parmenio and Antigonus. The conquerors had a good right to exult in their suc- lo cess ; for their glory was all their own. They had not learned from their enemy how to conquer him. It was with their own national arms, and in their own national battle-array, that they had overcome weapons and tactics long believed to be invincible. The pilum and the broad- 15 sword had vanquished the Macedonian spear. The legion had broken the Macedonian phalanx. Even the elephants, when the surprise produced by their first appearance was over, could cause no disorder in the steady yet flexible battalions of Rome. 20 It is said by Florus, and may easily be believed, that the triumph far surpassed in magnificence any that Rome had previously seen. The only spoils which Papirius Cursor and Fabius Maximus could exhibit were flocks and herds, wagons of rude structure, and heaps of spears 25 and helmets. But now, for the first time, the riches of Asia and the arts of Greece adorned a Roman pageant. Plate, fine stuffs, costly furniture, rare animals, exquisite paintings and sculptures, formed part of the procession. At the banquet would be assembled a crowd of warriors 30 and statesmen, among whom Manius Curius Dentatus would take the highest room. Caius Fabricius Luscinus, then, after two Consulships and two triumphs, Censor of the Commonwealth, would doubtless occupy a place of honor at the board. In situations less conspicuous THE PROPHECY OF CAP VS. 113 probably lay some of those who were, a few years later, the terror of Carthage, — Caius Duilius, the founder of the maritime greatness of his country ; Marcus Atilius Regu- lus, who owed to defeat a renown far higher than that which he had derived from his victories ; and Caius Luta- 5 tius Catulus, who, while suffering from a grievous wound, fought the great battle of the Agates, and brought the First Punic War to a triumphant close. It is impossible to recount the names of these eminent citizens without reflecting that they were all, without exception. Plebeians, lo and would, but for the ever-memorable struggle main- tained by Caius Licinius and Lucius Sextius, have been doomed to hide in obscurity, or to waste in civil broils the capacity and energy which prevailed against Pyrrhus and Hamilcar. 15 On such a day we may suppose that the patriotic en- thusiasm of a Latin poet would vent itself in reiterated shouts of /o triumphe., such as were uttered by Horace on a far less exciting occasion, and in boasts resembling those which Virgil put into the mouth of Anchises. The zo superiority of some foreign nations, and especially of the Greeks, in the lazy arts of peace would be admitted with disdainful candor ; but pre-eminence in all the qualities which fit a people to subdue and govern mankind would be claimed for the Romans. 25 The following lay belongs to the latest age of Latin ballad-poetry. Navius and Livius Andronicus were probably among the children whose mothers held them up to see the chariot of Curius go by. The minstrel who sang on that day might possibly have lived to read the 30 first hexameters of Ennius, and to see the first comedies of Plautus. His poem, as might be expected, shows a much wider acquaintance with the geography, manners, and productions of remote nations than would have been 114 LAVS OF ANCIENT ROME. found in compositions of the age of Camillus. But he troubles himself little about dates, and having heard trav- ellers talk with admiration of the Colossus of Rhodes, and of the structures and gardens with which the Mace- donian kings of Syria had embellished their residence on the banks of the Orontes, he has never thought of inquir- ing whether these things existed in the age of Romulus. THE PROPHECY OF CAPYS. A LAY SUNG AT THE BANQUET IN THE CAPITOL, ON THE DAY WHEREON MANIUS CURIUS DENTATUS, A SECOND TIME CONSUL, TRIUMPHED OVER KING PYRRHUS AND THE TARENTINES, IN THE YEAR OF THE CITY CCCCLXXIX. Now slain is King Amulius Of the great Sylvian line, Who reigned in Alba Longa On the throne of Aventine. Slain is the Pontiff Camers, Who spake the words of doom " The children to the Tiber, The mother to the tomb." In Alba's lake no fisher His net to-day is flinging ; On the dark rind of Alba's oaks To-day no axe is ringing ; THE PROPHECY OE CAP VS. 115 The yoke hangs o'er the manger, The scythe hes in the hay ; Through all the Alban villages 15 No work is done to-day. And every Alban burgher Hath donned his whitest gown ; And every head in Alba Weareth a poplar crown ; 20 And every Alban door-post With boughs and flowers is gay ; For to-day the dead are living, The lost are found to-day. IV. They were doomed by a bloody king, 25 They were doomed by a lying priest ; They were cast on the raging flood, They were tracked by the raging beast. Raging beast and raging flood Alike have spared the prey ; 3° And to-day the dead are living, The lost are found to-day. V. The troubled river knew them, And smoothed his yellow foam, And gently rocked the cradle 35 That bore the fate of Rome. The ravening she-wolf knew them. And licked them o'er and o'er. And gave them of her own fierce milk, Rich with raw flesh and gore. 4° 116 LAVS OF ANCIENT ROME. Twenty winters, twenty springs, Since then have rolled away ; And to-day the dead are living. The lost are found to-day. Blithe it was to see the twins, 45 Right goodly youths and tall, Marching from Alba Longa To their old grandsire's hall. Along their path fresh garlands Are hung from tree to tree ; 5° Before them stride the pipers, ♦ Piping a note of glee. VII. On the right goes Romulus, With arms to the elbows red, And in his hand a broadsword, SS And on the blade a head — A head in an iron helmet, With horse-hair hanging down, A shaggy head, a swarthy head, Fixed in a ghastly frown — 6o The head of King Amulius Of the great Sylvian line. Who reigned in Alba Longa On the throne of Aventine. VIII. On the left side goes Remus, 65 With wrists and fingers red. And in his hand a boar-spear, And on the point a head — THE PROPHECY OF CAP VS. 117 A wrinkled head and aged, With silver beard and hair, 70 And holy fillets round it Such as the pontiffs wear — The head of ancient Gamers, Who spake the words of doom : " The children to the Tiber, 75 The mother to the tomb." IX. Two and two behind the twins Their trusty comrades go. Four and forty valiant men, With club and axe and bow. 80 On each side every hamlet Pours forth its joyous crowd, Shouting lads and baying dogs And children laughing loud, And old men weeping fondly 85 As Rhea's boys go by. And maids who shriek to see the heads, Yet, shrieking, press more nigh. So they marched along the lake ; They marched by fold and stall, 9° By corn-field and by vineyard, Unto the old man's hall. XI. In the hall-gate sat Capys, Capys, the sightless seer ; From head to foot he trembled 95 As Romulus drew near. 118 LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME. And up stood stiff his thin white hair, And his blind eyes flashed fire : " Hail ! foster child of the wondrous nurse ! Hail ! son of the wondrous sire ! loo XII. " But thou — what dost thou here In the old man's peaceful hall ? What doth the eagle in the coop, The bison in the stall ? Our corn fills many a garner, 105 Our vines clasp many a tree. Our flocks are white on many a hill, But these are not for thee. XIII. " For thee no treasure ripens In the Tartessian mine ; "o For thee no ship brings precious bales Across the Libyan brine ; Thou shalt not drink from amber. Thou shalt not rest on down ; Arabia shall not steep thy locks, "5 Nor Sidon tinge thy gown. XIV. " Leave gold and myrrh and jewels. Rich table and soft bed. To them who of man's seed are born. Whom woman's milk hath fed. 120 Thou wast not made for lucre. For pleasure, nor for rest ; Thou, that art sprung from the War-god's loins, And hast tugged at the she-wolf's breast. THE PROPHECY OF CAP VS. 119 XV. "From sunrise unto sunset 125 All earth shall hear thy fame ; A glorious city thou shalt build, And name it by thy name ; And there, unquenched through ages, Like Vesta's sacred fire, 13° Shall live the spirit of thy nurse. The spirit of thy sire. XVI. " The ox toils through the furrow, Obedient to the goad ; The patient ass up flinty paths '35 Plods with his weary load ; With whine and bound the spaniel His master's whistle hears ; And the sheep yields her patiently To the loud clashing shears. Mo XVII. " But thy nurse will hear no master, Thy nurse will bear no load ; And woe to them that shear her, And woe to them that goad ! When all the pack, loud baying, i4S Her bloody lair surrounds, She dies in silence, biting hard. Amidst the dying hounds. XVIII. " Pomona loves the orchard, And Liber loves the vine, 15° 120 LAVS OF ANCIENT ROME. And Pales loves the straw-built shed Warm with the breath of kine ; And Venus loves the whispers Of plighted youth and maid, In April's ivory moonlight 155 Beneath the chestnut shade. XIX. " But thy father loves the clashing Of broadsword and of shield ; He loves to drink the steam that reeks From the fresh battlefield ; 160 He smiles a smile more dreadful Than his own dreadful frown, When he sees the thick black cloud of smoke Go up from the conquered town. XX. " And such as is the War-god, 165 The author of thy line, And such as she who suckled thee, Even such be thou and thine. Leave to the soft Campanian His baths and his perfumes; 170 Leave to the sordid race of Tyre Their dyeing-vats and looms; Leave to the sons of Carthage The rudder and the oar; Leave to the Greek his marble Nymphs 175 And scrolls of wordy lore. XXI. "Thine, Roman, is the pilum; Roman, the sword is thine, THE PROPHECY OF CAPYS. 121 The even trench, the bristling mound, The legion's ordered line; i8o And thine the wheels of triumph. Which with their laurelled train Move slowly up the shouting streets To Jove's eternal fane. XXII. "Beneath thy yoke the Volscian 185 Shall vail his lofty brow; Soft Capua's curled revellers Before thy chairs shall bow ; The Lucumoes of Arnus Shall quake thy rods to see ; 19° And the proud Samnite's heart of steel Shall yield to only thee, XXIII. " The Gaul shall come against thee From the land of snow and night ; Thou shalt give his fair-haired armies 195 To the raven and the kite. XXIV. " The Greek shall come against thee. The conqueror of the East. Beside him stalks to battle The huge earth-shaking beast — 200 The beast on whom the castle With all its guards doth stand, The beast who hath between his eyes The serpent for a hand. First march the bold Epirotes, 205 Wedged close with shield and spear. 122 LAVS OF ANCIENT ROME. And the ranks of false Tarentum Are glittering in the rear. XXV. " The ranks of false Tarentum Like hunted sheep shall fly; 210 In vain the bold Epirotes Shall round their standards die ; And Apennine's gray vultures Shall have a noble feast On the fat and the eyes 215 Of the huge earth-shaking beast. XXVI, " Hurrah for the good weapons That keep the War-god's land ! Hurrah for Rome's stout pilum In a stout Roman hand ! 220 Hurrah for Rome's short broadsword, That through the thick array Of levelled spears and serried shields Hews deep its gory way ! XXVII. " Hurrah for the great triumph 225 That stretches many a mile ! Hurrah for the wan captives That pass in endless file ! Ho ! bold Epirotes, whither Hath the Red King ta'en flight ? 230 Ho ! dogs of false Tarentum, Is not the gown washed white ? THE PROPHECY OF CAP VS. 123 XXVIII. " Hurrah for the great triumph That stretches many a mile ! Hurrah for the rich dye of Tyre, 235 And the fine web of Nile, The helmets gay with plumage Torn from the pheasant's wrings, The belts set thick with starry gems That shone on Indian kings, 240 The urns of massy silver, The goblets rough with gold, The many-colored tablets bright With loves and wars of old, The stone that breathes and struggles, 245 The brass that seems to speak ! — Such cunning they who dwell on high Have given unto the Greek. XXIX, " Hurrah for Manius Curius, The bravest son of Rome, 250 Thrice in utmost need sent forth. Thrice drawn in triumph home ! Weave, weave, for Manius Curius The third embroidered gown; Make ready the third lofty car, 255 And twine the third green crown ; And yoke the steeds of Rosea With necks like a bended bow, And deck the bull, Mevania's bull. The bull as white as snow, 260 124 LA YS OF ANCIENT ROME. XXX. " Blest and thrice blest the Roman Who sees Rome's brightest day, Who sees that long victorious pomp Wind down the Sacred Way, And through the bellowing Forum, 265 And round the Suppliant's Grove, Up to the everlasting gates Of Capitolian Jove. XXXI. " Then where o'er two bright havens The towers of Corinth frown ; 270 Where the gigantic King of Day On his own Rhodes looks down ; Where soft Orontes murmurs Beneath the laurel shades ; Where Nile reflects the endless length 275 Of dark-red colonnades ; Where in the still deep water. Sheltered from waves and blasts, Bristles the dusky forest Of Byrsa's thousand masts; 280 Where fur-clad hunters wander Amidst the northern ice ; Where through the sand of morning-land The camel bears the spice ; Where Atlas flings his shadow 285 Far o'er the western foam, Shall be great fear on all who hear The mighty name of Rome." The Bronze Wolf of the Capitol. NOTES N.B. Cf. = compare, f/or. = Uontius. .5. Z,. /?. = The Battle of the Lake Regillus. l^ir. = Virginia. F. C. = The Prophecy of Capys. HORATIUS. The year of the city CCCLX : b.c. 394. 1. Lars: an honorary title among the Etru.scans, like English 'Lord.' — Clusium : one of the most important of the twelve cities of the Etruscan Confederation. 2. Nine Gods : the nine Great Gods, so called, of the Etruscans, who alone had the power of hurling the thunderbolt. 3. house of Tarquin : read in a History of Rome an account of the Tarquins and of the expulsion of the family from Rome. 4. suffer wrong : remain in exile, — which was a grievous wrong in the eyes of the Tarquins and their friends. 14. Etruscan (or Tuscan) : the adjective (here used as a noun) applied to the inhabitants of Etruria (or Tuscia). See map. 19. amain: without cessation. Cf. Shakespeare, j Henry VI, II. I, "to London will we march amain." Other meanings of this word will occur. 25. Apennine : the Romans used the singular; we use the plural. 125 126 NOTES. 34. Pisae : on the site of the modern Pisa, near the mouth of the Arnus. 36. Massilia : modern Marseilles, early settled by Greeks, and always an important commercial city. — triremes : war-ships with three banks of oars. 37. fair-haired slaves : referring to Gauls who had been captured for sale in the Roman market. The Gauls are frequently spoken of as having light-colored hair, in marked contrast with the black hair of the southern nations. Cf. P. C. 1 93-1 95- 41. diadem of towers: Cortona was built on a very high hill. 45. Ciminian hill : near Lake Ciminus. 47. to the herdsman dear : because its waters were drunk by the "milk-white steers" (cf. 1. 55 and P. C. 259, 260), a famous breed of oxen much in demand as victims for sacrifice on great occasions. 49. mere : this word is now rarely used except in poetry. It sur- vives in the names of some English lakes, like Windemere. 58-65. old men . . . boys . . . girls: of course, because the young men were in the army. 61. plunge the struggling sheep: sheep are "plunged" to wash the wool before shearing. 62. vats of Luna, etc. : in allusion to the custom of " treading " the grapes. 63. must : the grape juice before fermenting. 66. thirty chosen prophets : augurs, who interpreted the will of the gods. Cf. note on 1. 388. 71. verses : prophecies preserved in verse. 72. traced from the right: i.e. written from right to left, like Hebrew, Persian, and Arabic. 80. Nurscia's altars : Nurtia, or Nortia, was a goddess of the Vol- scinians, probably the same as the Roman Fortuna. 81. golden shields: the twelve golden shields of Rome. In the reign of Numa a golden shield (of Mars) was said to have fallen from heaven, " and on its continued preservation the continued prosperity of Rome was declared to depend." To prevent this from being stolen, eleven others were made exactly like it, so that no one might know which was the true one, and twelve priests were appointed to take charge of them. Cf. B. L. R. 624. 96. Tusculan : from Tusculum, a town of Latium. — Mamilius : son-in-law of Tarquin the Proud. 98. yellow : a very common epithet of the Tiber, probably from the color of its sands. HORA TIUS. Ill io6. folk : most of the editions have " folks." Cf. " folk " in Vir. 62. 115. skins of wine: wine was transported from place to place in bottles made of leather. 117. kine : old plural of 'cow,' now seldom used. 122. rock Tarpeian : a precipitous cliff on the Capitoline, over- looking the Tiber, from which in later times traitors were hurled. 126. Fathers: senators. The expression "City Fathers" is not uncommon now. 132. Nor . . . nor . . . nor : neither . . . nor . . . nor. 134. Verbenna : "The name is one of Macaulay's own invention; it is not mentioned by any Roman writer" [Rolfe].^ — Ostia : the sea- port of Rome, at the mouth of the Tiber. 136. Astur : " another name of Macaulay's invention. There is a Latin word astjir, meaning a hawk" [Rolfe]. — Janiculum: a high hill west of the Tiber, commanding the city; not one of the "seven hills." 138. I wis : originally ji/w/j-, an adverb meaning 'certainly.' 142. Consul: chief magistrate of Rome. There were two consuls ; see note on B. L. J?. 82. 144. gowns : the ^oga, called ' gown ' in the Lays, was the outer gar- ment of a Roman citizen. It was a loose, flowing garment and needed "girding up" when action was demanded of the wearer. 146. standing: explained by 11. 148, 149. 151. straight: for ' straightway.' 156. Macaulay has been criticised for using " Sir." Does the word seem out of place here? 177. twelve fair cities: i.e. of the Etruscan Confederation; see note on 1. i. 180. Umbrian : a people of eastern and central Italy. 181. Gaul : here refers to the people of northern Italy, or Cisalpine Gaul. 184. port and vest : carriage (or bearing) and dress. The word 'vest,' now restricted in meaning, is here used as a general word for 'clothing' or 'dress.' 185. Lucumo : the title of an Etruscan prince. 188. fourfold: having four layers of hide or metal. 189. brand : why should a sword be called (metaphorically) a brand ? 192. Thrasymene : Lake Thrasymenus (better spelled Trasymenus). 194. war : warlike array. 199. false Sextus : Sextus Tarquinius, son of Tarquin the Proud. 128 NOTES. 200. deed of shame : the rape of Lucretia. 217. Horatius : surnamed Codes (the one-eyed), was of patrician family, representing the Luceres, one of the original three tribes, the other two being the Ramnian (Ramnes) and the Titian (Tities). See the author's introduction, p. 29, 1. 26. 229. holy maidens: the Vestal Virgins, whose chief duty it was to keep burning the sacred fire on the altar of Vesta. They were six in number, chosen from the highest families, and held in the highest esteem. 237. strait: not 'straight ' ; cf. 1. 440. 242. Ramnian . . . Titian : see note on 1. 217. 253. For Romans ... in the brave days of old, etc.: men in all ages are wont to magnify the past at the expense of the present. 262. spoils were fairly sold : after the capture of the city of Veii by the Romans under Camillus, large quantities of the booty were dis- tributed among the citizens. Later Camillus was accused of making an unfair distribution, and in consequence of the accusation went into exile. 267. Tribunes : officers of the city, who had certain extraordinary powers. They were originally appointed to protect the interests of the plebeians, and were themselves plebeians. — beard the high : cf. Scott's Marmion, " And dar'st thou then To beard the Hon in his den, The Douglas in his hall ? " 274. harness : armor, an old use of the word ; cf. "At least we '11 die with harness on our back," Shakespeare, Macbeth, V. 5. 277. Commons: the common people, plebeians. 304. Ilva : the modern Elba, still celebrated for its iron mines. 309. Nequinum : afterwards Narnia. 310. pale waves : the Nar was noted for its sulphurous waters and white color. 314. clove : cf. cleft, Vir. 205. 335. Ostia : see note on 1. 134. 337. Campania : a seacoast country, southeast of Latium. — hinds : peasants, farm laborers; the word has no connection with 'hind':= ' deer.' Jack Cade's army is described in Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI, IV. 4, as "a ragged multitude of hinds and peasants." 354. brand: see note on 1. 189. 355. none but he : what part of speech is ' but ' here ? HO RATI us. 129 360. she-wolf's litter: refers to the suckling of Romulus and Remus by a she-wolf. Cf. P. C. 37-40. 384. Mount Alvernus : a mountain in northern Etruria. 388. augurs : official soothsayers, who had charge of the public auspices. The effects of lightning were carefully watched and inter- preted by the augurs. 392. amain: with all his might. Cf. note on 1. 19. 417. Was none: note the omission of the expletive 'there.' 440. narrow way: cf. "strait path," 1. 237. 446. tide : always note figurative uses of words. What would be the usual prose word for ' tide ' .'' 465. As to the highest turret-tops, etc. : how can such an extrava- gant statement be justified? 470. tossed his tawny mane : explain the figure. 483. grace : mercy. Cf. Shakespeare, Hamlet, I. 5, " So grace and mercy at your most need help you." 488. Palatinus : the hill on which the patricians resided, where the original settlement was. When Macaulay was in Rome in 1838, he wrote in his journal : " I then went towards the river, to the spot where the old Pons Sublicius stood, and looked about to see how my Hora- tius agreed with the topography. Pretty well : but his house must be on Mount Palatinus ; for he would never see Mount Coelius from the spot where he fought." S^Life and Letters., vol. ii, p. 29.] 492. father Tiber : i.e. the river-god. It should be remembered that the early Romans looked upon all objects and phenomena of nature as possessed each by its own invisible spirit or deity. 525. Bare bravely up his chin : in a footnote to this line Macaulay quotes from Scott Our ladye bare upp her chinne. Ballad of Childe Waters. Never heavier man and horse Stemmed a midnight torrent's force ; Yet, through good heart and our Lady's grace, At length he gained the landing place. Lay of the Last Minstrel, I. 542. corn-land ... of public right: lands belonging to the state consisted mainly of territory taken in war. The various agrarian huvs that were passed from time to time were concerned with the disposition of the public lands. Cf. 1. 261. 545. Could plough: i.e. 'could plough around.' 130 NOTES. 550. Comitium : an open space adjoining the forum, in which cer- tain assemblies were held. 561. the Volscian : the Volscians were a tribe of Latium, among the most formidable of Rome's enemies in the early period of the republic. Coriolanus is the hero of the Volscian wars. 562. Juno : the protectress of women and goddess of childbirth. Cf. Shakespeare, As You Like It, V. 4, "Wedding is great Juno's crown." 572. Algidus : a mountain of Latium, one of the Alban range. 582, 584. goodman . . . goodwife : master and mistress of the house. In Carlyle's letters to his sister he often speaks of her husband as "your Goodman." THE BATTLE OF THE LAKE REGILLUS. The year of the city CCCCLI : b.c. 303. 2. lictors : attendants upon the higher magistrates — the consul had twelve — who carried as symbols of power bundles of rods c'sWtA fasces, to which axes were added. But the axe was not used inside the city after the downfall of the kings. Cf. Vir. 224. 3. Knights : members of the equestrian order, wealthy citizens who, at this period of Roman history, served in the cavalry with a horse provided by the state. 7. Castor : i.e. the temple of Castor and Pollux (the " Great Twin Brethren"), erected in commemoration of the events recorded in this Lay. — Forum: an open place between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, where business was transacted, meetings held, etc. 8. Mars : i.e. the temple of Mars, the war-god. 13. Yellow River: cf. Hor. 98, 466, 470. 14. Sacred Hill: mons sacer, a hill three miles from the city, near the Anio, to which the plebeians had twice seceded when seeking redress of grievances. 15. Ides of Quintilis : the fifteenth day of July. July was the fifth month, March being the first. The name July was given to it by Julius Caesar, when he reformed the calendar. 17. Martian Kalends : the first day of March (the month of Mars), when was celebrated the festival called Matronalia in memory of the peace made by the Sabine women between the Romans and the Sabines in the time of Romulus. THE BATTLE OF THE LAKE REGILLUS. 131 i8. December's Nones : the fifth of December, when were cele- brated the Faunalia, or feast of Faunus, the protecting deity of agricul- ture and of shepherds, also a giver of oracles. 15-18. Kalends, Nones, Ides : the Romans reckoned the days of the month backwards from these three points, the Kalends being the first, the Nones the fifth, and the Ides the thirteenth, except that in March, May, July, and October the Nones came on the seventh and the Ides on the fifteenth. 20. whitest : most propitious ; in allusion to the custom of mark- ing days of good omen in the calendar with white, as unlucky days were marked with black. Cf. 11. 156, 78c. 24. from the east : the home of the Twin Brethren may be regarded as Sparta, in southern Greece, where they first received divine honors. 25. Parthenius : a mountain in southern Greece. 27. Cirrha : a town in northern Greece. — Adria : the Adriatic sea. 31. Lacedaemon : another name for Sparta. 33. Lake Regillus : regarding the locality of this lake, see the author's introduction, p. 60, 1. 23. 63. what time = the time when. — Thirty Cities : the Latin cities that took the part of the exiled Tarquins. 78. Of mortal eyes were seen : for this use of ' of ' = ' by ' cf. " He was seen of Cephas, then of the twelve," i Cor. 15, 5; and "Touching this dreaded sight twice seen of us," Shakespeare, Hai7ilet, I. r. 82. Consul first in place: "When both consuls were in Rome, each was superior during alternate months." [Gow.] 89. Latines : we now spell it ' Latins.' 91. did his ofBce : i.e. read the proclamation that follows. 96. To bring the Tarquins home : it will be remembered that the whole family of the Tarquins was banished when Tarquin the Proud was dethroned. 114. hied him: cf. Hor. 145. 119. Conscript Fathers: the title by which the assembled senate was addressed. 123. choose we: is this equivalent to 'we choose' or to 'let us choose'? — Dictator: as here implied the dictator was an extraordinary officer, appointed in times of great danger. He had absolute power for the time being, superseding all other magistrates, but this power lasted for only six months, and generally was resigned as soon as the crisis was passed. The 'Master of the Knights,' or ' Master of Horse,' was his second in command. 132 NOTES. 125. Camerium : an ancient town of Latium taken by Tarquin. 126. Aulus : cf. 1. S3. 132. axes twenty-four: i.e. twenty-four lictors, tlie number that would be assigned to the two consuls ; see note on 1. 2. The axes in X\\& fasces symbolized the power of life and death. 143. With boys and with gray-headed men : cf. Hor. 58-65. 145. hard by: cf. "fast by," Hor. 193. i6g. Witch's Fortress : the Circeian promontory, said by the Roman poets to have been the abode of Circe, the enchantress. 174. ghastly priest, etc. : near Aricia was a celebrated temple of Diana, who was worshipped with barbarous customs ; her priest was always a runaway slave, who obtained his office by killing his predeces- sor in single combat. 179. buffaloes: these must not be thought of as resembling the buffaloes of North America. 185. Laurentian: about Laurentum. 193. Mamilius : see note on Hor. 96. 200. vest: robe; see note on Hor. 184. — of purple. . . . By Syria's dark-browed daughters : Syria was famous for its purple dyes. 203. sails of Carthage : Carthage, on the northern coast of Africa, preceded Rome as the commercial power of the Mediterranean. 209. false Sextus, etc. : see notes on Hor. 199, 200. 216. but he: cf. Hor. 355. 217. A woman : Lucretia. 225. So spun she and so sang she: this line has been called " strangely harsh " ; do you find it so .-' 233. Tibur : by metonymy, the place for the people. — Pedum . . . Ferentinum : ancient towns of Latium that early fell into decay. 236. Gabii : the place where, according to tradition, Romulus was brought up. 237. Volscian : see note on Hor. 561. — succors: called " aids " in 1. 674- 250. Apulian : Apulia was a division of southeastern Italy. 263. Pomptine fog : refers to the Pomptine marshes, low land be- tween the mountains and the sea. Macaulay wrote, Jan. i, 1839: "I shall not soon forget the three days which I passed between Rome and Naples. As I descended the hill of Velletri, the huge Pontine Marsh was spread out below like a sea. 1 soon got into it ; and, thank God, soon got out of it." \_Life and Letters, vol. ii, p. 41.] 278. Digentian : the Digentia was a small affluent of the Anio. THE BATTLE OF THE LAKE REGLLLUS. 133 288. Fidenae : a city five miles north of Rome, which was frequently at war with Rome. 294. Calabrian : Calabria was a district of southeastern Italy. — brake : see dictionary. 307. pruning among his elms : grape-vines were often trained upon elm-trees. 325. clients : dependents, followers ; plebeians protected by patri- cians and bound to render service in return. The relations of patron and client were regulated by law. 347. Titus: cf. 11. 249-252. 348. bestrode: stood over for protection. In Shakespeare's / Zi'ifwrjj' IV, V. I, Falstaff says to the prince: "Hal, if thou see me down in battle, and bestride me, so ; 't is a point of friendship." 360. Julian line : the same to which Julius Caesar belonged. 362. Velian hill : a ridge connecting the Palatine with the Esquiline. 368. made : is ' make at ' a common expression for ' attack,' ' assault ' ? 375. the good house, etc. : Publius Valerius, elected consul in the first year of the republic, and three times afterwards, received the sur- name Publicola (Poplicola), "friend of the people," on account of his advocacy of the rights of the plebeians. The Valerius mentioned here was Marcus, his brother. 383. yeoman: not used in the sense of ' farmer,' but probably as members of a bodyguard, like " Yeomen of the Guard " of the English sovereign. 408. wist: imperfect of ' wit,' know. 412. gnawed the ground : mention another common expression similar to this. 416. Consular : one who had been consul, an ex-consul. 429. plumed : read in two syllables. 439. as : as if. — Apennine : see note on Hor. 25. 441. battle: battle-line. 444. amain: cf. the meaning here with that in Hor. 392; also cf. 1. 462. 480. From Aufidus to Po : i.e. in all Italy, the Aufidus being in far southern Italy and the Po far to the north. 483. war : note the frequent use of this word for ' battle.' 495. lay on : cf. the familiar "lay on, Macduff," of Macbeth. 506. head-piece: helmet. 513. spurning: cf. "and spurning with her foot the ground" in Longfellow's Tlie Building of the Ship. 134 NOTES. 547. Herminia : daughter of Herminius ; so Virginia, daughter of Virginius, Julia, daughter of Julius, etc. 557. The furies of thy brother : the Furies, called by the Greeks Eumenides or Eriiinyes, were avenging deities who pursued and pun- ished men for their crimes. Here reference is made to the crime of Sextus Tarquinius towards Lucretia. 568. rich Capuan's hall : Capua was the chief city of Campania (southeast of Latium), noted for its wealth and luxury. 569. knees were loosened: a Homeric expression. The knees were regarded by the ancients as the seat of bodily strength. 572. the bravest Tarquin : cf. 11. 251, 252. 603. Samothracia : an island in the northern part of the Aegean sea, where Castor and Pollux were worshipped. 604. Cyrene : a Greek city in northern Africa. 605. Tarentum : a Greek city in southern Italy. 607. Syracuse: thechief city of Sicily, founded by the Dorian Greeks. 609. Eurotas : a river of Laconia, in southern Greece, on the banks of which was Sparta or Lacedaemon. Cf. 11. 29-32. 619, 620. Ardea . . . Cora : i.e. the men of Ardea and Cora. Cf. 11. 233-236- 623. hearth of Vesta: as typical of Rome itself. Vesta was god- dess of the hearth and of family life ; also of the city regarded as a family. See note on Hor. 229. 624. Golden Shield: see note on Hor. 81. 641. battle: i.e. line of battle. Cf. 1. 441. 646. Celtic : Gallic, the Po being in Cisalpine Gaul. 649. Sire Quirinus : a name applied to the deified Romulus. 659, 660. Ferentinum . . . Lanuvium: see notes on 11. 233, 619. 674. aids : cf. 1. 237. 689. Sempronius Atratinus : cf. 1. 141. 692. chair of state : otherwise called the " curule chair," which was in shape something like a camp-stool. Cf. Vir. 116, 266. 695. the Twelve, etc. : see note on Hor. 81. 699. colleges : the word ' college ' here means simply ' body of asso- ciates ' or ' colleagues,' referring to religious bodies. 716. pricking = spurring, — an antiquated use of the word. 721. Asylum : Romulus is said to have opened an asylum, or place of refuge for people of neighboring states, on the Capitoline hill. 723. the fire that burns for aye : see notes on Hor. 229 and 1. 623. 724. the shield: see note on Hor. 81. 745. Vesta : i.e. the temple of Vesta, " Vesta's fane." VIRGINIA. 135 747. the well : a pool or pond in the forum, called the " lake of Juturna." 760. the Dorians : a division of the Greek people, whose chief dty was Sparta. 768. Sit shilling on the sails : an allusion to the electrical phenom- enon now called "St. Elmo's fire," and to the superstition that asso- ciated this phenomenon with the Twin Brethren. 774. build we : cf. " choose we," 1. 123 and note. — stately dome : it is said that Aulus the Dictator during the battle vowed a temple to Castor and Pollux. Such a temple was built in the forum opposite the temple of Vesta. 780-796. The worship of the Dioscuri (another name for the Twin Brethren) was introduced in Rome at an early period, and this festival on the 15th of July was continued for several centuries. 786. Mars : cf. 1. 8. VIRGINIA. The year of the city CCCLXXXII : b.c. 372. 2. Tribunes : see Introduction, p. 89, and note on Hor. 267. 5. fountains running wine : " A familiar touch of fancy in ancient legends, as in those of later times." [Rolfe.] 6. maids with snaky tresses : an allusion, probably, to the story of Medusa, whose beautiful hair was changed to hissing serpents on account of the jealousy of Minerva. — sailors turned to swine : Circe the enchantress "turned to swine" some of the followers of Ulysses. 10. the wicked Ten : those magistrates, called Decemvirs, who were appointed in B.C. 451 to codify the laws and to rule the city tem- porarily. They compiled the " Laws of the Twelve Tables," but after- wards refused to lay down their office, and treated the people in a tyrannical manner. 14. Twelve axes : see notes on B. L. R. 2 and 132. The axes were not to be carried with Xh^t fasces within the city limits. 20. With outstretched chin : what is indicated by this attitude ? — client : see note on B. L. R. 325. 23. lying Greeks : as the expression implies, Romans held the Greeks in light esteem. 24. Licinius : see Introduction, pp. 89, 94. 136 NOTES. 31. tablets : boards smeared with wax for writing, etc. 35. Sacred Street : Via Sacra, the principal street of ancient Rome, which ran from the Capitol through the forum and beyond. 37. How for a sport, etc. : find the story in History of Rome. 38. Lucrece : in I.atin Lucretia, wife of Lucius Tarquinius Collati- nus, who was a cousin of the king. 64. Punic : Carthaginian. 74. The year of the sore sickness : refers to the great plague of B.C. 463. Our ancestors of a century or two ago were wont to speak of such a time as " the time of the great mortality." 76. augurs : see note on Hor. 388. 81. there was no Tribune: all the ordinary offices of state were discontinued on the appointment of the Decemvirs. — the word of might : a tribune could by his simple veto put a stop to the intended action of any other magistrate. See note on Hor. 267. 83. Licinius : the tribune who carried the famous Licinian laws, by which the patricians and plebeians were finally reconciled, the latter gaining the right to be elected to the consulship. Cf. 1. 24. — Sextius : the first plebeian consul. 87. Icilius : one of the chief leaders in the outbreak against the Decemvirs. Virginia was betrothed to him. 89. that column : which commemorated the victory of the Horatii over the Curiatii in the Alban war during the reign of TuUus Hostilius. 94. Quirites : the name by which the Romans were addressed as citizens and civilians. 95. Servius : Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, who reformed the constitution. — Lucrece : the accent here is on the first syllable. Cf. 1. 38. So in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, II. 5, " And silence like a Lucrece ' knife." 96. the great vengeance : of course referring to the expulsion of the Tarquins. 97. false sons make red, etc. : Lucius Junius Brutus, the first con- sul at Rome, put to death his two sons, who had joined in the attempt to restore the Tarquins. 98. Scaevola : " the left-handed," who, on being condemned to be burned alive for an attempt upon the life of King Porsena, thrust his right hand into the flames, and held it there without flinching. Read the whole account in a Classical Dictionary or History of Rome. 102. Sacred Hill: see note on B. L. R. 14. 104. Marcian fury : Caius Marcius Coriolanus, who captured the Volscian town Corioli, was much disliked by the plebeians on ac- VIRGINIA. 137 count of his haughty bearing towards them, and was condemned to exile, B.C. 491. — Fabian pride : the Fabian family was one of the most celebrated of the patrician families for many centuries. Cf. B. L. R. 356. The reference here is probably to Kaeso (Caeso) Fabius, whose troops refused to storm the camp of a defeated enemy, and so to com- plete their general's victory and entitle him to the honors of a triumph. 105. Quinctius : Kaeso (Caeso), son of the famous dictator Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, was a violent opponent of the plebeians, and was driven into banishment. 106. the haughtiest Claudius : the father, or perhaps the grand- father, of Appius, the Decemvir, both of whom were noted for their active hostility to the plebeians. One of them was " hustled in the Forum in a riot which had been brought on by his overbearing conduct." 111. No crier to the polling, etc.: i.e. no elections were held. 112. No Tribune, etc. : see note on 1. 81. 115. holy fillets: i.e. the priesthood. Fillets were bands of red and white wool tied with ribbons, worn by priests and vestals. — purple gown : i.e. gown with a purple border, the toga praetexta, worn by the higher magistrates. 116. axes: see notes on 1. 14 and B.L.R. 2, 132. — curule chair: see note on B. L. R. 692. — the car: i.e. the triumphal chariot. 117. press : impress, force into the army. 120. usance: interest on money; the word in this sense is now obsolete. Shylock, in The Merchant of Venice, I. 3, says : " Still have you rated me about my moneys and my usances." 121. haggard debtors: the laws in relation to debtors were very harsh and uncompromising, and the debtors were mostly plebeians. 124. holes for free-born feet : the stocks. 130. Alban kings : Alba Longa, the most ancient city of Latium, is said to have founded Rome. See Introduction to P. C, p. 109, 11. 1-5. 133. Corinthian mirrors: Corinth in Greece was at this time a wealthy commercial city. 134. Capuan odors: see note on B.L.R. 568. — Spanish gold: Spain was noted for its mineral wealth. 148. great sewer : constructed by Tarquin the Elder, and still in use to this day. 149. whittle : knife for slaughtering cattle. 152. Farewell, sweet child, etc.: this speech of Virginius is con- sidered by some critics to show Macaulay's weakness in dealing with the pathetic. It has been called " the weakest part of the poem, and in marked contrast to the concise and pregnant lines of the narrative 138 NOTES. elsewhere." The " contrast " is evident enough ; does it show weak- ness ? Following are two contrary opinions on this question : " It is a singular thing that Macaulay, whose sensibility and genuine tenderness of nature are quite beyond doubt, had almost no command of the pathetic. . . . Macaulay could not hold the more passionate emotions sufficiently at arm's length to describe them properly when he felt them. And when they passed, his imagination did not reproduce them with a clearness available for art. A man on the point of stabbing his daughter to save her from dishonor would certainly not think of mak- ing the stagey declamation which Macaulay has put into the mouth of Virginius. The frigid conceits about ' Capua's marble halls,' and the kite gloating upon his prey, are the last things that would occur to a mind filled with such awful passions." [J. Cotter Morison in English Men of Letters, Macaulay, p. 117.] "This is the only passage in the volume that can be called — in the usual sense of the word — pathetic. It is, indeed, the only passage in which Mr. Macaulay has sought to stir up that profound emotion. Has he succeeded .'' We hesitate not to say that he has, to our heart's desire. . . . This effect has been wrought simply by letting the course of the great natural affections flow on, obedient to the promptings of a sound, manly heart, unimpeded and undiverted by any alien influences, such as are but too apt to steal in upon inferior minds when dealing imaginatively with severe trouble, and to make them forget, in the indulgence of their own self-esteem, what a sacred thing is misery." [Professor Wilson in Blackwood^ s Magazine, vol. lii, p. 819.] 157. civic crown : .a chaplet of oak-leaves with acorns, presented to a Roman soldier who had saved the life of a comrade in battle and slain his opponent. 182. Volscians : see note on Hor. 561. 184. leech: surgeon. Cf. " leech-craft," 1. 119. 193. the nether gloom: the under-world, where dwelt the shades (manes) of the dead. Cf. 1. 127. 200. Sacred Street: see note on 1. 35. 202. Ten thousand pounds of copper: for four or five centuries after the founding of Rome copper was the only metal used for money, and even this, in the early times, was not coined, but passed by weight. 203. clients : see note on B. L. R. 325. 204. lictors : see note on B. L. R. 2. 213. cypress : an evergreen tree, sacred to Pluto, and a sign of death and mourning. 223. yeomen : see note on B. L. R. 383. THE PROPHECY OF CAP VS. 139 228. Pincian Hill . . . Latin Gate : i.e. remotely to north and south. 232. breaking up of benches: what for.' 242. Tribunes : the cry now is for the restoration of the tribunes ; see note on 1. 81. 249. Caius of Corioli : Caius Marcius Coriolanus ; see note on 1. 104. 251. yoke: conquered enemies were forced to "pass under the yoke," which consisted of two spears set upright in the ground with a third laid across them. The word "yoke" in 1. 256 is used in its more common sense. — Furius : Marcus Furius Camillus, the greatest gen- eral of his time, who took Veii, and drove out the Gauls from the Roman territory, B.C. 390. He was five times dictator. 257. Cossus : the most celebrated man of this name was Sergius Cornelius Cossus, who (B.C. 42S) killed the king of Veii in single combat. 258. Fabius : see second note on 1. 104. — chase : hunters. 266. put their necks beneath: cf. "High on the necks of slaves," Hor. III. 268. staves : sticks or clubs, plural of ' staff.' 269. or staff or sword : either staff or sword. 277. Calabrian : cf. B. L. R. 294. 278. Thunder Cape : the promontory Acroceraunium on the coast of Epirus, opposite the Calabrian coast of Italy. THE PROPHECY OF CAPYS. The year of the city CCCCLXXIX : b.c. 275. 2. Sylvian : descended from Sylvius (Silvius), son of Ascanius and grandson of Aeneas, to whom and his followers the Romans liked to refer their ancestry. All the Alban kings had the cognomen Silvius. 3. Alba Longa: see note on Vir. 130. 4. Aventine : according to one tradition Aventinus was an Alban king, who was buried on the hill which took his name. 7. The children : Romulus and Remus. 8. The mother : Rhea Silvia. 23. the dead are living: in allusion to the supposed death and subsequent discovery of the twins. 25. bloody king: see 1. i. \ 140 NOTES. 26. lying priest : see 1. 5. 27. raging flood : the Tiber. 34. yellow foam : cf. Hor. 98, 466. 37. The ravening she-wolf: cf. Hor. 360. 48. grandsire : Numitor. 58. horse-hair : the helmet plume. 71. holy fillets: see note on Vir. 115. 95. From head to foot he trembled : he was becoming inspired with prophetic fervor. 106. vines clasp many a tree: see note on B. L. R. 307. no. Tartessian : from Tartessus, an ancient town of Spain, proba- bly the same as Tarshish of the Bible. See second note on Vir. 134. 112. Libyan: African. Libya, the Greek name for Africa, was often used for Africa itself. 115, 116. Arabia . . . Sidon : in allusion to the various cosmetics and dyes brought from those places. 123. sprung from the War-god's loins : the father of Romulus was said to be the war-god Mars. 125. From sunrise unto sunset : does this expression refer to place or time .' 128. and name it by thy name: it was a popular but erroneous belief that the name Rome was derived from Romulus. 130. Vesta's sacred fire: the fire on the altar of Vesta was kept continually burning. See notes on Hor. 229, B. L. R. 623, 723. 149. Pomona : goddess of fruits. 150. Liber: ancient Italian divinity, patron of agriculture, later identified with the Greek Bacchus or Dionysus. 151. Pales : the divinity of flocks and shepherds. 153- Venus : goddess of love. 169. the soft Campanian : cf. note on " some rich Capuan's hall," B. L. R. 56S. 171. Tyre : see note on 1. 235. 173. Carthage : see note on B. L. R. 203. 175. Leave to the Greek, etc. : the pursuits of sculpture and litera- ture are here considered effeminate in comparison with warlike pursuits. 177-184. As is well known, the Romans for many centuries excelled in all the arts of war. 177. pilum: the javelin (the peculiar weapon of the Roman legion- ary soldier) consisted of a heavy wooden shaft about four feet long, into the end of which was inserted an iron shank about two feet long ending in a barbed or flat heart-shaped point. THE PROPHECY OE CAP VS. 141 184. Jove's eternal fane: on the Capitoline hill. 185. Volscian : see note on Hor. 561, and cf. Fir. 182. 186. vail : the word means ' to lower,' not ' to cover.' Cf. Afer- chant of Vetiice, I. i, "Vailing her high top lower than her ribs." 187. Soft Capua: cf. "soft Campanian," 1. 169. 189. Lucumoes : see note on Hor. 185. — Arnus : a river^of Etruria. 190. rods : i.e. XVq fasces, symbols of power ; see note on B. L. R.z. 191. proud Samnite : three wars were waged by the Romans against the Samnites, a race of central Italy. 193. Gaul: Rome was destroyed by the Gauls in i;.c. 390, but was rebuilt. 195. fair-haired : cf. note on Hor. 37. 197. The Greek : what Greek general in particular was " the con- queror of the East " ? The bard now reaches the events which this Lay is intended particu- larly to celebrate, namely, the war with Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. 200. huge earth-shaking beast, etc. : see Introduction, p. iii, 1. 27. 205. Epirotes : men of Epirus, a division of northern Greece. 206. Wedged close with shield and spear: referring to the famous Macedonian phalan.x. 209. false Tarentum : see Introduction, pp. 109, no. 225. great triumph: i.e. the triumphal procession; cf. 11. 181-184. 230. the Red King: the name Pyrrhus is derived from a Greek word meaning ' fire,' and originally meant ' flame-colored ' or ' red.' 332. gown washed white: see Introduction, p. no, 1. 18. 235. rich dye of Tyre: Tyre in Syria produced and exported large quantities of a purple or crimson dye obtained from a species of shell- fish. Cf. 11. 171, 172, also 1. 116. 235-248. It should be remembered that in a triumphal procession the spoils of war were carried before the commander for the people to gaze upon. 249. Manius Curius : see Introduction, p. in, 1. 32. 254. embroidered gown : a general when celebrating a triumph wore the toga picta, "embroidered gown," and also the tuttica palmata, an undergarment with embroidery representing palm-branches. 256. green crown : a wreath of laurel. 257. Rosea : a district of central Italy. 259. the bull: for sacrifice at the altar of Jupiter. — Mevania : an ancient town in Umbria, celebrated for its breed of white oxon ; cf. Hor. 55. 264. Sacred Way : see note on Vir. 35. 142 A'OTES. 266. Suppliant's Grove : There were said to be two groves in the depression between the two summits of the Capitoline hill. 269. o'er two bright havens, etc. : the situation of Corinth on an isthmus explains the expression. 271. gigantic King of Day: the famous colossal statue of the sun- god. It is said that at Rhodes (southwest of Asia Minor) there is hardly a day in the year when the sun is not visible. 273. Orontes : the principal river of Syria. 276. dark-red colonnades : made of the "dark-red " Egyptian gran- ite, a specimen of which may now be seen in Central Park, New York. 280. Byrsa : the citadel of Carthage. 283. the sand of morning-land : probably referring to Arabia. 285. Atlas : the mountain in northwestern Africa. PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF PROPER NAMES. (English Method.) Note. — ae = e ; eu = u ; ia, iu, and the like are generally run together in one syllable ; thus Ho-ra'tius = Ho-ra'-shus. A' dri a Ae bu' ti us (t = sh) Ae ga' tes Ae mil' i us Al' ba Lon'ga Al bin' i a Al ex an' der Al' gi dus Al' pine Al ver' nus Am mi a' nus A mu' li us An ehi' ses An dro ni' cus A' ni 6 An tig' o nus Anx' ur Ap' en nine Ap' pi us A pol' 16 A pol lo do' rus A pu' li an Ar' de a A ri' ci a (rish) Ar pi' num Ar re' ti um (t = sh) A' runs As' tur A sy' lum A til' i us At ra tl' nus At' ti la Au' fi dus Au gus' tus Au' lus Au' nus Au' ser Aus' ter Av' en tine Bac ehi' a dae Bac' chus Ban dvi' si a (zhi) Ben e ven' turn Bru' tus Byr' sa (Bur) ^ae' so Ca' i us Ca la' bri an Cal' vus Ca me' ri um Ca' mors Ca mil' lus Cam pa' ni a Cap i to li' nus 143 Cap' u a Ca' pys Car' thage Cas' tor Ca't5 Cat' u lus ^19' e ro ^il' ni us ^i min' i an ^in 9in na' tus ^in' e as (Jir' rha Cla' nis Clau' di us Cli turn' nus Cloe' li a Clii' si um (zhi) Co' cle§ Co los' sus Co mi' ti um (mish) Co' ra Cor' inth Co ri o la' nus Co ri' o II Cor' ne Cor ne' li us Cor to' na Cor' vus 144 PRONOUNCING VOCABULAR Y Co' sa Cos' sus Cras' sus Crem' e ra Cris' pus Croe' sus Crus tu me' ri um Cu ri a' ti i (t = sh) Cu' ri us Cur' sor Cur' ti us (t = sh) (^yp' se lus ^y re' ne De' ci us (c = sh) Del' phi De moph' i lus De mos' the nes Den ta' tus Di gen' ti an (t = sh) Di 6 ny' si us (nish) Dl 6 ny' sus Di OS cu' rl Do mi' ti an (mish) Do' ri ans Dii il' i us E ge' ri a El'va En' ni us E pi' rotes E trii' ri a E trus' can Eu rip' i des Ell ro' tas Fa' bi us Fa bri' ci us (brish) Fa le' ri i Faus' tu lus Faus' tus Fer en ti' num Fi de' nae Flac' cus Fla' vi us Flo' rus Fron ti' nus Fii' ri us Ga' bi T Ha mil' car Han' n5 Her' cu les Her min' i a Her min' i us He rod' o tus He' si od (s = sh) H5 ra' ti T (t = sh) Ho ra' ti us (t = sh) Hos til' i us Hos' tus I ^il' i us II' i ad lOva I tal' i cus Ix T' on Ja nic' u lum Ju' li us Ju' no Kae' so La9 e dae' mon La nil' vi um Lars Lar' ti us (t = sh) Lat er a' nus La' ti an (t — sh) Lat' ines Lau ren' turn Lau' su lus La vin' i um Le'da Li' her Lib' yan Li 9in' i us Liv' i us Lu' can Lu' 96 res Lu 9il' i us Lu' ci us (c = sh) Lu crece' Lu ere' ti a (t = sh) Lii' cu mo Lii' na Lus ci' nus Lu ta' ti us (t = sh) Lys' i as (lish) Ma mil' i us Ma' ni us Man' li us Mar eel IT' nus Mar' cus Mars Mar' ti al (shal) ISIas sil' i a Max' i mus ^ Me gel' lus Me nan' der Me' ti us (t = sh) Met' tus Me va' ni a Mil' ci us (c = sh) Mu rae' na Nae' vi us Nar Ne' pos Ne qui' num OF PROPER NAMES. 145 No men' turn Nor' ba Nil' ma Nu' mi tor Nur' sci a (shia) Oc' nus Od' ys sey O ron' tes Os' tia Pal' a tine Pal' a tl' nus Pa'les Pa pir' i us Par me' ni 6 Par the' ni us Pa tro' clus Pe' dum Per i an' der Per' seus Pic' tor ~ Pi' cus Pin' ci an (c = sh) Pi' sae Plau' tus Pie be' ian Plu' tarch Pol' lux Po lyb' i us Po mo' na Pomp' tine Pop lie' o la Pop u 15' ni a Por' ci an (c = sh) Por' se na Pos thii' mi us Pub' li us Pyr' rhus Quinc til' i an Quinc' ti us (t = sh) Quin tl' lis Quin' tus Qui ri' tes Qui ri' nus Ram' ni an Re gil' lus Reg' u lus Re' mus Rex Rhe'a Rhodes Rome Rom' u lus R5' se a Sa' bines Sam' nite Samothra'cia (c = sh) Sar din' i a Sar pe' don S9aev' o la Se' i us Sem pro' ni us Ser' gi us Ser' vi us Se' ti a (t = sh) Sex ti' nus Sex' ti us Sex' tus Sib' yl line Sie' ci us (c = sh) Si' don Sil' i us Soph' o cleg So rac' te Spii' ri us St5' 15 Sil' tri um Syl' vi an Syr' a cuse Syr' i a Taf' i tus Ta ren' turn Tar pe' ia Tar' quin Tar tes' si an (s= sh) The oc' ri tus Thras' y mene Thii 5yd' i des Ti' ber Ti' bur Ti fer' num Ti' ti an (t = sh) Ti' tus To lum' ni us Tii' be ro Tul' li a Tul' lus Tus' cii lum Tyre U'fens Um' bri an Um' bro Ur'go Va le' ri us Var' ro Ve' ii (yi) Ve' li an Ve li' trae Vel le' ius Ve' nus Ver ben' na Ves' ta Vir gin' i a Vir gin' i us Vol a ter' rae Vol' e ro Vol' sci an (shan) Vol sin' i an Vol sin' i um Vul' so BOOKS ON ENGLISH LITERATURE Alexander's Introduction to the Poetry of Robert Browning ^i.oo Athenzeum Press Series : 24 volumes now ready. 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