/>qft3DEn1 Age^i. W F WORKMAN.) Vari-a^t'i^ The Franklin Life Insurance Company, J Y VMEBB FRANK RECOr. C* .jR.OF SPRINGFIELD. ILLINOIS. >ALLAs. TEXAS llarch 24, 1908 Hon. B. D. Glas^ov/, Dickeris, Texas. Dear Sir: IIT KE #6156S, Roberson Referrinc to your favor of the 14th inst. and our con- versation by telephone of the 2l8t insti concerniiig the above naned, policy and the insured thereunder, I wish to say that I have notified the Home Office of the Company, and the proper blanlcs for proof of clalni v;ill reach you in a few days. Inasniuch as Mr. Roberson died on the 12th inst., and the note was not due until the 22nd inst., it v/as unnecessary for me to forv/ard the note to you for payment at the time of v your request for it, because we understand tliaj the policy is in force, and that the unpaid premium v/ill, upon satisfactory proof of claim, be deducted from the value of the policy, and the balance be immediately paid to the beneficiary. This instance fully illustrates the disposition of our Company to oblige its policy-holders in every way popsible. Y/lien Mr. Roberson 7;rote us last ITovember that he could not possibly pay, he did not loiow that we would grant him such a reasonable extension, nor that the policy would be paid at 30 ea.rly a date. Even after signing the note, he wrote us that it v/as useless for him to hope to meet it at maturity, because » since signing, he had lost his health and, consequently, l^ope of redeeming his finaiicial independence. Please convey to the "beneficiary this information con- cerning the policy, when the proofs of death of the insured are sent to her for execution, and otherv/ise assist us in the satisfactory adjustment of the claim. We should appreciate a letter indorsing the Companj'- from yourself, and also one from the beneficiary. Thiwoking you for your kind advices in the matter, and trusting that you will have many words of commendation for our Company, I am. Yours very truly. This letter was dictated by Mr, Frank Reedy to Miss Hazel Minor and transcribed from Miss Minor's Shorthand Notes by Miss Ruby Slaton. ,EOOARb SCCrXP.eiMni -'mCNHY ABEIS Stc.oWf/ iitO 8&'-^!)0E.nI Aj.rci \V r WORKMAN (Va**-*;* The Franklin Life Insurance Company, J Y WEaB. JR. FRANK dEIBV OF SPRINGFIELD. ILUNOIS. DALLAS. TEXAS March 24, 1903 lir. Edgar S. Scott, President, Franklin Life Insurance Co., Springfield, 111. Dear Mr. Scott: IIT RE #61565, Roberson Referring to my letter of the 21st inst., asking for tlank proof of clain under above named policy, I wish to report the facts in this case as follov/s: During the days of grace allov/ed by the policy for the payiiiant of the annual premiiun on above policy'-, I took up, by correspondence, the importance of the payment of the premi-'jiii with the assured, v.ith the result that Ilr. Roberson replied that, owing to the financial stringency and the failure of crops, he was unable to pay his pre- niuia, and, although he regretted to lose his insurance, yet he felt that it was impossible to pay 1^he premium. I replied immediately that insurance is never so valuable as V7hen money matters are uncertain, and that our company is all the more anxious to assist its policy-holders. I enclosed a note on the regulcir form, covering the premium and interest, and asked him to sign it and return for your approval and thereDy get the needed ex- tension. He did so. You approved the note and it was returned to us for collection on Eebruciry 22, 1908. A letter promptly addressed to Mr. Roberson, asking that he give the note prompt attention, brought the replj"- from him, that it "was useless for him to attempt anything further; that hia health was failing, and that his future finances were very uncertain. I replied again saying that the insurance held good until the note matured tlie 22nd inst., but that he should make a strong effort to pay it at that time. A very few days before the not© became payable a letter v/aa received from District Attorney Glasgow, of Dickens, Texas, asking that the note be sent to the Pirst national Bank at that place im- mediately, and that he would see to its payment, .Hot having tiiae to reach him by mail, I called him by telephone to investigate the matter, with tlie result of learning from him that Mr. Roberaon died on the 12th of this month. I understand, of course, that this policy is in force, and that it v/ill be paid upon completion of proofs of death, less the amount of the premium covered by the above note. This case will prove valuable to the company, in that the people will all the more exert themselves to keep their "insurance in force and thereby give us a truer exposition of the value of our policies. Yours truly. '^^^^ WORLD RECORD EXAMINER'S AFFIDAVIT THE STATE OF TEXAS< } COUNTY OF DALLAS. \ THIS IS TO CERTIFY, that on March 24, 1908, I received a request by telephone from Mr. J. W. Harrell to the effect that he wished me to give a test to two young ladies, Miss Hazel Minor and Mis^ Ruby Slaton, that would, in my opinion, demonstrate their ability to meet the requirements of any business. I was not personally acquainted with either, and at the time I agreed to serve him I had nothing in mind as a special test; in fact, I was away from the office on important business matters nearly all after- noon, and returning very late found one of the young ladies. Miss Hazel Minor, waiting for me and ready to take any dictation I might give. I accordingly rather hastily dictated a letter involving many of the technical expressions of our business, without repeating any sentence or portion of a sentence, and dismissed the young lady. Then the other student. Miss Ruby Slaton, appeared, and to her I dictated another letter so totally different as to afford no possible sug- gestion as to the wording of the other letter. Neither of the young ladies heard the dictation to the other. They left their shorthand notes with me and I exchanged them, and to my surprise and pleasure they transcribed each other's shorthand notes, thus written, not only very rapidly, but accurately. There was, in fa.3r. not a mistake in either letter. I will say that I cannot conceive of a test that would more fairly and conclusively demonstrate the value of a system of shorthand, or the Harrell method of training stenographers. As a further test, one of the young ladies. Miss Ruby Slaton, came to my office exactly one month later and took various kinds of letters, covering the full routine of my business, with speed and accuracy, demonstrating absolutely indisputable evidence of her proficiency. I have read the statement of Mr. Harrell in regard to these tests, and the photographic reproductions of the letters dictated as afore- said and signed by me, and they are correct. I am not interested financially nor otherwise with Mr. Harrell, nor any other business school. FRANK REEDY, Cashier. Signed and sworn to before me, this 11th day of May, 1908. W. T. PACE, Notary Public, Dallas County, Texas. Note. — Mr. Reedy is well-known throughout the Southwest as the late Secretary-Treasurer of the Texas Methodist Sunday School Conference. \III Shorthand Alphabet The shorthand alphabet is an ideal one for it gives a separate letter for each of the forty distinct sounds we can utter, which enables us to write the letters representing the sounds as they come in words. The shorthand letter for "M" i^..^-~~y^ "K" is and a heavy dot by the middle of any letter is "A" Therefore, ^r^ is "aim"; . . ■ '. is "ache"; ..;-X->, — — IS "make", and . . . . . - <~~>. . . is "came." The signs or letters used to represent the sounds are the briefest, — a dot, a dash, a straight stroke and a curved stroke. These require but a single movement of the pen to represent a sound, and they are joined iti writing more easily than the longhand letters. Consonants .\\xv>^.i \ LU) //rrjj, p B F V Ar Way T D Ith The S Z Chay J Lay V.\y Ish Zhe Cay M Emp-b N Ing Ray Hay Heh H Iss Weh Wuh Veh Vuh HOW TO MEMORIZE THE ALPHABET. By glancing at the first line of the alphabet we see that the first six letters, P, B, F, V, R, Way, are written downward in the same direction from left to right, at an angle of about forty-five degrees. Written downward X \ V_ >s^ j\ _\ P B F V Ar Way By sounding the first two letters, P, B, we find they are made with the lips in the same way, and the sounds are the same, except that B is voiced a little more than P. They are so closely related in sound, and are made so nearly alike, — the difference being shown by shading, — we link them in memory naturally. Now make the first two letters, P, B, on a sheet of paper, and to the left of them make the next two letters, F. V, and you will readily link them in mind with P and B as left curves written in the same direction. By sounding the letters F and V you will observe that they are made alike with the lips, the difference being that V is voiced a little more than F, Pitman-HarrelIv Shorthand and as this difference is shown by shading, we Hnk them in memory a:r closely related to each other, and similar in some respects to P and B. Thus we have discovered sufficient relations between these four letters to link all of them in memory. If you will write P and 5 on a sheet of paper and to the left of P, B, write F, V, and then to the right of P, B write R, Way, the fact that they are all written in the same direction will link them in mind as similar in that respect ; the fact that R and Way are curved strokes will link them a little more closely with F and V, and the fact that R and Way are curved differently from F and V will link them with F and V as dissimilar curves ; and as the sounds they represent are not similar, they are easily associated with F and V as dissimilar curves representing dissimilar sounds. Now write all of the six letters given, beginning with P, in the follow- ing order: P, B; to the left of these write F, V, and to the right of P, B write R, Way, and you will observe that all of these letters come from the straight line, P. We make it light for P, and shade it for B ; we curve it to the left for F, and shade that curve for V ; we curve it to the right for R, and shade that curve for Way, and all are written in the same direction,, downward from left to right at an angle of about forty-five degrees front the line of writing. Now we have memorized these letters, P, B, F, V , R, Way, but that is^ only the first step. Develop Permanent Memory To make this memory permanent, reduce time reaction or hesitation,, and make the writing of these letters leflexive or spontaneous, you should write them in the order given, P, B, F, V, R, Way, carefully twenty times: and to prevent mind wandering each letter should be sounded audibly as you write it, and all of the six letters should be written from memory every time. Every time you write rhem compare them with the letters in the lesson. Cover them with a card and write them from memory again, striving to make them more accurately every time. Make them with as quick movement as you can make them accurately. Accuracy must be acquired first, then speed will follow naturally. Sounding the letters audibly as they are written is very important as it links the letters with the sounds they represent, and it is a powerful factor in training the hand to write the letters readily as the sounds are heard. Occasionally bright and highly gifted persons make poor lea-ners be- Pitman-Harrell Shorthand cause they act on hasty inferences of their own instead of following the never-failing method here given. If you find that you can memorize the letters easily without following our plan, remember that to understand how a thing should be done is one thing, but to be able to do it expertly is quite a different thing. \^ery little time is required for a photographer to take a negative, and that is the way images are made in the brain ; but you should remember that the image thus made is only a negative. Careful work in the dark room must be done to develop it. The dark room work in the development of knowledge of the way a thing is done, and expertness in the doing of it is the training of the nervous system ; and that is a physical development dependent upon systematic exercise and consequent growth. The negative in the brain of a brilliant person, like the negative of a photograph, undeveloped, soon fades away. Analyze the letters in each of the other lines of the alphabet, discover their relations, in what respects they are similar, thus linking them in memory, and write them twenty times as you d'd the first line; bearing in mind the fact that it is as easy to associate au'l remember dissimilar things by their dissimilarity as it is to associate and remember similar things by their similarity. Written downward [ i \^ \ } jf T D Ith Thee S Z Write "L" and "Sh" / J ( f J ) ^'"^^ '^^^ the other Upward or Downward "'^ Strokes Downward Chay J Lay Yay Ish Zhay The upward Sh is Shay, and the downward Sh is Uh. The upward L is Lai;\ and the downward L is El. Written forward ^— ^ ^-— n. n„^ >»^ K Gay M Emp-b N Ing Write "Hay" and "Ray" ^ y Upward -^ ^ ' ••' ^ ^ ^ ^ " Ray Hay H H Iss Weh Wuh Yeh Vuli Having memorized the consonant strokes as directed, write all of them from memory five times. Every time you write them cover them with a card and, from memory, write them again, each time more rapidly than before, sounding them as you write them. Write the entire alphabet from memory five times as directed in the preceding paragraph once every day for thirty days. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand VOWELS A vowel is a clear sound made through an open position of the mouth- channel, which molds or shapes the voice without obstructing its utter- ance; as e, a, o. The union of two simple sounds is a diphthong ; as ie in tie, oy in boy. A consonant is a sound formed by a closer position of the articulating organs than any position by which a vowel is formed ; as p, b, f, v. First Position Vowels E Aw i I Oi As heard in the words, She saw him rob my boy Now write all the FIRST POSITION vowels on a sheet of paper, about the height of a T-stroke above the line of writing —twenty times. Every time you write them cover them with a card and write them again more rapidly than before. FIRST POSITION VOWELS are placed by the BEGINNING OF CONSONANT STROKES. Vowels ABOVE HORIZONTALS or to the LEFT of OTHER STROKES are BEFORE THE STROKE; when placed on the other side, they are AFTER THE STROKE, Examine all of the following illustrations carefully, and then make seven perfect copies of each line. ek imp in ik ke me ne gi eke imp in Ke key me knee Guy When the LEADING or MOST PROMINENTLY ACCENTED VOWEL in a word is FIRST POSITION, the FIRST VERTICAL or SLANTING STROKE is written ABOVE THE LINE OF WRITING. v_i / .r I r /; _ if it itch ill saw taw jaw law Pitman-Harreli, Shorthand The purpose of writing consonants in the position of the leading vowel is to indicate the position of the leading vowel by the position of the con- sonant, if for any reason the vowel should not be inserted. ■\ e )■ bi buy VI vie SI sigh li lie \ boy / All the consonants of a word are WRITTEN CONNECTEDLY WITHOUT LIFTING THE PEN, and the vowels are then placed by the strokes. , L L_. peak balk dock talk pitch cheer When ONE FIRST POSITION VOWEL occurs BETWEEN TWO STROKES it is placed by the BEGINNING OF THE FIRST STROKE. mill mile kneel knife WRITING EXERCISE. Write the following exercises according to these rules, and submit your notes to your teacher. she, tea, me, fee, tie, pie, die, thy shy, buy, nigh, my, Guy, coy, Foy, Moye, imp, is, in, itch, if, thaw, gnaw, saw, jaw. Gee, knee, sigh, key,, mock, cheap, tip, beam, dim, keep, kick, peep, Bopp, pipe, hit, dip, job, ease, deem, ice, King, Fife, knife. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand Second Position Vow^els A e u As in the words, - Make Joe get up Write all of the second position vowels on a sheet of paper, ON THE LINE OF WRITING, sounding each vowel as you write it — twenty times. SECOND POSITION VOWELS are placed by the MIDDLE OF CONSONANT STROKES. ' -I « ache aim own egg go may know Coe X i -(..: C. ...X V^ }• jC ape ate oath ale pay Fay say lay X: X \ -I X k_ ): £, up Abe Ed owoJ bow foe so low When the LEADING or MOST PROMINENTLY ACCENTED VOWEL in a word is SECOND POSITION, the FIRST VERTI- CAL or SLANTING STROKE is written ON THE LINE OF WRITING. dome bail robe Jake fame lame name Rome When A or O occurs BETWEEN TWO STROKES it is placed BY THE FIRST STROKE; the other SECOND POSITION VOWELS are placed BY THE SECOND STROKE. ,u... dumb bell rub check gem Lem numb Pitman-Harreli. Shorthand ^> ^\ wreck rug dump jump fail fell tape tub Write the following" exercise according to these rules, and submit your notes to your teacher. WRITING EXERCISE. day, gay, tow, sew, Poe, sho\v, dough, ate, egg, ode, oath, sow, up, Utt, age, aim, ache, gay, mow, code, joke, peck, tub, gem, death, game, maim;*T:humb, thump, hub, touch, buck, bug, bait, Kate, make, faith, comb, dumb, numb, pump, tape. Jake, gate, take, neck, B^ck, Buck,, dump, cage, bake, check, cheque, choke. Third Position Vow^els Ah 00 a 00 Ou U As in the words, — Arm Luke at Look — Out View Write all of the third position vowels on a sheet of paper, BELOW THE LINE OF WRITING, sounding each vowel as you write it — ^ twenty times. THIRD POSITION VOWELS are placed by the END OF CON- SONANT STROKES. \ :) ^ "^ j ] Abb use use our at add Ann owl When the LEADING or MOST PROMINENTLY ACCENTED VOWEL in a word is THIRD POSITION, the FIRST VERTICAL or SLANTING STROKE is written THROUGH THE LINE OF WRITING. v^' Va t^ y z-iza __z:^ v:;/; w bough vow due shoe cow cue few due Pitman-Harrell Shorthand When a THIRD POSITION VOWEL occurs BETWEEN TWO STROKES it is placed BY THE SECOND STROKE. vamp lamp Jack tamp gang nap Jap ..^A.-.>-^=\ ^. .....^ -^ ^ .4 wrap roup cap tap loop lap lad loud WRITING EXERCISE. Write the following exercise according to these rules, and submit your notes to your teacher. dew, chew, cue, few, cube, add, out, at, use, sue, due, am, bow, shoe, cow, hue, Hugh, palm, balm, calm, jamb, back. Jack, took, book, nook, shook, cook, gang, poop, Duke, sham, dupe, chap, Jap, cab, boom, fad, shad, bout, boot, cowed. When there are TWO OR MORE VOWELS in a word, the LEAD- ING or MOST PROMINENTLY ACCENTED VOWEL DETER- MINES THE POSITION OF THE OUTLINE. Thus— >y icy ivy }. X L,. easy icy ivy Erie ....^r r V. \ oily eel Eva Ida Ada essay obey Effie \ i Abbie adieu Anna Eula echo Emma Ella Ora J =^--^ f-- ashy Aggie Annie allow Pitman-Harrell Shorthand When two vowels are to be plac- ed before one stroke, the second vowel is placed closer to the stroke than the first one. >.. lona Ewing Ewing When two vowels are to be plac- ed after one stroke, the first vowel is placed closer to the stroke than the second. i. \, i idea Eev ey Fowie When two vowels coalesce, or run together, as in line 1, they may be written as in line 2; and \».., .Nt J. the signs used to show two vowels are called coalescents. The coalescent takes the position of the first of the vowels it rep- resents. idea idea Noah Noah Dewey Dewey Dowie If the first of the vowels it repre- sents is a dot, the coalescent points to the left. If the first of the vowels it represents is a dash, it points to the right; as in Noah. The diphthongs are changed to coalescents by adding a light tick, as in Dcxvcv. "■^S :M- payee showy Owen Ewing power fewer duel When there are two or more consonant strokes and two or more vowels in a word, the FIRST VERTICAL OR SLANTING STROKE is written in the position of the LEADING VOWEL, and the vowels are placed in their respective positions by the strokes according to the rules heretofore siven. Thus — /r\ "W < lobby folly Molly naughty .^■zIA../l).^ 3 lady muddy lazy Cody f/; ^^; I shoddy volley Lottie lidy .L/T. zi^.^; .\ fellow levy ruddy baby valley duly balmy* Talley carry Barry showery fury 10 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand When two vowels occur between two consonants, the strokes for both consonants must be written, and one vowel must be placed by each stroke. Thus — ^ i Zion Joyo'is ni'i'-s '"i- v~> ^ Siam voyage boyish bias poet Vayette chaos sower hyena Viola Wyoming miasma A coalescent may be used for two vowels between two strokes. Thus— -^ ^ ^ being payer layer weigher poet poem WRITING EXERCISE. doer sower Effie, Evie, Essie, obey essay, Ida, iota, idea, Noah, Hughey, payee, Isaiah, Ohio, Iowa, Emma, adieu, Abbie, pity, Kitty, kittie, poesy, funny, naughty, shady, Dewey, joyous, piety, duty, diet, tidy. AR AND RAY RULES. 1 Use Ar to join easily with a following M or Mp-b. Thus — ream Rome room rhyme rum ramble romp rumble remove Rumbo arm 2 Use Ray to join easily with a following Chay, Jay, T, D, Ith, Thee, F, V, N or Ing. Thus— .:^...^^..Zl....^...zt ...^.....^„Zt....,^..c^:^..:(^... rich urgf rate road earth wreathe rife Ervay ruin wrong ring 3 Use Ray to join easily with a preceding M, Mp-b, Hay, or Ray. Thus— mar empire Harry roar mirror emperor horrify rarefy bearer terror Harvey Pitman-Harreli. Shorthand ^^ 11 IN ALL OTHER COMBINATIONS— When a word begins Ar, (a vowel before R) use Ar. Thus — ark hourly Arp orb herb Europe argue eureka error Aurora early When a word begins Ray, (no vowel before R) use Raf. Thus — rake rally rap rob rub roup rag rock roar rear rely When a word ends Ar, (no vowel after R) use Ar. Thus — chair dare door bear jar fair fire shower fewer lower power fear When a word ends Ray, (a vowel after R) use Ray. Thus — cherry dairy Berry Barry dowery fairy fiery showery fury Larry Parry WRITING EXERCISE. Arc, Eric, herb, orb, fewer, shower, tire, dower, chair, ripe, rub, road, write, rate, route, rich, urge, earth, Avrong, ruin, rainy, renew, renewed, tarry, ferry, fury, carry, Corey, dowry, Harry, hurry, Harvey, Hervey, heroic, Aurora, repay, remove, rife, emperor, mirror, merry, mar, marry, bearer, terror, fury, vary, door, dear, fair, jar. Czar, power, roar, rear. Eureka. LAY AND EL RULES. 1 Use Lay when L is the ONLY CONSONANT STROKE IN A WORD. Thus— .£ 6. ^ ^ ^ ^ r. ^ ^C ^^ f... lay low lie law lieu Lee ale owl oil oily allow 12 Pitman-HarrelIv Shorthand 2 Use Lay to join easily to a following P, B, F, V, T, D, Ith, Thee, S, Z, Shay or Lay. Thus — .^ ../:\...'^.:..^..^......'^ ^.. ..R....:0 a. J. leap elbow life Elvy alto allied lath lathe Elsie lazy lash 3 Use El to join easily with a preceding N or Ing. Thus — .:r .^^•.. .-:7:...>r:....^ ....^.....^.-...^...X..X...x^ nail kingly Nellie knoll Nile Newel annul annual kneel kneeling nailing IN ALL OTHER COMBINATIONS— When a word begins El, (a vowel before L) use El. Thus — alike Elco Elm Elmo alum Alma illuminate eliminate alimony alkali Alleghany When a word begins Lay, (no vowel before L) use Lay. Thus — ^ /^•■/^'Y^ - ^- -^ -ry- lake like loco lame loam lamp loom loop locate love latch When a word ends El, (no vowel after it) use El. Thus — -> >• /-■ ^'->"--> ^.-tI.- ^- -^ -^ file vale vile vowel fuel Buel duel Dowell royal Jewel coil When a word ends Lay, (a vowel after it) use Lay. Thus — fellow folly Cooley volley valley fallow Bewley duly tallow royally July Use Lay to join easily with a preceding S or Z stroke, whether a vowel follows L or not. Repeat from memory all of the Ar and Ray and the El and Lay rules five times every day for thirty days. NOTE. — Either Lay or El may be used after M for convenience in joining to other strokes; as in mile, mileage, mill, milling, mailing. It is better to use Lay in mile, mileage, mill, and mail, but in milling and mailing the downward stroke, El, makes a more easily and rapidly written outline. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 15 WRITING EXERCISE. Write the following exercise according to the foregoing rules and submit your notes to your teacher. Lee, lie, low, allow, Lou, alloy, Ealy, oily, Eulah, ill, lay, ail, ale, Ella, elbow, lip, lobe, lap, loop. Alba, Elva, love, life, loof, Levy, Levi, Leovy, alto, allied, alight, Lettie, load, laid, lithe, lath, Lithia, Elsie, Lawsie, lazy, Louis, Louisa, Louise, Lucy, lassie, lash, lashed, Lily, Loula, nail, kneeling, kingly, Nile, annual, annul, nailing, manual. Elk, Elm, Elco, alike, Elmo, alum, Alma, eliminate, illuminate, Ulm, ali- mony, alkali, lake, lame, lime, like, loom, limb, loop, latch, lug, loco, file, fail, viol, royal, July, Cauley, tallow, Bewley, duly, Buel, fuel, vowel, folly, fellow, Cooley. WORD-SIGNS There are about three hundred and twenty words which are repeated so often they constitute about seventy per cent of the words commonly used, and for these contracted or abbreviated outlines are given, which should be thoroughly memorized. From a careful examination of every word-sign you will observe that it is an important element of the word it represents, and you should note carefully the elements which are not written out — the parts omitted. Memorize the Word-Si^ns Thoroughly the to (downward) • V a-n-d N ...I. / but (dow'nward) ... I, eye, aye should (upward) c c ■D we, with were what ye, year beyond would N 1 / all (downward) awe, already (downward) aught, ought (downward) two, too (downward) u n ..JR. ...V. J A. before (downward) who-m (downward) how (upward) you owe-d, 0, Oh a.. V .^. yet first y- .J... J..... he, him (downward) \ 1 / of (downward) or (downward) on (upward) o Q H) is, his as, has U. S. 14 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand EXERCISE ON VOCALIZATION Make seven PERFECT COPIES of the following exercise, pronouncing the words very slowly, every syllable distinctly, to train the ear, as you write the shorthand outline. Make the first two copies slowly, and then write it each time more rapidly than before, but make PERFECT outlines every time. Do not sacrifice accuracy for speed. Speed without accuracy is worthless. 1 '^ <^ ') - — "} ./^ 1. Eat, of, in, ease, eke, ice, eel. !• !• ,_^ V y ^ 2. tea, fee, gnaw, see, key, sigh, 2 ' S....' I • ^ ^ Lee. /^ v\' •! '^ .-V «!• s\ 3. oily, icy, Eva, easy, era ivy, 3..^ ^ ^ ^ ^V.A- ^. Erie. ,4. aid, aim, own, egg, oak, oath, 4.. . 'I ^^ si< .. ...^rr- .. .-4^. "I •^ oar. V 5. day, may, know, go, low, 5 J* /^Tx. .. --^.....— p- Z"^. /" -/" sew, show. . . y^. \ V- 6. Ada, Emma, obey, echo, El- 6 i.. '-^ ^ —r-^: '^' ^ la, essay, Effie. 7. at, am, out, use, owl, use, 7 1 _ I ) / ■) I add. o. due, mew, tew, vow, shoe, bow. hue. I _ L L J V /" 9. adieu, Annie, Anna, Eula, ^ i ^ ^, ^ J \ ^-i ashy, Abbie, Aggie. 10. " v>^^ 10. iota, lona, Ewing-Ewing, f ^-'f ' Ewell-Ewell, Iowa. jj Y. ')% ^^ \' \ I ^^" ^*^^^' Isaiah, Noah, Ohio, ' >r^. 1^ = 1^ l^ Dewey-Dewey, Dowie. 12 . ' • "^ ' .'^^ °" !^ --,^.= >—^ _y'» !-• idea-idea, payee-payee, Noah- * . Noah, showy. j3 ^ V^._ , ^^^ — ' ^^^^ ) 13. fee, Fay, few, nigh, know, ^ * "— '" new, sea. 14 ^ {^ y" ^^^ ^ ^ ^^- ^^^' low, hue, mv, bov, use, ^ ^ J Roy. , I ^ \ "^ \ '^~^ / 15. shoe, law, pew, buy, use, ■J ' \ " > ' ■ /■ Sfnaw, chew Date and sign the copies you have made and submit them to your teacher. If your notes have not been written neatly and orderly on the page, copy them carefully before submitting them. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 15 EXERCISE ON VOCALIZATION CONTINUED. Make seven PERFECT COPIES of the following exercise, pronouncing the words slowly, everj' syllable distinctly, to train the ear, as you write the short- hand outline. Phonetic spelling is simply correct pronounciation. By pronounc- ing the words slowly and listening to the sounds you will soon find that the pronounciation will give you the shorthand outline almost every time. After making the first two copies, write the exercise each time more rapidly than before until j^ou make the required seven copies. ?^ S". Y* ^^ ^^ 1- nieek, i)ick, Ijit, file, boil, I ^ ' knife, like. 2. mile, talk, limb, limp, live, life, lithe. 3. type, ripe, sheep, bought, rob, dodge, guide. 4. tame, dome, came, comb, mail, mole, robe. 5. gem, dumb, i)ump, bump, fell, jet, rub. 6. palm, room, tack, damp, jamb, tube, book. 7. shower, jar, par, Czar, fowl, far, mule. 8. lobby, folly, Mollie, Lottie, naughty, shoddy, volley. 9. lady, Cody, muddy, fellow,, lazy, levy, Robey. 10. valley, duh', balmy, booty, carry, Barry, tallow. 3.Q .^<- %^ /n 5 A. UA^.V^.V / /^ 9.n 12. 18 14 15. 11. Zion, pious, poet, diet, joy- ous, sewer, chaos. 12. Jewess-Jewess, gaiety-gaiety, joyous-joyous, Louis. 13. cake, roar, pipe, bib, cook, tidy, hero. 14. Harry, hurry, gag, duty, rare, keg. Pope. 15. name, fear, lash, shell, mon- ey, among, Irish. Date and "^^n the copies you have made, and submit them to 3^our teacher. ^ 16 Pitman-Harreu. Shorthand The Iss-Circle The sounds represented in longhand b}^ C or 5 and Z occur more fre- quently than any other sounds of the language, and for that reason the Iss- circle is used as a brief sign for S or Z, as it joins with any of the other characters more easily and can be written more rapidly than any other sign we could use. The circle at the beginning of a stroke comes first; any vowel be- fore the stroke comes next; then comes the stroke; then any vcwel fol- lowing the stroke, and then the circle at the end of the stroke. The circle is made On Straight Strokes— by the O-MOTION. .& k ^ I z^ ^. ^..J^.^y: ^-^ I Iss-Pee-iss soap sap said such seek Iss-Ray sorrow Sarah surrey ■>^ t :l "- -'^ t \ L- pose days adz ties case spy stay stew sty sky On HAY— by CLOSING THE HOOK. ^ Iss-Hay Sahara Between Similar Straight Strokes— by THE O-MOTION. Pee-Iss-Pee tst ksk Ray-iss-RayHays-Hay Between HAY and HAY— ON THE RIGHT SIDE. Between Divergent Straight Strokes— OPPOSITE THE ANGLE. task risk disc justice Pitman-Harrell Shorthand NOTE — In such combinations as we have in the word "task" the third position vowel, a, following 7' is written in the third position after the T, and it comes between the T-stroke and the /j-^-circle. On Curved Strokes — in the curve. ....(^ L -L 3.......^ '^ v^ ^ ;i^ }■ ^ I$s-F-Iss safe save soar same sign face views ways says sing Between Straight and Curved Strokes— IN THE CURVE. \ ^ -:ri i,x.. poser visit honesty desire basin Between Curved Strokes— IN THE SECOND CURVE. ^.^^ ^ Mason Nason loseth facility resume The side of the stroke on which the circle is formed when made ac- cording to the foregoing rules is the CIRCLE SIDE. MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES ..\?. .. -b t' o N. ^,^ Pose, days, chase, case, pass, rose, V^ u ~L ^ '^"''^ Suppose, stays, suds, seeks, saps, V ' sorrows. I l^ r-"^- Tasty, decide, Tuesda}^ cask, bi- ceps, resource. J ..- '- ..'"V \p ,<:v|". .r Task, desk, gasp, bestow, rusty £....V--^ C L L I risk. Pacifj% desire, visit, no-sir, mask. Same, soon, sir, safe, save, seize. ^lose, nose, loss, face, vase, size. Xason, unsung, lastlj-, nestles, ves- sel, thistle. Pitman-Harreli, Shorthand Rules for the Uses of the Circles and the Strokes. MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES 1. When S or Z is the ONLY STROKE in a word. USE the STROKE. Thus^— > ^ > say essay use saw sees seize size 2. When Z BEGINS a word, USE the STROKE. Thus,— ^■ h ^..k.^Lx^. Czar zeal zealous zero zinc Zion Zanesville 3. When a VOWEL BEGINS a word BEFORE S or Z, USE the STROKE. Thus,— k f i w^^ ask espy aside acid escape assume assail Compare the foregoing and the following outlines. \ 'f p ^ f->r^ 5 science pious bias joyous chaos Lewis Diaz 6. In ALL OTHER CASES, USE the CIRCLE for S or Z. ■-^■■-r- signs pies buys joys case loose Dees MEMORIZE THE FOREGOING RULES PERFECTLY. THE DIPTHONG SW, or SWAY. A Large Circle at the beginning of a stroke is Sway. JLJ -f ^ ^ ^ f I -^ 1 -^ ^v^ seat sweet swayed swiich swim swear sweet swayed sweep Swope swipe swarm ,.,n o^:2r::^, /il >:r^.. 10 V \o n ko /^ i=je_.... ..'^. t 1 post, boast, test, dust, chest 2 fast, vast, must, nest, lost 3 step, stub, stout, study, stitch 4 stiff, stave, stith, steam, stem 5 steepest, stoutest, stiffest, stil- lest, starost 6 justify, destiny, tic, eulogistic majes- —6^ 7 poster, boaster, duster, coaster, caster 8 muster, lustre, Foster, nestor, master 9 bolster, investor, barrister, Dexter, register 10 paces, bases, cases, pieces, roses 11 faces, laces, noses, Moses, loss- es 12 Caesar, Cicero, basis, disease, 13 emphasized, exercise, exhaust, exist, possessed 14 posts, boasts, tests, casts, costs 15 posters, boasters, dusters, cast- ors, coasters 22 Touch Typewriting and English Halving Adds T or D Making a stroke HALF-LENGTH adds T or D. Thus,— fc I: r_.^..^.._.^ ^ day date lay late know note M, N, El or Ar may be SHADED when HALVED to show that D, and not T, is added. Thus, — i^ •" — 1 ..^ :__.... r ^ --\ made need old erred needed ended NOTE — None of the other strokes are shaded to distinguish D from T. Mp-b, Ing, Yay and Way are never HALVED to add T or D unless there is an appendage to the stroke, — a circle or a hook — to distin- guish them from Med, Ned, Eld and Ard. It is occasionally better to DISJOIN a HALVED stroke to show that it is HALVED.' X. :^- I \: _..\ n:v...Xli: A± dated awaited doubted tided biped indebted rotated radiated Write out the stroke for T or D after similar connecting straight strokes — to make the outline legible. Thus — piped kicked judged roared bobbed gigged gagged reared horrid hurried Write out the stroke for T or D after TANGENTS or TAN- GENT-CURVES— to make the outline legible. Thus— locate looked vacate evoked located vacated monied eliminate illuminate In words of one syllable, write out the stroke for T or D after Hay or Ray — to make the outlines legible. Thus — x]...£l _,:I__.ll..!:l £.1 ^ ^.^ road hate head right heed read hat height hood Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 23 In words of two syllables with two accented vowels, write out the stroke for T or D — to indicate the syllables. Thus — -n H ""i n^' ^ "Ui /^l>l allied y* r- unite annoyed allowed allude married tirade borrowed renewed torrid MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES 2 V a..v ^ 4...V ^ _, I- I V ^T^ V r. K. f^ 6- k- A ^ "^ r S '^V• »l^ I.,. '^ 4 > "^ r <. -^ \ V ^ '"^ ^^. -rn- klj \ ^ \^i-^K ^. 5. ^ij, .-. "■i^^^"^' 9/n' '^ ~T 1- w XI 20. r~i V '-—01. 1 pay, pate, day, date, know, note, tight 2 pet, cheat, caught, debt, not, net, deed 3 apt, etched, act, art, east, eased, used 4 Pat, chat, cat, bad, light, fight, thought 5 pit, get, mate, fate, lot, fougnt, naught 6 feet, foot, shout, need, void, meet, night 7 pout, let, oust, late, kite, coat, mate 8 made, need, old, erred, did, died, might 9 left, melt, mold, nailed, failed, moved, kept 10 caged, budged, touched, reached, latched, notched, hitched 11 faded, loaded, shaded, needed, ended, noted, voted 12 acted, pitied, alluded, lauded, allotted, lifted, invited 13 dated, doubted, tided, biped, awaited, indebted, rotated 14 vital, vitalK', needle, notify, written, writing, heating 15 undoubted, undoubtedly, indi- cated, intended, estimate, apti- tude, multitude 16 hate, rate, heed, write, huge, road, head 17 allied, unite, annoj^ed. allowed, allude, married, tirade 18 fiat, diet, radiate, poet, Jewett, duet, myriad 19 lad}', muddy, Cod}', putty, booty, duty, naughty 20 kicked, piped, looked, vacate, paid, bate, pod 24 Pitman-Har lELi. Shorthand WORD-SIGNS NOTE — T or M is used for "time,' T for "what." Either Ar or Rav may be used for more easily than Ar. if for, fact few, half and occasionally it is convenient to use "are." Ray often joins to other strokes 'v_ ^.L ^\. ^ i / ever have however time, what it at, out think thank, thousand us, use thee, thy they, them though, thou was by, buy be, object these, thyself this thus, those each change, which charge, much your, yes will, wilt shall, shalt wish, she next similar-ly-ity ^—i ^ . simpl-e-y-icity ^ that ( without ..Lrrr.. I ^ c-^ "^ ^ m, any might-y about old, world, hold, held get, good doubt may be, improve-ment cou'd are our thing, long new, knew am, may, him cause, because where when represent-ative-ed whenever come, can, came, country establish-ed-ment astonish-ed-ment influence, in his wherever influences influenced, honest herewith her, hear, here importan-t-ce no, know map language own why \ me, my, time away put now along give-n Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 25 PHRASING Phrasing is the joining, grouping or blending of outlines represent- ing a group of related words. A Light Tick like T or K joined at the beginning of a phrase is A, AN or AND. Occasionally this tick connects words, or may be joined at the end, but it should be joined at the beginning if possible. -f\ V and we, and were, and you. and if, and for, a few, an hour, and whenever A Light Slanting Tick at the end, or between words, is THE. k .:i ^. with the, were the, what the, if the, for the, are the. whenever the, wherever the A Light Slanting Tick at the beginning is I. The I-Tick at the beginning is always above the line of writing, and it governs the posi- tion of the outline. A T or K-Tick may be used for I between words. I think 1 1 .r2 .2r 1 .r: tzL linlt, I have, lam, I know, I shall, I will, I think you will have the .^ "::i "a. 4 S^. 1 15 when I do, when I think, when I have the, shall I be, if I can be, so I think, because I was A Light Slanting Tick written like Chay on the line of writing at the beginning of a phrase is HE. The HE-Tick at the beginning is al- ways on the line of writing, and it governs the position of the phrase. he may, he knows, he may he, he will, he cannot be, he will have the. he cannot have the NOTE— The I-Tick is distinguished frorh the HE-Tick at the be- ginning by position. The I-Tick is always FIRST POSITION, and the HE-Tick is always SECOND POSITION. 26 Pitman-HarreIvL Shorthand The HE-Tick may connect words in any position. S when he was, so he thinks, ii he was, shall he be. if he can be, because he was Any of the other Word-Signs may be joined together, or with other words, in phrasing, — the Word or Word-Sign at the BEGINNING governing the position of the outline. > U -^ > \-. ^. 1^ /^. of the, 01 liie, on the, to the, but the, shoula the, before the, who the ^ ... decompose accommodate recognize recommend Us, As, Is, His or Self may be added by a SMALL CIRCLE, anc SELVES bv a LARGE CIRCLE. Thus,— C L myself himself hers-herself yourself ourselves yourselves themselves DICTATION. Copy every letter given for dictation several times, then dictate it back and forth in the class until you write it correctly without hesitation. It is not necessary to write Mr. or Messrs., Dear Sir, Gentlemen, Yours truly, or Ntx\ truly yours in shorthand. \_,a. Mr. B. M. Smith, Indianapolis, Ind. Dear Sir: If you can be in Cincinnati about the first of May, we shall be ready to make up a route-list for you to work Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. We think it would be well for you to make these states before the hot summer months, and be ready to work Missouri and Minnesota in July and August. Write us when you receive this just when you will be in Cincinnati. Very truly yours, TWH-VH 28 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand DOUBLING DOUBLING the LENGTH of ING adds Kr or Gr (ker or ger). Thus,— inker finger linger anchor hunger kinker DOUBLING the LENGTH of Mp-b (emp) adds R (er), making it EMPER or EMBER. Thus.— timber lumber September damper bumper jumper DOUBLING the LENGTH of ANY STROKE adds T'r, D'r or Th'r iter, der or ther.) Thus, — \^- letter father mother neither order rather letters fathers mothers voters orders weather A'owels are placed by double length strokes just as they are by sin- gle length or half length strokes, and the syllable added by doubling fol- lows and vowel after the double length stroke. NOMENCLATURE Shorthand outlines are named thus: Gay— 1 Gay— 2 Gay — 3 i>^ ^ C\ I Get— 2 -N-2 - F-B-2 .S^,. F-1 F-2 ■ F-3 V-1 V-2 'V-3 } ' f J-Ste-3 -Iss-Chay-2 ss-Chet-2 D-Iss-J-2 J-Xet-2 - J-S-2 _ K-1 K-2 Ket-1 .j^ K-Iss-1 Ket-2 K-Ster-1 From these names and illustrations you can readily name other shorthand characters. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 29 NOTE— T or D added by HALVING follows any vowel after the HALVED STROKE, but a circle or a loop at the end of a halved stroke FOLLOWS the T or D. \> /T^ 10 11 .A. 24. MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES c ') ^ ^. A. ^ ^ % ^ ^ i \::i^- 7 N, \^ \p Y I:. "-Co ^ •{,. I /:.. j^. w 12 h t :^ ^... 1.. 13 :^ ^ ^ £.._Ao. ..!LiJP. tiP 1 pates, dates, cuts, cheats, notes 2 fathers, letters, oysters, moth- ers, waters 3 inkers, fingers, lingers, hankers, cankers 4 bumpers, dampers, cumbers, chambers, tempers 5 lifts, lifters, molds, molders, fold 6 arts, orders, fights, fighters, lights 7 paste, pates, pasted, pasty, dust 8 possess, possessed, poster, posted, invoices 9 invest, invested, refutes, re- fused, refuses 10 adjust, adjusted, adjusts, ad- juster, adjusters 11 midst, lightest, latest, fattest, stillest 12 vitals, needles, notify, writing, endless 13 peace, pieces, toss, tosses, face 14 dispose, dispossess, reduce, re- duces, repulse 15 harness, harnessed, harnesses, sense, senses 30 Pitman-HarrelIv Shorthand A DOT at the END is ING. THE. Thus — ,^.k. \ i^<.. A LIGHT SLANTING TICK is ING having composing decomposing making making the recognizing tne taking the MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES L^ v^^ J-::-, S,(, X , , V^ Messrs. Smith & Nason, New York City. Gentlemen: I have your letter of November 9, and will be in New York City the last five days of December to see you about the field you wish me to v/ork after the first of January. I have worked the best cities in Missouri, Illinois and Iowa recently, and I think it would be well for me to work Minnesota before the holi- days, — especially St. Paul, Duluth and Minneapolis. I have made up the attached route- list for the month of December so as to reach New York about December 26. I have thought of working Minnesota in February, but if you can have some one else to do so, it would suit me better to work Iowa, Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana, as the winters in Minnesota are too severe for me. Very truly yours, JWH-VH Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 31 HOOKS I'Oft hand L hook TL ri-.-N P „CHL r r^ r dl, ch I, jl, ^ t^ VnV The consonant Z, frequently unites with another consonant, as with p in the word "apple— a-pl — forming a dipthong. These dipthongal consonants are elementary sounds, and are represented by elementary dipthongal consonant signs which are to be memorized just as you did the simple consonants of the alphabet. The dipthongal consonants are distinguished from the simple consonants by hooks at the beginning of the stroke, and in writing them, the hooks are made first — the stroke following with a continuous movement. DIPTHONGAL CONSONANTS. k\ [ f / ./ ^ _ ^ ^^ ( ( ^^^ w Pel Bel Tel Del Chel Jel Kel Gel Rel Fel Vel Th'l Thel Shel Zhel Mel Nel ^^^ ^ -. ^ \ ^ Li I ' I-) T ( ( ( ^ Te; Del idle addle total battle muddle Thel Thel Ethel Bethel ,//....... I>^ 'y^.\y^\y'-.^ Rel and Shel J KyK/ are written upward <^ Chel Jel Mitchel cudgel Rel floral barrel Shel bushel facial Kel Gel clip globe pickle buckle glory Mel Nel panel Hummel final Campbell tunnel 32 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES ■ ^- ^' ^ V-- ' \--^ \ ^ t ^ (. i i -\ { \ { z: •s J__ 1 play, plea, blow, blew, clay 2 apple, able, addle, ogle, eagle 3 flow, fly, flew, oval, Ethel 4 bible, table, pebble, double, pickle 5 pledge, black, club, globe, clip :l I < > 10 11 12 13 14. 15 ^ \^ ^'7 3 -A 4 n -J r~^ ^ "l: 6 tattle, dabble, chappel, bottle, tickle 7 flap, bloom, flame, flood, floor 8 fable, feeble, nickel, shackle, blame 9 fickle, buckle, IMitchell, muddle, nipple bble, coddle, cudgel, local, ble 11 reply, giggle, shuttle, glib, clock V» y 12 climb, clam, flag, flake, facial e id -^ \ ■^ ,.\ ^ 13 fling, shovel, cavil. Bethel, aw- ful 14 bungle, wrangle, clinch, flinch, flange 15 Campbell, panel, pummel, chan- nel, funnel Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 33 Iss-Circle Combined with Hooks The Iss-Circle is made distinctly within hooks on the CIRCLE SIDE OF STROKES and BETWEEN STROKES. Thus,— 1 ^ :r ! .^ !=... k -^ i^ S \-..^^... Iss-Pel sable settle saddle satchel sickle Iss-Fel civil safflower civility peaceable physical n- disclose feasible rascal explore exclaim install unsettle unsaccle innill classical Notice that install and instill each has a prominently accented vowel between the T and the L, and for that reason the L stroke is written out. The diphthongal consonants Tel and Del are heard distinctly in the words unsettle and unsaddle, but the circle cannot be made easily in the hook between N and Tel or Del, and for that reason the L stroke is used Tw^ay, Dw^ay, Kway, Gw^ay, Hw^ay [ C ^ L.c_...c_ Tway Dway Pway B-w K-w G-w UJ-J-J^^. ~r Tway Dway twig dwell twitch Dwyer Pueblo Kway Gway quire guano quail quell The sound of Qn is the same as Kxi', and Gu is the same as Gw. .C-, d'..^.. ^..^^^ r 5^ ^^...S- i±i!i:^ Hway whoa whip whew wharf whirl side\\ise subway squad sequel exqiii.-iie square 34 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES ^v ^v (^v ,^. ^■ ^_^ \ \jy^l / ^^T-sn 2 splicing, splash, splurge. 1 supply, supplies, supplied, split, splits splotch, supplicate X 'V s V /. :\^^^^ v^— -v_i> 3 sable, sublime, sublimely, sub- ,.| { { 1 1. limate, sublimeness 4 settle, subtle, settled, settles settle i4....::fc ^ -^..^-A^ r 5 sidle, saddle, sidled, saddle*',. sidle 6 satchel, sachels, sickle, cycl(\ suckle 7 Seigel, safiflower, civil, suf- flate, civility 8 civilized, civilizer, civilizes, sen- ility, social 9 peaceable, passable, bicycle; possible, disciple 10 display, displaced, displays, dis- places, displease 11 disclaim, displayed, exclaim, disclose, disclosed 12 feasible, visible, infusible, in- visible, refusable 13 explicit, explore, explosive, tax- able, rascal 14 unsettle, unsettled, unsaddle, unsaddled, unsaddle Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 35 K may be INTERSECTED (written through a preceding stroke) for COMPANY. Thus.— ^ £_ (T- ^ ^ ur company, your company, for this company, Smith Company, Gas Co., and company. Table Company's WORD-SIGNS V. v^ Vc >^ L ti )/ / Hi ^'1 party, hope, happy to be feature, if it after future of it, avoid eviden-t-ce-ly ordinary. Lord, read yard, await our way advi-ce-se previous several dollar-s do, defendant, had, advertise-ment its, it is itself at first say, so advantage large advantage-s-ous largest agency year you usual-ly .aC^. issue will- wilt whole, allow holy are, recollect go, gave, together ago kingdom, common nature, note . yo quite, caught / agent ^^ concealed, seldom y — ^ not, in what Q hence, knows extraordinary ^^_P-- n> . ^-^ ^ \ United States-U. S. somewhat familiar-ly-ity home under, hundred regular-ly-ity hand somebody purpose impossib-le-ility immediate-ly irregular-ly-ity put remit-tance 36 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand The Campbell-Black Table Company, Mitchell, South Dakota. Gentlemen: We enclose a letter written by- Shuttles, Stiffles & Flood about the double clinch nickeled globe double eagle club clamps, table flanges and panels shipped them on our order 4876 November 7. Please write them and see if you can please them by removal of the panels and clasps, or by replacing the clamps and panels. If the tables are unstable, as they claim, with the globe double eagle club clamps clinched and the nickeled swivel flanges clasped by the globe buckle blocks, we shall conclude that the tables cannot be made suitable for our purposes, and shall discontinue- handling the Campbell-Black Table Company's globe double eagle club clamp tables, nickeled swivel flanges, clinched, panels and clasps. Yours truly, Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 37 T may be INTERSECTED for ATTENTION or COMMITTEE, and D mav be INTERSECTED for DEPARTMENT. Thus,— /^ ,> my attention your attention best attention our attention House Committee Navy Dept. Fire Dept. WORD-SIGNS piibli-c-sh-ed anything discharged notwithstanding nevertheless discharge forever never, November inquire, anywhere nowhere unaware we are, wire while, we will one, we know with me-my with him, we may with whom )y knowledge disadvantage enlarge average in your. New York request something especial-ly above essential-ly expectan-t-ce-y superintendent except accept history memorand-a-um acknowledge situate-d ^^N '^^.^ L we may be-improve whether become, became satisf-y-ied-actory-ily stenographer January initial insur-ed-ance English nothing February enough, in fact /LAo... \. refer-s-ence references as when peculiar-ly-ity as we are respect-ful-Iy entire, neither no other another f. o. b. O. K. collect-C. O. D. 448568 38 Pitman-HarreIvL Shorthand MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES ^-^i'- i3_:^.\A_L.!Z\__C.__ ^_ The Civil Safflovver Bicj^cle Supplies Company, Schuylkill, Pennsylvania. Gentlemen: If you can settle the enclosed in- voice . for bicycle supplies shipped you recently for the Sadler Cycle Company by December 18, possibly we can have the company supply bi- cycles and bicycle supplies to the Sadler Cycle Company at the regular rate to bicycle agents in the future. As you know, it is the rule to sell bicycles and bicycle supplies to agents exclusively, and for that reason it is possible that we shall not be able to satisfy the bicycle company that it would be feasible to handle bicycles and bicycle supplies at Schuylkill with the Sadler Cycle Company as agents without displeasing agents who handle bicycles and bicj^cle supplies else- where and nothing else. However, we shall do our best for the Sadler Cycle Company as well as the Civil Safiflower Bicycle Sup- plies Company. Respectfully yours, PlTMAN-Hi^RRELIv SHORTHAND i?ight hand 'n1/ E hook rJ^\ V \ I /5CHR \ I v\ ^ t t ? r (T- ^ pr, br, tr, dr, chr, jr, kr, gr, R frequently blends with other consonants, forming- a dipthongal consonant, and such diphthongal consonants are represented by hooked strokes. Thus — Per Ber pry upper prow rubber fiber Fer Ver fry fever frame frill Phyfer \ \ ^\ S^.- ^ ^'' 'I S ''^ ^■- Ter Der trip trap drip feeder ladder Thr Ther three through feather lather throw // > V ^/ { ^ ,^JJ2 t. Z> > " > -} -"-^ ^ C/ierJer pitcher butcher ledger Thatcher major 5/!er Z/jg/- measure dasher Mozier flasher leisure ,Z1^^,.Z]- ■i^ Ker Cer crate grade rocker maker figure Mer Ner banner Tanner rumor Ler Schiller In combinations where it would be very difficult to make the hook, on Mer, the shading of the stroke would be sufficient. Thus, — J^U trimmer drummer dimmer framer farmer 40 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand Make seven PERFECT COPIES \« \ ,% vi 1 pray, pry, prow, Pratt, price ■\. ^^ ^ ^ ' \ \ \ 2 priced, prized, brew, brow, bruise \ X \ \L 3 bride, bright, broad, brood. brace ^ 4 A - ■ 1 4 try, tray, tries, Troy, true V V 1 1 o, ll T)~ Is '^ trite, trait, trust, trusts, traits X X X X 1 ,k 6 draw, draws, dry, dries, dress y l 1- 'b. 1> ^ drew, dried, dread, dresses, 1- dreads 8 .V.....I 1 8 crow, cry, cried, crowd, cross c D c D Q , D 9 crosses, crisis, crows, crew, " — - -I -■ Q- ,—, c 'i crews 10 .^...» -- ^- »•" '-■■••-"- ■ 10 grow, grows, grease, grace, " grew 11 err- .crsf! .«-f crrsr-'..... 11 grade, grades, greatest, greed, , V graces ^ ^ ^ -^ ^ 12 "■" " ' 12 free, freeze, freezes, frost, fry -^ - - )■ ')- 13 „...,„..3* ,.-J^*... ... / - 13 fright, freight, freights, three, throw \ Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 41 MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES ^: ^ ] \. n 4-.a- ^ IS t, \ 1 X V cr^^A^ /^^ Nd 16 s ^^—d: v,...-,...lJp -''^^ -X Messrs. Cross, Dinner & Price, Brier Creek, Missouri. Gentlemen: The Brewster Butcher Company, of this city, say the Bruner fiber feeder press shipped them recently, and the Banner trimmer, made by the Schiller, 1 anner Dagger Company, are unsatis- factory. The feeder sticks and hangs, and the Rogers drum ganger and the shaver trigger fail to work when the primer is free. We have tried to operate the feeder for them, but the ganger does not con- trol the feeder so the trigger will trip when the trimmer drops. \\'e had a tinner trim the drum, and make a trap for the trimmer, which operated pretty well, but the ganger still hangs and stops the feeder. We think it would be well to send a new feeder press and let us ship the press the Brewster Butcher Company have back to you. If you should ship them a new one, see that the press you ship works all right before you ship it. Trusting that we may serve you whenever you have presses to look af- ter in this city, we are. Respectfully yours, 42 Pitman-HarrelIv Shorthand MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES 2 7. 3 r 4 X V ■\>- 7 8 10. 11 12 13. ■i- V- 1 -1 .1. -1-- ^ 1 1 ' .._J- A ^ ^.v .\. 3^. ■^ t-. :^. v. 1 y-r. >- ^ _^^V 14. 15. s ^ ^ ^ >- r J c cL. L V 18. 1. and we-and with, and were, and you, and yet, and he-^and the 2. and who-and whom, and before, and owe, and is-and his, and as- has 3. and how, and first, and already, and ought, and a-and an, 4. and up-and pay, and hope-a party- and happy, and by-and buy, and be-an object-and object, and to be, 5. and if, and for-a fact, a few-a half, and advise-ce, and several- and save, 6. and ever, and have, a view, and evidently, a view-and view, 7. and if it-a feature, and after, and future-a foot, an office, a face, 8. a time, and it, and at-and out, a dollar, and do, 9. and had-an advertisement, and it is-and its, and itself, and think, a thousand, 10. and thy, and they-and them, and though, and that, and without, 11. and these-and thyself, and this, and thus-and those, and was, and use, 12. and what, and would, and on, and how, an old-and hold, 13. and read, and seldom-and con- cealed-and sealed, and her-and hear, and are, and our-an hour. 14. and why, and way-and weigh, and away, a yard-and await, and establish-an establishment, 15. a common-a kingdom, and com- pany-and came, and cause-and be- cause, and give, and go-iand gave. 16. and quite, and could-and quote, and get, and when, and whether, 17. and will, and shall, a year, and your, an old-and held, 18. and in-and any, and knew-a knew, and now, and me-and my, and important-an important. Pitman-Harreix Shorthand 43 Circles Combined w^itli H ooks The Iss Circle or the Sw circle may be combined with hooks oppo- site the circle side by making the circle in place of the hook. Thus, — !^A X X 1 :i 2 3 :] !^ 1 2s, fz.- Sper Sper supper sober setter cider suitor Swtr sweeter sweeper sweater swooper sivigger When the hook of a dipthongal consonant is on the circle side of a stroke — the side on which the circle is made naturally — the circle — the small circle only — is made in the hook. The Iss-Circle is made WITHIN the R-hook BETWEEN STROKES. Thus,— ■^ .^ 0- IssFr suffer soother sinner saner sooner destroy outstrip extra pastry mystery gastric When it would be difficult to make an Iss Circle distinctly within an R-hook between strokes the circle is formed by an unnatural or peculiar joining. Thus, — .t:..^.k t^„,. t^ .t,.. descry disagree disgrace Jasper decipher deceiver 44 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES a ^ \ ^ \ :^ , . 1 1 3 '^ 4 L L ^ ^ 6 ^^ I- , ^ ^ ^ 5- ^-^ 3 \ ■■■■ 7 14. ^ .^, '^ L^^ ^.u seeker, succor, sicker, seeger, sticker. supper, sober, super, sabre, stopper. setter, sadder, suitor, cider, stouter. spry, sprig, spring, spread. stray. strong, string, strung, scroll, scrape. soberly, sacrifice, supreme, sacred, supersede. suffer, cipher, sever, southerly, sooner. signer, saner, soother, simmer, dishonor. prosper, destroy, express, ex- pressed, distress. expressive, reciprocity, a b- struse, extreme, lustrous. abstract, beseecher, besieger, risker, expositor. prescribe-prescribe, subscribe- subscribe, proscribe. describe, descry, disagree, dis- grace, postscript. decipher, deciphered, dissever, discourteous, discriminated. Pitman-Harrell Shortiiaxd 45 MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES ^lessrs. Souter & Strong, Springfield, Ohio. Gentlemen: I have a son who is now supervis- ing the Supreme Sacred Order of Soothers but he has expressed dis- tressing surprise at the dishonor and mistrust of deceivers who discrimi- nate to spread distrust among the suffering Soothers, and though he is a signer of the Sober Soothers' Re- ciprocity Seizure Scroll, if I could sever the Soothers' Reciprocity Pro- script Scroll, or get him superseded as Supervisor of the Supreme bacred Or- der of Soothers without disgrace, he would be extremely happy to be ex- tricated without dishonor, and for that reason I thought you might succor Jasper in his extreme distress without sacrifice to you. I hand you an abstract of the Su- preme Sacred Soothers' Reciprocity Seizure Prospcript Scroll deciphered, and hope you can prescribe some way to supersede or extricate Jasper and destroy the force of the Seizure Pros- cript without dishonor, or sever the Supreme Sacred Order of Sooth- ers' ties without disgrace, and the sooner the better for us. Respectfully yours, 46 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand ^ -J---J /-/ ^..-.-.^-^.^ ^. 1. 18. \^ 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. and wish-a wish, and shall, an is- sue-and issue, an advantage-and advantage, a large and each, and which, and charge- a charge-and much, a note-and note, a hundred-an end, and in-and any, and know, and own, a thing-a long, a language, and influence-an influence-and in his, and knows-and hence, and along, an honest-and influenced, and next, and me-and my, and may-and him, a home-and home, a knew- and knew, and now, an important-and important, and may be-an improvement-and im- prove, a map-and map, and might-a mighty-and meet-and omit, an immediate-and immed- iately. and while-and we will, and wire- and we are, and where, and aware, and need, and inquire-an inquiry-and any- where, and nowhere, and un- aware, and enough, and nothing, and never, and wherever, and forever, a purpose-and purpose, and become-and became, and somewhat, and sometime, and somebody, and something, a subject-and subject, and put, and about, and doubt-a doubt, and hand, a holy-and holy, a peculiar-and peculiar, a knowl- edge, a regular-and regular-ity, a familiar-and familiar-ity, and notwithstanding, and nevertheless, and above, and represent, an agent, an agency, an average-and average, and re- spect, a request-and request, a momorandum- a memo., and pub- lic-and publish, and enlarge, a disadvantage, a reference-and refers,, and refer- ences, an advantageous-and ad- vantages, and objects, and anything, and publishes, and largest, and years, an exchange-and exchange, and irregular-an irregularity, and ac- knowdedged, a .stenographer, an extraordinary-and extraordinary- -ily, an especially-and especially, an essential-and essentially, a his- tory, and whenever, and except, Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 47 F or V Hook A Small Hook at the end of a straight stroke,— ON THE CIRCLE SIDE— is F or V. Thus — .X.\,.^l. I LL \ ^ b - Pef Bef Tef Def ChefJef Kef Gef Ref Hef pave beef dove cough hoof roof A Long Narrow Hook at the end of a curve is F or V. Thus, — (\ (t^ (h ^hief thievish thieving thieves thievishness N-Hook A Small Hook at the end of a stroke,— OPPOSITE THE CIRCLE SIDE OF A STRAIGHT STROKE or IN A CURVE —is N. Thus,— \\ J J Z^ L L :) 1 llr'--^^^..^.... Pen Ben Ten Den Chen Jen etc. \ J' z Fen Ven Am Wapn Sen etc. /^ ^ J. pen tin chain cane rain men fine thine loan known shown assign When a final vowel follows F, V or N, use the stroke for F, V or N, -to put the vowel in position after it. Thus, — V^ L' :^.^.k^ e)- ■ ^...^ ^_,_ .'acation location sections sessions cautions auctions fashions notions lotions m vibrations dissipations -.^:.^.^ ^ ^r"-..! r^.- -v. \^^ ^ paves caves raves heaves doves coughs pastoral monstrous reciprocity destroy montrously expressive Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 49 A Small Hook following a circle is -ETIOX (seshion). Thus, — 1 ^ =..-— -^ u- ,..^, > -p. ^ L, ^.- cessation accession possession sensational accusational disposition secession annexation taxation oppositional dispensation impositon A small circle following the SESSION-hook is made distinctly within the hook. . .. „ «>--*: 1?^.,-^ ^_ decisions physicians sensations physician sensation musicians A Large Hook at the end of Ith is K. Thus.- C Cr:^_(^A ^1 _.. (y (r^. G:::: (y^- thick thicken thickness thick-set thicket thick-head thickish thick-skin thick-skull Brief Si^n for Y The Brief Sign for Y may be written either way to join easily at a sharp angle with any of the consonants. Thus, — A \.j 1 /. i^^.^. .<^^. 11 iuj/:j..cc2\ Yeh-P Yeh-B Yeh-T Yeh-D, etc. Yek-F Yeh-V Yeh-lih Yeh-The, etc. Yuh-M Yuh-Mp-b Yeh-N Yeh-Ing, Yopp yacht Yates yoke young yellow I ^ z:.,..^,....^.^^^, z\ ^: ^.^..^^^^.^^ youth yes yell yam youngsters Yankee yelp eulogy yuletide Yarborough York Yoakum • ^....^.. ::>:.. ,,zbr:^;^^^^ yawn yellow Europe yearning unison yucca 50 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand WORD-SIGNS \^ comply N^ O people - ^ A^- apply Ov appear \^ "X p^ pVincip-al-e JS ^\ practic-s-e ry particular ^ opportunity ^ /\ part (X spirit \ X upon \ \ happen-punishment \ bill-belong ^ believe-d V \ able to ^ member-remember jv V number-brother V ^ been » objective \V 3 objection ^k V combined-behind (till-until-what will r tell-it will \ P at all • . truth-it were \ „ toward-trade \ IT ^°'d 1 1 what if-time of \j I whatever \j I at hand P « deal-idle lip deliver i I I delivered "1 dear-doctor I I r» direct • I *! during I ' differ-en-t-ce-ly I J did not-didn't I j do not-don't /child-children / 9 whichever / / which were-are / / gentlemen <-/ / gentleman V religion general-ly / / imagin-e-ation / if generation Jbetw een witness ^ require ^-^^^ n-.ovement ■" >-^ ■ v^ r ' > ' < ( J ^ call-equal-ly difficult-y called-equalled care-occur eared-occurred kino-coined can-question-ed accord-ance account count begin begun began full-y from hat offered, from from our of ten-phonograph y over every-very favor of all-evil value valued aver-t-red-virtue favored author authority throughout authorized either the-ir-re-thej' aie other thine-within then than short assured sure-ly assure pleasure usury-azure learn-alone will not Mr.-mere-remark in our-in re-uni e- manner owner opmion-any one information in order Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 51 Coalescent Vo^v^el Sounds The Brief W or Y may be written in any vowel position to show that a vowel of the position in which it is written follows it. Thus, — We Wa Wah 1 i:-i '1 = ^ r I c weed weed wade wade wade Ye Ya Yah w "I = -l Yates Yates Yankee Yankee Yanke e Waw Wo Wuh Yaw Yo Yuh wad wad wood wood wood M-4 youth youth yawn yawn yawn Notice particularly that whether the vowel following the W or the Y is a dot or a Dash is shown by the way the W or the Y is turned. When I follows Brief W, as in Wife, Wide, Esquire, Entwine, etc., Wi may be written as a coalescent. Thus, — Wi L 1:J V:t,.l!^...., wide wide wife wife wife eulogy usage lawyer beauty youthful ^ esquire entwine wider wider wider ■^^ --);^.."^^ V^ usurp Europe York bewail furious e! L. sawyer duly mule fuel Yarmouth interior barrier idiotic mania yearns ensue avenue cure pew due Duke cube feud view yearling ammonia Germania notarial radiate infuse =1' ^ \ n unify impunity Matthew sue unity 52 Pitman-Harrei ™...... 12 13 ..-_.-v Clw ,i_...^ 14 15 ..__:\... / ,/ -/- 17 ^ \ 18 , . ^ V 1. with the, were the, what the, would the, yet the, . 2. you the, beyond the, of the, to the, all the, 3. or the, but the, already the, be- fore the, owe the, 4. on the, should the, ought the, who the-whom the, how the, 5. is the, as the-has the, and the, up the-pay the, hope the, 6. by the-buy the, be the, to be the, if the, for the, 7. ever the, have the, however the, evidently the, after the, 8. time the-what the, at the-out the, do the, had the-advertise the, it is the, 9. think the, thank the, them the, though the, that the, 10. so the, use the, was the, use the, without the, 11. seldom the-concealed the, hear the-her the, are the, why the, away the, 12. astonish the-astonished the, es- tablish the-established the, came the-can the, give the-given the, cause the-because the, 13. could the-quote the, get the, when the, shall the, will the, 14. in the, me the-time the, not the, note the, whether the, 15. each the, which the, charge the- much the, need the, hand the, 16. while the, where the, whenever the, wherever the, became the- become the, 17. put the, about the, doubt the, represent the, especially the, 18. notwithstanding the, publish the, acknowledge the, above the, dis- charge the, Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 53 H-Tick and H-Dot The Brief Sign for H, — a light slanting tick written like Chay— may be used for H when it will join with the following stroke at a sharp angle. Thus, — .^ ^ ] l.,!^..:^.zl-.^ ^ ^ ^ ^ H-K H-Gao H-S H-Z H-Ar etc. hawk hag Hussey hazy horse haul hem hemp whistle why whist whiskey Hill hollow help helpless hole wholesale (hwistle) 1 1 V\^ ..-^- -rq- white whit Whitlow hearer humanity home humiliated horsepower Hurley horseback homespun unheard :^i:^. inhere inhale unhealthy rehear bunghole buckwheat A Dot may be placed by a vowel to show that H comes before the vowel. Thus, — k ^M ] adhere unhandy mahogany watchhouse widowhood mohair Use the Hay stroke to join easily with a following P. B, F, V, T, D, Ith, Thee, Chay, J, Ish, Zhe, Ray or Hay. Thus,— -rA <^.. v.^.^ ^...^ ^ ^.......^^-^...^^^^.ysi ^ hop hub hubbub haughty hedge hide hash hush honey heavy Harvey horrid ^ ^ ^ hide hot heed heavily hurry hives harvest harvester Harry Harris Harrison Horace 54 Pitman-HarrelIv Shorthand -M- I J -i V J^ 1. and with the, and were the, and that the, and without the, and es- tabHsh the-and established the, 2. and if the, and for the, and half the, and think the, and thank the, 3. and have the, and though the, and was the, and use the, and are the, 4. and why the, and up the-and pay the, and hope the, and to be the, and do the, 5. I am, I am right, I am read}^ I may be, I may be right, 6. I might, I am aware, I must, I am now, I am rather, 7. I know, I know that, I need, I know nothing, I understood, 8. I think, I think the, I think that, I thought, I have, 9. I have the, I insist, I object, I submit, I said, 10. I shall, I shall be, I shall have, I shall not be, I shall not submit, 11. I desire, I dare, I suppose, I fear the, I undertake 12. I saw, I was, I ask, I ask your, I see, 13. I was never, I was wrong, I was right, I was ready, I would be, 14. I would ask, I would not, I would not be, I would not do, I would not have, 15. I will, I will be, I will do, I will have, I will have them, 16. I went-I want, I want nothing, I should be, I should be sorry, I should have, 17. I should not, I should not be, I should not do, I should not do so, I should not have said, 18. when I think, when I do, shall I be, whenever I am, if I am-if I may. Pitmax-HarrkIvL Shorthand DO Intervocalization Dash- Vowels, Dipthongs or Coalescents may be written BEFORE, THROUGH, or AFTER the L or R-Hook Strokes to show that the vowels are read BETWEEN THE STROKE AND THE HOOK. Thus,— Ic ^ S.^ call coal cool fall colony vulgar vulnerable fulfill column Coleman .'^ k:\,^^' '^":^ X , ^ falsity tolerable volume falsify culminate cultivable culture lecture picture literature qualify / / course corpse normal moral authority shortage adjourn church courtesy curtain accuracy Dot-Vowels are changed to circles to show that they come between the stroke and the hook, and the circle may be placed before the stroke to show that it is a long vowel, or after the stroke to show that it is a short vowel. Thus, — care cartoon carbon barley bargain Carthage cardinal darling partial barter parallel rrling partial barter canal Calvin America calculation paralyze paralysis quality darken Columbus Gordon attorney Vowels may be written through Lengthened strokes to show that they come in the syllable added by Doubling. Thus, — •Irr— .i-«- - curvature immature adventure garnature empiric entire curvature empire material 56 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES ..^ ^ /: /\ A... 1 5 fc ^ ^ ^^ ^ - ^ ^_ji^ o.-.. 7 «^ v\. -A--. . i-cv(Lt,■V■''-'- 18. 1 ^ _., A 1. he may, he may be, he will, he will be, he will have, 2. he will say, he will ask, he will think, he will do, he will do so, 3. he cannot be, he cannot do, he cannot say, he cannot have, he cannot think, 4. he came, he cannot, he comes, he goes, he makes, 5 he was, he says, he asks, he is not -he has not, he is now-he has now, 6 he has never, he has nothing, he is not to be, he is innocent, he wants, 7 he is to receive, he is to become, he is to go, he is to leave; he is to make-he has to make, 8 he knows, he has not-he is not, he now, he never, he knows the, 9 he shall, he shall be, he shall not be, he thinks, he knows thai, 10 he thinks the, he takes, he took, he supposes, he has nothing, 11 he should be, he should not be, he should not have, he should not do, he should submit, 12 if he may, if he cannot, so he thinks, if he was, because he was, 13 because he would be, because he would have, because he asks, does he ask, does he say, 14 if I may, if I cannot, so I think, if I was, because I was, 15 because I would be, because I would have, because I ask, be- cause I think, wherever I am, 16 we think-we think, we have-we have, we desire-we desire, we did- we did, we shall, 17 we do-we do, we have said-we have said, we do so-we do so, we deem, we shall be-we shall be, 18 with them, with that, with its, with earn, with which, Pttman-Harrell Shorthand }i7 Rules lor the Uses of the Strokes and the Brief Si^ns The legibility of the shorthand you write will depend upon your ability to write it according to the following rules. Perhaps the best way to memorize the rules would be to undertake but one at a time. Read the first rule carefully, then examine the illus- trations following it, and be sure that you thoroughly understand the application of the rule in the writing of every outline. Then write the rule in your note-book, and immediately under it write the illustrations carefully. Then cover the rule, and, from memory, write the rule in your note- book again, and compare it with the rule in the text-book. Cover the illustrations in your note-book, and write the illustrations under the rule as you wrote it last. Repeat this method five times, and then write the exercise following the rule in the text-book according to the rule. Follow this method in learning each of the following rules, and your painstaking effort to do the work exactly as directed will lend a confidence in your ability and expertness in writing and reading short- hand later on. Rule 1. When S, Z, V\/ ay, Yay or Hay is the only consonant stroke in a word, use the stroke, — so you can place the vowel or vowels in position by the stroke. Thus — ^ J '^ I ^_ ^: C -^.^ 1 see use easy sees seize way yes Ohio Hugh West Exercise: saw essay so sue ease ice icy Esau woe woo away yeast 3'es Ohio west hue hew aha sway Rule 2. When Z begins a word, use the stroke, whether there is a vowel before it or not. Thus — Czar zeal zest zealous zero Zion Zanesville zenith Zeno Exercise: Zanv zealot zigzag zone zoo zouave 58 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand Rule 3. When S or Z is the principal consonant of an accented syllable, it is usually better to use the stroke for S or Z. Thus — ■ i. i f I ^ L ^ -3 ^^ Caesar saucer society seaside sesame sighing possess Japanese modernize utilize Exercise: revolutionize patronize fraternize revolutionized Rule 4. When a vowel begins a word before S, Z, Way, Yay, or Hay, use the stroke, — so you can place the vowel before it. Thus — .L.1^ i y^ ) ^ "^^ ask assume aside asthma acid away awake Oyama Ohio O'Hara Exercise: assignee awoke ascent assault asleep ostrich Austin Rule 5. When a vowel ends a word after S, Z, Way, Yay, Hay, F. V. N, T, D, or any other consonant, the stroke must be written — so you can place the vowel in position by it. Thus— ^0 • T — I- . r Casey mossy rosy stairway Tokio Omaha coffee review honey tidy Exercise: lady booty shoddj^ gravy funny Fannie rainy lazy lassie Rule 6. When two vowels occur between any two consonants, ths strokes for both consonants must be written — so you can place one vowel by each stroke. Thus — I ^ ^ i V ,^. chaos Zion Wyoming peon ruin duet poet radiate zouave palliation Exercise: Jewett diet Siam piano science seance royal real Rule 7. Whenever it is necessary to place a vowel by T, D, Tr or Di use the stroke — so you can place the vowel by it. Thus — ^^ ^ \. " ^ stay pasty russet state instill justice feasted pastry destroys extras Exercise: ready naughty rusty distress abstruse necessity tasty Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 59 Rule 8. In SHORT, or UNCOMMON words, write out the stroke for D after a light stroke, and write out T after a shaded stroke — to distinguish D from T. Thus — "i 1 V VV^"^ pod bite feed plod bright flood quad wicked cloud proud Exercise: bait sheet issued shied plied bhied clod shroud Rule 9. Write out the stroke for T or D after a large circle. Thus- A H' n. A ^ ^^ possessed choicest exist subsist resist insist emphasized exercised desist insisted Exercise: recessed resisted capsized diseased Rule 10. Write the stroke for D after Z — when a word ends zd. Thus- >V^ t H 1 -f ^' ''-' posed abused caused teased fused roused dazed seized pleased accused Exercise: raised blazed sized analyzed closed mused dozed Use the Brief Signs in all other cases where Brief Signs are provided if they can be joined easily in rapid writing. A brief sign at the beginning of a stroke conies first; any vowel before the stroke comes next; then comes the stroke; then any vowel following the stroke, and then any brief sign at the end of the stroke. When a final vowel follows F, V, N, TION or SESSION; or when two vowels occur between F, V. N, TION or SESSION and another consonant, use the stroke for F, V, N, or write TION or SESSION out. INSTRUCTION. Read all of the foregoing rules and examine the illustrations carefully twice every day for thirty days, — the second time just before retiring every night. 60 Pitman-Harreli. Shorthand "-' ^ ^ I t " " \ ^ .L: t- 1 with these-with these, with this- with this, with those-with those, with each, with much-we charge, 2 with your, we thank, we admit, with which, we doubt-we had it, 3 we decided, we have that-we have that, we shall do-we shall do, we shall have, we shall now, 4 we take, with its, we fear, we hope, with justice, 5 with me-with my, with him-we may, with w^hom, one-we know, while-we will, 6 wire-we are, we will have, we will do, we will do so, we received, 7 we may be, we may be right, we may be ready, we may be received, we understood, 8 with the, with-a-n, with whom-we ought, we said, we said so, 9 and with the, and with a-n, and with whom-and we ought, and we think, and we 'thank, 10 and with these, and with this, and with those, and we do-and we do, and we had-and we had, 11 and with each, and with which, and with much, and with advan- tage, and with justice, 12 and we have the, and we have a, and we think the, and we shall be, and we are in the, 13 what a-n, what the. what was, what are the, what do they, 14 what could, what could they, what could your, what does the, what does it matter, 15 what did the-what did he, what did they, what did your, what ans- wer, what could we think, 16 what could we do, what could we take, what could we have, what could we charge, what could we have said, 17 were the, were a, were it, were they, were these-were this-were those, 18 would a, would be, would accept, would ask, would have, Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 61 Prefixes MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES 1. A DOT at the BEGINNING of an outline is CON, COM, COG, or CUM. (a) When CON, COM, COG, CUM, or KIN occurs in the midst of a word, it may be shown by DISJOINING the preceding and the following parts of the outline and writing them very close together, or one of them partially under the other. Thus, — ^ 1 \ '\^ .y^.::±.. K ^ ^ convey confuse composed complain recommend reconcile irreconcile decompose recognize accommodate. 2. A LIGHT SLANTING TICK DISJOINED at the BEGIN- NING of an outline is CONTRA, CONTRO, CONTRI or COUNTER. (a) When CONTRA, CONTRO, CONTRI or COUNTER occurs in the midst of a word, it may be shown by a VERTICAL or a HORIZONTAL TICK Joined to the preceding part of the out- line with the part of the outline that follows Disjoined; or by Disjoining the preceding and the following parts of the outline and writing them very close together, or the second under the first. This. — 1. :^ ^ ^. ^ ■^'-^ s- counterfeit contravene controvert countermand contraband countersign controversy un- contradicted incontrovertible contribution. 3. A HALF-LENGTH N, called NET, at the beginning of an out- line, JOINED or DISJOINED, is INTER, INTRO, ENTER or ANTI. (a) NET may be used for INTER, INTRO, ENTER or ANTI in the midst of an outline. (b) A DOUBLE-LENGTH N may be used for INTER, INTRO, ENTER or ANTI, though NET is better. Thus,— ^.i-i-s^-t.^^s,'^ :^ ^ ^ ..-^ entertain introduce interfere intervene intercede anticipation intercept interpose. 62 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES 1 . i_ 'Vc\^X 6 o- ,,/V, 10 ry^~^ ,x-— \ 'v^ fvi ^ . V '^ '^ v.. " ^ ^ (, "'^ ^ 16 > V 18 N x n/V. v-TTN^^ S'/ . 1 would not, would not do, would not be, would be made, would be said, 2 would come, would do, would do so, would be seen, would be sor- ry, 3 would be received, would be written, would be wrong, would be - your, would have said, 4 would have the, would say, would see, would the-would he, would go. 5 would rather, would receive, would write, would not take, would order, 6 you may, you may be, you must, you may receive, you may go, 7 you could, you could be, j'^ou could do, you could have, you could not, 8 you cannot, you can be, you could not have, you could not be, you could have said, 9 vou should, you should be, you should not have, you should not be, you should not have said, 10 you siiould not, you should now, you should do, you should have, j-ou should have said, 11 j'ou will, you W:" be, you will have, you will do, you will be sor- 12 you have, j^ou have said, you have them, you have now, you think so, 13 of my, of importance, of that, of them, of your, 14 of these, of this, of those, of many, of advantage, 15 of us-of his-of as, of that which, of such, of several, of one. 16 to the, to you, to such-to as much to several, to one, 17 to your, to our, to them, to think that, to those who, 18 to that, to advantage, to receive, to make, to write. Pitmax-HarrELL Shorthand 63 4. A SMALL INITIAL BACK HOOK is IN, EN or UN; and it is used to advantage in combinations where the use of an N- STROKE would result in the formation of a small BACK- HOOK. Thus,— L U /^.^ L: ^..^ :^ n ^ instruct unstrung enslave insolvent instrument insoluble insulation insult insulted un- seemly. 5. A SMALL CIRCLE BEFORE the remainder of an outline is CIRCUM or SELF. (a) The CIRCLE for CIRCUM or SELF may be JOINED in SEL- FISH or SELF-ESTEEM; and occasionally it may be JOINED to a preceding IN, EN or UN. Thus, — =^ ^ J lp7 .4^ circumspect circumvent circumvention circumscribe uncircumscribed self-made self- praise self-esteem selfish unselfishness. 6, M written over, or partially over the remainder of an outline is MAGNA, MAGNI, or MAGNE. Thus,— ^ 'T. ^ T Ti. T '^. magnify magnitude magnanimous magnificent magnetism magnified magnesia magnetic magnet magnificence 7. An F-STROKE may be used at the BEGINNING, the MID- DLE or the END of an outline for FORE or FOR. Thus,— foreknowledge forenoon forethought forbodc unforseen informal informer wherefore here- tofore therefore. 64 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand v-^i 6 fc 7 1. 17 12 ^ 14 b ^ cL-p _ - -^ ( S-7 f t_ Z._^ / "^ I L ^ QL^ 1 t t I- - ----- ^ (^ ^ <■ cA <-^\ '-^. 15 I'OV <^1^ /I fc, i~. " " 7 / "X ^ t Jt t 1 all the, all that, all my, almost, all matters, 2 all right, all its, all your, all will be, all we do, 3 all these, all this, all those, all they, although, 4 too late, too much, too large, too many, too important, 5 or the, or his, or you, or many, or something, 6 but he, but has, but you, but that, but once, 7 before the, before his-us, before you, before that, before they, 8 before me, before him, before our, before your, before you will have, 9 on the, on his-on us, on all, on ■''Our, on them 10 on each, on which, on these, on this, on those, 11 on M'hat, on you, on one, on my, on so many, 12 should he-should the, should they, should your, should this-these- those, should think-thank, 13 who should, who is-has, who could, who could be, who had, 14 who was, who say, who shall be, who shall not be, who shall have, 15 who will be, who will have, who will think, who should not be, who should not have, 16 how the-he, how his, how much, how large, how far, 17 how many, how must, how could we, how could you, how could they, 18 owe the-him, owe you, owe us, owes the, owes them, Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 65 MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES ^ J 1 Sunday, ^I o n d a y, TucL-diy, Wednesday, Thursdny ^>^=-'^H^ 2 Friday, Saturday. January, Fcb- ruarj-, March 3 April, May, June, July, Au-^i:.-! 4 September, October, Noveinbcr, December, Annual 5 semi-annual, quarterly, .veckly, monthly, yearly 6 Alabama, Arkansas, Colnrado, California, Connecticut. 7 Delliware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa 8 Illinois, Indiana, Lvansas. Ken- tucky, Louisiana 9 Montana, ^Nlinnesoia, "!•.!; ^iiigan, Missouri, Maine 10 ^^lississippi, Marylriiid, Massa- chusetts, New li:i-.-iy. New Hampshire 11 New York. NcnT'Ii. XcI raska, North Dakota, Oregon 12 Ohio, Pennsylvariii Rhode Is- land, f'outii Daknt<'. .?outh C jio- lina 13 Texas, Utah, Viiginii, Vciriiont, \\'}-oming 14 \\'ashington, Vvc-;t Virginia, Wisconsin, Teriness:^, N )rth Carolina 15 Oklahoma, New Mexico, Alas- ka, Arizona 16 New York City, Chicago, New Orleans, Atlanta, Baltinivsre 17 Philadelphia, Pittsburij. Spring- field, Grand Rapids, Milwaukee 18 Saint Louis, Saint Pui', Ka-isa? City, ForL Worth. Laiias. Hous- ton 66 Pitman-Harreul Shortiiaxntd MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES u^ «_• ^ ^ H C C 4 /°.., 5 . a-^ ff» ^- y^ y^ - ^ ^^ > friendship township kinship ownership receivership hardship presidential-presidential confidential substantial Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 69 11. A SMALL CIRCLE following the end of an outline is -ABLE- NESS, -BLENESS, -FULNESS or -SOMENESS. BLENS may be used for -ABLENESS or -BLENESS, and F-ISS may be used for -FULNESS. BLENS is usually joined, but F-ISS may be JOINED, DISJOINED or INTERSECTED. Thus,— ^y\^. X ^. ^ \ V. "^ -— ^ >. . serviceableness teachableness blissfulness indispensableness usefulness affabie- ness sinfiilness carefulness-carefulness peacefulness •....^ ,. r-- ^-' irksomeness tiresomeness handsomeness grewsomeness wholesomeness lonesome- ness noisesomeness 12. A LARGE CIRCLE following the end of an outline is -LESS- NESS. LAY-ISS may be INTERSECTED for -lessness. Thus,— ^„ 1^ ^ ^-^ Sr 'a^':! ■° ) «-"V ^ h carelessness uselessness worthlessness heartlessness uselessness carelessness noiseless- ness fearlessness tirelessness pitilessness 13. V-ISS may be DISJOINED or INTERSECTED for -IVENESS or -TIVENESS. Thus,— "^ ^^ ^..'^-I^— ^ \ ^ -ts sensitiveness positiveness apprehensiveness lucrativeness descriptiveness expensive- ness exclusiveness comprehensiveness abusiveness accusativeness 14. NET (a half-length N) may be used for the termination, -MENT,. when MENT will not join easily. Thus, — ...^..\^ V^ "".....^x.. 1 =n. . /^.... refinement pavement confinerhent appointment disappointment presentment entertain- ment-entertainment announcement resentment NOTE— The N-HOOK may be omitted before MENT, as in the word ENTERTAINMENT. 70 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 15. Occasionally it is advantageous to use EST (a half-length S) for the termination, -EST, and it may be written DOWNWARD or UPWARD. Thus,— ^-0 ^,< c-rt >t? .=.Jh,, y ,\J. finest-finest gravest-gravest-gravest faintest-faintest visionist excursionist bravest 16. A SMALL CIRCLE JOINED or DISJOINED adds -SELF. A LARGE CIRCLE JOINED adds -SELVES. Thus,— C "> ..^rr:^. c (o C -^ CL-^ myself himself herself yourself itself thyself themselves yourselves ourselves oneself (one's self) 17. K or GAY may be omitted, and the circle only may be used for EX. Thus,— c.\... express-express examine-examine examination-examination exact-exact example-example 18. K may be omitted before -TION. Thus,— v^ >^ rt 4- refraction-refraction instruction-instruction destruction sanction ratification-ratification anxious justification 19. L may be omitted occasionally to form a contraction. Thus, — 2 2 ^ ■^■ t -z: ..^ intelligent intelligence intelligible intelligently intellect-intellect intellectual intel- lectually intellectuality intellection 20. N may be omitted to secure an easily written outline. N is a nasal sound, and is not always essential to legibility. Thus,— V^ -4^ i_ u,. appoi(n)tment disappoi(n)tment orname(n)tal rudame(n)tal fundanie(n)tal husba(n)dman ide(n)tical demo(n)strate stra(n)ger pas- se(n)ger Pitman-Harrell Shorthand . 71 ^r- -^ kUl k ^ ^ V-- burde(n)some assig(n)ment merclia(n)dise tra(n)spose tra(n)saction ti-a(n)sact tra(n)siTiute tra(n)sniit tra(n)slate tra(n)slucent 21. P between M and T is silent. It is also silent between M and -TION, and in such cases it is omitted. Thus, — .JQ. Z}:z::>..rrrrC^ .Zi^..-...\r^ U A presum(p)tion resum(p)tion exem(p)tion redem(p)tion pum(p)ed dum(p)ed stani(p)ed cram(p)ed clam(p)ed jum(p)ed NOTE — If you will pronounce the words DUMPED, pumped stamped, cramped, clamped, jumped, carefully you will observe that the sound following M is T, as if spelled DUMPT, PUMPT, STAMPT, CRAMPT, CLAMPT, JUMPT, and they are written according to sound,— DUMT, PUMT, STAMT, CRAMT. etc. 22. R may occasionally be omitted to secure a more easily written outline when its omission does not endanger legibility. Thus, — surprise-su(r)prise tra(n)scribe-tra(n)sc(r)ibe snbsc(r)ibe presc(r)ibe tra(n)sc(r)ipt pos(t)sc(r)ipt manusc(r)ipt desc(r)ibe NOTE— In the word POSTSCRIPT the first T is elided just as it is in speech. We write WHAT WE HEAR ONLY. 23. T is often ELIDED (forced out) in speech, and it is omitted when elided, and when it is not essential to legibility. Thus, — .xiC ^. U ^ ^ ^ ^ .^y:^ t.^ % mos(t)Iy vessel vas(t)Iy las(t)ly lis(t)less pos(t)pone pos(t)man pos(t)master do- mes(t)ic wais(t)coat NOTE— There is no T in VESSEL, but the CIRCLE between V and L in VESSEL is the same as the circle between V and L in VASTLY,— apparently a LOOP— and VESSEL is given to show that between some strokes the CIRCLE looks like a LOOP. 72 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 24. W may be treated as a vowel and omitted to secure an easily written outline. Thus, — withdraw-withdraw-withdraw-withdraw withstand withhold withheld withstood within- wJthin 25. The N-HOOK may be used for -IN or -UN, and occasionally for -ON, in compound words. Thus, — :i ^ ^.. ^ "^ I \ U^ hereinafter hereunto hereinbefore hereinabove hereon thereafter thereunto therein- after whereunto NOTE— Occasionally it is better to use the N-STROKE to se- cure an easily written outline; as in the words, THEREUNTO, THEREINAFTER, WHEREUNTO. The termination, -ENT or -lENT, may be omitted in such words as DEFICIENT, EFFICIENT, PROFICIENT, SUFFICIENT, etc. Thus, — U w.... V .L^I\j....lW deficient, efficient, proficient, sufTicient, inefficient, insufficient, wonderfully deficient, wonderfully proficient. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 72> Word-Blending In reporting speech it is but natural to group words already grouped in the mind — words which nature has blended and coalesced — which flow together as if they were the syllables of a single word — by combinations of outlines written continuously or in close proximity. Each of the following principles should be thoroughly memorized, — one at a time — and the illustrations given should be written ten or fifteen times. Read the explanation carefully, then examine the illustrations. Copy the explanation in your note-book, and under it write the illustrations cerefully. Then write the illustrations seven times, repeating the ex- planation from memory every time you write the illustrations. Then proceed to learn the next principle in the same way. Write every principle thus memorized as directed in the foregoing paragraph five times every day for thirty days. Words often blend or coalesce in speech, and we naturally blend them to write the outline easily and fluently. The words IT and WILL often blend in rapid utterances, and, for that reason, instead of using the separate strokes, T for IT, and LAY for WILL, we use the blended form, T'L, for IT WILL. If, instead of using the word-sign for ALL, we should write it out, the consonant element would be L, the same as in WILL, and as the words AT ALL often blend or coalesce in speech, we use the blended form, TEL, for AT ALL. Hence the following principles: L ALL or WILL may be added by an L-HOOK. Thus,— j/^ [ r ^ :^:.i z "^ ^ it will-it will, at all, in all, of all-of all, thy will, which will, by all means, of all, to all NOTE— The V-STROKE may be used for OF (instead of the word-sign) to enable us to modify it to add words which blend with it naturally; as OF ALL. ARE or OUR and occasionally WERE may be added by an R- HOOK. Thus,— ..^ !:^ / 1 1 A. at our-at our, by our, in our, which were, it were, they are, they were, of our, to our 74 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 3. THAN, ONE, OWN or NOT may be added by an N-HOOK. Thus,— ":> better than, any one, my own, your own, our own, her own, will not, are not, if not, did not NOTE— When NOT is added by an N-HOOK to a single length word-sign the stroke is usually made half-length; though the N-HOOK may be used to add NOT to a HALVED or a DOU- BLE-LENGTH stroke. Examine DID NOT carefully. 4. OF, HAVE or IF may be added by an F or V-HOOK. Thus,— ^, c^ ^ :r^ I ^ H. I have-I have, to have, who have, who have been, it will have to be, which have been, instead of, day of, they have, they have not been 5. TO or HAVE may be IMPLIED when the combination of out- lines would suggest it readily in reading. Thus, — % ought (to) have been, said (to) have been, will not (have) been, might not (have) been, it will not (have) been, would not (have) been, shall not (have) been, could not (have) been, should not (have) been, may not (have) been. 6. IT or DID and occasionally OUGHT may be added by making a stroke HALF-LENGTH. NOTE— The PRONOUN may be IMPLIED, and the WORD- SIGN for YOU may be INVERTED to form an easily written outline. Thus, — S s ' ^ ^ ^-^ i } j if it were, if it did, it ought not, it ought not (to) have, it ought not (to have) been, when did you say it was-when did you say it was, where did (you) say it was, did you say it was, didn't you say it was. HAD or WOULD may be added (indicated) by making the pre- ceding stroke HALF-LENGTH and writing it in the THIRD POSITION. Thus,— ; '^ <:-<-t < < ^ K it would be, it would not be, it would not (have) been-it would not have been, she would be, she would (have) been, they would not say, they would not (have) been, if they had not been, they would not (have) known. Pitmax-Hakkkll Shorthand 8. STORE may be added by a STER-LOOP, and the loop may be vocalized. Thus, — ^ ^ v^'^-^ ^ -^ "^ =^ our store, your store, book store, drug store, entire store, another store, tlieir store, my store, her store, store. 9. HOUSE may be added by a SMALL CIRCLE or the S- STROKE. -^—yr^ .d.^ ::" . my house-my house, in the house-in the house, ware house-ware house glass house-glass house-glass house, in his house. NOTE — Make a circle large to add a circle. It is usually better to write Hay-iss for house, unless the con- text makes the contracted form unmistakable. 10. WAY or AWAY may be added by WEH or WUH, or by the Way-Stroke. Thus, — .-^- r. ->.•^, any way, give away, go away, your way, my may, another way, Broadway, in the way- in the way. our way-our way. 11. SESSION may be added by the SESSION-HOOK. Thus,— k^ "~^ \«^ ^ ^ I ^ I d: daily session, another session, entire session present session, first session, last lession, its session, at its session, at their session, session 12. TO or TO THE may be indicated by writing the outline of the following word under the line of writing. It should touch the line. Thus, — I r -^ *^ ) } ^ K { \ to do. to think, to make, to have, to say, to say that, to hear, to ask that you, to think that, to do so. 13. OF or OF THE may be indicated by writing the preceding and the following outlines VERY CLOSE TOGETHER. Thus,— day (of the) week-day (of the) week, most of the people, none of them. Act of Con- gress, yours of the Sth inst., day of the month, some of the parties, most of the work, place (of) residence. NOTE — Of may occasionally be implied without lifting the pen; as in PLACE OF RESIDENCE. 76 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 14. FROM and TO may be indicated by PROXIMITY in such ex- pressions as FROM HOUSE TO HOUSE, FROM TIME TO TIME, etc. Thus,— ...'2::^. II .^^.: n^l r^ ^.^:rc:x _ _ . from time to time, from day to day, from week to week-from week to week, from hour to hour, from house to house, from month to month, from home to home. 15. A CIRCLE-WORD-SIGN may be ENLARGED to add IS or HIS, AS or HAS. A large circle in the first position would be IS HIS or IS AS, or HIS IS or HIS HAS. A large circle in the second position would be AS HAS or HAS AS, or AS IS, AS HIS, or HAS HIS or HAS AS, and the context would sug- gest the word added by doubling the size of the circle. In like manner the SEMI-CIRCLE WORD-SIGNS may be EN- LARGED to add words represented by other SEMI-CIRCLE WORD-SIGNS, and the context will guide you as to the word thus added. Thus, — o c a-uy\/:'\ ':k c^ is his-his is-is as-his has, as is-has his-as has-has as, we were-with what-we would-with you, were you-were we-were you, what you-what would-what we, you would-you were, if yovi would be willing, what would be, we would have, were you not. NOTE— The word-sign for you may be INVERTED for con- venience in joining to other characters, or any of the enlarged SEMI-CIRCLE WORD-SIGNS may be slanted to join to other characters more easily. 16. A LIGHT SLANTING TICK in the place of an -ING-DOT is -ING THE. Thus,— placing the, knowing the, having the, doing the, making the, tracing the, trusting the, contributing the, composing the, concerning the. 17. Any stroke may be LENGTHENED to add THEIR or THERE, OTHER, WHETHER or THEY ARE. Thus,— piease ans»cr whether (or) not, answer whether (or) not, please state, please state whether (or) not, please state whether they were (or) not, whether, whether (or) not, if there is no other, if there is nothing, I will ask (you to) state whether (or) not Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 77 NOTE — The words in parenthesis are implied — Please state whether or not is written twice to show that it is not necessary to make the circle large to show the S in please and the S in state. A small circle is sufficient, as you will observe by pro- nouncing the two words as one, — PLEASTATE, THEY WERE, and occasionally DEAR may be added by DOUBLING. 18. If doubling the length of a stroke adds THEIR, THERE, THEY ARE, OTHER or WHETHER, adding another length would add them again, for THINGS EQUAL TO THE SAME THING ARE EQUAL TO EACH OTHER. Thus,— do yon recollect whether, do you recollect whether (or) not, do you recollect whether they were, do you recollect whether they were (or) not, do you recollect whether they were there, do you recollect whether they were there (or) not, ask whether (or) not, ask whether they were (or) not, ask whether they were there (or) not, state whether (or) not 19. THEY ARE, THERE, THEIR, OTHER or WHETHER may be added by a SHADED SLANTING TICK. Thus,— ^ J > ^ ^ ^ :>v upon their, down there, around there, place their, since their, advise their, compose their, went there, of their, to their. 20. A SHADED SLANTING TICK in place of the -ING-DOT is -INGLY or -ING THEIR, -ING THERE, -ING OTHER, -ING WHETHER, or -ING THEY ARE. Thus,— .,^. :i Zf ^ \ ^i^..... lovingly, interesting their, exceeding their, confiding their, boastingly, rejoicingly, smil- ingly, seemingly, knowing their, unerringly. 2L The STROKE, TH may be used for THE, and lengthened to add THEY ARE, OTHER or WHETHER. Thus,— - ■' ' ( \ X^ :c ::(^-. the, the, the other, on the other side, in the other one, in the other way, in the other store, in the other place, I know the other, I know the others. 78 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 27. D may be INTERSECTED for DEPARTMENT. Thus,— War Department, Navy Department, claim department, Postoffice Department, legal department, medical department, fire department, clothing department, shoe depart- ment, carpet department. 28. B may be DISJOINED for -BILITY or -ABILITY, and it may be written very close to or partially under the preceding out- line for ABILITY. Thus,— best of my ability, best of our ability, best of their ability, best of your ability, liability, feasibility, instability, possibility, insatiability, inscrutability. 29. B may be INTERSECTED for BANK, and in the writing of some abbreviations it is permissible to join it, though it is bet- ter to intersect it. ■^ ^^ -A i -^^ ^ embankment, national bank. First National Bank, Frst National Bank, state bank, city bank, our bank, your bank, large bank, strong bank. 30. RAY may be INTERSECTED for RAILROAD. RAY-WEH may be INTERSECTED for RAILWAY. RAY may also be INTERSECTED for -RUPTCY. Thus,— ^ ^.-YJc^t^.k k^,^.. ' Pacific Railroad, Pacific Railway, Erie Railway, Erie Railway Company, Pennsylvania Railway, Santa Fe Railrod, terminal railway, bankruptcy, bankruptcy court, court (of) bankruptcy. 31. P may be INTERSECTED for PARTY or PATENT. Thus,— ■ LvxA,:\, ./^ -. K 1 ^ :2i /^l \ v.. <^ X \ ^ A \ democratic party, republican party, prohibition party, socialist party, our party, your party, their party, old party, independent party, letters patent. Pitman-Hakrell Shorthand 79 22. The STROKE, V may be used for OF, and lengthened to add THEY ARE, OTHER, THEIR. THERE or WHETHER. Thus,— L L L L :::La"^. of, of, of their, of their own, of all other, of all others, any of their, any of their own, one of their own, place of their own. 23. The STROKE, Z, in the first position, may be used for IS, and lengthened to add THEY ARE, THERE, THEIR, OTHER or WHETHER. Thus,— is, is, is there, is there not, is there enough, is there (to) be, what is there, why is there, how is there, he is there. 24. The STROKE, Z, in the third position, may be used for AS, or HAS, and lengthened to add THERE, THEIR, THEY ARE, OTHER or WHETHER. Thus,— ' J I is iv' ^ k K as, as, as there is, has there been, has there not been, has there never, has there not, as there would, as there would not be, as there would not (have) been. 25. K may be INTERSECTED (WRITTEN THROUGH A PRE- CEDING OUTLINE) for COMPANY. Thus,— ^ ,^ ^ _^, 4^,,^^..^,:^^ i our company, express company. Smith Company, gas company, advertising company, harvester company, packing company, book company, your company, their company. 26 T may be INTERSECTED for ATTENTION, COMMITTEE, or TESTAMENTARY. Thus— . .H- .^ ^^\ , 4, ^ t ^ A-t /^ finance committee, prompt attention, claim committee, best attention, our attention, your attention, call your attention. House Committee, advisory committee, letters tes- tamentary. 80 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 32. ISH may be INTERSECTED for ASSOCIATION. Thus,— ^ ^-^.^^ 3t^ b-^i^- building association, savings association, medical association, benevolent association, bar association, brewing association, merchants' association, citizens' association, citi- zens' association, citizens' association. 33 S may be INTERSECTED for SOCIETY. Thus,— ■■■■^4- ^ L^ -^ ^^ '^- medical society, humane society, debating society, temperance society, publishing so- ciety, tract society, modern society, high society, literary society, society. 34 ITH may be INTERSECTED for AUTHORITY— ITH-ISS for AUTHORITIES. Thus— ■-^-^-^^-^ \ ^ ± i ^ medical authority, medical authorities, legal authority, legal authorities, excellent au- thority, splendid authority, your authority, my authority, good authority, best authori- ties. 35. AR may be INTERSECTED for ARRANGE, ARRANGED or ARANGEMENT, -AR-ISS for ARRANGES or ARRANGE- MENTS. Thus,— ^..^r->:=^^V->:::^..:]?^. -^ ^ :^. % -A I shall arrange, I have arranged, make arrangements, please make arrangements, your arrangements, best arrangement, satisfactory arrangements, he has arranged, their arrangements, we shall arrange. 36. J may be INTERSECTED for JOURNAL. Thus,— -A ^^ ^ k '^ / ^ ^ ^ ^ medical journal, journal of commerce, evening journal, Atlanta Journal, poultry journal, trade journal, religious journal, school journal, college journal, journal. 37. THAN may be added by a SMALL FINAL BACK-HOOK. Thus,— \s \t> o{ ::--Sr >> less than, faster than, vaster than, otherwise than, matters than, brothers than, sisters than, authorities than, noise than, fuss than. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 81 OMISSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS. Such words or parts of words as would be suggested by the context and readily supplied by an intelligent reader may be omitted or implied. Thus,— ..c^ ^ -^ z :2 n :: i:" i:^.. hand (in) hand, one (or) two, two (or) three, according (to) that, according (to) your, according (to) their, according (to) my, according (to) law, according (to the) , evidence, according (to the) facts. ^ ^ ^ V-^ ^ \ ) ^■^■- '' in (the) spirit, in such (a) case, in such (an) opportunity, for (a) great deal, wise f (and) good-wisdom (of) God, over (and) over, over (and) above, through (and) L through, at (a) certain place, about (a) minute. 82 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand FIGURES. There have been several schemes for writing figures developed by different writers, but none of them have proved entirely safe for report- ing purposes except the following combination scheme which any com- petent shorthand writer will readily adapt to any emergency that may arise in his practice. It is always better to write One, Six, Ten and Eleven in shorthand when they are to be written separately, though in large numbers the figures are safe. It is easier to write Five in shorthand when it is to be written sepa- rately, though the figure is always legible. Note particularly the arbitrary method of writing 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90. Also that the WORD-SIGN is used for 100 when it is writ- ten separately, though N may be written under any number for HUN- DRED; ITH may be JOINED or DISJOINED for THOUSAND; M may be written over a number for MILLION, and B may be JOINED or INTERSECTED for BILLION. ' ^ 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 20; 30; 40; SO; 60; 70; 80; 90; 100; 400,000 ; 5,000,000 ; f T ^ : ^ r \ r- 82,000; 96,000; 88,000; 24,000; 400,000; 94; 85,000; TeiUli National Bank ; 5,800; 50,0000; 8,000,000,000; LONGHAND ALPHABET .\°..l.:.L-^. ^.:/-^zv^.w ..X c-:;^ ) . L . L.':...^.£. J A BCDEF G HIJKLMN OP QRSTU VWX Y Z Pitman-HarrelIv Shorthand ' 83 SUMMARY . "\, k , compose ' N?. ' Jsp. decompose \. \^ counterfeit 2 contravene "-1. V^ entertain ^ ^ intervene T. y^^ instruct 4 - ■'^ ^ enslave o\ ^'"^"^ circumspect 5 -"^^ circumscribe ^^ /-Tx magnify 6 >^ magnitude ( -^J--i foreknowledge 7 \.^.,_^.S^iL^ unforeseen \. K paying 8 X i.No. decomposing V^o <^2 feasible 9 \ \... sensibl-e-y 'v_5V <5^^\ feasibility 10 \ > sensibility (X presidential u ^p .'>-^... ownership VCo^ V physiology 12 X j( zoology R -^ sinful 13 V..'=I73 careful >. p objective 14 \) \j subjective 84 Pitman-Harbell Shorthand >^ ^ loving-ly-their 1 f- ^/ < interesting-ly-their o blissfulness ^o^d"\— o indispensableness " ° irksomeness a{^ \/ sinfulness 3 J!>^. .^ peacefulness carelessness ■- X"^ heartlessness sensitiveness -^^x^ \^ apprehensiveness pavement refinement ~^ ~>v hereinafter 7 >r. i. hereinbefore I y f / deficient sufficient-ly-cy / <^ > this company Smith Company finance committee 10 r....r..\ \ prompt attention I ^ — -I claim department 11 .9T7Tn SU... Navy Department /-- best of my ability i2..\:::>^ ^^ liability j> embankment 13.; V3.,.../\L bankruptcy court ^ ^ "^^ Pennsylvania Railroad i4.....J>....r^. Erie Railway Company Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 85 democratic party letters patent ^ building association 2 -"- ^.J medical association medical society publishing society \ 6 less than faster than 7.....C... L^L^ vaster than medical authority best authorities I have arranged please make arrangements medical journal journal of commerce 86 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand Contractions and Distinctions comply \ people X,...\ V applicable complied, complete applied ^ ■ upon, open C .^. \ happen, punishment appear \ piincip-le-al-ly \ '\ practi-ce-se \ . A... \ property \ appeared-particular ,-> opportunity \ _ part \ (X A practi-c-s-ed perpendicular perhaps 5 comprehend, prmt fV apprehend prohibition probation approbation publication probabl-e-y . s -w^ practica-1-ly-ble \ \ % poverty _ \ ^ .... profit complaint \r\ applicant \ prospect .^ prospective perspective f\ ^—^ ^ publicity \ JJ \ ^ "X P preliminary \<'1''i\i\ .V^^.- preserv-e^ative V preservation \| speak '? began l^.^ ^ .1 y li^ /<. I J jLL administer day or two deride derision direction duration damage . discriminat-ed-ion religion general-ly imagin-e-ation jurisprudence gentlemen gentleman jeopard-y jeopardise altogether govern-ment degree executrix executor signature glory glorify arriv-e-al hereafter whichever representative repeat rapid w-rap-t-ped representation Pitman-Harkell Shorthand 89 DICTATION Read the shorthand over and over until you can read it as rapidly as you can talk. Then copy it. Then write it from dictation until you can write it at a speed of 100 words a minute — making correct notes — before recitation. .1-^.a^llr^f Dear Mr. Brice: You would not think of throwing away j-our fountain pen .simply because the ink is exhausted. Then, why throw awaj' j-our worn duplicating machine ribbons? We can re-ink them as well as you can fill j^our fountain pen. If you will examine one of your ap- parently worthless ribbons, you will lind that the fabric is scarcely worn at all. We take these, treat them with our special process, refill them with ink. and return them to you prac- tically new ribbons, — and for only one-half the cost. Read the enclosed folder. It ex- plains our proposition fully, — but a trial will convince you, and the sooner you send them the more you will save. Why not pack them up, put on the enclosed shipping label, and send them along right now? Yours very truly, 90 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand i^D ::^. (^ ..L^..L4^ we are not with our own respectively relinquish relieve republican arrived follow, fall, feel, fill ful-ly often, phonography phonographic phonographer foundation offer from effort, freight offered, from what further fruit felony frequent-ly furniture financial-ly forward afterward for instance philanthrop-y-ic-al-ly efficient-ly suff'icient-ly-cy frantic formal-ly former forego forget forgive from our fugitives value valued over every, very very respectfully very respectfully yours oversight vaster than faster than overc-a-om^ are not irrespective arrange-d a:chiiect-ur-e-al organize order ordered retire aristocra-cy-tic irrelevant arbitration revolver e, — overwhelm ( thankful-ly y vj thanksgiving ■f J withdraw authority f\ r\ throughout ' "^ ^ on either hand .0 J on the other hand on their hands / /' within, thine I (r-Q than .r\ / I within a day or two within a week or two / , although Vj-'- \ / ^ this week / A&-^- hitherto either ^ - thev are, their / Q r\ r other y I Vj southern southeast-southeast southeasterly southeastern three or four assign assignment-assignment east eastern "^-^-^ wisdom- wisdom pleasure sure-ly assure J r^ /^^ usury learn, alone, will not we will not loan na c H legislative legislation your honor you have nothing amount mount with me-my with him, we may with whom machine, mission machinery movement Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 91 ^■^'-^ -L )^luc Thomas F. Nash, St. Joseph, Mo. Dear Sir: Answering your letter of November 8, will say that if you can ship your automobile to our shops at St. Louis right away, we can have it repaired for you without delay. We think we shall have the new style of axles with cylinder bearings by the last of this week, and if you will have your au- tomobile in St. Louis by the first of next week, doubtless we shall be ready to put on the improved axles by that time. However, if you should ship the automobile, and we should not have the improved cylinder bear- ings, we shall use an axle of similar make, which you could change to the cylinder bearing at any time you might wish to make the change, and all 3^ou would have to do would be simply to get the cylinder bearings and put them on, — without the neces- sity of sending the automobile to our shons. Or, if you wish, we could hold the automobile a few days, if neces- sary, to get the improved axles for you. Respectfully yours. 92 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand ^ c^ »f..-. in < a A una anniversary in order to in order that ir the circumstances in reference in respect ..N4?. in response understand in our individual-ly independent in regard entangle investigation intelligible north northeastern northwestern northern university in our hands i;^ z ^i on our hands Z^, Ur^ on the one hand s;;^ enli,ghtenment in consequence next week I C_-^ beforehand •x.^ v one or two underwriters unreasonabl-e-y two or three elsewhere some wa}' or other somewhere or other somehow or other something or other meanwhile identical-ly capabl-e-y unless danger in reference to that in regard to the matter endeavor-ed differen-t-ce yours very truly very tridy yours exasperate-d exasperation jurisdiction identification on the contrary and company boa;d of trade Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 93 A: o .=^ Dear Air. Roberson: You believe in protecting your home from fire, don't you? But how about protecting it from the other elements? The next time it rains your shingle roof may leak, your ceilings may be water-soaked, and some of the choicest and most valuable contents of your home damaged beyond repair. For sooner or later shingles are bound to warp and curl, pulling out nails, and al- lowing the rain to beat in. Further- more they rot quickly when shaded, and even though they may look firm, they allow the water to soak through. But it is not necessary for you to run this risk, for at no more than what ordinary shingles cost you can get absolute protection in "FHntoid." Here at last is a roofing that will withstand, year in and year out the most severe weather conditions. FHntoid is made of the very best of raw materials. It is laid in three layers over the entire surface. Over that goes a red coating that oxidizes after a short exposure and makes a surface solid as slate and absolutely 94 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand unaiifected by heat, cold, or dampness. ^ I y _. Just sit down for a moment and ^^^^— '^ figure up how long it has been since ^ j ( ^--^: \^ J your roof was put on. Can you trust •J ^ longer to its doubtful protective quali- ^r^..)...^. A.r— v..i."^v ties? W Flintoid can be laid right over the \ ^ ^ y ^'^7—^ v ^ ' old roof as the booklet shows. The (J^ / cost includes nails, cement and we ..\..^../°..\.'^^.)^ ^^~r'.*~T| pay the freight. ., Simply fill in the dimensions of your ^^ '-p X^Y y:.. -W— v3 roof on the enclosed order blank, sign, and mail today. > '^ c '^"^ /^ ( J^ >_-.t__f...\ .-T'TTv. . . .^. 3^ - Very truly yours. Write These Letters iii Shorthand Minneapolis, Minn. January 1, 19 — Mr. Q. Z. Ajax, Quincy, Illinois. Dear Sir : We are very much pleased to enclose the Garwick circular requested by your letter of December 25. Very truly yours, Mr. John C. Brown, Chicago, 111. Dear Sir : I regret very much that I cannot give you the information requested by your letter of January 5. Yours very truly To an unmarried woman, — Miss Elsie Green, Rochester, N. Y. Dear Madam: The Engraved Cards and Lithographed Invitations ordered by your letter of January 7 have been shipped by Adams Ex- press. Very respectfully, Pitman-Harrei L Shorthand 95 r^..... k.^ ^ ^ Dear Mr. Bright: There is a bank here in Chicago, not much larger than yours, that secured over two hundred new savings de- positors last month. And secured them, mind you, on the sole strength of business-getting circular letters without the aid of a single personal solicitor. That is why this letter is as vital to you as tho it were a Certihed Check. For it tells about a concise, wonderfully practical little book that will show you how to write the same kind of letters that brought this busi- ness for the Chicago bank. — and how you can get this same book for less than you often pay for a mere hand- ful of good cigars. Think of the hundreds of money earners, — the thrifty ambitious young men and young women right in your own immediate locality who ought to ooen up savings accounts. If you had them all together in your private office where you could talk to them as man to man, it would be no trouble to se- cure a big proportion of them. Of course you can't do this. — but why not do as the Royal Trust Company did? Why not go to them? Why not put the strong advantage your bank ofifers before them through sin- cere heart-to-heart — straight-from-the- shoulder letters — letters that breathe 98 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES Z^./^/i^Q_^..-~i.<»r^..q.-.J "^^^^^V 1 additional expense, additional cost, and conduce, and oblige—- yours truly, as to the matters. Almighty God, 2 as far as, as fast as, answer, ac- cording to their statement, ac- cording to agreement, assault, as if it were. 3 at all events, defendant's wit- nesses, action at law, a few were there, another position, above stated, defendant 4 appertain, appertaining, appur- tenance, as aforesaid, 5 alien, aliened, alienated, aliena- tion, as soon as convenient, are not-are not. as it were, at any rate 6 at first, at least, at last, Atlantic Ocean, at length, all that is said, asking us, asking that you 7 are there not, rather not, along- side, at hand, and contents, are there some, at his house 8 actual damage, affidavit and or- der, articles of agreement, and his heirs, and assigns. 9 by their own. combined-bind- behind-bond-be not, because there are, back stairs, British America, brother-in-law 10 back and forth, bill of excep- tions, bill of particulars, best terms, best price, best quality, board of directors 11 benefit, bona fide, benefic-ial- ent-iary. beneficial estate, be- forehand, burden of proof, bill of lading, bill of sale 12 balance due you, balance your account, best knowledge, best of my knowledge, best of his knowledge 13 circumstantial evidence, coun- sel-council, cancel, axle, excel, 14 costly, castle, counsel for the defendant, counsel for the plain- tiflf LAWYER PMLAS, TEXAS Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 99 > /^— fl--^ "^ the same enthusiasm — the same ear- . . . . / ..^ v.../ VjV... / > — That is just what this book will /— I ■ ^' I — ^ ^ ^'""'^ show vou how to do — because it gives ./...-./i.^.v \ ^ .V... I \ you plain, simple, practical hints on '^"'''^-^^^ ;'-=\ "^ / 'X, t^''^ everv-day use of words and live I ^ '^ vital principles underlying the art of /^S "■ ^- -''^^'-'^ -""^ ^ — a / convincing writing. , X And, mind you, this bankers college ^ o ^^>-i^ ' I / /^ course in Business English, boiled ( I ( down to Pigeon Hole size, costs less \ ( v_5 L than a couple of theatre tickets. ^ > — C Two Dollars brings this book to 'I ^-^ S I // r I \ C r:, your own desk, — and if you don't feel L) U that it is worth at least half a dozen \ S> ^ X "^^ v<\ ^^"'^^ ^^'^ amount, YOU CAN HAVE ^' YOUR MONEY BACK FOR THE ^ '^■^ ASKING. -■>! }6..--'rrrr/...>:...x....\.X simply wrap a $2-bill in this letter, J I and mail today. \ Very truly yours, Misses Smyth & Whyte, Cleveland, Ohio. Ladies : The Hats and Trimming Material ordered by your letter of January 9 were shipped by freight January 10, as per the at- tached Bill of Lading. Very respectfully, Mr. Jerome K. Zilliox, Cincinnati, Ohio. Dear Sir: I shall be pleased to examine your machine for printing letters from typewriter type through a ribbon as in typewriting as soon as it reaches me. The trouble with many such machines is that they do not make quite as uniform impression of the letters as the typewriter, and letters thus reproduced are easily distinguished from type- written leters. Very truly yours. 100 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 1 counsel for the prisoner, ac- cording to the lease. Christian Society, criminal jurisprudence. 2 certiorari, call the attention of the court to the fact that, call the attention of counsel, chan- cery. 3 chancery practice, chancery court, covenants, county, county court, 4 county of, county attorney, cir- cuit court, called for the de- fendant, called for the plaintiff,. 5 called in his own behalf, court of justice, constitutional, con- stitutionality, contiguous-ly, 6 carbonic acid, crooked stairs, camped there, capitalist, 7 cleaning their, causing their,^ contributing their, contributory negligence, 8 did not, do not, had not, down stairs, doing away, direction, duration, destruction thereof, day and year, declare a divi- dend 9 district attorney, district, dis- trict court, documentary evi- dence, direct evidence, defend- ant in error, director-s-'s re- port 10 discount for cash, District of Columbia, dear sir, do not think, did not say so, didn't you say that, didn't you say so 11 Episcopal church, express com- pany, eternal life, either party^ extension 12 extenua tion, extempor-e-aneous -ly, early consideration, execu- tioner 13 examination in chief, ex parte, ex- pire, expert, 14 export, experiment, expression, exasperate-d, exasperation, ex- empt, (T Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 101 Dear Mr. Smith: You will soon be wanting supplies for the new plant you are erecting, and you know how trying a proposi- tion supply-buying is when you have to obtain your equipment from a dozen different sources. Some of the parts are sure to have to go back for alterations,- — there will be delayed shipments of some of the goods that will cause loss of time. You have been saying to yourself, how much quicker, easier, and better you could put your plant in shape if you could get somewhere a complete equipment that would meet your needs. That is just what we are ready :o install for you on an hour's notice,— a complete equipment that will meet your most exacting demands in econ- omy of operation in day-in and day- out wearing quality. And because we can furnish you with every item of equipment that vou will need, we can do it at a bed- rock minimum of cost to you. The catalog enclosed is a perfect Directory of Plant Equipment. Go over it very carefully'. Note particu- 102 Pitman-HarreIvL Shorthand ^A. 1 fellow citizens, for instance, for the purpose, four or five, for- tunate, fortunately, unfortunate, 2 furniture, fraternally yours, first above, footstep, footsteps, offered-from what. 3 fortune, from place to place, first installment, financial af- fairs, 4 final decree, fee simple, further consideration, felonious, 5 feloniously, fratricide, for the consideraton, for and in con- sideration, for there is nothing, faithfully yours, 6 from the last report, further particulars, foundation, for the said — aforesaid, for his said, 7 for the sake, for their sake, first national bank, for their infor- mation, 8 for they are known, for their own, from year to year, for in- stance, father-in-law, 9 from our, from our stock, from our store, from our own, from their own-further than, falsely, flatter, 10 goods and chattels, from gen- eration to generation, gentle- men of the jury, giving away, going away, God, guide, 11 had not, had not known, have concluded, here and there, Ha- beas Corpus. House of Repre- sentatives, 12 human life, he can have, he can- not have, he shall be, 13 homicide, hereunto set their hands and seals, how do you know whether he was or not, honorable senator, hereinabove 14 how long have you known him, he will therefore. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 103 \. J NO _j - C , ^ larly the special prices quoted on "Star" brand belting. This is made '=N. " \^ Y (- ^^'^^ — ^ / "^ in our own factory from the very O • ^ n choicest stock. In actual tests it has ^ Q =» — s^^ , J I ■ proved its ability to outwear three- ..-.'.. J X r^.l). k.-x l.\ . , ^,. Y Vj" V times-over any other beltmg at the p, )— -^x "~"^— — A. 'T-— ■-/" same price on the market. -N.l ?\ ->^ 1 X" ^l-^ f'ip^-ix^ And this is just one item just to 7 / / A "^ ^ 'X^^ give you an idea of the price and ^~^ \ quality we could give you in furnsh- —""^ ^ — S--V x^.. ^ ing your plant complete. y ^ V^ You simply cannot afford to buy a \ L/f "" No Vi y^ V-— N dollar's worth of supplies until you know our rock-bottom price for the ^ V "^ ^- — V. ^ — I /^ entire equipment. - >> ^'rr?.X \. rrTTNL Fill out and mail the enclosed speci- ^ ^ _ \ c ^ fication-blank today. Our prices and I ^ 3 I *\. full particulars will come by return \ Ver-*'- truly yours, Dear Mike: Don't think for a minute that you can't succeed. You can't tell till you try. There are success possibilities in every one. Don't take anybody's word for it that you can't achieve success — BIG success. The world is full of croakers — men who declare that this or that thing can't be done. The Alps could not be crossed in winter! It was impossible for the American Revolution to succeed — but it did. The Atlantic cable was a mere impractical, hair-brained dream — but we have it. The first step in your journey toward success in the business world is a correct preparation for the work of the business world. Opportunity awaits you, and a good salary will be yours right from the start. That means that you must have a solid business education — the kind of an education that President Garfield said is of more benefit to the rising young man or young woman than a university education. Don't be too eager to get away from school. Your success will be measured by the thoroughness of your preparation — and this is your golden opportunity to lay the foundation for all time to come. Sincerely your friend, 104 Pitman-Harrkll Shorthand ^r- '^\^V^^ 1 has there been, has there not been. House of Commons, he may have been, had been, bad there been 2 had there not been, he may be there, he may not be there, he has no other — he sent the-ir-re, he went there, heavenly hosts 3 have not, have been, have not been, how long have (you) lived, how long have (you) lived there 4 in this state, in your state, in that state, in the first place, m the second place 5 in the sight of God, it will be necessary, it will not be neces- sary, it ought not, in his busi- ness, is it 6 is it not. is it not a fact that you are, is there, is there not, is there nothing 7 is tliere anything, is there any- thing else, is there nothing else, is there one, I shall therefore 8 I know there had been, I think there will be, I know therefore, in their opinion 9 I know they are just, I know they are not, if they are guilty, I know they are now 10 I have had, if not-find, in his word, in his escape, in his ease, in his zeal, in his usual 11 in his way, in his hurrj^ in the Scrinture, in a similar manner, in the house 12 in his supreme, in the first in- stance, in his grave, in his grief, in his house-influences 13 if thev had not, if they had not been, I went there, in law, I have arranged, I shall arrange 14 I will arrano'e, I am sure there is, in reply to your esteemed favor, it has been said, I will ask (you to) state Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 10: h-..^A.lI <^^> ^' l» i-a ■ -^ '^ ^-^-^ ""-o 1 in regard to this, in reference to these, in respect to these, in re- spect to your, in reply to your 2 inasmuch as. in such as, in the construction, I believe there- they are, in exchange 3 joint stock, judicial sale, justice court, justice of the peace, joint procedure 4 just received, jumped their, jux- taposition, generalization, jeop- ardize, jetsam 5 let him, let him answer the question, let me ask (you) this question 6 letters patent, letters testamen- tary, last week, last month, lat- est, largest 7 last will and testament, lightest, longest. Lord's house, lowest terms, lastly 8 making them, meanwhile, may it please your honor, may not, moved 9 misdirection, mother-in-law, my beloved brethren, my brethren 10 my dear sir, misfortune, master in chancery, mention, ' motion denied 11 motion to dismiss, my best re- collection, may it please the court, mightiest, may have been, more than 12 national bank stock, next week, next year, nor is there, no sir S \1 13 New Testament. North Ameri- ca, North Carolina, Northern 14 on or about, on or before, on the one side, on the other side, on either side, of course Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 109 -^.... ^s^^r^rT " ^ V "^ '^_^^ Kf^^^^ ■f ^') — ;f .1) )i^..^:ij\, PARTY WALL AGREEMENT THIS AGREEMENT, made this sixth day of January, A. D., 19 — , be- tween C. W. Westcott, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Edward Schawb. of the same citj- and state. WITNESSETH, that the said parties being owners of adjoining estates situated on the west side of Tenth street, between White and La- Clede streets, in said city of Mil- waukee, the boundary line between said estates being ten feet from tiie west side of tenth street, hereby mu- tually grant and covenant, each for himself, and his heirs and assigns, to and with the other, and his heirs and assigns, that either party hereto or his heirs or assigns, may build a party wall of the thickness required by law on an\- oart or the whole of the said boundary line between the said es- tates, which the other party, his heirs and assigns, shall have a right to use as herein provided, the middle line of which wall shall coincide with said boundary line; and either party here- to, or his heirs or assigns, may extend in any direction on said line any wail 50 built, and may rebuild the same in case of the partial or total destruc- tion thereof; and when any portion of any wall so built, exetnded, or rebuilt shall be used by the party, or by the heirs or assigns of the party, by whom the portion of the wall so used was not constructed, he or they sh^ll pay to the party who cunatvcoted 'Vt, 116 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand l'^-J\\ J'\ '--^5^^.»^. ^1^ ^. '^ f^?' the same, or to his heirs or assigns, one half of the value at the tinie of such use of the whole thickness of the portion of such wall, including the foundation thereof, so used by hini or them; and the sum so to be paid shall until paid, remain a cbare,e upon the land of the party liable '.o pay the same; but no covenant hcr'-in contain- ed shall be personally binding oa ?tny person or persons, except in re-^oect of breaches committed during his or their seizin of, or title to, the said estates. Whenever any party v^all built under this agreement shall be ex- tended in height, the chimneys pre- viously built in such wall shah be car- ried up to a proper height, and any in- jury caused by such extciiiuon shall be made good, at the expense of the party making the extension; and in case of dispute as to any value be- fore mentioned, the amonnt 'Jicreof shall be referred to two disinrcrcsted parties to be appointed one bv each party hereto, or b}' his heirs or as- signs, — said referees, in case of dis- agreement, choosing a third pel son as arbiter. IN WITNESS WHr.REOK ihc parties hereto have hereunto set tlieir hands and seals the day a;:d yea. I'rst above writter:. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 117 ACKNOWLEDGMENT. STATE OF WISCONSIN County of Milwaukee. Personally came before me this sixth day of January, 19 — , the above named C. W. Westcott and Ed'-vard Schawb, to me known t > be the per- sons who executed the iorc.cfouig in- strument, and acknowledged the sime. HARVEY S-\NOERS, Notary F-il/ic. Dear Charles : Lawyer though I am, and, kindly said by some, a successful lawyer, I wish I had started out when I was twenty as a Stenographer. I wish I could write shorthand today, and I doubly wish I could have written shorthand ten years ago when I was a struggling young lawyer, living off most uncertain briefs and the more uncertain monthly remit- tances of a fond old farmer father whose ambition had always been to have 'a lawyer in the family.' A stenographer in a law office can become a lawyer as quickly as a 'law student' can in that same law office. The stenographer has every chance to NATURALLY acquire a knowledge of the law as it is dictated to him every day in the year — has every chance to obtain a thorough grasp of those intricate methods of dealing with people which a success- ful lawyer must master — has scores of chances to become familiar with the inside v/orkings of a law case of any sort, which familiarity could never be gained in a law college alone in a thousand years. So far as law experience is concerned, the law office stenographer has a big lead over the law student of any law office or law college. Please do not misunderstand me. I am not condemning law col- leges, but I am most emphatically and everlastingly commending the course of those young persons who have been wise enough to become stenographers in a business college so they might become stenographers in a law office so they might become lawyers. Yours truly, 118 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand Dear Albert : A knowledge of stenography enables a young man to go into a busi- ness or railway office at a salary from the start several times as large as he would receive if he went into that office minus that business educa- tion. Railway officials and business men train their young men steno- graphers who are directly under the heads of departments to fill the places of those department heads in case of an emergency. All the knowledge — all the dexterity in handling details that the head of the department has been years and years in acquiring are naturally absorbed by the stenographer. Mr. Charles S. Fee, General Passenger and Ticket Agent of the Northern Pacific Railroad, St. Paul, Minnesota, entered the railway ser- vice as a stenographer in May, 1873, and was secretary to the General Manager of the Michigan Central Railroad. His duties as stenographer soon enabled him to get a more thorough grasp of the details of railway management, so that in 1875 he became Chief Clerk to the General Man- ager of the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad. In 1877 he was promoted to the position of Chief Clerk to the General Manager of the Northern Pacific Railroad. In 1883 — just ten years after he started as steno- grapher — he was appointed General Passenger and" Ticket Agent. Wishing you every success, I am. Sincerely your friend, Dear George : There's no other position in a business house or a professional office that so quickly gives the young employe a thorough insight into the thousand and one details of that business or profession as does the po- sition of stenographer. William Loeb, formerly Secretary to President Roosevelt — now Col- lector of the Port of New York — when a lad of sixteen, made up his mind to become a court stenographer. He had been told that as court steno- grapher he should know the outlines of a thousand and one lines of busi- ness. In the campaign of 1884 he started to work on a newspaper. Then he became a stenographer in a Life and Fire Insurance office. Six months later he resigned to take a position in a railway freight office to learn the details of the railroad business. Then he entered the employ of an express company — then went to a bank, and, finally, stepped upon the threshold of his real career by securing a place in a law office. In his spare moments he studied law, for a year or two, also took a short course in medicine, and reported a long series of medical lectures. At twenty-two he was ready to take a position as court reporter. His rapid rise to the very lucrative and important position of Secretary to President Roosevelt, and later to the position of Collector of the Port of New York, is known to everybody. Stenography points out the royal road to a position of prominence. Sincerely, Pitmax-Harrell Shorthand 119 WARRANTY DEED. THIS INDENTURE made the -sc- ond day of April, 19 — , between JvA- win Swor, of Cleveland, Ohio, party of the first part, and Wade VV'ea> or, of the same city and state. Pi-rty of the second part, WITNESSETH that the sa-i pany of the first part, for and in considera- tion of the sum of eight3'-two thousand ($82,000) dollars, lawful money of the United States of America, well and truly paid by the said party of the sec- ond part to the said party of the first part, at and before the ensealing and delivery of these presents, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, has granted, bargained, sold, aliened, en- feoffed, released, conveyed, and con- firmed, and by these presents do'.-s grant, bargain, sell, alien, enfeoff, re- lease, convey, and confirm unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, all that parcel of land situate, lying and being in the city of Cleveland, county of Cuyahoga, and state of Ohio, and bounded and par- ticularly described as follows: (Description of land here). Together with all and singular the buildings, improvements, woods, \.'a-, s. rights, liberties, privileges, heredita- ments, and appurtenances to the same belonging or in anywise appertaining, and the reversion and reversions, re- mainder and remainders, rents, issues and profits thereof, and of ever}' pr.rt and parcel thereof; and also all ti; .' estate, right, title, interest, prouerty. 120 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand Dear John: The door of opportunity is often opened. And it gives him who passes through a chance to PUSH OPEN the door to SUCCESS. Stenography opened the door of Opportunity to "Billy" Myer, of Joplin, Mo., five years ago. He secured a position as stenographer with the Mexican Central Railway, Mexico City, Mexico. He was seventeen years old then. Now, at twenty-two he has PUSHED OPEN the door of SUCCESS. He is Superintendent of Freight and Transportation, for which position his experience as steno- grapher fitted him. A business education will help anybody to climb higher on the ladder of SUCCESS, and the better your education the higher you will climb. Mr. Robert Hitt, Congressman from the Ninth District of Illinois, filled the office of First Secretary of Legation and Charge d'Affaires at Paris December, 1874, to March, 1881. He was appointed Secretary of State later in the same year. On November 7, 1882, he was elected Mem- ber of Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Hon. R. M. A. Hawk. Mr. Hitt learned stenography at college. His ability in this respect aided much in securing for him the position he held at the United States Embassy at Paris. Like other members of Congress who are familiar with stenography, he found it extremely useful in taking notes during congressional debates. Mr. Asbury Francis Lever, Congressman from South Carolina, start- ed out in the business world as a stenographer. After his graduation from Newberry College he became Private Secretary to Hon. J. William Stokes, whom he afterwards succeeded in Congress. His ability as a stenographer secured for him the position as Private Secretary to Con- gressman Stokes, and it was this position that gave him the insight into public affairs that fitted him to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. Stokes. Very truly yours, Pitman-HarrelIv Shorthand 121 — '"t\-''^-\ , ...^ \«^..\^..^.. j.r^.\^..^::i^h possession, claim, and demand whatso- ever, both in law and equity, of the said party of the first part, of, in, and to the said premises, with the appur- tenances: TO HAVE AND TO HOLD the said premises, with all and singular the appurtenances, unto the said party of the second part, his heirs and as- signs, to the only proper use, benefit, and behoof of the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns forever. „ And the said party of the first parf his heirs, executors, and administra- tors, does by these presents covenant, grant, and agree to and with tho >aid party of the second part, his heirs ^^n6 assigns, forever, that he, the said party of the first part, and his heirs, all and singular the hereditaments and prem- ises hereinabove described and grant- ed, mentioned and intended to be so, with the appurtenances, unto th<- said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, against him, the said party of the first part, and his heirs, and against all and everj'^ other person or persons whomsoever lawfully claim- ing or to claim the same or any part thereof, shall and will warrant and for- ever defend. IN WITNESS WHEREOF the said party of the first part has here- unto set his hand and seal the day and j'ear first above writtci:. 122 Pitman-HarrEll Shorthand Mr. Alonzo B. Nicholson, Superintendent Southern Mutual Life Insurance Building, Oklahoma City, Okla. Dear Sir: The following is a list of sub-contractors who have contracted to do the work specified on the Southern Mutual Life Insurance Building: W. P. NELSON & COMPANY, New York City, Contract to do all painting and decorating of every kind and character in strict accordance with the plans and specifications as set forth in proposition "A." Millwork will be furnished this sub-contractor with one coat of stained paste filler. This contract does not cover the priming of window frames. The priming and the staining of millwork will be done by the mill- work sub-contractor. THE AMERICAN METAL MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Bir- mingham, Ala., Contract for all sheet metal w^ork with the exception of fire doors, metal doors and window frames, and the necessary wired glass for said fire doors, metal doers and window frames; also the metal win- dow strips of reversible type on metal windows, which are to be fur- nished by another contractor. THE STANDARD COMPANY, Knoxville, Tenn. Contract to furnish all ornamental and finishing iron, steel, brass, bronze, and certain glass in connection with the above men- tioned materials, hereinafter called ornamental iron work, which is not included in the SCOPE OF WORK furnished by the structural steel contractor. It is understood that the sub-contractor has included in this contract sufficient allowance for the Mail Chute and Directory Board, f. o. b. Oklahoma City, and this contractor contracts for all labor necessary to erect said Mail Chute and Directory Board complete in the building. OKLAHOMA PLANING MILL, Shawnee. Oklahoma. Contracts to furnish all window frames f. o. b. Oklahoma City not later than May 4, 19 — VANDERVROOT GRAVEL COMPANY, Guthrie, Oklahoma. Contract to furnish all builders' sand c. f. i. building site in wagon load lots, — all wagons to contain one and one-third cubic yards, and in the event material is delivered in wagons containing less than this amount, we can, at our option, either measure the wagon and give them credit for the contents thereof, or reject the load. -The contract in this particular is very clear and binding, and it will be necessary for them to adhere strictly to the terms of it. SOUTHWESTERN SHEET METAL WORKS, Memphis, Tenn. Contract for all labor and material for furnishing and placing all metal windows, and the glass and glazing of same; also all the Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 123 X.^:^ ^,k,^l>U,^CA y^.. \^. ^ ' )lv ^ C 'V, 1 v...^ u' •J' 7. 1,'^r?, POWER OF ATTORNEY. KNOW ALL AIEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that L Peter Schleiker, of the city of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania being about to go abroad, hereby ap- point C. Q. Swcm, of the city an.l state aforesaid, to be my attorney in my name, and on my behalf to man- age and cultivate, or let upon lease for such period and upon such terms as he shall think fit, and to receive the rents of any or all of my lands, houses and other buidinlgs, or any part there- of; to cut timber for sale or repairs and to erect, pull down and repair buildings on any part of my real es- tate; to insure any such buildings against loss or damage by fire, and to make arrangements with tenants, and to accept surrenders of leases, and generally to deal with my real estate, or any part thereof, as effect- ually as I myself could do; and also to take lawful proceedings by way of action, or otherwise for recovery of rent in arrear, or for eviction of ten- ants; to commence and carry on, or to defend at law or in equity, ac- tions, suits and other proceedings touching my real estate or any part thereof, or ' touching anything in which I or my real or personal estate 124 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand fire doors, metal doors, metal covered fire doors, and paneled metal covered fire doors and trim, and furnishing and placing of all wire glass in same, furnished complete and in place in the building as specified in pages K-1 to K-6 inclusive. Also all metal reinforcement mullions, all weights, chains and hardware, also the metal reversible window device. This sub-contractor is to deliver material to the site of the building at such time as the contractor may direct, and the sub-con- tractor is to install sash weights, chains, hardware, etc., and glaze the windows, also hang the metal doors. We will set window frames and fill the sills and mullions, but all the other labor and material are to be furnished by this sub-con- tractor. PATENT SCAFFOLLING COMPANY, San Francisco, Calif. Contract to furnish and deliver, f. o. b. cars Oklahoma City, Patent Scaffold Hangers with Cables. These hangers are to be furnished complete in every respect with the exception of the platform. Each hanger shall consist of 1-6' I-Beam, 15' long, for the out-rigger. 1 Anchor Bolt 2 Drums with put-log and guard-rail support. These hangers have been leased for a period of six months. If used for more than six months, we will be charged 20c per working day for each hanger. We, therefore, contemplate the use of these hangers three weeks in advance of the time they will be needed, so that we will not be compelled to pay any additional cost for an extension of time. MISSOURI GLASS AND PAINT COMPANY, St. Louis, Mo., Contract to furnish and set in place all glass throughout the building as it is contemplated to be constructed under alternative "A" and as outlined in a general way on page 00-1 under the proposal form attached to the specifications prepared by the architects. This contract especially includes all the polished plate glass, beveled plate glass, securing them in place, polished wired glass as specified for all elevator enclosures, prism glass and copper bars, beveled plate glass in design patterns, glass in connection with show cases in lobby, and the Zouri, easy set or equal bars. The cleaning of the glass is to be done according to the glazing specifications. This contract covers all glass and glazing in the entire building, with the exception of such glass as is specified under the head of sheet metal and sidewalk lights. OKLAHOMA IRON WORKS, Oklahoma City, Contract to deliver at building site all cast iron lintels, mullions, and base plates. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 125 maj- be in any wise concerned; and also to demand, sue for, enforce pay- ment of, and receive and give dis- charges for all moneys, securities foi 1^^_^^_^ ^. -^\sL-y\\> money, debts, chattels, and other per- sonal estate whatsoever now belon;.,'- ing or to belong to me; to settle and to compromise, and submit to arbitration, all accounts, claims and disputes between me and any other person; and for all or any of the purposes aforesaid to execute all such instruments and do all such things as he shall think fit, and upon receipt of any monej^s under these presents, to deposit the same in the j5~>n.-\-^s^ ..J. State National Bank, in my name; and to withdraw the same, and to in- ■ A../ M^. vest the same, or any part thereof, in my name or otherwise, in or upon any - . ^TTTTl . . . ^y^ . o \...\^_^^. ^..\ such investments, securities, and in ^,^ (\ such manner, as my said attorney shall - - ./- -r'7>;^_3-'>..x think fit; and also out of such mon- eys to pay an}'^ premiums upon poli- cies of insurance, expenses of repairs or improvements, and other outgo- ings in respect of an\- part of my rer.l or personal estate, as my said attorney shall think fit; and to receive the divi- dends, interest, and income arising from my personal estate or any part thereof: and for the purposes afore- \ 126 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand A. L. SMUCKER, Denver, Colo. Contracts for ail the granite, as specified on page CC-1 of the specifications, and in strict accordance with the plan. DIAMOND PRESSED BRICK COMPANY, Chicago, 111., Contract to furnish within thirty days' notice, f. o. b. cars Chicago. 180,000 common brick, more or less. They agree that no salmon or soft brick will be furnished or allowed under this contract. All brick to be evenly shaped and burnt, and must meet with the approval of the architects. SAMUEL FERGUSON. Oklahoma City, Contracts to test all cement used in the building. AMERICAN PROSAIC TILE COMPANY, New York City, Contract to furnish all the ceramic floor tile upon thirty days' notice after September 1. They agree to exercise great care in selecting the tile, and same is to be of first-class quality, and must be securely pasted on paper backing and carefully boxed for shipment. All boxes are to be marked in accordance with diagrams of floor space. In the event any defective material is furnished under this con- tract, same is to be removed and replaced by this sub-contractor. THE EASTERN TERRA COTTA COMPANY,- Newark, N. J., Contract to deliver f. o. b» cars, Oklahoma City„ all the structural terra cotta, especially including all terra cotta ashlers, sills course, together with the returns, reveals, sills, lintels, bases, capitals, orna- miental cornices, coping, beam covering in light court, copings, parapets, etc., as described in said specifications, pages D-1 to D-3 inclusive. THE PITTSBURG STRUCTURAL STEEL COMPANY, Pittsburg, Pa., Contract to deliver all structural steel f. o. b. wharf, Galveston, Texas. Contract date, April 25. and deliveries at Galveston are to commence 85 days from the date of this contract, and continue at the rate of n'~t less than two stories per week for the sixteen stories, — thus completing the delivery at Galveston within 145 days. ALEXANDER M. JOHNSON, Cincinnati, Ohio, Contracts the furnishing and application of water-proofing and insulating material for the entire basement of the building, especially the retaining walls and basement floor and foundations, according to the plans and specifications. The only exception to the specifica- tion covering waterproofing and insulating is that a bed of crushed rock, the drains toward sump, and the concrete against which the waterproofing is to be placed are to be furnished by parties other than this sub-contractor. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 127 k..^- said, or any of thcni. to sign my name to and execute on my behalf all checks, contracts, transfers, assign- ments, and instruments whatever; and also to appoint and remove at his pleasure any substitute for, or agent under him, in respect of all or any of the matters aforesaid, upon such terms as my said attorney shall think fit; and generalh- to act in relation to my estate and to the premises as fully and effectually in all respects as I my- self could do; I hereby undertaking to ratifv everything which my said attorney, or any substitute or agent appointed by him under the power in that behalf hereinbefore contained, shall do. or purport to do. in virtue of these presents. IX WITNESS WEREOF I have ^hereunto set my hand and seal this tenth dav of December, 19 — . 128 Pitman-HarreIvL Shorthand HYDRAULIC PRESSED BRICK COMPANY, St. Louis, Mo., Contract to deliver their No. 110 face brick in car load lots f. o. b. Oklahoma City up to approximately 200.000 brick, more or less. All brick, both as to color and size, to be like sample marked for identification, approved, and filed in this office. Any brick varying in color or size to such an extent as to render them undesirable will be rejected. McCAULAY BROTHERS & COMPANY, Chicago, 111., Contract to do all interior and exterior plain and ornamental i plastering of every kind and character, and all metal ferring sus- pended ceilings and corner beads. It is understood and mutually agreed that all interior partitions which are specified to be construct- ed of metal lath and channel studs are changed to 3" Hollow Gypsum tile, and that all exterior wall ferrings and hollow partitions specified to be hollow clay tile are to be changed to hollow Gypsum blocks of same dimensions, and that sub-contractor is to furnish all labor and material of every kind and character necessary to erect in the build- ing the aforesaid partitions and wall ferrings as above described. The partition around smoke stack will be made of hollow tile instead of Gypsum blocks. It is further understood and mutually agreed that all plaster coves except in connection with the ornamental plastering, and all beam splays shown en plans, also all suspended ceilings in basement except in boiler room and engine room are to be omitted from this contract. It is also understood that all metal lath used under this contract is to be No. 27 painted expanded metal. CONTINENTAL LUMBER COMPANY, Beaumont, Texas, Contract to furnish from time to time as we may designate up to ten thousand barrels of cemfent f. o. b. Oklahoma City, c. i. f. build- ing site. We are charged 10c for each sack delivered, and are credit- ed for all sacks returned in good condition. Don't accept any torn sacks, or sacks which are only partially filled. Have all sacks thoroughly inspected before they are returned, and see that the time-keeper obtains a receipt for the sacks when returned. Very truly yours, Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 129 COURT REPORTING If you were engaged to report a case in court, the first thing to do would be to get the title of the case; that is, if k were a damage suit brought by John Doe against the Roe Railroad Company for injuries received in an accident, the title would be like this : Date STATE OF ) ss. County of ) IN THE COURT OF COUNTY JOHN DOE ) No. vs. ) Term. Roe Railroad Company) -for Plaintiff — for Defendant. O. K. Ermine, Judge. -Yourself, Stenographer, ■ All the foregoing information can be gotten from the Clerk of the Court. Every case will be different. The form given is representative only. The facts ar-e essential. The form is for the stenographer to de- termine. All the information necessary may be gained from the court docket, the clerk, or the papers filed in the case, and the heading, or title, may be written before the case is reported or afterward, when the stenographer knows all the facts. The stenographer should understand the names of witnesses when read in court, or be very careful to w^ite the name of each witness in longhand when he is called to the stand. This is easily done after the name of the witness is called and before he reaches the witness stand. Do not hesitate to ask the witness his full name, and how to soell it, if necessary when he takes the stand, and write it down carefully. The words, "sworn for the plaintiff" or "sworn for the defendanl;" as the cas€ may be, should follow the name of every witness ; and when a witness is recalled, the words, "recalled for the plaintiff" or "recalled for the defendant" should follow the name of the witness. The stenographer's name and address should be inserted on the transcript of evidence, as suggested above, as an advertisement for his benefit. 130 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand y United States of America) >^ => ^ Luther A. H cy" ■n^ ^L, ) I all ) Perjury Nov. Term \ November 10 W. A. MORGAN sworn, testiiicd. Direct examination by MR. HARDEMAN. Q. Your name is what? A. W. A. Morgan. Q. Where do you live? A. I live at Eastman, in Dodge county. Q. How long have you lived in Dodge county? A. About twelve- or fifteen years. Q. Do you know Luther A. Hall? A. Yes. sir. Q. How long have you known him? A. Ever since T went to the county — twelve or fifteen years. Q. I will ask you what opportuni- ties you have had to become familiar with Mr. Hall's handwriting? A. I have seen it often enough to be fa- miliar with it. Q. I will ask you to look at that. Do you know that handwriting? Whose would you say it was? A. It looks very much like his. I would take it to be his. It looks like his. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 131 . Q. I will ask you to look at that one. \\'hose is that? Do you know? A. The same handwriting — Hall's I should judge. Q. What do you believe about it? A. I believe it is his handwriting. (Paper numbered "2"). Q. Examine the body and signa- tures to that. Do you know that handwriting? AMiat do you say as lo the body and signatures of that? A. It seems to me that it is the same handwriting — L. A. Hall's. (Paper numbered "3"). Q. Do 3'ou know anything in re- gard to Judge Goodwin's having a deed to certain lots? A. I have nev- er seen it. MAJ. BACON: Q. Do j-ou know an^-thing. ]\Ir. Morgan, of the premises — lots 315 and 286 in the 16th district of Dodge county, originally \\'ilkerson? A. Yes, sir, I have been on the land a time or two, especially 286 — I believe that is the number. BY THE COURT: Q. Are thert any improvements on these lots? A. Yes, sir, on 315 there is a small field and possibly a little house. There was 132 Pitman-Harrkll Shorthand ,\: -Si^-./^rO-.J. ^-i .lw..^.<^.' Vv^-^'^ a new house — a cabin — put up on 286 last year, but I think that has been moved as there is no improvement at present. Q. Do you know when these im- provements were put there? A. They were put there about the latter part oC last year. Q. You say you think they have l^een put there within the last twelve months. I believe. A. Yes, sir. MAJ. BACON: Q. You don't know anything about these papers except who you think wrote them? A. That is all I know. I don't think I have had them in my hand before. Q. You don't testify to anything about them except that in your opin- ion they were written by Col. Hall? That is the extent of your testimony? A. Yes, sir, I think they were all: written by him. Q. That is all you testified to? A, That is my recollection. Q. How far is this lot of land you have been talking: about from the public road? A. There is a road that runs through 286, and I believe it is a public road. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 133 A. ^ ^ CL^ r \ '^■ .::rr:^ T^.. c-s. Q. You have been out there your- self? A. Once — a few days ago. there last January or February. Q. When before that? A. I was there last January or February. Q. When before that? A. I be- lieve that wias my first trip. Q. Mr. Morgan, you say last Jan- uary or February was the first trip vou have made on that road? A. Yes^ sir, that far — as far as these lots. Q. I will ask you, if that is the first time you were ever there, how did you know when these houses were put uo, if you knew? A. I judged from their newness — from the lumber. Q. That is what your testimony is; based upon, is it? ]\Ir. Morgan, isn't it true that you are on unfriendly terms with Col. Hall? A. You mean now? Q. Yes. A. Mr. Hall and I have recently had some words. Q. Are you not on unfriendly terms with him? A. Of course I could not very well like the man, knowing him; as well as I do. .£"..1 134 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand ^. U.OnV^. .^-^- Q. Isn"t is true that you are on un- friendly terms with him personally? -I //^ r^ -■^- I have been recently, as I told you. Q. On unfriendly terms with him? A. Yes, sir. Q. Mr. Morgan, haven't you been for some time past riding around the country hunting u^^ evidence in th's case? A. I have been with the Mar- shal — I went some time ago with the Marshal to Judge Goodwin's and to two or three places, showing him where the}^ lived. Q. Helping them get up evidence in the case? A. I don't 'know wh.it you would call that. Q. You have been assisting in pre- paring evidence in this case — getting witnesses and talking with them, and seeing what they would testify, and things of that kind? A. If you call going with the Marshal assisting Q. When you called with Forsyth to see Clark and Peterson, didn't you tell them they must "stick up to Judge?" A. I did not. sir. Q. Are you positive about that? A. \ Pitman-Harreli. Shorthand 135 ■^ \ J A '^ 1 f-A f-^V^U Of course I am. Q. Have you talked with them about what their testimony would be in this case? A. I don't remember. Q. Don't you think if you had done it you could remember it? A. If 1 talked with them at all I always told them to stick to the truth. Q. You never indicated which side you thought the truth was on? A. Of course, in speaking to them, I told them what was the truth. Q. You never spoke of which side the truth was on? A. I — anybody else Q. I asked j-ou the question — whether you ever indicated to them which side 3'ou thought the truth was on, when you told them to tell the truth? A. Well, of course, I have alwaj's, if I have said in any way at all, it was for them to stick to the truth, whatever they knew about the truth, because Q. When you were advising them to be thus truthful, did j'ou indicate on which side j^ou thought the truth was? A. I don't remember about that, sir. Q. 'Sir. Morgan, these deeds that you testified about, none of them pur- ports to contain the signature of Col. Hall in any capacity, do they? Look 136 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand ■f'\ "I t ,^....^x t ■ t \^..lV"\vH) l..Lih. at that and see. Do you see the sig- nature here anywhere on the deed? MR. HARDEMAN: We object to this as going into the contents of the deed. MAJ. BACON: The purpose of it is to relieve the jury of the impression that these are forged deeds. The deeds are nothing in the world but copies of old deeds dating way back into the forties. , THE COURT: I think the paper is the best evidence of its contents. You can interrogate the witness as to nothing in these deeds except the handwriting. MAJ. BACON: Q. Mr. Morgan, it is plainly the fact that all the signa- tures you have been testifying as to the handwriting of are written plainh' in the hand of the one who wrote the body of the deed? A. That is what I think, sir. Q. Without any attempt at dis- guise, isn't it — all these forged deeds are in the same handwriting — the wit- nesses are the same writing — just as if a man was copying a deed? A. The)' seem to be. Q. That you recognize easily and readily as Col. Hall's handwritingj^ A. Yes, sir. Q. There is no attempt at dis guise? A. I can't say that there is Pitman-Harreli. Shorthand 137 ^.i^^.^. ,\ >>^. \ c^/ o- (o^ CK U^ \ c^- -^ t;^' .l/.TT'..-^ \_p V ^'^^ (3 '"^ r\ V, r^K Q. You don't know that these deeds were copied for an illegitimate pur- nose? A. No, sir, I don't know any- thing about that. Q. Mr. Morgan, do you profess ^o be an expert in handwriting? A. No, sir, I am not an expert. Q. Do you profess anything more than to be able to recognize hand- writing that you are familiar with? A. Of course I don't. Q. That is all you profess — that you are able, as any other man would be, to identify the handwriting of a man whose handwriting you are fa- miliar with? A. Yes, sir. Q. Mr. Morgan, you say j^ou are in the real estate business? A. Yes, sir. Q. How long have you been in that business? A. Five or six years. Q. Exclusively? A. Not altogeth- er. That is my principal business. Q. What else have you been doing? 138 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand \> ^^ •1^ ' r A. I have been acting in the capacity of treasurer of a building and loan — Interstate Building and Loan As- sociation of Columbus — -I am agent, of the local branch Agent, treasurer and secretary at Eastman. Q. What else? A. That is the N. ^ principal business. C^ V_9 X. ^.-:?.,\ v/i /=■ ) V \ '^...^.1..'^ !'::") Q. I want to know all the businesses you have been engaged in? A. That is what I follow — real estate. Q. Mr. Moro-an, haven't you been in any other business? A. Not in the last few years. I follow real es- tate principally. Q. I want you to state what other business you have been engaged in. A. In all mv life? Q. No. sir. A. In the period of the last five or six years? Q. Yes, what other business have you been engaged in in that time? A. I was in the hay, corn and provision business in Eastman only about eighteen months. While in that I was still connected with real estate. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 139 r 1^.:^.^. "^ .\-"\t r\Lr^:)A v^ ■VO-A.^. ,^=^ Q. What else? A. That is my recollection. Q. You have been in no other bus- iness in that time but that? A. I can go back, previous to that. Q. I don't mean previous to that. A. That's my recollection, sir. Q. Mr. Morgan, isn't it true that in the past six years j-ou kept a bar- room in Eastman? A. \\"ell, sir, I was trjang to refresh my memory as to when it was. I had run a saloon — it was about six years ago — I didn't know whether it was within the la^^t five or six years or not. Q. Isn't it true that you kept that saloon and yourself personally super- ir.tended it in the 3-ear '97? THE COURT: What is the object of this question? MAJ. BACON: He was asked when he was familiar with Col. Hall's handwriting. The sole object of the question was to test his memory. I won't pursue it further. I wanted to bring out the fact that Mr. Morgan's 140 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand X-:'. ^ .^-^- .-^a4 ;.iv..c r.v*\ memory was not accurate. MR. HARDEMAN: Q. I will ask you if you know the Eastman post- mark, and whether you know that stamp? MAJ. BACON— We object on the ground that the stamp has not been sufficiently identified to be introduced in evidence. BY THE COURT: I don't think the evidence has gone far enough to identify the stamp. MR. HARDEMAN: I tender that piece of envelope stamped. BY THE COURT: He offers it on the subject of handwriting in connec- tion with these other papers. I under- stand that is the motive. MAJ. BACON: We object. (Here the Court examined the en- velope and contents). BY THE COURT: The Court will ask the District Attorney to tender the entire package pertaining to this matter en masse — the envelope and everything in it. MAJ. BACON: The defendant's ob- jection is this. There is what purports to be an envelope. There has been no effort to prove that it had gone through the mail. Simply upon ask- ing Mr. Morgan if that was his hand- writing, and if that was the Eastman stamp, it was tendered. BY THE COURT: The question is the admissibility of the tender. There Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 141 ---L,L., ^\. ./ ./:. l}r\.j has been no proof of its transmission through the post office. There is no proof that these deeds were in this envelope. The Court has instructed the District Attorney to put the en- tire package before you. MAJ. BACON: There are two ob- jections. In the first place there is no proof that these deeds were ever in that envelope, and there is no proof that they were ever inside the post office. BY THE COURT: The Court thinks the entire papers are admissible to show the handwriting of Mr. Hall. They are admissible to show that he prepared a letter enclosing such deeds to some person who is called Louis Knight and requested him to "get up deeds just like these except as to the age," and it is for the jury to say, upon proper consideration, in view of all the facts, what that means. What is the meaning of, "Get up deeds just like these, except as to the age?" Deeds are not made that way. Deeds are drawn by the scrivener and signed by the parties. When a man instructs another to "get up deeds just like these except as to the age," the inevit- able conclusion is that the transaction is not in the ordinary manner in 142 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand which deeds are prepared. MAJ. BACON: I desire to except, not only to the ruling of the Court in the admission of thees papers, but I desire to have noted in addition there- to an exception to what has been said by the Court as to matters of evidence ly^ in the hearing of the jury. "^ ^ BY THE COURT: It is very diffi- cult for the court to consider a letter of that sort without characterizing the transaction. MAJ. BACON: I wish to except to that also. R. R. NORMAN, SWORN, TESTI- FIED AS FOLLOWS: MR. HARDEMAN: Q. Where do 3"OU live, Mr. Norman? A. I live in Montgomery. Q. Do you know Mr. Hall? A. Yes, sir. Q. Have you had any correspon- dence, or anything of that kind with him within the last year? A. Yes, sir, I have had correspondence with him — a letter from him. Q. Look at that paper, please, sir. Did you receive that? A. Yes, sir, Mr. Clark and myself received that. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand I, 143 '-V ^ U ..^.. ^ 1 \ /I „:^.„^ \ ^ Q. When? A. I don't know, sir,' soon after it was dated — several days — I don't know how long. Q. Do you know the handwriting of Mr. Hall? A. I think so. Q. State what opportunities you have had of knowing his handwriting. A. I have seen him draw a plea or two. We have practiced together — were associated in some cases. BY THE COURT: Are you a mem- ber of the bar, Air. Norman? A. Yes, sir. MR. HARDEMAN: Q. How was that letter received? A. By mail. Q. I will ask you whose hand- writing that is? A. Col. Hall's. :\IAJ. BACON: Mr. Norman, I no- tice that it is addressed to Messrs. Clark & Norman. Is that your firm? A. Yes, sir. Q. Are you the Norman referred to in this postscript? A. I think so, sir. Q. I noticed in the papers that Norman is engaged in teaching a Law School. A. The Colonel and myself had a little difficulty up there, and I struck him over the head with a Code. 144 Pitman-HarrelIv Shorthand MAKE SEVEN PERFECT COPIES ^^^'\v^y 1 comply, people, apply, applicable, appear, principal-pie, practice-se, practiced, 2 practices, appearance, appear- ances, experience, experienced, ex- periences, surprise, surprised, 3 surprises, express, expressed, sup- press, suppressed, superintendent, compliance, appliance, 4 appliances, speak, spoken, suspen- sion, suspend, prospect, prospec- tive, perpendicular-Iy, 5 comprehension, apprehen s i o n , comprehend, apprehend, partic- ular-ly, opportunity, part, particu- lars, 6 opportunities, parts, particularity, particularize, property, probabl- e-y, prohibition, probation, 7 approbation, perhaps, upon, hap- pen-punishment, happiness-pun- ishments, happened-pound, pover- tj% spirit, 8 explain-ation, explained, explana- tory, inexperience, inexperienced, in surprise, expect, acceptance, 9 acceptances, practic-al-able, April, perpetu-al-ate-ated-ity, perform- ance-ed, perspective, 10 superscribe, superscription, pre- serve, preservation, Postoffice, specification, 11 passenger, operation, portion, power, pure, patient, passionate, 12 appetite, potato, prosecute, perse- cute, parish, Prussia 13 oppressor, appraiser, pursuer, per- usor, pursuant, per cent, present, 14 person, parson, comparison, pro- portion, preparation. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 145 % \\^ A\>' 3, V_ \^^>"^-^"-- ,r \ ' S y V VjVNj „ '\.V.\Vlv\V I'^vYv 1 appropriation, personate, prefer, prefer, preference, profitable, 2 approve, prove, approved, proved, prosper, perspire, predict, predic- tion, 3 protect, protection, predicate, predication, production, produc- tive, produce, 4 pattern, patron, patronage, pledge, apology, sprout, sport, separate 5 peaceable, possible, passable, op- posite, apposite, competition, petition, computation, 6 apparition, apportion, prompt, per- mit, promote, permission, promo- tion 7 prominent, preeminent, perma- nent, preemption, permission, pro- motion, 8 appropriate, propriety, persuade, pursued, perused, pertain, apper- tain, 9 spread, spared, opposition, posi- tion, possession, apposition, speak, sip, 10 bill-belong, able-believe, build- built, able to, member-remember, number-brother, combin-e-ation, behind-combined-bond, 11 to have been, combines, combina- tions, has been, balance, objec- tion, subjection, subjective, objec- tions, 12 behalf, above, observe, observa- tion, observative, observatory, ob- servance, 13 observed, subordinated, subordi- nate subordination, subscribe, subscription, substantial, 14 abrasion, aberration, breath, birth, beautify, beatify, abundant, aban- doned 146 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand ,,,V vl-,.,.L,\.V^Wr.. .^A^ns^:^.r' obsolete, absolute, fall-feel-fill-fol- low, full-y, often-phonography. phonographic, phonographer, if not-find, offer, offered, feared, from, ef- fort-freight, afford, from our, fre- quent, frequently, financial-ly, forward, froward, afterward, phil- anthrop-y-ic, philanthropist, for- mal-ly, former-ly, faithfully yours. Ft. Scott, Ft. Worth, Favored, favorite, funeral, funereal, fierce- fears, furious, firm-frame, farm, form, reform- ation, farmed, filing, failing, fool- Effect, affect, fix, effects, fluent, affluent, affix. 15 .//.,.l--.-rX.- 7 face, efface, fuse, effuse, forbid, forbear, field, fugitives, felony, 8 value, valued, over, verj^-every, virtue-averred, have been, have not, favor, favors, 9 oversight, very respectfullj', very trulj', very truly yours, over and above, everyone, violent, valliant, 10 venire, violable, available, valu- able, are not-are not, around, round, 11 circuit court, arbitration, aristoc- ra-t-ic, resistible, iresistible, reve- lent, irrelevant, 12 rational, irrational, resolute, irre- solute, repression, reparation, 13 ruined, renewed, irritate, rotate, irritation, rotation, repetition. 14 reputation, recover-y-able, irre- coverable, respectful-ly, irrespect- ive-ly, heretofore, 15 are-recollect, hereafter, arrive-al, real-rely, relie.s-release-realize, re- lief, rule, respectively, require, re- linquish Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 147 f r r . J < ' I,r r I 11 'f r'^iix-^h-ffAi 1 responsible, irresponsible, written, retain, ruin, renew, arm, 2 arm}-, architect, write, aright, raid, arrayed, russet, rusty, 3 Revised Statutes, repeat, rapid, wrapped-rapt, origin, regenerate, herein, herewith 4 till-until-v.'hat will, until it-what will it, tell-it will, told, at all, truth-it were, at our, toward, it ought not, 5 it will not, at hand, at length, whatever, contrive, extravagan-t- ce. circumstantial-circumstantial, circumstance, circumstances cir- cumstanced, 6 situate-d, between, witness, wit- nesseth, at once, at first, at least, at last, at all events, at one time, outfit, 7 at any time, at any rate, at some time, at the same time, yours truly, truly yours, circumstantial-ly, ex- treme, stranger 8 testifj\ transfer, transform, trans- act, transaction, transcription, transgress, translate, 9 transpose, transposition, trans- port, testament, territory, train, turn, strain, stern 10 eastern, Austrian, stearine, Saturn, contrition, contortion, station, situation 11 attainable, tenable, traitor, tartar, trader, trouble, terrible, sought, sight, 12 city, satisf-y-actory-action-actor- ily, suit, testator, testatrix-testa- trix, deal-idle, deliver, dear-doc- tor, direct, 13 during, day or two, derision, had been, denomina-te-tion, delin- quent, doctrine, develop, determi- n-e-ation, detraction, discrepancy, 14 damage, administrator, adminis- tratrix, deserve, discover-y, 148 Pitman-Harrei.l Shorthand mi OX „ ^}lh.l2ll22^i 1 consider, consider-ed-ate, consid- eration, in consideration, consid- erabl-e-y, dissatisfaction, discon- tinue. District of Columbia, had their own-had there been, direct evidence, 2 defendant's testimony, directors' report, declare a dividend, addi- tional expense, additional costs, discount for cash, 3 direct examination, district attor- ney, documentary evidence, dist- rict court, defective, daughter, debtor, 4 auditor, editor, doubter, auditory, defen-ce-se, defiance, study, steady, 5 adultery, idolatry, devote, deviate, idleness, dullness, domination, 6 condemnation, damnation, admo- nition, dimension-dimension, 7 devotion, deviation, administra- tion, demonstrati«n, demonstrate, 8 diamond, demand, adamant, adopt, adapt, desolate, dissolute, deso- lation, dissolution, 9 differ-en-t-ce, defer, decapitat-e-d, deform-ed-ity, designat-ed-ion, de- spicabl-e-y, dilapidat-e-d-ion, dig- nit-y-ary, 10 diplomat-ic-al-y, director, direc- tory, discriminat-e-d-ion, distinct- ly, dyspep-tic-sia, desperate-ly, 11 detained, they will, either, their- they are-they were, other, other- wise than, within-thine, within a day or two, within a week or two. hither to, 12 they have, they have not been, they would not have been-they had not been, authority, authori- ties, throughout, authorize, au- thorized, on either hand, on the other hand, 13 Southwest, Southwestern, South- east, Southeastern, Southern, Southerner, thief, thankful-ly thick 14 assign, assignment-assignment, session, cessation, secession, asso- ciation, associated, ociety. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 149 ^yrrLiii^ 4 /"> — ' /— N^_^ ' . rc^ ^^ c ^(r^f'^f-^f^fi^ 1 wisdom, sister, child-ren, which will, angel-ic, danger, larger, which were, charter, 2 religion, general-ly, imagin-e- ation-ary, gentlemen, gentleman, whoever-who have, who are, who will, whichever, jurisprudence, ad- justment, 3 Jesus Christ, gently, gentile, Je- hovah, German, germane, gentle- manly, 4 Germany, Germania, learn-alone- loan-lone, will not, we will not, listen, less than, 5 late session, last session, lastly, listless, letters patent, letters tes- tamentary, last will and testament, 6 learned counsel for the defendant, learned counsel for the plaintiff,' last week, last month, 7 legal, illegal, legible, illegible, logical, illogical, 8 labored, liberty, latitude, altitude, insult, insulate. 9 letter-later, older, latest, , oldest, I will not-I learned, will not, sul- phate, sulphite, 10 yawn-your honor, you have, you have not been, you have not seen, you have not known, you have not heard, you have been, short, shortage, sure-ly, assure, assured, we shall, we shall have been, pleasure, usury, usurious, shortcoming, shorts, legislature, legislator, legislative, legislation, 13 call-equal-ly, difficult-y, decree, care-occur, quality, qualify, 14 correct, character, accord-ing-ly- ance, can-question-ed, kind, count, account. Christian, 11 12 150 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand _© 1 describe, descriptive, description, critical-ly, criticise, — ^ :^-.-^~V 2 correspond-en-t-ce, careful-Iy, careful attention, expect-ed-anc-e- y, extraordinar-y-ily, 4....r^rx ^... ^■"^ 5...C- -Z^..-^-l 3 except, accept, econom-y-ic-al-ly, capital, capitalist, 4 capitalization, consequent-ly, con- sequence, consequential, conse- quently, capabl-e-y, 5 characteristic, characteristics, cor- rective, correctness, secretary, 6 extemporaneous-ly, extinguish-ed- ment, crime-criminal, ly, eccentric, 7 secondly, expedient, exorbitant- ly, credential, secured-security, \.\Zz.. -f 8 executor, executrix, execrate, ex- coriate, 9 eclipse, collapse, culminate, cal- uminate, 10 unscrewed, insecured, corporeal, corporal, 11 accordance-accordance, credence, collision, collation, 12 collusion, coalition, causation, ac- cession, accusation. 13 extricate, extract, expression-ex- pression, expiration- 14 expiration, cost, caused, axis-es, axes. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 151 1 degree, begin, begun, began, sig- nature, executor, executrix, 2 govern-or-ment, glorifj-, glorious, agreement, God, guide, 3 Gordon, garden, grudge, gorge, garnet, granite, 4 grantee, guarantee, ghostly, ghast- ly, exalt, exult, 5 agriculture, with me-\vith my, we may-with him, with whom, might- iest, mind-mint-might not, we might not, may not-amount, we may not, 6 mistake, mistaken, mechanism, mechanic-al-ly, mission-machine, 7 rnachinist, commission, commo- tion, mitigate, mitigation, 8 migrate, emigrate, migration, emi- gration, messenger, 9 somewhat, some time, minimum, momentum, monument-al. mo- ment, 10 momentar-y-ily, minority, major- ity, motion to dismiss, motion de- nied, 11 inunicipal court, municipality, may it please the court, may it please 3'our honor, 12 employers' liability, what is the matter, machinery, material-ly, 13 immaterial-ly, moderate-ly, im- moderate-h', imminent, eminent. 14 mature, immature, maturity-ma- turity, moral, immoral, emphatic- al-lv. 15: Pitman-HarrelIv Shorthand 1 opinion, information, when, when- ever, one, in all, 2 we note, we note that, we note you think, we note you say that we, we note you say you will, we understood, we understand, 3 we anticipate, only, interrogatory, antagonize, interest, interested, in- terestingly, 4 in reply, inspect, insistent-incon- sistent, inferior-ity, in favor, 5 next week, entire-in their, no other, another, inform. .."r. ±,^ 6 uniform, unless, sincerely yours, we enclose you herewith, we en- close (you) letter, 7 noncommittal, nonconducting, noncontent, unconnected, uncir- cumscribed, 8 in community, incomplete, inter- linear, unreconciled, unrecom- pensed, 9 in comparison, intercourse, influ- ences, Santa Fe, St. Paul, 10 San Francisco, as soon as pos- sible, intention, unintentional-ly, antecedent, 11 anti-slavery, antiseptic, in compli- ance, intrinsic-al-ly, communica- tion, ..'rn...^..ru.. 12 in common, unaltered, enlightened, enlightenment, announcement, 13 consignmenc, as soon as conven- ient, inclosed find, enclosed find, in reply (to your) letter, 14 in reply (to your) esteemed favor, anonymous, unanimous, unavoid- a-bl-e-y, inevitabl-e-y. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 153 .....r^ 1 inviolable, invaluable, unavailable, indefatigable, 2 ended, endowed, endued, natural- Iv, annual-ly, in pursuance of, i'' pursuance of (a-the) conspiracy, 3 negl-ect-igen-t-ce, neglectful-ly, universal-ly, anniversary, 4 university, intelligent, intelli- gence, intelligibl-e-y, indispensabl- e-y, indiscriminate-ly, indepenclen- t-ce-ly, 5 individual-ly-ity, in writing, hand- writing, in order, in order to, in order that, longer than, 6 undergo, in regard-(to), in respect, in our-in re-un re-honor, owner, manner, 7 honorabl-e-y, unreasonabl-e-y, in reference-(to), in receipt, North, t^"-^^,^l vf ^...^. ^ ?-■ '2- >^..'^1^...>^. 8 Northern, Northeast-Northeast, Northwest-Northwest, 9 Northwestern-Northwestern, northerly direction. Northeastern, influential, 10 understood, understand, sendest, handful, needless-needles, endless, handles, under (the) circumstan- ces, hand in hand, 11 normal, enormous, animal, anom- aly, namely, 12 indicted, undoubted, indebtedness, undoubtedly, on or about, on or before. 13 unreconciled, unrecognized, unre- fined, in response, unresponsive, 14 in arrest, unarrested, in arrest (of) judgment, in regard (to the) mat- ter, in regard (to) your, 154 Pitman-Harrkli. Shorthand ■^ v:^.. 1 munition, mention, ammunition, mica, acme. 2 monster, minister, magazine, mag- nanimity, magnate, 3 magnetism, magnificen-t-ce-ly, we may give, manuscript, 4 Massachusetts, microscop-e-ic- aUy, misfortune, amount-may-not, mount, motion, 5 emotion, mission, omission, emis- sion, emit, omit, name, 6 enemy, monarch, monarchy, might commit, might not be able to make, 7 imprisonment, we may be, may have been, we may be there, Mr.- mere-remark, 8 ]\Irs. mortgage, mortgagee, mort- gagor, 9 more or less, we may be able to, America, American, as may be- somebody. 10 we may be sure, remarkabl-e-y, merchandise, mercantile, mer- chant-able, more and more, 11 mortal, immortal, mortality, im- mortality, ambition, impatient. " ^^^ 12 murder, murderers, murderers and conspirators, murder their own, 13 some way or other, somehow or other, somev.'here or other, some- thing or other, 14 impassioned, impassionate, ma- lignant-ly, imposed, impartial-ly, Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 155 Foreign Words and Phrases a fortiori (Lat.) — by so much the stronger; by a more pow- erful reason. alibi (Lat.) — in another place aliunde (Lat.) — from another place; or from some other person. amicus curiae (Lat.) — a friend of the court. , a priori (Lat.) — from the former. bonus (Lat.") — (Literall^^ good.) a consideration given for that which is received. capias (Lat.) — "you may take." Writ for a defendant's arrest. caveat emptor (Lat.) — let the purchaser beware. cestui que trust (Fr.) — persons for whose use another has title to lands, etc. corpus delicti (Lat.) — the body of the crime; the very na- ture and essence thereof. de bonis non (Lat.) — of goods net administered. de jure (Lat.) — in or concerning the law, or right. de novo (Lat.) — anew: to begin again. duces tecum (Lat.) — that 3'ou bring with you. (Name of a subpoena requiring a witness to produce books, pa- pers, etc., upon trial.) estoppel (Lat.) — a stop. (One is estopped from doing an act, contrary to some act or declaration previously done or oerformed, upon the strength of which an- other has acted.) et alios (Lat. plural) — and others. (Abbreviated to "et al. ' and used to indicate several persons, plaintiff or de- fendant, written after the name of the first person.) ex officio (Latin.) — bv virtue of the office. 156 Pitman-HarrEll Shorthand > v^ 0> ex parte (Latin.) — without opposition. ex post facto (Lat.) — by a subsequent act. feme sole (Fr.) — a single woman. gist of action — from Fr. "gist." The verj' point in question. Habeas Corpus (Lat.) — That you have the body. A writ used to produce a prisoner to inquire into the cause of his detention. innuendo (Lat.)^ — an oblique hint; an intimation, in personam (Lat.) — relating to the person. in rem (Lat.) — relating to the thing. in statu quo (Lat.) — in the former state or condition. ipso facto (Lat.) — by the fact, or deed, itself. ipso jure (Lat.) — by the law itself. jetsam (Lat.) — goods thrown into the sea. locus in quo (Lat.) — the place in question. locus delicti (Lat.) — place where the crime was committed. lex non scripta (Lat.)— the unwritten, or common law: law received by tradition. malfeasance (Lat.) — wrong-doing. nolle prosequi (Lat.) — Unwilling to proceed. In criminal proceedings refers to discontinuing or quashing an indictment. non est (Lat.) — it is not. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 157 ^ onus probandi (Lat.) — burden of proof. '// ' sui generis (Lat.) — of its own kind. -.^^ y in forma pauperis (Lat.) — suing as a pauper. J_T2^. guardian ad litem (Lat.)^a guardian for the purpose of an ^^ action. choses in action (Fr.) — things in action. in esse (Lat.) — in being; in existence. parol (Lat.) — verbally. flotsam (Lat.) — goods floating out on the sea. ex contractu (Lat.) — by a contract. de bene esse (Lat.) — conditional. de facto (Lat.) — in fact. ad infinitum (Lat.) — to the utmost. ad libitum (Lat.) — at pleasure; at will. .K1 ad litem (Lat.) — to (or in) the suit, or controversy. .\ inter vivos (Lat.) — among or between living persons. '--f in transitu (Lat.) — usually applied to merchandise during transportation; in transit. onus (Lat.) — burden. feme covert (Fr.) — a married woman. 158- Pitman-HarreIvL Shorthand .-^ M' ^ ^ nunc pro tunc (Lat.) — now for the time. Used frequently where an act is permitted to be done which should have been performed before; i. e., the making of an order nunc pro tunc. obiter dicta (Lat.) — sayings; statements; assertions. Words spoken or written without authority. ouster (Lat.) — dispossession. pendente lite (Lat.) — during the continuance of the action. ner capita (Lat.) — by the heads; share and share alike. per diem (Lat.) — by the day. prima facie (Lat.) — the first blush, first view, or first ap- pearance of a matter. pro rata (Lat.)— at the rate. res adjudicata (Lat.) — of the matter adjudged. res gestae (Lat.) — the subject-matter. res inter alios (Lat.) — things between others. sine die (Lat.) — without day. Court adjourns sine die; that is, without fixing a time for convening again. sui juris (Lat.) — of his own right tort (Fr.) — a wrong; an injury. usufruct (Lat.) — the use and enjoyment of an estate or thing. venire (Lat.) — to come (refers to a writ to summons jurors.) venue (Lat.) — the place of trial. versus (Lat.) — against. Used in this, or its abbreviated form "vs." in the title of a case between the names of the plaintiff and the defendant.) Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 159 The following list of words will make up more than half of almost every page of typewriting. Write Three Perfect Lines of Each of the following Words : justice ! almost office trust telephone council among express convenient answer days another recent draft check thing same offer supply cash •charge between occupy message order liberal equal freight lease send being infer come railroad dollar certain large regard electric balance interest near shall telegram room found good credit telegraph statement correct heard world vote account method write enclose reply success made think know however taken more those often herself remit when under during does make time these respect though today where most must fontain leave other party whatever there relate some every house occurred privilege referring occurrence which refer paper them favor special register upon reference letter referred should expect money their mortgage insure would from many current accept into bank great were review very he if cut her not his you men or who go have take rent hold no may such saw it our use can wire an last any say rate case said so now after and on had up duly in but act how she is we was fell mail the him as wait this for give by us my to only sent first state that been will all with are part one at date of than be year they 160 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN TEST SENTENCES The stenographer has very little time to consider rules of Grammar when writing rapidly loosely c nstructed or involved sentences. If yon will write each of the following sentences ten times, you will have fixed in memory a test sentence by which you can readily detect any grammatical error in anv sentence you mav ever have to write. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 161 EXERCISES IN ENGLISH. Make TEN PERFECT COPIES of each sentence. Oife can learn much if one is a good listener. One should look out for one's self. I Hghted the gas a few moments ago. The gas is lighted in the parlor. The gas has been lighted in the i)arlor. AMiy was the gas not lighted. This feels like ice. He speaks as I do. Do as I do. This smells like perfume. I feel as if I were taking cold. If I was in the wrong, I apologize. If I were you (but I am not). If I were in the wrong (but I am not) I should apologize. Do not sit in this draft. Do not sit in the sun. She set the table while I was wailing. Do not set the ])itcher of water there. Set it here. Use "set,'' "setting" to imph^ action. Thus — Set the table — set the hen — set the clock — she is setting the table. Use "sit," "sat," "sitting" to imply inaction. Thus — I shall sit by the window — he sat by her side — the}^ have been sitting by the windoAV. We set the hen — she sat, and is now a sitting hen. She asked me for a loan of one thousand dollars. I will lend her the money if she will return it in thirty days. He told us to take onh' ten examples. He arrived at Xew Orleans. He lives in New Orleans. Either James or his father is going. James and John are going. Either he or I am going. Xeither he nor I am going. Neither the horse nor the cow is' for sale. Neither the house nor the lots are for sale. Three and three are six. The sum of three and three is six. A jury was selected. The jurors were selected. All of them deny the report. Every one of them denies the report. A set of ten volumes was presented. Ten volumes were presented. More than one man has been discouraged. Many men have been dis- couraged. Every street and every alley was filled with people. A tall man with a little bov was walking down the street. 162 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand EXERCISES IN ENGLISH. I shall leave tomorrow ) Yon will leave tomorrow ) (Simple futurity) They will leave tomorrow) I will leave tomorrow ) You shall leave tomorrow ) (Promise, or determination) They shall leave tomorrow) I wish I were going ) I wish yon were going) (Use were after wish) I wish it were done ) I shall — he will — we shall — yon will — they will love — call — eat, or do something. (Declarative future). I will — he shall — we will — you shall— ^they shall go, come, repent, or do something. (Purposive future). I shall — he will — we shall — you will — they will have loved, called or done something. (Future Perfect Tense, Declarative). I will — he shall — we will — you shall — they shall have loved, called, or done something. (Future Perfect Tense, Purposive). Shall you see him in the morning? I shall see him in the morning. AMiere shall you live when you remove to Chicago? I shall be pleased to meet her when she comes. I should be pleased to meet her. I should not like to be she. He wonld like her if he knew her. You would like her. I shonld be happy to see you at any time. If I were to eat this I should be ill. If he invites me, I shall go. I shall go provided I get the money. (Not providing). I shall try to attend the meeting. Try to come if possible. I know a person who will lend you the money. (Not party). There is no use in my going — your going — his going— our going. My staying — your going — his remaining — their giving — our buying. (Condition) You look well — talk well — play well— hear well — and are well read. The apples are good — oranges are good — she is good — (Quality). I am going to lie down. I lay on the sofa last night — had just lain down, and was lying down when you called. Lay the book down. He laid the book down — was laying it down — or had just laid it down when I came in. I Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 163 EXERCISES IN ENGLISH. Make TEN PERFECT COPIES of each sentence. \Mien a parenthetical phrase or clause intervenes between a relative pronoun, and it its verb, whether to use WHO or WHOAI is a little per- plexing. (who ) I met two men ( ),I believe, were policemen. (whom) I met two men who were policemen. (who ) The3^_were seeking a man ( ). I believe they found. (whom) They were seeking a man whom they found. Use the relative pronoun that would be used if the parenthetical phrase or clause were omitted. When the relative pronoun is the subject of the predicate verb in its clause, use who. Thus — I met two men who were policemen. I met two men who, I believe, Avere policemen. \Mien the relative pronoun is the object of the predicate verb in its clause, or of a preposition, use whom. Thus — They were seeking a man whom they found. They were seeking a man whom, I believe, they found. He was the man from whom I re- ceived the message. WHio gave this to me. \Mio, do you think, gave this to me. For whom is this? From wdiom is your letter? AMiom is your letter from? I know a gentleman whom I can recommend. I gave the letter to the gentleman who, you thought, was Mr. Brown. Do you know any one who, you think, would undertake this work? Whom do you mean? Whom can you recommed? It was supposed TO BE I — he — she — we — they. I supposed it TO BE me — him — her — us — them. It is I — it is they — it is he — it is she — I am he — it is not I — you are not he — that is not she — we are not they — they are not we — those are they — these are they — these are not they. Compare the following: Between you and I ; between you and me. (you and me). Between I and you ; between you and me. (you and me). "It is going to be done by ? "It is going to be done bv me." (Correct). 164 Pitman-HarrelIv Shorthand EXERCISES IN ENGLISH. Make TEN PERFECT COPIES of each sentence. In this case an artist served as a preacher. The white and red house belongs to Air. Smith. (One house). The white and the red houses belong to Mr. Smith. (Two houses). Which do you prefer, the blue or the gray? The form A is used before words begining with a consonant sound. Thus — A man, a woman, a horse, a cow, a unit, a university. Notice that unit and university are spoken as if beginning with a consonant, yunit^ yuniversity. The form an is used before words beginning ^^ith a vowel sound. Thus — An apple, an orange, an honor, an error, an engine. W'e say, "an apple," but "a good apple;" "a pocket," but "an empty pocket." The always indicates a definite object. Thus — The man is here. The doctor is here. The book is mine. The story is a sad one. He made the speech of the day. The dog is a useful animal. The good die young. When two or more nouns following each other denote the same per- son or thing, the article is not repeated. Thus — The editor and publisher of the magazine is a very able man. When the nouns denoie different persons or things, the article must be repeated before each noun, and a plural verb must be used. Thus — The editor and the publisher of the magazine are very able men. When two or more nouns following each other do not denote the same thing, but are so closely associated in thought that they may be considered as forming a whole, the article is placed before the first noun only, and a si"o-ular verb shnnld be used. Thus — The pen and ink is here. He has a new horse and buggy. If, for the sake of emphasis, the article is repeated before each noun,, a plural verb must be us6d. Thus — The pen and the ink are both here. The bread and the butter are both on the table. AA'hen two or more nouns are compared, the article must not be re- peated before each noun — He is a better writer than speaker. If the nouns denote different persons or things, the article must be repeated before each noun. Thus — He is a better writer than the former editor. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 165 EXERCISES IN ENGLISH. Make TEN PERFECT COPIES of each sentence. Repetition of the article is sometimes sanctioned for the sake of em- pha.'^is. Thus — He went his way a sadder and a wiser man. When a singular noun is modified by several adjectives, only one ar- ticle must be used if the noun denotes but one object. Thus — A black and white cat. A red, green and blue flag. The white and green house is the one I own. If ihe noun denotes more than one object, the article must be repeat- ed before each noun. Thus — A white and a brown dress. A red, a green, and a blue flag. The white and the green house are both for rent. When a plural noun is modified by two or more adjectives, only one- article must be used, and that is placed before the first adjective only.. Thus — The first and second chapters of the book are very interesting. If the noun is singular, repeat the article. Thus — The first and the second chapter are very interesting. The article the is placed beforereverened or honorable when refer- ence is made to persons bearing these titles. Thus — * The Reverend John Smith. _The Honorable Hoke Smith. ^M^ether is used to introduce two or more alternatives, the second alternative being introduced by or. AMiether may be used to introduce a single alternative, the second alternative, introduced by or, being implied. Thus — I do not know whether I shall go. (Or not are understood). I do not know whether I can go. I do not know whether I can go or not. Of is superfluous after off. Say, "Cut a slice off the bread." The origin of "O.K." is obscure, but it is said to have originated with Andrew Jackson, who used it as an abbreviation of "All Korrect." Usage varies in the writing of the past and participle forms of O.K.. Thus— O.K.d or O.K.'d. O.K.ing or O.K.'ing. There is no past or perfect tense form of O.K. except that established. by usage. O.K.'d and O.K.'ing are "O.K." 166 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand EXERCISES IN ENGLISH. Make TEN PERFECT COPIES of each sentence. (man ) The (woman) requires proper food, (tree ) In this sentence we may use a noun of different gender without af- fecting the grammar of that sentence. Thus — The man requires proper food. The woman requires proper food. The tree requires proper food. A personal pronoun expressing gender must agree in gender with the noun which is its antecedent when the gender of that noun is known. Thus — (man ) (his ) The (woman) requires (her) proper food. Ctree ) (its ) If we take the noun in the top, middle or bottom line as the subject, we must use the pronoun on the same line, and that pronoun only, as re- ferring to that subject. That is what is meant by a pronoun agreeing with its antecedent in gender. Fernald. In such sentences as, "The child was crying for its mother," the use of "its" wholly waives the question of gender as unimportant. The third person singular masculine is often used to refer indetermi- nately to persons of either sex. Thus — If any one returns the money, he will receive a reward. The pro- noun "he" in this sentence may apply to man or woman, boy or girl. This obviates the necessity of saying "he or she," "his or her," "him or her." etc. Note the following sentence carefully: If any boy or girl comes late "he'' will lose "his" seat. Carry out the singular form with "he" and "his" or change the con- struction. Thus — If any boys or girls come late, they will lose their seats. \\'ho refers only to persons — intelligent living beings. Which refers to lower animals, or things without life. W'hat refers to things without life. People means a body of persons who compose a community, tribe, or nation. For a small number, use persons. Thus — There were only a few persons present. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 167 EXERCISES IN ENGLISH. Make TEN PERFECT COPIES of each sentence. \\'e sa.vv — I saw — you saw — he saw — they saw Smith steal an apple. ^^'e have seen — 1 have seen — you ha\'e seen — he has seen — 'ihey have seen Smith steal an apple. We said we had seen — I said I had seen — you said you had seen, etc. Use saw to express a specific time in the past. Thus — I saw him yesterday. I saw her last night. I saw him in New York. Use seen to express time perfected in the past present, or future. Thus — I have just seen him. I have often seen her since. I have never seen her. I had seen him the day we parted. I shall have seen him by this time tomorrow. Use seen after have, has, had, was or is. Thus — I have seen — she has seen — I had seen — she was seen — it is seen. Percent, is singular or plural, according to context. Twenty percent. Percent., being an abbreviation of percentum, is followed by a period. Per is a Latin preposition, and is properly joined only with Latin words. Thus — Per annum, per diem. Instead of saj'ing. "The magazine is one dollar per year, or ten cents per copy," say, "The magazine is one dollar a year, or ten cents a copy." Instead of the signature, "Per Secretary," or "Per Smith," write, "By Secretary," or "By Smith." Each of them has his own method of study. Each indicates one at a time — is singular — and must be referred to by singular pronouns — his. Every one of them performs his duty. Every indicates one at a time — singular pronouns and verbs. John and Mary must be on time if they are going to play their part. Two singular nouns connected by "and" form a ])lural, and require plural pronouns. 168 Pitman-HarrelIv Shorthand EXERCISES IN ENGLISH. Make TEN PERFECT COPIES of each sentence. John or Mary is going to the party. Two singular nouns connected by "or" form a singular, and require singular verbs or pronouns. Either of us has authority to sign the contract. Neither of us has authority to sign the contract. "Either" and "neither" indicate one of two taken separatel}^ — singu- lar. Every man, woman and child was out this morning. Every means one at a time — singular. All of the men, women and children were at the picnic. All means taken together — plural. If "a few of us" or "a great many men" should be considered plural, why not "a number of men and women?" In both instances we have in mind the different individuals. None of the boys was present — none of the boys were present? None is a contraction of "no one" and some insist is always singular, but there is good authority for treating "none" as plural as well as singu- lar. Let the well trained ear guide you. The company has an office for its local agents. Schneider, Roberts & Company have an office for their salesmen. It is usually better to construct your sentences so as to avoid refer- ring to "company" as "it." When "company" clearly refers to the corporate body it is singular. When "company" clearly refers to individuals, it is plural. The same may be said of "jury." The jury was a long time deciding the case. The jury were a long time deciding the case. Clearly having in mind the jurors individually. It would be better to say : The jury was a long time deciding the case. The jurors were a long time deciding the case. j\Iost compound nouns are expressed in the plural number by mak- ing plural only that part of the word which is described by the rest. Thus — Mouse-traps, arm-chairs, foot-stools, ox-carts, wagon-loads. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 169 Make TEN PERFECT COPIES of each sentence. Compounds expressing legal relationships pluralize only the part expressing the essential relation. Thus — Brothers-in-law, daughters-in-law, fathers-in-law, mothers-in-law, sisters-in-law, sons-in-law. Compounds of a noun whh any descriptive word or phrase pluralize only the noun. Thus — Hangers-on, lookers-on, men-of-war. Where a compound noun is made of words that are not nouns, the plural formative is put at the end of the whole word. Thus — Forget-me-nots go-betweens, three-per-cents. Xouns denoting- cjuantit}'. as those ending in ful, pluralize the whole term. Thus — Armfuls, cupfuls, handfuls, spoonfuls. Titles are pluralized thus — The Messrs. Harper, the Misses Brown, the Drs. Lee, the Mrs. Bar- lows, the Misses Barlow. Numerals and Letters are pluralized thus — The a's and the n's in the first line; the 5's and the 7's in the second line. Dot your is and cross your t's in writing the W-B's. Plurals Treated as Singulars: The news is — "No other means is possible" — referring to one thing, or one method. -When "means' refers to a number of things or methods, we may say, "All other means have been tried in vain." ^^'hen a plural form noun denotes a collection, group, or amount, it is treated as a singular noun, taking a singular verb, or being referred to by a singular pronoun. Thus — We received the hundred dollars that was contributed. One hundred dollars is the balance due. The pcssessi\-e case of nouns is shown thus: Singular — boy's, horse's, sailor's, mother's, father's. Plural — boys', horses', sailors', brothers', sisters'. Compounds — father-in-law's, mother-in-law's. Groups — Lindell & Scott's Lexicon; American Tract Society's pub- lications. Joint Possession — Lincoln's and Seward's letters. Double Possessive — The check of Thompson's. Smith & Co.'s store. Form the possessive oi abl:ireviated words just as you w uld if the. words were spelled out. Thus. — Wells-Fargo & Co.'s Express. 170 Pitman-HarrelIv Shorthand IMPORTANT SUGGESTIONS For a dash, use two hyphens. Thus, — For numbers_, use # before the figures. Thus,__ #345 For pounds, use # after the figures. Thus,__ 345# For feet, use the apostrophe, Thus,__ 850' For inches, use the quotation mark. Thus,__ 26" For minutes, use the apostrophe. Thus,__ 37' For seconds, use the quctaticn mark. Thus, 15" For degree, turn cyHnder slightly back and strike small o. Thus,__ 60° For cent, hold space-bar down and strike / over c. Thus,__ (f. For exclamation point, hold space-bar down and strike ' and . For division mark, hold space-bar down and strike — and : For ditto mark, use quotation mark. For multiplication, use small x. Thus,__ 24 x 36 For equality, strike — , turn cylinder slightly, back space, and strike — again. Thus,__ 2 x 12 = 24 There should be no space between the dollar mark and the amount. Write it thus,__ $350.76 There should be no space between # and the figures. Thus,__ #67 Space between whole numbers and fractions. Thus,__ 345 1/4 Spell out numbers beginning a sentence. Thus,__ Three dollars is the price. Four thousand men were there. Spell out ages. Thus,__ Seven children between three and fifteen. Write out sums of less than one dollar in business letters. In letters write amounts thus,__ $5; $25; $150; $3.50; $37.50. Use the sign & in firm names only. Thus,__ Messrs. Smith & Brown. Avoid abbreviations in the body of a letter. Spell out fractions standing alone. Thus,__ Two-thirds; one-half. Spaces between words should not be underscored. Remember that 2d or 3d is better than 2nd or 3rd, — shorter. Abbreviations: inst. is instant, — meaning, this month ult. is ultimo, — meaning last month prox. is proximo, — meaning next month Remember that 15th is not an abbreviation. Your letter of the 7th received. Your letter of the 3d received. Your letter of the 3d, relative to shipment of wool, received. Whether a punctuation mark follows 2d or 15th will be determined by the sentence in which it is written. When the Christian name of a person is given, abbreviate the title of honor or respect. Thus. Hon. John Smith; Capt. Nathan Hughes; Rev. J. J. Blythe; Prof. J. C. Tingle When the Christian name is not given, write the title out. Thus,__ Captain Stone; Colonel Nelson; Professor Jones Use small letters for the names of the seasons. Thus^__ summer; spring; fall; winter Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 171 BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE Five leading' qualities are common to g;ood business letters : Clear- ness, Correctness, Conciseness. Courtesy and Character. First in importance is clearness. The letter should be written in such a manner that the whole meaning may be understood — THAT THE MEANING CAN NOT BE MISUNDERSTOOD. Misunderstandings are hard to correct, and involve delays and annoyance. The letter writer must know just what he wants to say, he must have a good knowledge of the language, and he must be sure that what he says can mean but one thing. The three most important ])rinciples of clearness are : Unity, Coher- ence and Emphasis. Unity demands that the whole composition should center around one main idea — a singleness of impression, and to this end every unneces- sary idea must be excluded. Everything that does not contribute to the one central idea must be cut out. If you are ordering goods, do not make a com;)laint in the same letter. In this case the practical reason is ob- vious — the two matters would not be referred to the same department of a large concern. AMiat is a practical necessity here may be taken as a safe principle in all kinds of letters, whether the two disconnected mat- ters would be read by the same person or not. A convenient test of this Unity is to see if the whole letter can be summed up in a single sentence. This test, or "key-sentence," might be something like the following: "The goods you sent us were not satisfactory." "The matter you inquire about will be investigated." "It will pay you to examine our new line of winter overcoats." A well-unified letter contains only ideas that are an expansion of some part of such a sentence, and contains all the ideas necessary for that expansion. The fault of including irrelevant matter is more common than that of omitting what is necessary, but the latter sometimes occurs. For instance, a man mav be urging that the machine he has to sell is the best value on the market. If his entire letter is devoted to showing what good qualities it pos- sesses, he evidently has accom]jlished only a part of his task. 172 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand He must show that the price is lower than the price of others, or that the good quaHties he enumerates are not possessed by others, to prove that it is the best value on the market. An order for goods that fails to specify the number wanted, or the style, or the destination to which they should be sent, or the method of payment, is lacking in unity. If letters fail to include matter which is necessary to a complete un- derstanding on the part of the reader, they lack unity. Unity demands that everything unnecessary should be omitted, and that everything necessary should be included. The principle of unity should govern not merely the construction of the letter as a whole, but the construction of the various parts of the let- ter. The paragraphs should be unified. For instance, in a sales letter, one paragraph might center about the idea that the article is the best of its kind ; another might show that it is not expensive ; another, that this is a special opportunity to get it — and so on. Or each of these ideas might be subdivided into parts. The test of unity may be applied to paragraphs. If the paragraph can be summed up in a sentence it is unified. In practice it is frequently helpful to make an outline of paragraph topics. A sales letter about some machine might have one paragraph devoted to efficiency, another to ease of operation, another to low cost, and so on. Then in writing the letter there is little danger that the paragraphs will overlap, or that something which should be found in the paragraph on efficiency will be found in the paragraph on low cost. The outline may be written on paper beforehand, if it is a long one but ordinarily it will be possible to carry it in the mind. The principle of unit}^ is also applied to sentences. A sentence should contain one and only one complete idea with its modifying ideas ! The principle is violated when one idea is split up into two or more sentences, or when one sentence contains two or more main ideas. An instance of the former is the following : "The book is very cheap. The price is only $4." This should read : "As the price is only $4, the book is very cheap." Coherence demands that the material be so arranged and connected that the relation of the parts to one andther is unmistakable. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 175 The order must be logical. At least it may be said that there should be definite progress made. It is often well to work from the simple to the complex. '-The progress must be such that the reader is led without difficulty from one part to another until he has arrived at some definite end. In the case of business letters the purpose is usually to make the reader do something. Therefore it may be well to begin with his point of view and lead him gradually through a series of steps to the writer's point of view. ]\Iost frequently this will be found the logical and effective order : Begin with what concerns him most — end with what concerns you. It would not be effective to begin a sales letter by stating the fact that you want to sell something, and end by showing your customer that he wants it. It is far better first to show him his need, and then to show that you can supply it. It would not be well to mention price (WHICH IS YOUR CON- CERN) before you mention the good qualities of the article (WHICH IS HIS CONCERN). It is not enough that the paragraphs should be in logical order, so that progress may be made. The progress should be assisted by good counection between the paragraphs. This may be accomplished by means of transition sentences, which come either at the end of a paragraph, or at the beginning. The latter is preferrable. Usually it summarizes Avhat has been said in the previous paragraph, and indicates what is still to be said. Coherence in paragraphs is applied in the same way as in the whole letter. The ideas relating to the general topic should be placed in logical order, so that definite progress is made. In some cases this is a simple matter. For instance, in telling of business experience or of education, the order of events Avould be followed. The same is true in the case of a chain of circumstances which leads to a complaint, or the answer to a complaint. But this simple narative order is not possible in all cases. In ex- plaining the merits of some point of your machine over that of your rival, the order of climax would probably be most desirable. In all cases, care- ful attention to arrangement is necessary. 174 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand The principle of coherence is applied to sentences in much the same manner as in larger elements. The words should be in logical order, following the rules of grammar in respect to the position of modifiers. Similar ideas which form parts of the same sentence should be in similar form ; that is the parallel construc- tion should be used whenever convenient. The words and phrases should be properly connected. - If these requirements are strictly observed in the whole letter, the paragraphs and the sentences, it will progress smoothly and easily to a definite result. It is certain to be clear and correct, and thus to have a good basis for effectiveness. Emphasis, like coherence, is a principle of arrangement, con cerned, not with the internal arrangement, but with the external. It demands that the most important parts of a composition shall be placed where they will readily catch the eye. The most conspicuous places in a composition are the beginning and the end. Therefore the most import- ant sentences so far as possible, should be at the beginning or the end. Immediately after the "Dear Sir'' the real meat of the letter should begin. Another more frequently used, is to weave the acknowledgment into the first sentence, but in such a way as to make it a subordinate idea. __ "We regret our inability to supply you with the information request- ed in your letter of November 1." "We take pleasure in sending you today a copy of our new bulletin, as requested in your letter of November 1.' "We shall investigate the matter of shortage which you claim in your letter of November 1." A little ingenuity will make it possible to open a letter with a sen- tence that expresses an important idea, and at the same time acknowl- edges a previous letter. In any case, avoid a hackneyed, stereotyped opening. In paragraphs, the principle of emphasis applies in much the same way. The first and last sentences should contain the important ideas. The eye in traveling over a page naturally pauses at the breaks in the reading matter, and the mind has a longer time to dwell on the sentence that has just been read. The matter that is merely explanatory should come in the body of the paragraph ; the ideas that you want to have remembered should come at the beginning and the end. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 175 Likewise in the sentence, the important words should come at the be- ginning and eml. If the general principle of having important words at the beginning and the end of a sentence is kept in mind, most problems of emphasis in sentences will be solved. Careful attention to the principles of UNITY, COHERENCE and EMPHASIS in SENTENCES, PARAGRAPHS and THE WHOLE LETTER, will go a long way toward making a letter effective — so the reader will do what you want him to do. The writer should construct his letter in accordance with these prin- ciples, and he should always strive for the simplest direct expression pos- sible. This means that his words should always be as short and simple as possible. Good, homely, Anglo-Saxon words are still the clearest, and the fact that the least educated understand them makes them no less suitable for the best educated. In all cases it is a good rule to use words which the reader is sure to understand, and that means the simplest language possible. As a man on first coming into a stranger's office is judged by the language he uses, and even before he speaks by the clothes he weats — so likewise is the writer judged first by the apperance of his letter in its dress and speech : and as he would have been condemned if his language in speaking had been inaccurate and crude, so he will even more surely be condemned if his language in writing is faulty. Incorrectness shows up far more, and is certain to be the source of some contempt, if not of actual distrust by well-informed people. A letter should not use more words than necessary, for business men's time is limited and valuable, and cannot be wasted in reading unnecessary material. A long and tedious-looking letter is frequently cast into the waste- paper basket unread. Therefore it is well to have a letter concise. But conciseness is often confounded with mere brevity. Brevity concerns itself merely with the length of the letter; conciseness has the additional idea of completeness. Business men easily get the habit of writing brief letters, but in their anxiety to save their own time and that of their correcpondents they are frequently liable to sacrifice completeness by leaving out something that is reallv essential. Sometimes this is in the form of whole sentences. 176 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand More frequently the undue brevity is caused by the omission of pronouns, and the use of unauthorized abbreviations. Such a method is not conciseness. Conciseness is the quality of making one word serve for two, but the omission of a word that is necessary to grammatical completeness is not conciseness. By all means be brief. Avoid tediousness, as you would the plague. You cannot afford to hide a grain of wheat in a bushel of chaff, for no one whose time is worth anything to vou would trouble to look for it. Be clear and correct, first. Then cut out every unnecessary word, and the quality of conciseness is added. Many business men seem to think that when they have a grievance, it is necessary to be very bitter in their expression to secure redress. The result is, such a letter invites an equally hot reply, though it in no way excuses it. Impoliteness has no place in business correspondence. It never does good, and frequently causes antagonisms that are commercially disad- vantageous to both parties. Though there are other good reasons for not assuming a lack of hon- esty or intelligence in our correspondents, a sufficiently important one is that i.t does not pay. And POLITENESS COSTS NOTHING. The word "I" should be subordinated in a letter as far as possible. The word "YOU" should be made prominent. The impression given by a letter in which sentences begins with 'T" is not at all pleasing. The rarest qualily and for that very reason one of the most valuable is CHARACTER. By this is meant the element of personalit}^, the expression of the writer's own self. English composition is not a matter of right and wrong, but of better and worse. Use concrete facts. A business man ^^•ill not be moved by general as- sertions ; he must have evidence before he will believe. ^Mlat is true of circumstantial evidence is true of testimony. Records of achievement, well-authenticated, are of course better than anybody's opinions, but whichever is given, it must be concrete. The language, too, should be concrete. It should give the reader a definite image. It should bring a picture to his mind, or, in some Avay, appeal to his senses. In point of fact, the most concrete and forceful expressions are the simple, direct ones. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 177 In all kinds of writing the use of long- sentences is likely to result in a lack of clearness. However clear the constructitm may be, a long sentence makes a greater tax upon the memory, and frequently upon tiie intellect, than a short one. A business man will not take the time to read a sentence twice to make sure of the meaning. Therefore, let there be no danger of his fail- ing to get it the first time. The attempt to make sentences short must not result in a jerky and choppy style. It is well for that reason to see that they are properly con- nected, or that they are occasionally interspersed with longer ones. In fact, there should be as much variety in the construction as is practicable, in order to avoid monotony. A worse fault than monotony is awkardness. This is frequently the result of placing harsh-sounding words unpleasantly close to one an- other. It is particulraly awkward to have the same words, or similar words with different meanings, used in the same sentence. As awkwardness can be detected by the ear, it is a good idea to read letters aloud until the avoidance of aAvkwardness has become a matter of habit. LETTER WRITING. Business letters are usually written on letter heads with the name of the town and the state printed with a blank space extending to the right margin in which to write the date of the letter. Thus, — JO HUMPHREY Vice P-eside.it WILL TAY'.OS.Asst Secy. 'B.R HIERONYMU&.Treasurer EDGAR S- SCOTT. PrssiSoni EDGARS BARNES, AsstTreas D»H B BUCISMedicol Director HEN RY ABELS. Secr^Urv "^-^ SSTADDEnI i.qt:r:y D"0 F MAXONAsstMea Director VV F V/OhKMAN.J V.ir.sj-rs TijiifR^NKLiN Life Insurance CdMfi^Wfc , y. ».B.. .». OF SPRINGFIELD. ILLINOIS. FRANK REEOY DALLAS. TEXAS \Mien the address is not printed on the letter sheet, as illustrated above, the Post Office address and the date should be written in one line, beginning about the center of the page and extending to the right mar- gin. Thus, — Minneapolis, Minn., January 1, 191 — 178 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand Notice that a comma is placed after the name of the town Minneapo- lis ; a period follows *'j\Iinn." to show it is the abbreviation of Minne- sota ; a comma follows the period, and a comma follows the date of the month,.!, though it is not necessary to place a perid after the year. If the date line were written out in full it would read thus : In the City of Minneapolis in the State of Minnesota on January one in the year 191 — . The* commas in the date line indicate the omission of the unnecessary words. If the name of the State in the date line were spelled out, thus, Minnesota, the comma only would follow Minnesota, and the date line would be punctuated thus : Minneapolis, Minnesota, January 1, 19 — The name of the person to whom the letter is written should begin at the left margin of the page, and his address should be written below, beginning about the center of his name. Thus, — Minneapolis, Minn. January 1, 19 — Mr. Q. Z. Ajax, Quincy, 111, Dear Sir: The period follows "J\lr." — the abbreviation for "Mister." The period follows the initials, O and Z, and a comma follows the name, Ajax. A comma follows the name of the town, Quincy, and a period fol- lows "111." the abbreviation for Illinois. If the name of the state were spelled out, thus, "Illinois" a period only would follow, the same as if the abbreviation "111." were used. If the name and address were written out in full it would read thus : Mister O. Z. Ajax in the City of Quincy in the State of Illinois. The commas, therefore, indicate the omission of the unnecessary words. The salutation "Dear Sir" begins at the left margin of the page, and is followed by a colon. A colon follows the salutation, for the salutation introduces the par- ticulars embodied in the letter, and a colon should precede an enumera- tion of particulars. Esq., meaning esquire, is a tithj of respect frequently used after the name instead of the title "Mr." before the name. To use the title I Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 1/9 "]Mr" before the name; as, Air. Thomas Lubbock, or the title "Esq." after the name; as, Thomas Lubbock, Esq., would be correct; but is would not be correct to use one title before the name and the other after it. But one title should be used in an address, whether it comes before the name or after it. "Air. Thomas Lubbock", is the form usually preferred. The usual forms of salutations at the beginning of business let- ters, are, — Dear Sir Aly dear Sir To a lady, married or unmarried, who is not an acquaintance, — . Dear ]\Iadam Dear Aliss Haynes Dear Mrs. Hutchins The salutation of letters addressed to a firm, corporation or associa- tion composed of ladies should be, — Ladies To a person whom one knows well the proper salutation would be, — Dear James Dear Uncle Dear Esther My dear Sam My dear Ruth Dear Cousin Mary Dear Mrs. Duvall ^ly dear Airs. Smith Dear Mr. Jackson My dear Miss Fearney The body of the letter should begin below the salutation. Thus, — Dear Sir : \\"e are pleased to enclose the circular requested by your letter of December 25. The usual formal closings of business letters are, — Yours truly Yours sincerely \'ery truly yours Very sincerely yours Respectfully yours Cordially Respectfully and should be written below the body of the letter, centered on the Xotice particularly the arrangement of the "MODEL LETTER" on the page. It is Avell balanced. The margins on each side of the printed matter are the same. The lines are as nearly the same length, — as even at the right, — as it is possible to make them. There is no 180 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand crowding at the top- or the bottom of the letter. The uniform white space around it, — top, bottom and sides — makes the letter stand out in bold relief that is pleasing to the eye. MODEL LETTER THE LARGEST TRAVELING MENS ORGmNIZATION (N THE WORLD [iiiNois^^j^lffr iSOCI/kTlON August 27, 1910 iMr. Arthur S. Kleeman. C/o National Dictograph Co., 1420 Masonic Temple, Chicago. 111. Dear Sir: I take great pleasure in recommending the Dicto- graph. We have four stations in our office, two down stairs and two up. We have had no trouble with the machines at all and believe they are far superior to any other method of communicating from one part of a plant to another. Yours very truly. Sec'y Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 181 ALL QUOTATrONS MCD.ATC ACC£PTANCe /?. SALES DEPARTMENT April 28. 1910. Mr. Arthur S. Kleeman, Representative, National Dictograph Co., #1511 Masonic Temple, Chicago, Ills. Dear Sir. We are glad to say that the Dictograph System installed by your company in our Keokuk office about six months ago is giving entire satisfaction. It is without doubt one of the greatest conveni- ences that can be adopted in an office where there are several departments and where a manager wishes to get into direct communication with heads of the various departments. Yours truly, y^^:^=€i:^Q. Manager, MFK-PS . 182 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand Dear Sir : I wonder if you realize just what it means to write you this letter? You, as a shrewd business man and salesman (and every successful business man is a salesman) are accustomed to meeting, sizing up, inter- esting, swaying and convincing — ail kinds of human arguments — and an appeal, to win your interest at all, must be a mighty good one. Yet if you had an offer to make — an offer as irresistible as this one of mine, you would want to teil me about it — even if you had to use but one short sheet of paper, such as I am using now. For this offer has to do with something that means more profits for you in your business — a book on selling that actually strikes the keynote of human interest, and gets at this great problem of man-handling from an entirely new angle. This book shows you exactly how to approach your man, how to get his mind to your subject, make him talk; how to introduce your proposi- tion — make him feel the need of it; bring him to a state of desire; how to meet each objection instantly; recognize the psychological moment, and how to get his signature. Think what it would mean if you knew in advance the shrewdest, most clever and convincing schemes that sales brains had ever invented to meet the very problems that confront you every day in your business. This book, "How to Increase Your Sales," has been written by twenty-two successful business men — star salesmen and star sales mana- gers; men who have studied out special selling methods of their own, and surely, out of all they know about handling men, you can gain some point that will prove of immense value to you, for they show you every clever move they have found necessary in this great game of "getting into the sales king row." And "How to Increase Your Sales" is absolutely Free, if you order now. I want you to see this book. It comes to you absolutely without cost in connection with System — the big 250-to-356-page Magazine of Business. You take no risk. I do not want any money for this book. And you need not even continue your subscription to System, unless you are satisfied in every particular with the very first number. So I simply suggest that you sign the card enclosed, and get the book and the first number of the System, without payment of any sort what- ever, and then decide for yourself. If you do not see a dollar's worth in almost every page — an idea you can actually fit into the day's work of your business — simply tell me so. Your word will be final. I will cancel the subscription, and the bill as well — promptly, cheerfully. The copy of System you can keep with my compliments. Sign and mail the post card today. Yours very truly, Pitmax-Harrell Short II axd 183 REAL ESTATE Dear Sir: Personal property, broadly speaking consists of all that which is not included in real property. This class of property, otherwise known as chattels, may be either movable or immovable. A general knowledge of the value of a stock of merchandise, busi- ness opportunities, etc., can only be acquired by actual experience in handling and conducting this line of business. The real tangible values of corporation stocks, bonds and like securities, may be very accurately obtained in most instances by a thorough investigation of the financial conditions of the concern issuing same, together with the records, repu- tation and standing of the officers and managers. The value of real estate mortgages should be that which is repre- sented as their face value. However, there are many instances where the security is insufficient, the title defective, or for some other reason, a real estate mortgage may be questionable, and whenever offered by you should be thoroughly investigated. Most real estate mortgages should be secured by property considerably in excess in point of value of the face of the mortgage, thus giving the mortgagee an opportunity to foreclose and make a forced sale of the property for enough to realize the full amount due him, together with foreclosure expenses, etc., in case of non-payment of same. The term "good will"' as used in connection with the selling of busi- ness opportunities, etc., is popular expression rather than a legal phrase and means that kind of interest which is sold together with the profes- sion, trade or business. In selling or transferring the good will of a bus- iness, the seller binds himself, either by covenant or agreement, to do everything properly in his power to promote his successor's interests in the business. If the seller acts contrary to such an agreement, he may be liable to the purchaser of the good will in an action for damages. I have in this lesson endeavored to give you a clear understanding of this branch of your business, but if there is anything that you do not fully understand, write me requesting further information. Yours truly 184 Pitman-Harrkll Shorthand Dear Sir: When a person desires to enter upon a tract of land as a homestead, he must appear personally at the land office of the district in which the tract is situated and present his application and make the required af- fidavit before the registrar or receiver. He must establish his residence in a house to be built on the land within six months from the date of entry, and cultivate the tract for five years, unless he desires to commute and pay for the land in cash at the rate of $1.25 per acre for outside of railroad limits, and $2.50 per acre for inside, at the end of 14 months from the date of entry. Land within 20 miles of the railroad is inside and over 20 miles is outside of the railroad limit. Homestead entries can be made by any citizen of the United States over 21 years of age (and under 21 if the head of a family) except mar- ried women, for one quarter section, or 160 acres. The fees required when making entry are from $14 to $22 on 160 acres and from $4 to $12 when final proof is made. On 80 or 40 acres such fees would be pro- portionately less. Any citizen of the United States, or who has declared his in- tention of becoming a citizen, may make application for 160 acres or less of timber or stone land, in addition to any homestead land he may have acquired, stating under oath that he has personally examined the land and that such land is more valuable for its timber or its stones than for agricultural purposes; that the application is made in good faith and for his own exclusive use and benefit and not for anyone else. Final proof under the stone and timber act is made 90 days after filing, at which time the applicant en "proving up" must pay to the receiver the sum of $2.50 per acre for the land on which he has made proof. No residence, building or improvements are required on timber claims tak- en under this act. Under the timber and stone act, you can never file but one claim. No matter how small your claim may be, it exhausts your right. But under the homestead act, if you take up less than 160 acres, you may, after proving up, file on other claims until you have acquired a total of 160 acres. The law requires that no person shall be absent from his homestead more than six months at one time. Leave of absence from a homestead may, however, be obtained by proper application to the local office after actual settlement and improvements have been made upon the land. No person who owns more than 160 acres of land in any state or ter- ritory can acquire land under the homestead law. Any unmarried wo- man of age is entitled to the benefits of the homestead law and if she marries before she acquires title and continues her residence on her claim, she may proceed to prove up at the proper time, the same as if she had remained single, but husband and wife cannot secure separate tracts by maintaining separate residences at the same time. Sons and daughters of families, who are of age, are entitled to take Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 185 up land under this act. No lands acquired under the provision of home- stead laws are liable for the satisfaction of any debt contracted prior to the issue of the patent. Yours truly Dear Sir: The Mail Order branch of your real estate business may be made exceedingly profitable if properly conducted, and it is not at all a diffi- cult task to so conduct it. It is only necessary to have something desir- able to offer and then offer it in an attractive and persistent manner. To achieve success in this branch, you should first decide upon just what particular line of this business you prefer, or are in the best shape to handle. After deciding this point to your satisfaction, start in to secure the sole agency of the most desirable property for this special purpose. Let us suppose you decide to make a specialty of selling farm lands by mail. Your first step should be to secure the most desirable list of lands, or possibly the agency for some large tract of unimproved lands which you may retail or sell in 20. 40, or 160 acre tracts on easy terms, possibly $1.00 per acre down and $1.00 per acre every 6 or 12 months un- til paid. Always endeavor to make the terms just as easy as possible. After securing contro-1 of the property and deciding upon the price, terms, etc., the most important feature of the whole scheme arises, viz: that of preparing your prospectus. Here is the key to the success or fail- ure of your undertaking. Many a meritorious mail order proposition has failed solely on account of inferior literature, poorly written "form let- ters," and lack of proper presentation. Unless you are an expert in the art of preparing literature of this kind do not attempt it. It is far better and much cheaper in the end to employ a competent and experienced person to do this work for you. If you do not happen to know such persons I will gladly refer you to several whom I know to be thorough- ly competent and reliable. After your plans have all been carefully laid out, your prospectus written and printed, your form letters prepared, and everything ready to do business it is time to advertise, and not before. Many seem to think that the first thing to do when starting any kind of a mail order busi- ness, is to get their advertising in. Your advertising copy should be very carefully prepared. It must be attractive and have an honest rins: to it. It must be designed to in- spire confidence and create a desire in the reader, either for further in- formation or for the property. I believe it is usually better to word the adv., so as to merely create a desire for further particulars — that is, to induce the reader to write to you, thus giving j^ou the opportunity of sending him your prospectus, circulars, literature, etc., in which you can make a much stronger argum.ent and at more length than you could af' ford in expensive advertising space. Great care should be exercised however, not to make ycur ads., misleading, or worded so that the in- quirer may be disappointed when he receives your literature. He might not only be disappointed, but if the adv. were very misleading, he would 186 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand also be veiy likely to lose confidence in you and your prospectus and thus, perhaps, spoil your chances for doing business with him at all. Up to this point, the work has all been preliminary but after your advertising appears, the real battle begins. Every inquiry must be promptly answered, giving the required information regarding your pros- pectus, blank application and return envelope. If you do not receive a reply to this letter, you should write the inquirer again in about 10 days and endeavor to secure some response from him. The number of "fol- low up" letters to be sent out will depend upon circumstances. If you have a proposition in which there is a large profit, you would be justified in sending out from 6 to 10 or even more, at regular intervals. Under ordinary circumstances, however, I consider from 3 to 6 properly written follow up letters sufficient. If you cannot get a response from these let- ters, it is pretty safe to suppose that your proposition does not interest the recipient. In conducting an extensive mail order business of this kind, I have always found a card system the best. I use cards 3x5 inches, keep two sets — one (blue), filed alphabetically, the other (white) filed numerical- ly. Each inquiry is numbered as received and two cards made out, one blue and one white. The blue card only contains inquirer's name and number, and is filed in the alphabetical or index file. The white card contains name, address, number, date of inquiry, date and kind of letters sent out, and any other information relating to the special transaction. These white cards are filed numerically as inquiries are received. I al- ways commence at back of file case and number towards the front. In this file case I use red "follow up tickler" cards, protruding about 1-4 of an inch above the others, to show me when the following letters are to go out. For instance, I receive 75 letters on June 5th. Immediately be- hind this bunch of cards would appear a "tickler' marked "2nd letters June 15th." On June 15th, when 2nd follow up letters have been sent out, another card would be inserted marked "3d letters June 25th,'' etc. By this means, all the names for each particular set of follow up letters are together each day, just as wanted, thus avoiding the necessity of se- lecting them from alphabetical file and refiling them again after sending out letters. The correspondence I also file numerically in an upright case. Each original inquiry is given a file num.ber as before stated, and each subse- quent letter from the same person, is given the same number and filed with the original inquiry. The blue cards are used for index purposes only. Whenever any correspondent writes us, the blue cards are refer- red to for his file number, which is noted on the letter. From this num- ber, we may easily turn to the white card for any required information and properly file away the letter after answering same. The "keying" of ads. is another item that should not be overlooked, especially if you intend doing any great amount of advertising, as you may thus accurately ascertain just what mediums are of most value to you. There are various schemes used in keying ads. by mail order ad- Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 187 vertisers. Some request those answering the adv. to address "Dept. No.," changing the number in each adv. Others a different initial in their name, etc. Personally, I favor either the Dept. No., or the Room No., scheme of keying, as these are not so apt to cause the inquiries to become suspicious upon receiving your literature. All the foregoing may be equally as well applied to other branches of the mail order part of your business, such as the selling of city or vil- lage lots for investment, the selling of farm or city mortgages, the selling of corporation stocks or bonds and other like propositions. I would suggest if you seriously contemplate starting in on the mail order line, that you answer the ads. of some others and secure literature which might give you some valuable ideas in getting up your own ad- vertising matter. Among the best in this line I would suggest. Wood, Harmon & Co., New York N. Y., or W. M. Ostrander Philadelphia, Pa. Write them a card, and merely say, "Please send me particulars in answer to your adv.," they will do the rest. I shall be glad to assist you at any time in perfecting your plans for a mail order campaign should you decide to embark in this line. You have now about completed your course and are ready to put the instructions I have given you into practical operation. I shall, therefore, at this time endeavor to instruct you regarding our co-operative plan of handling the real estate and brokerage business. I want you to list all the property you can in your vicinity and send me a complete description of same, together with the amount of com- mission for which you have arranged to handle the deal. This descrip- tion I shall forward to all our other agents with instructions to them to endeavor to procure a customer for same. Should you negotiate a sale of any such property without our as- sistance, we do not claim any part of your commission provided you notify us to have our other agents discontinue working on the property. In case any of our other agents secure a purchaser for you, two-fifths of the commission must go to the agent securing the customer, one-fifth to us, and two-fifths to you for listing the property. All other agents are instructed to follow the same line of procedure and all work alike and on the same terms. We make no special terms under any circumstances. With this lesson I am sending you a list of property for some of which I hope you will soon be able to find a purchaser. I want you to feel that I am as much interested in you now as I was before you had completed my course and I shall ever be glad to give you any desired information or assist you in your business as far as lies in my power. I sincerely hope your business will prove satisfactory the first year and that it may continue to satisfactorily improve and increase to such an extent that you may feel that learning the real estate business through me, was no mistake. Again assuring you of my highest regards and best wishes for your future success, I am. Yours truly. 188 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand FIRE INSURANCE Dear Sir : Your first step after starting in the fire insurance business should be to secure the agency of several first class insurance companies. You should not take the agency of too many at first, as your business, at the start will be more or less limited, and you will not, therefore, be able to do a satisfactory business for too many companies. You should en- deavor to select say, two or three of the best companies and divide up your business between them as far as possible, until such time as you may be able to control sufficient business to handle more companies. You may at first even find it advisable to work in conjunction with some of the large companies' local agents, and divide commissions with them, on account of the assistance they will lend you in securing new business. As a preliminary step toward securing some desirable agencies, I would suggest that you address the State Commissioner of Insurance at your State Capitol, and request him to send you a list of all the insur- ance companies which are licensed to do business in your state. From this list you can select a number of the most desirable companies, which are not already sufficiently represented in your locality, and apply to them for an agency. To secure and hold the agency for good companies you must "make good," that is, you must show them that you can and do control busi- ness. Insurance companies, like all other firms, are always looking for good live agents but want "no drones in the hive." You should make it a practice to mention insurance to every per- son with whom you do business. You will find that nearly every bus- iness man or property owner carries insurance. You should endeavor to ascertain the name of the company, the amount of insurance he is carry- ing in each company and the date when his policy expires. Make rec- ord of these facts in your memorandum book and a month or two before his policy expires go and see him again and endeavor to get him to take out policies in your companies. You should not only become thoroughly familiar with the standing of your own companies, but you should endeavor to post yourself as thoroughly as possible on all other insurance companies doing business in your locality. You will thus be in a position to argue with your prospective customer and give him reasons why he should give you his insurance business in preference to the companies in which he has been insured. The insurance business is a line in which you must be very persis- Fitman-Harkell Shorthand 189 tent and in which you should be thoroughly posted to make it a success. Whenever you succeed in placing insurance for any one, you have made one more step towards greater success. Endeavor to make every cus- tomer assist you in getting two or more others, thus making an endless chain from which you will soon find you are securing and doing a splen- did paying insurance business. Be careful to keep a record of each policy issued by you, especially the description of the property insured, date, amount, and date when the policy expires, and be sure to be on hand promptly and in plenty of time to secure the renewal of the policy before same expires. Remember you are not the only agent looking for business, and make a point of getting in just ahead of the other fellow. Insurance companies allow agents a liberal commission varying from 10 to 20 per cent, of the premiums or cost of the insurance. For instance, the premium, or actual cost of, say $3 000 insurance on a resi- dence or household furniture is $20. Your commission would be 20 per cent, of this amount, or $4.00. If the insurance be on a factory or contents of a factory and the premium is $30 on a $3,000 policy, your comimssion may run from 10 to 20 per cent. That is, from $3 to $6, according to circumstances govern- ing the case of which the insurance company will fully advise you in their printed literature. They have regular rules and standard rates and charges, from which no agent can vary under penalty, and nearly all insurance companies strictly adhere to these rules. Fire insurance is divided into two classes, "ordinary" and "prefer- red.' "Ordinary" is the class which is most likely to take fire by care- lessness or other unavoidable reasons ; for instance factories, foundries, mills, general stores and like hazardous risks. A smaller commission is allowed on this class than on preferred. "Preferred" is that class in which is included dwellings, household furniture, school houses, churches, public buildings barns and their con- tents, and other property less liable to fire. The larger commission is paid on this class of business and is much preferrable to the majority of companies. In distributing your business between the various companies, you should endeavor to give each a share of your "preferred risks." The printed policy as issued by the insurance company and given to the assured (that is the person whose property is insured by, or through you) is a guarantee for a certain amount of protection in dollars, against loss by fire for the soecific period for which it is issued, and will mt hold the company liable one hour over the date of its exoiration. Nearly all insurance comoanies require merchants, manufacturers, etc., to insure up to a fair Dercentaa:e of the actual value of their destruct- ible personal property. On dwelline^s. farm houses, barns, household .goods, etc., a man can insure f^r the full fair value of his property or for a less amount. Should a l'-;ss by fire occur and such loss be equal to the amount of his insurance, the company will pay in full, but in no case 190 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand will any insurance company pay more than the actual value of the prop- erty insured, regardless of the amount for which the property was in- sured. By this I mean if a man's house is worth $2,000 and he insures it for $3,000, and the house is totally destroyed by fire he can collect only $2,000 ; that is, the actual value of the house at the time the fire started. This is a point of which you should be very careful in writing insurance, as many dishonest persons commonly known as "fire bugs," insure their property for more than it is worth and soon after manage to have a fire. In adjusting fire losses the agent who wrote the insurance is usually called upon to testify as to the actual value of the property burned, and if you are a good judge you may be able to save your companies from being swindled by fire bugs. You should not encourage any of your customers to carry more insurance than a fair value of the property in- sured, thus saving both them and yourself from suspicion in case of fire. As you progress in experience, you will be able to make suggestions for the benefit of the business and to help your customers and he will come to look on you as his agent more than the company's. The farmers and small property owners are the class of people who are most negligent about carrying insurance and a class you should make a special effort to insure. It is a comparatively easy matter to secure an appHcaticn for insurance and to insure a farmer's buildings, if you have explained and shown him the great risk he is taking daily in not having his buildings and household goods insured. They are ordinarily slow to take on fire insurance, yet a spark from the house chimney, an over- turned lamp or lantern, a spark from a pipe or cigar or a passing train may fire and destroy their buildings at any time. You should picture the agony of their family standing by while the fire consumes their earthly possessions. It is in reality a very foolish practice for any per- son to go without insurance, and especially the farmer, as the insurance rates on his property are even lower than they are in town. Insurance policies are usually written for from 3 to 5 years accord- ing to the class (ordinary or preferred), and the annual cost lessens pro- portionately according to the length of the term for which it is issued. That is, on a policy of $3,000 where the premium is $20 for one year, the premium for 3 years may be only $40 and the premium for 5 years $60. The average term for preferred business is 3 years which gives the in- sured a rate of twice the cost of one annual premium for the 3 year policy. Applications for insurance require the agent taking same to examine the property and give all the various facts and particulars concerning same and you should be very careful in giving these facts correctly. After securing the application you should make a record of it in a book kept in your office for. this purpose and forward it without delay to either the home office of the insurance company or the agent from whom you have secured your appointment. Upon receipt of an ac- knowledgment from the insurance company or its agent, stating the ap- plication has been received and accepted, your client is then protected Pitman-Harreli, Shorthand 191 and the insurance company is liable for the amount the same as if the policy had already been delivered. Upon receipt of the policy which the company or its representative forwards you, you should deliver same to the assured, collect your prem- ium and remit the amount due the company without unnecessary delay. Promptness in this or other matters connected with the business is ma- terial and essential. The various insurance companies will furnish you full instructions regarding the handling of insurance matters, which, with the instructions herein, should make you thoroughly competent to successfully handle the insurance branch of the real estate business. Yours truly, Dear Mr. Hawkes : What has happened to Syracuse? Only $600 000 new business for 1909? This is very disappointing. The company expected your district to produce $1,000,000 for the fiscal year ending March 31. We based this estimate on your predecessor's work, as follows: 1905 $375,000 1906 500,000 1907 750,000 1908 900,000 and judging from the condition of the country, $1,000,000 was conserva- tive. What have you been doing? You started the year splendidly, but each month your work fell off. We see no reason why this should have happened, and feel that you did not work "full-speed" all the time. The company has confidence in your ability, Mr. Hawkes, to bs 3 $1,000,000 man. Won't you live up to that confidence? Respectfully yours. 192 Pitman-HarrelIv Shorthand PUNCTUATION The purpose of punctuation is to make what we write more easily understood. As we advance in civilization and education we understand the mean- ings of words and the relations of ideas more easily and clearly, and ex- press our ideas so much more concisely that fewer punctuation marks are required to make what we write easily understood. The student must understand the exact meaning of what he has to punctuate before he can punctuate it correctly. PUNCTUATION MARKS. , Comma - Hyphen : Colon " Quotation ; Semicolon ^ Paragraph . Period () Parentheses ? Interrogation [] Brackets ! Exclamation " Ditto — Dash ' Apostrophe __ Leaders RELATIVE VALUES AND USES OF PUNCTUATION MARKS. The Comma marks a slight pause, or an omission of unimportant words. The Semicolon marks a greater degree of separation than the comma. The colon marks a greater degree of separation than the semicolon. The Period marks a full stop — the end of a sentence, or an abbreviation. The Interrogation marks the end of a direct question. The Exclamation marks surprise, wonder or irony. The Dash marks abruptness; irregularity; — -transition, or omission. The Apostrophe is used — (a) To mark the omission of a letter or letters in contractions. (b) To denote possession. Thus — John's hat. Men's clothing. (c) To indicate the plural of letters, figures, signs, etc. The Hyphen is used — (a) When the syllables of a word are separated in writing. (b) Between the parts of some compound words. The Quotation marks enclose a direct quotation. The Paragraph marks a new subject, or direct change of thought. The Parentheses inclose explanatory expressions, interpolations, or irregularities in sentences. The Brackets enclose corrections, instructions, or extraneous- words. The Ditto marks the repetition of something in the line above. The Leaders direct the eye from the name of an article to its price. Pitmax-Harrell Shorthand 1"^3 DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE COMMA. The Comma denotes different degrees of pause or separation accord- ing to the way it is used. The different values of the comma in the order of their importance are : 1 To denote an omission. Thus — We enclose cheque for $75, amount of your invoice attached. We enclose check for $75 to cover the amount of your invoice. NOTE — Such familiar words or phrases as would be easily under- stood and readily supplied by the reader are usually omitted from business letters, and the comma marks such omissions for the reader to p^use and supply mentally the omitted word or phrase. 2 To mark the end of a preparatory expression. Thus — Answering your letter of February 5, will say that our Mr. Livings- ton will be in New York April L NOTE — A preparatory expression is a word, phrase or clause that leads up to the main clause, and indicates by its form and meaning that the main clause is to follow. A preparatory expression does not make complete sense, but expresses a thought related to the main thought in a way to make the reader understand that there is some- thing important to follow, and the comma at the end of the prepaia- tory expression gives the reader time to absorb the sense of the pre- paratory expression and be ready for the main assertion. A conditional clause expresses a condition related to the main clause and is of the same nature as a preparatory clause. Preparatory clauses are generally used at the beginning of a letter, or paragraph, and conditional clauses are generally used in the body of it. There are three classes of preparator}- expressions : (a) Introductory words. (b) Introductory phrases or clauses. (c) Introductory sentences. Preparatory expressions usually begin with participles, or wcrds of similar importance ; such as. awaiting, hoping, trusting, concerning, Ijelieving, notwithstanding, feeling, answering, replying, referring, un- derstanding, no matter what we say or do, etc. Thus — Answering your letter of the 9th inst., file 9763. and returning en- closures respecting billing of company coal for our Trinitv division. Referring to your three forms 384, dated the 19th inst.. asking for copies of Benford, Barnum and Trinity WjB's, No matter what we do or say, it seems impossible to get the agent at Chester to send in tissue copies of his billing promptly. I have your personal letter of the 2d inst., in answer to my letter of December 12, respecting necessary adjustment in Richmond Ter- minal earnings on a number of WjB's. 194 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand If you will attach the twenty-nine expense bills, or give us an ab- stract of them, giving reference to the billing, dates, car numbers, FROM and TO, we will have the matter investigated, and instruct agent to make the necessarj'^ refund without delay. NOTE— The comma MARKS EVERY SLIGHT TURN OF THOUGHT. 3 To indicate a modifier set away from what it modifies. Thus — We quote you 98c for No. 2 Wheat, subject to immediate accept- ance. NOTE — When there's a turmoil of ideas in a busy man's brain seek- ing expression, he is apt to dictate long sentences with important modifiers some distance from what they are intended to modify, and there should be a comma before every modifying or restricting clause out of its correct position or relation to the expression to which it be- longs for the reader to pause, review the sentence, and determine the expression to which the modifier belongs. It is usually better to reconstruct sentences thus shattered. 4 To separate parenthetical expressions from the main sentence. Thus — Will you assist us, if you can, in locating John Doe? Will you oblige us, confidentially, with full information relative to this firm. Your letter of January 2, enclosing W B 352 — Trinity to Colmesneil — received this morning. NOTE — A word, phrase, clause, or sentence suddenly introduced into- any part of a sentence, is called a parenthetical expression. It he an intruding thought which interrupts the natural connection oi wo»-ds,. but which usually serves to explain or qualify the main assertion, mak- ing the sentence much stronger and more important- Parenthetical expressions which are directly related to the sense and importance of the sentence, and which could not be omitted without aft'ecting its importance and force, are separated from the sentence by commas. Parenthetical expressions which have no important bearing upon the meaning of the sentence should be separated by parentheses. Some of the common parenthetical expressions are: However, perhaps, therefore, likewise, moreover, nevertheless, ac- cordingly, of course, in fact, no doubt, in reality, in a word, in that case, in the meantime, in the first place, without doubt, for the most part, beyond question, on the contrary, on the other hand, as it were, etc. SPECIAL NOTE — Whether the comma should separate these words, from the sentence or not would depend on the sentence structure. There is, perhaps, no reason for it. Perhaps there is no reason fcr it. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 195 To separate different members of a long sentence. Thus — You will recollect, several years ago, probably five or six, or more, in personal conversation with you, and, I believe, then by letter, it was arranged that you would, in every instance, advise me of cars confiscated, giving reference to the billing, so I might see that pro- per action was taken NOTE — Read the foregoing sentence five or six times slowlv and notice particularly how the COMMA SEPARATES THE CLAUSES PHRASES, and PARTICIPLES— MARKS EVERY TURN OF THOUGHT. To introduce a short quotation. Thus — Answering your letter of March 20, ordering Star Carbon Paper, saying, "If you cannot send Star, send Eureka," will say we have neither of these brands NOTE — Do not get the idea that a comma should be placed before ■;very quotation. Whether a comma or some other punctuation mark should be placed before a quotation would depend upon the sentence structure preceding the quotation. Thus — The letter from Mr. Doe reads, "My client offers $5,000 for the lot of land." This is what Mr. Doe's letter says; "My client offers $5,000 for the lot of land." The letter from Mr. Doe reads as follows: "My client offers $5,000 for the lot of land." We quote from a letter from Mr. John Doe : "My client offers $5,000 for the lot of land." To separate a series of words or phrases. Thus — We carry a complete line of Pencils, Pens, Typewriter Ribbons, Carbon Paper, Note-Books, and Erasers, and in kinds and colors, quality and prices, we can please you every time. SUMMARY OF THE RULES FOR THE USES OF THE COMMA. 1 To mark a slight pause, or an omission. .2 To mark the end of a preparatory expression. 3 To indicate a modifier out of its natural order. 4 To enclose parenthetical expressions. 5 To separate dift'erent members of a long sentence. ■6 To introduce a short quotation. 7 To separate a series of words or phrases. 196 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand THE COMMA IS USED TO INDICATE THE SMALLEST IN- TERRUPTIONS IN CONTINUITY OF THOUGHT OR GRAM- MATICAL CONSTRUCTION, THE MARKING OF WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO CLEARNESS. A WORD OR A GROUP OF WORDS STANDING INDEPENDENTLY, OR SO THE REST OF THE SENTENCE WOULD BE COMPLETE WITH- OUT THEM, SHOULD BE SEPARATED FROM THE REST OF THE SENTENCE BY THE COMMA. DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE SEMICOLON. The Semicolon is used to mark a division of a sentence more inde- pendent than that marked by a comma, and it denotes a longer pause than the comma. The different uses of the semicolon are as follows : 1 To separate different members of a long sentence when one or both of the members contain one or more commas. Thus — • Having explained the matter to you fully, I shall not go into de- tails now; but, before closing, I will ask that you defer action until I see you. 2 To separate two members of a short sentence which are slightly re- lated when each member is nearly equivalent to a complete sen- tence. Thus — Now we have it ; a proposition from Mr. Doe direct. 3 To separate clauses or phrases of equal rank when the conjunction is omitted. Thus — The witness said that he was present when Doe signed the deed ; that the other subscribing witness was also present; that Doe read the deed before he signed it; that witness signed the deed at Doe's request; that the other witness signed the deed in his presence; that the signature of Doe, and the signatures of the witnesses to th& deed of John Doe to Richard Roe are genuine. NOTE— THE SExMICOLON IS USED TO SEPARATE DIFFER- ENT STATEMENTS. 4 To separate a series of unrelated phrases, clauses, or short sentences. Thus — Send us 3 Purple Copy Underwood Ribbons ; 3 Purple Copy Rem- ington Ribbons; 1 Box Purple Semi-Carbon Paper, Letter Size; 1 Ream Paragon Typewriter Paper, Letter Size; 1 Ream Onion Skin Typewriter Paper, Letter Size, and 1 Dozen Stenographers'" Note Books. NOTE — A better form or an order of this kind would be: Send us — 1 Box Purple Semi-Carbon Paper, Letter Size 3 Purple Copy Underwood Ribbons 3 Purple Copy Remington Ribbons Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 197 1 Ream Paragon Typewriter Paper, Letter Size 1 Ream Onion Skin Typewriter Paper, Letter Size 1 Dozen Stenographers' Note-Books NOTE — When the items are put in separate paragraphs the semi- colons are not necessary. Orders for goods thus itemized should be written in this form invariably for convenience in filling and check- ing. 5 ' Before words introducing examples. Thus — We are now offering unusual bargains in pianos ; viz., Zourio Grand $450.00 Zourio Upright 275.00 Oriole Automatic 225.00 Vireo Special 175.00 6 Before conjunctions introducing a final clause for the purpose of con- trast or explanation. Thus — This is certainly a very peculiar result; but the trouble is doubt- less with the subject — not with the system nor the method. 7 When several simple sentences, closely connected in meaning, are combined into one sentence, they should be separated by the semi- colon. Thus — The rain came down in torrents; women shrieked and ran; men grew pale and fearful ; terror seized all. 8 To separate clauses of the same general nature which contribute to the same general effect, — especially if one or more of them contain commas. Thus — Our proposition, as we explained to Mr. Morton, is to take the Louisiana territory, give Mr. Morton a position as traveling sales- man, and take over his stock; i. e.. all nev/ machines and dupli- cate parts of your manufacture at cost, and his tools, furniture and supplies at the price agreed upon between Mr. Morton and our Mr. Reisnauer. XOTE — It is usuc^lly better to avoid the long sentences and loose construction that would make the use of a semicolon necessary. SUMMARY OF THE RULES FOR THE USES OF THE SEMI- COLON. THE SEMICOLON IS USED BETWEEN CLAUSES OF THE SAME GENERAL NATURE WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THE t«AME GENERAL EFFECT,— ESPECIALLY IF ONE OR MORE OF THEM CONTAIN COMMAS. The introductory expressions, viz., e. g., i. e., to-wit, namely, and the like, should be preceded by the semicolon and followed by a comm.i. 198 Pitman-HarrelIv Shorthand DIFFERENT USES OF THE COLON. The COLON marks a break in the grammatical construction greater than that marked by the semicolon, — to emphasize a clos-e connection in thought between two clauses each of which forms a complete sen- tence, and which might with grammatical propriety be separated by a period ; to separate a clause which is grammatically complete from a second which contains aii illustration or amplification of its meanmg:; to introduce a formal statement, an extract, or a speech. The different uses of the colon in the order of their importance are: 1 After introductory expressions. Thus — Dear Sir: The catalog requested by your letter of Gentlemen : The catalog requested by your letter of Dear Madam: The catalog requested by your letter of Dear Miss Smith: The catalog requested by your letter of Sir: I have the honor to submit Tor your approval 2 After words, phrases or clauses introducing: (a) A long business quotation. Thus — Our prices for coal are as follows: Anthracite $9.50 a ton MrAlester Lump 8.50 " McAlester Egg 8.00 " Luster 7.50 " (b) A long explanatory sentence or paragraph. Thus — My opinion of the matter is this: if the manufacturers will give us the territory mentioned, our commissions will amount to more than we are making now, and what we make on the other lines will be "velvet." (c) A long business proposition. Thus — The Merchants' Association submitted this proposition: if the wholesale merchants would make uniform prices to them, they ■would protect one another by maintaining uniform prices to the consumers, provided the wholesale merchants would enforce such protection by raising prices to any retail dealer reported as selling below established prices to the extent of such reduction as such retailer may make. (d) A long business statement. Thus — I called upon the agent here, and he made the following state- ment: that he received your order March 30, shipped the goods by American Express the same day, and supposed you had received them. I Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 199 3. After a word or a clause introductory of a speech. Thus — The speaker said : "My friends, to formulate a rule is one thing ; but to adapt it easily to the conditions forced upon us is quite a different thing." The Supreme Court says: "It is manifestly unjust for the railroads to charge a higher rate - from cities having the natural advantages of water rates than they charge from cities which are not thus fortunately situated.'' 4. To separate two clauses the second of which repeats the substance of the first in a different form, or defines it. Thus — Touch Typewriting and English is a multiplex system of educa- tion: it imparts skill in typewriting and many kinds of valuable knowledge at the same time. 5 To separate two groups of clauses one or both of which contain semi- colons. Thus — You may return the damaged goods to us; or, if you can dispose of them at a reasonable price, you may do so : but remember that the reduction in price should not be greater than the claim allowed by the transportation company. 6 To separate the minutes from the hour in expressing time. Thus — IRON MOUNTAIN SCHEDULE. North Bound South Bound Arrives Leaves Arrives Leaves 7:15 7:35— A.M.— 10:30 10:50 6:45 7:05— P.M.— 9:50 10:10 THE PERIOD. The PERIOD is used to mark the end of a declarative or an im- perative sentence that is not exclamatory, and after an abbrevation. Thus— We purchased the tickets yesterday. Mr. and Mrs. John Doe will leave New York via. S. S. Lucerne May 30. NOTE — The best writers of the present day omit the period after headings, titles, etc. ECONOMY — In railroad correspondence where a great many roads or companies are known and referred to by initials, a great saving of time and labor results from omitting the periods and spaces be- tween the letters. Thus — You are to report on your forms 3237 and 3238 all foreign lines*^ W|B's received from connecting lines, or delivered to connecting lines, where the MK&T or the MK&T of Texas is intermediate. SPECIAL NOTES 1 Sentences containing abbreviations followed by the period are ptinr- ^> 2()U Pitman-Harrell Shorthand tuated just as they should be if they contained no abbreviations. Thus — Mr. Roe went to N. Y. via. St. Louis. Your letter of the 15th inst. received. Answering your letter of the 15th inst. will Mr. Doe's letter of the 15th, relative to 2 The period after an abbreviation is a part of the word it follows, and the sentence is punctuated as it would be if the words were spelled out. Thus, — Wells-Fargo & Co.'s Express. The INTERROGATION (?) asks a question. Thus— Where are you going? The EXCLAMATION ( !) marks surprise or irony. Thus— Ah! His Honor!! The DASH ( — ) marks abruptness, irregularity, or transition. Thus — Mexico — just across the border — with a warm winter sun and a soil so rich it will yield a crop of real gold dollars for a little per- functory scratching. The APOSTROPHE (') marks elisions or the possessive case. Thus — Sam'l Johnson's hat. SPECIAL NOTE — Sam'l is a contractioni — not an abbreviation. Gen. is an abbreviation for general, and is followed by a period Gen'l is an elision or contraction of gen-eral, and is not followed by a period. The HYPHEN (-) joins words that do not coalesce sufficiently to form one word, but which are too closely connected in meaning to form two separate words. Thus — twenty-two, one-half, two-thirds, forty-four, to-day, to-morrow, to-night, 3-inch, 10-cent collar, commander-in-chief, mother-in-law. The hyphen is also used to divide syllables of words at the end of a line of writing. The QUOTATION (" ") marks a direct quotation of the words ot an- other. Thus — Mr. Doe's letter says, "My client offers $5,000 for the lot of land." SPECIAL NOTE — When the quotation is indirect the quotation marks are omitted. Thus — Mr. Doe says that his client offers $5,000 for the lot of land. A quotation within a quotation is marked by a single quotation (') before and after it. The PARAGRAPH (^) marks a break in the subject by beginning a new line usually set back or indented several spaces from the mar- gin. The paragraph may consist of a single sentence, but it usually consists of several sentences. The paragraph deals with a particu- lar thing, or idea, and is always a unit. SPECIAL NOTE — Paragraphs should be short and well arranged. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 201 The PARENTHESES () inclose expressions that have no vital coiinec- tion with the rest of the sentence. SPECIAL NOTE — When the last word preceding the marks of par- enthesis requires a punctuation mark, if the last word within the parentheses is not punctuated, the punctuation mark follows the yar- entheses ; otherwise, the punctuation mark precedes the parentheses. When the parentheses is independent of the context, a period is plac- ed after the last ^^■ord in the parenthesis, and a period follows the last word before the parenthesis. The BRACKETS [] inclose words not in the original context, or cor- rections. USES OF CAPITAL LETTERS. Begin with a capital letter : The first word of every sentence. The first word of every line of poetry. All proper names and adjectives derived from proper names. All names and titles of the Deity. Days of the week, months of the year, and holidays. The interjections I and O. The important words in the title of a book or manuscript. The words North, East, South and West denoting sections of the country. When they denote mere direction, use small letters. Nouns personified. Thus — He gave to Misery all he had — a tear. The first word of every direct quotation. Indirect quotations begin with small letters. The first word of an important statement, or a question. A geographical name when used with another word to form a prop- er name. Thus — Atlantic Ocean; Ohio River; Main Street; St. Charles Avenue. All titles of office or honor, and titles in salutations. All names of magazines, books or publications. The chief items in an enumeration of particulars. Thus — Please send us the following: 5 cases Stacey Adkins Shoes, assorted sizes. 2 cases Men's Rubber Shoes, assorted sizes. Names of important historical events, famous periods, laws, etc., titles of organizations, corporations and business firms. Names of all items in bills and orders. Sums of money written in Avords in notes, checks, drafts, etc. The first word of the complimentary close of a letter. Names of political parties, and religious denominations, orders and societies. Names of departments of a business. 202 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand In ancient writing the words were at first run together continuously ; afterward they were separated by spaces. Punctuate the following two ways and see the trouble of the ancients "He is an old man and experienced in vice and wickedness he is nev- er found in opposing the works of iniquity he takes delight in the down- fall of his neighbors he never rejoices in the prosperity of his fellow- creatures he is always ready to assist in destroying the peace of society he takes no pleasure in serving the Lord he is uncommonly diligent in sowing discord among his friends and acquaintances he takes no pride in laboring to promote the cause of Christianity he has not been negli- gent in endeavoring to stigmatize all public teachers he makes no effort to subdue his evil passions he strives hard to build up satan's kingdom he lends no aid to the support of the gospel among the heathen he con- tributes largely to the devil he will never go to heaven he must go where he will receive his just recompense of reward." Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 203 WORDS ENDING IN "Y" AND "EY. y, change the y to i and add merely add s. abbey — abbeys alley — alleys attorney — attorneys chimney — chimneys cockney — cockneys coney — coneys covey — coveys donkey — donkeys galley — galleys hackney — hackneys hockey — hockeys honey — honeys jersey — jerseys jockey — jockeys j ourney — j ourney s key — keys kidney — kidneys lackey — lackeys money — moneys monkey — monkeys mulley — mulleys osprey — ospreys palfrey — palfreys pulley — pulleys surrey — surreys trolley — trolleys turkey — turkeys turnkey — turnkeys valley — valleys volley — volleys WORDS IN -CEED. -CEDE, -SEDE. Three common English words end in -ceea, exceed, proceed and suc- ceed; all others of the class end in -cede except one which ends in -sede, supersede Those in -cede are : Concede, intercede, precede, recede and secede. To form the plural of words ending in es ; to form the plural of words ending in ey, duty — duties embassy — embassies exigency — exigencies fairy — fairies fallacy — fallacies fancy — fancies fantasy — fantasies flurry — flurries gaiety — gaieties jelly — jellies lady — ladies mercy — mercies mockery — mockeries pantry — pantries pastry — pastries accuracy — accuracies artery — arteries beauty — beauties candy — candies city — cities daily — dailies daisy — daisies dignitary — dignitaries rally — rallies safety — safeties security — securities surety — sureties twenty — twenties vanity — vanities exceed proceed recede concede precede intercede secede accede 204 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand C AND G. In all English words of classic derivation, c and g are soft before e, i and y ; and hard before a o and u. In the case of words whose final e is preceded by a soft c or g, in or- der to preserve the soft sound of the c or g, the final e is retained before adding a syllable beginning with a or o. manageable traceable changeable chargeable "IE" AND "EI." Put I be ;fore e Except ; after c Or when sounded like a As in neighbor and weigh. field sieve receive deceit fiend believe veil deceive fierce wierd surfeit receipt grief aerie kaleidoscope receive grieve piece reigning ceiling grievous pierce foreigner perceive lief priest seignior neighbor lien relief neither seine mien relieve heifer seize niece reprieve reindeer feint tierce retrieve leisure their thief shield seizure weigh wield siege heiress weight yield tier either counterfeit hosier mischievous deign sleight series achieve eight skein chandelier belief feign conceit brigadier believe heinous conceive transient besiege neigh vein WORDS IN FINAL SILENT "E." When a syllable beginning with a vowel is added to a word ending in a silent e, the e is dropped; when the added syllable begins with a con- sonant, the e is retained. The words duly, truly awful, and argument drop the final e because in each case it is preceded by another vowel. Judgment, abridgment, acknowledgment, and lodgment drop final e by exception to the rule. In the words shoeing, toeing singeing, tingeing and dyeing, the final e is retained for mere expediency. Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 205 WORDS DOUBLING THE FINAL CONSONANT. ^^'ords ending in a single consonant ]M-eceded by cented on the last syllable, donble the final consonant other syllable beginning with a vowel. a single vowel, ac- before addinsf an- refer referred referring reference occur occurred occurring occurrence prefer preferred preferring preference allot allotted allotting allotment bag baggage bagging remittance fat fatter fattest forgetting hat hatter fatten submitting man manned expelling runner remit remitted remitting trodding control controlled controlling thinnest expel expelled thinner chattel begin beginner trodden accuracy benefit benefitting running accommodate commit committing committed incessant debar debarring beginning recommend forbid forbidding deferred inferred forgot forgotten incurred inferring infer inferred regretting manning quit quitted profiting repellent repel repelled rer)elling marveling submit submitted quilting begged WORDS IN "IBLE." Greek and Latin stems Avhose tive by adding "able" ; those endin words add "able." nouns end in "ation " form the adjec- g" otherwise add "ible." Anglo-Saxon controvertible feasible plausible possible redemptible reducible reprehensible resistible risible sensible tangible tenable attainable affable illegible indirigible fallible audible expansible edible eligible compatible comprehensible negligible gullible ostensible inadmissible collectible plausible permissible discernible extendible convertible corrigible contemptible susceptible WORDS IN "ABLE." marriageable inseparable salable intolerable amicable estimable forcible visible feasible fencible indelible invincible horrible terrible transmissible crucible permissible removable adjustable serviceable 206 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand changeable noticing changing courageous managing charging chargeable serviceable peaceable changing traceable encouraging tracing encouragement inducing useful enticement managing change forceful moving charge guidance nervous courage hireling refining manage hopeful retiring notice inducement settling peace management spitting service movement stating trace nerveless tasting advancement refinement tiring advertisement retirement using allurement settlement taste atonement spiteful tire casement statement use changeful tasteful advancing comely tiresome refine confinement enticing retire disparagement forcing settle hoping guiding spite advance hiring state allure disparaging guide atone advertising hire case alluring hope change atoning induce come casing manage confine coming move disparage confining nerve encourage controvertible unscrupulous entice force quadrant profit franchise demise quadricycle offering supervise despise quadrunle Drortel surmise devise planetary excel premise disfranchise platinum forbidden misprise divertise reversible thinning merchandise emprise adhesion toeing disguise enfranchise cancel singeing debarred revise precedent advantageous enterprise appraise expel shoeing exercise catechise marvel dyeing (coloring) exorcise chastise offer hoeing reprise circumcise Pitman-Harrtvt.l Shorthand 207 rein automatic pedagogue association bier physical allude essential brief subtle pedagogy lucrative chief facile precocity gratuitous siege bachelor reciprocal accumulate view martyr musician miscellaneous lieu dispel legal allege sieve salary abacus identical shriek mucilage abaci proficient deficient extricate acerbity implicit prairie domicile acute privilege bargain umbrella agency pursuance nuisance edition allegation essential apparel ammonia caterer enviable imbecile bureau circutous intrinsic icicle kerosene citron intervening emanate judgment colossal predecessor separate corroborate cure typographical biscuit humiliate cyclone reliance advertise expense efficacy amateur advise resource fungus hoping affranchise bicycle gala tmtil traveling guarantee geometry deteriorate offered desiccated gigantic efficacy run aqueduct gibbet injurious thin juvenile gum conjuncture travel codicil gyration install trod cylinder gossamer recognition benefited illicit mucilaginous conscientious canceled elicit sarcophagi permanent traveled pneumonia explicit comparative canceling pneumatic traveler nucleus profited vicissitudes cancelation concession controversy tacit marveled apologize laryngitis acquiesce explanation leisure logical incidentally forthcoming scrutinize logician outrageous February schedule patrol trivial forget appraiser deficit vicinity commitment already chisel approximately inference whether pavilion suffice marvelous stationery obscene superficial materially superintendent alias transient alibi preferred advantageous codicil caucus zinc etching respectively musical pursuant stereotype equivalent oleomargarin persuade electrotype disappoint gypsum decision participate 208 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand obedience skid accommodation preferential surprise socket account profit avarice sole-piece accountant property avoirdupois spanner accrued proposition parallel sparking-plug actuary recoup access spirit-lamp adjustment reimburse inference spoke administrator resources warranty seamless ad valorem creditor galvanized seat-pillar advertise current secondary vibration custom incentive security-bolt victoria diger-fork harassed segment voltage disc tolerate coupon voltmeter disengage gauge sprocket vulcanized dismantle symmetrical steering-bar wagonette distributor laurels stern-post wallet draught molasses stud waste drawlink preparation sprayer water-guage drill unparalleled switch water-jacket driving-axle exaggerate syringe wedge D-valve anonymous tabular weld dynamo participate tandem porcelain centrifugal facilitate van pressure salary remuneration vehicle projector schedule balance vaporizing pulley seigniorage unscrupulous vertical puncture signature reciprocate vertilator waybill moneyed preference tarpaulin planet-wheels monopolize participate tee drainage economy suspicious radiator cablegram elevator unnecessary ratchet efficiency embarrass intricate rattan acetylene emporium fictitious reflector accumulator engross embarrassment regulator deflate negotiable using reservoir delivery negotiate definite pivot densimeter notary tappet beam detachable obligation mercantile beech diagonal overture shearing accelerator diagram panic silencer accessories diameter patent template acetylite diaphragm pecuniary tenon pneumatic differential policy terminal poncelet diffuse postal throttle piston bullish drawee thrust toe-clip business duebill tightener wrench monopoly duplicate tire bullion mortgage dutiable Pitman-Harrell Shorthand 209 catalog or bike (slang) nozzle illegal catalogue debenture number-plate illegible certify debit nut indorse * clerk debtor odometer indorsement coinage dealer offset investment _ _ . . collectible data operate investment column deterioration option jobber commute forgery ordinary journal competition foregoing panel ledger competitor franchise parabolic liability concern fraudulent paraffin liquidate consignee freight pattern Lloyds consignment gross pedal loan consul honorable petrol lucrative convertible entrepot petroleum manager corporation employee motor eccentric counterfeit forfeit journal ebony coup merchandise label filter coupon messenger laced flange credit millionaire landau curtain creditor monetary landaulet cushion allotment money lap-weld compression amount director lattice-girder compressor antedate discount level condenser arbitrage dishonor lever conductor article dividend lignum-vita contour assignment document limousine contract attachment dormant linchpin controlling audit draft linoleum cordan bail bond manufactory longitudinal core balance manufacture lubricant cork bankruptcy margin lubricator cotter bargain maturity luggage countersunk billhead customer mahogany cover billion daily mechanism crank-pin bimetalism cargo membrane crate bona fide cashier metal current bonus morocco metallic combustion bookkeeper multiple methylated commutator borrower mushroom-valve mica compass bourse mail-catcher milled screw brokerage nave-hoop misfire wrist-oin budget nipple turpentine wroughtiron mudguard noiseless U-belt acceptance calendar non-deflatable universal touring-car cancel non-skidding upholstered trembler-coil capital notch valve tricycle 210 Pitman-Harrell Shorthand gusset gutler headlight hexagon honeycomb hooter ignition ignitor incandescent induction inflate injector insulate insulator interchangeable interrupter inverted jacket japanned jet jockey-pulley groove gudgeon guide float-chamber (an tre po) credit equitable estimate exchequer expedite expressage customs cut-off' cycle cyclometer cylinder damage de-clutch dead-center connecting cone trouser-clip fiduciary finance financier fluctuate denomination delinquent foreclosure deposit demurrage gearing tonneau circulation gib (gib not jib) depositary clamp gimlet depository clearance goggles adjustment clinch governor air lever clip gradometer alcohol closure gradient aluminum clutch gravel amateur coefficient grease ammeter coil gunwale anneal collapse solicit apron collar storage arbor-shaft emery subsidy armature enameled subtreasury artillery endless sundries asbestos endurance telegram auto-cycle engine telephone automatic erratic tonnage automobile exhaust transfer axle exhibition transferable badge exhibitor usury baffle-plate expansion value balance explosion extension battery extinguisher extortionate bearing eyebolt extravagant ebonite fastener facsimile elbow ferrule factory electric fiber flooder elliptic fillet fluted elm flexible fore-carriage ridable current forgings rivet custom friction rotary customer funnel runabout bushed gaiter sal ammoniac butt gas-bag daily butterfly-valve garage data champion fea razh) dealer channel-iron gasket debenture chassis gauge debit chrome gauze debtor chronometer satin-wood decimal circuit screen defalcation bull phaeton defaulter burner pinion deficit buffer Pitman-Harrkll Shorthand 211 bicyclist billing-spanner beveled catalysis catalytic calk birch Bleriot lamp boiler camel's-hair _ . cam camel's-hair - - bicycle carrying carvel catch celluloid cedar bolt bonnet bottom canopy canvas caoutchouc casing castor-oil cement button bracket bard-awl capacity carbide bridge-piece brougham buckles centaur center breakdown braid brake carrier carbureter carriage . ^^-///-^ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 1^ n r ^ jU|-irxK2Qf; DEC 7 |9g4 Ml '2! ■sr ^^" RUG 20'^l98^ iiN > ci vt— i I aKTO LD-lIRl JDUEIWO WEEKS FROM DAU Of RECEiPI iii^t^^ OCT 131986 FormL9-10m-3,'48(A7920)444 ^ AT UCLA-Young Research Library Z56 .H23p 1913 y ii II II liii III I ill lilliiiiii L 009 535 055 9 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRA^^^^^^^ AA 001239133