INTRODUCTION
TO
Latin Composition
REVISED AND ENLARGED
WITH INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES ON ELE-
MENTARY CONSTRUCTIONS
BY
WILLIAM F. ALLEN
Professor in the University of Wisconsin
\>^ no inxxt ^
THE
^^ OP
'Uirl7EIlSlT7l
BOSTON
PUBLISHED BY GINN, HEATH, & CO.
1883
/^o
)
c<&>
.^Entered accordirg ta Act of Congress, in the year 1880, by
William Francis Allen,
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington,
:#
J. S. Gushing,
Superintendent of Printing,
loi Pearl St., Boston.
NOTE TO REVISED EDITION.
AFTER the present revised edition of this book was announced
last summer, and when a part of it was already in type, it was
decided to prefix to the original Lessons an introductory portion, to
include the more elementary constructions of Latin syntax. This
portion (Part L), with the revision of the entire book consequent
upon the change of plan, has been executed by my brother, Rev.
J. H. Allen, of Cambridge, Mass.,* with the valuable co-operation
of Mr. John Tetlow, Master of the Girjs' Latin School in Boston ;
aided by the skilful and acute criticism of Prof. Peck of Cornell Uni-
versity. Especial pains have been taken to facilitate the work of the
earlier Lessons by a copious use of Oral Exercises (interlined) ; and
very full references have been given throughout to the three Latin
Grammars most in use. The experiment has also been tried of mark-
ing the long vowels in the Latin words employed, including those
known to be long "by nature," and those understood to be lengthened
in practice before the combinations nf^ ns, and gn. Some changes
of arrangement in Part IL, with the condensation or transposition of
several topics, have resulted from the change of plan above-men-
tioned ; but these will not, in general, prevent the use of the two
editions together where desired. Considerable additions have been
made to the Vocabulary, which includes a few scores of familiar
words not employed in the exercises, in order to facilitate such addi-
tional practice as teachers may find advisable.
W. F. A.
Madison, Wis., June, 1880.
* Lecturer on Ecclesiastical History in Harvard University.
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
THESE exercises are primarily designed as a training in Latin
Syntax. It is taken for granted that the pupil has gone
thoroughly through the Latin I^essons, or some other method of
equal scope. No pains are taken, therefore, to illustrate the com-
mon rules of agreement and government. On the other hand, I
have not aimed to introduce rare constructions and mere idiomatic
expressions. It has seemed to me that the regular principles of
prose construction should be the only object of attention at this
stage of advancement ; and that the rarer idioms will be acquired
with little effort by those who follow out an extended course of
Latin reading.
Nearly all the sentences in the writtea Exercises are taken,
without change, from classic authors. These sentences are trans-
lated as literally as practicable ; still, it has been impossible to
avoid a considerable variety of expression, so that the Vocabu-
lary will be found to contain quite a wide range of words and mean-
ings, considering the whole number of sentences. I have thought it
best not to provide special vocabularies for the several Lessons, nor
many explanatory notes : it has been my desire to have the student
acquire the habit of referring to grammar and vocabulary for gen-
eral principles in the choice of words and constructions, rather than
depend upon special directions in each case.
It is believed that these exercises can be taken up by any scholar
who has gone thoroughly through any of the usual courses of Latin
Lessons. Still, except in the case of mature or unusually capable
pupils, I should advise that some time should first be devoted to
mere translation. The familiarity with vocabulary and construc-
tions thus acquired will be the best preparation for writing. I
should let a class go through portions of Caesar, and perhaps of
other authors, as rapidly as is consistent with accuracy, and with
very little parsing. Then I should take up parsing again, and intro-
duce the writing of exercises. However, all such rules must vary
with different classes and teachers.
University of Wisconsin,
Madison, Wisconsin, June, 1870.
CONTENTS.
PART FIRST.
I. Elements of the Sentence.
Lesson Page
1. Subject and Predicate i
2. Object-Accusative 3
3. Interrogative Forms . . . . . . . .5
4. Use of Relatives 7
5. The Passive Voice lo
6. Infinitive and Subject- Accusative 12
7. Participles: Ablative Absolute 14
II. Constructions of Cases.
I. Object-Cases,
8. Direct Object: Accusative 16
9. Dative of Indirect Object 18
10. Genitive and Ablative 19
2. With Adjectives,
11. Genitive with Adjectives 21
12. Dative with Adjectives 22
13. Ablative with Adjectives 23
3. Miscellaneous Uses,
14. Uses of the Accusative . 25
15. Dative: Idiomatic Uses 26
16. Uses of the Ablative 28
17. Time and Place 30
18. Gerundive Constructions . . . . . . 31
III. Moods and Tenses.
19. Subjunctive : Independent Uses ...... 33
20. Sequence of Tenses 35
21. Conditional Sentences 37
22. Time-Clauses 39
23. Purpose and Result . .42
vi Contents.
PART SECOND.
I. Substantive Clauses.
(Indirect Discourse.^ ^
Lesson ^ Page
24. Accusative and Infinitive. i 44
25. Accusative and Infinitive. 2 46
26. Accusative and Infinitive. 3 48
27. Special Constructions . ' 49
28. Indirect Questions 51
29. Other Forms of Substantive Clause 53
30. Impersonal Verbs 56
II. Miscellaneous Constructions.
31. Modifications of the Predicate 58
32. Use of Tenses 60
33. Wishes and Commands 62
34. Use of Participles 63
35. Gerund, Gerundive, and Supine 65
36. Use of Conjunctions 68
III. Case-Constructions.
37. Apposition 69
38. Uses of the Genitive 71
39. Genitive after Verbs 73
40. Dative with Verbs 74
41. Dative with Passives 76
42. Special Uses of the Dative . . . ... 78
43. Special Uses of the Accusative 80
44. Special Uses of the Ablative 81
45. Relations of Time 85
46. Relations of Place . . . . . . . . 87
IV. Adjectives and Pronouns.
47. Adjectives : Special Uses 88
48. Derivatives : Possessives 90
49. Pronouns : Reflexive and Intensive 91
50. Relative Pronouns , 93
51. Correlatives . .94
52. Indefinite Pronouns 96
Co7ttents, vii
V. Subordinate Clauses.
Lesson Page
53. Simple Conditional Clauses 99
54. Other Conditional Clauses loi
55. Lmplied Conditions . . . 103
56. Comparative and Concessive Clauses 105
57. Temporal Clauses 106
58. Special Uses of Cum 108
59. Causal Clauses no
60. Final Clauses 112
61. Consecutive Clauses 114
62. Clauses of Characteristic . . 117
63. Infinitive Clauses 118
64. Intermediate Clauses 120
65. Dependent Conditional Clauses 122
VI. Additional.
66. The English Potential . , ' 125
67. Further Uses of the Relative 130
68. Supplementary Exercises 132
69. Comparative Forms of Speech . . . . 135
VOCABULARY.
PART FIRST./V OP THE .
(T7ITIVEESIT7
I. Elements of the . Sentence.
Lesson /i. / , . . _
Subject and Predicate,
1. Learn the definitions of Subject and Predicate:
172-174 (G. 192, except the first three paragraphs,
193. Rem., 194; H. 356. i, 2; 358, 360, 368).
Note. The references are to the sections of Allen & Green-
ough's Latin Grammar, revised edition. Parallel references are
also given, in parenthesis, to Gildersleeve's Grammar (G.) and to
Harkness's (H.), *' Standard" edition.
2. Learn the meaning of the following Prepositions,
observing the Case to be used with each :
Among or Between, inter (ace). Through, per (ace).
By or From (away from), a 9 ob (abL), To (towards), ad (acc.).*^
From (out of), e, eoc (abl.). Under, sub. ^
In or On, in (abl.). With, cunfi (abl.).*^
Into, in (ace). Without, sine (abl.)
a. The preposition ad must be used to express motion to. Thus,
in the sentence '' he goes to the river, -^ use ad with the Accusative ;
but, in "I give a book to the boy,^'' use the Dative.
b. When sub indicates rest in a place, it takes the Ablative ;
when it indicates motion towards, and in such phrases as sub
vesperum, towards evening, it takes the Accusative.
c. The preposition cum is regularly used to express in C07npany
with. Thus, in the sentence *'he is walking with his sister,''^ the
ablative is used with cum; but in "he was killed with a sword, ^"^
the ablative alone is used.
2 Latin Composition,
3. The learner is supposed to be familiar with the
.elementary Rules of Agreement : viz.,
1. Of the Noun, in Apposition or as Predicate : 183
(G. 319; H. 362, 363) ;
2. Of the Adjective with its Noun: 186, 187 (G. 285,
286; H. 438, 439);
3- Of the Ver.'3 V i'h its Subject-Nominative : 204 (G. 202 ;
H. 460).
4. The order of words in a Latin sentence is com-
paratively free ; but the following Rules may serve as a
guide to the beginner :
1. In general, put the Subject first and the Verb last.
2. Any very emphatic word may be first or last.
3. An Adjective, except for emphasis, follows the noun ; but
may precede the preposition with its noun : as, inult'is in locis,
4. Put the Adverb immediately before the word which it
modifies.
Oral Exercises.
Note. The examples marked for oral practice may be written
out, at the pleasure of the teacher ; or they may conveniently serve
for exercises at the blackboard. They are designed to enable the
learner to avail himself, rapidly and easily, of the knowledge he has
acquired by study of the Grammar ; and to aid him in acquiring the
command of a stock of useful words, without the labor of incessantly
turning to a dictionary. In writing these and the accompanying
exercises, it is advisable to mark all the long vowels.
I. The queen's daughter is beautiful. 2. The anchors are
regina fllia pule her aneora
large," crooked, and strong. 3. The gates of the town are
mdgnus curvtis validus porta oppidutn
open. 4. In the woods were many wild-creatures. 5. The
apertus. silva multus /era
moon was bright in a clear sky. 6. The lofty gates of Corinth
luna lucidus serenus eaeluvt alius Corinthus
a. Insert "and."
Object- Accusative, 3
were shut. 7. We are boys, not men. 8. Seneca ** was a
clausus puer tion vir
famous philosopher among the Romans.
clams philosophus Ronianus
Examples from Caesar.
I. All Gaul is divided into three parts. 2. Of all these the
ovinis Gallia divisus ires pars hie
bravest are the Belgae. 3. This district was-called^ Tigurmus ;
fortis pagiis (m.) voco'^
for every Helvetian state is divided into four districts. 4. This
nam omnis Helvetius civitas gtiattuor
thing is announced to-the-Helvetii'' through testimony.
res enuntio^ indicium.
Write in r.atin.
1. The son of ^neas was Ascanius.
2. Anger is a great fault.
3. Athens was the native-city of many '^ great men. .
4. Few slaves were faithful to [their] ^ masters (dat.) .
5. Great men are the gift of the good gods.
6. The moon and stars were bright in the clear sky.
7. You are men, not boys.
8. The forces of the Romans were great.
Lesson 2. '
Object-Accusatire.
I. Learn the definitions and construction of the
Accusative as the object of transitive verbs: Gr. 177,
with Cy comparing 237 (G. 327 and 329. Rem. i ; H.
371. I. i) and 2), also 371. iil).
Rule. The Accusative is the case of the direct object of
a transitive verb : as, Caesar G alii am super avit.
a. Proper names not translated are the same in Latin as in English. b. The
small figures denote the conjugation of the verb. c. Words connected by
hyphens are to be rendered by a single word (here by the dative). d. Insert
" and " : ^ 208. c (G. 483. i ; H. 440. i, N.). e. Words in brackets are not to be
translated.
4 Latin Composition.
Oral Exercises.
I. We see the moon and stars in-the-night. 2. Horatius
video 2 Stella noctu
sustains a great storm of danger." 3. We enter a great wood,
sustineo^ procella periculum. intro^
blac^ with- darkness,^ near the town (ace.) . 4. A lazy sailor
ater tenebrae prope oppidum ignavus nauta
blames the winds and waves. 5 . You give good counsels to
culpo'^ ventus unda do"^ bonus cdnsilium
[your] son. 6. True glory holds a place among the stars.
fllius verus gloria habeo^ locus
7. We praise the good,'' we blame the bad. 8. The
laudo'^ (plur.) viiupero^ tnalus
Romans move [their] camp*^ from the plain. 9. A cruel
moveo^ castra campus saevus
wolf tears the tender lamb. 10. The slaves fill great bowls
lupus lacero^ tener agnus servus impleo'^ poctilum
with-wine. 11. The weary sailors enter a narrow strait.
vlnum fessus angustus /return
12. Chattering girls tell many [things] " among themselves/
garrulus puella narro^ se
Examples from Caesar.
I. The Helvetii excel the rest-of^ the Gauls in-manhood.*
praecedo^ reliquus Gallus virtus
2. The ^dui send ambassadors to Caesar. 3. This district
niitto 3 legatus pagus
had-slain Lucius Cassius the consul, and had-sent his army
i7iterficio^ is exercitus
under the yoke.*' 4. Caesar held-back his [men] from battle.
jugunt contineo^ suus a proelium
5. Caesar takes his right-hand; calls Dumnorix to him;
prendo^ dextra Dumnorig- se
sends-for [his] brother. 6. He undertook the embassy to
adhibeo^ f rater is suscipio^ legatio (f.)
the states.
clvitas
a. When a. noun is limited, as here, by an adjective and a genitive, the usual
order is (i) adjective, (2) genitive, (3) noun. b. Ablative. c. See ^ 188, with
Remark (G. 195. Rem. i ; H. 441. i). d. The Latin word for camp is the plural
of castrum. e. Neuter plural. f. Or, to one another : see \ 196. /(G. 212;
H. 448. i). g. See 193 (G. 287. Rem.; H. 440. N.2). h. Ablative: \J 253
(G. 398; H. 424). /. Ace: \ 152. c (G. 413. 419; H. 43^. i).
Interrogative Forms,
"Write in !Latin.
1. Slaves fear a cruel master.
2. The black" darkness of the forest terrifies^ small boys.
3. We owe a great [sum of] money to the jeweller.
4. Few [men] love glory more than life.
5. We often see wolves in the forest.
6. We praise the good less than we blame the bad.
7. The Tynans'^ praise the beautiful queen.
8. We have riches [as] a gift of the bountiful gods.
Lesson 3.
Interrogative Forms.
1. Learn the Forms of the simpl-e sentence in 171
a, by Cy and d, with the Definitions in 179, 180, and
read carefully 180. a^ by Cy dy and e (G. Read care-
fully the coarse type of 192 and 474; H. Learn the
coarse type of 347 and 350, and read carefully 348,
with the Notes).
2. Learn the meaning of the following Conjunc-
tions :
Both . . . and, et . . . et.
Either ... or, aut . . . aut.
Whether ... or, utrum . . . an.
Neither . . . nor, neque {nee) . . . neque (nee).
3. Learn the meaning and use of the Interrogative
Particles, and the forms of Questions and Answers :
210, with ay Cy Cy and 212 (G. 456, 457, 458, also
473, 3 and 2 ; H. 351, with i, 2, and 3 ; and 352. ^ Also,
the forms of Double or Alternative Questions: 211
(G. 460 and 461 ; H. 353).
a. ater, b. Plural. c. Accusative. d. Tyrius.
6 Latin Composition.
a. Compare the two forms of Questions viz., of simple fact
and of special circumstance as stated in 210. ^ and e; and learn
the following Interrogative Words :
Who? quis? Where? uhi? Which (of two) ? uter?
What? quid? When? quando? How? quomodo?
Why? cur? Whither? quo? How many? quot?
b. Notice that an exclamatory sentence in Latin is precisely the
same as the latter form of Question ; while in English it is generally
distinguished by the order of the words ( 210. e, r.).
Examples.
Were you the friend of Marcus ? erdsne Marcl amicus ?
Were you not the friend of Marcus? Yes. nonne eras
Marcl amicus ? eram*
Were you the friend of Marcus (i.e. you were not, were you?) ? No.
num eras Marcl amicus ? , non cram.
Were you the friend of Marcus or of Publius ? utrum 3Iarcl
(better, Marclue) an JPublil amicus eras ? [Notice that,
if it were Marcl aut Publilf it would mean that you might be
the friend of both, or of neither.]
Model Sentences.
1. Marcus is the son of Quintus.
2. Marcus is not" the son of Publius.
3. Is Marcus the son of Quintus? Yes.^
4. Is not Marcus the son of Quintus? Yes.
5. Marcus is not the son of Publius, [is he] ?*' No.^
6. Who is the son of Quintus? Marcus.
7. Is Marcus or Lucius the son of Quintus?''
8. Both Marcus and Lucius are sons of Quintus.
9. Either Marcus or Lucius is a son of Quintus.
10. Neither Marcus nor Lucius is a son of Publius.
1 1 . Which is the son of Quintus, Marcus or Lucius ? Both.*
12. Which is the son of Publius? Neither {iieuter)^
a. Put non immediately before the word which it negatives. b. Use the
verb : 212 (G. 473. 3 and 2 ; H. 352) . c. Use num : 210. c (G. 458 ; H. 351.
N. 3). ^. Put this in different forms: \ 211. d (G. 460; H. 351 and 353)-
e, nterque. / These forms should be repeated until both words and meaning
are perfectly familiar. Other simple sentences may be varied in like manner,
for oral or blackboard practice, the above serving as a model for the several
variations.
Use of Relatives, 7
Oral Exercises.
I. Why do you fear the dangers of war? 2. We see both
timeo'^ perlculuin bellum video^
with-the-eyes and the mind. 3. How cold the water is!
oculus animus quajn frlgidus aqua
4. How-great are thy kindnesses towards us ! 5. When were
quantus tuus benejiciuin erga nos
you at Rome or Athens?" 6. Never; but I was often at
Roma Athenae nunquam sed saepe
Corinth."" 7. We often see many both fools and blind.
Corinthus nitiltus stultus caectcs
3. A good man neither harms [his] enemies, nor envies [them],
bonus vir noceo^ zm'micus (dzt.) invideo"^
' Write in ILatin.
1. Do you see a narrow road in the forest? Yes.
2. How great are the gifts of the gods !
3. We were both weary and frightened.
4. We do not see wholly either with the eyes or with the
mind (use neque . . . neque).
5. The queen has two slaves, the one^ tall, the other* stout.
6. We have neither riches nor glory.
7. Does a good man ever envy the bad ?
8. The dangers of war frighten cowards, but not strong men.
9. How-many fingers have-you on the right-hand ? how
many on the left ?
10. Pompey was an honest man, no doubt," and a good gen-
eral ; but proud, jealous, sullen, and-not ^ a true friend.
Lesson 4.
Use of Relatives.
Note. The construction of the Personal, Demonstrative, and
Possessive Pronouns is determined by their signification, and is
the same as that of nouns and adjectives : see 194-197, with the
subsections (G. 198 and 290-299; H. 446-452), and compare the
a. See $ 36. c ; 40. a (G. 412; H. 425. i. and ii., with 48. 4 and 51. 6).
h. alter (ace.) . c. guidem. d. ueque.
8 Latin Composition,
special uses of the Demonstratives in 102. They require, therefore,
no separate exercises in syntax. The Relative, on the other hand,
is used to introduce a subordinate clause, with subject, predicate,
and grammatical construction distinct from that of the antecedent
clause. This relation is expressed in the Rule for the agreement of
Relatives: 198 (G. 616; H. 445).
In the construction of Relative Clauses the following
uses require to be noticed :
1. The Rule of Gender : 199 (G. 616. 3, ii. ; H. 445. 4) ;
2. Agreement with implied Antecedent: 199. ^(G. id.; H.445. 5);
3. Repetition of the Antecedent: 200. a (G. 617 ; H. 445. 8) ;
4. Noun only in Relative Clause : \^. b ;
5. Omission of the Antecedent: id. c (G. 623 ; H. 445. 6) ;
6. Priority of Relative Clause: 201. c (G. 622); see also
201. a, b.
a. A Relative is often used in Latin where in English we use a
Demonstrative with and or but. Compare 201. e (G. 612, with
Rem. i; H. 453). Thus
And since these thin^ are so, quae cum ita sint.
But if they [shall] hesitate, qui si duhitabunU
b. Where as or that is used in English as a relative word, it
must be rendered in Latin by the relative word which corresponds to
its demonstrative antecedent : as.
The same [person] as before, Idem qui ante.
Such an orator as we know Cicero [to have been], talis orator
qudlem Ciceronem novimus,
I came to the same place that you directed, eodem, venl quo
^nanddstl.
As many minds as men, quot hom^ines tot sententiae.
Oral Exercises.
I. The soldier you praise ( 201. a) does not keep [his] faith.
miles laudo'^ servo'^ Jides
2. The day is-at-hand in-which"the Roman people yearly
dies (u.) Insto'^ populus guotannis
a. Repeat the noun: 200. a (G. 617 ; H. 445. 8).
Use of Relatives. 9
elects [its] magistrates." 3. Brutes do not move^ from the
creo'^ magistrdtus^ bestiaij.) commoveo^ ex is
spot in which they are born. 4. The'' greater the army, [so
locus ndtus exercitus^
much] the' heavier is the loss. 5. A sort [of people] who
gravis eludes (f). gens
like-to tell-a-He. 6. Here-is [the man] I spoke-to yesterday.
libenter (adv.) mentior^ ecce adloquor^ herl
Examples from Caesar.
I. Three parts, of which the Belgse inhabit one, the Aqui-
pars incolo^ unus
tani another, the Celtae a third. 2. There- were in-all two
alius tertius omjiino duo
ways by which they could go-out [from] home. 3. It-was
iter possum exeo domus
full moon, [on] which day the sea '^ tides are greatest. 4. He-
plenus luna maritimus aestus^
himself pushes-on to them [by] the same way that the enemy
contendo^ iter hostis {-gXwx .)
had gone. 5. They send ambassadors, head of which embassy
eo initto^ legdtus princeps legdtio
was Divico, who had been chief of the Helvetii.
dux
Write in !Latin.
1. The boys you were praising just now are very idle and
troublesome.
2. Those are good citizens, who adorn the state by their
warlike* glory, and their own homes by their virtues.
3. Whatever I have of riches, I give all to you.
4. We honor Rome, which-'' is the head of all Italy.
5. There was war between the Romans and Samnites, both
of- whom ^ were brave and warlike people.*
6. Which do you consider the greatest general, Caesar,
Scipio, or Hannibal ? Which the better orator, Cicero or
Demosthenes ?
a. The small figure denotes the declension. b. Understand " themselves" :
reverse the clauses. c. Use quo ...eo: \ io6. c (G. 400, fourth illustrative
sentence; H. 423). d. This word is here an adjective. e. bellicus. f. See
\^ 199 (G. 616. 3. ii. ; H. 445. 4). g. Nominative. h. Plural.
lO Latin Composition,
Lesson 5.
The Passive Voice.
Besides the simpler uses of the Passive, correspond-
ing to the meanings of the tenses as given in the Gram-
mar, the following require especial attention :
a. In the tenses of co7npleted action in the Passive, the perfect,
pluperfect, and future perfect, the participle (amatus, &c.) is
treated as an adjective, agreeing in gender and number with the
subject of the verb : as.
War has been prepared, bellunn pardtum est.
The Grauls had been subdued, Galll domitl eranU
The ships were sunk, naves depressae sunt*
b. In the Passive Construction, the object of the action becomes
subject, while the subject (or agent), if a person, or treated as a
person (personified), is expressed by the ablative with the prepo-
sition a or ab, by ; if not a person, by the ablative alone : as,
Caesar subdued the Gauls, Caesar Gallos domuit.
The Gauls were subdued by Caesar, Galll a Caesare domitl
sunt.
Hunger destroys men, fames necat homines.
Men are destroyed by hunger, homines fame necantur,
c. An Intransitive verb may be used impersonally, in the third
person singular of the Passive : as,
There was fighting (lit. it [a battle] was fought) , pugndtum
est.
Oral Exercises.
I. This city of-ours will be attacked by the Gauls. 2. Great
oppugno 1
seas were sailed-over by the Carthaginians. 3. Caesar was
navigo ^ Ca rthagin i ens is
slain by conspirators. 4. The poor lamb will be mangled by a
occldo^ conjurdtus miser dgnus lacero^
wolf. 5. A vast monster was overcome by a maiden. 6. Ye
lupus ingens monstrum domo^ virgo
The Passive Voice, ii
have been called the unhappiest of all women. 7. In those
appello^ miser niulier ilh
places there-is-no-living outside the walls. 8. The will of
habito ^ extra (dat.)
that man is always heeded.
obtempero ^
xaiuples from Caesar.
I. When the Helvetii were informed of Csesar's approach,
certiorem facio"^ de adventus^
they sent ambassadors to him. 2. Lucius Cassius the consul
had been slain, and his army beaten and sent under the yoke.
occido^ pello^
3. Lucius Piso had been killed [in] the same battle as
Cassius. 4. So they fought" long and fiercely [in] doubtful
ita diu acriter anceps
battles. 5. When they had fought "long, our [men] gained
ctim. (subjunctive) potior'^
the baggage and camp. 6. There-was-terror throughout the
impedimenta (n. plur. abl.) trepido"^
camp.* 7. Lists were found in the camp of the Helvetii, and
tabula reperio^
brought to Caesar, in which lists an estimate had been made-out
refero (irr.) ratio cdtificio^
by-name. 8. Of those who returned home, the number was
nominhtim redeo (ace.) num. ems
found [to be] 110,000.
(gen.)
Write in X<atin.
1. The faithful guards were praised by all the citizens.
2. The nightingale is charmed by her own songs.
3. Wreaths had been given to the victorious soldiers.
4. Let the mountain be held by our [men] .
5. A-battle-will-be-fought to-morrow.
6. Between the wolf and dog was a long'' dispute.**
7. Are you alarmed, Romans, at ^ the dangers of war? ,
8. There-was-terror throughout^ the city.
a. Use the passive impersonal form (it was fought). b. toils castrls,
r. dlu. d. Verb: impers. pass. e. Ablative. f. totus {?^\^.
12 Latin Composition,
Lesson 6.
Infinitive and Subject-Accusatire.
1. The following are the uses of the Infinitive :
a. The Infinitive {complementary) is used where the sense would
be incomplete without another action of the saine subject : as,
I cannot change [my] plans, consilia non possum mutare.
Such verbs are to be able, dare, begin, cease, wish, and the like.
b. The Infinitive is used like the no7ninative of a neuter noun, in
such sentences as
To write (writing) is useful, scrlbere est utile*
c. It is used like the accusative of a neuter noun, in such sen-
tences as
The enemy prepare to storm the town, hastes par ant ex-
pugndre oppidum.
d. In either of these uses, it may take as subject the accusative
of a noun or pronoun : as,
For an old man to dance is unbecoming, senem saltdre
indecorum est.
I see that you are lame, video te esse claudum.,
2. The Infinitive with Subject-Accusative is used
with verbs and other expressions of Knowing, Think-
ing, Telling, and Perceiving : as,
He says [that] the hill is held by the enemy, dlcit montem
ah hostibus tenerl.
There was a report that Catiline had armed the slaves^
rumof^ erat Catillnam servos armdsse.
Oral Exercises.
I. It is disgraceful to show [your] back to the enemy [in]
tjirpis do^ tergtt^n (pi.) (plur.)
flight. 2. No-man can be happy without virtue. 3. The
nemo beatus
Infinitive and Subject- Accusative. 13
burden should be-fitted to the strength. 4. It is the greatest
onus debeo^ apto^ vis (pi.) summus
folly to persist in [one's] faults. 5. The neighbors falsely
deme7itia {gen.) persevero^ vitium v'lcmus /also
suppose that I am rich. 6. They-say [that] the enemy have
exlstimo ^ dives
advanced. 7. Word-is-brought [that] the Germans have
advejito ^ nuntio ^ Gerrnanus
crossed the Rhine.
iranseo*^ Rhemcs
lExamples from Caesar.
I. He says [that] it is very-easy to win the -whole -of Gaul.
Perfacilts potior'^ totus (gen.)
2. The Helvetii attempt to do that which they had-resolved.
Conor 1 constituo ^
- 3. It-was-reported to Caesar, [that] they were-attempting to
nuntio ^ is
make [their] way through our province.' 4. He says" he can-
iter provincia
not," by the custom and example of the Roman people, give to
7)ids exempluvi
any* the right-of-way through the province. 5. They now
iter jam
'^^ought themselves "" ready for this thing. 6. The Helvetii [he
paraUis is res
.ays], will go ^ to that quarter and will-remain there, where Caesar
pars sum ibi ubi
has appointed.*'
constituo 3
Write in Liatin.
I
1. It is a grand -^ thing to be made consul (ace).
2. It is beneficial^ for a sick'^ man to sleep.
3. It is-better' to live honorably-^" than to be born honorably.
4. There was, however, a rumor that the election * would
be'put off.^
5. It is lawful for no man (ace.) to lead an army against
[his] country.
a. Use nego : \ 209. b (G. 446). b. Use either Tdhts or quisquam,
c. Insert <?jj^. d. Use fut. part., omitting esse. e. Pluperf. (or perf.) subj.
f. magnificus. g. litilis. h. aegrotus. I. praestat. j. honeste. k. comitia
(plur.). /. fore ut, vi. differ (imp. subj.).
14 Latin Composition,
6. The scouts " report that the Germans have already
crossed^ the Rhine.
7. I hear that Cicero has set out'' for- Athens (ace).
8. Divitiacus said that he knew these things were true.
9. I remember that [when] a boy I saw the orator Hor-
tensius.
10. I take it ill*^ that I am poor.
Lesson 7.
Participies: Ablative Absolute.
The following are special uses of the Participle :
a. The Participle is often used to describe some circumstance : as,
The envoys saluted Lucius Quinctius while ploughing (at the
plough), arantem L. Quinctium legdtl salutaverunt,
b. A Noun and Participle are used together in the ablative to de-
fine the time or circumstances of an action {ablative absolute) : as.
If but few stand by me, I will not despair, panels a fne
stantibus 9 non desperaho.
When the enemy were put to flight, Caesar called back his
men, hostibus fugdtls, Caesar suds revocdvit*
Note. The Ablative Absolute is very rarely found except with
the present active and the perfect passive participle.
Oral Exercises.
I. After the-expulsion-of the kings, consuls were created.
posi expello^ ic^^x^.) creo^
' 2. Caesar followed-up the Gauls [and] slaughtered [them]
adsequor^ (part.) trucido^
while-in-flight. 3. I will not send your son to-Rome without-
fugio"^ witto'^ (ace.)
your-consent. 4. Pythagoras came into Italy [while] Tar-
tu-iiivitus "venio *
quinius Superbus [was] king. 5. Lysias, when [his] son was
a. explorator, b. transeo. c. projiciscor? d. aegre fero.
Participles : Ablative Absolute. 15
banished from the state, lived many years at-Sardis. 6. Cati-
Pello'^ e annus (ace.) (abl.pl.)
line by the-murder-of [his] son made his house empty for a
neco ^ dotnus vacuus
guilty marriage.
scelestzis nuptiae
Examples from Caesar.
I. Having-attacked them while encumbered and off-their-guard,
adgredior^ impedio^ inopinans
he-cut-down a great part of them. 2. When this battle was
concido"^ proeliuin
over, he provided [for] making a bridge over the Arar. 3. The
/acio^ curo^ (ger.) pons (m.) zjt (abl.)
men, having sent [their] javelins, easily broke-through the
miles (pass.) p'llum facile perfritigo'^
enemy's phalanx. 4. When this was scattered, drawing [their]
(plur.) phalang- (f.) is disjicio^ destringo^ (pass.)
swords, they made an attack upon them. 5. When the hill
gladius impetus in - tttons
was taken, [and] as our [men] were coming up, the enemy
capio ^ succedo ^
attempted to out-flank our men on the march [on their]
aggredior^ circumvenio^ ex iter
exposed flank. 6. [In] all this fight, not-a-man could see an
aperttis latus^ proelium nem.o
enemy with-his-back-turned.
averto ^
Write in ILatin.
1. After ending" the war with the Veneti, Caesar put^ all the
senate to death ^ [and] sold the rest [of the inhabitants] at-
public-sale.''
2. We strive'* in vain when nature opposes.*
3. The father, despairing-of-^ the arrival of his son, set-out^
for-Rome (ace).
4. The Latins, having lost'^ [their] army, begged peace of
(^) the Romans.
5. The Romans, when the city was taken by the Gauls,
retreated' to the Capitol.
a. r5^//f^/<9 3 (abl. abs.). b. ^^<?T^ (abl.abs.). c. sub corona. d. contendo.^
e. repugno.^ / despero^ g. proficiscor? h. amitto? i. se recipere?
1 6 ^ Latin Composition,
II. Constructions of Cases.
1 Object' Cases.
Note. Observe that all the four Oblique Cases ( 31. g) may
be used in Latin as Object-Cases, with different classes of verbs,
being represented alike in English by the objective case. Thus
1. I see the man, hominem video (Accusative);
2. I serve the man, hominl servio (Dative);
3. I pity the man, hominis misereor (Genitive);
4. I treat the man as a friend, homine familidriter utor
(Ablative).
Lesson 8.
Direct Object: Accusatiye.
Subordinate to the use of the Accusative as Direct
Object {Lesson 2), are the following :
a. Its use with verbs of Feeling : 237. b (G. 329. r.^ ; H. 371,
3.1));
b. With verbs of Sensation (taste and smell) : id. c (G. id. ;
H.id.2));
c. After compounds (chiefly with circum and trans) : id. ^ (G.
330; H. 372);
d. After Impersonal verbs (decet, &c.) : id. e (G. 345. r.^).
e. The Cognate Accusative (so called) with verbs of kindred
meaning: 238 (G. 331 ; H. 371. ii.).
f. As Secondary Object
1. With verbs of Naming, &c. : 239. a (G. 334 ; H. 373) ;
2. With Compounds : id. b (G. 330. R.^ ; H. 376) ;
3. With verbs of Asking and Teaching: id. c (G. ^iZZ 5
H. 374) ;
4. With celo and lateo: id. d.
Oral Exercises.
I. Little-by-little the Germans were-accustomed to cross the
^auldti'm consuesco^ (plup.) transeo
Rhine. 2. Three divisions of [their] forces the Helvetii had
Rhenus ^ars cdpiae
a. In these exercises the examples are, where convenient, but not uniformly,
taken from Caesar.
Uses of the Accusative. 17
now led-across the Rhine. 3. Hereafter we shall live a safer
jam. traduco^ posthdc vivo^ tutus
life. 4. We have laughed enough [at] your jokes," full of
r'ldeo'^ satis joctis plenus
fun. 5. Every-man grieves-at his-own miseries. 6. I will
facetiae quisqiie doleo"^ iniseria
teach you your fate. 7. We beseech peace [of] all the gods
doceo'^ fatuin {^\.) dro^
and goddesses. 8. I will conceal the way [from] all. 9. Some
ce/o ^ iter nonnullus
teach children only [what is] useful, [but] overlook [what is]
puer solum utilis (pi.) neglego^
honorable. 10. The consul was first asked [his] opinion.
honestus rogo ^ sententia
1 1 . The people elect [as] consuls Brutus and Collatinus.
creo'^
12. The Gauls begged peace of^ Csesar.
peto 3
"Write in ll.atin.^
1. Caesar led his forces across the Rhine.
2. They afterwards hved a safer life.
3. My son complains'' [of] his fortune.
4. We shall go once [on] the last journey.
5. All men laugh-at folly : all men grieve-at misery.
6. These cakes have-a-taste-of cinnamon.
7. This thing is hid from most.*^
8. Do you only beg* pardon of the gods.
9. I did not hide from you [my] friend's opinion.
10. Why do you ask me that? Ask your father.
11. The consul Nero '' skilfully concealed his march [from]
Hannibal.
12. The senate saluted Cicero [as] father of [his] country.
13. Lucius Junius Brutus was called the liberator^ of Rome.
14. The people elected Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius
Tarquinius Collatinus [as] first consuls.
15. An old herdsman in vain begged^ [his] liberty [of]
Vespasian.
a. 79. b (G. 78: H. 141. <5. 239. c, Rem. (G. 333. R.2; H. 374. N. 3).
c. queror. d. plerique. e. posco? /. Put the name before the title.
g. \ 185 (G. 197; H. 373. 2).
1 8 Latin Composition,
Lesson 9.
Datiye of Indirect Object,
The uses of the Dative are the following :
a. As Secondary Object, with transitives : 225, with ^, d, e
(G. 344; H. 384. ii.);
b. As Indirect Object, with intransitives : 226 (H. 384. i.).
c. With verbs of special signification: 227 (G. 345 ; H. 385) ;
d. With Compounds : 228, 229 (G. 346, with last illustration;
H. 386, with 2).
Note. For passive use, see 230 (G. 208; H. 301. i).
Oral Exercises.
I. People beheve [their] eyes more than [their] ears.
homo credo^ amplhis quam. auris
2. Some-people prefer the slightest gratification to the weightiest
nonnulli antepono^ levis delectatio gravis
advantage. 3. The immortal gods will pardon you [for] this
utilitas iminortalis Ignosco"^
fault. 4. The slaves cursed their masters. 5. Men sound
delictum tnaledico^ dominus unties integer
and fresh reheve the weary. 6. Protect our innocence, [O]
recens succurro^ fessus subvenio^
judges. 7. A mother will always be obeyed by {a) a good son.
judex pdreo ^
8. The temples of the gods must-be-spared** by the victorious
parco 3 victor
soldiery (dat.). 9. Both consuls had indulged that legion.
miles uterque (sing.)
10. I could never be persuaded that souls are mortal.^
nunquam persuadeo ^ animus
TVrite in Liatin.
1. The ant gets itself food in summer-time.
2. The sun shall give thee signs.
3. You pardon yourself; others you pardon not.
4. Patience heals " any ^ pain.
5. He told me every thing.
a. Use the participle in dies, with est. b. Accusative and Infinitive.
c, medeor. d. ^ulvts.
Genitive and Ablative, 19
6. I mercifully spared the wretched man.
7. A faithful soldier serves the state.
8. The soldiers spared "" the temples of the gods.
9. Our men pressed-hard* the flying Gauls.
{Passive?)
10. Your glory is envied.
11. Liars are not beheved.^
12. The temples of the gods were spared.
13. That age is not envied, but even favored.
14. The authority of the senate will be obeyed.
15. Clodius was distrusted by all good citizens.
Lesson 10.
Genitiye and Ablative.
The Genitive and Ablative are used as object-cases
with only a few verbs, of the classes designated as
follows :
a. The Genitive is the object of
1. Verbs of Memory: 219 (G. 375; H. 406. ii. and
409. i.) ;
2. Verbs of Accusing, &c. (of charge or penalty) : 220
(G. 377; H. 409. ii.);
3. Verbs of Pity: 221. ^ (G. y]6\ H. 406. i.) ;
4. Thelmpersonalsmiseret, etc.: id. ^(G. id. ; H. 409. iii.);
5. The Impersonals refert and interest: 222 and a
(G. 381. 2 ; H. 408. I and 2) ;
6. Verbs of Plenty and Want (rarely) : 223 (G. 389. r.^ ;
H. 410. v. i).
b. The Ablative is the object of the Deponents utor, fruor,
fungor, potior, and vescor, with several of their compounds :
249 (G. 405; H. 421. i.).
N. B. With these verbs the Ablative is strictly an ablative of
means or source^ rather than a direct object of the verb.
Remark. Notice the special use of the Genitive with potior:
249. a (G. 405. R.3; H. 410. v. 3).
a. temper 0. b. ins to. c. credo.
20 Latin Composition,
Oral Exercises.
I. An old-man remembers [his] old griefs. 2. Catiline
senex memini vetus dolor Catillna
admonished one of his poverty, [and] another of his ambition.
admoneo"^ egestas cup'ido
3. Every-man regrets his own fortune. 4. This boy is
qiiisque paenitet
neither ashamed nor tired of his. sloth. 5. I am weary of
pudet taedet ignavia taedet
these daily vexations. 6. Verres is charged with extortion.
guotldianus molestia arg7io^ repetundae
7. All the conspirators were capitally'* condemned.
conj'urdtus datntio^
8. Remember (said he) the ancient valor of the Helvetii.
reminiscor^ inquatn pristinus virtus
9. The Romans got-hold-of the baggage and the camp of
potior'^ ifnpedlmetitum (pi.)
Ariovistus. 10. At-length the eyes do not fulfil their office.
aliquajido fungor tnunus
II. Pity a frail perishing race. 12. We enjoy all the
tnisereor^ fragilis caducus gens. /ruor^
advantages of life together with [our] friends. 13. I feed on
commodum una vescor^
milk, cheese, [and] meat, writes the Scythian Anacharsis.^
lac cdseus caro Scythes
TVrite in L.atin.
1. Cato admonished the judges of the laws and of [their]
oath.''
2. We have-no-need ** of your help.
3. The man is neither ashamed nor sorry for his cowardice.
4. The Athenians charged Socrates with impiety,
5. Forget slaughter and conflagration.
6. I lack not gold or silver.
7. You have charged me in-my- absence * with a capital
offence/
8. Brutus condemned to death " his two sons.
9. The Macedonian-^ phalanx employed* very-long* spears.
a. See \ 220. a (G. 337. R.i ; H. 410. iii. Note 2). b. Put the name first.
c. religio, d. nihil hidigere, e. absens. / res capitalis. g. Macedonlcus.
h, Utor, i. praelongus.
Ge7titive with Adjectives, 21
10. A brave man bravely performs his duty.
11. A base man takes-advantage-of* the ignorance or folly
of- others.
12. We enjoy the gifts of the earth, which therefore we call
fruits and crops.
13. The soldiers of-the-legion * used a shield, a javelin, and
a short sword.
2, With Adjectives.
Lesson 1 1 .
Genitive with Adjectires.
Adjectives which take the Genitive are the follow-
ing :
a. Adjectives of Desire, Memory, &c. : 218. a (G. yj2i\ H.
399- i- I' 2) ;
b. Verbals in ax and Participles in ns : id. b (G. 374 ; H. id. ii.) ;
c. Adjectives of Quality, &c. : id. c (G. id. R.^ ; H. id. iii.) ;
d. Adjectives used as Nouns : id. d (G. 356. R.* ; H. 391. ii. 4).
Note. Compare 218. d with the Remark under 188.
Oral Exercises.
I. The Gauls are barbarous, and unacquainted-with our
barbarus irjtperltus
customs. 2. The mind of man is ignorant of fate and of
cdnsnetudo (sing,) -utens (plur.) nescius fatutn
coming destiny. 3. I have sent men well-acquainted-with
/iiturus sors peritus (superl.)
those regions. 4. You have a leader mindful of you,"" forgetful
regio dux memor obliius
of himself. 5 . The man had ^ a mind fierce and uncon-
ferox itn-
trollable in wrath. 6. [His] body was capable-of-enduring
potens Ira patiens
a. abutor, b. legionaritis. c. See \ 194. b (G. 362). d. Use ^jj^ with
dative.
\
22 Latin Composition.
abstinence, watching, [and] cold. 7. Our life is full of snares
hiedia vigilia algor Insidiae
and fear. 8. No age was more-fruitful-in virtue.
tnetus^ aetas /erax
Write in Latin.
1. This man is eager" for glory and greedy* of praise.
2. Most boys are careless.'' about antiquities.
3. Gaul is full of Roman citizens.
4. Night alone was conscious of this deed.**
5. This boy is very like^ his father.
6. The consul was full of plans, [but] sparing-'' in words.
7. The river Rhine is common^ to Gaul and Germany.
8. Achilles, bravest of the Greeks, was ungovernable^ in
wrath.
Lesson 12.
Dative with Adjectives,
The Dative is used after Adjectives, to denote that
to which the given quality is directed, or for which it
exists. Under this use are included :
a. The dative of Fitness, Nearness, &c. ;
b. Of Likeness and Unlikeness ;
c. Of Service and Inclination: 234. a (G. 356; H. 391. i).
Remark. Observe the use of the prepositions ad to denote the
End: 234. b (G. 356. R.^; H. 391. ii. i), (2)) ; and in or erga
with words of Inclination: id. 6* (G. id. R.'-^; H. id. (i)).
Also, notice the use of similis with the Genitive : id. d. Rem. (G.
id.R.'; H. id. 4)).
Oral Exercises?
I. Another's virtue is always alarming to tyrants. 2. A king
alienus formidulosus tyrannus
is always exposed to faithless counsels. 3. To each-one of the
obtioxius nifldus consiluint utiusqjtisque
virtues some vice is next-neighbor. 4. The-rest-of the sons
aliqiiis flnitirmis c'eterus
a. cupidus. b. avidus. c. negleg'ens. d. /acinus. e. ^ 218. d (G. 356.
R.i ; H. 391. ii. 4) ), /. parous. g. imfotens.
Ablative with Adjectives, 23
were survivors of [their] father. 5. That grief was common
stipe r si es dolor communis
to the three brothers. 6. Fathers are sometimes unjust to their-
ndfinunqtiam inlqinis
own sons. 7. Children are generally like [their] parents.
liber'i (plur.) plerntnqiie parens
8. When these things were settled, having-found a time fit for
constttuo^ nanciscor"^ tdonetis ad
sailing, he set-sail about the third watch (abl.). 9. He was
tuivigo^ soh'o'^ fere vigilia
friendly to the Helvetii, because he had taken in marriage the
amicus guod dicco^ matrimoniunt
daughter of Orgetorix.
Write in !Latin.
1. Death is like a sleep.
2. To a frail ship all winds are contrary.
3. The death of Socrates was in-harmony " with his life.
4. I have noticed a harbor fit ^ for our ships.
5. Livius was of-the-same-age "^ with Ennius.
6. Not even the gods so they boast are a-match-for **
the Swabians.*
7. Radishes-'' are bad^ for the teeth, says Pliny .'^
8. This thing is easy for me, [but] hard for you.
9. Simple food is good' for children.-^*
10. The speech of Marius was very pleasing to the people.
Lesson 13.
Ablative with Adjectives.
The uses of the Ablative with Adjectives are the fol-
lov^ing :
a. Of Freedom and Want (also opus and iisus) : 243. d, e
(G. 388^ 2>17>- R-". 390; H. 414- iii- iv.) ;
b. Of Source (the participles natus, etc.) : 244. d (G. 395 ;
H.415. ii.);
c. Comparatives: 247, with a (G. 399; H. 417, with i) ;
a. consentdneus. b. idoneus. c. aequalls. d. par. e. Suevi. f. rapha>.
nus. ^. inimicus. h. ait Pl'mius. /. utilis. j. puer.
24 Latin Composition.
d. Of Abundance (participles and verbals) : 248. c (G. 389. R.^ ;
H. 421. ii.).
e. Of Worth: 245. a (G. 398. R.^; H. 421. iii.).
f. To denote degree of difference : 250 (G. 400 ; H. 423).
Oral Exercises.
I. A city bare of defence requires aid. 2. Even a wise-man
nudus praesidiujn ,posco^ op- etiam sapiens (dat.)
has need of friends. 3. Tiberius Gracchus, born-of a most-
opus
noble mother. 4. An honorable death is preferable to a base
nobilis honestus potior turpis
life. 5. Nothing has been found among men rarer than a
( abl . ) invert io * rd rus
perfect orator. 6. We esteem all human [things] inferior to
duco ^
virtue. 7. He waged wars more bravely than successfully."'
(abl.) gero^ fortiter feliciter
8. It is a space of not more ^ than six hundred feet. 9. The
spatiicrn ampiius pes
house of Verres was full of plundered ornaments. 10. Good
refertus rapio^ orndmentum
men dread a life full and crowded with delights. 11. Ireland
tnetuo^ confertus vohiptds Hibemia
is smaller by half, as is reckoned, than Britain. 12. Another
parvus dimidium ut aestimo ^ alter
way through the province, much easier and more expeditious.
iter facilis expedltus
Write in Liatin.
1. What Roman is free from this dishonor''?
2. The army was in-lack'^ of all necessaries.
3. Cato, said his friends, was clear ^ of every human fault.
4. I have need-'' of your help.
5. Thou art sprung^ not from human blood, but from
divine stock.
6. Ignorance of future evils is better than knowledge.
7. From* the tongue of the aged Nestor, says' Homer,
flowed speech sweeter than honey.
a. See 192, with a (G. 314; H. 444. 2). b. See \ 247. c (G. 311. R.^;
H.417. N.2. c. dedecus. d. eg'ens. <?. vacuus, /. opus. g. ortus. h. ex,
i. ait.
Uses of the Accusative. 25
8. These things are harder than-one-would-think."
9. In the battle at-Cannae* the Romans lost more than
40,000 men.
10. The speech of the consul was more true than pleasing
to the people.
1 1 . He judged you unworthy of every honor.
12. We suffer no more from foreign enemies than [from]
those-at-home.'^
13. Corinth was the richest city of Greece in pictures,
statues, and gold.
14. Cicero was six years older than Caesar.
15. The more cautiously you go, the sooner "* you will arrive.
16. Veii was ^ about twenty miles distant* from Rome.
1 7. The battle of Cannae* was fought seventeen years before-''
[that] of Zama.^
%. Miscellaneous Uses.
Lesson 14.
Uses of the Accusative.
The special uses of the Accusative are the follow-
ing:
a. Adverbial: 240. a, b (G. 331. R.^ ; H. 378, with 2) ;
b. Of Specification : id. c (G. 332, with R.^ ; H. 378, with i) ;
c. Of Exclamation : id. d (G. 340; H. 381).
Remark. The Accusative of Specification is rarely used except
in poetry, or in poetic description, and should generally be avoided
in writing Latin prose (compare the Ablative of Specification:
Lesson 16).
Oral Exercises.
I. The Swabians live for the greatest part on milk and meat
Stievi lac ;pecus
[of domestic animals]. 2. I [am] extremely glad on your
magnopere gaudeo ^
a. opinio. b. Cannensls. c. domestlcus. d. citius, e. abesse a. f. In-
sert quam. g. Zamensis.
26 Latin Composition.
account. 3. He was a man in other [respects] excellent.
vicis vir cetcrus egregiiis
4. When he was at-that-time of life, he was made chief-com-
cutn (subj.) aetas im-
mander. 5. He was hit in the right knee with a stone.
perdtor ico^ dexter genu lapis
6. I said that they would-come at that time. 7. Alas, the
(fut. part.) tempiis hen
folly of men ! 8. Oh the deceitful hope of man, and [his]
dementia falldx (plur.)
frail fortune, and our vain strifes !
fragilis iftdnis contentio
Write in !Latin.
1. I am often sorry on your account.*
2. At that time Romulus was king.
3. A man at that age ought to be more discreet* than
daring.''
4. Hannibal was severely wounded right in the thigh ^ with
a dart.^
5. The commander exhorted his [men] at-length.-''
6. The maidens put on long robes.^
7. Ah ! ^ the faith of gods and men 1
8. What a man ! what impudence ! what audacity !
9. Happy the Roman chiefs of-old.*
10. Ah V unhappy me !
Lesson 15.
Datiye: Idiamatic Uses.
Special or idiomatic uses of the Dative are the fol-
lowing :
1. Of Possession: 231 (G. 349; H. 387).
2. Of Service {^predicate dative) : 233 (G. 350 ; H. 390).
a. vicis. b. prudhis. c. audax (comparative). d. adversmn femur.
e. tragtila. / multa. g. ^ 240. c, N. (G. 332. 2; H, 377). h. pro. /'. quon-
datn. j. heu.
Dative: Idiomatic Uses. 2/
3. Of Reference: 235 (G. 343), including the Ethical Dative:
236(0.351 ; H.389)-
Remark. After the Dative used with expressions of Naming
(as nomen est) , observe that the name is more commonly in the
Dative by attraction ; as huic puero nomen est Marco rather than
Marcus.
Oral Exercises.
I. To the boy was given the name Egerius, from [his]
indo"^ ab
poverty. 2. In this person was a manly soul. 3. The
inopia homo iiisuni virilis ingeniuni
friendship of the Roman people ought to be our ornament and
(ace.) oportet orndineiiticm
defence, not [our] ruin. 4. Avarice is a great harm to men.
praesidhim detrimenturn avdritia malum
5. When this thing was told, Caesar sent all the cavalry out
(rel.) fiuntio^ , equitdtus
of the camp, as a relief to his [troops]. 6. A fine house is
castra auxilinm pulcher
built for [its] masters, not for mice. 7. Ortygia is situated on
aedi/ico^ domiutis mus situs
the right side as-you-enter " the great harbor of Syracuse.
pars zntro'^ partus Syrdcusae
8. What does this speech mean?^
ordtio vola
"Write in Liatiu.
1. A sick man always has hope.
2. The surname of Lucius Scipio was Asiaticus ; of PubHus
his brother, Africanus.
3. The name of this disease is avarice.
4. We used to give him the nickname ^ of sluggard.
5. This book was of great service'^ to me.
6. For whose (dat.) advantage " is this ?
7. The Germans came to our relief.-''
8. I seek for myself no defence against danger^ or helps to
honors.^
a. See ^S 235. b (G. 354). b. Insert sibl. c. cogtibmen. d. usus.-^
e. bonum. / auxilium, g. Dative.
28 Latin Composition.
9. A good man seeks wealth not for himself only, but for
his children and friends.
10. Anticyra is situated "^ on the left as you enter the
Corinthian gulf.
Lesson 16.
Uses of the Ablatiye.
Among the miscellaneous uses of the Ablative may
be reckoned the following :
1. Of Cause, Manner, Means, and Instrument: 245, 248
(G. 401, 403, 406; H. 416, 419. iii., 420) ;
2. Of Quality: 251 (G. 402; H. 419. ii.) ;
3. Of Price: 252 (G. 404; H. 422), comparing the Genitive
of Value: 252. a (G. 379, 380; H. 405) ;
4. Of Specification : 253 (G. 398; H. 424).
Oral Exercises.
I. Some [people] by [reason of] some disease and dulness
giiidani aliqtns morbus stupor
of sense do not perceive the sweetness of food. 2. What
sensus^ sentio^ suavi'tas cibus
is- done through good-will, that you charge [as] done through
flo benevolentia crimznor^
hate. 3. How many are unworthy^ of the hght, and yet the
odium indlgnus lux tamett
day arises ! 4. Great things are done, not by strength or
orior^ (superl.) gero^ vts (pi.)
Speed of body, but by hardihood of soul. 5. A man of most
celeritas (plur.) fortitudo anhnus
vigorous genius then ruled the state. 6. There was between
acer ingenium turn rego^
Labienus and the enemy a str^m of difficult passage,'^ [with]
(plur.) Jlumen difficilis transitus^
steep banks. 7. The Gauls with the same speed pushed-on
Praeruptus r'lpa contendo^
to our camp. - 8. I have bought this estate at a very-large
vtercor'^ /ufidus
a. situs. k. See 245. a (G. 398. R.2; H. 421. hi.). <^. Insert "and."
Uses of the Ablative, 29
price. 9. My conscience is [worth] more to me than every-
Peciinia conscicntia
body's talk. 10. All the Gauls differ from one another" in
sermo differo
language, customs, [and] laws.
Imgtia Institutuni lex
Write in !Latin.
1. For the sake of the republic, I accuse Lucius Catiline.
2. The Roman people held^ the young Scipio worthy * of
the highest honors.
3. I judge "" him most unworthy of every honor.
4. Ducks delight ^ chiefly in marshy * places.
5. Bulls defend themselves with [their] horns, boars with
[their] tusks.
6. Great things are-done-^ not by strength or speed of body,
but by counsel and valor.
7. Links of-steel^ are worn-out'^ by constant use.
8. The barbarians were of vast size* of body (plur.).
9. A mountain of great height overhangs*^' the town.
10. Caesar was a man of extraordinary force* of intellect,^
and of remarkable skill "" in-war."
11. I have sold my house for fifteen talents.
12. That oration cosf him a-great-deal-of labor.
13. In glory Cicero was far inferior to Caesar,^, but superior
in eloquence and wisdom.
14. In laws and language the Greeks widely^ differ from the
Romans, but in warlike " glory they are nearly equal.
15. My brother is lame of the left '' foot.
16. The Spartans excelled* all the other Greeks^ in fidelity
and reverence to the laws."*
17. The Germans were a race of tall'' stature, fair complex-
ion, blue '" eyes, courage in war," and great strength of body.
a. inter se: \ 196. / (G. 212; H. 448. n). b. dignor)- c. aestimo.^
d. delector^ e. paluster. f. gero? g. ferreus. h. contero.^ i. mag-
iiitudo. j. unpen deor' k. vis. /. ingenlum. m. scientm. n. re'i bellicae.
o. stoy /. Ablative, q. mtiltum. r. laevus. s. a?itecello. t. Dative.
u. Genitive. v. grandis. w. caeruleus.
30 Latin Composition,
Lesson 17,
Time and Place.
The uses especially requiring to be noted are the fol-
lowing :
1. The Accusative of Duratiou and Extent: 256, 257 (G. 337,
335; H. 379);
2. The Ablative of Time : 256 (G. 392 ; H. 429) ;
3. The Genitive of Measure: 257. a (G. 364. r.) ;
4. The relations of Place, especially the Locative forms : 258.
a, b, c, d{G. 410, 411, 412, with r.^ ; H. 380, 425. i. ii., 412, 426
1,2), and the Locative uses of the Ablative : 258./ (G. 384-386;
H.425. 3).
5. The expression of Dates : 259. e (G. App. ; H. 642).
Remark. With all names of places, at meaning 7tear (not in)
is to be expressed by ad or apud with the accusative.
Oral Exercises.
I. The next night Caesar moved [his] camp. 2. We have-
proxinius vioveo'^
been-waiting" [for] you all summer. 3. I spend whole days
tdius aestas sum totns
with Marcus, and quite-often a part of the night. 4. We have
saepenumero
besieged this city ten successive summers. 5. I have lived
circumsedeo'^ contintiiis
within the last twenty years at Rome, Tarentum, Athens, Gabii,
hie proximns annus
Carthage, [and] Sardis. 6. Numa dwelt at Cures ; but he
Carthago Sardes (pi.) habito"^
afterwards reigned forty years in Rome. 7. The soldiers
posted regno ^
made-a-halt at Alba, a fortified town.^ 8. Cneius Pompey [when]
conszsto^ mun'itus
a young-man had won the greatest glory at-home and in-the-
adulescens adsequor'^
service. 9. That day was the 26th of March.*^ 10. Marcus
militia
Regulus was sent from Carthage to Rome [to treat] of peace.
di
a. Present: \ 296. a (G. 221; H. 467. iii. 2). b. Use in: \ 184. c (G. 412.
R.2 ; H. 425. 3, Note). c. See 376, d (G. App,; H. 642. iii. with 2, 3).
Gerundive Constructions, 31
Write in L.atin.
1. In winter and summer the Arabs roam-over" the plains.
2. At the beginning of summer^ the consul passed'' into
Spain.
3. Agamemnon scarcely in ten years took one city.
4. Within three days I will finish "^ the work.
5. Caesar moves [his] camp, and in about fifteen days
arrives at the bounds^ of the Belgae.
6. I was yesterday at Caesar's house {aptid Caesa7r7?t).
7. That most illustrious-^ commander had strengthened^ the
republic at home and abroad by his victories.
8. Brutus learned philosophy at Athens, eloquence in
Rhodes.
9. My sisters are passing'^ their life in the country.*
10. I have lived in Rome, Carthage, Athens, Naples, and
Corinth ; and have now been-^' three years at home in Gaul.
1 1 . Amynander sent ambassadors both to Rome to the Sen-
ate, and to the Scipios in Asia.*
12. Cicero after [his] exile sailed^ from Greece to Italy, and
remained a few days at Brundisium ; then, through friendly
cities, returned to Rome.
Lesson i8.
Gerundive Constructions.
In the use of Gerundive Constructions, the following
should be carefully distinguished :
1. The Participial or Adjective use : 294 (G. 243 ; H. 200. iv.) ;
2. The Gerund, with Object-Accusative : 295 (G. 427 ; H. 541) ;
3. The Gerundive in Agreement, having the force of the Gerund .
296 (G. 428; H. 543, 544);
4. The special uses of the four Object-Cases : 29S-301 (G. 429-
434; H. 542, 544).
a. feragro}- b. ineunte aestate. c. transeo. d. pcrficio? e. fines.
/ clarus. g. augeoP- h. agofi /. See <J 258. d (G. 412. R.l; H. 426. 2).
J. Present. k. Accusative. l.ndvigo.
32 Latift Composition.
Remark. In general, the gerundive construction in Latin cor-
responds with the participial noun in -ing. The chief difference is
1. That for the nominative, the Infinitive must be employed in
Latin: as,
Writing is useful, scrlhere est utile. But
The art of writing, ars scrlbendl,
2. That for the phrase " without doing anything," or the like,
some other form of expression must be used : as, for example,
I went away witliout effecting my object, abii re Infectd.
He came witliout warning, inoplndtus venit,
I did this without knowing it, hoc Insciens feci.
Oral Exercises.
I. They considered that two-years were enough to accom-
duco^ bientiuim ad con-
plish these things. 2. Thus they were better-prepared to
/icio 3 pa rdtus
undergo all dangers. 3. Convinced by these things, Caesar
subeo adduce ^
decided that he must not wait." 4. If anything should-happen*
staiuo^ (dat.) exspecto'^ quid accido'^
to the Romans, he has the strongest hope of holding the royal-
sjinunus spes obtineo'^ reg-
power by-means-of the Helvetii. 5. Caesar takes his hand,
tiutn per prendo^ dextra
consoles [him, and] begs [him] to-make * an end of entreaty.
consolor rogo'^ finis oro^
6. The Helvetii sent ambassadors for-the-sake of seeking
causa"^ peto"^
peace. 7. Caesar provided-for making a bridge upon the
euro ^ pons
Arar. 8. The praetor appointed decemvirs for marking-out the
creo^ decemvir tnetior^
Samnite territory. 9. The laws of the Cretans train [their]
Sainnis ager lex Cretes erudio^
youth by tasks, by hunting, running, fasting, thirst, cold, [and]
juventus labor venor^ curro^ esurio^ sitio^ algeo^
heat. 10. Caesar had everything to do at-once : to display
aestuo'^ (dat.) ago'^ Uno tempore prdpdno^
a. Impersonal passive: 232(0.353; H. 388). ^. Present subjunctive.
Subjunctive : Independent Uses, 33
the battle-flag, to signal with the trumpet, to call-back the men
vexilhcm^ signum do'^ tuba revoco^ miles
from work, to draw-up the line, to cheer the men, [and] give
ab opus instruo^ acies cohortor^
the signal."
Write in Liatin.
1. The consul gives heed^ to propitiating" the gods.
2. All hope of taking the town was lost.
3. Caesar perceives'' that the war must be put-off^ till-^
summer.
4. The consul gave Fabius one legion to lead into Spain.
5. Conon provided-for ^ the repair'^ of the walls of Athens.
6. A short time* of life is [long] enough to-^' live well and
happily.
7. By always obeying the magistrates, the youth won* [them-
selves] good fame.
8. The grass ^ here is very convenient"^ for sleeping.
9. You have lost much time in play.
III. Moods and Tenses.
Lesson 19.
Subjunctive: Independent Uses.
The Independent uses of the Subjunctive are the
follov^ing :
1. Of Exhortation or Command : 266 (G. 256. i, 2, 3; H. 483.
i. ii.);
2. Of Prohibition : 269. a (G. 264, 266, with 2, 264. ii. ; H. 483.
3 ; 488, 489) ;
3. Of Wish : 267 (G. 253, 255 ; H. 484. ii-) ;
4. Of Doubt or Interrogation: 268 (G. 251, 258: H. 486. ii.).
a. Use the passive construction. b. opera. c. placo}- d. animadve?'to.^
e. differo. f, ad. g. euro}- h. reficlo? i. spatlum. /. ad. k. ad-
seqiior? /. gramen. m. commodus.
34 Latin Composition.
Remark. To these may be added the so-called Potential Sub-
junctive : 311. a (G. 250, 252, with R.* ; H. 485, 486. i.), though
strictly belonging to the construction of Conditional Sentences.
Notice especially the use of velim, etc., in expressions of Wish:
267. c (G. 254, R.'^) ; also, the use of ne in prohibitions.
Oral Exercises.
I. [Granted that] this is false if-you-will; at-least it is not
(plur.) falstis sane certe
harmful. 2. I would-rather that you be good than seem [so].
molest us rndlo videor ^
3. This, in-truth, I may assert," without any hesitation, that
vera conjirvio'^ iillus dtibitatio
eloquence is the one thing most difficult of all. 4. What can
you do with^ this man? 5. If you are'' resolved to do [this],
certt^s
do [it] ; but do not afterwards throw the blame on me.
vertim post con/ero culpa
6. Pardon nothing, do nothing for the sake of favor, be not
Ignosco causa gratia
disturbed by pity. 7. [Suppose] a good man to sell ^ a house
comnioveo'^ niisericordia vendo^
on-account-of some faults which he-himself knows," others
propter vitiunt nosco^ ceterus
do not; [suppose] it-^ to be "^ pestilential and to be esteemed '^
Igiwro pestilens habeo ^
wholesome ; [suppose] it is-not-known "^ that vermin-'' turn-up in
salubris ignoro ' serpens appdreo ^
all the bedchambers ; [that it is] ill timbered [and] rickety,
cubiculum jnale nidteridtus rulnosus
but no-one knows "^ this except the owner.
nemo scio^ praeter dovii7i7is.
Write in liatin.
1. Let the advantage^ of the commonwealth prevail*
2. Let us accordingly' bring-up-'" [our] child with every
indulgence.
a. Perfect. b. See <J 244. a? (G. 396. R.^ ; H. 415.111). <:. "Itis." d. These
verbs are all in the hortatory subjunctive. e. Perf,.subj. / Plural. g. iitUi-
tas. h. valeo?- i. proitide. j. nutrio.^
Sequence of Tenses. 35
3. This thou shalt do'' : this thou shalt not do.*
4. Let hin> write to me what he has done.^
5. I could not easily say* that this is better.
6. I wish^ [that] Athens may conquer.''
7. This thing may [perhaps] seem absurd"^ to you.
8. Some-one* may [perhaps] think that I am-wrong.-^
9. No one can easily restrain* Csesar from victory.
10. I would-rather'^ be at home than abroad.'^
1 1 . Suppose your friend should fall sick ' or die, what will
you do?
12. Let justice be done [though] heaven fall.
Lesson 20.
Sequence of Tenses.'
Note. It is to be observed {a) that the rule for the Sequence
of Tenses applies only to the tenses of the Subjunctive in subordi-
nate constructions ; and (b) that the rule in Latin (with one or two
qualifications) is the same as in English.
1. Learn the definitions of Primary (or Principal) and
Secondary (or Historical) tenses, with the rule for the
Sequence of Tenses: 285, 286 (G. 216; H. 491).
2. Notice the use of secondary tenses (chiefly the
Liiperfect) after primary : viz.,
1. With the historical present : 287. ^ (G. 511, R.^ ; H. 495. ii.).
2. With the perfect definite: id. a (G. 511. r.'^; H. 495. i).
Also, the application of the rule in
3. The Imperfect oi general assertions : id. d.
Note. The dependent verbs in the following examples (after
" so-that," " as-if,^' &c., are all to be in the subjunctive mood.
a, Fut. imperat. b. Perf. subj. c. Pres. subj. d. absurdus. e. quispiam.
f. .^/'v-f 1 (infin.). g, 7nalim. h. /oris. /. in morbum cadere.
36 Latin Co^nposition.
Oral Kxercises.
I. It-is-impossible-that "^ many should lose [their] propert
am it to-'' res
without ^ dragging more with-them into the same disaster. -
traho^ calamitas
2. The king was so cruel, that he spared not his-own son. -
adeo saevus temper o"^
3. Our [men] took-by-assault [their] ships, one-by-one, so-th;
expiigtio ^ singuli tit
very-few out-of the whole number got "" to land. 4. [E
Perpauci omm's pervenio^
says] the Helvetii have been so trained by their ancestors, th,
(ace.) instituo^ nidjores u
they are-used to receive hostages, not give [them], 5. Cicei
cofisuesco ^ accipio ^
says that he has withdrawn from [his] country, so-as-to ave
excedo'^ ex patria ut avert
civil war. 6. We seem to have advanced so-far, that we ai
civilis prqficio'^ ta7itus
not ^ surpassed by the Greeks even ^ in wealth of words. -
vi'nco'^ Graectis copia verbictn
7. He shuns every gathering of men, just-as-if he were odioi
coetus quasi (pres.) inviS7,
to everybody. 8. From his own misfortunes he learned ho
omiiis in/ortuniitfii disco^
uncertain is all hope of the future. 9. He strengthens th
incerttis (subj.) spes res futUrae comtiiujiio^
town, so-as to deliver* his fellow-citizens from alarm.
tit libera'^ clvis trepidatio
Write in Latiii.
1. I write that I may admonish you.
2. I wrote yesterday that I might inform you.
3. He runs-away-^ as if he were ^ frightened.
4. He undertook this task as if he were a good workman.*
5. I will come to-morrow to-see * you.
6. We went out yesterday to see ' the battle.
7. I have toiled-^' so-long^' that I am completely tired-out.*
a. Use non possunt. b. Use ut non, with pres. subj. c. Perfect subj.-
d. Use ne . . . guldem. e. Imp.: ^ 287. d. / effugioj^ g. Present subj. -
h. faber. /. w/, with subj. j. laboro^ k. tarn diu. /. defes^us.
Conditio7tal Sentences. 37
8. Caesar was so merciful'' that not even [his] beaten^ ene-
mies " feared him.
9. This man is so ^ just that no one ever feared ^ to confide
in him.
10. A painful experience has taught [us], how sad [a thing]
is the loss of fortune.-''
Lesson 2 1 .
Conditional Sentences,
The forms of Conditions, which should be carefully
distinguished, are the following :
1. Simple Conditions any tense of the Indicative: 306 (G.
597; H. 508);
2. Future Conditions Future Indicative or Present Subjunc-
tive : 307, with a^ b, and c (G. 597, 598 ; H. 508, 509) ;
3. Conditions Contrary to Fact Past tenses of the Subjunctive :
308 (G. 599; H. 510, with I).
a. Notice carefully the precise nature of the condition to be
rendered into Latin. Thus
If he is now alive (Present), si nunc vlvit. But
If he is alive to-morrow (Future), si eras vlvet.
If he were here now (Present), si nunc adesset. But
If he were to come to-morrow (Future), si eras veniat,
b. Notice especially the use of the Present Subjunctive, cor-
responding to the English should and would. Thus
If you should come to-morrow you would see (Future), si
eras venias, videas. Compare
If you were here now you would see (Contrary to Fact), si
nunc adesses videres,
c. Clauses with quasi, tamquam, etc. (as if, as though), have
their verbs in the Subjunctive : 312, with Rem. (G. 604; H. 513.
and ii.).
a. Clemens. b. victus. c. inim'tcus. d. adeo. e. Perfect subj. f. res
fatniliaris.
38 Latin Composition.
d. The phrase if . . . not is generally to be rendered by nisi ;
but, where the negative is thrown wdth emphasis on some single
word, SI . . . non (neque) is to be preferred. Thus
If I am not mistaken, nisi fallor.
If Brutus is not a friend but an enemy of Caesar, si Brutus
non amicus est 9 sed inimlcus Caesar is.
Oral Exercises.
I. If [my] mind does not deceive me, misfortune will not
animus fallo^ infortwiimn
be-far-away. 2. If [your] country should discourse with you,
multttm abesse patria loguor'^
ought she not to prevail, even if she could not apply force ?
debeo^ impetro'^ etiam. adhibeo"^ vis
3. If I should write" to my brother, he w^ould make-haste
ad propero ^
at-once [for] Rome. 4. If I had^ a pen handy,^ I would write
statim. (ace.) calamus
to Marcus. 5. If [your] parents feared and hated you, and*'
parens itmeo^ odt
you could not ^ in any way reconcile them, you would withdraw
ratio pldco ^ concedo ^
somewhere from their sight. 6. If my counsel and influence
aliquo oculus consilittm auctoritas
had prevailed, you would this day be-a-beggar, we should be
valeo^ tu hodie egeo'^
free, the commonwealth w^ould not have lost so -many generals
liber res piiblica amitto^ tot dux
and armies. 7. The mind is pretty-much like iron: if you
exercitus^ mens prope utl ferrum
ise [it],*^ it wears-out^; if you don't use it, it gathers rust.
exerceo^ contero^ contrako^ robigo
8. Then [said] I : *' What ! - even if he wanted you to take
turn etiamne volo fero
firebrands to the Capitol ?" " Never," said he, *' would he have
fax in Capitolium itiguam
wished [it]."-'' 9. At that time you would have thought
ille tempus sentio^
differently.-'' 10. He walks as if he were lame.
aliter a^nbulo'^ claudus .
a. Perfect: ^ 307. c (cf. G. 236. R.2). b. adsum. c. neque. d. Subj. of
general condition: 309. a (G. 597. R.^). e. Passive. / Observe the im-
plied condition.
Time-Clauses. 39
Write in !Latin.
1. If you^see your father to-morrow, what will you say?
2. If I had not known that you would come, I should have
written.
3. I should not have gone" yesterday, if I had known.
4. If it is as you say, I was greatly mistaken.
K 5. I should go to-morro\y if you should be ill.^
^ 6. Hannibal would not have fought at'' Zama if he could
have helped "^ [it].
7. I would not have gone*^ unless Caesar had ordered.
8. You can always do that if you try.^
9. If it is allowed,^ I shall be-glad-to ^ speak.
10. If it would be allowed, I should be-glad-to ^ speak.
11. At another time I might think '^ so.
12. You speak as if you thought I was, deceiving you.
13. [If he were] intending-to-return' home, he would not
delay-^' so long in business.*
14. A life remote from the society of men and the protection
of laws would justly^ be reckoned"' wild'' and dreary.''
15. Without help of tl^ Gauls, Caesar could not have over-
come^ the Germans.
16. In extreme poverty^ old age cannot be a light [burden].
17. Your friend spoke of the monuments and antiquities as
if he had lived a year at Rome.
Lesson 22.
Time-Clauses.
The use of the Moods in clauses of Time {whert^
since, before, after) depends on the distinction of abso-
lute and relative time ( 323, with Note), and may be
learned from the rules given in the grammar ; viz.
a. proficiscor? b. aegrdto)- c. ad. d. defiigio^ e. cojior)- f. licet
(fut.). g. libenter (adv.). h. Present subj. i. Future participle. /. morory
k. tiegbtior 1 (gerund.) . /. recte. m. Present subj. n. agrestis. o. tristis.
/. super 0^ q. summa inopia.
40 Latin Composition.
1. Use of ubi, postquam, etc. : 324 (G. 563 ; H. 471. ii. 4) ;
2. Use of cum temporal: 325 (G. 581, i. ii. ; H. 521) ;
3. Use of cum causal: 326 (G. 581. iii. ; H. 517) ;
4. Use of antequam and priusquam : 327 (G. 576, 579;
H. 520) ;
5. Use of dum, donee, quoad: 328 (G. 573, 574, 575 ;
H. 519).
To these the following may be added :
a. If WHEN is equivalent to whenever, use the Indicative : as,
When I come home, I busy myself writing letters, cum
domuin verily operant do epistulls scrlbendls,
b. If the clauses are reversed, so that the temporal clause con-
tains the principal statement, use the Indicative : as,
I was just looking for you when our friend came up, te ex~
spectdbam, cum amicus noster advenit.
c. If WHEN or WHILE approaches in meaning to since or though,
use the Subjunctive : as.
But if you do not yet quite see, when the thing is plain by
so many clear proofs and tokens (Cic), quod si non-
dum satis cernUis, cum res ipsa tot tafu Claris
argumentls slgnlsque luceat.
Oral Exercises.
I. When fortune blows-against [us], we are distressed.
fortiina re^o^ (perf.) affligo'^
2. When Verres heard this, he called Diodorus to him.
ubi audio ^
3. Pompey, as-soon-as he saw his cavalry beaten, withdrew
Pompeius ut equitdtus pello^ excedo^
from the hne. 4. When this seemed too- difficult, and-no
acies postquain videor^ (compar.) neque
opportunity was offered for effecting [it], they went-over to
facultds ^<?^(iinp.) perficio^ trdnseo
Pompey. 5 . So the woman, while she wished " to keep-back
' ita mulier dtnn (pres.) re tine o"^
a few chattels, lost all [her] fortune. 6. This had happened
tna7icipium perdo^ (plur.)
before we came-back. 7. Whenever spring began,^ Verres
cum ver coepl
a. See ^ 276. e (G. 572 ; H. 467. iii. 4). b. Insert " to be."
Time-Clauses. 4 1
would-give himself to toil and travel. 8. The spring was now
(imperf.) labor iter (plur.) jam
coming-on, when Hannibal moved from [his] winter-quarters.
fnoveo^ hiberna (pi.)
9. Sailors reckon [it] a sign of stormy- weather, when many
7iauta ptito'^ argume7ituni teinpestas
meteors fly-across [the sky]. 10. Since life without friends is
Stella transvolo ^
full of treachery and fear, reason itself warns [us] to provide"
Insidiae metus^ ratio moneo"^ paro^
friendships. 11. While in many respects men are weaker than
cunt res Infirttius
brutes, in this thing they" chiefly excel [them], that they can
bestia maxime praesto'^ quod
talk. 12. When Epaminondas had beaten the Lacedaemonians
loqnor"^ cum vinco^ -ius
at Mantinea, and saw that he was getting-exhausted by a severe
aptid aiqne . exaninio'^ gravis
wound, he asked whether [his] shield was safe.
vuhuis'^ -ne cllpe7is (suhj.) salz/us
Write in L.atin.
1. When you come (fut. perf.), I shall go away.*
2. I was-asleep when the doctor came.
3. I had scarcely ** read your letter, when Lentulus ap-
proached.*
4. When he had said this, he went away.
5. This he had said, when news-was-brought-'' that the
enemy were in sight,^
6. When summer had begun,* he used-to-make his quarters'
at Syracuse.
7. Before I reached home, my father had already gone.-''
8. While he was speaking thus, his father arrived.*
9. When I come home at night,' I take-comfort"" in-doing'*
nothing.
10. As soon as he saw his father coming, he ran-away.**
1 1 . Since the time is-near,^' it becomes us all to be ready.
a. Inf. or (better) / with subj. d. abeo. c.dormio.^ d. vlx. e. appro-
pinquo^ /. nuntio i (impers.). ^. conspectus.^ k. Add " to be." i. statlva
(pi.). 7. proficiscor? k.venio.^ /. vesper i. m. me dclecto. . Gerund.
0, effugio? /. adsuni.
42 Latin Composition.
12. While I do not believe him to be a traitor, yet I distrust
him.
13. Will you not beheve, when the thing is so plain?"
14. I congratulate^ you that'' you have recovered '^ your
pioperty* at-last.-^
15. You will not^ hear till I have been gone ten days.
Lesson 23.
Purpose and Result.
Clauses of Purpose (Final Clauses) and of Result
(Consecutive Clauses) require the Subjunctive, as fol-
lows :
1. Purpose, with Relative, ut (ne) : 317 (G. 544. i., 545. 1,3;
H. 497) ;
2. Result, with ut (ut non) : 319 (G. 553, 554; H. 500).
a. Observe the special use of quo (for ut) after Comparatives :
317. b (G. 545. 2 ; H. 497) ; of quominus after words of Hinder-
ing : 319. c (G. 549; H. 497) ; and of quin 2SX.Q.X negative expres-
sions of Doubt or Hindrance : 319. <^ (G. 551 ; H. 504, with 3).
Also, the distinction to be observed in the use of the several expres-
sions of Purpose : 318. <a:, <5, ^, d.
b. In Latin, the constructions of Purpose and Result are pre-
cisely alike in the affirmative^ but in the negative the former takes
ne and the latter ut non. Thus
1. He was guarded so that he might not escape, custo-
dltus est ne effugeret,
2. He was guarded so that he did not escape, custdclltus
est ut non effugeret.
Oral Exercises.
I, The Helvetil sent ambassadors to Caesar to ask-for peace.
legatiis qui peto ^
2. There are many who rob from some to lavish on-others.
eripio^ (dat.) quod largior^ (dat.)
a. manifestus. b. gratulor'^ (dat.). c. quod (io\\o\iQdi by indie). d. re-
cipio? e. res. f. tandem (before the verb). g. non ante . . . quant.
Purpose and Result, 43
3. Arria gave [her] husband a sword to kill himself with.
tnar'itus glad ins ijitcrjicio^
4. I do not doubt that" you are-glad of this news. 5. Caesar
dubito'^ gaudeo^ nuntius (abl.)
found-out that it was Afranius's fault* that'' he did nof fight.''
cognosco '^
' 6. I write" you this for- the -very-reason that you may not
t'ded
suppose-'' I have forgotten your message. 7. So-great is the
puto'^ obliviscor"^ tnandatum (pi.) tantus
power of integrity, that we love it even in an enemy. 8. You
VIS probitas dlligo^ etiam
were so far off that I could not hear.
Write in liAtin.
1. ^neas, that he might v/in^ the hearts of the Aborigines,
called both the nations Latins.
2. Romulus, lest the greatness of the city should be void,'^
opened a certain place [as] an asylum.
3. The Clusians sent ambassadors to Rome, to ask aid from
the Senate.
4. I sent [a man] to Antony, to' tell [him] this.
5. A pen-'' was given me to write with.*
6. He lived honorably, that ^ he might quit"* life with a more
calm mind.
7. Again and again I beg you to do it.
8. Thrice I have begged you to come as-soon-as-possible.'*
9. What prevents you from coming at-once?*"
10. I shall not prevent your returning home to-morrow.
a. Use qiiin, b. per A. staj'e. c. qudminus. d. Passive impersonal.
e. Epistolary imperfect: 282 (G. 244; H. 472. i). f. Imp. subj. g. sibi
conciliare. h. vanus. i. qui. j. calamus. k. quo scrlberem. /. quo.
m. excedo^ a. n. quam prlmum. 0. statlm.
44 Latin Composition.
PART SECOND.
I. Substantive Clauses.
( Indirect Discourse . )
Lesson 24.
Accusative and Infinitive : !
I. Learn the rule for the use of the Infinitive with
Subject-Accusative: 272 (G. 527; H. 535. i).
a. This form is to be employed in Latin in cases where a simple
statement of fact is introduced in English by that, following a verb
of saying, &c. Thus
He says that tlie mountain is hi^ld by the enemy, dlcit
montefu ah hostibus tenerl.
Here the actual words of the speaker were : mons ab hostibus
tenetur, t/ie moimtain is held by the enemy. In indirect discourse
the subject mons becomes accusative, montem, and the verb
tenetur is put in the infinitive, teneri.
b. In these cases, the infinitive, with subject-accusative, is the
Object of the verb, and is called a Substantive Clause : 329, 330'
(G. 523. R.\ 527; H. S^iZ-SZS- 0- 1^0^ example
He says [that] he knows [that] those things are true, dlcit
scire se ilia esse vera.
Here the object of dicit is the clause scire . . . vera; the object
of scire is ilia . . . vera. Standing by itself, it would be : ilia sunt
vera, those things are true ; and in making this the object of scit,
he knows, the nominative ilia become^ accusative, and the verb
sunt becomes the infinitive esse. But again, scit ilia esse vera
is made the object of dicit, when scit becomes scire, and its subject
is put in the accusative.
Note. In clauses of this kind, the word that is often omitted
in English, as in the above examples.
Accusative and Infinitive. 45
c. If the subject of scit is the same as the subject of dicit, that
is, if the speaker says that he himself Vno^^^ the reflexive pro-
noun must be used, because this refers to the subject of the princi-
pal verb; so we have dicit se scire, etc., he says that he himself
knows. But if the speaker is talking about somebody else, the
accusative of is, ille, or hie must be used. Thus, dicit eum scire
would mean, he (Marcus) says that he (Caius) knows. So dico
me scire, I say that I know ^ &c. The sentence here analyzed illus-
trates the common case of one accusative with the infinitive depend-
ing upon another.
d. Some verbs require the reflexive in Latin which do not in
English ; thus, simulat se esse bonum, he pretends to be good.
So sometimes verbs of desiring; as, cupio me esse clementem,
/ desire to be merciful.
2. For the use of Tenses in Indirect Discourse,
learn 288 (G. 530; H. 541-543). Thus
1. For incomplete, indefinite, or contemporary action :
He says that he knows, now, dicit se scire; but
He said tliat he knew, then, dixit se scire; and
He used to say that he knew, dlcehat se scire; or.
He was saying, &c., when something else occurred.
He says that he is laughing, now, dicit se rldere;
He said that he was laughing, then, dixit se rldere.
Note. The defective verb inquam is regularly used, par en-
ihetically, with direct quotations. All other verbs of saying, &c.,
as dico, nego, respondeo, are in general followed by Indirect
Discourse.
2. For complete action:
He says that he has laughed (but has ceased), dicit se rlsisse;
He said that he had laughed (but had ceased), dlooit se rlsisse.
3. For future action :
He says that he will come, dicit se venturum [esse];
He said that he would come, dixit se venturum.
46 Latin Composition.
Translate into Latin.
1. We know that Caesar will be absent.
2. You think that he was your enemy.
3. He says that he is well.
4. He supposed that Marcus would not come.
5. I saw that the army was approaching.
6. They thought we should be" absent.
7. I feel that I have been merciful.
8. Caesar understood that I had been his friend.
9. I pretended to be mad.
10. He pretends to be your friend.
1 1 . We are mindful that we are mortal.
12. There was a rumor ^ that Caesar was dead.
Lesson 25.
Accusative and InflnitiYe : 2.
The General Rules for the use of Tenses in Indirect
Discourse have been given in the preceding lesson ;
but certain verbs require special attention.
a. After verbs o( hoping, promising, and tindertaking, the Future
Infinitive should be used only when the action is future relatively to
the predicate. Thus
I hope that you will come, spero te ventm^uiu esse ; but,
I hope that you are well, spero te valere.
Remark. Notice that when the person performing the action
is the same as the person hoping, &c., the reflexive pronoun must
be used. Thus
I promise to come, polliceor me venturum [esse];
You promise to come, polliceris te venturum ;
He promises to come, pollicetui^ se venturum,
a. Should in this sentence represents shall of the actual thought, becoming
past after the past tense thought. The original expression would be " we shall
be absent." Use the future infinitive. b. The infinitive clause, in this case, is
sometimes called the object of the verbal phrase rumor erat ; but is, more
strictly, the predicate after erat : see \ 272. Rem.
Accusative and Infinitive. 47
b. On the other hand, memini and similar verbs use the present
infinitive for a past action, when it is an action actually witnessed
by the person speaking. Thus
I remember that Caesar was present (I myself having witnessed
it), ineminl Caesar em adesse ; but,
I remember that Caesar conquered Gaul (having learned the fact
from others), meminl Caesar em Galliam vlcisse.
Oral Exercises.
I. I hope that Caesar will come. 2. I hope to come.
3. He promised that I should have a province. 4. He prom-
ised to give me a province. 5. He said that Marcus was-
absent." 6. He said that Marcus had been absent. 7. He
hopes to meet^ us. 8. He thinks that we shall meet Cato.
9. He promised that we should meet Cato. 10. They de-
clared that we had-been-neglected.''-^ 11. I think that she has
been neglected. 12. I thought that she was neglected.
13. I remember that you were-present.''
Translate into Iiatin.
1. I hope that King Deiotarus will send ambassadors to us.
2. We hope that you are no-longer distressed in mind.
3. He promises speedily to come with all his* forces to our
camp.
4. Sextus Roscius demanded two of [his] father's slaves
for (ad) torture : don't -^ you remember that Titus Roscius
refused ?
5 . You remember that I so laid-out the case in the beginning.
6. Who promised that we should see the ocean to-day?
7. He thinks that you have not-yet written the letter.
8. He thinks that you have not-yet written-out the oration.
9. The consul supposed that the enemy had already
crossed the river ; the enemy waited, hoping that the consul
would lead his forces across.
a. absum. b. convenio^ c. 77eglego? d. adsimi. e. The possessive
is not to be expressed unless for emphasis or to avoid ambiguity ; but subs,
etc., may mean "his forces." -yC -ne : \ 210. d (II. 351. 2).
48 Latin Composition.
10. I hope that you will be even firmer.
11. What did you suppose that those" said who saw^ [this] ?
what [did you suppose] that those thought who heard ^ it ?
12. The Carnutes declare that they shrink from no peril, and
the chiefs promise to make war.
Lesson 26.
Accusative and Infiuitive : 3.
In the following points the Latin usage differs from
the English :
a. The word which governs the Accusative with the Infinitive is
sometimes omitted, being implied in a preceding expression : 330.
e (G. 652. N.^; H. 523. Note) : as,
Tlie ^duans send deputies to Caesar to ask for help, [saying]
that they had deserved so well, &c., Aedul legdtos
ad Caesarem inittunt, rogdtum audcilium; ita se
meruisse, etc.
b. When the statement is in the form of a denial of the fact con-
tained in the object-clause, nego is commonly used instead of dicq
. . . non. Thus
I am well, valeo ; He says that he is well, ait se valere,
I am not well, non valeo; He says that he is not well,
negat se valere (instead of ait se non valere, which
would be grammatically correct).
c. A Relative or other subordinate Clause in indirect discourse
(except where merely explanatory) lias its verb in the Subjunctive :
336(0. 653; H. 524). Thus
He said [that] these were [the men] whom lie had seen, dl^xlt
hos esse quos vldisset.
Oral Exercises.
I. I am very much offended. 2. I said that I was not
offended. 3. He did not say that he was a Roman citizen.
a. is, the proper pronoun to use as antecedent to a relative, b. Subjunctive.
Special Constructions, 49
4. I said that he was not a Roman citizen. 5. They said
that they should not follow. 6. He says this is the dog he
bought yesterday.
emo^ hert Translate into ILatin.
1. He says that you cannot write to me.
2. He says that you could not {were 7iot able to) write to me.
3. He said that you could not (at that time) write to me.
4. He said that you could not have written to me."*
5. They rejoice at having learned^ (that they themselves
have learned ) .
6. King Deiotarus sent ambassadors to me, [saying] that
he would come with all his forces into my camp.
7. I hear that you are distressed in mind, and that the
physician says you suffer from"" this.
8. He said that the city which be had visited was not
sufficiently fortified.
9. He did not say that the city was sufficiently fortified.
10. They hope soon to finish the work they began'' yesterday.
11. Who can deny^ that all these [things] which we see
(indie.) are ruled by the power of the gods?
12. He despairs^ [he says] not only of {cTe) royal-power,
but even of that power which he has (subj.).
Lesson 27.
Special Constructions.
Besides the simple narrative of Indirect Discourse,
several Special Constructions require to be noticed.
These are
1. Questions: 338 (G. 654. R. ; H. 523. ii. 2);
2. Commands : 339 (G. 655 ; H. id. iii.) ;
3. Conditions: 337 (G. 659. i, 2; H. 527).
a. Could not have written = were not able to zvrite ; therefore use perf. infin.
oi possum, \\\\S\ pres. infin. of scr'ibo. b. Sec 333. b (G. 533; H. 535. iii.).
c. ex. d. ineipiofi If the indicative- is used here, it will mean, the work
whicli (as we know) they actually beifau ; if the subjunctive, that which (as they
sa\ ) ihcy began. - - e. Prt^s, subj, f. Indirect discourse.
50 Latin Composition,
a. Questions are sometimes in the accusative and infinitive,
especially the accusative of the Future Participle, esse being under-
stood. Thus
Who (said they) will dare to succeed Alexander ? que^n
ausurum Alexandro succedere ?
b. The phrase would have been, or the like, is to be expressed in
indirect discourse by the Future Participle with fuisse. Thus
I should have come if I had been well, venissein {= ven-
turns eram) si valuissem.
He wrote that he would have come if he had not been sick,
scrlpsit se venturuin fuisse, nisi aegrotdsset.
Note. In the exercises below, the Question or Command is
generally given in the direct form. The student should, accordingly,
change the form to that of indirect discourse, putting all the verbs
in the third person, and assuming a verb of saying or asking in the
past tense. It may be well to write the sentences first in the direct
form, comparing those given under 339 (G. 664). If they should
prove too difficult, they may be left till the review.
"Write in Latin.
1 . Ariovistus, when I " was consul, sought most eagerly the
friendship of the Roman people : why does any-one so hastily
suppose that he will withdraw from [his] duty ? I for-my-part *
am persuaded '^ that he will cast-off neither my good-will nor
[that] of the Roman people.
2. But if, driven by rage and madness, he should bring "^ w^ar,
pray what are you afraid-of^?
3. If any are troubled by-^ the defeat^ and flight of the
Gauls, they, if they ask, can find, that while * the Gauls were
worn-out by the length of the war, Ariovistus, having kept' him-
self for many months in camp and in swamp, and having given
no chance at him,-^' attacked^ [them] suddenly, hopeless [as they
were] of battle and dispersed, [and] conquered [them] more
by skill' and strategy' than by valor.
a. Abl. abs. with w^. b. quidem. c. Impersonal with Dative. d. infero
(pluperfect). e. vereor?' f. Use the active construction. g. adversum
proeUiun (nom.). h. Ablative absolute. i. Clause with cum. /. sul potes-
tatcm facere. k. adorior^ (participial construction). /. 7-af:o, c-jj:silhi!n.
Indirect Questions. 51
4. But if, besides, no one shall follow, still I will go with the
tenth legion alone, about which I have no misgiving, and this
shall be my (dat.) body-guard."
5. If you persist in pursuing (inf.) [us] with war, remember
the old disaster of the Roman people, and the ancient valor of
the Helvetians. Do not allow ^ that place where we have stood''
to take [its] name from the calamity of the Roman people and
the slaughter of [their] army.
6. Who [said they] will give the signal in- our-re treat '^ ? who
will dare to succeed Alexander ? Suppose * we penetrate as-far-
as {ad) the Hellespont in [our] flight, who will prepare a fleet in
which we may cross-over?
Anecdotes.
1. The mother-^ of Phalaris writes Ponticus Heraclides, a
learned man, a hearer and disciple of Plajo appeared to see
in [her] sleep (plur.) the images of the gods, which she had
consecrated in-her-house ; of {ex) these Mercury seemed from
a bowl which he held in his right hand to pour blood, which,
when it reached^ the ground seemed to boil-up,^ so that the
whole house overflowed with blood. This' dream of the mother
was made-good-^' by the monstrous cruelty of [her] son.
2. Publius Scipio,-^ the same who was first called Africanus,
used to say [as] Cato has written, who was nearly of-his-time *
that he was never less idle^ than when at-leisure,^and-never"'
less alone than when he was alone.
Lesson 28.
Indirect Questions.
Note. For the forms of interrogation in Simple Sentences, see
Lesson 3.
I. An interrogative expression may be incorporated
in the main sentence as the subject or object of a verb,
a. practoria cohors. b. committere lit. c. consistofi d. fugieiitibus.
lit. / Indirect discourse depending on j-<;r^^^r^. g. attingo^ {y^\\i\>.).
h. refervesco.^ i. Relative. / coinprobo^ : use the active construction.
k. aequalis, with genitive. /, otlbsus. in. nee.
52 Latin Composition,
thus becoming a substantive clause. In this case it ij
called an Indirect Question, and its verb is in the sub
junctive: 334 (G. 469; H. 529). Thus
I see who has the book, video quis lihrum habeat.
Note. Here the form of direct question would be, gz/is librum
habet ? Other examples are
quantum hahes? die mihi quantum habeas,
unde venis? neseio unde venids,
nufn Momdnus es ? rogo num Romdnus sis,
nonne hoc vides ? quaerit nonne hoc videds,
a. In indirect questions num has the same force as -ne.
d. The interrogative expression may be made the subject of the
verb : as, iion constat quis habeat Etruriam, it is not known
who has Etrtiria, where the clause quis . . . Etruriam is subject of
constat.
2. Alternative questions, like simple ones, can be
made the subject or object of a verb, and in this case
take the subjunctive as Indirect Questions : thus
I do not know whether it was Caesar or Pompey, neseio
utrum Caesar fuerit an Po^npeius,
It is not clear whether we have peace or war, bellum pd-
cemne Jiabedmus non constat.
Oral Exercises.
I. Who will" go with me*? 2. What'' soldier will go with
us? 3. Will any one '^ follow Caesar? 4. He does not say
who will go with you. 5. I do not know whether any one will
go with us. 6. I asked whether you had seen Marcus. 7. I
wished to know whether you were absent. 8. Will you^ come,
or I? 9. Do you give us peace or war? 10. Is Caesar to be
king or not ? 11. I do not know whether Caesar is to be king
a. = wishes to go. b. mecmn: ^ 99. e (G. 414. R.i ; H. 184. 2). c. ^ 104.
a (H. 188. I ; G. 104, first two lines). d. num quis or ecquis. e. " You " must
be expressed, as it is contrasted with " I."
Other Forms of Substantive Clause. 53
or emperor. 12. He did not say whether he was Nero or
not. 13. When did you come? 14. I ask you when you
came. 15. I asked you when you came.
Translate into Liatin.
1. What was the cause of hatred?
2. I do not know what cause of hatred there was.
3. I do not know whether there was a cause of hatred.
4. How" do these matters stand?
5 . How these matters stand, I dare not* relate, even* in a letter.
6. Fearing to inquire which [of the two] was " Porsena, he
kills the secretary instead-of the king.
7. 1 do not see what can be more suited to a good man
than to stand aside from civil disputes.
8. I am uncertain whether I am more pushed by the sword
or by famine.
9. Often it is asked, not whether a thing is [true] or not,
but of-what-sort it is.
10. It is asked earnestly whether it was done or not.
11. Did the Picene land follow the mad-counsels of-the-
tribunes,'' or the authority of the consuls ?
12. Did [then] conscience, as (id quod) is wont to happen,
make you timid and suspicious ?
13. Doubt now, judges, if you can, by whom Sextus Roscius
was killed ; by him who, on account of his death, lives in pov-
erty and in [the midst of] plots, or by those who avoid investi-
gation, [and] possess [his] property {bona).
Lesson 29.
other Forms of Substantive Clause,
I. For the classification of Substantive Clauses, see
329, Note (H. 540, comparing G. 507).
a. qnomodo. b. ne . . . quidcm. c. \ 287. e (G. 511. R.l ; H. 495. ii.h
d. trlbunlcius : \ 190 (G. 360. R.^ ; H. 395. N. 2).
54 Latm Composition.
Besides Infinitive Clauses (with or without subject-
accusative), are the following :
A. Subjunctive Clauses with ut.
Note. These differ from simple dependent clauses of Purpose
or Result (see Lesson 23) in being the subject or object of a verb.
See 331, 332 (G. 544. 'i. ii., 546, 555. 2, 3, 4, 557, 558, 559;
H. 540. iii., 498, 501).
2. Subjunctive Clauses are either
a. Clauses of Purpose, with ut or ne : as,
I ask you to come, rogo ut venids.
Here the clause ut venias is the object of rogo. Negatively, it
v/ould be
I ask you not to come, rogo ne venids.
Remark. Notice the special use of ut and ne with verbs of
Fearing: 33i./(G. 552^; H. 498. iii. n. i). Thus
1 fear he will come, vereor ne veniat,
I fear he will not come, vereor ut veniat,
b. Clauses of Result, with ut or ut non : as,
I cause you to come, efflcio ut venids.
It happened that you had not come, evenit ut non ve-
nisses*
Note. It is not obvious, at first sight, that this last sentence
difters in kind from He said that you had not co/7te, which requires
the Accusative and Infinitive of indirect discourse. The student
will do well to study carefully and compare the lists of verbs or
verbal phrases given at the foot of pages 239, 241, 242 of the Gram-
mar (A. & G.). For the Sequence of Tenses in these and other
dependent constructions, see Lesson 20.
B. Indicative Clauses with quod.
3. The Indicative Clause with qtwd is used
a. When a statement of fact is made for explanation or specifica-
tion: 2)2)Zi with a (G. 525. with r.'-^; H. 540. iv.). Thus
Other Forms of Substantive Clause. 55
It is unlucky that he returned, quod rediit Infaustum
est.
As to your saying this (i.e., as to the fact that you said it), &c.,
quod hoc dlxlstl,
b. When the clause is the object of a verb of Feeling: 333. b
(G. 542 and 533 ; H. 535. iii. n.). Thus
I am glad that you have come, gaudeo quod venistu
Note. Here the accusative and infinitive may also be used :
as, gaudeo te venisse.
Oral Exercises.
I. I cause the Romans to fight {= that the Romans fight).
2. I will cause the Romans to fight. 3. I caused the
Romans to fight. 4. I have caused the Romans to fight.
5. I had caused the Romans to fight. 6. We will brmg [it]
to pass that he depart. 7. He grieves because you are not
well. 8. I wished to come. 9. They cried out that they were
ready.'' 10. They cried out that he should lead them against
the enemy .^ 11. I entreated him to spare me.
Translate into ILatin.
1. They caused the departure to seem {caused that the
departure seemed) just-like a flight.
2. I wish/ fathers, to cross the Tiber, and enter the camp
of the enemy.
3. What more befits a good and peaceful man, and a good
citizen, than '^ to stand aside ^ ft-om civil disputes ?
4. I for-my-part will not make-the-mistake -^ of giving {that
I give to) you some ground of refusing.
5. The senate decreed^ that the consuls should inquire
into ^ this affair.
6. I am glad that I have interrupted you.
a. Statement of a fact. b. Something to be done. c. ^ 331. b (G. 532.
K..''^; H. 533. i.). d. \J 332. b (H. 502, 2). e. Either infinitive or /// with the
subjunctive. f. 332. e. ^. 332. /i (G. 546; H. 498. i. N.). /i. de.
56 Latin Composition.
7. He commands the Ubians to lead away" [their] flocks,
and convey all their* [possessions] from the fields into the
towns.
8. He promises to write to me.
Lesson 30.
Impersonal Verbs.
Impersonal Verbs may be divided, in respect to
their construction, into two principal classes :
a. Those purely impersonal, which have no subject at all. These
are
1, Those which express operations of nature: as, grandinat, it
hails ; pluit, it rains.
2. The passive of intransitive verbs : as,
There is sinning, peccdtur ;
Fighting was going on, pugndhdtur ;
There is need of striving, nltendum est.
Remark. When an impersonal verb of this class is put into
the construction of the accusative with the infinitive, it remains with
no subject : as.
It snows, ningit ; I see that it is snowing, video ningere.
We must fight, pugnandum est ; It is clear that we must
fight, constat pugnandum esse,
b. Those which have a substantive clause as subject: viz., either
an infinitive clause, a subjunctive clause, or the clause with quod.
I . Those which have a simple infinitive as subject are generally
followed by the dative : as,
I like to joke, libet mihi jocdrl.
To this class belong licet, it is pe7'i?iitted ] libet, it is pleasing;
placet, // is thoiight best ; necesse est, it is necessary ; and certum
est, // is determined.
a. 331. a (H. 498. i. ; G. 546). ^. 197. d (H. 441 ; G. 195. 2).
Impersonal Verbs. 57
2. Oportet, // behooves; constat, it is well agreed', and occa-
sionally those given above (libet, etc.), take the accusative with the
infinitive : as,
It was necessary that there should be some head, esse ali^
quod caput oportebat.
Here esse . . . caput is subject of oportebat.
3. Those v^hich have a subjunctive clause as subject (see Lesson
26) . To this class belong accidit and contingit, it happens ; se-
quitur, it follows ; restat and reliquum est, it remains ; fit, //
happens ; f uturum est, // is going to happen ; mos est, it is custom-
ary ; &c.
4. Those which take the clause with quod (see Lesson 29).
c. The passive of verbs of Saying, &c., may be used either per-
sonally or impersonally.
Thus, we may say either Crassus dicitur abesse, Crassns is
said to be absent, or (less commonly) dicitur Crassum abesse, it is
said that Crassiis is absent, where Crassum abesse is subject of
dicitur: 330. a, b (G. 528 ; H. 534. i. with i).
Note. With impersonal verbs, the word it is used in English,
but is not to be rendered into Latin. For special constructions, see
221. b, c, 222, 227. e, nyj. e (G. 376, 381, 382. 2 ; H. 409. iii. n.,
408. I and 2).
Oral Exercises.
I. You may (it is permitted to you to) set out. 2. May I
go with you? 3. He might have done this (it was permitted
to him to do this). 4. It will please us to call-upon you.
5. Caesar ought (it behooves Caesar) to be angry. 6. I ought
not to have been angry. 7. It does not become you to he.
8. It is raining. 9. You see that it is raining. 10. It is
well agreed that Romulus founded Rome. 11. It happened
that Caesar was present. 12. I (dat.) am determined to ad-
vance. 13. The consul thought best (it pleased the consul)
to convene the senate. 14. You have leave (it is permitted)
to depart. 15. It follows that you have leave to depart.
16. We ought to rejoice. 17. He said that I ought not to
delay. 18. It was said that Caesar had been defeated.
58 Latin Composition,
Translate into !Latin.
1. It was necessary" for me to set out for the province with
military-power.
2. It happened, contrary to my will and beyond [my] ex-
pectation, that it was necessary for me to go into the province
with military-power.
3. It has rained stones (abl.) on the Alban Mount.
4. It was announced to king and senate * that it had rained
stones on the Alban Mount.
5. It is proper to write-out one speech out of so many.
6. I have judged it proper (that it is proper) to write out
one speech out of so many.
7. Which-of-the-two killed Sextus Roscius ?
8. It remains, that we are in doubt [as to] this, which of
the two killed Sextus Roscius.
9. People run (there-is-running) from all parts'' of the city
into the forum.
10. He said that it had never pleased him ** that Avaricum
was defended.
11. It follows that you do not know how these matters stand.
12. It is enough not to be a liar.^
II. Miscellaneous Constructions.
Lesson 31.
Modifications of the Predicate.
I. An adjective agreeing with a substantive clause
must be in the neuter gender : as,
It is clear to all that there are gods, est omnibus per-
spicuufu cleos esse.
Here, perspicuum agrees with the clause deos esse, with which
it is connected by est.
a. nccesse. b. f aires. c. locus. d. The reflexive pronoun, as relating to
the subject oisaid; dative after p/acet <?. This should properly be an accusative
"With the infinitive, aliquem esse, etc., that one is not, &c. ; but allquem is omitted.
Modifications of the Predicate. 5g
2. A subject, whether a noun or mfinitive clause,
may be connected by the copula with a limiting geni-
tive : 214. ^ and d (G. 365 ; H. 401 and 403). Thus
The army is of (belongs to) the consul, consulls est exer-
citiis*
It is for the consul to defend the city, consulis est de-
fendere urbem.
a. A genitive used in this way often stands instead of a predicate
adjective in agreement with a phrase or clause. Thus
It is wise to look before you leap, sapientis (not sapiens)
I est priusquam inriiat prospicere,
b. A genitive of this class is a subjective (or possessive) genitive,
denoting the source of the action described. In the case of personal
pronouns, the genitive cannot be used in- this way, because their
genitives, mei, tui, sui, nostri, and vestri, are only objective.
Hence,
It is for me (you, us) to defend the city, tneum (tuurrif
suunif nostrum, not mel, etc.) est defendere urhem,
3. With impersonal verbs which govern the dative,
an adjective with esse will be either in the accusative,
or, by attraction, in the dative : 272. a (G. 535, 2 ;
H. 536. 2, 2), 3)).
I am at liberty to take my ease, licet mihi esse otioso
(or otiosum) ; but,
I ought not to take my ease, non oportet me esse oti-
osum ; or, non deheo esse otiosus.
Note. With licet the dative is the usual construction; with
other impersonal verbs the accusative is preferred.
Oral Exercises.
I. To err is human. 2. It is easy to do this. 3. Is it
not shameful to lie? 4. It is wise (for a wise man) to despise
empty honors. 5. It shows wisdom to reject folly. 6. It is
not for you to say this. 7. It is shameful for him to do so.
6o Latifi Composition.
8. It is [the duty] of the consuls to defend the city. 9. It is
our [privilege] to die for (^pro) [our] country. 10. You have
leave to be neutral. 11. They ought to be ready. 12. The
consuls think it best to be watchful. 13. They had made up
their minds {certu?n erat) to be faithful. 14. It becomes you
to be modest. 16. It was rash to advance so hastily.
i^tp rudens p rogredio r^ tetnere
Translate into Latin.
1. It is a serious [thing] to be accused with-truth.
2. He thought it dangerous to enter within the guard.
3. It is a Roman [virtue] both to do and to suffer bravely.
4. It is wicked to deceive by falsehood ; it is shameful to
change [one's] opinion.
5. It is uncertain what will chance.
6. It was your [privilege] to have served in that war.
7. To manage [one's] business ill is [worthy] of a madman.
8. It seems to you a royal [act] to despise all lusts, to
think {senfire) freely in the senate.
9. It is for me [who am] poor to count [my] flock.
10. In so great perils, it is for you, Marcus Cato, to see what
is going on.
11. Is it for an orator to wish to excite laughter ?
12. We ask whether it is for an orator to wish to excite laughter.
13. This very [thing] is [the mark] of a great {sum?mis)
orator, to seem a great orator (ace.) to the people.
14. It was more glorious to contend with him than not to have
[any] adversary at all.
Lesson 32.
Use of Tenses,
The relations of Time are expressed with more pre-
cision by the tenses employed in Latin than by the cor-
responding English usage. In particular
a. When the action of a subordinate clause is yet to come, the
Future must be used in Latin, where English admits the Present : as,
We shall be healed if we wish, sdndhimur si volemus.
Use of Tenses. 6 1
b. When the action of the subordinate clause is complete in re-
lation to the principal clause, the tenses of completed action are used
in Latin where English prefers the indefinite: as,
It shall be done if you deserve (shall have earned it), si eris
meritus, fiet
Translate into L.atin.
1. This you, Brutus, will know at once (jam) when you
come into Gaul.
2. He will both judge what each needs, and will be able to
speak in whatever manner the cause ciemands.
3. He will be eloquent, who is able to adapt his discourse
to (that), whatever is becoming.
4. Whatever mischief,'' crime, slaughter there shall be, this
ought to belong (propriiis esse) to the^ Roscii.
5. If you listen to me, you will avoid enmities, and consult
for the ease of posterity.
6. I shall accomplish this more easily if you come to me in
(into) Cilicia ; and I think it concerns both me and the repub-
lic, and especially you.
7. [Your] vices shall follow you whithersoever you go.
8. I truly will follow the old road, but if I find a nearer and
more level one, this I will repair.
9. [As much] care as you bestow upon your health, so
highly I shall judge that I am valued by you.
10. As quickly as I can,* and by as frequent letters, I will
make^ the whole plan of my days and journeys known to you.
11. The earth never refuses [our] rule, and never returns
without usury what it receives.
Fable.
A fox by chance had seen a tragic mask : " Oh how great a
show," said he, " has no brain ! "
This is said for those to wiiom fortune has granted honor and
glory, [but] has taken away [from them] common sense.
a. Partitive genitive. b. quam celerrinie potero, c. efficere ut.
62 Latijt Composition,
Lesson 33.
Wishes and Commands.
The following cases of the Subjunctive and Impera-
tive require to be carefully observed :
1. The hortatory and optative uses of the subjunctive in Wishes :
266, 267 (G. 253-257; H. 483, 484. i. ii. with i, 2, 3, 4), distin-
guishing the uses of the primary and secondary tenses.
2. The imperative in Commands: 269 (G. 259; H. 487),
noting the special uses of the Future : 269. d, e (G. 262, 260. R. ;
H. 487. 2).
3. The various forms of Prohibition : 269. a (G. 264, 266 ;
H. 488, 489).
Remark. In Prohibitions, ne must be used instead of non;
but nihil may be used for ne quid, nuUus for ne ullus, etc.
Oral Exercises.
I. Send Marcus to me. 2. Attend carefully. 3. Let us
go with him. 4. Do not fear. 5. Be sure you do not do
this. 6. May I accomplish your designs ! 7. Do not boast
without reason. 8. Come and bring your brothers with you,
and be sure you do not delay. 9. Let me know of your ar-
rival. 10. Do not wonder that I come unwillingly. 11. Do
not think that I come unwillingly. 12. Be assured that we
shall be faithful.
Translate Into !Latin.
1. Consider this, as-is- worthy your nature.
2. Even if you have not [any thing] to write (which you
may write, subj.), yet write.
3. Do not say that I am obstinate.
4. Be not so unjust.
5 . If you do not lie, may I perish.
6. Let the forum give way to the camp, peace to war, the
pen to the sword, the shade to the sun.
7. Would that those songs were extant.
Use of Participles, 63
8. Do not suffer me, the grandson of Masinissa, to seek*"
aid from you in vain.
9. If you love me, if you wish to be loved by me, send
letters to me.
10. Fear no army, no battle.
11. Pardon nothing ; grant nothing at all to favor; be not
moved by pity.
12. Do not think that there has been any thing in our state
more excellent than these two [men].
13. They shall not take nor {n'eve) give a bribe, neither (iieve)
in seeking, nor in administering power.
14. If they cannot stand, let them fall.
15. If there is any spirit in us, let us avenge the death of
those who have perished most unworthily, and kill these robbers.
16. May your judgment and [that] of the Roman people
approve my desire, and the hope of the rest of [my] life !
Anecdote.
Epaminondas, the Theban, when his soldiers were saddened
(abl. abs.) because^ the wind had carried away (perf. pass,
part.) from his spear an ornament hanging after-the-manner
{more) of a fillet, [and] driven [it] upon the tomb of a certain
Lacedaemonian, said : " Do not be alarmed, soldiers ; destruc-
tion is portended to the Lacedaemonians ; for [their] tombs are
adorned with offerings."
Lesson 34.
Use of Participle.
I. Participles are often used in Latin where Eng-
lish usage prefers a subordinate clause, or even an
independent sentence.
Seejexamples under 292 (G. 667-67 2>'', H. 549).
a. Accusative with infinitive. b. = becctuse the wind had driven an orna-
menl [which was] carried away.
64 Lathi Cornpositioit.
2. Respecting the time of participles, the following
points are to be observed :
a. Only Deponent verbs have the perfect active participle. With
other verbs, this relation is expressed either by a subordinate clause
(generally with cum and the pluperfect subjunctive), or by the
passive participle in the ablative absolute : as,
Having learned this thing tlirongh [his] scouts, Tiac re per
speculatores cognita (Cses.) ; or, cutn hanc rem
cognovisset.
b. The perfect participle of a few deponents is often used where we
should use the present4 290. b (G. 278. r. ; H. 550. n. i). Thus
Fearing an ambnseade, he kept his army in camp, Insldlds
vefHtuSf exercituin castrls continuit (id.).
c. The future participle is often used to express intention or
purpose : as, locuturus, abotit (or intending) to speak.
Oral Exercises.
N.B. In these sentences notice carefully the relation of the time
of the participle to that of the verb.
I. [While] withdrawing from the [line of] battle, he crossed
cedo irafiseo
a small river. 2. The consul led the army across the river
in-order-to-help Syracuse. 3. Catching-sight-of the army of the
conspicor ^
enemy, he crossed the river in-order-to attack it. 4. Defeating
aggredior^ vinco"^
the enemy with great slaughter, he set out with three legions.
eludes
5. Encamping on the bank of the river, he waited-for the
exspecto ^
rest-of the troops. 6. Confessing their fault, they begged
fateor- culpa peto^
indulgence. 7. They cast themselves at Caesar's feet, confess-
venia projicio (dat.)
ing their fault.
Translate into I.atin.
1. The letters which had been given" made the crime manifest.
2. They beg that they be not deserted by the rest, now that
a co7nnienceme7it of war has been made?
a. which had been given = having-be en-given, b. Ablative absolute.
Gerund, Gerundive, and Supine. 65
3. They announce to our ambassadors that they have re-
turned because they feared "^ the perfidy of the Bituriges.
4. The townsmen, terrified, seized^ those by whose means they
thought the rabble had been stirred up, and led them to Caesar.
5. He sent colonists to Signia and Circeii, who shoidd be
a defence (plur.) to the city by land and sea.
6. It was announced to Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus
[while] ploughing that he had been made dictator.
7. After recovering this town, he trusted that he would
bring the state of the Bituriges again into his power.
8. There is behind me a long line of those who seek " the
same honor.
9. Are you going to take upon yourself so great labor, so
great hostilities of so many men ?
Anecdote.
After ^ Publius and Gnseus Scipio had been overwhelmed in
Spain, with the greater part of their army, and all the nations
of that province had accepted {sequor) the friendship of the
Carthaginians, since '^ no one of our generals dared to proceed
thither to correct matters,^ Publius Scipio, then in-^ his twenty-
fourth year, promised to go. By which spirit-of-confidence,
indeed, he gave hope of safety and victory to the Roman
people.
Lesson 35.
Gerund, Grerundive, and Supine.
\_Compare Lesson i8.]
I. In the use of the Gerund and Gerundive the fol-
lowing points are to be observed :
a. In transitive verbs the gerundive is generally used instead of
a. Of the three verbs that mean fear {timeo, metuo, and vereor) , vereor alone,
being a deponent, -has a perfect active participle : use, therefore, either veritl or
the clause quod thnereiit. b. The participle, agreeing with ^^j, which is the
object oiled: \ 292. Rem., 2d line (G. 667. R.i ; H. 549). ^. i.e., of (persons)
seeking. d. Words put in italics, but not in brackets, illustrate some principle
of the lesson. e. Accusative of gerundive, with ad. f. ag'ens.
66 Latin Composition,
the gerund, except in the genitive, in which they are about equally
common ; as,
conservandae patriae (= cdnservandi patriam) causa.
But
ad conservandam (not conservanduin) patriain,
b. In changing the construction of tht, gerund to that of the
gerundive, the case of the gerund and gerundive must be the same ;
but the gerundive agrees, while the gerund governs: 296 (G. 428 ;
H. 543, 544).
c. Although the gerundive is always passive, yet, like other pass-
ives, it often corresponds to an active construction in English : as,
We shonld exercise the memory (literally, the memory should
be exercised), exercenda est memoria*
The soldiers had to leap down from the ships, mllitibus
de ndvihus desilienduin [erat]*
In this last sentence the gerundive is impersonal ; i.e., desilitur,
t/tere is a leaping down = somebody leaps down ; desiliendum erat,
t/tere was a necessity of leaping down.
d. The Agent, with the genmdive, is regularly expressed by the
Dative: 232 (G. 353; H. 388).
2. For the uses of the Supine, see 302, 303 (G. 436,
437 with R.^ ; H. 546, 547 with i, 2).
Oral Exercises.
I. He is desirous of fighting. 2. We are fond of sailing.
cupidus sUidiosus navigo '^
3. While writing. 4. By running, 5. Of entering the city.
inter- curro'^ ititro^
6. Of entering the fields. 7. On account of managing this
gero'^
affair. 8. We must "fight. 9. Caesar must" lead-forth the
Tes ediico ^
army. 10. The censors gave-a- contract for building^ a tem-
loco ' aedijico '
pie. II. They sent ambassadors to ask [for] peace. 12. It
is difficult to say who is the bravest of us. 13. The com-
fortis itn-
mander was obliged-to-follow" through the fields.
perator sequor^
a. Use the gerundive, with the dative. b. The gerundive agreeing with
templum. ,
Gerund, Gerundive^ and Supine, 6y
Translate into Latin.
1 . Plans have been formed in this state, of destroying the city^
slaughtering the citizenff, [and] extinguishing the Roman name.
2. He dedicated places for performing the sacrifices, which"
the pontifices call Argei.
3. We must contend with^ luxury, with madness, with crime.
4. He sends his Am Aruns with part of the forces to*' be-
siege Aricia.
5. We must see what comes into dispute.
6. It is hard to teJ] in how great odium we are with** foreign
nations.
7. It seems necessary-to-speak (that it must be spoken)
concerning the choice of a commander (concerning choosing,
&c.) for this war.
8. The memory must be trained by learning word-by-word
as many writings as possible,* both our [own] and foreign.
9. I have not done this for the sake of exciting you, but of
testifying my love.
10. He gave four legions to Labienus to lead (to be led)
among-^ the Senones.
1 1 . First I seek peace and indulgence from Jupiter, best [and]
greatest, and the other immortal gods and goddesses, and pray
from them that they suffer this day to have shone upon [us],
both to'' preserve the safety of this [man], and to establish the
common welfare.
Anecdote.
While Camillus was besieging the Faliscans,^ a schoolmaster
delivered [to him] the children of the Faliscans, whom he had
led forth ^ outside the walls, as if for the sake of walking, saying
that the state would necessarily do [what was] commanded,^
for [the purpose of] ^ getting back those hostages. Camillus
not only spurned the treachery, but also gave over to the boys
^' ^ 199 (G. 616. 3, ii. ; H. 445. 4). b. cum. c, a<a? with gerundive.
d. apud. e. ^ 93. b (G. 317; H. 170. 2 (2)). / i7i with accusative.
g. Dative of Camillus, with present participle. h. " having been led forth."
i, the things commanded. j. Dative of gerund.
6S Latin Conipositio7t.
their master, [with] his hands bound behind his back (plur.), to
drive him (gerundive) with rods to their parents, [thus] obtain-
ing by kindness the victory which he had not desired by fraud ;
for the FaUscans, on account of this justice, surrendered to him
of their own accord.
Lesson 36.
Use of Conjunctions,
Note. For a list of the Conjunctions, with their classification
and meaning, see 155. a.-h. (G. 476, 485, 494, 500, 501 ; H. 310,
311) ; for their Syntax or special use, see 156, 208, with a, b, c, d
(G. 477-484, 486-493, 495-499, 502-504; H. 554, 555).
In the use of Conjunctions the following points are
to be observed :
a. When several words follow one another in the same construc-
tion, the conjunction (et) may be repeated between every two
i^polysyndetofi) ^ or may be wholly omitted {asyndeioit) . Thus
Marcus Antonius and Quintus Cassius, tribunes of the people,
JW. Antonius Q, Cassius trihunl plebis.
Go now to Philip, Parmenio, and Attains, I nunc ad JPhi-
lipiyuin et JPar^nenionem et Attalum,
b. Two or more Adjectives belonging to the same subject are
ordinarily connected by et : as,
A great white horse, equus "iudgnus et alhus.
c. When a relative or conjunction precedes such a series of words,
it is commonly repeated with each word {anaphora) : as,
Because they had harassed the J]dui, the Ambarri, and the
AUobroges, quod Aeduos, quod Amban'os, quod
Allohroges veocdssent.
d. When a negative word or clause is to be connected with what
goes before, it is common to join the negative with the conjunction,
not with the word or clause that is connected ; so that neque takes
the place of et non, and even of sed non : as.
Unwilling and not innocent, invltl neque innocentes.
Conjunctions ; Apposition. 69
ti The phrase neque enim often commences a sentence : as,
For no one but traders visits tliese without good reason,
neque enim teineve praeter ntercdtores illo adit
quisquam (for neiuo eniin, etc.).
Oral Exercises.
I. Honor, justice, and mercy exhort us. 2. We entreat
you to spare us, our wives and children. 3. They brought
out their spears, swords, and shields. 4. His countenance was
calm, and not unfriendly. 5 . We are ready, but not impatient.
6. He set out at once, and did not delay 7. We receive
you gladly, for we too are not forgetful of your many great kind-
nesses. 8. Our ancestors carried on wars with Antiochus, Philip,
the ^toHans, and the Carthaginians. 9. Cicero was a tall
lean" [man], (and) of feeble* health ; but a fluent,'' witty,"^ and
effective^ pleader.^ Epistle. -
Tullius to his Terentia.
If you are in good health, it is well : I am in good health.
We have as yet nothing certain, either of Caesar's arrival, or of
the letters which Philotimus is said to have. If there is any
thing certain, I will let you know. Be sure {fac) that you take
care of your health. Farewell. Aug. 1 1 .
III. Case-Constructions.
Note. The more usual case-constructions have already been
given in Lessons 7-16. Some of the more idiomatic usages, how-
ever, are here introduced for further illustration, especially with a
view to the introduction of classical examples. F^or remarks on the
use of cases, see the Note on page 145 of the Grammar (A. & G.) ;
and for a general view of these constructions, the Synopsis on p. 254.
Lesson 37.
Apposition.
Simple Apposition is often employed in Latin to
express relations which in English would require an
a, macer. b. tenuis (abl.). c, facundus. d. facetus. e. efficax.
/ orator.
70 Latin Composition,
adverbial phrase, or even a separate clause. In par-
ticular,
a. A noun in apposition is often used to express the time of an
action, or some attendant circumstance : as,
I [when] a youth lored Quintns Maximus, an old man, ego
Q. Maximum seneni adulescens dllexl,
Cato learned Greek when he was an old man, Cato senex
litterds Graecds didiciU
Caesar came to the aid of the Oaiils against the Germans,
Caesar Gallls adjutor venit adversus Germdnos*
Cicero was banished from Home in Pompey's second consul-
ship, Bompeio consule iterum, Cicero Homd pul-
sus est.
Note. The word consule is here in predicate agreement
with the name Pompeio in the ablative of time or circumstance
{locative ablative) . It may be considered a case of Ablative Abso-
lute (understanding, if we will, a participle of esse), and is the
common way of expressing dates in Latin.
b. This form of apposition {predicative) must be carefully distin-
guished from ordinary {attributive) apposition : as in Cato senex,
the aged Cato ; Caesar adjutor, CcBsar the helper. For special
rules of agreement see 184. ^, b, c; 185 (G. 319, 324. R.^ 334,
with R.^ ; H. 362 and 373).
Oral Exercises.
I. Caesar entered Gaul as a conqueror. 2. Zenobia was
victorious over the Persians (gen.). 3. I shall be created
consul. 4. The boy was called Milo. 5. I understand that
the boy was called Milo. 6. Cicero, when consul, suppressed
the conspiracy of Catiline. 7. Cato used to tell in his old
age. 8. Fabius in his second consulship. 9. The consuls*
Cicero and Antonius.
Translate into L.atin.
I. Publius Africanus had been twice consul, and had de-
stroyed the two terrors of this empire, Carthage and Numantia,
when he accused Lucius Cotta.
a. The titles should follow the names.
Uses of the Genitive. ji
2. A great part of goodness is to wish to become good.
3. Hardly any one {nemo fere) dances [when] sober, unless
by chance he is crazy.
4. History, the witness of times, the light of truth, the life of
memory, the mistress of life, the messenger of antiquity, by
what voice but that of the orator (what other voice unless [that]
of the orator) is [she] commended to immortality ?
5. He was at Athens [when] a youth; he had turned out a
perfect Epicurean, a class not at all suited to speaking.
6. Marius in his fourth consulship defeated the Cimbri and
Teutones with very-great slaughter.
Lesson 38.
Uses of the Genitive.
The following are special or idiomatic uses of the
Genitive :
1. The genitive (or ablative) of Quality, with adjectives: 215
(G. 364; H. 396. v.).
Note. In this construction the genitive must be used to ex-
press measure or requirernent ; the ablative to express bodily peculi-
arities : 251. a (G. 364. R. ; H. 419. 2). Otherwise, either case
may be used.
2. The genitive of Definition, equivalent to a word in apposition :
214./ (G. 359; H. 396. vi.).
3. The Partitive genitive, used with words of Quantity : 216. a,
I, 2, 3, 4 (G. 371, with R.-^ and 4; H. 397).
4. The Objective genitive, as representing various constructions
in English: 217, 218. a,b,d (G. 361. 2, ^-j-t^, 374, 356. r.' ;
H. 396. iii.).
Remark. The examples under the sections here referred to
should be carefully studied and explained.
Oral Exercises.
I. Cicero was an orator of great eloquence. 2. The ass is
an animal with long ears. 3. It is a thing requiring (of) the
'J2 ^ Latin Composition.
greatest care. 4. The Greeks were [men] of peculiar subtilty."
5. A wall of eighty-eight feet. 6. A man of senatorial
rank. 7- A journey of several days. 8. A house with thick
walls. 9. We seem to be of little spirit. 10. A youth of
great name. 11. The city of Padua.^ 12. Much pleasure.
13. Enough time. 14. But-little'' bravery."^ 15. Not
enough soldiers. 16. Some wisdom. 17. Common to all.
18. Envy of Cicero. 19. Eager for glory. 20. Skilled
in law. 21. Hatred of us.^ 22. An opportunity for jesting.
23. Hatred towards Nero. 24. Which of you-'' will come ?
25. I hear praise of you daily.
Translate into Liatin.
1. King Deiotarus, a man of marked good-will and fidelity
towards the Roman people, sent ambassadors to me.
2. I have written many things to Curio, a most genial man,
and of the highest [sense of] duty and refinement.
3. The youth turned out [to be] of a truly royal nature.
4. Your letters have^ the greatest weight in my estimation
{apud me) . -^
5. He did not refuse the surname of Brutus.
6. This name of poet is sacred in your eyes {apud vos),
[you, who are] most cultivated men.
7. They asserted that the Germans were of immense size of
body, incredible valor, and experience in arms.
8. In my affairs there is absolutely nothing new.
9. I had a night full of fear and wretchedness.
10. This whole topic seems appropriate to philosophers.
Ti. I will entreat you to impart'^ some of your geniality to
me, too, and to Catulus.
12. Crassus, with (in) the greatest affability, had* also suffi-
cient sternness.
13. Gorgias judged that this was especially peculiar to an
a. sollertia. b. Pataviiim. c. parztm. d. fortltudo. e. \ 99. c.
/ ^S 99. b (G. 99. R.i; H. 396. iii.). ^. are o/,eic. h. 331. a (G. 546 and
543. 2; H. 498. i.). i. Imperfect, to imply a permanent possession.
I Genitive after Vei^bs. 73
orator, to be able to enhance a subject by praising [it], and
again ruin [it] by disparaging.
14. I have less strength than either of you [two].
15. Begin, if you have any spirit.
16. No aid ought {opo7^tet) to be brought.
17. They decided that no assistance, no aid, no help, ought
to be brought by them (themselves) to men guilty of (bound
by) so great a crime.
Lesson 39.
Crenitive after Yerbs.
The Genitive is used as the object of the following
classes of verbs :
a. Of remembering, forgetting, and reminding; but see 219,
with Rem. (G. 375. R.\ R.^; H. 406. ii. ; 407. i, 2; 409. i.).
b. Of accusing, condemning, and acquitting, to express the
charge, and sometimes the penalty: 220, with b (G. -^77. R.^ r.'-*;
H. 409. ii.).
c. misereor, miseresco, pity; also, the Impersonals miseret,
pity ; piget, disgust ; paenitet, repe;it ; pudet, s/iame ; taedet or
pertaesum est, weary, with the accusative of the person affected :
221. a and b (G. 376; H. 406. i. and 410. iv.).
d. Interest and refert, it concerns, the subject of the verb
being a neuter pronoun, an infinitive clause, or the subjunctive with
ut: 222 (G. 381 and 382. 2 ; H. 406. iii. and 408. 2).
Remark. Instead of the genitive of the personal pronoun, the
possessive is used in this construction, in the ablative singular femi-
nine : 222. a (G. 381'^; ?I. 408. i. 2)) : as,
How does it concern you? quid id refert tud?
Refert is rarely used in any other way.
Oral Exercises.
I. I am ashamed of my folly. 2. They were tired of life.
3. Do you recollect the battle of Cannae"? -4. I shall not
forget that man. 5. It concerns me that you are well.^ 6. It
a. Camtensis. Recollect = recorder, b. Accusative with infinitive.
74 Latin Composition.
concerned the republic to remember this. 7. Who accused
Marcus of treason? 8. He did not remember us. 9. I pity
your misfortunes. 10. I am sorry that I forgot your advice.
II. Whose interest is it that this crime be committed?
12. We are acquitted of [the charge of] theft. 13. Don't
you remember" that I reminded you of that service ? 14. It is
none of your business what I said to your brother.
Translate into L-atin.
1. Publius Sestius, praetor elect, was convicted of bribery.
2. These benefits you have from me, whom you falsely-
charge with treason.
3. It concerns each province ^ to subdue Amanus.
4. Already before, I had made-up-my-mind that it seriously
concerned each province to subdue Amanus.
5. I am tired of the business.
6. It is incredible how tired of the business I am.
7. I, although I am dissatisfied with myself, am yet chiefly
joined in" comparison with him.
8. The Athenian state "^ is said to have been very wise*
while it possessed power. -^
9. Men pitied not more^ the punishment than the crime.
10. It greatly concerns both of us [two], that I see you.
11. From that oration he is reminded of your crime and
cruelty.
Lesson 40.
Dative with Yerbs.
The following classes of verbs are followed by the
Dative of indirect object in Latin, though most of them
are transitive in English :
1. Verbs signifying \o favor, help, &c. : 227 (G. 345 ; H. 385) ;
2. Compounds of ad, ante, con, etc. : 228 (G. 346; H. ^^Z^) ;
3. A few compounds, whose meaning would seem to require the
ablative: 229 (G. 344. r.^; H. 386. 2).
a. meminisfmc. b. Of two. c. Use the preposition. ^. Of the Athenians.
e. Superlative. f. pot'irl rerum. g. The adverb inagis.
Dative with Verbs. 75
Remark. Neuter verbs which govern the dative are used in the
passive iinpersonally with the dative ; 230 (G. 208 ; H. 301. i).
Oral Exercises.
I I. I do not envy you. 2. You are not envied by me.
3. He spared no one. 4. I cannot beheve Cato. 5. We
will not be angry with the legion. 6. This was-advantageous
to the state. 7. Who can resist Caesar? 8. Can Caesar be
resisted?" (no). 9. The Romans favored Masinissa. 10. He
had snatched away power from you. 11. The woman cursed^
him. 12. Those men must be pardoned."
Translate into L-atin.
1. He chiefly gives-attention to the cavalry.
2. Most-of the youth, but especially [those] of the nobles,
were favorable to Catiline's schemes.
3. We, the Roman youth, declare this war against you.
4. I desire to satisfy this [man].
5. Thaf^ military glory must be preferred to your formulas
and processes.
6. You will, doubtless, place this king above all the kings
with whom the Roman people have carried on war.
7. They placed this consolation^ before themselves.
8. You will pardon my haste, and the shortness of [my]
letter.
9. That [degree] of burden is placed upon us by the de-
sires of these youths.
lo.- Acts-of- injustice began to be committed -^ by the chiefs
upon the commonalty, who, until this day, had been courted
with the greatest eagerness.
11. Tell me, Marcus Pinarius, if I speak^ against you, are
you going-to-abuse me, as you have done to the others? As
you sow,^ so shall you reap, said he.
12. Both the condition of the accuser and the power of the
unfriendly shall be respected?^
a. Impersonal. - i5. \ 227. ^., second line. c. \ 227. c.\ satisfaccre. d. ille.
e. Genitive. / \ 143. a (G. 424. R.i ; H. 297. i). g. Future perfect.
h. Impersonal.
"J 6 Latin Composition.
13. What heavier punishment can happen to a man than
that his letters should not be believed ? "
14. Violence deprives ^ young- men (dat.) [of] life.
15. This boy has just snatched away a jackknife from [his]
brother.
16. A band of robbers plundered'' this poor man of all [his]
money.
Lesson 41,
Dative with Passives.
In general, verbs which govern the Dative can be
used only impersonally in the Passive. The following
points, however, require to be noticed :
a. The passive is used personally when the verb also takes an
accusative : as,
Hostages are demanded of all the .states, oinnibus clvi-
tdtibus obsides itriperantur (Active, omnibus clvitatibus
obsid'es imperat).
b. Certain verbs govern either the dative or the accusative, and
so may be used either personally or impersonally in the passive :
227. b, c (G. 347; H. 385. 3). Thus
, He consults me, consuUt me; I am consulted, consular.
He consults for me (for my interests), cofisulit mihi ; my
interests are consulted, consulitur ^inihu
Oral Exercises.
I. We do not fear Catihne. 2. We fear for the city:
3. He consulted Caius. 4. He consulted for [the interests
of] Caesar. 5. We take counsel against Cato. 6. I believe
you. 7. I trust this boy to you. 8. Can you control the
tempests? 9. I guard-against you. 10. I am-cautious for
you. II. Who compares Caesar with \_or to] Pompey ?
12. He commanded us [to do] this. 13. Did you threaten
him with death P*^ 14. I do not envy you your fortune.
15. We foresaw danger. 16. We provided for your safety.
17. The Samnites are persuaded of this.
a. Impersonal, b. aufero. c. adinio? d. " death to him."
Dative with Passives. TJ
Translate into Liatin.
1. He Qommands the cavalry to strike"* as great terror as
possible ^ into the enemy.
2. They entreat [him] to consult his own fortunes.
3. He could not persuade any state of the Germans.
4. Nor, nevertheless, could any state of the Germans be
persuaded to cross the Rhine."
5. If my authority has any {quid) weight with {apud) you^
I earnestly exhort and advise you to consult for [the interests
of] these provinces.
6. The interests of these provinces were consulted.
7. He compares his [own old age] to the old age of a
spirited and victorious horse.
8. This one [thing] I do not know, whether to congratulate
you or fear [for you] .
9. It seems to you a kingly [thing] so to live that you not
only serve'' no man {7iemo), but not even any passion; to de-
spise all lusts ; to want not gold, nor {non) silver, nor other
possessions {res) ; to think freely in the senate, to consult
rather [for] the advantage of the people, than [its] desires ; to
yield to no one, to resist many. If you think this to be kingly,
I confess that I am a king.
10. Did not this Magnus [of] outs, who made [his] fortune
equal to [_or with] his virtue, present Theophanes the Mity-
lensean with the citizenship, in an assembly of the soldiers ?
11. Caesar commanded those states which had joined his
friendship [to furnish] cattle.
12. Do you think that the glory of that victory is shared "^ by
you (dat.) with Marcus Crassus or Cneius {Gnaeics) Pompey?
Epistle.
King Alexander to Darius.
Darius, whose name you have taken, laid waste with all
[kinds of] destruction the Greeks, who occupy the coast of
the Hellespont, and the Ionian colonies of the Greeks. Then
a. /-// with subjunctive. b. ^/m;/z with superlative. c. Present subjunctive.
d. I'.M-fect.
yS Latin Composition.
with a great army he crossed the sea, carrying war (abl. abs.)
upon Macedonia and Greece. Again, Xerxes, of the same race,
came to attack *" us with troops of savage barbarians ; who, de-
feated in a naval battle, yet left Mardonius in Greece, that even
{quoqiie) in-his-absence he might lay waste cities, and burn
fields. But who is ignorant that my father Philip was slain by
those whom your [followers] had tempted by the hope of a
great sum-of-money ? Therefore, I repel, not excite, war.
Nevertheless, if you come * [as] a suppliant, I promise that you
shall receive, without price, both your mother and your wife and
[your] children. I know [how] both to conquer and to con-
sider the conquered.
Lesson 4.2.
Special Uses of the Dative.
The following uses of the Dative are more or less
idiomatic :
a. The dative of Service answers to a variety of constructions in
English: see examples, with Note, under 233 (G. 350; H. 390).
d. The dative with esse is the usual form to denote simple Pos-
session ; which is to be distinguished from the use of the genitive or
possessive with esse, and from that of habeo, which means rather
to hold ox keep: 231. Rem. (G. 349. R.'^).
c. The dative of Agency is regularly used with the gerundive
expressing obligation^ and sometimes with other passives, especially
the perfect participle. But with the gerundive (used impersonally)
of a verb governing the dative, the ablative with a or ab is used
instead of a second dative. Thus
A boy should obey Ms mother, inatrl a fllio x>cirendum
est.
Note. The dative of the person who sees or thinks is regularly
used after the passive of video (usually to be rendered seejn) : as,
It seems (or, seems good) to me, mihi videtur.
a. Gerundive. b. Future perfect.
special Uses of the Dative. 79
Oral Exercises.
T. This must be done by Caesar. 2. We must go with
him. 3. I have a father. 4. Cato had much judgment.
5. It was a source ^pleasure. 6. Eloquence is a dehght to
me. 7. They sent troops as aid. 8. Hannibal must set
out."" 9. His plea was a great assistance to us. 10. Caesar
had many legions. 11. What has happened to Caius ?
12. What do you wish [for yourself]? 13. The Gauls had
a magistrate whose name was Vergobret.^ 14. It seemed to
Hannibal that the war must be carried over into Italy.
15. The Roman Senate was at length persuaded by Cato that
Carthage must be destroyed.
Translate into !Latin.
1 . I have with Murena a great and long-established friendship.
2. Innocence has more peril than [it has] honor.
3. Tiberius Sempronius, whose surname was Longus/ fights
successfully with Hanno.
4. Wealth began to be [esteemed] an honor; and glory,
dominion, and power followed (sing.) it.
5. The greediness (plur.) of certain men was a hindrance
to me.
6. To that brave (superl.) man, his father, he was a great aid
in perils, solace in labors, [source of] congratulation in victory.
7. The Bituriges fall at the feet ^the Gauls.
8. I grieve that'' I am suspected of negligence by you.
9. I was a [cause of] safety to him.
10. I have always thought that you ought not only to be pro-
tected by me, but also honored and distinguished.
11. Two brothers, whose name was Philaenus.^
12. How did it come into your mind to answer thus?
13. Now, now, says Catulus, I understand, Crassus, what you
say ; and by Hercules I assent. I see that you, a man very
keen to learn,*^ have had enough time for ascertaining those
things which you say.
a. Impersonal. b. Attracted into the case of the relative. c. Accusative
wilh infinitive, or quod clause. d. ad with accusative of gerund.
So Latin Cofnposition.
14. If the splendor of the games is a pleasure to the people,
it is not to be wondered at that"* it profited Lucius Murena with
the people.
Lesson 43.
Special Uses of the Accusative.
The use of the Passive of verbs which govern two
accusatives requires to be noticed.
a. If one of the two accusatives is a predicate, as after verbs of
naming, etc., both become nominative.
b. When one of the accusatives is a secondary object, as after
verbs oi teaching, &c., it remains in the accusative. Thus
I was taking lessons in music from the master, musicen
ci iriCigistvo docebciV (Active, magistcr musicen me docebat).
c. The accusative of the thing also remains after the passive of
rogo ; but with other verbs of asking the accusative of the Thing
becomes subject-nominative, while the name of the Person is put in
the ablative with a preposition. Thus
Cato was asked [his] opinion, Cato sententiam rogdtus
est. But
The Eomans were asked for peace, pdoc d Moindnls pete-
hdtur.
Note. For other idiomatic uses of the Accusative, see Lessons
8 and 14.
Oral Exercises.
I. Virtue is laughed-at by fools. 2. He grieves* [at] his''
fate. 3. We grieve [at] his'' fate. 4. I asked Cato his
opinion. 5. Cato was asked his opinion. 6. We are taught
the rules of virtue. 7- O the cares of men ! 8. He grieved
much. 9. Somewhat angry. 10. Did he conceal^ his criaiLS
from you? 11. He taught us music. 12. Who asked you
your name? 13. I asked you what your name was.
14. Cicero -was saluted by the Senate [as] the father of [his]
a. Accusative with infinitive, or ^^^^^ clause. 3. Used here transitively.
c. Use suus. d. The genitive of is. e. c'elo always takes the accusative of the
person, but may take the ablative of the thing with d'e.
special Uses of the Ablative, 8i
country. 15. Aid was earnestly besought of Caesar by the
^duans against the Germans.
Translate into L.atin.
1. I request this [of] you, that you come-to-the-relief-of
this anxiety of-mine.
2. He asks them to come thence with him to Turnus.
3. The army is panic-stricken-at" this act.
4. I have received letters from you two or three times at-
most, and those very short.
5. I am distressed that it is at all^ pleasant to you without
me.
6. O deceitful hope and frail fortune of men, and empty
contentions of-ours !
7. You ask of me why I fear Catiline.
8. O excellent commander, no longer {nee Jam) to be com-
pared with [that] brave (superl.) man, Manius AquiHus, but, in
truth, with the Paulluses, Scipios, Mariuses !
9. The shout which is raised behind the back of (dat.)
those fighting has much effect in {ad) terrifying our men.
Fable.
A stag asked a sheep for a peck of wheat, taking a wolf as
surety.'' But she, dreading trickery [said] : "The wolf is always
accustomed to snatch-up and go-off; you [are accustomed] to
flee out of sight with swift course. Where shall I look for you,
when the day arrives?'"'
Lesson 44.
Special Uses of the Ablative.
[^Compare Lessons lO, b ; 13. a, e\.
The following are special or idiomatic uses of the
Ablative :
I. Of Comparison : 247, with <3: (G. 399 ; H. 4 17, with i and 2).
<2. Used here transitively. b. quicquam. c. Ablative absolute. d. Future
perfect.
82 Latin Composition.
Note. Observe the special use of plus, amplius, minus, with-
out quam: 247. c (G. 311. R.'*; H. 417. N. 2); also the use of
two comparatives with quam to compare two qualities of an object :
192, with a (G. 314; H. 444. 2).
2. Of Degree of Difference : 250 (G. 400; H. 423).
3. Of Birth or Origin: 244. a (G. 395 ; H. 415. ii.).
4. Of Price : 252 (G. 404 ; H. 422) ; compare Genitive of Value :
252. a, b (G. 379, 380; H. 404, 405).
5. Of Need, with opus and usus : 243. e (G. 390 ; H. 414. iv.).
6. With dignus, etc. : 245. a (G. 373. R.^; H. 421. iii.).
7. With utor, etc. : 249 (G. 405 ; H. 421. i.).
Remark. Notice especially the use of opus and Gsus with the
perfect participle: as, cauto opus est, there is need of caution.
Also of opus (indeclinable) as predicate : as,
We require a guide, dux nobis opus est,
N. B. The topics of this Lesson, with the accompanying Exer-
cises, may be divided according to the convenience of the teacher.
Oral Exercises.
I. Bolder than a lion. 2. Three miles nearer. 3. More
prudent than brave. 4. Less than twenty ships. 5. With
more than two hundred soldiers. 6. Dearer to me than to you.
7. Much smaller. 8. You abuse our patience. 9. lam
not worthy of your friendship. 10. He eats pears. 11. Caesar
needs troops. 12. There was need of haste. 13. We will en-
joy these pleasures. 14. He employed diligence. 15. There
w^as need of setting out at-once. 16. What do I need?"
17. The son of ^neas. 18. Freed from odium. 19. Valued
at a high rate. 20. At how much did you buy [it]?
21. It is worth (stands) two thousand sesterces. 22. I do not
value (make) you a tuft-of-wool. 23. Not far from the river.
24. Descended from the Germans. 25. A good-for-noth-
ing beast. 26. I bought the horses for a hundred sesterces
apiece. 27. I sold the horses dear (at a great price).
28. I sold them for more than I bought them [at].
a. See Remark, above.
special Uses of the Ablative. 83
Translate into L.atin.
1 . Cato is dearer to me than Caesar [is] .
2. Cato is dearer to me than [to] Caesar.
3. None (by nothing) the less he sought the consulship for
{ill) the next year.
4. In one day, more than twenty cities of the Bituriges are
set-on-fire.
5 . Be assured {scito) that nothing is more agreeable to me
than your Dolabella [is].
6. This mischief is spread more widely than is supposed
(opmione) .
7. You prefer glory to {qiiam) wisdom.
8. I understand that Domitius had rather seem cruel in
punishing than remiss in passing over [crimes] .
9. It is a more serious thing to be, stripped of fortunes than
not to be advanced in dignity.
10. I understand that your favor is highly valued.
1 1 . That is the man who has driven us exiles " from [our]
country.
12. He abdicated the consulship, and withdrew from the
state.
13. I lack all enjoyment and all letters.
14. Servius Tullius was son of a [female] slave.
15. The Samnites are said to be sprung from the Sabines.
16. He preferred that all his possessions* [should] be sold,
and that he should be stripped of his splendid (superl.) patri-
mony, [rather] than that any delay should be caused to any one
{qiiisqiiani) of his creditors.
17. The barbarians, catching-sight-of' the standards at a dis-
tance, desist from the siege.
18. He interdicted them (dat.) from fire and water.
19. Approach Otho, as you write : finish up that matter.
20. I have at length read the letters, worthy of Appius Clau-
dius, full of elegance, courtesy, [and] earnestness.
a. Apposition. b. Accusative with infinitive. c. Perfect participle ; as this
;': -t precedes that of the principal verb.
84 Latin Composition.
21. Caesar gets-possession-of a" great number of cattle and
men.
2 2. Now there is need that you be well in mind, in order
that you may {possufu) in body.
23. What need have I of your friendship, if you do not do
what I ask?
24. One of the nearest performed the same duty; a third
succeeded to the second, and a fourth to the third.
25. No expression was heard from them unworthy the majesty
of the Roman people.
26. They, relying upon the strength {praesidiu77t) of the
place, take refuge in the woods (ace.) and marshes.
27. There is need of daily practice, and from things the
attention must be transferred to words.
28. I hope that that order will consider me, as-is-due {pro)
my labors in behalf of the republic, not unworthy of honor, espe-
cially [that already] enjoyed.
Anecdote.
Titus Labienus, lieutenant of Caius Caesar, desiring to fight
against the Gauls before the arrival of the Germans, who (ace.)
he knew would come to aid" them, pretended want-of-confi-
dence, and, placing his camp (abl. abs.) on the other bank,
proclaimed a departure for {in) the next day. The Gauls, be-
lieving that he was flying, began to cross the river, which was
between {ineditis) ; [and] Labienus, leading his army round,
cut them to pieces in-the-midst-of the very difficulties of crossing
the river.
Epistle.
A letter was brought to me from my brother Quintus, [to-
gether] with the decree-of-the-Senate which was passed in-re-
gard-to me. I have it in mind to wait- for the proposal of the
laws, and if there shall-be-opposition, I will follow the advice of
the Senate, and rather lose my life than my country. Do you,
I beg, hasten to come to us.
a. Dative of service.
Relations of Time, 85
Lesson 45.
Relations of Time.
I. The more common relations of Time are ex-
pressed by Cases as follows :
1. Accusative oi duration : 256 (G. 337; H. 379) ;
2. Ablative of time at or within which: id. (G. 392 ; H. 429).
a. Distance of time is expressed by ante and post, used either as
prepositions governing the Accusative, or as adverbs with the Abla-
tive, and with either cardinal or ordinal numerals : as,
Ten days from now, post decern dies.
Ten days afterwards, decern post diebus.
The tenth day afterwards, deciind post die,
b. These may be followed by quam, with a clause describing the
event before or after which anything is : as,
Ten days before he came, ante decern dies (decimuTn
dieirif decern dlebus ante) quam venit,
c. Also abhinc, ago, may be used with either case : as,
Ten days ago, abhinc decent dies, or dlebus,
2. In the recording of Dates in the Roman manner,
observe
1. The divisions of the Month by Kalends, Nones, and Ides":
376, with the introductory Note (G. App. ; H. 642. ii.) ;
2. The rule for reckoning by these divisions : id. d (G. App. ;
H. 642. iii.).
a. The number of the day is expressed by an ordinal numeral ;
the name of the month takes the form of an adjective. Thus the
date will appear, if written out in full
April 19, die tertio decinio ante kalendds 3Idids,
This is more commonly abridged, thus :
tertio dechno [ante'] kalendds 3Idids ; or, with numeral
letters, XIII. kal. (a. d. XIII. kal.) 3Idi.
a. The nouns Kalendae^ Nonae, IdHs, are all feminine plural.
86 Latin Composition.
b. Often ante diem (a. d.), with, an ordinal, is used like a prepo-
sition governing an accusative : as,
This day was the fifth day before the kalends of April (March
28), is dies erat a* d, F. hal, Apr,
c. This phrase may even be governed by a preposition : as.
To the fifth day before the' kalends of November (October 28),
in a, d. F. kalendds Nove^nhres (Novemhrls),
d. The date of the Roman year is ordinarily expressed by the
names of the Consuls in the ablative without a conjunction (compare
Note, Lesson 27)-
Oral Exercises.
I. Within two years. 2. In the eighth month. 3. Five
months ago. 4. Seven years before. 5. For eighteen days.
6. During more than six days. 7. He died three years
ago. 8. Twelve years after. 9. I stood for several hours.
10. Three days before Caesar fought with the Gauls.
II. Twelve years after Cato died. 12. The day before the
Kalends of January (Dec. 31). 13. About the 5th of De-
cember. 14. September 4. 15. March 23. 16. May 15.
17. June 15. 18. September 5. 19. October 5.
20. May 31. 21. May 30.
Translate into L.atin.
1. I, the ally and friend of the Rornan people, am held be-
sieged now the fifth month.
2. Although the period (times) of Homer is uncertain, yet
he was many years before Romulus.
3. Cato departed from hfe eighty-five years old (natus).
4. Here the praetor of the Roman people, the guardian and
defender of the province, lived now for successive summer days.
5. After a few days the Senate was freed from the danger
of massacre.
6. He died the year before my censorship,'* ten years after
my consulship.
a. ante me censorem.
Relations of Place. 8y
Lesson 46.
Relations of Place.
\_Compare Lesson 17.]
In general, the relations of Place are expressed by-
Prepositions. The following, however, require to be
separately noticed :
1. The Accusative of Extent: 257 (G. 335 ; H. 379) ;
2. The Genitive of Measure : 215. /^ (G. 364. r. ; H. 396. v.) ;
3. The Ablative of the way by which : 258. ^ (G. 387) ;
4. The special constructions, not requiring a preposition, and
used chiefly with the names of Towns : viz.,
a. The Ablative of the place fro?7i which: 258. a (G. 411;
H. 428. ii.) ;
b. The Accusative of the place to which : id. b (G. 410 ;
H. 428. i.) ;
c. The Locative form of the place in which: id. c^ d (G. 412,
witli R.^ ; H. 428. iii.) ;
d. The Ablative in special locative phrases : id. /(G. 385, 386;
H. 425- 3)-
Remark. Prepositions must be used to denote 7ieighborhood : as,
Towards (not into) or near Tarentum, ad Tarentuin.
For certain idiomatic uses of Prepositions as indicating place or
direction, especially ab, ex, in^ see 260. a, b.
Epistle.
Ttdlius to his Tiro.
We departed from you, as you know, on the second of No-
vember. We came to Leucas on the sixth of November, on the
seventh to Actium ; there we tarried the eighth on account of
the weather. Thence on the ninth we sailed in-fine-style to
Corcyra. We were at Corcyra until the isth,"" delayed by
a. Notice that when this letter was written, B.C. 52, November had only
twenty-nine days : the thirtieth was added in Caesar's reform of the Calendar,
B.C. 45.
88 Latm Composition.
storms. On the i6th, we proceeded a hundred and twenty fur-
longs into the harbor of the Corcyraeans, to [the neighborhood
of] Cassiope. There we were kept by the winds until the 2 2d.
On that day, we set sail after dinner (having dined). Thence,
with a very gentle south-wind, and a clear sky, we came in-high-
spirits on that night and the day after to [the neighborhood of]
Hydrus, in Italy; with the same wind the next day that was
Nov. 24 at the fourth hour, we came to Brundisium ; and at
the same time with us Terentia, who values you very highly,
entered the town. ... I have left a horse and mule for you at
Brundisium. It remains that I ask and beseech this of you, that
you do not {ne) sail rashly.
IV. Adjectives and Pronouns.
Lesson 47.
Adjectives: Special Uses.
The points chiefly requiring notice in the use of
Adjectives are the following:--
1. The rules for Gender: 187, with a, b, c (G. 282; H. 439.
i2, 3).
2. The use by Synesis : id. d (G. 202. r.^ ; H. 438. 6).
3. Adjectives (especially in the plural) used as Nouns : 188
(G. 195. R.*; H.441).
4. Neuter adjectives, singular or plural, including their use as
abstracts: 189. a, b, c (G. 195. R.'^ 202. R.^; H. id. with i, 2;
438.4).
5. Certain superlatives as summus with medius, etc. : 193
(G. 287. R. ; H. 440. N.2) in agreement, as designating a part.
6. The reciprocal use of alius and alter: 203 (G. 306 ; H. 459,
with i).
7. The adjective with adverbial force: 191 (G. 324. r.^; H.
443)-
Oral Exercises.
I. Psetus and Arria are both dead. 2. Virtue and honor
are to be desired. 3. Folly is an evil [thing]. 4. In the
Adjectives : Special Uses. 89
first part of the way. 5. I came unwillingly. 6. I was the
first to come (I the first came) . 7. One helps one, another
another. 8. The nearest part of the province. 9. In the
middle of the assembly. 10. With the rest of the soldiers.
II. The love of truth. 12. He reports the truth (true things).
13. I read the letter unwillingly. 14. He is the most ready
to follow ( = he follows most ready) . 15. In the late [part of
the] night. 16. The greatest part of the boys have gone-off
to play (sup.). 17. I see a great crowd of roughs* howling
in the square.^
Translate into Liatin.
1. A little before midnight/ going forth from the town in
silence, they began to cross the river.
2. This is the third letter (this third letter) I have written
to you on the same day.
3. I encamped in the farthest [part of] Cappadocia, not
far from the Taurus.
4. They look round one upon another.
5. Treaties are made, one under one condition, another
under another.
6. Messala when censor was the first '^ who made a theatre
at Rome.
7. They assemble in crowds at daybreak.
8. Some of you are geese, which only scream, [but] cannot
harm ; others dogs, which can both bark and bite.
9. It shows ^ a great soul to despise greatness (great things),
and to prefer mediocrity to {qtiam) excess.
10. Some were sent among the Volscians, otliers to Cumae,
to collect corn.
11. I commanded the lieutenant to lead these five cohorts to
the rest of the army.
12. If you go unwillingly, why do you go?
13. Avarice impels some, anger and rashness others.
14. I love the truth; I wish [to have] the truth told me : I
hate a liar.
a. turbulentus. b. platea. c. media nox. d. primus, agreeing with the
subject. e. = if is o/, &c.
90 Latin Composition,
Lesson 48.
Derivatives : Possessives.
Derivative Adjectives are generally to be preferred
to the possessive genitive, and, in many cases, to the
locative construction : '190 (G. 360. r.^ ; H. 395. n. 2).
Thus
Another man's house, aliena doimis.
The fight at Cannse, pugna Camiensis*
This use is especially to be remarked in the following
cases :
a. The Personal Pronouns have no possessive genitive : hence
the adjectives meus, etc., are the only possessive form.
b. As the Possessive is equivalent to a genitive, it may have a
genitive in apposition, or a relative in agreement (by syttesis) : as,
The country of us all, nostra omnium patvia,
Tlie glory of you who have done this, vestra qui haec
fecistis gloria.
Remark. As there is no personal pronoun of the third person
in Latin, the forms /ii's, /i/m, /ler, their, thejn must be expressed by
the oblique cases of the Demonstratives is, ille, iste, hie.
Oral Exercises.
I. They pushed back our [men]. 2. Csesar exhorts his
[troops]. 3. The war of Cassias. 4. A rebellion of slaves.
5. The affairs of the city. 6. On a mound of earth.
7. Under the race of Hector. 8. Great courage and judg-
ment. 9. The army is not yours, but Caesar's. 10. The
good all favor me, and the wicked envy me. 11. He called
out as many soldiers as possible. 12. Your life and character
are known to all. 13. Labor is not an evil. 14. This is not
your shield, but his. 15. He says this is not your shield, but
his. 16. This was my work alone (of me alone). 17. Our
labors, who are here present. 18. He was the friend of you
(tuus^, who nevertheless destroyed him.
Pronouns : Reflexive and Intensive, 91
Dialogue.
Grumio., Go out doors out of the kitchen, [you] scoundrel,
[you] who show-off your wit to me among [my] stew-pans.
Go forth, [our] master's ruin, out of the house. I, by Pollux,
will punish you well in the country, if I live (fut.). Go out, I
say ! Why do you skulk ?
Tranio. What the mischief is your (dat.) shouting here in
front of the house? Do you think you are in the country? Be
off from the house ! Go away into the country. Go away and
be hanged to you. Be off from the door ! Well ! [is] this
[what] you wanted ?
Gr. I am done for ! Why do you beat me ?
Tr. Because you will [it]. What the mischief is your busi-
ness with me, or what I am doing ?
Lesson 49.
Pronouns: Reflexive and Intensive.
Ambiguity often arises, in English, from the double
meaning of self, as reflexive (se) or as intensive (ipse).
These are to be carefully distinguished in Latin. Thus,
Cato liilled himself (reflexive), Cato se occldit.
I saw Cato himself (intensive), ipsum Catonem vldl.
N.B. The personal pronouns of the first and second persons are
also reflexive : as,
I greatly blame myself, vehementer me culpa,
a. When both are used, the emphatic ipse generally agrees with
the subject of the verb, not with the object: as,
I myself (I too, or it is I that) reproach myself, ipse me
culpa.
b. To express own (emphatic), the genitive of ipse is used in
apposition with the genitive implied in the possessive : as,
You have betrayed your own country, vestrani ipsarum
patriarn pradidistis.
92 Latin Composition.
c. The possessive suus is itself emphatic, and is made more so
by being put before the noun. Thus
He slandered [his] friend, aiuico tnaledixit {am'icd sub would
be emphatic, and sub a?nicbj " his own friend," still more emphatic).
Remark. The special emphatic use of idem should be com-
pared with that of ipse, and the several significations of the latter
should be carefully observed : 195./-/ (G. 297, 298 ; H. 452. 1-5).
Oral Exercises.
I. With Caesar himself. 2. He thinks with himself.
3. Even the veterans fled. 4. He hates himself. 5. The
very walls tremble. 6. Even into the formn. 7. Our own
pursuits. 8. He despises his own [possessions]. 9. In say-
ing this he (Jdem) denies that he is a Roman. 10. You have
great confidence in yourself (/?/ J). 11. Devotion {studiuni)
to us. 12. Even to me, his friend, he seems a liar.
Translate into L.atin.
1. You even gave yourself into custody.
2. I am like myself, and they are like themselves.
3. I desire nothing more than that I be like myself, and
they [like] themselves."
4. He himself spoke in his own behalf, and Caius Cotta
[spoke] briefly,* because he was [his] sister's son.
5. First give thanks to the immortal gods, then to your own
valor.
6. Not even they themselves compare themselves with them
in valor.
7. The town Alesia itself was on the top of the hill.
8. No one sees the pirate-captain himself, upon whom pun-
ishment ought to have been inflicted.
9. They themselves have come-to-their-senses through ad-
miration of my resolution.
10. They remember all the things which they care for, who
owe them, whom they themselves owe.
a. Either accusative with infinitive, or ut with subjunctive. b. Few-things.
Relative Pjvnouns. 93
Anecdote.
[When] Chabrias the Athenian [was] about to fight with the
fleet, as a thunderbolt struck {exctcssus) " in front of his own
ship, [and] the soldiers were "^ scared by such a prodigy, he
said, " Now especially we should enter into battle, when Jupiter,
the greatest of the gods, shows that his favor is with our fleet."
Lesson 50.
Relative Pronouns.
The general construction of the Relative may be
defined as follows :
a. As a connective, it agrees with its antecedent in gender, per-
son, and number ;
b. As a pronoun, it has its own construction in its own clause.
Thus
The Eemi, who were nearest, sent ambassadors, Herni, qui
proxiinl erant, legdtos fniserunt.
Here qui, subject of erant, connects the relative to the antecedent
clause by agreement with Remi, subject of the main verb, miserunt.
Remark. For the various constructions of the relative and
antecedent clause, see the references and examples in Lesson 4.
Translate into Latin.
1. [Those] who were consulted* were in great power.
2. What both the republic and our friendship exhort me,
[that] I do willingly.
3. What [of] hostages were left, he restored.
4. There is a place in the prison which'' is called Tullianum.
5. What I value highest in those matters, that I now have.
6. He who hears an orator believes what (those things
which) is said.
7. These divine and excellent qualities (3ona) which we see
in Marcus Cato, be asssured that [they] are his own.
a. Ablative absolute. d. Habitual action. c. The relative agrees with the
predicate.
94 Latm Composition.
8. This is the origin of the first temple (of all) that" was
consecrated at Rome.
9. The letter which you sent to me on the march before
you went out of Asia, I read very unwillingly.^
10. Thither came the magistrates of die Sicilians, [thither]
came the Roman knights, as {id quod) you have heard from
many witnesses.
1 1 . He hastens where (to the place to which) he had sent
Labienus.
12. The pirates were at your house one [month], a second
month, in short, almost a year, from the time when (from what
time) they were taken.
13. That prison which is called "the quarries," which was
made at Syracuse by the cruel (sup.) tyrant Dionysius, was
the residence of Roman citizens under (in) the rule of that
[wretch].
Lesson 51.
Correlatives.
A Relative word Pronoun, Adjective, or Adverb
alv^ays refers to, or implies, an antecedent word of
its own class, and is subject to the same rules of Attrac-
tion or omission of Antecedent that have been given
in the case of relative Pronouns {Lesson 4). The fol- /
lowing are the points chiefly requiring notice :
a. When AS follows a demonstrative word such, so, as it is
to be considered a Relative, and rendered by the Correlative of the
antecedent Demonstrative: see lists, 106 (G. 645. i, 2). Thus
So (as) great ... as, tantus . . . quantus.
Sucli ... as, talis . . . qiidlis.
So (as) many . . . as, tot . . . quot.
The same ... as, Idem . . . qui ; idem . . . quod,
b. The correlative expression the . . . the, with Comparatives,
a. which first of all. b. Adjective.
Correlatives. 95
is to be rendered by quo . . . eo, quanto . . . tanto (ablative of
degree of difference) . Thus
The wiser he is, the less he seems wise to himself, quo est
sapientior, eo minus sapiens sibi videtur.
Oral Exercises.
I. As much bravery as wisdom. 2. As many opinions as
men. 3. With as great judgment^" as authority. 4. The
same ships as before. 5. The lighter, the swifter. 6. The
firmer I am, the longer is the war. 7. "Such heroes as we have
never seen. 8. So great enmities as you have incurred.
9. How many ships have the Romans built? 10. Do you
know how many ships the Romans built ? 11. Did they build
such ships as the Carthaginians use? 12. They have the same
arms as before.
Translate into L<atin.
1. As often as we speak, judgment is" passed upon us.
2. There are as many kinds of speech (of speaking) as
duties of the orator.
3. Nor nevertheless does this require so much labor ^ as it
seems.
4. Order'' to be promised to the physician [as much] pay
as he shall demand.
5. What strait, what Euripus, do you think has so many
movements, so great and so various tossings of the waves, as '^
the business of the comitia has disturbances and eddyings ?
6. He was not sorry to do the same as you.
7. It is not so fine [a thing] to know Latin, as disgraceful
not to know [it].
8. That most severe war of the Volscians, in which Corio-
lanus took-part [as] an exile, was at about the same time as the
war of the Persians.
9. [As much] land was given as he ploughed around in one
day.
10. Bestow as much care upon yourself as you have love for
me (you love me).
a. The partitive genitive {Lesson 2,^) cannot be used here; the adjective
must agree. d. = is of so much labor. c. Imperative. d. quantus.
96 Latin Composition.
11. The king fortifies [his] camp in the same place in which
he had routed the forces of the enemy.
12. PubHus Servilius recaptured the pirate with the same
good fortune'* with which he had captured him.
13. The longer I consider, the more obscure the matter
seems to me.
Lesson 52.
Indefinite Pronouns.
The following significations of the various Indefinites
should be carefully distinguished, and the examples
below studied and compared.
a. Some, some one, or a is aliquis, quispiam, or nescio quis;
when more definite, = A certain, quidam : as,
Don't you see somebody in yonder field? videsne aliquetn
in isto agro?
A mercliant was wallting out yesterday, iuercdtor quidam
herl deambuldbat,
b. Any is variously rendered, viz.,
1. In a universal negative, not any, without any, by
quisquam (subst.) or uUus (adj.) : as,
I came, but saw nobody, venl nee quemquam vldi,
Tlie boy did it witliout any Iielp at all, puer sine ullo
auQcilio hoc effecit,
2. After IF, LEST, unless, whether, also in questions implying
a negative, quis is used in preference, though quisquam may be
used less indefinitely. Thus
Can anybody do this ] nmn quis hoc facere potest ? (im-
plying that nobody can).
3. In a universal affirmative any one whatever by quivis,
quilibet. Thus
Is it for any one [who will] to do this ? num cujusvls est
hoc facere ? (i.e., it can be done, but not by everybody).
a. In the relative clause.
Indefinite Pronouns. 97
c. The Distributive each, every, is quisque; each (of tvvo),
uterque; every one (used independently, without a subordinate
clause), unusquisque: as,
Every one likes his own best, suum cuique maxime
placet, ^
Remark. Quisque stands rather in the subordinate than in
the principal clause : as.
Let each strive as much as he can, quantum quisque
potest, tantum nltatur.
Compare 93. c, 202. d^ e (G. 305, with R.S 645. 2. r.'^; H.
458. I, 2, 461. 3).
Examples.
1. Do you thinlt anybody here is wiser than Solomon? num
quemquam Jiorum Salomone sapientiorem esse
putds ?
2. A neighbor of ours is just going to sail for Europe, vlclnus
quldam noster ad Eurdpam ndvigdtilrus est,
3. Did you earn anything besides your board and clothes 1
nuin quicquain nieritus es jjvaeter cibum et
vestem ?
4. The little wasp is fiercer than any wild beast, parva
vespa qudvls ferd est ferociov,
5. I hardly know any one more gentlemanly than your friend,
lieininetn fere ainlco tuo llherdliorem novl,
6. I never heard anything more painful than that news, isto
nuntio nihil umquam audlvl luctuosius,
7. The estate of Rome was equal to any of the neighbor cities,
res Romdna cuilibet flnitimdrum clvitdtum pdr
erat,
8. The bravest men make least noise about it, fortisshnus
quisque minime gloridtur,
9. Here you see all the resources I have, ihi vides quicquid
habeo copidrum^
10. The greater the army, the more the carnage, quo mdjor
exercitus eo gravior clddes est ; or, ut quisque est
exercitus maxhnus, ita gravissima clddes*
98 Latin Composition.
Oral Exercises.
I. Some fields. 2. In a certain field. 3. Without any
danger. 4. Anybody can sit an hour. 5. Can anybody *" do
so great things ? 6. Can somebody do this ? 7. Who will do
this? 8. Will anybody do this? 9. It is not everyone^ that
can sit ten hours. 10. Without anybody. 11. Each will go
when he is*' ready. 12. All the boldest. 13. Each loves
his own (his own [things] are dear to each). 14. Each of the
scouts is ready. 15^ Each took what he pleased (what pleased
each). 16. All the eloquent will be listened-to. 17. He
performed each of [his] duties.
Translate into ILatin.
1. A rude and rustic voice pleases some [persons].
2. He was equal to anybody in speaking Latin.
3. Is there any shame? any religion? any fear?
4. Do you think that anybody was more moderate than
Cato, your great-grandfather?
5. Ancus reigned twenty- four years, equal to any of the
former kings in the arts and glory of war and peace.
6. I find in some [writers] that in this year was the fight (it
was fought) at Lake Regillus.
7. He asked whether he brought anything else besides the
chest.
8. I earnestly beg of you to bring [it] about that no injury
be done to me, and that no {7ieve quid) time be added to my
year's duty.
9. I understand that certain wonderful [doctrines] have
pleased some [men], who, I hear, have been esteemed wise
in Greece.
10. Why do you ask any one to favor you, to aid you?
II. I neither dare nor ought to place any burden upon you.
12. If any one was ever averse, both by nature and reason
and education, to empty praise, I certainly am he.
13. Each in order, as he excelled'' in age and honor, (so)
spoke "^ his opinion.
a. Express this with both meanings. 3. = it is not of any one you please,
c. shall be. d. Tiic impericct dcsciibes, tliC perfect states: \ 113. b.
Simple Conditional Clauses. 99
14. He summoned to himself all the best and noblest.
15. They will be-on-hand each in his own time.
16. Each for himself migrates from the country (fields) into
the city.
17. In the great need, each, in-proportion-to his private
means, even" defrauding himself of his sustenance, bestowed
something upon him.
18. Each [in proportion] as he speaks well (so: ita inaxiinT)
fears the difficulty of speaking, and the various accidents of
speech, and the expectation of men.
19. They go to the houses of those with whom each had served.
20. It was then the custom that^ they were ready to grant
(in granting) to each his [own].
21. His own fraud and his own terror chiefly worry each.
22. It must be considered, not how much each benefits, but
how much'' each is [worth].
23. The more each'^ trusts himself, and the more each is
fortified by virtue and wisdom, the more ^ he excels in winning
and maintaining friendship (plur.).
24. Each formed opinions, and added something of his own
fear to* that which he had heard from another.
V. Subordinate Clauses.
Note. For the definition pf the several forms of Subordinate
Clause, see 180. c^ d, e, comparing the Note prefixed to 316, and
the lists of Subordinate Conjunctions in 155. d.-h. (G. 505, 508;
H. 555. i.-viii.). For the Sequence of Tenses in subordinate clauses,
see Lesson 20, comparing Lesson 32.
Less 011 53.
Simple Conditional Clauses,
I The rules for Simple Conditions (if) may be stated
as follows (compare Lesso7i 21) :
a. ipse. b. ut. c. 252. a (G. 379; H. 405). d. Use quisque (with
superlatives). e. Dative, or at/ with accusative.
100 Latin Cornposition,
a. When the Condition has reference to present or past time,
that is, when the existence or non-existence of the case supposed is
in itself a matter of certainty, use the Indicative. Thus
If Cato is [now] in Rome (of which I am not sure), he will call
upon me, si Cato Rotnae est, me conveniet,
b. For the future time, either the Indicative or the Present Sub-
junctive may be used ; the Future Indicative is equivalent to the
idiomatic use of the Present Indicative in English ; as.
If Cato is in Rome [when I arrive] he will call upon me, si
Cato Momae erit, me conveniet,
c. The Present Subjunctive expresses a future condition less dis-
tinctly, answering to the English use of should in the protasis, and
should or would in the apodosis. Thus
If Cato should be in Rome [at any future time] he would call
upon me, si Cato Homae sit, me conveniat.
Oral Exercises.
I. If you are well, I am glad. 2. If he was not there, he
was at Rome. 3. If this book is yours (esl tibi^ give it to
me. 4. If you do rightly, you are praised. 5. If you [shall]
do rightly, you will be praised. 6. If you should do rightly,
you would be praised. 7. Unless you do rightly, you will not
be praised. 8. If you did not fight, you were cowards. 9. If
you do not fight, you are cowards. 10. If you do not fight,
you will be conquered. 11. If Marcus should remain, we
should be glad ; but if he should go, we should still praise him.
Translate into ILatin.
1. If you see the good throng to me, will you invite the
wicked to yourself ?
2. If the people should meet with you, and could speak
with one voice, it would say this.
3. If by chance that which concerns me less pleases you
more, I will restore that aedileship to you.
4. If you should ask me what {quails') I consider the nature
of the gods to be, I should perhaps make no answer.
Other Conditional Clauses. 10 1
5. As, if any one should say that the republic of the
Athenians is ruled by counsel, the word {illud) " of-the-Areo-
pagus " would be-understood, so when we say that the world is
controlled by providence, consider that " of the gods" is-under-
stood.
6. If any god should grant to me that, from this period-of-
life, I might become-a-boy-again, and cry in the cradle, I should
strongly object.
7. If I should desire from you the greatest services, it ought
(would deserve) to seem strange to no one.
8. If I should say this, that I passed over the province on
your account, I should seem too fickle ev^r. {ipse) to you
Lesson 54.;, : : ; - . y,
other Conditional Clauses.
Other forms of Conditional Clause are as follows :
a. For Conditions Contrary to Fact, Secondary Tenses of the
Subjunctive are to be used : 308 (G. 599 ; H. 510, with i). Thus
If he were [now] here he would say thus, si adesset ita
diceret.
If he had been present he would have said thus, si adfuisset
ita dijcisset.
Remark. The Indicative is often used in the apodosis for
greater vividness, especially with the participles, in -urus and -dus,
and with expressions of power j permission^ etc. : 308. ^, c, d {Q,
599. R.^ R.^ R.^ R.^; H. 511). Thus
I was about to fight [and should have done it] had you not in-
terposed, dlmicdturus eram nisi obstitisses.
If he were [now] a private man at Rome yet he ought to be
appointed, si Homae prlvdtus esset tanien erat
deligendus (Cic). Compare, in Indirect Discourse
I am quite sure that he would have come if he could, certo
scio eum venturum fuisse si jyotuisset,
b. In General Conditions, (i) the second person singular of the
Present Subjunctive is used to denote an indefinite subject; and (2)
I02 Latm Composition.
in narrative the Secondary Tenses are (by late usage) employed to
express customary action : 309. a, b (G. 597. R.^, 569. R."^ ; H. 486.
iii.). The apodosis is in the Indicative. Thus
The memory weakens unless you practise it, menioria
minuitur nisi earn exej^ceds*
When [ever] he had said this he hurled a spear, tihi hoc
clixisset Jiastam pnojecit* (Compare a, under Lesson 22.)
Other cases of General Condition take the Indicative.
Oral Exercises.
I. If this were so, I should be glad. 2. If you had gone,
I should have gone w^th you. 3. Unless I were well, I should
not set out. 4. If you loved Caesar (at some former time),
you did well. 7 5 . If you loved Caesar (now, as you do not) ,
';^^6u : would do this, 6. If you had loved Caesar, you would
have done this. 7. I could have helped him, had he not
refused. 8. If a soldier met him he [habitually] saluted him.
9. If you do righdy you are happy.
Translate into Latin.
1. I would write more, if I thought that you could read
longer {Jam) with pleasure.
2. If you had gone to Britain also, surely no one in that so
great island would have been more experienced than you.
3. If it were necessary for me only to speak against Later-
ensis, nevertheless even {ipsutn) this would be offensive in our
i^eat {tantus) intimacy and friendship.
4. If he had lived to [his] hundredth year, would he there-
fore regret his old age ?
5. He was a tribune of the people, not perhaps so violent
as those whom you justly praise, but at-any-rate such a one
[that] if all had always been like {qtialis) [him], a violent tri-
bune would never have been desired.
6. If plane-trees bore viols sounding rhythmically, of-course
you would judge that music resided in plane-trees.
7. Whatever brought great advantage to the human race,
this they thought took place not without a divine goodness
towards men.
Implied Conditions. 103
8. If I were the first to speak this opinion, you certainly
would praise [me] ; if the only one, you at any rate would
pardon [me].
9. Should you not think that these men should be torn
away from the provinces, if they were not at-some-time to be
withdrawn [from them] ?
Lesson 55.
Implied Conditions.
1. Of Disguised Conditions the most frequent are
a, A participial or other qualifying clause: 310. a (G. 594.
I, 2, 3 ; H. 549. 2). This often takes the form of the Ablative
Absolute : as,
If I had received the letter I should' have set out, epistuld
acceptd profectus essem,
b. An expression of Wish, Command, or hypothetical statement :
310. b, c (G. 594. 4, 6qo ; H. 487. 3).
2. Omitted conditions are
a. The Potential Subjunctive (so called) : 311. ^ (G. 250, 252-;
cf 602 2; H. 485, 486. i., with N. I, 2) ;
b. The Subjunctive of cautious or doubtful statement: 311. b
(G. 250; H.485).
Remark. Here belongs the common use of velim, etc.. in
polite wish, and velleni to denote what is no longer possible. Com-
pare the Dubitative Subjunctive: 268 (G. 251, 258; H. 486. ii.).
Oral Exercises.
I. You would have thought that a god spoke. 2. Who
would say that this is so? 3. I am-inclined-to-believe that
Caesar so wishes. 4. Why should I say more? 5. I wish
you were to be here. 6. I wish you were here. 7. Who
would not rather be wise than rich? 8. This would have been
disgraceful ! 9. I should say that you were worthy of praise.
10. I am sorry {jiollein) that this has happened. ii. No
I04 Latin Composition.
one, not a fool, would have thought so. 12. A stranger or an
enemy might have said that. 13. To look at him, you would
say he was a dunce. Hear him discourse, and you would call
him shrewder and wittier than Socrates.
Translate into Liatin.
1. I could wish {vellem) that he had been able to conform
to your desire.
2. Nor would you find [any] other thing greater or more
excellent.
3. Should I have feared (imp. subj.) that I, that fiercest
enemy of kings, should myself undergo the charge of a desire of
royalty ?
4. Shall I joke with you by letter, or write something more
serious ?
5. Whither shall I, wretch [that I am], betake myself? To
the Capitol? But it is wet with the blood of my brother.
Home ? That I may see my wretched mother lamenting and
distressed ?
6. Why should I not confess what is necessary?
7. As I just said, in nearly all things, and especially in
physics, I can tell what is not [true] quicker than what is.
8. If I lay aside even my enmities for the sake of the
republic, who, pray, would have any right to blame me (blame
me rightfully) ?
^ ^ ^ Epistle.
Cicero to his Atticus.
I readily believe that you are glad to be at home. But I
should like to know what remains for you, or whether you have
already finished. I am expecting you in my Tusculan [estate],
and the more on this account, because you wrote to Tiro that you
would come immediately, and added that you thought there was
need. Altogether I used to feel how much good you did me
[when] present, but I feel [it] much more since your departure.
Wherefore, as I wrote to you before, either I [must go] to you
wholly, *" or do you [come] to me when you may.
a. Use the adjective ; \ 191.
Comparative and Concessive Clause, 105
Lesson 56.
Comparative and Concessiye Clause.
[ Compare Lesson 20.]
Closely allied in construction and meaning to
Conditional clauses are
1. Comparative clauses (introduced by AS if) : 312, with Rem.
(G. 604; H. 513. ii.);
2. Concessive clauses (although) : 313 (G. 606-610 ; H. 515) ;
3. Clauses of Proviso (provided that) : 314 (G. 575 ; H.
513- i-).
Examples.
You stray as if you were blind, errds tamquam caecus
SIS (compare Lesson 20).
Though you are blind you do not stray, quamquaTn cae-
cus es taineii non errds.
Provided the health be good, valetudo modo bona sit.
Oral Exercises.
I. He speaks as if he knew. 2. He spoke as if he knew.
3. Although you are wise I do not believe you. 4. How-
ever wise you are, you do not know the number of the stars.
5. Granting that you are wise, can you foretell the future ?
6. He related Caesar's death, as if he had seen it. 7. How-
ever loud you speak, he will not hear you. 8. Provided you
be wise, no one will harm you. 9. Although the enemy (plur.)
were near, they advanced as if they knew there was no danger.
10. Although you be my friend, there is yet a dispute be-
tween us.
Translate into IL.atin.
1. Do not expect arguments from me, judges, as if there
were some {aliquid) doubt.
2. Why do I make use of these witnesses, as if the matter
were doubtful or obscure ?
3. Their natural powers remain to old men, provided their
interest and industry continue.
io6 Latin Composition.
4. Although old age be not burdensome, yet it takes away
that vigor in which Scipio was even now.
5. Scipio, a very few days before his death, as if he presaged
[it], discoursed for three days on public affairs.
6. The territory, granting that there be ten acres apiece,
cannot support more than five thousand men.
7. [This] excellent man 'is on his guard not to buy (;2?with
subj.) from [one who is] unwilling. As if truly we did not under-
stand that to buy from one who is unwilling is a losing [job] ;
from one who is willing, profitable.
8. Although he is not at all to be despised in speaking, yet
he depends rather upon his foresight of important matters than
upon his skill (^ars) in speaking.
9. If you had brought me Sicyonian slippers, I would not
use [them], however comfortable and well-fitted to the foot they
were, because they are not manly.
10. Let them hate, provided they fear.
Lesson 57.
Temporal Clauses.
Relative clauses of Time (when, while, until)
may be regarded according as their action precedes,
follows, or accompanies that of the leading clause.
a. Time preceding that of the leading verb, being definite and
precise, is expressed by the Indicative (generally the Perfect), intro-
duced by postquam, etc. : 324 (G. 563 ; H. 471. 4).
b. For iivcxe followmg that of the leading verb, may be used
1. To state the limit, ^i" a fact, the tenses of the Indicative:
327. a, c, 328 (G. 576-578, 573 ; H. 519. i., 521. i. 2) ;
2. In narration, more commonly, the Imperfect or Pluperfect sub-
junctive with antequam or priusquam : 327 ; cf. 325 (G. 579 ;
H. 520. ii.) ;
3. To imply purpose, the Subjunctive with dum, donee, quoad:
328(0.574; H. 519. ii.).
Temporal Clauses. 1 07
Remark. Antequam and priusquam are often divided into
two words, when the ante or prius stands as an adverb in the prin-
cipal clause, and quam introduces the subordinate clause ; in this
case they are to be translated together in the subordinate clause as
before or tnitil ; as,
K^or did he let him go until he gave a pledge, neque ante
dlmlsit eiun quam ficlem dedit,
c. Time accompanying that of the leading verb regularly takes
the Present Indicative with dum, even when it relates to past time :
276. e (G. 572 ; H. 467. 4). Thus
While these things were going on, word was brouglit, dii'in
haec geruntur, niifitldtuni est.
Oral Exercises.
I. We will wait until you arrive. 2. I will see you before
Caius sets out. 3. I saw you before Caius set out. 4. While
he was standing, the enemy escaped. 5. After they had crossed
the river, they w^ere attacked by the Gauls. 6. Before they
reached the town, fighting began. 7. While these things were
going on, Caesar set out with the tenth legion. 8. As soon as
I saw you, I cried out. 9. He cried out"* before he saw me.
10. He cried out" until I came to him. 11. You-may
(lice/) sleep as-long-as you fear nothing. 12. He will keep-on
{persevero^) until he reaches [his] end. 13. So-far- as custom
permits, I will proceed.
Translate into !Latin.
1. It greatly concerns each of us, that I see you before you
go away.^
2. He brought all together into one place, before word
could be brought to the Arvernians of his arrival.
3. The Gauls crossed into Italy two hundred years before
they laid siege to Clusium and took Rome.
4. He would have surpassed the happiness {for tuna) of all,
if it had been his (dat.) good-fortune (contingit) to see (ut,
etc.) you before he departed ^ from life.
a. Notice the tense. b. Subjunctive.
io8 Latin Composition.
5. Before I approach those [points] which have been dis-
cussed by you, I will say what I think of you yourself.
6. While he delayed a few days, fear suddenly seized upon
all the army.
7. I wish you would call-to-mind what I did in the Senate
in regard to you after you set out, what I said in the assemblies,
what letters I sent to you. *
Anecdote.
Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, when a Campanian
matron (a guest at her house) was showing her most beautiful
ornaments, detained her by conversation until her children re-
turned from school ; and then said," " These are my ornaments."
Lesson 58.
Special Uses of Cum.
The use of the particle cum requires to be especially
noticed, as employed to express
1. Absolute time, with the Indicative: 325, with Note, and a,
b,c{G. S^2-sSS'. H. 318. 3);
2. Relative time, with the Secondary tenses of the Subjunctive:
325 (G. 586; H. 521. ii. I);
3. Cause or Concession (since, while, though), with the Sub-
junctive : 326 (G. 587. R. ; H. 517. I, 515. iii.).
Examples.
When he had come, cum venisset.
When he comes (shall come), cum veniet.
Since he has arrived, cum adveiierit.
Oral Exercises.
I. When I am at Athens, I always visit Mars' Hill.
2. When I am at Athens, I shall visit Mars' Hill. 3. When
I was at Athens, I visited Mars' Hill. 4. When I leave
Athens, I shall return to Rome. 5. Since night is approach-
a. Use Inquam,
special Uses of Cum. 1O9
ing, let us depart. 6. Since night was approaching, they sep-
arated. 7. When night approached, they separated.
Translate into Liatin.
1. When I compare my action with yours, although I do
not favor myself more than [I do] you, nevertheless I am much
better {i?iagis) pleased with my action than yours.
2. When ambassadors had come to him to beg" that he
would pardon them and consult for their lives ^ (sing.), he orders
the arms to be collected, the horses to be brought forward,
[and] hostages to be given.
3. You who ask this, do somewhat {similiter^ as if you
asked me why I look at you with two eyes and not with one
(alter) ^ since I can accomplish the same thing with one.
4. He was acquitted by an assembly *" of the Roman people,
although he confessed that his sister 'had been killed by his
hand.
Anecdote.
Agesilaus, the Lacedaemonian, when he had placed his camp
opposite the Thebans above a river-bank, and understood that
the force of the enemy was much greater, and for-this-reason
wished to restrain his men from the desire of fighting, said that
he was ordered by an oracle of the gods to fight on high ground
(ex collihis) ] and so, placing a small guard at the bank, he ap-
proached the hills. [But] the Thebans interpreting this"^ (as p7'd)
fear, crossed the river ; and when they had easily driven back
the guard, following the rest too eagerly,^ they were beaten by
fewer men, on account of the disadvantage of the position.
Dialogue.
Tranio. Look around again.
Theopropides. There is no one. Speak now at once.
Tr. It is a fatal deed.
Th. What is that ? I don't understand.
a. Supine in iim. /;. Dative, c. The assembly was not regarded as a
person, or corporate body, but as a mere instrument of action. d. Relative.
e. Comparative : ^^ 93. a.
no Latin Composition.
Tr. a crime, I say, was committed long ago, old and ancient ;
this deed we have just now discovered.
Th. What villainy is that, or who did it? Tell me.
Tr. a host killed his guest [whom he had] caught with his
hand. He, as I think, who sold this house to you.
Th. Killed?
Tr. And took away gold from [that] same guest, and buried
that guest here in-this-very-place in the house.
Th. Why do you suspect that this was done ?
Tr. I will tell [you]. Listen. When your son had dined out
{/oris), after he returns home from supper, we all go to bed.
We went to sleep. I had forgotten by chance to put out the
light ; and he all-of-a-sudden cries out at-the-top-of-his-voice.
Th. Who? my son?
Tr. St, be quiet ; he says that that dead man came to him
in sleep. This is {ecce) what that dead man said to him : " I
am Diapontius, a guest from-beyond-sea. Here I dwell. This
dwelling was given to me. For Orcus would not {iibluit^ re-
ceive me to Acheron, because I am deprived of life prematurely.
I was deceived through confidence. My host here killed me,
and he buried me secretly in this house, the villain, for the sake
of gold. Now do thou depart hence. This house is accursed ;
this dwelling is impious."
Lesson 59.
Causal Clauses.
Causal clauses regularly take the Indicative ; but
they take the Subjunctive when the reason is not simply
stated as a fact, but assigned as a motive : as,
Socrates was accused of corrupting the youth, Socrates
accusdtus est quod corrmnperet juventutem,
a. This is regularly the case with relative clauses expressing a
reason: as,
Since I see, quippe qui videam.
Causal Clauses. ill
b. In negative clauses non quo may be used in preference to
non quod or non quia: compare 341. R. (G. 538. R., 541. R.* ;
H. 516. 11. 2) : as,
Not that I fear, non quo timemn.
Oral Exercises.
I. He hates me, because I am luckier than he. 2. He
hates me on- the -ground-that I have thwarted him. 3. He is
fortunate in having you with him. 4. Since Csesar is my
friend, I dare resist you. 5. Since [he thought] Csesar was
absent, he opposed his plans. 6.1 resisted him, not that I
thought him an enemy, but I did not approve his designs.
Translate into L.atin.
1. Although, as I have written you before, wherever you
are, you are in the same boat [with me], yet I congratulate
you on your absence, because you do not see the things that
we [see].
2. I congratulate you on being absent.
3. He accuses them of having held discourses of this sort
concerning him.
4. I had said that this first point needed no argument,
because it is* clear to all that there are gods.
5 . I appeared to bear my misfortune bravely, not that I
bore it with equanimity, but I consoled myself [by] thinking
that there would not be a long separation between us.
6. I did not accept even that ; not that I thought [it] in-
consistent with my dignity, but because I did not suspect that
so great a crime was hanging over the republic.
7. If you did not know that Metellus thought thus {haec)
of me, you ought to consider that your brother kept you igno-
rant^ [in regard to] the most important matters ; but if, however,
he imparted to you something of his plan, I ought to be con-
sidered lenient and easy by you, since I make no complaint to
{ciini) you in regard to these very matters.
a. Follow the rule of sequence of tenses. b. celo, with the accusative of
the person. c. "complain [as to] nothing."
112 Latin Composition.
Anecdote.
Tarquin the Proud, the father, thinking that the chiefs of the
Gabinians ought to be put to death, because he was not wiUing
that this should be entrusted to any one, made no answer" to
the messenger who had been sent him by his son ; nevertheless
he struck off with a staff the tall poppy-heads, since by chance
he was walking in a garden. ^ The messenger, having returned
without an answer, brought word to the young Tarquin what he
had seen his father doing. He understood that the same thing
was to be done to the eminent Gabinians.
Lesson 60.
Final Clauses.
Clauses expressing a Purpose require the Subjunc-
tive with tit (negatively 7ie) or a relative : as,
He sent men to plough the field, homines mlsit ut [qui]
agvuin ararent.
Remark. For the various expressions of Purpose, see 318,
with a, b, c, d (G. 544. R.^). For the use of ut and ne, widi ex-
pressions of Fear, see Lesson 29, Remark.
a. In negative clauses ne quis, ne quid, ne umquam, etc.,
must be used for ut nemo, ut nihil, ut numquam, etc. : these
last are used in clauses of Result.
b. When there is a comparative in the sentence, quo is generally
used in preference to ut: as,
That he miglit come the sooner, quo citius veniret.
c. Substantive clauses which express a Purpose, following verbs
of wishing, advising, necessity, &c., often omit the ut or ne: 331.
/. Rem. (G. 546. R.=^; H. 499. 2) ;
d. With phrases like ut ita dicam, so to speak ; ne plura
dicam, not to say niore^ the principal clause is often omitted;
2>^1' ^
Oral Exercises.
I. I have come to meet you. 2. I came to meet Balbus.
3. This is a pleasant spot, not to say delightful. 4. He is a
a, = answered nothing.
Final Clauses. 113
brave man, I do not say a good man. 5. We fight that we
may not be-slaves. 6. He is another Plato, so to speak.
7. They founded a city which should be a refuge to the dis-
tressed. 8. We listen, that we maybe more wise. 9. We
set out at once in order that we might arrive earlier. 10. Be-
ware of pardoning. 11. It is necessary that we set out.
12. I will ask him to come. 13. I wish you were at Rome.
14. Now, to pass over such [points], I will speak of making
peace. 15. I fear you are not sufficiently wily. 16. He
feared that the Gauls would attack him on the march. 17. I
fear he will not win the royal power.
Translate into ILatin.
1. Three hundred of us (we, three hundred), chiefs of the
Roman youth, have sworn to assault you.
2. I think that something should be given the physician
himself, that he may be more zealous.
3. He sends forward to the Boii [men] who shall inform
[them] of his arrival, and exhort them to remain in their fidel-
ity, and withstand the attack of the enemy with good courage.
4. She whispers to (with) herself, but [so] that I may hear.
5. In the first place, I wish you to consider this, that
your feehngs are strongly approved by me (dat.).
6. This one thing I do not know, whether to congratulate
[you] or fear for you ; not that I fear that your virtue will not
meet the expectation of men, but, by Hercules, lest, when you
come (fut. perf.), you have no longer [any thing] to care for
{qicod, etc.).
7. As I myself have always joined Latin with Greek, I
am of opinion that you should do the same, that you may be
equally-good {par) in the use of each language {serjuo).
8. I wish you would send letters as often as possible, espe-
cially if there shall be any better-established [state of things],
in-regard-to-which "^ we may have-hope.
9. But, to pass over the common cause, let us come to ours.
a. Use the relative.
114 Latin Composition,
10. Do you think, pray, that it was easier for Ligarius to go
out of Africa, or for you not to come into Africa ?
11. I fear, Crassus, that I cannot concede those two points
to you.
12. Do not fear, Hortensius, that I shall ask how it was per-
mitted to a senator to build a ship.
Anecdote.
Manius Curius, the most perfect type of Roman frugality, and
at the same time the most complete model of bravery, presented
himself to the ambassadors of the Samnites, sitting at the hearth
on a rude stool, and dining out of a wooden bowl. For he des-
pised the wealth of the Samnites, [and] the Samnites wondered
at his poverty. For when they had brought to him a great
weight of gold, sent by the state {public'e), he, when invited
with kind words to be willing to use it, broke into laughter, and
said at once : " Agents of a superfluous, not to say foolish,
mission, report to the Samnites that Manius Curius would rather
rule the rich than himself be rich ; and carry back that costly
gift, and remember that I can neither be conquered in battle
nor corrupted by money."
/ Lesson 6i.
Consecutive Clauses,
Clauses of Result, like those of Purpose, take the
Subjunctive after ut or with a relative : as.
They place their chariots in such a way that they have a
speedy retreat, ita currus conlocant, ut expedltum
receptufn habeant,
a. In negative clauses of Result, ut non is used instead of ne,
ut nemo for ne quis, etc.
b. After secondary tenses the Perfect Subjunctive may be used
in clauses of Result, to represent the historical perfect of the direct
statement: as,
The discussion reached such a height that he fled to Yitellius,
eo discordiae ventum lest] , ut ad Vitellium per-'
fugerit (Direct, ad Vitellium jierfUgit).
Consecutive Clauses, 115
c. The relative is often used in clauses of Result, where the Eng-
lish idiom uses as with the infinitive. Thus
Who is so silly as to believe this? quis est tarn ineptus
qui hoc credat ?
d. A peculiar construction in Latin is the phrase tantum abest,
followed by an ut clause as subject and another as result : 332. d
(G. 556. R.^ H. 502.3).
It is so far [from being true] that friendships are sought on
account of need, that those who need another least are
the most liberal, tantum abest ut amlcitiae propter
indigentiam colantur, ut 11 qui ininime alterius
indiqeantf llberdlissiml sint.
Here the substantive clause ut . . . colantur is subject of abest,
and the consecutive clause ut . . . sint depends upon tantum.
Remark. For the use of quominus and quin in clauses of
Result, see 319. c, d (G. 547, 549-551 ; H. 504, 497. ii.).
Oral Exercises.
I. Who is so rash as to dare this? 2. The river is so swift
that we cannot swim in it. 3. The cold is so great that wine
freezes. 4. I am so far {abest, not absu7ti) from being un-
friendly to you, that I value you very highly. 5 . Caesar was
so far from being defeated that he even pursued the enemy.
6. The peril was so great that we fled. 7. I am not so sus-
picious as not to believe you. 8. Nothing hinders me from
aiding Pompey. 9. Nothing hindered me from aiding you.-^
10. I shall never be prevented from rejoicing. 11. There is
no doubt that Rome is the capital of the world.
12. We do not object to your thinking us foolish. 13.
Caius left nothing undone to frustrate my plans. 14. He was
within a little of (it was very little distant but that) reaching the
city. 15. It cannot be {fiei'i) but that you believe this. 16.
It was owing to you that I did not go.
Translate into liatin.
I. His speeches have so much wit, so many illustrations, so
much elegance, that they almost seem to have been written in
Attic style.
Il6 Latin Composition.
2. Will no virtue, therefore, ever be so respected by you**
that it cannot be injured by suspicion ?
3. There cannot be readily found [one] who can give bet-
ter counsel to another (alter) than you ; but at any rate no one
will give better to you yourself.
4. If there are but few who love the nobility, is that our fault ?
5. I cannot help (praetereo) sending to you daily.
6. He is so far from influencing my opinion, that I think he
himself should be very much ashamed at having departed from
his [own] opinion.
7. What shrine in Achaia, what place or sacred-grove, has
been so [held] sacred that any image or ornament is left in it ?
8. And yet I do not doubt that eloquence has always had
great force.
9. How can it be doubted that the glory of military service
brings much more of worthiness to win the consulship than
[that] of civil law? (Worthiness = dignitas.)
10. I could not help writing to you, and giving thanks.
11. Caesar, fearing for his men, sent to Titus Sextius, the
lieutenant, that he should lead his cohorts quickly out of the
camp, in order that he might terrify the enemy from pursuing
freely.
Epistle.
Cicero to his Atticus,
I had not doubted that I was to see you at Tarentum or
Brundisium, and this had reference to many [points] ; among
them, that we might tarry in Epirus and use your counsel on
other things. Since this has not happened, this also will b
[ranked] in the great number of our misfortunes. Our route is
to Asia, especially to Cyzicum. I commend my [family] to you.
I sustain myself with difficulty, and wretchedly. Given April 1 7,
near Tarentum (Tarent'inmri) }
a, = " in your eyes,", tibi. b. de with abl.
Clauses of Characteristic. iiy
Lesson 62.
Clauses of Characteristic.
A RELATIVE clause with the subjunctive is often used
to express a Characteristic of the antecedent, contain-
ing more or less distinctly the idea of result. Thus
They say a great deal which they scarcely understand,
multa dlciint quae vioc intellegant.
Note. Here the indicative, intellegunt, would indicate things
which they do not m fact understand. The use of the subjunctive
implies that the things are so difficult, or the speakers so stupid,
that they cannot understand them. Clauses which occur under this
head are
1. Those following general expressions of existence : 320. a
(G.634; H. 503. i.);
2. Following unus and solus : id. b (G. (y^Z 5 H. id. ii.) ;
3. Following Comparatives with quam ( too . . . to) : id. c
(G.313; H. id. 3);
4. Of Restriction or Proviso, especially with quod : id. d (G.
629. R. ; H. 503. i. 3, N. 2) ;
5. Of Cause or Hindrance : id. e (G. 636, 6y] ; H. 517, 515. ii. 4) ;
6. Following digiius, etc. ( worthy to . . .) : id. f (G. 556. R.'^ ;
H. 503. ii. 2).
Remark. After general negative expressions, where the Eng-
lish uses BUT, quin is often used for qui (quod, etc.) 11611: as,
There is no one but says this, neino est quln hoc dlcat.
Oral Exercises.
I. I am not worthy of receiving these honors. 2. He is not
lit to have those honors bestowed upon him (upon whom these
honors should be bestowed). 3. Caesar is the only one to
whom such honors are due. 4. There are [some] who envy
me. 5. There were [some] who envied me. 6. He is too
shrewd to be deceived (shrewder than who can be deceived).
7. Who is there that thinks Titus mad? 8. Who was there
that thought Marcus wise? 9. There was nothing that you did
not see. 10. There was no one but thought you rash.
1 1 8 \ Latin Composition.
II. Who is there but thinks us wise? 12. You were the only
one to receive such rewards.
Translate into ILatin.
1. There will be many to whom you can properly give let-
ters, who will gladly bring them to me.
2. Nor was there any oije who cared for booty.
3. There were [some] at that time who believed that Mar-
cus Crassus had not been ignorant of this design.
4. There is no reason for you to hurry.
5. On {ex) each side there are some who desire to con-
tend.
6. This is the only place to which {quo) they may escape.
7. Who is there of those Greeks, who thinks that any one
of us understands any thing ?
8. There is no one of us but knows that you have no enmi-
ties with Sextus Roscius.
9. I have no reason to find fault with old age.
10. There is no one but understands that that republic is
falling.
11. I ask you this, my Tiro, that you spare expense in noth-
ing, so far as there is need for your health.
Lesson 63.
Inflnitive Clanses.
\_Compare Lessofis 6, 24-26.]
The following special forms of Infinitive Clause are
liable to occur, especially in the extended use of Indi-
rect Discourse :
1. The Periphrastic Infinitive, formed by fore or futurum esse
with the Subjunctive, which is regular with verbs which have no
supine stem, and is especially common after spero : 288. /*(G. 240.
2; H. 537, with I).
2. The Infinitive of Impersonal verbs, or the neuter of the Ge-
rundive with esse, in such phrases as
Infinitive Clauses. 119
He saw that he must leap down, vldit desiliendii^n esse
(Direct, desilienduiu est),
A report came to the Senate that it had rained blood, san-
guinem pluisse sendtul nuntidtiim est,
3. Rhetorical Questions in Indirect Discourse (see Lesson 27. a).
Oral Exercises.
I. I hope to be able. 2. He says that we shall soon be
willing. 3. He said that he should not fear. 4. I under-
stand that fighting- is-going-on. 5. I understand that fighting
has been going -on. 6. I understood that fighting was going
on. 7. Remember that you are envied." 8. He says that
fortune will again shine upon us. 9. Do you think that [we]
must fight? 10. I do not think a rich [man] ought to be
envied.
Translate into ILatin.
1. They said they hoped that these designs which had
been secretly entered into, contrary to the safety of the city and
empire, would be brought to light.
2. All were of opinion that an addition would be enrolled
in Italy for my legions and [those] of Bibulus.
3. You write that the physician is well esteemed (that it is
well thought concerning, &c.).
4. He will say that he always wished to be asked, always to
be entreated.
5. Why [he asked] did they urge^ him, already an old man,
and [one who had] passed through [all] labors and the rewards
of labors ?
6. Why, pray [he asked], did they fear, or why did they
despair of their own valor or his {ipse) care ?
7. If these things {quae) [he urged] were not to be borne
in a king, or the son of a king, who would bear [them] in so
many private persons? Let them see [to it], lest by forbidding
a. Verbs which govern the dative still govern the dative when used imper-
sonally in the passive. b. In all these sentences consider whether the ques-
tion is real or rhetorical.
I20 Latin Composition.
men to speak freely in the senate -house, they should even excite
talk outside the senate-house. When they wished, let them test
how much braver is" a sense-of-grief than self-seeking. For
what had they done by^ the people? Let them not place too
much hope in others' fear !
8. Then Ahala Servilius, tribune of the soldiers, says that he
has been silent so long, not because he was uncertain in opinion,"
for what good citizen separates his own counsels from the
public [counsels] ? but because he chose that his colleagues
should yield of their own accord to the authority of the Senate
rather than suffer (imp. subj.) the power of the tribunes to be
called upon against themselves.
Lesson 64.
Intermediate Clauses.
The cases in which an intermediate relative clause
must take the Subjunctive are the following :
1. When the clause expresses the thought of some other person
than the speaker or writer or his own in some other relation {infor-
mal indirect discourse) ;
2. When the clause is an integral part of a subjunctive or mfini-
tive construction {attraction).
Remark. Many such clauses may be so regarded or not, as the
speaker or writer chooses. Compare the following examples :
1. He first mentioned that of which I have just spoken (direct
statement), wMch (according to him) had its origin in a
presentiment of the future, prlmufn posuit earn
{causam) de qua inodo dlxl^ quae orta esset eoc
praesensioue rerutn futurdruin,
2. He says that he sees what (as he alleges) I see, dlcit se
videt^e ea quae videatn {quae video would mean, what
I see in fact) .
a. Follow sequence of tenses. <J. through. c. Genitive.
Intermediate Clauses. I2l
3. I come to see what you see, venio ut videam ea quae
tu videds (or vides).
4. For what can be so plain as that there is some Divinity, by
whom these things are governed? quid enhn potest
esse tarn perspicuum quam esse aliquod nufneUf
quo haec regantur?
Oral Exercises.
I. He came that he might see the games, which then were
going on. 2. He came that he might see the games that were
going on. 3. I wish to cross the river, while you will stay in
the camp. 4. I wish to cross the river while you stay in the
camp. 5. I have received the letter which you sent. 6. If
I had not received the letter that you sent, I should have re-
mained in the city. 7. I have read t-lie book which was given
to me. 8. I fear I shall not have an opportunity of reading
the book that was given to me. 9, He was prevented by his
state-of-health from eating the oysters he bought." 10. I see
that.the man of whom you speak is present. 11. He said that he
came as soon as he saw me. 12. We understand that the city
which we seek is distant. 13. They understood that the enemy
whom they were pursuing were not far distant. 14. He under-
stood that the enemy whom he had defeated were retreating. ^
15. He understood that the enemy, whom he had not seen,
were approaching.
Translate into liatin.
1. Would that I may see that day when I may give you
thanks because you have compelled me to live.
2. Not to know what happened before you were born,
this is to be always a boy.
3. Men pitied not more the punishment than the crime by
which they had deserved punishment.
4. I would rather he had not given him so great strength,
than that he should resist him now [that he is grown] so strong.
a. Pluperfect.
122 Latin Coinposition.
5. I have sent Antonius to you, a brave r: .n and especially
trusted by me, that you might, if it should ? em good to you,
deliver to him the cohorts ; in order that, whi . the time of year
was suitable, I might be able to perform some operation.
6. Nature leads [us] to favor those who are entering upon
the same perils which we have passed through.
7. What great and earnest orator, when he wished to make
the judge angry with his adversary, ever hesitated on this ac-
count, because he did not know what anger was, whether a
fervor of the mind, or the desire of punishing a grievance ?
8. Poets wish each his own work" to be examined by the
public, in order that, if any thing shall be censured by many, it
may be corrected.
9. I informed Deiotarus that there did not seem to be [any]
reason why he should be absent from his kingdom.
10. I confess that I have zealously followed those [pursuits]
from which true glory could arise.
11. I thought that I ought to lead the army through that dis-
trict of Cappadocia which touched upon Cilicia.
12. He is of opinion that there are gods, because it is neces-
sary that there should be some excellent nature, tlian which
there is nothing better.
13. When we call the fruits "Ceres," and wine "Liber," we
use, to be sure, a customary manner of speech ; but do you
think any one so insane as to believe that that which he eats is
a god ?
Lesson 65.
Dependent Conditional Clauses.
\_Compare Lesson 27.]
In the case of Conditional Clauses in Indirect Dis-
course, the following points are to be observed :
a. Follow the rule of Sequence of Tenses {Lesson 20), noticing
a, quisque following the reflexive : see Lesson 33.
Depen -ent Conditional Clauses. 123
also whether a verb r complete or incomplete action is required.
Thus \
He promises to co ,* if they wish, pollicetur se venturum
si velint (Dii -jct, veniam si voletis) .
He had given orders that unless lie should arrive, &c.,
edlxerat nist advefiisset, etc. (Direct, nisi advenero),
b. In a condition f,ontra?y to fact, the dependent clause (^pro-
tasis) remains unchanged, while the principal clause {apodosis) is
represented by the future participle with fuisse (see Lesson 27. h).
Thus
I declare that if jou had done this you would have received
praise, dio si haec fecisses laudem te accepturiim
fuisse (Direct, si haec fecisses latidem accepisses).
He said he could if he had wished, dixit si volulsset
futurum fuisse ut posset {si voluisset potuisset) .
Note. These two constructions the imperfect or pluperfect
subjunctive in future conditions after a past tense, and the future
infinitive with fuisse in the apodosis of conditions contrary to fact
are among the most common subordinate constructions in Indi-
rect Discourse. For the Subjunctive representing the Imperative,
see Less 071 27.
Oral Exercises.
I. If you are well, I am glad. 2. Be assured that if you
are well, I am glad. 3. I said that if he was well, I was glad.
4. If you should do rightly, you would be praised. 5. Re-
member that if you should do rightly, you would be praised.
6. We reminded them that if they should do rightly, they would
be praised. 7. I told them that if they had done rightly, I
should have praised them. 8. We said that we should have
wondered if it had been otherwise. 9. We know that if
you had been here, you would have approved our designs.
10. They declared that if hostages had not been given, they
should have laid waste the country.
fe Translate into ILatin.
I. He understood that, if he should summon the legions to
the province, they would contend in battle on the march in his
absence (he being absent) .
124 Latin Composition.
2. Now I wish that you would persuade yourself of this
{sic)y that if reference is made to the Senate concerning these
matters, I shall think that the highest praise is awarded to me,
if you assent {comprobo) by your verdict [to] the honor paid
me {mens).
3. He sees that, if the choice of accusing is transferred from
boys of rank, whom he has -hitherto eluded, to brave and re-
spected men, he cannot lord it [any] longer in the trials.
4. They say that they wish to speak with Caesar concerning
most important matters, if an opportunity should be given them.
5. The same one says that, if there are not gods, there is
nothing in all nature better than man ; but that any man should
think this that there is nothing better than man he judges
is the greatest arrogance.
Epistle.
Cicero to his Attic us.
I am eagerly waiting for your advice. I fear that I am absent
[at a time] when it were more honorable for me to be present :
I dare not come without-special-reason. Of Antony's move-
ments {iter) I hear somewhat {nescio quid) otherwise than as I
wrote to you. Therefore, I wish you would explain every thing,
and send me definite [tidings] . Of the rest, what shall I say to
you? I burn with zeal for history for your encouragement
stimulates me incredibly which indeed can neither be begun
nor accomplished without your aid. Therefore we will consult
together upon this at least. ' At present I wish you would write
to me in whose consulship (abl. abs.) Caius Fannius, son of
Marcus, was tribune of the people. I think {videor mihi) I
have heard in the censorship of Publius Africanus and Lucius
Mummius.
Dialogue.
Theopropides. Well, Tranio, what's going on ?
Tranio. The country-people are coming from the country :
Philolaches will be here at once.
Th. By Pollux, he comes in good time for me. I am of
opinion that this neighbor [of] ours is a bold and bad man.
Tr. How so?
The English Potential, 125
Th. Because he says he does not know you.
Tr. Says not?
Th. And that you never gave him a [single] coin of money.
Tr. Go away, you are chaffing me, I am sure. He doesn't
deny [it].
Th. What now?
Tr. I know you're joking now ; for he, I am sure, doesn't
deny [it].
Th. Yes, indeed, by Pollux, he denies [it] up and down ;
and [says] that he didn't sell this house to Philolaches.
Tr. Well, now, did he deny that money was given him, I beg
[to know] ?
Th. Nay, he promised to give me an oath, if I wished, that
he neither sold this house, nor was money given him.
Lesson 66.
The English Potential.
The Potential Mood is a name often given, in Eng-
lish, to any form of a verb which is constructed with
the aid of may^ can^ musty mighty cozcld, wouldy or
should.
But these words are used with great variety and
laxity, and give rise to many ambiguities. When used
simply as auxiliaries, the verb they form is a genuine
subjunctive ; but they are very commonly principal
verbs, in which case the verb depending upon them
is in the infinitive.
A. As A Principal Verb.
a. May denotes permission ; Latin, licet : as,
You may (have leave to) come, licet tihi venire,
b. Might has the same meaning, being the past tense of may ;
but by a peculiar idiom, when used in this way, it is followed by the
Perfect Infinitive in English : as.
You might have come, licuit tihi venire.
126 Latin Composition.
Remark. May and might are also used to express power or
possibility, and are then rendered by possum : as,
It may be so, potest ita esse;
He might have come, potuit venire.
This last expression in English may mean either, he had perinis-
sion (licuit) , or he had it iii his power (potuit) .
Might, with Present Infinitive, is used in the apodosis of con-
ditional sentences assumed to be false : as,
Ht might come (if circumstances were otherwise), posset Venire,
c. Can and Could express power, and are translated by pos-
sum : as,
I can do this, possum hoc facer e ;
Could often, like inight, takes the Perfect Infinitive to express
past time, and uses the Present Infinitive in either member of a con-
ditional sentence assumed as false : as,
I could do (or could have doue) this, potul hoc facere,
I should do this if I could (but I cannot), hoc facer etn si
possern,
d. Would and Should are occasionally used as principal verbs ;
would, like will, expresses a strong determination, and is rendered
by volo : as,
He WILL go, vult Ire; He would ^q^ voluit Ire,
He would if he could, vellet si 2>osset,
He might if he would, posset si vellet.
Shoidd is present, expressing obligation, and may be rendered by
oportet : as.
He should not return, non oportet eurn redlre.
Shall also is sometimes used in a similar way, in a future obliga-
tion, amounting almost to compulsion: as, he shall go ; i.e., / will
make him go. So with the Future Imperative : as,
Thou Shalt not steal, ne facito furtuni.
The English Potential. 127
e. Must and Ought are likewise principal verbs. Must is ren-
dered by the gerundive, which is always passive : as,
We must wait for the consul, consul exspectandus est
[nobis'] .
We must flight (fighting must be done), pugnandum est.
Ought is either debeo or the impersonal oportet ; but for past
lime the English uses the Perfect Intinitive, just as for might and
could: as.
He ought to have done this, debuit hoc facere, or opov"
tult eiiin hoc facer e.
B. As Auxiliaries.
a. May and Might express purpose in final clauses, and are
rendered by the Present and Imperfect Subjunctive : as,
He comes that he may see, venit ut videat ;
He came that he might see, venit ut videret.
Might is also used in softened assertions : as,
One might believe, credat qiiispiam,
b. Can and Could are very rare in this use, but are occasionally
the equivalents of a subjunctive of softened assertion: as,
I could wish, velim or vellein ;
Tiat can I say? quid dlxerim.
c. Would is used in indirect discourse, to express an action
which is future in relation to a verb in past time on which it depends ;
it is rendered by the Future Infinitive : as,
He said that he would come or would have come, dixit se
ventu7^uin esse or fuisse.
d. Should and Would are used in conditional sentences refer-
ring indistinctly to future time, in the protasis, should; in the
apodosis, should (like shall) for the first person, would (like will)
for the second and third. In this use they are rendered by the Pres-
ent Subjunctive : as,
If he should do so I should rejoice, si ita faclat (jaudeam.
You would rejoice, gaudeds.
128 Latiit Composition,
Should have and woidd have^ in the apodosis of conditions
assumed as false, and rendered by the Pluperfect Subjunctive : as,
I should have come if I could, venissem si potuissem
Should and would, like might, can, and could, may be used for
implied conditions : as.
Why should I go ? quid earn ?
One would commend, lauddveris.
C. Recapitulation.
a. May expresses
1 . Permission, licet, with dative and infinitive.
2. Possibility, possum, with infinitive.
3. Purpose, ut, with present subjunctive.
b. Might expresses
1. Permission;
2. Possibility: when followed by perfect infinitive in English,
licuit or potuit with infinitive ; when followed by present infinitive
in English, possem, expressing possibility in a supposition assumed
as false.
3. Purpose, ut with imperfect subjunctive.
4. Softened assertion.
c. Can and Could express
1. Power, possum with infinitive.
2. Softened assertion.
d. Would expresses
1 . Determination, volui or vellem.
2. Future time in indirect discourse (the future infinitive depend-
ing on a past verb).
3 Apodosis of future time, present subjunctive, second and
third persons.
4. Apodosis of past time, condition assumed as false, pluper-
fect subjunctive, second and third persons.
5. Softened assertion.
e. Should expresses
1. Obligation, oportet or decet.
2. Protasis of future time, present subjunctive.
The English Potential, 129
3. Apodosis of future time, present subjunctive, first person.
4. Apodosis of past time, false conaition, pluperfect subjunc-
tive, first person.
5. Softened assertion.
Oral Exercises.
I. You may go. 2. You must go. 3. You ought to go.
4. You might go if you were well. 5. You might have
gone. 6. You might have gone if you had wished. 7. Who
would go into such (so great) perils ? 8. I wish Caius were
present. 9. I wish Caius might be present. 10. What could
I do ? II. You could conquer if you would fight.
Translate into Liatin.
1. They begged nothing else but that they might with their
lips receive the last breath of their sons.
2. I ought to defend his safety no' less than mine.
3. Here it might be recognized how much protection men
have in firmness of soul.
4. You both refused what you ought not [to have refused],
and received what you had-rio-right [to receive].
5. The one does not dare to inform us why he is called a
commander ; the other must in a few days be ashamed to dare.
6. It was answered on the other side that Aulus Varro
offered to come on the next day to a conference, and that he
(the same one) would see how ambassadors might come in
safety and declare what they wished.
Anecdotes.
I. The physician of Pyrrhus, king of the Epirots, came to
Fabricius, general of the Romans, and promised to give poison
to Pyrrhus, if a reward which should be worth his while should
be paid him. But Fabricius, thinking that his victory had no
need of such* a crime, informed-against the physician to the
king, and by the merit of this good-faith drove ^ Pyrrhus to seek
the friendship of the Romans.
a. Use the relative qui at the beginning of the sentence, quod faci?ius,
b. Lit., deserved that he drove.
130 Lati7i Composition.
2. Themistocles, leader of the Athenians, when he saw that
it was advantageous to the Greeks to contend in the straits of
Salamis against the multitude of ships of Xerxes, and could not
persuade his [fellow] citizens of this {id), brought it about by
craft that the Greeks were forced by the barbarians to their own
advantage (plur.). For, feigning treachery, he sent [a person]
to Xerxes to disclose that' his countrymen were deliberating
about flight, and that matters would be harder for him, if he
should attack the states one by one, by siege. And by this means
he brought-it-to-pass, first that the army of the barbarians was
kept from rest, since they were all night at their post of guard ;
in the next place, that his own men fought with fresh strength
with the barbarians, [who were] worn out by watching, [and] in
a narrow place, as he had wished, where Xerxes could not use
the multitude in which he had the advantage.
Lesson 67.
Further Uses of the Eelatiye.
In the use of Relative Clauses, the following points
remain to be observed :
a. The Relative often stands for a Demonstrative at the begin-
ning of a sentence for the purpose of connecting the sentence closely
with the preceding. In such cases it is often best to supply a con-
junction in English. Thus
But when Ariovistus had caught sight of them, quos cum
Ariovistus conspeocisset,
b. The neuter quod, used adverbially, often begins a sentence,
followed by si, and may be best rendered but, now, &c. : as,
KoTV if the moon is a goddess, then the morning star, too,
quod si Luna dea est, ergo etia^n Lucifer,
c. When a relative clause has another subordinate clause de-
pending upon it, the Relative may stand in that clause, and be
understood in its own : as,
Ftirther Uses of the Relative. 131
I had been one who, although it was permitted me to receive
greater fruits, did not hesitate, is fueram, cut cum
liceret mdjores fructus capere, non dubitdverim
(for qui, cum inihi liceref).
Translate into iLatin.
1. These two points remain to me from your subdivision.
And concerning these, if it seems [good] to you, I think we
should discuss more thoroughly.
2. There are many monuments of your mercy, but chiefly the
unharmed-condition (plur.) of those to whom you have given
safety. And if these things are glorious in private persons, much
more shall they be recounted in [regard to] kings.
3. Now if I pushed myself in that direction, I should cer-
tainly find at once some way of resisting.
4. I attempted-to-satisfy (imperf.) the people by purchase,
and if this had been arranged car efuWy, I thought the rabble of
the city could be withdrawn, and the solitude of Italy made-
populous.
5. What shall I say of myself, who cannot be relieved,
although (///) every thing (omnia) should happen to me which
I wish?
6. He was informed that all the Belgians, who7?i we had
shown to be the third part of Gaul, were conspiring against the
Roman people.
7. Therefore but-few come to old age, [but] if this {quod)
did not so happen, we should live'' both better and more pru-
dently.
8. That is an old law of the genuine and true friendship
which now for a long time I have had with him, that friends
always wish the same thing ; nor is there any surer bond of
friendship than the harmony and union of plans and wills.
9. As to the people, he who either envies or favors is
always a partial judge of dignity.
10. He forbade a publican or the slave of a publican to be
a. Impersonal.
132 Latin Composition.
in-the-town {ihi^ in which he himself was, or to which he was
coming.
11. I entreated Claudia, your wife, and your sister Mucia, to
'deter him from that act of injustice.
12. I came to Brundisium, April 17. On that day your boys
gave me a letter from you, and other boys the third day after
that day (gen.) brought me- another letter.
13. As to your calling {quod vocas) me to life, you accom-
plish one thing, that I withhold my hands from myself ; the
other thing you cannot, that I should not repent our decision
and [my] life.
14. Each ought to be contented with that [amount] of time
which is given to him for living.
Lesson 68.
Supplementary Exercises.
1. Epistle.
I WRITE you this as I recline in the very villa of Scipio Afri-
canus, after adoring his shades and the casket which I suspect
to be the tomb of the great {tantus) man. His soul indeed, I
am persuaded, has returned into heaven, from which it was ;
not because he led great armies, for these the mad Cambyses
also had, but on account of his excellent moderation and
piety, more admirable in him when he left his country than when
he defended it : either Scipio must {debeo) be wanting to Rome,
or Rome without liberty. ^^ In nothing," he said, " do I wish to
detract from the laws and institutions. Let right be equal among
all citizens. Make use of my services without me, my country.
I have been to thee a cause of liberty, I will be also a proof [of
it]. I go forth, if I have grown more than is well for thee."
Why should I not admire this greatness of mind, with which
he departed into voluntary exile, and disburdened the state ?
Therefore great pleasure came upon me as I reflected-on Scipio's
customs and ours : in this corner that dread of Carthage, to
whom Rome owes that {quod) she was captured only once,
Supplementary Exercises. 133
washed his body, weary with rustic labors. For he exercised
himself witli labor, and, as the ancient " custom was, he in person
(ipse) subdued the earth.
3. Anecdote.
So many things are going on at Rome, that those which take
place in the provinces are scarcely heard of. I do not fear that
I shall seem to arrogate any thing to myself, if I speak of my
quaestorship. For however brilKant it was, nevertheless I think
that I have since held the greatest commands in such a way (I
have been such {is) in the greatest, &c.), that there is not so
much glory to be sought from the reputation of my quaestorship.
But yet I am not afraid that any one will dare to say that any-
one's qusestorship in Sicily was either more renowned or more
popular. At that time, I thought that men talked of nothing
else at Rome but of my qusestorship.. Therefore I came away
with this hope, that I thought the Roman people would offer
every thing to me of their own accord. But when by chance in
those days, for the. sake of taking a journey, on my way (dece-
dens) from the province, I had come by chance to Puteoli,
when very many fashionable men are accustomed to be in
that neighborhood (Joed), I almost lost my balance, when some
one had asked me on what day I had gone from Rome, and
whether there was any thing new. When I had answered him^
that I was on my way from my province, "Yes, to be sure,
by Hercules," says he, " from Africa, as I think." Already
rather-offended, I say to him disdainfully : '^ No, indeed ; from
Sicily." Then one, as [one] who knew every thing, said, " How,
don't you know that he was quaestor at Syracuse? " In-brief, I
left off being offended, and pretended that I was one of those
who had come to the baths.
3. Anecdote.
Thence they came to Sidon, a city renowned for [its] antiquity
and the fame of its founders. Hephaestion was permitted to
estabhsh as king [the one] of the Sidonians whom he should
a. to the ancients. b. Lesson 58.
134 Latin Composition.
judge most worthy of that rank. The hosts of Hephaestion were
young men distinguished among their countrymen ; who, when
an opportunity of reigning was offered them {sibi), said that
no one, according to the custom of the country, was admitted
to that rank, unless born of royal stock. And they decide that
no one is preferable to (^potior quam) a certain Abdalonymus,"
connected with the royal stock, but on account of poverty culti-
vating a garden in the suburbs with slender profit. The cause
of his ^ poverty was honesty ; and, intent upon his daily work,
he did not hear the uproar of arms which had shaken all Asia.
Suddenly then they entered his garden with the insignia of
royal apparel. Then, after saluting him "" king, one of them said :
" You must exchange that filth for this suit of raiment which you
see in my hands. Take the spirit of a king, and carry that self-
restraint of yours into that fortune of which you are worthy. And
when you sit upon the royal throne, master of the life and death
of all citizens, do not forget this condition in which nay, by
Hercules, on account of which you receive the royalty."
The king ordered him straightway to be admitted, and look-
ing upon him for a long time, said : " The bearing of your body
is not inconsistent with the fame of your race ; but I should like
to know by what patience you have endured poverty." Then he
said, '^ May I be able to endure royalty with the same temper !
These hands sufficed for my needs. To him who had nothing
(part.), nothing was wanting."
4. Epistle.
Caius Pliny to his Septicius Clarus.
Ho, you promise [to come] to dinner, and don't'' come.
Judgment shall be pronounced, you shall pay costs to a
penny, and that not {nee id) trifling. There were prepared a
head-of-lettuce apiece, three snails apiece, two eggs apiece,
olives, beets, gourds, onions, a thousand other things no less
a. After q2ia?n in indirect discourse the construction of the Accusative with
the Infinitive is usually continued. b. = to him. c. = he having been
saluted. d. And not, negue.
Compa7'ative Forms of Speech. 135
elegant. You would have heard comedians or a reader or a
harper or such {quae) [is] my liberahty all [of these] . But
you preferred oysters, tripe, sea-urchins, and the Cadiz-beauties"
with nobody-knows-who {nescio quis). You shall suffer punish-
ment I don't say what. You have done rudely ; you have
grudged I am inchned to think {nescio afi) yourself at any
rate me, but yet yourself too. How much we should have
sported, laughed, studied ! You can dine more showily with
many, nowhere more gaily, more simply, freer-from-restraint.
In fine, make-a-trial, and unless hereafter you excuse yourself
rather to others, excuse [yourself] to me always. Farewell.
Lesson 69.
Comparative Forms of , Speech.
Note. The examples below are chiefly taken (by permission)
from the list of " Classified Latin Idioms" prepared by Professor
L. S. PoTWiN, of Western Reserve College, Hudson, O. They may
be used, at the pleasure of the teacher, in the review of points
already considered, or for practice in the change of forms of expres-
sion from one language to the other. The references are to the fore-
going Lessons, where the forms are more fully illustrated.
Differences in the forms of expression found in Latin
and English may be classified as follows :
I. Differences in the Use of Words.
In seeking the equivalent in Latin of English words
or phrases, the most important points to be noted are
the following :
I. The more frequent use of Dual forms in Latin : as uter, alter,
neuter, and the employment of the comparative in many cases
where the superlative is found in English : as,
The augury came to Remus first (before Romulus), priori Remo augurhwi
venit.
a. Gadltanae,
136 Latin Composition,
2. The choice of concrete for abstract words : as,
I do not fear a bad man's anger, ii7iprobuni iratiwi non metuo.
(See further illustrations in A. & G.'s " Latin Composition," pp. 122, 123.)
3. Use of two nouns for adjective and noun {hendiadys) : as,
An eye-witness, spectator et testis.
A shameful disaster, tgnominia et calamitas (id. p. 124).
4. Use of the Adjective for other forms of speech : as,
Fear of the enemy, metus hosfilis.
He was the first to do it, pritnus hoc fecit.
He spoke briefly, pauca locutus est.
To tell many lies, mtdta menth'i.
5 . The double Comparative in such phrases as
More nice than wise, subtilior quam sapie7ttior.
The enemy behaved with more fury than discretion, ferocius quam con-
sultius rein hostes gerebant.
6. Use of atque (ac) after words of likeness : as,
We ought to love our friends equally with ourselves, amicos aequ'e ac
nosmetipsos dtligere deb'emus.
7. Vei-bal adjective to be translated by Participle : as,
A rolling stone ; a living spring ; saxum voliibile ; fons vivus.
8. Precision in the use of Pronouns, especially of the Reflexive
and Intensive : Lesson 49.
9. Use of Demonstratives, especially ipse, idem: Gr. 195.
10. The Relative for Demonstrative and Connective : Lesson 50.
Compare the following :
Do nothing as to which you are in doubt whether it is right or wrong,
nihil egeris quod dubitas aequuifi sit an imquum.
1 1 . Indefinite Pronouns (often taking the place of the Article in
English) : Lesson ^2.
12. Form of Reply (for *' yes " or *' no ") : Lesson 3.
13. Certain uses of Negatives (compare Lesson 36. d) : as,
No poet or orator ever said that, neino umquam neque poeta neque orator
illud dixit.
Flattery is unworthy not only of a friend but (not) even of a free man,
adsentatio nd?i 7nodo aimed sed ne Itbero quidem digna est.
He says he was not there, negat se adfuisse.
I fear he will not come, vereor ut veniat.
Comparative Forms of Speech, 137
II. Differences of Construction.
Differences of syntax may be classified as (a) Case-
Constructions, {b) Verb-Constructions, {c) Dependent
Constructions.
a. Case-Constructions. The use of Cases, in agreement or
government, has been fully illustrated in the foregoing Lessons, and
is supposed to be familiar. Of those illustrating peculiarities in the
use of Latin, the most important to be noticed are the following :
14. The Objective Genitive, as corresponding v^^ith the use of
various prepositions in English {^Lesson 38. 4).
15. The Partitive Genitive, in such phrases as the following:
What is the trouble ? quid negbtii est ?
Considerable time ; no delay, aliquantum temporis ; nihil morae.
16. Compare the following cases of Agreement :
How many are there of you? quot estis?
I hear threats, none of which I fear, mirias audio quas nullas tinteo.
ly. The Predicate Genitive in such phrases as
It is [the part] of a judge, jildicis est.
It is {or^ it would be) wise to reflect, sapientis est c'ogitare (^Lesson 31. 2).
18. Dative of Service {^predicate dative) : see Lesson 15. 2.
19. Ablative Absolute : Lesson 7. b.
20. Locative Constructions: Lessons 17, 46.
21. Idiomatic use of certain prepositions to express location or
direction: as,
I begin with this, ab hoc ordior.
A shout was heard on that side, clamor ab ilia parte auditus est.
In front ; on the flank ; in the rear, a frottte, a latere, a tergb,
12.. Compare the following uses of Prepositions :
Of a sudden, ex iinprozns'o .
To put money into a box, pecuniam in area ponere.
It is all over with the army, actum est de exercitu.
To your satisfaction, ex tud seiztentia.
So much for this, de hac re hdctenus.
I desire it with all my heart, ex animo hoc cupio.
They differ widely from one another, multum inter se differunt.
1 3 '5 Latin Compositioit,
Want increases from day to day, inopia in dies crescit.
One war rose after another, alind ex alio bellum ortum est.
It is for your interest, in rem hiam est.
Our ships rode at anchor, nostt'-ae naves in ancoris constiteru7it.
While at play; at leisure, iiiter ludendu7n, per otium.
He was informed both by the envoys and by letter, et a legat'is et per lit'
teras certior factus est.
23. Attraction in the Relative clause: as,
He sent the most faithful slave he had, servum quern Jidelissimu}7t habebat
nil sit.
Thebes, which was the head of Boeotia, T/iebae, quod caput Boeotiae erat.
b. Verb-Constructions. The syntax of Moods and Tenses
has been exhibited in Lessons 19, 20, 32, 33 ; and of Participles,
&c., in Lessons 34, 35. Among special or idiomatic uses are to be
noticed
24. Reflexive meaning of the Passive (representing in Latin the
Greek middle voice) : as,
He buckles on his sword, gladitim cingitur (compare fratr'i gladitmi cingit\
25. Use of Impersonal expressions: Lesson 30.
26. Precision in the use of Tenses, as in the following :
I have been long (and still am) desiring, jafu pride m cupio.
I might have gone, \jnihi'\ ~ire licuit (see Lesson 66).
I will do it if I can, faciani st potero (see Lessott 32).
27. The Subjunctive in Indirect (2uestions : Lesson 28 (strictly,
a dependent construction) .
28. Tenses of the Subjunctive in expressions of Wish : Lesson '^2>'
I ; and in such phrases as,
I should like to do this, hoc facer e velim.
I would rather you were here, ??tdlle?n adesses.
I wish he had done it, velleui hoc fecisset.
29. The Participle for the Infinitive in description ( 292. ^): as,
I heard the birds sing, av'es canentes audivi.
Did you see the house fall? domumne rueniein vidisfi ?
30. Participle in agreement, for coordinate or descriptive phrase :
see Lesson 34. For example.
He took the bridge and burned it, potitem captuin ijtcendit.
He called the soldiers and showed them Italy, nfilitibus (dat.) vocatls
Italiam ostendit.
Comparative Forms of Speech. 139
I want men that will not give way before the enemy, quaero milifes hostir
bus non cessuros.
I know nothing but what I have heard, nihil habeo praeter aud'ittijn.
One who reckons pain the greatest evil cannot be brave, doldre?n szim-
muj?i malum judicans fortis esse non potest.
Obey no one unless [he be] a teacher or lawful ruler, n'emini pai^eto nisi
aut docenti aut legitime hnperanti.
31. Certain Gerundive constructions: Lesson 18, Remarks i and
2. Examples are
I meet no one without thanking him, nemifiem convenio qtiin e'l gratia s agam..
He praises the poets without understanding them, po'etas latidat, neque
(^eos^ intellegit.
I have no doubt about your being well, nihil dubito qtiin valeas.
Nothing prevents his doing it, nihil obstat quominus id faciat.
He was on the point of being killed, in eo erat ut interficer'etur.
Far from being (instead of being) silent, youcry out, tantum abest tit
taccas ut cla/nes {cldmds cum tacere debeas^.
32. Omission of the Verb in certain phrases : as,
They do nothing but laugh, nihil aliud quam rident.
Compare the rhetorical omission of the copula, frequent in Livy
and Tacitus.
33. Preference of personal forms in the passive of Indirect Dis-
course : as.
It is said that Plato lived to be an old man, Plato usque ad senectutem
vixisse dicittir.
It seems we have done something, aliquid, ut videmur, effecimus.
34. Clause (expressed or implied) after a Comparative : as,
He is too kind to get angry, dementior est quam ut (^qut) trasct possit.
35. Change of subject and predicate in second member of a
sentence : as,
Nothing was doing except to prepare for war, neque aliud agebatur quavi
bellum appardbatu}' .
c. Subordinate Constructions, These have been abundantly
treated under the heads Indirect Discourse {^Lessons 24-29) and
Subordinate Clauses {^Lessons 53-65).
36. The structure of Latin is especially characterized by the
preference of subordinate to independent or coordinate expressions,
as may be seen in the following example :
He left his houseand wandered about alone, cum dojuum refiqtnsset
{domo relicta) solus vagdtus est (compare under 30, above).
140 La lift Composition.
yj. This is seen more distinctly by comparing the involved con-
struction of a Latin period with the form in which it would be more
natural to express the same idea in English. Thus
I knew they were on fire with rage Atqiie ego, ut zntfi qiibs maxinib fii-
and guilt. , I saw that they liad ro7'e et scelere esse 'injlammatos
stayed behind at Rome, and were sciebam, eos nolnscum esse et Rom ae
in the midst of us. And so I spent remansisse, in eo omn'es dies noc-
all my days and nights in feeling fesque consiimps'i, id quid agerent,
out and watching what they were quid tJibl'irentur, senhrem ac vi-
doing, what they were attempting. dere??i.
III. Differences of Idiom.
38. The following examples will serve to illustrate some of the
more common differences of idiom, or forms of expression, which
should be borne in mind in translating from either language into the
other. The list might be extended indefinitely.
You, your brother, and I, ego et tu et frater tuus.
To demand satisfaction; to make restitution, r'es repetere ; res redder e.
To keep a promise, Jidein servare ; to break one's word, Jideju fallere.
It is worth the while, operae pretiian est.
He takes pains to understand, dat operam ut iutellegat.
Let me know; see that you write me, fac sciam ; fac ad 77ie scrtbas.
What does this mean ? quid hoc sibi vult ?
I don't care a straw for your promise, prdnnssu?n tuuvi 7ibn Jlocc'i facia.
To be condemned to death, capitis daninari.
The thing in question, id de quo agitur.
So it is (the case stands thus) , ita r'es se habet.
They desire revolution, novas res cupiu7tt, " novis rebus students*
They refreshed themselves, corpora curabant (see 2, above).
He is intimate with the Scipios, Sctpionibus familiariter utitur.
Richly endowed with knowledge, scientid auctus.
Promoted to honors, honoribus (abl.) auctus.
To undergo punishment; to receive a reward, poena affic'i; praetnio affict.
I will not lie, as they do, n'bn mentiar ut istt solejit.
They were pinched with the cold, torridi erant frigore.
In brief; to be brief, quid multa ? quid plura ?
Heaven forbid ! D'l meliora ! What's the matter ? quorsus haec?
They burst into tears, in lacrimas effus'i sunt.
Not to put too fine a point on it, ne niiuis subtiliter dicam. .
I allow myself to be imposed upon, verba 7nihi dart patior.
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